,,glue1 ,,gelatine1 ,,animal ,,charcoal1 ,,phosphorus1 ,,cements1 ,,pastes1 ,,and ,,mucilages1 ,,comprising ,,the ,,raw ,,materials ,,and ,,manufacture ,,of ,,skin ,,and ,,bone ,,glue1 ,,different ,,varieties ,,of ,,glue1 ,,animal ,,charcoal1 ,,phosphorus1 ,,gelatine ,,and ,,products ,,prepared ,,from ,,it2 ,,isinglass ,,and ,,fish-,,glue1 ,,methods ,,of ,,testing ,,glue ,,and ,,gelatine1 ,,and ,,the ,,preparation ,,and ,,application ,,of ,,cements1 ,,pastes ,,and ,,mucilages ,,for ,,use ,,in ,,the ,,workshop1 ,,laboratory1 ,,and ,,office4 ,,by ,f4 ,,dawidowsky1 ,,technical ,,chemist4 ,,edited ,,from ,,the ,,german1 ,,with ,,extensive ,,additions1 ,,including ,a ,,description ,,of ,,the ,,most ,,recent ,,processes4 ,,by ,,william ,t4 ,,brannt1 ,,editor ,,of 8,,the ,,techno-,,chemical ,,receipt ,,book40 ,,illustrated ,,by ,,fifty-,,nine ,,engravings4 ,,second ,,edition1 ,,revised ,,and ,,largely ,,re-,,written4 ,,philadelphia3 ,,henry ,,carey ,,baird ,,co41 ,,industrial ,,publishers1 ,,booksellers ,,and ,,importers1 #haj ,,walnut ,,street4 #aije4 ,,copyright1 ,,by ,,henry ,,carey ,,baird ,,co41 #aije4 ,,printed ,,by ,,the ,,wickersham ,,printing ,,co41 #ec and #ee ,north ,queen ,street1 ,,lancaster1 ,,pa41 ,u4 ,s4 ,a4 ,,preface ,,to ,,the ,,second ,,edition4 ,the first edition of this work has been out of print for some years1 but nevertheless there is a constant demand for it1 and this together with the fact that frequent inquiries are received for information in this department of industry1 are the inducements which have led to the preparation of the present treatise4 ,the book is arranged in two parts1 ,part ,i4 comprising ,glue1 ,gelatine and ,allied ,products1 and ,part ,,ii4 ,cements1 ,pastes and ,mucilages1 and it is fully illustrated with engravings of various types of apparatus4 ,since the appearance of the first edition much progress has been made in the manufacture of glue and allied products4 ,old and wasteful methods of working have been replaced by more approved processes1 and in the present volume it has been endeavored to place before those interested in these industries1 a practical and comprehensive account of modern methods of operation4 ,in order adequately to represent this advancement and development1 the best authorities have been freely consulted and drawn upon1 special acknowledgments being due to the following works3 8,bone ,products and ,manures10 by ,thomas ,lambert1 and 8,glue and ,glue ,testing10 by ,samuel ,rideal4 ,as the demand for phosphorus is steadily increasing1 and the manufacture of this product from bones and bone-ash forms an important branch of the utilization of bones1 it has been deemed advisable to devote a chapter to this subject4 ,the receipts for cements1 pastes1 and mucilages given in ,part ,,ii4 have been gathered from numerous sources4 ,they have been critically examined1 and are offered1 with the full conviction1 that they will not be found wanting in efficacy4 ,the ,table of ,contents and ,index have both been carefully prepared1 and being very full1 will make reference to any subject in the volume easy and satisfactory4 ,w4 ,t4 ,b4 ,,philadelphia1 ,,pa41 ,,august #aj1 #aije4 ,,contents4 ,,part ,i4 ,,glue ,,and ,,gelatine4 ,,chapter ,i4 ,,nature of ,,glue4 ,,page ,sources of glue2 ,change in the animal tissues by continued boiling2 ,definition of what is known as glue2 ,most important glue-yielding substances #a ,transformations of which glue and gelatine are the products2 ,transition stages of glue2 ,production of the glue-yielding substance of the animal body #b ,crude glue and jelly2 ,constitution of glue2 ,combinations of which glue consists #c ,preparation of pure glutin2 ,properties of glutin #d ,preparation and properties of chondrin #e ,adhesive power of glutin and of chondrin2 ,properties of glue and its behavior towards other substances2 ,quantity of glutin in glue #f ,properties of jelly before drying to glue2 ,absorption of ozone by the jelly2 ,behavior of glue solution towards different salts2 ,effect of acids upon glue2 ,meta-gelatin #g ,combinations of tannin with the jelly2 ,effects of dry heat upon glue2 ,chemical composition of glue and glue-yielding substance #h ,,chapter ,,ii4 ,,uses of ,,glue4 ,glue as a joining medium1 and requirements for this purpose #aj ,glue as a binding agent2 ,consumption of glue in the manufacture of matches #aa ,quality of glue required by bookbinders2 ,glue in sizing2 ,glue for culinary and medicinal purposes #ab ,glue for clarifying and fining beer1 wine and other liquids2 ,bouillon tablets2 ,glue as a healing agent #ac ,glue for elastic masses and a partial substitute for rubber2 ,use of glue in photolithography2 ,hectograph mass2 ,glue for fancy articles #ad ,gelatine veneers and their uses #ae ,,chapter ,,iii4 ,,raw ,,materials ,,and ,,their ,,preparation ,,for ,,the ,,manufacture ,,of ,,glue4 ,principal substances employed for the manufacture of glue2 ,division of raw materials into groups #af ,animal skin and its constitution #ag ,portion of the skin of value for the manufacture of leather and glue2 ,yield of glue from tannery waste2 ,influence of the age of the animals from which the skins have been derived upon the quality of the glue #ah ,notes in reference to judging glue-stock #ai ,liming of waste #bj ,precaution and care required when buying glue leather2 ,arrangements required for the preparation of glue stock2 ,location of the glue factory2 ,lime pits2 ,contrivances for washing the limed stock #ba ,washing drums2 ,pits or vats with proper arrangements for stirring1 draining and inspection2 ,glue stock washer invented by ,w4 ,a4 ,hoeveller1 described and illustrated #bb ,sheds for storing and sorting2 ,mode of carrying on the work in the factory2 ,liming2 ,preparation of milk of lime #bf ,importance of the quality of the lime used2 ,testing the value of a lime by determining the amount of real calcium hydroxide contained in it2 ,mode of conducting the operation #bg ,washing the material after removal from the lime pit2 ,washing and drying #bh ,preservation of the glue-stock by means of carbolic acid2 ,preparation of carbolic acid solution for this purpose #bi ,use of other antiseptics for the purpose of preventing putrefaction2 ,formaldehyde and boric acid2 ,classification of the principal varieties of hides and leather for glue-stock #cj ,bones and cartilages #ca ,constitution of bones2 ,composition of bone cartilage2 ,value of bones for the manufacture of glue2 ,necessity of exercising care in buying bones #cb ,sorting the bones2 ,crushing or grinding the bones #cc ,stamping mill for crushing bones1 described and illustrated #cd ,bone crusher1 described and illustrated2 ,crosskill bone mill1 described and illustrated2 ,sieve for sorting the crushed bones1 described and illustrated #cf ,lime bath for bones2 ,treatment of the bones with hydrochloric acid #cg ,washing the stock2 ,use of dilute sulphurous acid in place of hydrochloric acid as suggested by ,gerland2 ,jullion and ,pirie's process for the preparation of gelatine from bones #ch ,leather waste2 ,mechanical manipulation of the waste2 ,comminution of the waste and use of a rag-engine or hollander for this purpose #ci ,various methods of extracting tannin from leather waste #dj ,raw materials for fish glue2 ,difference between isinglass and glue manufactured from entire fishes2 ,principal points to be observed in the manufacture of fish glue #da ,utilization of scales of large fishes #db ,,chapter ,,iv4 ,,manufacture ,,of ,,skin ,,glue4 ,classification of operations2 ,definition of crude glue2 ,derivation of the bulk of this stock #dc ,cooking or boiling glue-stock2 ,boiler for this purpose1 and manner of using it #dd ,duration of boiling #de ,mode of ascertaining the progress of the operation2 ,convenient apparatus for glue-boiling with water1 described and illustrated #df ,extracting the glue stock by the use of steam #dg ,boiler for this purpose1 described and illustrated2 ,use of open-jacketed pans heated by steam1 described and illustrated #di ,process of cooking as described by ,mr4 ,thomas ,lambert2 ,terne's glue boiler1 described and illustrated #ea ,clarifying the glue-liquor #eb ,distinction between clearness and color2 ,clarifying vats2 ,prevention of putrefaction of the liquor #ec ,use of alum and other chemicals for clarifying2 ,freeing the liquor from coloring substances #ed ,use of animal charcoal for this purpose2 ,bleaching the raw materials previous to boiling them to glue2 ,use of chloride of lime or of sulphurous acid for this purpose #ee ,forming or moulding the glue2 ,moulds for this purpose #ef ,detaching the glue from the sides of the moulding boxes2 ,cutting the cubes of glue into commercial cakes or sheets2 ,on what the shape of the cakes depends #eg ,use of stone-slabs in place of cooling boxes2 ,use of glass or zinc plates for liquors which in gelatinizing do not become very solid #eh ,tools for cutting the jelly into cakes1 described and illustrated #ei ,machine for slicing and spreading glue-jelly preparatory to drying invented by ,mr4 ,j4 ,schneible1 described and illustrated #fj ,cutting apparatus patented by ,m4 ,devoulx1 described and illustrated #fb ,drying the cakes of glue2 ,drying in the open air2 ,mode of conducting the operation in a drying room #fd ,size of the drying room2 ,circulation and change of air in the drying room #fe ,nets and frames for drying the glue2 ,objections to twine netting #ff ,metallic netting and its advantages2 ,regulation of the temperature of the drying room2 ,means of promoting the dryness of the air #fg ,use of long drying galleries2 ,apparatus for drying glue1 invented by ,w4 ,a4 ,hoeveller1 described and illustrated #fh ,modern drying house1 described and illustrated #ga ,method to accelerate the drying of glue1 proposed by ,fleck #gb ,mode of giving the dry cakes a good lustrous appearance #gc ,,chapter ,v4 ,,manufacture ,,of ,,bone ,,glue4 ,comminution of the bones2 ,various methods of extracting the fat2 ,boiling bones #gd ,steaming bones and apparatus for this purpose #ge ,extraction of bones with benzine or carbon disulphide2 ,apparatus for the use of benzine invented by ,messrs4 ,wm4 ,adamson and ,charles ,f4 ,a4 ,simonis of ,philadelphia1 ,pa41 described and illustrated #gf ,adamson's method for treating substances with hydrocarbon vapor for the purpose of extracting oils1 fats1 etc41 described and illustrated #gi ,adamson's method for treating substances with liquid hydrocarbon for the purpose of extracting oils1 fats1 etc41 described and illustrated #hb ,adamson's process for removing hydrocarbons from substances which have been treated therewith1 described and illustrated #hd ,f4 ,seltsam's apparatus1 described and illustrated #hf ,f4 ,seltsam's apparatus as improved by ,th4 ,richter1 described and illustrated #hh ,alfred ,leuner's apparatus1 described and illustrated #ij ,extraction with hydrochloric acid #ia ,sulphurous acid process #ib ,generation of sulphurous acid #ic ,apparatus for the generation of sulphurous acid constructed by ,dr4 ,bruno ,terne1 described and illustrated2 ,conversion of cartilage into glue2 ,wm4 ,friedberg's apparatus for this purpose1 described and illustrated #id ,mode of operation with this apparatus #ie ,construction of the filter used in connection with the apparatus #if ,settling tank1 described and illustrated2 ,arrangement of an open evaporating pan1 described and illustrated #ih ,cooling the glue liquor2 ,use of refrigerating machines for that purpose2 ,spiral evaporators #ajj ,vacuum pan for evaporating glue and gelatine liquors1 described and illustrated #aja ,instrument which indicates the amount of dry glue in the solution1 described and illustrated #ajc ,process for the simultaneous utilization of bones for fat1 bone-meal and glue #ajd ,crushing the bones2 ,apparatus for subjecting the crushed bones to the action of high-pressure steam1 described and illustrated #aje ,mode of operation with this apparatus #ajf ,duration of steaming the bones for the manufacture of animal charcoal #ajg ,sorting the bones for the manufacture of animal charcoal2 ,former method of carbonization #ajh ,arrangement of a ,belgian retort-furnace1 described and illustrated #aji ,products evolved in the destructive distillation of bones2 ,mode of operation with ,belgian retort-furnaces #aab ,products obtained in making animal charcoal on a large scale2 ,process for the simultaneous utilization of the bones for fat1 glue and calcium phosphate2 ,degreasing the bones #aac ,treatment of the bones with hydrochloric acid2 ,preservation of the resulting cartilage2 ,boiling the cartilage in open vessels #aad ,mode of extracting the phosphates from bones2 ,yield of glue obtained from cartilage after extraction of the mineral constituents2 ,constituents of the liquor obtained by treating the bones #aae ,utilization of the liquor in the manufacture of fertilizers #aaf ,,chapter ,,vi4 ,,manufacture ,,of ,,phosphorus4 ,operations included in the ordinary method of preparing phosphorus2 ,burning the bones to ash2 ,kiln used for this purpose #aag ,improved form of kiln proposed by ,fleck2 ,mode of operation with a kiln of this construction #aah ,quantity of substance which remains after burning the bones2 ,composition of bone ash2 ,conversion of the bone ash into a coarse powder2 ,decomposition of the bone ash by sulphuric acid #aai ,separate processes which have to be distinguished2 ,embodiment of these processes in equations #abj ,actual yield of phosphorus2 ,methods by which the formation of calcium phosphate may be effected2 ,process without the assistance of heat #aba ,decomposition of the bone ash in the warm way #abb ,apparatus for hot lixiviation #abc ,evaporation of the liquor2 ,mixing the fluid with charcoal #abd ,yield of so-called distilling mass2 ,utilization of the liquor obtained in treating bones for the manufacture of glue with hydrochloric acid2 ,concentration of the liquor for crystallization #abe ,mode of obtaining the calcium phosphate contained in the mother-liquor2 ,drying the crystals #abf ,mixing the crystals with charcoal2 ,evaporating pans2 ,treatment of the residue of basic calcium phosphate left in the manufacture of phosphorus2 ,distillation of the phosphorus2 ,conversion of the acid calcium phosphate into calcium metaphosphate and reduction of the latter2 ,retorts and furnace for distilling the mixture of acid calcium phosphate and charcoal2 ,the galley-furnace #abg ,modification of the galley-furnace1 described and illustrated #abh ,furnaces for the use of coke as fuel2 ,receivers for collecting the phosphorus distilling over #abi ,process of distillation2 ,indication of the commencement of distillation #acj ,removing the phosphorus from the receivers2 ,regaining the phosphoric acid contained in the water from the receivers2 ,constitution of crude phosphorus #aca ,refining and purifying the phosphorus2 ,various methods of purification2 ,percentage of loss of phosphorus #acb ,distillation of the crude product in order to obtain pure phosphorus2 ,retorts and distilling apparatus for this purpose1 described and illustrated #acc ,process of distillation2 ,different qualities of the phosphorus passing over in the various stages of distillation2 ,separation of the phosphorus passing over according to quality #acd ,moulding the refined phosphorus2 ,seubert's apparatus for this purpose #ace ,disadvantages of ,seubert's apparatus2 ,improved apparatus by which the operation is rendered perfectly free from danger1 described and illustrated #acf ,moulding the phosphorus in wedge-shaped sheet-metal boxes #acg ,mode of storing and shipping phosphorus2 ,manufacture of phosphorus with the assistance of electricity2 ,mixture used for the operation #ach ,furnace employed for the electrolytic manufacture of phosphorus1 described and illustrated #aci ,mode of operating the furnace #adj ,,chapter ,,vii4 ,,methods ,,of ,,bleaching ,,glue4 ,bleaching in the air2 ,bleaching with chlorine #ada ,bleaching with animal charcoal #adb ,bleaching with sulphurous acid2 ,apparatus for the production of the acid solution1 described and illustrated #adc ,,chapter ,,viii4 ,,different ,,varieties ,,of ,,glue ,,and ,,their ,,preparation4 ,joiner's glue2 ,material for the best variety of joiner's glue #adf ,how to make and use glue2 ,holding power of glue #adg ,cologne glue #adh ,russian glue2 ,additions by means of which the color and opaqueness are imparted to this variety of glue #adi ,patent glue2 ,gilder's glue2 ,superior article of gilder's glue2 ,size glue and parchment glue2 ,paris glue #aej ,liquid glues2 ,receipts for liquid glues #aea ,preparation of saccharate of lime2 ,steam-glue2 ,russian steam-glue2 ,pale steam-glue2 ,dark steam-glue #aeb ,chrome glue2 ,glue for attaching leather to metal2 ,glue for leather1 paper1 etc4 #aec ,glue for parchment paper in making sausage skins #aed ,tungstic glue2 ,indestructible mass for the manufacture of ornaments1 toys1 etc42 ,compound for billiard balls #aee ,coloring glue2 ,process for this purpose invented by ,g4 ,j4 ,lesser #aef ,composition for printing rollers2 ,size #aeg ,process used in an ,english factory for making tub-size #aeh ,preparation of bone-size2 ,composition of the different grades of size #aei ,concentrated size2 ,bookbinder's size2 ,water-proof glue2 ,glue solution for rendering wrapping paper water-proof #afj ,water-proofing fabrics with glue and tannin #afa ,muratori and ,landry's process of water-proofing fabrics #afb ,muzmann and ,krakowitzer's process of water-proofing fabrics2 ,glue for joints in leather driving belts2 ,hectograph mass #afc ,formulas for hectograph masses #afd ,,chapter ,,ix4 ,,manufacture ,,of ,,gelatine1 ,,and ,,products ,,prepared ,,from ,,it4 ,properties of gelatine2 ,change in the chemical constitution of gelatine produced by concentrated sulphuric or nitric acid2 ,tannin as a test for the presence of gelatine2 ,use of gelatine for culinary and medicinal purposes #afe ,skin gelatine2 ,method of manufacture introduced and patented1 in #ahci1 by ,george ,nelson2 ,process patented1 in #ahdd1 by ,messrs4 ,j4 ,g4 ,cox of ,edinburgh #aff ,g4 ,p4 ,swinborn's improved patented process for the preparation of gelatine from hides1 skins and glue pieces2 ,modern process of preparing skin gelatine2 8,steeping0 the skins #afg ,washing and bleaching the skins #afh ,digesting the skins2 ,clarifying the liquors #afi ,evaporation of the liquors in vacuo2 ,drying the cut cakes2 ,bone gelatine2 ,materials for this purpose2 ,crushing the bones2 ,solution of the glue cartilage #agj ,apparatus and improved manner of manufacture employed in the factory of ,d4 ,j4 ,briers1 described and illustrated #aga ,modern process of preparing bone gelatine #agi ,colored gelatine2 ,uses of colored gelatine2 ,harmless coloring matters2 ,colors for coloring leaves of gelatine with aniline colors for technical purposes #aha ,gelatine for fining purposes2 ,gelatine ,laine2 ,fining powder for wine and beer2 ,liquid fining gelatine2 ,preparation of gelatine from ordinary glue #ahb ,preparation of gelatine for photographic printing and for photographic purposes in general2 ,removal of the salts from the gelatine #ahc ,gelatine capsules for medicinal purposes2 ,court plaster #ahd ,gelatine foils2 ,mode of coloring the foils #ahe ,gelatine veneers2 ,principal operations in the manufacture of gelatine veneers #ahf ,preparation of the plates2 ,preparation of the glue solutions2 ,proportions by weight of the mixtures for ten different varieties of imitations of marble and enamel #ahg ,imitation of mother-of-pearl veneers #ahh ,pouring the colored solutions of glue upon the plates #ahi ,preparation of imitations of malachite #aij ,transferring the layer of glue to a layer of gelatine #aia ,drying and detaching the veneers #aib ,water-proofing gelatine veneers2 ,uses of gelatine veneers2 ,formo-gelatine and its uses #aic ,use of gelatine in bacteriology #aid ,artificial silk from gelatine #aie ,,chapter ,x4 ,,isinglass ,,and ,,its ,,substitutes4 ,sources of isinglass2 ,properties of a good quality of isinglass2 ,imitations of isinglass and their detection2 ,adulteration of isinglass and its detection #aif ,russian isinglass2 ,siberian purse isinglass2 ,preparation of isinglass in ,russia #aig ,north ,american or ,new ,york isinglass #aih ,east ,india isinglass2 ,hudson ,bay isinglass2 ,brazilian isinglass #aii ,german isinglass2 ,isinglass from the scales of shad and herring2 ,bleaching inferior qualities of isinglass2 ,ichthycolle ,franaise #bjj ,isinglassine2 ,chinese isinglass #bja ,irish moss2 ,fish glue2 ,jennings' process for the preparation of fish glue #bjc ,treatment of fish scales2 ,production of fish glue on the ,norwegian coast2 ,substitute for isinglass according to ,c4 ,a4 ,sahlstrm's process #bjc ,whale glue #bjd ,,chapter ,,xi4 ,,testing ,,glue ,,and ,,gelatine4 ,determination of moisture2 ,determination of ash2 ,determination of acidity #bje ,determination of glutin2 ,bisler-,beumat's method #bjf ,analysis of samples of ,american glue by ,s4 ,dana ,hayes2 ,deduction of the quality of glue from indirect properties #bjg ,lipowitz's method of testing the strength of a glue1 described and illustrated #bjh ,results obtained by comparative experiments #bji ,facts shown by the results #baj ,weidenbusch's method of testing glue #baa ,preparation of the plaster of ,paris stick and of the glue solution used in this test #bab ,apparatus for testing the strength of the plaster of ,paris sticks1 described and illustrated2 ,test adopted by the 8,artillerie ,werksttte0 at ,spandau #bac ,determination of adulterations #bad ,kissling's results in testing a large number of samples of glue #bae ,practical tests of glue #baf ,,part ,,ii4 ,,cements1 ,,pastes1 ,,mucilages4 ,,chapter ,,xii4 ,,classification ,,of ,,cements4 ,stohmann's division of cements and pastes2 ,groups of cements #bah ,chemical nature of cements2 ,oil cements #bai ,resinous cements2 ,definition of resins #bbj ,properties of resinous cements #bba ,rubber and gutta-percha cements2 ,glue and starch cements #bbb ,lime cements #bbc ,,chapter ,,xiii4 ,,preparation ,,of ,,cements1 ,,pastes1 ,,and ,,mucilages4 ,oil cements2 ,putty and its preparation #bbd ,french putty2 ,soft putty2 ,litharge cement2 ,red lead cement2 ,cement for wash basins #bbe ,zinc-white cement2 ,mastic cement1 mastic or pierres de mastic #bbf ,french mastic2 ,paget's mastic2 ,water-proof cement2 ,serbat's mastic #bbg ,stephen's oil cement2 ,oil cement for glass2 ,oil cement free from lead for steam pipes2 ,oil cements for steam pipes2 ,oil cement for marble #bbh ,oil cement for porcelain2 ,diamond cement2 ,hager's diamond cement2 ,resinous cements2 ,resinous cement for amber2 ,cement for turners #bbi ,cement for ivory and bone2 ,cement for white enameled clock faces2 ,cements for glass2 ,cement for glass upon glass2 ,cement for glass upon metal2 ,cement for metal letters upon glass2 ,cement for wood #bcj ,cement for knife handles2 ,cement for petroleum lamps2 ,cement for porcelain2 ,cement for porcelain which is to be heated2 ,cement to withstand the action of petroleum2 ,cement for mica #bca ,cement for horn1 whalebone and tortoise shell2 ,cement for terra cotta articles2 ,mastic cement for glass2 ,stick mastic cement2 ,sulphur cement for porcelain #bcb ,insoluble cement for wooden vessels2 ,rubber cements2 ,cements for glass2 ,soft rubber cement #bcc ,hard rubber cement2 ,elastic cement2 ,marine glue #bcd ,jeffrey's marine glue2 ,marine glue for damp walls2 ,gutta-percha cements2 ,cement for leather #bce ,cement for hard rubber combs2 ,elastic gutta-percha cement2 ,cement for horses' hoofs2 ,cement for crockery #bcf ,cement for leather2 ,caseine cements2 ,preparation of pure caseine #bcg ,preparation of ordinary technical caseine2 ,john ,a4 ,just's method for obtaining a purer technical caseine #bch ,caseine cement which can be kept for a long time2 ,cement for glass2 ,cement for metals2 ,cement for porcelain2 ,cement for meerschaum2 ,cement for wood1 etc4 #bci ,cement for porcelain2 ,water-glass and water-glass cements2 ,water-glass and its properties2 ,cement for cracked bottles #bdj ,cement for glass and porcelain2 ,cement for hydraulic works2 ,cement for uniting metals2 ,cement for tightening joints of pipes exposed to a red heat #bda ,cement for marble and alabaster2 ,glycerine and glycerine cements2 ,properties of commercial glycerine2 ,glycerine and litharge cement #bdb ,lime cements2 ,properties of lime and chalk2 ,cement for glass2 ,cement for joiners2 ,cement for cracked clay crucibles and porcelain #bdc ,lime and glue cement2 ,gypsum cements2 ,preparation of plaster of ,paris2 ,cement for plaster of ,paris statues #bdd ,cement for glass and porcelain2 ,cement for iron and stone2 ,cements for porcelain2 ,universal plaster of ,paris cement2 ,iron cements2 ,heat-resisting cement2 ,water and steam-proof cement2 ,cement for iron #bde ,fire-proof cement for iron pipes2 ,cements resisting high temperatures2 ,cement for filling in defects in castings2 ,cement for cracked stove-plates1 etc42 ,cement for iron water-tanks2 ,cement for cracked iron pots #bdf ,black cement for stoves2 ,cements for chemical apparatus2 ,requirements of such cements2 ,cement for small apparatus to be used for the development of fluoric acid #bdg ,linseed oil and clay cement2 ,linseed oil and manganese cement2 ,cements resisting very high temperatures2 ,cement resisting acids2 ,rubber cement for chemical apparatus #bdh ,scheibler's cement for chemical apparatus2 ,cements for special purposes2 ,cement for attaching metal letters to glass1 marble1 wood1 etc42 ,cement for joints of iron pipes #bdi ,steam boiler cement2 ,cement for rubber2 ,cement for tires2 ,cement for steam pipes1 etc4 #bej ,cement for marble2 ,cement for attaching wood1 glass1 etc41 to metal2 ,brushmaker's cement2 ,cement for electrical apparatus #bea ,jeweler's cement2 ,american cement for jewelers2 ,cement for celluloid2 ,stratena2 ,cement for cloth2 ,how to use cements #beb ,importance of bringing the cement into intimate contact with the surface to be united #bec ,obstacles to the junction of any two surfaces2 ,importance of using as little cement as possible #bed ,cleansing surfaces to be joined from grease and dirt2 ,paste and mucilages2 ,starch paste #bee ,rules for preparing paste2 ,flour paste #bef ,means to prevent the spoiling of paste #beg ,shoemakers' paste #beh ,gum arabic and its properties2 ,dextrine and its use in place of gum arabic2 ,properties of commercial dextrine #bei ,preparation of dextrine2 ,blumenthal's method #bfj ,heuz's method2 ,tragacanth1 or gum tragacanth2 ,pastes and mucilages for special purposes2 ,starch paste2 ,flour paste #bfa ,strong adhesive paste2 ,paste that will not sour2 ,venetian paste #bfb ,label paste2 ,elastic or pliable paste2 ,mucilage for labels2 ,mucilage #bfc ,mucilage for postage stamps2 ,caseine mucilage2 ,tragacanth mucilage2 ,adhesive paste2 ,fluid pastes #bfd ,sugar and lime paste2 ,liquid sugar and lime paste2 ,pastes for paper and fine fancy articles2 ,albumen paste #bfe ,glycerine paste2 ,paste for fixing labels on machines2 ,paste for mounting maps2 ,paste for fastening paper on tin-foil2 ,paste for paper bags2 ,caseine mucilage for photographer's use2 ,paste for scrap books #bff ,paste for skins2 ,strong mucilage capable of fastening wood on china and glass2 ,dextrine mucilage2 ,paste for joining leather to pasteboard #bfg ,paste for attaching labels to polished nickel2 ,mucilage for attaching labels to tin2 ,mucilage for office use2 ,glycerine paste for office use2 ,clean and durable paste #bfh ,banknote or mouth glue2 ,paste for cardboard2 ,paste for attaching cloth or leather to table tops2 ,caseine mucilage2 ,very adhesive paste which may be used for wood and parchment #bfi ,paste for pads2 ,paste for fastening paper on tin-foil2 ,paste for attaching labels to glass1 porcelain and metal2 ,preparation of arabol-gum2 ,preparation of an adhesive substance from desaccharized beet-root slices #bgj ,index #bgc ,,glue1 ,,gelatine1 ,,cements1 ,,pastes4 ,,part ,i4 ,,glue ,,and ,,gelatine4 ,,chapter ,i4 ,,nature ,,of ,,glue4 #a4 ,,sources ,,of ,,glue4 ,the organisms of all animals1 but more especially of the higher classes1 contain tissues which are insoluble in cold1 as well as in hot1 water4 ,however1 by continued boiling they become dissolved1 and yield on evaporation of the solution a glutinous1 gelatinizing mass4 ,by further drying this mass exhibits1 according to the degree of purity of the material1 a more or less transparent and brittle substance1 which in its pure state is devoid of color as well as of smell2 it swells up in cold water and dissolves by boiling in that liquid4 ,this substance1 i4 e41 the product of the conversion of the so-called glue or gelatine-yielding tissue1 is what is known in the trade as glue4 ,among the glue-yielding tissues1 the following are the most important3 ,cellular tissue1 the corium1 tendons or sinews1 the middle membrane of the vasa lymphatica and veins1 the ossein or organic matter of bones1 hartshorn1 cartilage1 the air bladders of many kinds of fishes1 etc4 ,neither glue nor gelatine exists ready formed in the animal organism1 except under abnormal conditions as a phenomenon of disease1 but they are the products of various transformations4 ,the first of these transformations evidently takes place in drying the hide1 since the result of boiling to glue a green hide prepared in the usual manner by liming1 etc41 but not previously dried1 will be an entirely different product of less consistency than that obtained by drying the hide after liming and then boiling4 ,a second transformation seems to take place in boiling the material1 and a third in drying the jelly obtained1 and this may explain the fact that the latter1 which is not converted into actual glue1 differs in its behavior from glue solution4 ,the series of transformation does not end even with the actual glue1 for it is a well-known fact that glue dissolved in water and boiled for some time does not gelatinize on cooling1 but remains liquid4 ,we have here to deal with organic combinations which are distinguished from the more solid organic compounds by passing more readily into decomposition4 ,however1 it is an established fact that glue is an organic combination presenting itself in different modifications4 ,in the animal organism it occurs ready formed only under abnormal conditions as a phenomenon of disease1 and hence it is only produced by first drying and then by continued boiling of the glue-yielding substance1 and finally by evaporating and further drying the gelatinous mass obtained by boiling4 #b4 ,,transition ,,stages ,,of ,,glue4 ,we therefore distinguish3 a4 ,glue-yielding substance4 b4 ,crude glue4 c4 ,jelly4 d4 ,glue4 a4 ,the glue-yielding substance of the animal body is produced from protene substances1 albumen1 fibrine and casene1 in a manner similar to that in which new substances are formed in the ripening fruit by the transformation and disintegration into constituent parts of others previously present4 b4 ,by crude glue are understood glue-yielding materials free from all foreign matter and physically prepared by drying4 ,it forms an intermediate link between glue-yielding substance and jelly4 ,this distinction between glue-yielding substance and crude glue is justified by experience4 ,if1 for instance1 fresh calves' heads1 such as the tanner cuts off after swelling the skins1 be carefully limed and then boiled without previous drying1 the result will be a turbid liquor containing1 though everything be dissolved1 no jelly whatever1 or at least1 very little4 c4 ,jelly is obtained by boiling the crude glue4 ,its adhesive power is far less than that of solution of finished glue1 and it will become more quickly putrid than the latter4 d4 ,the finished product glue is1 in most cases1 not a definite chemical compound1 but a mixture of substances1 with two of which scientific research has made us thoroughly acquainted4 #c4 ,,constitution ,,of ,,glue4 ,independent of impurities and accidental constituents1 glue consists of two distinctly distinguishable combinations1 namely1 glutin or gelatin and chondrin1 the former being formed from the hide and osseous parts1 and the latter from young bones while still in a soft state1 and the 8permanent0 cartilages1 such as those of the ribs and joints4 ,the manufacturer has it1 of course1 in his power to allow either of these substances to predominate in his product1 but since experiments have shown glutin or gelatin to possess much greater adhesive power than chondrin1 it is advisable to separate as much as possible the cartilaginous matter from other glue-yielding material4 ,as an accurate knowledge of these constituents of glue is of great importance to the manufacturer1 brief reference will here be made to what scientific research has made known to us in regard to them4 ,pure glutin or gelatin is obtained by treating buckshorn1 etc41 with water containing hydrochloric acid1 until the phosphate of lime which serves1 so to say1 as a frame for the glue-yielding substance1 is dissolved1 and the organic tissue called collagen or ossein1 remains behind4 ,after freeing the latter from fat by steeping in milk of lime and careful washing1 it is boiled1 and the resulting jelly1 when cold1 mechanically distributed in cold water1 in which it softens but does not dissolve4 ,by thoroughly stirring the mass the glutin yields its coloring matter to the water1 the latter being replaced by fresh water until all the coloring matter is extracted4 ,then pour off the water and after dissolving the jelly in hot water1 filter the solution through a cloth4 ,by mixing the filtered solution with an equal volume of alcohol1 a precipitate of pure glutin is obtained4 ,by the precipitation with alcohol1 the separating glutin carries down inorganic salts1 especially phosphates1 which may be present in the solution4 ,to free it from them1 dissolve it in a small quantity of lukewarm water1 acidulate the solution with hydrochloric acid and bring it into a dialyser4 ,the salts and the acids diffuse in the water which has from time to time to be renewed1 and finally a jelly of pure glutin remains behind2 this is evaporated to dryness in shallow vessels4 ,pure glutin1 in a dry state forms a glassy substance1 almost colorless1 transparent to translucent1 brittle or slightly elastic1 free from odor and taste1 and remains unchanged in the air4 ,its specific gravity is greater than that of water4 ,it is neutral1 exerts no influence whatever upon vegetable colors and is insoluble in alcohol1 ether1 hydrocarbons or oils4 ,in cold water it swells up1 absorbing as much as #dj per cent41 and becomes opaque1 but does not dissolve4 ,it dissolves in hot water and on cooling forms a jelly even if the solution contains only #a per cent4 of glutin4 ,it gelatinizes at a lower temperature than chondrin4 ,an aqueous solution of glutin is precipitated by chlorine1 platinic chloride1 tannin and alcohol1 but not by hydrochloric acid1 acetic acid1 lead acetate1 alum and ferric sulphate4 ,concentrated sulphuric acid decomposes glutin1 forming1 besides other products of decomposition1 chiefly glycocoll and leucine4 ,when heated1 glutin softens1 swells and diffuses an odor of burnt hartshorn4 ,in the air1 it takes fire with difficulty1 smokes1 flames only for a few minutes1 and leaves a bulky charcoal difficult to incinerate1 the ashes of which consist principally of calcium phosphate4 ,glutin1 when in the jellied state1 and treated with alcohol1 undergoes dehydration1 under the influence of which it contracts greatly4 ,it was by this means that ,gonnor succeeded in reducing in a remarkable degree the size of a print obtained in a very hydrated film of glutin1 and transferring it1 so reduced1 to stone1 from which he obtained a new impression1 quite similar to the first1 but more or less diminished4 ,by taking these prints1 on the contrary1 with glutin very little hydrated1 and afterwards steeping them in water1 a dilatation of the plate is obtained1 which enlarges the figures with the same regularity4 ,pure chondrin is prepared by boiling for from #bd to #dh hours the cartilages of the ribs1 of the larynx with the exception of those of the epiglot1 or of the windpipe and the bronchi4 ,chondrin is precipitated from its solution by alcohol4 ,the precipitate is redissolved in warm water1 evaporated1 and dried4 ,it forms a semi-translucent mass of a slightly yellow color and resembles glutin as regards fracture and all external properties1 but differs from it in being precipitated from its aqueous solution by mineral acids1 acetate of lead1 alum and ferric sulphate1 and also by organic acids such as vinegar1 citric and oxalic acids1 none of which precipitate glutin4 ,as regards its chemical composition1 chondrin is poorer in nitrogen than glutin1 and contains more sulphur4 ,its formula approaches more closely that of albumen1 which corresponds also with the origin of chondrin1 for cartilages may be considered as transition-links between the protene and glue-yielding substances4 ,by the action of concentrated sulphuric acid upon chondrin1 leucine is only produced but no glycocoll4 ,by potassium hydrate chondrin is converted into glutin and yields then1 like the latter1 leucine and glycocoll4 ,by boiling with concentrated hydrochloric acid chondrin is decomposed2 a peculiar variety of fermentable sugar1 to which the term chondroglucose has been applied1 being formed4 ,it may finally be remarked that chondrin possesses less adhesive power than glutin and its presence in glue may be considered detrimental4 ,to avoid its formation1 the glue manufacturer should separate as much as possible cartilages from bones4 ,chondrin1 however1 is useful for size4 #d4 ,,properties ,,of ,,glue ,,and ,,its ,,behavior ,,towards ,,other ,,substances4 ,the product designated by the general term glue1 is always a mixture of glutin1 chondrin and other substances not yet accurately determined4 ,glue is formed by evaporating and further drying the jelly1 and its properties depend on the crude glue and glue-yielding material used for the production of the jelly4 ,it may here be remarked that even if the quantity of glutin contained in the different products could not be determined by scientific means1 the glue obtained from various materials can be readily distinguished by external characteristics4 ,every manufacturer knows that hides and bones yield a distinct quality of glue as regards adhesive power1 elasticity and fracture1 and that the jelly from glue-yielding substances of older animals is more solid and gives a larger yield than that obtained from the tissues of younger and weaker animals4 ,glue from the bladders and scales of fishes1 though consisting mainly of glutin1 differs materially from hide or bone glue4 ,generally speaking1 the jelly1 no matter whether consisting of glutin or chondrin1 possesses1 before drying to glue1 different properties from glue solution4 ,it has less adhesive power and spoils more quickly4 ,at a temperature of #fh to #gb4e ,f41 jelly putrefies inside of #bd hours1 smells of ammonia1 and decomposes1 while glue solution can be kept much longer without suffering deterioration4 ,the jelly absorbs ozone with avidity and is decomposed by it1 this being the reason why an approaching thunderstorm may cause great damage by destroying the coagulating power of the glue liquors1 or causing the glue to turn on the nets1 i4 e41 to lose its consistency and become liquid and foul4 ,the behavior of glue solution towards different salts also deserves attention4 ,by adding potassium or sodium carbonate1 neutral potassium tartrate1 ,rochelle or ,epsom salts to a lukewarm fluid containing #ae to #bj per cent4 of glue1 the latter coagulates by the salt withdrawing the water from it4 ,a lukewarm solution saturated with common salt1 sal ammoniac1 saltpetre1 or barium chloride does not gelatinize4 ,by adding to glue solution a large quantity of alum1 the glue is precipitated as a transparent mass4 ,glue compounded at a high temperature with dilute acids1 does not gelatinize by itself1 but will do so on adding common salt4 ,boiling with slaked lime deprives glue solution of its power of gelatinizing1 and1 on evaporation1 changes it into a colorless gummy mass which is soluble in cold water and in saturated solution of common salt4 ,from a glutin solution compounded with oxalic acid1 the latter can after some time be again separated by the addition of lime1 the result being a non-gelatinizing fluid which1 however1 possesses great adhesive power4 ,this is the so-called meta-gelatin4 ,glue solution also loses its property of gelatinizing by repeated boiling and cooling 7for about six days74 ,tannin enters with the jelly1 as well as with glue solution1 into characteristic combinations which are formed even in solutions containing only #j4jje per cent4 of jelly or glue4 ,glue is1 therefore1 an excellent agent for the detection of tannin4 ,when quite concentrated glue solution is treated with tannin1 a heavy1 flocculent precipitate of a dirty-yellow1 caseous character is formed1 which turns brown on exposure to the air and1 after drying1 constitutes a hard brittle mass1 easily reduced to powder and soluble in hot potash lye1 but insoluble in water1 ether and alcohol4 ,this precipitate1 if not identical with1 is closely allied to the combination of tannin with skin1 called leather4 ,glue exposed to a dry heat melts1 diffuses a strong disagreeable odor of burned horn and leaves behind a charcoal which has a powerful discoloring effect like animal charcoal4 ,when subjected to destructive distillation1 glue yields an aqueous solution of ammonium carbonate and a thick brown oil consisting of a mixture of ammonium carbonate1 sulphur1 ammonium cyanide1 etc4 ,the chemical composition of glue is such as to bring to mind that of starch and cellulose derived from the vegetable kingdom4 ,it contains3 ,carbon #di4a per cent4 ,hydrogen #f4e per cent4 ,nitrogen #ah4c per cent4 ,oxygen and sulphur #bf4a per cent4 which may be represented by the formula3 ,c#ab;,h#aj,n#b,o#d4 ,the composition of glue differs but little from that of the glue-yielding substance4 ,isinglass is composed of3 ,carbon #di4e per cent4 ,hydrogen #f4i per cent4 ,nitrogen #ah4h per cent4 ,oxygen #bd4h per cent4 ,this justifies the assumption that glue in its various transition stages does not represent different chemical combinations1 but only modifications of one and the same combination distinguishable from each other by physical characteristics1 as is the case with starch1 which without suffering an alteration in its composition1 appears as dextrine and grape-sugar1 or as with cellulose1 which1 without altering its composition1 can be transformed into amyloid and grape-sugar4 ,,chapter ,,ii4 ,,uses ,,of ,,glue4 ,an inquiry into the various technical uses of glue must be of interest to the manufacturer so as to enable him1 when acting1 as is frequently the case1 as salesman1 to know to whom to offer his product2 and also to learn what special demands he has to satisfy1 as not every glue is adapted to every purpose1 different qualities being required for special uses4 ,glue as a joining medium4 ,in ,chapter ,i1 treating of the nature of glue1 special attention has been drawn to the fact1 that the adhesive power of glutin is greater than that of chondrin2 and that glutin obtained from skin and tendons possesses still greater adhesive power than the product from bones4 ,this is the reason why good sound glue made from scraps of skin is preferred by those artisans who may be considered the principal consumers1 such as cabinet-makers1 carpenters1 turners1 instrument-makers1 wood-carvers1 carriage-builders1 brush-manufacturers1 bookbinders1 paper-manufacturers1 etc41 all of them requiring glue of the greatest possible adhesive power4 ,it must1 however1 by no means be understood that a good quality of bone glue cannot be used for the same purposes2 because much bone glue of excellent quality and at a low price is brought into the market by manufacturers of animal charcoal and bone meal1 and is used in glueing wood1 etc4 ,glue suitable as a joining medium for the above purposes should be of an amber or brown-yellow color1 transparent or translucent1 clear1 dry and hard1 and show a glassy fracture which should not be brittle1 but somewhat elastic4 ,placed in cold water it should swell up and absorb as much of it as possible without actually dissolving1 even if it remains there for #dh hours4 ,the supernatant water should be free from a putrid odor and contain but a small quantity of foreign substances in solution4 ,such glue passes into solution at #abb ,f41 and dissolves entirely on heating to #add4e ,f4 ,heating to a higher temperature should be avoided4 ,glue as a binding agent4 ,glue solution is used for bind-together pulverulent substances1 such as mineral colors in the manufacture of colored paper and paper-hangings1 in painting in distemper1 in the size of the gilder2 or it is mixed with plaster of ,paris or chalk for the manufacture of plastic masses which become hard on drying1 such as stucco-work1 papier-mach1 etc4 ,generally speaking1 it is best to use only good sound glue for these purposes1 though it may sometimes be possible to utilize defective and cheap qualities without injurious consequences4 ,for color mixtures1 the glue should at all events be free from acids and alkalies1 as they exert a decomposing and altering effect upon the colors4 ,the gilder should always use the best quality of glue1 as otherwise the work he applies later on to the size will spoil4 ,a very large quantity of glue is consumed in the manufacture of matches1 and much depends on its quality and drying properties4 ,the dipping composition for matches containing phosphorus is a bath of glue of #be to #ej per cent4 strength to which the requisite amount of an oxidizing agent1 like potassium nitrate or chlorate has been added1 kept at a temperature of #ajj4d ,f4 ,the phosphorus is cautiously put in2 it melts1 and is stirred to an emulsion1 when the sand1 glass or other friction-agent is incorporated4 ,the object of the glue is to protect from oxidation1 without diminishing the sensitiveness4 ,glue is also used as the binding material in the heads and rubbers of safety matches4 ,book binders require for the better classes of work a glue which should naturally be pale and strong1 and without marked odor4 ,some inferior glues which have been chemically bleached turn almost black in the pot1 owing to the bleaching agent not having been properly removed or neutralized4 ,sand1 glass and emery papers and cloths are made by coating the surface with a thin uniform layer of strong glue1 and sifting the powder evenly on4 ,glue in sizing4 ,the principal object of sizing goods is to impart to them a certain degree of stiffness1 to give them a nice appearance and a good feel4 ,as glue would injure the color of white goods1 it cannot be used for sizing them1 but1 on the other hand1 much is employed for preparing size for the use of hat and cloth manufacturers1 weavers1 etc4 ,before the introduction of the paper machine and invention of rosin glue1 animal glue was exclusively used for sizing paper1 but at the present it is only used for sizing paper manufactured from rags1 and for pasteboard1 and also by manufacturers producing drawing paper sized with animal substances4 ,the paper1 after leaving the machine1 is passed through a glue solution and then dried in the air4 ,for actual sizing purposes good and fine varieties of glue are only used1 or sometimes the manufacturers prepare their own size by boiling to glue dried calves' heads1 or rabbit skins deprived of their fur1 scraps of parchment1 etc4 ,for cheap woollen hats1 glue is used in place of shellac4 ,the cloth manufacturer procures his glue mostly in the form of a jelly4 ,this variety of glue deserves special attention and the mode of preparing it will be referred to later on4 ,glue for culinary and medicinal purposes4 ,the use of glue for these purposes is based upon three properties3 #a3 ,upon its power of coagulating and inclosing while in this state1 substances mechanically dissolved and finely divided in a fluid1 which1 being specifically as heavy as the fluid itself1 render the latter turbid and cannot be got rid off by settling4 ,the glue in this case acts as a clarifier4 ,large quantities of isinglass and gelatine1 specially prepared for the purpose1 are used for clarifying and fining beer1 wine and other liquids1 as well as for preparing jellies4 ,the material to be used for jellies and other culinary purposes must1 of course1 be colorless and entirely free from odor4 ,jellies are made palatable by flavoring with spices1 sugar1 essences1 etc41 before congealing1 ,a vegetable gelatine1 ,agar-,agar1 which will be referred to later on is now brought from ,china1 and being cheaper and perfectly free from odor1 has become quite a competitor with isinglass and gelatine4 ,prior to the introduction of ,liebig's and other beef extracts1 bouillon tablets1 consisting of a mixture of bone-jelly1 meat broth1 extract of pot herbs and flour1 were largely used4 ,one hundred and ten pounds of meat repeatedly boiled yield five pounds of bouillon tablets4 ,a good meat broth1 though not equal to that from ,liebig's or other meat extracts1 is obtained from these tablets by the addition of thirty times their weight of water4 ,if glue be dissolved in water1 it gelatinizes at the ordinary temperature1 and if the solution be mixed with other fluids1 for instance1 meat broth1 fruit juices and essences1 which in the form of jelly are to serve as food1 it effects their solidification4 ,glue acts as a healing agent by preventing the access of air to wounds4 ,court plaster is prepared from gelatine4 ,when cabinet-makers cut themselves1 they apply glue to the wound with the best success4 ,in hospitals a compound of gelatine and glycerine is used as the best means of closing wounds1 the same compound having also been successfully used for preserving articles of food such as eggs1 fruit1 and even meat4 ,every good quality of glue can be used for the above purposes4 ,medicines of a disagreeable taste are frequently inclosed in gelatine capsules1 so that they can be taken without causing inconvenience to the patient4 ,the use of these capsules has grown to such an extent as to form a special branch of industry4 ,the mode of manufacturing them will be described later on4 ,glue for elastic masses and as a partial substitute for rubber4 ,glue mixed with glycerine forms an elastic mass resembling rubber4 ,the same effect can be produced by an addition of molasses4 ,this elastic mass1 the preparation of which will be described later on1 is of great importance for the manufacture of printers' rollers1 for moulds1 etc4 ,some manufacturers prepare the mass ready for use1 so that the printer or lithographer need only remelt it1 and cast it in a mould4 ,glue is of great importance in photolithography as1 mixed with chromium salts1 it is the only known means of transferring a photographic negative to the stone4 ,in photography1 gelatine is used for negative pictures upon glass4 ,for the manufacturer of casts of plaster of ,paris or cement1 this glue mass1 which is generally used without an addition of glycerine1 is indispensable for making moulds which are much undercut4 ,glue mixed with glycerine may be used as a substitute for rubber in manufacturing elastic toys1 such as dolls' heads1 animals1 etc4 ,for these purposes it is advisable to select glue which forms a very solid jelly1 even if it possesses but little adhesive power1 pure bone-glue being the best4 ,glue mixed with glycerine 7#a part glue1 #a part glycerine7 is used as hectograph mass for the transfer of matter written with concentrated solution of aniline color4 ,glue for fancy articles4 ,great progress has been made in the use of glue and gelatine in the manufacture of fancy articles4 ,the best known of all these products are perhaps the gelatine foils4 ,they form thin1 transparent sheets1 brilliantly colored1 and are used for printing sacred images1 visiting cards1 labels1 etc4 ,gelatine veneers were first shown at one of the ,paris ,international ,exhibitions4 ,they consist of sheets varying in thickness1 which have been deprived of their translucency by an admixture of colors in imitation of various crystallization of salts1 and such stones as lazulite1 malachite and avanturine4 ,glue imitations of mother of pearl1 tortoise shell1 and ivory were shown which closely resembled the genuine articles4 ,these veneers have been largely introduced in the manufacture of fancy articles1 cabinet ware1 buttons1 etc4 ,the most brilliant use to which they have been put is in the manufacture of fans1 for which ivory and tortoise shell were formerly used1 and there are perhaps few ladies that are aware that these glittering toys are manufactured from horse bones from the knacker's yard4 ,the successful introduction of gelatine veneers was soon followed by a substitute for horn in general1 and combs1 buttons1 snuff-boxes1 and hundreds of other fancy articles have been manufactured from these imitations4 ,in the foregoing statement only some of the principal uses of glue have been enumerated1 and there can be no doubt that with an increase in the knowledge of its nature and properties1 a wide field is still open for progress in this industry4 ,,chapter ,,iii4 ,,raw ,,materials ,,and ,,their ,,preparation ,,for ,,the ,,manufacture ,,of ,,glue4 ,the raw materials used for the manufacture of glue consist of a variety of animal offal4 ,the principal substances employed are refuse from tanyards1 such as scraps of ox and other thick hides1 the waste of the workshops of leather dressers1 morocco leather manufacturers1 etc4 ,the tendons and intestines of many animals1 rabbit and hare skins deprived of their fur1 cat and dog skins1 scraps of parchment1 waste of turners and button makers1 and offal from butcher shops and households1 help to swell the series of materials used for the manufacture of glue4 ,the materials are collected and sold either directly to the glue boiler1 or to dealers making a specialty of glue stock4 ,as a thorough knowledge of these waste products is of importance to the manufacturer1 this chapter will be devoted to their detailed description1 the success of the enterprise depending largely on the selection of the raw materials and their careful sorting and preparation4 ,by bearing in mind the varied products--from the most ordinary black glue to the colorless glassy gelatine for photographic and culinary purposes--it will be understood that entirely different raw materials have to be employed for the finer products than for the ordinary qualities of glue4 ,according to their derivation the raw materials may be divided into three groups1 namely3 #a4 ,skin-like raw materials3 ,skin1 leather1 tissues4 #b4 ,bone raw materials4 #c4 ,materials obtained from fishes3 ,air bladders1 scales1 etc4 #a4 ,,animal ,,skin4 ,illustration3 ,,fig4 #a4 ,this consists of three layers1 namely3 #a4 ,the thin upper-skin--the epidermis--which consists only of cellular tissue1 and is of no special importance for the manufacture of glue4 #b4 ,the actual leather-skin1 or corium1 which consists of fibres of connective tissue and forms the actual object of the tanner as well as of the glue boiler4 ,underneath the corium lies the under-skin1 which consists only of cellular tissue contaminated with particles of flesh and fat1 which are detrimental to the manufacture of glue4 ,fig4 #a represents a section of the animal skin4 ,o1 is the epidermis1 ,l1 the corium1 ,u1 the under-skin4 ,the epidermis consists of two layers4 ,the first1 superficial one1 ,h1 is known as the cuticle or lamellar layer1 and the other deeper layer1 ,s1 as the mucous or malpighian layer4 ,the corium also consists of two layers1 the upper one ,c1 and the lower one ,c#a1 which is the actual leather-skin4 ,the under-skin1 ,u1 is an elastic tissue containing many deposits of fat1 ,f1 and perspiratory glands1 ,d1 which are connected with ducts1 ,d#a1 with the surface of the skin4 ,for the manufacturer of leather and glue1 the corium is the only material of value4 ,the tanner trims the skins before steeping them in the ooze4 ,from sheep and calf skins he removes the head portions1 it being more advantageous to use them for glue stock4 ,he also cuts off the skin covering the lower part of the thighs1 and1 to give the skin a neat finish1 the ragged edges of the belly part4 ,of bullock hides1 the ears1 tails and foot pieces are utilized for glue stock1 while the head parts are tanned4 ,such tannery waste may yield #dd to #df per cent4 of glue4 ,scarf skin of bullocks' hides and waste in fleshing the hide1 tendons and hinder parts of cattle yield from #cj to #ce per cent42 horse sinews from #ae to #ah per cent4 ,scraps of parchment and bullocks' feet are highly valued as glue stock1 since they are in fit condition for boiling without further preparation4 ,they may yield up to #fb per cent4 of their weight in glue4 ,calf and sheep skins yield a superior glue2 that from horse hides is usually dark and poor in quality1 although with careful working a strong product can be obtained from the latter4 ,of great value to the glue boiler are the so-called calves' heads1 which1 after liming and drying1 form a special article of commerce4 ,skins of hogs1 hares and rabbits yield a light-colored glue of little consistency4 ,it is1 therefore1 best to use these last-named raw materials for the preparation of jelly1 such as is used in sizing1 in the manufacture of paper1 etc4 ,the older the animals from which the skins have been derived1 the more solid the glue will be4 ,in many cases1 especially where a certain quality of glue is to be produced1 it may be recommended to separate the different kinds of skin refuse into lots1 provided there is enough of each kind to boil it separately4 ,a considerable number of skins used for packing various articles1 such as indigo from ,south ,africa1 have been so much damaged in transit as to render them useless for tanning1 but they form good material for glue1 frequently yielding #ej to #ee per cent4 ,in reference to judging glue stock some valuable notes are given in an article on glue1 published by the ,american ,provision ,co41 ,chicago1 ,ills43 8,dry1 uncured or salted stock1 such as raw hide or ,south ,american1 if soaked for twelve hours in cold water1 gains about #ej per cent4 in weight1 and still remains tough1 and the water sweet4 ,the moisture1 dirt1 and salt should not be over #aj per cent4 8,green salted stock1 such as hide pieces1 sinews1 calf heads and pates1 should have no excess of salt1 nor be foul1 discolored or heated2 should be tough1 with the hair not loose1 and have a mild animal odor4 ,moisture and salt not over #dj per cent4 8,dry limed stock soaked twelve hours develops a characteristic odor1 and should be firm1 fibrous1 and have no slimy pieces4 ,the water should not be dark4 ,lime1 sand and dirt1 not over #e per cent4 8,green limed stock should be smooth and soft1 any remaining hair being easily detachable1 while the liquor should be fairly clean1 sweet1 and not too alkaline4 8,a large quantity of waste bones accumulates in the preparation of tinned provisions4 ,if these have not been overheated and are in good condition1 a considerable amount of glue can be obtained from them1 the bones of the head1 ribs1 and feet giving a better yield than those of the thighs and legs4 8,horn piths should not contain over #ab per cent4 moisture1 and should not have been overheated in drying2 they should have been cleansed from skin and hair1 which are of little value to the glue-maker4 8,the age of the animals yielding glue stock has an important influence on the product4 ,while from younger animals the product1 as a rule1 is of lighter color1 more abundant and more easily obtained1 it contains more chondrin1 so that from solutions of equal strengths1 those from mature animals will be found to be of greater consistence and the glue more solid4 8,abroad1 dry hides are often1 for weighing1 soaked in chlorbarium1 a solution of barium chloride1 and then in a bath of dilute sulphuric acid1 #a per cent41 which readily soaks in1 combines with the barium to form the white insoluble powder of barium sulphate1 leaving weak hydrochloric acid in the fibre1 to be afterwards neutralized in liming1 the chloride of calcium dissolving out4 ,this treatment affects considerably the subsequent making of glue1 as1 beside the effects of the acids1 the sulphate of barium will render the liquors cloudy and difficult to clarify4 ,of course if colored glues are to be made this will be no detriment40 ,to prevent putrefaction1 which is always accompanied by decomposition of glue-yielding substance and consequent loss1 the scraps must be carefully preserved1 especially in summer4 ,the tanner prepares the waste by liming1 i4 e41 steeping it during fifteen to twenty days in milk of lime which is frequently renewed4 ,by the action of the lime1 adhering particles of blood and flesh are dissolved and the fatty matter is saponified4 ,after this treatment the glue-stock is dried4 ,in case this work is not done carefully in the tanyard1 as is only too frequently the case1 the stock is of but little value to the glue-boiler4 ,by allowing the refuse to lie too long in a heap1 as is sometimes done1 putrid fermentation sets in1 the injurious effects of which cannot be remedied by subsequent liming1 or the lime bath has not yet been strong enough1 or has not acted sufficiently long upon the scraps to destroy the adhering particles of blood and flesh4 ,the lime bath1 on the other hand1 may have been too strong1 so as to attack the glue-yielding substance4 ,frequently it is also the case that the scraps having been dried under unfavorable circumstances1 mould has commenced to form1 and finally they may be spoiled in winter by allowing them to freeze4 ,frozen glue leather yields glue of very little consistency4 ,it will be seen from the foregoing that great precaution and care are required when buying glue leather4 ,the manufacturer should especially see that it is dry and tough1 free from mould and all organic and inorganic substances1 and not too strongly limed4 ,the glue-boiler should1 in all cases1 be prepared to undertake the preparation of the glue stock himself4 ,the following arrangements are required for the purpose3 ,let us assume that the glue factory is located on a stream of water4 ,in the immediate neighborhood of the stream a sufficient number of pits to prepare all the glue stock used1 each about #f feet deep and #f to #aj feet in diameter1 and lined with cement1 are so arranged that their bottoms are about #c to #c feet above the level of the water4 ,they are supplied with water by means of a pipe line connecting one with the other4 ,each pit is provided with a discharge pipe to draw off the dirty water4 ,as the glue-stock1 before undergoing other operations1 has to be freed from the lime by washing with water1 the simplest plan is to place the limed stock in nets or wicker baskets suspended in running water by means of a traveling crane or other contrivance erected on the bank of the stream4 ,this elementary method1 however1 is open to several disadvantages1 as it fouls a large volume of water and may lead to legal interference1 and its very simplicity is apt to lead to neglect of precautions1 such as brushing away solid particles of lime or softened animal matters4 ,further1 the great quantities of water carry off small pieces of glue-stock and fat1 if catch-basins are not provided sufficiently large to allow fat1 glue-stock1 hair and lime to separate from the water4 ,the object is better accomplished and in a shorter time by the use of a washing drum4 ,this consists of a perforated iron cylinder about #f feet in diameter and #d feet in length1 and open on both ends4 ,around the inside of the cylinder are fixed a number of wooden shelves #f inches broad1 which1 as the cylinder revolves1 carry the glue-stock partly round1 ultimately falling to the bottom again1 the movement dashing it about under a spray of water4 ,in the cylinder is also arranged an iron plate supported by stays from the outside4 ,while the washing is in operation the plate is turned perpendicular2 on completion it is brought to a horizontal position1 forming a table1 on which the glue-stock falls1 and the latter is then removed to a hand-press to squeeze out the water4 ,the washed stock is then removed to the drying ground1 which should be in a sunny and airy location1 and provided with an inclined floor of planks or cement so arranged as to allow of the admittance of air from beneath4 ,as it is well known that small quantities of liquid1 frequently renewed and thoroughly drained off each time1 effect the most complete and economical washing1 and in the shortest time1 ,s4 ,rideal recommends the use of pits or vats with proper arrangements for stirring1 draining and inspection4 ,the lime scum from the pits can be used in the manufacture of fertilizers4 ,the glue-stock washer shown in ,figs4 #b to #e1 is the invention of ,w4 ,a4 ,hoeveler 7,american patent71 and it relates to the construction of apparatus for washing glue-stock4 ,in apparatus for this purpose the stock is very commonly damaged by being broken up too much1 and considerable loss results1 besides1 from the fact that the small particles are allowed to escape with the wash-water4 ,by the present construction and arrangement these defects are remedied and other advantages derived4 ,fig4 #b is a transverse vertical section on line x-x of ,fig4 #c of this apparatus2 ,illustration3 ,,fig4 #b4 ,fig4 #c is a longitudinal vertical section of the same2 ,illustration3 ,,fig4 #c4 ,fig4 #d is an enlarged plan illustrating the screen and hinged covers1 one being opened and one closed2 and ,illustration3 ,,fig4 #d4 ,fig4 #e is a detail of the hub1 stems and part of one paddle4 ,illustration3 ,,fig4 #e4 ,the apparatus is constructed in the form of a rectangular trough-like structure1 with its sides and ends1 ,a1 substantially water-tight by means of the double walls1 a a4 ,the upper portion of the interior is occupied by the swinging wash-box1 ,b1 semicircular in shape1 with flat sides and rounded bottom throughout1 the bottom being perforated4 ,upon a transverse shaft1 c1 journaled at the axis of box1 ,b1 is set a paddle-wheel composed of a suitable hub1 d1 and adjustable paddles1 each composed of the radial stem1 e1 and the blade1 f1 or spoon4 ,the spoons1 f are set on the stems1 e1 so as to be capable of being reversed or turned half-way round1 more or less4 ,one side of the spoon1 f1 is rounded off1 so that while passing through the stock the latter will not cling to or remain upon it4 ,the other side of the spoon is flat1 but slightly skewed or bevelled1 so that when turned to face with the direction of motion of the wheel it not only gathers up the stock and holds it till out of the box1 ,b1 but upon further elevation causes it to roll or slide along the paddle to a predetermined point1 where it falls off gently into a discharge-spout1 g1 which carries it off for further treatment practically undamaged4 ,during the operation the box1 ,b1 and the body1 ,a1 are kept supplied by a stream of clean or chemically-prepared water1 and the wheel1 e f1 revolves slowly in the box1 the edges of the paddles sweeping around1 while the box1 ,b1 or its bottom1 is kept oscillating1 thus preventing an injurious clogging of the perforations in the box-bottom4 ,after the stock is placed in the box1 ,b1 and the latter filled with sufficient water1 the wheel1 e f1 is caused to slowly revolve 7by motive or hand power71 with the rounded sides of the spoons1 f1 presented forward4 ,this operation thoroughly agitates and cleanses the stock1 while the rounded form of the spoons prevents the breaking up of the natural condition of the stock4 ,the inventor gathers the finer particles as follows1 after they have escaped through the perforated bottom of the wash-box1 ,b4 ,at the lower part of the trough1 ,a1 elevated on crossbars or blocks1 h1 he places two parallel strips1 i1 and between these1 which are grooved to form ways1 k1 inside1 is set a long screen1 l1 placed on rollers1 m1 and movable thereby on the rails or ways1 k4 ,to give movement to the screen1 l1 the inventor attaches to its end a rod1 n1 which projects outwardly through the walls1 a a1 by means of the packing-box1 p1 and cap or door1 q1 which1 when opened1 allows the withdrawal of the screen1 l1 and its burden4 ,the shaking of the screen is accomplished by a suitable motor applied to rod1 n1 and is kept going during the operation as required4 ,to the strips1 i1 which are placed at a little distance from the side walls1 a 7to leave a passage for the water and refuse to go through71 are hinged the two doors1 r1 which shut down upon the rod1 s1 as a support1 in which case nothing can fall upon the screen1 or which open up and rest against the sides1 a a1 in which case the screen is exposed and the side passages closed by the doors1 r4 ,during the initial or rough-washing stage the doors1 r1 are kept closed1 and the dirty water and refuse pass freely down the side passages and out at a suitable opening at the bottom4 ,after this stage it becomes desirable to catch the particles which get detached from the stock in box1 ,b1 and come through the perforations therein4 ,then open up the doors1 r1 thus closing the side passages and compelling all the water and small stock to go to the screen1 l1 which catches the remaining stock4 ,when sufficiently accumulated the screen may be drawn out and the stock thereon removed4 ,when the main body of stock in box1 ,b1 has been cleansed1 the paddles or spoons1 f1 are reversed1 so as to present their flat1 skewed faces to the stock1 and in revolving the paddles now gently lift the stock and discharge it into the spout or hopper1 g4 ,the washing and removal of the stock when washed are thus accomplished without further manipulation than to reverse the paddles1 which obviously could be done by a reversing-gear on the motor1 thereby reversing the direction of movement of the paddle-wheel4 ,instead of the whole box ,b being oscillated back and forth1 its bottom may be set on slides or rollers and oscillated1 while the sides remain stationary4 ,in the drawings the box ,b is shown as hung upon the shaft c as a centre2 but as the provision of means of reciprocating or oscillating the box or its bottom is within the skill of any machinist1 it is not necessary to describe any specific form4 ,as the box with its contents will be very heavy1 the inventor prefers a special motor for it1 which may also be geared up to reciprocate the screen l4 ,instead of the door q1 as located in ,fig4 #b1 it can be located as at q'1 same figure4 ,the entire plant must of course be arranged according to sanitary regulations1 especially as regards river pollution1 etc4 ,the sheds for sorting and storing the glue-stock should1 if possible1 be in close proximity to the pits and washing drums1 and be dry and airy4 ,in arranging his plant1 the glue manufacturer must1 in short1 exercise his ingenuity with a view to carrying on the business with as little loss of material1 and as much saving of time and labor as possible4 ,the work in a factory arranged in the above manner1 is carried on as follows3 ,the raw materials brought by the dealer are weighed1 and if in green state1 the customary percentage--generally #ej per cent4--taken off4 ,to facilitate future operations1 and to enable the manufacturer to produce different varieties of glue1 the dry materials are sorted and stored in different compartments of the store-shed4 ,green waste1 i4 e41 such as has not been limed must be taken in hand at once1 as otherwise it would taint the air1 be attacked by rats and other animals1 and suffer injurious alterations by decomposition4 ,the manner of operation is as follows3 ,liming4 ,prepare 8milk of lime0 by filling the pits1 which are to serve for the reception of the skin waste1 with the required quantity of water and dissolve in it #b per cent4 of calcium hydrate obtained by slaking a good quality of quick lime4 ,stir thoroughly1 and in order that the water may become thoroughly saturated with the lime1 let the liquor stand for #h or #aj days before placing the waste in it4 ,the liquor should stand about #i inches deep over the waste in the pits4 ,the length of time the waste has to remain in the milk of lime varies according to the material2 calf skins requiring #ae to #bj days1 sheep skins #bj to #cj days1 and heavy ox hides #cj to #dj days4 ,the milk of lime should be renewed once or twice a week1 and thoroughly stirred4 ,for the purpose of liming1 the quality of the lime used is of the utmost importance1 the milk of lime being frequently quite valueless by reason of having become carbonated or a bad quality of quick lime having been originally employed4 ,it should be borne in mind that only the hydrate of lime which is present in solution in lime water is of use1 whereas in milk of lime so much carbonate and other impurities may be present that the liquid1 though thick1 may be quite useless4 ,the value of a lime should always be tested by determining the amount of real calcium hydroxide1 ,ca7,,oh7#b1 contained in it4 ,the operation according to ,s4 ,rideal1 is conducted as follows3 ,water free from carbonic acid is first prepared by boiling distilled water for half an hour in a strong1 round-bottomed ,bohemian or ,jena flask4 ,while steam is still issuing1 the flask is removed for an instant1 closed by a well-fitting greased cork or a rubber stopper1 and allowed to cool4 ,when the temperature has somewhat fallen1 the cooling may be cautiously accelerated by dipping into a pail of warm water1 then transferring to the cold stream from a tap4 ,the water may be preserved in the flask or1 preferably1 a number of bottles with vase-lined stoppers should be filled quite full and retained for use4 ,from the sample of lime1 well mixed1 a small portion 7about #j4be gramme7 should be accurately and rapidly weighed1 placed in a wide-mouthed1 stoppered bottle holding about #cjj cubic centimeters1 #bej ,cc4 of the boiled water added1 and then allowed to settle4 ,the whole of the calcium hydrate will now have dissolved4 ,fifty cubic centimeters of the clear liquid should now be withdrawn by a pipette1 transferred to a flask1 colored with an indicator--either phenol-phthalein1 methyl-orange1 or litmus may be used--and its alkalinity determined by running in decinormal hydrochloric or sulphuric acid from a burette till the change of color occurs4 ,each cubic centimeter of the acid corresponds to #j4jjbh gramme of calcium oxide1 or #j4jjcg gramme of the hydrate1 ,ca7,,oh7#b4 ,the amount by calculation will give the percentage of real lime present in the sample4 ,it is well to notice that any soda or potash present will equally neutralize the acid1 and be returned as lime1 but as these are of almost equal efficiency their presence in small quantity has no disadvantage4 ,for special work it will be necessary to have a full analysis4 ,as a rule the product made from limestone1 or 8stone lime10 is the best article in commerce1 and is much more free from stones and clay than 8gray lime0 or 8shell lime40 ,the best stone lime contains sometimes only per cent4 of impurities1 and seldom more than #e per cent41 while inferior kinds of gray lime may contain as much as #ej per cent41 and would be of little use in glue-making4 ,after removal from the lime pit1 the material is placed in willow baskets or nets1 and immersed in the stream to remove the greater portion of the lime1 which is generally effected in a few days4 ,it is still more effectively accomplished by placing the waste1 after soaking in the willow baskets1 in the wash drums4 ,after taking it from the baskets or wash drums it is spread in the drying yard to drain and dry1 the desiccation being accelerated by turning it over with a fork several times a day4 ,while drying1 the quick-lime is converted into carbonate1 the latter exerting no disturbing effect in the manufacture of glue4 ,when sufficiently dried1 the material is ready for boiling1 and the crude glue thus obtained can be stored for any length of time1 until wanted for further manipulation4 ,in summer it is scarcely possible to cleanse the raw material as rapidly as it is brought to the factory1 and to work it immediately without putrefaction setting in1 and for this reason it would frequently be risky to purchase larger quantities of it1 even if offered at very favorable terms4 ,during the colder season of the year1 drying of the cleansed raw material is such a slow operation1 that in order to prevent putrefaction1 recourse would have to be had to artificial heat4 ,these drawbacks can1 however1 be overcome by the use of carbolic acid1 which possesses in a high degree the property of preventing putrefaction4 ,it is quite cheap1 and as but a comparatively small quantity of it is required1 the additional cost need scarcely be taken into consideration1 since the value of glue-stock annually destroyed by putrefaction is considerably greater than the expense for carbolic acid4 ,the raw material is thoroughly cleansed1 and while in a moist state is gradually brought into a brick cistern or large vat1 carbolic acid solution being poured over each layer1 so that1 when the cistern or vat is filled1 it stands about an inch or two deep over the material4 ,the latter may be left in this state until wanted4 ,the carbolic acid solution is prepared by dissolving #b lbs4 of carbolic acid in #ajjj quarts of water2 the fluid thus obtained possessing a slight odor of smoke4 ,the washed glue-stock treated as above described with carbolic acid remains absolutely unchanged1 and when wanted needs only be taken from the cistern and worked like fresh material4 ,in plants having no running water at their disposal and depending entirely on well water1 and where the waste water has to be discharged into rivers or creeks1 water containing carbolic acid should be used for all the washing operations1 a fluid containing #a to #b parts of carbolic acid in #aj1jjj parts of water being sufficient for this purpose4 ,such an addition of carbolic acid prevents the wash-water from becoming foul4 ,carbolic acid has the tendency of hardening the glue-stock and imparting its odor to the glue1 and among other antiseptics1 formaldehyde and boric acid have been recommended for the purpose of preventing putrefaction for a reasonable time4 ,formaldehyde in weak solution 7#a part in #aj1jjj to #ajj1jjj parts water7 has been found beneficial4 ,in this small quantity it does not harden the stock nor affect the subsequent boiling1 as it is dissipated by the heat4 ,boric acid and its preparations1 notwithstanding their low antiseptic power1 are much in favor4 ,a fluid containing #a part boric acid in #bjj parts water will have to be used4 ,the principal varieties of hides and leather for glue-stock may be classed as follows3 #a4 ,bullock leather from old animals1 highly limed1 mixed with rump pieces1 also with horse leather1 the latter being thin1 of a dark color and soft1 and is of less value than bullock leather1 because it yields a dark glue4 ,fat leather is bullock's leather from fat1 stall-fed cattle1 and before use has to be freed from fat 7by means of benzine74 #b4 ,pieces of hide from the lower parts of the limbs of cattle1 not limed and with the hair2 they form excellent glue-stock1 yielding a very adhesive glue4 #c4 ,worn-out hinges from weavers' looms1 consisting of strongest untanned bullock's hide4 ,when treated with lime they yield a very strong glue1 but are worked with difficulty4 #d4 ,whip leather4 ,this is waste in the manufacture of whips1 and is derived from thick tawed bullock hide4 ,it yields an excellent1 light-colored glue4 #e4 ,calf leather4 ,broad1 thin1 translucent strips1 slightly limed1 yields glue of a very light color4 #f4 ,calves' heads4 ,the skin of calves' heads1 limed1 without hair4 ,they constitute the best material for gelatine1 and form a special article of commerce4 #g4 ,calves' feet4 ,the skin from the last but one leg-joint which is cut off from dry1 unlimed1 haired skins4 ,it is the best material next to calves' heads4 #h4 ,knapsack leather4 ,old knapsacks of calf skin and waste in the manufacture of new ones1 tawed with the hair on with alum and common salt4 ,when suitably washed this yields good glue-stock4 ,the alum and common salt have to be completely removed by washing4 ,the hair is no detriment to the process of boiling1 it serving as a filter for the glue running off4 ,to this class belong also all kinds of fur waste1 especially remnants of old fur coats 7sheep skin coats71 from which the wool is removed and the skin used as glue-stock4 ,all these materials having been treated with alum and common salt have to be freed from them by suitable manipulation4 #i4 ,hare and rabbit skins freed from their fur4 ,they yield a light-colored glue of little consistency4 #aj4 ,cut rabbit skins4 ,in depriving these skins of their fur1 they are cut by a machine into fine threads of even size4 ,in ,france they are worked into size for gilders' use which is highly valued4 #aa4 ,sheep and lamb leather 7goat leather7 limed1 thin and very light1 yields but a small quantity of glue of little consistency4 ,to this class belongs the waste in the manufacture of kid gloves4 ,waste of morocco and other varieties of similar leather1 pressed into bales and secured with wire1 comes into commerce under the name of ,levant leather4 #ab4 ,waste obtained in paring kid leather and in the manufacture of gloves4 ,it constitutes a flocculent powder and yields very thin glue liquor with slight adhesive power4 ,before boiling1 the substances used in tanning must be completely removed by washing4 #ac4 ,surrons4 ,these are untanned1 unlimed skins of various wild animals 7antelopes1 gazelles7 which have been used for packing leaf tobacco and various drugs4 ,they form good glue stock4 #b4 ,,bones ,,and ,,cartilages4 ,in addition to hides1 bones are a material highly valued by the glue boiler4 ,chemically speaking1 the framework supporting the fleshy tissues of the animal order1 and which we call bones1 is a combination of phosphates of lime and magnesia1 carbonate of lime1 and alkaline salts1 united with fatty and cartilaginous matter4 ,to the latter we look for our yield of glue2 to the fatty matter for the fat1 and to the phosphates for the basis of fertilizers4 ,bone cartilage is composed of carbon1 hydrogen1 oxygen and nitrogen1 the percentage composition being practically constant1 whether the cartilage be from an old or a young animal4 ,the bones of the young are1 however1 much richer in cartilage than those of the old4 ,this is reversed in the case of the inorganic or mineral matter1 the old having the greatest yield of phosphates4 ,then again1 the fatty matters are more in evidence in full-grown animals than in youth or age2 also in the thigh and leg bones the yield is higher than in the heads1 ribs or shoulder blades1 the latter averaging #ab to #ac per cent41 whilst the former runs #ah to #ai per cent4#a #a ,bone ,products and ,manures4 ,by ,thomas ,lambert4 ,london1 #aija4 ,bones being less subject to putrefaction than skin-stock1 they are not brought into commerce in a prepared state4 ,they are mainly bought by contract from various dealers within easy access to the works4 ,the rates are generally fixed for a certain period1 and cover all classes of common bones1 whether fresh butchers' or a mixture with partly boiled bones4 ,bones differ considerably in their value4 ,a fresh bone will yield the highest percentage of fat and glue4 ,on the other hand1 partly boiled bones may contain only #f per cent4 fat with #cj per cent4 water4 ,in buying bones the manufacturer should exercise great care1 as the dealer sometimes finds ways and means of including hoofs1 horns1 iron1 beefy matter1 and even pieces of brick4 ,naturally they form weight1 but1 excepting the horns1 have no value4 ,to separate the different classes of bone coming into the works1 and arrange them according to the amounts they would produce of fat and glue1 is no doubt a desirable object1 but in practice it is seldom carried out4 ,however1 if the manufacturer wishes to undertake this tedious work1 it is recommended to make the following distinctions3 #a4 ,bones of young animals1 sheep1 calves1 dogs1 cats1 etc41 being readily disintegrated1 are thrown into one pile1 and also the light bones of oxen1 such as skull bones1 shoulder bones1 the vertebra of the tail1 etc4 #b4 ,a second pile is made of the foot bones of goats1 sheep and cattle1 provided they can be had1 as is the case in the ,united ,states and ,england1 in sufficiently large quantities4 #c4 ,scraps and shavings from bucks'-horn from turners and button-makers4 #d4 ,thick bones of oxen1 horses1 etc41 which must remain longer in the lime-bath1 together with waste of hard bones from turners4 #e4 ,where large quantities of bones are handled it is advisable to sort out the bones of the upper thigh1 as they can be more advantageously used for the manufacture of piano-keys1 handles for tooth-brushes1 etc4 ,hoofs1 which are frequently found1 should be thrown out1 as they yield no glue and can be utilized for other purposes4 ,the further manipulation of the bones for the manufacture of glue requires first of all their crushing or grinding in a stamper or mill4 ,by this crushing or grinding of the bones two objects are attained1 namely1 they are more readily deprived of their fat and present more points of attack to the corrosive agents to be used later on4 ,the crushed bones are put in a large boiler1 and for a few hours subjected to the action of steam4 ,leg bones1 as well as horns1 should not be boiled1 as they contain no fat1 and would lose too much glue-yielding substance4 ,after boiling1 the bones are placed in a lime vat for #h to #ad days4 ,the water used for boiling the first portion of bones may be used for a second one4 ,the extracted fat amounting to #d or #e per cent4 of the quantity of bones used1 is taken off the surface of the cold liquor and the latter may be utilized as a fertilizer1 or fed to cattle4 ,for crushing the bones1 a stamping mill is generally used1 it yielding1 when properly constructed1 material for the manufacture of glue1 as well as granulated bones which form an excellent product for the preparation of animal charcoal4 ,since animal charcoal in pieces of quite even size is now in general demand1 it is recommended to manipulate the bones in the above-described manner1 to sell the granules to the manufacturer of animal charcoal1 and use for boiling glue only the completely-crushed portions and the porous bones which are not at all suitable for the manufacture of animal charcoal4 ,illustration3 ,,fig4 #f4 ,fig4 #f shows a stamping mill very suitable for the crushing of bones1 the illustration showing the mill open on the left side and closed on the right4 ,it is furnished with #af stamps1 ,d1 each stamp being provided with a cast-iron shoe4 ,the stamps are lifted by means of a cam shaft in such a manner1 that the height of fall of the outermost pairs of stamps is least and that of those in the centre greatest4 ,between the inner stamps is a sieve ,h with meshes of sufficient size to allow the largest pieces1 which can be produced by granulation1 to fall through4 ,underneath the sieve is an ,archimedean screw ,k for carrying off the pieces of bone passing through the sieve4 ,illustration3 ,,fig4 #g4 ,illustration3 ,,fig4 #h4 ,the base of the stamping mill consists of iron plates so arranged as to form steps1 the plates lying towards the center of the mill constituting the lowest steps4 ,every two stamps standing alongside one another rest upon such a step4 ,when the mill is set in motion1 the bones reaching the stamping trough from the right and left fall upon the steps1 and are crushed by the descending stamps4 ,as a rule1 the bones to be stamped are not brought directly into the stamping trough1 but are first passed through a crushing mill and the coarser pieces thus obtained are subjected to the action of the stamping mill4 ,figs4 #g and #h show a well-constructed bone crusher4 ,it consists essentially of two cast-iron rollers ,a and ,b1 furnished with case-hardened cutters4 ,the bones are introduced through the hopper ,b1 and the rolls set in motion by means of cog-wheels a and b4 ,the bearings of the roll ,b run in a carriage which can be shifted by the lever-construction f i4 ,the object of this contrivance is to allow of the roll ,b giving way in case a harder material than bones1 for instance1 a stone1 passes between the rolls4 ,illustration3 ,,fig4 #i4 ,the ,crosskill bone mill1 ,fig4 #i1 as described by ,s4 ,rideal1 is intended to be driven by a strap from the fly wheel of a common portable engine4 ,it consists of a pair of strong rollers made of wrought-iron with case-hardened cutters1 and a revolving or oscillating riddle for separation of the ground bones as they fall from the cutters2 the whole carried by a substantial cast-iron frame4 ,the mill will grind from #f to #af hundred-weight per hour with a three to eight horse-power engine4 ,for sorting the crushed bones into pieces of equal size1 a sieve1 ,fig4 #aj1 is used consisting of a drum constructed of narrow boards covered with wire-netting of different degrees of fineness4 ,the upper portion ,a of the drum consists of narrow-meshed net and through this falls the fine meal which is conveyed by the ,archimedean screw ,f over the frame ,f ,g ,h into vessels serving for its reception4 ,the lower section1 ,b1 of the drum is furnished with netting1 the meshes of which become gradually wider towards the lower end1 and1 hence1 the smallest particles of bone fall through the funnel1 ,d1 the medium-sized ones through ,e1 and the largest ones through ,f4 ,pieces which cannot pass through ,f1 leave the drum at ,g4 ,in factories manufacturing glue as well as animal charcoal1 the larger pieces are steamed by themselves to obtain their fat1 and then charred1 while the small pieces and the meal are utilized for glue4 ,illustration3 ,,fig4 #aj4 ,the lime-bath used for bones should be of the same strength as that for skin-stock4 ,after removal from the lime vat and washing1 the bones are put in a tank of stone or wood 7brick pits should not be used7 containing cold hydrochloric acid of #gj ,b4 or #a4je specific gravity 7 #aj4f per cent4 ,h,cl7 for thick bones1 or half that strength for thin bones1 and are thus left to digest for #h to #ad days1 being frequently stirred and fresh acid added4 ,by the action of the acid the calcium phosphate is dissolved and the bones become cartilaginous1 flexible and transparent4 ,the phosphates can be precipitated by ammonia1 or the whole evaporated with charcoal or silica1 and distilled to make phosphorus4 ,when sufficiently softened1 the stock is washed in wicker baskets or a washing drum to remove adhering acid4 ,they are then placed for one day in the lime liquor1 again washed1 and then either dried or stored away for future use1 or boiled at once to glue1 while in a moist state4 ,leg bones1 horns1 and other soft bones which contain scarcely any fatty matter are not steamed for the reason previously stated1 but in all other respects are treated like steamed bones4 ,it is of the greatest importance that the bones should be thoroughly freed from acid1 since even the smallest quantity remaining behind exerts an injurious effect upon the finished glue4 ,it is therefore recommended to test the water draining off1 or the bones themselves1 with litmus4 ,if the tincture turns red1 it is a sure indication of the presence of free acid1 and the washing must be continued until the blue color of the tincture remains constant4 ,gerland's suggestion1 to use dilute sulphurous acid in place of hydrochloric acid for dissolving the phosphates of the bones1 and to evaporate the sulphurous acid by heating1 whereby the phosphates are precipitated in an insoluble state1 has now been quite generally introduced4 ,for the preparation of gelatine from bones1 ,jullion and ,pirie's process may be recommended4 ,it requires a somewhat expensive plant1 but saves hydrochloric acid and time4 ,the process consists essentially in dissolving the phosphates of the bones in vacuum4 ,a box of wood1 or better of granite1 which can be closed air-tight1 is required for this purpose4 ,the box is filled with bones1 and acid of the previously-mentioned strength poured over them4 ,the box is then closed and the air pumped out by water or steam power4 ,the smallest cracks and pores of the bones are thus freed from air1 and the latter is replaced by hydrochloric acid1 which in this manner acts rapidly and is completely exhausted4 ,the remaining crude glue is then further worked in the usual way4 ,bones honey-combed by putrefaction1 exposure to the weather1 or burial in the ground are of little or no value to the glue-boiler1 as nearly all the glue-yielding substance has been destroyed2 they should therefore be thrown out in buying stock4 ,the ammonia which is formed when putrefaction sets in1 colors the glue dark4 #c4 ,,leather ,,waste4 ,leather tanned with a substance insoluble in water is not directly suitable for manufacturing glue1 but can be made so by a special process1 which1 though somewhat tedious1 nevertheless pays for the trouble4 ,in using such stock the manufacturer should make a distinction between old and new leather4 ,the principal materials of this kind1 large quantities of which contribute their quota to the glue-boiler's stock1 are old shoes1 straps1 harness1 etc41 and further1 waste from shoemakers1 trunk-makers1 and in fact from the shops of all workers in leather except those using alumed leather4 ,before boiling the leather waste to glue1 the removal of all traces of tannin becomes absolutely necessary1 since the retention of the smallest quantity prevents the animal tissue from dissolving in water4 ,the various methods proposed for the preparation of the leather waste differ either in the chemical solvent used1 or in the mechanical manipulation of the waste4 ,the principal point in all methods is to comminute the waste as uniformly as possible to facilitate the complete removal of the tannin4 ,various machines1 some very complicated1 have been proposed for the comminution of the waste1 but a rag engine or 8hollander0 such as is used by paper-makers deserves preference for the purpose1 as it not only comminutes1 washes and prepares the waste in a suitable manner for the manufacture of glue1 but the leather pulp when mixed with rags or woody fibre gives a substitute for leather which is very tough and of good appearance1 and can be worked into many articles4 ,after the preparation in the hollander and careful washing the waste is treated1 according to ,stenhouse1 under a pressure of two atmospheres in a boiler with water to which is added #ae per cent4 of the quantity of waste to be treated at one time of slaked lime4 ,by another method the extraction of the tannin is effected by boiling the leather pulp with caustic soda of #a4jbe specific gravity for from six to twelve hours4 ,after drawing off the water and pressing out1 the pulp is again boiled with caustic soda of the same concentration4 ,the next process is to carefully wash out the soda1 which is best effected in the hollander4 ,by neutralizing the soda lye in the fluid drawn off after the first boiling1 it can be re-used for tanning or purposes for which tannin is required4 ,according to another method1 the modus operandi is as follows3 ,dissolve #a lbs4 of oxalic acid in #c gallons of water1 pour the boiling solution over #aaj lbs4 of waste1 and keep the mixture in a water-bath at a temperature of #agf to #bab ,f4 ,this effects the solution of the pulp4 ,then dilute the solution by adding gradually #d gallons of water until a uniform mass is formed4 ,now add #e lbs4 of lime slaked to a thin paste1 and mix the whole thoroughly4 ,the mass becomes friable and pulverulent4 ,it is passed through a wire sieve and then exposed to the air4 ,in three to four weeks the tannin is entirely destroyed1 which is recognized by the mass assuming a lighter color4 ,the lime is then removed by washing with water and hydrochloric acid4 ,if the tannin has not been entirely destroyed by exposure to the air1 add #a lb4 of liquid ammonia and a like quantity of pyrolusite to every #aaj lbs4 of leather substance when boiling it to glue4 ,the oxygen yielded up by the pyrolusite1 which1 in the presence of ammonia1 exerts no injurious effect upon the glue1 destroys the last traces of tannin4 ,frequent stirring with a shovel while the material is exposed to the air and moderate heating1 facilitates the destruction of the tannin4 #d4 ,,raw ,,materials ,,for ,,fish ,,glue4 ,the air-bladders or sounds of various fishes contain much glue-yielding substance and on account of its purity1 the product known as isinglass obtained from them is preferably used for culinary and medicinal purposes4 ,the high price of the raw material excludes it from being used by the glue-boiler1 but as he manufactures substitutes for isinglass1 and should therefore have a thorough knowledge of the article with which he has to compete1 its manufacture will be included in this treatise4 ,since1 however1 the work of the manufacturer is finished with the preparation of the raw material1 i4 e41 of the air-bladders into crude glue1 isinglass and its substitutes will be referred to later on4 ,there is a material difference between isinglass and glue manufactured from entire fishes4 ,the raw material is1 of course1 limited to certain localities4 ,the principal point to be observed in the manufacture of fish-glue is the removal of the skin1 which is effected by means of dilute sulphuric acid4 ,after removal of the last traces of acid1 the fatty matter of the fishes is saponified by a treatment with milk of lime frequently renewed4 ,after washing out the lime1 the pulpy mass is placed in a solution of sodium hyposulphite1 alum1 and common salt1 where it remains for a few days4 ,the liquor is then drawn off and replaced by a mixture of solution of alum1 dilute sulphuric acid and nitric acid4 ,after macerating in this mixture for a few days1 the mass is thoroughly washed and boiled to glue1 and the resulting product clarified with sulphurous acid or alum solution4 ,as will be seen1 the entire process is tedious1 requires many chemicals1 and besides the yield of glue1 which has no specially good qualities1 is small4 ,it is used as a substitute for isinglass for clarifying liquids4 ,the best proof that the business is of but little importance is found in the fact that no fish-glue has been exhibited at any of the late international exhibitions4 ,the scales of large fishes1 such as carp1 give more favorable results4 ,they are treated with hydrochloric acid in a similar manner to bones4 ,the scales do not dissolve entirely1 a horny insoluble mass1 giving no glue1 remaining behind after the solution of the glue-yielding substance4 ,,chapter ,,iv4 ,,manufacture ,,of ,,skin ,,glue4 ,the thorough preparation of the raw materials will materially facilitate all succeeding operations1 which may be classified as follows3 #a4 ,boiling the glue4 #b4 ,clarifying the glue-liquor4 #c4 ,forming or moulding the glue4 #d4 ,drying the glue4 ,however1 before entering into the description of these operations1 it will be necessary to refer to an intermediate product1 which has been previously mentioned under the name of crude glue1 and is prepared1 for instance1 by tanners and manufacturers of parchment1 but also forms in some localities a special branch of industry4 ,this crude glue is actually not glue1 but a glue-yielding substance in such a state of preparation that it can be directly used for the first operation1 namely1 boiling4 ,it consists of waste of skins and leather of all kinds1 completely cleansed1 dried and limed1 and in the case of leather treated with agents for the extraction of the substances used in the tanning4 ,as will be readily understood1 the operations required for the preparation of this stock are virtually the same as those described in the previous chapter for raw materials and need not further be here referred to4 ,the bulk of such stock is prepared by tawers and manufacturers of parchment1 though a considerable quantity of it is also derived from waste in the manufacture of gloves4 ,the product from the latter source is also found in commerce under the ,french names ,colle franche or ,brochette4 ,however1 if such stock is used1 it is best to again immerse it in lime water1 after which it should be thoroughly washed4 ,the manufacture of glue from hide and leather waste differs materially in many respects from that of bone glue1 it being the more simple process1 as no other preliminary operations than the preparation of the glue-stock are required4 ,the first operation is #a4 ,,cooking ,,or ,,boiling4 ,for this operation any kind of boiler may be used1 but the materials should be supported on a perforated grid a little distance above the bottom1 so as to save them from risk of scorching4 ,in the centre of the grid stands a conical pipe #b to #c feet long1 perforated like the grid and communicating with the space between the grid and the bottom of the boiler4 ,the height of the boiler can be increased #a to #a feet by placing an annular piece upon the rim which is bent upwards for its reception4 ,the size of the boiler depends on the quantity of raw material to be worked at one time4 ,it is best to choose boilers holding from #aaj to #ddj lbs4 of glue-stock1 and to place two1 four or more of such boilers in one hearth4 ,the manner of using such a boiler is very simple4 ,straw is placed upon the false bottom in such a manner as to cover its entire surface1 and extend up the sides of the boiler at least as far as it is touched by the flame4 ,the object of the straw is to serve as a filter1 and protect the materials from injury by the flame4 ,but for the production of entirely pure gelatine or glue1 straw cannot be used1 as1 by boiling1 it yields a yellow coloring matter1 which passes into the glue4 ,barley straw gives a less intense coloring matter than rye straw4 ,in case straw cannot be used1 the material is placed in a large bag1 previously thoroughly boiled1 and suspended in the boiler so as not to touch the sides4 ,by this means scorching is prevented even if the fire touches the bottom as well as the sides of the boiler4 ,the boiler having been heaped with material so high as to overflow the brim and fill the annular piece placed upon it1 is filled with water as far as touched by the fire4 ,the fire may now be started4 ,the hearth in which the boiler is placed should1 of course1 be so constructed that the gases are uniformly distributed and the water quickly brought to the boiling-point4 ,when the water commences to boil1 bubbles of steam ascend from the space beneath the grid and1 passing through the perforations of the conical pipe1 penetrate the glue-stock4 ,thus the first formation of glue takes place1 and the stock begins to settle down gradually as it goes into solution4 ,the stock heaped up in the annular piece also sinks down gradually1 and being partly heated by the hot vapors and thus prepared for solution1 is finally submerged in the boiling solution and becomes soon entirely dissolved4 ,waste of hide and horn piths are completely dissolved in five to seven hours4 ,no more water should be used than is absolutely required for cooking the entire quantity of stock1 because too much water renders the solution too thin and gives a jelly of little consistency and difficult to dry4 ,concentrating the glue solution by continued boiling is bad practice1 as it is detrimental to the resulting product by reason of the glutin undergoing a gradual transformation4 ,it is best to start with a slow fire to give the stock time to soften and thus prepare it for solution4 ,when somewhat softened1 the mass is brought to boiling and the latter kept up1 gently and uniformly1 until solution is complete4 ,solution is promoted by careful stirring1 but care should be had not to disarrange the straw upon the grid and on the sides of the boiler as this would interfere with proper filtration of the glue solution4 ,the duration of cooking depends on the nature of the raw materials4 ,scraps of skin from young animals1 antlers1 sheep trotters1 etc41 dissolve in three to four hours1 while waste from ox and horse hides1 or bones from old animals1 require six to eight hours4 ,the progress of the operation is readily ascertained by pouring a small sample of the gelatinous fluid in half an eggshell1 and setting it aside for a few minutes to cool4 ,if a clear and consistent jelly be obtained1 boiling has been carried on to a sufficient extent1 and the liquid is drawn off4 ,any undissolved glue-stock remaining upon the straw filter can be boiled by itself1 and the resulting gelatinous liquor utilized in the next boiling4 ,it is evident that quick and uniform solution of the materials1 which enhances the quality of the glue1 is promoted by comminuting the glue-stock either by grinding1 stamping1 or mechanical means4 ,the succeeding clarification of the glue is much facilitated by removing while boiling the scum1 consisting of fat1 coagulated albumen1 lime-soap1 accidental admixtures1 and other impurities4 ,before drawing off the gelatinous liquor it is advisable to withdraw the fire and allow the contents of the boiler to rest for fifteen minutes4 ,the residue remaining upon the straw filter consists of hair1 lime-soap1 undissolved particles of hide and bones1 lime1 etc41 and is utilized1 after repeated boiling1 as fertilizer or for the manufacture of gas4 ,the mode of glue boiling above described is the oldest and at present is only in use in small establishments4 ,fig4 #aa represents a convenient apparatus for the purpose4 ,it consists of three boilers upon as many different levels4 ,the lower boiler1 b1 serves for the settling and clarification of the glue4 ,it communicates with the second boiler1 a1 which contains the material to be acted on1 by means of a pipe provided with a stopcock1 and is sufficiently heated by a small fire to keep the glue liquid without allowing it to reach ebullition4 ,the upper boiler1 c1 which is heated by the waste heat of the chimney1 serves as an economical reservoir for hot water4 ,the end of the discharge-pipe of the settling boiler is provided with a filter of woven wire4 ,as the sides and bottom of the second boiler are lined with straw1 which acts as a preliminary filter1 the glue runs off quite clear from the settling boiler4 ,when this mode of manufacture is adopted1 two boilings can be made per day1 under favorable circumstances1 so that1 if the boiler has a capacity of #bbj lbs4 of stock1 which will yield from #aaj to #acb lbs4 of dry glue1 the daily fabrication will be about #bbj lbs4 of finished product4 ,illustration3 ,,fig4 #aa4 ,in larger plants1 the above described mode of extracting the glue-stock with water has been superseded by the use of steam in a cylindrical wrought-iron boiler1 twice as high as wide1 and capable of withstanding a pressure of three atmospheres4 ,the boiler is furnished with a perforated false bottom underneath which terminates a steam pipe4 ,it is filled from above with previously softened glue-stock and the charging hole hermetically closed4 ,steam is then gradually admitted and exerts at once a dissolving influence upon the stock4 ,a portion of the steam condenses and forms with the dissolved glue-stock a concentrated jelly which collects between the true and false bottoms4 ,for the escape of air a cock is provided which is closed as soon as steam commences to escape from it4 ,illustration3 ,,fig4 #ab4 ,the advantages of this process are obvious4 ,a larger quantity of glue-stock can be extracted than in the boiler previously described1 and there is no danger of injury by scorching and consequent damage to the color of the glue4 ,more highly concentrated solutions are obtained in a shorter time1 and the spoiling of the glue solution by too long continued cooking is prevented by drawing off the solution as quickly as formed4 ,the escaping hot vapors may be utilized for drying the glue1 softening the raw material1 etc41 the entire quantity of heat being thus utilized4 ,a further great advantage of this method is that there is less annoyance from badly-smelling vapors than when boiling is done over an open fire4 ,a number of such boilers can be arranged in one room and supplied from a common steam boiler4 ,fig4 #ab represents a boiler for extracting glue-stock with the use of steam4 ,it is provided with a lid1 ,d1 which is removed for charging the boiler4 ,the aperture1 ,e1 in front1 serves for the removal of the residue4 ,above the true bottom there is another false bottom1 perforated and movable1 which can be covered with straw for preliminary filtration4 ,the steam reaches the glue-stock through a pipe which passes through the actual and false bottoms1 and is perforated above the latter4 ,the resulting jelly collects between the true and false bottoms1 where it is less exposed to the action of hot steam4 ,the escaping steam passes through the pipe1 ,f1 which is provided with a stock-cock4 ,the pressure in the boiler is indicated by the manometer1 ,k4 ,after throwing the materials into the boiler they can be covered with warm water1 or1 after the lid is closed1 warm water is introduced from a reservoir through a special pipe and distributed over the material through a rose4 ,the boiler stands upon a frame sufficiently high to allow of conveniently placing a vessel under the pipe ,g1 through which the jelly is discharged4 ,the vessel1 when full1 is conveyed to the settling vat1 or the arrangement may be such that the jelly is directly run into the settling vat4 ,in many large plants open jacketed pans heated by steam are still used for treating the material4 ,fig4 #ac shows an arrangement with two of such pans2 of course one1 or a larger number may be used1 according to requirement4 ,in the illustration the pan ,i on the left is shown in front view1 and the pan ,,ii on the right1 in section4 ,k#a is the actual pan enclosed by the jacket ,k4 ,steam circulates in the space between pan and jacket1 whereby the stock in the pan is heated4 ,k#a1 in addition1 is furnished with a steam coil ,s1 which may1 however1 be omitted4 ,the steam enters through the pipe ,d1 the space between pan and jacket1 passes into the coil ,s1 and escapes at b4 ,the water formed by the condensation of steam in the space between pan and jacket1 as well as that which runs off at b from the coil ,s1 is carried away by the pipe ,a4 ,the pipe ,l serves for conveying hot water to the pans1 and the pipe ,f for the discharge of the finished glue liquor4 ,the stirrer ,r1 is furnished with two paddles1 and is set in motion by a transmission on the ceiling of the room4 ,it serves for keeping the stock in the pans constantly agitated1 solution being thus very much promoted4 ,illustration3 ,,fig4 #ac4 ,the mode of working with this apparatus is very simple4 ,water being admitted into the pan through ,l1 the glue-stock is introduced and the mass brought to boiling by admitting steam4 ,the finished glue-liquor is from time to time drawn off through the pipe ,f into the settling vessel4 ,it is generally preferred not to concentrate the glue-liquor in the pans to such a degree as required to obtain a jelly1 which after cooling1 can be immediately moulded1 experience having shown that less concentrated liquors can be more readily and better clarified1 and yield a lighter and more transparent glue4 ,mr4 ,thomas ,lambert gives the following process of cooking3 ,the skins are taken to the glue-boiler1 which is an open vessel1 #h feet in diameter at the top and #g feet deep1 and provided with a perforated false bottom1 through the center of which passes a two-inch pipe1 one end dipping below a layer of water at the bottom1 the other projecting about half the height of the boiler1 this part being covered with a perforated hood to spray the liquor through the mass4 ,the skins are placed on the false bottom and the added water at the bottom of the boiler is brought to the boil by means of a steam pipe4 ,the steam not being able to escape quickly through the dense mass of glue-stock above1 exerts a pressure on the water1 forces it through the pipe1 to be sprayed through the mass1 and ultimately works its way to the bottom of the boiler to be forced up again4 ,this continual circulation of the hot liquor rapidly dissolves the gelatinous matter1 and when a strength of #ah per cent4 dry glue is reached1 the first run is made to the evaporating pan1 the liquor passing through a filter of fine shavings1 to remove any suspended matter4 ,fresh water is added to the boiler1 and the boiling renewed4 ,three extractions are usually made1 the last being used for size4 ,in order to avoid annoyance to the neighborhood from foul odors1 ,terne's glue-boiler shown in ,fig4 #ad may be recommended4 ,the lead-lined iron boiler ,a1 with manholes ,b and ,c1 on top and side1 is furnished with a false perforated bottom upon which the glue-stock is placed4 ,underneath the false bottom lies the coil ,e with valve-box e4 ,the boiler is filled through the upper manhole with glue-stock and water admitted1 steam being at the same time introduced in the coil and in order to quickly heat the water1 direct steam is also admitted to the boiler through the pipe ,f and cock ,g4 ,when the water is boiling the cocks ,g and ,f are closed1 the coil furnishing now sufficient heat4 ,during boiling some steam is allowed to escape through the partly-opened cock ,l1 all badly-smelling gases being thereby carried to the fire-box of a boiler where they are burned4 ,when boiling is finished1 the glue liquor remains for a short time in the boiler to allow the melted fat to separate on the surface1 the cocks ,k#a and ,k#e and serving for drawing off the fat4 ,the insoluble residues of the glue-stock remain upon the false bottom and are taken out through the manhole ,c4 ,illustration3 ,,fig4 #ad4 #b4 ,,clarifying ,,the ,,glue-,,liquor4 ,the clearness of glue1 i4 e41 its freedom from undissolved substances1 is by no means a criterion of its value as an agglutinant1 since pulverulent inorganic substances 7white lead7 are frequently intentionally introduced into some varieties1 for instance into ,russian glue1 without injury to their adhesive power4 ,but as a turbid appearance may also be an indication of unsoundness and decomposition1 the manufacturer endeavors by all means to obtain a clear product4 ,a strict distinction should be made between clearness and color4 ,very dark-colored glue may be very clear1 and a very pale variety the reverse1 yet both possess excellent qualities4 ,both properties1 clearness and light color1 cannot be obtained by the same process4 ,clearness will be first referred to4 ,if the glue-stock has been properly prepared by rendering adhering particles of blood and fat innoxious by liming and subsequent careful washing1 the separation of the few remaining impurities1 which may have passed through the straw filter1 is readily effected by allowing the liquor to stand1 care being had to keep it liquid as long as possible to give the grease time to rise and the flocculent and fibrous impurities to settle4 ,this is best effected in a wooden vat surrounded by a wooden or sheet-iron jacket1 the intermediate space between jacket and vat being filled with a non-conductor of heat1 or1 if required1 it may be heated by the introduction of steam4 ,the grease is skimmed off as it rises1 and when the solid particles have settled the liquor is drawn off through a pipe placed a short distance above the bottom of the vat4 ,the size of the clarifying vat depends on the size of the boiler4 ,it is1 however1 best to have two vats for each boiler1 in order to keep the first liquor1 which is always clearer and more concentrated1 separate from the last run4 ,to be able to draw the upper layers of purer liquor into cooling boxes by themselves1 the vats are provided with faucets at different heights4 ,to prevent putrefaction of the liquor which readily sets in during settling at a higher temperature1 the vats should be kept scrupulously clean1 and from time to time rinsed with clean1 hot water4 ,it is also advisable to line them with sheet-iron4 ,should the above-described mechanical separation not prove sufficient1 recourse must be had to other means4 ,alum and sulphate of alumina have long been used for clarifying1 #a lb4 of either of them1 pulverized1 added to every #cjj gallons of liquor1 being as a rule sufficient4 ,either of these chemicals removes the albuminous and extractive constituents of the solution1 and converts the dissolved free lime into sulphate of lime1 which settles readily1 and prevents putrefaction of the glue solution while drying under unfavorable circumstances4 ,the quantity of alum mentioned above does not impair the quality of the glue4 ,albumen is sometimes used for the better qualities of glue1 and generally for gelatine1 but a cheaper substitute is fresh blood1 which contains albumen and fibrin4 ,dry albumen is dissolved in cold water1 or white of egg is used direct1 if procurable4 ,before adding either of these substances1 the liquor is cooled to #acj ,f41 and the clarifier well stirred in2 then the temperature is raised to about #bjj ,f41 when coagulation occurs1 and the precipitate entangles the impurities and falls to the bottom1 requiring1 however1 from twelve to twenty-four hours to clear4 ,it is said that glues clarified with albumen have a characteristic soapy smell and show a tendency to foam4 ,the precipitation of the lime might be better effected by oxalic acid1 and the organic substances removed as scum by adding to the boiling mass some astringent matter1 such as a decoction of oak bark or hops2 but the purification has1 in either case1 to be done at the expense of glutin4 ,a glue liquor1 which does not clarify by these means1 is not sound1 and is derived either from spoiled raw materials1 or such as have not been thoroughly prepared1 or has been injured in boiling4 ,a far more difficult matter than the removal of mechanical admixtures is to free the liquor from the coloring substances from which it derives its color1 and to discolor it without injury to the characteristic qualities of the glue4 ,the use of animal charcoal for such large quantities of somewhat thickly-fluid solutions1 which are liable to spoil at the high temperature at which they would have to be filtered1 is very difficult1 and the result not favorable1 except the solutions could be successfully deprived of their tendency to putrefy4 ,the use of carbolic acid is also in this case the only means of removing the great tendency of the liquor to putrefy1 and hence1 if the liquor is to be discolored by treatment with animal charcoal1 it can only be done without danger to the glue1 by mixing it with carbolic acid4 ,the object is more easily effected by bleaching the raw materials previous to boiling them to glue4 ,this is accomplished by placing the glue-stock1 thoroughly limed and while still moist1 in a bath of chloride of lime1 not too strong1 as otherwise the solution of the materials becomes difficult4 ,a bath of the proper concentration is made by dissolving about #i ozs4 of chloride of lime in sufficient water to cover #aaj lbs4 of glue-stock4 ,after one hour add sufficient hydrochloric acid to obtain an acid reaction1 which is recognized by litmus-paper dipped in the bath turning red4 ,although the glue-stock is not bleached entirely through by this process1 the thin portions and outsides of the thick material acquire a lighter color1 and the first run of glue solution will have a light color and can then be treated further without much difficulty4 ,sulphurous acid has been successfully used for the production of colorless glue without the necessity of boiling4 ,waste of hides and skins is the only available material for this process4 ,place the waste in water until putrefaction sets in4 ,when this is the case wash the material in a bag or wicker basket in running water4 ,then pour #b parts of sulphurous acid over #ab parts of wet material1 mix the whole thoroughly and let it stand in a hermetically closed vessel for #bd hours4 ,now draw off the acid1 and after washing the material thoroughly repeat the operation4 ,when the vessel containing the mixture of material and sulphurous acid is opened for the second time the foul odor should be entirely superseded by that of sulphurous acid1 this being a sure indication of the correct execution of the process4 ,wash the material1 and1 after squeezing1 throw it into a vat large enough not to be filled by it more than two-thirds full4 ,after filling the vat with water allow the mass to digest at a temperature of #aji4d ,f4 for #bd hours4 ,the result will be a gelatinous solution1 which is drawn off and converted into glue4 ,the undissolved residue is transformed into gelatinous solution by pouring water over it and allowing it to stand at a somewhat higher temperature4 ,for carrying out this process and that of bleaching with chloride of lime it is best to use a vat provided with a stirring apparatus1 somewhat like a hollander used by pape-rmakers1 as being most suitable for washing1 disintegrating and mixing the material4 ,glue-liquor may also be successfully bleached with sulphurous acid1 and in speaking later on of the manufacture of bone glue1 a very practical apparatus for this purpose will be described4 ,glue-liquor bleached by sulphurous acid clarifies very readily and is protected from spoiling4 ,the resulting glue remains1 however1 quite acid1 and cannot be used for all purposes1 especially not in combination with colors1 chemicals1 etc41 upon which the acid has a destructive effect4 #c4 ,,forming ,,or ,,moulding ,,the ,,glue4 ,after clarifying1 the liquor is run into moulds of deal wood or sheet iron1 lightly joined and of a rectangular form1 slightly converging towards the bottom so as to allow the more ready detachment of their contents4 ,they are about #c4be feet long1 #aj inches wide at the top1 and #g inches at the bottom1 and #e inches deep4 ,when very regular cakes of glue are desired1 cross grooves of the required shape are cut in the bottoms4 ,after being well cleansed and ranged upon a level the boxes are filled to the brim through large funnels with strainer cloths affixed to their barrels4 ,it is best to place them upon perfectly clean stone flagging slightly inclined towards a reservoir for the reception of such portions of their contents as may run over4 ,the apartment in which the work is performed should be clean and airy1 a dry cellar being the best for the purpose4 ,in place of a large number of boxes1 a shallow vessel lined with sheet-iron and capable of holding the entire quantity of liquor is sometimes used1 from which the solid jelly is cut out in cubic masses1 which are further divided4 ,this arrangement can only be recommended for establishments where but one variety of glue is produced1 and the different layers in the clarifying vat are not separated according to their clearness4 ,before running the liquor into the boxes the latter should be moistened with water1 or1 if made of wood1 coated with oil1 stearine1 or paraffin to prevent the liquor from penetrating the wood and the solidifying glue from adhering to the sides4 ,after the solidification of the glue1 which generally takes place in twelve to eighteen hours1 the boxes are inverted upon a table with a smooth top of wood or stone previously wetted1 so as to prevent the adherence of the gelatinous cake to its surface4 ,to detach it from the sides of the boxes the moistened blade of a large knife is generally used4 ,cutting the cubes of glue into commercial cakes or sheets is readily accomplished by observing the following instructions3-- ,the shape of the cakes depends principally on custom4 ,the consumer is used to a certain variety of glue1 and if it is not offered to him in the customary shape1 he might refuse it and take his custom elsewhere4 ,the quality of the glue is the next point to be considered4 ,if very dark1 it is advisable to cut the glue into thin cakes1 and if turbid1 into thick ones1 in order to make this defect the less apparent4 ,thicker cakes can also be cut if the conditions for drying them are favorable1 and thinner ones if the reverse is the case4 ,the mass is first divided by a steel or brass wire stretched over a frame1 like a bow saw1 into horizontal layers4 ,the size of these layers is regulated by guides which are placed at distances corresponding with the desired thickness of the cake of glue4 ,instead of one wire1 as many as the cakes of glue to be cut1 can be stretched over the frame1 which is best made of iron and provided with conical pins by means of which the wires can be tightened1 in the same manner as piano strings1 when they have become slack by use4 ,the width and thickness of the cakes of glue are regulated by the distance of the wires from each other1 and the length by the width of the box4 ,the cakes thus formed are dexterously lifted from the block with the moist blade of a large knife and placed upon nets4 ,instead of using wooden or sheet-iron cooling-boxes1 it is recommended to pour a layer of liquor of the desired thickness of the glue cakes upon large polished stone slabs1 and when congealed1 cut it into sheets1 which are placed upon the nets to dry4 ,the advantages of this method are obvious4 ,the liquor cools more quickly by being exposed in a thin layer upon a large surface1 which reduces the danger of spoiling1 and a strong evaporation of water and consequent concentration take place4 ,besides1 the cakes show the smooth surface of the polished stone1 and become in a short time so hard1 that when placed upon the nets1 the twine will make no impression upon them4 ,liquors which in gelatinizing do not become very solid1 are not run into forming boxes1 but upon glass or zinc plates1 and thus spread out in a thin layer1 acquire sufficient solidity to be removed cake by cake after being cut4 ,the plates upon which the glue is run are placed in frames and laid upon a table furnished with a rim about #a inch deep4 ,to accelerate gelatinization of the liquor1 the table is flooded with water before placing the plates upon it4 ,where cooling-boxes are used1 the jelly when completely congealed is placed upon a table with a stone plate1 by inverting the boxes1 and then cut into cakes4 ,figs4 #ae and #af represent the tools for cutting the jelly into cakes4 ,the block of glue is laid upon the surface ,a1 ,fig4 #ae1 and the frame1 ,b1 is gently drawn along in the grooves1 a4 ,in the upright portion of the frame are fixed wires at such a distance from each other as required for the thickness of the cakes to be cut4 ,illustration3 ,,fig4 #ae4 ,illustration3 ,,fig4 #af4 ,when the block of glue has been cut in this direction1 it is divided by cuts perpendicular to the former1 into cakes of a size in which the finished product is to be brought into commerce4 ,the apparatus shown in ,fig4 #af serves for this purpose4 ,the vertical bars1 a1 furnished with the wire1 b b1 serve as guides4 ,the sheets thus formed are lifted from the block with the moist blade of a large knife1 and laid upon nets4 ,the machine shown in ,figs4 #ag and #ah is the invention of ,mr4 ,j4 ,schneible1 and it is for slicing and spreading glue-jelly preparatory to drying1 and it consists in the combination of a reciprocating cutter with the jelly-box and a traveling belt-carrying frame for receiving the slices as cut by the knife4 ,fig4 #ag is a partly sectional side view of the machine1 and ,fig4 #ah is a cross-section of the same4 ,illustration3 ,,fig4 #ag4 ,a ,a are side bars of the supporting frame1 fitted at the ends with cross-shafts1 a1 carrying pulleys1 a a1 around which are endless belts1 b b4 c c are slide-ways upon the bars1 ,a1 and d d are slides carrying a cross-plate1 e1 and also a plate1 f1 to which plate e is attached a knife or cutter1 g1 the cutting edge of which is at the edge of the plate1 f1 and about the same thickness as the slices to be cut4 ,the cross-shaft1 h1 is fitted in boxes on bars1 ,a1 and near one end thereof it is provided with cranks at its ends1 which connect by rods1 i1 to the slides1 d4 ,illustration3 ,,fig4 #ah4 ,from the opposite ends of the slides1 rods1 k1 pass to loose arms1 l1 on the shaft at the opposite end of the machine1 and the arms1 l1 carry pawls1 l1 that engage ratchet-wheels1 m1 fixed on the shaft1 so that the shaft1 h1 being revolved1 the slides1 with plates1 e f1 are reciprocated1 and at the backward movement of the cutter the pawls engage the ratchet-wheels1 and belts1 b1 are moved a distance equal to the movement of the knife4 ,the jelly-box1 n1 is fixed to side bars1 ,a1 by brackets at its ends1 as shown in ,fig4 #ah1 and is placed above the cutter and the plate1 e1 so that when the plate1 f1 is drawn out from beneath the box the plate1 e1 takes its place for holding up the block of jelly4 ,in operation the block of jelly is placed in box n1 resting on plate e4 ,a frame provided with netting--such as is used for drying glue--is placed on belts1 b1 beneath the box1 and the shaft1 h1 being rotated by power1 the cutter moves forward and cuts a slice from the jelly4 ,the plate1 f1 at the same time moving away1 the slice passes upon the frame1 and the return movement taking place1 plate f is carried beneath the jelly-block1 and the belts being at the same time moved1 the frame is carried forward in position for receiving the next slice apart from the first one4 ,in this manner1 as slice after slice is cut1 they are spread on the frame1 and the frames1 when filled1 are carried to the end of the machine for removal4 ,the plate1 f1 is adjustable1 so as to vary the thickness of the slices cut4 ,the box may be divided into cells of any size desired1 so that each movement of the knife will cut a slice from the bottom of each cell1 and the box extending the full width of the drying frames1 all the slices cut at once will be properly spread4 ,in order to keep the plates1 e f1 moist1 so as to prevent the glue-jelly from sticking thereto1 there are fitted at the sides of the jelly-box1 n1 open-bottomed boxes1 o1 containing fibrous material soaked with water1 which1 resting on plates1 e f1 keeps their surfaces moist4 ,the machine saves the troublesome and expensive work of spreading the jelly by hand1 as has been heretofore practiced4 ,the knife is to be attached to plate1 e1 in any suitable manner1 and the surface of plate1 f1 may be corrugated1 so as to slide on the jelly more readily4 ,illustration3 ,,fig4 #ai4 ,the cutting apparatus patented by ,m4 ,devoulx1 of ,marseilles1 is much used in ,france4 ,the machine stands upon a board or table1 upon which are fastened two uprights1 far enough apart to allow of the passage of a truck carrying the glue1 which is cut into cakes by blades or wires stretched between the uprights4 ,illustration3 ,,fig4 #bj4 ,fig4 #ai shows the perspective elevation of the machine with its truck4 ,the upper part is filled up for the reception of the glue to be cut up into cakes4 ,the sides are omitted in this figure in order to admit of a better explanation of the separate parts4 ,fig4 #bj gives the same view1 except that the truck1 the upper part of which is closed1 is between the uprights1 and contains the glue to be cut4 ,fig4 #ba represents the moment the wires have passed through the glue and cut it into cakes4 ,in all the figures1 a is the wooden frame upon which the machine rests1 b the table-plate fastened to the frame1 c and d are the uprights1 between which the cutting wires are stretched1 and f the truck carrying the glue4 ,illustration3 ,,fig4 #ba4 ,illustration3 ,,fig4 #bb4 ,figs4 #bb and #bc show the truck by itself1 g representing the bottom1 and h the back1 which is provided with slight grooves1 into which the wires catch to assure the entire cutting through of the block of jelly2 i is the upper part of the truck1 which opens by means of a hinge1 and when closed is fastened with the pin1 k4 ,this upper part of the truck is fastened to the back part of the truck by means of a screw1 which allows it to be set higher or lower1 according to the size of the block of jelly to be cut2 m is the bar of a rack fastened to the truck1 and serves for moving the latter4 ,the driving gear1 n1 the shaft of which carries a crank1 o1 catches into the rack4 ,illustration3 ,,fig4 #bc4 ,two boards1 one on each side of the truck1 serve to keep the block of jelly in position1 and guide the truck4 ,with this machine #abj1jjj to #acj1jjj cakes can be cut in five or six hours4 #c4 ,,drying ,,the ,,cakes ,,of ,,glue4 ,drying the cakes is without doubt the most precarious part of the manufacture4 ,the jelly contains a large quantity of water which1 to prevent decomposition of the jelly before it is converted into glue1 must be evaporated as quickly as possible4 ,in favorable weather1 drying may be accomplished either in the open air or in covered sheds4 ,drying in the open air is connected with many inconveniences1 for if the sun strikes the cakes of jelly when they still contain a large quantity of water1 they may become soft so as to run through the meshes of the net1 or they may dry so quickly as to prevent them from contracting to their proper size without numerous cracks and fissures4 ,if frost supervenes1 numerous cracks may be formed in the cakes from the congelation of their water1 or a shower of rain may cause much work and damage4 ,in consideration of all these inconveniences1 it is best to conduct the operation in a drying-room4 ,to insure a constant circulation of air1 which is absolutely necessary for the expulsion of the aqueous vapor caused by the evaporation of such a large quantity of water1 the drying-room should be at least #aj feet high1 even if intended for summer use only1 and the windows be provided with ,venetian blinds so as to shut out the sun1 if necessary1 without disturbing the circulation of air4 ,to dry the cakes in heated rooms in winter is a more difficult matter1 as provision has to be made for the removal of the aqueous vapor1 and a current of warm dry air has to be kept up at the same time4 ,but such a room is an absolute necessity for the manufacturer on a large scale1 who1 in order to carry on his business without interruption throughout the entire year1 must be independent of the changes of wind and weather4 ,illustration3 ,,fig4 #bd4 ,the size of the drying-room should be proportional to the daily production4 ,constructions are fitted up with the requisite frames for the reception of the glue cakes1 and are heated by steam pipes arranged along the walls4 ,in the floor in the immediate neighborhood of the steam pipes are openings1 which can be opened and shut at pleasure1 for the admission of fresh dry air4 ,the latter on entering the room is heated1 and after passing over the frames and absorbing water from the glue cakes1 escapes through openings in the ceiling to a space above it from which it is withdrawn by means of ventilators in the roof4 ,a constant change of air must be kept up4 ,the quick drying of the glue is of the utmost importance1 as otherwise the jelly putrefies either entirely or partially1 and the glue acquires a turbid and mean appearance4 ,too much heat causes the cakes to bend and crack4 ,the cakes are laid upon widemeshed nets of twine stretched in frames #f to #h feet long and #c feet wide4 ,fig4 #bd represents the form of nets commonly used4 ,the nets are placed upon frames1 such as shown in ,fig4 #be1 arranged around the drying-room in the neighborhood of the steam pipes and air flues4 ,as the cakes have to be occasionally turned upside down upon the nets1 the latter must be placed at convenient distances1 one above the other in the frames4 ,illustration3 ,,fig4 #be4 ,the use of twine netting has been found to be attended with many disadvantages1 the principal ones of which are given by ,s4 ,rideal as follows3 #a4 8,being freely handled in the making1 the netting is almost always impregnated with dangerous organisms which penetrate the moist glue cakes1 and cause moulding or putrefaction4 ,when this occurs1 it is usually attributed to a state of the atmosphere1 but if the cakes are examined1 the alteration will generally be found to originate along the lines made by the netting4 ,the fault could be cured by sterilizing the net for an hour at #bab to #bdh ,f4 in a hot oven1 but besides the expense1 the fibre is thereby weakened4 ,moreover1 the spores of a few bacteria1 such as ,bacillus subtilis1 which is widely distributed and has the power of liquefying gelatine1 will bear a heat of #bdh ,f4 for over an hour1 and still be capable of growing4 #b4 8,however smooth the fibre1 the glue will stick in places1 leaving small remains1 which being hygroscopic1 become 'sour1' and set up the objectionable bacterial changes in the subsequent batches4 #c4 8,owing to sagging1 rotting1 scouring1 or wearing into holes1 the life of cotton or hemp netting is so short that the constant renewal is a considerable item4 ,a whole batch is frequently spoilt by the fault of a net4 ,in some works1 heaps of old netting are found1 which become very putrid in the rain and sun1 and give rise to mysterious bacterial inroads in the factory4 ,in others they are regularly burnt under the boilers4 #d4 8,the considerable overlap or selvedge required for securing the edges of the net involves a waste of the area1 and also some difficulty in refixing40 ,for this reason metallic netting has been largely adopted4 ,the best material has proved to be a heavily galvanized iron-wire netting having no less than #ae to #be per cent4 of its weight of zinc4 ,it can be strengthened by longitudinal and transverse wires or ribs4 ,it must be examined by the microscope to see that it is perfectly free from holes or cracks1 and should last at least two years in constant use4 ,the temperature of the drying-room requires careful regulation1 and should never be allowed to rise above #fh to #gg ,f41 as otherwise the glue would soften and run through the meshes of the net1 or adhere so firmly to the twine as to require the nets to be put in hot water for its separation4 ,dryness of air is of far greater importance in the drying process than a high temperature4 ,to promote this dryness of air and prevent the aqueous vapor from condensing1 evaporating1 and again condensing upon the cold walls of the room1 they are wainscoted4 ,thus protected by a bad conductor1 they acquire a higher temperature1 and the aqueous vapor1 instead of being precipitated upon them1 is carried off by the air-currents4 ,as the cakes placed in the immediate neighborhood of the steam pipes and near the floor where the dry air enters1 dry quickest1 the nets containing them are shifted after some time to a higher part of the drying-room and their former places filled with cakes still wet4 ,when the cakes are dry1 they are finally desiccated in a room at a higher temperature1 which serves to harden and improve them4 ,in modern times drying-rooms have been almost entirely abandoned and in this country long drying galleries are used1 sometimes #bej feet in length and #f to #h feet square1 with traveling platforms on rails carrying the sheets of glue on stout galvanized netting4 ,wood is found to be a better material for the galleries than stone or brick4 ,figs4 #bf to #bh show an apparatus for drying glue which is the invention of ,w4 ,a4 ,hoeveller4 ,fig4 #bf is a plan section1 and ,fig4 #bg a side elevation in section1 of this improved drying-alley4 ,fig4 #bh is an end view in section4 ,the form and arrangement are as follows3-- ,a ,b represent the two parts of the alley1 separated by the partition ,c1 which is shorter than the alley1 so as to leave a communicating space at both ends4 ,at the front of section ,a1 is located a blower1 ,d1 actuated by a steam-engine or other motor1 ,e1 also located within the walls of the alley4 ,the whole current from blower ,d1 is directed through section ,a of the alley1 whence it turns into section ,b1 and comes back through it1 to be again drawn into and forced out of the blower into section ,a4 ,by this means the contained air of the alley is set in continuous motion through the two sections successively1 and as the structure is made as air-tight as practicable in such cases1 the air remains unchanged until the doors ,f1 or either of them1 are opened to discharge the vitiated air and let in the fresh4 ,in sections ,a and ,b1 is placed the railway a a1 to admit of the convenient movement of the contents in process of drying1 which are generally set on cars or buggies4 ,illustration3 ,,fig4 #bf4 ,illustration3 ,,fig4 #bg4 ,illustration3 ,,fig4 #bh4 ,in section ,a1 in front of blower ,d1 is placed a steam or other heating device1 ,g1 which may be of any form or design adapted to allow the air from blower ,d to pass through it and to heat such air while passing therethrough4 ,the inventor prefers the radiating coil for such purpose1 the steam entering at b1 and emerging at c4 ,at the other end of the alley1 which by the double construction is in section ,b1 just back of the blower and heating-coil1 there is placed a condensing-coil1 ,h1 of a construction similar to coil ,g1 and having inlet d1 and outlet e4 ,through this condenser there is kept flowing a refrigerating liquid or brine1 which renders the condenser very cold4 ,the continuous current of air from the blower passes over the contents of the cars or trays in the alley and takes up moisture in its passage4 ,after such passage the air is charged with moisture and comes in contact with the coils of the condenser ,h1 upon which the charge of moisture is condensed1 and the air emerges dry again1 enters the blower1 and is again made the vehicle by which the moisture of the glue or other contents is transported to and deposited on the condenser4 ,in drying glue by this method do not use the steam-coil at the first stage of drying a charge1 as the drying should not be effected too rapidly2 but as soon as the product begins to stiffen properly1 admit the steam to the coil ,g1 and thereafter the operation is continuous1 as above described4 ,by doubling up the alley into two sections1 as shown1 the inventor is enabled to erect the alley in a more contracted space4 ,in a length of ninety feet he obtains the benefit of a single alley one hundred and eighty feet long4 ,section ,b may1 if desired1 be located on top of section ,a4 ,doors may be located wherever desired1 to facilitate the movement of the trays or cars and the placing of them in and their removal from the alley4 ,illustration3 ,,fig4 #bi4 ,by the above apparatus the drying can be perfected in a very much shorter time than can be done by the old alleys1 and operations can be conducted in hot weather without hindrance from the condition of the atmosphere4 ,in cases where the atmosphere is dry enough to dispense with the heater and the condenser1 the inventor can throw the doors ,f wide open1 extend the partition ,c out to that end of the alley1 and then preserve a continuous forced draft of sufficiently dry air in both alleys for the purpose4 ,as there are many days during the year fine enough to give reasonably dry air1 operations can be conducted with the blower alone in this way1 and thus economize the steam and the refrigerating-brine4 ,illustration3 ,,fig4 #cj4 ,figs4 #bi and #cj show a longitudinal section1 with upper and ground floor plans of a modern drying-house1 as given by ,thomas ,lambert4 ,in the ground floor the whole of the liquors are jellied in coolers1 and then cut into cakes by the two cutting machines in the centre4 ,here a hoist1 ,e1 ,fig4 #cj1 is placed which carries the cut cakes on 8glasses0 to the floor above4 ,this forms the drying-floor1 and is partitioned off in three divisions1 running nearly the length of the building4 ,the two outer divisions form the tunnels proper1 and at the ends are fixed two powerful revolving fans1 driven at high speed and drawing the air through the tunnels at a high rate4 ,at the opposite ends of the fans are fixed a series of #f-;inch pipes1 heated up by waste steam1 and the air passing between is warmed up to any desired temperature1 of necessity below #gh ,f4 ,in the center passage a number of girls are employed in transferring the cut cakes to the nets1 which are built upon a carriage running on a small railway4 ,the carriage with the complement of filled nets is run to the end of the division1 transferred to the lower railway1 ,c1 by which it is carried either to the right or left hand tunnels as desired2 the glue when dried on the nets is run to the other end and by another lower railway brought to the middle division1 and ultimately by the hoist raised to a large store-room1 seen in section1 where the glue is sorted and bagged4 ,at the end of the store-room is placed a grinding machine1 and all the off-color and twisted cakes are ground to a powder and sold as powdered glue4 ,the manufacturer by varying the size of the cake1 its thickness1 and its color1 may make any number of grades from the same boiling4 ,fleck proposes to accelerate the drying of glue by utilizing the water-absorbing power of some salts1 such as ,epsom and ,glauber's salts1 ammonium sulphate1 crystallized acid sodium sulphate1 etc41 for the purpose of withdrawing water from the glue cakes4 ,for the practical application of this principal a shallow1 water-tight1 wooden box is required4 ,the bottom of the box is sprinkled with a layer of the water-absorbing salt about half an inch deep1 and covered with a moist linen cloth4 ,upon this is placed the jelly cut into sheets and also covered with a moist cloth1 a layer of salt being finally scattered over it4 ,after standing for a few hours1 the box is slightly inclined and the salt solution allowed to drain off through a hole in the bottom1 the dropping ceasing in from #ab to #ah hours4 ,if now the upper cloth is taken off with its layer of salt1 the glue beneath it will be found so far deprived of its moisture that when placed in the sun or exposed to other heat1 it will become completely dry in a short time without either melting or spoiling1 and in winter may be laid upon drying-floors with the same result4 ,the salt-solution formed may be evaporated to crystallization and the salt thus obtained be again used4 ,after the treatment with the salt1 the jelly contains #gj to #ge per cent4 of anhydrous glue1 while the content in jelly not thus treated varies between #g and #bh per cent4 according to the concentration of the liquor from which it has been derived4 ,it is claimed that the adhesive power of the glue is not injured by this treatment4 ,commercial glue must not only be thoroughly dry1 but should also present a good appearance1 showing especially lustre4 ,however1 after drying1 the glue is dull1 spotted1 dusty and sometimes even mouldy4 ,to give a good lustrous appearance the dry cakes are dipped in warm water and replaced upon the nets to dry4 ,,chapter ,v4 ,,manufacture ,,of ,,bone-,,glue4 ,the manufacture of bone-glue differs chiefly from that of skin-glue in the processes employed for the conversion of the glue-yielding tissues4 ,this conversion may be effected by boiling the bones with water1 or subjecting them to the action of steam1 or by first extracting their mineral constituents with acid1 and boiling the remaining cartilaginous mass with water until dissolved4 ,when the finest quality of all varieties of glue1 namely1 colorless gelatine1 is to be manufactured1 the bones should not be comminuted in a stamping mill1 because in consequence of the unavoidable development of heat1 they acquire a slightly empyreumatic odor which adheres to the gelatine prepared from them1 and cannot be removed4 ,in factories working on a small scale1 the bones are comminuted by hand1 being placed upon a grate-like support of heavy iron rods and crushed with a wooden hammer1 the face of which is studded with big-headed nails4 ,in larger establishments the crushing rolls previously described are used1 and in order to lessen the effect of heating as much as possible1 the crushed bones are allowed to fall directly into a vessel filled with water4 ,fat being a very valuable constituent of bones1 it should be gained as completely as possible1 by boiling or steaming the bones1 or by extracting them by means of a solvent1 such as benzine or carbon disulphide4 #a4 ,,boiling ,,bones4 ,this is the older and more incomplete process of extracting the fat4 ,the bones are placed in a boiler1 covered with water so that it stands a few inches deep over them1 and the whole is boiled over an open fire4 ,the melted fat collecting on the surface of the water is skimmed off4 ,by boiling1 a portion of the glue-yielding substance is1 of course1 converted into glue1 and passes into the water4 ,in order not to lose this glue1 the same water is repeatedly used for boiling fresh quantities of bones1 and is finally used for feeding pigs4 ,by this method #d to #e per cent4 of fat is at the utmost obtained4 ,the bone fat obtained by direct boiling of the bones1 is1 if entirely fresh material has not been used1 of very inferior quality4 ,it is dark yellow to deep brown and of a disagreeable odor4 ,it is only fit for certain purposes1 and to be utilized in the manufacture of soap has to undergo a special process of purification1 whereby it is rendered white and odorless4 #b4 ,,steaming ,,bones4 ,in order to obtain a larger quantity of fat than is possible by boiling1 the bones are preferably steamed1 i4 e41 subjected to the action of high-pressure steam4 ,this is effected in a closed cylinder of thick boiler-plate1 into which steam of to #a atmosphere pressure is admitted4 ,the cylinder is provided with a perforated false bottom upon which the bones are placed4 ,by steaming for two or three hours1 all the fat is extracted from the bones and collects1 together with the condensed water formed by the steam coming in contact with the cold bones1 underneath the false bottom4 ,however1 by the continued action of high-pressure steam upon the bones1 a considerable portion of the glue-yielding tissue is converted into glue1 which passes into the resulting liquor4 ,this1 however1 is no drawback if only fat and glue are to be obtained from the bones1 since by continued steaming1 a liquor still richer in glue results1 and need only be evaporated4 ,but1 as a rule1 the greater portion of the bones1 especially the granulated parts1 are to be utilized in the manufacture of animal charcoal1 and1 hence1 great care has to be observed in steaming4 ,animal charcoal is produced by calcining bones in vessels from which the air is excluded1 whereby the glue-yielding tissue is converted into carbon1 which is distributed upon the bone-earth4 ,since the value of animal charcoal depends on the quantity of carbon it contains1 a product prepared from bones highly steamed1 will evidently be of little value1 as a considerable portion of the glue-yielding substance has been converted into glue4 ,if the bones are to be used for the production of animal charcoal they should be subjected to the action of high-pressure steam only long enough to extract the fat1 but the resulting glue-liquor is very thin and difficult to work4 ,the watery glue-liquor is first drawn off1 and the fat which comes last is caught by itself4 ,the thin glue-liquor is evaporated in vacuum4 #c4 ,,extraction ,,of ,,bones4 ,to avoid the loss of glue-yielding substance which is unavoidable in steaming bones1 even if only for a short time1 in many plants the fat is now extracted by treating the bones with benzine or carbon disulphide4 ,no loss of glue-yielding substance being involved by this process1 bones thus treated yield the best quality of animal charcoal4 ,the fat obtained by extraction with carbon disulphide has such a disagreeable odor as to render it almost worthless4 ,in addition this solvent is very volatile1 consequently very inflammable1 and is also very poisonous4 ,for these reasons its use for the extraction of fat has been almost entirely abandoned4 ,figs4 #ca and #cb show an apparatus for the use of benzine which is the invention of ,messrs4 ,wm4 ,adamson and ,charles ,f4 ,a4 ,simonis1 of ,philadelphia1 ,pa4 ,it is for the purpose of treating animal and vegetable substances with hydrocarbons for extracting therefrom oily1 fatty and resinous matter2 and the object of this invention is to cause hydrocarbons to trickle through such substances instead of flooding the same1 so that it will take up the oily1 fatty and resinous matter without any of the albuminous or gelatinous ingredients4 ,fig4 #ca is a vertical section of apparatus wherewith this invention may be carried into effect2 ,fig4 #cb1 an inverted plan view of part of ,fig4 #ca4 ,illustration3 ,,fig4 #ca4 ,illustration3 ,,fig4 #cb4 ,a is a vessel1 preferably of cylindrical form1 and containing an upper perforated diaphragm1 a1 and lower perforated diaphragm1 b1 the former having a central opening1 through which the material to be treated may be introduced between the two diaphragms1 and this opening having a detachable perforated cover1 d4 ,on the top of the vessel there is an opening1 e1 furnished with a detachable cover1 f1 and at the bottom of the vessel there is an outlet-pipe1 h1 furnished with a suitable cock or valve1 i4 ,liquid hydrocarbon1 preferable such as is of a volatile character--benzine1 benzole1 or gasoline1 for instance--is introduced into the vessel above the diaphragm a through a pipe1 ,h1 and perforated ring1 ,i1 or otherwise1 the hydrocarbon passing through the diaphragm and falls in a shower on the substance contained in the vessel4 ,the hydrocarbon will trickle through the mass1 taking up whatever oily1 resinous1 or fatty matter it comes in contact with until it falls through the lower diaphragm into the space ,d1 whence it may be drawn off from time to time through the outlet-pipe1 h4 ,in extracting oily1 fatty1 or resinous matter from vegetable or animal substances by hydrocarbons1 it has been the practice either to subject them to hydrocarbon vapors1 or to immerse or steep the substances in hydrocarbon until the latter takes up the oily1 fatty1 or resinous matter4 ,the vapor plan is preferable in treating wet animal substances1 such as offal2 but for dry vegetable or animal matter--seeds1 for instance1 or the residuum resulting from the rendering of tallow--we prefer the plan before described4 ,the flooding or steeping of animal or vegetable matter in liquid hydrocarbon results in a mixture or emulsion of gelatinous1 albuminous1 and fatty or oily matter1 combined with animal or vegetable tissues1 the whole forming an amalgamated mass2 hence1 whatever fatty or oily matter is extracted is accompanied by more or less of the suspended gelatine or albumen1 either of which is more difficult to remove from the oil or fat1 and has a tendency to discolor the same4 ,this difficulty1 it has been found1 can be obviated by preventing the hydrocarbon from remaining in a quiescent state in contact with the material2 in other words1 by causing it to trickle through the mass1 which1 by this plan1 retains its granular condition1 and gives out its oil or fat to the hydrocarbon without the albuminous or gelatinous matter4 ,in the apparatus before described1 for instance1 an occurrence of the objectionable flooding of the material1 tending to bring about the results previously mentioned1 is obviated by never permitting the extract in the lower portion of the vessel ,a to reach the lower diaphragm b4 ,by drawing off the extract from time to time1 any impediment to the free discharge of the hydrocarbon with such oily and resinous matter as it has taken up1 through the lower diaphragm1 is prevented1 and a continuous dripping of the hydrocarbon through the mass secured4 ,the extract obtained by the trickling or filtering process is much more concentrated than that obtained by the steeping and flooding process4 ,adamson's ,method for ,treating ,substances with ,hydrocarbon ,vapor for the ,purpose of ,extracting ,oils1 ,fats1 etc4 ,this improvement is intended to prevent the fetid or other odors imparted to the vapor from the substances treated from being recommunicated to the said substances1 and to the extracts obtained therefrom through the medium of the vapor from the re-used hydrocarbon4 ,the vapor is obtained from benzine1 benzole1 etc4 ,fig4 #cc represents1 partly in section1 the apparatus whereby the invention may be carried into effect4 ,a is a vessel in which the substances have to be treated by hydrocarbon vapor1 the said substances being introduced into the vessel through a manhole1 x1 and deposited on a perforated diaphragm1 ,b1 the manhole being provided with a suitable cover4 ,a steam-coil1 ,d1 is placed in the vessel in a space beneath the diaphragm1 and liquid hydrocarbon is introduced into the said space1 and is there vaporized by the steam-coil4 ,the vapor rising through the perforated diaphragm permeates the substance upon the same1 so as to extract therefrom the oily1 fatty1 or resinous matter1 which passes downward through the diaphragm into the space below the same1 whence it may be drawn off from time to time through the discharge-pipe j4 ,liquid hydrocarbon may be introduced from a tank1 or from a source explained hereafter1 into the top of the vessel ,a1 so that it will pass through the material and be vaporized when it reaches the coil2 the said material being in this case subjected to a downward current of liquid hydrocarbon and an upward current of vapor4 ,previous to this invention it was ,mr4 ,adamson's practice to cause the vapor1 after acting upon the substances in the vessel1 to pass through a worm in a condenser1 the lower end of the worm communicating with the vessel1 ,a1 beneath the diaphragm1 as shown in ,fig4 #ce1 p4 #he1 so that the hydrocarbon was used over and over again4 ,but in practice this has been found objectionable in many cases for the following reason3-- ,in treating animal offal1 for instance1 for the extraction of fats1 fetid odors are imparted to the hydrocarbon vapor1 and remain1 to a considerable extent1 in the condensed vapor when the latter is restored to the vessel ,a2 hence1 the fetid odors were recommunicated both to the fatty extracts and to the material4 ,the same objections have been experienced in treating meat for preservation and vegetable matter for the extraction of oil by hydrocarbon vapor4 ,this difficulty is obviated in the following manner3 ,the vapor-pipe ,d communicates with a vessel ,h at the top of the same1 and the vapor is met by numerous small jets of cold water--in the present instance1 from a perforated tubular ring1 m1 into which the water is forced through a pipe n4 ,many different appliances may be used1 such as roses1 revolving jets1 etc41 for causing a spray through which the vapor must pass1 and by which it must be condensed4 ,the result of this will be a supply1 ,i1 of tainted water on the bottom of the vessel1 ,h1 and a quantity1 ,j1 of washed and purified hydrocarbon above the water1 the latter having taken up the fetid odors4 ,the washed hydrocarbon may be drawn off through a pipe1 g1 into any suitable vessel1 and thence introduced through the pipe h into the vessel ,a1 or may pass directly into the latter to be again vaporized therein1 the vapor after permeating the material and passing through the pipe ,d being simultaneously condensed and washed in the vessel ,h1 preparatory to being returned in the condition of purified liquid hydrocarbon to the vessel ,a4 ,illustration3 ,,fig4 #cc4 ,by the practice of this process1 the inventor is enabled to obtain a purer extract than heretofore1 and1 at the same time1 the substances acted upon are more free from noxious odors4 ,changes may be made in the apparatus shown in ,fig4 #cc1 as1 for instance1 the vessel ,a may consist of a horizontal hollow cylinder1 and the vaporizing of the hydrocarbon may be accomplished otherwise than by a steam-coil4 ,illustration3 ,,fig4 #cd4 ,adamson's ,method for ,treating ,substances with ,liquid ,hydrocarbon for the ,purpose of ,extracting ,oils1 ,fats1 etc4 ,this invention relates to a method of treating animal and vegetable substances with liquid hydrocarbons1 such as benzene1 benzole1 etc41 for the purpose of extracting from such substances oils1 fats1 etc4 ,the object of this improvement is to prevent the fetid and other odors imparted to the liquid hydrocarbon by the substances treated from being recommunicated to the substances and to the extracts therefrom by the liquid hydrocarbon when re-used4 ,in ,fig4 #cd1 there is shown a sectional view of apparatus whereby this invention may be carried into effect4 ,a is a vessel into which the substances to be treated are introduced through a manhole1 x1 provided with a suitable detachable cover1 and through an opening in the upper perforated diaphragm1 ,b1 a detachable perforated plate1 b1 being placed over the opening after the substances have been passed through the same1 the substances being supported by the lower perforated diaphragm1 ,b1 beneath which is a space for receiving the extract and liquid hydrocarbon after the latter has percolated through the mass in the vessel4 ,the extract1 which occupies the lowest position in the vessel1 may be removed therefrom from time to time prior to being purified by distillation or otherwise4 ,the liquid hydrocarbon is permitted to pass from time to time through a pipe1 d1 into a vessel1 ,d1 where it is met by jets of water from a pipe1 f1 the hydrocarbon and water being thoroughly agitated in the vessel by a revolving paddle-wheel1 ,e4 ,this washing of the liquid hydrocarbon may be accomplished by different appliances4 ,for instance1 the paddle-wheel may be dispensed with1 and water forced upward into the vessel from below in the form of numerous small jets4 ,the water and hydrocarbon after this washing operation are permitted to pass into the subsiding-vessel1 ,h1 the hydrocarbon being above and the water below1 the fetid and other odors divided by the hydrocarbon from the substances in the vessel1 ,a1 having1 during the washing operation1 been transferred to the water1 which may be drawn off from time to time4 ,the washed and purified hydrocarbon may be pumped directly through a pipe1 m1 into the vessel1 ,a1 to be re-used for treating the substances therein2 or it may be pumped1 first1 into a reservoir1 and permitted to flow from the same into the said vessel1 ,a4 ,more or less hydrocarbon is wasted by being drawn off with the extract1 and to make up for this loss a supply may be introduced at intervals from a tank through the pipe1 h4 ,by the practice of the process described above1 the inventor is enabled to obtain a purer extract than by the ordinary process of treating substances with liquid hydrocarbon4 ,at the same time the substances treated will be much more free from noxious odors than when the hydrocarbon is used over and over again without washing4 ,it is not essential strictly to adhere to the apparatus shown in ,fig4 #cd1 as the construction of the apparatus will1 in fact1 depend in a great measure on the locality in which it is to be situated4 ,adamson's ,process for ,removing ,hydrocarbons from ,substances which have been treated therewith4 ,this process consists of washing from animal and vegetable substances the hydrocarbon which they retain after being treated therewith for the extraction of oils1 fats1 etc41 and for other purposes4 ,different apparatus may be employed for carrying out this process1 and it may be conducted in the same vessel in which the material is treated with hydrocarbon4 ,the vessel1 which is shown in ,fig4 #ce1 has been found to answer well for this purpose4 ,this vessel is furnished with a suitable detachable cover1 a1 and with two perforated or wire-gauze diaphragms1 b and d1 both extending across the interior of the vessel1 one near the top and the other near the bottom of the same4 ,a steam-coil1 ,b1 communicating with any adjacent steam-generator1 is contained in the vessel below the lower diaphragm1 to vaporize the hydrocarbon1 the vapor passing through the substance between the two diaphragms and out through a pipe1 ,d1 which passes through a condenser1 ,e1 the latter restoring the hydrocarbon to a liquid form1 in which it is reconveyed to the vessel through a pipe1 ,d4 ,in practicing the washing process a pipe1 m1 to introduce water into the vessel1 and one or more outlet-pipes1 n n1 two in the present instance1 are necessary4 ,there may also be a pipe1 p1 through which air can be introduced into the vessel1 under the circumstances explained hereafter4 ,when the treatment of the material in the vessel with hydrocarbon vapor or liquid hydrocarbon has been completed1 steam is cut off from the coil ,b1 the pipes ,d and ,d are closed1 and the cover a may be removed4 ,illustration3 ,,fig4 #ce4 ,water is now admitted through the pipe m to the space in the vessel below the diaphragm d1 and the cocks of the outlet-pipes n n are opened4 ,the water permeates the material1 passes upward through the same1 and carries with it the hydrocarbon1 the latter having a tendency to rise with the water4 ,as the water1 and whatever hydrocarbon accompanies it1 pass through the upper diaphragm1 b1 the hydrocarbon will at once rise to the surface1 and will pass through the upper outlet-pipe1 n1 into any suitable receptacle1 the water passing off through the lower outlet-pipe4 ,if this mode of separating the hydrocarbon from the water is practiced1 the admission of water to the vessel should be such in respect to the outflow that the liquid will remain at or near a uniform level1 that is1 the surface of the liquid should bear the relation shown in the drawing to the upper outlet4 ,the water and hydrocarbon1 however1 may be drawn off indiscriminately into a suitable receptacle1 and then separated by decantation2 but it is advisable in all cases that the water should extend above the mass of material in the vessel1 so that the hydrocarbon can at once rise to the surface as it escapes from the substance4 ,when the material is of such a character as to be closely packed and not easily displaced by the upwardly-flowing water 7and this is especially the case with seeds which have been treated with hydrocarbons71 it is necessary to agitate the mass1 so that the water can gain access to every part thereof4 ,this agitation the inventor prefers to effect by air under pressure introduced through a pipe1 p1 although mechanical appliances may be used for the purpose4 ,it will be understood that the process may be conducted in a vessel separate from which the substances have been treated with hydrocarbon4 ,a vessel similar to that shown1 for instance1 but without the coil and pipes1 ,d ,d1 may be used1 and may be furnished with trunnions 7shown by dotted lines7 and adapted to bearings1 so as to be easily tilted when its contents have to be removed2 or the vessel may have an opening near the lower diaphragm for the withdrawal of its contents1 a suitable detachable door being adapted to the opening4 ,f4 ,seltsam's apparatus4 ,in this process the solvent is boiled with the bones1 previously coarsely crushed and the dust sifted out1 in a strong closed vessel1 so as to obtain a higher temperature1 greater penetration and avoidance of loss4 ,the vapor ascending condenses in the pores1 extracts the fat and collects under the false bottom as a layer of solution which is subsequently distilled4 ,the apparatus is shown in ,fig4 #cf4 ,the cylinder1 ,a1 is capable of withstanding a pressure of #aj atmospheres1 and serves for the generation of steam and as an extracting vessel4 ,it is filled with bones and hermetically closed4 ,the required quantity of solvent is then brought by means of the pump1 ,b1 from the reservoir1 ,c1 through the pipe1 ,d1 into the cylinder1 ,a1 and the latter is heated4 ,the vapors formed force the air through the pipe1 ,e1 into the condenser1 ,f1 where any vapor which may be carried along is condensed and passes through the pipe1 ,g1 back into the reservoir1 ,c4 ,illustration3 ,,fig4 #cf4 ,when all the air has been expelled from the apparatus and the pores of the bones1 the cock on the pipe1 ,e1 is closed4 ,the cylinder1 ,a1 is then heated so that a pressure of a few atmospheres prevails in it4 ,the vapors now act energetically upon the bones1 the dissolved fat collecting upon the cylinder2 the cock on the pipe1 ,h1 is then opened1 and the superheated fluid discharged under high pressure into the distilling apparatus1 ,j1 and the solvent is distilled off from the fat by means of steam4 ,the vapors of the solvent pass through the pipe1 ,k1 into the condenser1 ,f1 and from there back into the reservoir1 ,c4 ,when the manometer on ,a indicates no pressure1 the cock on the pipe1 ,h1 is closed and the cylinder1 ,a1 again heated1 the pipe1 ,e1 being open1 so that any solvent still adhering to the bones may escape to the condenser1 ,f4 ,illustration3 ,,fig4 #cg4 ,figs4 #cg and #ch illustrate ,seltsam's apparatus as improved by ,th4 ,richter1 whereby the operation becomes entirely free from danger1 the vaporization of the solvent being effected by steam only1 and the work is carried on continuously4 ,there are two extracting vessels1 ,a and ,b1 of thick boiler-plate1 and provided with false bottoms1 ,g1 upon which the bones are placed1 steam being admitted into the space between the true and false bottoms4 ,the extracting vessels are surrounded by the jackets1 ,c1 and are further provided with the vacuum gauges1 ,e1 and the air-cocks1 ,f4 ,there are1 in addition1 two other vessels1 ,h and ,j1 which contain water1 a vessel1 ,k1 for the solvent1 and an air-pump1 ,l4 ,the operation is carried on as follows3 ,illustration3 ,,fig4 #ch4 ,the extracting vessels1 ,a and ,b1 are charged with bones1 all the cocks1 with the exception of ,m and ,n closed1 and the air-pump1 ,l1 is set in motion1 whereby a vacuum is formed in ,a4 ,when this is sufficiently large1 water is admitted from ,h through the cock ,o into the space ,p4 ,the water-cock is then closed and the steam-cock1 ,q1 opened4 ,the steam entering the space1 ,r1 brings the water in ,p to the boiling-point1 and the air-pump sucks off the steam formed after the cock1 ,n1 is opened4 ,the air-pump is then stopped and all the cocks closed1 except ,s4 ,the solvent now passes from the vessel1 ,k1 into the space ,p1 and after closing the cock ,s1 is evaporated by the admission of steam into ,r4 ,the water-cock is then opened and cold water admitted into the jacket ,c1 the solvent saturated with fat being thereby condensed in ,p4 ,the water is then discharged from ,c and steam introduced into ,r#a1 whereby the solvent is evaporated and forced into the extracting vessel ,b by means of the air-pump1 ,l1 after closing the cocks ,m and ,v4 ,the process is then repeated in ,b1 after a vacuum has been created in the same manner as in ,a4 ,in the meanwhile the vacuum in ,a is interrupted by opening the air-cock ,f and the fat drawn off through ,p by opening the cock ,u4 ,the bones freed from fat are removed through the manhole ,d1 and ,a is charged with fresh material while the operation is carried on in ,b4 ,thus the operation is continuous1 the solvent passing without any loss whatever from one extracting vessel to the other4 ,illustration3 ,,fig4 #ci4 ,alfred ,leuner's apparatus4 ,fig4 #ci1 works on the ,soxhlet principle1 without pressure1 using solvent and steam simultaneously4 ,the bones are placed in ,a above the perforated false bottom ,b4 ,d is a steampipe by means of which the bones are steamed as a preliminary1 the surplus steam escaping through the outlet pipe ,e4 ,after steaming1 water and benzine are run in from the reservoir ,f1 into the space under the false bottom1 and heated by the steam coil ,p4 ,the vapors evolved are condensed in the worm ,k1 and at first run back over the bones through the cock ,l1 the vapor passing upwards to the worm through ,r1 and the condensed liquid being divided into separate streams by the spreading plate ,o4 ,after some time the cock ,g is opened so that the condensed liquid runs into the reservoir ,f1 instead of flowing back into ,a4 ,when all the solvent has volatilized nothing but water condenses in the worm1 which is known by means of a sampling cock attached to ,a1 the draw-off cock ,e is then opened and the watery gelatinous solution and oily matter run off into a suitable separating receptacle4 ,the bones in ,a are then discharged through a manhole1 and ,a being refilled1 the whole operation is repeated4 ,extraction with hydrochloric acid4 ,if the bones are to be chiefly worked for glue1 extraction with hydrochloric acid1 which has been referred to in ,chapter ,,iii1 under 8,bones and ,cartilages0 may be highly recommended1 the bones being thereby freed from their mineral constituents and the glue-yielding substance remaining behind in a pure state4 ,the bones are allowed to remain in contact with the acid till they are flexible and translucent4 ,this may be readily recognized by laying upon the material in the vat a bone split in two4 ,when the latter by the treatment with acid shows the characteristic appearance of swollen cartilage1 i4 e41 has become translucent1 extraction may be considered complete4 ,the solution is then drawn off through a tap immediately above the bottom of the vat into stoneware vessels1 and conveyed to the evaporating pans4 ,the tap is then closed and enough water to cover the cartilage is admitted into the vat1 and the whole allowed to stand for a few hours in order to extract as much as possible the solution of bone-salts remaining in the cartilage4 ,the fluid is then drawn off4 ,it is a quite concentrated solution of bone-salts and1 mixed with an equal volume of hydrochloric acid1 may be used for the extraction of fresh quantities of bones1 or be mixed with the fluid first drawn off and evaporated4 ,the further washing of the cartilage is effected by repeatedly pouring water over it1 the operation being continued until the water running off shows no acid reaction4 ,washing has to be done very carefully1 since glue-solution obtained from cartilage containing but a very small quantity of acid will not congeal4 ,it is1 therefore1 advisable to add to the last wash-water #a per cent4 of soda1 this quantity being quite sufficient for the neutralization of the last traces of acid4 ,sulphurous acid process4 ,in this country sulphurous acid is largely employed in the manufacture of glue derived from bones4 ,when ordinary bones are treated with a current of moist sulphurous acid gas1 they absorb from #aj to #ab per cent4 of their weight of the gas in the course of #ab hours4 ,the amount may increase to #ae or #bj per cent4 on longer treatment1 but the excess will then disappear on exposure to air4 ,messrs4 ,grillo and ,schroeder of ,dsseldorf1 who patented this process in #ahid1 believe that this is simply due to the calcium phosphate present in the bones1 and remark that an absorption of #aa to #ab per cent4 on the gross weight amounts to #af or #ag per cent4 of the inorganic constituents1 and corresponds to the equation3 ,ca#c7,,po#d7b ,,so#b ,h#b,o #b;,ca,h,p,o#d ,ca,s,o#c1 the sulphurous acid simply acting in the same way as sulphuric acid does in the manufacture of superphosphate1 but being a milder acid than sulphuric1 the alteration of the organic constituents which are available for glue-stock can be almost entirely avoided4 ,the acid phosphate is soluble in water1 therefore the bones after treatment are easily disintegrated by boiling water when a large portion of the lime remains in the sediment1 while the gelatine is dissolved4 ,the process as commercially conducted is very similar to the well-known sulphite method of treating paper pulp1 and is carried on in iron cylinders or better in close wooden vats lined with lead4 ,illustration3 ,,fig4 #dj4 ,the gas is usually generated in an impure form1 with a large admixture of air and carbonic acid1 by combustion of pyrites and coal1 of crude sulphur1 or even of only highly pyritous fuel4 ,on the other hand1 since it is well established that the absorption of a diluted gas is less ready1 and is more wasteful than that of a gas in a pure state1 the employment of a definite quantity of sulphur dioxide in a concentrated state1 either prepared by the regulated burning of sulphur1 or the decomposition of sulphuric acid1 yields more regular results1 and a product of better quality4 ,liquid sulphur dioxide1 which is now obtainable at a moderate price and in quantity1 has the advantage that it yields a continuous current of pure gas of any required rapidity by simply opening a valve1 and that the exact amount used can be ascertained by taring the containing vessel before and after the operation 7,s4 ,rideall74 ,the washed bones are brought into the above-mentioned cylinder or vat and treated with a saturated solution of sulphurous acid4 ,the duration of the action of the acid varies according to the condition of the material and can only be determined by experience4 ,the result of the process is a liquor almost as clear as water1 which1 after evaporation in the vacuum pan1 is equal as regards clearness and lustre1 to the best quality of glue prepared from waste of hide and skin4 ,the fat extracted from the bleached bones is lighter in color and has not the disagreeable odor of ordinary bone fat1 and consequently brings a better price4 ,for the generation of sulphurous acid ,dr4 ,bruno ,terne1 of ,mass41 has constructed a very simple apparatus shown in ,fig4 #dj4 ,the sulphur is burned in ,s2 ,a is the escape pipe of stone2 ,t1 the collecting reservoir2 ,p1 the steam-pump for acid2 ,r1 chimney for the sulphur burner4 #d4 ,,conversion ,,of ,,cartilage ,,into ,,glue4 ,the conversion into glue of the swollen cartilage obtained by treatment with hydrochloric or sulphurous acid may be effected by continued boiling in open pans or in an apparatus recommended by ,wm4 ,friedberg1 and shown in ,fig4 #da4 ,the boiler ,k of thick boiler-plate has a diameter equal to its height4 ,underneath the perforated false bottom ,s1 which serves for the support of the bones1 lies a perforated steam coil ,r--,d for the introduction of steam4 ,to this steam coil is fitted a branch-pipe d1 which reaches into the upper portion of the boiler into which also enters the water-pipe ,w4 ,the apparatus is further fitted with a water-gauge1 an air cock1 sampling cock and manhole for the introduction of the cartilage4 ,illustration3 ,,fig4 #da4 ,the mode of operation with this apparatus is as follows3 ,the boiler is filled three-quarters full with cartilage4 ,enough water to fill the boiler one-quarter full is then admitted through the pipe ,w1 and the steam-cock ,d opened4 ,the steam passing out through the numerous perforations in the coil ,r1 is at first condensed in the water1 but soon brings the latter to the boiling-point1 and from this stage on begins the formation of glue4 ,the glue dissolves in the water1 and a sample of the solution is from time to time drawn off through the sampling cock and tested as to its concentration4 ,when the solution possesses the required concentration1 the admission of steam through ,r is interrupted1 and the cock d of the branch-pipe opened1 as well as the cock of the discharge pipe ,h1 the latter being opened gradually4 ,the discharge pipe ,h is connected with the perforated plate ,f1 which is covered with a closely-woven cloth and thus acts as a filter1 retaining all the solid particles suspended in the glue solution4 ,by opening the cock d of the branch-pipe1 the steam-pressure acts only upon the surface of the fluid1 the latter being consequently pressed with great force through the filter-cloth4 ,when the hissing noise caused by escaping steam indicates that all the fluid has been removed from the boiler1 the cock d of the branch-pipe is closed1 and through a rose fitted above the boiler1 water is allowed to flow upon the latter4 ,by this cooling the greater portion of the steam in the boiler is condensed and water may be admitted through ,w4 ,illustration3 ,,fig4 #db4 ,the operation of glue-boiling is then commenced anew by admitting steam into the steam coil1 and continued until the cartilaginous mass has been reduced to about one-third of its original bulk1 when the apparatus is opened1 fresh material introduced1 and the whole operation repeated4 ,in order to be able to replace the filter without having to empty the entire apparatus1 it has been given the shape shown in ,fig4 #db4 ,the upper portion of the discharge-pipe ,a is connected with the lower portion by the box-screw ,h4 ,in the latter is inserted a short cylinder1 ,c1 with a perforated bottom upon which is placed the filter-cloth2 the latter is kept in position by the ring ,r4 ,illustration3 ,,fig4 #dc4 ,for every apparatus two of the above-described filters will be required4 ,if1 notwithstanding a full steam pressure1 the glue solution runs off sluggishly1 it is indicative of the pores of the filter being choked up4 ,the screw-box ,h is then removed1 the filter taken out and replaced by another one4 ,the glue solution discharged from the apparatus is in most cases sufficiently clear to allow of its being immediately evaporated4 ,however1 for the production of a particularly fine quality of glue1 it is advisable to clarify the solution by settling4 ,as the liquor has to be kept warm to allow of the solid particles to settle1 ,w4 ,friedberg recommends the use of the apparatus shown in ,fig4 #dc4 ,it consists of an iron cylinder with a diameter equal to one-third of its height4 ,the front of the cylinder is furnished with a number of cocks placed at equal distances from each other1 and also with a pipe in the slightly conical bottom4 ,it is surrounded by a wooden jacket1 the intermediate space being filled with a bad conductor of heat4 ,by this arrangement the liquor is kept warm and in a liquid state for several hours1 giving ample time for the solid bodies held in suspension to settle on the bottom4 ,the condition of the liquor is from time to time tested by allowing a small quantity of it to run into a glass from the lowest cock in front4 ,if the sample is perfectly clear1 the liquor may be drawn off4 ,if1 however1 after several hours' standing only the upper portions of the liquor are clear1 while the lower ones are still turbid1 further clarification by this means is impossible4 ,the upper portions of the liquor are then used for finer qualities of glue and the lower ones for inferior grades4 ,by treating the cartilage with high-pressure steam1 a liquor is obtained which on cooling congeals to quite a solid jelly1 and it might be immediately brought into the forming-boxes1 cut into cakes1 and dried4 ,however1 as the drying of the glue is one of the most difficult operations for the glue-maker1 it is of great advantage to obtain the liquor in as high a state of concentration as possible in order to obtain a solid jelly1 which causes the least difficulty in drying4 ,for this purpose the liquors leaving the clarifying vat with a strength of about #bj per cent4 dry glue are evaporated down to a strength of about #cb per cent4 in winter1 and #ce per cent4 in summer4 ,evaporation may be effected in open pans or in vacuum4 ,fig4 #dd shows the arrangement of an open evaporating pan4 ,the copper pan ,p has the form of a shallow cylinder with a slightly conical bottom1 in the lowest point of which is the discharge pipe for the concentrated liquor4 ,during the operation the discharge pipe is closed by the ball-valve ,v1 which can be raised by the lever contrivance ,m4 ,the pan is surrounded by an iron steam-jacket2 the steam passes in at ,d1 and the condensed water runs off at ,a4 ,h is a sampling cock for taking samples to test the concentration of the liquor4 ,illustration3 ,,fig4 #dd4 ,to prevent the workroom from being filled with steam arising from the pan1 the latter is covered with a hood of wood which terminates in the pipe ,s projecting above the roof1 and a narrow pipe ,r branching off from the steam pipe ,d passes into ,s4 ,when vapors commence to arise from the liquor1 the cock on the pipe ,r is slightly opened whereby a jet of steam is blown into the pipe ,s1 the latter then acting as an exhauster1 and the vapors in the hood ,c are carried along by the jet of steam4 ,by this arrangement no vapor passes into the workroom and steam is also very rapidly evolved from the surface of the liquor4 ,sufficient steam should be admitted to the pan for the liquor to give out an abundance of vapor without1 however1 being brought to the boiling-point1 as in that case foam would be formed and the liquor in cooling yield a product full of blisters4 ,when the liquor has acquired the proper degree of concentration1 the admission of steam to ,d and ,r is interrupted and the valve ,v having been raised the liquor is run into the cooling-boxes4 ,the latter are of wood lined with zinc1 or better of stout zinc or heavily galvanized iron4 ,they hold about cwt4 and are of two shapes3 one deep and nearly square1 another long and shallow1 for quick cooling of clear liquors4 ,iron should not be used1 as it readily rusts and causes discoloration of the glue4 ,cooling is effected by cold water where it is available1 but often merely by cold air1 aided by fans or blowers1 in a room protected from heat or frost4 ,according to ,s4 ,rideal1 refrigerating machines are now also employed1 which1 by the evaporation of liquid gases1 such as ammonia1 sulphurous or carbonic acid1 reduce a tank of brine to near freezing-point4 ,the temperature should not be allowed below #cc or #cd ,f41 for if frozen the jelly is hard and difficult to cut4 ,the brine circulates in iron pipes placed near the ceiling of the room2 they must be kept as clear as possible of ice and dirt1 and the cooling house should be scrupulously clean and sweet4 ,spiral evaporators are recommended by ,thomas ,lambert as forming a ready and economical means of evaporation4 ,the evaporator consists of a spiral steam coil1 made of copper1 and #b inches in diameter1 revolving on a centre shaft2 the lower half of the coil is covered with the glue-liquor in the trough4 ,the shaft rests on two plummer-blocks1 one receiving the steam1 and the other discharging the spent steam and condensed water4 ,the shaft is hollow to the first coil1 and the steam is thus conveyed to the spiral4 ,from the last coil to the end of the plummer-block the shaft is also hollow1 and in that portion resting on the block two openings are made4 ,in the inside of the plummer-block1 two openings are bored to the outside1 each forming a covered channel2 as the shaft revolves1 all the holes directly face each other at intervals1 and thus allow any condensed water in the coils to be blown through4 ,from #be to #bh coils are generally used in each spiral4 ,the glue-liquors are fed into the trough at one end1 and have a temperature of #ge ,f42 the temperature of the evaporated liquor is #he ,f4 ,in the rather slow passage through the trough1 the liquors receiving the heat of the revolving coils are raised in strength from #bj per cent4 to #cb per cent4 dry glue1 at which point they are ready for jellying4 ,vacuum pans are much used in this country for evaporating glue-liquors1 though there are some complaints made of the great waste owing to spray and froth being carried off in the steam4 ,as is well known the boiling-point is lowered by increasing the pressure on the surface of a fluid4 ,by enclosing water in a vessel connected with a constantly working air-pump1 it is brought to the boiling-point by heating to between #ie and #ajd ,f4 ,the construction of vacuum pans is based upon this principle1 and such apparatus is largely used in many manufacturing processes for evaporating to a certain degree fluids1 for instance1 sugar solutions1 which readily become decomposed at a higher temperature4 ,vacuum pans are also very suitable for the evaporation of glue-solution1 especially in plants working on a large scale4 ,fig4 #de represents an elevation of a vacuum pan for evaporating glue and gelatine liquors as described by ,thomas ,lambert4 ,the pan is built of steel plates1 and lined outside with wood work1 and rests on a floor constructed of rolled steel plates1 supported on four columns1 with a stairway leading to the working platform4 ,one half of the lower part is shown in section1 giving a view of the coils by which the pan is heated4 ,the various parts are as follows3 ,a1 the body of the pan2 ,b1 the dome2 ,c1 exhaust pipe leading from the dome to the condenser2 ,d1 condenser2 ,e1 air or vacuum pump2 ,f1 storage tank for glue or gelatine liquors1 warmed with steam coil2 ,g1 supply pipe leading from storage tank to vacuum pan2 ,h1 discharge valve2 ,i1 barometer gauge for indicating vacuum2 ,j1 inlet steam pipe for supplying the coils2 ,k1 exhaust end of vacuum coils2 ,l1 iron staircase2 ,m1 steel floor4 ,illustration3 ,,fig4 #de4 ,the accessories to the pan are placed in a convenient position above the working floor and include a steam gauge for noting the pressure in the coils1 a gauge for indicating the height of the liquor in the pan1 vacuum gauge ,i1 as shown in the drawing1 air-cocks and a thermometer4 ,the pan is also fitted with a small apparatus1 by which portions of the boiling liquor can from time to time be drawn1 without disarranging the vacuum1 so that the progress of evaporation can be ascertained4 ,in working the pan1 the storage tank ,f is first filled with the weak glue liquors to be evaporated2 the valve on the supply pipe ,g is then closed1 and the vacuum pump set in motion2 a few strokes are sufficient to reduce the internal pressure1 and the valve of the supply pipe is then opened1 and the liquor allowed to fill up the pan to the desired mark on the gauge4 ,the valve is then closed1 the steam-inlet valve ,j1 supplying the coils1 opened4 ,as the heat from the coils spreads through the liquor1 the vacuum pump is kept steadily at work reducing the inside pressure to within #b to #b inches of a perfect vacuum1 as seen on the barometrical scale4 ,in this vacuum the liquor will boil at #abj to #acj ,f41 and the boiling is continued until the withdrawn samples1 as tested by the glue-meter1 show the desired strength4 ,the pump is then stopped1 the vacuum broken by opening the air-cocks1 and the concentrated liquor is run through the valve ,h into suitably arranged receiving tanks1 for supplying the trays or glasses for jellying4 ,for economical working with large quantities of weak liquors1 a combination of two1 three and even four vacuum pans1 forming the double1 triple and quadruple effect evaporators1 have been designed for concentration purposes4 ,the triple effect is1 however1 the system mostly in use1 and consists of a grouping of three cylindrical pans1 each connected by suitably arranged piping1 by which the vapors of the first pan are conveyed to and made to heat the coils of a second pan1 the resulting vapors from the second1 passing on to the third pan1 for a similar purpose4 ,all the pans are connected with powerful pumps1 producing a nearly absolute vacuum in each4 ,the liquor is evaporated to a given density in the first pan1 and then passed on to the second1 and ultimately to the third1 at which stage #hj per cent4 of its water will have been driven off4 ,to obtain in all cases a product of equal concentration1 it is advisable to have an instrument which will indicate the amount of dry glue in the solution4 7,fig4 #df47 ,by immersing a glass aerometer in the glue-liquor1 the percentage of glue is indicated by a scale registering from #j to #gj per cent4 with the jelly or glue solution at a temperature of #afg ,f4 ,to measure the temperature quickly1 a thermometer is added1 and for the execution of the entire test1 a sheet-iron vessel consisting of a large and two small tubes1 a1 which when not in use1 serve for the reception of the glass instruments contained in a special case4 ,for testing1 the small cylinder is placed in the large tube1 a1 and filled with jelly by means of the cap which serves as a cover4 ,the large tube is filled with hot water to bring the jelly to the required temperature4 ,the two instruments are then immersed in the tubes filled with glue-liquors to be tested1 and temperature as well as percentage can be readily read off4 ,illustration3 ,,fig4 #df4 ,the evaporated and cooled glue-liquor is cut into cakes and dried in the same manner as previously described4 #e4 ,,process ,,for ,,the ,,simultaneous ,,utilization ,,of ,,bones ,,for ,,fat1 ,,bone-,,meal ,,and ,,glue4 ,manufacturers frequently sort the bones in such a way that materials of different quality are obtained4 ,thick1 compact bones are utilized for the manufacture of animal charcoal1 a comparatively small percentage of bone-meal resulting in crushing such bones4 ,incompact1 porous bones1 on the other hand1 yield not only crummy animal charcoal of less value1 but in stamping also a larger percentage of bone-meal than compact bones4 ,hence they are as a rule directly worked for fat1 glue and steamed bone-meal1 no attempt being made to convert them into such granular pieces as are suitable for the production of charcoal4 ,for this purpose1 the bones are first broken by a crusher or mill into coarse pieces1 and the fat extracted by a special process or together with the glue in one operation4 ,the latter method would seem to be the most suitable1 time and labor being thereby saved1 but it must be borne in mind that fat extracted by itself brings a much better price than that obtained by steaming1 and besides the yield of glue is larger from steamed bones which have been previously degreased4 ,the crushed bones--whether degreased or not--are subjected to the action of high-pressure steam4 ,the apparatus1 ,fig4 #dg1 used for this purpose consists of a cylinder of thick boiler-plate1 #aj to #ac feet high and #c to #d feet in diameter4 ,e and ,a are manholes1 which can be closed steam-tight4 ,the pipe ,d leads to the steam-boiler and opposite to ,d is a short pipe1 ,h4 ,the cylinder is further fitted with the perforated false bottom1 ,s1 and the bent pipe1 ,l4 ,as a rule1 four to six1 and in larger plants even more1 of such cylinders are combined to a battery4 ,in this case the discharge pipe1 ,l1 terminates in a common collecting vessel1 and the steam-pipes1 ,d1 branch off from a main steampipe4 ,the battery may be enclosed by brickwork1 but is preferably placed upon a suitable foundation and surrounded by woodwork1 the intermediate space between woodwork and cylinders being filled with sawdust4 ,this plan offers the best means of keeping the heat together1 and the further advantage that1 in case one of the cylinders becomes defective1 it can be readily taken out and replaced by a new one4 ,illustration3 ,,fig4 #dg4 ,in order to be able to fill the cylinders rapidly and with the least expenditure of power1 it is advisable to place the bone-crusher at such a height that the crushed bones fall directly into carriages which are run upon a small railway over the charging holes of the cylinders1 and emptied4 ,in front of the manholes1 ,a1 for discharging the bones is also a railway1 so that the crushed bones can be directly emptied into carriages and conveyed to the stamping mill4 ,the cylinder having been filled with bones1 is closed steam-tight4 ,the cock1 ,h1 is then opened and steam admitted by opening the cock ,d4 ,the steam passing in at first1 is cooled off by coming in contact with the bones and condensed to water4 ,however1 the temperature in the cylinder soon becomes so high that the steam is no longer condensed and1 having first expelled the air in the cylinder through the pipe ,h1 it escapes through the latter in the form of a powerful jet4 ,when this is the case ,h is closed and high-pressure steam allowed to act upon the bones4 ,the fat contained in the bones melts and trickles down4 ,on the bottom of the cylinder collects a fluid which contains glue1 is of a milky turbidity due to admixed drops of fat1 and with a quite thick layer of fat upon its surface4 ,from time to time--about every hour--the cock ,l is slightly opened4 ,by the pressure of the steam the glue-liquor is expelled with great force through the pipe ,l1 the latter being closed when by the peculiar noise it is noticed that only steam escapes4 ,steaming and the occasional discharge of melted fat are continued until on testing a sample of the liquor running off1 it is noticed to be free from fat4 ,the liquor in the cylinder is then expelled by the pressure of steam1 the steam-cock ,d closed1 the manhole ,a opened1 and steam again admitted through ,d4 ,by the steam-pressure the greater portion of the bones in the cylinder is expelled through the manhole ,a4 ,the bones coming from the cylinder are pliable and soft1 and1 after drying1 are readily converted by grinding into bone-meal4 ,for the manufacture of animal charcoal it is of the utmost importance that steaming should be interrupted at the time when the bones are completely degreased4 ,if1 however1 only fat1 glue and bone-meal are to be produced1 steaming may advantageously be continued for a longer time4 ,the longer the bones are subjected to the action of high-pressure steam1 the more complete the conversion of glue-yielding substance into glue will be4 ,to be sure1 the bone-meal obtained from such bones will contain somewhat less nitrogen than the product from bones not steamed quite so long4 ,however1 the content of phosphates will in both cases be the same1 and on this depends1 in the main1 the fertilizing value of bone-meal4 ,the fluid discharged from the cylinder consists of a mixture of glue-liquor and drops of fat4 ,it is run into a large vat1 in which it is kept warm for a few hours1 when the fat rises and collects in a coherent mass on the surface4 ,the fat is then drawn off through cocks in the upper portion of the vat1 while the glue-liquor is discharged from the bottom of the vat1 running first upon a very fine meshed sieve1 which retains the coarser bodies held in suspension1 and then directly into the evaporator4 ,in the latter the liquor is evaporated to the desired strength1 when it is run into the clarifying vats1 and finally into the cooling vessels4 ,with the above-described process1 the simultaneous utilization of the bones for animal charcoal is only possible if the crushed steamed bones are passed through a sieve for the purpose of sorting out the granular pieces of suitable size4 ,however1 in the process above described1 incompact bones are1 as a rule1 used which give but a small percentage of granulated pieces1 and the latter yield an inferior quality of animal charcoal4 ,it is therefore best to use the steamed bones from which the fat and glue have been extracted for the production of bone-meal4 ,for the manufacture of animal charcoal1 the bones have to be carefully sorted1 fresh bones rich in organic substance being best for the purpose1 and the hardest and thickest pieces should be selected4 ,previous to carbonization1 the bones are degreased by extraction with benzine or carbon disulphide1 and then crushed4 ,carbonization was formerly effected in iron pots having a capacity of about #be quarts each4 ,however1 by this process a uniform product of good quality cannot be obtained1 and1 besides1 the total quantity of organic substance of the bones is lost4 ,at present carbonization is effected in retorts1 whereby large quantities of animal charcoal are in a comparatively short time obtained1 and1 besides1 the products of destructive distillation can be completely utilized4 ,an essential product of distillation is a large quantity of inflammable gases1 which can be used for heating the retort-furnace or for illuminating the entire plant1 it being1 however1 best to arrange the conduits so that the gases can be used for either purpose4 ,a detailed discussion of the methods for gaining and further working of the products of distillation is not within the scope of this work1 and only a brief description of a plant for the manufacture of animal charcoal will here be given4 ,illustration3 ,,fig4 #dh4 ,figs4 #dh and #di show the arrangement of a ,belgian retort-furnace1 ,fig4 #dh representing a vertical section lengthways1 and ,fig4 #di a horizontal section4 ,the illustrations1 however1 are given at different heights in order to show plainly the arrangement of the fire-place and the passage of the fire-gases4 ,the cast-iron retorts--sixteen in the apparatus shown--are placed in rows alongside and one after another1 so as to be swept as uniformly as possible by the fire4 ,as will be seen from ,fig4 #di the firing is so arranged that only the upper portions of the retorts are touched by the flames4 ,b is the actual fire-place1 and ,a the ash-pit1 both being furnished with closely fitting doors so that the fire may be properly regulated1 and the retorts eventually be exclusively heated with gas4 ,illustration3 ,,fig4 #di4 ,the retorts are cylindrical in form1 with one end closed4 ,at the open end is fixed the frame or mouth-piece1 which carries the door swung on a hinge4 ,the door has a slight projecting rim1 some two inches wide1 which1 with the surface of the frame1 is ground perfectly true2 on closing1 the joint is made gas-tight by a lever arrangement4 ,the fire-gases escaping from ,b are distributed as uniformly as possible by the flues1 a1 carried underneath the pans1 ,e1 and finally pass out in the direction of the arrows through a chimney4 ,at the time when the extraction of fat was exclusively effected by boiling the bones1 the pans ,e served for this purpose1 and the spaces ,d1 ,d#a1 ,d#b1 etc41 alongside the pans1 which were also heated by the fire-gases1 were used for drying the bones4 ,however1 at present1 the extraction of fat is1 as a rule1 effected by means of benzine or carbon disulphide1 and it is advisable to replace the pans1 ,e1 by a bonekiln1 and eventually to utilize any waste heat for heating the evaporators for glue-liquor4 ,fixed to the upper portion of each retort is a pipe1 and these pipes lead into a very wide iron-pipe1 ,t4 ,the products of destructive distillation escaping from the retorts combine in ,t1 and besides having a very large diameter1 this pipe must be considerably inclined to avoid the accumulation of products of distillation in it4 ,to prevent the products of distillation from depositing in a crystalline form in ,t1 the latter is covered with a bad conductor of heat4 ,the pipe ,t is connected with a series of condensing vessels1 ,d1 another series of vessels being placed alongside the first one1 so that the vapors may be conducted1 as desired1 into either one of them4 ,two batteries of such condensing vessels are required1 as one of them has from time to time to be disengaged in order to be cleansed4 ,if the products of distillation would have to overcome the entire pressure of the column of fluid in the condensing vessels1 their escape from the retorts would be very much retarded4 ,to avoid this1 plates are arranged horizontally a few inches below the level of the fluid1 and the pipes dip into the condensing vessels only far enough to permit the escaping vapors to pass under these plates4 ,by this arrangement1 the vapors sweep under the plates and are absorbed by the fluids1 a strong pressure in the apparatus being thus avoided4 ,the condensing batteries may of course consist of any number of vessels1 but as a rule only a sufficient number to retain all the ammonia is employed1 five being in most cases sufficient for this purpose4 ,the last condenser is connected with an exhaust-pump1 p p1 which is kept in motion by a motor1 ,p4 ,the pump removes all the bodies remaining in the last condenser and forces them1 according to the position of the cock back of the pump1 either into a glass-bell or through the pipe ,h and the nozzles a into the fire-place where they are burned4 ,to obtain the various products of distillation1 the condensing vessels have to be filled with acid1 and should therefore be constructed of lead or at least of sheet-iron lined with lead4 ,the products to be obtained depend on the fluid used for filling the vessels2 if filled with dilute sulphuric acid1 ammonium sulphate is obtained1 which may be utilized in the preparation of fertilizers4 ,if hydrochloric acid is employed for the absorption of ammonia1 solution of ammonium chloride is obtained1 which may be crystallized by evaporation4 ,the products evolved in the destructive distillation of bones consist of various hydrocarbons and appear either as badly-smelling brown liquors--bone-tar--or as illuminating gas4 ,the vapors contain further considerable quantities of ammonium carbonate and cyanide of ammonium4 ,to obtain the latter1 the last condensing vessel is filled with green vitriol solution1 the cyanogen compounds remaining behind in the solution4 ,if the gas escaping from the last condenser is to be used for illuminating purposes1 it is freed from the greater portion of carbonic acid contained in it by purification with lime4 ,the mode of operation with ,belgian retort furnaces is as follows3 ,the retorts having been filled with comminuted degreased bones1 the doors are closed perfectly gas-tight and firing is commenced4 ,the pump is set in motion until a jet of gas blows through the nozzles4 ,when this gas-jet burns with a luminous flame1 destructive distillation of the bones is in full blast4 ,the pump is then run with such velocity that the pressure in the interior of the retorts1 as indicated by the manometer1 is slightly greater than the external air-pressure1 and the operation is thus continued so long as inflammable gases escape from the pipe ,h4 ,the pump is then stopped1 and one-half of the charcoal contained in the retorts is withdrawn to the canisters placed ready to receive it4 ,the lids of the canisters are then luted down with a paste of char-dust and water1 making an air-tight joint1 and the charcoal is allowed to cool4 ,the retorts having been partially emptied1 are at once refilled to the brim with crushed bones and closed gas-tight4 ,there is but little or no loss of heat between withdrawing and charging1 and distillation of the freshly-introduced bones commences immediately after charging1 and is finished in a much shorter time than in the beginning of the operation4 ,in making animal charcoal on a large scale there are obtained from #bjjj lbs4 of raw material3 ,animal charcoal1 #aahj to #abbj lbs4 ,ammoniacal liquor1 #agh to #ahj lbs4 ,gas1 #bbb to #bdh cubic yards4 ,however1 these figures refer only to bones degreased by steaming1 whereby a considerable portion of the cartilaginous substance passes into solution in the form of glue4 ,in working bones degreased with benzine1 larger yields than those indicated above are as a rule obtained4 ,the ammoniacal liquor contains on an average #aj per cent4 of ammonia4 ,the gas freed from carbonic acid yields #b4g times more light than good coal-gas4 #f4 ,,process ,,for ,,the ,,simultaneous ,,utilization ,,of ,,the ,,bones ,,for ,,fat1 ,,glue ,,and ,,calcium ,,phosphate4 ,this process differs from the one previously described in that1 in addition to the total quantity of fat and glue-yielding substance contained in the bones1 the mineral salts are also obtained in a pure state1 and can be further utilized4 ,the bones are degreased either by extraction with benzine or carbon disulphide or steaming1 the operation in the latter case being continued so long as fat is yielded by the bones4 ,the resulting glue-liquor is used in place of water for boiling the cartilage4 ,the bones are placed in large wooden vats furnished with well-fitting lids1 and hydrochloric acid of #ab per cent4 poured over them so that they are covered a few inches deep4 ,with the use of acid of #a4jd specific gravity the greater portion of the salts contained in the bones will pass into solution in #dh to #gb hours1 when the solution is drawn off as completely as possible from the vats4 ,the residue in the vats is treated with less concentrated hydrochloric acid and left in contact with it until the bones are soft and flexible and the thinner pieces have become translucent1 this being a proof that all the mineral salts have been extracted1 and nothing but pure cartilaginous substance remains behind4 ,the solution is then drawn off1 and after pouring repeatedly small quantities of pure water over the cartilage to expel the last remnants of acid liquor1 it is subjected to thorough washing until the last traces of acid have been removed4 ,the resulting cartilage is white1 translucent1 and water-soaked4 ,if left in this state it would of course soon putrefy1 and it is best to work it at once1 or if this cannot be done it will have to be treated with carbolic acid in the manner previously described1 or dried4 ,drying the cartilage is time-consuming work1 and can properly be done only by artificial heat in kilns4 ,if carefully protected from moisture1 thoroughly dried cartilage may be kept without injury for any length of time4 ,however1 before being worked to glue1 such material has to be again soaked in water previous to the actual boiling operation1 and this process requires considerable time4 ,it is therefore best to preserve it in carbolic acid solution1 which only needs to be drawn off when the cartilage is to be worked1 and may be further utilized4 ,if boiled in open vessels with water1 #f to #h hours are required for the complete disintegration of the cartilage4 ,in a closed apparatus under high pressure solution is effected in a much shorter time and the operation progresses very smoothly4 ,with proper attention the glue obtained from bones degreased with benzine and freed from bone-earth by extraction with hydrochloric acid is1 as a rule1 very clear1 and may be bleached with sulphurous acid4 ,the extraction of the phosphates from bones may be effected in a very suitable manner as follows3 ,a number of vats filled with bones are placed in terraces one above the other1 and the acid is allowed to run first into the uppermost vat4 ,after having been for several hours in contact with the bones it is discharged into the next vat1 fresh acid being run into the first one1 and so on4 ,by this process a highly concentrated solution of phosphates is in a few hours obtained in the lowest vat1 solution still adhering to the bones in the other vats being finally expelled by water4 ,however1 the process of extraction under decreased pressure is the most advantageous1 it requiring least time4 ,for this purpose the bones are brought into a vessel which can be closed air-tight and the air is expelled4 ,when but a slight air-pressure prevails in the vessel1 the cock of a reservoir filled with hydrochloric acid is opened1 the external air-pressure now forcing hydrochloric acid into the extracting vessel4 ,bones1 as viewed under the microscope1 consist of a mass permeated with numerous minute tubes or pores4 ,when the air is expelled from the vessel containing the bones1 the air in the pores of the latter is rarefied and the hollow spaces are filled with hydrochloric acid whereby solution of the phosphates is effected4 ,the yield of glue obtained from cartilage after extraction of the mineral constituents varies according to the compactness of the bones used4 ,solid and compact bones yield1 on an average1 #ae per cent4 of dry glue1 but a comparatively large quantity of calcium phosphate4 ,on the other hand1 porous bones rich in cartilage yield from #bj to #be per cent4 of dry glue4 ,the liquor obtained by treating the bones contains1 as previously mentioned1 calcium phosphate1 magnesium phosphate and calcium chloride in solution1 and may be utilized in the manufacture of fertilizers or of phosphorus4 ,for the first purpose which is not very remunerative1 but is not very troublesome1 the liquor is treated with milk of lime until it is slightly alkaline1 whereby a finely divided precipitate of basic calcium phosphate is obtained1 whilst calcium chloride remains in solution4 ,the precipitate is allowed to settle1 separated from the supernatant fluid and dried4 ,the resulting product contains1 on an average1 #fe per cent4 calcium phosphate1 up to #bj per cent4 water and #aj to #ae per cent4 calcium carbonate1 quick lime and accidental impurities4 ,it forms an excellent fertilizer4 ,if the liquor is to be utilized in the manufacture of phosphorus1 it is evaporated in shallow pans of glazed stoneware4 ,in cooling crystals of acid calcium phosphate are formed1 which are separated from the mother-liquor4 ,this subject will be more fully referred to in the next chapter4 ,,chapter ,,vi4 ,,manufacture ,,of ,,phosphorus4 ,in some instances the preparation of phosphorus is carried on in conjunction with other industries1 for instance1 glue-boiling1 the preparation of sal ammoniac1 yellow prussiate of potash1 etc4 ,bone-ash is the chief material used by phosphorus makers4 ,many manufacturers do not burn the bones to ashes1 but purchase bone-ash1 large quantities of which are brought from ,south ,america1 especially from the ,argentine ,republic4 ,the ordinary method of preparing phosphorus includes the following operations3 #a4 ,burning the bones and grinding the bone-ash to powder4 #b4 ,decomposition of the bone-ash by sulphuric acid1 and evaporation of the acid phosphate previously mixed with charcoal4 #c4 ,the distillation of the phosphorus4 #d4 ,the refining and purifying the phosphorus4 ,burning the bones to ash4 ,the object of the ignition of the bones is the complete destruction of the organic matter4 ,the operation is conducted in a kiln very similar to those in use for burning lime4 ,a layer of brush-wood having been put on the bottom of the kiln1 bones form the next stratum1 and so on alternately4 ,the wood having been lighted1 the combustion of the bones ensues4 ,in order to carry off the fumes1 the smell of which is very offensive1 a hood made of boiler-plate is placed on the kiln1 and either connected with a tall chimney1 or the smoke and gases are conducted into the fire of the kiln and burnt4 ,the white burnt bones are withdrawn through an opening reserved in the wall on purpose1 the kiln being kept continuously in operation1 as in the case with some lime kilns4 ,this kind of kiln1 however1 possesses many disadvantages1 and an improved form1 as proposed by ,fleck1 is shown in ,fig4 #ej4 ,illustration3 ,,fig4 #ej4 ,the actual combustion chamber consists of a shaft1 ,a1 composed of two inverted cones4 ,in the lowest portion of the lower cone are four or six apertures1 b1 which terminate in inclined channels and serve as air-flues1 as well as for withdrawing the burnt bones4 ,through the aperture a in the upper portion of the shaft additional bones may be introduced4 ,this aperture is covered with a heavy iron lid4 ,as will be seen from the illustration1 the shaft contracts towards the top in the form of a retort and passes into a horizontal channel ,b which is provided1 near its beginning1 with an ordinary fire-place d4 ,the gases and fumes escaping from the burning bones must pass over the flame of the fire-place d1 and are thereby so completely consumed to water1 carbonic acid and free nitrogen that no odor is perceptible even in the immediate neighborhood of the kiln4 ,in order not to lose the heat yielded by the fire-place d and the burning vapors1 the channel ,b is covered with shallow pans ,p1 for the evaporation of such fluids as have to be subjected to this treatment in the factory4 ,the mode of operation with a kiln of this construction is as follows3 ,the shaft is filled two-thirds full with bones and dry wood split in small pieces is placed in the channels b and simultaneously ignited4 ,four or six long hot flames thus strike the bones1 the latter becoming in a short time so highly heated that they commence to burn briskly and ignite fresh portions of bones introduced through the aperture a4 ,the white burnt bones in the lower portion of the kiln are withdrawn1 while in a glowing state1 by means of iron hooks2 the next layer of bones sinks down and fresh material is introduced through a1 the kiln being thus kept continuously in operation4 ,the quantity of substance which remains after burning the bones depends of course on the quality of the material used4 ,tubular bones of old animals contain the largest quantity of mineral substance1 and give a much more abundant yield of bone-ash than the spongy bones of younger animals4 ,on an average #ajj parts by weight of fresh bones yield #ee parts by weight of bone-ash4 ,the composition of the latter is as follows3 ,basic calcium phosphate1 #hj to #hd per cent4 ,basic magnesium phosphate1 #b to #c per cent4 ,calcium carbonate1 #aj to #ad per cent4 ,calcium fluoride1 ,the bone-ash thus obtained is converted into a coarse powder by means of machinery1 a bone-mill being best suited for the purpose4 ,experience has shown that the granules obtained by grinding should be the size of lentils4 ,with the use of larger pieces the acid1 with which the ash is treated later on1 does not penetrate the entire thickness of the bone mass and a portion of the latter remains undecomposed4 ,if the granules are too small1 lumps are formed when the ash is brought together with the acid1 and the mass would have to be constantly stirred in order to1 make the action of the acid effective4 ,decomposition of the bone-ash by sulphuric acid4 ,when the basic calcium phosphate--the constituent of the bone-ash which comes here into consideration--is brought in contact with an acid of sufficient strength to effect its decomposition1 calcium sulphate 7gypsum7 is formed1 and a solution of acid calcium phosphate4 ,if the latter be mixed with powdered charcoal1 evaporated to dryness1 and the mixture exposed1 with the exclusion of air1 to a strong red heat1 the acid calcium phosphate is first converted into calcium metaphosphate1 water being yielded4 ,at this high temperature the calcium metaphosphate is by the action of the carbon decomposed to basic calcium phosphate and phosphorus2 the latter escapes in the form of vapor and may be caught in suitable condensing vessels4 ,hence three separate processes have to be distinguished3 #a4 ,the formation of acid calcium phosphate from the basic calcium phosphate contained in the bone-ash4 #b4 ,the conversion of the acid calcium phosphate into calcium metaphosphate4 #c4 ,decomposition of the calcium metaphosphate1 phosphorus being liberated1 while basic calcium phosphate remains behind4 ,expressed in chemical symbols these processes may be embodied in the following equations3 ,i4 ,ca#c7,,po#d7b #b;,h#b,,so#d #b;,ca,s,o#d ,ca,h#d7,,po#d7b ,basic calcium ,sulphuric ,calcium ,acid ,calcium phosphate4 acid4 sulphate phosphate4 7gypsum74 ,,ii4 ,ca,h#d7,,po#d7b #b;,h#b,o ,ca7,,po#c7b ,acid calcium ,water4 ,calcium phosphate4 metaphosphate4 ,,iii4 #c;,ca7,,po#c7b #aj;,c #aj;,,co ,ca#c7,,po#d7b ,p#d ,calcium ,carbon4 ,carbon ,basic calcium metaphosphate4 monoxide4 phosphate4 ,if the processes mentioned under ,,ii4 and ,,iii4 would pass off in the practice exactly as there stated1 two-thirds1 or #ac4c per cent41 of the total quantity of phosphorus contained in the basic calcium phosphate originally present would be obtained4 ,however1 besides these processes1 others take place which cause a loss of phosphorus4 ,by the action of the red heat upon the acid calcium phosphate1 reciprocal action takes place between the latter1 the water and carbon1 so that a portion of the water is decomposed1 and in addition to carbon monoxide1 phosphoretted hydrogen is formed2 the phosphorus contained in the latter must be considered as lost4 ,furthermore1 a portion of the phosphorus is lost in the form of vapor1 even with the use of the best condensing contrivances4 ,in consequence of these losses the actual yield of phosphorus is between #h and #aa per cent4 ,the formation of acid calcium phosphate may be effected either cold or with the assistance of heat1 less time being required in the latter case4 ,the process without the assistance of heat is as follows3 ,the bone-ash is brought into a lead-lined wooden tank1 and enough boiling water to cover it poured in4 ,it is then thoroughly mixed with the water by vigorous stirring with wooden rakes1 and the necessary quantity of sulphuric acid is then run in with constant stirring4 ,when an intimate mixture has been effected1 the tank is covered with a well-fitting lid and allowed to stand for a few hours4 ,as heat has been liberated by the introduction of the sulphuric acid into the mixture prepared with hot water1 the entire mass acquires a high temperature4 ,decomposition is accelerated by stirring the contents of the tank every six hours1 and the process may be supposed to be finished in #dh hours4 ,with the use of fresh burnt ash no special phenomena are observed1 but if the ash has been prepared for some time the caustic lime formed in burning the bones has been completely converted into carbonate of lime1 and the carbonic acid escapes1 causing a slight foaming of the mass4 ,in addition to carbonic acid1 there also escapes a certain quantity of hydrogen fluoride gas1 which is liberated by the decomposition of the calcium fluoride present in the ash4 ,this gas being1 even in very small quantities1 very injurious to health1 the tanks should be placed in a thoroughly ventilated room4 ,when decomposition is complete1 enough water is admitted for the mass to acquire by stirring a thick milky appearance1 when it is allowed to rest until it clarifies and a perfectly clear solution of acid calcium phosphate stands over the precipitate of gypsum4 ,the clear solution is drawn off1 and the sediment washed with water to obtain the solution retained by it4 ,for this purpose the gypsum is stirred up with water1 and the thick fluid discharged into a filtering tank4 ,upon the bottom of the latter is a four-inch-deep layer of coarse quartz sand2 upon this is placed a false bottom1 and upon the latter is spread a linen cloth4 ,the liquor first running off being milky is poured back into the tank4 ,however1 it runs off clear so soon as the pores of the filtering cloth have become somewhat contracted by the gypsum4 ,as a rule1 the contents of several filtering vats are run into a common filter1 and the mass is repeatedly allowed to drain off4 ,the dilute solutions thus obtained are evaporated with the first liquor4 ,a third lixiviation of the sediment yields a fluid which is used instead of water in a subsequent operation4 ,the residue of gypsum is taken from the filtering tanks1 and may be used as a fertilizer4 ,in the warm way the decomposition of the bone-ash is effected by providing the decomposing tanks with lead pipes through which steam is introduced1 decomposition being complete in #bd hours1 and the first run of solution of acid calcium phosphate reaches the evaporating pan in a very hot state4 ,the lixiviation of the gypsum residue is also effected with water heated by steam1 the object of separating the acid calcium phosphate as much as possible from the gypsum being thus obtained more completely with a comparatively small quantity of water than is possible by washing with cold water4 ,a suitable apparatus for hot lixiviation is shown in ,figs4 #ea and #eb in cross section and profile4 ,a lead-lined tank1 #ac to #af feet in diameter and #c feet deep1 is fitted with a stirrer furnished with two or four paddles1 and closed by a well-fitting lid4 ,the stirrer is kept in motion during the entire operation4 ,illustration3 ,,fig4 #ea4 ,illustration3 ,,fig4 #eb4 ,a lead steam pipe ,d furnished with several narrow flat outlet pipes placed in the direction in which the stirrer revolves1 lies about #d inches above the bottom of the tank4 ,w is the pipe for the admission of water1 ,s the lead pipe connected with the sulphuric acid reservoir1 and ,a an outlet of boards for carrying off the vapor evolved from the mass in admitting the sulphuric acid4 ,r is a wooden hopper1 which serves for the introduction of the bone-ash1 and is removed when the tank has been filled1 the aperture being closed with a well-fitting wooden lid4 ,the bottom of the tank is furnished with a lead discharge-cock4 ,water is run into the tank1 the bone-ash being simultaneously introduced through the hopper ,r1 and the stirrer allowed to revolve slowly to effect an intimate mixture4 ,sulphuric acid and steam are then at the same time admitted4 ,the steam heats the fluid very quickly to the boiling-point1 and assists the action of the stirrer1 it passing out from the outlet pipes in the same direction in which the stirrer revolves4 ,when the required quantity of sulphuric acid has been introduced1 the admission of steam is interrupted1 the stirrer1 however1 being constantly kept in motion4 ,to keep the mass hot1 steam is for a few minutes admitted every hour4 ,when the sulphuric acid has acted for #bd hours1 decomposition is complete1 and the liquor is discharged through the cock on the bottom of the tank4 ,for the evaporation of the liquor leaden pans are used1 and this operation is continued until the fluid has attained a specific gravity of #a4de4 ,the pans rest upon cast-iron plates covered with a layer of clay or sand1 to prevent them from being injured by the fire gases4 ,for heating the pans1 the fire gases escaping from the distilling furnace or the bone kiln are utilized4 ,the fluid having been evaporated to the above-mentioned specific gravity is now mixed with charcoal powder1 or rather granulated charcoal of the size of small peas1 in the proportion of #bj to #be parts of charcoal to #ajj of liquor4 ,the mixture is then quickly dried in shallow cast-iron pans heated by a direct fire4 ,much sulphurous acid is evolved during this operation1 and provision must be made for carrying off the vapors arising from the pans4 ,when the mass has been dehydrated so far that it balls together1 it is taken from the pan by means of shovels and brought into a copper cylinder which is furnished with a sheet-iron sieve-like bottom through which it is forced into another pan4 ,in this second pan the mass is moderately heated until a sample of it still evolves slight vapors and when pressed with the hand1 after cooling somewhat1 appears still moist without1 however1 being sticky4 ,the material is now ready for distilling and #ajj parts of concentrated solution of #a4de specific gravity and #bj to #be parts of charcoal yield about #gg parts by weight of so-called distilling mass4 ,it is best to bring the hot mass as taken from the pan at once into the retorts1 as it is very hygroscopic and1 if allowed to lie exposed to the air1 would absorb moisture and require to be again dried4 ,if it cannot be immediately subjected to distillation1 it is advisable to keep it in sheet-metal boxes tightly closed4 ,the liquor obtained in treating bones for the manufacture of glue with hydrochloric acid may1 as mentioned in ,chapter ,v1 be advantageously utilized in the manufacture of phosphorus4 ,in order to obtain in crystallized form the acid calcium phosphate contained in it1 the liquor has to be concentrated by evaporation and as during this operation hydrochloric acid vapors constantly escape1 provision must be made for their removal from the workroom4 ,the operation is conducted as follows3 ,the flue of the furnace for distilling the phosphorus1 through which the fire gases usually escape to the chimney1 is made to communicate with a long low chamber1 which can be tightly closed and connects at the other end with a high chimney4 ,the flue is fitted with a slide and by opening the latter1 the fire gases are forced to pass through the chamber before reaching the chimney4 ,in the chamber are placed large1 well-glazed1 earthenware vessels which contain the liquor to be evaporated1 the vapors evolved being carried off by the fire-gases through the chimney4 ,evaporation proceeds quite rapidly1 and fresh liquor is from time to time introduced through an earthenware pipe1 the operation being repeated until a sample taken from the full vessels shows on cooling the presence of an abundance of crystals of acid calcium phosphate4 ,the admission of the fire-gases into the chamber is then interrupted1 and the contents of the vessels are brought into a wooden tank furnished with a stirrer1 which is kept in constant motion so that when the liquor cools1 only small crystals will be formed4 ,when crystallization is complete1 the mother-liquor is drawn off and again evaporated4 ,by this operation more crystals of acid calcium phosphate are obtained1 which are1 however1 less pure than those from the first liquor4 ,the mother-liquor drawn off from this second yield of crystals might1 on being again evaporated1 give more crystals which1 however1 would be too impure to be used to advantage4 ,to obtain the calcium phosphate contained in the last mother-liquor1 the latter is exactly neutralized with burnt lime1 a white precipitate of basic calcium phosphate being thereby obtained4 ,the precipitate is repeatedly washed in water and allowed to settle1 and added in small portions to the acid liquors obtained by extracting the bones4 ,as these liquors always contain a considerable quantity of hydrochloric acid in excess1 the basic calcium phosphate1 being in a finely divided state1 is readily and completely dissolved4 ,the crystals of acid calcium phosphate are removed from the crystallizing tanks by means of wooden shovels and brought into baskets covered inside with stout sack-cloth4 ,they are left in the baskets until no more mother-liquor drains off1 when the cloths are folded together and the crystals further freed from liquor by pressure4 ,they are then heated1 with constant stirring1 in shallow stoneware pans until they are so dry as to crumble of their own accord4 ,in this manner small crystals of a mother-of-pearl lustre are obtained1 which feel like sharp quartz sand and consist of pure acid calcium phosphate4 ,this mass is mixed with #be per cent4 of its weight of granulated charcoal4 ,the mixture is heated until it is pulverulent1 and then treated in the same manner as the distilling mass from bone-ash4 ,in place of stoneware vessels1 shallow lead pans may be used for evaporating the liquor containing calcium phosphate4 ,to prevent the melting of the lead the pans are bricked in under a very flat arch1 so that the fire gases are forced to pass close over the liquor1 the pans being kept constantly full4 ,when crystallization is complete the liquor is drawn off and the pans are refilled4 ,in the manufacture of phosphorus there is left after every distillation a residue of basic calcium phosphate1 and it is advisable to decompose it with hydrochloric acid1 this being effected in a vat lined with lead or coated with paraffine4 ,the mass is completely dissolved1 and the black sludge remaining on the bottom of the vat consists of charcoal1 which had been added to the distilling mass4 ,distillation of the ,phosphorus4--,the distilling mass consists of acid calcium phosphate1 charcoal and about #d to #f per cent4 water4 ,by heating in the retorts1 the acid calcium phosphate is first converted into calcium metaphosphate1 water being eliminated1 according to the following equation3 ,ca,h#d7,,po#d7b ,ca7,,po#c7b #b;,h#b,o4 ,by further heating to a white heat the calcium metaphosphate is so far reduced as to yield two-thirds of its content of phosphorus1 while one-third remains behind as calcium phosphate1 corresponding to the following equation3 #c;,ca7,,po#c7b #aj;,c ,ca#c7,,po#d7b #aj;,,co #d,p4 ,the mixture of acid calcium phosphate and charcoal is distilled in glazed fire-clay retorts1 #ab to #ah of them being placed on each side of a so-called galley-furnace4 ,the bodies of the retorts are placed on the side of the fire1 while the necks pass through openings in the walls of the furnace1 those portions of the wall being only lightly bricked up1 as the retorts1 after distillation is finished and the furnace cooled1 have to be removed in order to clear out the residue and introduce fresh mixture4 ,between each pair of retorts is left a space of #e to #f inches for the passage of the flames4 ,illustration3 ,,fig4 #ec4 ,experience1 however1 has proved the advisability of modifying the galley-furnace by reducing its length and increasing its height1 and placing the retorts in two or three rows1 one above the other4 ,two such furnaces are placed together with their narrow sides1 so that the fire-gases of both meet in a common chamber1 and are conducted from the latter under the evaporating pans4 ,four such furnaces may also be arranged in the form of a cross1 and their fire-gases conducted into a common chamber4 ,by arranging the furnace1 as is most frequently done1 for three double rows of seven retorts each1 it will hold #db retorts1 a double furnace #hd1 and one in the form of a cross #afh4 ,the arrangement of a double furnace is shown in ,fig4 #ec4 ,the wall ,c1 which separates the two fire-places1 serves for supporting the lowest row of retorts1 while the second and third rows rest upon intermediate pieces4 ,the fire gases pass through flues into the space over the furnace1 the top of which may be directly formed by the evaporating pans4 ,it is1 however1 more suitable to place the evaporating pans on one side and not run the collecting chamber for the fire gases directly into the chimney4 ,for the introduction of the retorts into1 and their removal from1 the furnace1 a narrow door is provided between each two vertical rows of retorts4 ,after placing the retorts in the furnace1 this door is closed with stones and the joints luted with clay4 ,every three retorts lying one above the other have a common receiver1 p1 for the collection of the phosphorus distilled off4 ,the necks1 r1 of the retorts terminate in the collecting pipe1 o4 ,the galley-furnaces1 previously described1 require the use of a fuel which yields a very long flame1 and can1 therefore1 be heated only with wood or very fat coal4 ,in order to render possible the use as fuel of coal yielding a short flame1 and especially of coke1 furnaces have been constructed which hold only a small number of retorts1 generally five1 placed in two rows1 by twos and threes1 one above the other4 ,the retorts are cylindrical in form1 and have a capacity equal to that of several smaller retorts4 ,the receivers for collecting the phosphorus distilling over from the retorts are made of clay1 and should be well glazed and smooth inside4 ,each receiver consists of two parts1 one of which is a cylindrical vessel open at the top1 into which the other part fits1 and is fixed by means of a rim1 which is prolonged so as to form a neck1 between which and the first part is inserted a tube fitted on the neck of the retort1 while the other end of this tube dips for about #d inches into the receiver1 the latter being filled with water4 ,under certain conditions enameled cast-iron may be used as a material for receivers1 but the enamel must be of such a nature as not to be attacked by the phosphorus vapors1 otherwise the receivers would in a short time be destroyed4 ,the retorts having been filled with the required quantity of mixture are placed in the furnace and the brickwork is restored4 ,the fire is then kindled and kept up very gently for some time in order to dry the fire clay used in joining the bricks4 ,the receivers are filled with water and fitted to the retorts4 ,in each receiver a small iron spoon is placed fastened to iron wire which serves as a stem4 ,after six to eight hours of firing the heat has been so much increased as to cause the expulsion of any moisture left in the material placed in the retorts1 while quantities of hydrocarbon gases and oxide of carbon are formed and expelled with the sulphurous acid4 ,subsequently other gases are given off1 and because they contain some hydrogen phosphide are spontaneously inflammable4 ,as soon as this phenomenon is observed the joints of the receivers and apparatus connecting it with the retorts are luted with clay1 care being taken to leave1 by the insertion of an iron wire1 a small opening for the escape of the gases1 which are as speedily as possible removed by well arranged ventilators from the building in which the furnace is placed4 ,the appearance of amorphous phosphorus at the small opening indicates the commencement of the distillation4 ,the spoon is then placed in the receiver in such a direction that any phosphorus coming over may collect in it4 ,during the progress of the operation1 and as long as any phosphorus distils over1 the evolution of combustible gases continues1 and consequently a small blue-colored flame is observed at the opening in the lute4 ,the water in the receiver is kept cool during the operation4 ,after forty-six hours1 with greatly-increased firing1 a full white heat is reached1 and the quantity of phosphorus coming over has decreased so much as to make a continuation of the ignition process wasteful4 ,the receivers are therefore disconnected from the retorts4 ,the receivers are taken to a special room and entirely submerged in large wooden troughs filled with water in order to drive off inflammable gases still contained in them and to cover the phosphorus with water4 ,they should be opened only after this has been done1 and every manufacturer should rigidly enforce the rule of carrying on the operation in the above-described manner4 ,crude phosphorus is very inflammable1 and when carelessly handled by the workmen may inflict horrible burns and1 as the phosphorus as a rule causes blood-poisoning1 such injuries generally cause death4 ,the phosphorus is then removed from the receivers 7always under water74 ,the trough in which this operation is effected should be provided1 a few inches above the actual bottom1 with a perforated false bottom upon which the receivers are placed4 ,the larger pieces of phosphorus taken from the receivers are collected1 under water1 in special vessels1 while the smaller pieces fall through the perforations of the false bottom to the actual bottom4 ,when all the receivers have been emptied1 the water in the trough is discharged into a large barrel in which it remains until the particles of phosphorus have subsided4 ,the water is then drawn off1 with the exception of a sufficient quantity to cover the phosphorus in the barrel4 ,the water from the receivers as well as from the troughs shows a quite strong acid reaction due to phosphoric acid1 which has been formed by the combustion of phosphorus and passed into solution4 ,in order not to lose this phosphoric acid1 the water is partly used for filling the receivers and partly for mixing the bone-ash before adding the sulphuric acid4 ,crude phosphorus is a mixture of crystalline 7ordinary7 phosphorus with amorphous phosphorus1 the reddish color of the mass being due to the latter4 ,it further contains phosphorus in various stages of oxidation1 free carbon1 and if impure sulphuric acid has been used1 arsenic in combination with phosphorus4 ,refining and purifying the phosphorus4 ,the crude phosphorus was formerly purified by forcing it through the pores of stout wash leather by means of a machine4 ,the crude phosphorus contained in a tightly tied piece of wash leather is placed on a perforated copper support situated in a vessel filled with water at #abb to #adj ,f4 ,as soon as the phosphorus is molten1 there is placed on the wash leather a wooden plate which by the aid of a mechanical arrangement and a lever can be forced downwards so as to cause the fluid phosphorus to pass through the pores of the leather1 the impurities being retained4 ,the phosphorus in the form of a slightly yellowish fluid collects on the bottom of the vessel and is immediately moulded into the shape in which it is brought into commerce4 ,the residue in the wash leather consists chiefly of charcoal dust and amorphous phosphorus4 ,the wash leather can1 as a rule1 be only used once1 and only small quantities of phosphorus can be worked at one time4 ,a more suitable process of purification is as follows3 ,porous1 unglazed porcelain or earthenware plates are fixed in an iron cylinder connected with a steam boiler4 ,the cylinder having been hermetically closed is placed in a vessel containing water at #adj ,f4 ,when the phosphorus is molten1 steam of a few atmospheres' pressure is admitted into the cylinder1 the phosphorus being thus forced through the earthenware plates4 ,the phosphorus obtained by either of these methods is free from mechanically admixed particles of charcoal and amorphous phosphorus1 but it is by no means pure1 as all the substances dissolved in it 7oxides of phosphorus7 pass through the filter4 ,the loss of phosphorus amounts to from #e to #f per cent4 of the weight of the crude product4 ,the masses taken from the filter plates are therefore collected and subjected by themselves to distillation in order to obtain the phosphorus contained in them4 ,to obtain pure phosphorus1 the crude product has to be subjected to distillation1 this operation being carried on in iron retorts of a peculiar make1 and shaped like the glass retorts used in chemical laboratories4 ,the necks of these retorts dip to a depth of to inch in water contained in a basin filled to the rim so that any phosphorus which is discharged into this water causes it to overflow4 ,the crude phosphorus having been fused under water is next mixed with #ab to #ae per cent4 of its weight of moist sand1 and this mixture placed in the retorts1 the object of the mixing with sand being to prevent the phosphorus becoming ignited during the filling of the retorts4 ,illustration3 ,,fig4 #ed4 ,fig4 #ed shows a distilling apparatus4 ,in consists of a cast-iron retort1 ,k1 fitted with a cast-iron dome1 ,h1 the joint being made tight by means of clay and screws4 ,the dome1 ,a1 tapers to a cone and terminates in a wide glass tube1 ,r1 bent at a right angle1 and having at the mouth a diameter of about #b inches4 ,this dome1 ,a1 dips inch deep in water contained in the copper gutter of the receiver filled to the brim4 ,the copper receiver1 ,p1 stands in water4 ,it contracts below in the form of a funnel1 and terminates in a pipe closed by a cock1 ,g1 to which is fitted a glass tube bent at a right angle4 ,the retort having been filled with the mixture of crude phosphorus and sand1 the dome1 ,h1 is placed in position and the apparatus brought into the furnace4 ,the dome is then connected with the condensing apparatus4 ,the fire is so regulated that the retort is uniformly heated from all sides in order to evaporate as quickly as possible the water still adhering to the phosphorus mixture1 since at a higher temperature the water acts upon the phosphorus1 and phosphoretted hydrogen is formed4 ,it being scarcely possible to entirely avoid the formation of the latter1 the receiver has been given the above-described form1 so that the disagreeable vapors formed by the ignition of the phosphoretted hydrogen cannot escape into the workroom4 ,the gas escapes through the conical dome4 ,a1 and the glass pipe1 ,r1 into the open air1 where it burns without molesting the workmen4 ,at first steam only escapes from the retort1 while later on phosphoretted hydrogen passes off4 ,the evolution of the latter1 however1 soon ceases almost entirely1 and the phosphorus distils uniformly over4 ,heating is continued until the retort shows a slight red heat1 all the phosphorus having by that time passed over4 ,the residue in the retort consists only of sand and charcoal4 ,the phosphorus passing over in the various stages of distillation shows different qualities4 ,the portion which passes over first is perfectly pure1 and when cold presents the appearance of bleached wax2 the portions passing over later on are of a yellowish-red color1 while the last portions are colored brick-red by amorphous phosphorus1 and have to be collected by themselves4 ,they are again brought into the retort in the subsequent operation4 ,in order to be able to separate the phosphorus passing over according to quality1 the receiver for the melted mass is fitted with a conical bottom furnished with a glass tube which can be closed by the cock ,g4 ,this glass pipe leads to a tank filled with warm water1 in which the collecting vessel is immersed4 ,the phosphorus collecting in this vessel is from time to time allowed to run into a vessel filled with water1 another vessel being substituted when the phosphorus commences to show a yellowish color4 ,moulding the refined phosphorus4 ,it has long been the custom to mould phosphorus into the shape of sticks formed by the aid of a glass tube open at both ends1 one of these being placed in molten phosphorus covered by a stratum of warm water4 ,the liquid phosphorus is sucked by the operator into the tube until it is quite filled4 ,the lower opening of the tube being kept under water is closed by the finger of the operator2 the tube is instantly transferred to a vessel filled with very cold water by which the phosphorus is solidified4 ,it is removed from the glass tube by pushing it out with a glass rod or iron wire while being held under water4 ,independent of its danger1 the method of moulding above described is not suitable for the manufacture on a large scale1 and various contrivances have been introduced for this purpose2 the apparatus constructed by ,seubert being much used4 ,it consists of a copper boiler fitted on a furnace4 ,to the flat bottom of this boiler is fitted by hard solder an open copper trough communicating with a water-tank4 ,in the boiler is fitted a copper funnel provided with a horizontal tube4 ,this portion of the apparatus is intended for the reception of the phosphorus4 ,at the end of the horizontal tube is placed a stopcock1 while the portion of the projecting mouth of the tube beyond the cock is widened out and fitted by means of bolts and nuts1 with a flange-like copper plate1 into which are inserted two glass tubes4 ,into the copper trough is let a wooden partition1 which serves the purpose of supporting the glass tubes as well as of preventing the communication of the hot water in the boiler and a portion of the trough with the cold water of the tank and the portion of the trough nearest to it4 ,the phosphorus having been introduced in the boiler1 the water is gently warmed so as to cause the fusion of the phosphorus4 ,as the warm water reaches to the wooden partition1 it is evident that on opening and closing the cock at the end of the horizontal tube1 some phosphorus will pass through and flow out of the glass tubes1 but that remaining in these tubes will solidify1 and on opening again the cock at the end of the horizontal tube1 the solid sticks of phosphorus may be removed from the glass tubes by taking hold of the piece of projecting phosphorus1 the phosphorus being immediately immersed under water in the tank1 and kept there protected from the action of the light4 ,notwithstanding its apparently very practical arrangement1 ,seubert's apparatus possesses many disadvantages1 the principal drawback to its use being that the phosphorus-sticks frequently stick so firmly in the glass tubes that the operation of moulding has to be interrupted1 the tubes removed1 and the phosphorus stick pushed out with a stout wire4 ,furthermore1 the melted phosphorus in flowing in frequently causes the glass tubes to crack4 ,hence many factories have returned to the old method of moulding by sucking the fused phosphorus into glass tubes4 ,to render this operation perfectly free from danger1 the apparatus shown in ,fig4 #ee has been devised1 by means of which a larger quantity of phosphorus can in a short time be moulded into sticks4 ,a hollow prism1 ,p1 of stout sheet-iron is fitted at its lower end with #h to #ab short tubes4 ,in the latter are inserted air-tight1 by means of rubber1 #ab glass tubes1 ,g1 each about #c feet long and somewhat contracted at the lower end4 ,two iron rods1 ,e1 are fitted to the prism and1 by means of suitably-shaped pieces of cork1 serve to hold the glass tubes in their proper position4 ,to the back of the prism is secured a rubber tube1 ,l1 which communicates with a small air-pump1 and to the upper surface of the prism is fixed a handle4 ,illustration3 ,,fig4 #ee4 ,the phosphorus to be moulded is fused in a shallow vessel of such a shape that a portion of it is covered only about #b inches deep with water4 ,the glass tubes are placed in the fused phosphorus and the air is sucked from them by means of the air-pump2 the external air-pressure forcing the fused phosphorus into the glass tube4 ,the tubes are now sufficiently raised to allow of a rubber plate being pushed under their mouths in the shallower portion of the vessel4 ,the rubber plate is pressed against the tubes and the entire apparatus placed in a vessel filled with cold water4 ,the phosphorus solidifies very rapidly in the lower narrower portions of the tubes1 and the latter are immediately detached from the prism and replaced by others4 ,the phosphorus when entirely cold is pushed from the glass tubes by means of a wire or wooden stick4 ,in some factories the phosphorus is moulded in wedge-shaped sheet-metal boxes4 ,in packing two such wedges are laid together with their longitudinal sides so as to form a prism4 ,phosphorus is stored either in strong sheet-iron tanks or in wooden boxes lined with tinned sheet-iron and covered with a stratum of water fully #a inches deep4 ,for shipping smaller quantities of phosphorus1 the sticks are packed in tinned sheet-iron boxes and the latter having been filled up with water1 the lid is soldered on4 ,to prevent the water from freezing in winter1 it is advisable to mix it with spirits of wine4 ,manufacture of phosphorus with the assistance of electricity4 ,readman and ,parker have recently devised a process for the manufacture of phosphorus on a large scale in a continuously working apparatus by means of a powerful electric current1 such as is yielded by a larger dynamo4 ,the mixture used for the operation differs from the ordinary one of calcium phosphate and charcoal1 in that it contains in addition a slag-forming body--a flux--silicic acid 7quartz sand7 being at first used for the purpose4 ,numerous experiments1 however1 have shown kaolin or pipe clay1 i4 e41 aluminium silicate1 to be more suitable4 ,when a mixture of calcium phosphate1 charcoal and aluminium silicate is exposed to the action of the voltaic arc the following process takes place3 ,by the extraordinarily high temperature prevailing in the proximity of the arc1 the reduction to phosphorus of the phosphoric acid contained in the calcium phosphate is very rapidly effected4 ,the liberated calcium combines immediately with the aluminium silicate to a calcium-aluminium-silicate1 i4 e41 to a glass fusible with the greatest difficulty which1 however1 at the high temperature possessed by the voltaic arc becomes fluid like water4 ,the apparatus employed is1 generally speaking1 similar to the electric furnaces now in use4 ,the mass to be treated is contained in a carbon crucible in which the two electrodes are placed opposite to one another1 so that the electric current must pass through the mass4 ,however1 since the phosphorus at the moment of liberation would1 on coming in contact with oxygen1 immediately burn again to phosphorus pentoxide1 the apparatus has to be so arranged that the entire process passes off in an entirely indifferent gas1 and the condensation of the phosphorus vapors takes place under the same conditions4 ,fig4 #ef shows the apparatus employed for the electrolytic manufacture of phosphorus4 ,illustration3 ,,fig4 #ef4 ,the carbon crucible1 a1 is enclosed by a clay jacket1 which serves as an insulator of heat1 and is closed by a graphite cover1 c4 ,through the bottom and the cover of the crucible pass the two electrodes1 k k1 which conduct the current1 and between which the voltaic arc is formed4 ,to prevent the upper electrode from becoming too highly heated during the operation1 it is constantly cooled by water admitted at g1 and running off at f4 ,through the pipes h and l an indifferent gas--as a rule1 illuminating gas--is conducted into the apparatus and escapes together with the phosphorus vapors through the pipe d4 ,in operating with the apparatus1 the reduction soon takes place1 and the phosphorus vapors escape through d1 while a thinly-fluid slag remains behind in the crucible4 ,the slag is discharged through a pipe not shown in the illustration1 and a fresh charge of the mixture brought into the crucible a1 the process of reduction being thus carried on without interruption4 ,the phosphorus vapors escaping from d are conducted through a cooled pipe and condense to a liquid in water heated to between #abb and #adj ,f4 contained in a receiver4 ,although the electrolytic method of manufacturing phosphorus is of quite recent origin1 a considerable portion of the phosphorus brought into commerce is now prepared in that manner1 it being cheaper than the older processes which involve a very large consumption of fuel4 ,,chapter ,,vii4 ,,methods ,,of ,,bleaching ,,glue4 ,many experiments have been made to bleach glue1 i4 e41 to obtain masses as colorless as possible1 or at least slightly colored1 the resulting product being more valuable than the dark-colored one4 a4 ,bleaching in the ,air4 ,the principal requisite for obtaining a beautiful bleached glue is that the unbleached product is clear1 i4 e41 transparent1 even if of a dark color1 this being the best criterion of well-made glue4 ,glue may be bleached whilst being prepared1 or the finished cakes may be subjected to the bleaching process4 ,for the purpose of obtaining pale-colored glue from skin or cartilage it is advisable to expose the materials in thin layers to the direct action of the sun4 ,moist oxygen when acted upon by the sun is converted into ozone1 which exerts an extraordinary bleaching effect upon organic substances4 b4 ,bleaching with ,chlorine4 ,the powerful bleaching effect of a solution of chlorine in water upon organic matter is well known2 the water is decomposed1 and bleaching is effected by the oxygen which is liberated4 ,hence skin and cartilage may also be bleached by placing them in a vessel filled with weak solution of chlorine in water and leaving them in contact with it until the fluid shows no longer an odor of chlorine4 ,when bleaching is finished the materials are suspended in a certain quantity of hydrochloric acid1 which has finally to be removed by repeated treatment with water4 c4 ,bleaching with ,animal ,charcoal4 ,animal charcoal is distinguished by its great power of absorbing coloring as well as odoriferous matter1 and may also be used for discoloring glue-liquors4 ,this may be done by allowing the thin liquor1 as it comes from the glue-boiler1 to run through a filter filled with animal charcoal1 or with the use of charcoal dust4 ,in the latter case the glue-liquor is collected in a clarifying vessel and a quantity of charcoal dust amounting to about #c to #d per cent4 of the weight of the glue in the liquor stirred in4 ,the finely divided charcoal sinks slowly down1 carrying with it the solid particles suspended in the liquor1 and collects on the bottom of the clarifying vessel in the form of a black slime4 ,in order to discolor the glue-liquor as much as possible1 when working on a large scale1 it is recommended to use a number of cylinders filled with animal charcoal4 ,these cylinders are connected one with the other in such a manner that the glue-liquor runs into the first cylinder from the top1 passes out from the lower end of this cylinder through a pipe into the second cylinder1 traverses this from bottom to top1 passes into the third cylinder from the top1 and so on4 ,the animal charcoal in the first cylinder loses its discoloring power first4 ,the cylinder is then disengaged1 freshly charged and placed last in the series of filters1 the process being the same with the second cylinder1 and so on1 so that after a certain time all the cylinders have alternately occupied the first and last places in the series of filters4 ,by the use of animal charcoal it is even possible to render very dark and badly-smelling glue1 entirely colorless and free from odor4 ,the darker the glue is1 the longer it must1 of course1 be subjected to the action of the animal charcoal4 d4 ,bleaching with ,sulphurous ,acid4 ,bleaching of the glue-liquor itself by means of sulphurous acid is best effected in the clarifying vat4 ,for this purpose1 the latter is fitted with a lead pipe reaching to the bottom and terminating in a perforated coil4 ,through this pipe gaseous sulphurous acid1 generated in a suitable sulphur-burner is forced through the liquor by means of a force-pump4 ,the sulphurous acid is dissolved in the glue-liquor1 the latter being thereby bleached4 ,when the liquor has acquired a much paler color and a strong odor of sulphurous acid is perceptible in the air over the vat1 the introduction of gaseous sulphurous acid is interrupted and the liquor allowed quietly to clarify1 the acid dissolved in it exerting during this time a further bleaching effect4 ,by this means ordinary brown joiners' glue of good quality may be converted into a pale-yellow product similar to the variety known as gilder's glue4 ,illustration3 ,,fig4 #eg4 ,for bleaching finished glue1 solution of sulphurous acid in water may be used1 the apparatus shown in ,figs4 #eg and #eh being suitable for the purpose4 ,the apparatus for the production of the acid solution consists of the sulphur-burner ,o1 the wash-vessel for the gas ,w1 and the vessel ,t for dissolving the gas in water4 ,the sulphur-burner ,o is a small brick vault of sufficient size to hold a vessel ,s having a capacity of a few quarts4 ,in front the sulphur-burner is provided with a well-fitting door ,j1 which is furnished with a small aperture for the introduction of an iron pipe into the burner4 ,the lead-pipe ,r leads from ,o to the bottom of the wash-vessel ,w1 and from the lid of the latter rises a pipe ,r#a1 and runs along the bottom of the trough filled with water4 ,this trough is provided with a wooden lid and the cock ,h1 and by means of the latter the fluid can be discharged into the vessel ,g4 ,illustration3 ,,fig4 #eh4 ,the trough ,t is filled with water and ,w is also filled three-quarters full4 ,in the burner ,o is placed a dish ,s filled with sulphur1 and the latter ignited4 ,the door is then closed and air blown in through ,a by means of a bellows1 the joints of the door ,j being at the same time luted with clay4 ,in contact with air1 the sulphur burns to sulphur dioxide4 ,the latter is freed in the wash-vessel from sulphur vapor which has been carried along1 and passes from ,r#a through the numerous perforations into the water in ,t where it is dissolved to sulphurous acid4 ,saturation with sulphurous acid of the fluid in the trough is complete when the suffocating odor of the acid is perceptible in the proximity of ,t4 ,the fluid is then discharged1 replaced by water1 which is again saturated with sulphuric acid1 and so on4 ,the cakes of glue to be bleached are placed in a trough 7,fig4 #eh71 in which are arranged several frames1 ,b1 covered with linen4 ,the cakes of glue are placed upon these frames and the trough is filled with sulphurous acid so that it stands a few inches deep over the uppermost frame4 ,the cakes of glue swell up rapidly in the solution of sulphurous acid1 and yielding up their salts become bleached4 ,after twelve hours the fluid is discharged through the cock1 ,h1 and if glue of a particularly fine appearance is to be produced the cakes are treated twice more with solution of sulphurous acid4 ,when bleaching is finished the trough is filled with clean water1 in which the glue is allowed to remain for a few hours1 when the frames are lifted out and the cakes dried4 ,by this method glue may be bleached to such an extent as to render it fit as a substitute for gelatine for many purposes1 for instance1 for the imitation of thin plates of ivory4 ,dr4 ,bruno ,terne's apparatus 7,fig4 #dj71 previously described1 may also be used for the generation of sulphurous acid for bleaching purposes4 ,,chapter ,,viii4 ,,different ,,varieties ,,of ,,glue ,,and ,,their ,,preparation4 ,besides the broadly-distinguished forms of skin-and bone-glue1 the trade recognizes a large number of varieties1 distinguished either by their value or their fitness for special purposes4 ,joiner's ,glue4--,this variety is without doubt the oldest in use and most in demand1 and its principal requisite is its great adhesive power4 ,it is used for joining wood1 leather1 paper1 etc41 and varies very much in quality and price4 ,the best variety is prepared from scraps of hide and skin4 ,a light color not being especially demanded1 there existing rather a prejudice in favor of a dark-colored article1 waste of cattle and horse skins and tendons can be used for its manufacture4 ,joiner's glue1 which is generally preferred in thin cakes1 is chiefly manufactured in regular glue factories1 though to be able to compete with the bone-glue turned out by the large establishments1 the glue-boiler generally mixes skin and bone-glue1 and is thus enabled to turn out a tolerably good quality4 ,the price paid for the different varieties of joiner's glue varies very much1 being generally higher in winter than in summer1 and is frequently more regulated by the external appearance of the article than by its actual value4 ,glue without gloss1 very much warped and of a very dark color1 may1 notwithstanding its faulty appearance1 possess excellent qualities4 ,nothing need be said about the manufacture of joiner's glue1 since what has been said about the manufacture of glue in general suffices for the purpose4 ,how to make and use glue4 ,break the glue into small pieces1 put it into an iron kettle1 cover it with water1 and allow it to soak twelve hours2 after soaking boil until done4 ,then pour into a box which can be covered air-tight2 leave the cover off until cold1 then cover up tight4 ,as glue is required1 cut out a portion and melt in the usual way4 ,expose no more of the made glue to the atmosphere for any length of time than is necessary1 as the atmosphere is very destructive to made glue4 ,all glue1 as received from the factory1 requires the addition of water before it will melt properly1 and every addition of water 7while the glue is fresh made7 will1 up to a certain point1 increase its adhesiveness and elasticity4 ,some glues will bear more water than others1 but all will bear more water than usually falls to their share1 and that1 too1 with a greater improvement in the quality of the work4 ,for glue to be properly effective1 it requires to penetrate the pores of the wood1 and the more a body of glue penetrates the wood the more substantial the joint will remain4 ,glues that take the longest to dry are to be preferred to those that dry quickly1 the slow-drying glues being always the strongest1 other things being equal4 ,never heat made glue in a pot that is subjected to the direct heat of the fire or a lamp4 ,all such methods of heating glue cannot be condemned in terms too strong4 ,do not use thick glue for joints or veneering4 ,in all cases work it well into the wood in a manner similar to what painters do with paint4 ,glue both surfaces of your work excepting in the case of veneering4 ,never glue upon hot wood1 as it will absorb all the water in the glue too suddenly1 and leave only a very little residue1 with no adhesiveness in it whatever4 ,holding power of glue4 #a4 ,glue exerts a far greater hold on surfaces of wood cut across the grain than on those that have been split1 or cut with the grain4 #b4 ,when two surfaces of split wood are laid together1 the hold of the glue is the same whether the fibres are laid parallel or crosswise to each other4 #c4 ,the holding power of glue on different woods estimated in kilogrammes per square centimeter 7#j4aee square inch7 is as follows3 ,cut across the grain4 ,split4 ,beech1 #aee4ee 7#cdb4ba lbs47 #gh4hc 7#agc4db lbs47 ,hornbeam1 #abf4ej 7#bgh4cj lbs47 #gi4af 7#agd4ae lbs47 ,maple1 #hg4ff 7#aib4he lbs47 #fc4jj 7#ach4f lbs47 ,oak1 #abh4cd 7#bhb4cd lbs47 #ee4af 7#aba4ce lbs47 ,fir1 #aaj4ej 7#bdc4aj lbs47 #bd4af 7#ec4ae lbs47 ,cologne glue4 ,the variety of glue known under this name is prepared from selected scraps of hide and skin1 and is consequently very pure1 and possesses great adhesive power4 ,it is of a light-brown color1 and comes into commerce in short thick cakes of great hardness4 ,it is an excellent quality of glue1 and is preferred to all others by bookbinders1 workers in leather1 etc4 ,there are many imitations of this variety1 bone-glue being frequently sold as ,cologne glue4 ,the genuine article is manufactured from refuse of hide1 which1 after liming1 is carefully bleached in a bath of chloride of lime1 the concentration of which depends on the darker or lighter color of the glue-stock4 ,for #bbj lbs4 of glue-stock1 it is generally customary to use #a lb4 of chloride of lime mixed with sufficient water to cover the stock4 ,after thorough impregnation of the glue-stock1 which generally requires about half an hour1 add sufficient hydrochloric acid to impart an acid taste to the bath of chloride of lime4 ,to be able to mix the mass thoroughly1 it is best to use a vat provided with a stirring apparatus4 ,after allowing the acid to act for a quarter of an hour1 remove every trace of it by careful washing4 ,to obtain a jelly as clear as possible1 the gelatinous liquor is drawn off as soon as the thin portions of the glue-stock and the outside of the thicker ones are dissolved1 they being more thoroughly bleached than the rest4 ,the residue is worked into darker glue4 ,russian glue4 ,this variety is of a dirty white color1 and1 like ,cologne glue1 is brought into commerce in short1 thick cakes4 ,its color and opaqueness are imparted to it by an addition of #d to #h per cent4 of white lead1 chalk1 zinc white1 or permanent white 7sulphate of baryta74 ,it has been claimed that the superior adhesive power of ,russian glue is due to this addition of mineral substances1 but the results of many experiments fail to substantiate this claim4 ,in case the glue turns out turbid1 it may be of advantage to make it opaque by an addition of coloring matter1 but the quality of the glue remains unchanged4 ,the best time to add the coloring matter is shortly before drawing the glue-liquor from the clarifying vats into the cooling boxes1 as the jelly is then of sufficient consistency to prevent the substances from settling on the bottom4 ,skin-glue1 as well as bone-glue1 is sold under the name of ,russian glue4 ,quite a considerable quantity of ,russian glue brought into commerce in the form of brownish-white sheets is prepared from bones1 the latter being degreased by boiling1 steaming or extraction1 and the solution of the mineral constituents effected by means of hydrochloric acid4 ,the treatment with acid is1 however1 continued only till the bones commence to become soft and flexible4 ,the solution of phosphates is then drawn off1 and the softened bones are washed and in the usual manner worked to glue4 ,by this incomplete treatment with hydrochloric acid1 a certain quantity of the phosphates remains in the cartilage and is inclosed in the glue prepared from it1 the finished product acquiring thereby a dirty whitish color1 which is by many considered an evidence of its quality4 ,this mechanical admixture of phosphates1 however1 does not affect the adhesive power of the glue1 neither increasing or decreasing it4 ,such white and opaque glue is manufactured to answer the demand in certain quarters of the trade1 and1 as above mentioned1 heavy white substances are often intentionally incorporated with skin glue1 as well as bone glue1 to give it the appearance of ,russian glue4 ,these heavy powders add to the weight of the product1 though when incorporated with it in small quantities do not injure its adhesive power1 but large quantities render the product weaker4 ,patent glue4 ,this term is applied to an indefinite number of preparations1 but particularly refers to a very pure variety of bone glue of a deep dark-brown color not showing net marks4 ,it is very glossy1 and swells up much in water4 ,to satisfy the demand for thick cakes1 they must be cut from very concentrated jelly to insure their drying4 ,gilder's glue is found in commerce in very thin1 pale yellow cakes tied up in packages weighing about #b lbs4 each4 ,it is a variety of skin glue bleached with chloride of lime1 and dissolves with difficulty in water4 ,the first runnings from the boiler are used for its manufacture4 ,a very superior article of gilder's glue is obtained by cutting rabbit skins into fine shreds and boiling in water1 then turning the mixture into a basket through which the liquid passes1 leaving the refuse behind4 ,about #ajj grammes 7#c4eb ozs47 of sulphate of zinc and #bj grammes 7#j4gje oz47 of alum are then separately dissolved in pure boiling water and poured into the first-mentioned liquid1 and the whole well stirred together while hot4 ,the mixture is then passed through a sieve into a rectangular box1 in which the jelly remains twenty-four hours in winter1 or forty-eight in summer4 ,the solid mass is taken from the box1 cut into slices of proper thickness1 and dried upon nets4 ,size glue and parchment glue are manufactured in the same manner4 ,both are skin-glues1 and can be readily produced by following the directions given for the manufacture of skin-glue4 ,paris glue is used for sizing4 ,it is brown1 opaque1 and almost always soft4 ,being very hygroscopic1 and imparting a suitable flexibility to the felt1 it is better adapted for hatter's use than any other variety4 ,for its manufacture only the generative organs1 or the thick tendons of the legs of cattle and horses1 are used1 or other waste and fleshy parts1 and substances mixed with small bones1 which1 if thoroughly cleansed1 might yield a good quality of glue1 but are intentionally transformed by too long-continued boiling1 whereby the gelatinous solution is largely deprived of its adhesive power1 and yields a hygroscopic product4 ,liquid ,glues4 ,these are chiefly combinations of glue with some ingredients added to destroy the gelatinizing property and yet not impair its adhesiveness4 ,they remain for a long time clear and syrupy1 and are used for a variety of purposes4 ,below are given a few receipts for such glues4 #a4 ,dissolve #ch parts of glue in small pieces in #ajj parts of acetic acid4 ,solution is promoted by exposing the vessel to the sun or placing it in hot water4 #b4 ,dissolve #ej parts of light-colored glue in #ej parts by weight of hot water1 in which #ad parts of fused magnesium chloride have been dissolved4 ,the solution on cooling does not gelatinize1 but remains syrupy1 the density varying according to the quantity of water used4 ,in the preparation of printing inks it can be used as a substitute for gum4 #c4 ,dilute #aj parts of strong phosphoric acid with an equal weight of water1 and then gradually add #d parts of ammonium carbonate in the dry state4 ,when the effervescence has subsided1 add a further #e parts of water and warm on the water-bath or steam-chest to #aeh ,f4 ,now add #bj to #dj parts of glue1 according to the consistency required1 and stir until all is dissolved4 ,cool4 #d4 ,dissolve #bj parts of glue in an equal weight of hot water1 then cautiously pour in1 stirring constantly1 #d parts of strong nitric acid1 warm until the nitrous fumes have been driven off1 filter1 if necessary1 through fine shavings1 and allow to cool4 #e4 ,dissolve #c parts of glue in small pieces in #ab to #ae parts of saccharate of lime4 ,by heating1 the glue dissolves rapidly and remains liquid1 when cold1 without loss of adhesive power4 ,any desirable consistency can be secured by varying the amount of saccharate of lime4 ,thick glue retains its muddy color1 while a thin solution becomes clear on standing4 ,the saccharate of lime is prepared by dissolving #a part of loaf sugar in #c parts of water1 and after adding one-fourth part of the weight of sugar of slaked lime1 heating the whole to between #adi and #ahe ,f41 and allowing it to macerate for several days1 shaking it frequently4 ,the solution1 which has the properties of mucilage1 is then decanted from the sediment4 ,the solution of the glue in saccharate of lime is readily accomplished1 even old gelatine1 which has become insoluble in water1 dissolving without difficulty4 ,this variety of liquid glue possesses great adhesive power1 and admits of many uses4 #f4 ,dissolve #h parts of glue in #af parts of hot water1 then add to #a part of hydrochloric acid1 and #a parts of sulphate of zinc4 ,keep the mixture for #h hours at #aeh ,f41 then filter through fine shavings1 and allow to cool4 ,steam glue4 ,under this name several varieties of liquid glue are brought into commerce4 ,they are prepared as follows3-- #a4 ,russian steam-glue4 #ajj parts of a good quality of glue1 #ajj to #aaj parts of warm water1 and #e4e to #f parts of commercial nitric acid of #cf ,b4 #b4 ,pale steam-glue4 #ajj parts of glue1 #bjj of water1 and #ab of nitric acid of #cf ,b4 #c4 ,dark steam-glue4 #ajj parts of glue1 #adj of water1 and #af of nitric acid of #cf ,b4 ,soak the glue in cold water1 then pour the necessary quantity of warm water over it1 and heat gently on a water-bath until all the glue is dissolved4 ,next add gradually the nitric acid with constant stirring1 and to the ,russian steam-glue #f parts of finely pulverized sulphate of lead1 which will impart to it the white color4 ,chrome glue4 ,this preparation is very permanent and durable4 ,to prepare it add to a moderately concentrated solution of #e parts of glue #a of dissolved acid chromate of lime1 this salt being considered better for the purpose than the bichromate of potash usually used4 ,the glue thus prepared becomes1 after exposure to the light1 insoluble in water in consequence of a partial reduction of the chromic acid4 ,this preparation can be used for cementing glass articles1 liable to be exposed to boiling water1 the treatment being the ordinary one of applying the glue to both surfaces of the fractured object1 and then binding them together until dry1 and exposing them for a sufficient length of time to the light1 after which boiling water will have no effect upon them4 ,it is suggested that this preparation is better adapted to cementing the covers on glass slides than any now in use4 ,the same preparation can be applied for making fabrics water-proof1 especially sails1 awnings1 etc41 where no great flexibility is required4 ,two or three applications of the glue1 either by immersion of the object in it1 or by the use of the brush1 will answer the purpose4 ,roofing paper is also rendered impervious1 even when exposed to long-continued rains4 ,glue for attaching leather to metal4 ,a method of affixing leather to metal1 so that it will split before it can be torn off1 consists in digesting a quantity of nutgalls1 reduced to powder1 in eight parts of distilled water for six hours1 and filtering it through a cloth2 then dissolving one part by weight of glue in the same quantity of water1 and allowing it to remain twenty-four hours4 ,the leather is moistened with the decoction of nutgalls and the solution of glue applied to the metal1 previously roughened and heated4 ,the leather is then laid upon it1 and dried under pressure4 ,glue for leather1 paper1 etc4 ,the following process affords an unusually adhesive paste1 adapted to fastening leather1 paper1 etc41 without the defects of glue1 and if preserved from evaporation in closed bottles will keep for years4 ,cover #d parts1 by weight1 of glue with #ae parts of cold water1 and allow it to soak for several hours2 then warm moderately till the solution is perfectly clear1 and dilute it with #fe parts of boiling water1 intimately stirred in4 ,next prepare a solution of #cj parts of starch in #bjj of cold water1 so as to form a thin homogeneous liquid free from lumps1 and pour the boiling glue solution into it with thorough stirring1 and at the same time keeping the mass boiling4 ,glue for parchment paper in making sausage skins4 ,the supply of intestines soon being exhausted by the enormous quantity of pease-sausages manufactured for the ,german army during the ,franco-,german war1 the necessity arose for a substitute4 ,this consisted of a tube of parchment glued together4 ,millions of these tubes from ,dr4 ,jacobsen's factory were tested by the government1 and found to answer the purpose admirably4 ,they were even boiled for hours without either the glued seam or the paper itself being injured by the operation4 ,the secret of the composition of the glue employed for fastening the parchment paper seems to be well kept1 but the one given in the following is equal to it in all respects1 if not indeed identical3 ,add to one quart of a good adhesive solution of glue to #a oz4 of finely powdered bichromate of potash4 ,warm the mixture slightly on a water-bath when about to use it1 and before applying it moisten the parchment paper4 ,the latter1 when glued with this preparation1 as in the formation of the small cylinders for sausages1 must be rapidly dried on a hurdle1 and then exposed to the light until the yellow glue becomes brownish4 ,the cylinders are then slowly boiled in a sufficient quantity of water to which two or three per cent4 of alum has been added1 until all the chromate is dissolved out1 and they are then washed in cold water and dried1 and will look very inviting1 especially if white glue has been used4 ,a similar result may be reached by using a concentrated solution of cellulose in ammoniacal oxide of copper4 ,thus if cylinders of unsized paper are formed with this paste1 and when thoroughly dry drawn through a parchmentizing solution 7a cooled mixture of #b volumes of fuming sulphuric acid and #a volume of water71 they will be beautifully parchmentized1 and after the neutralization of the acid1 washing1 etc41 it will present a striking resemblance to natural intestines4 ,tungstic glue4 ,this preparation offers an acceptable substitute for hard ,india rubber4 ,it is made by mixing a thick solution of glue with tungstate of soda and hydrochloric acid1 by means of which a compound of tungstic acid and glue is precipitated1 which1 at a temperature of #hf to #ajd ,f41 is sufficiently elastic to admit of being drawn out into very thin sheets4 ,on cooling1 this mass becomes solid and brittle1 and on being heated is again soft and plastic4 ,it can be used for all purposes to which hard rubber is adapted4 ,indestructible mass for the manufacture of ornaments1 toys1 etc4 ,a mass1 which is to have the hardness of horn1 consists of #ej parts of glue1 #ce of wax or rosin1 #ae of glycerine and the required quantity of a metallic oxide1 or mineral color4 ,a soft mass consists of about #ej parts of glue1 #be of wax or rosin1 and #be of glycerine4 ,the glue is melted in the glycerine with the assistance of steam1 and the wax or rosin added4 ,the latter in melting mixes with the glue and glycerine1 and finally the mineral color is added4 ,the mass is poured in a liquid state into moulds of plaster of ,paris1 wood1 or metal4 ,the degree of hardness of the mass is increased by an addition of #cj to #ce per cent4 of zinc white1 or other mineral color1 according to the color the article is to have4 ,compound for billiard balls4 ,allow #hj parts of ,russian glue and #aj parts of ,cologne glue to swell up in #aj parts of water2 then heat over a water-bath1 and when dissolved1 add #e parts of heavy spar1 #d parts of chalk and #a part of boiled linseed oil4 ,of a portion of the mass form small sticks1 dip them in the remainder1 and allow the adherent portion to dry1 and repeat this process until a crude ball has been formed4 ,this is placed in a dry room for three or four months1 and when thoroughly dry1 it is turned4 ,the finished ball is placed in a bath of sulphate of alumina for one hour1 dried1 and polished like an ivory ball4 ,coloring glue4 ,common black or dark glue1 while possessing all the adhesive and other essential qualities of fine colored glue1 has heretofore1 owing to its color1 been confined in its use to such purposes in the arts where color was not essential4 ,the object of the following process1 which is the invention of ,g4 ,j4 ,lesser1 of ,frankfort1 ,germany1 is to color such glue so that it is both refined and tinted1 and may be used for various purposes in the arts4 ,it is especially applicable in the manufacture of sizing and finishing compounds for paper hangings1 compounds for the manufacture of elastic rolls1 for glue and size compounds for finishing yarns1 textile fabrics of silk1 cotton1 etc41 for the manufacture of calcimines and wall-coverings1 for glue to be used with colored woods1 and for all other purposes where a fine1 strong-colored glue is required4 ,for coloring common black or dark glue take a pound and a half of liquid extract of lead and mix it into the water in which the glue has been soaked1 as follows3 ,thirteen pounds of glue1 sixty-three and a quarter pounds of water4 ,allow the glue to soak for about twenty-four hours1 then dilute it by a slow fire1 and when heated gradually pour in one and a half pounds of the extract of lead and mix it well together4 ,the extract of lead is a well-known commercial article1 and it is well suited for this purpose2 but the inventor does not limit himself to this particular preparation1 as there are a larger number of neutral and basic compounds of lead that may be so modified as to produce results similar1 if not identical1 with the results obtained by the formula above given4 ,gelatine may be treated instead of glue4 ,compositions for printing rollers4 ,all such compositions contain gelatine or glue4 ,the following receipts are used3 ,i4 ,,ii4 ,,iii4 ,,iv4 ,v4 ,,vi4 ,,vii4 ,,viii4 ---------------------------------------- ------------- ,glue #h #aj #d #b #cb #b #a #c ,molasses #ab -- #h #a #ab #f #b #h ,paris white #a -- -- -- -- -- -- #a ,sugar -- #aj -- -- -- -- -- -- ,glycerin -- #ab -- -- #ef -- -- -- ,isinglass -- #a ozs4 -- -- -- -- -- -- ,india rubber -- -- -- -- #aj -- -- -- in naphtha ,a patent roller composition is thus made3 ,gelatine #cb lbs4 and glue #d lbs4 are softened in cold water and melted in a glue boiler4 ,to this are added #d lbs4 of glucose1 #gb lbs4 of glycerine1 and #a oz4 of methylated spirit4 ,the whole is then digested for four to six hours and cast into rollers4 ,this composition is claimed to be unaffected by temperature1 to retain its elasticity1 and not to shrink4 ,in practice it is found that all these compositions from the cleansing and remelting become gradually sticky and useless4 ,to partially overcome this difficulty1 formaldehyde is added to the roller composition1 which renders the glue insoluble in water1 and thus prolongs the life of the roller4 ,size4 ,this product is simply an undried glue and is used1 not for adhesiveness1 but as a body for filling porous surfaces1 such as wood or plaster1 stiffening and weighting textile fabrics1 in paper manufacture1 and as a foundation for oil paints and varnishes4 ,according to ,thomas ,lambert1 many firms who have a good selling connection for size1 do not go to the expense of erecting clarifying plant and drying house for treating the glue-liquors1 but prefer to stop the process half way1 as it were1 and marketing the resulting product as size4 ,others1 again1 with a complete glue plant at hand1 convert only a portion of their liquors into size1 to meet trade demands1 the bulk going for the manufacture of glue4 ,size varies in quality to suit the requirements of different trades4 ,cardboard box-makers prefer a strong skin size1 which is manufactured red or yellow as preferred4 ,a strong yellow size made from bone is used by calico-printers1 paper-stainers1 wall-paper manufacturers1 and in the straw-hat and carpet trades4 ,in the preparation of skin-glue1 the first and second liquors are used for that purpose2 the residual mass is then treated with water and steam1 which practically exhausts the gelatinous matter4 ,this1 the third liquor1 is used solely for size4 ,during the boiling1 samples are taken at intervals1 cooled1 and the condition of the jelly noted4 ,the strength is also taken by the glue meter1 which registers the percentage4 ,at a strength of #h to #aj per cent4 the liquor is run off1 passing through a filter of fine shavings or cloth1 to remove any suspended matter1 into a wooden vat fitted with a steam coil1 then heated with a moderate charge of sulphurous acid to bring up the color1 and evaporated to a strength of #cf to #ch per cent41 as may be desired1 and then run into casks to jelly4 ,if skin-glue is not made1 the three runnings are used entirely for size4 ,an outline of a simple process used in an ,english factory devoted to making tub-size1 as given by ,samuel ,rideal1 may be interesting4 ,the material is obtained from the tanyard ready limed and freed from hair1 and consists mainly of 8faces0 of bullocks or cows1 the noses being cut off as food for dogs4 ,it is soaked again in weak lime water and re-washed1 then placed in coppers made of wrought-iron wielded in one piece1 and holding about #aj to #bj gallons1 enclosed in outer jackets of the same material containing water which is kept well boiling4 ,there are six coppers1 about five feet high by three feet in diameter4 ,the charge of each is about cwt4 ,the material is covered with water and well stirred with sticks for two hours1 the scum and dross being occasionally skimmed off and thrown away as useless4 ,at the end the size is ladled on to sieves1 from which it runs into cooling vats1 and is filled while moderately hot into clean tubs4 ,the liquor is clear and of a light brown color for the best ,,xx quality1 and darker for the common4 ,the coolers or setting-backs are of wood or zinc1 and the liquid is not kept hot longer than it can be helped1 as it is liable to turn sour4 ,bone-size is1 according to ,thomas ,lambert1 prepared as follows3 ,the bones are first degreased by the naphtha process1 and then passed through the cleanser direct into the glue-boilers and steamed1 as in the manufacture of glue4 ,the resulting liquors are forced up to the clarifying vats and partially bleached with a current of sulphurous acid1 passing through bag-filters to the evaporating troughs1 and concentrated from #cj to #ch per cent41 as required1 and then jellied in casks4 ,the manufacturer with no benzine or glue plant at his disposal washes the bones in a revolving drum1 and1 after crushing1 they are fed into a boiler and subjected to an alternate current of steam and water1 the latter coming from a spray pipe fixed at the top of the boiler4 ,the liquors are generally drawn in two portions1 having a strength of #ad to #af per cent4 of glue4 ,after separating the fat1 which is refined and sold to the soap-maker1 the liquors are run into a large wooden vat about #h #f #d feet1 fitted with a steam coil1 partly bleached with liquid sulphurous acid1 and then boiled down to the required strength4 ,for a common size the bones are crushed but unwashed1 and are fed direct into the boiler and treated as above4 ,the liquors are not bleached1 and boiled to a strength of about #be per cent4 glue4 ,the composition of the different grades may be given as follows3 ,common size4 #be per cent4 glue1 #ge per cent4 water1 etc4 ,medium size4 #cj per cent4 glue1 #gj per cent4 water4 ,best size4 #ch per cent4 glue1 #fb per cent4 water4 ,a concentrated size is now prepared by many manufacturers4 ,it is a bone-size1 and is sold at a ,baum strength at #abb ,c4 ,no4 #a4 #ae ,b4 at #abb ,c41 #dj4e per cent4 glue4 ,no4 #b4 #bj ,b4 at #abb ,c41 #dd4e per cent4 glue4 ,no4 #c4 #be ,b4 at #abb ,c41 #di per cent4 glue4 ,under the name of concentrated size also are sold a series of powdered glues of different qualities4 ,they are the off-color and twisted cakes1 sorted out in the warehouse1 and ground to a fine condition by passing through a mill1 and their value is based on the quality of the cake ground4 ,size rapidly ferments and becomes sour and mouldy unless some preservative is added4 ,sulphate of zinc is mainly used for this purpose4 ,bookbinders' ,size4--,i4 ,water1 #b quarts2 powdered alum1 #a oz42 ,russian isinglass1 #b ozs42 curd soap1 #dj grains4 ,simmer one hour1 strain through linen or a fine sieve1 and use while warm4 ,,ii4 ,water1 #b gallons2 best glue1 #a lb42 alum1 #d ozs4 ,prepare and use as above4 ,,iii4 ,water1 #b quarts2 isinglass1 #e ozs42 alum1 #bdj grains4 ,water-proof ,glue4--,solution of glue by itself or mixed with pigments is used in painting walls in distemper4 ,a water-proof coat is obtained as follows3 ,boil #a part of powdered gall-nuts and #ab parts of water until the mass is reduced to two-thirds of its bulk4 ,then strain through a cloth and apply the solution to the dry coat of distemper paint1 the latter becoming thereby as solid and insoluble as oil-paint4 ,the tannin of the gall-nuts acting only upon soft glue1 the solution has to be applied so the lower layer of glue becomes thoroughly soaked through4 ,to render wrapping paper water-proof the following glue-solution may be used3 ,dissolve #bd parts of alum and #d parts of white soap in #cb parts of water in one pot1 and in another #b parts of gum arabic and #f parts of glue in #cb parts of water1 and mix the two solutions4 ,heat the mixture1 immerse the wrapping paper in it1 and pass it through hot rolls1 or dry upon twine stretched in frames4 ,fabrics may be rendered water-proof with glue and tannin4 ,the process is based on the fact that by the action of tannin or bichromates1 compounds insoluble in water are formed4 ,it is1 however1 of first importance that both solutions--tannin and glue--should fully penetrate the fabric4 ,if the latter is dipped directly into strong solution of glue and then of tannin1 the glue will only become insoluble on the outside1 and that which has penetrated deeper into the fibre will be unchanged1 having been protected by the superficial insoluble layer4 ,hence1 the treatment is commenced with a very weak solution of glue1 prepared by leaving glue broken small in hundred times its weight of water for twenty-four hours4 ,by that time the glue will have swelled up1 and the whole is boiled1 whilst being constantly stirred1 so as to get a perfectly clear solution in which the fabric is boiled for #aj to #ae minutes4 ,this time is no more than necessary for complete penetration4 ,the fabric is then well wrung between two rollers placed over the glue-bath so that excess of solution runs back into it4 ,the fabric is then hung up1 and when nearly dry is passed through a tannin solution4 ,the latter may be made from tannin itself1 or from a tannin extract1 or by boiling galls or oak bark in water4 ,the tannin solution can be used fairly strong1 as only so much of it is taken up as corresponds to the glue present1 and it can be used over again as long as it can supply the tannin required1 and can then be reinforced with more tannin as required4 ,it is not necessary for the fabric to stay long in the tannin1 as it reacts quickly with the glue4 ,the tanned material is again hung up to dry1 and when quite dry is washed in plain water to remove any excess of tannin4 ,the whole process from the beginning is then twice repeated4 ,after this second repetition there is so thick a layer of tannate of gelatine on the fabric that the dry cloth has acquired considerable solidity and a smoothness which recalls that of leather4 ,the fabric is now passed through a stronger glue solution1 using three or even four parts of glue per hundred of water1 but never exceeding the latter limit4 ,after the glue-bath the fabric goes through the tannin bath1 whereby it becomes quite thickly coated with tannate of gelatine4 ,by repeatedly treating with glue and tannin alternately1 this coating can be made as thick as desired1 and finally masses are obtained in which the texture of the fabric is entirely hidden1 and especially after the fabric has been calendered under heavy pressure after water-proofing4 ,the color acquired by goods thus water-proofed is a more or less dark leather-brown4 ,muratori and ,landry treat the fabric with a solution made in three separate operations3 #a4 ,potash alum #ajj lbs4 dissolved in #aj gallons of boiling water4 #b4 ,in another vessel #ajj lbs4 of glue are soaked in cold water till the glue has trebled in weight4 ,the remaining water is poured off1 and the glue liquefied by the application of heat4 ,when the glue is boiling1 #e lbs4 of tannin and #b lbs4 of soda water glass are put in it4 #c4 ,the two solutions are boiled together1 being stirred constantly4 ,when the mixture is complete1 it is allowed to cool to a jelly4 ,to water-proof the goods some of the jelly is boiled with water 7#a gallon to #a lb41 or a little over7 for three hours1 adding water to compensate for evaporation1 so as to keep the volume of the solution constant1 as shown by tests of its specific gravity with a hydrometer4 ,the bath is then allowed to cool to #agf ,f41 and the fabric is soaked in it for half an hour and then stretched out horizontally for six hours to drain4 ,the fabric must be kept horizontal1 so that the solution remains uniformly distributed through it4 ,the drainings are collected to be used over again4 ,the fabric is then dried in the open air or in a drying room1 still in the horizontal position4 ,if a drying room is used the temperature of it should not exceed #abb ,f4 ,muzmann and ,krakowitzer dissolve #aj lbs4 of gelatine and #aj lbs4 of tallow soap in #cj gallons of boiling water1 and mix the solution in #d gallons of water in which #ae lbs4 of alum have been dissolved4 ,the whole is boiled for half an hour1 and then allowed to cool to #ajd ,f4 ,at that temperature the fabric is thoroughly soaked in it1 dried1 rinsed1 again dried1 and finally calendered4 ,in this process the alum partially decomposes the soap1 forming either free fatty acid or an acid alumina soap4 ,the gelatine forms an insoluble compound with the alum4 ,the free fatty acid or acid soap is mostly carried down on the fibre by the precipitate formed by the alum and the gelatine4 ,glue for ,joints in ,leather ,driving ,belts4--,soak equal parts of good hide glue and isinglass in water for #aj hours1 and then boil with pure tannin till the product becomes sticky4 ,the surfaces to be cemented together should be roughened and the glue applied hot4 ,according to another method #b lbs4 of best glue are dissolved at a moderate heat in #c lbs4 of water and about #c drachms of carbolic acid stirred into the hot solution4 ,the mixture is poured into shallow iron pans to congeal1 when it is cut in pieces and dried in the air4 ,for use the glue is liquefied by adding a small quantity of vinegar and applied with a brush to the leather4 ,the joint is finally pressed between iron plates at a temperature of about #gg ,f4 ,hectograph ,mass4--,soak a good quality of glue for #bd hours in sufficient cold water to cover it4 ,then take the swelled glue from the water and melt it in an enameled pot over a moderate fire4 ,when perfectly liquid add the required quantity of glycerine 7see formulas below7 and intimately mix both by continued stirring4 ,the vessel containing the mixture should for some time be kept hot1 so that the mass remains thinly fluid4 ,the purpose of this is to allow the air-bubbles formed by stirring to rise to the surface4 ,if any scum is formed on the surface1 remove it carefully with a shallow spoon4 ,the composition is then ready to be poured into the vessel intended for its reception1 which may be made especially for the purpose1 or a shallow baking pan of tin may be used4 ,when the pan is filled with the composition place it perfectly level in a cool place free from dust and allow to remain at least for several hours4 ,formulas for ,hectograph ,masses4--,i4 ,gilder's glue1 #ajj parts2 glycerine of #bh ,b41 #ejj4 ,the glue is allowed to swell in water1 as described above1 then melted1 mixed with the glycerine1 and evaporated to the required consistency4 ,,ii4 ,gilder's glue1 #ajj parts2 glycerine of #bh ,b41 #djj2 water1 #bjj4 ,,chapter ,,ix4 ,,manufacture ,,of ,,gelatine1 ,,and ,,products ,,prepared ,,from ,,it4 ,gelatine1 like glue1 is produced from hides and skins1 and bones4 ,it is distinguished by its purity1 has a slight yellowish tint1 and is very hard and elastic4 ,in cold water it softens1 swells up1 becomes opaque1 but does not dissolve4 ,in hot water it dissolves completely1 and on cooling for several hours1 an almost colorless1 transparent and very firm jelly results4 ,this property of becoming jellied is in part lost if the solution is for some time exposed to a temperature higher than #bab ,f4 ,the chemical constitution of gelatine is entirely changed by concentrated sulphuric or nitric acid4 ,concentrated acetic acid1 on the other hand1 renders softened gelatine transparent1 and then dissolves it2 the solution does not become viscid1 but preserves its adhesive property4 ,dilute acids have no appreciable effect either on the coagulating or the adhesive power4 ,tannin is a valuable and delicate test of the presence of gelatine4 ,when added to a solution containing only #a_/ejjjth part of gelatine1 nebulosity is immediately apparent4 ,when more concentrated gelatinous liquors are treated with tincture or infusion of nut gall1 a dense1 white1 caseous subsidence occurs which1 on desiccation1 becomes brownish-yellow1 agglutinates1 and forms a hard1 brittle mass easily reduced to powder4 ,gelatine is much used for culinary and medicinal purposes1 and for fining beer1 wine and other liquids4 ,considered medicinally1 it is emollient and demulcent1 and for this end is dissolved in water or milk1 and rendered palatable by the addition of acid and sugar4 ,in pharmacy1 it is used for the formation of capsules intended to conceal the nauseous odor and taste of medicinal preparations inclosed in them4 ,it is likewise employed for coating pills4 ,,skin ,,gelatine4 ,but few changes have been made in the process of manufacturing skin gelatine since the method introduced and patented1 in #ahci1 by ,george ,nelson4 ,this patent relates to the preparation of a transparent gelatine from waste of calf skins1 and of an inferior variety from other skins freed from hair1 wool1 and fleshy and fatty matters4 ,the mode of procedure is the same in both cases1 and is as follows3 ,the cuttings being washed are macerated in solution of caustic soda or caustic potash at a temperature of #fj ,f41 until they are partially softened4 ,ten days is the average period required to effect this4 ,they are then placed in closed vessels and permitted to remain until a thorough softening is effected4 ,they are now washed in a revolving cylinder1 through which a current of water passes to free them from adhering alkali2 exposed in a well-closed chamber to the action of sulphurous acid1 and finally submitted to pressure to remove the adhering water4 ,the softened mass bleached by sulphurous acid is then placed in a suitable vessel and subjected to the action of steam until it is1 as far as possible1 dissolved4 ,the liquor is then strained and set aside at a temperature of #ajj to #abj ,f4 for the impurities which may have remained to subside4 ,the clarified solution is poured upon slabs of slate or marble to the depth of about half an inch and allowed to remain there till sufficiently solidified1 when it is cut1 and washed to remove all traces of acid4 ,it is subsequently redissolved by means of a steam bath at a temperature of #ie ,f41 finally again solidified1 and dried by exposure to dry air upon nets4 ,messrs4 ,j4 and ,g4 ,cox1 of ,edinburgh1 patented in #ahdd1 a process by which a perfectly pure substance1 superior to that prepared from isinglass is obtained4 ,shoulders and cheeks of ox-hides are preferred by the patentees4 ,they are thoroughly cleansed in water1 after which they are cut into pieces by a machine similar to that used for cutting straw1 and then subjected to the action of a paper-maker's pulp-mill4 ,by this process the gelatinous fibre is well washed and cleansed1 as a stream of water flows through the mill during the whole operation1 carrying off all the impurities4 ,the comminuted material is next pressed between rolls1 mixed with fresh water1 sufficient to effect its solution1 and heated to a temperature varying from #aej to #bab ,f4 ,the resulting gelatine-solution is then allowed to cool to #aej ,f41 and mixed with fresh bullock's blood--#a part of the latter to #gjj parts of solution4 ,at a somewhat increased temperature the albumen of the blood coagulates and rises in the form of foam to the surface1 or subsides in the shape of flakes1 carrying with it the impurities1 and thus clarifying the liquor4 ,the latter is allowed to stand for some time1 when it is poured upon stone slabs and allowed to solidify4 ,g4 ,p4 ,swinborne's improved patented process for the preparation of gelatine from hides1 skins and glue pieces1 relates mainly to the cleansing of the raw material4 ,the latter is reduced by means of suitable instruments to shavings or slices1 and soaked in cold water1 which is drained off and replaced by fresh water three times a day1 until no odor or taste is perceptible4 ,the shavings are then heated with water1 not above boiling1 strained through filter cloths1 and the liquor is then run on to slate or other material to dry4 ,the modern process of preparing skin gelatine is1 according to ,thomas ,lambert1 carried out as follows3 ,the first treatment the cleansed skins undergo is the 8steeping0 process with caustic soda or milk of lime4 ,in some factories a mixture of caustic 7slaked7 lime and soda ash is used1 in the proportion of #f lbs4 soda ash and #f lbs4 slaked lime to every hundred-weight of skins treated1 the chemical change being that the whole of the carbonate of soda 7soda ash7 is converted into caustic soda by its equivalent of caustic lime1 the excess of the latter remaining as such4 ,the equation representing this is-- ,na#b;,,co#c ,ca,h#b,o#b #b,na,h,o ,ca,c,o#c ,soda ash4 ,caustic lime4 ,caustic soda4 ,carbonate of lime4 ,this steeping is conducted in large wooden vats1 each having a length of #ab feet1 width #h feet1 and depth #c feet1 and fixed with a slight gradient to the overflow1 which is placed at the most convenient corner of the vat and protected by perforated boards4 ,the skins in the vat are nearly covered with water1 and then the solution of caustic soda1 or the slaked lime mixed in water to a cream1 is sprayed equally over the mass1 the whole being intimately mixed with long stirring poles4 ,the water is renewed twice during a period of #ab days1 the time allowed for the skins to soak4 ,they are now removed to a chamber1 in which a moderate increase of heat facilitates the saponification of the fat and the dissolving of the fleshy matter4 ,the chamber is a brick building1 with a cemented floor1 on which the skins are spread to a uniform depth of about six inches and is heated by steam pipes running round the building4 ,at a temperature of about #gj ,f4 the skins are exposed two or three days1 with frequent turning4 ,they are now transferred to the washing machine and washed until the effluent is practically free of soda or lime4 ,the skins then undergo a bleaching process to whiten1 and thus destroy any injurious coloring matter4 ,for this purpose the washed skins are removed to a number of vats fitted with folding covers1 and treated to a solution of sulphurous acid of ,twaddell strength for #bd hours1 each vat being well stirred at intervals to allow the 8bleach0 to permeate equally the mass4 ,in some factories this process is carried out with dry sulphurous acid1 the gas being generated in a sulphur burner and1 after washing1 passed into a chamber containing the skins4 ,the vats are now drained1 then filled up with water1 well stirred1 and the water run off4 ,this is repeated until the effluent is practically free of any sulphurous smell1 and the work of dissolving the gelatine is proceeded with4 ,the digesting of the skins is carried on in stoutly built1 circular wooden vats1 each having a size1 generally of #d feet #f inches diameter and #f feet deep1 and fitted with #b inch copper steam coil4 ,the vats are provided with a double wooden bottom to divide the heat4 ,they are arranged on the first floor of the building1 the liquors running through a shallow filter of fine copper gauze to the clarifying vats beneath4 ,the skins are raised by an elevator and fed direct into the vats by suitably-arranged troughs1 then covered with water1 and steam is sent through the coils4 ,the temperature is frequently taken by the thermometer and should never exceed #agg ,f4 ,during the digestion1 any unsaponified fat and dirt comes to the surface as a scum1 and is carefully skimmed off from time to time4 ,samples are also drawn of the liquors1 cooled1 and the appearance and strength of the jelly noted4 ,after five to six hours' heating1 the first liquors are run off to the clarifying vats1 at a strength of about #ag per cent4 gelatine4 ,the vats are refilled with water1 and a second digestion made1 the liquor running to the clarifying vats at a strength of #ab per cent4 ,in the third digestion the temperature is raised a few degrees to practically exhaust the gelatinous matter1 and can either be clarified to form an inferior gelatine1 or concentrated for size4 ,the exhausted matter is taken to the manure-shed for mixing purposes4 ,the clarifying of the first and second liquors--and if used for gelatine the third liquor--is done separately in the clarifying vats4 ,the clearing agent used is alum1 to the extent of per cent41 or a little blood diluted with water2 both are mixed with a small portion of the hot liquors in a bucket1 and then well stirred in the vats4 ,the liquors are raised to #agg ,f4 to coagulate the impurities1 and then lowered to #adi ,f4 and allowed to stand for two hours4 ,during this time the coagulated matter rises to the surface1 and is skimmed off4 ,on leaving the vats1 the liquors are filtered through fine copper gauze into a receiver from which is fed the vacuum pan4 ,gelatinous liquors being peculiarly sensitive1 especially as regards color1 to high temperatures1 it is found advisable to evaporate them in vacuo2 and this method is adopted by all continental makers4 ,the three grades of the liquors1 concentrated to the required strength1 are run on to squares of glass1 #d #d1 fixed in a wood framing1 to a depth of inch for cake and inch for leaf gelatine1 then placed perfectly level on racks for jellying4 ,in #bd hours the jelly is firm1 and can be easily cut to the desired size of cake or leaf wanted4 ,a very fine gelatine is produced by cutting the jelly into small pieces1 washing well with cold water1 and remelting at a temperature of #agf ,f41 and poured again on the glasses for jellying4 ,the drying is carried on by exposing the cut cakes1 on nets fixed to a framework of wood1 to a rapid current of dry air in the tunnels1 as described in the drying of glue4 ,,bone ,,gelatine4 ,the materials used for this purpose should be of the best description1 the most suitable bones being calves' feet1 waste of turners and button makers1 the bony cores of the horns of the ox and cow4 ,such bones do not require comminution1 but if large bones of oxen1 horses1 etc41 are to be used1 it is recommended to break them as small as possible by means of a wooden mallet1 and to avoid the use of iron stampers1 as the bones become heated by the heavy blows and friction to which they are subjected during the process1 and acquire an empyreumatic odor which is retained by the gelatine4 ,the next step in the process is the solution of the glue cartilage4 ,this was formerly effected by the use of steam and water4 ,the crushed bones were placed in a wire basket or cage and this inserted in a small cast-iron cylinder and steam introduced4 ,the apparatus is connected with a steam boiler1 and provided with an air-tight lid1 and a pipe and a rose connected with a water reservoir for pouring water over the bones in order to promote the solution of the glue cartilage4 ,but this process is very slow1 #bj hours being required without completely exhausting the bones4 ,the resulting gelatinous liquor is drawn off every hour1 the first run1 which contains the dirt and grease1 being1 of course1 kept separate from the rest4 ,illustration3 ,,fig4 #ei4 ,as will be readily understood this process consumes much fuel1 and leaves a residue which1 though not completely exhausted1 cannot be further utilized for the preparation of gelatine4 ,in fact the entire process is obsolete1 but as it is still in use in some localities1 a description is here given1 for the sake of completeness1 of the apparatus and improved manner of manufacture employed in the factory of ,d4 ,j4 ,briers1 which is well known for the beautiful product turned out4 ,fig4 #ei shows a longitudinal section of the entire apparatus4 ,fig4 #fj is the horizontal section of the boiler4 a1 is the cylindrical boiler #f meters 7#ai4fh feet7 long1 and #b meters 7#f4ef feet7 in diameter4 ,it is made of strong boiler plate doubly riveted1 and capable of resisting a pressure of six or seven atmospheres4 b1 is the manhole4 ,it is closed by an oval lid secured by two iron rods and two bolts1 so that after placing the lid in position1 the boiler is hermetically closed by tightening the nuts upon the bolts4 c1 is a cast-iron fork with two safety valves with levers graduated from #a to #ajj atmospheric degrees4 ,illustration3 ,,fig4 #fj4 d1 is a float upon the surface of the water1 and provided with a wheel graduated from ,nos4 #a to #f4 ,its object is to indicate during the operation how much water is lost and how much remains in the boiler4 ,care must be had not to allow the indicator of the wheel to get below ,no4 #a4 ,this figure indicates that the water has reached the highest point in the boiler exposed to the fire1 which is consequently the lowest point which the water can be allowed to reach4 ,on the other hand the indicator must not move above ,no4 #f1 as the water when standing too high in the boiler and too close to the pipes conducting the steam into the various apparatuses might mix with the steam and spoil the operation carried on in the drum1 e1 ,fig4 #fj4 f1 ,fig #fj1 is a manometer1 which indicates the degrees of pressure exerted by the steam in the interior of the boiler4 ,it consists of a wrought-iron pipe bent double1 and is filled with mercury #a4bb meter 7#d4jjb feet7 high counted from its base4 ,one end of the pipe communicates with the boiler1 while the other end is provided with a small brass wheel4 ,upon the latter is a thread of twisted silk1 to the end of which is suspended an iron cylinder of somewhat smaller circumference than the bore of the pipe1 so that it can move up and down in it without friction4 ,this cylinder rests always upon the mercury4 ,to the other end of the thread is fastened an indicator of somewhat less weight than the cylinder1 which1 by sliding in a groove in a graduated board placed alongside the pipe1 indicates the degrees of steam pressure4 g is a cast-iron pipe for heating the drying room1 and h another cast-iron pipe for heating the store-room for the bones4 i is the forcing pump for feeding the boiler with water4 k is a sheet-iron reservoir placed close to the end of the boiler4 ,it is filled with water1 which is heated by the heat lost in the fire-place in consequence of the draught1 and by allowing the smoke to circulate under the reservoir before passing into the chimney4 ,the reservoir communicates with the forcing-pump by means of a pipe and stopcock1 so as to avoid feeding the boiler with cold water4 l is the fire-place1 consisting of the grate1 door and cast-iron frame4 ,the drum1 e1 is a spherical vessel of strong sheet-iron doubly riveted4 ,it is #c meters 7#i4hd feet7 in diameter1 and capable of resisting a pressure of six to seven atmospheres4 ,it serves for softening the bones with the assistance of steam passed into it from the boiler1 a4 ,it is provided with a manhole similar to that of the boiler4 n is a wrought-iron shaft passing horizontally through the drum and revolving in the brasses1 o4 g1 ,fig4 #fa1 is a gearing with a crank1 by means of which the drum e is revolved4 ,the power of the gearing must be so calculated that one man can turn the wheels when the drum is filled with water4 ,illustration3 ,,fig4 #fa4 r is a false bottom perforated in its entire length with holes #ab millimeters 7#j4dg inch7 in diameter1 and is placed about #ae centimeters 7#e4i inches7 above the true bottom of the drum4 ,it consists of two pieces1 and is secured by two nuts1 so that it can be easily removed and replaced4 ,its object is to prevent the bones from clogging up the pipe s1 and the cocks t1 u4 a1 a1 ,fig4 #fa1 are angular iron points inside of the drum e4 ,their object is to facilitate the shifting of the bones when the drum is revolving4 x1 ,fig4 #ei1 is a cock near the manhole4 ,it is opened about #b millimeters 7#j4jgi inch7 during the operation in the drum4 ,it serves also for the escape of the steam from the drum when the operation is finished4 ,the cocks t1 u1 placed in the lower part of the drum1 serve for the escape of steam condensed during the operation4 ,the steam pipe p1 ,fig4 #ei1 conducts the steam from the vessel a into the drum e4 y1 ,fig4 #ei1 is a cock graduated into eight equal parts and placed on the steam pipe p1 to conduct the steam from the box z1 into the stuffing box a1 and from there into the pipe s1 then under the false bottom r1 into the drum e4 ,the lid of the cast-iron box z1 is provided with a safety valve loaded with a weight corresponding to the pressure of one atmosphere4 ,the wooden vessel or box d1 the ground-plan of which is shown in ,fig4 #fb1 serves for boiling the comminuted bones in order to extract the jelly4 ,this box consists of the following parts3-- ,illustration3 ,,fig4 #fb4 n1 are cast-iron steam pipes occupying the entire surface of the box1 being placed at equal distances from each other1 and connected on their ends by semicircular pieces4 ,the steam1 which is allowed to circulate in the pipes in order to boil the liquid1 enters through one of the ends which rises up vertically and is connected with the cock h1 ,fig4 #ei4 ,the other end is secured to the inner side of the box1 which is perforated for the admittance of the cock o4 ,upon the steam pipes lies a wooden framework with linen nailed upon it1 the object of which is to prevent the comminuted bone substance from falling under the pipes4 ,the frame must1 of course1 fit closely into the box4 ,the cock h graduated in eight equal parts serves to admit steam into the pipes n1 and is opened either entirely or half1 or one-quarter1 or one-eighth1 according to the stronger or gentler ebullition to be produced4 ,to prevent the steam from becoming stagnant in the steam pipes n1 a small jet is allowed constantly to escape through the cock o4 ,the latter serves also to run off the condensed steam when it no longer possesses the heat required to keep up ebullition4 p1 ,fig4 #fb1 is a cock in the bottom of the box d for drawing off the gelatinous solution from the residue4 ,the box e1 ,fig4 #fb1 a ground-plan of which is shown in ,fig4 #fc1 serves for evaporating the gelatinous solution1 which is effected by circulating steam through several tubular pieces of cast-iron which form the bottom of the box and are connected in a similar manner as the pipes in the box d4 ,the cock i is graduated and similar to h4 ,illustration3 ,,fig4 #fc4 ,the cock r1 ,fig4 #fc1 is similar to o1 ,figs4 #ei and #fb4 s1 ,fig4 #fc1 is a cock for drawing off the evaporated gelatinous solution4 ,the wooden box f1 ,fig4 #ei1 a ground-plan of which is shown in ,fig4 #fd1 serves for the reception and settling of the evaporated gelatinous solution4 ,its bottom is constructed in a manner similar to that of the box e4 ,illustration3 ,,fig4 #fd4 ,the cock n1 which is placed #ad millimeters 7#j4ee inch7 above the bottom of the box1 serves for running the gelatinous solution into the wooden cooling-boxes4 ,the bones as received in the factory are sorted by throwing out the spongy material1 etc4 ,they are then steeped in lime-water for a few days to free them from adhering particles of flesh1 after which they are dried and stored away for future use4 ,the boiler a1 is filled two-thirds with water1 and heated until the manometer indicates a pressure of #cj4 ,in the meanwhile the drum e1 is filled seven-eighths with perfectly dry bones1 and steam is then admitted from the boiler a1 through the graduated cock y4 ,the fact that the bones in the drum are exposed to the proper temperature of #bej ,f4 is recognized by the thermometer b1 placed between the cock and the drum4 ,to prevent the stagnation of the steam in the drum1 a small jet of it is allowed constantly during the operation to escape through the cock x4 ,the cock must not be opened wider than is necessary to keep the temperature at #bej ,f4 ,by opening it wider1 this degree would be exceeded1 and the gelatine-yielding substance would1 in consequence1 undergo alteration4 ,a quarter of an hour after admitting the steam into the drum1 the cock t1 is opened1 and again closed after allowing a small portion of the condensed steam to escape to the cock u1 and1 through this1 into a box4 ,this operation is repeated every quarter of an hour4 ,to change the position of the bones1 the drum is revolved twice every half hour1 by means of the gearing q1 of course closing the cock x during the operation4 ,by carefully following the above rules1 the bones will be thoroughly reduced in four hours4 ,if1 for instance1 steam has been introduced into the drum at #e o'clock a4 m4 the operation will be finished at #i a4 m4 ,the cock y1 is then closed1 and the steam allowed to escape through the cock x4 ,after the escape of the steam1 the drum is emptied1 by removing the lid and turning it upside down4 ,it is then refilled with entirely dry bones1 and the operation continued in a like manner1 day and night1 if necessary4 ,after the bones have been taken from the drum1 they are spread out under a shed1 and1 when dry1 ground in a suitable mill4 ,the resulting flour1 which contains the jelly-yielding substance1 is brought into the vessel d1 which1 in the meanwhile1 has been furnished with sufficient water to cover the flour #fe centimeters 7#be4ei inches7 deep4 ,the mixture is boiled for three-quarters of an hour1 being constantly stirred to prevent the flour from forming a heavy and dense mass which would hinder the quick extraction of the jelly4 ,ebullition is then interrupted by closing the cock h1 and the fat floating on the surface skimmed off4 ,after allowing the gelatinous solution to settle1 it is drawn off by means of a faucet placed above the level of the flour4 ,thirty bucketfuls of the gelatinous solution are then at once poured into a vat and mixed with the condensed steam drawn off by means of the cocks t u1 during the reduction of the bones in the drum4 ,after allowing the mixture to cool to #afj to #aee ,f41 #bj kilogr4 7#dd lbs47 of pulverized alum are added at once and as quickly as possible4 ,when the gelatinous solution has become transparent1 it is drawn off into the box e1 and a few bucketfuls of hot water are poured upon the sediment in the vat in order to extract the remaining jelly1 which is effected by thorough stirring and allowing to settle until the water is entirely clear4 ,after disposing of the #cj bucketfuls in the manner mentioned1 the remainder of the gelatinous solution is evaporated4 ,this is accomplished in the box e1 which is filled #h centimeters 7#c4ae inches7 deep with gelatinous solution1 and steam is then admitted into the tubular bottom pieces4 ,to promote evaporation and keep the fluid constantly in motion1 the cock i is only opened far enough to keep up gentle ebullition4 ,during evaporation the solution should be frequently stirred with an implement resembling a rake4 ,the nearer the required degree of concentration is approached1 the greater care must be exercised to prevent the solution from boiling too strongly4 ,the proper degree of consistency is obtained when half a saucer full of the solution placed in a shady place in the air acquires in a short time such a consistency that when touched with the finger no impression remains4 ,the cock i is then closed1 and the jelly is drawn off into the box d1 which contains the #cj bucketfuls of clarified jelly1 care being had to mix the two solutions as quickly as possible4 ,after evaporating all the gelatinous solution and mixing it in the box d1 the whole is heated to #aeh ,f41 by admitting steam through the cock k1 care being had not to forget closing it as soon as the above temperature has been reached4 ,the solution is then thoroughly stirred and permitted to settle for three hours to allow of the precipitation of the lime salts decomposed by the alum4 ,the fluid1 which is now perfectly transparent and of a beautiful dark-yellow color1 is then drawn off into wooden cooling boxes #b to #b4e meters 7#f4ef to #h4b feet7 long1 #bj centimeters 7#g4hg inches7 wide1 and #af centimeters 7#f4cj inches7 deep4 ,the following day the gelatine is cut into leaves #be centimeters 7#i4hd inches7 long and #ab centimeters 7#d4gb inches7 wide1 which are dried upon nets4 ,when quite dry1 the drying process is finished by bringing the leaves into the drying-room which is heated by the pipe g4 7,fig4 #ei47 ,the bone flour remaining in the box d still contains much jelly1 which is extracted by pressure4 ,this is accomplished immediately after running off the gelatinous solution into the evaporating vessel4 ,the liquid which has drained through the cloth frame previously mentioned1 is drawn off by opening the cock p1 ,fig4 #fb1 while the residue in the box d is placed in coarse bags and the jelly extracted by subjecting the bags to strong pressure under an iron screw-press4 ,before mixing the extracted fluid with the solution in the evaporating vessel1 it is recommended to allow it to settle1 as it is always more or less turbid4 ,the residue remaining in the bags is an excellent manure4 ,the modern process of preparing bone gelatine1 which is now almost in general use is as follows3 ,clean bones are selected for the purpose1 and the operation commences with the extraction of the fat by means of benzine1 though some manufacturers prefer carbon disulphide as a solvent1 because it is claimed that by reason of its low boiling-point it does not injure the gelatine in the same manner as benzine1 and besides it leaves no smell in the degreased bones4 ,it is advisable to bleach the degreased bones1 spread out in thin layers and kept constantly moist1 by exposure to the action of air and light4 ,the bleached bones are conveyed to large vats for the purpose of extracting their mineral constituents by digestion with hydrochloric acid4 ,if the gelatine is to be used as an article of food1 or for medicinal purposes1 only the purest hydrochloric acid obtainable should be used1 while the ordinary article suffices for that for technical purposes4 ,the vats are filled three parts full with bones and the latter covered with a solution of hydrochloric acid of #aj per cent4 strength4 ,digestion is carried on until the bones become soft1 flexible and semi-transparent4 ,the acid water is now drained off1 and a supply of fresh water added1 and then discharged4 ,this is repeated until the last water is entirely free of acid1 which is known by adding a few drops of silver nitrate1 the absence of any white precipitate indicating that the water is entirely free of acid4 ,the bones are now bleached in the manner as described under skin-gelatine1 preferably with solution of sulphurous acid1 the process with gaseous sulphurous acid being difficult to carry out and considerable time is required for the gas to completely permeate the cartilaginous mass4 ,the bleached bones are then conveyed to the boiling vats and the resulting liquors treated in the same manner as described under skin-gelatine4 ,as bone-gelatine solidifies with a larger content of water than the product from skins1 evaporation of the liquors may be early interrupted and the resulting jelly cut into thin leaves which are finally dried4 ,,colored ,,gelatine4 ,cakes or leaves not entirely colorless may be utilized for colored gelatine which is employed for various purposes4 ,coloring is effected by simply dissolving and distributing uniformly a suitable quantity of coloring matter in the clarified gelatine liquor previous to solidifying2 of course only water-soluble coloring matter should be used4 ,colored gelatines are frequently used by confectioners and in the household in the preparation of jellies1 and the use of poisonous colors should under all conditions be avoided4 ,sufficient attention is not paid to this1 because many of the aniline colors which are now so much used for the purpose are at least open to suspicion1 while others1 especially picric acid1 which yields a beautiful yellow color1 are decidedly poisonous4 ,the following coloring matters are perfectly harmless and yield good results in coloring gelatine3 ,yellow3 ,caramel or sugar color4 ,a still more beautiful yellow is obtained by the use of an aqueous extract of saffron4 ,red3 ,extract of cochineal4 ,blue3 ,indigo-carmine solution4 ,green3 ,mixture of indigo-carmine and caramel4 ,violet3 ,mixture of extract of cochineal and indigo-carmine4 ,while gelatine colored with the above-mentioned coloring matter does not present such a beautiful appearance as the product colored with aniline colors1 it is entirely harmless and suitable for culinary purposes4 ,leaves of gelatine colored with aniline colors exhibit beautiful colors and are used for many technical purposes4 ,the following colors may be employed3 ,yellow3 ,picric acid soluble in hot water4 ,red3 ,fuchsine or eosine4 ,blue3 ,water-soluble blue4 ,green3 ,iodine green4 ,violet3 ,methyl violet4 ,gelatine for ,fining ,purposes4 ,for fining beer1 wine1 etc41 gelatine in leaves or in powder is brought into commerce4 ,for the preparation of leaves1 gelatine particularly well dried is carefully melted over a water-bath and then ladled into sheet-metal moulds1 and allowed slowly to solidify4 ,the product brought into commerce under the name of ,gelatine ,laine which commands a high price is in many cases nothing but thoroughly purified bone-glue of a dark honey-yellow to brown color4 ,fining powder for wine and beer is made by grinding off-color gelatine cakes and freeing the resulting powder from coarser pieces by sifting4 ,the powder is white4 ,liquid fining gelatine4 ,this preparation consists of gelatine-solution suitably prepared1 and represents a colorless1 or at the utmost slightly opalescent1 product just sufficiently concentrated to remain liquid4 ,skin-liquors can only be used for the preparation of liquid gelatine1 as bone-liquors already gelatinize when they contain scarcely more than #a per cent4 of glue4 ,the skin liquors are concentrated so far as to remain liquid at a temperature of from #fj to #fh ,f4 ,a product answering all demands is obtained as follows3 ,a good quality of gelatine of a pale color is dissolved in a sufficient quantity of water1 the solution1 in case it shows a slight odor1 filtered through animal charcoal1 and then brought into bottles4 ,to prevent putrefaction the liquid gelatine is sterilized as follows3 ,the filled bottles being placed in a boiler filled to a proper depth with water1 the latter is slowly brought to boiling which is kept up for #ae to #bj minutes4 ,the bottles are then closed with corks previously boiled in the water4 ,preparation of ,gelatine from ,ordinary ,glue4 ,for this purpose ordinary pale-colored glue is allowed to swell up for two days in cold strong vinegar4 ,the vinegar is then drained off and the glue which is now almost colorless1 is placed upon a sieve and allowed to float in a vessel filled with water for #aj to #ab hours4 ,it is then placed upon a linen cloth1 stretched in a room heated to at the utmost #fh ,f41 allowed to drain and dry to such an extent that on heating it to between #aeh and #afg ,f41 a thick clear liquid is obtained4 ,this liquid is carefully poured upon plates of glass or marble1 so as to avoid the formation of air bubbles and when solidified the leaves are removed and completely dried in the air4 ,the product thus obtained being entirely tasteless and almost colorless may be used in the preparation of jellies1 as well as for foils for pictures1 etc4 ,preparation of ,gelatine for ,photographic ,printing and for ,photographic ,purposes in ,general4 ,gelatine suitable for this purpose should be colorless and free from all salts1 since the latter would exert a disturbing effect upon the chemical processes which take place during the photographic operation4 ,for the removal of the salts the gelatine is treated as follows3 ,colorless gelatine of the best quality is broken into small pieces and covered with #aj to #ab times the quantity of water1 the latter being changed every #ae to #bj minutes until the last water shows no trace of lime1 which is known by adding to the water solution of oxalate2 the absence of turbidity indicates that the water is free from lime4 ,the white of an egg is now mixed with five drops of ammonia and twice the volume of distilled water and shaken to froth in a bottle4 ,this quantity suffices for #f to #h ozs4 of gelatine4 ,the washed gelatine is next melted in a dish and mixed with the white of egg4 ,one part of glacial acetic acid mixed with #bej parts of water is then added drop by drop1 stirring constantly until sensitive litmus paper shows an acid reaction4 ,the liquid is now rapidly brought to the boiling-point1 whilst stirring constantly1 and then filtered in a warm place to avoid gelatinization4 ,the gelatine now contains only the salts of the white of egg1 some ammonium acetate and free acetic acid4 ,for their removal the solidified gelatine is cut into pieces1 which are placed in water4 ,gelatine ,capsules for ,medicinal ,purposes4 ,considerable use is made of gelatine in medicine4 ,to disguise the disagreeable taste of some medicines they are either mixed with gelatine solution or inclosed in gelatine capsules4 ,to prepare the latter1 dissolve #h parts of gelatine1 #b of sugar1 and #a of gum-arabic in #h of water in a water-bath1 and dip the pear-shaped ends of iron rods into the lukewarm solution4 ,to facilitate the detaching of the gelatine film from the rods1 grease the pear-shaped ends with oil4 ,the capsules are dried by placing them in holes of a corresponding size in boards4 ,when dry they are filled with the respective medicine1 and closed with a drop of the same solution4 ,court ,plaster4 ,gelatine or isinglass #aee grains1 alcohol #ac fluid drachms1 glycerine #ae grains4 ,water1 tincture of benzoin1 each a sufficient quantity4 ,dissolve the gelatine in a sufficient quantity of hot water to make the solution weigh #d ozs4 ,spread one-half of this in successive layers by means of a brush upon taffeta stretched upon a frame so as to present a level surface1 waiting after each application until the layer is dry4 ,for the first two applications the gelatine solution should be warmed merely to above its congealing point1 so that when spread out it may rapidly solidify and at the same time adhere to1 but not pass through the fabric4 ,mix the second half of the gelatine solution with the alcohol and glycerine1 and apply it in the same manner4 ,then reverse the taffeta1 coat it on the back with the tincture of benzoin and allow it to become perfectly dry4 ,the tincture of benzoin applied to the reverse side leaves a thin layer of resin which in a measure renders the plaster water-proof2 it is1 however1 advisable to repeat this application once or twice4 ,the addition of glycerine to the last portion of the gelatine solution prevents the plaster from breaking1 and preserves its flexibility for a long time4 ,when the plaster is dry it is cut in pieces of suitable length and preserved in well-closed vessels4 ,gelatine ,foils4 ,large quantities of gelatine foils1 which are leaves of gelatine about as thick as a sheet of paper1 are produced in ,england and ,france where their manufacture forms a special branch of industry4 ,they are either simply colored or printed with neat designs in gold or silver4 ,the fabrication is quite simple4 ,cover pure gelatine with water1 and after swelling up1 pour off the water and dissolve the jelly over a water-bath4 ,after allowing the solution to cool somewhat1 add the coloring matter previously dissolved in water4 ,in place of pure gelatine1 a solution of ordinary bone-glue may be used4 ,in order to clarify it add ,o4#ad oz4 of oxalic acid dissolved in water to every #e4e lbs4 of glue4 ,to make the foils more flexible add also one-half pint of spirit of wine and ,o4#bh oz4 of rock candy or a small quantity of glycerine4 ,aniline colors soluble in water are best adapted for coloring the foils2 for red1 fuchsine1 eosine or ponceau1 for blue1 blue de ,parme1 for green1 aldehyde green1 for yellow1 picric acid1 and for the various shades1 mixtures of the above colors4 ,a durable blue is also produced by indigo solution1 yellow1 by decoction of saffron1 green1 by mixing blue and yellow1 red1 by a solution of carmine in spirit of sal ammoniac1 and violet1 by mixing blue and carmine4 ,the gelatine solutions are poured upon ground-glass plates1 previously polished with elutriated rouge1 and rubbed with ,spanish chalk4 ,the foils are so smooth upon the glass side that when dry they can be detached without much difficulty4 ,if both sides are required to be smooth1 the foils are dried between two glass plates4 ,in many respects their manufacture resembles that of 8,gelatine ,veneers40 ,gelatine foils are used for printing sacred images1 visiting cards1 labels1 in the manufacture of fancy articles1 artificial flowers1 etc4 ,for the manufacture of artificial flowers very soft and flexible sheets are made by adding part of glycerine to #a part of gelatine and mixing intimately in dissolving the gelatine4 ,such gelatine sheets brushed over in addition with ,peruvian balsam can also be advantageously used for tying up wounds instead of gutta-percha cloth which tears easily and rots soon4 ,they form an air-tight bandage which clings closely to the parts of the body1 and beside the glycerine contained in them exerts a beneficial cooling effect and acts as an antiseptic4 ,gelatine ,veneers4 ,franchi1 as far back as #ahad1 prepared artificial ivory by mixing gelatine solution with earthy substances4 ,this idea has been again taken up in modern times for the manufacture of veneers imitating not only ivory1 but also avanturin1 lapis lazuli1 malachite1 mother-of-pearl1 and tortoise shell4 ,these imitations are much liked by manufacturers of fancy articles1 workers in leather1 cabinet-makers1 etc4 ,they are prepared as follows3-- ,the process may be divided into five principal operations3 #a4 ,preparation of the glass and marble plates2 #b4 ,preparation of the glue solutions2 #c4 ,pouring the colored solutions upon the plates2 #d4 ,transferring the layer of glue to the layer of gelatine2 and #e4 ,drying the veneers and detaching them from the plates4 #a4 ,preparation of the plates4 ,both marble and glass plates are used for imitations of marble1 but glass plates only for imitations of mother-of-pearl4 ,the glass plates must be ground1 but need not exceed ,o4#aa to ,o4#ae in4 in thickness1 and only require careful washing and drying for imitations of mother-of-pearl4 ,for imitations of marble they should be rubbed with an oiled linen rag4 ,other glass plates1 after being washed and polished with elutriated rouge and water1 are wiped with a soft rag to remove any particle of the polishing powder4 ,the polished surface is then gently rubbed with a rag dipped in pure ,spanish chalk1 and the excess of chalk carefully dusted off4 #b4 ,preparation of the glue solutions4 ,for one dozen plates1 each #aj square feet1 soak #b lbs4 of good1 colorless glue in water for #bd hours1 pour off the water and melt the glue in a water-bath and stir in #c ozs4 of glycerine4 ,for imitating marbles of two colors1 compound #bj to #bd fluidounces of this glue solution with the quantities of thoroughly ground mineral colors given below2 the rest of the glue solution is mixed with #f4cd ozs4 of zinc white ground very fine4 ,for imitating marble of three colors mix #ad fluidounces of the glue solution with one of the coloring matters and #ad fluidounces with the other coloring matter1 and the remainder with zinc white4 ,for imitating marble with four colors1 take #aj fluidounces of the glue solution to each of the three coloring matters1 and mix the rest with #d ozs4 of zinc white4 ,the proportions by weight of the mixtures for #aj different varieties of imitations of marble and enamel are as follows3-- a4 ,mix #bj fluidounces of the glue solution with #a ozs4 of rouge and #b ozs4 of zinc white1 and the rest of the glue solution with #f ozs4 of zinc white4 b4 ,mix #bj fluidounces of the glue solution with #a ozs4 of rouge1 and the rest of the glue solution with #e ozs4 of zinc white4 c4 ,mix #ad fluidounces of the glue solution with #a ozs4 of zinc white and #a oz4 of rouge1 #ad fluidounces of the glue solution with #a oz4 of yellow ochre1 and the rest with #e ozs4 of zinc white4 d4 ,mix #ad fluidounces of the glue solution with #a oz4 of rouge1 #ad fluidounces of the glue solution with oz4 of sepia1 and the rest with #e ozs4 of zinc white4 e4 ,compound #bj fluidounces of the glue solution with #a oz4 of quite concentrated and filtered solution of aniline black1 and the rest with #f ozs4 of zinc white4 f4 ,mix #aj ozs4 of the glue solution with #j4h oz4 of rouge1 #aj fluidounces of the glue solution with #j4h oz4 of yellow ochre1 #aj fluidounces of the glue solution with #j4h oz4 of sepia1 and the rest with #d ozs4 of zinc white4 g4 ,mix #bj4c fluidounces of the glue solution with #a4da ozs4 of lampblack4 ,for gray add sufficient zinc white to produce the desired shade4 ,the rest of the glue solution is mixed with #f ozs4 of zinc white4 h4 ,mix #aj fluidounces of the glue solution with #j4h oz4 of umber1 #aj fluidounces of the glue solution with #j4h oz4 of bole1 #aj fluidounces of the glue solution with #j4h oz4 of ochre1 and the rest with #d ozs4 of zinc white4 i4 ,for enamels mix #bj4c fluidounces of the glue solution with #a oz4 of ultramarine1 and the rest with #f ozs4 of zinc white4 k4 ,mix #bj4c fluidounces of the glue solution with #a4da ozs4 of chrome green1 and the rest with #f ozs4 of zinc white4 ,for imitating mother-of-pearl veneers1 #j4db oz4 of silver bronze1 which need not be genuine1 is ground with a little glue solution or water and intimately mixed with the above solution of glue4 ,the bronze powder must not be in a dry state when stirred into the glue1 as lumps would be formed and the veneers become spotted4 ,in place of bronze1 essence of fish scales1 which is of course far more costly1 can be used4#b ,the glue solution thus prepared is then compounded with different aniline colors according to the tint desired4 #b ,this preparation is also known by the name ,essence d',orient4 ,the material for its production is furnished by a small white fish very common in the rivers of continental ,europe4 ,it accompanies the scales of this fish1 and is detached when the scales are triturated for a considerable time and thrown into a vessel of water4 ,to collect the essence the water is poured off upon a fine hair sieve1 which retains the scales and allows the water and the product sought to pass through4 ,the latter sinks to the bottom1 and is obtained pure by decanting the water4 ,a little ammonia is added to prevent decomposition4 a4 ,for yellowish veneers no coloring matter is required1 or the desired shade is obtained by an addition of some solution of picric acid4 b4 ,for colorless veneers or those of slightly reddish tints a smaller or greater number of drops of a concentrated solution of fuchsine are added in order to counteract the yellowish color of the glue solution4 ,for these imitations of mother-of-pearl veneers1 concentrated solution of gelatine compound with #ae per cent4 of glycerine can be employed1 especially when essence of fish scales is used4 c4 ,for blue1 the glue solution is compounded with bleu de ,lyons1 care being had not to use too much1 as otherwise the imitation becomes indistinct4 ,the proper degree of coloring is tested by allowing a few drops of the colored glue solution to fall upon a glass plate4 d4 ,for red1 solution of fuchsine or carmine is used1 the latter being obtained by dissolving commercial carmine powder in alcohol4 e4 ,orange colors are produced by an addition of solution of chrysaniline generally sold under the name of ,victoria orange1 and violet by adding aniline violet4 ,for these1 as well as for the solution colored with fuchsine1 the plates must not be rubbed with oil1 as even the smallest trace of the latter discolors these colors in drying1 or at least the veneers will show spots without color4 #c4 ,pouring the colored solutions of glue upon the plates4 ,for imitations of marble and enamel1 the glass plates1 after rubbing with oil1 are placed1 rubbed surface up1 in a perfectly level position4 ,the proper portion of the white ground-mass1 after becoming somewhat thickish1 is then poured upon the plates1 and the gaps left free in pouring filled in and smoothed with a knife-shaped tool of horn or bone4 ,upon this white ground the respective colored glue solutions are then poured in a zigzag form1 and in conformity with the desired design1 drawn through the ground-mass with a glass rod4 ,if several differently colored glue solutions are to be applied1 as given1 for instance1 under #b;f1 they should be poured in quick succession1 so that the succeeding color runs into the preceding1 and a white strip or spot remains between each color4 ,the whole is then intermingled by the glass rod1 according to the design4 ,if the latter is to have sharply defined lines and spots1 the respective colored solution of glue is used somewhat thicker1 but if1 on the other hand1 the design is to be somewhat blended1 the glue solutions are used somewhat warmer1 and consequently more thinly fluid4 ,after solidification of the glue solutions the plates are placed in a cool room for two or three hours4 ,imitations of malachite are prepared in a similar manner4 ,four glue solutions of different shades of green from the darkest to the lightest tint are prepared and poured upon a slightly greenish ground1 so as to imitate the characteristic curves and veins of malachite1 which are then further traced with a comb with teeth standing at unequal distances from each other4 ,the glass plates set aside to be used for imitation of mother-of-pearl are now taken in hand4 ,the solutions of glue are kept warm over a water bath and thoroughly stirred every time before pouring them upon the plates4 ,the formation of a film on the surface of the glue solution must be strictly avoided4 ,for pouring out the solutions it is best to use a porcelain vessel provided with a spout and handle1 and having a capacity of about #f fluidounces4 ,the portion of glue solution required for each plate 7#a flu4 oz47 is then measured into one of the porcelain vessels1 and1 after standing a short time1 poured upon the plate and uniformly distributed4 ,the production of a mother-of-pearl design requires some skill and practice4 ,a comb with teeth set inch apart is used4 ,it is held in a somewhat oblique position1 the teeth are gently pressed upon the glass plate1 and1 with frequent turnings of the comb at a right angle1 cycloidal motions executed4 ,the operation is carried on from the front to the back edge of the glass plate1 and when the glue begins to thicken on the edges1 continued at the softer places until the desired design is produced1 care being had not to touch places which have already acquired a certain degree of solidity1 as this would mar the pattern4 ,after treating all the plates in this manner1 they are set aside in a cool room for two or three hours4 #d4 ,transferring the layer of glue to a layer of gelatine4 ,for each dozen of veneers soak #b ozs4 of gelatine1 and then melt them in a water-bath1 and after adding glycerine equal to #aj per cent4 of the dry gelatine1 let the mixture settle4 ,the glass plates treated with rouge and ,spanish chalk are now placed in a perfectly level position1 and after pouring #e fl4 ozs4 of gelatine solution upon each of them1 the gaps left in pouring are filled in and smoothed with the glass rod4 ,the front edge of a plate covered with a colored layer of glue is now1 glue side down1 placed upon the front edge of a gelatine plate1 while the back edge of the former is gradually lowered until the glue plate lies firmly upon the gelatine plate4 ,it may here be remarked that the gelatine solution must only be allowed to cool off sufficiently to prevent the melting of the glue plate on touching it4 ,if it is cooler the veneers will have blisters4 ,it must further be looked to that1 before placing the first plate upon the gelatine plate1 no gelatine escapes1 and that any excess only runs off after the back edge of the glue plate touches that of the gelatine plate4 ,the plates are now allowed to rest quietly until the gelatine is congealed1 when they are removed to a cool place where they remain five or six hours4 ,imitations of mother-of-pearl are treated in the same manner with the exception that the gelatine solution is colored with the same coloring matter as the glue solution4 ,for colorless or yellowish veneers the gelatine solution is not colored4 ,after six hours the first glass plate is detached from the layer of glue by loosening the latter around the edges with a knife blade1 and the plate gradually lifted off commencing at one corner4 ,with some care and skill1 this operation is readily accomplished without detaching the gelatine mass4 #e4 ,drying and detaching the veneers4 ,the veneers with the gelatine layer still adhering to the glass plate are now dried4 ,this is done in a heated room in which the veneers are arranged upon frames so that they stand almost perpendicular4 ,the hot air for heating the room enters near the ceiling while the moist air is drawn away near the floor4 ,the temperature of the lower zone where the fresh plates are placed should not exceed #fh ,f4 ,the plates are moved up higher every day until1 on the third or fourth day1 they have become entirely dry4 ,before removing the veneers from the drying-room they should be tested in regard to their dryness4 ,they are sufficiently dry1 when1 on pressing the finger nail upon the glue1 no impression is made4 ,after removal from the drying-room the plates are allowed to cool off for at least two hours before detaching the veneers4 ,the operation begins by detaching the gelatine layer on the edges with a very thin knife blade4 ,the operator then takes hold of one corner of the veneer and draws it gradually and carefully from the glass plate4 ,after trimming the edges the veneers are ready for use4 ,if the veneers are required to resist the action of water1 mix with the solution of gelatine compounded with glycerine fl4 oz4 of a solution of #e parts of chrome-alum in #ajj of water to every plate1 and immerse the veneers for a short time after they have been detached from the first plate1 in a similar solution of chrome-alum4 ,veneers prepared by these methods can be used for various purposes in architecture and in the manufacture of furniture4 ,tennessee and other marbles have been so closely imitated1 that when used for table plates1 etc41 the fact of their being imitations could only be detected by the closest scrutiny4 ,the veneers are also much used for fancy and inlaid work1 for coating columns1 etc4 ,to prevent their blistering and coming off1 it is recommended to add one-quarter of its weight of glycerine to the glue with which they are to be attached to the articles4 ,formo-,gelatine4 ,this product is used as a dressing in surgery1 and1 according to ,samuel ,rideal1 is obtained as follows3 ,gelatine in aqueous solution is precipitated by formaldehyde ,h4,,coh1 or ,,ch#b,o1 as a substance which on drying is a white powder1 neutral1 inodorous1 and insoluble in water and dilute chemical agents4 ,in commerce formaldehyde is met with in aqueous solution as 8formalin0 containing #dj per cent4 of formaldehyde4 ,if #a ,cc4 of formalin be added to #bjj ,cc4 of a #e per cent4 gelatine solution1 the latter is changed into a gelatinous mass1 not melted by heat nor reduced by water4 ,if a smaller quantity of the formalin is added 7#a in #ajjj2 the jelly is said to be meltable1 but with a higher tenacity7 when dried it becomes insoluble in warm water4 ,formalin in less proportion1 though it does not prevent the dried gelatine from dissolving in warm water1 is said to improve the 8body0 of the jelly and its keeping qualities1 and also the tenacity of the glue4 ,the results of investigation show that with up to #a per cent4 of formalin the solidity of the jelly increases2 above that it declines4 ,up to #j4jb per cent4 7#a in #e1jjj7 it redissolves in water after drying4 ,even with this small proportion the firmness of the jelly is sensibly increased4 ,the ,english patent1 #d1fif1 #ahid1 claims the addition of formalin during the manufacture of size and glue in such proportion that the product shall liquefy in warm water4 ,in examining commercial sheet gelatines for printers' and photographic use1 they were often found to contain small quantities of formalin4 ,it seems to improve the quality1 a very small percentage increasing the tenacity1 flexibility and keeping qualities1 while not affecting the transparency or rendering the material acid4 ,when applied to articles that may be used as food1 a strength of #a in #ej1jjj in the final prepared product is not injurious to health1 but should not be exceeded4 7,rideal and ,foulerton1 ,public ,health1 ,may1 #ahii1 p4 #efh47 ,zimmermann applies dilute formaldehyde mixed with glycerine1 vaseline1 oil or yolks of eggs1 with or without flour1 to the surface of photographic films which are claimed to be thereby rendered more pliable and not so hard as when the formalin is applied by itself4 ,it will be seen that formaldehyde in more than traces renders gelatine insoluble2 the product1 moreover1 is almost unaffected by water1 is more or less hard and elastic and1 owing to the antiseptic properties of the formaldehyde is nearly imperishable4 ,use of ,gelatine in ,bacteriology4 ,gelatine fit for this purpose must be clear and bright1 fairly neutral and of high gelatinizing power4 ,for bacteriological purposes a #aj to #bj per cent4 solution of gelatine in sheets or strips is made with meat broth1 and this nutrient jelly1 which is obtained by clarification with albumen perfectly clear and bright1 forms a most useful medium for the cultivation of micro-organisms4 ,artificial ,silk from ,gelatine4 ,for the production of textile threads1 ,millar utilizes the property of gelatine solution mixed with potassium dichromate1 becoming insoluble on exposure to light4 ,for this purpose a clear solution of gelatine is mixed with solution of potassium dichromate in the proportion of #ajj parts of gelatine to #b or #b parts of potassium dichromate4 ,the fluid should be of such a consistency as to allow of its being drawn out into fine threads which on exposure to light become insoluble4 ,silk woven from such threads is equal in appearance to the genuine article but of course is not so strong4 ,it is affected by moisture1 becoming limp1 but regains its normal strength when dry4#c #c ,for further information on this interesting subject1 the reader is referred to 8,cellulose and ,cellulose ,products40 ,by ,dr4 ,joseph ,bersch4 ,henry ,carey ,baird ,co41 ,philadelphia1 #aijd4 ,,chapter ,x4 ,,isinglass ,,and ,,its ,,substitutes4 ,isinglass is obtained from the air-bladder or sound1 as it is sometimes termed1 of different kinds of fishes1 especially of the sturgeon1 species ,acipenser4 ,it is used for culinary purposes1 fining beer and other liquids1 for making court-plaster and stiffening silk1 though a good quality of gelatine is practically equal to it for these purposes4 ,a good quality of isinglass should be pure white1 semi-transparent1 dry and horny in texture1 and free from odor4 ,it should dissolve in water of #ie to #abb ,f41 without leaving any residue1 and1 on cooling1 should yield an almost colorless jelly4 ,from gelatine imitations it is distinguished by soaking it in warm water and examining under the microscope1 when true isinglass will show a net-work of long1 curling fibres1 while gelatine will be simply hyaline4 ,isinglass is often imitated with the intestinal membranes of the calf and of the sheep4 ,this spurious article may be readily recognized because it does not exhibit1 like isinglass1 a sort of shining appearance when held before the eye and daylight1 and because1 although inodorous1 it has a saltish flavor4 ,if it be torn asunder it will be observed that it may be rent in all directions1 while true isinglass cannot be divided otherwise than in the direction of its fibres4 ,if a piece of artificial isinglass be macerated in water it swells1 but instead of retaining its shape as is the case with the genuine article1 it becomes divided into several pieces1 forming a sort of curdy precipitate2 and if treated with boiling water1 about one-third of its weight is left in an insoluble state1 and the liquor does not form a good jelly4 ,isinglass is frequently adulterated with gelatine1 which is inserted between the leaves and rolled up with it4 ,the best indication of this adulteration is the amount of ash2 isinglass yields only #j4i per cent41 while gelatine yields #d per cent41 and adulterated isinglass #a4e per cent4 or more4 #a4 ,russian isinglass4 ,russia produces the best and most isinglass4 ,it is chiefly obtained from several varieties of sturgeon1 species ,acipenser1 which inhabit the ,caspian and ,black ,seas1 and their tributary rivers4 ,the ,acipenser ,gueldenstaedtii1 ,br4 yields the finest1 best and whitest isinglass4 ,it is known by the name of ,patriarch1 and consists of small horseshoe-shaped pieces rolled tightly together4 ,it is quite scarce and expensive4 ,when the bladder is merely dried in sheets1 it constitutes leaf isinglass4 ,when several bladders are put together and folded before they are completely dry1 they form book isinglass4 ,each bladder may also be rolled up and folded around a few pegs in the form of a horseshoe1 heart1 or lyre1 in which shape it is dried4 ,the latter is the staple isinglass1 which1 according to its dimensions1 is again divided into long and short staple4 ,long staple isinglass of fine quality is produced in the ,oural4 ,it is imported in loose leaves1 and at times it is twisted like ropes1 this kind being preferred1 as it is inferior in quality only to ,patriarch4 ,siberian purse isinglass is of moderately good quality and is in general demand4 ,a small kind of strings in a necklace form is sometimes imported4 ,a very good sort of ,russian isinglass comes into commerce in leaves and books1 and is known by the name of ,samovey leaf4 ,it is obtained1 according to the statements of ,russian merchants1 from the common sheath-fish 7,siluris ,glanis74 ,the pieces are as large as a hand1 of the thickness of pasteboard1 very solid1 not very flexible and of a white-yellowish color4 ,it is inferior in quality to ,astrakhan isinglass1 which is one of the best kinds4 ,in ,russia the isinglass is generally prepared by boys under the supervision of elder experts4 ,the swimming bladder is first placed in water and left there for some days with frequent changes of the water and removal of all fatty and bloody particles4 ,the warmer the water the more rapidly the operation is completed4 ,the bladders are finally removed and cut longitudinally into sheets which are exposed to the sun and air1 being laid out to dry1 with the outer face turned down1 upon boards of linden or bass wood4 ,the inner face is pure isinglass1 which1 when well dried1 can with care be removed from the external lamell4 ,the finer sheets thus obtained are placed between cloths to protect them from the flies1 and are then subjected to a heavy pressure so as to flatten them out and render them uniform4 ,after this they are assorted and tied up in packages4 ,the packages composed of the isinglass of the large sturgeon usually contain from ten to fifteen sheets and weigh a pound and a quarter2 those of the other contain twenty-five sheets weighing a pound4 ,eighty of these packages are usually sewed up in a cloth bag1 or sometimes inclosed in sheet lead4 ,the outer lamell of the air-bladder1 after the isinglass has been removed1 also contain a considerable quantity of glue which1 when softened in water1 is scraped off with a knife and moulded into little tablets of about the size of a silver dollar1 and then dried4 #b4 ,north ,american or ,new ,york ,isinglass4 ,it is in thin strips several feet long but to #a inch wide4 ,it is less soluble than ,russian isinglass1 and yields frequently a dark-colored solution4 ,it is prepared1 according to ,dr4 ,j4 ,v4 ,c4 ,smith's statements1 from the air-bladder of the common hake 7,gadus merluccius71 which is macerated in water for a short time1 cut open and subjected to pressure between iron rollers1 by which it is elongated to the extent of half a yard or more4 ,it is then carefully dried1 packed and sent to market4 ,the air-bladder of the common cod 7,gadus morrhua7 is prepared in a similar manner1 but yields a poorer kind of isinglass4 #c4 ,east ,india ,isinglass4 ,it would seem that for a long time this has been exported from ,calcutta to ,china1 but has only lately attracted the attention of ,european dealers4 ,it is prepared from the air-bladder of the ,polynemus plebejus1 and comes into commerce either in the form of leaves or purses which seem to consist of the unopened air-bladder4 ,east ,indian isinglass has a disagreeable fish odor1 due very likely to careless preparation1 which makes its use impossible for many purposes1 and1 of course1 depreciates its commercial value4 ,the oval-oblong purses are about nine inches long1 three and a half inches wide1 weigh about #g ozs4 and have a dark-yellow color4 ,east ,india leaf isinglass1 i4 e41 the opened and dried air-bladder1 consists of yellowish-colored leaves eight to nine inches long1 six to seven inches wide1 and about three-tenths of an inch thick4 ,the leaves are sometimes rolled out into long ribbons about one-tenth of an inch thick1 the surface of which is covered in places with a thin film of lime4 ,what is known as picked ,east ,india isinglass is brought into commerce in small shreds about two to three inches long1 and tapering at the extremities4 ,a variety of isinglass very white and pure and scarcely inferior to ,samovey leaf is brought from ,manila4 ,the fish which yields it is caught on the coast of the ,philippine ,islands1 especially at ,luzon4 #d4 ,hudson ,bay ,isinglass4 ,it is brought into commerce in the purse form4 ,some specimens measure twelve inches in length and three and a half inches in diameter1 and weigh one and a half ounces4 ,it is of light-yellow color1 nearly transparent1 without odor or taste4 ,the inner lining of the sac1 which can be readily stripped off1 is insoluble in water1 while the remaining portion dissolves to a slightly colored jelly4 ,we have been unable to ascertain from what species of fish this isinglass is procured4 #e4 ,brazilian ,isinglass4 ,this is imported from ,para and ,maranham1 and is also called ,cayenne isinglass4 ,for a long time there existed a doubt from what species of fish this isinglass was procured1 but it is now settled that it is prepared from the air-bladder of ,silurus ,parkerii1 a fish which is frequently found in the muddy waters of the rivers in the province of ,grao ,para1 where these waters mingle with the sea4 ,brazilian isinglass comes in the form of pipe1 lump and honeycomb4 ,on account of its dark color it is not in much demand for ordinary use1 but is frequently employed in ,england for clarifying glue4 ,when digested in water it leaves much insoluble substance behind1 being in this respect also inferior to ,russian isinglass4 #f4 ,german ,isinglass4 ,under this name we may mention the mucous membrane of the sturgeon 7,acipenser sturio71 prepared in ,hamburg4 ,when boiled with water it leaves #af per cent4 of insoluble substance4 ,it is said that an excellent isinglass can be made from the scales of shad and herring1 which are first freed from their silvery coating4 ,this may furnish a useful hint to persons who are near some of the great fishery establishments of the country1 at ,gloucester1 ,n4 ,j41 and ,alexandria1 ,va41 for instance1 where thousands of shad are scaled and salted every year4 ,to give inferior qualities of isinglass a better appearance and make them more salable1 they are frequently bleached with sulphurous acid4 ,ichthyocolle ,franaise4 ,under this name1 ,rohan has introduced a substitute for isinglass4 ,the material used for its manufacture is blood fibrin1 which1 after washing in running water1 is thoroughly kneaded and1 after draining1 digested at #ei ,f4 with dilute sulphuric acid of #h to #aj ,b4 for eight days1 after which the mass is freed from acid by washing in running water4 ,the fibrin freed from acid becomes transparent and gelatinous by treating with weak soda lye of #c to #d ,b4 at #ei ,f41 whereby it swells up and increases hourly in volume4 ,after twenty-four hours it is taken from the soda lye1 and after removing the free soda by washing1 heated to #bab ,f1 in a water-bath4 ,the fibrin dissolves and becomes so thinly fluid that it can be filtered4 #ge to #hj per cent4 of the water is then evaporated1 and the fibrin thus prepared can be used as a substitute for isinglass for fining purposes4 ,ichthyocolla swells more quickly in cold water than isinglass2 #ae to #bj per cent4 divided in water forms a thickly fluid substance1 which on heating dissolves to a perfectly clear fluid4 ,for fining beer with ichthyocolla add #b to #aj per cent4 of pure tannin1 which does not injure its power of dissolving4 ,isinglassine4 ,under this name is known an isinglass substitute prepared from the gelatinous material from calves' feet and other sources4 ,the material is reduced by machinery to a pliable homogeneous mass1 rolled out into sheets1 dried1 pressed and shredded4 ,chinese isinglass is identical with the ,japanese ,agar-,agar1 and is obtained by cleansing and boiling certain species of algae found in ,chinese and ,japanese waters4 ,this isinglass1 or gelatine1 possesses the following properties3 ,placed in cold water it softens without dissolving like gelatine1 and forms a structureless tubular mass which is not sticky4 ,by boiling1 it dissolves more readily than isinglass1 but with greater difficulty than gelatine4 ,a #a to #b per cent4 solution is easily filtered through paper or linen1 and when cold forms a solid jelly clear as water and without taste or odor4 ,jelly prepared with one-half per cent4 of ,chinese gelatine is more solid than one prepared with #d per cent4 of ,french white gelatine1 retains its consistency longer1 and will stand a temperature of #hf to #abb ,f4 before becoming liquid4 ,used for jellies1 or mixed with other foods1 it does not impart to them a glue taste never wanting in bone gelatine4 ,when decomposed by long standing1 it does not acquire a disagreeable odor1 while decomposed isinglass or gelatine exhales a putrid smell4 ,agar-,agar contains1 according to analyses3 ,cellulose1 starch1 gum1 dextrine1 vegetable mucus1 vegetable wax1 resin1 chlorophyll1 albumen1 a peculiar acid1 and several mineral substances4 ,irish moss 7,chondrus crispus7 which grows on rocks of the ,american and ,european shores of the ,atlantic ,ocean1 yields a jelly which has been employed as a substitute for isinglass1 as a size1 for thickening colors in calico printing1 and in stiffening silk4 ,in a fresh or softened state the plant is cartilaginous1 of a brownish or purple1 or frequently yellow or green color4 ,after washing in water and drying in the sun it turns whitish or yellowish1 and becomes somewhat translucent and of a horny appearance4 ,it has a slight seaweed-like odor and a mucilaginous1 somewhat saline taste4 ,one part of it boiled with #bj parts of water gelatinizes on cooling4 ,fish ,glue4 ,this product1 which is prepared in many localities from fishes1 must not be confounded with isinglass1 though the purer varieties may serve as substitutes for the latter or for gelatine4 ,jennings gives the following process for the preparation of fish glue4 ,the fishes are treated with dilute sulphuric acid until the skin can be detached4 ,the acid water is then drained off and replaced by milk of lime to neutralize adhering sulphuric acid as well as to saponify the fat4 ,the milk of lime is several times drained off and renewed1 the mass thoroughly washed1 cut up in a hollander and treated cold with solution of sodium hyposulphite1 common salt and alum4 ,after a few days the liquor is drawn off and replaced by a mixture of alum solution1 dilute sulphuric acid and nitric acid in which the mass is allowed to remain for a few days4 ,fishes with dark skins are treated with a mixture of hydrochloric and sulphuric acids4 ,after washing1 the skin is removed and the fibres which have become detached from the bones are separated by digestion in dilute solution of mercuric chloride and alum4 ,adhering fatty parts are removed with warm milk of lime1 the lime is neutralized with hydrochloric acid1 and the mass boiled with water for the formation of glue4 ,the resulting glue-liquor is clarified with sulphurous acid and alum1 and when all the impurities have subsided1 compounded with acid sodium carbonate till all the acid is neutralized4 ,the finished solution is concentrated so that it gelatinizes on cooling and can be cut in cakes which are dried in the usual manner4 ,fish scales1 especially those of carps1 are treated in a similar manner4 ,the bone-earth is extracted with hydrochloric acid1 the extracted material thoroughly washed1 and then boiled in soft water till it can be readily stirred4 ,the liquor is drawn off from the horny sediment1 clarified with alum1 evaporated1 and after all the impurities have subsided1 poured into moulds and treated like ordinary glue4 ,considerable quantities of fish glue are produced on the ,norwegian coast from waste obtained in the preparation of codfish4 ,the fish when caught are cut open and the air-bladders removed1 which are dried and brought into commerce as isinglass4 ,the head is then cut off and the bones detached in one piece4 ,the flesh is dried in the air1 and forms the codfish of commerce4 ,the heads and bones are first treated with hydrochloric acid or directly boiled under slight pressure in water1 and the resulting liquor concentrated so that it will gelatinize4 ,a substitute for isinglass1 also for gelatine and glue1 is prepared by ,c4 ,a4 ,sahlstrhm1 of ,stockholm1 according to his patent1 from fish and fish waste by treatment with bleaching powder1 potassium permanganate1 and nitrous and sulphurous gases4 ,for this purpose the fishes1 or portions of fishes1 are first well washed in fresh water and then left for from three to four hours in a solution of bleaching powder 7in the proportion of #b lbs4 of bleaching powder to #cjj quarts of water74 ,after washing they are treated for about #cj minutes with a solution of potassium permanganate 7in the proportion of #a ozs4 of potassium permanganate to #bej or #cjj quarts of water71 and then exposed to the action of the nitrous gas1 produced by heating #aj to #ae ozs4 of nitric acid for every #hh lbs4 of raw material4 ,this gas may be first absorbed by water1 as in the manufacture of sugar1 or sulphur dioxide may be used instead of nitrous gas4 ,the former would be obtained by burning about #g ozs4 of sulphur for every #hh lbs4 of raw material4 ,the material1 after this treatment1 is washed4 ,those portions intended for the production of isinglass substitute are freed from their outer skins and dried and pressed at a gentle heat4 ,the portions destined to produce gelatine or glue are1 on the contrary1 exposed to a temperature of from #ajd to #abb ,f4 for from ten to twelve hours1 by which the material is mainly dissolved4 ,the mass is then forced through a strainer or sieve1 and the liquor allowed to gelatinize by standing for some hours4 ,the jelly is finally dried1 as is usual in the manufacture of glue or gelatine4 ,whale glue is1 according to ,culmann1 obtained in the ,russian island ,jeretike from the liquor remaining in the boilers after the extraction of the oil by means of superheated steam4 ,by reason of the raw and moist atmosphere which prevails in that locality1 even in summer1 drying the glue is not practicable1 and for this reason it is brought into commerce in the form of a compact jelly mixed with a preservative and packed in tin boxes4 ,the commercial article contains #da4fe per cent4 water4 ,it is liquefied by placing the can in boiling water1 and melts at #agf ,f4 ,as shown by mechanical tests1 it possesses great tenacity1 and two pieces of wood glued together lengthwise cannot be separated at the joint but break alongside of it4 ,,chapter ,,xi4 ,,testing ,,glue ,,and ,,gelatine4 ,it is of importance that the manufacturer as well as the dealer should know how to test the quality of a glue4 ,this may be done by chemical means and in a mechanical way4 ,determination of moisture4 ,for this purpose a weighed quantity of the sample1 finely powdered1 is for fourteen hours exposed to a temperature of #bag to #bcj ,f4 ,it is then cooled under the dessicator and reweighed4 ,the content of moisture is then calculated from the loss in weight4 ,determination of ash4 ,the origin of a sample of glue may be traced by examining the ash for phosphates of lime and magnesia1 bone-glue containing both1 while skin-glue is free from phosphates4 ,reduce a portion of the sample to a fine powder1 and weigh it in a tared constant crucible4 ,heat slowly over a ,bunsen flame until carbonized1 then remove the crucible to the muffle1 and heat to bright redness for #aj hours4 ,cool under the dessicator and weigh4 ,the increase in weight of the crucible is the ash of the sample4 ,this will vary from #a to #b per cent4 in a gelatine1 #b to #c per cent4 in a good glue1 #f to #h per cent4 in a common quality4 ,determination of ,acidity4 ,kissling elsewhere determines the acidity by suspending #cj grammes of the sample in #hj ,cc4 of cold water for #aj to #ab hours in a flask connected with a condenser4 ,the volatile acids are then driven over by a current of steam into a graduated cylinder4 ,when the distillate amounts to #bjj ,cc41 distillation is interrupted1 and the distillate treated with standard decinormal alkali4 ,when the distillate contains sulphurous acid1 a known quantity of the standard alkali is previously added to the cylinder4 ,an undue quantity of acid may be detected by the taste4 ,glues may be alkaline from the addition of excess of lime in the manufacture to correct the sourness of the jelly4 ,for uses where colors are concerned the glue must be neutral to litmus2 for adhesive uses this does not matter unless the alkalinity or acidity is due to defective preparation 7,samuel ,rideal74 ,determination of ,glutin4 ,the percentage of glutin in a glue solution is determined by precipitating it with tannin4 ,the dense white precipitate formed is thrown on to a tared filter1 washed with hot water1 dried and weighed4 ,the calculation is made on the basis that the tannate of glutin has a percentage composition of #db4gd per cent4 of glutin and #eg4bf per cent4 of tannin4 ,bisler-,beumat while employing the same principle prepares two solutions3 a4 #aj grammes of pure tannin to the liter4 b4 #aj grammes of pure isinglass and #bj grammes of alum to the liter4 ,the ratio in which the tannin is precipitated by the isinglass solution1 which ,risler considers as pure glutin1 is then determined by titration4 ,the tannin solution is then diluted so that exactly an equal volume of glue solution is precipitated by it4 ,in order to test a sample of glue1 dissolve #aj grammes of it together with #bj grammes of alum in a liter of water1 heat being applied if necessary4 ,next #aj cubic centimeters of the tannin solution are taken to which an equal bulk of glue solution is at once added1 as one may be sure that this quantity is not sufficient for the precipitation of the measured quantity of tannin1 because no glue found in commerce is as pure as isinglass4 ,the vessel containing the mixed liquids being well shaken and the precipitate having subsided1 another cubic centimeter of glue solution is added to the tannin solution which is next filtered through a moist cotton filter4 ,if one drop of the glue solution still produces a precipitate in the clear filtrate1 another cubic centimeter is added to the tannin solution1 and then again filtered1 these operations being repeated until the filtrate is no longer rendered turbid by the glue solution4 ,with the known relation of the tannin solution to pure glue 7isinglass71 a conclusion may be formed from the number of cubic centimeters of glue solution used as to the content of glutin in the sample examined4 ,the percentage of glutin varies1 of course1 according to the quality and origin of the glue4 ,bone glue of good quality contains from #ej to #eb per cent4 and skin glue from #fe to #ge per cent4 ,s4 ,dana ,hayes analyzed two samples of ,american glue of best quality and obtained the following results3 a4 b4 ,water 7escaping at #bab ,f47 #af4gj #af4bh ,glue substance #gi4he #hj4db ,calcium carbonate #a4db #a4cc ,calcium sulphate #j4da #j4cd ,magnesium phosphate #j4ce #j4ca ,alkaline salts #j4ag #j4ab ,silica1 ferric oxide1 etc4 #j4ji #j4jh ,zinc oxide #a4ja #a4ab ,the chemical modes of testing glue give only the quantity of glutin contained in it1 but do not prove that the substance combined with tannin corresponds to the actual adhesive power of the glue1 for it is possible that a glue containing a large quantity of glutin may possess but little adhesive power1 and a jelly from which the glue is formed may contain an equal amount of glutin with the latter1 but not possess an equal power of adhesion4 ,it is certain that the determination of the glutin alone is not a criterion of the quality of glue4 ,in the absence of a reliable method of direct analysis1 attempts have been made to deduce the quality of glue from indirect properties4 ,one of these methods consists in immersing the sample of glue in a large quantity of water at #ei ,f4 for a considerable time4 ,the glue swells up1 absorbing #e to #af times its own weight of water4 ,the more consistent and elastic the glue in this state is found to be1 the greater its adhesive power1 and the larger the quantity of water absorbed the more economical the glue will be in use4 ,this method does not give thoroughly reliable results1 and should only be employed with bone-glue1 as skin-glue does not behave in a similar manner4 ,illustration3 ,,fig4 #fe4 ,a more reliable method is to test the strength of a glue by the method first proposed by ,lipowitz1 which is based on the weight-sustaining power of a jelly of known strength and temperature4 ,the test is executed as follows3 ,soak #e parts of the sample in water1 then dissolve it in sufficient hot water to make the weight of the solution equal to #ej parts1 and allow to stand for #ab hours at #fd4d ,f4 in a glass cylinder of uniform width to gelatinize4 ,cover the glass cylinder with a tin cap perforated in the centre1 ,fig4 #fe4 ,through the perforation is passed freely a stout iron wire1 at the lower end of which is soldered a piece of tin shaped like a saucer1 the convex side of it resting on the surface of the jelly4 ,to the upper end of the wire1 which together with the tin saucer should weigh #e grammes1 is soldered a funnel weighing #e grammes1 and capable of holding up to #ej grammes of fine shot4 ,the apparatus is gradually loaded with shot until the saucer-shaped piece of tin is forced into the jelly4 ,the greater the strength of the jelly1 the heavier will be the weight required4 ,from the determined weight of the shot used1 the relative value of the glue as to its adhesive power is determined4 ,the following results have been obtained by comparative experiments with this apparatus3 ,variety of ,glue4 ,weight required to force the saucer down4 ,breslau #agjd grammes #c4gd lbs4 ,russian #addf grammes #c4ah lbs4 ,cologne #abae grammes #b4fg lbs4 ,muhlhausen ,i4 #gbg grammes #a4eii lbs4 ,nrdlingen #gbd grammes #a4eib lbs4 ,muhlhausen ,,ii4 #chg4e grammes #j4he lbs4 ,the results of these experiments agree to a remarkable degree with the market prices of the varieties of glue1 which is not the case with glues tested by the methods previously mentioned4 ,the results of these tests are given in the table below3 ,table ,key3 ,variety of ,glue4 #a4 ,best ,white isinglass in three qualities #b4 ,translucent yellowish bone glue in tablets and easily soluble #c4 ,pale yellow glue similar to ,no4 #b #d4 ,brown-reddish1 brittle in fracture and soluble #e4 ,clear translucent glue of medium brown color #f4 ,brown-yelow glue in thick tablets and possessing but little translucency #g4 ,pale brown-yellow glue1 readily soluble and elastic before breaking #h4 ,pale amber-colored glue with but little translucency #i4 ,brown glue1 solution turbid #aj4 ,amber-colored glue1 opalizing and readily soluble #aa4 ,thich tablets or dark-brown glue1 solution very turbid #ab4 ,dark horn-like glue with little translucency #ac4 ,very translucent glue of a light brown color and very clean solution #ad4 ,translucent dark-brown glue1 giving a very clear solution ---------------------------------------- -------------------------- ,loss of water #ajj parts ,glutin ,water ,a #ajj per cent4 in drying for of glue are per absorbed in solution of several hours at precipitated cent4 #bd hours by #e;glue will bear #bci to #bdh ,f4 by tannic acid parts of gluea weight of ---------------------------------------- -------------------------- #a4 #bj to #ba #gd4fb #ee4fi -- #b4 #ac4b #gf4b #ef4h #dj #fd grammes 7#b4be ozs47 #c4 #ac4j #gj4j #eb4b #ce #fj grammes 7#b4aa ozs47 #d4 #aj4j #ga4j #eb4i #ab ,does not gelatinize4 #e4 #aa4j #ga4e #ec4c #bj #bj grammes 7#j4gje oz47 #f4 #ab4e #fh4j #ej4g #bg #ae grammes 7#j4eb oz47 #g4 #ac4j #ff4f #di4g #cj #cf grammes 7#a4bf oz47 #h4 #i4e #fh4e #ea4a #cc #fj grammes 7#b4aa oz47 #i4 #aj4j #hb4j #ec4g #cj #ej grammes 7#a4gf oz47 #aj4 #i4e #gc4j #ed4d #ce #ef grammes 7#a4ig oz47 #aa4 #ac4e #fd4j #dg4g #ah #bc grammes 7#j4ha oz47 #ab4 #i4j #gb4f #ed4b #bi #ab grammes 7#j4db oz47 #ac4 #ac4e #gj4j #eb4b #cj #dj grammes 7#a4da oz47 #ad4 #ae4j #ff4j #di4d #be #db grammes 7#a4dh oz47 ---------------------------------------- -------------------------- ,this table shows the following facts3 #a4 ,the percentage of water in the #ad dry varieties of glue examined varies between #i4j and #ba4 ,the loss of water from isinglass is surprisingly large1 especially as it cannot be explained by an artificial admixture of water1 since the six varieties examined reabsorbed the same percentage of water from the air4 ,the percentage of water in the other varieties of glue differs but little4 #b4 ,the various varieties of glue required different quantities of tannic acid for their precipitation1 the amount for #ajj parts of glue varying between #ff parts and #gf4b1 or calculated to per cent41 between #di4d and #ef4h4 #c4 ,placed in cold water1 glue swells up and absorbs from #ab to #dj parts of water4 ,the behavior of the various varieties differs very much in this respect1 and in most of the experiments1 with the exception of variety ,no4 #d1 the percentage of glutin is in exact proportion to the quantity of water absorbed4 #d4 ,the strength of the gelatinized glue varies between #ab grammes 7#ahe4ah grains7 and #fd grammes 7#ihg4fg grains7 for a #aj per cent4 solution4 ,this property corresponds neither with the absorption of water nor the percentage of glutin4 ,variety ,no4 #d1 in the table1 contains #eb per cent4 of glutin1 but does not gelatinize1 its strength being therefore equal to #j1 while variety ,no4 #ad1 with #di4d per cent4 of glutin1 therefore less than ,no4 #d1 shows a strength of #db4 ,as no close connection between the properties mentioned in the table can be recognized1 it is best not to be guided by these properties alone1 but to test also the behavior of the glue in practical use4 ,such test consists in estimating the adhesive power of the glue from the weight required to tear asunder two pieces of wood glued together and dried4 ,but as the results obtained by this purely practical test must necessarily vary on account of the impossibility of having two surfaces of wood always exactly alike1 and the uncertainty of applying every time the same quantity of glue1 ,weidenbusch's method may here be given4 ,it is based upon the principle that sticks of plaster of ,paris cast of exactly the same material and of uniform size break under the same weight when placed upon two supports and loaded in the centre4 ,if now such plaster sticks be saturated with glue solutions prepared according to the same method1 but from different qualities of glue1 a greater force will be required for breaking them1 and this force will be the greater the better the quality of glue is4 ,the plaster sticks are prepared as follows3 ,reduce pure crystallized gypsum to a fine powder1 pass the latter through a sieve having #cbd meshes per square centimeter and heat it to between #bhd and #cjb ,f4 ,for casting the sticks moulds of soap-stone are used4 ,the moulds are made by boring in a piece of soap-stone1 at a distance of about #a centimeter from each other1 holes with a diameter of #f millimeters on top and #g millimeters on the bottom4 ,the gypsum is weighed off in portions of #a gramme each1 mixed with #a gramme water and cast in the moulds4 ,the solidified sticks are first dried at a moderate heat and then over calcium chloride1 and kept for use in an air-tight vessel4 ,illustration3 ,,fig4 #ff4 ,the glue solution is prepared as follows3 ,the glue dried at #bab ,f4 is weighed1 soaked over night in water1 then melted in a small glass in the water-bath1 and finally enough water is added so that the solution contains #aj per cent4 of dry glue4 ,the plaster sticks are for one or two minutes immersed in the glue solution heated to #bab ,f41 and then placed vertically upon a glass plate until superficially dry1 when they are completely dried at #bab ,f4 ,it is recommended to color the glue solution with indigo1 the uniform saturation of the sticks being thereby more easily recognized4 ,the apparatus for testing the strength of the sticks consists of a brass ring a1 ,fig4 #ff1 having two notches to receive the stick1 and its diameter is divided into two equal parts by an indicator4 ,the ring is supported by a pin1 by means of which it is secured in a stand4 ,the apparatus is completed by an iron or glass cup which is suspended by three cords1 i1 and the hook f to the plaster stick b4 ,the hook f is placed in the position indicated by the indicator4 ,mercury is now poured into the cup until the plaster stick commences to break4 ,the weight required is recorded and compared with a standard glue4 ,during the experiment the cup is suspended by the three cords h to the ring a1 and is thus caught when the plaster stick breaks4 ,on the lower end of the cup is a clip for emptying the mercury into a vessel so that none of it is lost4 ,the 8,artillery ,werksttte0 at ,spandau has adopted the severing strain of two blocks of wood glued together4 ,the test is executed as follows3 ,three parts of glue 7but not less than #bej grammes7 are mixed with #f parts of water and boiled in a steam bath until the weight of the boiled glue amounts to only #e_/i of the original mixture4 ,the reason for this continued boiling is to ascertain whether the glue to be tested retains the required adhesive power even after six hours continued heating in a steam bath as frequently happens in the workshop4 ,with the glue thus prepared the following breaking test is made3 ,blocks of hard or soft wood #dbj millimeters long and #dj #dj millimeters cross section are cut in two1 so that each piece thus obtained is #baj millimeters in length4 ,these two pieces are then again glued together across the grain with the glue to be tested4 ,the block is then placed in a dry room at a temperature of #fb to #fh ,f4 for #gb hours1 when the joint is tested as to its resisting power4 ,at a distance of #ahj millimeters from the joint a hole is bored in the block4 ,through this hole is pushed a bolt furnished on the lower end with a hook to which a scale is suspended4 ,the block of wood is clamped to a table so that the joint projects #a centimeter beyond the edge4 ,the scale is at the start loaded with #be kilograms1 the load being every five minutes increased #e kilograms till fracture takes place4 ,two such blocks1 one of hard and one of soft wood1 are subjected to the test1 and a serviceable glue must stand at least an average load of #gj kilograms4 ,determination of adulterations4 ,white lead1 sulphate of lead1 zinc white1 or chalk in quantities varying from #d to #h per cent4 are frequently mixed with the melted glue to improve the appearance of the finished product4 ,thus1 according to analyses by ,a4 ,faisst1 ,russian glues contained in #ajj parts foreign admixtures as follows3 ,i4 ,,ii4 ,,iii4 ,,iv4 ,zinc white #a4ff ,chalk #b4dj #b4ie #c4gi #b4aj ,sulphate of lead -- #d4af #b4ce #c4ah ---- ---- ---- ---- #d4jf #g4jh #f4ad #e4bh ,the so-called patent glue which is opaque and of a white color is produced by adding considerable quantities of white lead to ordinary glue4 ,according to ,barreswil1 glue is frequently mixed with lead acetate solution to protect it from putrefaction4 ,such an addition1 as well as the presence of white lead or sulphate of lead1 is detected by the introduction of sulphuretted hydrogen into very dilute glue solution4 ,in the presence of lead acetate a black precipitate of lead sulphide appears in the clear solution2 if white lead or lead sulphate is present1 the white powder settling on the bottom is blackened by the formation of lead sulphide4 ,for the detection of other earthy additions1 prepare a very dilute solution of the glue in question and allow it to stand quietly for a few hours4 ,the heavy additions subside1 and after decanting the supernatant fluid is collected upon a small filter and examined by the customary analytical methods4 ,it is difficult to say what quantities of earthy constituents actually constitute an adulteration1 since it is claimed by many practical men that a considerable content of earthy parts is of advantage as regards the cementing power of glue4 ,generally speaking it may1 however1 be said that a glue containing more than #f to #h per cent4 of earthy constituents must be considered adulterated4 ,for many purposes1 especially if the glue comes in contact with colored materials as1 for instance1 in book-binding1 a content of free acid would exert an injurious effect upon the colors1 destroying or changing them4 ,it is therefore advisable to test the glue with blue litmus paper which1 in the presence of free acid1 is reddened4 ,in testing a large number of samples of glue1 ,kissling obtained the following results3 ,number ,smallest ,largest ,average ,,skin ,,glue4 of samples4 percentage4 percentage4 percentage4 ,water #ae #ac4d #ah4a #ae4g ,ash #af #a4j #d4ac #b4ae ,fat #ba #j4ja #j4jij #j4jcg ,volatile acids1 free #h #j4jhd #j4bch #j4agh ,volatile acids1 fixed #j4jhd #j4ccd #j4aia ,,bone ,,glue4 ,water #be #aa4e #ag4g #ac4d ,ash #bf #a4af #e4jg #b4df ,fat #e #j4jdg #j4bag #j4aac ,volatile acids1 free #g #j4jhh #a4dea #j4fee ,volatile acids1 fixed #j4jig #j4gba #j4dfj ,however1 those who from their practical knowledge are most competent to judge the commercial value of a glue1 scarcely require such complicated tests1 as by taking the sample in their hand and looking at it1 they can in most cases tell its quality4 ,great hardness1 a clear1 rattling sound when struck1 and resistance to breaking are signs of good quality1 and if the cake is cut thick1 it shows that the jelly possessed great consistency4 ,many kinds of glues are intentionally cut thin so that they will dry before spoiling4 ,the derivation of a glue from a sound jelly is recognized by the fine cutting lines4 ,when the jelly possesses but little gelatinizing power and is in the first stages of decomposition or putrefaction1 or formation of sugar has already set in1 it cannot be poured into moulding boxes1 as it would putrefy before it has a chance to gelatinize4 ,such sick jelly is poured in thin layers upon glass or metal plates so that it may acquire sufficient solidity to allow of its being cut up into leaves and dried upon nets4 ,if the edges of the glue are deeply indented and raised1 the jelly1 before drying1 possessed but little concentration 7#be to #cj per cent471 and if notwithstanding this1 it acquired sufficient consistency to allow of its being cut1 it must have been very sound4 ,glues cut thick and showing no indentations and raised edges1 are derived from excessively concentrated jellies 7#cj-ce-dj per cent474 ,such jellies lose in quality in evaporating4 ,a high degree of transparency is a favorable sign as regards the purity of a glue1 substances inducing putrefaction having been eliminated4 ,hence this property should be worthy of recommendation1 but the consumer having been disappointed in the use of thin glass-clear glues1 distrusts also the thick-cut transparent product1 preferring a turbid1 translucent or opaque article4 ,for this reason the manufacturer is forced to render glass-clear glue turbid with coloring matter4 ,the color of the glue is also a means of judging it4 ,to be sure1 chemically pure glutin is a colorless substance1 but glue is always colored more or less dark brown4 ,although this coloration does not in the least impair the adhesive power1 the manufacturer endeavors to produce a product of as light a color as possible1 and this is best effected by bleaching with sulphurous acid4 ,by this means the glue not only acquires a lighter color1 but also becomes more stable1 substances inducing putrefaction being destroyed by the acid4 ,,part ,,ii4 ,,cements1 ,,pastes1 ,,mucilages4 ,,chapter ,,xii4 ,,classification ,,of ,,cements4 ,the great variety of substances entering into the manufacture of cements and pastes makes a division of them extremely difficult4 ,stohmann divides them into the following groups3 #a4 ,oil cements4 #b4 ,resinous cements4 #c4 ,cements containing rubber or gutta percha4 #d4 ,cements containing glue1 or starch paste4 #e4 ,lime cements4 ,generally speaking1 this division is correct2 the only change we would suggest is to apply the term agglutinant or paste to bodies containing glue and starch paste4 ,when we attempt a division of the cements according to the bodies to be cemented1 we find that the result will be a larger number of groups2 as we must take into consideration whether the articles to be cemented have to be heated or not1 whether they are to come in contact with water or other liquids1 and other circumstances which would necessitate modifications in the composition of the cements themselves4 ,according to this1 we might group the cements as follows3 #a4 ,cements for glass and porcelain1 for repairing broken articles1 for fastening glass letters upon show-windows1 etc4 #b4 ,cements for metals not exposed to an increase of temperature1 for instance1 for tightening the joints of gas and water pipes4 #c4 ,cements for stoves and other articles1 which have to stand an increased temperature4 #d4 ,cements for chemical apparatus1 i4 e41 such as will have to resist the action of chemical agents4 #e4 ,cements to protect vessels of glass1 porcelain1 or metal against the action of fire4 #f4 ,cements for filling hollow teeth1 for microscopical preparations1 and other delicate articles4 #g4 ,cements for special purposes1 for instance1 for cementing meerschaum1 tortoise shell1 etc4 ,chemical nature of cements4 ,the different varieties of cement frequently contain substances which act chemically upon each other1 or upon the bodies to be united with them4 ,to determine the practical availability of a variety of cement for a determined purpose1 it is of importance to know the reciprocal behavior of these substances towards each other1 as from this we are able to judge at once whether a cement is suitable for a certain purpose or not4 ,oil cements4 ,the fluid fats1 commonly called oils--though there are oils which remain solid at the ordinary temperature1 as1 for instance1 palm oil and cocoanut oil--may1 as regards their behavior on exposure to the air1 be divided into two large groups1 namely1 drying and nondrying oils4 ,as samples of these groups may be mentioned olive oil and linseed oil4 ,if a thin layer of olive oil protected from dust is exposed to the air1 it will remain fluid for years and retain its characteristic oily consistency4 ,the only change it undergoes is that it becomes somewhat more viscid and rancid1 and acquires a darker color1 but it never dries up4 ,linseed oil treated in the same manner solidifies in the course of a few weeks to a hard1 tough and elastic mass1 resembling1 as regards its physical qualities1 resin or rubber4 ,by compounding a drying oil with a small quantity of litharge1 pyrolusite1 manganous borate1 etc41 and heating the admixture to the boiling-point1 it acquires the property of drying in a few hours when exposed to the air in a thin layer4 ,oil so treated has been changed to a varnish4 ,by bringing a drying oil in contact with a body possessing strong basic properties a peculiar process takes place2 the sebacic acids contained in the oil combine with the basic bodies to solid combinations which are insoluble in water1 and1 on exposure to the air1 change gradually into masses as hard as stone4 ,such combinations1 as regards their chemical composition1 resemble ordinary soap1 and for this reason are called insoluble soaps to distinguish them from ordinary soap which is soluble in water4 ,burned lime1 calcined magnesia1 whiting1 ferric oxide1 litharge1 and minium possess the capacity for forming insoluble soaps on coming in contact with drying oils and1 still more quickly1 with varnishes prepared from them4 ,the hardness of these soaps in time increases considerably by the oil not saponified drying in4 ,the oil cements are principally used for tightening water and gas pipes1 as they resist the action of water1 steam and gas4 ,the only drawback connected with these cements is that they must reach a certain age before becoming entirely hard1 and that1 on account of the high price of drying oil or varnish which is absolutely required for their preparation1 they are rather expensive4 ,the ordinary glazier's putty and the red lead and linseed-oil cement used in constructing water and gas conduits belong to this group4 ,resinous cements4 ,by resins are understood a number of constituents of plants which exude in thick viscous masses through incisions made in the trees1 and on exposure to air are gradually converted into less transparent1 brittle masses4 ,when heated they melt more or less readily1 forming a thick1 ropy liquid1 and brought in contact with an ignited body they burn with a bright flame and much sooty smoke4 ,by making incisions in the bark of any of the whole genus of ,pinus belonging to the ,conifer family1 a viscous mass of a strong odor1 called turpentine1 is obtained4 ,it consists of a solution of common rosin in the essential oil of turpentine1 and when distilled yields from #ge to #ij per cent4 of colophony or rosin1 which remains in the retort1 and from #be to #aj per cent4 of the essential oil1 commonly called spirits of turpentine4 ,pure rosin is a brittle1 tasteless1 and almost inodorous mass of a light yellow color and a smooth1 shining fracture4 ,the various resins found in commerce1 such as shellac1 mastic1 elemi1 copal1 etc41 are formed in a similar manner4 ,the principal points of importance for our purpose are the different degrees of hardness and brittleness and the melting-points of the various resins4 ,while some possess but slight hardness1 for instance elemi1 others1 such as copal and amber1 excel in this respect and their brittleness and high melting-point4 ,to decrease the brittleness of resins1 essential oils are sometimes added1 or resinous cements are mixed with oil cements or a fat drying oil1 or compounded with rubber cement4 ,resinous cements are either softened by heating or entirely melted1 or solutions of resins in volatile solvents are used1 which1 in evaporating1 leave the resin behind4 ,the resinous cements possess great power of resistance1 and are therefore well adapted for tightening water and gas pipes1 but they have the disadvantage of not standing a high temperature and possessing a certain degree of brittleness which renders them unfit for the cementing of articles exposed to frequent shocks4 ,many of these cements1 especially those prepared with pitch or asphaltum1 can be produced at a very low cost1 and do excellent service for water-proofing vessels1 water-reservoirs1 brickwork1 etc4 ,rubber and gutta-percha cements4 ,caoutchouc1 commonly called ,india rubber1 or briefly rubber1 is derived from the milky juices of certain tropical plants4 ,it is distinguished by great elasticity and indifference to chemical agents4 ,both these properties make it a valuable material for cement1 and it is much used for this purpose either in the form of solution or as a constituent of other compositions4 ,for cements which are to have a certain degree of elasticity combined with indifference toward chemical agents1 it is absolutely indispensable1 as no other known body possesses these properties in such a high degree4 ,the derivation of gutta percha is similar to that of rubber4 ,at an ordinary temperature it forms solid and very tenacious masses1 of a leather-like consistency1 but at a somewhat higher temperature 7below the boiling-point of water7 it is converted into a very plastic1 soft mass1 which can be drawn into very fine threads1 and rolled to very thin plates4 ,by itself or mixed with other substances it furnishes an excellent cement1 possessing the valuable properties of tenacity and pliancy when exposed to shocks4 ,as regards resistance to the action of water and chemical agents it is almost equal to rubber1 and1 for certain purposes1 is frequently preferred to the latter4 ,glue and starch cements4 ,by itself1 i4 e41 converted by boiling with water into a viscous mass which solidifies on cooling1 glue cannot be classed with the cements2 the same applies to paste1 i4 e41 starch or flour swelled and boiled in water4 ,but compounded with other substances both yield excellent cements1 in which a part of the properties distinguishing glue solution and paste is preserved4 ,they both possess the property of decreasing the brittleness of many cements1 but unfortunately the latter thereby lose their power of resisting the action of water2 for starch as well as glue swells in water1 and the latter1 when moist1 passes quickly into putrefaction and destroys the cement4 ,in a wider sense isinglass1 compounds of glue and vinegar1 of lime and glue1 etc41 must be classed with the glue cements1 and ordinary flour and shoemakers' paste with starch cements4 ,lime ,cements4 ,lime possesses the property of forming insoluble combinations with egg albumen or caseine1 this being the reason why lime cements1 of which there are a great number1 are generally composed of burned lime and one or the other of the above substances4 ,lime compounded with a solution of water-glass forms also very solid and durable cements4 ,although the cements and agglutinants mentioned in the foregoing are most frequently used1 a compound of different cements is often employed1 in consequence of which the composition of many cements is very complicated4 ,in the following we give a description of the preparation of the different kinds of cement1 according to the manner of their employment4 ,,chapter ,,xiii4 ,,preparation ,,of ,,cements1 ,,pastes1 ,,and ,,mucilages4 ,,oil ,,cements4 ,oil cements1 as already explained1 must be considered as a variety of soaps insoluble in water1 formed by the action of drying oils or varnish upon various basic combinations4 ,the most important of this class is the cement used for securing window-panes4 ,good glaziers' putty is a product of extraordinary durability1 and1 besides for puttying glass and wood1 can also be used for joining many other bodies4 ,putty4 ,this is prepared by mixing fine whiting with linseed oil or linseed-oil varnish4 ,the whiting should be passed through a sieve of #db meshes to the inch4 ,it should be perfectly dry before sifting1 and be thoroughly incorporated with the oil4 ,as the work of kneading large masses with the hands or feet must be continued for a long time in order to obtain an entirely uniform product1 and is consequently very laborious1 it is recommended to use the following contrivance3 ,two wooden rollers rest in a suitable frame1 and can be brought together or removed from each other by means of two screws4 ,when the mixture of whiting and linseed oil is of sufficient consistency to allow kneading1 it is fashioned into a cylinder and rolled out between the above rollers to a long1 thin band1 which is caught in a vessel4 ,the band is balled together1 the ball reformed into a cylinder1 and the latter again passed through the rollers1 the operation of balling and rolling being continued until a uniform mass is obtained4 ,the finished product should be kept in oiled paper or under water4 ,white lead is sometimes mixed with the putty1 and other pigments to give color as desired4 ,hard putty may be softened by rolling between the hands4 ,french putty4 ,boil #g lbs4 of linseed oil with #d lbs4 of burnt umber for #b hours4 ,then add #aj lbs4 of white lead and #e lbs4 of chalk4 ,soft putty4 ,whiting #bj lbs41 white lead #b lbs41 linseed oil and olive oil #a gill each4 ,mix the whiting and the white lead with the necessary quantity of linseed oil1 to render the putty of the proper consistence1 the olive oil being added to the linseed oil before kneading4 ,the object of using olive oil is to prevent the white lead from hardening1 and it preserves the putty in a state sufficiently soft to adhere at all times1 and not1 by getting hard and cracking off1 suffering the wet to enter1 as is often the case with ordinary hard putty4 ,litharge cement4 ,by mixing litharge reduced to a fine powder with linseed oil1 a yellow cement is obtained which gradually solidifies to a mass as hard as stone4 ,red lead cement is made by mixing red lead with linseed oil to a paste4 ,it is used for cementing the joints of metal pipes4 ,lead preparations furnish excellent cements1 but have the disadvantage of great weight and a high price4 ,for many purposes a part of the lead combination can be suitably replaced by a substance of less weight1 such as whiting1 or1 still better1 burned lime slacked with sufficient water to convert it into a powder4 ,the quantity of the substitute added varies very much1 there being1 for instance1 many varieties of so-called red lead oil cement1 which contain only about #aj per cent4 of red lead4 ,cement for wash basins4 ,finely powdered glass 7sifted7 #b parts1 litharge #b parts1 linseed-oil varnish #a part4 ,wet the powders slightly with the oil1 heat and gradually add the rest4 ,do not use the basin for several days4 ,finely powdered glass or glass meal may be made by heating glass1 throwing it in cold water1 grinding the fractured pieces1 and washing by stirring up in water1 and allowing the finer particles to float off into a second vessel4 ,collect this fine powder when sufficient has settled in the vessel and sift it through a very fine sieve4 ,zinc-white cement is prepared similar to putty or red-lead cement4 ,it may1 however1 be made as follows3 ,mastic #b parts1 dammar #d parts1 sandarac #f parts1 ,venetian turpentine #h parts1 turpentine #aj parts1 benzole #ab parts1 zinc white #ad parts4 ,the resins are powdered1 while the ,venetian turpentine1 ordinary turpentine1 and benzole1 are put in a bottle1 and then the powdered resins put in4 ,the whole is shaken and allowed to stand for the resins to dissolve4 ,the solution is filtered through cotton-wool and rubbed up with sufficient zinc-white to form a cement4 ,dilute with benzine if necessary4 ,mastic cement1 mastic or pierres de mastic4 ,under this name masses are brought into commerce which are well adapted for moulding ornaments1 such as figures1 columns1 etc41 to be exposed to the weather4 ,they are comparatively cheap1 and it is rather remarkable that they are not more generally known and used for technical purposes4 ,to prepare large quantities of this cement suitable mills and mixing vessels are required1 as the conversion of the materials into a dust-like flour is an indispensable condition of the success of the work4 ,the materials most generally used are fine quartz sand1 finely ground calcareous sand1 and varying quantities of litharge or zinc oxides1 besides as small a quantity of linseed oil as possible4 ,the linseed oil combines with the litharge or zinc oxide to an insoluble soap1 which incloses the other material and forms a mass acquiring the hardness of sandstone in thirty to fifty hours4 ,after converting the materials into a fine powder1 the mixing is accomplished in barrels filled about three-quarters full and revolved by water-power4 ,when a thorough mixture has been effected the pulverulent mass is placed in sheet-iron vessels and saturated with linseed oil1 and then moulded at once1 as it solidifies in one or two days4 ,french mastic4 ,quartz sand #cjj parts1 pulverized limestone #ajj1 litharge #ej1 linseed oil #ce4 ,paget's mastic4 ,sand #cae parts1 whiting #aje1 white lead #be1 calcined red lead #aj1 lead acetate solution #de1 linseed oil #ce4 ,the mastic may be colored by adding pigments4 ,water-proof cement4 ,a4 ,rubber #g parts1 oil of turpentine #adj1 linseed oil #dj4 ,b4 ,turpentine #ajj parts1 sulphuric acid #c1 zinc-white #aj4 ,to prepare solution ,a1 place the rubber in the oil of turpentine in a bottle4 ,it swells very much without actually dissolving4 ,after adding the linseed oil1 reduce the entire mass by boiling to one-half the volume originally occupied by it4 ,solution ,b is prepared by stirring the sulphuric acid into the turpentine and allowing it to stand for twelve hours4 ,to remove the sulphuric acid1 the thick mass which has been formed is then kneaded in water in which the zinc oxide has been distributed4 ,after drying1 the resulting mass is dissolved in the warm fluid ,a4 ,another formula is as follows3 ,linseed oil #h parts1 litharge #ab1 burnt lime #hh4 ,boil the linseed oil and litharge half an hour1 then stir the lime into the hot mass1 and use the mixture hot4 ,this cement is excellent for filling in joints between stones1 for flat roofs1 water reservoirs1 etc4 ,for a better adhesion of the cement1 apply a coat of linseed oil varnish to the surfaces to be cemented4 ,porous stones are made water-proof by heating the cement in a boiler and adding sufficient linseed oil to form a mass which can be readily worked with a smoothing board4 ,apply as hot as possible4 ,serbat's mastic4 ,pyrolusite #fj parts1 sulphate of lead #fj1 linseed oil #aj4 ,after thoroughly drying the materials1 mix the sulphate of lead with the linseed oil1 then add #bj parts of the pyrolusite and1 after mixing and working it thoroughly1 add gradually the rest of the pyrolusite in small portions and kneading constantly4 ,stephenson's oil cement4 ,litharge #bj parts1 unslaked lime #aj parts1 sand #aj parts1 hot linseed oil #c parts4 ,alum cement4 ,dissolve good hard soap1 by heating in rain water1 dilute the thickly fluid mass and add saturated alum solution as long as a precipitate is formed4 ,collect the gelatinous precipitate of alumina soap thus formed upon a cloth1 and1 after draining1 pour rain water over it ten to twelve times to remove the salts as much as possible4 ,after washing1 dry the alumina soap1 and rub it to a fine powder4 ,to prepare cement rub a portion of the powder with sufficient linseed-oil varnish to form a plastic dough1 which is used for filling in the joints4 ,this cement is water-proof1 resists high temperatures without being absolutely fire-proof1 and1 on account of its light color1 is well adapted for joining marble plates1 etc4 ,oil cement for glass4 ,litharge #cj parts1 burnt lime #bj1 pipe-clay #aj1 linseed-oil varnish #f4 ,oil cement free from lead for steam pipes4 ,graphite #ab parts1 heavy spar #af1 slaked lime #f1 boiled linseed oil #f4 ,oil cements for steam pipes4 ,i4 ,litharge #be parts1 air-slaked lime #aj1 quartz sand #aj4 ,mix the ingredients quickly with the linseed oil and work the mass thoroughly in a hot mortar4 ,coat the defective places in the pipes with linseed-oil varnish1 apply the cement hot and when partially solid1 make it still tighter by heating4 ,,ii4 ,boil #fj parts of graphite1 #ej of air-slaked lime1 #fj of elutriated heavy spar in #ce of linseed oil1 stirring constantly4 ,apply the mixture hot4 ,oil cement for marble4 ,elutriated litharge #aj parts1 brick dust #ajj1 linseed oil #bj4 ,prepare in the same manner as glaziers' putty4 ,for various colors add zinc white for white1 red lead for red1 pyrolusite for brown1 etc4 ,previous to applying the cement saturate the surfaces of the stones to be cemented with linseed-oil varnish4 ,oil cement for porcelain4 ,stir #bj parts of white lead and #ab of white pipe-clay into #aj of boiling linseed oil previously boiled and knead the mass thoroughly4 ,after cementing let the articles stand quietly for several weeks4 ,diamond cement4 ,litharge #cj parts1 air-slaked lime #aj1 whiting #bj1 graphite #ajj1 linseed oil #dj4 ,apply hot4 ,this is an excellent cement for metal4 ,hager's diamond cement4 ,whiting #af parts1 elutriated graphite #ej1 litharge #af4 ,mix the pulverized ingredients with sufficient old1 thick linseed oil to form a plastic dough4 ,,resinous ,,cements4 ,resinous cement for amber is obtained by melting mastic in linseed oil4 ,volatile copal lacquer can also be advantageously used for the purpose4 ,cement for turners4 ,melt #a lb4 of rosin in a tin can over the fire1 and when melted add #d ozs4 of pitch2 while these are boiling add brick dust until1 by dropping a little on a cold stone1 you think it is hard enough4 ,in winter it may be found necessary to add a little tallow4 ,by means of this cement a piece of wood may be fastened to the chuck1 which will hold when cool1 and when the work is finished1 it may be removed by a smart blow with the tool4 ,all traces of the cement may be removed from the work by repeated applications of benzine4 ,to use this cement1 chip off as much as will cover the chuck to the #a_/afth of an inch1 spread it over the surface in small pieces1 mixing it with of its bulk of gutta-percha1 then heat an iron to a dull red heat1 and hold it over the chuck till the mixture and gutta-percha are melted and liquid4 ,stir the cement until it is homogeneous1 chuck the work1 lay on a weight to enforce contact1 leave it at rest #bj minutes4 ,the following cement is much employed and serviceable for the use of turners and artisans in general4 ,reduce #a lb4 of whiting to a fine powder1 and heat to redness so as to expel all the water4 ,when cold this is mixed with #a lb4 of black rosin and #a oz4 of beeswax previously melted together1 and the whole stirred till of uniform consistence4 ,cement for ivory and bone4 ,melt at a moderate heat equal parts of white wax1 rosin1 and oil of turpentine to form a thickly-fluid mass4 ,for coloring the cement add elutriated red lead1 ultramarine1 etc4 ,cement for white enameled clock-faces4 ,dammar resin #ajj parts1 copal #ajj1 ,venice turpentine #aaj1 zinc white #fj1 ultramarine #c4 ,apply hot and polish when cold and hard4 ,cements for glass4 #a4 ,melt carefully #fj parts of bleached shellac and #aj of turpentine4 ,if too thick1 dilute with turpentine4 #b4 ,shellac #bj parts1 elemi #e1 turpentine #aj4 ,prepare as above4 ,cement for glass upon glass4 ,shellac #aj parts1 turpentine #b1 pulverized pumice stone #aj4 ,cement for glass upon metal4 ,melt together #dj parts of rosin1 #bj of rouge1 #aj of wax1 and #aj of turpentine4 ,apply hot to the surfaces to be cemented4 ,cement for metal letters upon glass4 ,rosin #db parts1 turpentine #d1 plaster of ,paris #e4 ,cement for wood4 #ajj parts of shellac and #de of strong spirit of wine4 ,this cement serves for joining wood1 which1 on account of exposure to water1 cannot be glued4 ,apply the cement to the surface of one of the pieces1 and after placing upon it a piece of tissue paper press upon it the other piece of wood previously coated with the cement4 ,cement for knife handles4 ,melt together #bj parts of rosin1 #e of sulphur1 and #h of iron filings4 ,pour some of the hot mixture into the handle1 and then push in the knife previously heated4 ,cement for petroleum lamps4 ,boil #ab parts of rosin in #af of strong lye until it is entirely dissolved and on cooling forms a tenacious solid mass4 ,dilute this with #bj parts of water1 and carefully work into it #bj parts of plaster of ,paris4 ,this cement is insoluble in petroleum1 and is especially adapted for cementing the glass parts of lamps to the metal4 ,it is also a good material for stoppers for petroleum bottles4 ,cement for porcelain4 ,rosin1 #ad parts2 elemi1 #g2 shellac1 #g2 mastic1 #g2 sulphur1 #db2 brick dust1 #bj4 ,cement for porcelain which is to be heated4 ,heat carefully #aj parts of amber in a large spoon1 stirring constantly1 until it evolves heavy vapors of a strong odor4 ,rub the melted mass as finely as possible1 and after placing the powder in a bottle pour over it a mixture of bisulphide of carbon and benzine4 ,close the bottle air-tight to prevent the evaporation of the very volatile solvent4 ,when the powder is dissolved remove the cork and replace it by one provided with a small brush4 ,the application of the cement and pressing together of the parts to be cemented must be effected as quickly as possible4 ,in articles properly cemented the joint can only be detected by the closest examination4 ,this cement holds so well that cups and saucers1 soup-tureens1 etc41 mended with it can be used for years4 ,cement to withstand the action of petroleum4 ,dissolve #e parts of shellac1 #a of turpentine in #ae of petroleum4 ,this cement is quite elastic4 ,cement for mica4 ,a colored cement for joining sheets of mica is prepared as follows3 ,soak clean gelatine in water1 and when swelled squeeze out the excess of water by pressure between a cloth1 then melt the gelatine by the heat of a water-bath1 and stir in just enough proof spirit to make it fluid4 ,to each part of this solution add1 while stirring1 oz4 of gum ammoniac and #a ozs4 of gum mastic dissolved in #d ozs4 of rectified alcohol4 ,put the mixture into bottles1 and when required for use stand the bottle in hot water4 ,this cement resists cold water4 ,cement for horn1 whalebone and tortoise shell4 ,dissolve gum mastic #aj parts and turpentine #d1 in #ab of linseed oil4 ,apply hot4 ,cement for terra-cotta articles4 ,melt together #gj parts of rosin1 #gj of wax and #af of sulphur1 and stir into the mass #h parts of hammer slag and #h of quartz sand4 ,coat the fractured surfaces with oil of turpentine1 apply the cement as quickly as possible1 and press the surfaces together4 ,it is advisable to heat the terra cotta previously to #aeh or #agf ,f4 ,after cementing the article1 smooth the joint with a heated knife and dust very fine terra-cotta powder through a linen bag upon the soft cement in order to give it exactly the same color as the article itself4 ,mastic cement for glass4 ,gum mastic #ae parts1 bleached shellac #aj1 turpentine #e4 ,this mass sufficiently diluted with hot oil of turpentine furnishes an excellent cement for fractured glass and gems4 ,being colorless1 the joint can scarcely be detected1 provided the cementing has been skilfully done4 ,to attach gems to glass of the same color1 the cement is colored with aniline colors dissolved in spirit of wine1 care being had to give it the same shade as the gem and the glass4 ,stick mastic cement4 ,melt together1 at as low a temperature as possible1 #aj parts of mastic and one of turpentine1 and pour the mass into suitable moulds4 ,for use1 heat the fractured surfaces of the article strongly1 so that the cement on being rubbed over them melts1 then press the surfaces together and continue the pressure until the cement solidifies4 ,sulphur cement for porcelain4 ,white pitch #ah parts1 sulphur #bh1 bleached shellac #d1 gum mastic #h1 elemi #h1 glass meal #bh4 ,melt all together1 except the glass meal and stir the latter into the melted mass4 ,insoluble cement for wooden vessels4 ,melt together #fj parts of rosin1 #bj of asphalt1 and #dj of brick dust4 ,pour the hot mixture into the joints4 ,this cement resists the action of lye1 quick lime1 sulphuric and hydrochloric acids4 ,,rubber ,,cements4 ,these cements are very useful1 but owing to the inflammable nature of the components1 great care should be taken to guard against fire while preparing them4 ,they should never be made near a naked fire1 as the benzine1 carbon disulphide or chloroform used to dissolve the rubber is very volatile1 and the vapor given off permeates the air until1 coming near a source of light1 the whole air becomes one vivid sheet of flame4 ,vessels which are used should be closed1 and if possible put out of doors4 ,if heat is required to assist the solvent action1 use a sand or hot-water bath1 but on no account bring near a fire4 ,cements for glass4 ,i4 ,rubber #a part1 gum mastic #ab1 dammar #d1 chloroform #ej1 benzine #aj4 ,,ii4 ,rubber #ab parts1 chloroform #ejj1 gum mastic #abj4 ,this cement adheres immediately1 and possesses a high degree of elasticity4 ,it may be used to advantage for joining together the glass panes of hot-houses4 ,,iii4 ,dissolve1 without application of heat1 rubber #b parts and gum mastic #f1 in #ajj of chloroform4 ,this cement is perfectly transparent4 ,it should be applied as quickly as possible1 as it sets in a very short time4 ,soft rubber cement4 ,melt #aj parts of tallow in a brass pan and gradually add #aej parts of rubber in small pieces1 and stir constantly until all the rubber is dissolved4 ,keep in readiness a well-fitting lid to be able to extinguish the flame immediately in case the rubber catches fire4 ,when all is melted stir in #aj parts of slaked lime4 ,this cement is especially adapted for sealing bottles containing caustic substances1 such as nitric acid1 etc4 ,it remains always tenacious1 being therefore suitable for cementing bodies exposed to repeated shocks4 ,hard rubber cement4 ,rubber1 #aej parts2 tallow1 #aj2 red lead1 #aj4 ,this cement is prepared in the same manner as the above4 ,the addition of red lead gives it a red color1 and solidifies it in a short time to a mass as hard as stone4 ,elastic cement4 ,carbon disulphide1 #h ozs42 fine rubber1 #a oz42 isinglass1 #d drachms2 gutta-percha1 #a oz4 ,dissolve the solids in the fluid4 ,this cement is used for cementing leather and rubber4 ,for use the leather is roughened and a thin coat of the cement applied and allowed to dry completely2 then the two surfaces to be joined are warmed and placed together and allowed to dry4 ,marine glue4 ,this cement1 which is only a glue in name1 is water-proof1 and can be used to cement metal1 wood1 glass1 stone1 pasteboard1 etc41 and is especially adapted for caulking vessels4 ,suspend #aj parts of rubber inclosed in a bag in a vessel containing #abj parts of refined petroleum1 so that only half of the bag is immersed1 and allow it to remain ten to fourteen days in a warm place4 ,then melt #bj parts of asphalt in an iron boiler and add the rubber solution in a thin jet1 and heat the mixture1 while constantly stirring1 until it is perfectly homogeneous4 ,pour it into greased metallic moulds1 where it forms into dark-brown or black plates difficult to break4 ,in using it1 it should be melted in a kettle placed in boiling water to prevent its burning1 which it is very apt to do1 as it is a bad conductor of heat4 ,after it has been liquefied remove the kettle from the water and place it over a fire1 where it can be heated1 if necessary1 to make it more fluid1 to #cjb ,f41 carefully stirring it to prevent burning4 ,if possible1 the surfaces to be glued together should be heated to #bab ,f41 as the glue can then be slowly applied4 ,the thinner the layer of glue in cementing together smooth surfaces1 the better will it adhere4 ,but a somewhat thicker layer is required for rough surfaces1 for instance1 boards not planed1 the excess of glue being forced out by strong pressure4 ,generally speaking1 it is best to subject all articles cemented together with marine glue to as strong a pressure as possible until the glue is congealed4 ,repeated experiments have shown that with the aid of this cement square vats perfectly water-tight can be constructed of boards4 ,wooden pegs dipped in the compound should be used for putting the vats together4 ,jeffrey's marine glue4 ,dissolve #a part of rubber in benzine1 and mix the solution with #b parts of shellac by the assistance of heat4 ,another formula is as follows3 ,coal naphtha #a quart1 rubber cut in shreds #b ozs4 ,macerate for #aj or #ab days and then rub smooth with a spatula on a slab2 add #b parts by weight of shellac to #a part of this solution4 ,to use the compound melt it at about #bdj ,f4 ,marine glue for damp walls4 ,rubber #aj parts1 whiting #aj1 oil of turpentine #bj1 carbon disulphide #aj1 rosin #e and asphalt #e4 ,dissolve the ingredients in a suitable vessel and stand in a warm place1 shaking it frequently4 ,scrape the wall smooth and clean1 and apply the glue with a broad brush on the damp place and about #h inches higher than the line of dampness4 ,before the glue is dry lay on plain paper which will adhere tightly4 ,on this plain paper the wall paper can be pasted in the usual manner4 ,if carefully done1 the wall paper will always remain dry4 ,,gutta-,,percha ,,cements4 ,cement for leather4 ,gutta-percha #ajj parts1 pitch or asphalt #ajj1 oil of turpentine #ae4 ,this cement should be used hot4 ,it is suitable for cementing all kinds of substances1 but adheres particularly well to leather4 ,cement for hard rubber combs4 ,a4 ,prepare a very thick solution of bleached gutta-percha in bisulphide of carbon4 ,b4 ,dissolve sulphur in bisulphide of carbon4 ,the cementing is effected by applying solution ,a to the fractured surfaces and pressing them together4 ,when dry brush solution ,b over the cemented place4 ,elastic gutta-percha cement4 ,dissolve #aj parts of gutta-percha in #ajj of benzine1 then pour the clear solution into a bottle containing #ajj parts of linseed-oil varnish and unite both by shaking4 ,this cement excels in elasticity1 and is especially suitable for attaching the soles of shoes1 as it is so elastic that it will not break1 no matter how much it is bent4 ,to make it adhere tightly roughen the leather on the side to be cemented4 ,cement for horses' hoofs4 ,for filling cracks and fissures in horses' hoofs a cement is required which possesses great resistance to the action of water combined with elasticity and solidity4 ,a mass answering all demands consists of #aj parts by weight of gum ammoniac and #bj to #be of purified gutta-percha4 ,heat the gutta-percha to between #aid and #bab ,f41 and then work it with the finely powdered gum ammoniac to a homogeneous mass4 ,in using it1 soften the cement by heating1 and after carefully cleansing the crack in the hoof1 apply it with a heated knife4 ,the cement solidifies immediately after cooling to the ordinary temperature1 and becomes soon so hard as to allow of nails being driven into it4 ,cement for crockery4 ,gutta-percha #a part1 shellac #a4 ,place the two ingredients in an earthenware jar1 and melt the two together by standing this jar on a vessel of boiling water1 or else one filled with hot sand1 the vessel holding the water or sand being heated over a fire or gas furnace4 ,stir the melted ingredients well together4 ,the resulting cement is one possessing great hardness and toughness1 which suits it admirably for mending crockery4 ,warm the edges to be joined together1 smear the cement on1 join together1 and hold the article thus joined until cool4 ,cement for leather4 ,mix #aj parts of carbon disulphide with #a part of turpentine1 and then add sufficient gutta percha to make a tough1 thickly-fluid mass4 ,before using this cement1 free the surface to be joined from grease4 ,to effect this1 sprinkle a little bicarbonate of soda1 carbonate of ammonia or borax on the surfaces to be joined1 lay a cloth over them1 and then place a hot iron on top1 and keep it there a short time so as to cause the alkali to cut the grease1 then put the cement on both surfaces to be joined1 put them together and subject to pressure until they are cemented4 ,gutta percha dissolved in carbon disulphide to the consistency of syrup is also a good cement for joining leather4 ,the parts to be joined should be well covered with cement so as to fill the pores of the leather1 then the cement is heated and the parts hammered until the cement is cold4 ,,caseine ,,cements4 ,preparation of pure caseine4 ,although the caseine contained in old cheese can be used1 the other constituents1 such as fat1 salt1 and free acid1 exert an injurious influence upon the solidity of the cement prepared with it4 ,it is1 therefore1 best to prepare pure caseine1 which is easily accomplished in the following manner3 ,put milk in a cool place1 and after taking off the cream as long as any is formed1 remove the skimmed milk to a warm place to coagulate4 ,after heating the curd1 place it upon a filter and wash the caseine remaining upon the filter with rainwater until the water running off shows no trace of acid4 ,to remove the last traces of fat tie the washed caseine in a cloth and after boiling it in water1 spread it upon blotting paper in a warm place to dry4 ,it will shrivel up to a horny mass4 ,when thoroughly dried pure caseine will keep for a long time without suffering alteration4 ,to obtain the caseine in a form suitable for preparing cements it is only necessary to pour water over a corresponding quantity and allow it to stand for some time4 ,caseine combines with lime to a hard insoluble mass4 ,ordinary technical caseine may be readily and cheaply prepared as follows3 ,skim milk is heated in a copper boiler1 if necessary by the introduction of steam1 to #abb ,f4 ,then add for every #ajjj quarts of milk1 #c quarts of crude hydrochloric acid diluted with #e to #f times the quantity of water4 ,after coagulation1 the whey is drained off1 the curd spread out upon an inclined table and allowed to cool4 ,the curd is then washed by pouring cold water over it through a rose1 or stirring it up with water in a barrel1 allowing to settle1 and pouring off the supernatant water4 ,the residue is subjected to moderate pressure4 ,the caseine while still moist is comminuted in a curd-mill and packed in bags4 ,in this state it must be worked at once1 as otherwise it spoils readily and is attacked by worms4 ,if it is to be kept for a longer time1 it has to be dried4 ,this is effected by spreading it out upon linen cloths and placing it in a drying chamber4 ,in this manner #h4e per cent4 of moist1 or #c4e per cent4 of dry1 caseine is obtained which is brought into commerce as technical caseine or lactarine4 ,it being insoluble in water1 #aj per cent4 of an alkali--soda1 borax1 or ammonia--has to be added to effect solution4 ,water-soluble caseine is seldom found in commerce1 the consumer preparing it1 as a rule1 himself4 ,a purer technical caseine is obtained according to ,john ,a4 ,just's method as follows3 ,dissolve1 stirring constantly1 in #aae quarts of water heated to between #ajd and #aca ,f41 #ag to #bf ozs4 of bicarbonate of soda and #agf lbs4 of moist1 or #aah lbs4 of dry1 caseine1 and dry the solution upon a heated revolving metal cylinder4 ,after each revolution of the cylinder1 the dry material is scraped off with brushes and by being forced through a fine-meshed sieve yields soluble caseine powder4 ,caseine cement which can be kept for a long time4 ,convert into powder1 each by itself1 #bjj parts of caseine1 #dj of burned lime1 and #a of camphor4 ,mix the powders intimately and keep the mixture in an air-tight bottle4 ,for use1 mix some of the powder with the requisite quantity of water and use the cement at once4 ,cement for glass4 ,old dry cheese #ajj parts1 water #ej1 slaked lime #bj4 ,free the cheese from rind1 and rub it with the water until a homogeneous mass drawing threads is formed4 ,then stir in quickly the lime powder1 and use the cement at once4 ,it unites not only glass to glass1 but can also be used for cementing metal to glass4 ,cement for metals4 ,elutriated quartz sand1 #aj parts2 caseine1 #h2 slaked lime1 #aj1 and sufficient water to form a cream-like mass4 ,cement for porcelain4 ,caseine dissolves readily in solution of water-glass1 and forms then one of the best cements for porcelain known4 ,to prepare it1 fill a bottle one-quarter full with fresh caseine1 and after filling the bottle with solution of water-glass1 effect the solution of the caseine by frequent shaking4 ,cement for meerschaum4 ,dissolve caseine in water-glass1 and after stirring quickly finely-pulverized calcined magnesia into the mass1 use it at once1 as it solidifies very soon4 ,by adding1 besides magnesia1 genuine meerschaum finely pulverized1 a mass closely resembling meerschaum is obtained1 which can be used for manufacturing imitation meerschaum4 ,cement for wood1 etc4 ,rub #aj parts of caseine and #e of borax to a thick1 milky mass1 and use it like glue4 ,this cement can be advantageously used for pasting labels upon wine bottles1 as it neither moulds nor becomes detached in the cellar4 ,another formula is as follows3 ,dissolve borax by boiling in water1 and pour the solution over fresh caseine4 ,the result will be a clear1 thick mass of extraordinary power of adhesion1 which can be kept for any length of time without suffering decomposition4 ,applied to leather1 paper1 linen or cotton goods1 it forms a coat of beautiful lustre1 and for this reason is much used in the manufacture of fancy articles of paper and leather4 ,cement for porcelain4 ,dissolve #aj parts of caseine in #fj of water-glass solution4 ,apply the cement quickly and dry the cemented articles in the air4 ,,water-,,glass ,,and ,,water-,,glass ,,cements4 ,water-glass4 ,water-glass 7silicate of soda or soluble glass7 is found in commerce as a thickly-fluid1 tenacious mass4 ,it is generally prepared by fusing #ae parts of quartz sand with #h of carbonate of soda and #a of charcoal4 ,the silicic acid combining with the soda disengages the carbonic acid1 the expulsion of which is facilitated by the presence of charcoal1 which converts it into carbonic oxide4 ,it dissolves readily in water4 ,the solution has a strongly alkaline taste1 and possesses the property of being gradually converted1 on exposure to the air1 to a gelatinous mass which finally solidifies4 ,for this reason water-glass should be kept in bottles hermetically closed with corks4 ,glass stoppers are of no use1 as they are so firmly cemented to the bottle that on attempting to open the latter the neck breaks off4 ,by combining water-glass with cement or burned lime the resulting mass solidifies quite rapidly to a mass as hard as stone1 and generally capable of resisting chemical action4 ,water-glass by itself is only fit for cementing glass to glass1 but combined with other substances it furnishes very durable and solid cements4 ,cement for cracked bottles4 ,select a cork which will fit the bottle air-tight and place it loosely upon the bottle1 and heat the latter gradually to at least #bab ,f4 ,then press the cork down and apply a thick solution of water-glass to the cracks4 ,in cooling1 the air in the bottle contracts strongly1 and the pressure of the exterior air drives the water-glass with great force into the cracks closing them entirely so that they cannot be detected4 ,cement for glass and porcelain4 ,stir quickly together #aj parts of elutriated glass meal1 #bj of powdered fluor spar1 and #fj of water-glass solution1 and apply the homogeneous paste at once4 ,in a few days the cement will be so hard that the cemented vessels can be heated without danger4 ,cement for hydraulic works4 ,finely powdered cement1 and solution of water-glass4 ,mix the two bodies quickly together4 ,as this cement hardens very quickly1 it should be used fresh4 ,it hardens under water1 and is therefore excellent for hydraulic works4 ,the stones should be coated with a solution of water-glass before applying the cement4 ,cement for uniting metals4 ,a strong cement1 which hardens rapidly1 is made by stirring the finest whiting in a solution of soda-glass of #cc ,b41 made so as to form a plastic mass4 ,this can be readily colored to any desired shade4 ,the addition of sifted sulphide of antimony gives a black cement1 which by polishing acquires a metallic lustre2 iron filings render it grayish-black2 zinc dust turns it green1 but after polishing1 it appears like metallic zinc1 and may be employed for the permanent repair of zinc ornaments1 etc4 ,carbonate of copper imparts a light green shade4 ,other additions may be made1 as oxide of chrome for dark green1 cobalt blue for blue1 red lead for orange1 vermilion for scarlet1 carmine for violet1 etc4 ,cement for tightening joints of pipes exposed to a red heat4 ,mix #hj parts of pyrolusite1 #ajj of zinc white1 and #bj of water-glass4 ,this cement fuses at a temperature not too high1 and then forms a glass-like mass which adheres very firmly and closely4 ,cement for marble and alabaster4 ,the point of fracture of articles cemented with the following mixture is difficult to find1 and the cemented place is much stronger than the material itself4 ,mix #ab parts of ,portland cement1 #f of slaked lime1 #f of fine sand1 and #a of infusorial earth with sufficient water-glass to form a thick paste4 ,the article to be cemented need not be heated4 ,it hardens in twenty-four hours4 ,,glycerine ,,and ,,glycerine ,,cements4 ,commercial glycerine is a yellowish or nearly colorless and more or less viscid liquid having an intensely sweet taste4 ,in combination with lead oxide and intimately worked into it1 by heating and stamping1 it furnishes very strong and durable cements deserving general introduction1 though thus far they have been but little used4 ,for the manufacture of cements the use of pure odorless glycerine is not required1 the yellow crude article1 which is much cheaper1 answering all purposes4 ,the principal point is to use very highly concentrated glycerine1 as otherwise the cements prepared with it solidify very slowly and besides do not possess a proper degree of hardness and solidity4 ,it is of especial importance to have the lead oxide free from water4 ,to accomplish this1 heat it thoroughly and mix it with the glycerine while still hot4 ,cement thus prepared solidifies very quickly1 and can be used for many purposes4 ,it is an excellent material for quickly joining the stones of submarine works4 ,glycerine and litharge cement4 ,moisten elutriated litharge with glycerine so that a thin homogeneous paste is formed4 ,this cement is adapted for uniting the joints of steam pipes1 cementing wood1 glass1 porcelain1 and also glass upon metal1 etc4 ,it solidifies to a very hard mass in a quarter to three-quarters of an hour4 ,before applying the cement coat the surfaces to be joined with pure glycerine4 ,,lime ,,cements4 ,quick lime1 slaked lime and chalk are used for this purpose4 ,quick lime1 which is obtained by burning limestone1 combines gradually with the fats to insoluble lime soaps4 ,slaked lime1 which consists of a combination of lime with water1 acts in the same manner4 ,for the preparation of cements the lime is slaked by placing it in a dish and pouring as much water over it as it will absorb4 ,good lime1 technically called fat lime1 should eagerly combine with water1 evolving much heat1 swelling greatly1 and crumbling to a light white powder4 ,quick lime exposed to the air until1 by the absorption of moisture and carbonic acid1 it is converted into a powder is called air-slaked4 ,cements prepared with quick lime will1 as a rule1 solidify more quickly than those prepared with air-slaked lime4 ,chalk is a carbonate of lime consisting of the shells of microscopic animals1 and can be readily pulverized and elutriated4 ,in the latter state it is known as whiting4 ,for the preparation of entirely white cements the use of pure white lime or chalk is absolutely necessary4 ,yellow or reddish lime contains oxide of iron1 and furnishes cements of the same tinge4 ,cement for glass4 ,litharge #cj parts1 quick lime #bj1 linseed-oil varnish #e4 ,cement for joiners4 ,a cement for filling up cracks and holes is obtained by mixing slaked lime #ej parts1 flour #ajj1 linseed-oil varnish #ae4 ,cement for cracked clay crucibles and porcelain4 ,by applying to the cracks a mixture of #aj parts of slaked lime1 #aj of borax1 and #e of litharge in sufficient water to form a stiff paste1 and drying after heating the crucible1 the cracked places will be united so firmly that the crucible1 when thrown to the ground1 will generally break in any other place than the cemented one4 ,this cement can also be used for porcelain capable of standing a strong heat4 ,lime and glue cement4 ,stir air-slaked lime into hot glue4 ,this cement is especially suitable for attaching metal to glass4 ,it forms a very hard yellowish-brown mass4 ,,gypsum ,,cements4 ,sulphate of lime in combination with water is met with in nature1 both in the form of transparent prisms of selenite1 and in opaque and semi-opaque masses1 known as alabaster and gypsum4 ,by pulverizing the latter and heating to about #cjb ,f4 it loses its water1 and is converted into anhydrous gypsum or plaster of ,paris1 which on mixing with water recombines with it to form a mass of hydrated sulphate of lime1 the hardness of which nearly equals that of the original gypsum4 ,when the powder is mixed with water to a cream and poured into a mould1 the minute particles of anhydrous sulphate of lime combine with the water to reproduce the original gypsum1 and this act of combination is attended with a slight expansion which forces the plaster into the finest lines of the mould4 ,by using a solution of alum instead of ordinary water1 a plaster is obtained which1 although it takes much longer to set than the ordinary kind1 is much harder1 and therefore takes a good polish4 ,for preparing cements only perfectly white plaster of ,paris should be used1 as the gray article possesses but little adhesive power4 ,cement for plaster of ,paris statues4 ,to repair plaster of ,paris statues so that the point of fracture cannot be detected1 proceed in the following manner3 ,moisten the fractured surfaces with water by means of a brush until they absorb no more and remain moist4 ,mix plaster of ,paris with water to a thin cream and stir until the heat appearing at first has ceased1 which will prevent the conversion of the plaster into a solid coherent mass4 ,apply quickly a thin layer of the plaster to one of the fractured surfaces1 press the other against it until the plaster has set1 and1 when dry1 carefully remove the excess by scraping4 ,cement for glass and porcelain4 ,mix quickly #ej parts of plaster of ,paris1 #aj of quick lime1 and #bj of white of egg4 ,use at once1 as the cement solidifies very rapidly4 ,cement for iron and stone4 ,a very useful cement for securing iron railing in stone is obtained by mixing #cj parts of plaster of ,paris1 #aj of iron filings and #bj of vinegar4 ,cements for porcelain4 ,i4 ,mix plaster of ,paris with saturated solution of alum to a cream4 ,after moistening the fractured surfaces apply a thin layer of the cement1 press the surfaces together1 wrap a wire or cord tightly around them1 and let the article stand quietly for a few weeks4 ,the cement is converted into a mass as hard as stone4 ,,ii4 ,mix plaster of ,paris with a thick1 clear solution of gum arabic and cement the articles as soon as possible4 ,although this cement adheres very tightly1 porcelain vessels cemented with it cannot be used for liquids4 ,universal plaster of ,paris cement4 ,mix #ba parts of plaster of ,paris1 #c of iron filings1 #aj of water1 and #d of white of egg4 ,this cement is suitable for attaching metal to glass1 metal to stone1 etc4 ,,iron ,,cements4 ,heat-resisting cement4 ,clay #aj parts1 iron filings #e1 vinegar #b1 water #c4 ,water and steam-proof cement4 ,iron filings #ajj parts1 sal-ammoniac #b1 water #aj4 ,this cement rusts very much in a few days1 and is converted into an extremely solid mass which is perfectly steam- and water-proof4 ,cement for iron4 ,mix #fe parts of wrought-iron filings1 #b4e of sal ammoniac1 and #a4e of flowers of sulphur1 and then add #a part of sulphuric acid diluted with sufficient water to form a stiff paste4 ,this cement solidifies in two to three days1 and rusts1 with the parts of iron to be cemented1 to an extraordinarily durable mass4 ,fire-proof cement for iron pipes4 ,wrought-iron filings #de parts1 clay #bj1 fire-clay #ae1 common salt solution #h4 ,cements resisting high temperatures4 #a4 ,iron filings #bj parts1 clay powder #de1 borax #e1 common salt #e1 pyrolusite #aj4 ,dissolve the borax and common salt in the water1 add and mix quickly the clay powder1 pyrolusite1 and iron filings4 ,apply the cement at once4 ,exposed to a white heat1 it hardens to a tightly adhering1 glassy mass4 #b4 ,mix #eb parts of pyrolusite1 #be of zinc white1 and #e of borax with solution of water-glass to a paste1 and use at once4 ,this cement requires to be gradually dried4 ,it will stand the highest temperatures4 ,cement for filling in defects in castings4 ,stir #ajj parts of iron filings free from rust with sufficient water to form a thick paste1 and press the mixture into the fissures1 cracks1 etc4 ,the cement becomes solid only after the iron filings become strongly rusted4 ,to free the ingredients from adhering fat1 wash them1 before mixing1 in liquid ammonia4 ,cement for cracked stove plates1 etc4 ,knead #bj parts of iron filings1 #ab of iron scale1 #cj of plaster of ,paris1 and #aj of common salt with blood to a stiff paste1 and use at once4 ,instead of blood1 water-glass can be used1 it having the advantage of being odorless on strong heating1 while blood cement evolves a disagreeable odor4 ,cement for iron water tanks4 ,knead iron filings with vinegar to paste4 ,allow the mixture to stand until it turns brown1 and then force it into the joints by means of a chisel4 ,cement for cracked iron pots4 ,knead #aj parts of iron filings and #fj of clay with linseed oil to a thick paste4 ,before applying it add a little linseed oil1 and allow it to dry slowly4 ,in a few weeks the cement will be so hard that the vessels can be used without danger4 ,black cement for stoves4 ,iron filings #aj parts1 sand #ab1 bone black #aj1 slaked lime #ab1 glue water #e4 ,cements for iron stoves4 #a4 ,pulverize as finely as possible and mix intimately #d to #e parts of clay1 #b of iron filings free from rust1 #a of pyrolusite1 of common salt1 and of borax with water to a paste1 and apply the cement quickly to the places to be cemented and allow it to dry slowly4 ,this cement will stand a white heat1 and resist the action of boiling water4 #b4 ,mix intimately and as quickly as possible #a part of pulverized pyrolusite1 and #a of zinc white with solution of water-glass to a plastic mass1 which solidifies quickly4 ,the power of resistance of this cement1 it is claimed1 is not inferior to ,no4 #a1 though experiments have proved ,no4 #a to be preferable4 ,,cements ,,for ,,chemical ,,apparatus4 ,cements to be used for the above purpose must possess various properties difficult to combine in one preparation4 ,they must be gas-proof1 and capable of resisting the action of different vapors and acid fluids4 ,as regards resistance to the action of chemical agents1 there is nothing better than caoutchouc1 but unfortunately it can only be used for tightening chemical apparatus not exposed to a high temperature4 ,in chemical laboratories bran of almonds1 either by itself or kneaded with water to a thick paste1 is frequently used1 or rye or wheat bran mixed with a little flour and water4 ,these cements1 though very suitable for cementing glass distilling apparatus1 are strongly acted upon by chlorine and the vapors of nitric acid4 ,for small apparatus to be used for the development of fluoric acid1 plaster of ,paris mixed with a little water can be used as a cement4 ,to make the joint entirely gas-tight1 paste a strip of paper over it4 ,although this cement does not resist the action of fluoric acid for any length of time1 it suffices generally for the protection of the ,workmen during the time the development of the acid is in progress1 as1 for instance1 in chemical analyses1 etc4 ,to cement chemical apparatus exposed to a temperature not exceeding #hf to #ajd ,f4 paraffine does excellent service2 as it possesses the power of resisting the action of the strongest acids and alkalies4 ,below will be found a few receipts for cements which have proved reliable4 ,linseed oil and clay cement4 ,knead #aj parts of dry clay with #a of linseed oil to a homogeneous mass4 ,this cement will stand heating to the boiling-point of mercury4 ,linseed oil1 zinc and manganese cement4 ,knead #aj parts of pyrolusite1 #bj of zinc white1 and #dj of clay with sufficient boiled linseed oil 7not exceeding #g parts7 to a plastic mass4 ,this cement will stand a somewhat higher temperature than the preceding one4 ,cements resisting very high temperatures4 ,i4 ,clay #ajj parts1 powdered glass #b4 ,the glass melts on exposure to great heat and slags the clay to a hard mass4 ,the same effect is produced by adding small quantities of soda and borax to the clay4 ,an admixture of chalk and boric acid1 as in the following receipt1 also gives excellent results4 ,,ii4 ,clay #ajj parts1 chalk #b1 boric acid #c4 ,cement resisting acids4 ,melt rubber with double the quantity of linseed oil1 and then knead in sufficient bole to form a paste4 ,this cement resists the action of nitric and hydrochloric acids1 and can be advantageously used for closing bottles containing them4 ,as it solidifies very slowly1 it can readily be detached from the bottles1 and used again4 ,for cement which is to solidify quickly on exposure to the air1 add a few per cent4 by weight of red lead or litharge4 ,rubber cement for chemical apparatus4 ,cut #h parts of rubber in small pieces and throw them gradually into a mixture of #b parts of tallow and #af of linseed oil previously strongly heated4 ,after effecting an intimate mixture of the constituents by vigorous and constant stirring1 add #c parts of white bole4 ,although this cement does not stand a high temperature1 it possesses an extraordinary power of resisting the action of acid vapors4 ,scheibler's cement for chemical apparatus4 ,melt together #a part of wax and #c of shellac1 and work into the mixture #b parts of gutta-percha cut up in very small pieces4 ,this cement will bear considerable heat without actually melting4 ,,cements ,,for ,,special ,,purposes4 ,cement for attaching metal letters to glass1 marble1 wood1 etc4 ,dissolve over a water-bath #e parts of glue in a mixture of #ae parts of copal varnish1 #e parts of boiled linseed oil1 #c parts of crude oil of turpentine1 and #b parts of rectified oil of turpentine1 and add #aj parts of slaked lime to the mixture4 ,cement for joints of iron pipes4 ,mix #e lbs4 of coarsely powdered iron borings1 #b ozs4 of powdered sal ammoniac1 and #a oz4 of sulphur with sufficient water to form a paste4 ,this composition hardens rapidly1 but if time can be allowed it sets more firmly without the sulphur4 ,it must be used as soon as mixed1 and rammed tightly into the joint4 ,another receipt is as follows3 ,mix #b ozs4 of sal ammoniac1 #a oz4 of sublimated sulphur and #a lb4 of cast-iron filings or fine turnings in a mortar1 and keep the powder dry4 ,when it is to be used1 mix it with #bj times its weight of clean iron turnings or filings and grind the whole in a mortar2 then wet it with water until it becomes of convenient consistency1 when it is to be applied to the joint4 ,after a time it becomes as hard and strong as the metal4 ,steam boiler cement4 ,mix #aj parts of finely-powdered litharge with #a part of fine sand and #a part of air-slaked lime4 ,the mixture may be kept for any length of time without deterioration4 ,for use a portion of it is made into a paste with linseed oil or1 better1 boiled linseed oil4 ,in this state it must be applied quickly1 as it soon becomes hard4 ,cement for rubber4 ,powdered shellac is softened in #aj times its weight of strong water of ammonia1 whereby a transparent mass is obtained1 which becomes fluid after keeping some little time without the use of hot water4 ,in three to four weeks the mixture is perfectly liquid1 and when applied it will be found to soften the rubber4 ,as soon as the ammonia evaporates it hardens again1 and thus becomes impervious both to gases and to liquids4 ,for cementing sheet rubber1 or rubber material in any shape1 to metal1 glass1 and other smooth surfaces1 this cement is highly recommended4 ,cement for tires4 #a4 ,isinglass #a oz41 gutta-percha #a oz41 rubber #b ozs41 carbon disulphide #h fluid ozs4 ,mix and dissolve4 #b4 ,shellac #d ozs41 gutta-percha #d ozs41 red lead and sulphur1 each oz4 ,melt the shellac and gutta-percha1 and add with constant stirring the red lead and sulphur1 melted4 ,use while hot4 #c4 ,crude rubber #a oz41 carbon disulphide #h ozs4 ,macerate #bd hours1 and then add a solution of3 ,rosin #b ozs41 beeswax oz41 carbon disulphide #h ozs4 #d4 ,rubber #bj parts1 rosin #aj1 ,venetian red #aj1 tallow #e4 ,melt the rubber over a fire1 then add the rosin and the tallow and finally the ,venetian red4 ,cement for steam pipes1 etc4 ,a cement of specially valuable properties for steam pipes1 in filling up small leaks1 such as a blow-hole in a casting1 without the necessity of removing the injured piece1 is composed of #e lbs4 ,paris white and #e lbs4 yellow ochre1 #aj lbs4 litharge1 #e lbs4 red lead and #d lbs4 black oxide of manganese4 ,mix the materials thoroughly and make into a paste with a small quantity of asbestos and boiled linseed oil4 ,the composition1 as thus prepared1 will harden in from #b to #e hours1 and has the advantage of not being subject to expansion and contraction to such an extent as to cause a leakage afterwards1 and its efficiency in places difficult of access is of special importance4 ,cement for marble4 ,stir to a thick batter with silicate of soda #ab parts of ,portland cement1 #f of slaked lime1 #f of fine white lead and #a of infusorial earth4 ,this is excellent for marble and alabaster4 ,the cemented objects need to be heated4 ,after #bd hours the fracture is firm1 and the place can scarcely be found4 ,cement for attaching wood1 glass1 etc41 to metal4 ,acetate of lead #bc parts by weight1 alum #bc1 gum arabic #ch1 wheat flour #bej4 ,dissolve the acetate of lead and the alum in a little water and separately dissolve the gum arabic in a fair quantity of boiling water4 ,thus if the #bej parts of wheat flour represent half a pound1 the quantity of water needed will be about a pint4 ,the gum having dissolved1 add the flour1 put the whole on the fire1 stir well with a wooden stick1 then add the solution of lead acetate and alum4 ,continue the stirring in order to avoid the formation of lumps1 then take it off the fire without allowing it to boil4 ,this cement is used cold1 and will not scale4 ,it is very useful in making wood1 glass1 cardboard1 etc41 adhere to metal1 and is extremely strong4 ,brushmakers' cement4 ,rosin #e lbs41 rosin oil or spirit #a quart4 ,reduce the rosin to small pieces1 run down in a pot1 add the other ingredient1 and stir until mixed and syrupy1 then run out into tins4 ,it is used for cementing the bristles in the stocks1 also for string binding on sash tools1 etc4 ,cement for electrical apparatus4 ,mix together #a lb4 of beeswax added to #e lbs4 of rosin1 #a lb4 of red ochre1 and #b tablespoonfuls of plaster of ,paris4 ,it will make an excellent composition for electrical apparatus4 ,a cheaper composition for cementing voltaic plates into wooden troughs is made with #f lbs4 of plaster of ,paris and pint of linseed oil4 ,the ochre and the plaster of ,paris should be well dried and added to the other ingredients when these are in a melted state4 ,jewelers' cement4 ,dissolve over the water-bath #be parts of fish glue in a small quantity of strong spirits of wine1 add #b parts of gum ammoniac2 separately dissolve #a part of mastic in #e of spirits of wine4 ,mix the two solutions and keep them in well-stoppered bottles4 ,american cement for jewelers4 ,soak #d ozs4 of isinglass in #b lbs4 of water for #bd hours1 then evaporate in the water-bath2 to #a lb4 add #a lb4 of rectified spirits of wine1 and strain4 ,then mix in a solution of #b ozs4 of mastic and #a oz4 of gum ammoniac in #af ozs4 of rectified spirit4 ,cement for celluloid4 ,shellac #b ozs41 spirits of camphor #b1 #ij per cent4 alcohol #f to #h4 ,stratena4 ,this well-known household cement is said to be prepared as follows3 ,dissolve #ab parts of white glue in #af of acetic acid1 and then add this solution to one of #b parts gelatine in #af of water4 ,after mixing add #b parts shellac varnish4 ,cement for cloth4 ,gutta-percha #af parts1 rubber #d1 pitch #b1 shellac #a1 linseed oil #b pints4 ,dissolve the whole by heat1 stirring constantly4 ,,how ,,to ,,use ,,cements4 ,it is unquestionably true that quite as much depends upon the manner in which a cement is applied1 as upon the cement itself4 ,the best cement that was ever compounded would prove entirely worthless improperly applied4 ,in the foregoing a number of cements have been given which answer every reasonable demand when properly prepared and properly used4 ,good common glue will unite two pieces of wood so firmly that the fibres will part from each other rather than from the cementing material2 two pieces of glass can be so joined that they will part anywhere rather than on the line of union2 glass can be united to metal1 metal to metal1 stone to stone1 and all so strongly that the joint will certainly not be the weakest part of the resulting mass4 ,what are the rules to be observed in effecting these results8 ,the first point that demands attention is to bring the cement itself into intimate contact with the surface to be united4 ,if glue is employed1 the surface should be made so warm that the melted glue will not be chilled before it has time to effect a thorough adhesion4 ,the same is more eminently true in regard to cements that are used in a fused state1 such as mixtures of resins1 shellac1 and similar materials4 ,these matters will not adhere to any substance unless the latter has been heated to nearly or quite the fusing point of the cement used4 ,this fact was quite familiar to those who used sealing-wax in the olden days of seals4 ,when the seal was used1 in succession1 rapidly so as to become heated1 the sealing-wax stuck to it with a firmness that was annoying1 so much so that the impression was generally destroyed1 from the simple fact that the sealing-wax would rather part in its own substance than at the point of adhesion to the seal4 ,sealing-wax or ordinary so-called electric cement is a very good agent for uniting metal to glass or stone1 provided the masses to be united are made so hot as to fuse the cement2 but if the cement is applied to them while they are cold1 it will not stick at all4 ,this fact is well known to those itinerant venders of cement for uniting earthenware4 ,by heating two pieces of delf so that they will fuse shellac1 they are able to smear them with a little of this gum and join them so that they will rather break at any other part than along the line of union4 ,but although people see the operation constantly performed and buy liberally of the cement1 it will be found that in nine cases out of ten1 the cement proves worthless in the hands of the purchasers1 simply because they do not know how to use it4 ,they are afraid to heat a delicate glass or porcelain vessel to a sufficient degree1 and they are apt to use too much of the material1 and the result is a failure4 ,the great obstacles to the junction of any two surfaces are air and dirt4 ,the former is universally present1 while the latter is due to accident or carelessness4 ,all surfaces are covered with a thin adhering layer of air1 which it is difficult to remove1 and which1 although it may at first sight seem improbable1 bears a relation to the outer surface of most bodies different from that maintained by the air a few lines away4 ,the reality of the existence of this adhering layer of air is well known to all who are familiar with electrotype manipulation4 ,it is also seen in the case of highly polished metals which may be immersed in water without becoming wet4 ,unless this adhering layer of air is displaced1 the cement cannot adhere to the surface to which it is applied because it cannot come in contact with it4 ,the most efficient agent in displacing this air is heat4 ,metals warmed to a point a little above #bjc ,f4 become instantly and completely wet when immersed in water4 ,hence1 for cements that are used in a fused condition1 heat is the most efficient means of bringing them in contact with the surfaces to which they are to be applied4 ,another very important point is to use as little cement as possible4 ,when the surfaces are separated by a large mass of cement we have to depend upon the strength of the cement itself and not upon its adhesion to the surfaces which it is used to join2 and1 in general1 cements are comparatively brittle4 ,the cement forced out of the joint by pressing the surfaces together should be removed while the cement is in a fused state or liquid4 ,this can generally be effected by wiping the surplus off1 while after solidification a certain amount of force has to be used which may frequently break the joint4 ,oil cements1 which generally solidify slowly1 have the advantage of being water-proof4 ,in cementing with oil cements1 coat the surfaces to be joined with linseed oil1 or1 still better1 boiled linseed oil1 but in working with resinous cements apply oil of turpentine1 spirit of wine1 or a fluid which will readily dissolve the cementing constituent of the cement4 ,for cleansing the surfaces from grease and dirt place the articles in strong lye and rinse off in clean water without touching the surfaces with the hands4 ,for painted porcelain articles which cannot be placed in lye1 it is recommended to brush the surfaces several times with carbon disulphide4 ,,pastes ,,and ,,mucilages4 ,preparation of paste4 ,ordinary paste is prepared either from flour or starch1 and according to the raw material used in its preparation1 may1 therefore1 be divided into starch and flour paste4 ,starch is an indispensable constituent of certain parts of plants1 and plays an important part in the nutrition of the plant4 ,it is chiefly manufactured from potatoes1 ,indian corn and grain4 ,examined under the microscope1 it is seen to be composed of small granules consisting of layers placed one above the other4 ,starch paste4 ,in stirring starch with water to a thin paste and gradually heating it1 it will be observed that at a temperature between #adj and #aeh ,f4 a peculiar change takes place2 the thin milk-white liquid becomes transparent1 opalizes1 and at the same time becomes thickly fluid1 in short1 the starch is converted into paste4 ,during this process the separate layers of the starch granules become detached somewhat in the same manner as an opening bud1 whereby they absorb water1 and the peculiar mass1 called paste1 is formed4 ,that paste is not a solution is easily proved by the fact that on attempting to filter starch-paste only water drains off1 while the starch remains upon the filter and gradually dries to a horny mass4 ,paste left to itself soon decomposes1 especially during the hot season of the year2 it becomes sour through the formation of lactic acid1 butyric acid1 acetic acid1 and other substances1 and loses its adhesive power4 ,in preparing paste1 the following rules must be especially observed3 ,divide the starch in water by constant stirring so as to form a homogeneous1 rather thinly liquid fluid1 and then add boiling water in small portions1 stirring constantly4 ,the conversion of the starch into paste is recognized by the thickening of the entire mass and the appearance of opalescence1 when it is only necessary to add the required quantity of water to give the paste the desired consistency4 ,if white lumps are observed1 it is an indication that the starch has not been thoroughly mixed with the water1 and that certain portions of it have remained dry4 ,paste containing such lumps cannot be applied with any degree of uniformity1 and besides it possesses less adhesive power4 ,nothing can be done to remedy the evil except diluting the paste with a considerable quantity of water and boiling1 with constant stirring1 until the mass is perfectly homogenous4 ,starch paste prepared in a proper manner possesses great adhesive power1 and1 when applied in a thin layer1 dries to an almost colorless coating4 ,pure starch paste is used for many purposes4 ,it serves not only for pasting paper1 wall paper1 etc41 but also for sizing tissues1 such as paper-muslin1 linen1 etc41 in order to give them lustre1 body1 and1 under certain circumstances1 greater weight4 ,to increase the weight of linen1 white lead or heavy spar is frequently mixed with the starch4 ,flour paste4 ,the principal constituent of flour1 besides starch1 is gluten4 ,it is obtained in a pure state by tying flour in a linen bag and kneading it under water so long as the latter is rendered turbid by particles of starch4 ,the gluten remaining in the bag is a light-brown1 very tenacious mass1 drawing threads between the fingers1 and1 as regards its chemical properties1 is closely allied to albumen and caseine4 ,gluten1 like the last-mentioned substances1 shows a tendency to form combinations with lime which gradually solidify1 and it can therefore be used for preparing cements4 ,like albumen and caseine1 it speedily putrefies if exposed to the air in a moist state1 and in decomposing forms products which have a very unpleasant odor4 ,flour paste is prepared in precisely the same manner as starch paste1 but while the latter is white1 flour paste1 even if prepared from the best wheat flour1 has always a yellow-brown color4 ,as regards adhesive power it is superior to starch paste1 but is less durable4 ,there are many means to prevent the spoiling of paste4 ,with paste once dry and kept so1 there is no danger of spoiling1 but if it is alternately exposed to dampness and dryness1 as for instance with wall-paper hung on walls not entirely dry1 decomposition will unavoidably take place1 and the wall paper will become spotted and fall off the wall4 ,provided either starch or flour paste is protected against drying in1 it can be kept unchanged for a long time by the addition of a small quantity of carbolic acid4 ,for hanging wall-paper an addition of alum is1 generally speaking1 more suitable than carbolic acid4 ,in hanging wall-paper the wall is generally first sized with glue water4 ,by the alum coming in contact with glue an insoluble leather-like combination is formed1 which not only resists decomposition1 but by far surpasses ordinary paste as regards adhesive power1 so that when the paper is to be removed from the wall it has to be scraped and torn off in small pieces1 while that hung without previous sizing of the wall is readily removed in large pieces4 ,but alum cannot be used for preserving a glue solution1 as it would cause it to coagulate to a flaky mass4 ,carbolic acid is1 on the other hand1 an excellent means for the purpose1 but to prevent its characteristic empyreumatic odor from making itself too sensibly felt1 no more than about one two-thousandth of the weight of the glue solution should be added4 ,shoemakers' paste4 ,in addition to being cheap1 no other paste adheres as well to leather as the so-called shoemakers' paste4 ,with it leather can be secured not only to leather1 but also to woven materials1 paper1 etc4 ,though its preparation is very simple1 it is connected with some disagreeable features consisting chiefly in the development of a truly terrible stench4 ,the paste is prepared by stirring crushed barley with hot water to a thick paste and adding small portions of hot water1 so that the temperature of the mass is kept at between #hf to #ajd ,f4 ,in a few days the mass commences to develop gas1 which shows at first no odor1 but soon the development of gas becomes stronger and an acid odor is perceptible1 which in a short time is replaced by a terrific stench which1 as before mentioned1 affects the olfactory organs in a most unpleasant manner4 ,in consequence of the acid and putrid fermentation the pasty mass gradually loses its granular condition1 and is finally converted into a homogeneous1 thickly fluid mass of a brown color1 which draws threads between the fingers1 and possesses great adhesive power4 ,when this is the case1 decomposition1 which otherwise would go on until nothing remained but a watery and acid fluid1 is interrupted by lowering the temperature of the paste by ladling it from the vat or by adding a small quantity of carbolic acid4 ,to render the stench developed during the fermentation of the paste innoxious1 the vat in which it is prepared should be provided with a well-fitting cover1 in which is fitted a stovepipe passing into a chimney connected with a kitchen range or furnace1 in which a fire is frequently burnt4 ,by kneading shoemaker's paste together with indifferent substances it can be used as a cement for various purposes4 ,the substances best adapted for the purpose are burnt lime slaked to a powder1 whiting1 zinc white1 pipe clay1 ochre1 etc4 ,gum arabic4 ,this gum is an exudation from certain tropical species of acacia1 and consists essentially of arabine1 which has the composition ,c#ab;,h#aa,o#aa4 ,the best gum arabic is that in the form of very pale-yellow1 brittle pieces2 golden-yellow to brownish pieces are not valued as highly1 though they give a solution of considerable adhesive power4 ,gum arabic dissolves in water1 but not in alcohol1 and therefore can not be employed for cements in the preparation of which solutions of resins in spirit of wine are to be used4 ,there are other products of vegetable life1 which are also in commerce1 called gums1 but dissolve partly in spirit of wine4 ,to this class belongs the gum ammoniac mentioned in some receipts for cements4 ,as it is rather expensive1 it is seldom used by itself as a cement4 ,dextrine is extensively used in place of gum arabic in printing wall-papers1 for stiffening and glazing cards and paper1 for thickening the colors of calico printers1 in making mucilages1 etc4 ,it is prepared by heating starch previously moistened with nitric acid in an oven1 and can also be produced by heating paste with malt extract or very dilute sulphuric acid4 ,there is a current anecdote which attributes the discovery of dextrine to a conflagration at a starch factory where one of the workmen who assisted in quenching the fire observed the gummy properties of the water which had been thrown over the torrefied starch4 ,commercial dextrine forms pale-yellow to dark-brown masses4 ,these masses dissolve readily in water1 and form solutions which1 as regards adhesive power1 compare favorably with those prepared from gum arabic4 ,the mucilage is prepared by simply stirring the pulverized dextrine with water to a thickly-fluid liquid4 ,to preserve mucilage unchanged for any length of time1 and to prevent the disagreeable formation of mould upon its surface1 it is recommended to dissolve some salicylic acid in the water to be used for preparing the mucilage4 ,dextrine is usually prepared on a large scale by moistening #aj parts of starch with #c parts of water acidulated with #a_/ajj part of nitric acid4 ,the mixture is allowed to dry1 and is then spread upon trays in layers about three-quarters of an inch deep in an oven1 where it is heated for about one hour to #bci ,f4 ,sometimes large drums revolving over a fire are used1 or1 in order to keep up a uniform temperature1 the starch is placed in a copper cylinder suspended in a vessel with oil which is heated to #cef ,f4 ,the object of the addition of nitric acid is to allow the starch to be converted into dextrine at a temperature which would be inadequate to effect the transformation of starch alone4 ,dextrine is also frequently prepared by allowing germinated barley or malt to act upon starch4 ,heat #cej to #djj parts of water to about #gg ,f41 and after adding #e to #aj parts of dry malt1 raise the temperature to #adj ,f4 ,then add #ajj parts of starch1 and after mixing the whole thoroughly together1 raise the temperature to about #aeh ,f4 for twenty minutes4 ,the mass1 which appears at first milky and sticky1 will gradually become as liquid as water by the conversion of the starch into gum through the action of the malt4 ,to prevent the conversion of the gum into sugar by the diastase of the malt1 the fluid must be quickly brought to the boiling-point1 and1 after cooling1 filtered and evaporated to the consistency of syrup4 ,in cooling1 the mass gelatinizes to a jelly1 which after drying is hard and brittle4 ,according to ,blumenthal's method1 a drum which can be hermetically closed1 is filled two-thirds full with dry starch flour by means of a funnel4 ,a stirring apparatus is then set in motion1 and the acid which is contained in a graduated cylinder is sprayed into the drum by means of a special contrivance4 ,in a drum #e feet long and #c feet in diameter1 #bbj lbs4 of potato starch can be uniformly mixed in #e minutes with about #i ozs4 of nitric acid of #dj ,b41 and the drum emptied by opening the slide4 ,starch thus treated may be brought into the oven without previous drying4 ,heuz gives the following method3 ,four and a half pounds of nitric acid of #a4d specific gravity together with #cjj quarts of water are mixed with #b1bjj lbs4 of starch1 and boiled to form a mass which1 when exposed to the air becomes dry4 ,it is sometimes effected at #agg ,f41 but it becomes a paste at #bab to #bcj ,f4 ,the starch changes into dextrine in an hour or an hour and a half at the most2 it is white and soluble in water4 ,tragacanth1 or gum tragacanth1 exudes from ,astragalus verus1 a tree indigenous to ,asia4 ,the term gum is a misnomer1 as tragacanth does not actually dissolve in water nor in spirit of wine1 but merely swells up in water to a soft gelatinous mass4 ,tragacanth consists of irregular pieces of a pure white to yellowish color4 ,it is chiefly used for confectioner's purposes1 though sometimes as a paste for fancy articles4 ,this variety of gum is found1 together with arabine1 in the gum which exudes from cherry1 plum1 almond1 and apricot trees1 and gives the mucilaginous character to the watery decoctions prepared from certain seeds1 such as linseed and quince-seed1 and from the root of marshmallow4 ,,pastes ,,and ,,mucilages ,,for ,,special ,,purposes4 ,starch paste4 ,corn starch #h ozs41 cold water pint1 boiling water #a gallon4 ,beat up the starch in the cold water until reduced to a creamy consistence1 then pour the mixture into the boiling water and stir briskly until the white1 semi-opaque mass1 becomes transparent4 ,should it fail to do so1 place it over the fire1 and boil until the desired result is obtained1 stirring constantly4 ,flour paste4 ,wheat flour #d lbs41 cold water #b quarts1 alum #b ozs41 hot water pint1 boiling water #b gallons4 ,work the wheat flour into a batter free from lumps with the cold water4 ,dissolve the alum in the hot water4 ,then stir the batter into the boiling water1 and if necessary1 continue boiling until the paste thickens into a semi-transparent mucilage1 after which stir in the alum solution4 ,this makes a very fine paste for wall-paper4 ,strong adhesive paste4 ,rye flour #b lbs41 cold water #a quart1 boiling water #c quarts1 pulverized rosin #a oz4 ,make the flour into a batter with the cold water1 free from lumps1 and pour into the boiling water4 ,boil1 if necessary1 and while hot stir in the pulverized rosin1 a little at a time4 ,this paste is very strong1 and will fasten heavy wall-paper or thin leather4 ,if too thick1 thin with hot water4 ,never thin paste with cold water4 ,paste that will not sour4 ,allow #d parts by weight of glue to soften in #ae parts of cold water for some hours1 and then heat moderately till the solution becomes quite clear2 then add1 while stirring1 #fe parts of boiling water4 ,in another vessel stir up #cj parts of starch paste with #bj parts of cold water1 so that a thin1 milky fluid without lumps is obtained4 ,into this pour the boiling glue solution1 stirring constantly1 and keep the whole at the boiling temperature4 ,after cooling1 add #e to #aj drops of carbolic acid to the paste4 ,preserve the paste in closed bottles to prevent evaporation of the water4 ,it will thus keep good for years4 ,venetian paste4 ,white or fish glue #d ozs41 cold water pint1 ,venice turpentine #b fluid ozs41 rye flour #a lb41 cold water #a pint1 boiling water #b quarts4 ,soak the #d ozs4 of glue in the cold water for #d hours4 ,dissolve over a water-bath1 and while hot stir in the ,venice turpentine4 ,make up the rye flour into a batter free from lumps with the pint of water1 and pour the latter into the boiling water4 ,stir briskly1 and finally add the glue solution4 ,this makes a very strong paste1 and it will adhere to a painted surface1 owing to the ,venice turpentine in its composition4 ,label paste4 ,a good paste for attaching labels to bottles may be made by soaking glue in strong vinegar1 then heat to boiling and add flour4 ,this is very adhesive1 and will not decompose when kept in wide-mouthed bottles4 ,elastic or pliable paste4 ,starch #d ozs41 white dextrine #b ozs41 cold water #aj fluid ozs41 borax #a oz41 glycerine #c fluid ozs41 boiling water #b quarts4 ,beat the starch and dextrine into paste with the cold water4 ,dissolve the borax in the boiling water1 then add the glycerine1 and pour the starch and dextrine mixture into the borax solution4 ,stir until it becomes translucent4 ,this paste will not crack1 and1 being very pliable1 is suitable for paper1 cloth1 leather and other material where flexibility is required4 ,mucilage for labels4 ,macerate #e parts of good glue in #bj parts of water for #bd hours1 and to the liquid add #i parts of rock candy1 and #c parts of gum arabic4 ,the mixture may be brushed upon paper while lukewarm4 ,it keeps well1 does not stick together and adheres firmly to bottles4 ,mucilage4 ,a strong aqueous solution of dextrine forms a most adhesive and cheap mucilage4 ,dilute alcohol is usually employed as the solvent where the mucilage is to be used for gumming envelopes1 postage stamps1 etc41 and in order to facilitate the drying1 acetic acid is added to increase the mobility of the fluid4 ,the strong aqueous solution is more adhesive than that prepared with alcohol1 for the reason that it contains a greater proportion of dextrine4 ,to prepare this add an excess of dextrine to boiling water1 stir for a minute or two1 allow to cool and settle1 and strain the liquid through a cloth4 ,the addition of a little powdered sugar increases the glossiness of the dried gum4 ,the sugar should be dissolved in the water before the dextrine is added4 ,according to another formula1 dextrine is mixed with hot water until a syrupy liquid is obtained4 ,then add a few drops of oil of cloves1 and cool for use4 ,another formula is as follows3 ,dextrine #abj parts1 powdered alum #f1 sugar #cj1 carbolic acid #a1 water #cjj4 ,mix gradually the dextrine1 alum and sugar with the water1 boil to effect solution1 and when cold1 add the carbolic acid4 ,the solubility of dextrine may be enhanced by the addition of a calcium salt readily soluble in water1 the resulting mixture dissolving with ease in cold water4 ,calcium nitrate has proved especially suitable for the purpose4 ,by pouring #a quart of water over a mixture of #ah ozs4 of dextrine and #g ozs4 of calcium nitrate1 a mass of great adhesive power is immediately obtained4 ,mucilage for postage stamps4 ,dextrine #b parts1 acetic acid #a1 water #e1 alcohol #a4 ,mix all together4 ,caseine mucilage4 ,take the curd of skim milk1 wash it thoroughly1 and dissolve it to saturation in a cold concentrated solution of borax4 ,tragacanth mucilage4 ,powdered tragacanth #b drachms1 glycerine #ab drachms1 water enough to make #bj ozs4 ,put the tragacanth in a mortar with the glycerine1 and then add the water4 ,this will produce at once a mucilage of excellent quality4 ,adhesive paste4 ,steep #d ozs4 of ordinary gelatine in #af ozs4 of water until it becomes soft1 then dissolve it by the heat of a water bath1 and while still hot pour into a mixture of #b lbs4 of good flour paste and #a part of water4 ,heat the whole to boiling and when thickened remove from the fire4 ,while cooling add #f drachms of silicate of soda and stir the mixture with a wooden spatula4 ,this preparation will keep good for an indefinite period1 and is very adhesive4 ,the addition of #b drachms of oil of cloves is an improvement4 ,fluid pastes4 ,i4 ,gum arabic #aj lbs41 sugar #b lbs41 nitric acid #a ozs41 water as required4 ,dissolve the gum and sugar in the water1 then add the acid and heat to the boiling-point4 ,the resulting paste is liquid1 does not mould1 and dries to a transparent layer upon paper4 ,it is especially suitable for flaps of envelopes1 fine bookbinders' work1 etc4 ,,ii4 ,potato starch #aj lbs41 water #e quarts1 nitric acid #h ozs4 ,mix the acid and water and pour it on the starch in an earthenware basin1 put the latter in a warm place1 and allow it to remain #bd hours1 with occasional stirring4 ,then boil it until it becomes thickly-fluid and very transparent4 ,if necessary it should be diluted with water and filtered through a cloth4 ,sugar and lime paste4 ,dissolve #ab parts of white sugar in #cf of water4 ,heat the solution to the boiling-point and add #c parts of slaked lime4 ,allow the liquid to stand in a covered vessel for several days1 stirring frequently and1 when settled1 pour off the supernatant thick fluid from the excess of lime4 ,the paste thus obtained has all the properties of gum arabic solution and dries to a lustrous mass4 ,liquid sugar and lime paste4 ,allow #c parts of glue to swell in #aj to #ae parts of the foregoing paste4 ,heat the mixture to the boiling-point4 ,the paste thus obtained does not congeal on cooling and possesses considerable adhesive power4 ,by reason of its caustic properties1 due to the content of lime1 this paste should not be used for pasting colored materials4 ,pastes for paper and fine fancy articles4 ,i4 ,dissolve1 with the assistance of heat1 #ajj parts of gilder's glue in #bjj of water1 and add a solution of #b parts of bleached shellac in #aj of alcohol4 ,,ii4 ,dissolve1 with the assistance of heat1 #ej parts of dextrine in #ej of water1 stir solutions #a and #b together1 strain through a cloth into a flat prismatic mould1 and allow it to congeal4 ,for use1 melt a piece of corresponding size1 and dilute the liquid1 if necessary1 with water4 ,albumen paste4 ,this is a misnomer1 as it contains no albumen4 ,it is partly decayed gluten from flour1 washed with water and then heated to #fj or #fh ,f41 when it ferments and becomes partly fluid4 ,it is then dried at #gg to #hf ,f41 and is claimed to keep any length of time in a dry place4 ,dissolved in twice its weight of water it can be used as a paste for all purposes4 ,glycerine paste4 ,dissolve #b ozs4 of gum arabic and #d drachms of glycerine in #f ozs4 of boiling water4 ,this is a good paste for office use4 ,paste for fixing labels on machines4 ,make a paste of rye flour and glue and add to every pound thereof oz4 each of boiled linseed oil and turpentine4 ,this paste resists damp and thus prevents printed labels from falling off metallic surfaces4 ,paste for mounting maps4 ,stiff rye flour paste is best for this purpose4 ,paste for fastening paper on tin-foil4 ,make a paste by dissolving rye flour in solution of caustic soda2 dilute with water1 stirring all the time4 ,add to this paste a few drops of ,venice turpentine for each lb4 of flour4 ,paste for paper bags4 ,add to #c parts of starch #bd to #cj parts of cold water4 ,stir together to a homogeneous mass of about the thickness of syrup4 ,pour over this1 stirring constantly1 boiling water until the paste is of the required consistency4 ,stir until nearly cold4 ,take a portion of the paste and add to it #f to #ae per cent4 liquefied ,venice turpentine2 rub together until a kind of emulsion is formed1 then mix the whole together and work thoroughly4 ,caseine mucilage for photographer's use4 ,separate the caseine from milk by means of a little tartaric acid1 and treat the caseine while still warm with a solution of #f parts of borax to #ajj parts water1 and warm gently while stirring which will cause the caseine to be dissolved4 ,of the borax solution enough should be used to leave only a little undissolved caseine behind4 ,paste for scrap-books4 ,rice starch #a oz41 gelatine #c drachms1 water pint4 ,heat1 stirring constantly1 until the milky fluid becomes thick and gluey4 ,when the paste is nearly thick put in a bottle closely corked4 ,it is well to add a few drops of oil of cloves to each bottle4 ,paste for skins4 ,pour enough boiling water over #a lb4 of rye flour in a basin to make a stiff paste1 almost as stiff as ordinary dough for puddings4 ,stir and beat up well with a stick for three or four minutes1 then cover up and let it stand for two days before using1 when it will be much softer and stick better4 ,spread thinly and evenly on the back of the skin with a stiff brush or pad4 ,it will stick firmly and not crack4 ,strong mucilage capable of fastening wood or china and glass together is made of #c ozs4 of strong gum arabic solution1 to which a solution of #cj grains of sulphate of aluminium dissolved in oz4 of water is added4 ,dextrine mucilage4 ,i4 ,dissolve with the assistance of heat #fj parts of borax in #dbj parts of water1 add #dhj parts of pale yellow dextrine and #ej parts of glucose1 and heat carefully1 stirring constantly until solution is complete1 replacing the water lost by evaporation4 ,strain through flannel4 ,the resulting mucilage is quite clear1 has great adhesive power1 and dries very quickly4 ,in heating the mixture1 great care should be exercised not to exceed a temperature of #aid ,f4 and not to heat too long1 otherwise the product readily becomes brown and brittle4 ,,ii4 ,dextrine #abj parts1 powdered alum #f1 sugar #cj1 carbolic acid #a1 distilled water #cjj4 ,gradually mix the dextrine1 alum and sugar with the water1 effect solution by boiling and when the solution is cold1 add the carbolic acid4 ,paste for joining leather to pasteboard4 ,dissolve #ej parts of strong glue with a little water at a gentle heat1 then add a small quantity of ,venice turpentine1 and next a thick paste made with #ajj parts of starch in water4 ,apply quickly when cold4 ,another formula for a similar paste is as follows3 ,rye whisky #b pints1 water #a pint1 powdered starch #d ozs41 good glue #a ozs41 ,venice turpentine #a ozs4 ,mix the whisky and water together1 then stir in the starch and make a thick paste4 ,separately dissolve the glue in an equal weight of water1 and mix the ,venice turpentine therein1 mix thoroughly1 and then compound this mixture with the thick paste by constantly stirring until all is well incorporated4 ,paste for attaching labels to polished nickel4 ,dissolve #djj parts by weight of dextrine in #fjj parts of water1 and add #bj parts of glycerine and #aj parts of glucose4 ,heat the mixture to #aid ,f4 ,another formula is as follows3 ,mix #djj parts by weight of dextrine with water1 and add #bjj parts of water together with #bj parts of glucose and #aj parts of aluminium sulphate4 ,mucilage for attaching labels to tin4 ,i4 ,shellac #h parts1 borax #d parts1 water #fj parts4 ,boil until the shellac is dissolved4 ,,ii4 ,to #b parts of dammar varnish add #h parts of tragacanth mucilage4 ,,iii4 ,an excellent mucilage for the purpose consists of starch paste to which a small quantity of ,venice turpentine has been added4 ,,iv4 ,make a paste of corrosive sublimate #b parts1 wheat flour #bjj1 absinthe #ajj1 tansy #ej1 water #cjjj4 ,this mucilage is useful for vessels kept in a damp place4 ,mucilage for office use4 ,gum arabic #ajj parts1 aluminium sulphate #f parts1 glycerine #aj1 dilute acetic acid #bj1 distilled water #adj4 ,dissolve1 in a wide-mouthed glass bottle1 the gum arabic in cold distilled water1 stirring frequently4 ,let the solution stand #b or #c days1 then add the glycerine1 later on the dilute acetic acid and finally the aluminium sulphate4 ,strain through a hair sieve1 allow to clarify1 and decant from the sediment4 ,glycerine paste for office use4 ,dissolve #d ozs4 of gum arabic and #h drachms of glycerine in #ab ozs4 of boiling water4 ,clean and durable paste4 ,dissolve #e ozs4 of gum arabic in #d quarts of warm water1 and thicken to a paste with wheat flour4 ,then add a solution of alum and sugar of lead1 #c ozs4 of each in water4 ,heat the mixture and stir it until it is about to boil1 and then cool it4 ,if too thick1 add gum solution4 ,banknote or mouth glue4 ,dissolve by the aid of heat a fine quality of glue or gelatine with about a quarter or one-third of its weight of brown sugar1 in as small a quantity of water as possible4 ,then when perfectly liquid cast the mixture into thin cakes on a flat surface very slightly oiled1 and when cold cut up into pieces of convenient size4 ,when required for use moisten one end4 ,a piece of this glue kept in the desk will be found very convenient for many purposes4 ,paste for cardboard4 ,dissolve #c ozs4 of best ,french glue in #f ozs4 of water by soaking and heating4 ,then add a solution of drachm of shellac in #c drachms of alcohol and stir as long as the solution is warm4 ,next dissolve #b drachms of dextrine in #a ozs4 of alcohol and #ad drachms of water1 stir1 and place the vessel in warm water until solution is complete4 ,mix this solution with that of the glue1 and pour the whole into a suitable vessel1 in which it may solidify4 ,when wanted for use cut off a small piece and liquefy it by warming4 ,paste for attaching cloth or leather to table tops4 ,wheat flour #a lb41 powdered rosin #b tablespoonfuls1 powdered alum #a tablespoonful4 ,heat and stir to a stiff consistency4 ,caseine mucilage4 ,separate the caseine from milk with a little tartaric acid1 and treat the caseine while still warm with a solution of #f parts borax to #ajj parts water and warm gently while stirring1 which will cause the caseine to be dissolved4 ,of the borax solution enough should be used to leave only a little undissolved caseine behind4 ,very adhesive paste which may be used for wood and parchment4 ,gum arabic #fj parts1 fine wheat starch #de1 sugar #ae4 ,dissolve the gum in as much water as is required for boiling the quantity of paste to be made4 ,then add the starch and sugar and boil it in a vessel suspended in boiling water until the mixture is clear and has the consistency of liquid tar4 ,keep in a well-closed vessel protected from mould by the addition of a few drops of oil of cloves4 ,paste for pads4 ,glue #d parts by weight1 glycerine #b1 linseed oil 1 sugar #d1 aniline dye sufficient to color4 ,soften the glue by soaking in cold water1 then dissolve together with the sugar in the glycerine by the aid of heat over the water-bath1 then add the dye and stir in the oil4 ,use the paste hot4 ,paste for fastening paper on tin-foil4 ,make a paste by dissolving rye flour in a solution of caustic soda2 dilute with water1 stirring constantly4 ,add to this paste a few drops of ,venice turpentine for each lb4 flour used4 ,this paste adheres to all kinds of metal1 tin-foil1 glass1 etc4 ,paste for attaching labels to glass1 porcelain1 and metal4 ,gum arabic #ae parts1 pulverized tragacanth #g1 glycerin #de1 thymol #j4c1 alcohol #c1 water #abj4 ,dissolve the gum arabic in #ae parts of water and triturate the tragacanth with #cj parts of water4 ,mix the two fluids and strain4 ,then add the glycerine and finally the thymol dissolved in the alcohol4 ,preparation of arabol-gum4 ,mix intimately #dd lbs4 of wheat starch with #agf lbs4 of water4 ,bring the mass into a water-bath1 mix it with a solution of #d4d lbs4 of oxalic acid in #dd lbs4 of water and heat for four hours at #aid ,f41 stirring frequently4 ,the conversion of the starch is as a rule effected during this time1 but should such not be the case1 continue heating1 constantly replacing the evaporated water1 until the mass is clear and liquid4 ,while still hot1 neutralize the mass with marble dust1 allow to settle1 filter1 and evaporate the clear solution in a water-bath to a solid gum containing about #ae per cent4 of water4 ,preparation of an adhesive substance from desaccharized beet-root slices 7,german patent #ifcaf f4 ,g4 ,eichelbaum74 ,the insoluble metarabin contained in the slices is converted into soluble arabin by treating the slices under pressure with hot aqueous sulphurous acid or with aqueous solutions of the bisulphites of the alkalies or alkaline earths4 ,according to a later patent 7,german patent #abadbb f4 ,fabrik ,bettenhausen ,marquart and ,schulz71 the insoluble metarabin is converted into soluble arabin by heating the desaccharized beet-root slices with phosphoric acid and water4 ,according to a supplement to this patent 7#abbjdh71 conversion is effected by heating the slices with aqueous solutions of organic acids and phenols1 or the acid salts of oxalic1 tartaric or phosphoric acids4 ,,index4 ,acid calcium phosphate1 #abj ---- ---- ---- crystallization of1 #abe1 #abf ---- ---- ---- formation of1 #aba-abd ---- sodium sulphate1 use of1 in drying glue1 #gb1 #gc ,acidity1 determination of1 in glue1 #bje1 #bjf ,acids1 dilute1 effect of1 on glue solution1 #g ,adamson1 ,wm41 method of1 for removing hydrocarbons from substances which have been treated therewith1 #hd-hf ---- ---- method of1 for treating substances with hydro carbon vapor for the purpose of extracting oils1 fats1 etc41 #gi-hb ---- ---- method of1 for treating substances with liquid hydrocarbons for the purpose of extracting oils1 fats1 etc41 #hb-hd ---- ---- and ,simonis1 ,chas4 ,f4 ,a41 apparatus of1 for extracting bones with benzine1 #gf-gi ,adhesive paste1 #bfd ,adulterations of glue1 determination of1 #bad1 #bae ,agar-,agar1 #ab1 #bja1 #bjb ,air-bladders1 #af1 #da ---- bleaching glue in the1 #ada ---- drying the cakes of glue in the1 #fd ,alabaster1 #bdd ---- cement for1 #bdb ,albumen paste1 #bfe1 #bff ---- ---- use of1 for clarifying glue liquor1 #ed ,alum cement1 #bbh ---- ---- effect of1 on glue solution1 #g ---- ---- use of1 for clarifying glue liquor1 #ed ---- ---- ---- ---- preserving paste1 #beg ,amber1 resinous cement for1 #bbi ,american cement for jewelers1 #beb ,american glue1 analysis of1 #bjg ,ammonium sulphate1 use of1 in drying glue1 #gb1 #gc ,animal charcoal1 bleaching glue with1 #adb ---- ---- bones for the manufacture of1 #ajg ---- ---- carbonization of bones for1 #ajh-aab ---- ---- decolorizing glue liquor with1 #ee ---- ---- manufacture of1 #aab1 #aac ---- ---- yield of1 #aac ---- skin1 constitution of1 #ag1 #ah ,antiseptics for the preservation of glue-stock1 #cj ,arabin1 conversion of metarabin into1 #bga ,arabol-gum1 preparation of1 #bgj ,ash1 burning bones to1 #aag-aai ,bacteriology1 use of gelatine in1 #aid ,banknote glue1 #bfi ,barium chloride1 effect of1 on glue solution1 #g ,basic calcium phosphate1 #abj ,beet-root slices1 desaccharized1 preparation of an adhesive substance from1 #bgj1 #bga ,belgian retort-furnace for the carbonization of bones1 #aji-aab ,benzine1 extracting fat from bones with1 #gf-ib ,billiard balls1 compound for1 #aee1 #aef ,bleaching glue1 methods of1 #ada-ade ---- ---- stock1 #ee1 #ef ,blood1 fresh1 use of1 for clarifying glue liquor1 #ed ,blumenthal's method of preparing dextrine1 #bfj1 #bfa ,boiler for glue boiling1 #dd ,boiling bones1 #gd1 #ge ---- ---- duration of1 #de ---- ---- or cooking glue1 #dd-eb ,bone ash1 composition of1 #aai ---- ---- conversion of1 into a coarse powder1 #aai ---- ---- decomposition of1 by sulphuric acid1 #aai-abe ---- ---- kiln for1 #aag-aai ---- ---- preparation of1 #aag-aai ---- ---- yield of1 #aai ---- cartilage1 composition of1 #cb ---- cement for1 #bcj ---- crusher1 #cf ---- gelatine1 #agj-ahj ---- ---- modern process of preparing1 #agi1 #ahj ---- -glue1 manufacture of1 #gd-aaf ---- meal1 glue and fat1 simultaneous utilization of bones for1 #ajd-aac ---- -mill1 ,crosskill1 #cf ---- raw materials1 #af ---- size1 #aei1 #afj ,bones1 absorption of sulphurous acid by1 #ib ---- ,adamson and ,simonis' apparatus for extracting1 #gf-gi ---- and cartilages1 #ca-ci ---- apparatus for extracting the fat from1 with benzine1 #gf-id ---- ,belgian retort-furnace for the carbonization of1 #aji-aab ---- boiling of1 #gd1 #ge ---- burning of1 to ash1 #aag-aai ---- buying of1 #cb ---- carbonization of1 #ajh-aab ---- constitution of1 #cb ---- crushed1 sorting of1 #cf1 #cg ---- crushing or grinding of1 #cc-cf ---- extraction of1 #gf-id ---- ---- ---- phosphates from1 #aae ---- fatty matters in1 #cb ---- for the manufacture of animal charcoal1 #ajg ---- honey-combed1 #ci ---- ,leuner's apparatus for extracting1 #ij-ib ---- lime bath for1 #cg ---- products obtained in the distillation of1 #aab ---- ,seltsam's apparatus for extracting1 #hd-hf ---- ---- apparatus for extracting1 improved by ,th4 ,richter1 #hh-ij ---- simultaneous utilization of1 for fat1 bone-meal and glue1 #ajd-aac ---- ---- utilization of1 for fat1 glue and calcium phosphate1 #aac-aaf ---- sorting of1 #cb1 #cc1 #ajd1 #aje ---- sulphurous acid for extracting1 #ib-id ---- treatment of1 with high pressure steam1 #aje-ajg ---- utilization of the liquor obtained in the treatment of1 with hydrochloric acid1 #abe-abg ---- value of1 #cb ---- waste of1 from the preparation of tinned provisions1 #ai ,bookbinder's glue1 #ab ---- size1 #afj ,book isinglass1 #aig ,boric acid1 preservation of glue-stock with1 #cj ,bottles1 cracked1 cement for1 #bdj1 #bda ,bouillon tablets1 #ab ,brazilian isinglass1 #aii1 #bjj ,briers1 ,d4 ,j41 process for the preparation of bone gelatine employed by1 #aga-agi ,brochette1 #dc ,brushmaker's cement1 #bea ,bullock's feet1 #ah ---- hide1 waste of1 #ah ---- leather1 #cj ,burning bones to ash1 #aag-aai ,cakes1 cutting glue into1 #eg-fd ---- drying the1 #fd-gc ---- machines for cutting the jelly into1 #fj-fd ---- shape of1 #eg1 #eh ---- tools for cutting the jelly into1 #ei ,calcium chloride1 #aaf ---- metaphosphate1 #abj1 #abg ---- phosphate1 #aae ---- ---- fat and glue1 simultaneous utilization of bones for1 #aac-aaf ,calf leather1 #cj ---- skin waste1 #ah ,calves' feet1 #cj ---- heads1 #ah1 #cj ,carbolic acid1 preservation of glue-stock with1 #bi ---- ---- use of1 for preserving paste1 #beg1 #beh ,carbon disulphide1 use of1 for extracting bones1 #gf ,cardboard1 paste for1 #bfi ,cartilage1 #a ---- conversion of1 into glue1 #id-ajd ---- drying of1 #aad ---- preservation of1 #aad ---- treatment of1 with high-pressure steam1 #ih ---- yield of glue from1 #aae ,cartilages and bones1 #ca-ci ,caseine cement which can be kept for a long time1 #bci ---- cements1 #bcg-bdj ---- mucilage1 #bfd ---- ---- for photographer's use1 #bff ---- ordinary technical1 preparation of1 #bch1 #bci ---- pure1 preparation of1 #bcg1 #bch ,castings1 cement for filling in defects in1 #bdf ,cattle1 pieces of hide from the lower parts of the limbs of1 #cj ,cayenne isinglass1 #aii1 #bjj ,cellular tissue1 #a ,celluloid1 cement for1 #beb ,cement resisting acids1 #bdh ---- ---- ---- very high temperatures1 #bdh ,cements1 caseine1 #bcg-bdj ---- chemical nature of1 #bai ---- classification of1 #bah-bbc ---- for chemical apparatus1 #bdg-bdi ---- ---- ---- ---- special purposes1 #bdi-beb ---- glue and starch1 #bbb1 #bbc ---- glycerine1 #bdb ---- gypsum1 #bdd1 #bde ---- how to use1 #beb-bee ---- iron1 #bde-bdg ---- lime1 #bbc1 #bdc1 #bdd ---- oil1 #bai1 #bbj1 #bbd-bbi ---- pastes and mucilages1 preparation of1 #bbd-bga ---- resinous1 #bbj1 #bba1 #bbi-bcc ---- resisting high temperatures1 #bdf ---- rubber and gutta-percha1 #bbb1 #bcc-bcg ---- water glass1 #bdj-bdb ,chalk1 #bdc ,charcoal1 animal1 bleaching glue with1 #adb ---- ---- bones for the manufacture of1 #ajg ---- ---- carbonization of bones for1 #ajh-aab ---- ---- manufacture of1 #aab1 #aac ---- ---- yield of1 #aac ---- mixing calcium phosphate with1 #abd ,chemical apparatus1 cements for1 #bdg-bdi ,chinese isinglass1 #bja1 #bjb ,chlorbarium1 soaking hides in1 #bj ,chloride of lime1 bleaching glue-stock with1 #ee ,chlorine1 bleaching glue with1 #ada ,chondrin1 chemical composition of1 #e1 #f ---- conversion of1 into glutin1 #f ---- formation of1 #c ---- properties of1 #e ---- pure1 preparation of1 #e ,chrome glue1 #aec ,clarifying glue liquor1 #eb-ef ---- ---- ---- apparatus for1 #ih ---- ---- ---- vats1 #ec ,clay crucibles1 cracked1 cement for1 #bdc ,clearness of glue1 definition of1 #ec ,clock faces1 white enameled1 cement for1 #bcj ,cloth1 cement for1 #beb ---- paste for attaching1 to table tops1 #bfi ,colle franche1 #dc ,cologne glue1 #adh ,color mixtures1 glue for1 #aa ---- of glue1 definition of1 #ec ,colored gelatine1 #aha1 #ahb ,coloring glue1 #aef ---- matters for gelatine1 #aha1 #ahb ---- substances1 removal of1 from glue liquor1 #ed-ef ,combs1 hard rubber1 cement for1 #bcf ,common salt1 effect of1 on glue solution1 #g ,constitution of glue1 #c-f ,conversion of cartilage into glue1 #id-ajd ,cooking1 duration of1 #dd ---- or boiling glue1 #dd-eb ,cooling boxes1 #ajj ---- glue liquor1 #ajj ,corium1 #a1 #ag ,court-plaster1 #ab1 #ahd1 #ahe ,cox1 ,j4 and ,g41 process for the manufacture of gelatine patented by1 #aff1 #afg ,crockery1 cement for1 #bcf1 #bcg ,crosskill bone mill1 #cf ,crucibles1 cement for1 #bdc ,crude glue1 definition of1 #c ---- ---- preparation of1 #dc ,culinary purposes1 glue for1 #ab-ad ,dark steam glue1 #aeb ,devoulx1 cutting apparatus invented by1 #fb-fd ,dextrine mucilage1 #bfg ---- ---- preparation of1 #bei-bfa ,diamond cement1 #bbi ,distillation of crude phosphorus1 #acc-ace ---- ---- phosphorus1 #abg-acb ,drying1 acceleration of1 #gb1 #gc ---- cakes of glue1 #fd-gc ---- galleries1 #fh-ga ---- house1 modern1 #ga1 #gb ,drying room1 #fe ---- ---- regulating the temperature of the1 #fg1 #fh ,east ,india isinglass1 #aii ,elastic cement1 #bcd ---- gutta-percha cement1 #bcf ---- masses1 glue for1 #ad ---- paste1 #bfc ,electric furnace for the manufacture of phosphorus1 #ach-adj ,electrical apparatus1 cement for1 #bea1 #beb ,emery paper1 use of glue in the manufacture of1 #ab ,epidermis1 #ag ,epsom salt1 behavior of glue solution towards1 #g ---- ---- use of1 in drying glue1 #gb1 #gc ,evaporating pan1 open1 #ih-ajj ---- pans1 #abd ,evaporators1 spiral1 #ajj1 #aja ,extraction of bones1 #gf-id ,fabrics1 water-proofing of1 #afa-afc ,fancy articles1 fine1 paste for1 #bfe ,fans1 gelatine veneers for1 #ae ,fat1 bone meal and glue1 simultaneous utilization of bones for1 #ajd-aac ---- extraction of1 with benzine1 #gf-ib ---- ---- ---- hydrocarbon vapors1 #gi-hb ---- ---- ---- liquid hydrocarbons1 #hb-hd ---- glue and calcium phosphate1 simultaneous utilization of bones for1 #aac-aaf ,fertilizers1 utilization of liquors for1 #aaf ,fining1 gelatine for1 #ahb ,fish bladders1 #a ---- ---- glue1 #bjb-bjd ---- ---- ---- points to be observed in the manufacture of1 #da1 #db ---- ---- ---- raw materials for1 #da1 #db ---- scales1 #af1 #db ---- ---- preparation of glue from1 #bjc ,fleck's kiln for burning bones1 #aah1 #aai ---- process of accelerating the drying of glue1 #gb1 #gc ,flour paste1 #bef-beh1 #bfa1 #bfb ,fluid pastes1 #bfd1 #bfe ,foils1 gelatine1 #ae1 #ahe1 #ahf ,formaldehyde1 preservation of glue-stock with1 #bi1 #cj ,forming or moulding the glue1 #ef-fd ,formo-gelatine1 #aic1 #aid ,french mastic1 #bbg ---- putty1 #bbe ,friedberg's apparatus for clarifying glue liquor1 #ih --- ---- ---- conversion of cartilage into glue1 #id-ig ,furnace1 electric1 for the manufacture of phosphorus1 #ach-adj ,galley furnace1 #abh1 #abi ,galvanized iron-wire netting1 #ff ,gelatin1 pure1 preparation of1 #d ,gelatine and glycerine1 compound of1 #ab ---- and products prepared from it1 manufacture of1 #afe-aie ---- artificial silk from1 #aie ---- capsules1 #ad1 #ahd ---- colored1 #aha1 #ahb ---- constitution of1 #afe ---- ,cox's process for the manufacture of1 #aff1 #afg ---- foils1 #ae1 #ahe1 #ahf ---- for fining purposes1 #ahb ---- for photographic printing and photographic purposes in general1 #ahc1 #ahd ---- ,jullion and ,pirie's process for the preparation of1 #ch ---- ,nelson's process for the manufacture of1 #aff ---- preparation of1 from ordinary glue1 #ahb1 #ahc ---- substitute for1 #bjc1 #bjd ---- ,swinborne's improved patented process for the preparation of1 #afg ---- testing of1 #bje-bag ---- veneers1 #ae1 #ahf-aic ---- yielding tissues1 #a ,german isinglass1 #bjj ,gilder's glue1 #aej ,glass1 cement for1 #bcj1 #bcc1 #bci1 #bda1 #bdc1 #bde ---- ---- for attaching metal letters to1 #bdi ---- ---- ---- ---- ---- to metal1 #bea ---- mastic cement for1 #bcb ---- oil cement for1 #bbh ---- paper1 use of glue in the manufacture of1 #ab ---- paste for attaching labels to1 #bgj ---- plates1 gelatinizing liquors upon1 #eh1 #ei ---- upon glass1 cement for1 #bcj ---- ---- metal1 cement for1 #bcj ,glauber's salt1 use of1 in drying glue1 #gb1 #gc ,gloves1 waste from the manufacture of1 #dc ,glue1 acceleration of the drying of1 #gb1 #gc ---- addition of mineral substances to1 #adi ---- ,american1 analysis of1 #bjg ---- and starch cements1 #bbb1 #bbc ---- as a binding agent1 #aa ---- ---- ---- joining medium1 #aj1 #aa ---- banknote or mouth1 #bfi ---- boiler1 ,terne's1 #ea1 #eb ---- boiling1 boiler for1 #dd ---- ---- convenient apparatus for1 #df1 #dg ---- ---- in open jacketed pans1 #di1 #ej ---- ---- or cooking1 #dd-eb ---- ---- with steam1 boiler for1 #dg-di ---- chemical composition of1 #h ---- chrome1 #aec ---- clearness of1 #ec ---- ,cologne1 #adh ---- color of1 #ec ---- coloring of1 #aef ---- constitution of1 #c-f ---- conversion of cartilage into1 #id-ajd ---- cooking1 process of1 #ea ---- crude1 definition of1 #c ---- ---- preparation of1 #dc ---- cutting the1 into cakes1 #eg-fd ---- deduction of the quality of1 from indirect properties1 #bjg1 #bjh ---- determination of acidity in1 #bje1 #bjf ---- ---- of adulterations of1 #bad1 #bae ---- ---- of glutin in1 #bjf1 #bjg ---- ---- of moisture in1 #bje ---- different varieties of1 and their preparation1 #adf-afd ---- drying cakes of1 #fd-gc ---- ---- room for1 #fe ---- factory1 location of a1 #ba ---- ---- manner of carrying on the work in a1 #bf-cj ---- fat and bone-meal1 simultaneous utilization of bones for1 #ajd-aac ---- for attaching leather to metal1 #aec ---- ---- culinary and medicinal purposes1 #ab-ad ---- ---- elastic masses and as a partial substitute for rubber1 #ad ---- ---- fancy articles1 #ad1 #ae ,glue joints in leather driving belts1 #afc ---- ---- ---- leather1 paper1 etc41 #aec1 #aed ---- ---- ---- parchment paper in making sausage skins1 #aed1 #aee ---- formation of1 #f ---- from various materials1 external characteristics of1 #f1 #g ---- gilder's1 #aej ---- holding power of1 #adg1 #adh ---- how to make and use1 #adg ---- in animal organism1 #b ---- ---- sizing1 #ab ---- inferior qualities of1 #ab ---- joiner's1 #adf ---- ,kissling's results in testing1 #bae ---- liquid1 #aea1 #aeb ---- liquor1 apparatus for clarifying1 #ih ---- ---- clarifying the1 #eb-ef ---- ---- concentration of1 #ej ---- ---- cooling of1 #ajj ---- ---- decolorizing of1 with animal charcoal1 #ee ---- ---- instrument for measuring the percentage of glue in1 #ajc ---- measuring the percentage of1 in glue liquor1 #ajc1 #ajd ---- methods of bleaching1 #ada-ade ---- moulding or forming of1 #ef-fd ---- nature of1 #a-i ---- nets for drying1 #ff1 #fg ---- ordinary1 preparation of gelatine from1 #ahb1 #ahc ---- parchment1 #aej ---- ,paris1 #aej1 #aea ---- patent1 #aej ---- practical testing of1 #bae-bag ---- principal substances employed as raw material for1 #af ---- properties of1 and its behavior towards other substances1 #f-i ---- raw materials and their preparation for the manufacture of1 #af-ch ---- results obtained by comparative experiments in testing1 #bji1 #baj ---- ,russian1 #adi1 #aej ---- size1 #aej ---- solution1 behavior of1 towards salts1 #g1 #h ---- steam1 #aeb ---- stock1 bleaching of1 #ee1 #ef ---- ---- dry-limed1 #ai ---- ---- dry1 uncured1 or salted1 #ai ---- ---- green-limed1 #ai ---- ---- green-salted1 #ai ---- ---- influence of the age of animals on the product from1 #bj ---- ---- limed1 washing of1 #ba-bf ---- ---- notes in reference to judging1 #ai1 #bj ---- ---- preparation of1 #ba-ch ---- ---- preservation of1 #bi ---- ---- sheds for1 #bf ---- ---- transformation in boiling the1 #b ---- ---- washer1 #bb-bf ---- substitute for1 #bjc1 #bjd ---- transition stages of1 #b ---- uses of1 #aj-ae ---- testing of1 #bje-bag ---- tungstic1 #aee ---- water-proof1 #afj ---- yield of1 from cartilage1 #aae ---- ---- ---- from tannery waste1 #ah ---- -yielding substance1 production of1 #b ---- ---- tissues1 #a ,glutin1 conversion of chondrin into1 #f ---- determination of1 in glue1 #bjf1 #bjg ---- formation of1 #c ---- properties of1 #d1 #e ---- pure1 preparation of1 #d ,glycerine and glycerine cements1 #bdb ---- ---- litharge cement1 #bdb ---- paste1 #bff ---- ---- for office use1 #bfh ---- properties of1 #bdb ,glycocoll1 #f ,goat leather1 #ca ,gray lime1 #bh ,green waste1 liming of1 #bf1 #bg ,gum tragacanth1 #bfa ,gutta-percha and rubber cements1 #bbb1 #bcc-bcg ,gypsum1 #bdd ,gypsum cements1 #bdd1 #bde ,hager's diamond cement1 #bbi ,hard rubber cement1 #bcd ---- combs1 cement for1 #bcf ,hare skins1 #ah1 #ca ,hartshorn1 #a ,hayes1 ,s4 ,dana1 analysis of ,american glue by1 #bjg ,heat-resisting cement1 #bde ,hectograph mass1 #ad1 #afc1 #afd ,heuz's method of preparing dextrine1 #bfa ,hide1 transformation in drying the1 #b ,hides for glue-stock1 classification of1 #cj1 #ca ---- soaking of1 in chlorbarium1 #bj ,hoeveller1 ,w4 ,a41 apparatus for drying glue invented by1 #fh-ga ---- glue-stock washer of1 #bb-bf ,hog skins1 #ah ,hollander1 #ci ,horn1 cement for1 #bcb ---- piths1 #ai ,horses' hoofs1 cement for1 #bcf ,hudson ,bay isinglass1 #aii ,hydraulic works1 cement for1 #bda ,hydrocarbon vapors1 extraction of fats1 oils1 etc41 with1 #gi-hb ,hydrocarbons1 liquid1 extraction of fats1 oils1 etc41 with1 #hb-hd ---- removal of1 from substances1 #hd-hf ,hydrochloric acid1 treatment of bones with1 #cg ---- ---- utilization of the liquor obtained in treating bones with1 #abe-abg ,ichthyocolle ,franaise1 #bjj1 #bja ,irish moss1 #bjb ,iron and stone1 cement for1 #bde ---- cement for1 #bde1 #bdf ---- cements1 #bde-bdg ---- pipes1 fire-proof cement for1 #bdf ---- pots1 cracked1 cement for1 #bdf ---- water tanks1 cement for1 #bdf ,isinglass1 adulteration of1 #aif1 #aig ---- and its substitutes1 #aif-bjd ---- chemical composition of1 #h ---- preparation of1 in ,russia1 #aig1 #aih ---- sources of1 #aif ---- spurious1 #aif ---- substitute for1 #bjc1 #bjd ,isinglassine1 #bja ,ivory1 cement for1 #bcj ,jeffrey's marine glue1 #bce ,jelly1 definition of1 #c ---- effect of tannin on1 #h ---- machines for cutting the1 into cakes1 #fj-fd ---- properties of1 #g ---- tools for cutting the1 into cakes1 #ei ---- transformation in boiling the1 #b ,jennings' method for the preparation of fish glue1 #bjb1 #bjc ,jewelers1 ,american cement for1 #beb ---- cement1 #beb ,joiners1 cement for1 #bdc ---- glue1 #adf ,jullion and ,pirie's process for the preparation of gelatine1 #ch ,kid leather1 waste from paring1 #ca ,kiln for burning bones1 #aag-aai ,kissling's results in testing glue1 #bae ,knapsack leather1 #ca ,knife handles1 cement for1 #bca ,label paste1 #bfc ,labels1 mucilage for1 #bfc ---- paste for attaching1 to glass1 porcelain and metal1 #bgj ---- ---- for attaching1 to polished nickel1 #bfh ---- ---- for attaching1 to tin1 #bfh ,lamb leather1 #ca ,leaf isinglass1 #aig ,leather1 cement for1 #bce1 #bcg ---- driving belts1 glue for joints in1 #afc ---- for glue-stock1 classification of1 #cj1 #ca ---- glue for1 #aec1 #aed ---- ---- ---- attaching1 to metal1 #aec ---- paste for attaching1 to table tops1 #bfi ---- ---- ---- joining1 to pasteboard1 #bfg1 #bfh ---- skins1 actual1 #ag ---- waste1 #ci-db ---- ---- comminution of1 #ci1 #dj ,leucine1 #f ,leuner's apparatus for extracting bones1 #ij-ib ,lime and glue cement1 #bdd ---- ---- sugar paste1 #bfe ---- bath for bones1 #cg ---- cements1 #bbc1 #bdc1 #bdd ---- milk of1 preparation of1 #bf1 #bg ---- precipitation of1 by oxalic acid1 #ed ---- slaked1 effect of1 on glue solution1 #g ---- testing of1 #bg1 #bh ,limed glue-stock1 washing of1 #ba-bf ,liming green waste1 #bf1 #bg ---- waste1 #bj ,linseed oil and clay cement1 #bdh ---- ---- ---- manganese cement1 #bdh ,lipowitz's method of testing glue1 #bjh1 #bji ,liquid fining gelatine1 #ahb ---- glue1 #aea1 #aeb ---- sugar and lime paste1 #bfe ,litharge cement1 #bbe ,magnesium sulphate1 #aaf ,manufacture of bone-glue1 #gd-aaf ---- ---- gelatine1 and products prepared from it1 #afe-aie ---- ---- phosphorus1 #aag-adj ---- ---- skin glue1 #dc-gc ,maps1 paste for mounting1 #bff ,marble1 cement for1 #bdb1 #bea ---- ---- for attaching metal letters to1 #bdi ---- oil cement for1 #bbh1 #bbi ,marine glue1 #bcd1 #bce ,matches1 use of glue in the manufacture of1 #aa ,mastic1 #bbf1 #bbg ---- cement1 #bbf1 #bbg ,medicinal purposes1 glue for1 #ab-ad ,meerschaum1 cement for1 #bci ,meta-gelatin1 #g ,metal1 cement for attaching wood1 glass1 etc41 to1 #bea ---- glue for attaching leather to1 #aec ---- letters upon glass1 cement for1 #bcj1 #bdi ---- paste for attaching labels to1 #bgj ,metals1 cement for1 #bci ---- ---- for uniting1 #bda ,metarabin1 conversion of1 into arabin1 #bga ,mica1 cement for1 #bca1 #bcb ,milk of lime1 preparation of1 #bf1 #bg ,moisture1 determination of1 in glue1 #bje ,mother-of-pearl1 glue imitations of1 #ae ,moulding boxes1 #ef ---- or forming the glue1 #ef-fd ---- refined phosphorus1 #ace-acg ,mouth glue1 #bfi ,mucilage1 #bfc1 #bfd ---- caseine1 #bfd ---- ---- for photographers' use1 #bff ---- dextrine1 #bfg ---- for attaching labels to tin1 #bfh ---- ---- labels1 #bfc ---- ---- office use1 #bfh ---- ---- postage stamps1 #bfd ---- preservation of1 #bei1 #bfj ---- strong1 #bfg ---- tragacanth1 #bfd ,mucilages and pastes1 #bee-bga ---- ---- ---- for special purposes1 #bfa-bga ---- ---- pastes and cements1 preparation of1 #bbd-bga ,muratori and ,landry's method of water-proofing fabrics1 #afb1 #afc ,muzmann and ,krakowitzer's method of water-proofing fabrics1 #afb1 #afc ,nature of glue1 #a-i ,nelson1 ,g41 process of1 for the manufacture of gelatine1 #aff ,nets for drying glue1 #ff1 #fg ,netting1 metallic1 #ff ---- twine1 #ff1 #fg ,neutral potassium tartrate1 behavior of glue solution towards1 #g ,new ,york isinglass1 #aih ,nickel1 polished1 paste for attaching labels to1 #bfh ,north ,american isinglass1 #aih ,office use1 glycerine paste for1 #bfh ---- ---- mucilage for1 #bfh ,oil cements1 #bai1 #bbj1 #bbd-bbi ,oils1 extraction of1 with hydrocarbon vapors1 #gi-hb ---- ---- ---- with liquid hydrocarbons1 #hb-hd ,ornaments1 indestructible mass for1 #aee ,osseine1 #a ,oxalic acid1 effect of1 on glue solution1 #g ---- ---- precipitation of lime by1 #ed ,pads1 paste for1 #bgj ,paget's mastic1 #bbg ,pale steam glue1 #aeb ,pan1 open evaporating1 #ih-ajj ,pans1 evaporating1 #abd ---- open jacketed1 #di1 #ej ---- vacuum1 #aja-ajc ,paper bags1 paste for1 #bff ---- colored1 use of glue in the manufacture of1 #aa ---- glue for1 #aec1 #aed ---- hangings1 glue in the manufacture of1 #aa ---- paste for1 #bfe ---- ---- ---- fastening1 on tin-foil1 #bff1 #bgj ,parchment glue1 #aej ---- paper1 glue for1 in making sausage skins1 #aed1 #aee ---- scraps1 #ah ,paris glue1 #aej1 #aea ,paste1 adhesive1 #bfd ---- albumen1 #bfe1 #bff ---- clean and durable1 #bfh1 #bfi ---- elastic or pliable1 #bfc ---- fluid1 #bfd1 #bfe ---- for attaching cloth or leather to table tops1 #bfi ---- ---- ---- labels to glass1 porcelain and metal1 #bgj ---- ---- ---- ---- to polished nickel1 #bfh ---- ---- cardboard1 #bfi ---- ---- fastening paper on tin foil1 #bff1 #bgj ---- ---- joining leather to pasteboard1 #bfg1 #bfh ---- ---- mounting maps1 #bff ---- ---- pads1 #bgj ---- ---- paper and fine fancy articles1 #bfe ---- ---- ---- bags1 #bff --- ---- scrap-books1 #bff1 #bfg ---- ---- skins1 #bfg ---- glycerine1 #bff ---- ---- for office use1 #bfh ---- label1 #bfc ---- preparation of1 #bee ---- preservatives for1 #beg ---- rules to be observed in the preparation of1 #bef ---- strong adhesive1 #bfb ---- sugar and lime1 #bfe ---- that will not sour1 #bfb ---- ,venetian1 #bfb ,paste-board1 paste for joining leather to1 #bfg1 #bfh ,pastes and mucilages1 #bee-bga ---- ---- ---- for special purposes1 #bfa-bga ---- mucilages and cements1 preparation of1 #bbd-bga ,patent glue1 #aej ,patriarch isinglass1 #aig ,permanent white1 addition of1 to glue1 #adi ,petroleum1 cement to withstand the action of1 #bca ---- lamps1 cement for1 #bca ,phosphates1 extraction of1 from bones1 #aae ,phosphorus1 crude1 composition of1 #aca1 #acb ---- ---- distillation of1 #acc-ace ---- ---- purification of1 #acb ---- distillation of1 #abg-acb ---- galley furnace for distilling1 #abh1 #abi ---- loss of1 #acb ---- manufacture of1 #aag-adj ---- ---- of1 with the assistance of electricity1 #ach-adj ---- operations in the preparation of1 #aag ---- refined1 moulding of1 #ace-acg ---- refining and purifying of1 #acb-ace ---- receivers for1 #abi ---- removal of1 from the receivers1 #aca ---- residue in the manufacture of1 #abg ---- sticks1 mode of forming1 #ace-acg ---- storing of1 #ach ,photographers1 caseine mucilage for #bff ,photographic printing1 gelatine for #ahc1 #ahd ,photo-lithography1 use of glue in1 #ad ,pierres de mastic1 #bbf1 #bbg ,pipes exposed to a red heat1 cement for tightening joints of1 #bda ,plaster of ,paris1 #bdd ---- ---- ---- cement1 universal1 #bde ---- ---- ---- statues1 cement for1 #bdd1 #bde ,pliable paste1 #bfc ,porcelain1 cement for1 #bca1 #bci1 #bdj1 #bda1 #bdc1 #bde ---- oil cement for1 #bbi ---- paste for attaching labels to1 #bgj ---- sulphur cement for1 #bcb1 #bcc ,postage stamps1 mucilage for1 #bfd ,potassium carbonate1 behavior of glue solution towards1 #g ,printing rollers1 compositions for1 #aeg ,putty1 #bbd1 #bbe ,quick lime1 #bdc ,rabbit skins1 #ah1 #ca ,rag-engine1 #ci ,raw materials and their preparation for the manufacture of glue1 #af-ch ---- ---- collection and buying of1 #af ---- ---- division of1 #af ,receivers for collecting phosphorus1 #abi ---- ---- removal of phosphorus from the1 #aca ,red lead cement1 #bbe ,resinous cements1 #bbj1 #bba1 #bbi-bcc ,retort-furnace1 ,belgian1 for the carbonization of bones1 #aji-aab ,retorts1 #abg1 #abh ,rochelle salts1 behavior of glue solution towards1 #g ,rubber and gutta-percha cements1 #bbb1 #bcc-bcg ---- cement for1 #bej ---- ---- ---- chemical apparatus1 #bdh1 #bdi ---- glue as a partial substitute for1 #ad ,russia1 preparation of isinglass in1 #aig1 #aih ,russian glue1 #adi1 #aej ---- isinglass1 #aig1 #aih ---- steam glue1 #aeb ,sahlstrom's process for preparing a substitute for isinglass1 gelatine and glue1 #bjc1 #bjd ,sal ammoniac1 effect of1 on glue solution1 #g ,saltpetre1 effect of1 on glue solution1 #g ,salts1 behavior of glue solution towards1 #g1 #h ,samovey leaf isinglass1 #aig ,sandpaper1 use of glue in the manufacture of1 #ab ,sausage skins1 glue for parchment paper in making1 #aed1 #aee ,scheibler's cement for chemical apparatus1 #bdi ,schneible1 ,j41 machine for cutting the jelly into cakes invented by1 #fj-fb ,scrap-books1 paste for1 #bff1 #bfg ,selenite1 #bdd ,seltsam's apparatus for extracting bones1 #hd-hf ---- ---- for extracting bones improved by ,th4 ,richter1 #hh-ij ,serbat's mastic1 #bbg1 #bbh ,seubert's apparatus for moulding phosphorus1 #ace1 #acf ,sheds for glue-stock1 #bf ,sheep leather1 #ca ---- skin waste1 #ah ,shell lime1 #bh ,shoemakers' paste1 #beh1 #bei ,siberian purse isinglass1 #aig ,sieve for sorting crushed bones1 #cf1 #cg ,silicate of soda1 #bdj ,silk1 artificial1 from gelatine1 #aie ,sinews1 #a ,size1 #aeg-afj ---- glue1 #aej ,sizing1 glue in1 #ab ,skin gelatine1 #aff-agj ---- ---- modern process of preparing1 #afg-agj ---- glue1 classification of operations in the manufacture of1 #dc ---- ---- manufacture of1 #dc-gc ---- -like raw materials1 #af ,skins1 paste for1 #bfg ---- steeping of1 #ah ---- used for packing1 use of1 for glue1 #ai ,sodium carbonate1 behavior of glue solution towards1 #g ,soft putty1 #bbe ---- rubber cement1 #bcc1 #bcd ,sounds1 #da ,spiral evaporators1 #ajj1 #aja ,stamping mill for crushing bones1 #cd1 #ce ,staple isinglass1 #aig ,starch and glue cements1 #bbb1 #bbc ---- paste1 #bee1 #bef1 #bfa ,steam1 apparatus for boiling glue with1 #dg-di ,steam boiler cement1 #bej ---- glue1 #aeb ---- high-pressure1 treatment of bones with1 #aje-ajg ---- pipes1 cement for1 #bej1 #bea ---- ---- oil cement free from lead for1 #bbh ---- ---- ---- cements for1 #bbh ,steaming bones1 #ge1 #gf ,stephenson's oil cement1 #bbh ,stick mastic cement1 #bcb ,stone lime1 #bh ,stove plates1 cracked1 cement for1 #bdf ,stoves1 black cement for1 #bdf ,stratena1 #beb ,straw1 use of1 as a filter1 #dd ,sugar and lime paste1 #bfe ,sulphate of alumina1 use of1 for clarifying glue liquor1 #ed ---- ---- baryta1 addition of1 to glue1 #adi ,sulphuric acid1 decomposition of bone ash by1 #aai-abe ,sulphurous acid1 absorption of1 by bones1 #ib ---- ---- bleaching glue with1 #adc-ade ---- ---- glue-stock with1 #ee1 #ef ---- ---- dilute1 treatment of bones with1 #ch ---- ---- generation of1 #ic1 #id ---- ---- process for extracting bones1 #ib-id ---- ---- solution1 apparatus for the production of1 #adc1 #add ,surrons1 #ca ,swinborne's improved patented process for the preparation of gelatine1 #afg ,table tops1 paste for attaching cloth or leather to1 #bfi ,tannery waste1 yield of glue from1 #ah ,tannin as a test for the presence of gelatine1 #afe ---- effect of1 on glue solution1 #h ---- removal of1 from leather waste1 #ci-da ,tendons1 #a ,terne's apparatus for the generation of sulphurous acid1 #id ---- glue boiler1 #ea1 #eb ,terra-cotta articles1 cement for1 #bcb ,testing glue and gelatine1 #bje-bag ,tin foil1 paste for fastening paper on1 #bff1 #bgj ,tin paste for attaching labels to1 #bfh ,tires1 cement for1 #bej ,tools for cutting the jelly into cakes1 #ei ,tortoise shell1 cement for1 #bcb ---- ---- glue imitations of1 #ae ,toys indestructible mass for1 #aee ,tragacanth1 #bfa ---- mucilage1 #bfd ,transition stages of glue1 #b1 #c ,tub-size1 manufacture of1 #aeh1 #aei ,tungstic glue1 #aee ,turners1 cement for1 #bbi1 #bcj ,twine netting1 objections to1 #ff1 #fg ,under skin1 #ag ,uses of glue1 #aj-ae ,vacuum pans1 #aja-ajc ,vasa lymphatica1 #a ,vats1 clarifying1 #ec ,veneers1 gelatine1 #ae1 #ahf-aic ,venetian paste1 #bfb ,walls1 damp1 marine glue for1 #bce ,wash basins1 cement for1 #bbe1 #bbf ,washing drum1 #bb ,waste1 green1 liming of1 #bf1 #bg ---- liming of1 #bj ---- putrefaction of1 #bj1 #ba ,water-glass and water-glass cements1 #bdj-bdb ---- ---- constitution of1 #bdj ,water-proof cement1 #bbg ---- ---- glue1 #afj ---- proofing fabrics1 #afa-afc ---- ---- wrapping paper1 #afj1 #afa ---- tanks1 iron1 cement for1 #bdf ,weavers' looms1 worn-out hinges from1 #cj ,weidenbusch's method of testing glue1 #baa-bac ,whalebone1 cement for1 #bcb ,whale glue1 #bjd ,whip leather1 #cj ,white-lead1 addition of1 to glue1 #adi ,wood1 cement for1 #bcj1 #bci1 #bdj ---- ---- ---- attaching metal letters to1 #bdi ---- ---- ---- ---- to metal1 #bea ,wooden vessels1 insoluble cement for1 #bcc ,wrapping paper1 water-proof1 #afj1 #afa ,zinc plates1 gelatinizing liquors upon1 #eh1 #ei ---- white cement1 #bbf ---- addition of1 to glue1 #adi 99 99 99 99 99 ,transcriber's ,notes ,obvious typographical errors have been silently corrected4 ,variations in hyphenation have been standardised but all other spelling and punctuation remains unchanged4 ,italics are represented thus italic4 ,within the chemical formulae subscripted numerals are shown thus #b4 ,the following corrections have been made3 ,line #deaf ,from ,,iii4 #c;,ca7,,po#c7b #aj;,c #aj;,,co ,ca#c7,,po#d7b ,p#b to ,,iii4 #c;,ca7,,po#c7b #aj;,c #aj;,,co ,ca#c7,,po#d7b ,p#d ,line #dgdb ,from #c;,ca7,,po#c7b #e;,ca#b ,ca#c7,,po#d7b #aj;,,co #d,p4 to #c;,ca7,,po#c7b #aj;,c ,ca#c7,,po#d7b #aj;,,co #d,p4