file :i* includes ! orig9al illu/rations4 ,see #eccaa-;h4htm or #eccaa-;h4zip3 7https3_/_/www4gut5b]g4org_/ca*e_/epub_/ #eccaa_/pg#eccaa-;images4html7 or 7https3_/_/www4gut5b]g4org_/files_/#ecca a_/eccaa-;h4zip7 ,images ( ! orig9al pages are available ?r\gh ,int]net ,ar*ive4 ,see https3_/_/ar*ive4org_/details_/#efjajccj ,r4nlm4nih4gov ,,! ,,life ,,( ,,sir ,,isaac ,,newton4 99 99 99 99 99 99 ,,h>p]',s ,,family ,,libr>y4 ,,design$ ,,= ,,adult ,,p]sons4 8,books t y may c>ry to ! fire1 & hold readily 9 y\r h&1 are ! mo/ useful aft] all4 ,a man w (t5 look at !m1 & be tempt$ to g on1 :5 he w\ld h be5 fright5$ at books ( a l>g] size1 & ( a m erudite appe>ance40--,,dr4 ,,johnson4 ,! proprietors ( ! ,family ,libr>y feel !mselves /imulat$ to increas$ ex]tions by ! di/+ui%$ fav\r ) :i* x has already be5 receiv$4 ,! volumes n[ be=e ! public may be confid5tly appeal$ to z pro(s ( zeal on ! "p ( ! publi%]s to pres5t to _! read]s a s]ies ( productions1 :i*1 z !y are connect$1 n ) ephem]al1 b ) p]man5t subjects1 may1 ye>s h5ce z well z n[1 be consult$ = lively amusem5t z well z solid in/ruction4 ,to r5d] ?is ,libr>y /ill m wor?y ( patronage1 ! proprietors propose incorporat+ 9 x su* works ( int]e/ & value z may appe> 9 ! v>i\s ,libr>ies & ,miscellanies n[ prep>+ 9 ,europe1 p>ticul>ly 8,con/able's ,miscellany10 ! 8,ed9burgh ,cab9et0 ,libr>y1 c4 ,all ^! productions1 z !y emanate f ! press1 w be submitt$ to lit]>y g5tlem5 = inspection2 & none w be repr9t$ b su* z %all be f\nd calculat$ to su/a9 ! exalt$ "* :i* ?is ,libr>y has already acquir$4 ,sev]al well-kn[n au?ors h be5 engag$ to prep>e = x orig9al works ( an ,am]ican "*1 on ,hi/ory1 ,biography1 ,travels1 c4 c4 ,e di/9ct subject w 9 g5]al be compreh5d$ 9 "o volume1 or at mo/ 9 ?ree volumes1 :i* may =m ei!r a portion ( ! s]ies or a complete "w by itself2 & ea* volume w be embelli%$ ) appropriate engrav+s4 ,! entire s]ies w be ! production ( au?ors ( em95ce1 :o h acquir$ celebrity by _! lit]>y lab\rs1 & ^: names1 z !y appe> 9 succession1 w af=d ! sure/ gu>antee to ! public = ! satisfactory mann] 9 :i* ! subjects w be treat$4 ,su* is ! plan by :i* x is int5d$ to =m an ,am]ican ,family ,libr>y1 compris+ all t is valuable 9 ^? bran*es ( k :i* mo/ happily unite ent]ta9m5t ) in/ruction4 ,! utmo/ c>e w be tak51 n only to exclude :atev] c h an injuri\s influ5ce on ! m9d1 b to embrace e ?+ calculat$ to /r5g!n ! be/ & mo/ salut>y impressions4 ,) ^! arrangem5ts & facilities1 ! publi%]s flatt] !mselves t !y %all be able to pres5t to _! fell[-citiz5s a "w ( unp>allel$ m]it & *eapness1 embrac+ subjects adapt$ to all classes ( read]s1 & =m+ a body ( lit]ature des]v+ ! praise ( hav+ in/ruct$ _m1 & amus$ all2 & above e o!r species ( eulogy1 ( be+ fit to be introduc$1 )\t res]ve or exception1 by ! fa!r ( a family to ! dome/ic circle4 ,mean:ile1 ! v l[ price at :i* x is *>g$ r5d]s m ext5sive patronage necess>y = its support & prosecution4 ,! imm$iate enc\ragem5t1 !re=e1 ( ^? :o approve its plan & execution is respectfully solicit$4 ,! "w may be obta9$ 9 complete sets1 or 9 sep>ate numb]s1 f ! pr9cipal booksell]s ?r\gh\t ! ,unit$ ,/ates4 ,,op9ions ,,( ,,! ,,family ,,libr>y4 8,! publi%]s h hi!rto fully des]v$ _! daily increas+ reputation by ! good ta/e & judgm5t :i* h influ5c$ ! selections ( works = ! ,family ,libr>y40--,albany ,daily ,adv]tis]4 8,! ,family ,libr>y--,a title :i*1 f ! valuable & ent]ta9+ matt] ! collection conta9s1 z well z f ! c>eful /yle ( its execution1 x well des]ves4 ,no family1 inde$1 9 :i* !re are *ildr5 to be br\ght up1 ought to be )\t ?is ,libr>y1 z x furni%es ! readie/ res\rces = t education :i* ought to accompany or succe$ t ( ! bo>d+-s*ool or ! academy1 & is inf9itely m conducive ?an ei!r to ! cultivation ( ! intellect40--,mon?ly ,review4 8,x is ! duty ( e p]son hav+ a family to put ?is excell5t ,libr>y into ! h&s ( 8 *ildr540--,n4 ,y4 ,m]cantile ,adv]tis]4 8,x is "o ( ! recomm5dations ( ! ,family ,libr>y1 t x embraces a l>ge circle ( int]e/+ matt]1 ( important in=mation & agreeable ent]ta9m5t1 9 a concise mann] & a *eap =m4 ,x is em95tly calculat$ = a popul> s]ies--publi%$ at a price s l[1 t p]sons ( ! mo/ mod]ate income may pur*ase x--comb9+ a matt] & a /yle t ! mo/ ord9>y m9d may compreh5d x1 at ! same "t t x is calculat$ to raise ! moral & intellectual "* ( ! p40--,con/ellation4 8,we h repeat$ly borne te/imony to ! utility ( ?is "w4 ,x is "o ( ! be/ t has ev] be5 issu$ f ! ,am]ican press1 & %\ld be 9 ! libr>y ( e family desir\s ( treasur+ up useful k40--,bo/on ,/atesman4 8,we v5ture ! ass]tion t !re is no publication 9 ! c\ntry m suitably adapt$ to ! ta/e & requirem5ts ( ! great mass ( community1 or bett] calculat$ to raise ! intellectual "* ( ! middl+ classes ( society1 ?an ! ,family ,libr>y40--,bo/on ,masonic ,mirror4 8,we h s (t5 recomm5d$ ?is ent]pris+ & useful publication 7! ,family ,libr>y71 t we c "h only add1 t ea* successive numb] appe>s to confirm its m]it$ popul>ity40--,n4 ,y4 ,am]ican4 8,! little volumes ( ?is s]ies truly comport ) _! title1 & are 9 !mselves a ,family ,libr>y40--,n4 ,y4 ,comm]cial ,adv]tis]4 8,we recomm5d ! :ole set ( ! ,family ,libr>y z "o ( ! *eape/ means ( af=d+ pleas+ in/ruction1 & imp>t+ a prop] pride 9 books1 ) :i* we are acqua9t$40--,u4 ,s4 ,gazette4 8,x w prove in/ruct+ & amus+ to all classes4 ,we are pleas$ to le>n t ! works compris+ ?is ,libr>y h become1 z !y ought to be1 q popul> among ! heads ( families40--,n4 ,y4 ,gazette4 8,! ,family ,libr>y is1 :at its "n implies1 a collection ( v>i\s orig9al works ( ! be/ k9d1 conta9+ read+ useful & int]e/+ to ! family circle4 ,x is neatly pr9t$1 & %\ld be 9 e family t c af=d x--! price be+ mod]ate40--,new-,engl& ,palladium4 8,we are pleas$ to see t ! publi%]s h obta9$ suffici5t enc\ragem5t to cont9ue _! valuable ,family ,libr>y40--,baltimore ,republican4 8,! ,family ,libr>y pres5ts1 9 a comp5di\s & conv5i5t =m1 well-writt5 hi/ories ( popul> m51 k+doms1 sci5ces1 c4 arrang$ & edit$ by able writ]s1 & drawn entirely f ! mo/ correct & accr$it$ au?orities4 ,x is1 z x pr(esses to be1 a ,family ,libr>y1 f :i*1 at little exp5se1 a h\sehold may prep>e !mselves = a consid]ation ( ^? elem5t>y subjects ( education & society1 )\t a due acqua9tance ) :i* nei!r man nor woman has claim to be well br$1 or to take _! prop] place among ^? ) :om !y abide40--,*>le/on ,gazette4 ,,boy',s ,,& ,,girl',s ,,libr>y4 ,,prospectus4 ,! ,publi%]s ( ! 8,,boy',s ,,& ,,girl',s ,,libr>y0 propose1 "u ?is title1 to issue a s]ies ( *eap b attractive volumes1 design$ especially = ! "y4 ,! und]tak+ orig9ates n 9 ! impression t !re does n already exi/ 9 ! treasures ( ! read+ _w a l>ge provision = ?is class ( ! community4 ,!y are fully aw>e ( ! deep int]e/ excit$ at ! pres5t day on ! subject ( ! m5tal & moral tra9+ ( ! "y1 & ( ! am\nt ( tal5t & lab\r be/[$ ^u ! production ( works aim+ bo? at ! solid culture & ! innoc5t ent]ta9m5t ( ! inquisitive m9ds ( *ildr54 ,!y w\ld n !re=e h _! project$ ent]prise con/ru$ into an implication ( ! slighte/ disp>agem5t ( ! m]its ( _! pr$ecessors 9 ! same dep>tm5t4 ,inde$ x is to ! fact ( ! gr[+ abundance r ?an to ! sc>city ( useful productions ( ?is description t ! design ( ! pres5t "w is to be trac$2 z !y are desir\s ( creat+ a *annel ?r\gh :i* ! products ( ! _m able p5s enli/$ 9 ! s]vice ( ! "y may be advantage\sly convey$ to ! public4 ,! contemplat$ c\rse ( publications w m especially embrace su* works z are adapt$1 n to ! extremes ( e>ly *ildhood or ( advanc$ y\?1 b to t int]m$iate space :i* lies betwe5 *ildhood & ! op5+ ( maturity1 :5 ! trifles ( ! nurs]y & ! simple lessons ( ! s*ool-room h ceas$ to ex]cise _! b5eficial influ5ce1 b be=e ! ta/e = a high] ord] ( m5tal pleasure has e/abli%$ a fix$ asc5d5cy 9 _! /ead4 ,9 ! selection ( works int5d$ = ! ris+ g5]ation 9 ?is pla/ic p]iod ( _! exi/5ce1 :5 ! elem5ts ( future "* are receiv+ _! m\ld+ impress1 ! ,publi%]s pl$ge !mselves t ! utmo/ c>e & scrupulosity %all be ex]cis$4 ,!y are fix$ 9 _! det]m9ation t no?+ ( a que/ionable t5d5cy on ! score ( s5tim5t %all f9d admission into pages consecrat$ to ! holy purpose ( in/ruct+ ! ?\ghts1 regulat+ ! passions1 & settl+ ! pr9ciples ( ! "y4 ,9 f9e1 ! ,publi%]s ( ! 8,boy's & ,girl's ,libr>y0 w\ld assure ! ,public t an adequate patronage alone is want+ to induce & enable !m to secure ! s]vices ( ! mo/ gift$ p5s 9 our c\ntry 9 ! propos$ publication1 & ?us to r5d] x altoge!r wor?y ( ! age & ! object :i* calls x =?1 & ( ! c\nt5ance :i* !y solicit = x4 ,illu/ration3 ,,sir4 ,g4 ,,knell] ,,p9x4 ,,eng4d ,,by ,,gimb]4 ,,sir ,,isaac ,,newton4 ,,h>p]',s ,,family ,,libr>y ,pr9t$ by ,r4 ,mill] 99 99 99 99 99 99 ,h>p]'s ,/]eotype ,edition4 ,,! ,,life ,,( ,,sir ,,isaac ,,newton4 by ,,david ,,brew/]1 ,,ll4,d4 ,f4,r4,s4 ,ergo vivida vis animi p]vicit1 et extra ,processit longe flammantia mnia mundi2 ,atque omne imm5sum p]agravit m5te amimoque4 ,lucret4 lib4 i4 #a4 #gc4 ,illu/ration3 ,! ,bir?place ( ,newton4 ,new-,york3 ,pr9t$ & ,publi%$ by ,j4 ,j4 ,h>p]2 ,no4 #hb ,cliff-,/reet1 & ,sold by ! ,booksell]s ,g5]ally ,?r\gh\t ! ,unit$ ,/ates4 #ahcc4 ,,to ,,! ,,"r ,,hon\rable ,,"l ,,braybrooke4 ,! k9dness ) :i* y\r lord%ip intru/$ to me "s v valuable mat]ials = ! composition ( ?is volume has induc$ me to embrace ! pres5t opportunity ( publicly ackn[l$g+ x4 ,b ev5 if ?is p]sonal obligation _h be5 less p[]ful1 ^? lit]>y atta9m5ts & t enlight5$ b5evol5ce :i* reflect ^u rank its highe/ lu/re w\ld h ju/ifi$ me 9 seek+ = x ! patronage ( a "n :i* !y h s ju/ly hon\r$4 ,,david ,,brew/]4 ,all]ly1 ,june #a/1 #ahca4 ,,preface4 ,z ?is is ! only ,life ( ,sir ,isaac ,newton on any consid]able scale t has yet appe>$1 ,i h exp]i5c$ great difficulty 9 prep>+ x = ! public4 ,! mat]ials collect$ by prec$+ biograph]s 7 extremely scanty2 ! p>ticul>s ( 8 e>ly life1 & ev5 ! hi/orical details ( 8 discov]ies1 h be5 less p]fectly pres]v$ ?an ^? ( 8 illu/ri\s pr$ecessors2 & x is n cr$itable to 8 disciples t !y h all[$ a :ole c5tury to elapse )\t any suitable record ( ! life & lab\rs ( a ma/] :o unit$ e claim to _! affection & gratitude4 ,9 draw+ up ?is volume1 ,i h obta9$ mu* assi/ance f ! acc\nt ( ,sir ,isaac ,newton 9 ! ,biographia ,britannica2 f ! lett]s to ,old5burg1 & o!r pap]s 9 ,bi%op ,horsley's edition ( 8 works2 f ,turnor's ,collections = ! ,hi/ory ( ! ,t[n & ,soke ( ,gran?am2 f ,m4 ,biot's excell5t ,life ( ,newton 9 ! ,biographie ,univ]selle2 & f ,"l ,k+'s ,life & ,correspond5ce ( ,locke4 ,al?\gh ^! works conta9 mu* important in=mation respect+ ! ,life ( ,newton1 yet ,i h be5 s =tunate z to obta9 _m new mat]ials ( consid]able value4 ,to ! k9dness ( ,"l ,braybrooke ,i h be5 indebt$ = ! int]e/+ correspond5ce ( ,newton1 ,mr4 ,pepys1 & ,mr4 ,mill+ton1 :i* is n[ publi%$ = ! fir/ "t1 & :i* ?r[s mu* light ^u an ev5t 9 ! life ( our au?or t has rec5tly acquir$ an unexpect$ & a pa9ful importance4 ,^! lett]s1 :5 comb9$ ) ^? :i* pass$ betwe5 ,newton & ,locke1 & ) a curi\s extract f ! manuscript di>y ( ,mr4 ,abraham ,pryme1 k9dly furni%$ to me by 8 collat]al desc5dant ,pr(essor ,pryme ( ,cambridge1 fill up a blank 9 8 hi/ory1 & h enabl$ me to del9eate 9 its true "* t tempor>y indisposition :i*1 f ! view t has be5 tak5 ( x by =eign philosoph]s1 has be5 ! occasion ( su* deep di/ress to ! fri5ds ( sci5ce & religion4 ,to ,pr(essor ,:ewell1 ( ,cambridge1 ,i owe v great obligations = mu* valuable in=mation4 ,pr(essor ,rigaud1 ( ,ox=d1 to ^: k9dness ,i h on _m o!r occasions be5 indebt$1 suppli$ me ) sev]al important facts1 & ) extracts f ! di>y ( ,he>ne 9 ! ,bodleian ,libr>y1 & f ! orig9al correspond5ce betwe5 ,newton & ,flam/ead1 :i* ! presid5t ( ,corpus ,*ri/i ,college _h = ?is purpose committ$ to 8 c>e2 & ,dr4 ,j4 ,c4 ,gregory1 ( ,ed9burgh1 ! desc5dant ( ! illu/ri\s inv5tor ( ! reflect+ telescope1 all[$ me to use 8 unpubli%$ acc\nt ( an autograph manuscript ( ,sir ,isaac ,newton1 :i* 0 f\nd among ! pap]s ( ,david ,gregory1 ,savilian ,pr(essor ( ,a/ronomy at ,ox=d1 & :i* ?r[s "s light on ! hi/ory ( ! ,pr9cipia4 ,i h be5 indebt$ to _m o!r fri5ds = ! communication ( books & facts1 b especially to ,sir ,william ,hamilton1 ,b>t41 ^: lib]ality 9 promot+ lit]>y inquiry is n limit$ to ! circle ( 8 fri5ds4 ,d4 ,b4 ,all]ly1 ,june #a/1 #ahca4 ,,cont5ts4 ,page ,,*apt] ,i4 ,! ,pre-em95ce ( ,sir ,isaac ,newton's ,reputation--,! ,int]e/ atta*$ to ! ,/udy ( 8 ,life & ,writ+s--,8 ,bir? & ,p>5tage--,8 e>ly ,education--,is s5t to ,gran?am ,s*ool-- ,8 e>ly ,atta*m5t to ,me*anical ,pursuits--,8 ,w9dmill--,8 ,wat]-clock--,8 ,self-mov+ ,c>t--,8 ,sun-dials--,8 ,prep>ation = ! ,univ]sity #ag ,,*apt] ,,ii4 ,newton ent]s ,tr9ity ,college1 ,cambridge--,orig9 ( 8 ,prop5sity = ,ma!matics--,he /udies ! ,geometry ( ,desc>tes unassi/$-- ,pur*ases a ,prism--,revises ,dr4 ,b>r['s ,optical ,lectures--,dr4 ,b>r['s ,op9ion respect+ ,col\rs--,takes 8 ,degrees--,is appo9t$ a ,fell[ ( ,tr9ity ,college--,succe$s ,dr4 ,b>r[ 9 ! ,lucasian ,*air ( ,ma!matics #bf ,,*apt] ,,iii4 ,newton occupi$ 9 gr9d+ ,hyp]bolical ,l5ses--,8 fir/ ,exp]im5ts ) ! ,prism made 9 #afff--;,he discov]s ! ,composition ( ,:ite ,light1 & ! diff]5t ,refrangibility ( ! ,rays :i* compose x--,ab&ons 8 ,attempts to improve ,refract+ ,telescopes1 & resolves to attempt ! ,con/ruction ( ,reflect+ ones--,he quits ,cambridge on acc\nt ( ! ,plague--,con/ructs two ,reflect+ ,telescopes 9 #affh1 ! fir/ ev] execut$--,"o ( !m exam9$ by ! ,royal ,society1 & %[n to ! ,k+--,he con/ructs a ,telescope ) ,glass ,specula--,rec5t ,hi/ory ( ! ,reflect+ ,telescope--,mr4 ,airy's ,glass ,specula--,hadley's ,reflect+ ,telescopes--,%ort's--,h]s*el's--,ramage 's--,"l ,oxmant[n's #cj ,,*apt] ,,iv4 ,he deliv]s a ,c\rse ( ,optical ,lectures at ,cambridge--,is elect$ ,fell[ ( ! ,royal ,society--,he communicates to !m 8 ,discov]ies on ! diff]5t ,refrangibility & ,nature ( ,light-- ,popul> ,acc\nt ( !m--,!y involve him 9 v>i\s ,controv]sies-- ,8 ,dispute ) ,p>dies--,l9us--,lucas--,dr4 ,hooke & ,mr4 ,huyg5s-- ,! ,influ5ce ( ^! ,disputes on ! m9d ( ,newton #dg ,,*apt] ,v4 ,mi/ake ( ,newton 9 suppos+ t ! ,improvem5t ( ,refract+ ,telescopes 0 hopeless--,mr4 ,hall inv5ts ! ,a*romatic ,telescope-- ,pr9ciples ( ! ,a*romatic ,telescope expla9$--,x is re9v5t$ by ,dollond1 & improv$ by future ,arti/s--,dr4 ,blair's ,aplanatic ,telescope--,mi/akes 9 ,newton's ,analysis ( ! ,spectrum--,mod]n ,discov]ies respect+ ! ,/ructure ( ! ,spectrum #fc ,,*apt] ,,vi4 ,col\rs ( ?9 ,plates fir/ /udi$ by ,boyle & ,hooke--,newton det]m9es ! ,law ( _! ,production--,8 ,!ory ( ,fits ( easy ,reflection & ,transmission--,col\rs ( ?ick ,plates #ge ,,*apt] ,,vii4 ,newton's ,!ory ( ! ,col\rs ( ,natural ,bodies expla9$-- ,objections to x /at$--,new ,classification ( ,col\rs--,outl9e ( a new ,!ory propos$ #hb ,,*apt] ,,viii4 ,newton's ,discov]ies respect+ ! ,inflection or ,diffraction ( ,light--,previ\s ,discov]ies ( ,grimaldi & ,dr4 ,hooke--,lab\rs ( succe$+ ,philosoph]s--,law ( ,int]f]5ce ( ,dr4 ,"y-- ,fresnel's ,discov]ies--,new ,!ory ( ,inflection on ! ,hypo!sis ( ! ,mat]iality ( ,light #ih ,,*apt] ,,ix4 ,miscellane\s ,optical ,rese>*es ( ,newton--,8 ,exp]im5ts on ,refraction--,8 ,conjecture respect+ ! ,inflammability ( ! ,diamond--,8 ,law ( ,d\ble ,refraction--,8 ,obs]vations on ! ,pol>ization ( ,light--,newton's ,!ory ( ,light--,8 8,optics0 #ajf ,,*apt] ,x4 ,a/ronomical ,discov]ies ( ,newton--,necessity ( comb9$ ,ex]tion to ! completion ( great ,discov]ies--,sket* ( ! ,hi/ory or ,a/ronomy previ\s to ! "t ( ,newton--,cop]nicus1 #adgc-aedc-- ,ty*o ,brahe1 #aedf-afja--,kepl]1 #aega-afca--;,galileo1 #aefd-afdb #aaj ,,*apt] ,,xi4 ,! fir/ ,idea ( ,gravity occurs to ,newton 9 #afff--;,8 fir/ ,speculations ^u x--,int]rupt$ by 8 ,optical ,exp]im5ts--,he resumes ! ,subject 9 consequ5ce ( a ,discussion ) ,doctor ,hooke--,he discov]s ! true ,law ( ,gravity & ! ,cause ( ! ,planet>y ,motions--,dr4 ,halley urges him to publi% 8 ,pr9cipia-- ,8 ,pr9ciples ( ,natural ,philosophy--,proce$+s ( ! ,royal ,society on ?is ,subject--,! ,pr9cipia appe>s 9 #afhg--;,g5]al ,acc\nt ( x1 & ( ! ,discov]ies x conta9s--,!y meet ) great ,opposition1 ow+ to ! ,preval5ce ( ! ,c>tesian ,sy/em-- ,acc\nt ( ! ,reception & ,progress ( ! ,newtonian ,philosophy 9 ,=eign ,c\ntries--,acc\nt ( its ,progress & ,e/abli%m5t 9 ,engl& #adj ,,*apt] ,,xii4 ,doctr9e ( ,inf9ite ,quantities--,lab\rs ( ,pappus--,kepl]--,caval]i-- ,rob]val--,f]mat--,wallis--,newton discov]s ! ,b9omial ,!orem & ! ,doctr9e ( ,fluxions 9 #afjf--;,8 ,manuscript ,"w conta9+ ?is ,doctr9e communicat$ to 8 ,fri5ds--,8 ,treatise on ,fluxions--,8 ,ma!matical ,tracts--,8 ,univ]sal ,ari?metic--,8 ,me?odus ,diff]5tialis--,8 ,geometria ,analytica--,8 ,solution ( ! ,problems propos$ by ,b]n\illi & ,leibnitz--,acc\nt ( ! celebrat$ ,dispute respect+ ! ,inv5tion ( ,fluxions--,comm]cium ,epi/olicum--,report ( ! ,royal ,society--,g5]al ,view ( ! ,controv]sy #afh ,,*apt] ,,xiii4 ,james ,,ii4 attacks ! ,privileges ( ! ,univ]sity ( ,cambridge-- ,newton *os5 "o ( ! ,delegates to resi/ ?is ,encroa*m5t--,he is elect$ a ,memb] ( ! ,conv5tion ,p>liam5t--,burn+ ( 8 ,manuscript--,8 suppos$ ,d]angem5t ( ,m9d--,view tak5 ( ?is by =eign ,philosoph]s--,8 ,correspond5ce ) ,mr4 ,pepys & ,mr4 ,locke at ! "t ( 8 ,illness--,mr4 ,mill+ton's ,lett] to ,mr4 ,pepys on ! subject ( ,newton's ,illness--,refutation ( ! ,/atem5t t he lab\r$ "u ,m5tal ,d]angem5t #bjj ,,*apt] ,,xiv4 ,no ,m>k ( ,national ,gratitude conf]r$ ^u ,newton--,fri5d%ip betwe5 him & ,*>les ,montague1 aft]w>d ,e>l ( ,halifax--,mr4 ,montague appo9t$ ,*ancellor ( ! ,ex*equ] 9 #afid--;,he resolves ^u a ,reco9age--,nom9ates ,mr4 ,newton ,w>d5 ( ! ,m9t 9 #afie-- ,mr4 ,newton appo9t$ ,ma/] ( ! ,m9t 9 #afii--,notice ( ! ,e>l ( ,halifax--,mr4 ,newton elect$ ,associate ( ! ,academy ( ,sci5ces 9 #afii--,memb] = ,cambridge 9 #agja--;& ,presid5t ( ! ,royal ,society 9 #agjc--,que5 ,anne conf]s ^u him ! ,hon\r ( ,knigh?ood 9 #agje--,second ,edition ( ! ,pr9cipia1 edit$ by ,cotes--,8 ,conduct respect+ ,mr4 ,ditton's ,me?od ( f9d+ ! ,longitude #bbc ,,*apt] ,,xv4 ,respect 9 :i* ,newton 0 held at ! ,c\rt ( ,george ,i4--,! ,pr9cess ( ,wales delight$ ) 8 ,conv]sation--,leibnitz endeav\rs to prejudice ! ,pr9cess aga9/ ,sir ,isaac & ,locke-- ,controv]sy occasion$ by 8 ,conduct--,! ,pr9cess obta9s a ,manuscript ,ab/ract ( 8 ,sy/em ( ,*ronology--,! ,abb ,conti is1 at h] reque/1 all[$ to take a ,copy ( x on ! promise ( ,secrecy--,he pr9ts x surreptiti\sly 9 ,fr5*1 accompani$ ) a ,refutation by ,m4 ,fr]et--,sir ,isaac's ,def5ce ( 8 ,sy/em--,fa!r ,s\ciet attacks x1 & is answ]$ by ,dr4 ,halley--,sir ,isaac's l>g] ,"w on ,*ronology publi%$ aft] 8 ,dea?--,op9ions respect+ x--,sir ,isaac's ,pap] on ! ,=m ( ! mo/ anci5t ,ye> #bcd ,,*apt] ,,xvi4 ,!ological ,/udies ( ,sir ,isaac--,_! ,importance to ,*ri/ianity-- ,motives to :i* !y h be5 ascrib$--,op9ions ( ,biot & ,la ,place consid]$--,8 ,!ological ,rese>*es begun be=e 8 suppos$ ,m5tal ,illness--,! ,date ( ^! ,works fix$--,lett]s to ,locke--,acc\nt ( 8 ,obs]vations on ,prophecy--,8 ,lexicon ,propheticum--,8 ,f\r ,lett]s to ,dr4 ,b5tley--,orig9 ( ,newton's ,!ological ,/udies--,analogy betwe5 ! ,book ( ,nature & t ( ,revelation #bdb ,,*apt] ,,xvii4 ,! ,m9or ,discov]ies & ,inv5tions ( ,newton--,8 ,rese>*es on ,heat--,on ,fire & ,flame--,on ,elective ,attraction--,on ! ,/ructure ( ,bodies--,8 suppos$ ,atta*m5t to ,al*ymy--,8 ,hypo!sis respect+ ,e!r z ! ,cause ( ,light & ,gravity--,on ! ,excitation ( ,electricity 9 ,glass--,8 ,reflect+ ,sextant inv5t$ be=e #agjj--;,8 ,reflect+ ,microscope--,8 ,prismatic ,reflector z a ,sub/itute = ! small ,speculum ( ,reflect+ ,telescopes--,8 ,me?od ( v>y+ ! ,magnify+ ,p[] ( ,newtonian ,telescopes-- ,8 ,exp]im5ts on ,impressions on ! ,ret9a #bfe ,,*apt] ,,xviii4 ,8 ,acqua9tance ) ,dr4 ,pemb]ton--,:o edits ! ,?ird ,edition ( ! ,pr9cipia--,8 fir/ ,attack ( ill ,heal?--,8 ,recov]y--,he is tak5 ill 9 consequ5ce ( att5d+ ! ,royal ,society--,8 ,dea? on ! #bj? ,m>*1 #agbg--;,8 ,body lies 9 /ate--,8 ,fun]al--,he is buri$ 9 ,we/m9/] ,abbey--,8 ,monum5t describ$--,8 ,epitaph-- ,a ,m$al /ruck 9 hon\r ( him--,r\biliac's full-l5g? ,/atue ( him erect$ 9 ,cambridge--,division ( 8 ,prop]ty--,8 ,successors #bhd ,,*apt] ,,xix4 ,p]man5ce ( ,newton's ,reputation--,"* ( 8 ,g5ius--,8 ,me?od ( ,inve/igation simil> to t us$ by ,galileo--,error 9 ascrib+ 8 ,discov]ies to ! ,use ( ! ,me?ods recomm5d$ by ,"l ,bacon--,! ,pret5sions ( ! ,baconian ,philosophy exam9$-- ,sir ,isaac ,newton's ,social ,"*--,8 great ,mode/y--,! ,simplicity ( 8 ,"*--,8 ,religi\s & ,moral ,"*-- ,8 ,hospitality & ,mode ( ,life--,8 ,g5]osity & ,*>ity--,8 ,abs5ce--,8 ,p]sonal ,appe>ance--,/atues & ,pictures ( him-- ,memorials & ,recollections ( him #bib ,,app5dix1 ,no4 ,i4--,obs]vations on ! ,family ( ,sir ,isaac ,newton #cjg ,,app5dix1 ,no4 ,,ii4--,lett] f ,sir ,isaac ,newton to ,francis ,a/on1 ,esq41 a "y ,fri5d :o 0 on ! eve ( sett+ out on 8 ,travels #caf ,,app5dix1 ,no4 ,,iii4--8,a ,rem>kable & ,curi\s ,conv]sation betwe5 ,sir ,isaac ,newton & ,mr4 ,conduit40 #cbj ,,life ,,( ,,sir ,,isaac ,,newton4 ,,*apt] ,i4 ,! ,pre-em95ce ( ,sir ,isaac ,newton's ,reputation--,! ,int]e/ atta*$ to ! ,/udy ( 8 ,life & ,writ+s--,8 ,bir? & ,p>5tage--,8 e>ly ,education--,is s5t to ,gran?am ,s*ool--,8 e>ly ,atta*m5t to ,me*anical ,pursuits--,8 ,w9dmill--,8 ,wat]clock--,8 ,self-mov+ ,c>t--,8 ,sundials--,8 ,prep>ation = ! ,univ]sity4 ,! "n ( ,sir ,isaac ,newton has by g5]al cons5t be5 plac$ at ! head ( ^? great m5 :o h be5 ! ornam5ts ( _! species4 ,h[ev] impos+ be ! attributes ) :i* "t has inve/$ ! sages & ! h]oes ( antiquity1 ! brightness ( _! fame has be5 eclips$ by ! spl5d\r ( 8 reputation2 & nei!r ! p>tiality ( rival nations1 nor ! vanity ( a presumptu\s age1 has v5tur$ to dispute ! asc5d5cy ( 8 g5ius4 ,! philosoph]1#a inde$1 to :om po/]ity w probably assign ! place next to ,newton1 has *>act]iz$ ! ,pr9cipia z pre-em95t above all ! productions ( human intellect1 & has ?us dive/$ ( extravagance ! contempor>y encomium ^u its au?or1 ,nec fas e/ propius mortali att+]e ,divos4 ,,halley4 ,s ne> ! gods--man _c ne>] g4 ,! biography ( an individual s highly r5[n$ _c fail to excite a g5]al int]e/4 ,?\gh 8 c\rse may h la9 9 ! vale ( private life1 & may h be5 unm>k$ ) ^? dramatic ev5ts :i* ?r[ a lu/re ev5 r\nd p]i%able names1 yet ! inquir+ _s w explore ! hi/ory ( a m9d s ri*ly end[$1--w /udy its intellectual & moral phases1 & w seek ! %elt] ( its au?ority on ^? great que/ions :i* reason has ab&on$ to fai? & hope4 ,if ! conduct & op9ions ( m5 ( ord9>y tal5t are record$ = our in/ruction1 h[ int]e/+ mu/ x be to foll[ ! mo/ exalt$ g5ius ?r\gh ! incid5ts ( common life2--to m>k ! /eps by :i* he atta9$ 8 l(ty pre-em95ce2 to see h[ he p]=ms ! functions ( ! social & ! dome/ic compact2 h[ he ex]cises 8 l(ty p[]s ( inv5tion & discov]y2 h[ he comports himself 9 ! ar5a ( intellectual /rife2 & 9 :at s5tim5ts1 & ) :at aspirations he quits ! _w :i* he has adorn$4 ,9 almo/ all ^! be>+s1 ! life & writ+s ( ,sir ,isaac ,newton ab\nd ) ! ri*e/ c\nsel4 ,"h ! philosoph] w le>n ! art by :i* alone he c acquire an immortal "n4 ,! morali/ w trace ! l9eam5ts ( a "* adju/$ to all ! symmetry ( :i* our imp]fect nature is susceptible2 & ! ,*ri/ian w contemplate ) delight ! high-prie/ ( sci5ce quitt+ ! /udy ( ! mat]ial univ]se1--! sc5e ( 8 intellectual triumphs1--to inve/igate ) humility & pati5ce ! my/]ies ( 8 fai?4 99 99 99 99 99 ,sir ,isaac ,newton 0 born at ,wool/horpe1 a hamlet 9 ! p>i% ( ,col/]wor?1 9 ,l9coln%ire1 ab\t six miles s\? ( ,gran?am1 on ! #be? ,decemb]1 ,o4 ,s41 #afdb1 exactly "o ye> aft] ,galileo di$1 & 0 baptiz$ at ,col/]wor? on ! #a/ ,janu>y1 #afdb-c4 ,8 fa!r1 ,mr4 ,isaac ,newton1 di$ at ! e>ly age ( ?irty-six1 a little m ?an a ye> aft] ! dea? ( 8 fa!r ,rob]t ,newton1 & only a few mon?s aft] 8 m>riage to ,h>riet ,aysc\gh1 daught] ( ,james ,aysc\gh ( ,m>ket ,ov]ton 9 ,rutl&%ire4 ,?is lady 0 accord+ly left 9 a /ate ( pregnancy1 & appe>s to h giv5 a premature bir? to h] only & po/hum\s *ild4 ,! helpless infant ?us u%]$ into ! _w 0 ( su* an extremely dim9utive size1#b & seem$ ( s p]i%able a frame1 t two wom5 :o 7 s5t to ,lady ,pak5ham's at ,nor? ,)am1 to br+ "s m$ic9e to /r5g!n him1 did n expect to f9d him alive on _! return4 ,provid5ce1 h[ev]1 _h o!rwise decre$2 & t frail t5em5t :i* seem$ sc>cely able to imprison its immortal m9d 0 de/9$ to enjoy a vigor\s maturity1 & to survive ev5 ! av]age t]m ( human exi/5ce4 ,! e/ate ( ,wool/horpe1 9 ! manor-h\se ( :i* ?is rem>kable bir? took place1 _h be5 m ?an a hundr$ ye>s 9 ! possession ( ! family1 :o came orig9ally f ,newton 9 ,lanca%ire1 b :o _h1 previ\s to ! pur*ase ( ,wool/horpe1 settl$ at ,we/by1 9 ! c\nty ( ,l9coln4 ,! manor-h\se1 ( :i* we h giv5 an engrav+1 is situat$ 9 a beautiful little valley1 rem>kable = its copi\s wells ( pure spr+ wat]1 on ! we/ side ( ! riv] ,)am1 :i* has its orig9 9 ! neighb\rhood1 & comm&s an agreeable prospect to ! ea/ t[>ds ,col/]wor?4 ,! manor ( ,wool/horpe 0 wor? only #cjl4 p] annum2 b ,mrs4 ,newton possess$ ano!r small e/ate at ,sew/]n1#c :i* rais$ ! annual value ( _! prop]ty to ab\t #hjl42 & x is probable t ! cultivation ( ! little f>m on :i* %e resid$ some:at enl>g$ ! limit$ income ^u :i* %e _h to support h]self1 & educate h] *ild4 ,= ?ree ye>s ,mrs4 ,newton cont9u$ to wat* ov] h] t5d] *>ge ) p>5tal anxiety2 b 9 consequ5ce ( h] m>riage to ! ,rev]5d ,b>nabas ,smi?1 rector ( ,nor? ,)am1 ab\t a mile s\? ( ,wool/horpe1 %e left him "u ! c>e ( h] own "m4 ,at ! usual age he 0 s5t to two day-s*ools at ,skill+ton & ,/oke1 :]e he acquir$ ! education :i* su* sem9>ies af=d$2 b :5 he rea*$ 8 twelf? ye> he w5t to ! public s*ool at ,gran?am1 taught by ,mr4 ,/okes1 & 0 bo>d$ at ! h\se ( ,mr4 ,cl>k1 an apo!c>y 9 t t[n4 ,accord+ to in=mation :i* ,sir ,isaac himself gave to ,mr4 ,conduit1 he seems to h be5 v inatt5tive to 8 /udies1 & v l[ 9 ! s*ool4 ,! boy1 h[ev]1 :o 0 above him1 hav+ "o day giv5 him a sev]e kick ^u 8 /oma*1 f :i* he suff]$ great pa91 ,isaac lab\r$ incessantly till he got above him 9 ! s*ool1 & f t "t he cont9u$ to rise till he 0 ! head boy4 ,f ! habits ( application :i* ?is incid5t _h l$ him to =m1 ! peculi> "* ( 8 m9d 0 spe$ily display$4 ,dur+ ! h\rs ( play1 :5 ! o!r boys 7 occupi$ ) _! amusem5ts1 8 m9d 0 engross$ ) me*anical contrivances1 ei!r 9 imitation ( some?+ :i* he _h se51 or 9 execution ( "s orig9al conception ( 8 own4 ,= ?is purpose he provid$ himself ) little saws1 hat*ets1 hamm]s1 & all sorts ( tools1 :i* he acquir$ ! art ( us+ ) s+ul> dext]ity4 ,! pr9cipal pieces ( me*anism :i* he ?us con/ruct$ 7 a w9dmill1 a wat]clock1 & a c>riage put 9 motion by ! p]son :o sat 9 x4 ,:5 a w9dmill 0 erect+ ne> ,gran?am on ! road to ,gunn]by1 ,isaac frequ5tly att5d$ ! op]ations ( ! workm51 & acquir$ su* a ?or\gh k ( ! ma*9]y t he complet$ a work+ model ( x1 :i* excit$ univ]sal admiration4 ,?is model 0 frequ5tly plac$ on ! top ( ! h\se 9 :i* he lodg$ at ,gran?am1 & 0 put 9 motion by ! action ( ! w9d ^u its sails4 ,n cont5t ) ?is exact imitation ( ! orig9al ma*9e1 he conceiv$ ! idea ( driv+ x by animal p[]1 & = ?is purpose he enclos$ 9 x a m\se :i* he call$ ! mill]1 & :i*1 by act+ ^u a sort ( tread:eel1 gave motion to ! ma*9e4 ,accord+ to "s acc\nts1 ! m\se 0 made to advance by pull+ a /r+ atta*$ to its tail1 :ile o!rs allege t ! p[] ( ! little ag5t 0 call$ =? by its unavail+ attempts to rea* a portion ( corn plac$ above ! :eel4 ,8 wat]clock 0 =m$ out ( a box :i* he _h solicit$ f ,mrs4 ,cl>k's bro!r4 ,x 0 ab\t f\r feet high1 & ( a proportional bread?1 some:at l a common h\seclock4 ,! index ( ! dialplate 0 turn$ by a piece ( wood1 :i* ei!r fell or rose by ! action ( dropp+ wat]4 ,z x /ood 9 8 own b$room he suppli$ x e morn+ ) ! requisite quantity ( wat]1 & x 0 us$ z a clock by ,mr4 ,cl>k's family1 & rema9$ 9 ! h\se long aft] its inv5tor _h quitt$ ,gran?am4#d ,8 me*anical c>riage 0 a vehicle ) f\r :eels1 :i* 0 put 9 motion ) a h&le wr\ght by ! p]son :o sat 9 x1 b1 l ,m]l9's *air1 x seems to h be5 us$ only on ! smoo? surface ( a floor1 & n fitt$ to ov]come ! inequalities ( a road4 ,al?\gh ,newton 0 at ?is "t 8a sob]1 sil5t1 ?9k+ lad10 :o sc>cely ev] jo9$ 9 ! ord9>y games ( 8 s*oolfell[s1 yet he took great pleasure 9 provid+ !m ) amusem5ts ( a sci5tific "*4 ,he introduc$ into ! s*ool ! fly+ ( pap] kites2 & he is said to h be5 at great pa9s 9 det]m9+ _! be/ =ms & proportions1 & 9 asc]ta9+ ! position & numb] ( ! po9ts by :i* ! /r+ %\ld be atta*$4 ,he made also pap] lant]ns1 by ! light ( :i* he w5t to s*ool 9 ! w9t] morn+s1 & he frequ5tly atta*$ ^! lant]ns to ! tails ( 8 kites 9 a d>k night1 s z to inspire ! c\ntry p ) ! belief t !y 7 comets4 ,9 ! h\se :]e he lodg$ !re 7 "s female inmates 9 ^: company he appe>s to h tak5 mu* pleasure4 ,"o ( ^!1 a ,miss ,/orey1 si/] to ,dr4 ,/orey1 a physician at ,buckm9/]1 ne> ,col/]wor?1 0 two or ?ree ye>s y\ng] ?an ,newton1 & to great p]sonal attractions %e seems to h add$ m ?an ! usual allotm5t ( female tal5t4 ,! society ( ?is "y lady & h] companions 0 always pref]r$ to t ( 8 own s*oolfell[s1 & x 0 "o ( 8 mo/ agreeable occupations to con/ruct = !m little tables & cupbo>ds1 & o!r ut5sils = hold+ _! dolls & _! tr9kets4 ,he _h liv$ ne>ly six ye>s 9 ! same h\se ) ,miss ,/orey1 & !re is reason to believe t _! y\?ful fri5d%ip gradually rose to a high] passion2 b ! smallness ( h] portion & ! inadequacy ( 8 own =tune appe> to h prev5t$ ! consummation ( _! happ9ess4 ,miss ,/orey 0 aft]w>d twice m>ri$1 & "u ! "n ( ,mrs4 ,v9c5t1 ,dr4 ,/ukely visit$ h] at ,gran?am 9 #agbg1 at ! age ( eighty-two1 & obta9$ f h] _m p>ticul>s respect+ ! e>ly hi/ory ( our au?or4 ,newton's e/eem = h] cont9u$ unabat$ dur+ 8 life4 ,he regul>ly visit$ h] :5 he w5t to ,l9coln%ire1 & nev] fail$ to relieve h] f little pecuni>y difficulties :i* seem to h beset h] family4 ,among ! e>ly passions ( ,newton we mu/ rec\nt 8 love ( draw+2 & ev5 ( writ+ v]ses4 ,8 own room 0 furni%$ ) pictures drawn1 col\r$1 & fram$ by himself1 sometimes f copies1 b (t5 f life4#e ,among ^! 7 portraits ( ,dr4 ,donne1 ,mr4 ,/okes1 ! ma/] ( ,gran?am s*ool1 & ,k+ ,*>les ,i4 "u ^: picture 7 ! foll[+ v]ses4 ,a secret art my s\l requires to try1 ,if pray]s c give me :at ! w>s d5y4 ,?ree cr[ns di/+ui%$ "h1 9 ord] d ,pres5t _! objects to my kn[+ view4 ,e>?'s cr[n1 ?us at my feet ,i c disda91 ,:i* heavy is1 & at ! be/ b va94 ,b n[ a cr[n ( ?orns ,i gladly greet1 ,%>p is ?is cr[n1 b n s %>p z sweet2 ,! cr[n ( glory t ,i yond] see ,is full ( bliss & ( et]nity4 ,^! v]ses 7 repeat$ to ,dr4 ,/ukely by ,mrs4 ,v9c5t1 :o believ$ !m to be writt5 by ,sir ,isaac1 a circum/ance :i* is ! m probable1 z he himself assur$ ,mr4 ,conduit1 ) "s expression ( pleasure1 t he 8excell$ 9 mak+ v]ses10 al?\gh he _h be5 he>d to express a contempt = poetical composition4 ,b :ile ! m9d ( our "y philosoph] 0 pr9cipally occupi$ ) ! pursuits :i* we h n[ detail$1 x 0 n inatt5tive to ! movem5ts ( ! cele/ial bodies1 on :i* he 0 de/9$ to ?r[ su* a brilliant light4 ,! imp]fections ( 8 wat]clock _h probably direct$ 8 ?\ghts to ! m accurate measure ( "t :i* ! motion ( ! sun af=d$4 ,9 ! y>d ( ! h\se :]e he liv$1 he trac$ ! v>y+ movem5ts ( t lum9>y ^u ! walls & ro(s ( ! build+s1 & by means ( fix$ p9s he _h m>k$ out ! h\rly & half-h\rly subdivisions4 ,"o ( ^! dials1 :i* w5t by ! "n ( ,isaac's dial1 & 0 (t5 ref]r$ to by ! c\ntry p = ! h\r ( ! day1 appe>s to h be5 drawn solely f ! obs]vations ( sev]al ye>s2 b we are n in=m$ :e!r all ! dials :i* he drew on ! wall ( 8 h\se at ,wool/horpe1 & :i* exi/$ aft] 8 dea?1 7 ( ! same description1 or 7 project$ f 8 k ( ! doctr9e ( ! sph]e4 ,^u ! dea? ( ! ,rev]5d ,mr4 ,smi? 9 ! ye> #afef1 8 wid[ left ! rectory ( ,nor? ,)am1 & took up h] resid5ce at ,wool/horpe along ) h] ?ree *ildr51 ,m>y1 ,b5jam91 & ,hannah ,smi?4 ,newton _h n[ atta9$ ! fifte5? ye> ( 8 age1 & _h made great progress 9 8 /udies2 & z he 0 ?\ght capable ( be+ useful 9 ! managem5t ( ! f>m & c\ntry bus9ess at ,wool/horpe1 8 "m1 *iefly f a motive ( economy1 recall$ him f ! s*ool at ,gran?am4 ,9 ord] to accu/om him to ! art ( sell+ & buy+1 two ( ! mo/ important bran*es ( rural lab\r1 he 0 frequ5tly s5t on ,saturday to ,gran?am m>ket to dispose ( gra9 & o!r articles ( f>m produce1 & to pur*ase su* necess>ies z ! family requir$4 ,z he _h yet acquir$ no exp]i5ce1 an old tru/wor?y s]vant g5]ally accompani$ him on ^! err&s4 ,! inn :i* !y patronis$ 0 ! ,s>ac5's ,head at ,we/ ,gate2 b no soon] _h !y put up _! horses ?an our "y philosoph] des]t$ 8 comm]cial conc]ns1 & betook himself to 8 =m] lodg+ 9 ! apo!c>y's g>ret1 :]e a numb] ( ,mr4 ,cl>k's old books af=d$ him abundance ( ent]ta9m5t till 8 ag$ gu>dian _h execut$ ! family commissions1 & ann\nc$ to him ! necessity ( return+4 ,at o!r times he des]t$ 8 duties at an e>li] /age1 & intr5*$ himself "u a h$ge by ! way-side1 :]e he cont9u$ 8 /udies till ! s]vant return$ f ,gran?am4 ,! m imm$iate affairs ( ! f>m 7 n m prosp]\s "u 8 managem5t ?an w\ld h be5 8 m>ket+s at ,gran?am4 ,! p]usal ( a book1 ! execution ( a model1 or ! sup]9t5d5ce ( a wat]:eel ( 8 own con/ruction1 :irl+ ! glitt]+ spray f "s neighb\r+ /ream1 absorb$ all 8 ?\ghts :5 ! %eep 7 go+ a/ray1 & ! cattle 7 dev\r+ or tread+ d[n ! corn4 ,mrs4 ,smi? 0 soon conv9c$ f exp]i5ce t h] son 0 n de/9$ to cultivate ! soil1 & z 8 passion = /udy1 & 8 dislike = e o!r occupation increas$ ) 8 ye>s1 %e wisely resolv$ to give him all ! advantages :i* education c\ld conf]4 ,he 0 accord+ly s5t back to ,gran?am s*ool1 :]e he cont9u$ = "s mon?s 9 busy prep>ation = 8 academical /udies4 ,8 uncle1 ! ,rev]5d ,w4 ,aysc\gh1 :o 0 rector ( ,burton ,coggles1 ab\t ?ree miles ea/ ( ,wool/horpe1 & :o _h himself /udi$ at ,tr9ity ,college1 recomm5d$ to 8 nephew to ent] t society1 & x 0 accord+ly det]m9$ t he %\ld proce$ to ,cambridge at ! approa*+ t]m4#f ,,*apt] ,,ii4 ,newton ent]s ,tr9ity ,college1 ,cambridge--,orig9 ( 8 ,prop5sity = ,ma!matics--,he /udies ! ,geometry ( ,desc>tes unassi/$-- ,pur*ases a ,prism--,revises ,dr4 ,h>r['s ,optical ,lectures--,dr4 ,b>r['s ,op9ion respect+ ,col\rs--,takes 8 ,degrees--,is appo9t$ a ,fell[ ( ,tr9ity ,college--,succe$s ,dr4 ,b>r[ 9 ! ,lucasian ,*air ( ,ma!matics4 ,to a "y m9d ?ir/+ = k1 & ambiti\s ( ! di/9ction :i* x br+s1 ! transition f a village s*ool to a univ]sity l t ( ,cambridge1--f ! absolute solitude ( ?\ght to ! society ( m5 imbu$ ) all ! lit]ature & sci5ce ( ! age1--mu/ be "o ( ev5tful int]e/4 ,to ,newton x 0 a s\rce ( peculi> excitem5t4 ,! hi/ory ( sci5ce af=ds _m examples :]e ! "y aspirant _h be5 e>ly initiat$ into h] my/]ies1 & _h ev5 ex]cis$ 8 p[]s ( inv5tion & discov]y be=e he 0 admitt$ )9 ! walls ( a college2 b he :o 0 to give philosophy h] laws did n exhibit su* e>ly tal5t2 no fri5dly c\nsel regulat$ 8 y\?ful /udies1 & no "w ( sci5tific em95ce seems to h guid$ him 9 8 c\rse4 ,9 yield+ to ! impulse ( 8 me*anical g5ius1 8 m9d obey$ ! laws ( its own natural expansion1 &1 foll[+ ! l9e ( lea/ resi/ance1 x 0 ?us drawn aside f ! /rongholds ) :i* x 0 de/9$ to grapple4 ,:5 ,newton1 !re=e1 arriv$ at ,tr9ity ,college1 he br\ght ) him a m sl5d] portion ( sci5ce ?an falls to ! lot ( ord9>y s*ol>s2 b ?is /ate ( 8 acquirem5ts 0 p]haps n unfav\rable to ! developm5t ( 8 p[]s4 ,unexhau/$ by premature gr[?1 & invigorat$ by heal?ful repose1 8 m9d 0 ! bett] fitt$ to make ^? vigor\s & rapid %oots :i* soon cov]$ ) foliage & ) fruit ! g5ial soil to :i* x _h be5 transf]r$4 ,cambridge 0 consequ5tly ! real bir?place ( ,newton's g5ius4 ,h] tea*]s fo/]$ 8 e>lie/ /udies2--h] in/itutions su/a9$ 8 mightie/ ef=ts2--& )9 h] prec9cts 7 all 8 discov]ies made & p]fect$4 ,:5 he 0 call$ to high] (ficial functions1 8 disciples kept up ! pre-em95ce ( _! ma/]'s philosophy1 & _! successors h ma9ta9$ ?is seat ( le>n+ 9 ! fulness ( its glory1 & r5d]$ x ! mo/ di/+ui%$ among ! univ]sities ( ,europe4 ,x 0 on ! #e? ( ,june1 #affj1 9 ! #ah? ye> ( 8 age1 t ,newton 0 admitt$ into ,tr9ity ,college1 ,cambridge1 dur+ ! same ye> t ,dr4 ,b>r[ 0 elect$ pr(essor ( ,greek 9 ! univ]sity4 ,8 att5tion 0 fir/ turn$ to ! /udy ( ma!matics by a desire to inquire into ! tru? ( judicial a/rology2 & he is said to h discov]$ ! folly ( t /udy by erect+ a figure ) ! aid ( "o or two ( ! problems ( ,euclid4 ,! propositions conta9$ 9 ?is anci5t sy/em ( geometry he reg>d$ z self-evid5t tru?s2 & )\t any prelim9>y /udy he made himself ma/] ( ,desc>tes's ,geometry by 8 g5ius & pati5t application4 ,?is neglect ( ! elem5t>y tru?s ( geometry he aft]w>d reg>d$ z a mi/ake 9 8 ma!matical /udies1 & he express$ to ,dr4 ,pemb]ton 8 regret t 8he _h appli$ himself to ! works ( ,desc>tes1 & o!r algebraic writ]s1 be=e he _h consid]$ ! elem5ts ( ,euclid ) t att5tion :i* s excell5t a writ] des]v$4#g ,dr4 ,wallis's ,ari?metic ( ,inf9ites1 ,saund]son's ,logic1 & ! ,optics ( ,kepl] 7 among ! books :i* he _h /udi$ ) c>e4 ,on ^! works he wrote comm5ts dur+ _! p]usal2 & s great 0 8 progress1 t he is report$ to h f\nd himself m deeply v]s$ 9 "s bran*es ( k ?an ! tutor :o direct$ 8 /udies4 ,nei!r hi/ory nor tradition has h&$ d[n to u any p>ticul> acc\nt ( 8 progress dur+ ! fir/ ?ree ye>s t he sp5t at ,cambridge4 ,x appe>s f a /atem5t ( 8 exp5ses1 t 9 #affd he pur*as$ a prism1 = ! purpose1 z has be5 said1 ( exam9+ ,desc>tes's !ory ( col\rs2 & x is /at$ by ,mr4 ,conduit1 t he soon e/abli%$ 8 own views on ! subject1 & detect$ ! errors 9 ^? ( ! ,fr5* philosoph]4 ,?is1 h[ev]1 does n seem to h be5 ! case4 ,_h he discov]$ ! composition ( light 9 #affd or #affe1 x is n likely t he w\ld h )held x1 n only f ! ,royal ,society1 b f 8 own fri5ds at ,cambridge till ! ye> #afga4 ,8 fri5d & tutor1 ,dr4 ,b>r[1 0 made ,lucasian ,pr(essor ( ,ma!matics 9 #affc1 & ! optical lectures :i* he aft]w>d deliv]$ 7 publi%$ 9 #affi4 ,9 ! preface ( ?is "w he ackn[l$ges 8 obligations to 8 colleague1 ,mr4 ,isaac ,newton1#h = hav+ revis$ ! ,,mss41 & correct$ sev]al ov]sights1 & made "s important sugge/ions4 ,9 ! twelf? lecture !re are "s obs]vations on ! nature & orig9 ( col\rs1 :i* ,newton c\ld n h p]mitt$ 8 fri5d to publi% _h he be5 !n 9 possession ( _! true !ory4 ,accord+ to ,dr4 ,b>r[1 ,:ite is t :i* dis*>ges a copi\s light equally cle> 9 e direction2 ,black is t :i* does n emit light at all1 or :i* does x v sp>+ly4 ,r$ is t :i* emits a light m cle> ?an usual1 b int]rupt$ by %ady int]/ices4 ,blue is t :i* dis*>ges a r>ifi$ light1 z 9 bodies :i* consi/ ( :ite & black p>ticles arrang$ alt]nately4 ,gre5 is ne>ly alli$ to blue4 ,yell[ is a mixture ( mu* :ite & a little r$2 & ,purple consi/s ( a great deal ( blue mix$ ) a small portion ( r$4 ,! blue col\r ( ! sea arises f ! :it5ess ( ! salt :i* x conta9s1 mix$ ) ! blackness ( ! pure wat] 9 :i* ! salt is dissolv$2 & ! blu5ess ( ! %ad[s ( bodies1 se5 at ! same "t by c&le & daylight1 arises f ! :it5ess ( ! pap] mix$ ) ! fa9t light or blackness ( ! twilight4 ,^! op9ions sav\r s little ( g5u9e philosophy t !y mu/ h attract$ ! obs]vation ( ,newton1 & _h he discov]$ at t "t t :ite 0 a mixture ( all ! col\rs1 & black a privation ( !m all1 he c\ld n h p]mitt$ ! absurd speculations ( 8 ma/] to pass uncorrect$4 ,t ,newton _h n di/+ui%$ himself by any positive discov]y s e>ly z #affd or #affe1 may be inf]r$ also f ! circum/ances :i* att5d$ ! competition = ! law fell[%ip ( ,tr9ity ,college4 ,! c&idates = ?is appo9tm5t 7 himself & ,mr4 ,rob]t ,uv$ale2 & ,dr4 ,b>r[1 !n ,ma/] ( ,tr9ity1 hav+ f\nd !m p]fectly equal 9 _! atta9m5ts1 conf]r$ ! fell[%ip on ,mr4 ,uv$ale z ! s5ior c&idate4 ,9 ! books ( ! univ]sity1 ,newton is record$ z hav+ be5 admitt$ sub-siz] 9 #affa4 ,he became a s*ol> 9 #affd4 ,9 #affe he took 8 degree ( ,ba*elor ( ,arts1 & 9 #afff1 9 consequ5ce ( ! break+ out ( ! plague1 he retir$ to ,wool/horpe4 ,9 #affg he 0 made ,junior ,fell[4 ,9 #affh he took 8 degree ( ,ma/] ( ,arts1 & 9 ! same ye> he 0 appo9t$ to a ,s5ior ,fell[%ip4 ,9 #affi1 :5 ,dr4 ,b>r[ _h resolv$ to devote 8 att5tion to !ology1 he resign$ ! ,lucasian ,pr(essor%ip ( ,ma!matics 9 fav\r ( ,newton1 :o may n[ be consid]$ z hav+ ent]$ ^u t brilliant c>e] ( discov]y ! hi/ory ( :i* w =m ! subject ( "s ( ! foll[+ *apt]s4 ,,*apt] ,,iii4 ,newton1 occupi$ 9 gr9d+ ,hyp]bolical ,l5ses--,8 fir/ ,exp]im5ts ) ! ,prism made 9 #afff--;,he discov]s ! ,composition ( ,:ite ,light1 & ! diff]5t ,refrangibility ( ! ,rays :i* compose x--,ab&ons 8 ,attempts to improve ,refract+ ,telescopes & resolves to attempt ! ,con/ruction ( ,reflect+ ones--,he quits ,cambridge on acc\nt ( ! ,plague--,con/ructs two ,reflect+ ,telescopes 9 #affh1 ! fir/ ev] execut$--,"o ( !m exam9$ by ! ,royal ,society1 & %[n to ! ,k+--,he con/ructs a ,telescope ) ,glass ,specula--,rec5t ,hi/ory ( ! ,reflect+ ,telescope-- ,mr4 ,airy's ,glass ,specula--,hadley's ,reflect+ ,telescopes--,%ort's-- ,h]s*el's--,ramage's--,"l ,oxmant[n's4 ,! appo9tm5t ( ,newton to ! ,lucasian *air at ,cambridge seems to h be5 coeval ) 8 gr&e/ discov]ies4 ,! fir/ ( ^! ( :i* ! date is well au!nticat$ is t ( ! diff]5t refrangibility ( ! rays ( light1 :i* he e/abli%$ 9 #afff4 ,! g]m ( ! doctr9e ( univ]sal gravitation seems to h pres5t$ itself to him 9 ! same ye>1 or at lea/ 9 #affg2 & 89 ! ye> #afff or be=e0#i he 0 9 possession ( 8 me?od ( fluxions1 & he _h br\ght x to su* a /ate 9 ! beg9n+ ( #affi1 t he p]mitt$ ,dr4 ,b>r[ to communicate x to ,mr4 ,coll9s on ! #bj? ( ,june 9 t ye>4 ,al?\gh we h already m5tion$1 on ! au?ority ( a writt5 memor&um ( ,newton himself1 t he pur*as$ a prism at ,cambridge 9 #affd1 yet he does n appe> to h made any use ( x1 z he in=ms u t x 0 9 #afff t he 8procur$ a triangul> glass prism to try !re) ! celebrat$ ph5om5a ( col\rs40#aj ,dur+ t ye> he _h appli$ himself to ! gr9d+ ( 8optic glasses1 ( o!r figures ?an sph]ical10 & hav+1 no d\bt1 exp]i5c$ ! impracticability ( execut+ su* l5ses1 ! idea ( exam9+ ! ph5om5a ( col\r 0 "o ( ^? sagaci\s & =tunate impulses :i* m ?an once l$ him to discov]y4 ,desc>tes 9 8 ,dioptrice1 publi%$ 9 #afbi1 & m rec5tly ,james ,gregory 9 8 ,optica ,promota publi%$ 9 #affc1 _h %[n t p>allel & div]g+ rays c\ld be reflect$ or refract$1 ) ma!matical accuracy1 to a po9t or focus1 by giv+ ! surface a p>abolic1 an elliptical1 or a hyp]bolic =m1 or "s o!r =m n sph]ical4 ,desc>tes _h ev5 inv5t$ & describ$ ma*9es by :i* l5ses ( ^! %apes c\ld be gr\nd & poli%$1 & ! p]fection ( ! refract+ telescope 0 suppos$ to dep5d on ! degree ( accuracy ) :i* !y c\ld be execut$4 ,9 attempt+ to gr9d glasses t 7 n sph]ical1 ,newton seems to h conjectur$ t ! defects ( l5ses1 & consequ5tly ( refract+ telescopes1 might arise f "s o!r cause ?an ! imp]fect conv]g5cy ( rays to a s+le po9t1 & ?is conjecture 0 happily realiz$ 9 ^? f9e discov]ies ( :i* we %all n[ endeav\r to give "s acc\nt4 ,:5 ,newton began ?is inquiry1 philosoph]s ( ! highe/ g5ius 7 direct+ all ! en]gies ( _! m9d to ! subject ( light1 & to ! improvem5t ( ! refract+ telescope4 ,james ,gregory ( ,ab]de5 _h inv5t$ 8 reflect+ telescope4 ,desc>tes _h expla9$ ! !ory & ex]t$ himself 9 p]fect+ ! con/ruction ( ! common refract+ telescope1 & ,huyg5s _h n only execut$ ! magnific5t in/rum5ts by :i* he discov]$ ! r+ & ! satellites ( ,saturn1 b _h begun ^? spl5did rese>*es respect+ ! nature ( light1 & ! ph5om5a ( d\ble refraction1 :i* h l$ 8 successors to su* brilliant discov]ies4 ,newton1 !re=e1 arose :5 ! sci5ce ( light 0 ready = "s great accession1 & at ! precise "t :5 he 0 requir$ to propagate ! impulse :i* x _h receiv$ f 8 illu/ri\s pr$ecessors4 ,! ignorance :i* !n prevail$ respect+ ! nature & orig9 ( col\rs is suffici5tly app>5t f ! acc\nt we h already giv5 ( ,dr4 ,b>r['s speculations on ?is subject4 ,x 0 always suppos$ t light ( e col\r 0 equally refract$ or b5t out ( its direction :5 x pass$ ?r\gh any l5s or prism1 or o!r refract+ m$ium2 & ?\gh ! exhibition ( col\rs by ! prism _h be5 (t5 made previ\s to ! "t ( ,newton1 yet no philosoph] seems to h attempt$ to analyze ! ph5om5a4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #a4 ,:5 he _h procur$ 8 triangul> glass prism1 a section ( :i* is %[n at ,,abc1 7fig4 #a17 he made a hole ,h 9 "o ( 8 w9d[-%utt]s1 ,,%t1 & hav+ d>k5$ 8 *amb]1 he let 9 a conv5i5t quantity ( ! sun's light ,,rr1 :i*1 pass+ ?r\gh ! prism ,,abc1 0 s refract$ z to exhibit all ! diff]5t col\rs on ! wall at ,,mn1 =m+ an image ab\t five times z long z x 0 broad4 8,x 0 at fir/10 says our au?or1 8a v pleas+ div]tisem5t to view ! vivid & int5se col\rs produc$ !reby10 b ?is pleasure 0 imm$iately succe$$ by surprise at v>i\s circum/ances :i* he _h n expect$4 ,accord+ to ! receiv$ laws ( refraction1 he expect$ ! image ,,mn to be circul>1 l ! :ite image at ,w1 :i* ! sunbeam ,,rr _h =m$ on ! wall previ\s to ! int]position ( ! prism2 b :5 he f\nd x to be no less ?an five times l>g] ?an its bread?1 x 8excit$ 9 him a m ?an ord9>y curiosity to exam9e f :5ce x might proce$4 ,he c\ld sc>cely ?9k t ! v>i\s ?ickness ( ! glass1 or ! t]m9ation ) %ad[ or d>kness1 c\ld h any influ5ce on light to produce su* an effect3 yet he ?\ght x n amiss fir/ to exam9e ^? circum/ances1 & s f9d :at w\ld happ5 by transmitt+ light ?r\gh p>ts ( ! glass ( div]s ?icknesses1 or ?r\gh holes 9 ! w9d[ ( div]s bignesses1 or by sett+ ! prism )\t 7on ! o!r side ( ,,/71 s t ! light might pass ?r\gh x & be refract$ be=e x 0 t]m9at$ by ! hole2 b he f\nd none ( ^! circum/ances mat]ial4 ,! fa%ion ( ! col\rs 0 9 all ^? cases ! same40 ,newton next suspect$ t "s unev5ness 9 ! glass1 or o!r accid5tal irregul>ity1 might cause ! dilatation ( ! col\rs4 ,9 ord] to try ?is1 he took ano!r prism ,,bcb1 & plac$ x 9 su* a mann] t ! light ,,rrw pass+ ?r\gh !m bo? might be refract$ contr>y ways1 & ?us return$ by ,,bcb into t c\rse ,,rrw1 f :i* ! prism ,,abc _h div]t$ x1 = by ?is means he ?\ght ! regul> effects ( ! prism ,,abc w\ld be de/roy$ by ! prism ,,bcb1 & ! irregul> ones m augm5t$ by ! multiplicity ( refractions4 ,! result 01 t ! light :i* 0 diffus$ by ! fir/ prism ,,abc into an oblong =m1 0 r$uc$ by ! second prism ,,bcb into a circul> "o ,w1 ) z mu* regul>ity z :5 x did n pass ?r\gh !m at all2 s t :atev] 0 ! cause ( ! l5g? ( ! image ,,mn1 x did n arise f any irregul>ity 9 ! prism4 ,our au?or next proce$$ to exam9e m critically :at might be effect$ by ! diff]5ce ( ! incid5ce ( ! rays proce$+ f diff]5t p>ts ( ! sun's disk3 b by tak+ accurate measures ( ! l9es & angles1 he f\nd t ! angle ( ! em]g5t rays %\ld be #ca m9utes equal to ! sun's diamet]1 :]eas ! real angle subt5d$ by ,,mn at ! hole ,h 0 #b #di4 ,b z ?is computation 0 f\nd$ on ! hypo!sis1 t ! s9e ( ! angle ( incid5ce 0 proportional to ! s9e ( ! angle ( refraction1 :i* f 8 own exp]i5ce he c\ld n imag9e to be s errone\s z to make t angle b #ca1 :i* 0 9 reality #b #di1 yet 88 curiosity caus$ him aga9 to take up 8 prism0 ,,abc1 & hav+ turn$ x r\nd 9 bo? directions1 s z to make ! rays ,,rr fall bo? ) great] & ) less obliquity ^u ! face ,,ac1 he f\nd t ! col\rs on ! wall did n s5sibly *ange _! place2 & h5ce he obta9$ a decid$ pro( t !y c\ld n be occasion$ by a diff]5ce 9 ! incid5ce ( ! light radiat+ f diff]5t p>ts ( ! sun's disk4 ,newton !n began to suspect t ! rays1 aft] pass+ ?r\gh ! prism1 might move 9 curve l9es1 &1 9 proportion to ! diff]5t degrees ( curvature1 might t5d to diff]5t p>ts ( ! wall2 & ?is suspicion 0 /r5g!n$ by ! recollection t he _h (t5 se5 a t5nis-ball /ruck ) an oblique racket describe su* a curve l9e4 ,9 ?is case a circul> & a progressive motion is communicat$ to ! ball by ! /roke1 & 9 consequ5ce ( ?is1 ! direction ( its motion 0 curvil9eal1 s t if ! rays ( light 7 globul> bodies1 !y might acquire a circulat+ motion by _! oblique passage out ( "o m$ium into ano!r1 & ?us move l ! t5nis-ball 9 a curve l9e4 ,not)/&+1 h[ev]1 8?is plausible gr\nd ( suspicion10 he c\ld discov] no su* curvature 9 _! direction1 &1 :at 0 en\gh = 8 purpose1 he obs]v$ t ! diff]5ce betwe5 ! l5g? ,,mn ( ! image1 & ! diamet] ( ! hole ,h1 0 proportional to _! di/ance ,,hm1 :i* c\ld n h happ5$ _h ! rays mov$ 9 curvil9eal pa?s4 ,^! diff]5t hypo!ses1 or suspicions1 z ,newton calls !m1 be+ ?us gradually remov$1 he 0 at l5g? l$ to an exp]im5t :i* det]m9$ beyond a d\bt ! true cause ( ! elongation ( ! col\r$ image4 ,hav+ tak5 a bo>d ) a small hole 9 x1 he plac$ x beh9d ! face ,,bc ( ! prism1 & close to x1 s t he c\ld transmit ?r\gh ! hole any "o ( ! col\rs 9 ,,mn1 & keep back all ! re/4 ,:5 ! hole1 = example1 0 ne> ,c1 no o!r light b ! r$ fell ^u ! wall at ,n4 ,he !n plac$ beh9d ,n ano!r bo>d ) a hole 9 x1 & beh9d ?is bo>d he plac$ ano!r prism1 s z to receive ! r$ light at ,n1 :i* pass$ ?r\gh ?is hole 9 ! second bo>d4 ,he !n turn$ r\nd ! fir/ prism ,,abc s z to make all ! col\rs pass 9 succession ?r\gh ^! two holes1 & he m>k$ _! places on ! wall4 ,f ! v>iation ( ^! places1 he saw t ! r$ rays at ,n 7 less refract$ by ! second prism ?an ! orange rays1 ! orange less ?an ! yell[1 & s on1 ! violet be+ m refract$ ?an all ! re/4 ,h5ce he drew ! gr& conclusion1 t light 0 n homog5e\s1 b consi/$ ( rays1 "s ( :i* 7 m refrangible ?an o!rs4 ,z soon z ?is important tru? 0 e/abli%$1 ,sir ,isaac saw t a l5s :i* refracts light exactly l a prism mu/ also refract ! diff]5tly col\r$ rays ) diff]5t degrees ( =ce1 br++ ! violet rays to a focus ne>] ! glass ?an ! r$ rays4 ,?is is %[n 9 fig4 #b1 :]e ,,ll is a convex l5s1 & ,s1 ,l1 ,,sl rays ( ! sun fall+ ^u x 9 p>allel directions4 ,! violet rays exi/+ 9 ! :ite light ,,sl be+ m refrangible ?an ! re/1 w be m refract$ or b5t1 & w meet at ,v1 =m+ !re a violet image ( ! sun4 ,9 l mann] ! yell[ rays w =m an image ( ! sun at ,y1 & s on1 ! r$ rays1 :i* are ! lea/ refrangible1 be+ br\ght to a focus at ,r1 & !re =m+ a r$ image ( ! sun4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #b4 ,h5ce1 if we suppose ,,ll to be ! object-glass ( a telescope direct$ to ! sun1 & ,,mm an eye-glass ?r\gh :i* ! eye at ,e sees magnifi$ ! image or picture ( ! sun =m$ by ,,ll1 x _c see di/9ctly all ! diff]5t images betwe5 ,r & ,v4 ,if x is adju/$ s z to see di/9ctly ! yell[ image at ,y1 z x is 9 ! figure1 x w n see di/9ctly ei!r ! r$ or violet images1 nor inde$ any ( !m b ! yell[ "o4 ,!re w consequ5tly be a di/9ct yell[ image1 ) indi/9ct images ( all ! o!r col\rs1 produc+ great confusion & indi/9ctness ( vision4 ,z soon z ,sir ,isaac p]ceiv$ ?is result ( 8 discov]y1 he ab&on$ 8 attempts to improve ! refract+ telescope1 & took into consid]ation ! pr9ciple ( reflection2 & z he f\nd t rays ( all col\rs 7 reflect$ regul>ly1 s t ! angle ( reflection 0 equal to ! angle ( incid5ce1 he conclud$ t1 ^u ?is pr9ciple1 optical in/rum5ts might be br\ght to any degree ( p]fection imag9able1 provid$ a reflect+ sub/ance c\ld be f\nd :i* c\ld poli% z f9ely z glass1 & reflect z mu* light z glass transmits1 & provid$ a me?od ( communicat+ to x a p>abolic figure c\ld be obta9$4 ,^! difficulties1 h[ev]1 appe>$ to him v great1 & he ev5 ?\ght !m insup]able :5 he consid]$ t1 z any irregul>ity 9 a reflect+ surface makes ! rays deviate five or six times m f _! true pa? ?an simil> irregul>ities 9 a refract+ surface1 a mu* great] degree ( nicety w\ld be requir$ 9 figur+ reflect+ specula ?an refract+ l5ses4 ,su* 0 ! progress ( ,newton's optical discov]ies1 :5 he 0 =c$ to quit ,cambridge 9 #afff by ! plague :i* !n desolat$ ,engl&1 & m ?an two ye>s elaps$ be=e he proce$$ any f>!r4 ,9 #affh he resum$ ! inquiry1 & hav+ ?\ght ( a delicate me?od ( poli%+1 prop] = metals1 by :i*1 z he conceiv$1 8! figure w\ld be correct$ to ! la/10 he began to put ?is me?od to ! te/ ( exp]im5t4 ,at ?is "t he 0 acqua9t$ ) ! proposal ( ,mr4 ,james ,gregory1 conta9$ 9 8 ,optica ,promota1 to con/ruct a reflect+ telescope ) two concave specula1 ! l>ge/ ( :i* _h a hole 9 ! middle ( ! l>g] speculum1 to transmit ! light to an eye-glass2#aa b he conceiv$ t x w\ld be an improvem5t on ?is in/rum5t to place ! eye-glass at ! side ( ! tube1 & to reflect ! rays to x by an oval plane speculum4 ,"o ( ^! in/rum5ts he actually execut$ ) 8 own h&s2 & he gave an acc\nt ( x 9 a lett] to a fri5d1 dat$ ,febru>y #bc;d1 #affh-i1 a lett] :i* is also rem>kable = conta9+ ! fir/ allusion to 8 discov]ies respect+ col\rs4 ,previ\s to ?is he 0 9 correspond5ce on ! subject ) ,mr4 ,ent1 aft]w>d ,sir ,george ,ent1 "o ( ! orig9al c\ncil ( ! ,royal ,society1 an em95t m$ical writ] ( 8 day1 & ,presid5t ( ! ,college ( ,physicians4 ,9 a lett] to ,mr4 ,ent he _h promis$ an acc\nt ( 8 telescope to _! mutual fri5d1 & ! lett] to :i* we n[ allude conta9$ ! fulfilm5t ( t promise4 ,! telescope 0 six in*es long4 ,x bore an ap]ture 9 ! l>ge speculum some?+ m ?an an in*1 & z ! eye-glass 0 a plano-convex l5s1 ^: focal l5g? 0 "o-six? or "o-sev5? ( an in*1 x magnifi$ ab\t =ty times1 :i*1 z ,newton rem>ks1 0 m ?an any six-foot tube 7mean+ refract+ telescopes7 c\ld d ) di/9ctness4 ,on acc\nt ( ! badness ( ! mat]ials1 h[ev]1 & ! want ( a good poli%1 x repres5t$ objects less di/9ct ?an a six-feet tube1 ?\gh he /ill ?\ght x w\ld be equal to a ?ree or f\r feet tube direct$ to common objects4 ,he _h se5 ?r\gh x ,jupit] di/9ctly ) 8 f\r satellites1 & also ! horns or moon-l phases ( ,v5us1 ?\gh ?is la/ ph5om5on requir$ "s nic5ess 9 adju/+ ! in/rum5t4 ,al?\gh ,newton consid]$ ?is little in/rum5t z 9 itself contemptible1 yet he reg>d$ x z an 8epitome ( :at might be done20 & he express$ 8 conviction t a six-feet telescope might be made aft] ?is me?od1 :i* w\ld p]=m z well z a sixty or a hundr$ feet telescope made 9 ! common way2 & t if a common refract+ telescope c\ld be made ( ! 8pure/ glass exquisitely poli%$1 ) ! be/ figure t any geometrician 7,desc>tes1 c47 ha? or c design10 x w\ld sc>cely p]=m bett] ?an a common telescope4 ,?is1 he adds1 may seem a p>adoxical ass]tion1 yet he cont9ues1 8x is ! necess>y consequ5ce ( "s exp]im5ts :i* ,i h made conc]n+ ! nature ( light40 ,! telescope n[ describ$ possesses a v peculi> int]e/1 z be+ ! fir/ reflect+ "o :i* 0 ev] execut$ & direct$ to ! heav5s4 ,james ,gregory1 inde$1 _h attempt$1 9 #affd or #affe1 to con/ruct 8 in/rum5t4 ,he employ$ ,messrs4 ,rives & ,cox1 :o 7 celebrat$ glass-gr9d]s ( t "t1 to execute a concave speculum ( six feet radius1 & likewise a small "o2 b z !y _h fail$ 9 poli%+ ! l>ge "o1 & z ,mr4 ,gregory 0 on ! eve ( go+ abroad1 he tr\bl$ himself no f>!r ab\t ! exp]im5t1 & ! tube ( ! telescope 0 nev] made4 ,"s "t aft]w>d1 inde$1 he 8made "s trials bo? ) a little concave & convex speculum10 b1 8possess$ ) ! fancy ( ! defective figure1 he w\ld n be at ! pa9s to fix e ?+ 9 its due di/ance40 ,su* 7 ! e>lie/ attempts to con/ruct ! reflect+ telescope1 t noble in/rum5t :i* has s9ce effect$ su* spl5did discov]ies 9 a/ronomy4 ,look+ back f ! pres5t advanc$ /ate ( practical sci5ce1 h[ great is ! contra/ betwe5 ! loose specula ( ,gregory & ! f9e ,gregorian telescopes ( ,hadley1 ,%ort1 & ,veit*1--betwe5 ! humble six-in* tube ( ,newton & ! gigantic in/rum5ts ( ,h]s*el & ,ramage4 ,! success ( ?is fir/ exp]im5t inspir$ ,newton ) fre% zeal1 & ?\gh 8 m9d 0 n[ occupi$ ) 8 optical discov]ies1 ) ! elem5ts ( 8 me?od ( fluxions1 & ) ! exp&+ g]m ( 8 !ory ( univ]sal gravitation1 yet ) all ! ard\r ( y\? he appli$ himself to ! labori\s op]ation ( execut+ ano!r reflect+ telescope ) 8 own h&s4 ,?is in/rum5t1 :i* 0 bett] ?an ! fir/1 ?\gh x lay by him sev]al ye>s1 excit$ "s int]e/ at ,cambridge2 & ,sir ,isaac himself in=ms u1 t "o ( ! fell[s ( ,tr9ity ,college _h complet$ a telescope ( ! same k9d1 :i* he consid]$ z some:at sup]ior to 8 own4 ,! exi/5ce ( ^! telescopes hav+ become kn[n to ! ,royal ,society1 ,newton 0 reque/$ to s5d 8 in/rum5t = exam9ation to t le>n$ body4 ,he accord+ly transmitt$ x to ,mr4 ,old5burg 9 ,decemb]1 #afga1 & f ?is epo* 8 "n began to acquire t celebrity by :i* x has be5 s peculi>ly di/+ui%$4 ,on ! #aa? ( ,janu>y1 #afgb1 x 0 ann\nc$ to ! ,royal ,society t 8 reflect+ telescope _h be5 %[n to ! k+1 & _h be5 exam9$ by ! presid5t1 ,sir ,rob]t ,moray1 ,sir ,paul ,neale1 ,sir ,*ri/oph] ,wr51 & ,mr4 ,hook4 ,^! g5tlem5 ent]ta9$ s high an op9ion ( x1 t1 9 ord] to secure ! hon\r ( ! contrivance to its au?or1 !y advis$ ! inv5tor to s5d a draw+ & description ( x to ,mr4 ,huyg5s at ,p>is4 ,mr4 ,old5burg accord+ly drew up a description ( x 9 ,lat91 :i*1 aft] be+ correct$ by ,mr4 ,newton1 0 transmitt$ to t em95t philosoph]4 ,?is telescope1 ( :i* ! annex$ is an accurate draw+1 is c>efully pres]v$ 9 ! libr>y ( ! ,royal ,society ( ,london1 ) ! foll[+ inscription3-- 8,inv5t$ by ,sir ,isaac ,newton & made ) 8 own h&s1 #afga40 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #c4 ,sir ,isaac ,newton's ,reflect+ ,telescope4 ,x does n appe> t ,newton execut$ any o!r reflect+ telescopes ?an ! two we h m5tion$4 ,he in=ms u t he repoli%$ & greatly improv$ a f\rte5-feet object-glass1 execut$ by a ,london arti/1 & hav+ propos$ 9 #afgh to sub/itute glass reflectors 9 place ( metallic specula1 he tri$ to make a reflect+ telescope on ?is pr9ciple f\r feet long1 & ) a magnify+ p[] ( #aej4 ,! glass 0 wr\ght by a ,london arti/1 & ?\gh x seem$ well f9i%$1 yet1 :5 x 0 quicksilv]$ on its convex side1 x exhibit$ all ov] ! glass innum]able inequalities1 :i* gave an indi/9ctness to e object4 ,he expresses1 h[ev]1 8 conviction t no?+ b good workman%ip is want+ to p]fect ^! telescopes1 & he recomm5ds _! consid]ation 8to ! curi\s 9 figur+ glasses40 ,= a p]iod ( fifty ye>s ?is recomm5dation excit$ no notice4 ,at la/ ,mr4 ,james ,%ort ( ,ed9burgh1 an arti/ ( consummate skill1 execut$ ab\t ! ye> #agcj no few] ?an six reflect+ telescopes ) glass specula1 ?ree ( fifte5 in*es1 & ?ree ( n9e in*es 9 focal l5g?4 ,he f\nd x extremely tr\blesome to give !m a true figure ) p>allel surfaces2 & sev]al ( !m :5 f9i%$ turn$ out useless1 9 consequ5ce ( ! ve9s :i* !n appe>$ 9 ! glass4 ,al?\gh ^! in/rum5ts p]=m$ rem>kably well1 yet ! light 0 fa9t] ?an he expect$1 & f ?is cause1 comb9$ ) ! difficulty ( f9i%+ !m1 he aft]w>d devot$ 8 lab\rs solely to ^? ) metallic specula4 ,at a lat] p]iod1 9 #ahbb1 ,mr4 ,g4 ,b4 ,airy ( ,tr9ity ,college1 & "o ( ! di/+ui%$ successors ( ,newton 9 ! ,lucasian *air1 resum$ ! consid]ation ( glass specula1 & demon/rat$ t ! ab]ration bo? ( figure & ( col\r might be correct$ 9 ^! in/rum5ts4 ,^u ?is +5i\s pr9ciple ,mr4 ,airy execut$ m ?an "o telescope1 b ?\gh ! result ( ! exp]im5t 0 su* z to excite hopes ( ultimate success1 yet ! con/ruction ( su* in/rum5ts is /ill a desid]atum 9 practical sci5ce4 ,su* 7 ! attempts :i* ,sir ,isaac ,newton made to con/ruct reflect+ telescopes2 b not)/&+ ! success ( 8 lab\rs1 nei!r ! philosoph] nor ! practical optician seems to h _h c\rage to pursue !m4 ,a ,london arti/1 inde$1 und]took to imitate ^! in/rum5ts2 b ,sir ,isaac in=ms u1 t 8he fell mu* %ort ( :at he _h atta9$1 z he aft]w>d und]/ood by disc\rs+ ) ! "u workm5 he _h employ$40 ,aft] a long p]iod ( fifty ye>s1 ,john ,hadley1 ,esq4 ( ,essex1 a ,fell[ ( ! ,royal ,society1 began 9 #agai or #agbj to execute a reflect+ telescope4 ,8 sci5tific k & 8 manual dext]ity fitt$ him admirably = su* a task1 &1 probably aft] _m failures1 he con/ruct$ two l>ge telescopes ab\t five feet ?ree in*es long1 "o ( :i*1 ) a speculum six in*es 9 diamet]1 0 pres5t$ to ! ,royal ,society 9 #agbc4 ,! celebrat$ ,dr4 ,bradley & ! ,rev4 ,mr4 ,p\nd comp>$ x ) ! great ,huyg5ian refractor #abc feet long4 ,x bore z high a magnify+ p[] z ! ,huyg5ian telescope3 x %[$ objects equally di/9ct1 ?\gh n altoge!r s cle> & bright1 & x exhibit$ e cele/ial object t _h be5 discov]$ by ,huyg5s1--! five satellites ( ,saturn1 ! %ad[ ( ,jupit]'s satellites on 8 disk1 ! black li/ 9 ,saturn's r+1 & ! edge ( 8 %ad[ ca/ on ! r+4 ,enc\rag$ & in/ruct$ by ,mr4 ,hadley1 ,dr4 ,bradley began ! con/ruction ( reflect+ telescopes1 & succe$$ s well t he w\ld h complet$ "o ( !m1 _h he n be5 oblig$ to *ange 8 resid5ce4 ,"s "t aft]w>d he & ! ,hon\rable ,samuel ,molyneux und]took ! task toge!r at ,kew1 & attempt$ to execute specula ab\t tw5ty-six in*es 9 focal l5g?2 b not)/&+ ,dr4 ,bradley's =m] exp]i5ce1 & ,mr4 ,hadley's frequ5t in/ructions1 x 0 a long "t be=e !y succe$$4 ,! fir/ good in/rum5t :i* !y f9i%$ 0 9 ,may1 #agbd4 ,x 0 tw5ty-six in*es 9 focal l5g?2 b !y aft]w>d complet$ a v l>ge "o ( eight feet1 ! l>ge/ t _h ev] be5 made4 ,! fir/ ( ^! in/rum5ts 0 aft]w>d elegantly fitt$ up by ,mr4 ,molyneux1 & pres5t$ to 8 maje/y ,john ,v4 ,k+ ( ,portugal4 ,! great object ( ^! two able a/ronom]s 0 to r$uce ! me?od ( mak+ specula to su* a degree ( c]ta9ty t !y c\ld be manufactur$ = public sale4 ,mr4 ,hauksbee _h inde$ made a good "o ab\t ?ree & a half feet long1 & _h proce$$ to ! execution ( two o!rs1 "o ( six feet1 & ano!r ( twelve feet 9 focal l5g?2 b ,mr4 ,sc>let & ,mr4 ,he>ne1 hav+ receiv$ all ! in=mation :i* ,mr4 ,molyneux _h acquir$1 con/ruct$ !m = public sale2 & ! reflect+ telescope has ev] s9ce be5 an article ( trade ) e regul> optician4 ,z ,sir ,isaac ,newton 0 at ?is "t ,presid5t ( ! ,royal ,society1 he _h ! high satisfaction ( see+ 8 own inv5tion become an in/rum5t ( public use1 & ( great advantage to sci5ce1 & he no d\bt felt ! full influ5ce ( ?is triumph ( 8 skill4 ,/ill1 h[ev]1 ! reflect+ telescope _h n a*iev$ any new discov]y 9 ! heav5s4 ,! late/ accession to a/ronomy _h be5 made by ! ord9>y refractors ( ,huyg5s1 lab\r+ "u all ! imp]fections ( col\r$ light2 & ?is long pause 9 a/ronomical discov]y seem$ to indicate t man _h c>ri$ to its f>!/ limits 8 p[] ( p5etrat+ into ! dep?s ( ! univ]se4 ,?is1 h[ev]1 0 only "o ( ^? /ation>y positions f :i* human g5ius takes a new & a l(ti] elevation4 ,:ile ! ,engli% opticians 7 ?us practis+ ! rec5t art ( gr9d+ specula1 ,mr4 ,james ,%ort ( ,ed9burgh 0 devot+ to ! subject all ! en]gies ( 8 y\?ful m9d4 ,9 #agcb1 & 9 ! #bb;d ye> ( 8 age1 he began 8 lab\rs1 & he c>ri$ to su* high p]fection ! art ( gr9d+ & poli%+ specula1 & ( giv+ !m ! true p>abolic figure1 t1 ) a telescope fifte5 in*es 9 focal l5g?1 he read 9 ! ,philosophical ,transactions at ! di/ance ( #ejj feet1 & frequ5tly saw ! five satellites ( ,saturn toge!r1--a p[] :i* 0 beyond ! rea* ev5 ( ,hadley's six-feet in/rum5t4 ,! celebrat$ ,maclaur9 comp>$ ! telescopes ( ,%ort ) ^? made by ! be/ ,london arti/s1 & s great 0 _! sup]iority1 t 8 small telescopes 7 inv>iably sup]ior to l>g] ones f ,london4 ,9 #agdb1 aft] he _h settl$ z an optician 9 ! metropolis1 he execut$ = ,"l ,?omas ,sp5c] a reflect+ telescope1 twelve feet 9 focal l5g?1 = #fcjl42 9 #ageb he complet$ "o = ! ,k+ ( ,spa91 at ! exp5se ( #abjjl42 & a %ort "t be=e 8 dea?1 :i* took place 9 #agfh1 he f9i%$ ! specula ( ! l>ge telescope :i* 0 m\nt$ equatorially = ! obs]vatory ( ,ed9burgh by 8 bro!r ,?omas ,%ort1 :o 0 (f]$ twelve hundr$ gu9eas = x by ! ,k+ ( ,d5m>k4 ,al?\gh ! sup]iority ( ^! in/rum5ts1 :i* 7 all ( ! ,gregorian =m1 demon/rat$ ! value ( ! reflect+ telescope1 yet no skilful h& _h yet direct$ x to ! heav5s2 & x 0 res]v$ = ,dr4 ,h]s*el to employ x z an in/rum5t ( discov]y1 to exhibit to ! eye ( man new worlds & new sy/ems1 & to br+ )9 ! grasp ( 8 reason ^? remote regions ( space to :i* 8 imag9ation ev5 _h sc>cely v5tur$ to ext5d its p[]4 ,s e>ly z #aggd he complet$ a five-feet ,newtonian reflector1 & he aft]w>d execut$ no few] ?an two hundr$ #g feet1 "o hundr$ & fifty #aj feet1 & eighty #bj feet specula4 ,9 #agha he began a reflector ?irty feet long1 & hav+ a speculum ?irty-six in*es 9 diamet]2 & "u ! munific5t patronage ( ,george ,,iii4 he complet$1 9 #aghi1 8 gigantic in/rum5t =ty feet long1 ) a speculum =ty-n9e & a half in*es 9 diamet]4 ,! g5ius & p]sev]ance :i* creat$ in/rum5ts ( su* transc5d5t magnitude 7 n likely to t]m9ate ) _! con/ruction4 ,9 ! exam9ation ( ! />ry heav5s1 ! ultimate object ( 8 lab\rs1 ,dr4 ,h]s*el exhibit$ ! same exalt$ qualifications1 & 9 a few ye>s he rose f ! level ( humble life to ! enjoym5t ( a "n m glori\s ?an t ( ! sages & w>riors ( anci5t times1 & z immortal z ! objects ) :i* x w be = ev] associat$4 ,nor 0 x 9 ! ard\r ( ! spr+ ( life t ^! triumphs ( reason 7 a*iev$4 ,dr4 ,h]s*el _h rea*$ ! middle ( 8 c\rse be=e 8 c>e] ( discov]y began1 & x 0 9 ! autumn & w9t] ( 8 days t he reap$ ! full h>ve/ ( 8 glory4 ,! discov]y ( a new planet at ! v]ge ( ! sol> sy/em 0 ! fir/ trophy ( 8 skill1 & new d\ble & multiple />s1 & new nebul1 & gr\ps ( cele/ial bodies 7 add$ 9 ?\s&s to ! sy/em ( ! univ]se4 ,! spr+-tide ( k :i* 0 ?us let 9 ^u ! human m9d cont9u$ = a :ile to spread its waves ov] ,europe2 b :5 x sank to its ebb 9 ,engl&1 !re 0 no o!r b>k left ^u ! /r& b t ( ! ,deucalion ( ,sci5ce1 ^: home _h be5 s long ^u its wat]s4 ,dur+ ! life ( ,dr4 ,h]s*el1 & dur+ ! reign1 & )9 ! dom9ions ( 8 royal patron1 f\r new planets 7 add$ to ! sol> sy/em1 b !y 7 detect$ by telescopes ( ord9>y p[]2 & we v5ture to /ate1 t s9ce ! reign ( ,george ,,iii4 no attempt has be5 made to keep up ! cont9uity ( ,dr4 ,h]s*el's discov]ies4 ,mr4 ,h]s*el1 8 di/+ui%$ son1 has inde$ complet$ m ?an "o telescope ( consid]able size2 ,mr4 ,ramage1 ( ,ab]de51 has execut$ reflectors rivall+ almo/ ^? ( ,sl\gh2--& ,"l ,oxmant[n1 an ,iri% nobleman ( high promise1 is n[ engag$ on an in/rum5t ( great size4 ,b :at avail ! en?usiasm & ! ef=ts ( individual m9ds 9 ! intellectual rivalry ( nations8 ,:5 ! pr\d sci5ce ( ,engl& p9es 9 obscurity1 blight$ by ! abs5ce ( ! royal fav\r1 & ( ! nation's sympa?y2--:5 its *ivalry fall unwept & unhon\r$2--h[ c x su/a9 ! conflict aga9/ ! hon\r$ & m>%all$ g5ius ( =eign l&s8 ,,*apt] ,,iv4 ,he deliv]s a ,c\rse ( ,optical ,lectures at ,cambridge--,is elect$ ,fell[ ( ! ,royal ,society--,he communicates to !m 8 ,discov]ies on ! diff]5t ,refrangibility & ,nature ( ,light--,popul> ,acc\nt ( !m--,!y involve him 9 v>i\s ,controv]sies--,8 ,dispute ) ,p>dies--,l9us--,lucas--,dr4 ,hooke & ,mr4 ,huyg5s--,! ,influ5ce ( ^! ,disputes on ! ,m9d ( ,newton4 ,al?\gh ,newton deliv]$ a c\rse ( lectures on optics 9 ! ,univ]sity ( ,cambridge 9 ! ye>s #affi1 #afgj1 & #afga1 conta9+ 8 pr9cipal discov]ies relative to ! diff]5t refrangibility ( light1 yet x is a s+ul> circum/ance1 t ^! discov]ies %\ld n h become public ?r\gh ! conv]sation or correspond5ce ( 8 pupils4 ,! ,royal ,society _h acquir$ no k ( !m till ! beg9n+ ( #afgb1 & 8 reputation 9 t body 0 f\nd$ *iefly on 8 reflect+ telescope4 ,on ! #bc;d ,decemb]1 #afga1 ! celebrat$ ,dr4 ,se? ,w>d1 ,"l ,bi%op ( ,s>um1 :o 0 ! au?or ( sev]al able works on a/ronomy1 & _h fill$ ! a/ronomical *air at ,ox=d1 propos$ ,mr4 ,newton z a ,fell[ ( ! ,royal ,society4 ,! satisfaction :i* he d]iv$ f ?is circum/ance appe>s to h be5 consid]able2 & 9 a lett] to ,mr4 ,old5burg1 ( ! #f? ,janu>y1 he says1 8,i am v s5sible ( ! hon\r done me by ! ,bi%op ( ,s>um 9 propos+ me a c&idate2 & :i*1 ,i hope1 w be fur!r conf]r$ ^u me by my election into ! ,society2 & if s1 ,i %all endeav\r to te/ify my gratitude1 by communicat+ :at my poor & solit>y endeav\rs c effect t[>ds ! promot+ y\r philosophical designs40 ,8 election accord+ly took place on ! #aa? ,janu>y1 ! same day on :i* ! ,society agre$ to transmit a description ( 8 telescope to ,mr4 ,huyg5s at ,p>is4 ,! notice ( 8 election1 & ! ?anks ( ! ,society = ! communication ( 8 telescope1 7 convey$ 9 ! same lett]1 ) an assurance t ! ,society 8w\ld take c>e t all "r %\ld be done him 9 ! matt] ( ?is inv5tion40 ,9 8 next lett] to ,old5burg1 writt5 on ! #ah? ,janu>y1 #afga-b1 he ann\nces 8 optical discov]ies 9 ! foll[+ rem>kable mann]3 8,i desire t 9 y\r next lett] y w\ld in=m me = :at "t ! ,society cont9ue _! weekly meet+s2 because if !y cont9ue !m = any "t1 ,i am purpos+ !m1 to be consid]$ ( & exam9$1 an acc\nt ( a philosophical discov]y :i* induc$ me to ! mak+ ( ! said telescope2 & ,i d\bt n b w prove mu* m grateful ?an ! communication ( t in/rum5t2 be+ 9 my judgm5t ! odde/1 if n ! mo/ consid]able detection :i* ha? hi!rto be5 made 9 ! op]ations ( nature40 ,?is 8consid]able detection0 0 ! discov]y ( ! diff]5t refrangibility ( ! rays ( light :i* we h already expla9$1 & :i* l$ to ! con/ruction ( 8 reflect+ telescope4 ,x 0 communicat$ to ! ,royal ,society 9 a lett] to ,mr4 ,old5burg1 dat$ ,febru>y #f?1 & excit$ great int]e/ among its memb]s4 ,! 8solemn ?anks0 ( ! meet+ 7 ord]$ to be transmitt$ to its au?or = 8 8v +5i\s disc\rse40 ,a desire 0 express$ to h x imm$iately pr9t$1 bo? = ! purpose ( hav+ x well consid]$ by philosoph]s1 & = 8secur+ ! consid]able notices !re( to ! au?or aga9/ ! arrogations ( o!rs20 & ,dr4 ,se? ,w>d1 ,bi%op ( ,salisbury1 ,mr4 ,boyle1 & ,dr4 ,hooke 7 desir$ to p]use & consid] x1 & to br+ 9 a report ^u x to ! ,society4 ,! k9dness ( ?is di/+ui%$ body1 & ! anxiety :i* !y _h already ev9c$ = 8 reputation1 excit$ on ! "p ( ,newton a correspond+ feel+1 & he gladly accept$ ( _! proposal to publi% 8 disc\rse 9 ! mon?ly numb]s 9 :i* ! ,transactions 7 !n giv5 to ! _w4 8,x 0 an e/eem10 says he1#ab 8( ! ,royal ,society = mo/ c&id & able judges 9 philosophical matt]s1 enc\rag$ me to pres5t !m ) t disc\rse ( light & col\rs1 :i* s9ce !y h s fav\rably accept$ (1 ,i d e>ne/ly desire y to return !m my cordial ?anks4 ,i be=e ?\ght x a great fav\r to be made a memb] ( t hon\rable body2 b ,i am n[ m s5sible ( ! advantages2 = believe me1 sir1 ,i d n only e/eem x a duty to concur ) y 9 ! promotion ( real k2 b a great privilege1 t1 in/ead ( expos+ disc\rses to a prejudic$ & common multitude1 7by :i* means _m tru?s h be5 baffl$ & lo/71 ,i may ) fre$om apply myself to s judici\s & imp>tial an assembly4 ,z to ! pr9t+ ( t lett]1 ,i am satisfi$ 9 _! judgm5t1 or else ,i %\ld h ?\ght x too /raight & n>r[ = public view4 ,i design$ x only to ^? t "k h[ to improve ^u h9ts ( ?+s2 &1 !re=e1 to sp>e t$i\sness1 omitt$ _m su* rem>ks & exp]im5ts z might be collect$ by consid]+ ! assign$ laws ( refractions2 "s ( :i* ,i believe1 ) ! g5]ality ( m51 w\ld yet be almo/ z tak+ z any ,i describ$4 ,b yet1 s9ce ! ,royal ,society h ?\ght x fit to appe> publicly1 ,i leave x to _! pleasure3 & p]haps to supply ! a=esaid defects1 ,i may s5d y "s m ( ! exp]im5ts to second x 7if x be s ?\ght fit71 9 ! ensu+ ,transactions40 ,foll[+ ! ord] :i* ,newton himself adopt$1 we h1 9 ! prec$+ *apt]1 giv5 an acc\nt ( ! lead+ doctr9e ( ! diff]5t refrangibility ( light1 & ( ! attempts to improve ! reflect+ telescope :i* t discov]y sugge/$4 ,we %all n[1 !re=e1 endeav\r to make ! read] acqua9t$ ) ! o!r discov]ies respect+ col\rs :i* he at ?is "t communicat$ to ! ,royal ,society4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #d4 ,hav+ det]m9$1 by exp]im5ts already describ$1 t a beam ( :ite light1 z emitt$ f ! sun1 consi/$ ( sev5 diff]5t col\rs1 :i* possess diff]5t degrees ( refrangibility1 he measur$ ! relative ext5t ( ! col\r$ spaces1 & f\nd !m to h ! proportions %[n 9 fig4 #d1 :i* repres5ts ! prismatic spectrum1 & :i* is no?+ m ?an an elongat$ image ( ! sun produc$ by ! rays be+ sep>at$ 9 diff]5t degrees f _! orig9al direction1 ! r$ be+ refract$ lea/1 & ! violet mo/ p[]fully4 ,if we consid] light z consi/+ ( m9ute p>ticles ( matt]1 we may =m "s notion ( its decomposition by ! prism f ! foll[+ popul> illu/ration4 ,if we take /eel fil+s ( sev5 diff]5t degrees ( f95ess & mix !m toge!r1 !re are two ways 9 :i* we may conceive ! mass to be decompos$1 or1 :at is ! same ?+1 all ! sev5 diff]5t k9ds ( fil+s sep>at$ f ea* o!r4 ,by means ( sev5 sieves ( diff]5t degrees ( f95ess1 & s made t ! f9e/ w j transmit ! f9e/ p[d] & deta9 all ! re/1 :ile ! next 9 f95ess transmits ! two f9e/ p[d]s & deta9s all ! re/1 & s on1 x is obvi\s t all ! p[d]s may be completely sep>at$ f ea* o!r4 ,if we aga9 mix all ! /eel fil+s1 & lay+ !m ^u a table1 hold high above !m a flat b> magnet1 s t none ( ! fil+s are attract$1 !n if we br+ ! magnet ne>] & ne>]1 we %all come to a po9t :]e ! f9e/ fil+s are drawn up to x4 ,^! be+ remov$1 & ! magnet br\ght ne>] /ill1 ! next f9e/ p[d]s w be attract$1 & s on till we h ?us drawn out ( ! mass all ! p[d]s 9 a sep>ate /ate4 ,we may conceive ! b> magnet to be incl9$ to ! surface ( ! /eel fil+s1 & s mov$ ov] ! mass1 t at ! end ne>e/ to !m ! heavie/ or co>se/ w be attract$1 & all ! remote/ & ! f9e/ or light] fil+s1 :ile ! re/ are attract$ to int]m$iate po9ts1 s t ! sev5 diff]5t fil+s are n only sep>at$1 b are f\nd adh]+ 9 sep>ate pat*es to ! surface ( ! flat magnet4 ,! fir/ ( ^! me?ods1 ) ! sieves1 may repres5t ! process ( decompos+ light1 by :i* c]ta9 rays ( :ite light are absorb$1 or /ifl$1 or /opp$ 9 pass+ ?r\gh bodies1 :ile c]ta9 o!r rays are transmitt$4 ,! second me?od may repres5t ! process ( decompos+ light by refraction1 or by ! attraction ( c]ta9 rays f>!r f _! orig9al direction ?an o!r rays1 & ! diff]5t pat*es ( fil+s ^u ! flat magnet may repres5t ! spaces on ! spectrum4 ,:5 a beam ( :ite light is decompos$ into ! sev5 diff]5t col\rs ( ! spectrum1 any p>ticul> col\r1 :5 once sep>at$ f ! re/1 is n susceptible ( any *ange1 or f>!r decomposition1 :e!r x is refract$ ?r\gh prisms or reflect$ f mirrors4 ,x may become fa9t] or bright]1 b ,newton nev] c\ld1 by any process1 alt] its col\r or its refrangibility4 ,among ! v>i\s bodies :i* act ^u light1 x is conceivable t !re might h be5 "s :i* act$ lea/ ^u ! violet rays & mo/ ^u ! r$ rays4 ,newton1 h[ev]1 f\nd t ?is nev] took place2 b t ! same degree ( refrangibility always belong$ to ! same col\r1 & ! same col\r to ! same degree ( refrangibility4 ,hav+ ?us det]m9$ t ! sev5 diff]5t col\rs ( ! spectrum 7 orig9al or simple1 he 0 l$ to ! conclusion t :it5ess or :ite light is a comp\nd ( all ! sev5 col\rs ( ! spectrum1 9 ! proportions 9 :i* !y are repres5t$ 9 fig4 #d4 ,9 ord] to prove ?is1 or :at is call$ ! recomposition ( :ite light out ( ! sev5 col\rs1 he employ$ ?ree diff]5t me?ods4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #e4 ,:5 ! beam ,,rr 0 sep>at$ into its elem5t>y col\rs by ! prism ,,abc1 he receiv$ ! col\rs on ano!r prism ,,bcb1 held ei!r close to ! fir/ or a little beh9d x1 & by ! opposite refraction ( ?is prism !y 7 all refract$ back into a beam ( :ite light ,,bw1 :i* =m$ a :ite circul> image on ! wall at ,w1 simil> to :at took place be=e any ( ! prisms 7 plac$ 9 its way4 ,! o!r me?od ( recompos+ :ite light consi/$ 9 mak+ ! spectrum fall ^u a l5s at "s di/ance f x4 ,:5 a %eet ( :ite pap] 0 held beh9d ! l5s1 & remov$ to a prop] di/ance1 ! col\rs 7 all refract$ into a circul> spot1 & s bl5d$ z to reproduce light s p]fectly :ite z n to diff] s5sibly f ! direct light ( ! sun4 ,! la/ me?od ( recompos+ :ite light 0 "o m suit$ to vulg> appreh5sion4 ,x consi/$ 9 attempt+ to comp\nd a :ite by mix+ ! col\r$ p[d]s us$ by pa9t]s4 ,he 0 aw>e t su* col\rs1 f _! v nature1 c\ld n compose a pure :ite2 b ev5 ?is imp]fection 9 ! exp]im5t he remov$ by an +5i\s device4 ,he accord+ly mix$ "o "p ( r$ lead1 f\r p>ts ( blue bice1 & a prop] proportion ( orpim5t & v]digris4 ,?is mixture 0 dun1 l wood newly cut1 or l ! human sk94 ,he n[ took "o-?ird ( ! mixture & rubb$ x ?ickly on ! floor ( 8 room1 :]e ! sun %one ^u x ?r\gh ! op5$ casem5t1 & beside x1 9 ! %ad[1 he laid a piece ( :ite pap] ( ! same size4 8,!n go+ f !m to ! di/ance ( twelve or eighte5 feet1 s t he c\ld n disc]n ! unev5ness ( ! surface ( ! p[d] nor ! little %ad[s let fall f ! gritty p>ticles !re(2 ! p[d] appe>$ int5sely :ite1 s z to transc5d ev5 ! pap] itself 9 :it5ess40 ,by adju/+ ! relative illum9ation ( ! p[d]s & ! pap]1 he 0 able to make !m bo? appe> ( ! v same degree ( :it5ess4 8,=10 says he1 8:5 ,i 0 try+ ?is1 a fri5d com+ to visit me1 ,i /opp$ him at ! door1 & be=e ,i told him :at ! col\rs 71 or :at ,i 0 do+1 ,i ask$ him :i* ( ! two :ites 7 ! be/1 & :]e9 !y diff]$6 ,& aft] he _h at t di/ance view$ !m well1 he answ]$1 t !y 7 bo? good :ites1 & t he c\ld n say :i* 0 be/1 nor :]e9 _! col\rs diff]$40 ,h5ce ,newton inf]r$ t p]fect :it5ess may be comp\nd$ ( diff]5t col\rs4 ,z all ! v>i\s %ades ( col\r :i* appe> 9 ! mat]ial _w c be imitat$ by int]cept+ c]ta9 rays 9 ! spectrum1 & unit+ all ! re/1 & z bodies always appe> ( ! same col\r z ! light 9 :i* !y are plac$1 he conclud$1 t ! col\rs ( natural bodies are n qualities inh]5t 9 ! bodies !mselves1 b arise f ! disposition ( ! p>ticles ( ea* body to /op or absorb c]ta9 rays1 & ?us to reflect m copi\sly ! rays :i* are n ?us absorb$4 ,no soon] 7 ^! discov]ies giv5 to ! _w ?an !y 7 oppos$ ) a degree ( virul5ce & ignorance :i* h seldom be5 comb9$ 9 sci5tific controv]sy4 ,un=tunately = ,newton1 ! ,royal ,society conta9$ few individuals ( pre-em95t tal5t capable ( appreciat+ ! tru? ( 8 discov]ies1 & ( protect+ him aga9/ ! %afts ( 8 envi\s & ignorant assailants4 ,?is em95t body1 :ile !y held 8 lab\rs 9 ! highe/ e/eem1 7 /ill ( op9ion t 8 discov]ies 7 fair subjects ( discussion1 & _! secret>y accord+ly communicat$ to him all ! pap]s :i* 7 writt5 9 opposition to 8 views4 ,! fir/ ( ^! 0 by a ,jesuit nam$ ,ignatius ,p>dies1 ,pr(essor ( ,ma!matics at ,cl]mont1 :o pret5d$ t ! elongation ( ! sun's image arose f ! inequal incid5ce ( ! diff]5t rays on ! fir/ face ( ! prism1 al?\gh ,newton _h demon/rat$ 9 8 own disc\rse t ?is 0 n ! case4 ,9 ,april1 #afgb1 ,newton transmitt$ to ,old5burg a decisive reply to ! animadv]sions ( ,p>dies2 b1 unwill+ to be vanqui%$1 ?is disciple ( ,desc>tes took up a fre% position1 & ma9ta9$ t ! elongation ( ! spectrum might be expla9$ by ! diffusion ( light on ! hypo!sis ( ,grimaldi1 or by ! diffusion ( undulations on ! hypo!sis ( ,hook4 ,newton aga9 repli$ to ^! feeble reason+s2 b he cont5t$ himself ) reit]at+ 8 orig9al exp]im5ts1 & confirm+ !m by m popul> argum5ts1 & ! vanqui%$ ,jesuit wisely quitt$ ! field4 ,ano!r combatant soon sprung up 9 ! p]son ( "o ,francis ,l9us1 a physician 9 ,liege1#ac :o1 on ! #f? ,octob]1 #afgd1 address$ a lett] to a fri5d 9 ,london1 conta9+ animadv]sions on ,newton's doctr9e ( col\rs4 ,he boldly affirms1 t 9 a p]fectly cle> sky ! image ( ! sun made by a prism is nev] elongat$1 & t ! spectrum obs]v$ by ,newton 0 n =m$ by ! true sunbeams1 b by rays proce$+ f "s bright cl\d4 ,9 support ( ^! ass]tions1 he appeals to frequ5tly repeat$ exp]im5ts on ! refractions & reflections ( light :i* he _h exhibit$ ?irty ye>s be=e to ,sir ,k5elm ,digby1 8:o took notes ^u !m20 & he unblu%+ly /ates1 t1 if ,newton _h us$ ! same indu/ry z he did1 he w\ld nev] h 8tak5 s impossible a task 9 h&1 z to expla9 ! diff]5ce betwe5 ! l5g? & bread? ( ! spectrum by ! receiv$ laws ( refraction40 ,:5 ?is lett] 0 %[n to ,newton1 he refus$ to answ] x2 b a lett] 0 s5t to ,l9us ref]r+ him to ! answ] to ,p>dies1 & assur+ him t ! exp]im5ts on ! spectrum 7 made :5 !re 0 no bright cl\d 9 ! heav5s4 ,?is reply1 h[ev]1 did n satisfy ! ,dut* exp]im5tali/4 ,on ! #be? ,febru>y1 #afge1 he address$ ano!r lett] to 8 fri5d1 9 :i* he gravely attempts to prove t ! exp]im5t ( ,newton 0 n made 9 a cle> day2--t ! prism 0 n close to ! hole1--& t ! l5g? ( ! spectrum 0 n p]p5dicul>1 or p>allel to ! l5g? ( ! prism4 ,su* ass]tions c\ld n b irritate ev5 ! pati5t m9d ( ,newton4 ,he m ?an once decl9$ ! e>ne/ reque/ ( ,old5burg to answ] ^! obs]vations2 he /at$1 t1 z ! dispute ref]r$ to matt]s ( fact1 x c\ld only be decid$ be=e compet5t witnesses1 & he ref]r$ to ! te/imony ( ^? :o _h se5 8 exp]im5ts4 ,! entreaties ( ,old5burg1 h[ev]1 prevail$ ov] 8 own bett] judgm5t1 &1 8le/ ,mr4 ,l9us %\ld make ! m /ir10 ?is great man 0 compell$ to draw up a long & explanatory reply to reason+s utt]ly contemptible1 & to ass]tions altoge!r unf\nd$4 ,?is answ]1 dat$ ,novemb] #ac?1 #afge1 c\ld sc>cely h be5 p]us$ by ,l9us1 :o 0 dead on ! #ae? ,decemb]1 :5 8 pupil ,mr4 ,gascoigne1 took up ! gauntlet1 & decl>$ t ,l9us _h %[n to v>i\s p]sons 9 ,liege ! exp]im5t :i* prov$ ! spectrum to be circul>1 & t ,sir ,isaac c\ld n be m confid5t on 8 side ?an !y 7 on ! o!r4 ,he admitt$1 h[ev]1 t ! diff]5t results might arise f diff]5t ways ( plac+ ! prism4 ,pleas$ ) ! 8h&some g5ius ( ,mr4 ,gascoigne's lett]10 ,newton repli$ ev5 to x1 & sugge/$ t ! spectrum se5 by ,l9us may h be5 ! circul> "o1 =m$ by "o reflexion1 or1 :at he ?\ght m probable1 ! circul> "o =m$ by two refractions1 & "o int]v5+ reflection f ! base ( ! prism1 :i* w\ld be col\r$ if ! prism 0 n an isosceles "o4 ,?is sugge/ion seems to h enlight5$ ! ,dut* philosoph]s4 ,mr4 ,gascoigne1 hav+ no conv5i5ces = mak+ ! exp]im5ts po9t$ out by ,newton1 reque/$ ,mr4 ,lucas ( ,liege to p]=m !m 9 8 own h\se4 ,?is +5i\s individual1 ^: pap] gave great satisfaction to ,newton1 & des]ves ! highe/ praise1 confirm$ ! lead+ results ( ! ,engli% philosoph]2 b ?\gh ! refract+ angle ( 8 prism 0 #fj & ! refractions equal1 he nev] c\ld obta9 a spectrum ^: l5g? 0 m ?an f ?ree to ?ree & a half times its bread?1 :ile ,newton f\nd ! l5g? to be five times its bread?4 ,9 our au?or's reply1 he directs 8 att5tion pr9cipally to ?is po9t ( diff]5ce4 ,he repeat$ 8 measures ) ea* ( ! ?ree angles ( ?ree diff]5t prisms1 & he affirm$ t ,mr4 ,lucas might make sure to f9d ! image z long or long] ?an he _h yet done1 by tak+ a prism ) pla9 surfaces1 & ) an angle ( #ff or #fg4 ,he admitt$ t ! smallness ( ! angle 9 ,mr4 ,lucas's prism1 viz4 #fj1 did n acc\nt = ! %ortness ( ! spectrum :i* he obta9$ ) x2 & he obs]v$ 9 "o ( 8 own prisms t ! l5g? ( ! image 0 great] 9 proportion to ! refract+ angle ?an x %\ld h be52 an effect :i* he ascribes to its hav+ a great] refractive p[]4 ,!re is e reason to believe t ! prism ( ,lucas _h actually a less disp]sive p[] ?an t ( ,newton2 & _h ! ,dut* philosoph] measur$ its refractive p[] in/ead ( guess+ x1 or _h ,newton be5 less confid5t ?an he 0#ad t all o!r prisms mu/ give a spectrum ( ! same l5g? z 8 9 relation to its refract+ angle & its index ( refraction1 ! inv5tion ( ! a*romatic telescope w\ld h be5 ! necess>y result4 ,! objections ( ,lucas drove our au?or to exp]im5ts :i* he _h nev] be=e made1--to measure accurately ! l5g?s ( ! spectra ) diff]5t prisms ( diff]5t angles & diff]5t refractive p[]s2 & _h ! ,dut* philosoph] ma9ta9$ 8 position ) m ob/9acy1 he w\ld h conf]r$ a di/+ui%$ fav\r ^u sci5ce1 & w\ld h rew>d$ ,newton = all ! vexation :i* _h sprung f ! m9ute discussion ( 8 optical exp]im5ts4 ,su* 0 ! t]m9ation ( 8 disputes ) ! ,dut* philosoph]s1 & x c sc>cely be d\bt$ t x co/ him m tr\ble to detect ! orig9 ( 8 adv]s>ies' blund]s1 ?an to e/abli% ! great tru?s :i* !y _h attempt$ to ov]turn4 ,h>ass+ z su* a controv]sy mu/ h be5 to a philosoph] l ,newton1 yet x did n t\* ^? deep-seat$ feel+s :i* *>act]ize ! noble & g5]\s m9d4 ,no rival jeal\sy yet po9t$ ! argum5ts ( 8 oppon5ts2--no *>ges ( plagi>ism 7 yet direct$ aga9/ 8 p]sonal "*4 ,^! aggravations ( sci5tific controv]sy1 h[ev]1 he 0 de/9$ to endure2 & 9 ! dispute :i* he 0 call$ to ma9ta9 bo? aga9/ ,hooke & ,huyg5s1 ! agreeable consci\sness ( grappl+ ) m5 ( k9dr$ p[]s 0 pa9fully imbitt]$ by ! p]sonality & jeal\sy ) :i* x 0 conduct$4 ,dr4 ,rob]t ,hooke 0 ab\t sev5 ye>s old] ?an ,newton1 & 0 "o ( ! n9ety-eight orig9al or unelect$ memb]s ( ! ,royal ,society4 ,he possess$ great v]satility ( tal5t1 yet1 ?\gh 8 g5ius 0 ( ! mo/ orig9al ca/1 & 8 acquirem5ts ext5sive1 he _h n devot$ himself ) fix$ purpose to any p>ticul> bran* ( k4 ,8 num]\s & +5i\s inv5tions1 ( :i* x is impossible to speak too highly1 gave to 8 /udies a practical turn :i* unfitt$ him = t cont9u\s lab\r :i* physical rese>*es s imp]i\sly dem&4 ,! subjects ( light1 h[ev]1 & ( gravitation seem to h deeply occupi$ 8 ?\ghts be=e ,newton appe>$ 9 ! same field1 & !re c be no d\bt t he _h made consid]able progress 9 bo? ( ^! inquiries4 ,) a m9d less div]g5t 9 its pursuits1 & m end[$ ) pati5ce ( ?\ght1 he might h unveil$ ! my/]ies 9 :i* bo? ^! subjects 7 envelop$1 & preoccupi$ ! intellectual ?rone :i* 0 de/9$ = 8 rival2 b ! infirm /ate ( 8 heal?1 ! peevi%ness ( temp] :i* ?is occasion$1 ! numb] ( unf9i%$ inv5tions f :i* he look$ bo? = =tune & fame1 &1 above all1 8 inord9ate love ( reputation1 di/ract$ & broke d[n ! en]gies ( 8 p[]ful intellect4 ,9 ! m matur$ inquiries ( 8 rivals he recognis$1 & (t5 truly1 8 own incomplet$ speculations2 & :5 he saw o!rs reap+ ! h>ve/ = :i* he _h prep>$ ! gr\nd1 & ( :i* he _h s[n ! se$s1 x 0 n easy to suppress ! mortification :i* _! success inspir$4 ,9 ! hi/ory ( sci5ce1 x has always be5 a difficult task to adju/ ! rival claims ( competitors1 :5 ! "o 0 all[$ to h complet$ :at ! o!r 0 ackn[l$g$ to h begun4 ,he :o comm5ces an inquiry1 & publi%es 8 results1 (t5 goes mu* f>!r ?an he has ann\nc$ to ! _w1 &1 pu%+ 8 speculations into ! v he>t ( ! subject1 frequ5tly submits !m to ! e> ( fri5d%ip4 ,f ! p$e/al ( 8 publi%$ lab\rs 8 rival beg9s 8 rese>*es1 & br+s !m to a successful issue2 :ile he has 9 reality done no?+ m ?an complete & demon/rate ! imp]fect speculations ( 8 pr$ecessor4 ,to ! _w1 & to himself1 he is no d\bt 9 ! position ( ! pr9cipal discov]]3 b !re is /ill "s apology = 8 rival :5 he br+s =w>d 8 unpubli%$ lab\rs2 & "s excuse = ! ex]cise ( p]sonal feel+1 :5 he measures ! spe$ ( 8 rival by 8 own proximity to ! goal4 ,! conduct ( ,dr4 ,hooke w\ld h be5 view$ ) "s su* feel+1 _h n 8 arrogance on o!r occasions *eck$ ! natural curr5t ( our sympa?y4 ,:5 ,newton pres5t$ 8 reflect+ telescope to ! ,royal ,society1 ,dr4 ,hooke n only criticis$ ! in/rum5t ) undue sev]ity1 b ann\nc$ t he possess$ an infallible me?od ( p]fect+ all k9ds ( optical in/rum5ts1 s t 8:atev] almo/ ha? be5 9 notion & imag9ation1 or desir$ 9 optics1 may be p]=m$ ) great facility & tru?40 ,hooke _h be5 /rongly impress$ ) ! belief1 t light consi/$ 9 ! undulations ( a highly ela/ic m$ium p]vad+ all bodies2 &1 guid$ by 8 exp]im5tal inve/igation ( ! ph5om5a ( diffraction1 he _h ev5 ann\nc$ ! great pr9ciple ( int]f]5ce1 :i* has p]=m$ su* an important "p 9 mod]n sci5ce4 ,reg>d+ himself1 !re=e1 z 9 possession ( ! true !ory ( light1 he exam9$ ! discov]ies ( ,newton 9 _! relation to 8 own speculative views1 &1 f9d+ t _! au?or 0 dispos$ to consid] t elem5t z consi/+ ( mat]ial p>ticles1 he did n scruple to reject doctr9es :i* he believ$ to be incompatible ) tru?4 ,dr4 ,hooke 0 too accurate an obs]v] n to admit ! g5]al correctness ( ,newton's obs]vations4 ,he all[$ ! exi/5ce ( diff]5t refractions1 ! un*angeabl5ess ( ! simple col\rs1 & ! production ( :ite light by ! union ( all ! col\rs ( ! spectrum2 b he ma9ta9$ t ! diff]5t refractions arose f ! splitt+ & r>efy+ ( e!real pulses1 & t !re are only two col\rs 9 nature1 viz4 r$ & violet1 :i* produce by _! mixture all ! re/1 & :i* are !mselves =m$ by ! two sides ( a split pulse or undulation4 ,9 reply to ^! obs]vations1 ,newton wrote an able lett] to ,old5burg1 dat$ ,june #aa1 #afgb1 9 :i* he exam9$ ) great boldness & =ce ( argum5t ! v>i\s objections ( 8 oppon5t1 & ma9ta9$ ! tru? ( 8 doctr9e ( col\rs1 z indep5d5t ( ! two hypo!ses respect+ ! orig9 & production ( light4 ,he ackn[l$g$ 8 own p>tiality to ! doctr9e ( ! mat]iality ( light2 he po9t$ out ! defects ( ! undulatory !ory2 he br\ght =w>d new exp]im5ts 9 confirmation ( 8 =m] results2 & he refut$ ! op9ions ( ,hooke respect+ ! exi/5ce ( only two simple col\rs4 ,no reply 0 made to ! p[]ful argum5ts ( ,newton2 & ,hooke cont5t$ himself ) lay+ be=e ! ,society 8 curi\s obs]vations on ! col\rs ( soap-bubbles1 & ( plates ( air1 & 9 pursu+ 8 exp]im5ts on ! diffraction ( light1 :i*1 aft] an int]val ( two ye>s1 he laid be=e ! same body4 ,aft] he _h ?us sil5c$ ! mo/ p[]ful ( 8 adv]s>ies1 ,newton 0 aga9 call$ ^u to def5d himself aga9/ a new enemy4 ,*ri/ian ,huyg5s1 an em95t ma!matician & natural philosoph]1 :o1 l ,hooke1 _h ma9ta9$ ! undulatory !ory ( light1 transmitt$ to ,old5burg v>i\s animadv]sions on ! ,newtonian doctr9e2 b ?\gh 8 k ( optics 0 ( ! mo/ ext5sive k9d1 yet 8 objections 7 ne>ly z gr\ndless z ^? ( 8 less enlight5$ c\ntryman4 ,atta*$ to 8 own hypo!sis respect+ ! nature ( light1 namely1 to ! sy/em ( undulation1 he seems1 l ,dr4 ,hooke1 to h reg>d$ ! discov]ies ( ,newton z calculat$ to ov]turn x2 b 8 pr9cipal objections relat$ to ! composition ( col\rs1 & p>ticul>ly ( :ite light1 :i* he alleg$ c\ld be obta9$ f ! union ( two col\rs1 yell[ & blue4 ,to & simil> objections1 ,newton repli$ t ! col\rs 9 "q 7 n simple yell[s & blues1 b 7 comp\nd col\rs1 9 :i*1 toge!r1 all ! col\rs ( ! spectrum 7 !mselves bl5d$2 & ?\gh he ev9c$ "s /rong traces ( feel+ at be+ aga9 put ^u 8 def5ce1 yet 8 high respect = ,huyg5s induc$ him to ent] ) pati5ce on a fre% developm5t ( 8 doctr9e4 ,huyg5s felt ! repro( :i* ! tone ( ?is answ] s g5tly convey$1 & 9 writ+ to ,old5burg1 he us$ ! expression1 t ,mr4 ,newton 8ma9ta9$ 8 doctr9e ) "s conc]n40 ,to ?is our au?or repli$1 8,z = ,mr4 ,huyg5s's expression1 ,i confess x 0 a little ungrateful to me1 to meet ) objections :i* _h be5 answ]$ be=e1 )\t hav+ ! lea/ reason giv5 me :y ^? answ]s 7 insuffici5t40 ,b ?\gh ,huyg5s appe>s 9 ?is controv]sy z a ra% objector to ! ,newtonian doctr9e1 x 0 aft]w>d ! fate ( ,newton to play a simil> "p aga9/ ! ,dut* philosoph]4 ,:5 ,huyg5s publi%$ 8 beautiful law ( d\ble refraction 9 ,icel& sp>1 f\nd$ on ! f9e/ exp]im5tal analysis ( ! ph5om5a1 ?\gh pres5t$ z a result ( ! undulatory sy/em1 ,newton n only reject$ x1 b sub/itut$ = x ano!r law entirely inconsi/5t ) ! exp]im5ts ( ,huyg5s1 :i* ,newton himself _h prais$1 & ) ^? ( all succe$+ philosoph]s4 ,! influ5ce ( ^! controv]sies on ! m9d ( ,newton seems to h be5 highly excit+4 ,ev5 ! satisfaction ( humbl+ all 8 antagoni/s he did n feel z a suffici5t comp5sation = ! di/urbance ( 8 tranquillity4 8,i int5d10 says he1#ae 8to be no f>!r solicit\s ab\t matt]s ( philosophy4 ,& !re=e ,i hope y w n take x ill if y f9d me nev] do+ any ?+ m 9 t k9d2 or r t y w fav\r me 9 my det]m9ation1 by prev5t+1 s f> z y c conv5i5tly1 any objections or o!r philosophical lett]s t may conc]n me40 ,9 a subsequ5t lett] 9 #afge1 he says1 8,i _h "s ?\ghts ( writ+ a fur!r disc\rse ab\t col\rs1 to be read at "o ( y\r assemblies2 b f9d x yet aga9/ ! gra9 to put p5 to pap] any m on t subject20 & 9 a lett] to ,leibnitz1 dat$ ,decemb] ! #i?1 #afge1 he obs]ves1 8,i 0 s p]secut$ ) discussions aris+ f ! publication ( my !ory ( light1 t ,i blam$ my own imprud5ce = p>t+ ) s sub/antial a bless+ z my quiet to run aft] a %ad[40 ,,*apt] ,v4 ,mi/ake ( ,newton 9 suppos+ t ! ,improvem5t ( ,refract+ ,telescopes 0 hopeless--,mr4 ,hall inv5ts ! ,a*romatic ,telescope-- ,pr9ciples ( ! ,a*romatic ,telescope expla9$--,x is re-inv5t$ by ,dollond1 & improv$ by future ,arti/s--,dr4 ,blair's ,aplanatic ,telescope--,mi/akes 9 ,newton's ,analysis ( ! ,spectrum--,mod]n ,discov]ies respect+ ! ,/ructure ( ! ,spectrum4 ,! new doctr9es ( ! composition ( light1 & ( ! diff]5t refrangibility ( ! rays :i* compose x1 hav+ be5 ?us e/abli%$ ^u an impregnable basis1 x w be int]e/+ to take a g5]al view ( ! *anges :i* !y h und]gone s9ce ! "t ( ,newton1 & ( _! influ5ce on ! progress ( optical discov]y4 ,!re is no fact 9 ! hi/ory ( sci5ce m s+ul> ?an t ,newton %\ld h believ$ t all bodies produc$ spectra ( equal l5g?1 or sep>at$ ! r$ & violet rays to equal di/ances :5 ! refraction ( ! mean rays 0 ! same4 ,?is op9ion1 unsupport$ by exp]im5ts1 & n ev5 sanction$ by any !oretical views1 seems to h be5 impress$ ^u 8 m9d ) all ! =ce ( an axiom4#af ,ev5 ! %ortness ( ! spectrum obs]v$ by ,lucas did n r\se him to fur!r inquiry2 & :51 "u ! influ5ce ( ?is bl9d conviction he pron\nc$ ! improvem5t ( ! refract+ telescope to be desp]ate1 he *eck$ = a long "t ! progress ( ?is bran* ( sci5ce1 & furni%$ to future philosoph]s a lesson :i* _c be too deeply /udi$4 ,9 #agbi1 ab\t two ye>s aft] ! dea? ( ,sir ,isaac1 an individual unkn[n to sci5ce broke ! spell 9 :i* ! subject ( ! spectrum _h be5 s s+ul>ly b\nd4 ,mr4 ,*e/] ,m ,hall1 ( ,m ,hall 9 ,essex1 :ile /udy+ ! me*anism ( ! human eye1 0 l$ to suppose t telescopes might be improv$ by a comb9ation ( l5ses ( diff]5t refractive p[]s1 & he actually complet$ sev]al object-glasses ^u ?is pr9ciple4 ,! /eps by :i* he arriv$ at su* a con/ruction h n be5 record$2 b x is obvi\s t he mu/ h discov]$ :at escap$ ! sagacity ( ,newton1 t prisms made ( diff]5t k9ds ( glass produc$ diff]5t degrees ( sep>ation ( ! r$ & violet rays1 or gave spectra ( diff]5t l5g?s :5 ! refraction ( ! middle ray ( ! spectrum 0 ! same4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #f4 ,9 ord] to expla9 h[ su* a prop]ty l$ him to ! con/ruction ( a telescope )\t col\r1 or an a*romatic telescope1 let u take a l5s ,,ll ( cr[n or plate glass1 ^: focal l5g? ,,ly is ab\t twelve in*es4 ,:5 ! sun's rays ,,sl1 ,,sl fall ^u x1 ! r$ w be refract$ to ,r1 ! yell[ to ,y1 & ! violet to ,v4 ,if we n[ place beh9d x a concave l5s ll ( ! same glass1 & ( ! same focus or curvature1 x w be f\nd1 bo? by exp]im5t & by draw+ ! refract$ rays1 accord+ to ! rules giv5 9 elem5t>y works1 t ! concave glass ll w refract ! rays ,,lr1 ,,lr into ,,ls1 ,,ls1 & ! rays ,,lv1 ,,lv into ,,ls1 ,,ls free ( all col\r2 b z ^! rays w be p>allel1 ! two l5ses w n h a focus1 & consequ5tly _c =m an image s z to be us$ z ! object-glass ( a telescope4 ,?is is obvi\s f ano!r consid]ation2 = s9ce ! curvatures ( ! convex & concave l5ses are ! same1 ! two put toge!r w be exactly ! same z if !y 7 =m$ out ( a s+le piece ( glass1 hav+ p>allel surfaces l a wat*-glass1 s t ! p>allel rays ( light ,,sl1 ,,sl w pass on 9 ! same direction ,,ls1 ,,ls affect$ by equal & opposite refractions z 9 a piece ( plane glass4 ,n[1 s9ce ! convex l5s ,,ll sep>at$ ! :ite light ,,sl1 ,,sl into its compon5t col\r$ rays1 ,,lv1 ,,lv be+ ! extreme violet1 & ,,lr1 ,,lr ! extreme r$2 x foll[s t a simil> concave l5s ( ! same glass is capable ( unit+ into :ite light ,,ls1 ,,ls rays1 z mu* sep>at$ z ,,lv1 ,,lr are4 ,consequ5tly1 if we take a concave l5s ll ( ! same1 or ( a great] refractive p[] ?an ! convex "o1 & hav+ ! p[] ( unit+ rays f>!r sep>at$ ?an ,,lv1 ,,lr are1 a less concavity 9 ! l5s ll w be suffici5t to unite ! rays ,,lv1 ,,lr into a :ite ray ,,ls2 b z ! l5s ll is n[ less concave ?an ! l5s ,,ll is convex1 ! concavity w pr$om9ate1 & ! uncol\r$ rays ,,ls1 ,,ls w no long] be p>allel1 b w conv]ge to "s po9t ,o1 :]e !y w =m a col\rless or a*romatic image ( ! sun4 ,! effect n[ describ$ may be obta9$ by mak+ ! convex l5s ,,ll ( cr[n or ( plate glass1 & ! concave "o ( fl9t glass1 or t ( :i* w9eglasses are made4 ,if ! concave l5s ll has a great] refractive p[] ?an ,,ll1 :i* is always ! case1 ! only effect ( x w be to make ! rays conv]ge to a focus m remote ?an ,o1 or to r5d] a less curvature necess>y 9 ll1 if ,o is fix$ = ! focus ( ! comb9$ l5ses4 ,su* is ! pr9ciple ( ! a*romatic telescope z con/ruct$ by ,mr4 ,hall4 ,?is +5i\s individual employ$ work+ opticians to gr9d 8 l5ses1 & he furni%$ !m ) ! radii ( ! surfaces1 :i* 7 adju/$ to correct ! ab]ration ( figure z well z ( col\r4 ,8 inv5tion1 !re=e1 0 n an accid5tal comb9ation ( a convex & a concave l5s ( diff]5t k9ds ( glass1 :i* might h be5 made m]ely = exp]im5t2 b x 0 a complete a*romatic telescope1 f\nd$ on a ?or\gh k ( ! diff]5t disp]sive p[]s ( cr[n & fl9t glass4 ,x is a curi\s circum/ance1 h[ev]1 9 ! hi/ory ( ! telescope1 t ?is inv5tion 0 actually lo/4 ,mr4 ,hall nev] publi%$ any acc\nt ( 8 lab\rs1 & x is probable t he kept !m secret till he %\ld be able to pres5t 8 in/rum5t to ! public 9 a m p]fect =m2 & x 0 n till ,john ,dollond _h discov]$ ! prop]ty ( light ^u :i* ! in/rum5t dep5ds1 & _h actually con/ruct$ _m f9e telescopes1 t ! previ\s lab\rs ( ,mr4 ,hall 7 laid be=e ! public4#ag ,f ?is p]iod ! a*romatic telescope und]w5t gradual improvem5t1 & by ! successive lab\rs ( ,dollond1 ,ramsd51 ,blair1 ,tulley1 ,gu9&1 ,l]eb\rs1 & ,fraunh(]1 x has become "o ( ! mo/ valuable in/rum5ts 9 physical sci5ce4 ,al?\gh ! a*romatic telescope1 z con/ruct$ by ,dollond1 0 f\nd$ on ! pr9ciple t ! spectra =m$ by cr[n & fl9t glass diff]$ only 9 _! relative l5g?s1 :5 ! refraction ( ! mean ray 0 ! same1 yet by a m m9ute exam9ation ( ! be/ in/rum5ts1 x 0 f\nd t !y exhibit$ :ite or lum9\s objects t+$ on "o side ) a gre5 fr+e1 & on ! o!r ) "o ( a cl>et col\r4 ,^! col\rs1 :i* did n arise f any defect ( skill 9 ! arti/1 7 f\nd to arise f a diff]5ce 9 ! ext5t ( ! col\r$ spaces 9 two equal spectra =m$ by cr[n & by fl9t glass4 ,?is prop]ty 0 call$ ! irrationality ( ! col\r$ spaces1 & ! uncorrect$ col\rs :i* rema9$ :5 ! prim>y spectrum ( ! cr[n glass 0 correct$ by ! prim>y spectrum ( ! fl9t glass 7 call$ ! second>y or residual spectrum4 ,by a happy contrivance1 :i* x w\ld be out ( place "h to describe1 ,dr4 ,blair succe$$ 9 correct+ ?is second>y spectrum1 or 9 remov+ ! gre5 & cl>et-col\r$ fr+es :i* appe>$ 9 ! be/ telescopes1 & to ?is contrivance he gave ! "n ( ! ,aplanatic ,telescope4 ,b :ile ,newton ?us ov]look$ ^! rem>kable prop]ties ( ! prismatic spectrum1 z =m$ by diff]5t bodies1 he committ$ "s consid]able mi/akes 9 8 exam9ation ( ! spectrum :i* 0 "u 8 own imm$iate exam9ation4 ,x does n seem to h occurr$ to him t ! relations ( ! col\r$ spaces mu/ be greatly modifi$ by ! angul> magnitude ( ! sun or ! lum9\s body1 or ap]ture f :i* ! spectrum is obta9$2 & misl$ by an app>5t analogy betwe5 ! l5g? ( ! col\r$ spaces & ! divisions ( a musical *ord1#ah he adopt$ ! latt]1 z repres5t+ ! proportion ( ! col\r$ spaces 9 e beam ( :ite light4 ,_h two o!r obs]v]s1 "o situat$ 9 ,m]cury1 & ! o!r 9 ,jupit]1 /udi$ ! prismatic spectrum ( ! sun by ! same in/rum5ts1 & ) ! same sagacity z ,newton1 x is demon/rable t !y w\ld h obta9$ v diff]5t results4 ,on acc\nt ( ! app>5t magnitude ( ! sun 9 ,m]cury1 ! obs]v] !re w\ld obta9 a spectrum entirely )\t gre51 hav+ r$1 orange1 & yell[ at "o end1 ! :ite 9 ! middle1 & t]m9at$ at ! o!r end ) blue & violet4 ,! obs]v] 9 ,jupit] w\ld1 on ! contr>y1 h obta9$ a spectrum 9 :i* ! col\rs 7 mu* m cond5s$4 ,on ! planet ,saturn a spectrum exactly simil> w\ld h be5 obta9$1 not)/&+ ! great] dim9ution ( ! sun's app>5t diamet]4 ,x may n[ be ask$1 :i* ( all ^! spectra are we to consid] z exhibit+ ! numb]1 & arrangem5t1 & ext5t ( ! col\r$ spaces prop] to be adopt$ z ! true analysis ( a sol> ray4 ,! spectrum obs]v$ by ,newton has surely no claim to our notice1 m]ely because x 0 obs]v$ ^u ! surface ( ! e>?4 ,! spectrum obta9$ 9 ,m]cury af=ds no analysis at all ( ! incid5t beam1 ! col\rs be+ almo/ all comp\nd1 & n homog5e\s1 & t ( ,newton is liable to ! same objection4 ,_h ,newton exam9$ 8 spectrum "u ! v same circum/ances 9 w9t] & 9 summ]1 he w\ld h f\nd ! analysis ( ! beam m complete 9 summ]1 on acc\nt ( ! dim9ution ( ! sun's diamet]2 &1 !re=e1 we are entitl$ to say t nei!r ! numb] nor ! ext5t ( ! col\r$ spaces1 z giv5 by ,newton1 are ^? :i* belong to homog5e\s & uncomp\nd$ light4 ,! spectrum obta9$ 9 ,jupit] & ,saturn is ! only "o :]e ! analysis is complete1 z x is incapable ( hav+ its "* alt]$ by any f>!r dim9ution ( ! sun's diamet]4 ,h5ce we are =c$ to conclude1 n only t ! numb] & ext5t ( ! primitive homog5e\s col\rs1 z giv5 by ,newton1 are incorrect2 b t if he _h attempt$ to analyze "s ( ! primitive t9ts 9 ! spectrum1 he w\ld h f\nd !m decid$ly compos$ ( het]og5e\s rays4 ,!re is "o consequ5ce ( ^! obs]vations :i* is some:at int]e/+4 ,a ra9b[ =m$ 9 summ]1 :5 ! sun's diamet] is lea/1 mu/ h its col\rs m cond5s$ & homog5e\s ?an 9 w9t]1 :5 ! size ( its disk is a maximum1 & :5 ! upp] or ! "u limb ( ! sun is eclips$1 a ra9b[ =m$ at t "t w lose entirely ! yell[ rays1 & h ! gre5 & ! r$ 9 p]fect contact4 ,= ! same reason1 a ra9b[ =m$ 9 ,v5us & ,m]cury w be de/itute ( gre5 rays1 & h a brilliant b[ ( :ite light sep>at+ two col\r$ ar*es2 :ile 9 ,m>s1 ,jupit]1 ,saturn1 & ! ,georgian planet1 ! b[ w exhibit only f\r homog5e\s col\rs4 ,f 8 analysis ( ! sol> spectrum1 ,newton conclud$1 8t to ! same degree ( refrangibility ev] belong$ ! same col\r1 & to ! same col\r ev] belong$ ! same degree ( refrangibility20 & h5ce he inf]r$1 t r$1 orange1 yell[1 gre51 blue1 indigo1 & violet 7 prim>y & simple col\rs4 ,he admitt$1 inde$1 t 8! same col\rs 9 specie ) ^! prim>y ones may be also produc$ by composition4 ,= a mixture ( yell[ & blue makes gre51 & ( r$ & yell[ makes orange20 b su* comp\nd col\rs 7 easily di/+ui%$ f ! simple col\rs ( ! spectrum by ! circum/ance1 t !y are always capable ( be+ resolv$ by ! action ( ! prism into ! two col\rs :i* compose !m4 ,?is view ( ! composition ( ! spectrum might h long rema9$ un*all5g$1 _h we n be5 able to apply to x a new mode ( analysis4 ,?\gh we _c sep>ate ! gre5 rays ( ! spectrum into yell[ & blue by ! refraction ( prisms1 yet if we possess$ any sub/ance :i* _h a specific attraction = blue rays1 & :i* /opp$ !m 9 _! c\rse1 & all[$ ! yell[ rays to pass1 we %\ld ?us analyze ! gre5 z effectually z if !y 7 sep>at$ by refraction4 ,! sub/ance :i* possesses ?is prop]ty is a purpli% blue glass1 simil> to t ( :i* f+]-glasses are made4 ,:5 we view ?r\gh a piece ( ?is glass1 ab\t ! tw5tie? ( an in* ?ick1 a brilliant prismatic spectrum1 we f9d t x has ex]cis$ a mo/ extraord9>y absorptive action on ! diff]5t col\rs :i* compose x4 ,! r$ "p ( ! spectrum is divid$ into two r$ spaces1 sep>at$ by an int]val entirely devoid ( light4 ,next to ! inn] r$ space comes a space ( bright yell[1 sep>at$ f ! r$ by a visible int]val4 ,aft] ! yell[ comes ! gre51 ) an obscure space betwe5 !m1 !n foll[s ! blue & ! violet1 ! la/ ( :i* has suff]$ little or no dim9ution4 ,n[ x is v obvi\s1 t 9 ?is exp]im5t1 ! blue glass has actually absorb$ ! r$ rays1 :i*1 :5 mix$ ) ! yell[ on "o side1 con/itut$ orange1 & ! blue rays1 :i*1 :5 mix$ ) ! yell[ on ! o!r side1 con/itut$ gre51 s t ! insulation ( ! yell[ rays ?us effect$1 & ! disappe>ance ( ! orange1 & ( ! great] "p ( ! gre5 light1 proves beyond a d\bt t ! orange & gre5 col\rs 9 ! spectrum are comp\nd col\rs1 ! =m] consi/+ ( r$ & yell[ rays1 & ! latt] ( yell[ & blue rays ( ! v same refrangibility4 ,if we comp>e ! two r$ spaces ( ! spectrum se5 ?r\gh ! blue glass ) ! r$ space se5 )\t ! blue glass1 x w be obvi\s t ! r$ has exp]i5c$ su* an alt]ation 9 its t9t by ! action ( ! blue glass1 z w\ld be effect$ by ! absorption ( a small portion ( yell[ rays2 & h5ce we conclude1 t ! r$ ( ! spectrum conta9s a slight t+e ( yell[1 & t ! yell[ space ext5ds ov] m ?an "o-half ( ! spectrum1 includ+ ! r$1 orange1 yell[1 gre51 & blue spaces4 ,i h f\nd also t r$ light exi/s 9 ! yell[ space1 & x is c]ta9 t 9 ! violet space r$ light exi/s 9 a /ate ( comb9ation ) ! blue rays4 ,f ^! & o!r facts :i* x w\ld be out ( place "h to expla91 ,i conclude t ! prismatic spectrum consi/s ( ?ree diff]5t spectra1 viz4 r$1 yell[1 & blue1 all hav+ ! same l5g?1 & all ov]lapp+ ea* o!r4 ,h5ce r$1 yell[1 & blue rays ( ! v same refrangibility coexi/ at e po9t ( ! spectrum2 b ! col\r at any "o po9t w be t ( ! pr$om9ant ray1 & w dep5d ^u ! relative di/ance ( ! po9t f ! maximum ord9ate ( ! curve :i* repres5ts ! int5sity ( ! light ( ea* ( ! ?ree spectra4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #g4 ,?is /ructure ( ! spectrum1 :i* h>monizes ) ! old hypo!sis ( ?ree simple col\rs1 w be und]/ood f ! annex$ diagram1 :]e ,,mn is ! spectrum ( sev5 col\rs1 all comp\nd$ ( ! ?ree simple ones1 r$1 yell[1 & blue4 ,! ord9ates ( ! curves ,r1 ,y1 & ,b w express ! int5sities ( ea* col\r at diff]5t po9ts ( ! spectrum4 ,at ! r$ extremity ,m ( ! spectrum1 ! pure r$ is sc>cely alt]$ by ! v slight int]mixture ( yell[ & blue4 ,f>!r on 9 ! r$ space1 ! yell[ beg9s to make ! r$ incl9e to sc>let4 ,x !n exi/s 9 suffici5t quantity to =m orange1 &1 z ! r$ decl9es1 ! yell[ pr$om9ates ov] ! feeble portion ( r$ & blue :i* are mix$ ) x4 ,z ! yell[ decreases 9 int5sity1 ! increas+ blue =ms ) x a good gre51 & ! blue ris+ to its maximum spe$ily ov]p[]s ! small portion ( yell[ & r$4 ,:5 ! blue becomes v fa9t1 ! r$ exhibits its influ5ce 9 conv]t+ x into violet1 & ! yell[ ceases to ex]cise a m>k$ influ5ce on ! t9t4 ,! influ5ce ( ! r$ ov] ! blue space is sc>cely p]ceptible1 on acc\nt ( ! great int5sity ( ! blue light2 b we may easily conceive x to reappe> & =m ! violet light1 n only f ! rapid decl9e ( ! blue light1 b f ! great] influ5ce ( ! r$ rays ^u ! ret9a4 ,^! views may1 p]haps1 be m cle>ly und]/ood by suppos+ t a c]ta9 portion ( :ite light is actually =m$ at e po9t ( ! spectrum by ! union ( ! requisite numb] ( ! ?ree col\r$ rays t exi/ at any po9t4 ,! :ite light ?us =m$ w add to ! brilliancy )\t affect+ ! t9t ( ! pr$om9ant col\r4 ,9 ! violet space we may conceive ! small portion ( yell[ :i* exi/s !re to =m :ite light ) a "p ( ! blue & a "p ( ! r$1 s t ! result+ t9t w be violet1 compos$ ( ! blue & ! small rema9+ portion ( r$1 mix$ ) ! :ite light4 ,?is :ite light w possess ! rem>kable prop]ty ( n be+ susceptible ( decomposition by ! analysis ( ! prism1 z x is compos$ ( r$1 yell[1 & blue rays ( ! v same refrangibility4 ,! insulation ( ?is :ite light by ! absorption ( ! pr$om9ant col\rs ,i h effect$ 9 ! gre51 yell[1 & r$ spaces1 & by ! use ( new absorb+ m$ia we may yet hope to exhibit x 9 "s ( ! o!r col\rs1 p>ticul>ly 9 ! brighte/ "p ( ! blue space1 :]e an obvi\s approximation to x takes place4 ,among ! mo/ important mod]n discov]ies respect+ ! spectrum we mu/ enum]ate t ( fix$ d>k & col\r$ l9es1 :i* we owe to ! sagacity ( ,dr4 ,wolla/on & ,m4 ,fraunh(]4 ,two or ?ree ( ^! l9es 7 discov]$ by ,dr4 ,wolla/on1 b ne>ly #fjj h be5 detect$ by means ( ! f9e prisms & ! magnific5t app>atus ( ! ,bav>ian optician4 ,^! l9es are p>allel to "o ano!r1 & p]p5dicul> to ! l5g? ( ! spectrum4 ,! l>ge/ occupy a space f #e to #aj 9 bread?4 ,sometimes !y occur 9 well-def9$ l9es1 & at o!r times 9 gr\ps2 & 9 all spectra =m$ f sol> light1 !y pres]ve ! same ord] & int5sity1 & ! same relative position to ! col\r$ spaces1 :atev] be ! nature ( ! prism by :i* !y are produc$4 ,h5ce ^! l9es are fix$ po9ts1 by :i* ! relative disp]sive p[]s ( diff]5t m$ia may be asc]ta9$ ) a degree ( accuracy hi!rto unkn[n 9 ?is bran* ( sci5ce4 ,9 ! light ( ! fix$ />s1 & 9 t ( artificial flames1 a diff]5t sy/em ( l9es is produc$1 & ?is sy/em rema9s unalt]$1 :atev] be ! nature ( ! prism by :i* ! spectrum is =m$4 ,! mo/ important fix$ l9es 9 ! spectrum =m$ by light emitt$ f ! sun1 :e!r x is reflect$ f ! sky1 ! cl\ds1 or ! moon1 may be easily se5 by look+ at a n>r[ slit 9 ! w9d[-%utt] ( a d>k room1 ?r\gh a holl[ prism =m$ ( plates ( p>allel glass1 & fill$ ) any fluid ( a consid]able disp]sive p[]4 ,! slit %\ld n greatly exce$ ! tw5tie? ( an in*1 & ! eye %\ld look ?r\gh ! ?9ne/ edge ( ! prism :]e !re is ! lea/ ?ickness ( fluid4 ,^! l9es ,i h f\nd to be ! b\nd>ies ( spaces )9 :i* ! rays h p>ticul> aff9ities = p>ticul> bodies4 ,,*apt] ,,vi4 ,col\rs ( ?9 ,plates fir/ /udi$ by ,boyle & ,hooke--,newton det]m9es ! ,law ( _! ,production--,8 ,!ory ( ,fits ( ,easy ,reflection & ,transmission--,col\rs ( ?ick ,plates4 ,9 exam9+ ! nature & orig9 ( col\rs z ! compon5t p>ts ( :ite light1 ! att5tion ( ,newton 0 direct$ to ! curi\s subject ( ! col\rs ( ?9 plates1 & to its application to expla9 ! col\rs ( natural bodies4 ,8 e>lie/ rese>*es on ?is subject 7 communicat$1 9 8 ,disc\rse on ,light & ,col\rs1 to ! ,royal ,society1 on ! #i? ,decemb]1 #afge1 & 7 read at subsequ5t meet+s ( t body4 ,?is disc\rse conta9$ full] details respect+ ! composition & decomposition ( light ?an he _h giv5 9 8 lett] to ,old5burg1 & 0 conclud$ ) n9e propositions1 %[+ h[ ! col\rs ( ?9 transp>5t plates /& relat$ to ^? ( all natural bodies4 ,! col\rs ( ?9 plates seem to h be5 fir/ obs]v$ by ,mr4 ,boyle4 ,dr4 ,hooke aft]w>d /udi$ !m ) "s c>e1 & gave a correct acc\nt ( ! lead+ ph5om5a1 z exhibit$ 9 ! col\r$ r+s ^u soap-bubbles1 & betwe5 plates ( glass press$ toge!r4 ,he recognis$ t ! col\r dep5d$ ^u "s c]ta9 ?ickness ( ! transp>5t plate1 b he ackn[l$ges t he _h attempt$ 9 va9 to discov] ! relation betwe5 ! ?ickness ( ! plate & ! col\r :i* x produc$4 ,dr4 ,hooke succe$$ 9 splitt+ a m9]al sub/ance1 call$ mica1 into films ( su* extreme ?9ness z to give brilliant col\rs4 ,"o plate1 = example1 gave a yell[ col\r1 ano!r a blue col\r1 & ! two toge!r a deep purple2 b1 z plates :i* produc$ ^? col\rs 7 always less ?an ! #ab1jjj? "p ( an in* ?ick1 x 0 q impracticable1 by any contrivance yet discov]$1 to measure _! ?ickness1 & det]m9e ! law accord+ to :i* ! col\r v>i$ ) ! ?ickness ( ! film4 ,newton surm\nt$ ?is difficulty by lay+ a d\ble convex l5s1 ! radius ( curvature ( ea* side ( :i* 0 fifty feet1 ^u ! flat surface ( a plano-convex object-glass1 & 9 ?is way he obta9$ a plate ( air or ( space v>y+ f ! ?9ne/ possible edge at ! c5tre ( ! object-glass :]e x t\*$ ! plane surface1 to a consid]able ?ickness at ! circumf]5ce ( ! l5s4 ,:5 light 0 all[$ to fall ^u ! object-glass1 e diff]5t ?ickness ( ! plate ( air betwe5 ! object-glass gave diff]5t col\rs1 s t ! po9t :]e ! two object-glasses t\*$ "o ano!r 0 ! c5tre ( a numb] ( conc5tric col\r$ r+s4 ,n[1 z ! curvature ( ! object-glass 0 kn[n1 x 0 easy to calculate ! ?ickness ( ! plate ( air at :i* any p>ticul> col\r appe>$1 & ?us to det]m9e ! law ( ! ph5om5a4 ,9 ord] to und]/& h[ he proce$$1 let ,,c$ be ! convex surface ( ! "o object-glass1 & ,,aeb ! flat surface ( ! o!r4 ,let !m t\* at ! po9t ,e1 & let homog5e\s r$ rays fall ^u !m1 z %[n 9 ! figure4 ,at ! po9t ( contact ,e1 :]e ! plate ( air is inconceivably ?91 n a s+le ray ( ! p5cil ,,re is reflect$4 ,! light is :olly transmitt$1 &1 consequ5tly1 to an eye above ,e1 !re w appe> at ,e a black spot4 ,at a1 :]e ! plate ( air is ?ick]1 ! r$ light ra is reflect$ 9 ! direction aa1 & z ! air has ! same ?ickness 9 a circle r\nd ! po9t ,e1 ! eye above ,e1 at a1 w see next ! black spot ,e a r+ ( r$ light4 ,at m1 :]e ! ?ickness ( ! air is a little great] ?an at a1 ! light rm is all transmitt$ z at ,e1 & n a s+le ray suff]s reflection1 s t to an eye above ,e at m !re w be se5 )\t ! r$ r+ a a d>k r+ m4 ,9 l mann]1 at great] ?icknesses ( ! plate ( air1 !re is a succession ( r$ & d>k r+s1 dim9i%+ 9 bread? z %[n 9 ! diagram4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #h4 ,:5 ! same exp]im5t 0 repeat$ 9 orange1 yell[1 gre51 blue1 indigo1 & violet light1 ! v same ph5om5on 0 obs]v$2 ) ?is diff]5ce only1 t ! r+s 7 l>ge/ 9 r$ light1 & smalle/ 9 violet light1 & _h int]m$iate magnitudes 9 ! int]m$iate col\rs4 ,if ! obs]v] n[ places 8 eye bel[ ,e1 s z to see ! transmitt$ rays1 he w obs]ve a set ( r+s z be=e1 b !y w h a bright spot 9 _! c5tre at ,e1 & ! lum9\s r+s w n[ correspond ) ^? :i* 7 d>k :5 se5 by reflection1 z w be readily und]/ood f inspect+ ! prec$+ diagram4 ,:5 ! object-glasses are illum9at$ by :ite light1 ! sev5 sy/ems ( r+s1 =m$ by all ! sev5 col\rs :i* compose :ite light1 w n[ be se5 at once4 ,_h ! r+s 9 ea* col\r be5 all ( ! same diamet] !y w\ld all h =m$ brilliant :ite r+s1 sep>at$ by d>k int]vals2 b1 z !y h all diff]5t diamet]s1 !y w ov]lap "o ano!r1 produc+ r+s ( v>i\s col\rs by _! mixture4 ,^! col\rs1 reckon+ f ! c5tre ,e1 are z foll[s3-- #a/ ,ord]4 ,black1 blue1 :ite1 yell[1 orange1 r$4 #b;d ,ord]4 ,violet1 blue1 gre51 yell[1 orange1 r$4 #c;d ,ord]4 ,purple1 blue1 gre51 yell[1 r$1 blui%-r$4 #d? ,ord]4 ,blui%-gre51 gre51 yell[i%-gre51 r$4 #e? ,ord]4 ,gre5i%-blue1 r$4 #f? ,ord]4 ,gre5i%-blue1 r$4 ,by accurate measurem5ts1 ,sir ,isaac f\nd t ! ?icknesses ( air at :i* ! mo/ lum9\s p>ts ( ! fir/ r+s 7 produc$1 7 9 p>ts ( an in* #a_/aghjjj1 #c_/aghjjj1 #e_/aghjjj1 #g_/aghjjj1 #i_/aghjjj1 #aa_/aghjjj4 ,if ! m$ium or ! sub/ance ( ! ?9 plate is wat]1 z 9 ! case ( ! soap-bubble1 :i* produces beautiful col\rs accord+ to its diff]5t degrees ( ?9ness1 ! ?icknesses at :i* ! mo/ lum9\s p>ts ( ! r+s appe> are produc$ at #a_/accf ( ! ?ickness at :i* !y are produc$ 9 air1 & 9 ! case ( glass or mica at #a_/aebe ( t ?ickness2 ! numb]s #a4ccf1 #a4ebe express+ ! ratio ( ! s9es ( ! angles ( incid5ce & refraction 9 ! sub/ances :i* produce ! col\rs4 ,f ! ph5om5a ?us briefly describ$1 ,sir ,isaac ,newton d$uces t +5i\s1 ?\gh hypo!tical1 prop]ty ( light1 call$ its fits ( easy reflection & transmission4 ,?is prop]ty consi/s 9 suppos+ t e p>ticle ( light f its fir/ dis*>ge f a lum9\s body possesses1 at equally di/ant int]vals1 dispositions to be reflect$ f1 & transmitt$ ?r\gh1 ! surfaces ( bodies ^u :i* x is incid5t4 ,h5ce1 if a p>ticle ( light rea*es a reflect+ surface ( glass :5 x is 9 its fit ( reflection1 or 9 its disposition to be reflect$1 x w yield m readily to ! reflect+ =ce ( ! surface2 &1 on ! contr>y1 if x rea*es ! same surface :ile 9 a fit ( easy transmission1 or 9 a disposition to be transmitt$1 x w yield ) m difficulty to ! reflect+ =ce4 ,sir ,isaac has n v5tur$ to inquire into ! cause ( ?is prop]ty2 b we may =m a v intelligible idea ( x by suppos+1 t ! p>ticles ( light h two attractive & two repulsive poles at ! extremities ( two axes at "r angles to ea* o!r1 & t ! p>ticles revolve r\nd _! axes1 & at equidi/ant int]vals br+ "o or o!r ( ^! axes into ! l9e ( ! direction 9 :i* ! p>ticle is mov+4 ,if ! attractive axis is 9 ! l9e ( ! direction 9 :i* ! p>ticle moves :5 x rea*es ! refract+ surface1 ! p>ticle w yield to ! attractive =ce ( ! m$ium1 & be refract$ & transmitt$2 b if ! repulsive axis is 9 ! direction ( ! p>ticle's motion :5 x rea*es ! surface1 x w yield to ! repulsive =ce ( ! m$ium1 & be reflect$ f x4 ,! application ( ! !ory ( alt]nate fits ( reflection & transmission to expla9 ! col\rs ( ?9 plates is v simple4 ,:5 ! light falls ^u ! fir/ surface ,,ab1 ,fig4 #h ( ! plate ( air betwe5 ,,ab & ,,c$1 ! rays t are 9 a fit ( reflection are reflect$1 & ^? t are 9 a fit ( transmission are transmitt$4 ,let u call ,f ! l5g? ( a fit1 or ! di/ance ?r\gh :i* ! p>ticle ( light moves :ile x passes f ! /ate ( be+ 9 a fit ( reflection to ! /ate ( be+ 9 a fit ( transmission4 ,n[1 z all ! p>ticles ( light transmitt$ ?r\gh ,,ab 7 9 a /ate ( easy transmission :5 !y ent]$ ,,ab1 x is obvi\s1 t1 if ! plate ( air at ,e is s ?9 z to be less ?an "o-half ( ,f1 ! p>ticles ( light w /ill be 9 _! disposition to be transmitt$1 & consequ5tly ! light w be all transmitt$1 & none reflect$ at ! curve surface at ,e4 ,:5 ! plate becomes ?ick] t[>ds a1 s t its ?ickness exce$s half ( ,f1 ! light w n rea* ! surface ,,ce till x has come "u its fit ( reflection1 & consequ5tly at a ! light w be all reflect$1 & none transmitt$4 ,z ! ?ickness increases t[>ds m1 ! light w h come "u its fit ( transmission1 & s on1 ! light be+ reflect$ at a1 l1 & transmitt$ at ,e1 m4 ,?is w p]haps be /ill m easily und]/ood f fig4 #i1 :]e we may suppose ,,aec to be a ?9 w$ge ( glass or any o!r transp>5t body4 ,:5 light is incid5t on ! fir/ surface ,,ae1 all ! p>ticles ( x t are 9 a fit ( easy reflection w be reflect$1 & all ^? 9 a fit ( easy transmission w be transmitt$4 ,z ! fits ( transmission all comm5ce at ,,ae1 let ! fir/ fit ( transmission end :5 ! p>ticles ( light h rea*$ ab1 & ! second :5 !y h rea*$ ef2 & let ! fits ( reflection comm5ce at cd & gh4 ,!n1 z ! fit ( transmission cont9ues f ,,ae to ab1 all ! light t falls ^u ! portion m,e ( ! second surface w be transmitt$ & none reflect$1 s t to an eye above ,e ! space m,e w appe> black4 ,z ! fit ( reflection comm5ces at ab1 & cont9ues to cd1 all ! light :i* falls ^u ! portion nm w be reflect$1 & none transmitt$2 & s on1 ! light be+ transmitt$ at m,e & pn1 & reflect$ at nm & qp4 ,h5ce to an eye above ,e ! w$ge-%ap$ film ( :i* ,,aec is a section w be cov]$ ) p>allel b&s or fr+es ( light sep>at$ by d>k fr+es ( ! same bread?1 & !y w be all p>allel to ! ?9 edge ( ! plate1 a d>k fr+e correspond+ to ! ?9ne/ edge4 ,to an eye plac$ bel[ ,,ce1 simil> fr+es w be se51 b ! "o correspond+ to ! ?9ne/ edge m,e w be lum9\s4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #i4 ,if ! ?ickness ( ! plate does n v>y accord+ to a regul> law z 9 fig4 #i1 b if1 l a film ( bl[n glass1 x has num]\s inequalities1 !n ! alt]nate fr+es ( light & d>kness w v>y ) ! ?ickness ( ! film1 & ?r\gh\t ! :ole l5g? ( ea* fr+e ! ?ickness ( ! film w be ! same4 ,we h suppos$ 9 ! prec$+ illu/ration t ! light employ$ is homog5e\s4 ,if x is :ite1 !n ! diff]5tly col\r$ fr+es w =m by _! sup]position a sy/em ( fr+es analog\s to ^? se5 betwe5 two object-glasses1 z already expla9$4 ,! same p]iodical col\rs :i* we h n[ describ$ z exhibit$ by ?9 plates 7 discov]$ by ,newton 9 ?ick plates1 & he has expla9$ !m by means ( ! !ory ( fits2 b x w\ld lead u beyond ! limits ( a popul> "w l ?is to ent] into any details ( 8 obs]vations1 or to give an acc\nt ( ! num]\s & important additions :i* ?is bran* ( optics has receiv$ f ! discov]ies ( succe$+ au?ors4 ,,*apt] ,,vii4 ,newton's ,!ory ( ! ,col\rs ( ,natural ,bodies expla9$--,objections to x /at$--,new ,classification ( ,col\rs--,outl9e ( a ,new ,!ory propos$4 ,if ! objects ( ! mat]ial _w _h be5 illum9at$ ) :ite light1 all ! p>ticles ( :i* possess$ ! same degree ( refrangibility1 & 7 equally act$ ^u by ! bodies on :i* !y fall1 all nature w\ld h %one ) a lead5 hue1 & all ! comb9ations ( ext]nal objects1 & all ! features ( ! human c\nt5ance1 w\ld h exhibit$ no o!r v>iety b t :i* !y possess 9 a p5cil sket* or a ,*9a-ink draw+4 ,! ra9b[ itself w\ld h dw9dl$ into a n>r[ ar* ( :ite light1--! />s w\ld h %one ?r\gh a gray sky1--& ! mantle ( a w9try twilight w\ld h replac$ ! gold5 ve/ure ( ! ris+ & ! sett+ sun4 ,b ,he :o has exhibit$ su* mat*less skill 9 ! organization ( mat]ial bodies1 & su* exquisite ta/e 9 ! =ms ^u :i* !y are modell$1 has sup]add$ t e!real beauty :i* enhances _! m p]man5t qualities1 & pres5ts !m to u 9 ! ev]-v>y+ col\rs ( ! spectrum4 ,)\t ?is ! foliage ( vegetable life might h fill$ ! eye & fo/]$ ! fruit :i* x veils1--b ! y\?ful gre5 ( its spr+ w\ld h be5 bl5d$ ) ! dy+ yell[ ( its autumn4 ,)\t ?is ! diamond might h display$ to sci5ce ! beauty ( its =ms1 & yield$ to ! arts its adamant9e virtues2--b x w\ld h ceas$ to %9e 9 ! *aplet ( beauty1 & to sp>kle 9 ! diadem ( pr9ces4 ,)\t ?is ! human c\nt5ance might h express$ all ! sympa?ies ( ! he>t1 b ! 8purple light ( love0 w\ld n h ris5 on ! *eek1 nor ! hectic flu% be5 ! h]ald ( its decay4 ,! gay col\r+ ) :i* ! ,almighty has deck$ ! pale m>ble ( nature is n ! result ( any quality inh]5t 9 ! col\r$ body1 or 9 ! p>ticles by :i* x may be t+$1 b is m]ely a prop]ty ( ! light 9 :i* !y happ5 to be plac$4 ,newton 0 ! fir/ p]son :o plac$ ?is great tru? 9 ! cle>e/ evid5ce4 ,he f\nd t all bodies1 :atev] 7 _! peculi> col\rs1 exhibit$ ^! col\rs only 9 :ite light4 ,:5 !y 7 illum9at$ by homog5e\s r$ light !y appe>$ r$1 by homog5e\s yell[ light1 yell[1 & s on1 8_! col\rs be+ mo/ brisk & vivid "u ! influ5ce ( _! own daylight col\rs40 ,! leaf ( a plant1 = example1 appe>$ gre5 9 ! :ite light ( day1 because x _h ! prop]ty ( reflect+ t light 9 great] abundance ?an any o!r4 ,:5 x 0 plac$ 9 homog5e\s r$ light1 x c\ld no long] appe> gre51 because !re 0 no gre5 light to reflect2 b x reflect$ a portion ( r$ light1 because !re 0 "s r$ 9 ! comp\nd gre5 :i* x _h ! prop]ty ( reflect+4 ,_h ! leaf orig9ally reflect$ a pure homog5e\s gre51 unmix$ ) r$1 & reflect$ no :ite light f its out] surface1 x w\ld h appe>$ q black 9 pure homog5e\s r$ light1 z ?is light does n conta9 a s+le ray :i* ! leaf 0 capable ( reflect+4 ,h5ce ! col\rs ( mat]ial bodies are ow+ to ! prop]ty :i* !y possess ( /opp+ c]ta9 rays ( :ite light1 :ile !y reflect or transmit to ! eye ! re/ ( ! rays ( :i* :ite light is compos$4 ,s f> ! ,newtonian doctr9e ( col\rs is capable ( rigid demon/ration2 b its au?or 0 n cont5t ) c>ry+ x ?us f>3 he s\ght to det]m9e ! mann] 9 :i* p>ticul> rays are /opp$1 :ile o!rs are reflect$ or transmitt$2 & ! result ( ?is pr(\nd inquiry 0 8 !ory ( ! col\rs ( natural bodies1 :i* 0 communicat$ to ! ,royal ,society on ! #aj? ,febru>y1 #afge4 ,?is !ory is p]haps ! l(tie/ ( all 8 speculations2 & ?\gh1 z a physical g5]alization1 x /&s on a p]i%able basis1 & mu/ soon be swept away 9 ! progress ( sci5ce1 x yet be>s ! deepe/ impress ( ! grasp ( 8 p[]ful intellect4 ,! pr9ciples ^u :i* ?is !ory is f\nd$ are ! foll[+3-- #a4 ,bodies t h ! greate/ refractive p[]s reflect ! greate/ quantity ( light2 & at ! conf9es ( equally refract+ m$ia !re is no reflection4 #b4 ,! lea/ p>ticles ( almo/ all natural bodies are 9 "s measure transp>5t4 #c4 ,betwe5 ! p>ticles ( bodies are _m pores or spaces1 ei!r empty or fill$ ) m$ia ( less d5sity ?an ! p>ticles4 #d4 ,! p>ticles ( bodies & _! pores1 or ! spaces betwe5 ! p>ticles1 h "s def9ite size4 ,^u ^! pr9ciples ,newton expla9s ! orig9 ( transp>5cy1 opacity1 & col\r4 ,transp>5cy he consid]s z aris+ f ! p>ticles & _! int]vals or pores be+ too small to cause reflection at _! common surfaces1#ai s t all ! light :i* ent]s transp>5t bodies passes ?r\gh !m )\t any portion ( x be+ turn$ f its pa? by reflection4 ,if we c\ld obta91 = example1 a film ( mica ^: ?ickness does n exce$ two-?irds ( ! million? "p ( an in*1 all ! light :i* fell ^u x w\ld pass ?r\gh x1 & none w\ld be reflect$4 ,if ?is film 0 !n cut into fragm5ts1 a numb] ( su* fragm5ts w\ld con/itute a bundle1 :i* w\ld also transmit all ! light :i* fell ^u x1 & be p]fectly transp>5t4 ,opacity 9 bodies arises1 he ?9ks1 f an opposite cause1 viz4 :5 ! p>ts ( bodies are ( su* a size z to be capable ( reflect+ ! light :i* falls ^u !m1 9 :i* case ! light is 8/opp$ or /ifl$0 by ! multitude ( reflections4 ,! col\rs ( natural bodies h1 9 ! ,newtonian hypo!sis1 ! same orig9 z ! col\rs ( ?9 plates1 _! transp>5t p>ticles1 accord+ to _! sev]al sizes1 reflect+ rays ( "o col\r1 & transmitt+ ^? ( ano!r4 8,= if a ?9n$ or plat$ body :i*1 be+ ( an unev5 ?ickness1 appe>s all ov] ( "o uni=m col\r1 %\ld be slit into ?reads1 or brok5 into fragm5ts ( ! same ?ickness ) ! plate or film1 e ?read or fragm5t %\ld keep its col\r1 & consequ5tly1 a heap ( su* ?reads or fragm5ts %\ld con/itute a mass or p[d] ( ! same col\r :i* ! plate exhibit$ be=e x 0 brok53 & ! p>ts ( all natural bodies be+ l s _m fragm5ts ( a plate1 mu/1 on ! same gr\nds1 exhibit ! same col\r40 ,su* is ! !ory ( ! col\rs ( natural bodies1 /at$ z cle>ly & briefly z we c4 ,x has be5 v g5]ally admitt$ by philosoph]s1 bo? ( our own & ( o!r c\ntries1 & has be5 rec5tly illu/rat$ & def5d$ by a ,fr5* philosoph] ( di/+ui%$ em95ce4 ,t ?is !ory af=ds ! true explanation ( c]ta9 col\rs1 or1 to speak m correctly1 t c]ta9 col\rs 9 natural bodies are ! col\rs ( ?9 plates1 _c be d\bt$2 b x w n be difficult to %[ t x is q inapplicable to t great class ( ph5om5a :i* may be consid]$ z repres5t+ ! col\rs ( natural bodies4 ,! fir/ objection to ! ,newtonian !ory is ! total abs5ce ( all reflect$ light f ! p>ticles ( transp>5t col\r$ m$ia1 su* z col\r$ gems1 col\r$ glasses1 & col\r$ fluids4 ,?is objection 0 urg$ long ago by ,mr4 ,delaval1 :o plac$ col\r$ fluids on black gr\nds1 & nev] c\ld p]ceive ! lea/ trace ( ! reflect$ t9ts4 ,i h repeat$ ! exp]im5t ) e precaution1 & ) e v>iation t ,i c\ld ?9k (1 & ,i consid] x z an e/abli%$ fact1 t 9 su* col\r$ bodies ! complem5t>y reflect$ col\r _c be r5d]$ visible4 ,if ! fluid1 = example1 be r$1 ! gre5 light f :i* ! r$ has be5 sep>at$ ought to appe> ei!r directly by look+ into ! col\r$ mass1 or ought to be recognis$ by its influ5ce 9 modify+ ! light really reflect$2 b z x _c be se51 we mu/ conclude t x has n be5 reflect$1 b has be5 de/roy$ by "s o!r prop]ty ( ! col\r$ body4 ,a simil> objection may be drawn f ! disappe>ance ( ! transmitt$ complem5t>y col\r 9 ! leaves ( plants & petals ( fl[]s4 ,i h asc]ta9$ f num]\s exp]im5ts1 t ! transmitt$ col\r is almo/ inv>iably ! same ) ! reflect$ col\r1 & t ! same holds true ) ! col\r$ juices express$ f !m4 ,! complem5t>y t9ts are nev] se51 & :]ev] !re has be5 any ?+ l an approximation to two t9ts1 ,i h inv>iably f\nd t x arose f !re be+ two diff]5t col\r$ juices exi/+ 9 diff]5t sides ( ! leaf4 ,9 ! ph5om5a ( ! light transmitt$ by col\r$ glasses1 !re are "s peculi>ities :i*1 we ?9k1 demon/rate t _! col\rs are n ^? ( ?9 plates4 ,! light1 = example1 transmitt$ ?r\gh a p>ticul> k9d ( blue glass1 has a blue col\r ( su* a peculi> composition t !re is no blue 9 any ( ! ord]s ( col\rs 9 ?9 plates :i* has any resemblance to x4 ,x is entirely de/itute ( ! r$ rays :i* =m ! middle ( ! r$ space 9 ! spectrum2 s t ! p>ticles on :i* ! col\r dep5ds mu/ reflect ! middle r$ rays1 & transmit ^? on ea* side ( x1--a prop]ty :i* _c be d$uc$ f ! ,newtonian doctr9e4 ,! explanation ( opacity1 z aris+ f a multitude ( reflections1 is liable to ! same objection :i* we h urg$ aga9/ ! explanation ( col\r4 ,9 ord] to appreciate its weight1 we mu/ di/+ui% opacity into two k9ds1 namely1 ! opacity ( :it5ess & ! opacity ( blackness4 ,^? bodies :i* possess ! p[] ( reflection 9 ! highe/ degree1 su* z :ite metals1 *alk1 & pla/] ( ,p>is1 nev] reflect m ?an "o-half ( ! light :i* falls ^u !m4 ,! o!r half ( ! incid5t light is1 accord+ to ,newton1 lo/ by a multitude ( reflections4 ,b h[ is x lo/8 ,reflection m]ely *anges ! direction ( ! p>ticles ( light1 s t !y mu/ aga9 em]ge f ! body1 unless !y are reflect$ into fix$ return+ orbits1 :i* deta9 !m = ev] 9 a /ate ( motion )9 ! body4 ,9 ! case ( black opacity1 su* z t ( coal1 :i* reflects f its fir/ surface only #a_/be? ( ! :ite light1 ! difficulty is /ill great]1 & we _c conceive h[ any sy/em ( int]ior reflections c\ld s completely /ifle #bd_/be?s ( ! :ole incid5t light1 )\t "s ( x return+ to ! eye 9 a visible =m4 ,9 det]m9+ ! con/itution ( bodies t produce transp>5cy & blackness1 ! ,newtonian !ory enc\nt]s a difficulty :i* its au?or has by no means surm\nt$4 ,transp>5cy1 z we h already se51 arises f ! 8p>ticles & _! int]/ices be+ too small to cause reflections 9 _! common surfaces10 t is1 !y mu/ be 8less ?an any ( ^? :i* exhibit col\rs10 or 8less ?an is requisite to reflect ! :ite & v fa9t blue ( ! fir/ ord]4 ,b ?is is ! v same con/itution :i* produces blackness by reflection1 & 9 ord] to expla9 ! cause ( blackness by transmission1 or black opacity1 ,newton is oblig$ to introduce a new pr9ciple4 8,= ! production ( black10 says he1 8! corpuscles mu/ be less ?an any ( ^? :i* exhibit col\rs4 ,= at all great] sizes !re is too mu* light reflect$ to con/itute ?is col\r4 ,b if !y be suppos$ a little less ?an is requisite to reflect ! :ite & v fa9t blue ( ! fir/ ord]1 !y w reflect s v little light z to appe> int5sely black1 & yet may p]haps v>i\sly refract#bj x to & fro )9 !mselves s long1 until x happ5s to be /ifl$ & lo/1 by :i* means !y w appe> black 9 all positions ( ! eye1 )\t any transp>5cy40 ,?is v rem>kable passage exhibits1 9 a /rik+ mann]1 ! p]plexity 9 :i* our au?or 0 involv$ by ! difficulties ( 8 subject4 ,z ! p>ticles :i* produce blackness by reflection are necess>ily s small z to exclude ! exi/5ce ( any reflective =ces1 he _c ascribe ! loss ( ! intromitt$ light1 z he does 9 ! case ( :ite opacity1 to 8a multitude ( reflections20 & !re=e he is compell$ to h rec\rse to refract+ =ces to p]=m ! same (fice4 ,! reluctance ) :i* he avails himself ( ?is exp$i5t is well m>k$ 9 ! mode ( expression :i* he adopts2 & ,i am p]suad$ t :5 he wrote ! above passage1 he felt ! full =ce ( ! objections to ?is hypo!sis1 :i* _c fail to pres5t !mselves4 ,z ! size ( ! p>ticles :i* produce blackness are int]m$iate betwe5 ^? :i* produce transp>5cy & ^? :i* produce col\r1 approa*+ closely to ! latt]1 x is difficult to conceive :y !y %\ld refract ! intromitt$ light1 :ile ! great] & small] p>ticles1 & ev5 ^? almo/ ( ! same size1 %\ld be de/itute ( t prop]ty4 ,x is1 besides1 n easy to und]/& h[ a refraction c take place )9 bodies :i* %all /ifle all ! light1 & prev5t x f em]g+4 ,nay1 we may admit ! exi/5ce ( su* refractions1 & yet und]/& h[1 by a comp5sation 9 _! direction1 ! refract$ rays may all em]ge f ! opaque body4 ,! =ce ( ^! objections is tacitly recognis$ 9 ,pemb]ton's ,view ( ,sir ,isaac ,newton's ,philosophy2#ba & z ,newton n only read & approv$ ( t "w1 b ev5 p]us$ a great "p ( x along ) its au?or1 we may fairly consid] ! op9ion !re /at$ to be 8 own4 8,= produc+ black1 ! p>ticles ought to be small] ?an = exhibit+ any ( ! col\rs1 viz4 ( a size answ]+ to ! ?ickness ( ! bubble1 :]eby reflect+ little or no light1 x appe>s col\rless2 b yet !y mu/ n be too small1 = t w make !m transp>5t ?r\gh defici5cy ( reflections 9 ! inw>d p>ts ( ! body1 suffici5t to /op ! light f go+ ?r\gh x2 b !y mu/ be ( a size bord]+ ^u t dispos$ to reflect ! fa9t blue ( ! fir/ ord]1 :i* af=ds an evid5t reason :y blacks usually p>take a little ( t col\r40 ,9 ?is passage all idea ( refraction is ab&on$1 & t precise degree ( size is assum$ = ! p>ticles :i* leaves a small p[] ( reflection1 :i* is deem$ suffici5t to prev5t ! body f becom+ transp>5t2 t is1 suffici5t to r5d] x opaque or black4 ,! la/ objection :i* we %all /ate to ?is !ory is "o to :i* we atta* great weight1 &1 z x is f\nd$ on discov]ies & views :i* h be5 publi%$ s9ce ! "t ( ,newton1 we v5ture to believe1 t1 _h he be5 aw>e ( !m1 he w\ld nev] h propos$ ! !ory :i* we are consid]+4 ,:5 light falls ^u a ?9 film su* z ,,aec1 fig4 #i1 p4 #hj1 s z to produce ! col\rs ( ?9 plates1 x foll[s1 f ,sir ,isaac ,newton's !ory ( fits1 t a portion ( ! light is1 z usual1 reflect$ at ! fir/ surface ,,ae1#bb :ile ! light :i* =ms ! col\r$ image is t :i* is reflect$ f ! second surface ,,ec1 s t all ! col\rs ( ?9 plates are dilut$ ) ! :ite light reflect$ f ! fir/ surface4 ,n[1 9 ! mod]n !ory1 :i* ascribes ! col\rs ( ?9 plates to ! int]f]5ce ( ! light reflect$ f ! second surface ,,ec1 ) ! light reflect$ f ! fir/ surface ,,ae1 ! result+ t9t arises f ! comb9ation ( ^! two p5cils1 & consequ5tly !re is no :ite light reflect$ f ! surface ,,ae4 ,9 l mann]1 :5 ! ?ickness ( ! film is su* t ! two int]f]+ p5cils completely de/roy "o ano!r1 & produce black1 !re is n a ray ( light reflect$ f ! fir/ surface4 ,"h1 !n1 we h a crit]ion = decid+ betwe5 ! !ory ( fits & ! !ory ( int]f]5ce2 = if !re is no :ite light reflect$ f ! fir/ surface ,,ae1 ! !ory ( fits mu/ be reject$4 ,9 a rem>kable ph5om5on ( blackness aris+ f m9ute fibres1 :i* ,i h _h occasion to describe1 !re 0 no p]ceptible reflection f ! surface ( ! fibres2#bc & ,m4 ,fresnel describes an exp]im5t made to det]m9e ! same po9t1 & /ates ! result ( x to h be5 unequivocally 9 fav\r ( ! doctr9e ( int]f]5ce4 ,9 ord] to apply ?is important fact1 let u take a piece ( coal1 "o ( ! blacke/ & mo/ opaque ( all sub/ances1 & :i* does n reflect to ! eye a s+le ray out ( ^? :i* ent] its sub/ance4 ,! size ( its p>ticles is s small1 t !y are incapable ( reflect+ light4 ,:5 a numb] ( ^! p>ticles are plac$ toge!r1 s z to =m a surface1 & o!r p>ticles beh9d !m1 s z to =m a solid1 !y w n acquire by ?is process ! p[] ( reflection2 & consequ5tly1 a piece ( coal s compos$ %\ld be de/itute ( ! prop]ty ( reflect+ light f its fir/ surface4 ,b ?is is n ! case1--light is abundantly reflect$ f ! fir/ surface ( ! coal1 & consequ5tly1 its elem5t>y p>ticles mu/ possess ! same p[]4 ,h5ce ! blackness ( coal mu/ be ascrib$ to "s o!r cause ?an to ! m9ut5ess ( its transp>5t atoms4 ,to transp>5t bodies ?is argum5t has a simil> application4 ,z _! atoms are /ill less ?an ^? ( black bodies1 _! inability to reflect light is /ill great]1 & h5ce arises _! transp>5cy4 ,b ! p>ticles =m+ ! surface ( su* bodies d reflect light1 &1 !re=e1 _! transp>5cy mu/ h ano!r orig94 ,9 ! case ( col\r$ bodies1 too1 ! p>ticles =m+ _! surfaces reflect :ite light l ^? ( all o!r bodies1 s t ^! p>ticles _c produce col\r on ! same pr9ciples z ^? ( ?9 plates4 ,9 _m ( ^? cases ( col\r :i* seem to dep5d ^u ! m9ut5ess ( ! p>ticles ( ! body1 ! reflection ( :ite light may nev]!less be obs]v$1 b ?is w be f\nd to arise f a ?9 transp>5t film1 beh9d :i* ! colorific p>ticles are plac$4 ,:atev] answ] may be giv5 to ^! objections1 we ?9k x w be admitt$ by ^? :o h /udi$ ! subject mo/ pr(\ndly1 t a satisfactory !ory ( ! col\rs ( natural bodies is /ill a desid]atum 9 sci5ce4 ,h[ f> we may be able to approa* to x 9 ! pres5t /ate ( optics ! read] w judge f ! foll[+ views4 ,col\rs may be arrang$ into sev5 classes1 ea* ( :i* dep5ds ^u diff]5t pr9ciples4 #a4 ,transp>5t col\r$ fluids--transp>5t col\r$ gems--transp>5t col\r$ glasses--col\r$ p[d]s--& ! col\rs ( ! leaves & fl[]s ( plants4 #b4 ,oxidations on metals--col\rs ( ,labrador feldsp>--col\rs ( preci\s & hydrophan\s opal1 & o!r opalesc5ces--! col\rs ( ! fea!rs ( birds1 ( ! w+s ( insects1 & ( ! scales ( fi%es4 #c4 ,sup]ficial col\rs1 z ^? ( "m-(-pe>l & /riat$ surfaces4 #d4 ,opalesc5ces & col\rs 9 composite cry/als hav+ d\ble refraction4 #e4 ,col\rs f ! absorption ( common & pol>iz$ light by d\bly refract+ cry/als4 #f4 ,col\rs at ! surfaces ( m$ia ( diff]5t disp]sive p[]s4 #g4 ,col\rs at ! surface ( m$ia 9 :i* ! reflect+ =ces ext5d to diff]5t di/ances1 or foll[ diff]5t laws4 ,! fir/ two ( ^! classes are ! mo/ important4 ,! ,newtonian !ory appe>s to be /rictly applicable to ! ph5om5a ( ! second class2 b ^? ( ! fir/ class _c1 we conceive1 be ref]r$ to ! same cause4 99 99 99 99 99 ,! rays ( sol> light possess sev]al rem>kable physical prop]ties3 ,!y heat--!y illum9ate--!y promote *ymical comb9ation--!y effect *ymical decompositions--!y imp>t magnetism to /eel--!y alt] ! col\rs ( bodies--!y communicate to plants & fl[]s _! peculi> col\rs1 & are 9 _m cases necess>y to ! developm5t ( _! *>act]i/ic qualities4 ,x is impossible to admit = a mom5t t ^! v>i$ effects are produc$ by a m]e me*anical action1 or t !y arise f ! agitation ( ! p>ticles ( bodies by ! vibration ( ! e!r :i* is consid]$ to be ! cause ( light4 ,:atev] be ! difficulties :i* atta* to ! !ory :i* supposes light to consi/ ( mat]ial p>ticles1 we are compell$1 by its prop]ties1 to admit t light acts z if x 7 mat]ial1 & t x ent]s into comb9ations ) bodies1 9 ord] to produce ! effects :i* we h enum]at$4 ,:5 a beam ( light falls ^u a body1 & ! :ole or a "p ( t :i* ent]s its sub/ance totally disappe>s1 we are entitl$ to say1 t x is deta9$ by "s p[] ex]cis$ by ! p>ticles ( ! body ov] ! p>ticles ( light4 ,:5 ?is light is said to be lo/ by a multitude ( reflections or refractions1 ! /atem5t is n only hypo!tical1 b x is an hypo!sis incompatible ) optical pr9ciples4 ,t ! light deta9$ )9 bodies has be5 /opp$ by ! attractive =ce ( ! p>ticles seems to be highly probable1 & ! m9d w n feel any repugnance to admit t ! p>ticles ( all bodies1 :e!r solid1 fluid1 or ari=m1 h a specific aff9ity = ! p>ticles ( light4 ,consid]+ light1 !re=e1 z mat]ial1 x is n difficult to compreh5d h[ x %\ld1 l o!r elem5t>y sub/ances1 ent] into comb9ation ) bodies1 & produce _m *ymical & physical effects1 b p>ticul>ly ! ph5om5a ( transp>5cy1 opacity1 & col\r4 ,9 transp>5t col\rless bodies1 su* z wat] & glass1 ! intromitt$ light exp]i5ces a consid]able loss1 because a c]ta9 numb] ( its p>ticles are attract$ & deta9$ by ! atoms ( ! wat] or glass1 & ! light :i* em]ges is col\rless1 because ! p>ticles ex]cise a proportional action ov] all ! simple col\rs :i* compose :ite light4 ,:5 ! transp>5t body has any decid$ col\r1 su* z ^? enum]at$ 9 ,class ,i41 !n ! p>ticles ( ! body h ex]cis$ a specific attraction ov] ^? rays ( :ite light :i* are complem5t>y to ^? :i* compose ! col\r ( ! transmitt$ light4 ,if ! transp>5t body1 = example1 is r$1 !n its p>ticles h deta9$ ! gre5 rays :i* ent]$ into ! incid5t light1 or c]ta9 o!r rays1 :i* ) ! r$ are necess>y to compose :ite light4 ,9 comp\nd bodies1 l "s ( ! artificial glasses1 ! p>ticles w attract & deta9 rays ( light ( diff]5t col\rs1 z may be se5 by analyz+ ! transmitt$ light ) a prism1 :i* w exhibit a spectrum depriv$ ( all ! rays :i* h be5 deta9$4 ,9 black bodies ! p>ticles ex]cise a p[]ful attraction ov] light1 & deta9 all ! intromitt$ rays4 ,:5 col\r$ bodies are opaque1 s z to exhibit _! col\rs pr9cipally by reflection1 ! light :i* is reflect$ back to ! obs]v] has receiv$ its col\r f transmission ?r\gh "p ( ! ?ickness ( ! body1 or1 :at is ! same ?+1 ! col\r reflect$ to ! eye is complem5t>y to t :i* has be5 deta9$ by ! p>ticles ( ! body :ile ! light is pass+ & repass+ ?r\gh a ?ickness t]m9at$ by ! reflect+ surfaces2 & z only a "p ( ?is light is reflect$1 z 9 ! case ( leaves & fl[]s1 ! transmitt$ light mu/ h ! same col\r z ! reflect$ light4 ,:5 col\r$ bodies exhibit two diff]5t col\rs complem5t>y to ea* o!r1 ! "o se5 by reflection & ! o!r by transmission1 x is !n highly probable t ! col\rs are ^? ( ?9 plates1 ?\gh !re are /ill o!r optical pr9ciples to :i* !y may be ref]r$4 ,z ! p>ticles ( bodies1 & ! m$ium :i* unites !m1 or1 z ! diff]5t atoms ( a comp\nd body may h diff]5t disp]sive p[]s1 :ile !y ex]cise ! same refractive =ce ov] a p>ticul> "p ( ! spectrum1 ! rays = :i* ?is comp5sation takes place w be transmitt$1 :ile "p ( ! complem5t>y light is reflect$4#bd ,or 9 cases :]e ! refractive & disp]sive p[]s are ! same1 ! reflective =ces ( ! p>ticles may v>y accord+ to a diff]5t law1 s t at ! sep>at+ surfaces ei!r :ite or col\r$ light may be reflect$4#be ,9 ^? cases ( col\r :]e ! reflect$ & ! transmitt$ t9ts are n complem5t>y1 z 9 leaf-gold1 :]e ! =m] is yell[ & ! latt] gre52--9 leaf-silv]1 :]e !y are :ite & blue1 & 9 c]ta9 pieces ( fir-wood1 :]e ! reflect$ light is :iti% yell[1 & ! transmitt$ light a brilliant homog5e\s r$1 we may expla9 ! sep>ation ( ! col\rs ei!r by ! pr9ciples we h already laid d[n or by ! doctr9e ( ?9 plates4 ,on ! fir/ pr9ciple1 ! col\r ( ! reflect$ light1 :i* is suppos$ to be ! same z t ( ! transmitt$ light1 w be modifi$ by ! law accord+ to :i* ! p>ticles ( ! body attract diff]5t rays out ( ! beam ( :ite light4 ,9 pit*1 = example1 ! blue rays are fir/ absorb$1 s t at small ?icknesses ! transmitt$ light is a f9e yell[1 :ile1 by ! action ( a great] ?ickness1 ! yell[ itself is absorb$1 & ! transmitt$ light is a bright homog5e\s r$4 ,n[ 9 leaf-gold ! transmitt$ col\r ( ?9n] films ?an we c obta9 may be yell[1 &1 consequ5tly1 ! light reflect$ f ! fir/ /rata ( int]rupt+ faces w be yell[1 & w det]m9e ! pr$om9ant t9t ( ! reflect$ light4 ,on ! ,newtonian doctr9e1 ,mr4 ,h]s*el has expla9$ x by say+1 8t ! transmitt$ rays h trav]s$ ! :ole ?ickness ( ! m$ium1 & !re=e und]go _m m times ! action ( its atoms ?an ^? reflect$1 especially ^? ne> ! fir/ surface to :i* ! bright] "p ( ! reflect$ col\r is due40 ,! ph5om5a ( ! absorption ( common & pol>iz$ light1 :i* ,i h describ$ 9 ano!r place1#bf ?r[ mu* light on ! subject ( col\r$ bodies4 ,! relation ( ! absorb5t action to ! axes ( d\ble refraction1 &1 consequ5tly1 to ! poles ( ! molecules ( ! cry/al1 %[s h[ ! p>ticles ( light attract$ by ! molecules ( ! body w v>y1 bo? 9 _! nature & numb]1 accord+ to ! direction 9 :i* !y approa* ! molecules2 & expla9s h[ ! col\r ( a body may be *ang$1 ei!r tempor>ily or p]man5tly1 by heat1 accord+ z x produces a tempor>y or a p]man5t *ange 9 ! relative position ( ! molecules4 ,?is is n ! place to enl>ge on ?is subject2 b we may be p]mitt$ to apply ! idea to ! curi\s exp]im5t ( ,!n>d on phosphorus4 ,:5 ?is sub/ance is r5d]$ pure by repeat$ di/illation1 x is transp>5t1 & transmits yell[ light2 b :5 x is ?r[n 9 a melt$ /ate into cold wat]1 x becomes jet black4 ,:5 aga9 melt$1 x resumes its orig9al col\r & transp>5cy4 ,accord+ to ! ,newtonian !ory1 we mu/ suppose t ! atoms ( ! phosphorus h be5 dim9i%$ 9 size by sudd5 cool+1--an effect :i* x is n easy to compreh5d2 b1 accord+ to ! prec$+ views1 we may suppose t ! atoms ( ! phosphorus h be5 =c$ by sudd5 cool+ into relative positions q diff]5t f ^? :i* !y take :5 !y sl[ly assume ! solid /ate1 & _! poles ( maximum attraction1 9 place ( be+ turn$ to "o ano!r1 are turn$ 9 diff]5t directions1 & !n all[$ to ex]cise _! full action 9 attract+ ! intromitt$ light1 & deta9+ x :olly )9 ! body4#bg ,be=e conclud+ ?is *apt]1 !re is "o topic peculi>ly des]v+ our notice1 namely1 ! *ange ( col\r produc$ 9 bodies by cont9u$ exposure to light4 ,! g5]al effect ( light is to dim9i% or dilute ! col\rs ( bodies1 & 9 _m cases to deprive !m entirely ( _! col\r4 ,n[1 x is n easy to und]/& h[ repeat$ undulations propagat$ ?r\gh a body c\ld dim9i% ! size ( its p>ticles1 or h[ ! same effect c\ld be produc$ by a multitude ( reflections f p>ticle to p>ticle4 ,b if light is attract$ by ! p>ticles ( bodies1 & comb9es ) !m1 x is easy to conceive t1 :5 ! molecules ( a body h comb9$ ) a great numb] ( p>ticles ( a gre5 col\r1 = example1 _! p[] ( comb9ation ) o!rs w be dim9i%$1 &1 consequ5tly1 ! numb] ( p>ticles ( any col\r absorb$ or deta9$ mu/ dim9i% ) ! "t t ! body has be5 expos$ to light2 t is1 ^! p>ticles mu/ ent] into ! transmitt$ & reflect$ p5cils1 & dim9i% ! int5sity ( _! col\r4 ,if ! body1 = example1 absorbs r$ light1 & transmits & reflects gre51 !n if ! quantity ( absorb$ r$ light is dim9i%$1 x w ent] into ! reflect$ & transmitt$ p5cils1 &1 =m+ :ite light by its mixture ) a portion ( ! gre5 rays1 w actually dilute !m 9 ! same mann] z if a portion ( :ite light _h be5 add$4#bh ,,*apt] ,,viii4 ,newton's ,discov]ies respect+ ! ,inflection or ,diffraction ( ,light--,previ\s ,discov]ies ( ,grimaldi & ,dr4 ,hooke--,lab\rs ( succe$+ ,philosoph]s--,law ( ,int]f]5ce ( ,dr4 ,"y--,fresnel's ,discov]ies--,new ,!ory ( ,inflection on ! ,hypo!sis ( ! ,mat]iality ( ,light4 ,al?\gh ! discov]ies ( ,newton respect+ ! ,inflection ( ,light 7 fir/ publi%$ 9 8 ,optics 9 #agjd1 yet !re is reason to ?9k t !y 7 made at a mu* e>li] p]iod4 ,sir ,isaac1 inde$1 in=ms u1 9 8 preface to t great "w1 t ! ?ird book1 :i* conta9s ^! discov]ies1 80 put toge!r out ( scatt]$ pap]s20 & he adds at ! end ( 8 obs]vations1 t 8he design$ to repeat mo/ ( !m ) m c>e & exactness1 & to make "s new ones = det]m9+ ! mann] h[ ! rays ( light are b5t 9 _! passage by bodies1 = mak+ ! fr+es ( col\rs ) ! d>k l9es betwe5 !m4 ,b ,i 0 !n int]rupt$1 & _c n[ ?9k ( tak+ ^! ?+s into consid]ation40 ,on ! #ah? ,m>*1 #afgd1 ,dr4 ,hooke _h read a valuable memoir on ! ph5om5a ( diffraction2 &1 z ,sir ,isaac makes no allusion :atev] to ?is "w1 x is ! m probable t 8 8scatt]$ pap]s0 _h be5 writt5 previ\s to ! communication ( ,dr4 ,hooke's exp]im5ts4 ,! ph5om5a ( ! inflection ( light 7 fir/ discov]$ by ,francis ,m>ia ,grimaldi1 a le>n$ ,jesuit1 :o has describ$ !m 9 a po/hum\s "w publi%$ 9 #affe1 two ye>s aft] 8 dea?4#bi ,hav+ admitt$ a beam ( ! sun's light ?r\gh a small p9-hole 9 a piece ( lead or c>d into a d>k *amb]1 he f\nd t ! light div]g$ f ?is ap]ture 9 ! =m ( a cone1 & t ! %ad[s ( all bodies plac$ 9 ?is light 7 n only l>g] ?an might h be5 expect$1 b 7 surr\nd$ ) ?ree col\r$ fr+es1 ! ne>e/ be+ ! wide/1 & ! mo/ remote ! n>r[e/4 ,9 /rong light he discov]$ analog\s fr+es )9 ! %ad[s ( bodies1 :i* increas$ 9 numb] ) ! bread? ( ! body1 & became m di/9ct :5 ! %ad[ 0 receiv$ obliquely & at a great] di/ance4 ,:5 two small ap]tures or p9-holes 7 plac$ s ne> ea* o!r t ! cones ( light =m$ by ea* ( !m int]sect$ "o ano!r1 ,grimaldi obs]v$1 t a spot common to ! circumf]5ce ( ea*1 or1 :i* is ! same ?+1 illum9at$ by rays f ea* cone1 0 d>k] ?an ! same spot :5 illum9at$ by ei!r ( ! cones sep>ately2 & he ann\nces ?is rem>kable fact 9 ! foll[+ p>adoxical proposition1 8t a body actually illum9at$ may become m d>k by add+ a light to t :i* x already receives40 ,)\t kn[+ :at _h be5 done by ! ,italian philosoph]1 our c\ntryman1 ,dr4 ,rob]t ,hooke1 _h be5 dilig5tly occupi$ ) ! same subject4 ,9 #afgb1 he communicat$ 8 fir/ obs]vations to ! ,royal ,society1 & he !n spoke ( 8 pap] z 8conta9+ ! discov]y ( a new prop]ty ( light n m5tion$ by any optical writ]s be=e him40 ,9 8 pap] ( #afgd1 already m5tion$1 & :i* is no d\bt ! "o to :i* he alludes1 he has n only describ$ ! lead+ ph5om5a ( ! inflection1 or ! deflection ( light1 z he calls x1 b he has di/9ctly ann\nc$ ! doctr9e ( int]f]5ce1 :i* has p]=m$ s great a "p 9 ! subsequ5t hi/ory ( optics4#cj ,su* 0 ! /ate ( ! subject :5 ,newton direct$ to x 8 p[]s ( acute & accurate obs]vation4 ,8 att5tion 0 turn$ only to ! enl>gem5t ( ! %ad[1 & to ! ?ree fr+es :i* surr\nd$ x2 & he beg9s 8 obs]vations by ascrib+ ! discov]y ( ^! facts to ,grimaldi4 ,aft] tak+ exact measures ( ! diamet] ( ! %ad[ ( a human hair1 & ( ! bread? ( ! fr+es at diff]5t di/ances beh9d x1 he discov]$ ! rem>kable fact t ^! diamet]s & bread?s 7 n proportional to ! di/ances f ! hair at :i* !y 7 measur$4 ,9 ord] to expla9 ^! ph5om5a1 ,newton suppos$ t ! rays :i* pass$ by ! edge ( ! hair are deflect$ or turn$ aside f x1 z if by a repulsive =ce1 ! ne>e/ rays suff]+ ! greate/1 & ^? m remote a less degree ( deflection4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #aj4 ,?us1 if ,x1 fig4 #aj1 repres5ts a section ( ! hair1 & ,,ab1 ,,cd1 ,,ef1 ,,gh1 c4 rays pass+ at diff]5t di/ances f ,x1 ! ray ,,ab w be m deflect$ ?an ,,cd1 & w cross x at m1 ! ray ,,cd w = ! same reason cross ,,ef at n1 & ,,ef w cross ,,gh at o4 ,h5ce ! curve or cau/ic =m$ by ! int]sections m1 n1 o1 c4 w be convex outw>d1 its curvature dim9i%+ z x rec$es f ! v]tex4 ,z none ( ! pass+ light c possibly ent] )9 ?is curve1 x w =m ! b\nd>y ( ! %ad[ ( ,x4 ,! explanation giv5 by ,sir ,isaac ( ! col\r$ fr+es is less precise1 & c be inf]r$ only f ! two foll[+ qu]ies4 #a4 8,d n ! rays :i* diff] 9 refrangibility diff] also 9 flexibility1 & are !y n1 by ^! diff]5t inflections sep>at$ f "o ano!r1 s z aft] sep>ation to make ! col\rs 9 ! ?ree fr+es above describ$8 ,& aft] :at mann] are !y inflect$ to make ^? fr+es8 #b4 8,are n ! rays ( light 9 pass+ by ! edges & sides ( bodies b5t sev]al times backw>ds & =w>ds ) a motion l t ( an eel8 ,& d n ! ?ree fr+es ( light above m5tion$ arise f ?ree su* b5d+s80 ,! idea ?us indi/9ctly ?r[n out 9 ! prec$+ qu]ies has be5 +5i\sly int]pret$ by ,mr4 ,h]s*el 9 ! mann] repres5t$ 9 fig4 #aa1 :]e ,,ss are two rays pass+ by ! edge ( ! body ,,mn4 ,^! rays are suppos$ to und]go sev]al b5d+s1 z at a1 b1 c1 & ! p>ticles ( light are ?r[n (f at "o or o!r ( ! po9ts ( contr>y flexure1 accord+ to ! /ate ( _! fits or o!r circum/ances4 ,^? t are ?r[n outw>ds 9 ! direction a,a1 b,b1 c,c1 d,d1 w produce z _m cau/ics by _! int]sections z !re are deflect$ rays2 & ea* cau/ic1 :5 receiv$ on a scre5 at a di/ance1 w depict on x ! brighte/ "p or maximum ( a fr+e4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #aa4 ,9 ?is unsatisfactory /ate 0 ! subject ( ! inflection ( light left by ,sir ,isaac4 ,8 inquiries 7 int]rupt$1 & nev] aga9 r5ew$2 & ?\gh he himself f\nd t ! ph5om5a 7 ! same1 8:e!r ! hair 0 encompass$ ) air or ) any o!r pellucid sub/ance10 yet ?is important result does n seem to h %ak5 8 conviction1 t ! ph5om5a _h _! orig9 9 ! action ( bodies ^u light4 ,dur+ two sets ( exp]im5ts :i* ,i made on ! inflection ( light1 ! fir/ 9 #agih1 & ! second 9 #ahab & #ahac1 ,i 0 desir\s ( exam9+ ! influ5ce ( d5sity & refractive p[] ov] ! fr+es produc$ by inflection4 ,i comp>$ ! fr+es =m$ by gold-leaf ) ^? =m$ by masses ( gold1--& ^? produc$ by films :i* gave ! col\rs ( ?9 plates ) ^? =m$ by masses ( ! same sub/ance4 ,i exam9$ ! influ5ce ( plat9um1 diamond1 & cork 9 inflect+ light1 ! effect ( non-reflect+ grooves & spaces 9 poli%$ metals1 & ( cyl9d]s ( glass imm]s$ 9 a mixture ( oil ( cassia & oil ( olives ( ! same refractive p[]2 &1 z ! fr+es _h ! same magnitude & "* "u all ^! circum/ances1 ,i conclud$ t !y 7 n produc$ by any =ce inh]5t 9 ! bodies !mselves1 b arose f a prop]ty ( ! light itself1 :i* always %[$ itself :5 light 0 /opp$ 9 its progress4 ,dr4 ,?omas ,"y1 :o _h support$ ) great +5uity & =ce ( argum5t ! undulatory !ory ( light1 z ma9ta9$ by ,hooke & ,huyg5s1 0 ! fir/ :o gave a plausible explanation ( ! inflection ( light4 ,by int]pos+ a small scre5 at ,b1 fig4 #aj1 & int]cept+ ! rays t pass$ ne> ! hair ,x1 he 0 surpris$ to f9d t all ! fr+es )9 ! %ad[ disappe>$4 ,! same effect took place :5 ! scre5 int]cept$ ! rays on ! o!r side2 & h5ce he conclud$1 t ! rays on ea* side ( ! hair 7 necess>y to ! production ( ! inn] fr+es1 & t ! fr+es 7 produc$ by ! int]f]5ce ( ! rays t pass$ on "o side ( ! hair ) ^? t pass$ on ! o!r side4 ,9 ord] to acc\nt = ! col\r$ fr+es )\t ! %ad[1 ,dr4 ,"y conceiv$ t ! rays :i* pass ne> ! edge ( ! hair int]f]e ) o!rs1 :i* he supposes may be reflect$ aft] fall+ v obliquely ^u its edge1--a supposition :i*1 if correct1 w\ld c]ta9ly produce fr+es v simil> to ^? actually obs]v$4 ,9 pursu+ ^! rese>*es s successfully begun by ,dr4 ,"y1 ,m4 ,fresnel _h ! good =tune to expla9 all ! ph5om5a ( inflection by means ( ! undulatory doctr9e comb9$ ) ! pr9ciple ( int]f]5ce4 ,9 place ( transmitt+ ! light ?r\gh a small ap]ture1 he caus$ x to div]ge f ! focus ( a deep convex l5s1 & in/ead ( receiv+ ! %ad[ & its fr+es ^u a smoo? :ite surface1 z 0 done by ,newton1 he view$ !m directly ) 8 eye ?r\gh a l5s plac$ beh9d ! %ad[2 & by means ( a microscope he 0 able to measure ! dim5sions ( ! fr+es ) ! greate/ exactness4 ,by ?is mode ( obs]vation he made ! rem>kable discov]y1 t ! inflection ( ! light dep5d$ on ! di/ance ( ! inflect+ body f ! ap]ture or f ! focus ( div]g5ce2#ca ! fr+es be+ obs]v$ to dilate z ! body approa*$ t focus1 & to contract z x rec$$ f x1 _! relative di/ances f ea* o!r1 & f ! m>g9 ( ! %ad[ cont9u+ inv>iable4 ,9 attempt+ to acc\nt = ! =mation ( ! ext]ior fr+es1 ,m4 ,fresnel f\nd x necess>y to reject ! supposition ( ,dr4 ,"y1 t !y 7 ow+ to light reflect$ f ! edge ( ! body4 ,he n only asc]ta9$ t ! real place ( ! fr+e 0 ! #ag_/ajj? ( a millimetre diff]5t f :at x %\ld be on t supposition1 b he f\nd t ! fr+es pres]v$ ! same int5sity ( light1 :e!r ! inflect+ body _h a r\nd or a %>p edge1 & ev5 :5 ! edge 0 su* z n to af=d suffici5t light = _! production4 ,f ?is difficulty ! undulatory !ory spe$ily releas$ him1 & he 0 l$ by its indications to consid] ! ext]ior fr+es1 z produc$ by an inf9ite numb] ( elem5t>y waves ( light emanat+ f a primitive wave :5 p>tly int]rupt$ by an opaque body4 ,! v>i\s ph5om5a ( inflection1 :i* _h s long resi/$ e ef=t to g5]alize !m1 hav+ ?us receiv$ s beautiful & satisfactory an explanation f ! undulatory doctr9e1 !y mu/ ( c\rse be reg>d$ z af=d+ to t doctr9e ! mo/ p[]ful support1 :ile ! ,newtonian hypo!sis ( ! mat]iality ( light is proportionally ?r[n into ! %ade4 ,x is impossible1 inde$1 ev5 = national p>tiality to consid] ! views ( ,newton z furni%+ any explanation ( ! facts discov]$ by ,fresnel2 &1 z no attempt has be5 made by ! small ?\gh able phalanx ( 8 disciples to /ay ! decision ) :i*1 on ?is c\nt at lea/1 ! doctr9e ( emission has be5 ?reat5$1 we %all v5ture to sugge/ "s pr9ciples by :i* ! refractory ph5om5a may p]haps be yet br\ght )9 ! pale ( ! ,newtonian !ory4 ,t ! p>ticles ( light1 l ^? ( heat1 are end[$ ) a repulsive =ce :i* prev5ts !m f accumulat+ :5 9 a /ate ( cond5sation1 or :5 !y are deta9$ by ! absorptive action ( opaque bodies1 w be readily admitt$4 ,by ?is p[] a beam ( light radiat+ f a lum9\s po9t has1 9 e azimu?1 ! same degree ( int5sity at ! same di/ance f its c5tre ( div]g5ce2 b if we int]cept a portion ( su* a beam by an opaque body1 ! repulsive =ce ( ! light :i* =m]ly occupi$ its %ad[ is )drawn1 & consequ5tly ! rays :i* pass ne> ! body w be repell$ into ! %ad[1 & w =m1 by _! int]f]5ce ) ^? simil>ly repell$ on ! o!r side1 ! int]ior fr+es1 :i* are p>allel to ! edges ( ! body4 ,! rays :i* pass at a great] di/ance w 9 l mann] be b5t t[>ds ! body1 b ) less =ce1 &1 int]f]+ ) ^? rays :i* reta9 _! primitive direction1 f ! /ate ( _! fits or ! position ( _! poles1 !y w =m ! ext]ior fr+es4 ,:5 ! inflect+ body is plac$ ne> ! po9t ( div]g5ce1 ! great] proximity ( ! rays w produce a great] repulsive =ce1 & consequ5tly a great] inflection ( ! pass+ light2 :ile ! removal ( ! body f ! po9t ( div]g5ce w be accompani$ ) an increas$ di/ance ( ! p>ticles1 an inf]ior repulsive =ce1 & a feebl] inflection4 ,z ! ph5om5a ( inflection1 consid]$ "u ?is aspect1 arise f a prop]ty ( ! light itself1 x foll[s t !y w rema9 inv>iable1 :atev] be ! nature or d5sity ( ! body1 or ! =m ( ! edge :i* acts ^u ! pass+ rays4 ,,*apt] ,,ix4 ,miscellane\s ,optical ,rese>*es ( ,newton--,8 ,exp]im5ts on ,refraction--,8 ,conjecture respect+ ! ,inflammability ( ! ,diamond--,8 ,law ( ,d\ble ,refraction--,8 ,obs]vations on ! ,pol>ization ( ,light--,newton's ,!ory ( ,light--,8 8,optics40 ,be=e conclud+ our acc\nt ( ,newton's optical discov]ies1 x is necess>y to notice "s ( 8 m9or rese>*es1 :i*1 ?\gh ( inf]ior importance 9 ! sci5ce ( light1 h ei!r ex]cis$ an influ5ce ov] ! progress ( discov]y1 or be5 associat$ ) ! hi/ory ( o!r bran*es ( k4 ,"o ( ! mo/ curi\s ( ^! inquiries relat$ to ! connexion betwe5 ! refractive p[]s & ! *ymical composition ( bodies4 ,hav+ measur$ ! refractive p[]s & ! d5sities ( tw5ty-two sub/ances1 he f\nd t ! =ces :i* reflect & refract light are v ne>ly proportional to ! d5sities ( ! same bodies4 ,9 ?is law1 h[ev]1 he notic$ a rem>kable exception 9 ! case ( unctu\s & sulphure\s bodies1 su* z camphire1 olive oil1 l9se$ oil1 _s ( turp5t9e1 & diamond1 :i* h _! refractive p[]s two or ?ree times great] 9 respect ( _! d5sities ?an ! o!r sub/ances 9 ! table1 :ile among !mselves _! refractive p[]s are proportional to _! d5sities1 )\t any consid]able v>iation4 ,h5ce he conclud$ t diamond 8is an unctu\s sub/ance coagulat$10--a sagaci\s pr$iction1 :i* has be5 v]ifi$ 9 ! discov]ies ( mod]n *ymi/ry4 ,! connexion betwe5 a high degree ( inflammability & a great refract+ =ce has be5 /ill m /rongly e/abli%$ by ! high refractive p[] :i* ,i detect$ 9 phosphorus1 & :i* 0 discov]$ 9 hydrog5 by ,,mm4 ,biot & ,arago4 ,!re is no "p ( ! optical lab\rs ( ,newton :i* is less satisfactory ?an t :i* relates to ! d\ble refraction ( light4 ,9 #afij1 ,huyg5s1 publi%$ 8 admirable treatise on light1 9 :i* he has giv5 ! law ( d\ble refraction 9 calc>e\s sp>1 z d$uc$ f 8 !ory ( light1 & z confirm$ by direct exp]im5t4 ,view+ x probably z a !oretical d$uction1 ,newton seems to h reg>d$ x z incorrect1 & ?\gh he has giv5 ,huyg5s ! cr$it ( describ+ ! ph5om5a m exactly ?an ,b>?ol9us1 yet1 )\t assign+ any reason1 he reject$ ! law ( ! ,dut* philosoph]1 & sub/itut$ ano!r 9 its place4 ,^! obs]vations ( our au?or =m ! subject ( ! tw5ty-fif? & tw5ty-six? qu]ies at ! end ( 8 ,optics1 :i* 0 publi%$ f\rte5 ye>s aft] ! appe>ance ( ,huyg5s's "w4 ,! law adopt$ by ,newton is n accompani$ ) any ( ! exp]im5ts f :i* x 0 d$uc$2 & ?\gh he has giv5 x )\t express+ any d\bt ( its accuracy1 x is1 nev]!less1 entirely incompatible ) obs]vation1 & has be5 reject$ by all succe$+ philosoph]s4 ,9 8 speculations respect+ ! successive disappe>ance & reappe>ance ( two ( ! f\r images :i* are =m$ :5 a lum9\s object is view$ ?r\gh two rhombs ( calc>e\s sp>1 "o ( :i* is made to revolve ^u ! o!r1 ,newton has be5 m successful4 ,he conclud$ f ^! ph5om5a t e ray ( light has two opposite sides orig9ally endu$ ) ! prop]ty on :i* ! unusual refraction dep5ds1 & o!r two opposite sides n endu$ ) t prop]ty2 & he sugge/$ x z a subject = future inquiry1 :e!r !re are n m prop]ties ( light by :i* ! sides ( ! rays diff]1 & are di/+ui%$ f "o ano!r4 ,?is is ! fir/ occasion on :i* ! idea ( a pol>ity 9 ! rays ( light has be5 sugge/$4#cb ,f ! v>i\s optical inquiries 9 :i* ,newton 0 engag$1 he 0 /rongly impress$ ) ! belief t light consi/s ( small mat]ial p>ticles emitt$ f %9+ sub/ances1 & t ^! p>ticles c\ld be aga9 recomb9$ into solid matt]1 s t 8gross bodies & light 7 conv]tible into "o ano!r40 ,he conceiv$ also t ! p>ticles ( solid bodies & ( light ex]t$ a mutual action ^u ea* o!r1 ! =m] be+ agitat$ & heat$ by ! latt]1 & ! latt] be+ attract$ & repell$ by ! =m]1 ) =ces dep5d+ on ! in]tia ( ! lum9\s p>ticles4 ,^! =ces he reg>d$ z ins5sible at all measurable di/ances1 & he conceiv$ t ! di/ances betwe5 ! p>ticles ( bodies 7 v small :5 comp>$ ) ! ext5t ( _! sph]e ( attraction & repulsion4 ,) ! exception ( ,hooke1 ,huyg5s1 & ,eul]1 almo/ all ! contempor>ies & successors ( ,newton ma9ta9$ ! doctr9e ( ! mat]iality ( light4 ,x 0 fir/ successfully assail$ by ,dr4 ,?omas ,"y1 & s9ce t "t x has be5 %ak5 to its f\ndation by ^? great discov]ies :i* h illu/rat$ ! comm5cem5t ( ! pres5t c5tury4 ,! undulatory !ory1 :i* has ?us triumph$ 9 its turn1 is /ill subject to grave difficulties1 & we fe> ano!r c5tury mu/ elapse be=e a f9al decision c be pron\nc$ on ?is long-agitat$ "q4 ,! mo/ important ( ! optical discov]ies ( ,newton1 ( :i* we h giv5 a g5]al hi/ory1 7 communicat$ to ! ,royal ,society 9 deta*$ pap]s2 b ! disputes 9 :i* !y _h involv$ _! au?or made him hesitate ab\t ! publication ( 8 o!r discov]ies4 ,al?\gh he _h drawn up a connect$ view ( 8 lab\rs "u ! title ( 8,opticks1 or a ,treatise on ! ,reflexions1 ,refractions1 ,inflexions1 & ,col\rs ( ,light10 yet he resolv$ n to publi% ?is "w dur+ ! life ( ,hooke1 by ^: rival jeal\sy 8 tranquillity _h be5 s frequ5tly int]rupt$4 ,hooke1 h[ev]1 di$ 9 #agjb1 & ! ,optics ( ,newton appe>$ 9 ,engli% 9 #agjd4 ,dr4 ,samuel ,cl>k propos$ a ,lat9 edition ( x1 :i* appe>$ 9 #agjf1 & he 0 g5]\sly pres5t$ by ,sir ,isaac ) #ejjl4 7or #ajjl4 = ea* ( 8 five *ildr571 z a tok5 ( ! approbation & gratitude ( ! au?or4 ,bo? ! ,engli% & ! ,lat9 editions h be5 frequ5tly repr9t$ bo? 9 ,engl& & on ! ,cont95t1#cc & !re p]haps nev] 0 a "w ( pr(\nd sci5ce s widely circulat$4 ,,*apt] ,x4 ,a/ronomical ,discov]ies ( ,newton--,necessity ( comb9$ ,ex]tion to ! ,completion ( great ,discov]ies--,sket* ( ! ,hi/ory ( ,a/ronomy previ\s to ! ,"t ( ,newton--,cop]nicus1 #adgc-aedc-- ,ty*o ,brahe1 #aedf-afja--,kepl]1 #aega-afca--;,galileo1 #aefd-afdb4 ,f ! optical lab\rs ( ,newton we n[ proce$ to ! hi/ory ( 8 a/ronomical discov]ies--^? transc5d5t d$uctions ( human reason by :i* he has secur$ to himself an immortal "n1 & v9dicat$ ! intellectual dignity ( 8 species4 ,pre-em95t z 8 triumphs h be51 x w\ld be unju/ to affirm t !y 7 a*iev$ by 8 s+le arm4 ,! tor* ( _m a prec$+ age _h ?r[n its light into ! /rongholds ( ! mat]ial univ]se1 & ! grasp ( _m a p[]ful h& _h pull$ d[n ! mo/ impregnable ( its def5ces4 ,an alliance1 inde$1 ( _m k9dr$ spirits _h be5 long /ruggl+ 9 ?is great cause1 & ,newton 0 b ! lead] ( _! mighty phalanx1--! director ( _! comb9$ g5ius1--! g5]al :o won ! victory1 & !re=e we>s its laurels4 ,! hi/ory ( sci5ce pres5ts u ) no example ( an individual m9d ?r[+ itself f> 9 advance ( its contempor>ies4 ,x is only 9 ! c>e] ( crime & ambition t reckless man takes ! />t ( 8 species1 &1 uncurb$ by moral & religi\s re/ra9t1 erects an unholy dyna/y ^u ! ru9s ( anci5t & v5]able in/itutions4 ,! a*ievem5ts ( intellectual p[]1 ?\gh (t5 begun by "o m9d & complet$ by ano!r1 h ev] be5 ! results ( comb9$ ex]tions4 ,sl[ 9 _! gr[?1 !y gradually approximate to a m p]fect condition3--! v>iety 9 ! ph5om5a ( nature call =? a v>iety ( intellectual gifts2--! p[]s ( analysis & comb9ation are appli$ to ! humbl] lab\rs ( obs]vation & exp]im5t1 & 9 ! ordeal ( rival inquiry tru? is f9ally purifi$ f error4 ,h[ diff]5t is x ) ^? sy/ems :i* ! imag9ation re>s1--^? !ories ( wild import :i* are direct$ aga9/ ! consci5ces & hopes ( man4 ,! fatal upas-tree di/ils its poison 9 ! spr+ z well z ! autumn ( its gr[?1 b ! fruit :i* su/a9s life mu/ h its bud prep>$ be=e ! approa* ( w9t]1 its blossom exp&$ 9 ! spr+1 & its juices elaborat$ by ! light & heat ( ! summ] & ! autumnal sun4 ,9 ! c5tury :i* prec$$ ! bir? ( ,newton ! sci5ce ( a/ronomy advanc$ ) ! mo/ rapid /eps4 ,em]g+ f ! d>kness ( ! middle ages1 ! human m9d seem$ to rejoice 9 its new-born /r5g?1 & to apply itself ) ela/ic vig\r to unfold ! me*anism ( ! heav5s4 ,! lab\rs ( ,hipp>*us & ,ptolemy _h inde$ furni%$ _m important epo*s & suppli$ _m valuable data2 b ! cumbr\s app5dages ( cycles & epicycles ) :i* !y expla9$ ! /ations & retrogradations ( ! planets1 & ! vulg> prejudices :i* a false int]pretation ( ,scripture _h excit$ aga9/ a belief 9 ! motion ( ! e>?1 r5d]$ x difficult ev5 = great m9ds to escape f ! trammels ( au?ority1 & appeal to ! simplicity ( nature4 ,! sov]eign ( ,ca/ile1 ! g5]\s & noble-m9d$ ,alphonso1 _h long be=e proscrib$ ! rude exp$i5ts ( 8 pr$ecessors2 & :5 he decl>$ t if ! heav5s 7 ?us con/itut$1 he c\ld h giv5 ! ,deity good advice1 he mu/ n only h felt ! absurdity ( ! prevail+ sy/em1 b mu/ h obta9$ "s =esight ( a m simple arrangem5t4 ,b nei!r he nor ! a/ronom]s :om he s lib]ally protect$ seem to h e/abli%$ a bett] sy/em1 & x 0 left to ,cop]nicus to enjoy ! dignity ( be+ ! re/or] ( a/ronomy4 ,?is great man1 a native ( ,?orn 9 ,prussia1 foll[+ 8 fa!r's pr(ession1 began 8 c>e] z a doctor ( m$ic9e1 b an accid5tal att5dance on ! ma!matical lectures ( ,brudzevius excit$ a love = a/ronomy1 :i* became ! lead+ passion ( 8 life4 ,quitt+ a pr(ession uncong5ial to su* pursuits1 he w5t to ,bologna to /udy a/ronomy "u ,dom9ic ,m>ia2 & aft] hav+ enjoy$ ! fri5d%ip & in/ruction ( t able philosoph]1 he e/abli%$ himself at ,rome 9 ! humble situation ( a tea*] ( ma!matics4 ,"h he made num]\s a/ronomical obs]vations :i* s]v$ him z ! basis ( future rese>*es2 b an ev5t soon occurr$ :i*1 ?\gh x int]rupt$ = a :ile 8 important /udies1 plac$ him 9 a situation = pursu+ !m ) new zeal4 ,! dea? ( "o ( ! canons enabl$ 8 uncle1 :o 0 ,bi%op ( ,ermel&1 to appo9t him to a canonry 9 ! *apt] ( ,frau5burg1 :]e1 9 a h\se situat$ on ! br[ ( a m\nta91 he cont9u$1 9 peaceful seclusion1 to c>ry on 8 a/ronomical obs]vations4 ,dur+ 8 resid5ce at ,rome 8 tal5ts _h be5 s well appreciat$1 t ! ,bi%op ( ,fossombrona1 :o presid$ ov] ! c\ncil = re=m+ ! cal5d>1 solicit$ ! aid ( ,cop]nicus 9 ?is desirable und]tak+4 ,at fir/ he ent]$ w>mly into ! views ( ! c\ncil1 & *>g$ himself ) ! det]m9ation ( ! l5g? ( ! ye> & ( ! mon?1 & ( ! o!r motions ( ! sun & moon t seem$ to be requir$2 b he f\nd ! task too irksome1 & probably felt t x w\ld int]f]e ) ^? int]e/+ discov]ies :i* _h already begun to dawn ^u 8 m9d4 ,cop]nicus is said to h comm5c$ 8 inquiries by an hi/orical exam9ation ( ! op9ions ( anci5t au?ors on ! sy/em ( ! univ]se2 b x is m likely t he s\ght = ! au?ority ( _! great names to c\nt5ance 8 peculi> views1 & t he 0 m desir\s to pres5t 8 own !ory z "o t he _h receiv$1 r ?an z "o :i* he _h inv5t$4 ,8 m9d _h be5 long imbu$ ) ! idea t simplicity & h>mony %\ld *>act]ize ! arrangem5ts ( ! planet>y sy/em1 &1 9 ! complication & disord] :i* reign$ 9 ! hypo!sis ( ,ptolemy1 he saw insup]able objections to its be+ reg>d$ z a repres5tation ( nature4 ,9 ! op9ions ( ! ,egyptian sages1 9 ^? ( ,py?agoras1 ,philolaus1 ,ari/>*us1 & ,nicetas1 he recognis$ 8 own e>lie/ conviction t ! e>? 0 n ! c5tre ( ! univ]se2 b he appe>s to h consid]$ x z /ill possible t our globe might p]=m "s function 9 ! sy/em m important ?an t ( ! o!r planets2 & 8 att5tion 0 mu* occupi$ ) ! speculation ( ,m>tianus ,capella1 :o plac$ ! sun betwe5 ,m>s & ! moon1 & made ,m]cury & ,v5us revolve r\nd him z a c5tre2 & ) ! sy/em ( ,apollonius ,p]gu1 :o made all ! planets revolve r\nd ! sun1 :ile ! sun & moon 7 c>ri$ r\nd ! e>? 9 ! c5tre ( ! univ]se4 ,! exam9ation1 h[ev]1 ( ^! hypo!ses gradually dispell$ ! difficulties ) :i* ! subject 0 beset2 & aft] ! lab\rs ( m ?an ?irty ye>s1 he 0 p]mitt$ to see ! true sy/em ( ! heav5s4 ,! sun he consid]$ z immoveable 9 ! c5tre ( ! sy/em1 :ile ! e>? revolv$ betwe5 ! orbits ( ,v5us & ,m>s1 & produc$ by its rotation ab\t its axis all ! diurnal ph5om5a ( ! cele/ial sph]e4 ,! precession ( ! equ9oxes 0 ?us ref]r$ to a slight motion ( ! e>?'s axis1 & ! /ations & retrogradations ( ! planets 7 ! necess>y consequ5ce ( _! own motions comb9$ ) t ( ! e>? ab\t ! sun4 ,^! rem>kable views 7 support$ by num]\s a/ronomical obs]vations2 & 9 #aecj ,cop]nicus br\ght to a close 8 immortal "w on ! ,revolutions ( ! ,heav5ly ,bodies4 ,b :ile we admire ! g5ius :i* triumph$ ov] s _m difficulties1 we _c fail to comm5d ! extraord9>y prud5ce ) :i* he u%]$ 8 new sy/em into ! _w4 ,aw>e ( ! prejudices1 & ev5 ( ! ho/ility ) :i* su* a sy/em w\ld be receiv$1 he resolv$ nei!r to />tle ! "o nor provoke ! o!r4 ,he all[$ 8 op9ions to circulate 9 ! sl[ curr5t ( p]sonal communication4 ,! po9ts ( opposition :i* !y pres5t$ to e/abli%$ doctr9es 7 gradually worn d[n1 & !y ins9uat$ !mselves into reception among ! ecclesia/ical circles by ! v reluctance ( _! au?or to br+ !m into notice4 ,9 ! ye> #aecd1 ,c>d9al ,s*onb]g1 ,bi%op ( ,capua1 & ,gyse1 ,bi%op ( ,culm1 ex]t$ all _! influ5ce to induce ,cop]nicus to lay 8 sy/em be=e ! _w2 b he resi/$ _! solicitations2 & x 0 n till #aeci t an accid5tal circum/ance contribut$ to alt] 8 resolution4 ,george ,rheticus1 pr(essor ( ma!matics at ,wirtemb]g1 hav+ he>d ( ! lab\rs ( ,cop]nicus1 resign$ 8 *air1 & repair$ to ,frau5b]g to make himself ma/] ( 8 discov]ies4 ,?is zeal\s disciple prevail$ ^u 8 ma/] to p]mit ! publication ( 8 sy/em2 & !y seem to h arrang$ a plan = giv+ x to ! _w )\t al>m+ ! vigilance ( ! *ur*1 or />tl+ ! prejudices ( individuals4 ,"u ! disguise ( a /ud5t ( ma!matics1 ,rheticus publi%$ 9 #aedj an acc\nt ( ! manuscript volume ( ,cop]nicus4 ,?is pamphlet 0 receiv$ )\t any disapprobation1 & its au?or 0 enc\rag$ to repr9t x at ,basle1 9 #aeda1 ) 8 own "n4 ,! success ( ^! publications1 & ! flatt]+ mann] 9 :i* ! new a/ronomy 0 receiv$ by sev]al able writ]s1 induc$ ,cop]nicus to place 8 ,,mss4 9 ! h&s ( ,rheticus4 ,x 0 accord+ly pr9t$ at ! exp5se ( ,c>d9al ,s*onb]g1 & appe>$ at ,nuremb]g 9 #aedc4 ,its illu/ri\s au?or1 h[ev]1 did n live to p]use x4 ,a complete copy 0 h&$ to him 9 8 la/ mom5ts1 & he saw & t\*$ x a few h\rs be=e 8 dea?4 ,?is great "w 0 d$icat$ to ! ,holy ,pontiff1 9 ord]1 z ,cop]nicus himself says1 t ! au?ority ( ! head ( ! *ur* might sil5ce ! calumnies ( individuals :o _h attack$ 8 views by argum5ts drawn f religion4 ,?us introduc$1 ! ,cop]nican sy/em met ) no ecclesia/ical opposition1 & gradually made its way 9 spite ( ! ignorance & prejudices ( ! age4 ,among ! a/ronom]s :o provid$ ! mat]ials ( ! ,newtonian philosophy ! "n ( ,ty*o ,brahe m]its a conspicu\s place4 ,desc5d$ f an anci5t ,sw$i% family1 he 0 born at ,knud/orp1 9 ,norway1 9 #aedf1 ?ree ye>s aft] ! dea? ( ,cop]nicus4 ,! great eclipse ( ! sun :i* happ5$ on ! #bf? ,augu/1 #aefj1 :ile he 0 at ! ,univ]sity ( ,cop5hag51 attract$ 8 notice3 & :5 he f\nd t all its ph5om5a _h be5 accurately pr$ict$1 he 0 seiz$ ) ! mo/ irresi/ible passion to acquire ! k ( a sci5ce s infallible 9 its results4 ,de/9$ = ! pr(ession ( ! law1 8 fri5ds disc\rag$ ! pursuit :i* n[ engross$ 8 ?\ghts2 & su* 7 ! reproa*es & ev5 p]secutions to :i* he 0 expos$1 t he quitt$ 8 c\ntry ) ! design ( travell+ ?r\gh ,g]many4 ,at ! v comm5cem5t ( 8 j\rney1 h[ev]1 an ev5t occurr$ 9 :i* ! impetuosity ( 8 temp] _h ne>ly co/ him 8 life4 ,at a w$d+-fea/ 9 ,ro/ock1 a que/ionable po9t 9 geometry involv$ him 9 a dispute ) a ,dani% nobleman ( ! same temp]am5t ) himself2 & ! two ma!maticians resolv$ to settle ! diff]5ce by ! sword4 ,ty*o1 h[ev]1 seems to h be5 second 9 ! conflict1 = he lo/ ! great] "p ( 8 nose1 & 0 oblig$ to supply its place by a sub/itute ( gold & silv]1 :i* a cem5t ( glue atta*$ to 8 face4 ,dur+ 8 /ay at ,augsburg he inspir$ ! burgoma/] ( ! city1 ,pet] ,ha9zell1 ) a love ( a/ronomy4 ,?is public-spirit$ citiz5 erect$ an excell5t obs]vatory at 8 own exp5se1 & "h ,ty*o began t di/+ui%$ c>e] :i* has plac$ him 9 ! fir/ rank ( practical a/ronom]s4 ,^u 8 return to ,cop5hag5 9 #aegj1 he 0 receiv$ ) e m>k ( respect4 ,! k+ invit$ him to c\rt1 & p]sons ( all ranks h>ass$ him ) _! att5tions4 ,at ,h]ritzvold1 ne> 8 native place1 ! h\se ( 8 mat]nal uncle af=d$ him a retreat f ! gayeties ( ! capital1 & he 0 !re (f]$ e accommodation = ! prosecution ( 8 a/ronomical /udies4 ,"h1 h[ev]1 ! passion ( love & ! pursuits ( al*ymy di/ract$ 8 ?\ghts2 b ?\gh ! peasant girl ( :om he 0 enam\r$ 0 ( easi] atta9m5t ?an ! philosoph]'s /one1 ! m>riage produc$ an op5 qu>rel ) 8 relations1 :i* x requir$ ! int]f]5ce ( ! k+ to allay4 ,9 ! tranquillity ( dome/ic happ9ess1 ,ty*o resum$ 8 /udy ( ! heav5s1 & 9 #aegb he enjoy$ ! s+ul> good =tune ( obs]v+1 ?r\gh all its v>iations1 ! new /> 9 ,cassiopeia1 :i* appe>$ ) su* extraord9>y spl5d\r z to be visible 9 ! daytime1 & :i* gradually disappe>$ 9 ! foll[+ ye>4 ,dissatisfi$ ) 8 resid5ce 9 ,d5m>k1 ,ty*o resolv$ to settle 9 "s di/ant c\ntry2 & hav+ gone z f> z ,v5ice 9 se>* ( a suitable resid5ce1 he at la/ fix$ ^u ,basle1 9 ,switz]l&4 ,! ,k+ ( ,d5m>k1 h[ev]1 _h le>n$ 8 int5tion f ! ,pr9ce ( ,hesse2 & :5 ,ty*o return$ to ,cop5hag5 to remove 8 family & 8 in/rum5ts1 8 sov]eign ann\nc$ to him 8 resolution to deta9 him 9 8 k+dom4 ,he pres5t$ him ) ! canonry ( ,ros*ild1 ) an income ( #bjjj cr[ns p] annum4 ,to ?is he add$ a p5sion ( #ajjj cr[ns2 & he promis$ to give him ! isl& ( ,hu51 ) a complete obs]vatory erect$ "u 8 own eye4 ,?is g5]\s (f] 0 in/antly accept$4 ,! celebrat$ obs]vatory ( ,uraniburg 0 e/abli%$ at ! exp5se ( ab\t #bj1jjjl42 & 9 ?is magnific5t retreat ,ty*o cont9u$ = tw5ty-"o ye>s to enri* a/ronomy ) ! mo/ valuable obs]vations4 ,admir+ disciples cr[d$ to ?is sanctu>y ( ! sci5ces to acquire ! k ( ! heav5s2 & k+s#cd & pr9ces felt !mselves hon\r$ by becom+ ! gue/s ( ! great a/ronom] ( ! age4 ,"o ( ! pr9cipal discov]ies ( ,ty*o 0 t ( ! inequality ( ! moon's motion1 call$ ! v>iation4 ,he detect$1 also1 ! annual equation :i* affects ! place ( h] apogee & nodes1 & he det]m9$ ! greate/ & ! lea/ incl9ation ( ! lun> orbit4 ,8 obs]vations on ! planets 7 num]\s & precise1 & h =m$ ! data ( ! pres5t g5]alizations 9 a/ronomy4 ,?\gh ?us skilful 9 ! obs]vation ( ph5om5a1 8 m9d 0 b little suit$ to inve/igate _! cause1 & x 0 probably ow+ to ?is defect t he reject$ ! sy/em ( ,cop]nicus4 ,! vanity ( giv+ 8 own "n to ano!r sy/em 0 n likely to actuate a m9d su* z 81 & x 0 m probable t he 0 l$ to adopt ! immobility ( ! e>?1 & to make ! sun1 ) all 8 att5dant planets1 circulate r\nd x1 f ! great difficulty :i* /ill pres5t$ itself by comp>+ ! app>5t diamet] ( ! />s ) ! annual p>allax ( ! e>?'s orbit4 ,! dea? ( ,fr$]ick 9 #aehh prov$ a sev]e calamity to ,ty*o1 & to ! sci5ce :i* he cultivat$4 ,dur+ ! fir/ ye>s ( ! m9ority ( ,*ri/ian ,,iv4 ! reg5cy cont9u$ ! royal patronage to ! obs]vatory ( ,uraniburg2 & 9 #aeib ! "y k+ paid a visit ( "s days to ,ty*o1 & left him a gold *a9 9 tok5 ( 8 fav\r4 ,! a/ronom]1 h[ev]1 _h made himself enemies at c\rt1 & ! envy ( 8 high reputation _h probably add$ fre% malignity to ! irritation ( p]sonal feel+s4 ,"u ! m9i/ry ( ,wol*5dorf1 a "n = ev] odi\s to sci5ce1 ,ty*o's p5sion 0 /opp$2--he 0 9 #aeig depriv$ ( ! canonry ( ,ros*ild1 & 0 ?us =c$1 ) 8 wife & *ildr51 to seek an asylum 9 a =eign l&4 ,8 fri5d1 ,h5ry ,rantzau1 ( ,wansbeck1 "u ^: ro( he f\nd a hospitable %elt]1 0 =tunately acqua9t$ ) ! emp]or ,rodolph ,,ii41 :o1 to 8 love ( sci5ce1 add$ a passion = al*ymy & a/rology4 ,! reputation ( ,ty*o hav+ already rea*$ ! imp]ial e>1 ! recomm5dation ( ,rantzau 0 sc>cely necess>y to ensure him 8 w>me/ fri5d%ip4 ,invit$ by ! emp]or1 he repair$ 9 #aeii to ,prague1 :]e he met ) ! k9de/ reception4 ,a p5sion ( ?ree ?\s& cr[ns 0 imm$iately settl$ ^u him1 & a commodi\s obs]vatory erect$ = 8 use 9 ! vic9ity ( t city4 ,"h ! exil$ a/ronom] r5ew$ ) delight 8 int]rupt$ lab\rs1 & ! gratitude :i* he *]i%$ = ! royal fav\r increas$ ! satisfaction :i* he felt 9 hav+ s unexpect$ly f\nd a re/+-place = approa*+ age4 ,^! prospects ( bett] days 7 enhanc$ by ! good =tune ( receiv+ two su* m5 z ,kepl] & ,longomontanus = 8 pupils2 b ! fallacy ( human anticipation 0 "h1 z 9 s _m o!r cases1 /rik+ly display$4 ,ty*o 0 n aw>e ( ! inroads :i* bo? 8 lab\rs & 8 disappo9tm5ts _h made ^u 8 con/itution4 ,?\gh surr\nd$ ) affectionate fri5ds & admir+ disciples1 he 0 /ill an exile 9 a =eign l&4 ,?\gh 8 c\ntry _h be5 base 9 its +ratitude1 x 0 yet ! l& :i* he lov$1--! sc5e ( 8 e>lie/ affection1--! !atre ( 8 sci5tific glory4 ,^! feel+s cont9ually prey$ ^u 8 m9d1 & 8 unsettl$ _s 0 ev] hov]+ among 8 native m\nta9s4 ,9 ?is condition he 0 attack$ ) a disease ( ! mo/ pa9ful k9d1 & ?\gh ! p>oxysms ( its agonies _h l5g!n$ int]missions1 yet he saw t dea? 0 approa*+4 ,he implor$ 8 pupils to p]sev]e 9 _! sci5tific lab\rs4 ,he conv]s$ ) ,kepl] on "s ( ! pr(\nde/ po9ts ( a/ronomy1 & ) ^! secul> occupations he m+l$ frequ5t acts ( piety & devotion4 ,9 ?is happy condition he expir$ )\t pa9 at ! age ( fifty-five1 ! unque/ionable victim ( ! c\ncils ( ,*ri/ian ,,iv4 ,not)/&+ ! accessions :i* a/ronomy _h receiv$ f ! lab\rs ( ,cop]nicus & ,ty*o1 no progress 0 yet made 9 develop+ ! g5]al laws ( ! sy/em1 & sc>cely an idea _h be5 =m$ ( ! p[] by :i* ! planets 7 reta9$ 9 _! orbits4 ,! lab\rs ( assidu\s obs]v]s _h suppli$ ! mat]ials = ?is purpose1 & ,kepl] arose to lay ! f\ndations ( physical a/ronomy4 ,john ,kepl] 0 born at ,wiel1 9 ,wirtemb]g1 9 #aega4 ,he 0 educat$ = ! *ur*1 & dis*>g$ ev5 "s ( ! cl]ical functions2 b 8 devotion to sci5ce )drew him f ! /udy ( !ology4 ,hav+ receiv$ ma!matical in/ruction f ! celebrat$ ,m/l9us1 he _h made su* progress 9 ! sci5ce1 t he 0 invit$ 9 #aeid to fill ! ma!matical *air ( ,gratz 9 ,/yria4 ,end[$ ) a f]tile imag9ation1 8 m9d 0 ev] int5t ^u subtle & +5i\s speculations4 ,9 ! ye> #aeif he publi%$ 8 peculi> views 9 a "w on ! ,h>monies & ,analogies ( ,nature4 ,9 ?is s+ul> production1 he attempts to solve :at he calls ! great cosmographical my/]y ( ! admirable proportion ( ! planet>y orbits2 & by means ( ! six regul> geometrical solids1#ce he endeav\rs to assign a reason :y !re are six planets1 & :y ! dim5sions ( _! orbits & ! "t ( _! p]iodical revolutions 7 su* z ,cop]nicus _h f\nd !m4 ,if a cube1 = example1 7 ins]t$ 9 a sph]e1 ( :i* ,saturn's orbit 0 "o ( ! great circles1 x w\ld1 he suppos$1 t\* by its six planes ! less] sph]e ( ,jupit]2 &1 9 l mann]1 he proposes to det]m9e1 by ! aid ( ! o!r geometrical solids1 ! magnitude ( ! sph]es ( ! o!r planets4 ,a copy ( ?is "w 0 pres5t$ by its au?or to ,ty*o ,brahe1 :o _h be5 too long v]s$ 9 ! sev]e realities ( obs]vation to atta* any value to su* wild !ories4 ,he advis$ 8 "y fri5d 8fir/ to lay a solid f\ndation = 8 views by actual obs]vation1 & !n1 by asc5d+ f ^!1 to /rive to rea* ! causes ( ?+s20 & !re is reason to ?9k t1 by ! aid ( ! :ole ,baconian philosophy1 ?us compress$ by anticipation into a s+le s5t5ce1 he ab&on$ = a :ile 8 vision>y inquiries4 ,9 ! ye> #aeih ,kepl] suff]$ p]secution = 8 religi\s pr9ciples1 & 0 compell$ to quit ,gratz2 b ?\gh he 0 recall$ by ! ,/ates ( ,/yria1 he felt 8 situation insecure1 & accept$ ( a press+ invitation f ,ty*o to settle at ,prague1 & assi/ him 9 8 calculations4 ,hav+ arriv$ 9 ,bohemia 9 #afjj1 he 0 introduc$ by 8 fri5ds to ! ,emp]or ,rodolph1 f :om he ev] aft]w>d receiv$ ! k9de/ att5tion4 ,on ! dea? ( ,ty*o 9 #afja1 he 0 appo9t$ ma!matician to ! emp]or1--a situation 9 :i* he 0 cont9u$ dur+ ! successive reigns ( ,mat?ias & ,f]d9&2 b :at 0 ( m importance to sci5ce1 he 0 put 9 possession ( ! valuable collection ( ,ty*o's obs]vations4 ,^! obs]vations 7 rem>kably num]\s2 & z ! orbit ( ,m>s 0 m oval ?an t ( any ( ! o!r planets1 !y 7 peculi>ly suitable = det]m9+ its real =m4 ,! notions ( h>mony & symmetry 9 ! con/ruction ( ! sol> sy/em1 :i* _h fill$ ! m9d ( ,kepl]1 necess>ily l$ him to believe t ! planets revolv$ ) a uni=m motion 9 circul> orbits4 ,s firm1 inde$1 0 ?is conviction1 t he made num]\s attempts to repres5t ! obs]vations ( ,ty*o by ?is hypo!sis4 ,! deviations 7 too great to be ascrib$ to errors ( obs]vation2 & 9 try+ v>i\s o!r curves1 he 0 l$ to ! discov]y t ,m>s revolv$ r\nd ! sun 9 an elliptical orbit1 9 "o ( ! foci ( :i* ! sun itself 0 plac$4 ,! same obs]vations enabl$ him to det]m9e ! dim5sions ( ! planet's orbit1 & by comp>+ toge!r ! times 9 :i* ,m>s pass$ ov] diff]5t portions ( its orbit1 he f\nd t !y 7 to "o ano!r z ! areas describ$ by ! l9es drawn f ! c5tre ( ! planet to ! c5tre ( ! sun1 or1 9 m te*nical t]ms1 t ! radius vector describes equal areas 9 equal times4 ,^! two rem>kable discov]ies1 ! fir/ t 7 ev] made 9 physical a/ronomy1 7 ext5d$ to all ! o!r planets ( ! sy/em1 & 7 communicat$ to ! _w 9 #afji1 9 8 8,comm5t>ies on ! ,motions ( ! ,planet ,m>s1 z d$uc$ f ! obs]vations ( ,ty*o ,brahe40 ,al?\gh our au?or 0 conduct$ to ^! great laws by ! pati5t exam9ation ( well-e/abli%$ facts1 8 imag9ation 0 ev] hurry+ him among ! wilds ( conjecture4 ,conv9c$ t ! mean di/ances ( ! planets f ! sun bore to "o ano!r "s my/]i\s relation1 he n only comp>$ !m ) ! regul> geometrical solids1 b also ) ! int]vals ( musical tones2 an idea :i* ! anci5t ,py?agoreans _h sugge/$1 & :i* _h be5 adopt$ by ,ar*im$es himself4 ,all ^! comp>isons 7 fruitless2 & ,kepl] 0 ab\t to ab&on an inquiry ( ab\t sev5te5 ye>s' duration1 :51 on ! #h? ,m>*1 #afah1 he conceiv$ ! idea ( comp>+ ! p[]s ( ! diff]5t memb]s :i* express ! planet>y di/ances1 9 place ( ! numb]s !mselves4 ,he comp>$ ! squ>es & ! cubes ( ! di/ances ) ! same p[]s ( ! p]iodic times2 nay1 he tri$ ev5 ! squ>es ( ! times ) ! cubes ( ! di/ances2 b 8 hurry & impati5ce l$ him into an error ( calculation1 & he reject$ ?is law z hav+ no exi/5ce 9 nature6 ,on ! #ae? ,may1 8 m9d aga9 rev]t$ to ! same notion1 & ^u mak+ ! calculations anew1 & free f error1 he discov]$ ! great law1 t ! squ>es ( ! p]iodic times ( any two planets are to "o ano!r z ! cubes ( _! di/ances f ! sun4 ,en*ant$ ) ?is unexpect$ result1 he c\ld sc>cely tru/ 8 calculations2 &1 to use 8 own language1 he at fir/ believ$ t he 0 dream+1 & _h tak5 = grant$ ! v tru? ( :i* he 0 9 se>*4 ,?is brilliant discov]y 0 publi%$ 9 #afai1 9 8 8,h>mony ( ! ,_w20 a "w d$icat$ to ,james ,,vi4 ( ,scotl&4 ,?us 7 e/abli%$ :at h be5 call$ ! ?ree laws ( ,kepl]1--! motion ( ! planets 9 elliptical orbits1--! proportionality betwe5 ! areas describ$ & _! times ( description1--& ! relations betwe5 ! squ>es ( ! p]iodic times & ! cubes ( ! di/ances4 ,! relation ( ! movem5ts ( ! planets to ! sun1 z ! g5]al c5tre ( all _! orbits1 c\ld n fail to sugge/ to ,kepl] t "s p[] resid$ 9 t lum9>y by :i* ^! v>i\s motions 7 produc$2 & he w5t s f> z to conjecture t ?is p[] dim9i%es z ! squ>e ( ! di/ance ( ! body on :i* x 0 ex]t$2 b he imm$iately rejects ?is law1 & pref]s t ( ! simple di/ances4 ,9 8 "w on ,m>s1 he speaks ( gravity z a mutual & corporeal affection betwe5 simil> bodies4 ,he ma9ta9$ t ! tides 7 occasion$ by ! moon's attraction1 & t ! irregul>ities ( ! lun> motions1 z detect$ by ,ty*o1 7 ow+ to ! jo9t actions ( ! sun & ! e>?2 b ! relation betwe5 gravity1 z exhibit$ on ! e>?'s surface1 & z conduct+ ! planets 9 _! orbits1 requir$ m pati5ce ( ?\ght ?an he c\ld comm&1 & 0 accord+ly left = ! ex]cise ( high] p[]s4 ,! mis]y 9 :i* ,kepl] liv$ =ms a pa9ful contra/ ) ! s]vices :i* he p]=m$ to sci5ce4 ,! p5sion on :i* he subsi/$ 0 always 9 arre>s1 & ?\gh ! ?ree emp]ors ^: reigns he adorn$ direct$ _! m9i/]s to be m punctual 9 its paym5t1 ! disob$i5ce ( _! comm&s 0 a s\rce ( cont9u$ vexation to ,kepl]4 ,:5 he retir$ to ,sagan1 9 ,silesia1 to sp5d 9 retirem5t ! rema9d] ( 8 days1 8 pecuni>y difficulties became /ill m h>ass+4 ,necessity at la/ compell$ him to apply p]sonally = ! arre>s :i* 7 due2 & he accord+ly set out 9 #afcj = ,ratisbon2 b 9 consequ5ce ( ! great fatigue :i* s long a j\rney on horseback produc$1 he 0 seiz$ ) a fev]1 :i* c>ri$ him (f on ! #cj? ,novemb]1 #afcj1 9 ! #ei? ye> ( 8 age4 ,:ile ,kepl] 0 ?us lay+ ! f\ndation ( physical a/ronomy1 ,galileo 0 busily employ$ 9 ext5d+ ! b\nd>ies ( ! sol> sy/em4 ,?is di/+ui%$ philosoph] 0 born at ,pisa 9 #aefd4 ,he 0 ! son ( a ,flor5t9e nobleman1 & 0 educat$ = ! m$ical pr(ession2 b a passion = geometry took possession ( 8 m9d1 & call$ =? all 8 p[]s4 ,)\t ! aid ( a ma/]1 he /udi$ ! writ+s ( ,euclid & ( ,ar*im$es2 & su* 7 8 acquirem5ts1 t he 0 appo9t$ by ! ,gr&-duke ( ,tuscany to ! ma!matical *air ( ,pisa 9 ! tw5ty-fif? ye> ( 8 age4 ,8 opposition to ! ,ari/otelian philosophy ga9$ him _m enemies1 & at ! end ( ?ree ye>s he quitt$ ,pisa1 & accept$ ( an invitation to ! pr(essor%ip ( ma!matics at ,padua4 ,"h he cont9u$ = eighte5 ye>s adorn+ ! univ]sity by 8 "n1 & diffus+ ar\nd him a ta/e = ! physical sci5ces4 ,) ! exception ( "s contrivances ( inf]ior importance1 ,galileo _h di/+ui%$ himself by no discov]y till he _h rea*$ ! =ty-fif? ye> ( 8 age4 ,9 ! ye> #afji1 ! same ye> 9 :i* ,kepl] publi%$ 8 celebrat$ comm5t>y on ,m>s1 ,galileo paid a visit to ,v5ice1 :]e he he>d1 9 ! c\rse ( conv]sation1 t a ,dut*man ( ! "n ( ,jans5s _h con/ruct$ & pres5t$ to ,pr9ce ,maurice an in/rum5t ?r\gh :i* he saw di/ant objects magnifi$ & r5d]$ m di/9ct1 z if !y _h be5 br\ght ne>] to ! obs]v]4 ,?is report 0 cr$it$ by "s & disbeliev$ by o!rs2 b1 9 ! c\rse ( a few days1 ,galileo receiv$ a lett] f ,james ,badov]e at ,p>is1 :i* plac$ beyond a d\bt ! exi/5ce ( su* an in/rum5t4 ,! idea in/antly fill$ 8 m9d z "o ( ! utmo/ importance to sci5ce2 & s ?or\ghly 0 he acqua9t$ ) ! prop]ties ( l5ses1 t he n only discov]$ ! pr9ciple ( its con/ruction1 b 0 able to complete a telescope = 8 own use4 ,into "o end ( a lead5 tube he fitt$ a spectacle-glass plane on "o side & convex on ! o!r1 & 9 ! o!r end he plac$ ano!r spectacle-glass concave on "o side & plane on ! o!r4 ,he !n appli$ 8 eye to ! concave glass1 & saw objects 8pretty l>ge & pretty ne> him40 ,!y appe>$ ?ree times ne>]1 & n9e times l>g] 9 surface1 ?an to ! nak$ eye4 ,he soon aft] made ano!r1 :i* repres5t$ objects above sixty times l>g]2 &1 sp>+ nei!r lab\r nor exp5se1 he f9ally con/ruct$ an in/rum5t s excell5t1 z 8to %[ ?+s almo/ a ?\s& times l>g]1 & above ?irty times ne>] to ! nak$ eye40 ,!re is1 p]haps1 no inv5tion t sci5ce has pres5t$ to man s extraord9>y 9 its nature1 & s b\ndless 9 its influ5ce1 z t ( ! telescope4 ,to ! un9/ruct$ m9d1 ! p[] ( see+ an object a ?\s& miles di/ant1 z l>ge & ne>ly z di/9ct z if x 7 br\ght )9 a mile ( ! obs]v]1 mu/ seem almo/ miracul\s2 & to ! philosoph]1 ev51 :o ?or\ghly compreh5ds ! pr9ciples ^u :i* x acts1 x mu/ ev] appe> "o ( ! mo/ elegant applications ( sci5ce4 ,to h be5 ! fir/ a/ronom] 9 ^: h&s su* a gift 0 plac$ 0 a pref]5ce to :i* ,galileo ow$ mu* ( 8 future reputation4 ,no soon] _h he complet$ 8 telescope ?an he appli$ x to ! heav5s1 & on ! #g? ,janu>y1 #afah1 ! fir/ day ( its use1 he saw r\nd ,jupit] ?ree bright little />s ly+ 9 a l9e p>allel to ! ecliptic1 two to ! ea/1 & "o to ! we/ ( ! planet4 ,reg>d+ !m z ord9>y />s1 he nev] ?\ght ( e/imat+ _! di/ances4 ,on ! foll[+ day1 :5 he accid5tally direct$ 8 telescope to ,jupit]1 he 0 surpris$ to see ! ?ree />s to ! we/ ( ! planet4 ,to produce ?is effect x 0 requisite t ! motion ( ,jupit] %\ld be direct1 ?\gh1 accord+ to calculation1 x 0 actually retrograde4 ,9 ?is dilemma he wait$ ) impati5ce = ! ev5+ ( ! #i?1 b un=tunately ! sky 0 cov]$ ) cl\ds4 ,on ! #aj? he saw only two />s to ! ea/--a circum/ance :i* he 0 no long] able to expla9 by ! motion ( ,jupit]4 ,he 0 !re=e compell$ to ascribe ! *ange to ! />s !mselves2 & ^u repeat+ 8 obs]vations on ! #aa?1 he no long] d\bt$ t he _h discov]$ ?ree planets revolv+ r\nd ,jupit]4 ,on ! #ac? ,janu>y he = ! fir/ "t saw ! f\r? satellite4#cf ,?is discov]y1 ?\gh ( ! utmo/ importance 9 itself1 d]iv$ an additional value f ! light :i* x ?rew on ! true sy/em ( ! univ]se4 ,:ile ! e>? 0 ! only planet enlight5$ by a moon1 x might naturally be suppos$ t x alone 0 habitable1 & 0 !re=e entitl$ to ! pre-em95ce ( occupy+ ! c5tre ( ! sy/em2 b ! discov]y ( f\r moons r\nd a mu* l>g] planet depriv$ ?is argum5t ( its =ce1 & creat$ a new analogy betwe5 ! e>? & ! o!r planets4 ,:5 ,kepl] receiv$ ! 8,sid]eal ,mess5g]10 ! "w 9 :i* ,galileo ann\nc$ 8 discov]y 9 #afaj1 he p]us$ x ) ! deepe/ int]e/2 & :ile x confirm$ & ext5d$ 8 sub/antial discov]ies1 x dispell$ at ! same "t "s ( ^? h>monic dreams :i* /ill hov]$ among 8 ?\ghts4 ,9 ! 8,diss]tation0 :i* he publi%$ on ! discov]y ( ,galileo1 he expresses 8 hope t satellites w be discov]$ r\nd ,saturn & ,m>s1--he conjectures t ,jupit] has a motion ( rotation ab\t 8 axis1--& /ates 8 surprise1 t1 aft] :at _h be5 writt5 on ! subject ( telescopes by ,bapti/a ,porta1 !y _h n be5 e>li] introduc$ into obs]vatories4 ,9 cont9u+ 8 obs]vations1 ,galileo appli$ 8 telescope to ,v5us1 & 9 #afaj he discov]$ ! phases ( t planet1 :i* exhibit$ to him ! v>i\s =ms ( ! wax+ & ! wan+ moon4 ,?is fact e/abli%$ beyond a d\bt t ! planet revolv$ r\nd ! sun1 & ?us gave an additional bl[ to ! ,ptolemaic sy/em4 ,9 8 obs]vations on ! sun1 ,galileo discov]$ 8 spots1 & d$uc$ f !m ! rotation ( ! c5tral lum9>y4 ,he obs]v$ t ! body ( ,saturn _h h&les atta*$ to x2 b he 0 unable to detect ! =m ( its r+1 or r5d] visible its m9ute satellites4 ,on ! surface ( ! moon he discov]$ h] m\nta9s & valleys1 & det]m9$ ! curi\s fact ( h] libration1 9 virtue ( :i* p>ts ( ! m>g9 ( h] disk occasionally appe> & disappe>4 ,9 ! ,milky ,way he descri$ num]\s m9ute />s :i* ! unassi/$ eye 0 unable to p]ceive2 & z ! l>ge/ fix$ />s1 9 place ( be+ magnifi$ by ! telescope1 became actually m9ute brilliant po9ts1 he inf]r$ _! imm5se di/ance z r5d]$ necess>y by ! ,cop]nican hypo!sis4 ,all 8 discov]ies1 inde$1 furni%$ fre% argum5ts 9 fav\r ( ! new sy/em2 & ! ord] ( ! planets & _! relation to a c5tral sun may n[ be consid]$ z e/abli%$ by incontrov]tible evid5ce4 ,:ile ,galileo 0 occupi$ ) ^! noble pursuits at ,pisa1 to :i* he _h be5 recall$ 9 #afaa1 8 g5]\s patron1 ,cosmo ,,ii4 ,gr&-duke ( ,tuscany1 invit$ him to ,flor5ce1 t he might pursue ) un9t]rupt$ leisure 8 a/ronomical obs]vations1 & c>ry on 8 correspond5ce ) ! ,g]man a/ronom]s4 ,8 fame _h n[ res\nd$ ?r\gh all ,europe2--! /rongholds ( prejudice & ignorance 7 unb>r$2--& ! mo/ ob/9ate adh]5ts ( anci5t sy/ems ackn[l$g$ ! m]idian p[] ( ! day-/> ( sci5ce4 ,galileo 0 ambiti\s ( propagat+ ! great tru?s :i* he contribut$ s p[]fully to e/abli%4 ,he nev] d\bt$ t !y w\ld receiv$ ) gratitude by all1--by ! philosoph] z ! consummation ( ! greate/ ef=ts ( human g5ius1--& by ! ,*ri/ian z ! mo/ transc5d5t displays ( ,almighty p[]4 ,b he _h mi/ak5 ! disposition ( 8 species1 & ! "* ( ! age4 ,t same sy/em ( ! heav5s :i* _h be5 discov]$ by ! humble ecclesia/ic ( ,frau5b]g1 :i* _h be5 patronis$ by ! k9dness ( a bi%op1 & publi%$ at ! exp5se ( a c>d9al1 & :i* ! pope himself _h sanction$ by ! w>me/ reception1 01 aft] ! lapse ( a hundr$ ye>s1 doom$ to ! mo/ viol5t opposition1 z subv]sive ( ! doctr9es ( ! ,*ri/ian fai?4 ,on no =m] occasion has ! human m9d exhibit$ su* a fatal relapse into intol]ance4 ,! age itself _h improv$ 9 lib]ality2--! p]secut$ doctr9es !mselves _h become m des]v+ ( reception2--! light ( ! ,re=m$ fai? _h driv5 ! ,ca?olics f "s ( _! mo/ obnoxi\s positions2--& yet1 "u all ^! circum/ances1 ! *ur* ( ,rome unfurl$ h] bann] ( p]secution aga9/ ! pride ( ,italy1 aga9/ ! ornam5t ( 8 species1 & aga9/ tru?s immutable & et]nal4 ,9 consequ5ce ( compla9ts laid be=e ! ,holy ,inquisition1 ,galileo 0 summon$ to appe> at ,rome 9 #afae1 to answ] = ! h]etical op9ions :i* he _h promulgat$4 ,he 0 *>g$ ) 8ma9ta9+ z true ! false doctr9e held by _m1 t ! sun 0 immoveable 9 ! c5tre ( ! _w1 & t ! e>? revolv$ ) a diurnal motion2--) hav+ c]ta9 disciples to :om he taught ! same doctr9e2--) keep+ up a correspond5ce on ! subject ) sev]al ,g]man ma!maticians2--) hav+ publi%$ lett]s on ! sol> spots1 9 :i* he expla9$ ! same doctr9e z true2--& ) hav+ gloss$ ov] ) a false int]pretation ! passages ( ,scripture :i* 7 urg$ aga9/ x40 ,! consid]ation ( ^! *>ges came be=e a meet+ ( ! ,inquisition1 :i* assembl$ on ! #be? ,febru>y1 #afaf2 & ! c\rt1 decl>+ _! disposition to deal g5tly ) ! prison]1 pron\nc$ ! foll[+ decree3--8,t ,c>d9al ,bell>m9e %\ld enjo9 ,galileo to r5\nce entirely ! above-recit$ false op9ions2 t1 on 8 refusal to d s1 he %\ld be comm&$ by ! commiss>y ( ! ,inquisition to ab&on ! said doctr9e1 & to cease to tea* & def5d x2 & t1 if he did n obey ?is comm&1 he %\ld be ?r[n into prison40 ,on ! #bf? ( ,febru>y ,galileo appe>$ be=e ,c>d9al ,bell>m9e1 &1 aft] receiv+ f him a g5tle admonition1 he 0 comm&$ by ! commiss>y1 9 ! pres5ce ( a not>y & witnesses1 to desi/ altoge!r f 8 errone\s op9ions2 & x 0 decl>$ to be unlawful = him 9 future to tea* !m 9 any way :atev]1 ei!r orally or 9 8 writ+s4 ,to ^! comm&s ,galileo promis$ ob$i5ce1 & 0 dismiss$ f ! ,inquisition4 ,! mildness ( ?is s5t5ce 0 no d\bt p>tly ow+ to ! influ5ce ( ! ,gr&-duke ( ,tuscany1 & o!r p]sons ( rank & influ5ce at ! papal c\rt1 :o took a deep int]e/ 9 ! issue ( ! trial4 ,dread+1 h[ev]1 t s slight a puni%m5t might n h ! effect ( putt+ d[n ! obnoxi\s doctr9es1 ! ,inquisition issu$ a decree d5\nc+ ! new op9ions z false & contr>y to ! sacr$ writ+s1 & prohibit+ ! sale ( e book 9 :i* !y %\ld be ma9ta9$4 ,?us lib]at$ f 8 p]secutors1 ,galileo return$ to ,flor5ce1 :]e he pursu$ 8 /udies ) 8 wont$ dilig5ce & ard\r4 ,! recantation ( 8 a/ronomical op9ions 0 s =mal & unres]v$1 t ord9>y prud5ce1 if n a s5se ( p]sonal hon\r1 %\ld h re/ra9$ him f unnecess>ily br++ !m be=e ! _w4 ,no ana!ma 0 pron\nc$ aga9/ 8 sci5tific discov]ies2 no int]dict 0 laid ^u ! free ex]cise ( 8 g5ius4 ,he 0 prohibit$ m]ely f tea*+ a doctr9e :i* ! *ur* ( ,rome consid]$ to be injuri\s to its fai?4 ,we might h expect$1 !re=e1 t a philosoph] s conspicu\s 9 ! eyes ( ! _w w\ld h respect$ ! prejudices1 h[ev] base1 ( an in/itution ^: decrees =m$ "p ( ! law ( ! l&1 & :i* possess$ ! p[] ( life & dea? )9 ! limits ( its jurisdiction4 ,galileo1 h[ev]1 ?\ght o!rwise4 ,a s5se ( degradation#cg seems to h urg$ him to retaliate1 & be=e six ye>s _h elaps$1 he began to compose 8 8,cosmical ,sy/em1 or ,dialogues on ! two greate/ ,sy/ems ( ! ,_w1 ! ,ptolemean & ! ,cop]nican10 ! conceal$ object ( :i* is to e/abli% ! op9ions :i* he _h promis$ to ab&on4 ,9 ?is "w ! subject is discuss$ by ?ree speak]s1 ,sagr$o1 ,salviatus1 & ,simplicius1 a p]ipatetic philosoph]1 :o def5ds ! sy/em ( ,ptolemy ) mu* skill aga9/ ! ov]:elm+ argum5ts ( ! rival disputants4 ,galileo hop$ to escape notice by ?is indirect mode ( propagat+ ! new sy/em1 & he obta9$ p]mission to publi% 8 "w1 :i* appe>$ at ,flor5ce 9 #afcb4 ,! ,inquisition did n1 z might h be5 expect$1 imm$iately summon ,galileo to _! pres5ce4 ,ne>ly a ye> elaps$ be=e !y gave any indication ( _! design2 &1 accord+ to _! own /atem5t1 !y did n ev5 take ! subject "u consid]ation till !y saw t ! obnoxi\s t5ets 7 e day ga9+ gr\nd1 9 consequ5ce ( ! publication ( ! ,dialogues4 ,!y !n submitt$ ! "w to a c>eful exam9ation1 & hav+ f\nd x to be a direct violation ( ! injunction :i* _h be5 =m]ly intimat$ to its au?or1 !y aga9 cit$ him be=e _! tribunal 9 #afcc4 ,! v5]able sage1 n[ 9 8 sev5tie? ye>1 0 ?us compell$ to repair to ,rome1 & :5 he arriv$ he 0 committ$ to ! ap>tm5ts ( ! ,fiscal ( ! ,inquisition4 ,! un*angeable fri5d%ip1 h[ev]1 ( ! ,gr&-duke ( ,tuscany obta9$ a remission ( ?is sev]ity1 & ,galileo 0 all[$ to reside at ! h\se ( ! ,tuscan ambassador dur+ ! two mon?s :i* ! trial occupi$4 ,:5 br\ght be=e ! ,inquisition1 & exam9$ ^u oa?1 he ackn[l$g$ t ! ,dialogues 7 writt5 by himself1 & t he obta9$ p]mission to publi% !m )\t notify+ to ! p]son :o gave x t he _h be5 prohibit$ f hold+1 def5d+1 or tea*+ ! h]etical op9ions4 ,he confess$ also t ! ,dialogues 7 compos$ 9 su* a mann]1 t ! argum5ts 9 fav\r ( ! ,cop]nican sy/em1 ?\gh giv5 z p>tly false1 7 yet manag$ 9 su* a mann] t !y 7 m likely to confirm ?an ov]turn its doctr9es2 b t ?is error1 :i* 0 n int5tional1 arose f ! natural desire ( mak+ an +5i\s def5ce ( false propositions1 & ( op9ions t _h ! semblance ( probability4 ,aft] receiv+ ^! confessions & excuses1 ! ,inquisition all[$ ,galileo a prop] "t = giv+ 9 8 def5ce2 b ?is seems to h consi/$ solely 9 br++ =w>d ! c]tificate ( ,c>d9al ,bell>m9e already m5tion$1 :i* made no allusion to ! promise "u :i* ,galileo _h come nev] to def5d1 nor tea* 9 any way :atev]1 ! ,cop]nican doctr9es4 ,! c\rt held ?is def5ce to be an aggravation ( ! crime r ?an an excuse = x1 & proce$$ to pron\nce a s5t5ce :i* w be ev] memorable 9 ! hi/ory ( ! human m9d4 ,invok+ ! "n ( our ,savi\r1 !y decl>e1 t ,galileo _h made himself liable to ! suspicion ( h]esy1 by believ+ ! doctr9e1 contr>y to ,scripture1 t ! sun 0 ! c5tre ( ! e>?'s orbit1 & did n move f ea/ to we/2 & by def5d+ z probable ! op9ion t ! e>? mov$1 & 0 n ! c5tre ( ! _w2 & t he _h ?us incurr$ all ! c5sures & p5alties :i* 7 enact$ by ! *ur* aga9/ su* (f5ces2--b t he %\ld be absolv$ f ^! p5alties1 provid$ he s9c]ely abjur$ & curs$ all ! errors & h]esies conta9$ 9 ! =mula ( ! *ur*1 :i* %\ld be submitt$ to him4 ,t s grave & p]nici\s a crime %\ld n pass altoge!r unpuni%$1 t he might become m cauti\s 9 future1 & might be an example to o!rs to ab/a9 f su* (f5ces1 !y decre$ t 8 ,dialogues %\ld be prohibit$ by a =mal edict1--t he %\ld be condemn$ to ! prison ( ! ,inquisition dur+ pleasure1--& t1 dur+ ! ?ree foll[+ ye>s1 he %\ld recite once a week ! sev5 p5it5tial psalms4 ,?is s5t5ce 0 subscrib$ by sev5 c>d9als2 & on ! #bb;d ,june1 #afcc1 ,galileo sign$ an abjuration humiliat+ to himself & degrad+ to philosophy4 ,at ! age ( sev5ty1 on 8 b5d$ knees1 & ) 8 "r h& re/+ on ! ,holy ,evangeli/s1 did ?is patri>* ( sci5ce av[ 8 pres5t & 8 pa/ belief 9 all ! dogmas ( ! ,romi% ,*ur*1 ab&on z false & h]etical ! doctr9e ( ! e>?'s motion & ( ! sun's immobility1 & pl$ge himself to d5\nce to ! ,inquisition any o!r p]son :o 0 ev5 suspect$ ( h]esy4 ,he abjur$1 curs$1 & dete/$ ^? et]nal & immutable tru?s :i* ! ,almighty _h p]mitt$ him to be ! fir/ to e/abli%4 ,:at a mortify+ picture ( moral depravity & intellectual weakness6 ,if ! unholy zeal ( ! assembly ( c>d9als has be5 br&$ ) infamy1 :at mu/ we ?9k ( ! v5]able sage ^: gray hairs 7 entw9$ ) ! *aplet ( immortality1 quail+ "u ! fe> ( man1 & sacrific+ ! convictions ( 8 consci5ce & ! d$uctions ( 8 reason at ! alt> ( a base sup]/ition8 ,_h ,galileo b add$ ! c\rage ( ! m>tyr to ! wisdom ( ! sage1--_h he c>ri$ ! glance ( 8 indignant eye r\nd ! circle ( 8 judges1--_h he lift$ 8 h&s to heav51 & call$ ! liv+ ,god to witness ! tru? & immutability ( 8 op9ions1 ! bigotry ( 8 enemies w\ld h be5 dis>m$1 & sci5ce w\ld h enjoy$ a memorable triumph4 ,! great tru?s ( ! ,cop]nican sy/em1 in/ead ( be+ consid]$ z h]etical1 _h be5 actually adopt$ by _m pi\s memb]s ( ! ,ca?olic *ur*1 & ev5 "s ( its dignit>ies did n scruple to def5d x op5ly4 ,previ\s to ! fir/ p]secution ( ,galileo 9 #afae1 a ,neapolitan nobleman1 ,v9c5zio ,c>affa1 a p]son equally di/+ui%$ by 8 piety & bir?1 _h solicit$ ,paul ,an?ony ,fosc>9us1 a le>n$ ,c>melite monk1 to illu/rate & def5d ! new sy/em ( ! univ]se4 ,) ?is reque/ ! ecclesia/ic spe$ily compli$2 & 9 ! pamphlet :i* he complet$ on ! #f? ,janu>y1 #afae1 he def5ds ! ,cop]nican sy/em ) mu* boldness & +5uity2 he reconciles ! v>i\s passages ( ,scripture ) ! new doctr9e1 & he expresses ! hope t su* an attempt1 n[ made = ! fir/ "t1 w prove agreeable to philosoph]s1 b p>ticul>ly to ^? v le>n$ m51 ,galileo ,galilei1 ,john ,kepl]1 & all ! memb]s ( ! ,lyncean ,academy1 :o1 he believes1 ent]ta9 ! same op9ion4 ,?is rem>kable production1 writt5 f ! conv5t ( ! ,c>melites at ,naples1 is d$icat$ to ! v ,rev]5d ,seba/ian ,fantoni1 g5]al ( ! ord] ( ,c>melites1 & 0 publi%$ at ,flor5ce1 ) ! sanction ( ! ecclesia/ical au?orities1 9 #afcj2 ?ree ye>s be=e ! second p]secution ( ,galileo4 ,x w\ld be int]e/+ to "k ! /ate ( public feel+ 9 ,italy :5 ,galileo 0 doom$ to ! prisons ( ! ,inquisition4 ,no appeal seems to h be5 made aga9/ s cruel a s5t5ce2 & nei!r 9 remon/rance nor 9 d]ision does an individual voice seem to h be5 rais$4 ,! ma/] spirits ( ! age look$ ) sull5 indiff]5ce on ! p]secution ( exalt$ g5ius2 & ,galileo lay 9 *a9s1 des]t$ & unpiti$4 ,?is unrebuk$ triumph ( 8 enemies 0 p]haps fav\rable to ! object ( _! v5geance4 ,resi/ance might h height5$ ! rig\r ( a s5t5ce1 :i* submission seems to h alleviat$4 ,! int]f]5ce ( "s em95t individuals ( ,rome1 among :om we h no d\bt t ! ,gr&-duke ( ,tuscany 0 ! mo/ influ5tial1 induc$ ,pope ,urban ,,viii41 n only to %ort5 ! p]iod1 b to s(t5 ! rig\r ( ,galileo's imprisonm5t4 ,f ! dungeon ( ! ,inquisition1 :]e he _h rema9$ only f\r days1 he 0 transport$ to ! ambassador's palace 9 ! ,g>d5 de ,m$ici at ,rome2 & :5 8 heal? _h begun to suff]1 he 0 p]mitt$ to leave ! metropolis2 & w\ld h be5 all[$ to return to ,flor5ce1 b z ! plague rag$ 9 t city1 he 0 s5t1 9 ,july1 #afcc1 to ! ar*iepiscopal palace ( ,si5na1 ! resid5ce ( ! ,ar*bi%op ,piccolim9i1 :]e he c>ri$ on & complet$ 8 valuable inve/igations respect+ ! resi/ance ( solids4 ,"h he cont9u$ five mon?s1 :51 9 consequ5ce ( ! disappe>ance ( ! plague at ,flor5ce1 he 0 all[$ to retire to 8 villa at ,bellosgu>do1 & aft]w>d to t ( ,arcetri 9 ! vic9ity ( ,flor5ce4 ,?\gh ,galileo 0 n[1 to a c]ta9 degree1 lib]at$ f ! p[] ( man1 yet ! afflict+ disp5sations ( ,provid5ce began to fall ?ickly ar\nd him4 ,no soon] _h he return$ to ,arcetri1 ?an 8 fav\rite daught]1 ,m>ia1 0 seiz$ ) a dang]\s illness1 :i* soon t]m9at$ 9 h] dea?4 ,he 0 himself attack$ ) h]nia1 palpitation ( ! he>t1 loss ( appetite1 & ! mo/ oppressive melan*oly2 & ?\gh he solicit$ p]mission to repair to ,flor5ce = m$ical assi/ance1 yet ?is de$ ( m]cy 0 d5i$ him4 ,9 #afch1 h[ev]1 ! pope p]mitt$ him to pay a visit to ,flor5ce1 & 8 fri5d1 ,fa!r ,ca/elli1 0 all[$ to visit him 9 ! company ( an (fic] ( ! ,inquisition4 ,b ?is indulg5ce 0 soon )drawn1 & at ! end ( a few mon?s he 0 rem&$ to ,arcetri4 ,! sight ( 8 "r eye _h begun to fail 9 #afcf1 f an opacity ( ! cornea4 ,9 #afcg 8 left eye 0 attack$ ) ! same compla9t2 s t 9 a few mon?s he 0 affect$ ) total & incurable bl9dness4 ,be=e ?is calamity _h sup]v5$1 he _h notic$ ! curi\s ph5om5on ( ! moon's libration1 9 consequ5ce ( :i*1 p>ts ( h] visible disk t are expos$ to view at "o "t are )drawn at ano!r4 ,he succe$$ 9 expla9+ two ( ! causes ( ?is curi\s ph5om5on1 viz4 ! diff]5t di/ances ( ! obs]v] f ! l9e jo9+ ! c5tre ( ! e>? & ! moon1 :i* produces ! diurnal libration1 & ! unequal motion ( ! moon 9 h] orbit1 :i* produces ! libration 9 longitude4 ,x 0 left1 h[ev]1 to ,hevelius to discov] ! libration 9 latitude1 :i* arises f ! incl9ation ( h] axis be+ a little less ?an a "r angle to ! ecliptic2 & to ,lagrange to discov] ! sph]oidal libration1 or t :i* arises f ! action ( ! e>? ^u ! lun> sph]oid4 ,! sorr[s ) :i* ,galileo 0 n[ beset1 seem$ to h dis>m$ ! sev]ity ( ! ,inquisition4 ,he 0 freely p]mitt$ to enjoy ! society ( 8 fri5ds1 :o n[ ?rong$ ar\nd him to express _! respect & _! sympa?y4 ,! ,gr&-duke ( ,tuscany 0 8 frequ5t visit]1 & ,gass5di1 ,deodati1 & our c\ntryman ,milton w5t to ,italy = ! purpose ( visit+ him4 ,he ent]ta9$ 8 fri5ds ) ! w>me/ hospitality1 & ?\gh simple & ab/emi\s 9 8 diet1 yet he 0 fond ( good w9e1 & seems ev5 9 8 la/ days to h paid p>ticul> att5tion to ! excell5ce ( 8 cell>4 ,al?\gh ,galileo _h ne>ly lo/ 8 he>+ z well z 8 sight1 yet 8 intellectual faculties 7 unimpair$2 & :ile 8 m9d 0 occupi$ 9 consid]+ ! =ce ( p]cussion1 he 0 seiz$ ) fev] & palpitation ( ! he>t1 :i*1 aft] two mon?s' illness1 t]m9at$ 8 life on ! #h? ( ,janu>y1 #afdb4 ,among ! pr$ecessors ( ,newton 9 a/ronomical rese>* we mu/ n omit ! names ( ,b\illaud 7,bullialdus71 ,borelli1 & ,dr4 ,hooke4 ,ismael ,b\illaud1 a native ( ,laon 9 ,france1 & ! au?or ( sev]al valuable a/ronomical works1 has d]iv$ m reputation f a s+le s5t5ce 9 8 ,a/ronomica ,philolaica1 publi%$ 9 #afde1 ?an f all ! re/ ( 8 lab\rs4 ,he 0 n a believ] 9 ! doctr9e ( attraction1 :i*1 z we h already se51 _h be5 broa*$ by ,cop]nicus1 & discov]$ by ,kepl]2 b 9 speak+ ( t p[] z ! cause ( ! planet>y motions1 he rem>ks1 8t if attraction exi/$1 x w\ld decrease z ! squ>e ( ! di/ance40 ,! influ5ce ( gravity 0 /ill m di/9ctly develop$ by ,borelli1 a ,neapolitan philosoph]1 :o publi%$ 9 #afff a "w on ,jupit]'s satellites4#ch ,9 ?is "w he ma9ta9s1 t all ! planets p]=m _! motions r\nd ! sun accord+ to a g5]al law2 t ! satellites ( ,jupit] & ( ,saturn move r\nd _! prim>y planets 9 ! same mann] z ! moon does r\nd ! e>?1 & t !y all revolve r\nd ! sun1 :i* is ! only s\rce ( any virtue1 & t ?is virtue atta*es !m1 & unites !m s t !y _c rec$e f _! c5tre ( action4#ci ,our c\ntryman ,dr4 ,rob]t ,hooke seems to h devot$ mu* ( 8 att5tion to ! cause ( ! planet>y motions4 ,on ! #ba/ ,m>*1 #afff1 he read to ! ,royal ,society an acc\nt ( a s]ies ( exp]im5ts = det]m9+ if bodies exp]i5ce any v>iation 9 _! weight at diff]5t di/ances f ! c5tre ( ! e>?4 ,8 exp]im5ts1 z ,hooke himself saw1 7 by no means satisfactory1 & h5ce he 0 l$ to ! +5i\s idea ( measur+ ! =ce ( gravity by obs]v+1 at diff]5t altitudes1 ! rate ( a p5dulum clock4 ,ab\t two mon?s aft]w>d1 he exhibit$ to ! ,society an approximate repres5tation ( ! =ces :i* reta9 ! planets 9 _! orbits1 9 ! pa?s describ$ by a circul> p5dulum impell$ ) diff]5t degrees ( =ce2 b ?\gh ?is exp]im5t illu/rat$ ! production ( a curvil9eal motion1 by comb9+ a tang5tial =ce ) a c5tral p[] ( attraction1 yet x 0 only an illu/ration1 & c\ld n lead to ! true cause ( ! planet>y motions4 ,at a lat] p]iod1 h[ev]1 viz4 9 #afgd1 ,hooke resum$ ! subject 9 a diss]tation entitl$ 8,an ,attempt to prove ! ,motion ( ! ,e>? f ,obs]vation10 :i* conta9s ! foll[+ rem>kable obs]vations ^u gravity3-- 8,i %all h]eaft] expla9 a sy/em ( ! _w diff]+ 9 _m p>ticul>s f any yet kn[n1 answ]+ 9 all ?+s to ! common rules ( me*anical motions4 ,?is dep5ds ^u ?ree suppositions3--fir/1 t all cele/ial bodies :atsoev] h an attraction or gravitat+ p[] t[>ds _! own c5tres1 :]eby !y attract1 n only _! own p>ts1 & keep !m f fly+ f !m1 z we may obs]ve ! e>? to d1 b t !y also d attract all ! o!r cele/ial bodies t are )9 ! sph]e ( _! activity1 & consequ5tly1 t n only ! sun & moon h an influ5ce ^u ! body & motion ( ! e>?1 & ! e>? ^u !m1 b t ,m]cury1 ,v5us1 ,m>s1 ,jupit]1 & ,saturn1 also1 by _! attractive p[]s1 h a consid]able influ5ce ^u its motion1 z 9 ! same mann] ! correspond+ attractive p[] ( ! e>? ha? a consid]able influ5ce ^u e "o ( _! motions also4 ,! second supposition is ?is1 t all bodies :atsoev] t are put into a direct & simple motion w s cont9ue to move =w>d 9 a /raight l9e1 till !y are1 by "s o!r effectual p[]s1 deflect$1 & s5t into a motion describ+ a circle1 ellipsis1 or "s o!r m comp\nd$ curve l9e4 ,! ?ird supposition is1 t ^? attractive p[]s are s mu* ! m p[]ful 9 op]at+ by h[ mu* ! ne>] ! body wr\ght ^u is to _! own c5tres4 ,n[1 :at ^! sev]al degrees are ,i h n yet exp]im5tally v]ifi$2 b x is a notion :i*1 if fully prosecut$1 z x ought to be1 w mightily assi/ ! a/ronom]s to r$uce all ! cele/ial motions to a c]ta9 rule1 :i* ,i d\bt w nev] be done )\t x4 ,he t und]/&s ! nature ( ! circul> p5dulum & circul> motion w easily und]/& ! :ole ( ?is pr9ciple1 & w "k :]e to f9d directions 9 nature = ! true /at+ !re(4 ,?is ,i only h9t at pres5t to su* z h ability & opportunity ( prosecut+ ?is inquiry1 & are n want+ ( indu/ry = obs]v+ & calculat+1 wi%+ he>tily su* may be f\nd1 hav+ myself _m o!r ?+s 9 h&1 :i* ,i w\ld fir/ complete1 & !re=e _c s well att5d x4 ,b ?is ,i d n promise ! und]tak]1 t he w f9d all ! great motions ( ! _w to be influ5c$ by ?is pr9ciple1 & t ! true und]/&+ !re( w be ! true p]fection ( a/ronomy40 ,?is passage1 :i* has be5 consid]$ z a rem>kable "o by ! philosoph]s ( e c\ntry1 has1 we ?9k1 be5 misappreh5d$ by ,m4 ,delambre1 :5 he ass]ts t e ?+ :i* x conta9s 8is to be f\nd expressly 9 ,kepl]40#dj ,,*apt] ,,xi4 ,! fir/ ,idea ( ,gravity occurs to ,newton 9 #afff--;,8 fir/ ,speculations ^u x--,int]rupt$ by 8 ,optical ,exp]im5ts--,he resumes ! ,subject 9 consequ5ce ( a ,discussion ) ,dr4 ,hooke-- ,he discov]s ! true ,law ( ,gravity & ! ,cause ( ! ,planet>y ,motions--,dr4 ,halley urges him to publi% 8 ,pr9cipia--,8 ,pr9ciples ( ,natural ,philosophy--,proce$+s ( ! ,royal ,society on ?is ,subject--,! ,pr9cipia appe>s 9 #afhg--;,g5]al ,acc\nt ( x1 & ( ! ,discov]ies x conta9s--,!y meet ) great ,opposition1 ow+ to ! ,preval5ce ( ! ,c>tesian ,sy/em--,acc\nt ( ! ,reception & ,progress ( ! ,newtonian ,philosophy 9 =eign ,c\ntries--,acc\nt ( its ,progress & ,e/abli%m5t 9 ,engl&4 ,su* is a brief sket* ( ! lab\rs & lives ( ^? illu/ri\s m5 :o prep>$ ! sci5ce ( a/ronomy = ! application ( ,newton's g5ius4 ,cop]nicus _h det]m9$ ! arrangem5t & g5]al movem5ts ( ! planet>y bodies3 ,kepl] _h prov$ t !y mov$ 9 elliptical orbits2 t _! radii vectores describ$ arcs proportional to ! times2 & t _! p]iodic times 7 relat$ to _! di/ances4 ,galileo _h add$ to ! univ]se a :ole sy/em ( second>y planets2 & sev]al a/ronom]s _h di/9ctly ref]r$ ! motion ( ! heav5ly bodies to ! p[] ( attraction4 ,9 ! ye> #afff1 :5 ! plague _h driv5 ,newton f ,cambridge1 he 0 sitt+ alone 9 ! g>d5 at ,wool/horpe1 & reflect+ on ! nature ( gravity1--t rem>kable p[] :i* causes all bodies to desc5d t[>ds ! c5tre ( ! e>?4 ,z ?is p[] is n f\nd to suff] any s5sible dim9ution at ! greate/ di/ance f ! e>?'s c5tre to :i* we c rea*1 be+ z p[]ful at ! tops ( ! highe/ m\nta9s z at ! bottom ( ! deepe/ m9es1 he conceiv$ x highly probable1 t x mu/ ext5d mu* f>!r ?an 0 usually suppos$4 ,no soon] _h ?is happy conjecture occurr$ to 8 m9d1 ?an he consid]$ :at w\ld be ! effect ( its ext5d+ z f> z ! moon4 ,t h] motion mu/ be influ5c$ by su* a p[] he did n = a mom5t d\bt2 & a little reflection conv9c$ him t x might be suffici5t = reta9+ t lum9>y 9 h] orbit r\nd ! e>?4 ,?\gh ! =ce ( gravity suff]s no s5sible dim9ution at ^? small di/ances f ! e>?'s c5tre at :i* we c place ourselves1 yet he ?\ght x v possible1 t1 at ! di/ance ( ! moon1 x might diff] mu* 9 /r5g? f :at x is on ! e>?4 ,9 ord] to =m "s e/imate ( ! degree ( its dim9ution1 he consid]$ t1 if ! moon be reta9$ 9 h] orbit by ! =ce ( gravity1 ! prim>y planets mu/ also be c>ri$ r\nd ! sun by ! same p[]2 & by comp>+ ! p]iods ( ! diff]5t planets ) _! di/ances f ! sun1 he f\nd1 t if !y 7 reta9$ 9 _! orbits by any p[] l gravity1 its =ce mu/ decrease 9 ! duplicate proportion1#da or z ! squ>es ( _! di/ances f ! sun4 ,9 draw+ ?is conclusion1 he suppos$ ! planets to move 9 orbits p]fectly circul>1 & hav+ ! sun 9 _! c5tre4 ,hav+ ?us obta9$ ! law ( ! =ce by :i* ! planets 7 drawn to ! sun1 8 next object 0 to asc]ta9 if su* a =ce1 emanat+ f ! e>? & direct$ to ! moon1 0 suffici5t1 :5 dim9i%$ 9 ! duplicate ratio ( ! di/ance1 to reta9 h] 9 h] orbit4 ,9 p]=m+ ?is calculation1 x 0 necess>y to comp>e ! space ?r\gh :i* heavy bodies fall 9 a second at a giv5 di/ance f ! c5tre ( ! e>?1 viz4 at its surface1 ) ! space ?r\gh :i* ! moon1 z x 71 falls to ! e>? 9 a second ( "t :ile revolv+ 9 a circul> orbit4 ,be+ at a di/ance f books :5 he made ?is computation1 he adopt$ ! common e/imate ( ! e>?'s diamet] !n 9 use among geograph]s & navigators1 & suppos$ t ea* degree ( latitude conta9$ sixty ,engli% miles4 ,9 ?is way he f\nd t ! =ce :i* reta9s ! moon 9 h] orbit1 z d$uc$ f ! =ce :i* occasions ! fall ( heavy bodies to ! e>?'s surface1 0 "o-six? great] ?an t :i* is actually obs]v$ 9 h] circul> orbit4 ,?is diff]5ce ?rew a d\bt ^u all 8 speculations2 b1 unwill+ to ab&on :at seem$ to be o!rwise s plausible1 he endeav\r$ to acc\nt = ! diff]5ce ( ! two =ces1 by suppos+ t "s o!r cause#db mu/ h be5 unit$ ) ! =ce ( gravity 9 produc+ s great a velocity ( ! moon 9 h] circul> orbit4 ,z ?is new cause1 h[ev]1 0 beyond ! rea* ( obs]vation1 he discont9u$ all fur!r inquiries into ! subject1 & conceal$ f 8 fri5ds ! speculations 9 :i* he _h be5 employ$4 ,aft] 8 return to ,cambridge 9 #afff1 8 att5tion 0 occupi$ ) ^? optical discov]ies ( :i* we h giv5 an acc\nt 9 a prec$+ *apt]2 b he _h no soon] br\ght !m to a close ?an 8 m9d rev]t$ to ! great subject ( ! planet>y motions4 ,^u ! dea? ( ,old5burg 9 ,augu/1 #afgh1 ,dr4 ,hooke 0 appo9t$ secret>y to ! ,royal ,society2 & z ?is le>n$ body _h reque/$ ! op9ion ( ,newton ab\t a sy/em ( physical a/ronomy1 he address$ a lett] to ,dr4 ,hooke on ! #bh? ,novemb]1 #afgi4 ,9 ?is lett] he propos$ a direct exp]im5t = v]ify+ ! motion ( ! e>?1 viz4 by obs]v+ :e!r or n bodies t fall f a consid]able height desc5d 9 a v]tical direction1 = if ! e>? 7 at re/ ! body w\ld describe exactly a v]tical l9e1 :]eas if x revolv$ r\nd its axis1 ! fall+ body mu/ deviate f ! v]tical l9e t[>ds ! ea/4 ,! ,royal ,society atta*$ great value to ! idea ?us casually sugge/$2 & ,dr4 ,hooke 0 appo9t$ to put x to ! te/ ( exp]im5t4 ,be+ ?us l$ to consid] ! subject m att5tively1 he wrote to ,newton1 t :]ev] ! direction ( gravity 0 oblique to ! axis on :i* ! e>? revolv$1 t is1 9 e "p ( ! e>? except ! equator1 fall+ bodies %\ld approa* to ! equator1 & ! deviation f ! v]tical1 9 place ( be+ exactly to ! ea/1 z ,newton ma9ta9$1 %\ld be to ! s\?-ea/ ( ! po9t f :i* ! body began to move4 ,newton ackn[l$g$ t ?is conclusion 0 correct 9 !ory1 & ,dr4 ,hooke is said to h giv5 an exp]im5tal demon/ration ( x be=e ! ,royal ,society 9 ,decemb]1 #afgi4dc ,newton _h errone\sly conclud$ t ! pa? ( ! fall+ body w\ld be a spiral2 b ,dr4 ,hooke1 on ! same occasion on :i* he made ! prec$+ exp]im5t1 read a pap] to ! ,society1 9 :i* he prov$ t ! pa? ( ! body w\ld be an ecc5tric ellipse 9 vacuo1 & an ellipti-spiral1 if ! body mov$ 9 a resi/+ m$ium4#dd ,?is correction ( ,newton's error1 & ! discov]y t a projectile w\ld move 9 an elliptical orbit :5 "u ! influ5ce ( a =ce v>y+ 9 ! inv]se ratio ( ! squ>e ( ! di/ance1 l$ ,newton1 z he himself in=ms u 9 8 lett] to ,halley1#de to discov] 8! !orem by :i* he aft]w>d exam9$ ! ellipsis10 & to demon/rate ! celebrat$ proposition1 t a planet act$ ^u by an attractive =ce v>y+ inv]sely z ! squ>es ( ! di/ances w describe an elliptical orbit1 9 "o ( ^: foci ! attractive =ce resides4 ,b ?\gh ,newton _h ?us discov]$ ! true cause ( all ! cele/ial motions1 he did n yet possess any evid5ce t su* a =ce actually resid$ 9 ! sun & planets4 ,! failure ( 8 =m] attempt to id5tify ! law ( fall+ bodies at ! e>?'s surface ) t :i* guid$ ! moon 9 h] orbit ?rew a d\bt ov] all 8 speculations1 & prev5t$ him f giv+ any acc\nt ( !m to ! public4 ,an accid5t1 h[ev]1 ( a v int]e/+ nature induc$ him to resume 8 =m] inquiries1 & enabl$ him to br+ !m to a close4 ,9 ,june1 #afhb1 :5 he 0 att5d+ a meet+ ( ! ,royal ,society ( ,london1 ! measurem5t ( a degree ( ! m]idian1 execut$ by ,m4 ,pic>d 9 #afgi1 became ! subject ( conv]sation4 ,newton took a memor&um ( ! result obta9$ by ! ,fr5* a/ronom]1 & hav+ d$uc$ f x ! diamet] ( ! e>?1 he imm$iately resum$ 8 calculation ( #affe1 & began to repeat x ) ^! new data4 ,9 ! progress ( ! calculation he saw t ! result :i* he _h =m]ly expect$ 0 likely to be produc$1 & he 0 ?r[n into su* a /ate ( n]v\s irritability t he 0 unable to c>ry on ! calculation4 ,9 ?is /ate ( m9d he intru/$ x to "o ( 8 fri5ds1 & he _h ! high satisfaction ( f9d+ 8 =m] views amply realiz$4 ,! =ce ( gravity :i* regulat$ ! fall ( bodies at ! e>?'s surface1 :5 dim9i%$ z ! squ>e ( ! moon's di/ance f ! e>?1 0 f\nd to be almo/ exactly equal to ! c5trifugal =ce ( ! moon z d$uc$ f h] obs]v$ di/ance & velocity4 ,! influ5ce ( su* a result ^u su* a m9d may be m easily conceiv$ ?an describ$4 ,! :ole mat]ial univ]se 0 spread out be=e him2--! sun ) all 8 att5d+ planets2--! planets ) all _! satellites2--! comets :eel+ 9 e direction 9 _! ecc5tric orbits2--& ! sy/ems ( ! fix$ />s /ret*+ to ! remote/ limits ( space4 ,all ! v>i$ & complicat$ movem5ts ( ! heav5s1 9 %ort1 mu/ h be5 at once pres5t$ to 8 m9d1 z ! necess>y result ( t law :i* he _h e/abli%$ 9 ref]5ce to ! e>? & ! moon4 ,aft] ext5d+ ?is law to ! o!r bodies ( ! sy/em1 he compos$ a s]ies ( propositions on ! motion ( ! prim>y planets ab\t ! sun1 :i* 7 s5t to ,london ab\t ! end ( #afhc1 & 7 soon aft]w>d communicat$ to ! ,royal ,society4#df ,ab\t ?is p]iod o!r philosoph]s _h be5 occupi$ ) ! same subject4 ,sir ,*ri/oph] ,wr5 _h _m ye>s be=e endeav\r$ to expla9 ! planet>y motions 8by ! composition ( a desc5t t[>ds ! sun1 & an impress$ motion2 b he at l5g? gave x ov]1 n f9d+ ! means ( do+ x40 ,9 ,janu>y1 #afhc-d1 ,dr4 ,halley _h conclud$1 f ,kepl]'s ,law ( ! ,p]iods & ,di/ances1 t ! c5tripetal =ce decreas$ 9 ! reciprocal proportion ( ! squ>es ( ! di/ances1 & hav+ "o day met ,sir ,*ri/oph] ,wr5 & ,dr4 ,hooke1 ! latt] affirm$ t he _h demon/rat$ ^u t pr9ciple all ! laws ( ! cele/ial motions4 ,dr4 ,halley confess$ t 8 attempts 7 unsuccessful1 & ,sir ,*ri/oph]1 9 ord] to enc\rage ! inquiry1 (f]$ to pres5t a book ( =ty %ill+s' value to ei!r ( ! two philosoph]s :o %\ld1 9 ! space ( two mon?s1 br+ him a conv9c+ demon/ration ( x4 ,hooke p]si/$ 9 ! decl>ation t he possess$ ! me?od1 b av[$ x to be 8 int5tion to conceal x = "s "t4 ,he promis$1 h[ev]1 to %[ x to ,sir ,*ri/oph]2 b !re is e reason to believe t ?is promise 0 nev] fulfill$4 ,9 ,augu/1 #afhd1 ,dr4 ,halley w5t to ,cambridge = ! express purpose ( consult+ ,newton on ?is int]e/+ subject4 ,newton assur$ him t he _h br\ght ?is demon/ration to p]fection1 & promis$ him a copy ( x4 ,?is copy 0 receiv$ 9 ,novemb] by ! doctor1 :o made a second visit to ,cambridge1 9 ord] to induce its au?or to h x ins]t$ 9 ! regi/] book ( ! society4 ,on ! #aj? ( ,decemb]1 ,dr4 ,halley ann\nc$ to ! society1 t he _h se5 at ,cambridge ,mr4 ,newton's treatise ,de ,motu ,corporum1 :i* he _h promis$ to s5d to ! society to be ent]$ ^u _! regi/]2 & ,dr4 ,halley 0 desir$ to unite ) ,mr4 ,paget1 ma/] ( ! ma!matical s*ool 9 ,*ri/'s ,hospital1 9 rem9d+ ,mr4 ,newton ( 8 promise 8= secur+ ! inv5tion to himself till su* "t z he c be at leisure to publi% x40 ,on ! #be? ,febru>y ,mr4 ,a/on1 ! secret>y1 communicat$ a lett] f ,mr4 ,newton1 9 :i* he express$ 8 will+ness 8to ent] 9 ! regi/] 8 notions ab\t motion1 & 8 int5tions to fit !m sudd5ly = ! press40 ,! progress ( 8 "w 01 h[ev]1 int]rupt$ by a visit ( five or six weeks :i* he made 9 ,l9coln%ire2 b he proce$$ ) su* dilig5ce on 8 return1 t he 0 able to transmit ! manuscript to ,london be=e ! end ( ,april4 ,?is manuscript1 entitl$ ,philosophi ,naturalis ,pr9cipia ,ma!matica1 & d$icat$ to ! society1 0 pres5t$ by ,dr4 ,v9c5t on ! #bh? ,april1 #afhf1 :5 ,sir ,john ,hosk9s1 ! vice-presid5t1 & ! p>ticul> fri5d ( ,dr4 ,hooke1 0 9 ! *air4 ,dr4 ,v9c5t pass$ a j encomium on ! novelty & dignity ( ! subject2 & ano!r memb] add$1 t 8,mr4 ,newton _h c>ri$ ! ?+ s f>1 t !re 0 no m to be add$40 ,to ^! rem>ks ! vice-presid5t repli$1 t ! me?od 80 s mu* ! m to be priz$ z x 0 bo? inv5t$ & p]fect$ at ! same "t40 ,dr4 ,hooke took (f5ce at ^! rem>ks1 & blam$ ,sir ,john = n hav+ m5tion$ 8:at he _h discov]$ to him20 b ! vice-presid5t did n seem to recollect any su* communication1 & ! consequ5ce ( ?is discussion 01 t 8^! two1 :o till !n 7 ! mo/ insep>able cronies1 h s9ce sc>cely se5 "o ano!r1 & are utt]ly fall5 out40 ,aft] ! break+ up ( ! meet+1 ! society adj\rn$ to ! c(fee-h\se1 :]e ,dr4 ,hooke /at$ t he n only _h made ! same discov]y1 b _h giv5 ! fir/ h9t ( x to ,newton4 ,an acc\nt ( ^! proce$+s 0 communicat$ to ,newton ?r\gh two diff]5t *annels4 ,9 a lett] dat$ ,may #bb;d1 ,dr4 ,halley wrote to him 8t ,mr4 ,hooke has "s pret5sions ^u ! inv5tion ( ! rule ( ! decrease ( gravity be+ reciprocally z ! squ>es ( ! di/ances f ! c5tre4 ,he says y _h ! notion f him1 ?\gh he owns ! demon/ration ( ! curves g5]at$ !reby to be :olly y\r own4 ,h[ mu* ( ?is is s y "k be/1 z likewise :at y h to d 9 ?is matt]4 ,only ,mr4 ,hooke seems to expect y w\ld make "s m5tion ( him 9 ! preface1 :i* x is possible y may see reason to prefix40 ,?is communication f ,dr4 ,halley induc$ our au?or1 on ! #bj? ,june1 to address a long lett] to him1 9 :i* he gives a m9ute & able refutation ( ,hooke's claims2 b be=e ?is lett] 0 despat*$1 ano!r correspond5t1 :o _h receiv$ 8 in=mation f "o ( ! memb]s t 7 pres5t1 in=m$ ,newton 8t ,hooke made a great /ir1 pret5d+ t he _h all f him1 & desir+ !y w\ld see t he _h ju/ice done him40 ,?is fre% *>ge seems to h ruffl$ ! tranquillity ( ,newton2 & he accord+ly add$ an angry & satirical po/script1 9 :i* he treats ,hooke ) little c]emony1 & goes s f> z to conjecture t ,hooke might h acquir$ 8 k ( ! law f a lett] ( 8 own to ,huyg5s1 direct$ to ,old5burg1 & dat$ ,janu>y #ad?1 #afgb-c4 8,my lett] to ,hug5ius 0 direct$ to ,mr4 ,old5burg1 :o us$ to keep ! orig9als4 ,8 pap]s came into ,mr4 ,hooke's possession4 ,mr4 ,hooke1 kn[+ my h&1 might h ! curiosity to look into t lett]1 & !re take ! notion ( comp>+ ! =ces ( ! planets aris+ f _! circul> motion2 & s :at he wrote to me aft]w>d ab\t ! rate ( gravity might be no?+ b ! fruit ( my own g>d540 ,9 reply+ to ?is lett]1 ,dr4 ,halley assur$ him t ,hooke's 8mann] ( claim+ ! discov]y _h be5 repres5t$ to him 9 worse col\rs ?an x ought1 & t he nei!r made public application to ! society = ju/ice1 nor pret5d$ t y _h all f him40 ,! effect ( ?is assurance 0 to make ,newton regret t he _h writt5 ! angry po/script to 8 lett]2 & 9 reply+ to ,halley on ! #ad? ,july1 #afhf1 he n only expresses 8 regret1 b rec\nts ! diff]5t new ideas :i* he _h acquir$ f ,hooke's correspond5ce1 & sugge/s x z ! be/ me?od 8( compromis+ ! pres5t dispute10 to add a s*olium1 9 :i* ,wr51 ,hooke1 & ,halley are ackn[l$g$ to h indep5d5tly d$uc$ ! law ( gravity f ! second law ( ,kepl]4#dg ,at ! meet+ ( ! #bh? ,april1 at :i* ! manuscript ( ! ,pr9cipia 0 pres5t$ to ! ,royal ,society1 x 0 agre$ t ! pr9t+ ( x %\ld be ref]r$ to ! c\ncil2 t a lett] ( ?anks %\ld be writt5 to its au?or2 & at a meet+ ( ! c\ncil on ! #ai? ,may1 x 0 resolv$ t ! ,,mss4 %\ld be pr9t$ at ! society's exp5se1 & t ,dr4 ,halley %\ld sup]9t5d x :ile go+ ?r\gh ! press4 ,^! resolutions 7 communicat$ by ,dr4 ,halley 9 a lett] dat$ ! #bb;d ,may2 & 9 ,newton's reply on ! #bj? ,june already m5tion$1 he makes ! foll[+ obs]vations3 8,! pro( y s5t me ,i l v well4 ,i design$ ! :ole to consi/ ( ?ree books2 ! second 0 f9i%$ la/ summ]1 be+ %ort1 & only wants transcrib+1 & draw+ ! cuts fairly4 ,"s new propositions ,i h s9ce ?\ght on1 :i* ,i c z well let alone4 ,! ?ird wants ! !ory ( comets4 ,9 autumn la/ ,i sp5t two mon?s 9 calculation to no purpose = want ( a good me?od1 :i* made me aft]w>d return to ! fir/ book1 & enl>ge x ) div]se propositions1 "s relat+ to comets1 o!rs to o!r ?+s f\nd out la/ w9t]4 ,! ?ird ,i n[ design to suppress4 ,philosophy is su* an imp]t95tly litigi\s lady1 t a man _h z good be engag$ 9 lawsuits z h to d ) h]4 ,i f\nd x s =m]ly1 & n[ ,i c no soon] come ne> h] aga9 b %e gives me w>n+4 ,! fir/ two books )\t ! ?ird w n s well be> ! title ( ,philosophi ,naturalis ,pr9cipia ,ma!matica2 & !re=e ,i _h alt]$ x to ?is1 ,de ,motu ,corporum ,libri duo4 ,b aft] second ?\ghts ,i reta9 ! =m] title4 ,x w help ! sale ( ! book1 :i* ,i ought n to dim9i% n[ 'tis y\rs40 ,9 reply+ to ?is lett] on ! #bi? ,june1 ,dr4 ,halley regrets t our au?or's tranquillity %\ld h be5 ?us di/urb$ by envi\s rivals2 & implores him 9 ! "n ( ! society n to suppress ! ?ird book4 8,i mu/ aga9 beg y10 says he1 8n to let y\r res5tm5ts run s high z to deprive u ( y\r ?ird book1 :]e9 y\r applications ( y\r ma!matical doctr9e to ! !ory ( comets1 & sev]al curi\s exp]im5ts1 :i*1 z ,i guess by :at y write ought to compose x1 w und\bt$ly r5d] x acceptable to ^? :o w call !mselves philosoph]s )\t ma!matics1 :i* are mu* ! great] numb]40 ,to ^! solicitations ,newton seems to h readily yield$4 ,8 second book 0 s5t to ! society1 & pres5t$ on ! #b;d ,m>*1 #afhf-g4 ,! ?ird book 0 also transmitt$1 & pres5t$ on ! #f? ,april1 & ! :ole "w 0 complet$ & publi%$ 9 ! mon? ( ,may1 #afhg4 ,su* is a brief acc\nt ( ! publication ( a "w :i* is memorable1 n only 9 ! annals ( "o sci5ce or ( "o c\ntry1 b :i* w =m an epo* 9 ! hi/ory ( ! _w1 & w ev] be reg>d$ z ! brighte/ page 9 ! records ( human reason4 ,we %all endeav\r to convey to ! read] "s idea ( its cont5ts1 & ( ! brilliant discov]ies :i* x dissem9at$ ov] ,europe4 ,! ,pr9cipia consi/s ( ?ree books4 ,! fir/ & second1 :i* occupy ?ree-f\r?s ( ! "w1 are entitl$1 ,on ! ,motion ( ,bodies2 & ! ?ird be>s ! title1 ,on ! ,sy/em ( ! ,_w4 ,! fir/ two books conta9 ! ma!matical pr9ciples ( philosophy1 namely1 ! laws & conditions ( motions & =ces2 & !y are illu/rat$ ) sev]al philosophical s*olia1 :i* treat ( "s ( ! mo/ g5]al & be/ e/abli%$ po9ts 9 philosophy1 su* z ! d5sity & resi/ance ( bodies1 spaces void ( matt]1 & ! motion ( s\nd & light4 ,! object ( ! ?ird book is to d$uce f ^! pr9ciples ! con/itution ( ! sy/em ( ! _w2 & ?is book has be5 drawn up 9 z popul> a /yle z possible1 9 ord] t x may be g5]ally read4 ,! great discov]y :i* *>act]izes ! ,pr9cipia is t ( ! pr9ciple ( univ]sal gravitation1 z d$uc$ f ! motion ( ! moon1 & f ! ?ree great facts or laws discov]$ by ,kepl]4 ,?is pr9ciple is1 t e p>ticle ( matt] is attract$ by1 or gravitates to1 e o!r p>ticle ( matt]1 ) a =ce inv]sely proportional to ! squ>es ( _! di/ances4 ,f ! fir/ law ( ,kepl]1 namely1 ! proportionality ( ! areas to ! times ( _! description1 ,newton inf]r$ t ! =ce :i* kept ! planet 9 its orbit 0 always direct$ to ! sun2 & f ! second law ( ,kepl]1 t e planet moves 9 an ellipse ) ! sun 9 "o ( its foci1 he drew ! /ill m g5]al inf]5ce1 t ! =ce by :i* ! planet moves r\nd t focus v>ies inv]sely z ! squ>e ( its di/ance f ! focus4 ,z ?is law 0 true 9 ! motion ( satellites r\nd _! prim>y planets1 ,newton d$uc$ ! equality ( gravity 9 all ! heav5ly bodies t[>ds ! sun1 ^u ! supposition t !y are equally di/ant f its c5tre2 & 9 ! case ( t]re/rial bodies1 he succe$$ 9 v]ify+ ?is tru? by num]\s & accurate exp]im5ts4 ,by tak+ a m g5]al view ( ! subject1 ,newton demon/rat$ t a conic section 0 ! only curve 9 :i* a body c\ld move :5 act$ ^u by a =ce v>y+ inv]sely z ! squ>e ( ! di/ance2 & he e/abli%$ ! conditions dep5d+ on ! velocity & ! primitive position ( ! body1 :i* 7 requisite to make x describe a circul>1 an elliptical1 a p>abolic1 or a hyp]bolic orbit4 ,not)/&+ ! g5]ality & importance ( ^! results1 x /ill rema9$ to be det]m9$ :e!r ! =ce resid$ 9 ! c5tres ( ! planets1 or belong$ to ea* individual p>ticle ( :i* !y 7 compos$4 ,newton remov$ ?is unc]ta9ty by demon/rat+1 t if a sph]ical body acts ^u a di/ant body ) a =ce v>y+ z ! di/ance ( ?is body f ! c5tre ( ! sph]e1 ! same effect w be produc$ z if ea* ( its p>ticles act$ ^u ! di/ant body accord+ to ! same law4 ,& h5ce x foll[s t ! sph]es1 :e!r !y are ( uni=m d5sity1 or consi/ ( conc5tric lay]s1 ) d5sities v>y+ accord+ to any law :atev]1 w act ^u ea* o!r 9 ! same mann] z if _! =ce resid$ 9 _! c5tres alone4 ,b z ! bodies ( ! sol> sy/em are v ne>ly sph]ical1 !y w all act ^u "o ano!r1 & ^u bodies plac$ on _! surface1 z if !y 7 s _m c5tres ( attraction2 & !re=e we obta9 ! law ( gravity :i* subsi/s betwe5 sph]ical bodies1 namely1 t "o sph]e w act ^u ano!r ) a =ce directly proportional to ! quantity ( matt]1 & inv]sely z ! squ>e ( ! di/ance betwe5 ! c5tres ( ! sph]es4 ,f ! equality ( action & reaction1 to :i* no exception c be f\nd1 ,newton conclud$ t ! sun gravitat$ to ! planets1 & ! planets to _! satellites2 & ! e>? itself to ! /one :i* falls ^u its surface2 &1 consequ5tly1 t ! two mutually gravitat+ bodies approa*$ to "o ano!r ) velocities inv]sely proportional to _! quantities ( matt]4 ,hav+ e/abli%$ ?is univ]sal law1 ,newton 0 enabl$1 n only to det]m9e ! weight :i* ! same body w\ld h at ! surface ( ! sun & ! planets1 b ev5 to calculate ! quantity ( matt] 9 ! sun1 & 9 all ! planets t _h satellites1 & ev5 to det]m9e ! d5sity or specific gravity ( ! matt] ( :i* !y 7 compos$4 ,9 ?is way he f\nd t ! weight ( ! same body w\ld be tw5ty-?ree times great] at ! surface ( ! sun ?an at ! surface ( ! e>?1 & t ! d5sity ( ! e>? 0 f\r times great] ?an t ( ! sun1 ! planets increas+ 9 d5sity z !y rec$$ f ! c5tre ( ! sy/em4 ,if ! peculi> g5ius ( ,newton has be5 display$ 9 8 inve/igation ( ! law ( univ]sal gravitation1 x %9es ) no less lu/re 9 ! pati5ce & sagacity ) :i* he trac$ ! consequ5ces ( ?is f]tile pr9ciple4 ,! discov]y ( ! sph]oidal =m ( ,jupit] by ,cass9i _h probably direct$ ! att5tion ( ,newton to ! det]m9ation ( its cause1 & consequ5tly to ! inve/igation ( ! true figure ( ! e>?4 ,! sph]ical =m ( ! planets h be5 ascrib$ by ,cop]nicus to ! gravity or natural appet5cy ( _! p>ts2 b ^u consid]+ ! e>? z a body revolv+ ^u its axis1 ,newton quickly saw t ! figure aris+ f ! mutual attraction ( its p>ts mu/ be modifi$ by ano!r =ce aris+ f its rotation4 ,:5 a body revolves ^u an axis1 ! velocity ( rotation increases f ! poles1 :]e x is no?+1 to ! equator1 :]e x is a maximum4 ,9 consequ5ce ( ?is velocity ! bodies on ! e>?'s surface h a t5d5cy to fly (f f x1 & ?is t5d5cy increases ) ! velocity4 ,h5ce arises a c5trifugal =ce :i* acts 9 comb9ation ) a =ce ( gravity1 & :i* ,newton f\nd to be ! #bhi? "p ( ! =ce ( gravity at ! equator1 & decreas+1 z ! cos9e ( ! latitude1 f ! equator to ! poles4 ,! great pr$om9ance ( gravity ov] ! c5trifugal =ce prev5ts ! latt] f c>ry+ (f any bodies f ! e>?'s surface1 b ! weight ( all bodies is dim9i%$ by ! c5trifugal =ce1 s t ! weight ( any body is great] at ! poles ?an x is at ! equator4 ,if we n[ suppose ! wat]s at ! pole to communicate ) ^? at ! equator by means ( a canal1 "o bran* ( :i* goes f ! pole to ! c5tre ( ! e>?1 & ! o!r f ! c5tre ( ! e>? to ! equator1 !n ! pol> bran* ( ! canal w be heavi] ?an ! equatorial bran*1 9 consequ5ce ( its weight n be+ dim9i%$ by ! c5trifugal =ce1 &1 !re=e1 9 ord] t ! two columns may be 9 equilibrio1 ! equatorial "o mu/ be l5g!n$4 ,newton f\nd t ! l5g? ( ! pol> mu/ be to t ( ! equatorial canal z #bbi to #bcj1 or t ! e>?'s pol> radius mu/ be sev5te5 miles less ?an its equatorial radius2 t is1 t ! figure ( ! e>? is an oblate sph]oid1 =m$ by ! revolution ( an ellipse r\nd its less] axis4 ,h5ce x foll[s1 t ! int5sity ( gravity at any po9t ( ! e>?'s surface is 9 ! inv]se ratio ( ! di/ance ( t po9t f ! c5tre1 &1 consequ5tly1 t x dim9i%es f ! equator to ! poles1--a result :i* he confirm$ by ! fact1 t clocks requir$ to h _! p5dulums %ort5$ 9 ord] to beat true "t :5 c>ri$ f ,europe t[>ds ! equator4 ,! next subject to :i* ,newton appli$ ! pr9ciple ( gravity 0 ! tides ( ! ocean4 ,! philosoph]s ( all ages h recognis$ ! connexion betwe5 ! ph5om5a ( ! tides & ! position ( ! moon4 ,! ,college ( ,jesuits at ,coimbra1 & subsequ5tly ,antonio de ,dom9is & ,kepl]1 di/9ctly ref]r$ ! tides to ! attraction ( ! wat]s ( ! e>? by ! moon1 b s imp]fect 0 ! explanation :i* 0 ?us giv5 ( ! ph5om5a1 t ,galileo ridicul$ ! idea ( lun> attraction1 & sub/itut$ = x a fallaci\s explanation ( 8 own4 ,t ! moon is ! pr9cipal cause ( ! tides is obvi\s f ! well-kn[n fact1 t x is high wat] at any giv5 place ab\t ! "t :5 %e is 9 ! m]idian ( t place2 & t ! sun p]=ms a second>y "p 9 _! production may be prov$ f ! circum/ance1 t ! highe/ tides take place :5 ! sun1 ! moon1 & ! e>? are 9 ! same /raight l9e1 t is1 :5 ! =ce ( ! sun conspires ) t ( ! moon1 & t ! l[e/ tides take place :5 ! l9es drawn f ! sun & moon to ! e>? are at "r angles to ea* o!r1 t is1 :5 ! =ce ( ! sun acts 9 opposition to t ( ! moon4 ,! mo/ p]plex+ ph5om5on 9 ! tides ( ! ocean1 & "o :i* is /ill a /umbl+-block to p]sons slightly acqua9t$ ) ! !ory ( attraction1 is ! exi/5ce ( high wat] on ! side ( ! e>? opposite to ! moon1 z well z on ! side next ! moon4 ,to ma9ta9 t ! attraction ( ! moon at ! same in/ant draws ! wat]s ( ! ocean t[>ds h]self1 & also draws !m f ! e>? 9 an opposite direction1 seems at fir/ sight p>adoxical2 b ! difficulty vani%es :5 we consid] ! e>?1 or r ! c5tre ( ! e>?1 & ! wat] on ea* side ( x z ?ree di/9ct bodies plac$ at diff]5t di/ances f ! moon1 & consequ5tly attract$ ) =ces inv]sely proportional to ! squ>es ( _! di/ances4 ,! wat] ne>e/ ! moon w be mu* m p[]fully attract$ ?an ! c5tre ( ! e>?1 & ! c5tre ( ! e>? m p[]fully ?an ! wat] f>!/ f ! moon4 ,! consequ5ce ( ?is mu/ be1 t ! wat]s ne>e/ ! moon w be drawn away f ! c5tre ( ! e>?1 & w consequ5tly rise f _! level1 :ile ! c5tre ( ! e>? w be drawn away f ! wat]s opposite ! moon1 :i* w1 z x 71 be left beh9d1 & consequ5tly be 9 ! same situation z if !y 7 rais$ f ! e>? 9 a direction opposite to t 9 :i* !y are attract$ by ! moon4 ,h5ce ! effect ( ! moon's action ^u ! e>? is to draw its fluid p>ts into ! =m ( an oblong sph]oid1 ! axis ( :i* passes ?r\gh ! moon4 ,z ! action ( ! sun w produce ! v same effect1 ?\gh 9 a small] degree1 ! tide at any place w dep5d on ! relative position ( ^! two sph]oids1 & w be always equal ei!r to ! sum or to ! diff]5ce ( ! effects ( ! two lum9>ies4 ,at ! "t ( new & full moon ! two sph]oids w h _! axes co9cid5t1 & ! height ( ! tide1 :i* w !n be a spr+ "o1 w be equal to ! sum ( ! elevations produc$ 9 ea* sph]oid consid]$ sep>ately1 :ile at ! fir/ & ?ird qu>t]s ! axes ( ! sph]oids w be at "r angles to ea* o!r1 & ! height ( ! tide1 :i* w !n be a neap "o1 w be equal to ! diff]5ce ( ! elevations produc$ 9 ea* sep>ate sph]oid4 ,by comp>+ ! spr+ & neap tides1 ,newton f\nd t ! =ce ) :i* ! sun act$ ^u ! wat]s ( ! e>? 0 to t ) :i* ! sun act$ ^u !m z #d4dh to #a2--t ! =ce ( ! moon produc$ a tide ( #h4fc feet2--t ( ! sun "o ( #a4ic feet2--& bo? ( !m comb9$1 "o ( #aj ,fr5* feet1--a result :i* 9 ! op5 sea does n deviate mu* f obs]vation4 ,hav+ ?us asc]ta9$ ! =ce ( ! moon on ! wat]s ( our globe1 he f\nd t ! quantity ( matt] 9 ! moon 0 to t 9 ! e>? z #a to #dj1 & ! d5sity ( ! moon to t ( ! e>? z #aa to #i4 ,! motions ( ! moon1 s mu* )9 ! rea* ( our own obs]vation1 pres5t$ a f9e field = ! application ( ! !ory ( univ]sal gravitation4 ,! irregul>ities exhibit$ 9 ! lun> motions _h be5 kn[n 9 ! "t ( ,hipp>*us & ,ptolemy4 ,ty*o _h discov]$ ! great inequality call$ ! v>iation1 am\nt+ to #cg1 & dep5d+ on ! alt]nate accel]ation & ret>dation ( ! moon 9 e qu>t] ( a revolution1 & he _h also asc]ta9$ ! exi/5ce ( ! annual equation4 ,( ^! two inequalities ,newton gave a mo/ satisfactory explanation4 ,! action ( ! sun ^u ! moon may be always resolv$ into two1 "o act+ 9 ! direction ( ! l9e jo9+ ! moon & e>?1 & consequ5tly t5d+ to increase or dim9i% ! moon's gravity to ! e>?1 & ! o!r 9 a direction at "r angles to ?is1 & consequ5tly t5d+ to accel]ate or ret>d ! motion 9 h] orbit4 ,n[1 x 0 f\nd by ,newton t ?is la/ =ce 0 r$uc$ to no?+1 or vani%$ at ! syzigies or quadratures1 s t at ^! f\r po9ts ! moon describ$ areas proportional to ! times4 ,! in/ant1 h[ev]1 t ! moon quits ^! positions1 ! =ce "u consid]ation1 :i* we may call ! tang5tial =ce1 beg9s1 & x rea*es its maximum 9 ! f\r octants4 ,! =ce1 !re=e1 comp\nd$ ( ^! two elem5ts ( ! sol> =ce1 or ! diagonal ( ! p>allelogram :i* !y =m1 is no long] direct$ to ! e>?'s c5tre1 b deviates f x at a maximum ab\t #cj m9utes1 & !re=e affects ! angul> motion ( ! moon1 ! motion be+ accel]at$ 9 pass+ f ! quadratures to ! syzigies1 & ret>d$ 9 pass+ f ! syzigies to ! quadratures4 ,h5ce ! velocity is 9 its mean /ate 9 ! octants1 a maximum 9 ! syzigies1 & a m9imum 9 ! quadratures4 ,^u consid]+ ! influ5ce ( ! sol> =ce 9 dim9i%+ or increas+ ! moon's gravity to ! e>?1 ,newton saw t h] di/ance & h] p]iodic "t mu/ f ?is cause be subject to *ange1 & 9 ?is way he acc\nt$ = ! annual equation obs]v$ by ,ty*o4 ,by ! application ( simil> pr9ciples1 he expla9$ ! cause ( ! motion ( ! apsides1 or ( ! great] axis ( ! moon's orbit1 :i* has an angul> progressive motion ( #c #d ne>ly 9 ! c\rse ( "o lunation2 & he %[$ t ! retrogradation ( ! nodes1 am\nt+ to #c #aj daily1 arose f "o ( ! elem5ts ( ! sol> =ce be+ ex]t$ 9 ! plane ( ! ecliptic1 & n 9 ! plane ( ! moon's orbit1 ! effect ( :i* 0 to draw ! moon d[n to ! plane ( ! ecliptic1 & ?us cause ! l9e ( ! nodes1 or ! int]section ( ^! two planes1 to move 9 a direction opposite to t ( ! moon4 ,! lun> !ory ?us block$ out by ,newton1 requir$ = its completion ! lab\rs ( ano!r c5tury4 ,! imp]fections ( ! fluxion>y calculus prev5t$ him f expla9+ ! o!r inequalities ( ! moon's motions1 & x 0 res]v$ to ,eul]1 ,d',alemb]t1 ,clairaut1 ,may]1 & ,laplace to br+ ! lun> tables to a high degree ( p]fection1 & to enable ! navigator to det]m9e 8 longitude at sea ) a degree ( precision :i* ! mo/ sangu9e a/ronom] c\ld sc>cely h anticipat$4 ,by ! consid]ation ( ! retrograde motion ( ! moon's nodes1 ,newton 0 l$ to discov] ! cause ( ! rem>kable ph5om5on ( ! precession ( ! equ9octial po9ts1 :i* mov$ #ej annually1 & complet$ ! circuit ( ! heav5s 9 #be1ibj ye>s4 ,kepl] _h decl>$ himself incapable ( assign+ any cause = ?is motion1 & we d n believe t any o!r a/ronom] ev] made ! attempt4 ,f ! sph]oidal =m ( ! e>?1 x may be reg>d$ z a sph]e ) a sph]oidal r+ surr\nd+ its equator1 "o-half ( ! r+ be+ above ! plane ( ! ecliptic & ! o!r half bel[ x4 ,consid]+ ?is excess ( matt] z a sy/em ( satellites adh]+ to ! e>?'s surface1 ,newton saw t ! comb9$ actions ( ! sun & moon ^u ^! satellites t5d$ to produce a retrogradation 9 ! nodes ( ! circles :i* !y describ$ 9 _! diurnal rotation1 & t ! sum ( all ! t5d5cies be+ communicat$ to ! :ole mass ( ! planet1 ought to produce a sl[ retrogradation ( ! equ9octial po9ts4 ,! effect produc$ by ! motion ( ! sun he f\nd to be #dj1 & t produc$ by ! action ( ! moon #aj4 ,al?\gh !re c\ld be little d\bt t ! comets 7 reta9$ 9 _! orbits by ! same laws :i* regulat$ ! motions ( ! planets1 yet x 0 difficult to put ?is op9ion to ! te/ ( obs]vation4 ,! visibility ( comets only 9 a small "p ( _! orbits r5d]$ x difficult to asc]ta9 _! di/ance & p]iodic times1 & z _! p]iods 7 probably ( great l5g?1 x 0 impossible to correct approximate results by repeat$ obs]vation4 ,newton1 h[ev]1 remov$ ?is difficulty1 by %[+ h[ to det]m9e ! orbit ( a comet1 namely1 ! =m & position ( ! orbit & ! p]iodic "t1 by ?ree obs]vations4 ,by apply+ ?is me?od to ! comet ( #afhj1 he calculat$ ! elem5ts ( its orbit1 & f ! agreem5t ( ! comput$ places ) ^? :i* 7 obs]v$1 he ju/ly inf]r$ t ! motions ( comets 7 regulat$ by ! same laws z ^? ( ! planet>y bodies4 ,?is result 0 "o ( great importance2 = z ! comets ent] our sy/em 9 e possible direction1 & at all angles ) ! ecliptic1 & z a great "p ( _! orbits ext5d f> beyond ! limits ( ! sol> sy/em1 x demon/rat$ ! exi/5ce ( gravity 9 spaces f> remov$ beyond ! planet1 & prov$ t ! law ( ! inv]se ratio ( ! squ>es ( ! di/ance 0 true 9 e possible direction1 & at v remote di/ances f ! c5tre ( our sy/em4#dh ,su* is a brief view ( ! lead+ discov]ies :i* ! ,pr9cipia fir/ ann\nc$ to ! _w4 ,! gr&eur ( ! subjects ( :i* x treats1 ! beautiful simplicity ( ! sy/em :i* x unfolds1 ! cle> & concise reason+ by :i* t sy/em is expla9$1 & ! irresi/ible evid5ce by :i* x is support$ might h ensur$ x ! w>me/ admiration ( contempor>y ma!maticians1 & ! mo/ welcome reception 9 all ! s*ools ( philosophy ?r\gh\t ,europe4 ,?is1 h[ev]1 is n ! way 9 :i* great tru?s are g5]ally receiv$4 ,?\gh ! a/ronomical discov]ies ( ,newton 7 n assail$ by ! class ( ignorant pret5d]s :o attack$ 8 optical writ+s1 yet !y 7 e :]e resi/$ by ! errors & prejudices :i* _h tak5 a deep hold ev5 ( ! /ronge/ m9ds4 ,! philosophy ( ,desc>tes 0 pr$om9ant ?r\gh\t ,europe4 ,appeal+ to ! imag9ation1 & n to ! reason ( mank9d1 x 0 quickly receiv$ into popul> fav\r1 & ! same causes :i* facilitat$ its introduction ext5d$ its influ5ce1 & complet$ its dom9ion ov] ! human m9d4 ,9 expla9+ all ! movem5ts ( ! heav5ly bodies by a sy/em ( vortices 9 a fluid m$ium diffus$ ?r\gh ! univ]se1 ,desc>tes _h seiz$ ^u an analogy ( ! mo/ allur+ & deceitful k9d4 ,^? :o _h se5 heavy bodies revolv+ 9 ! eddies ( a :irlpool1 or 9 ! gyrations ( a vessel ( wat] ?r[n into a circul> motion1 _h no difficulty 9 conceiv+ h[ ! planets might revolve r\nd ! sun by analog\s movem5ts4 ,! m9d in/antly grasp$ at an explanation ( s palpable a "*1 & :i* requir$ = its developm5t nei!r ! ex]cise ( pati5t ?\ght nor ! aid ( ma!matical skill4 ,! tal5t & p]spicuity ) :i* ! ,c>tesian sy/em 0 exp\nd$1 & ! %[ ( exp]im5ts ) :i* x 0 su/a9$1 contribut$ p[]fully to its adoption1 :ile x d]iv$ a /ill high] sanction f ! excell5t "* & ! unaffect$ piety ( its au?or4 ,?us intr5*$1 z ! ,c>tesian sy/em 01 9 ! /rongholds ( ! human m9d1 & =tifi$ by its mo/ ob/9ate prejudices1 x 0 n to be wond]$ at t ! pure & sublime doctr9es ( ! ,pr9cipia 7 di/ru/fully receiv$ & p]sev]+ly resi/$4 ,! un9/ruct$ m9d c\ld n readily admit ! idea1 t ! great masses ( ! planets 7 susp5d$ 9 empty space1 & reta9$ 9 _! orbits by an invisible influ5ce resid+ 9 ! sun2 & ev5 ^? philosoph]s :o _h be5 accu/om$ to ! rig\r ( true sci5tific rese>*1 & :o possess$ suffici5t ma!matical skill = ! exam9ation ( ! ,newtonian doctr9es1 view$ !m at fir/ z reviv+ ! occult qualities ( ! anci5t physics1 & resi/$ _! introduction ) a p]t9acity :i* x is n easy to expla94 ,prejudic$1 no d\bt1 9 fav\r ( 8 own metaphysical views1 ,leibnitz himself misappreh5d$ ! pr9ciples ( ! ,newtonian philosophy1 & endeav\r$ to demon/rate ! tru?s 9 ! ,pr9cipia by ! application ( diff]5t pr9ciples4 ,huyg5s1 :o above all o!r m5 0 qualifi$ to appreciate ! new philosophy1 reject$ ! doctr9e ( gravitation z exi/+ betwe5 ! individual p>ticles ( matt]1 & receiv$ x only z an attribute ( ! planet>y masses4 ,john ,b]n\illi1 "o ( ! fir/ ma!maticians ( 8 age1 oppos$ ! philosophy ( ,newton4 ,mairan1 9 ! e>ly "p ( 8 life1 0 a /r5u\s def5d] ( ! sy/em ( vortices4 ,cass9i & ,m>aldi 7 q ignorant ( ! ,pr9cipia1 & occupi$ !mselves ) ! mo/ absurd me?ods ( calculat+ ! orbits ( comets long aft] ! ,newtonian me?od _h be5 e/abli%$ on ! mo/ impregnable f\ndation2 & ev5 ,font5elle1 a man ( lib]al views & ext5sive in=mation1 cont9u$1 ?r\gh\t ! :ole ( 8 life1 to ma9ta9 ! doctr9es ( ,desc>tes4 ,! ,*evali] ,l\ville ( ,p>is _h adopt$ ! ,newtonian philosophy be=e #agbj4 ,s',graves&e _h introduc$ x into ! ,dut* univ]sities at a some:at e>li] p]iod1 & ,maup]tuis1 9 consequ5ce ( a visit :i* he paid to ,engl& 9 #agbh1 became a zeal\s def5d] ( x2 b not)/&+ ^! & "s o!r examples t might be quot$1 we mu/ admit ! tru? ( ! rem>k ( ,voltaire1 t ?\gh ,newton surviv$ ! publication ( ! ,pr9cipia m ?an =ty ye>s1 yet at ! "t ( 8 dea? he _h n above tw5ty foll[]s out ( ,engl&4 ,) reg>d to ! progress ( ! ,newtonian philosophy 9 ,engl&1 "s diff]5ce ( op9ion has be5 ent]ta9$4 ,pr(essor ,playfair gives ! foll[+ acc\nt ( x4 8,9 ! univ]sities ( ,engl&1 ?\gh ! ,ari/otelian physics _h made an ob/9ate resi/ance1 !y _h be5 supplant$ by ! ,c>tesian1 :i* became firmly e/abli%$ ab\t ! "t :5 _! f\ndation began to be sapp$ by ! g5]al progress ( sci5ce1 & p>ticul>ly by ! discov]ies ( ,newton4 ,= m ?an ?irty ye>s aft] ! publication ( ^! discov]ies1 ! sy/em ( vortices kept its gr\nd2 & a translation f ! ,fr5* into ,lat9 ( ! ,physics ( ,rohault1 a "w entirely ,c>tesian1 cont9u$ at ,cambridge to be ! text = philosophical in/ruction4 ,ab\t ! ye> #agah1 a new & m elegant translation ( ! same book 0 publi%$ by ,dr4 ,samuel ,cl>ke1 ) ! addition ( notes1 9 :i* t pr(\nd & +5i\s writ] expla9$ ! views ( ,newton on ! pr9cipal objects ( discussion1 s t ! notes conta9$ virtually a refutation ( ! text2 !y did s1 h[ev]1 only virtually1 all appe>ance ( argum5t & controv]sy be+ c>efully avoid$4 ,:e!r ?is escap$ ! notice ( ! le>n$ doctor or n is unc]ta91 b ! new translation1 f its bett] ,lat9ity1 & ! "n ( ! editor1 0 readily admitt$ to all ! academical hon\rs :i* ! old "o _h enjoy$4 ,?us ! /ratagem ( ,dr4 ,cl>ke completely succe$$2 ! tutor might prelect f ! text1 b ! pupil w\ld sometimes look into ! notes2 & error is nev] s sure ( be+ expos$ z :5 ! tru? is plac$ close to x1 side by side1 )\t any ?+ to al>m prejudice1 or awak5 f its le?>gy ! dread ( innovation4 ,?us1 !re=e1 ! ,newtonian philosophy fir/ ent]$ ! univ]sity ( ,cambridge "u ! protection ( ! ,c>tesian40 ,to ?is passage ,pr(essor ,playfair adds ! foll[+ z a note3-- 8,! univ]sities ( ,/4 ,&rew's & ,ed9burgh 71 ,i believe1 ! fir/ 9 ,brita9 :]e ! ,newtonian philosophy 0 made ! subject ( ! academical prelections4 ,= ?is di/9ction !y are indebt$ to ,james & ,david ,gregory1 ! fir/ 9 "s respects ! rival1 b bo? ! fri5ds ( ,newton4 ,:i/on bewails1 9 ! angui% ( 8 he>t1 ! diff]5ce1 9 ?is respect1 betwe5 ^? univ]sities & 8 own4 ,david ,gregory taught 9 ,ed9burgh = sev]al ye>s prior to #afij1 :5 he remov$ to ,ox=d2 & ,:i/on says1 #8,he _h already caus$ sev]al ( 8 s*ol>s to keep acts1 z we call !m1 ^u sev]al bran*es ( ! ,newtonian philosophy1 :ile we at ,cambridge1 poor wret*es1 7 ignom9i\sly /udy+ ! fictiti\s hypo!ses ( ! ,c>tesians4'#di ,i d n1 h[ev]1 mean to say1 t f ?is date ! ,c>tesian philosophy 0 expell$ f ^? univ]sities2 ! ,physics ( ,rohault 7 /ill 9 use z a text-book1--at lea/ occasionally1 to a mu* lat] p]iod ?an ?is1 & a great deal1 no d\bt1 dep5d$ on ! "* ( ! individual4 ,pr(essor ,keill introduc$ ! ,newtonian philosophy 9 8 lectures at ,ox=d 9 #afig2 b ! in/ructions ( ! tutors1 :i* con/itute ! real & effici5t sy/em ( ! univ]sity1 7 n ca/ 9 t m\ld till long aft]w>d40 ,adopt+ ! same view ( ! subject1 ,mr4 ,dugald ,/ew>t has /at$1 8t ! philosophy ( ,newton 0 publicly taught by ,david ,gregory at ,ed9burgh1 & by 8 bro!r1 ,james ,gregory1 at ,/4 ,&rew's1#ej be=e x 0 able to supplant ! vortices ( ,desc>tes 9 t v univ]sity ( :i* ,newton 0 a memb]4 ,x 0 9 ! ,scotti% univ]sities t ! philosophy ( ,locke1 z well z t ( ,newton1 0 fir/ adopt$ z a bran* ( academical education40 ,anxi\s z we %\ld h be5 to h aw>d$ to ,scotl& ! hon\r ( hav+ fir/ adopt$ ! ,newtonian philosophy1 yet a reg>d = hi/orical tru? compels u to take a diff]5t view ( ! subject4 ,x is well kn[n t ,sir ,isaac ,newton deliv]$ lectures on 8 own philosophy f ! ,lucasian *air be=e ! publication ( ! ,pr9cipia2 & 9 ! v page ( ,:i/on's life quot$ by ,pr(essor ,playfair1 he in=ms u t he _h he>d him read su* lectures 9 ! public s*ools1 ?\gh at t "t he did n at all und]/& !m4 ,newton cont9u$ to lecture till #afii1 & occasionally1 we presume1 till #agjc1 :5 ,:i/on became 8 successor1 hav+ be5 appo9t$ 8 deputy 9 #afii4 ,9 bo? ( ^! capacities ,:i/on deliv]$ 9 ! public s*ools a c\rse ( lectures on a/ronomy1 & a c\rse ( physico-ma!matical lectures1 9 :i* ! ma!matical philosophy ( ,newton 0 expla9$ & demon/rat$1 & bo? ^! c\rses 7 publi%$1 ! "o 9 #agjg1 & ! o!r 9 #agaj1 8= ! use ( ! "y m5 9 ! univ]sity40 ,9 #agjg1 ! celebrat$ bl9d ma!matician ,ni*olas ,saund]son took up 8 resid5ce 9 ,*ri/'s ,college )\t be+ admitt$ a memb] ( t body4 ,! society n only allott$ to him ap>tm5ts1 b gave him ! free use ( _! libr>y4 ,) ! concurr5ce ( ,:i/on he deliv]$ a c\rse ( lectures 8on ! ,pr9cipia1 ,optics1 & ,univ]sal ,ari?metic ( ,newton10 & ! popul>ity ( ^! lectures 0 s great1 t ,sir ,isaac correspond$ on ! subject ( !m ) _! au?or2 & on ! ejection ( ,:i/on f ! ,lucasian *air 9 #agaa1 ,saund]son 0 appo9t$ 8 successor4 ,9 ?is important (fice he cont9u$ to tea* ! ,newtonian philosophy till ! "t ( 8 dea?1 :i* took place 9 #agci4 ,b :ile ! ,newtonian philosophy 0 ?us regul>ly taught 9 ,cambridge1 aft] ! publication ( ! ,pr9cipia1 !re 7 n want+ o!r ex]tions = accel]at+ its progress4 ,ab\t #afid1 ! celebrat$ ,dr4 ,samuel ,cl>ke1 :ile an "u-graduate1 def5d$1 9 ! public s*ools1 a "q tak5 f ! ,newtonian philosophy2 & 8 translation ( ,rohault's ,physics1 :i* conta9s ref]5ces 9 ! notes to ! ,pr9cipia1 & :i* 0 publi%$ 9 #afig 7& n 9 #agah1 z /at$ by ,pr(essor ,playfair71 %[s h[ e>ly ! ,c>tesian sy/em 0 attack$ by ! disciples ( ,newton4 ,! au?or ( ! ,life ( ,saund]son in=ms u1 t public ex]cises or acts f\nd$ on e "p ( ! ,newtonian sy/em 7 v common ab\t #agjg1 & s g5]al 7 su* /udies 9 ! univ]sity1 t ! ,pr9cipia rose to f\r times its orig9al price4#ea ,"o ( ! mo/ ard5t vot>ies ( ! ,newtonian philosophy 0 ,dr4 ,laughton1 :o _h be5 tutor 9 ,cl>e ,hall f #afid1 & x is probable t dur+ ! :ole1 or at lea/ a great] "p1 ( 8 tutor%ip he _h inculcat$ ! same doctr9es4 ,9 #agji-aj1 :5 he 0 proctor ( t college1 in/ead ( appo9t+ a mod]ator1 he dis*>g$ ! (fice himself1 & devot$ 8 mo/ active ex]tions to ! promotion ( ma!matical k4 ,previ\s to ?is1 he _h ev5 publi%$ a pap] ( que/ions on ! ,newtonian philosophy1 :i* appe> to h be5 us$ z !ses = disputations2 & su* 0 8 ard\r & le>n+ t !y p[]fully contribut$ to ! popul>ity ( 8 college4 ,betwe5 #agjf & #agaf1 ! ye> ( 8 dea?1 ! celebrat$ ,rog] ,cotes1 ! fri5d & disciple ( ,newton1 fill$ ! ,plumian *air ( a/ronomy & exp]im5tal philosophy at ,cambridge4 ,dur+ ?is p]iod he edit$ ! second edition ( ! ,pr9cipia1 :i* he enri*$ ) an admirable preface1 & ?us contribut$1 by 8 writ+s z well z by 8 lectures1 to advance ! philosophy ( 8 ma/]4 ,ab\t ! same "t1 ! le>n$ ,dr4 ,b5tley1 :o fir/ made kn[n ! philosophy ( 8 fri5d to ! read]s ( g5]al lit]ature1 fill$ ! high (fice ( ma/] ( ,tr9ity ,college1 & c\ld n fail to h ex]t$ 8 utmo/ influ5ce 9 propagat+ doctr9es :i* he s greatly admir$4 ,_h any opposition be5 (f]$ to ! introduction ( ! true sy/em ( ! univ]se1 ! tal5ts & influ5ce ( ^! individuals w\ld h imm$iately suppress$ x2 b no su* opposition seems to h be5 made2 & ?\gh !re may h be5 individuals at ,cambridge ignorant ( ma!matical sci5ce1 :o adh]$ to ! sy/em ( ,desc>tes1 & patronis$ ! /udy ( ! ,physics ( ,rohault1 yet x is probable t simil> p]sons exi/$ 9 ! univ]sities ( ,ed9burgh & ,/4 ,&rew's2 & we _c reg>d _! adh]5ce to error z disprov+ ! g5]al fact1 t ! philosophy ( ,newton 0 quickly introduc$ into all ! univ]sities ( ,great ,brita94 ,b :ile ! ma!matical pr9ciples ( ! ,newtonian sy/em 7 ably exp\nd$ 9 our seats ( le>n+1 its physical tru?s 7 g5]ally /udi$1 & 7 expla9$ & communicat$ to ! public by v>i\s lectur]s on exp]im5tal philosophy4 ,! celebrat$ ,locke1 :o 0 incapable ( und]/&+ ! ,pr9cipia f 8 want ( ma!matical k1 inquir$ ( ,huyg5s if all ! ma!matical propositions 9 t "w 7 true4 ,:5 he 0 assur$ t he might dep5d ^u _! c]ta9ty1 he took !m = grant$1 & c>efully exam9$ ! reason+s & coroll>ies d$uc$ f !m4 ,9 ?is mann] he acquir$ a k ( ! physical tru?s 9 ! ,pr9cipia1 & became a firm believ] 9 ! discov]ies :i* x conta9$4 ,9 ! same mann] he /udi$ ! treatise on ,optics1 & made himself ma/] ( e "p ( x :i* 0 n ma!matical4#eb ,f a manuscript ( ,sir ,isaac ,newton's1 entitl$ 8,a demon/ration t ! planets1 by _! gravity t[>ds ! sun1 may move 9 ellipses1#ec f\nd among ! pap]s ( ,mr4 ,locke1 & publi%$ by ,"l ,k+10 x w\ld appe> t he himself _h be5 at consid]able tr\ble 9 expla9+ to 8 fri5d t int]e/+ doctr9e4 ,?is manuscript is endors$1 8,mr4 ,newton1 ,m>*1 #afhi40 ,x beg9s ) ?ree hypo!ses 7! fir/ two be+ ! two laws ( motion1 & ! ?ird ! p>allelogram ( motion71 :i* introduce ! proposition ( ! proportionality ( ! areas to ! times 9 motions r\nd an immoveable c5tre ( attraction4#ed ,?ree lemmas1 conta9+ prop]ties ( ! ellipse1 !n prep>e ! read] = ! celebrat$ proposition1 t :5 a body moves 9 an ellipse1#ee ! attraction is reciprocally z ! squ>e ( ! di/ance ( ! body f ! focus to :i* x is attract$4 ,^! propositions are demon/rat$ 9 a m popul> mann] ?an 9 ! ,pr9cipia1 b !re c be no d\bt t1 ev5 9 _! pres5t modifi$ =m1 !y 7 beyond ! capacity ( ,mr4 ,locke4 ,dr4 ,john ,keill 0 ! fir/ p]son :o publicly taught natural philosophy by exp]im5ts4 ,desaguli]s in=ms u t ?is au?or 8laid d[n v simple propositions1 :i* he prov$ by exp]im5ts1 & f ^! he d$uc$ o!rs m comp\nd1 :i* he /ill confirm$ by exp]im5ts1 till he _h in/ruct$ 8 auditors 9 ! laws ( motion1 ! pr9ciples ( hydro/atics & optics1 & "s ( ! *ief propositions ( ,sir ,isaac ,newton conc]n+ light & col\rs4 ,he began ^! c\rses 9 ,ox=d ab\t ! ye> #agjd or #agje1 & 9 t way introduc$ ! love ( ! ,newtonian philosophy40 ,:5 ,dr4 ,keill left ! univ]sity1 ,desaguli]s began to tea* ! ,newtonian philosophy by exp]im5ts4 ,he comm5c$ 8 lectures at ,h>?all 9 ,ox=d1 9 #agaj1 & deliv]$ m ?an a hundr$ & tw5ty c\rses2 & :5 he w5t to settle 9 ,london 9 #agac1 he in=ms u t he f\nd 8! ,newtonian philosophy g5]ally receiv$ among p]sons ( all ranks & pr(essions1 & ev5 among ! ladies by ! help ( exp]im5ts40 ,su* 7 ! /eps by :i* ! ,newtonian philosophy 0 e/abli%$ 9 ,great ,brita94 ,f ! "t ( ! publication ( ! ,pr9cipia1 its ma!matical doctr9es =m$ a regul> "p ( academical education2 & be=e tw5ty ye>s _h elaps$1 its physical tru?s 7 communicat$ to ! public 9 popul> lectures illu/rat$ by exp]im5ts1 & accommodat$ to ! capacities ( ^? :o 7 n v]s$ 9 ma!matical k4 ,! ,c>tesian sy/em1 ?\gh x may h l+]$ = a :ile 9 ! recesses ( our univ]sities1 0 soon ov]turn$2 & long be=e 8 dea?1 ,newton enjoy$ ! high satisfaction ( see+ 8 philosophy triumphant 9 8 native l&4 ,,*apt] ,,xii4 ,doctr9e ( ,inf9ite ,quantities--,lab\rs ( ,pappus--,kepl]--,caval]i-- ,rob]val--,f]mat--,wallis--,newton discov]s ! ,b9omial ,!orem--& ! ,doctr9e ( ,fluxions 9 #afff--;,8 ,manuscript ,"w conta9+ ?is ,doctr9e communicat$ to 8 ,fri5ds--,8 ,treatise on ,fluxions-- ,8 ,ma!matical ,tracts--,8 ,univ]sal ,ari?metic--,8 ,me?odus ,diff]5tialis--,8 ,geometria ,analytica--,8 ,solution ( ! ,problems propos$ by ,b]n\illi & ,leibnitz--,acc\nt ( ! celebrat$ ,dispute respect+ ! ,inv5tion ( ,fluxions--,comm]cium ,epi/olicum-- ,report ( ! ,royal ,society--,g5]al ,view ( ! ,controv]sy4 ,previ\s to ! "t ( ,newton1 ! doctr9e ( inf9ite quantities _h be5 ! subject ( pr(\nd /udy4 ,! anci5ts made ! fir/ /ep 9 ?is curi\s inquiry by a rude ?\gh +5i\s attempt to det]m9e ! area ( curves4 ,! me?od ( exhau/ions :i* 0 us$ = ?is purpose consi/$ 9 f9d+ a giv5 rectil9eal area to :i* ! inscrib$ & circumscrib$ polygonal figures cont9ually approa*$ by increas+ ! numb] ( _! sides4 ,?is area 0 obvi\sly ! area ( ! curve1 & 9 ! case ( ! p>abola x 0 f\nd by ,ar*im$es to be two-?irds ( ! area =m$ by multiply+ ! ord9ate by ! abscissa4 ,al?\gh ! syn!tical demon/ration ( ! results 0 p]fectly conclusive1 yet ! me?od itself 0 limit$ & imp]fect4 ,! celebrat$ ,pappus ( ,alex&ria foll[$ ,ar*im$es 9 ! same inquiries2 & 9 8 demon/ration ( ! prop]ty ( ! c5tre ( gravity ( a plane figure1 by :i* we may det]m9e ! solid =m$ by its revolution1 he has %ad[$ =? ! discov]ies ( lat] times4 ,9 8 curi\s tract on ,/]eometry1 publi%$ 9 #afae1 ,kepl] made "s advances 9 ! doctr9e ( inf9itesimals4 ,prompt$ to ! task by a dispute ) ! sell] ( "s casks ( w9e1 he /udi$ ! measurem5t ( solids =m$ by ! revolution ( a curve r\nd any l9e :atev]4 ,9 solv+ "s ( ! simple/ ( ^! problems1 he conceiv$ a circle to be =m$ ( an inf9ite numb] ( triangles hav+ all _! v]tices 9 ! c5tre1 & _! inf9itely small bases 9 ! circumf]5ce ( ! circle1 & by ?us r5d]+ famili> ! idea ( quantities inf9itely great & inf9itely small1 he gave an impulse to ?is bran* ( ma!matics4 ,! failure ( ,kepl]1 too1 9 solv+ "s ( ! m difficult ( ! problems :i* he himself propos$ r\s$ ! att5tion ( geomet]s1 & seems p>ticul>ly to h attract$ ! notice ( ,caval]i4 ,?is +5i\s ma!matician 0 born at ,milan 9 #aeih1 & 0 ,pr(essor ( ,geometry at ,bologna4 ,9 8 me?od ( ,indivisibles1 :i* 0 publi%$ 9 #afce1 he consid]$ a l9e z compos$ ( an inf9ite numb] ( po9ts1 a surface ( an inf9ite numb] ( l9es1 & a solid ( an inf9ite numb] ( surfaces2 & he lays x d[n z an axiom t ! inf9ite sums ( su* l9es & surfaces h ! same ratio :5 comp>$ ) ! l9e> or sup]ficial unit1 z ! surfaces & solids :i* are to be det]m9$4 ,z x is n true t an inf9ite numb] ( inf9itely small po9ts c make a l9e1 or an inf9ite numb] ( inf9itely small l9es a surface1 ,pascal remov$ ?is v]bal difficulty by consid]+ a l9e z compos$ ( an inf9ite numb] ( inf9itely %ort l9es1 a surface z compos$ ( an inf9ite numb] ( inf9itely n>r[ p>allelograms1 & a solid ( an inf9ite numb] ( inf9itely ?9 solids4 ,b1 indep5d5t ( ?is correction1 ! conclusions d$uc$ by ,caval]i are rigor\sly true1 & 8 me?od ( asc]ta9+ ! ratios ( areas & solids to "o ano!r1 & ! !orems :i* he d$uc$ f x may be consid]$ z =m+ an era 9 ma!matics4 ,by ! application ( ?is me?od1 ,rob]val & ,toricelli %[$ t ! area ( ! cycloid is ?ree times t ( its g5]at+ circle1 & ! =m] ext5d$ ! me?od ( ,caval]i to ! case :]e ! p[]s ( ! t]ms ( ! ari?metical progression to be summ$ 7 fractional4 ,9 apply+ ! doctr9e ( inf9itely small quantities to det]m9e ! tang5ts ( curves1 & ! maxima & m9ima ( _! ord9ates1 bo? ,rob]val & ,f]mat made a ne> approa* to ! inv5tion ( fluxions--s ne> inde$ t bo? ,lagrange & ,laplace#ef h pron\nc$ ! latt] to be ! true inv5t] ( ! diff]5tial calculus4 ,rob]val suppos$ ! po9t :i* describes a curve to be actuat$ by two motions1 by ! composition ( :i* x moves 9 ! direction ( a tang5t2 & _h he possess$ ! me?od ( fluxions1 he c\ld1 9 e case1 h det]m9$ ! relative velocities ( ^! motions1 :i* dep5d on ! nature ( ! curve1 & consequ5tly ! direction ( ! tang5t :i* he assum$ to be 9 ! diagonal ( a p>allelogram ^: sides _h ! same ratio z ! velocities4 ,b z he 0 able to det]m9e ^! velocities only 9 ! conic sections1 c4 8 +5i\s me?od _h b few applications4 ,! lab\rs ( ,pet] ,f]mat1 a c\nsellor ( ! p>liam5t ( ,t\l\se1 approa*$ /ill ne>] to ! fluxion>y calculus4 ,9 8 me?od ( det]m9+ ! maxima & m9ima ( ! ord9ates ( curves1 he sub/itutes x e = ! indep5d5t v>iable x 9 ! function :i* is to become a maximum1 & z ^! two expressions %\ld be equal :5 e becomes inf9itely small or #j1 he frees ?is equation f surds & radicals1 & aft] divid+ ! :ole by e1 e is made #j1 & ! equation = ! maximum is ?us obta9$4 ,^u a simil> pr9ciple he f\nd$ 8 me?od ( draw+ tang5ts to curves4 ,b ?\gh ! me?ods ?us us$ by ,f]mat are 9 pr9ciple ! same ) ^? :i* connect ! !ory ( tang5ts & ( maxima & m9ima ) ! analytical me?od ( exhibit+ ! diff]5tial calculus1 yet x is a s+ul> example ( national p>tiality to consid] ! inv5t] ( ^! me?ods z ! inv5t] ( ! me?od ( fluxions4 8,"o might be l$10 says ,mr4 ,h]s*el1 8to suppose by ,laplace's expression t ! calculus ( f9ite diff]5ces _h !n already assum$ a sy/ematic =m1 & t ,f]mat _h actually obs]v$ ! relation betwe5 ! two calculi1 & d]iv$ ! "o f ! o!r4 ,! latt] conclusion w\ld sc>cely be less correct ?an ! =m]4 ,no me?od c ju/ly be reg>d$ z be>+ any analogy to ! diff]5tial calculus :i* does n lay d[n a sy/em ( rules 7no matt] on :at consid]ations f\nd$1 by :at names call$1 or by :at extrane\s matt] envelop$7 by means ( :i* ! second t]m ( ! developm5t ( any function ( x e 9 p[]s ( e1 c be correctly calculat$1 #8qu ext5det se1' to use ,newton's expression1 #8citra ullum mole/um calculum 9 t]m9is surdis que ac 9 integris proc$5s4' ,x w\ld be /range to suppose ,f]mat or any o!r 9 possession ( su* a me?od be=e any s+le surd quantity _h ev] be5 develop$ 9 a s]ies4 ,b1 9 po9t ( fact1 8 writ+s pres5t no trace ( ! k9d2 & ?is1 ?\gh fatal to 8 claim1 is all[$ by bo? ! geomet]s cit$4 ,he> ,lagrange's c&id av[al4 #8,il fait disp>aitre dans cette equation1' t ( ! maximum betwe5 x & e1 #8les radicaux et les fractions s'il y en 4' ,laplace1 too1 decl>es t #8il savoit et5dre son calcul aux fonctions irrationelles en se deb>rassant des irrationalits p> l'elevation des radicaux aux puissances4' ,?is is at once giv+ up ! po9t 9 "q4 ,x is all[+ unequivocally t ,f]mat 9 ^! processes only took a circuit\s r\te to avoid a difficulty :i* x is "o ( ! mo/ express objects ( ! diff]5tial calculus to face & surm\nt4 ,! :ole claim ( ! ,fr5* geomet] arises f a confusion 7too (t5 made7 ( ! calculus & its applications1 ! means & ! end1 "u ! sweep+ head ( #8n\veaux calculs' on ! "o h&1 & an ass]tion some:at too unqualifi$1 advanc$ 9 ! w>m? & g5]ality ( a preface1 on ! o!r40#eg ,! discov]ies ( ,f]mat 7 improv$ & simplifi$ by ,hudde1 ,huyg5s1 & ,b>r[2 & by ! publication ( ! ,ari?metic ( ,inf9ites by ,dr4 ,wallis1 ,savilian pr(essor ( geometry at ,ox=d1 ma!maticians 7 conduct$ to ! v entrance ( a new & untrodd5 field ( discov]y4 ,?is di/+ui%$ au?or _h effect$ ! quadrature ( all curves ^: ord9ates c be express$ by any direct integral p[]s2 & ?\gh he _h ext5d$ 8 conclusions to ! cases :]e ! ord9ates are express$ by ! inv]se or fractional p[]s1 yet he fail$ 9 its application4 ,nicolas ,m]cator 7,kauffman7 surm\nt$ ! difficulty by :i* ,wallis _h be5 baffl$1 by ! cont9u$ division ( ! num]ator by ! d5om9ator to inf9ity1 & !n apply+ ,wallis's me?od to ! result+ positive p[]s4 ,9 ?is way he obta9$1 9 #affg1 ! fir/ g5]al quadrature ( ! hyp]bola1 &1 at ! same "t1 gave ! regul> developm5t ( a function 9 s]ies4 ,9 ord] to obta9 ! quadrature ( ! circle1 ,dr4 ,wallis consid]$ t if ! equations ( ! curves ( :i* he _h giv5 ! quadrature 7 arrang$ 9 a s]ies1 beg9n+ ) ! mo/ simple1 ^! areas w\ld =m ano!r s]ies4 ,he saw also t ! equation ( ! circle 0 int]m$iate betwe5 ! fir/ & second t]ms ( ! fir/ s]ies1 or betwe5 ! equation ( a /raight l9e & t ( a p>abola1 & h5ce he conclud$1 t by int]polat+ a t]m betwe5 ! fir/ & second t]m ( ! second s]ies1 he w\ld obta9 ! area ( ! circle4 ,9 pursu+ ?is s+ul>ly beautiful ?\ght1 ,dr4 ,wallis did n succe$ 9 obta9+ ! indef9ite quadrature ( ! circle1 because he did n employ g5]al expon5ts2 b he 0 l$ to express ! entire area ( ! circle by a fraction1 ! num]ator & d5om9ator ( :i* are ea* obta9$ by ! cont9u$ multiplication ( a c]ta9 s]ies ( numb]s4 ,su* 0 ! /ate ( ?is bran* ( ma!matical sci5ce1 :5 ,newton1 at an e>ly age1 direct$ to x ! vig\r ( 8 m9d4 ,at ! v beg9n+ ( 8 ma!matical /udies1 :5 ! works ( ,dr4 ,wallis fell into 8 h&s1 he 0 l$ to consid] h[ he c\ld int]polate ! g5]al values ( ! areas 9 ! second s]ies ( t ma!matician4 ,) ?is view he inve/igat$ ! ari?metical law ( ! coeffici5ts ( ! s]ies1 & obta9$ a g5]al me?od ( int]polat+1 n only ! s]ies above ref]r$ to1 b also o!r s]ies4 ,^! 7 ! fir/ /eps tak5 by ,newton1 &1 z he himself in=ms u1 !y w\ld h entirely escap$ f 8 memory if he _h n1 a few weeks be=e1#eh f\nd ! notes :i* he made ^u ! subject4 ,:5 he _h obta9$ ?is me?od1 x occurr$ to him t ! v same process 0 applicable to ! ord9ates1 &1 by foll[+ out ?is idea1 he discov]$ ! g5]al me?od ( r$uc+ radical quantities compos$ ( sev]al t]ms into inf9ite s]ies1 & 0 ?us l$ to ! discov]y ( ! celebrat$ ,b9omial ,!orem4 ,he n[ neglect$ entirely 8 me?ods ( int]polation1 & employ$ t !orem alone z ! easie/ & mo/ direct me?od = ! quadratures ( curves1 & 9 ! solution ( _m que/ions :i* _h n ev5 be5 attempt$ by ! mo/ skilful ma!maticians4 ,aft] hav+ appli$ ! ,b9omial !orem to ! rectification ( curves1 & to ! det]m9ation ( ! surfaces & cont5ts ( solids1 & ! position ( _! c5tres ( gravity1 he discov]$ ! g5]al pr9ciple ( d$uc+ ! areas ( curves f ! ord9ate1 by consid]+ ! area z a nasc5t quantity1 increas+ by cont9ual fluxion 9 ! proportion ( ! l5g? ( ! ord9ate1 & suppos+ ! abscissa to increase uni=mly 9 proportion to ! "t4 ,9 imitation ( ,caval]ius1 he call$ ! mom5t>y increm5t ( a l9e a po9t1 ?\gh x is n a geometrical po9t1 b an inf9itely %ort l9e2 & ! mom5t>y increm5t ( an area or surface he call$ a l9e1 ?\gh x is n a geometrical l9e1 b an inf9itely n>r[ surface4 ,by ?us reg>d+ l9es z g5]at$ by ! motion ( po9ts1 surfaces by ! motions ( l9es1 & solids by ! motion ( surfaces1 & by consid]+ t ! ord9ates1 absciss1 c4 ( curves ?us =m$1 v>y accord+ to a regul> law dep5d+ on ! equation ( ! curve1 he d$uces f ?is equation ! velocities ) :i* ^! quantities are g5]at$2 & by ! rules ( inf9ite s]ies he obta9s ! ultimate value ( ! quantity requir$4 ,to ! velocities ) :i* e l9e or quantity is g5]at$1 ,newton gave ! "n ( ,fluxions1 & to ! l9es or quantities !mselves t ( ,flu5ts4 ,?is me?od con/itutes ! doctr9e ( fluxions :i* ,newton _h inv5t$ previ\s to #afff1 :5 ! break+ out ( ! plague at ,cambridge drove him f t city1 & turn$ 8 att5tion to o!r subjects4 ,b ?\gh ,newton _h n communicat$ ?is great inv5tion to any ( 8 fri5ds1 he compos$ 8 treatise1 entitl$ ,analysis p] equationes num]o t]m9orum inf9itas1 9 :i* ! pr9ciple ( fluxions & its num]\s applications are cle>ly po9t$ out4 ,9 ! mon? ( ,june1 #affi1 he communicat$ ?is "w to ,dr4 ,b>r[1 :o m5tions x 9 a lett] to ,mr4 ,coll9s1 dat$ ! #bj? ,june1 #affi1 z ! production ( a fri5d ( 8 resid+ at ,cambridge1 :o possesses a f9e g5ius = su* inquiries4 ,on ! #ca/ ,july1 he transmitt$ ! "w to ,coll9s2 & hav+ receiv$ 8 approbation ( x1 he in=ms him t ! "n ( ! au?or ( x 0 ,newton1 a fell[ ( 8 own college1 & a "y man :o _h only two ye>s be=e tak5 8 degree ( ,m4,a4 ,coll9s took a copy ( ?is treatise1 & return$ ! orig9al to ,dr4 ,b>r[2 & ?is copy hav+ be5 f\nd among ,coll9s's pap]s by 8 fri5d ,mr4 ,william ,jones1 & comp>$ ) ! orig9al manuscript borr[$ f ,newton1 x 0 publi%$ ) ! cons5t ( ,newton 9 #agaa1 ne>ly fifty ye>s aft] x 0 writt54 ,?\gh ! discov]ies conta9$ 9 ?is treatise 7 n at fir/ giv5 to ! _w1 yet !y 7 made g5]ally kn[n to ma!maticians by ! correspond5ce ( ,coll9s1 :o communicat$ !m to ,james ,gregory2 to ,,mm4 ,b]tet & ,v]non 9 ,france2 to ,slusius 9 ,holl&2 to ,borelli 9 ,italy2 & to ,/rode1 ,t[ns5d1 & ,old5burg1 9 lett]s dat$ betwe5 #affi & #afgb4 ,hi!rto ! me?od ( fluxions 0 kn[n only to ! fri5ds ( ,newton & _! correspond5ts2 b1 9 ! fir/ edition ( ! ,pr9cipia1 :i* appe>$ 9 #afhg1 he publi%$1 = ! fir/ "t1 ! fundam5tal pr9ciple ( ! fluxion>y calculus1 9 ! second lemma ( ! second book4 ,no in=mation1 h[ev]1 is "h giv5 respect+ ! algori?m or notation ( ! calculus2 & x 0 n till #afic-e8 t x 0 communicat$ to ! ma!matical _w 9 ! second volume ( ,dr4 ,wallis's works1 :i* 7 publi%$ 9 t ye>4 ,?is in=mation 0 extract$ f two lett]s ( ,newton writt5 9 #afib4 ,ab\t ! ye> #afgb1 ,newton _h und]tak5 to publi% an edition ( ,k9ckhuys5's ,algebra1 ) notes & additions4 ,he !re=e drew up a treatise1 entitl$1 ,a ,me?od ( ,fluxions1 :i* he propos$ z an introduction to t "w2 b ! fe> ( be+ involv$ 9 disputes ab\t ?is new discov]y1 or p]haps ! wi% to r5d] x m complete1 or to h ! sole advantage ( employ+ x 9 8 physical rese>*es1 induc$ him to ab&on ?is design4 ,at a lat] p]iod ( 8 life he aga9 resolv$ to give x to ! _w2 b x did n appe> till aft] 8 dea?1 :5 x 0 translat$ into ,engli%1 & publi%$ 9 #agcf1 ) a comm5t>y by ,mr4 ,john ,colson1 ,pr(essor ( ,ma!matics 9 ,cambridge4#ei ,to ! fir/ edition ( ,newton's ,optics1 :i* appe>$ 9 #agjd1 !re 7 add$ two ma!matical treatises1 entitl$1 ,tractatus duo de speciebus et magnitud9e figur>um curvil9e>um1 ! "o be>+ ! title ( ,tractatus de ,quadratura ,curv>um1 & ! o!r ,enum]atio l9e>um t]tii ord9is4 ,! fir/ conta9s an explanation ( ! doctr9e ( fluxions1 & ( its application to ! quadrature ( curves2 & ! second a classification ( sev5ty-two curves ( ! ?ird ord]1 ) an acc\nt ( _! prop]ties4 ,! reason = publi%+ ^! two tracts 9 8 ,optics 79 ! subsequ5t editions ( :i* !y are omitt$7 is ?us /at$ 9 ! adv]tisem5t3--8,9 a lett] writt5 to ,m4 ,leibnitz 9 ! ye> #afgi1 & publi%$ by ,dr4 ,wallis1 ,i m5tion$ a me?od by :i* ,i _h f\nd "s g5]al !orems ab\t squ>+ curvil9e> figures on comp>+ !m ) ! conic sections1 or o!r ! simple/ figures ) :i* !y might be comp>$4 ,& "s ye>s ago ,i l5t out a manuscript conta9+ su* !orems2 & hav+ s9ce met ) "s ?+s copi$ out ( x1 ,i h on ?is occasion made x public1 prefix+ to x an introduction1 & jo9+ a s*olium conc]n+ t me?od4 ,& ,i h jo9$ ) x ano!r small tract conc]n+ ! curvil9eal figures ( ! second k9d1 :i* 0 also writt5 _m ye>s ago1 & made kn[n to "s fri5ds1 :o h solicit$ ! mak+ x public40 ,9 ! ye> #agjg1 ,mr4 ,:i/on publi%$ ! algebraical lectures :i* ,newton _h1 dur+ n9e ye>s1 deliv]$ at ,cambridge1 "u ! title ( ,ari?metica ,univ]salis1 sive de ,compositione et ,resolutione ,ari?metica ,lib]4 ,we are n accurately in=m$ h[ ,mr4 ,:i/on obta9$ possession ( ?is "w2 b x is /at$ by "o ( ! editors ( ! ,engli% edition1 t 8,mr4 ,:i/on ?9k+ x a pity t s noble & useful a "w %\ld be doom$ to a college conf9em5t1 obta9$ leave to make x public40 ,x 0 soon aft]w>d translat$ into ,engli% by ,mr4 ,ralphson2 & a second edition ( x1 ) improvem5ts by ! au?or1 0 publi%$ at ,london 9 #agab1 by ,dr4 ,ma*91 secret>y to ! ,royal ,society4 ,) ! view ( /imulat+ ma!maticians to write annotations on ?is admirable "w1 ! celebrat$ ,s',graves&e publi%$ a tract1 entitl$1 ,specim5 ,comm5t>ii 9 ,ari?meticam ,univ]salem2 & ,maclaur9's ,algebra seems to h be5 drawn up 9 consequ5ce ( ?is appeal4 ,among ! ma!matical works ( ,newton we mu/ n omit to enum]ate a small tract entitl$1 ,me?odus ,diff]5tialis1 :i* 0 publi%$ ) 8 cons5t 9 #agaa4 ,x consi/s ( six propositions1 :i* conta9 a me?od ( draw+ a p>abolic curve ?r\gh any giv5 numb] ( po9ts1 & :i* are useful = con/ruct+ tables by ! int]polation ( s]ies1 & = solv+ problems dep5d+ on ! quadrature ( curves4 ,ano!r ma!matical treatise ( ,newton's 0 publi%$ = ! fir/ "t 9 #aggi1 9 ,dr4 ,horsley's edition ( 8 works4#fj ,x is entitl$1 ,artis ,analytic ,specim9a1 vel ,geometria ,analytica4 ,9 edit+ ?is "w1 :i* occupies ab\t #acj qu>to pages1 ,dr4 ,horsley us$ ?ree manuscripts1 "o ( :i* 0 9 ! h&writ+ ( ! au?or2 ano!r1 writt5 9 an unkn[n h&1 0 giv5 by ,mr4 ,william ,jones to ! ,hon\rable ,*>les ,cav5di%2 & a ?ird1 copi$ f ?is by ,mr4 ,james ,wilson1 ! editor ( ,rob9s's works1 0 giv5 to ,dr4 ,horsley by ,mr4 ,john ,n\rse1 booksell] to ! k+4 ,dr4 ,horsley has divid$ x into twelve *apt]s1 :i* treat ( inf9ite s]ies2 ( ! r$uction ( affect$ equations2 ( ! speci\s resolution ( equations2 ( ! doctr9e ( fluxions2 ( maxima & m9ima2 ( draw+ tang5ts to curves2 ( ! radius ( curvature2 ( ! quadrature ( curves2 ( ! area ( curves :i* are comp>able ) ! conic sections2 ( ! con/ruction ( me*anical problems1 & on f9d+ ! l5g?s ( curves4 ,9 enum]at+ ! ma!matical works ( our au?or1 we mu/ n ov]look 8 solutions ( ! celebrat$ problems propos$ by ,b]n\illi & ,leibnitz4 ,on ! ,kal5ds ( ,janu>y1 #afig1 ,john ,b]n\illi address$ a lett] to ! mo/ di/+ui%$ ma!maticians 9 ,europe1#fa *all5g+ !m to solve ! two foll[+ problems3 #a4 ,to det]m9e ! curve l9e connect+ two giv5 po9ts :i* are at diff]5t di/ances f ! horizon1 & n 9 ! same v]tical l9e1 along :i* a body pass+ by its own gravity1 & beg9n+ to move at ! upp] po9t1 %all desc5d to ! l[] po9t 9 ! %orte/ "t possible4 #b4 ,to f9d a curve l9e ( ?is prop]ty t ! two segm5ts ( a "r l9e drawn f a giv5 po9t ?r\gh ! curve1 be+ rais$ to any giv5 p[]1 & tak5 toge!r1 may make e :]e ! same sum4 ,on ! day aft] he receiv$ ^! problems1 ,newton address$ to ,mr4 ,*>les ,montague1 ! ,presid5t ( ! ,royal ,society1 a solution ( !m bo?4 ,he ann\nc$ t ! curve requir$ 9 ! fir/ problem mu/ be a cycloid1 & he gave a me?od ( det]m9+ x4 ,he solv$ also ! second problem1 & he %[$ t by ! same me?od o!r curves might be f\nd :i* %all cut (f ?ree or m segm5ts hav+ ! l prop]ties4 ,leibnitz1 :o 0 /ruck ) ! beauty ( ! problem1 reque/$ ,b]n\illi1 :o _h all[$ six mon?s = its solution1 to ext5d ! p]iod to twelve mon?s4 ,?is delay 0 readily grant$1 solutions 7 obta9$ f ,newton1 ,leibnitz1 & ! ,m>quis de ,l',hopital2 & al?\gh t ( ,newton 0 anonym\s1 yet ,b]n\illi recognis$ 9 x 8 p[]ful m9d1 8tanquam10 says he1 8ex ungue leonem10 z ! lion is kn[n by 8 claw4 ,! la/ ma!matical ef=t ( our au?or 0 made ) 8 usual success1 9 solv+ a problem :i* ,leibnitz propos$ 9 #agaf1 9 a lett] to ! ,abb ,conti1 8= ! purpose1 z he express$ x1 ( feel+ ! pulse ( ! ,engli% analy/s40 ,! object ( ?is problem 0 to det]m9e ! curve :i* %\ld cut at "r angles an inf9ity ( curves ( a giv5 nature1 b expressible by ! same equation4 ,newton receiv$ ?is problem ab\t five o'clock 9 ! aft]noon1 z he 0 return+ f ! ,m9t2 & ?\gh ! problem 0 extremely difficult1 & he himself mu* fatigu$ ) bus9ess1 yet he f9i%$ ! solution ( x be=e he w5t to b$4 ,su* is a brief acc\nt ( ! ma!matical writ+s ( ,sir ,isaac ,newton1 n "o ( :i* 7 volunt>ily communicat$ to ! _w by himself4 ,! publication ( 8 ,univ]sal ,ari?metic is said to h be5 a brea* ( confid5ce on ! "p ( ,:i/on2 &1 h[ev] ?is may be1 x 0 an unf9i%$ "w1 nev] design$ = ! public4 ,! publication ( 8 ,quadrature ( ,curves1 & ( 8 ,enum]ation ( ,curve ,l9es1 0 r5d]$ necess>y1 9 consequ5ce ( plagi>isms f ! manuscripts ( !m :i* he _h l5t to 8 fri5ds1 & ! re/ ( 8 analytical writ+s did n appe> till aft] 8 dea?4 ,x is n easy to p5etrate into ! motives by :i* ?is great man 0 on ^! occasions actuat$4 ,if 8 object 0 to keep possession ( 8 discov]ies till he _h br\ght !m to a high] degree ( p]fection1 we may approve ( ! propriety1 ?\gh we _c admire ! prud5ce ( su* a /ep4 ,if he wi%$ to reta9 to himself 8 own me?ods1 9 ord] t he alone might h ! advantage ( !m 9 prosecut+ 8 physical inquiries1 we _c reconcile s selfi% a measure ) t op5ness & g5]osity ( "* :i* m>k$ ! :ole ( 8 life4 ,if he )held 8 lab\rs f ! _w 9 ord] to avoid ! disputes & cont5tions to :i* !y might give rise1 he adopt$ ! v wor/ me?od ( secur+ 8 tranquillity4 ,t ?is 0 ! lead+ motive "u :i* he act$1 !re is little reason to d\bt4 ,! e>ly delay 9 ! publication ( 8 me?od ( fluxions1 aft] ! break+ out ( ! plague at ,cambridge1 0 probably ow+ to 8 n hav+ complet$ ! algori?m ( t calculus2 b no apology c be made = ! imprud5ce ( )hold+ x any long] f ! public4 ,_h he publi%$ ?is noble discov]y ev5 previ\s to #afgc1 :5 8 great rival _h n ev5 ent]$ ^u ^? /udies :i* l$ him to ! same me?od1 he w\ld h secur$ to himself ! undivid$ hon\r ( ! inv5tion1 & ,leibnitz c\ld h aspir$ to no o!r fame b t ( an improv] ( ! doctr9e ( fluxions4 ,b he un=tunately act$ o!rwise4 ,he ann\nc$ to 8 fri5ds t he possess$ a me?od ( great g5]ality & p[]2 he communicat$ to !m a g5]al acc\nt ( its pr9ciples & applications2 & ! in=mation :i* 0 ?us convey$ direct$ ! att5tion ( ma!maticians to subjects to :i* !y might n h o!rwise appli$ _! p[]s4 ,9 ?is way ! discov]ies :i* he _h previ\sly made 7 made subsequ5tly by o!rs2 & ,leibnitz1 9 place ( appe>+ 9 ! !atre ( sci5ce z ! disciple & ! foll[] ( ,newton1 /ood =? ) all ! dignity ( a rival2 &1 by ! e>ly publication ( 8 discov]ies _h ne>ly plac$ himself on ! ?rone :i* ,newton 0 de/9$ to asc5d4 ,x w\ld be inconsi/5t ) ! popul> nature ( a "w l ?is1 to ent] into a detail$ hi/ory ( ! dispute betwe5 ,newton & ,leibnitz respect+ ! inv5tion ( fluxions4 ,a brief & g5]al acc\nt ( x1 h[ev]1 is indisp5sable4 ,9 ! beg9n+ ( #afgc1 ,leibnitz came to ,london 9 ! suite ( ! ,duke ( ,hanov]1 & he became acqua9t$ ) ! great m5 :o !n adorn$ ! capital ( ,engl&4 ,among ^! 0 ,old5burg1 a c\ntryman ( 8 own1 :o 0 !n secret>y to ! ,royal ,society4 ,ab\t ! beg9n+ ( ,m>*1 9 ! same ye>1 ,leibnitz w5t to ,p>is1 :]e1 ) ! assi/ance ( ,huyg5s1 he devot$ himself to ! /udy ( ! high] geometry4 ,9 ! mon? ( ,july he r5ew$ 8 correspond5ce ) ,old5burg1 & he communicat$ to him "s ( ! discov]ies :i* he _h made relative to s]ies1 p>ticul>ly ! s]ies = a circul> arc 9 t]ms ( ! tang5t4 ,old5burg in=m$ him 9 return ( ! discov]ies on s]ies :i* _h be5 made by ,newton & ,gregory2 & 9 #afgf ,newton communicat$ to him1 ?r\gh ,old5burg1 a lett] ( fifte5 closely pr9t$ qu>to pages1 conta9+ _m ( 8 analytical discov]ies1 & /at+ t he possess$ a g5]al me?od ( draw+ tang5ts1 :i* he ?\ght x necess>y to conceal 9 two s5t5ces ( transpos$ *>act]s4 ,9 ?is lett] nei!r ! me?od ( fluxions nor any ( its pr9ciples are communicat$2 b ! sup]iority ( ! me?od ov] all o!rs is s fully describ$1 t ,leibnitz c\ld sc>cely fail to discov] t ,newton possess$ t secret ( :i* geomet]s _h s long be5 9 que/4 ,_h ,leibnitz at ! "t ( receiv+ ?is lett] be5 entirely ignorant ( 8 own diff]5tial me?od1 ! in=mation ?us convey$ to him by ,newton c\ld n fail to /imulate 8 curiosity1 & excite 8 mightie/ ef=ts to obta9 possession ( s great a secret4 ,t ?is new me?od 0 intimately connect$ ) ! subject ( s]ies 0 cle>ly indicat$ by ,newton2 & z ,leibnitz 0 deeply v]s$ 9 ?is bran* ( analysis1 x is f> f improbable t a m9d ( su* /r5g? & acut5ess might atta9 8 object by direct inve/igation4 ,t ?is 0 ! case may be inf]r$ f 8 lett] to ,old5burg 7to be communicat$ to ,newton7 ( ! #ba/ ,june1 #afgg1 :]e he m5tions t he _h = "s "t be5 9 possession ( a me?od ( draw+ tang5ts m g5]al ?an t ( ,slusius1 namely1 by ! diff]5ces ( ord9ates4 ,he !n proce$s ) ! utmo/ frankness to expla9 ?is me?od1 :i* 0 no o!r ?an ! diff]5tial calculus4 ,he describes ! algori?m :i* he _h adopt$1 ! =mation ( diff]5tial equations1 & ! application ( ! calculus to v>i\s geometrical & analytical que/ions4 ,no answ] seems to h be5 return$ to ?is lett] ei!r by ,newton or ,old5burg1 &1 ) ! exception ( a %ort lett] f ,leibnitz to ,old5burg1 dat$ #ab? ,july1 #afgg1 no fur!r correspond5ce seems to h tak5 place4 ,?is1 no d\bt1 arose f ! dea? ( ,old5burg 9 ! mon? ( ,augu/1 #afgg1fb :5 ! two rival geomet]s pursu$ _! rese>*es ) all ! ard\r :i* ! greatness ( ! subject 0 s well calculat$ to inspire4 ,9 ! h&s ( ,leibnitz ! diff]5tial calculus made rapid progress4 ,9 ! ,acta ,eruditorum1 :i* 0 publi%$ at ,leipsic 9 ,novemb]1 #afhd1 he gave ! fir/ acc\nt ( x1 describ+ its algori?m 9 ! same mann] z he _h done 9 8 lett] to ,old5burg1 & po9t+ out its application to ! draw+ ( tang5ts1 & ! det]m9ation ( maxima & m9ima4 ,he makes a remote ref]5ce to ! simil> calculus ( ,newton1 b lays no claim to ! sole inv5tion ( ! diff]5tial me?od4 ,9 ! same "w = ,june1 #afhf1 he resumes ! subject2 & :5 ,newton _h n publi%$ a s+le ^w ^u fluxions1 & _h n ev5 made kn[n 8 notation1 ! diff]5tial calculus 0 mak+ rapid advances on ! ,cont95t1 & 9 ! h&s ( ,james & ,john ,b]n\illi _h prov$ ! means ( solv+ "s ( ! mo/ important & difficult problems4 ,! sil5ce ( ,newton 0 at la/ brok51 & 9 ! second lemma ( ! second book ( ! ,pr9cipia1 he expla9$ ! fundam5tal pr9ciple ( ! fluxion>y calculus4 ,8 explanation1 :i* occupi$ only ?ree pages1 0 t]m9at$ ) ! foll[+ s*olium3--8,9 a correspond5ce :i* took place ab\t t5 ye>s ago betwe5 t v skilful geomet]1 ,g4 ,g4 ,leibnitz1 & myself1 ,i ann\nc$ to him t ,i possess$ a me?od ( det]m9+ maxima & m9ima1 ( draw+ tang5ts1 & ( p]=m+ simil> op]ations :i* 0 equally applicable to rational & irrational quantities1 & conceal$ ! same 9 transpos$ lett]s involv+ ?is s5t5ce1 7data equatione quotcunque flu5tes quantitates involv5te1 fluxiones inv5ire et vice v]sa74 ,?is illu/ri\s man repli$ t he also _h fall5 on a me?od ( ! same k9d1 & he communicat$ to me 8 me?od :i* sc>cely diff]$ f m9e except 9 ! notation & 9 ! idea ( ! g5]ation ( quantities40#fc ,?is celebrat$ s*olium1 :i* is s (t5 ref]r$ to 9 ! pres5t controv]sy1 has1 9 our op9ion1 be5 mu* misappreh5d$4 ,:ile ,m4 ,biot consid]s x z 8et]naliz+ ! rights ( ,leibnitz by recognis+ !m 9 ! ,pr9cipia10 ,pr(essor ,playfair reg>ds x z conta9+ 8a highly fav\rable op9ion on ! subject ( ! discov]ies ( ,leibnitz40 ,to u x appe>s to be no?+ m ?an ! simple /atem5t ( ! fact1 t ! me?od communicat$ by ,leibnitz 0 ne>ly ! same z 8 own2 & ?is mu* he might h said1 :e!r he believ$ t ,leibnitz _h se5 ! fluxion>y calculus among ! pap]s ( ,coll9s1 or 0 ! indep5d5t inv5tor ( 8 own4 ,x is m ?an probable1 inde$1 t :5 ,newton wrote ?is s*olium he reg>d$ ,leibnitz z a second inv5tor2 b :5 he f\nd t ,leibnitz & 8 fri5ds _h %[$ a will+ness to believe1 & _h ev5 v5tur$ to ?r[ out ! suspicion1 t he himself _h borr[$ ! doctr9e ( fluxions f ! diff]5tial calculus1 he seems to h alt]$ ! op9ion :i* he _h =m$ ( 8 rival1 & to h be5 will+ 9 8 turn to retort ! *>ge4 ,?is *ange ( op9ion 0 br\ght ab\t by a s]ies ( circum/ances ov] :i* he _h no control4 ,m4 ,nicolas ,fatio de ,duilli]1 a ,swiss ma!matician1 resid5t 9 ,london1 communicat$ to ! ,royal ,society1 9 #afii1 a pap] on ! l9e ( quicke/ desc5t1 :i* conta9s ! foll[+ obs]vations3--8,compell$ by ! evid5ce ( facts1 ,i hold ,newton to h be5 ! fir/ inv5tor ( ?is calculus1 & ! e>lie/ by sev]al ye>s2 & :e!r ,leibnitz1 ! second inv5tor1 has borr[$ any ?+ f ! o!r1 ,i w\ld pref] to my own judgm5t t ( ^? :o h se5 ! lett]s & o!r copies ( ! same manuscripts ( ,newton40 ,?is imprud5t rem>k1 :i* by no means am\nts to a *>ge ( plagi>ism1 = ,leibnitz is actually designat$ ! second inv5tor1 may be consid]$ z %[+ t ! ,engli% ma!maticians _h be5 *]i%+ suspicions unfav\rable to ,leibnitz1 & !re c be no d\bt t a feel+ _h long prevail$ t ?is ma!matician ei!r _h1 or might h se51 among ! pap]s ( ,coll9s1 ! 8,analysis p] ,equationes1 c410 :i* conta9$ ! pr9ciples ( ! fluxion>y me?od4 ,leibnitz repli$ to ! rem>k ( ,duilli] ) mu* good feel+4 ,he appeal$ to ! facts z exhibit$ 9 8 correspond5ce ) ,old5burg2 he ref]r$ to ,newton's s*olium z a te/imony 9 8 fav\r2 &1 )\t disput+ or ackn[l$g+ ! priority ( ,newton's claim1 he ass]t$ 8 own "r to ! inv5tion ( ! diff]5tial calculus4 ,fatio transmitt$ a reply to ! ,leipsic ,acts2 b ! editor refus$ to ins]t x4 ,! dispute1 !re=e1 t]m9at$1 & ! feel+s ( ! cont5d+ p>ties cont9u$ = "s "t 9 a /ate ( repose1 ?\gh ready to break out on ! slighte/ provocation4 ,:5 ,newton's ,optics appe>$ 9 #agjd1 accompani$ by 8 ,treatise on ! ,quadrature ( ,curves1 & 8 enum]ation ( l9es ( ! ?ird ord]1 ! editor ( ! ,leipsic ,acts 7:om ,newton suppos$ to be ,leibnitz himself7 took occasion to review ! fir/ ( ^! tracts4 ,aft] giv+ an imp]fect analysis ( its cont5ts1 he comp>$ ! me?od ( fluxions ) ! diff]5tial calculus1 &1 9 a s5t5ce ( "s ambiguity1 he /ates t ,newton employ$ fluxions 9 place ( ! diff]5ces ( ,leibnitz1 & made use ( !m 9 8 ,pr9cipia 9 ! same mann] z ,honoratus ,fabri1 9 8 ,synopsis ( ,geometry1 _h sub/itut$ progressive motion 9 place ( ! indivisibles ( ,caval]i4#fd ,z ,fabri1 !re=e1 0 n ! inv5tor ( ! me?od :i* is "h ref]r$ to1 b borr[$ x f ,caval]i1 & only *ang$ ! mode ( its expression1 !re c be no d\bt t ! artful ins9uation conta9$ 9 ! above passage 0 int5d$ to convey ! impression t ,newton _h /ol5 8 me?od ( fluxions f ,leibnitz4 ,! indirect "* ( ?is attack1 9 place ( mitigat+ its sev]ity1 r5d]s x d\bly odi\s2 & we are p]suad$ t no c&id read] c p]use ! passage )\t a /rong conviction t x ju/ifies1 9 ! fulle/ mann]1 ! indignant feel+s :i* x excit$ among ! ,engli% philosoph]s4 ,if ,leibnitz 0 ! au?or ( ! review1 or if he 0 9 any way a p>ty to x1 he m]it$ ! full measure ( rebuke :i* 0 dealt out to him by ! fri5ds ( ,newton1 & des]v$ ^? sev]e reprisals :i* d\btless imbitt]$ ! re/ ( 8 days4 ,he :o d>$ to accuse a man l ,newton1 or inde$ any man hold+ a fair "* 9 society1 ) ! odi\s crime ( plagi>ism1 plac$ himself )\t ! pale ( ! ord9>y c\rtesies ( life1 & des]v$ to h ! same *>ge ?r[n back ^u himself4 ,! man :o conceives 8 fell[ to be capable ( su* intellectual felony1 av[s ! possibility ( himself committ+ x1 & almo/ sub/antiates ! weake/ evid5ce ( ! wor/ accus]s4 ,dr4 ,keill1 z ! repres5tative ( ,newton's fri5ds1 c\ld n brook ?is base attack ^u 8 c\ntryman4 ,9 a lett] pr9t$ 9 ! ,philosophical ,transactions = #agjh1 he ma9ta9$ t ,newton 0 8beyond all d\bt0 ! fir/ inv5tor ( fluxions4 ,he ref]r$ = a direct pro( ( ?is to 8 lett]s publi%$ by ,wallis2 & he ass]t$ 8t ! same calculus 0 aft]w>d publi%$ by ,leibnitz1 ! "n & ! mode ( notation be+ *ang$40 ,if ! read] is dispos$ to consid] ?is passage z retort+ ! *>ge ( plagi>ism ^u ,leibnitz1 he w readily admit t ! mode ( its expression is nei!r s co>se nor s insidi\s z t :i* is us$ by ! writ] 9 ! ,leipsic ,acts4 ,9 a lett] to ,hans ,sloane1 dat$ ,m>*1 #agaa1 ,leibnitz compla9$ to ! ,royal ,society ( ! treatm5t he _h receiv$4 ,he express$ 8 conviction t ,keill _h err$ m f ra%ness ( judgm5t ?an f any improp] motive1 & t he did n reg>d ! accusation z a calumny2 & he reque/$ t ! society w\ld oblige ,mr4 ,keill to dis[n publicly ! injuri\s s5se :i* 8 words might be>4 ,:5 ?is lett] 0 read to ! society1 ,keill ju/ifi$ himself to ,sir ,isaac ,newton & ! o!r memb]s by %[+ !m ! obnoxi\s review ( ! ,quadrature ( ,curves 9 ! ,leipsic ,acts4 ,!y all agre$ 9 atta*+ ! same injuri\s mean+ to ! passage :i* we =m]ly quot$1 & au?oriz$ ,keill to expla9 & def5d 8 /atem5t4 ,he accord+ly address$ a lett] to ,sir ,hans ,sloane1 :i* 0 read at ! society on ! #bd? ,may1 #agaa1 & a copy ( :i* 0 ord]$ to be s5t to ,leibnitz4 ,9 ?is lett]1 :i* is "o ( consid]able l5g?1 he decl>es t he nev] meant to /ate t ,leibnitz knew ei!r ! "n ( ,newton's me?od or ! =m ( notation1 & t ! real mean+ ( ! passage 01 8t ,newton 0 ! fir/ inv5tor ( fluxions or ( ! diff]5tial calculus1 & t he _h giv51 9 two lett]s to ,old5burg1 & :i* he _h transmitt$ to ,leibnitz1 indications ( x suffici5tly intelligible to an acute m9d1 f :i* ,leibnitz d]iv$1 or at lea/ might d]ive1 ! pr9ciples ( 8 calculus40 ,! *>ge ( plagi>ism :i* ,leibnitz ?\ght 0 impli$ 9 ! =m] lett] ( 8 antagoni/ is "h greatly modifi$1 if n altoge!r d5i$4 ,keill expresses only an op9ion t ! lett] se5 by ,leibnitz conta9$ intelligible indications ( ! fluxion>y calculus4 ,ev5 if ?is op9ion 7 correct1 x is no pro( t ,leibnitz ei!r saw ^! indications or avail$ himself ( !m1 or if he did p]ceive !m1 x might h be5 9 consequ5ce ( 8 hav+ previ\sly be5 9 possession ( ! diff]5tial calculus1 or hav+ enjoy$ "s di/ant view ( x4 ,leibnitz %\ld1 !re=e1 h all[$ ! dispute to t]m9ate "h2 = no +5uity on 8 "p1 & no additional facts1 c\ld affect an op9ion :i* any o!r p]son z well z ,keill 0 entitl$ to ma9ta94 ,leibnitz1 h[ev]1 took a diff]5t view ( ! subject1 & wrote a lett] to ,sir ,hans ,sloane1 dat$ ,decemb] #ai1 #agaa1 :i* excit$ new feel+s1 & involv$ him 9 new emb>rassm5ts4 ,ins5sible to ! mitigation :i* _h be5 k9dly impress$ ^u ! suppos$ *>ge aga9/ 8 hon\r1 he alleges t ,keill _h attack$ 8 c&\r & s9c]ity m op5ly ?an be=e2--t he act$ )\t any au?ority f ,sir ,isaac ,newton1 :o 0 ! p>ty int]e/$2--& t x 0 9 va9 to ju/ify 8 proce$+s by ref]r+ to ! provocation 9 ! ,leipsic ,acts1 because 9 t j\rnal no inju/ice _h be5 done to any p>ty1 b e "o _h receiv$ :at 0 8 due4 ,he br&$ ,keill ) ! odi\s appellation ( an up/>t1 & "o little acqua9t$ ) ! circum/ances ( ! case2#fe he call$ ^u ! society to sil5ce 8 va9 & unju/ clam\rs1#ff :i*1 he believ$1 7 disapprov$ by ,newton himself1 :o 0 well acqua9t$ ) ! facts1 & :o1 he 0 p]suad$1 w\ld will+ly give 8 op9ion on ! matt]4 ,?is un=tunate lett] 0 d\btless ! cause ( all ! ranc\r & controv]sy :i* s spe$ily foll[$1 & x plac$ 8 antagoni/ 9 a new & a m fav\rable position4 ,x may be correct1 ?\gh few w admit x1 t ,keill's second lett] 0 m injuri\s ?an ! fir/2 b x 0 n true t ,keill act$ )\t ! au?ority ( ,newton1 because ,keill's lett] 0 approv$ ( & transmitt$ by ! ,royal ,society1 ( :i* ,newton 0 ! presid5t1 & !re=e became ! act ( t body4 ,! obnoxi\s "p1 h[ev]1 ( ,leibnitz's lett] consi/$ 9 8 appropriat+ to himself ! op9ions ( ! review] 9 ! ,leipsic ,acts1 by decl>+ t1 9 a review :i* *>g$ ,newton ) plagi>ism1 e p]son _h got :at 0 8 due4 ,! :ole "* ( ! controv]sy 0 n[ *ang$3 ,leibnitz places himself 9 ! position ( ! p>ty :o _h fir/ di/urb$ ! tranquillity ( sci5ce by malign+ its mo/ di/+ui%$ ornam5t2 & ! ,royal ,society 0 imp]i\sly call$ ^u to ?r[ all ! light !y c\ld ^u a transaction :i* _h expos$ _! v5]able presid5t to s false a *>ge4 ,! society1 too1 _h become a p>ty to ! "q1 by _! approbation & transmission ( ,keill's second lett]1 & 7 on t acc\nt alone b\nd to v9dicate ! /ep :i* !y _h tak54 ,:5 ! lett] ( ,leibnitz1 !re=e1 0 read1 ,keill appeal$ to ! regi/]s ( ! society = ! pro(s ( :at he _h advanc$2 ,sir ,isaac also express$ 8 displeasure at ! obnoxi\s passage 9 ! ,leipsic ,review1 & at ! def5ce ( x by ,leibnitz1 & he left x to ! society to act z !y ?\ght prop]4 ,a committee 0 !re=e appo9t$ on ! #aa? ,m>*1 consi/+ ( ,dr4 ,arbu?not1 ,mr4 ,hill1 ,dr4 ,halley1 ,mr4 ,jones1 ,mr4 ,ma*91 & ,mr4 ,burnet1 :o 7 in/ruct$ to exam9e ! anci5t regi/]s ( ! society1 to inquire into ! dispute1 & to produce su* docum5ts z !y %\ld f9d1 toge!r ) _! own op9ions on ! subject4 ,on ! #bd? ,april ! committee produc$ ! foll[+ report3-- 8,we h consult$ ! lett]s & lett]-books 9 ! cu/ody ( ! ,royal ,society1 & ^? f\nd among ! pap]s ( ,mr4 ,john ,coll9s1 dat$ betwe5 ! ye>s #affi & #afgg1 inclusive2 & %[$ !m to su* z knew & av\*$ ! h&s ( ,mr4 ,b>r[1 ,mr4 ,coll9s1 ,mr4 ,old5burg1 & ,mr4 ,leibnitz2 & comp>$ ^? ( ,mr4 ,gregory ) "o ano!r1 & ) copies ( "s ( !m tak5 9 ! h& ( ,mr4 ,coll9s2 & h extract$ f !m :at relates to ! matt] ref]r$ to u2 all :i* extracts h]e) deliv]$ to y we believe to be g5u9e & au!ntic4 ,& by ^! lett]s & pap]s we f9d1-- 8,i4 ,mr4 ,leibnitz 0 9 ,london 9 ! beg9n+ ( ! ye> #afgc2 & w5t !nce1 9 or ab\t ,m>*1 to ,p>is1 :]e he kept a correspond5ce ) ,mr4 ,coll9s by means ( ,mr4 ,old5burg1 till ab\t ,septemb]1 #afgf1 & !n return$ by ,london & ,am/]dam to ,hanov]3 & t ,mr4 ,coll9s 0 v free 9 communicat+ to able ma!maticians :at he _h receiv$ f ,mr4 ,newton & ,mr4 ,gregory4 8,,ii4 ,t :5 ,mr4 ,leibnitz 0 ! fir/ "t 9 ,london1 he cont5d$ = ! inv5tion ( ano!r diff]5tial me?od prop]ly s call$2 &1 not)/&+ t he 0 %[n by ,dr4 ,pell t x 0 ,newton's me?od1 p]si/$ 9 ma9ta9+ x to be 8 own inv5tion1 by reason t he _h f\nd x by himself )\t kn[+ :at ,newton _h done be=e1 & _h mu* improv$ x4 ,& we f9d no m5tion ( 8 hav+ any o!r diff]5tial me?od ?an ,newton's be=e 8 lett] ( ! #ba/ ( ,june1 #afgg1 :i* 0 a ye> aft] a copy ( ,mr4 ,newton's lett] ( ! #aj? ( ,decemb]1 #afgb1 _h be5 s5t to ,p>is to be communicat$ to him2 & above f\r ye>s aft]1 ,mr4 ,coll9s began to communicate t lett] to 8 correspond5t2 9 :i* lett] ! me?od ( fluxions 0 suffici5tly describ$ to any intellig5t p]son4 8,,iii4 ,t by ,mr4 ,newton's lett] ( ! #ac? ( ,june1 #afgf1 x appe>s t he _h ! me?od ( fluxions above five ye>s be=e ! writ+ ( t lett]4 ,& by 8 ,analysis p] quationes num]o ,t]m9orum ,inf9itas1 communicat$ by ,dr4 ,b>r[ to ,mr4 ,coll9s 9 ,july1 #affi1 we f9d t he _h inv5t$ ! me?od be=e t "t4 8,,iv4 ,t ! diff]5tial me?od is "o & ! same ) ! me?od ( fluxions1 except+ ! "n & mode ( notation2 ,mr4 ,leibnitz call+ ^? quantities diff]5ces :i* ,mr4 ,newton calls mom5ts or fluxions2 & m>k+ !m ) ! lett] d--a m>k n us$ by ,mr4 ,newton4 8,& !re=e we take ! prop] "q to be n :o inv5t$ ?is or t me?od1 b :o 0 ! fir/ inv5tor ( ! me?od4 ,& we believe t ^? :o h reput$ ,mr4 ,leibnitz ! fir/ inv5tor knew little or no?+ ( 8 correspond5ce ) ,mr4 ,coll9s & ,mr4 ,old5burg long be=e1 nor ( ,mr4 ,newton's hav+ t me?od above fifte5 ye>s be=e ,mr4 ,leibnitz began to publi% x 9 ! ,acta ,eruditorum ( ,leipsic4 8,= :i* reason we reckon ,mr4 ,newton ! fir/ inv5tor2 & are ( op9ion t ,mr4 ,keill1 9 ass]t+ ! same1 has be5 no ways injuri\s to ,mr4 ,leibnitz4 ,& we submit to ! judgm5t ( ! society :e!r ! extract & pap]s n[ pres5t$ to y1 toge!r ) :at is extant to ! same purpose 9 ,dr4 ,wallis's ?ird volume1 may n des]ve to be made public40 ,?is report be+ read1 ! society unanim\sly ord]$ ! collection ( lett]s & manuscripts to be pr9t$1 & appo9t$ ,dr4 ,halley1 ,mr4 ,jones1 & ,mr4 ,ma*9 to sup]9t5d ! press4 ,complete copies ( x1 "u ! title ( ,comm]cium ,epi/olicum ,d4 ,johannis ,coll9s et aliorum de analysi promota1 7 laid be=e ! society on ! #h? ,janu>y1 #agac1 & ,sir ,isaac ,newton1 z presid5t1 ord]$ a copy to be deliv]$ to ea* p]son ( ! committee appo9t$ = t purpose1 to exam9e x be=e its publication4 ,leibnitz receiv$ in=mation ( ! appe>ance ( ! ,comm]cium ,epi/olicum :5 he 0 at ,vi5na2 & 8be+ satisfi$10 z he expresses x1 8t x mu/ conta9 malici\s falsehoods1 ,i did n ?9k prop] to s5d = x by po/1 b wrote to ,m4 ,b]n\illi to give me 8 s5tim5ts4 ,m4 ,b]n\illi wrote me a lett] dat$ at ,basle1 ,june #g?1 #agac1 9 :i* he said t x appe>$ probable t ,sir ,isaac ,newton _h =m$ 8 calculus aft] hav+ se5 m9e40#fg ,?is lett] 0 publi%$ by a fri5d ( ,leibnitz1 ) reflections1 9 a loose %eet entitl$ ,*>ta ,volans1 & dat$ ,july #bi1 #agac4 ,x 0 widely circulat$ )\t ei!r ! "n ( ! au?or1 pr9t]1 or place ( publication1 & 0 communicat$ to ! ,j\rnal ,lit]aire by ano!r fri5d ( ,leibnitz1 :o add$ rem>ks ( 8 own1 & /at$1 t :5 ,newton publi%$ ! ,pr9cipia 9 #afhg1 he did n und]/& ! true diff]5tial me?od2 & t he took 8 fluxions f ,leibnitz4 ,9 ?is /ate ( ! controv]sy1 ,mr4 ,*amb]layne conceiv$ ! design ( reconcil+ ! two di/+ui%$ philosoph]s2 & 9 a lett] dat$ ,april #bh1 #agad1fh he address$ himself to ,leibnitz1 :o 0 /ill at ,vi5na4 ,9 reply+ to ?is lett]1 ,leibnitz decl>$ t he _h giv5 no occasion = ! dispute2 8t ,newton procur$ a book to be publi%$1 :i* 0 writt5 purposely to discr$it him1 & s5t x to ,g]many1 c4 z 9 ! "n ( ! society20 & he /at$ t !re 0 room to d\bt :e!r ,newton knew 8 inv5tion be=e he _h x ( him4 ,mr4 ,*amb]layne communicat$ ?is lett] to ,sir ,isaac ,newton1 :o repli$ t ,leibnitz _h attack$ 8 reputation 9 #agje1 by intimat+ t he _h borr[$ f him ! me?od ( fluxions2 t if ,mr4 ,c4 c\ld po9t out to him any ?+ 9 :i* he _h injur$ ,mr4 ,leibnitz1 he w\ld give him satisfaction2 t he w\ld n retract ?+s :i* he knew to be true2 & t he believ$ t ! ,royal ,society _h done no inju/ice by ! publication ( ! ,comm]cium ,epi/olicum4 ,! ,royal ,society1 hav+ le>n$ t ,leibnitz compla9$ ( _! hav+ condemn$ him unhe>d1 ins]t$ a decl>ation 9 _! j\rnals on ! #bj? ,may1 #agad1 t !y did n pret5d t ! report ( _! committee %\ld pass = a decision ( ! society4 ,mr4 ,*amb]layne s5t a copy ( ?is to ,leibnitz1 along ) ,sir ,isaac's lett]1 & ,dr4 ,keill's answ] to ! pap]s ins]t$ 9 ! ,j\rnal ,lit]aire4 ,aft] p]us+ ^! docum5ts1 ,m4 ,leibnitz repli$1 8t ,sir ,isaac's lett] 0 writt5 ) v little civility2 t he 0 n 9 a hum\r to put himself 9 a passion aga9/ su* p2 t !re 7 o!r lett]s among ^? ( ,old5burg & ,coll9s :i* %\ld h be5 publi%$2 & t on 8 return to ,hanov]1 he w\ld be able to publi% a ,comm]cium ,epi/olicum :i* w\ld be ( s]vice to ! hi/ory ( le>n+40 ,:5 ?is lett] 0 read to ! ,royal ,society1 ,sir ,isaac rem>k$1 t ! la/ "p ( x injuri\sly accus$ ! society ( hav+ made a p>tial selection ( pap]s = ! ,comm]cium ,epi/olicum2 t he did n int]f]e 9 any way 9 ! publication ( t "w1 & _h ev5 )held f ! committee two lett]s1 "o f ,leibnitz 9 #afic1 & ano!r f ,wallis 9 #afie1 :i* 7 highly fav\rable to 8 cause4 ,he /at$ t he did n ?9k x "r = ,m4 ,leibnitz himself1 b t1 if he _h lett]s to produce 9 8 fav\r1 t !y might be publi%$ 9 ! ,philosophical ,transactions1 or 9 ,g]many4 ,ab\t ?is "t ! ,abb ,conti1 a noble ,v5etian1 came to ,engl&4 ,he 0 a correspond5t ( ,leibnitz1 & 9 a lett] :i* he _h receiv$ soon aft] 8 arrival1#fi he ent]s ^u 8 dispute ) ,newton4 ,he *>ges ! ,engli% 8) wi%+ to pass = almo/ ! only inv5tors40 ,he decl>es 8t ,b]n\illi _h judg$ rightly 9 say+ t ,newton did n possess be=e him ! inf9itesimal *>act]i/ic & algori?m40 ,he rem>ks t ,newton prec$$ him only 9 s]ies2 & he confesses t dur+ 8 second visit to ,engl&1 8,coll9s %[$ him "p ( 8 correspond5ce10 or1 z he aft]w>d expresses x1 he saw 8"s ( ! lett]s ( ,newton at ,mr4 ,coll9s's40 ,he !n attacks ,sir ,isaac's philosophy1 p>ticul>ly 8 op9ions ab\t gravity & vacuum1 ! int]v5tion ( ,god = ! pres]vation ( 8 creatures2 & he accuses him ( reviv+ ! occult qualities ( ! s*ools4 ,b ! mo/ rem>kable passage 9 ?is lett] is ! foll[+3 8,i am a great fri5d ( exp]im5tal philosophy1 b ,newton deviates mu* f x :5 he pret5ds t all matt] is heavy1 or t ea* p>ticle ( matt] attracts e o!r p>ticle40 ,! above lett] to ! ,abb ,conti 0 g5]ally %[n 9 ,london1 & came to be mu* talk$ ( at c\rt1 9 consequ5ce ( ,leibnitz hav+ be5 privy c\nsellor to ! ,elector ( ,hanov] :5 t pr9ce asc5d$ ! ?rone ( ,engl&4 ,_m p]sons ( di/9ction1 & p>ticul>ly ! ,abb ,conti1 urg$ ,newton to reply to ,leibnitz's lett]1 b he resi/$ all _! solicitations4 ,"o day1 h[ev]1 ,k+ ,george ,i4 inquir$ :5 ,sir ,isaac ,newton's answ] to ,leibnitz w\ld appe>2 & :5 ,sir ,isaac he>d ?is1 he address$ a long reply to ! ,abb ,conti1 dat$ ,febru>y #bf?1 ,o4 ,s4 #agae-af4 ,?is lett]1 writt5 ) dignifi$ sev]ity1 is a triumphant refutation ( ! allegations ( 8 adv]s>y2 & ! foll[+ passage des]ves to be quot$1 z connect$ ) t bran* ( ! dispute :i* relates to ,leibnitz's hav+ se5 "p ( ,newton's lett]s to ,mr4 ,coll9s4 8,he compla9s ( ! committee ( ! ,royal ,society1 z if !y _h act$ p>tially 9 omitt+ :at made aga9/ me2 b he fails 9 prov+ ! accusation4 ,= he in/ances 9 a p>agraph conc]n+ my ignorance1 pret5d+ t !y omitt$ x1 & yet y w f9d x 9 ! ,comm]cium ,epi/olicum1 p4 #edg1 l9es #b1 #c1 & ,i am n a%am$ ( x4 ,he sai? t he saw ?is p>agraph 9 ! h&s ( ,mr4 ,coll9s :5 he 0 9 ,london ! second "t1 t is 9 ,octob]1 #afgf4 ,x is 9 my lett] ( ! #bd? ( ,octob]1 #afgf1 & !re=e he !n saw t lett]4 ,& 9 t & "s o!r lett]s writ be=e t "t1 ,i describ$ my me?od ( fluxions2 & 9 ! same lett] ,i describ$ also two g5]al me?ods ( s]ies1 "o ( :i* is n[ claim$ f me by ,mr4 ,leibnitz40 ,! lett] concludes ) ! foll[+ p>agraph3 8,b z he has lately attack$ me ) an accusation :i* am\nts to plagi>y2 if he goes on to accuse me1 x lies ^u him by ! laws ( all nations to prove 8 accusations1 on pa9 ( be+ acc\nt$ guilty ( calumny4 ,he ha? hi!rto writt5 lett]s to 8 correspond5ts full ( affirmations1 compla9ts1 & reflections1 )\t prov+ any ?+4 ,b he is ! aggressor1 & x lies ^u him to prove ! *>ge40 ,9 transmitt+ ?is lett] to ,leibnitz1 ! ,abb ,conti in=m$ him t he himself _h read ) great att5tion1 & )\t ! lea/ prejudice1 ! ,comm]cium ,epi/olicum1 & ! little piece#gj t conta9s ! extract2 t he _h also se5 at ! ,royal ,society ! orig9al pap]s ( ! ,comm]cium ,epi/olicum1 & "s o!r orig9al pieces relat+ to x4 8,f all ?is10 says he1 8,i inf]1 t1 if all ! digressions are cut (f1 ! only po9t is1 :e!r ,sir ,isaac ,newton _h ! me?od ( fluxions or inf9itesimals be=e y1 or :e!r y _h x be=e him4 ,y publi%$ x fir/1 x is true1 b y h own$ also t ,sir ,isaac ,newton _h giv5 _m h9ts ( x 9 8 lett]s to ,mr4 ,old5burg & o!rs4 ,?is is prov$ v l>gely 9 ! ,comm]cium1 & 9 ! extract ( x4 ,:at answ] d y give8 ,?is is /ill want+ to ! public1 9 ord] to =m an exact judgm5t ( ! affair40 ,! ,abb adds1 t ,mr4 ,leibnitz's own fri5ds wait$ = 8 answ] ) great impati5ce1 & t !y ?\ght he c\ld n disp5se ) answ]+1 if n ,dr4 ,keill1 at lea/ ,sir ,isaac ,newton himself1 :o _h giv5 him a defiance 9 express t]ms4 ,leibnitz 0 n long 9 comply+ ) ?is reque/4 ,he address$ a lett] to ! ,abb ,conti1 dat$ ,april #i?1 #agaf1 b he s5t x ?r\gh ,m4 ,ramond at ,p>is1 to communicate x to o!rs4 ,:5 x 0 receiv$ by ! ,abb ,conti1 ,newton wrote obs]vations ^u x1 :i* 7 communicat$ only to "s ( 8 fri5ds1 & :i*1 :ile !y plac$ 8 def5ce on ! mo/ impregnable basis1 at ! same "t ?rew mu* light on ! e>ly hi/ory ( 8 ma!matical discov]ies4 ,! dea? ( ,leibnitz on ! #ad? ,novemb]1 #agaf1 put an end to ?is controv]sy1 & ,newton "s "t aft]w>d publi%$ ! correspond5ce ) ! ,abb ,conti1 :i* _h hi!rto be5 only privately circulat$ among ! fri5ds ( ! disputants4#ga ,9 #agbb1 a new edition ( ! ,comm]cium ,epi/olicum 0 publi%$1 & !re 0 prefix$ to x a g5]al review ( its cont5ts1 :i* has be5 falsely ascrib$ to ,newton4#gb ,:5 ! ?ird edition ( ! ,pr9cipia 0 publi%$ 9 #agbe1 ! celebrat$ s*olium :i* we h already quot$1 & 9 :i* ,leibnitz's diff]5tial calculus 0 m5tion$1 0 /ruck out ei!r by ,newton or by ! editor4 ,?is /ep 0 p]haps ra% & ill-advis$2 b z ! s*olium _h be5 adduc$ by ,leibnitz & o!rs z a pro( t ,newton ackn[l$g$ him to be an indep5d5t inv5tor ( ! calculus1--an int]pretation :i* x does n be>1 & :i* ,newton expressly /ates he nev] int5d$ x to be>1--he 0 ju/ifi$ 9 )draw+ a passage :i* _h be5 s errone\sly int]pret$1 & s greatly misappli$4 ,9 view+ ?is controv]sy1 at ! di/ance ( m ?an a c5tury1 :5 ! passions ( ! individual combatants h be5 allay$1 & national jeal\sies ext+ui%$1 x is n difficult to =m a correct e/imate ( ! conduct & claims ( ! two rival analy/s4 ,by ! unanim\s v]dict ( all nations1 x has be5 decid$ t ,newton inv5t$ fluxions at lea/ t5 ye>s be=e ,leibnitz4 ,"s ( ! lett]s ( ,newton :i* bore ref]5ce to ?is great discov]y 7 p]us$ by ! ,g]man ma!matician2 b !re is no evid5ce :atev] t he borr[$ 8 diff]5tial calculus f ^! lett]s4 ,newton 0 !re=e ! fir/ inv5tor1 & ,leibnitz ! second4 ,x 0 impossible t ! =m] c\ld h be5 a plagi>i/2 b x 0 possible = ! latt]4 ,_h ! lett]s ( ,newton conta9$ ev5 /rong] indications ?an !y d ( ! new calculus1 no evid5ce %ort ( pro( c\ld h ju/ifi$ any allegation aga9/ ,leibnitz's hon\r4 ,! tal5ts :i* he display$ 9 ! improvem5t ( ! calculus %[$ t he 0 capable ( inv5t+ x2 & 8 "* /ood suffici5tly high to repel e suspicion ( 8 integrity4 ,b if x w\ld h be5 crim9al to *>ge ,leibnitz ) plagi>ism1 :at mu/ we ?9k ( ^? :o d>$ to accuse ,newton ( borr[+ 8 fluxions f ,leibnitz8 ,?is odi\s accusation 0 made by ,leibnitz himself1 & by ,b]n\illi2 & we h se5 t ! =m] repeat$ x aga9 & aga91 z if 8 own good "n re/$ on ! de/ruction ( t ( 8 rival4 ,x 0 ?is *>ge aga9/ ,newton t gave rise to ! attack ( ,keill1 & ! publication ( ! ,comm]cium ,epi/olicum2 &1 not)/&+ ?is high provocation1 ! committee ( ! ,royal ,society cont5t$ !mselves ) ass]t+ ,newton's priority1 )\t retort+ ! *>ge ( plagi>ism ^u 8 rival4 ,al?\gh an attempt has be5 rec5tly made to place ! conduct ( ,leibnitz on ! same level ) t ( ,newton1 yet ! circum/ances ( ! case w by no means ju/ify su* a comp>ison4 ,! conduct ( ,newton 0 at all times dignifi$ & j4 ,he knew 8 rights1 & he boldly claim$ !m4 ,consci\s ( 8 integrity1 he spurn$ ) indignation ! *>ge ( plagi>ism ) :i* an ung5]\s rival _h s insidi\sly load$ him2 & if !re 0 "o /ep 9 8 frank & unhesitat+ proc$ure :i* po/]ity c blame x is 8 omission1 9 ! ?ird edition ( ! ,pr9cipia1 ( ! ref]5ces to ! diff]5tial calculus ( ,leibnitz4 ,?is omission1 h[ev]1 0 p]fectly j4 ,! s*olium :i* he _h left out 0 a m]e hi/orical /atem5t ( ! fact1 t ! ,g]man ma!matician _h s5t him a me?od :i* 0 ! same z 8 own2 & :5 he f\nd t ?is simple ass]tion _h be5 held by ,leibnitz & o!rs z a recognition ( 8 indep5d5t claim to ! inv5tion1 he 0 b\nd ei!r to omit x altoge!r1 or to ent] into explanations :i* might h involv$ him 9 a new controv]sy4 ,! conduct ( ,leibnitz 0 n m>k$ ) ! same noble l9eam5ts4 ,t he 0 ! aggressor is univ]sally all[$4 ,t he fir/ d>$ to brea! ! *>ge ( plagi>ism aga9/ ,newton1 & t he (t5 ref]r$ to x1 has be5 suffici5tly app>5t2 & :5 argum5ts fail$ him he _h rec\rse to ?reats--decl>+ t he w\ld publi% ano!r ,comm]cium ,epi/olicum1 ?\gh he _h no appropriate lett]s to produce4 ,all ?is is n[ matt] ( hi/ory2 & we may f9d "s apology = x 9 8 excit$ feel+s1 & 9 ! ins9uations :i* 7 occasionally ?r[n out aga9/ ! orig9ality ( 8 discov]y2 b = o!r p>ts ( 8 conduct we seek 9 va9 = an excuse4 ,:5 he assail$ ! philosophy ( ,newton 9 8 lett]s to ! ,abb ,conti1 he exhibit$ p]haps only ! petty feel+s ( a rival2 b :5 he d>$ to calumniate t great man 9 8 correspond5ce ) ! ,pr9cess ( ,wales1 by :om he 0 respect$ & belov$2 :5 he v5tur$ to repres5t ! ,newtonian philosophy z physically false1 & z dang]\s to religion2 & :5 he f\nd$ ^! accusations on passages 9 ! ,pr9cipia & ! ,optics gl[+ ) all ! f]v\r ( g5u9e piety1 he ca/ a blot ^u 8 "n1 :i* all 8 tal5ts z a philosoph]1 & all 8 virtues z a man1 w nev] be able to efface4 ,,*apt] ,,xiii4 ,james ,,ii4 attacks ! ,privileges ( ! ,univ]sity ( ,cambridge-- ,newton *os5 "o ( ! ,delegates to resi/ ?is ,encroa*m5t--,he is elect$ a ,memb] ( ! ,conv5tion ,p>liam5t--,burn+ ( 8 ,manuscripts--,8 suppos$ ,d]angem5t ( ,m9d--,view tak5 ( ?is by =eign ,philosoph]s--,8 ,correspond5ce ) ,mr4 ,pepys & ,mr4 ,locke at ! "t ( 8 ,illness--,mr4 ,mill+ton's ,lett] to ,mr4 ,pepys on ! subject ( ,newton's ,illness--,refutation ( ! ,/atem5t t he lab\r$ "u ,m5tal ,d]angem5t4 ,f ! ye> #affi1 :5 ,newton 0 in/all$ 9 ! ,lucasian *air1 till #afie1 :5 he ceas$ to reside 9 ,cambridge1 he seems to h be5 seldom abs5t f 8 college m ?an ?ree or f\r weeks 9 ! ye>4 ,9 #afge1 he receiv$ a disp5sation f ,*>les ,,ii4 to cont9ue 9 8 fell[%ip ( ,tr9ity ,college )\t tak+ ord]s1 & we h already se5 9 ! prec$+ *apt] h[ 8 "t 0 occupi$ till ! publication ( ! ,pr9cipia 9 #afhg4 ,an ev5t n[ occurr$ :i* drew ,newton f ! seclusion ( 8 /udies1 & plac$ him ^u ! !atre ( public life4 ,desir\s ( re-e/abli%+ ! ,ca?olic fai? 9 its =m] supremacy1 ,k+ ,james ,,ii4 _h begun to assail ! rights & privileges ( 8 ,prote/ant subjects4 ,among o!r illegal acts1 he s5t 8 lett] ( m&amus to ! ,univ]sity ( ,cambridge to ord] ,fa!r ,francis1 an ignorant monk ( ! ,b5$ict9e ord]1 to be receiv$ z ma/] ( arts1 & to enjoy all ! privileges ( ?is degree1 )\t tak+ ! oa?s ( allegiance & supremacy4 ,! univ]sity spe$ily p]ceiv$ ! consequ5ces :i* might arise f su* a measure4 ,indep5d5t ( ! infr+em5t ( _! rights :i* su* an ord] involv$1 x 0 obvi\s t ! highe/ int]e/s ( ! univ]sity 7 endang]$1 & t ,roman ,ca?olics might soon become a majority 9 ! convocation4 ,!y !re=e unanim\sly refus$ to li/5 to ! royal ord]1 & !y did ?is ) a firmness ( purpose :i* irritat$ ! despotic c\rt4 ,! k+ reit]at$ 8 comm&s1 & accompani$ !m ) ! sev]e/ ?reat5+s 9 case ( disob$i5ce4 ,! ,ca?olics 7 n idle 9 support+ ! views ( ! sov]eign4 ,! honor>y degree ( ,m4,a4 :i* conveys no civil rights to its possessor1 hav+ be5 =m]ly giv5 to ! secret>y ( ! ambassador f ,morocco1 x 0 triumphantly urg$ t ! ,univ]sity ( ,cambridge _h a great] reg>d = a ,mahometan ?an = a ,roman ,ca?olic1 & 0 m obsequi\s to ! ambassador f ,morocco ?an to _! own lawful sov]eign4 ,?\gh ?is reason+ might impose ^u ! ignorant1 x produc$ little effect ^u ! memb]s ( ! univ]sity4 ,a few weak-m9d$ individuals1 h[ev]1 7 dispos$ to yield a reluctant cons5t to ! royal wi%es4 ,!y propos$ to conf] ! degree1 & at ! same "t to resolve t x %\ld n 9 future be reg>d$ z a prec$5t4 ,to ?is x 0 repli$1 t ! v act ( submission 9 "o case w\ld be a /rong] argum5t = cont9u+ ! practice ?an any su* resolution w\ld be aga9/ its repetition4 ,! univ]sity accord+ly rema9$ firm 9 _! orig9al decision4 ,! vice-*ancellor 0 summon$ be=e ! ecclesia/ical commission to answ] = ?is act ( contempt4 ,newton 0 among ! numb] ( ^? :o resi/$ ! wi%es ( ! c\rt1 & he 0 consequ5tly *os5 "o ( ! n9e delegates :o 7 appo9t$ to def5d ! indep5d5ce ( ! univ]sity4 ,^! delegates appe>$ be=e ! ,high ,c\rt4 ,!y ma9ta9$ t n a s+le prec$5t c\ld be f\nd to ju/ify s extraord9>y a measure2 & !y %[$ t ,*>les ,,ii4 _h1 "u simil> circum/ances1 be5 pleas$ to )draw 8 m&amus4 ,?is repres5tation _h its full weight1 & ! k+ 0 induc$ to ab&on 8 design4#gc ,! "p :i* ,newton _h tak5 9 ?is affair1 & ! high "* :i* he n[ held 9 ! sci5tific _w1 induc$ 8 fri5ds to propose him z memb] ( p>liam5t = ! univ]sity4 ,he 0 accord+ly elect$ 9 #afhh1 ?\gh by a v n>r[ majority1#gd & he sat 9 ! ,conv5tion ,p>liam5t till its dissolution4 ,9 ! ye> #afhh & #afhi1 ,newton 0 abs5t f ,cambridge dur+ ! great] "p ( ! ye>1 ow+1 we presume1 to 8 att5dance 9 p>liam5t2 b x appe>s f ! books ( ! ,univ]sity t f #afij to #afie he 0 seldom abs5t1 & mu/ !re=e h r5\nc$ 8 p>liam5t>y duties4 ,dur+ 8 /ay 9 ,london he _h no d\bt exp]i5c$ ! unsuitabl5ess ( 8 income to ! new circum/ances 9 :i* he 0 plac$1 & x is probable t ?is 0 ! cause ( ! limitation ( 8 resid5ce to ,cambridge4 ,8 income 0 c]ta9ly v conf9$1 & b little suit$ to ! g5]osity ( 8 disposition4 ,dem&s 7 d\btless made ^u x by "s ( 8 less weal?y relatives2 & !re is reason to ?9k t he himself1 z well z 8 influ5tial fri5ds1 _h be5 look+ =w>d to "s act ( lib]ality on ! "p ( ! gov]nm5t4 ,an ev5t h[ev] occurr$ :i* w ev] =m an epo* 9 8 hi/ory2 & x is a s+ul> circum/ance1 t ?is incid5t has be5 = m ?an a c5tury unkn[n to 8 own c\ntrym51 & has be5 accid5tally br\ght to light by ! exam9ation ( ! manuscripts ( ,huyg5s4 ,?is ev5t has be5 magnifi$ into a tempor>y ab]ration ( m9d1 :i* is said to h aris5 f a cause sc>cely adequate to its production4 ,:ile he 0 att5d+ div9e s]vice 9 a w9t] morn+1 he _h left 9 8 /udy a fav\rite little dog call$ ,diamond4 ,^u return+ f *apel he f\nd t x _h ov]turn$ a light$ tap] on 8 desk1 :i* set fire to sev]al pap]s on :i* he _h record$ ! results ( "s optical exp]im5ts4 ,^! pap]s are said to h conta9$ ! lab\rs ( _m ye>s1 & x has be5 /at$ t :5 ,mr4 ,newton p]ceiv$ ! magnitude ( 8 loss1 he exclaim$1 8,oh1 ,diamond1 ,diamond1 little d y "k ! mis*ief y h done me60 ,x is a curi\s circum/ance t ,newton nev] ref]s to ! exp]im5ts :i* he is said to h lo/ on ?is occasion1 & 8 nephew1 ,mr4 ,conduit1 makes no allusion to ! ev5t itself4 ,! di/ress1 h[ev] :i* x occasion$ is said to h be5 s deep z to affect ev5 ! p[]s ( 8 und]/&+4 ,?is extraord9>y effect 0 fir/ communicat$ to ! _w 9 ! ,life ( ,newton by ,m4 ,biot1 :o receiv$ ! foll[+ acc\nt ( x f ! celebrat$ ,m4 ,van ,sw9d54 8,!re is among ! manuscripts ( ! celebrat$ ,huyg5s a small j\rnal 9 folio1 9 :i* he us$ to note d[n diff]5t occurr5ces4 ,x is side 1 ,no4 #h1 p4 #aab1 9 ! catalogue ( ! libr>y ( ,leyd54 ,! foll[+ extract is writt5 by ,huyg5s himself1 ) ^: h&writ+ ,i am well acqua9t$1 hav+ _h occasion to p]use sev]al ( 8 manuscripts & autograph lett]s4 #8,on ! #bi? ,may1 #afid1 ,m4 ,col91#ge a ,scotsman1 in=m$ me t eighte5 mon?s ago ! illu/ri\s geomet]1 ,isaac ,newton1 _h become insane1 ei!r 9 consequ5ce ( 8 too int5se application to 8 /udies1 or f excessive grief at hav+ lo/1 by fire1 8 *ymical laboratory & sev]al manuscripts4 ,:5 he came to ! ,ar*bi%op ( ,cambridge1 he made "s obs]vations :i* indicat$ an ali5ation ( m9d4 ,he 0 imm$iately tak5 c>e ( by 8 fri5ds1 :o conf9$ him to 8 h\se & appli$ rem$ies1 by means ( :i* he _h n[ s f> recov]$ 8 heal? t he began to und]/& ! ,pr9cipia4'0 ,huyg5s m5tion$ ?is circum/ance to ,leibnitz1 9 a lett] dat$ #h? ,june1 #afid1 to :i* ,leibnitz replies 9 a lett] dat$ ! #bc;d1 8,i am v glad t ,i receiv$ in=mation ( ! cure ( ,mr4 ,newton1 at ! same "t t ,i fir/ he>d ( 8 illness1 :i* d\btless mu/ h be5 v al>m+4 #8,x is to m5 l y & him1 sir1 t ,i wi% a long life4'0 ,! fir/ publication ( ! prec$+ /atem5t produc$ a /rong s5sation among ! fri5ds & admir]s ( ,newton4 ,!y c\ld n easily believe 9 ! pro/ration ( t intellectual /r5g? :i* _h unb>r$ ! /rongholds ( ! univ]se4 ,! unbrok5 equanimity ( ,newton's m9d1 ! purity ( 8 moral "*1 8 temp]ate & ab/emi\s life1 8 ard5t & unaffect$ piety1 & ! weakness ( 8 imag9ative p[]s1 all indicat$ a m9d :i* 0 n likely to be ov]set by any affliction to :i* x c\ld be expos$4 ,! loss ( a few exp]im5tal records c\ld nev] h di/urb$ ! equilibrium ( a m9d l 84 ,if !y 7 ! records ( discov]ies1 ! discov]ies !mselves inde/ructible w\ld h be5 aft]w>d giv5 to ! _w4 ,if !y 7 m]ely ! details ( exp]im5tal results1 a little "t c\ld h easily reproduc$ !m4 ,_h ^! records conta9$ ! fir/ fruits ( e>ly g5ius--( obscure tal5t1 on :i* fame _h n yet %$ its rays1 we might h suppos$ t ! fir/ blight ( su* e>ly ambition w\ld h unsettl$ ! /ability ( an untri$ m9d4 ,b ,newton 0 satiat$ ) fame4 ,8 mightie/ discov]ies 7 complet$ & diffus$ ov] all ,europe1 & he mu/ h felt himself plac$ on ! l(tie/ p9nacle ( e>?ly ambition4 ,! incr$ulity :i* su* views c\ld n fail to enc\rage 0 increas$ by ! novelty ( ! in=mation4 ,no ,engli% biograph] _h ev] allud$ to su* an ev5t4 ,hi/ory & tradition 7 equally sil5t1 & x 0 n easy to believe t ! ,lucasian ,pr(essor ( ,ma!matics at ,cambridge1 a memb] ( ! ,engli% p>liam5t1 & ! fir/ philosoph] 9 ,europe c\ld h lo/ 8 reason )\t ! dreadful fact be+ kn[n to 8 own c\ntrym54 ,b if ! fri5ds ( ,newton 7 surpris$ by ! nature ( ! intellig5ce1 !y 7 di/ress$ at ! view :i* 0 tak5 ( x by =eign philosoph]s4 ,:ile "o ma9ta9$ t ! intellectual ex]tions ( ,newton _h t]m9at$ ) ! publication ( ! ,pr9cipia1 & t ! d]angem5t ( 8 m9d 0 ! cause ( 8 ab&on+ ! sci5ces1 o!rs indirectly que/ion$ ! s9c]ity ( 8 religi\s views1 & ascrib$ to ! ab]ration ( 8 m9d ^? !ological pursuits :i* gild$ 8 decl9+ age4 8,b ! fact10 says ,m4 ,biot1 8( ! d]angem5t ( 8 intellect1 :atev] may h be5 ! cause ( x1 w expla9 :y1 aft] ! publication ( ! ,pr9cipia 9 #afhg1 ,newton1 ?\gh only =ty-five ye>s old1 nev] m publi%$ a new "w on any bran* ( sci5ce1 b cont5t$ himself ) giv+ to ! _w ^? :i* he _h compos$ long be=e t epo*1 conf9+ himself to ! completion ( ^? p>ts :i* might require developm5t4 ,we may also rem>k1 t ev5 ^! developm5ts appe> always to be d]iv$ f exp]im5ts & obs]vations =m]ly made1 su* z ! additions to ! second edition ( ! ,pr9cipia1 publi%$ 9 #agac1 ! exp]im5ts on ?ick plates1 ^? on diffraction1 & ! *ymical qu]ies plac$ at ! end ( ! ,optics 9 #agjd2 = 9 giv+ an acc\nt ( ^! exp]im5ts ,newton di/9ctly says t !y 7 tak5 f anci5t manuscripts :i* he _h =m]ly compos$2 & he adds1 t ?\gh he felt ! necessity ( ext5d+ !m1 or r5d]+ !m m p]fect1 he 0 n able to resolve to d ?is1 ^! matt]s be+ no long] 9 8 way4 ,?us x appe>s t ?\gh he _h recov]$ 8 heal? suffici5tly to und]/& all 8 rese>*es1 & ev5 9 "s cases to make additions to !m1 & useful alt]ations1 z appe>s f ! second edition ( ! ,pr9cipia1 = :i* he kept up a v active ma!matical correspond5ce ) ,mr4 ,cotes1 yet he did n wi% to und]take new lab\rs 9 ^? dep>tm5ts ( sci5ce :]e he _h done s mu*1 & :]e he s di/9ctly saw :at rema9$ to be done40 ,"u ! influ5ce ( ! same op9ion1 ,m4 ,biot f9ds 8x extremely probable t 8 diss]tation on ! scale ( heat 0 writt5 be=e ! fire 9 8 laboratory20 he describes ,newton's conduct ab\t ! longitude bill z 8almo/ pu]ile on s solemn an occasion1 & "o :i* might lead to ! /range/ conclusions1 p>ticul>ly if we ref] x to ! fatal accid5t :i* ,newton _h suff]$ 9 #afie40 ,! celebrat$ ,m>quis de la ,place view$ ! illness ( ,newton 9 a light /ill m pa9ful to 8 fri5ds4 ,he ma9ta9$ t he nev] recov]$ ! vig\r ( 8 intellect1 & he 0 p]suad$ t ,newton's !ological inquiries did n comm5ce till aft] t afflict+ epo* ( 8 life4 ,he ev5 commission$ ,pr(essor ,gauti] ( ,g5eva to make inquiries on ?is subject dur+ 8 visit to ,engl&1 z if x conc]n$ ! int]e/s ( tru? & ju/ice to %[ t ,newton became a ,*ri/ian & a !ological writ] only aft] ! decay ( 8 /r5g? & ! eclipse ( 8 reason4 ,su* hav+ be5 ! consequ5ces ( ! disclosure ( ,newton's illness by ! manuscript ( ,huyg5s1 ,i felt x to be a sacr$ duty to ! memory ( t great man1 to ! feel+s ( 8 c\ntrym51 & to ! int]e/s ( ,*ri/ianity itself1 to inquire into ! nature & hi/ory ( t indisposition :i* seems to h be5 s mu* misrepres5t$ & misappli$4 ,f ! ignorance ( s extraord9>y an ev5t :i* has prevail$ = su* a long p]iod 9 ,engl&1 x might h be5 urg$ ) "s plausibility t ,huyg5s _h mi/ak5 ! real import ( ! in=mation t 0 convey$ to him2 or t ! ,scot*man f :om he receiv$ x _h propagat$ an idle & a gr\ndless rum\r4 ,b we are1 =tunately1 n conf9$ to ?is v reasonable mode ( def5ce4 ,!re exi/s at ,cambridge a manuscript j\rnal writt5 by ,mr4 ,abraham de la ,pryme1 :o 0 a /ud5t 9 ! univ]sity :ile ,newton 0 a fell[ ( ,tr9ity4 ,?is manuscript is entitl$ 8,ephem]is ,vit1 or ,di>y ( my own ,life1 conta9+ an acc\nt likewise ( ! mo/ obs]vable & rem>kable ?+s t ,i h tak5 notice ( f my y\? up hi!rto40 ,mr4 de la ,pryme 0 born 9 #afga1 & beg9s ! di>y 9 #afhe4 ,?is manuscript is 9 ! possession ( 8 collat]al desc5dant1 ,george ,pryme1 ,esq41 ,pr(essor ( ,political ,economy at ,cambridge1 to :om ,i h be5 indebt$ = ! foll[+ extract4 8#afib1 ,febru>y #c;d4--,:at ,i he>d to-day ,i mu/ relate4 ,!re is "o ,mr4 ,newton 7:om ,i h v (t se571 ,fell[ ( ,tr9ity ,college1 t is mighty fam\s = 8 le>n+1 be+ a mo/ excell5t ma!matician1 philosoph]1 div9e1 c4 ,he has be5 ,fell[ ( ! ,royal ,society ^! _m ye>s2 & among o!r v le>n$ books & tracts1 he's writt5 "o ^u ! ma!matical pr9ciples ( philosophy1 :i* has got him a mighty "n1 he hav+ receiv$1 especially f ,scotl&1 abundance ( congratulatory lett]s = ! same2 b ( all ! books t he ev] wrote1 !re 0 "o ( col\rs & light1 e/abli%$ ^u ?\s&s ( exp]im5ts :i* he _h be5 tw5ty ye>s ( mak+1 & :i* _h co/ him _m hundr$ ( p\nds4 ,?is book1 :i* he valu$ s mu*1 & :i* 0 s mu* talk$ (1 _h ! ill luck to p]i% & be utt]ly lo/ j :5 ! le>n$ au?or 0 almo/ at putt+ a conclusion at ! same1 aft] ?is mann]3 ,9 a w9t]'s morn+1 leav+ x among 8 o!r pap]s on 8 /udy table :ile he w5t to *apel1 ! c&le1 :i* he _h un=tunately left burn+ !re too1 cat*$ hold by "s means ( o!r pap]s1 & !y fir$ ! a=esaid book1 & utt]ly consum$ x & sev]al o!r valuable writ+s2 &1 :i* is mo/ wond]ful1 did no fur!r mis*ief4 ,b :5 ,mr4 ,newton came f *apel1 & _h se5 :at 0 done1 e "o ?\ght he w\ld h run mad1 he 0 s tr\bl$ !reat t he 0 n himself = a mon? aft]4 ,a long acc\nt ( ?is 8 sy/em ( light & col\rs y may f9d 9 ! ,transactions ( ! ,royal ,society1 :i* he _h s5t up to !m long be=e ?is sad mis*ance happ5$ unto him40 ,f ?is extract we are enabl$ to fix ! approximate date ( ! accid5t by :i* ,newton lo/ 8 pap]s4 ,x mu/ h be5 previ\s to ! #c;d ,janu>y1 #afib1 a mon? be=e ! date ( ! extract2 b if we fix x by ! dates 9 ,huyg5s's manuscript1 we %\ld place x ab\t ! #bi? ,novemb]1 #afib1 eighte5 mon?s previ\s to ! conv]sation betwe5 ,coll9s & ,huyg5s4 ,! mann] 9 :i* ,mr4 ,pryme ref]s to ,newton's /ate ( m9d is t :i* is us$ e day :5 we speak ( ! loss ( tranquillity :i* arises f ! ord9>y afflictions ( life2 & ! mean+ ( ! passage am\nts to no?+ m ?an t ,newton 0 v mu* tr\bl$ by ! de/ruction ( 8 pap]s1 & did n recov] 8 s]5ity1 & return to 8 usual occupations1 = a mon?4 ,! v phrase t 8e p]son ?\ght he w\ld h run mad0 is 9 itself a pro( t no su* effect 0 produc$2 &1 :atev] degree ( indisposition may be impli$ 9 ! phrase 8he 0 n himself = a mon? aft]10 we are entitl$ to inf] t "o mon? 0 ! p]iod ( its duration1 & t previ\s to ! #c;d ,febru>y1 #afib1 ! date ( ,mr4 ,pryme's memor&um1 8,newton 0 himself aga940 ,^! facts & dates _c be reconcil$ ) ^? 9 ,huyg5s's manuscript4 ,x appe>s f t docum5t1 t1 s late z ,may1 #afid1 ,newton _h only s f> recov]$ 8 heal? z to beg9 to aga9 und]/& ! ,pr9cipia4 ,8 suppos$ malady1 !re=e1 0 9 =ce f ! #c;d ( ,janu>y1 #afib1 till ! mon? ( ,may1 #afid1--;a p]iod ( m ?an two ye>s4 ,n[1 x is a mo/ important circum/ance1 :i* ,m4 ,biot ought to h kn[n1 t 9 ! v middle ( ?is p]iod1 ,newton wrote 8 f\r celebrat$ lett]s to ,dr4 ,b5tley on ! ,exi/5ce ( a ,deity1--lett]s :i* ev9ce a p[] ( ?\ght & a s]5ity ( m9d absolutely incompatible ev5 ) ! slighte/ obscuration ( 8 faculties4 ,no man c p]use ^! lett]s )\t ! conviction t _! au?or !n possess$ ! full vig\r ( 8 reason1 & 0 capable ( und]/&+ ! mo/ pr(\nd p>ts ( 8 writ+s4 ,! fir/ ( ^! lett]s 0 writt5 on ! #aj? ,decemb]1 #afib1 ! second on ! #ag? ,janu>y1 #afic1 ! ?ird on ! #be? ,febru>y1 & ! #d? on ! #aa?#gf ,febru>y1 #afic4 ,8 m9d 01 !re=e1 /rong & vigor\s on ^! f\r occasions2 & z ! lett]s 7 writt5 at ! express reque/ ( ,dr4 ,b5tley1 :o _h be5 appo9t$ to deliv] ! lecture f\nd$ by ,mr4 ,boyle = v9dicat+ ! fundam5tal pr9ciples ( natural & reveal$ religion1 we mu/ consid] su* a reque/ z %[+ 8 op9ion ( ! /r5g? & fre%ness ( 8 fri5d's m5tal p[]s4 ,9 #afib1 ,newton1 at ! reque/ ( ,dr4 ,wallis1 transmitt$ to him ! fir/ proposition ( 8 book on quadratures1 ) examples ( x 9 fir/1 second1 & ?ird fluxions4#gg ,^! examples 7 writt5 9 consequ5ce ( an application f 8 fri5d2 & ! au?or ( ! review ( ! ,comm]cium ,epi/olicum1 9 :i* ?is fact is quot$1 draws ! conclusion1 t he _h n at t "t =gott5 8 me?od ( second fluxions4 ,x appe>s1 also1 f ! second book ( ! ,optics1#gh t 9 ! mon? ( ,june1 #afib1 he _h be5 occupi$ ) ! subject ( haloes1 & _h made accurate obs]vations bo? on ! col\rs & ! diamet]s ( ! r+s 9 a halo :i* he _h !n se5 ar\nd ! sun4 ,b ?\gh ^! facts /& 9 direct contradiction to ! /atem5t record$ by ,huyg5s1 ! read] w be naturally anxi\s to "k ! real nature & ext5t ( ! indisposition to :i* x ref]s4 ,! foll[+ lett]s1#gi writt5 by ,newton himself1 ,mr4 ,pepys1 ,secret>y to ! ,admiralty1 & ,mr4 ,mill+ton ( ,magdal5e ,college1 ,cambridge1 w ?r[ mu* light ^u ! subject4 ,newton1 z w be pres5tly se51 _h fall5 into a bad /ate ( heal? "s "t 9 #afib1 9 consequ5ce ( :i* bo? 8 sleep & 8 appetite 7 greatly affect$4 ,ab\t ! middle ( ,septemb]1 #afic1 he _h be5 kept awake = five nights by ?is n]v\s disord]1 & 9 ?is condition he wrote ! foll[+ lett] to ,mr4 ,pepys3 ,sept4 #ac1 #afic4 8,,sir1 8,"s "t aft] ,mr4 ,mill+ton _h deliv]$ y\r message1 he press$ me to see y ! next "t ,i w5t to ,london4 ,i 0 av]se2 b ^u 8 press+ cons5t$1 be=e ,i consid]$ :at ,i did1 = ,i am extremely tr\bl$ at ! embroilm5t ,i am 91 & h nei!r ate nor slept well ?is twelvemon?1 nor h my =m] consi/5cy ( m9d4 ,i nev] design$ to get any ?+ by y\r int]e/1 nor by ,k+ ,james's fav\r1 b am n[ s5sible t ,i mu/ )draw f y\r acqua9tance1 & see nei!r y nor ! re/ ( my fri5ds any m1 if ,i may b leave !m quietly4 ,i beg y\r p>don = say+ ,i w\ld see y aga91 & re/ y\r mo/ humble & mo/ ob$i5t s]vant1 8,,is4 ,,newton40 ,f ?is lett] we le>n1 on 8 own au?ority1 t 8 compla9t _h la/$ = a twelvemon?1 & t dur+ t twelvemon? he nei!r ate nor slept well1 nor enjoy$ 8 =m] consi/5cy ( m9d4 ,x is n easy to und]/& exactly :at is meant by n enjoy+ 8 =m] consi/5cy ( m9d2 b :atev] be its import1 x is obvi\s t he mu/ h be5 9 a /ate ( m9d s s\nd z to enable him to compose ! f\r lett]s to ,b5tley1 all ( :i* 7 writt5 dur+ ! twelvemon? "h ref]r$ to4 ,on ! receipt ( ?is lett]1 8 fri5d ,mr4 ,pepys seems to h writt5 to ,mr4 ,mill+ton ( ,magdal5e ,college to inquire aft] ,mr4 ,newton's heal?2 b ! inquiry hav+ be5 made 9 a vague mann]1 an answ] equally vague 0 return$4 ,mr4 ,pepys1 h[ev]1 :o seems to h be5 deeply anxi\s ab\t ,newton's heal?1 address$ ! foll[+ m explicit lett] to 8 fri5d ,mr4 ,mill+ton3-- ,septemb4 #bf1 #afic4 8,,sir1 8,aft] ackn[l$g+ y\r _m old fav\rs1 give me leave to d x a little m p>ticul>ly ^u occasion ( ! new "o convey$ to me by my nephew ,jackson4 ,?\gh1 at ! same "t1 ,i mu/ ackn[l$ge myself n at ! ease ,i w\ld be glad to be at 9 ref]5ce to ! excell5t ,mr4 ,newton2 conc]n+ :om 7me?9ks7 y\r answ] lab\rs "u ! same k9d ( re/ra9t :i* 7to tell y ! tru?7 my ask+ did4 ,= ,i 0 lo? at fir/ da% to tell y t ,i _h lately receiv$ a lett] f him s surpris+ to me = ! inconsi/5cy ( e "p ( x1 z to be put into great disord] by x1 f ! conc]nm5t ,i h = him1 le/ x %\ld arise f t :i* ( all mank9d ,i %\ld lea/ dread f him & mo/ lam5t =1--,i mean a discomposure 9 head1 or m9d1 or bo?4 ,let me !re=e beg y1 sir1 hav+ n[ told y ! true gr\nd ( ! tr\ble ,i lately gave y1 to let me "k ! v tru? ( ! matt]1 z f> at lea/ z comes )9 y\r k4 ,= ,i own too great an e/eem = ,mr4 ,newton1 z = a public good1 to be able to let any d\bt 9 me ( ?is k9d conc]n+ him lie a mom5t uncle>$1 :]e ,i c h any hopes ( help+ x4 ,i am1 ) great tru? & respect1 de> sir1 y\r mo/ humble1 & mo/ affectionate s]vant1 8,s4 ,,pepys40 ,to ?is lett] ,mr4 ,mill+ton made ! foll[+ reply3-- ,coll4 ,magd4 ,camb4 ,sept4 ! #cj1 #afic4 8,,honor',d ,,sir1 8,com+ home f a j\rney on ! #bh? in/ant at night1 ,i met ) y\r lett] :i* y 7 pleas$ to hon\r me ) ( ! #bf?4 ,i am mu* tr\bl$ ,i 0 n at home 9 "t = ! po/1 t ,i might z soon z possible put y out ( y\r g5]\s payne t y are 9 = ! wor?y ,mr4 ,newton4 ,i 01 ,i mu/ confess1 v mu* surpris$ at ! inquiry y 7 pleas$ to make by y\r nephew ab\t ! message t ,mr4 ,newton made ! gr\nd ( 8 lett] to y1 = ,i 0 v sure ,i nev] ei!r receiv$ f y or deliv]$ to him any su*1 & !re=e ,i w5t imm$iately to wayt ^u him1 ) a design to disc\rse him ab\t ! matt]1 b1 he 0 out ( t[n1 & s9ce ,i h n se5 him1 till ^u ! #bh? ,i met him at ,hunt+don1 :]e1 ^u 8 own accord1 & be=e ,i _h "t to ask him any "q1 he told me t he _h writt to y a v odd lett]1 at :i* he 0 mu* conc]n$2 add$1 t x 0 9 a di/emp] t mu* seiz$ 8 head1 & t kept him awake = above five nights toge!r1 :i* ^u occasion he desir$ ,i w\ld repres5t to y1 & beg y\r p>don1 he be+ v mu* a%am$1 he %\ld be s rude to a p]son = :om he ha? s great an hon\r4 ,he is n[ v well1 &1 ?\gh ,i fe> he is "u "s small degree ( melan*oly1 yet ,i ?9k !re is no reason to suspect x ha? at all t\*$ 8 und]/&+1 & ,i hope nev] w2 & s ,i am sure all ought to wi% t love le>n+ or ! hon\r ( our nation1 :i* x is a sign h[ mu* x is look$ aft]1 :5 su* a p]son z ,mr4 ,newton lyes s neglect$ by ^? 9 p[]4 ,& ?us1 hon\r$ sir1 ,i h made y acqua9t$ ) all ,i "k ( ! cause ( su* inconsi/5cys 9 ! lett] ( s excell5t a p]son2 & ,i hope x w remove ! d\bts & fe>s y are1 ) s mu* compassion & publickness ( _s1 pleas$ to ent]ta9 ab\t ,mr4 ,newton2 b if ,i %\ld h be5 want+ 9 any ?+ t5d+ to ! m full satisfaction1 ,i %all1 ^u ! lea/ notice1 endeav\r to am5d x ) all gratitude & tru?4 ,honor$ sir1 y\r mo/ fai?full & mo/ ob$i5t s]vant1 8,,joh4 ,,mill+ton40 ,mr4 ,pepys 0 p]fectly satisfi$ ) ?is answ]1 z appe>s f ! foll[+ lett]3-- ,octob] #c;d1 #afic4 8,,sir1 8,y h deliv]$ me f a fe> t inde$ gave me mu* tr\ble1 & f my v he>t ,i ?ank y = x2 an evil to ,mr4 ,newton be+ :at e good man mu/ feel = 8 own sake z well z 84 ,god grant x may /opp "h4 ,& = ! k9d reflection hee has s9ce made ^u 8 lett] to mee1 ,i d>e n take ^u mee to judge :at answ] ,i %\ld make him to x1 or :e!r any or no2 & !re=e pray t y w bee pleas$ ei!r to be/[ on mee :at directions y see fitt = my own guidance t[>ds him 9 x1 or to say to him 9 my "n1 b y\r own pleasure1 :atev] y ?9k may be mo/ welcome to him ^u x1 & mo/ expressive ( my reg>d & affectionate e/eem ( him1 & conc]nm5t = him4 99 99 99 ,de> sir1 y\r mo/ humble & mo/ fai?ful s]vant1 8,s4 ,,pepys40 ,x does n appe> f ! memoirs ( ,mr4 ,pepys :e!r he ev] return$ any answ] to ! lett] ( ,mr4 ,newton :i* occasion$ ?is correspond5ce2 b we f9d t 9 less ?an two mon?s aft] ! date ( ! prec$+ lett]1 an opportunity occurr$ ( introduc+ to him a ,mr4 ,smi?1 :o wi%$ to h 8 op9ion on "s problem 9 ! doctr9e ( *ances4 ,?is lett] f ,pepys is dat$ ,novemb] #bb;d1 #afic4 ,sir ,isaac repli$ to x on ! #bf? ,novemb]1 & wrote to ,pepys aga9 on ! #af? ,decemb]1 #afic2 & 9 bo? ^! lett]s he ent]s fully into ! discussion ( ! ma!matical "q :i* _h be5 submitt$ to 8 judgm5t4#hj ,x is obvi\s1 f ,newton's lett] to ,mr4 ,pepys1 t ! subject ( 8 receiv+ "s fav\r f ! gov]nm5t _h be5 a matt] ( anxiety ) himself1 & ( discussion among 8 fri5ds4#ha ,mr4 ,mill+ton 0 no d\bt ref]r+ to ?is anxiety1 :5 he repres5ts ,newton z an hon\r to ! nation1 & expresses 8 surprise 8t su* a p]son %\ld lye s neglect$ by ^? 9 p[]40 ,& we f9d ! same subject di/9ctly ref]r$ to 9 two lett]s writt5 to ,mr4 ,locke dur+ ! prec$+ ye>4 ,9 "o ( ^!1 dat$ ,janu>y #bf?1 #afia-b1 he says1 8,be+ fully conv9c$ t ,mr4 ,montague1 ^u an old grudge :i* ,i ?\ght _h be5 worn out1 is false to me1 ,i h done ) him1 & int5d to sit /ill1 unless my ,"l ,monm\? be /ill my fri5d40 ,mr4 ,locke seems to h assur$ him ( ! cont9u$ fri5d%ip ( ?is nobleman1 & ,mr4 ,newton1 /ill ref]r+ to ! same topic1 9 a lett] dat$ ,febru>y #af?1 #afia-b1 rem>ks1 8,i am v glad ,"l ,monm\? is /ill my fri5d1 b int5d n to give 8 lord%ip & y any f>!r tr\ble4 ,my incl9ations are to sit /ill40 ,9 a lat] lett] to ,mr4 ,locke1 dat$ ,septemb]1 #afic1 & giv5 bel[1 he asks 8 p>don = say+ or ?9k+ t !re 0 a design to sell him an (fice4 ,9 ^! lett]s ,mr4 ,newton no d\bt ref]r$ to "s appo9tm5t 9 ,london :i* he 0 solicit\s to obta91 & :i* ,mr4 ,montague & 8 o!r fri5ds may h fail$ 9 procur+4 ,?is op9ion is confirm$ by ! lett] ( ,mr4 ,montague ann\nc+ to him 8 appo9tm5t to ! w>d5%ip ( ! m9t1 9 :i* he says t he is v glad he c at la/ give him good pro( ( 8 fri5d%ip4 ,9 ! same mon? 9 :i* ,newton wrote to ,mr4 ,pepys1 we f9d him 9 correspond5ce ) ,mr4 ,locke4 ,displeas$ ) 8 op9ions respect+ innate ideas1 he _h ra%ly /at$ t !y /ruck at ! root ( all morality2 & t he reg>d$ ! au?or ( su* doctr9es z a ,hobbi/4 ,^u reconsid]+ ^! op9ions1 he address$ ! foll[+ rem>kable lett] to ,locke1 writt5 ?ree days aft] 8 lett] to ,mr4 ,pepys1 & consequ5tly dur+ ! illness "u :i* he !n lab\r$4 8,,sir1 8,be+ ( op9ion t y endeav\r$ to embroil me ) wom51 & by o!r means1 ,i 0 s mu* affect$ ) x1 z t :5 "o told me y 7 sickly & w\ld n live1 ,i answ]$1 'tw]e bett] if y 7 dead4 ,i desire y to =give me ?is un*>itabl5ess2 = ,i am n[ satisfi$ t :at y h done is j1 & ,i beg y\r p>don = my hav+ h>d ?\ghts ( y = x1 & = repres5t+ t y /ruck at ! root ( morality1 9 a pr9ciple y laid 9 y\r book ( ideas1 & design$ to pursue 9 ano!r book1 & t ,i took y = a ,hobbi/4#hb ,i beg y\r p>don also = say+ or ?9k+ t !re 0 a design to sell me an (fice1 or to embroil me4--,i am y\r mo/ humble & un=tunate s]vant1 8,,is4 ,,newton4 8,at ! ,bull1 9 ,%or$it*1 ,london1 ,sept4 #af?1 #afic40 ,to ?is lett] ,locke return$ ! foll[+ answ]1 s nobly di/+ui%$ by philosophical magnanimity & ,*ri/ian *>ity3-- ,oates1 ,oct4 #e?1 #afic4 8,,sir1 8,i h be51 ev] s9ce ,i fir/ knew y1 s entirely & s9c]ely y\r fri5d1 & ?\ght y s mu* m9e1 t ,i c\ld n h believ$ :at y tell me ( y\rself _h ,i _h x f anybody else4 ,&1 ?\gh ,i _c b be mightily tr\bl$ t y %\ld h _h s _m wrong & unju/ ?\ghts ( me1 yet next to ! return ( good (fices1 su* z f a s9c]e good-w ,i h ev] done y1 ,i receive y\r ackn[l$gm5t ( ! contr>y z ! k9de/ ?+ y h done me1 s9ce x gives me hopes ,i h n lo/ a fri5d ,i s mu* valu$4 ,aft] :at y\r lett] expresses1 ,i %all n ne$ to say any ?+ to ju/ify myself to y4 ,i %all always ?9k y\r own reflection on my c>riage1 bo? to y & all mank9d1 w suffici5tly d t4 ,in/ead ( t1 give me leave to assure y t ,i am m ready to =give y ?an y c be to desire x2 & ,i d x s freely & fully1 t ,i wi% = no?+ m ?an ! opportunity to conv9ce y t ,i truly love & e/eem y1 & t ,i h ! same good-w = y z if no?+ ( ?is _h happ5$4 ,to confirm ?is to y m fully1 ,i %\ld be glad to meet y any :]e1 & ! r1 because ! conclusion ( y\r lett] makes me appreh5d x w\ld n be :olly useless to y4 ,b :e!r y ?9k x fit or n1 ,i leave :olly to y4 ,i %all always be ready to s]ve y to my utmo/1 9 any way y %all l1 & %all only ne$ y\r comm&s or p]mission to d x4 8,my book is go+ to press = a second edition2 &1 ?\gh ,i c answ] = ! design ) :i* ,i write x1 yet1 s9ce y h s opportunely giv5 me notice ( :at y h said ( x1 ,i %\ld take x z a fav\r if y w\ld po9t out to me ! places t gave occasion to t c5sure1 t1 by expla9+ myself bett]1 ,i may avoid be+ mi/ak5 by o!rs1 or unaw>es do+ ! lea/ prejudice to tru? or virtue4 ,i am sure y are s mu* a fri5d to !m bo?1 t1 7 y none to me1 ,i c\ld expect ?is f y4 ,b ,i _c d\bt b y w\ld d a great deal m ?an ?is = my sake1 :o1 aft] all1 h all ! conc]n ( a fri5d = y1 wi% y extremely well1 & am1 )\t complim5t1 c40#hc ,to ?is lett] ,newton made ! foll[+ reply3-- 8,,sir1 8,! la/ w9t]1 by sleep+ too (t5 by my fire1 ,i got an ill habit ( sleep+2 & a di/emp]1 :i* ?is summ] has be5 epidemical1 put me f>!r out ( ord]1 s t :5 ,i wrote to y1 ,i _h n slept an h\r a night = a =tnight toge!r1 & = five days toge!r n a w9k4 ,i rememb] ,i wrote to y1 b :at ,i said ( y\r book ,i rememb] n4 ,if y please to s5d me a transcript ( t passage1 ,i w give y an acc\nt ( x if ,i c4--,i am y\r mo/ humble s]vant1 8,,is4 ,,newton4 8,cambridge1 ,oct4 #e?1 #afic40 ,al?\gh ! fir/ ( ^! lett]s ev9ces ! exi/5ce ( a n]v\s irritability :i* c\ld n fail to arise f want ( appetite & ( re/1 yet x is obvi\s t its au?or 0 9 ! full possession ( 8 m5tal p[]s4 ,! answ] ( ,mr4 ,locke1 inde$1 is writt5 ^u t supposition2 & x des]ves to be rem>k$1 t ,mr4 ,dugald ,/ew>t1 :o fir/ publi%$ a portion ( ^! lett]s1 nev] imag9es = a mom5t t ,newton 0 lab\r+ "u any m5tal ali5ation4 ,! op9ion ent]ta9$ by ,laplace1 t ,newton devot$ 8 att5tion to !ology only 9 ! latt] "p ( 8 life1 may be consid]$ z d]iv+ "s c\nt5ance f ! fact1 t ! celebrat$ g5]al s*olium at ! end ( ! second edition ( ! ,pr9cipia1 publi%$ 9 #agac1 did n appe> 9 ! fir/ edition ( t "w4 ,?is argum5t has be5 ably controv]t$ by ,dr4 ,j4 ,c4 ,gregory ( ,ed9burgh1 on ! au?ority ( a manuscript ( ,newton1 :i* seems to h be5 transmitt$ to 8 ance/or1 ,dr4 ,david ,gregory1 betwe5 ! ye>s #afhg & #afih4 ,?is manuscript1 :i* consi/s ( twelve folio pages 9 ,newton's h&writ+1 conta9s1 9 ! =m ( additions & s*olia to "s propositions 9 ! ?ird book ( ! ,pr9cipia1 an acc\nt ( ! op9ions ( ! anci5t philosoph]s on gravitation & motion1 & on natural !ology1 ) v>i\s quotations f _! works4 ,atta*$ to ?is manuscript are ?ree v curi\s p>agraphs4 ,! fir/ two appe> to h be5 ! orig9al draught ( ! g5]al s*olium already ref]r$ to2 & ! ?ird relates to ! subject ( an e!real m$ium1 respect+ :i* he ma9ta9s an op9ion diametrically opposite to t :i* he aft]w>d publi%$ at ! end ( 8 ,optics4#hd ,! fir/ p>agraph expresses ne>ly ! same ideas z "s s5t5ces 9 ! s*olium beg9n+ 8,deus summus e/ ens t]num1 inf9itum1 absolute p]fectum20#he & x is rem>kable t ! second p>agraph is f\nd only 9 ! ?ird edition ( ! ,pr9cipia1 :i* appe>$ 9 #agbf1 ! ye> be=e ,newton's dea?4 ,9 ! middle ( ! ye> #afid1 ab\t ! "t :5 our au?or is said to be beg9n+ to und]/& ! ,pr9cipia1 we f9d him occupi$ ) ! difficult & pr(\nd subject ( ! lun> !ory4 ,9 ord] to procure obs]vations = v]ify+ ! equations :i* he _h d$uc$ f ! !ory ( gravity1 he paid a visit to ,flam/ead1 at ! ,royal ,obs]vatory ( ,gre5wi*1 on ! #a/ ,septemb]1 #afid1 :5 he receiv$ f him a s]ies ( lun> obs]vations4 ,on ! #g? ( ,octob] he wrote to ,flam/ead t he _h comp>$ ! obs]vations ) 8 !ory1 & _h satisfi$ himself t by bo? toge!r 8! moon's !ory may be r$uc$ to a good degree ( exactness1 p]haps to ! exactness ( two or ?ree m9utes40 ,he wrote him aga9 on ! #bd? ,octob]1 & ! correspond5ce 0 cont9u$ till #afih1 ,newton mak+ con/ant application = obs]vations to comp>e ) 8 !ory ( ! planet>y motions2 :ile ,flam/ead1 n suffici5tly aw>e ( ! importance ( ! inquiry1 receiv$ 8 reque/s z if !y 7 idle intrusions 9 :i* ! int]e/s ( sci5ce 7 b slightly conc]n$4#hf ,9 review+ ! details :i* we h n[ giv5 respect+ ! heal? & occupations ( ,newton f ! beg9n+ ( #afib till #afie1 x is impossible to draw any o!r conclusion ?an t he possess$ a s\nd m9d1 & 0 p]fectly capable ( c>ry+ on 8 ma!matical1 8 metaphysical1 & 8 a/ronomical inquiries4 ,8 fri5d & admir]1 ,mr4 ,pepys1 resid+ )9 fifty miles ( ,cambridge1 _h nev] he>d ( 8 be+ attack$ ) any illness till he inf]r$ x f ! lett] to himself writt5 9 ,septemb]1 #afic4 ,mr4 ,mill+ton1 :o liv$ 9 ! same univ]sity1 _h be5 equally unacqua9t$ ) any su* attack1 &1 aft] a p]sonal int]view ) ,newton1 = ! express purpose ( asc]ta9+ ! /ate ( 8 heal?1 he assures ,mr4 ,pepys 8t he is v well1--t he fe>s he is "u "s small degree ( melan*oly1 b t !re is no reason to suspect t x ha? at all t\*$ 8 und]/&+40 ,dur+ ?is p]iod ( bodily indisposition1 8 m9d1 ?\gh 9 a /ate ( n]v\s irritability1 & di/urb$ by want ( re/1 0 capable ( putt+ =? its highe/ p[]s4 ,at ! reque/ ( ,dr4 ,wallis he drew up an example ( "o ( 8 propositions on ! quadrature ( curves 9 second fluxions4 ,he compos$1 at ! desire ( ,dr4 ,b5tley1 8 pr(\nd & beautiful lett]s on ! exi/5ce ( ! ,deity4 ,he 0 reque/$ by ,locke to reconsid] 8 op9ions on ! subject ( innate ideas2 & we f9d him grappl+ ) ! difficulties ( ! lun> !ory4 ,b ) all ^! pro(s ( a vigor\s m9d1 a dim9ution ( 8 m5tal p[]s has be5 ra%ly inf]r$ f ! cessation ( 8 great discov]ies1 & f 8 unwill+ness to ent] ^u new inve/igations4 ,! facts1 h[ev]1 "h assum$ are z incorrect z ! inf]5ce :i* is drawn f !m4 ,! ambition ( fame is a y\?ful passion1 :i* is s(t5$1 if n subdu$1 by age4 ,success dim9i%es its ard\r1 & e>ly pre-em95ce (t5 ext+ui%es x4 ,be=e ! middle p]iod ( life ,newton 0 inve/$ ) all ! insignia ( immortality2 b end[$ ) a native humility ( m9d1 & animat$ ) ^? hopes :i* tea* u to =m an humble e/imate ( human greatness1 he 0 satisfi$ ) ! laurels :i* he _h won1 & he s\ght only to p]fect & complete 8 lab\rs4 ,8 m9d 0 pr9cipally b5t on ! improvem5t ( ! ,pr9cipia2 b he occasionally div]g$ into new fields ( sci5tific rese>*1--he solv$ problems ( great difficulty :i* _h be5 propos$ to try 8 /r5g?1--& he devot$ mu* ( 8 "t to pr(\nd inquiries 9 *ronology & 9 !ological lit]ature4 ,! p[]s ( 8 m9d 7 !re=e 9 full requisition2 &1 :5 we consid] t he 0 call$ to ! dis*>ge ( high (ficial functions :i* =c$ him into public life1 & compell$ him to direct 8 g5ius into new *annels1 we c sc>cely be surpris$ t he ceas$ to produce any orig9al works on ab/ract sci5ce4 ,9 ! direction ( ! affairs ( ! m9t1 & ( ! ,royal ,society1 to :i* we %all n[ foll[ him1 he f\nd ample occupation = 8 "t2 :ile ! leisure ( 8 decl9+ ye>s 0 devot$ to ^? exalt$ /udies 9 :i* philosophy yields to ! supremacy ( fai?1 & hope adm9i/]s to ! aspirations ( g5ius4 ,,*apt] ,,xiv4 ,no ,m>k ( ,national ,gratitude conf]r$ ^u ,newton--,fri5d%ip betwe5 him & ,*>les ,montague1 aft]w>d ,e>l ( ,halifax--,mr4 ,montague appo9t$ ,*ancellor ( ! ,ex*equ] 9 #afid--;,he resolves ^u a ,reco9age--,nom9ates ,mr4 ,newton ,w>d5 ( ! ,m9t 9 #afie-- ,mr4 ,newton appo9t$ ,ma/] ( ! ,m9t 9 #afii--,notice ( ! ,e>l ( ,halifax--,mr4 ,newton elect$ ,associate ( ! ,academy ( ,sci5ces 9 #afii--,memb] = ,cambridge 9 #agja--;& ,presid5t ( ! ,royal ,society 9 #agjc--,que5 ,anne conf]s ^u him ! ,hon\r ( ,knigh?ood 9 #agje--,second ,edition ( ! ,pr9cipia1 edit$ by ,cotes--,8 ,conduct respect+ ,mr4 ,ditton's ,me?od ( f9d+ ! ,longitude4 ,hi!rto we h view$ ,newton *iefly z a philosoph] lead+ a life ( seclusion )9 ! walls ( a college1 & ei!r engag$ 9 ! duties ( 8 pr(essor%ip1 or ard5tly occupi$ 9 ma!matical & sci5tific inquiries4 ,he _h n[ rea*$ ! fifty-?ird ye> ( 8 age1 & :ile ^? ( 8 own /&+ at ! univ]sity _h be5 receiv+ high appo9tm5ts 9 ! *ur*1 or lucrative (fices 9 ! /ate1 he /ill rema9$ )\t any m>k ( ! respect or gratitude ( 8 c\ntry4 ,all ,europe inde$ _h be5 (f]+ inc5se to 8 "n1 & ,engli%m5 !mselves boa/$ ( him z ! pride ( _! c\ntry & ! ornam5t ( _! species1 b he 0 left 9 comp>ative pov]ty1#hg ) no o!r income ?an ! sal>y ( 8 pr(essor%ip1 ek$ out ) ! small r5tal ( 8 pat]nal inh]itance4 ,su* disreg>d ( ! highe/ g5ius1 dignifi$ by ! highe/ virtue1 c\ld h tak5 place only 9 ,engl&1 & we %\ld h ascrib$ x to ! turbul5ce ( ! age 9 :i* he liv$1 _h we n se51 9 ! hi/ory ( ano!r c5tury1 t ! successive gov]nm5ts :i* preside ov] ! de/9ies ( our c\ntry h nev] be5 able ei!r to feel or to recognise ! true nobility ( g5ius4 ,among 8 fri5ds at ,cambridge ,newton _h ! hon\r ( numb]+ ,*>les ,montague1 gr&son ( ,h5ry ,e>l ( ,man*e/]1 a "y man ( high promise1 & e way wor?y ( 8 fri5d%ip4 ,?\gh devot$ to lit]>y pursuits1 & tw5ty ye>s y\ng] ?an ,newton1 he *]i%$ = ! philosoph] all ! v5]ation ( a disciple1 & 8 affection = him ga!r$ new /r5g? z he rose to ! highe/ hon\rs & (fices ( ! /ate4 ,9 ! ye> #afhd we f9d him co-op]at+ ) ,newton 9 ! e/abli%m5t ( a philosophical society at ,cambridge2 b ?\gh bo? ( !m _h made p]sonal application to diff]5t individuals to become memb]s1 yet ! plan fail$1 f ! want1 z ,newton expresses x1 ( p]sons will+ to try exp]im5ts4 ,mr4 ,montague sat along ) ,newton 9 ! conv5tion p>liam5t1 & su* 7 ! p[]s :i* he display$ 9 t assembly z a public speak]1 t he 0 appo9t$ a commission] ( ! treasury1 & soon aft]w>d a privy c\nsellor4 ,9 ^! situations 8 tal5ts & k ( bus9ess 7 highly conspicu\s1 & 9 #afid he 0 appo9t$ *ancellor ( ! ex*equ]4 ,! curr5t co9 ( ! nation hav+ be5 adult]at$ & debas$1 "o ( 8 e>lie/ designs 0 to reco9 x & re/ore x to its intr9sic value4 ,?is s*eme1 h[ev]1 met ) great opposition4 ,x 0 *>act]iz$ z a wild project1 unsuitable to a p]iod ( w>1 z highly injuri\s to ! int]e/s ( comm]ce1 & z likely to sap ! f\ndation ( ! gov]nm5t4 ,b he _h weigh$ ! subject too deeply1 & _h intr5*$ himself beh9d op9ions too imp>tial & too well-f\nd$1 to be driv5 f a measure :i* ! be/ int]e/s ( 8 c\ntry seem$ to require4 ,! p]sons :om ,mr4 ,montague _h consult$ ab\t ! reco9age 7 ,newton1 ,locke1 & ,halley1 & 9 consequ5ce ( ,mr4 ,ov]ton1 ! w>d5 ( ! m9t1 hav+ be5 appo9t$ a commission] ( cu/oms1 he embrac$ ! opportunity :i* 0 ?us (f]$ ( s]v+ 8 fri5d & 8 c\ntry by recomm5d+ ,newton to t important (fice4 ,! notice ( ?is appo9tm5t 0 convey$ 9 ! foll[+ lett] to ,newton4 ,london1 #ai? ,m>*1 #afie4 8,,sir1 8,i am v glad t1 at la/1 ,i c give y a good pro( ( my fri5d%ip1 & ! e/eem ! k+ has ( y\r m]its4 ,mr4 ,ov]ton1 ! w>d5 ( ! m9t1 is made "o ( ! commission]s ( ! cu/oms1 & ! k+ has promis$ me to make ,mr4 ,newton w>d5 ( ! m9t4 ,! (fice is ! mo/ prop] = y4 ',tis ! *ief (fice 9 ! m9t1 'tis wor? five or six hundr$ p\nds p] annum1 & has n too mu* bus9ess to require m att5dance ?an y c sp>e4 ,i desire t y w come up z soon z y c1 & ,i w take c>e ( y\r w>rant 9 ! mean "t4 ,let me see y z soon z y come to t[n1 t ,i may c>ry y to kiss ! k+'s h&4 ,i believe y may h a lodg+ ne> me4--,i am1 c4 ,,*>les ,,montague40 ,9 ?is new situation ! ma!matical & *ymical k ( our au?or 0 ( great s]vice to ! nation1 & he became em95tly useful 9 c>ry+ on ! reco9age1 :i* 0 complet$ 9 ! %ort space ( two ye>s4 ,9 ! ye> #afii1 he 0 promot$ to ! ma/]%ip ( ! m9t1--an (fice :i* 0 wor? twelve or fifte5 hundr$ p\nds p] annum1 & :i* he held dur+ ! rema9d] ( 8 life4 ,9 ?is situation he wrote an (ficial report on ! ,co9age1 :i* has be5 publi%$2 & he drew up a table ( ,assays ( ,=eign ,co9s1 :i* is pr9t$ at ! end ( ,dr4 ,arbu?not's ,tables ( ,anci5t ,co9s1 ,weights1 & ,measures1 :i* appe>$ 9 #agbg4 ,:ile our au?or fill$ ! inf]ior (fice ( w>d5 ( ! m9t1 he reta9$ 8 pr(essor%ip at ,cambridge2 b ^u 8 promotion 9 #afii1 he appo9t$ ,mr4 ,:i/on to be 8 deputy1 ) all ! emolum5ts ( ! (fice2 & :5 he resign$ ! *air 9 #agjc1 he succe$$ 9 gett+ him nom9at$ 8 successor4 ,! appo9tm5t ( ,newton to ! ma/]%ip ( ! m9t mu/ h be5 peculi>ly gratify+ to ! ,royal ,society1 & x 0 probably f a feel+ ( gratitude to ,mr4 ,montague1 z mu* z f a reg>d = 8 tal5ts1 t ?is able /atesman 0 elect$ presid5t ( t le>n$ body on ! #cj? ,novemb]1 #afie4 ,?is (fice he held = ?ree ye>s1 & on ! #cj? ,janu>y1 #afig1 ,newton _h ! satisfaction ( address+ to him 8 solution ( ! celebrat$ problems propos$ by ,john ,b]n\illi4 ,?is accompli%$ nobleman 0 creat$ ,e>l ( ,halifax 9 #agjj1 & aft] ! dea? ( 8 fir/ wife he conceiv$ a /rong atta*m5t = ,mrs4 ,ca?>9e ,b>ton1 ! wid[ ( ,colonel ,b>ton1 & ! niece ( ,newton4 ,?is lady 0 "y1 gay1 & beautiful1 & ?\gh %e did n escape ! c5sures ( h] contempor>ies1 %e 0 reg>d$ by ^? :o knew h] z a woman ( /rict hon\r & virtue4 ,we are n acqua9t$ ) ! causes :i* prev5t$ h] union ) ! ,e>l ( ,halifax1 b s great 0 ! e/eem & affection :i* he bore h]1 t 9 ! w 9 :i* he left #ajjl4 to ,mr4 ,newton1 he bequea!d to 8 niece a v l>ge portion ( 8 =tune4 ,?is di/+ui%$ /atesman di$ 9 #agae1 9 ! fifty-f\r? ye> ( 8 age4 ,himself a poet & an elegant writ]1 he 0 ! lib]al patron ( g5ius1 & he numb]$ among 8 intimate fri5ds ,congreve1 ,halley1 ,prior1 ,tickell1 ,/eele1 & ,pope4 ,8 conduct to ,newton w be = ev] rememb]$ 9 ! annals ( sci5ce4 ,! sages ( e nation & ( e age w pron\nce ) affection ! "n ( ,*>les ,montague1 & ! p]secut$ sci5ce ( ,engl& w cont9ue to deplore t he 0 ! fir/ & ! la/ ,engli% m9i/] :o hon\r$ g5ius by 8 fri5d%ip & rew>d$ x by 8 patronage4 ,! elevation ( ,mr4 ,newton to ! highe/ (fices 9 ! m9t 0 foll[$ by o!r m>ks ( hon\r4 ,! ,royal ,academy ( ,sci5ces at ,p>is hav+ be5 emp[]$ by a new *>t] grant$ 9 #afii1 to admit a v small numb] ( =eign associates1 ,newton 0 elect$ a memb] ( t di/+ui%$ body4 ,9 ! ye> #agja1 on ! assembl+ ( a new p>liam5t1 he 0 re-elect$ "o ( ! memb]s = ! ,univ]sity ( ,cambridge4#hh ,9 #agjc he 0 *os5 ,presid5t ( ! ,royal ,society ( ,london1 & he 0 annually re-elect$ to ?is (fice dur+ ! rema9+ tw5ty-five ye>s ( 8 life4 ,on ! #af? ( ,april1 #agje1 :5 ,que5 ,anne 0 liv+ at ! royal resid5ce ( ,newm>ket1 %e w5t ) ,pr9ce ,george ( ,d5m>k & ! re/ ( ! c\rt to visit ! ,univ]sity ( ,cambridge4 ,aft] ! meet+ ( ! ,regia ,consilia1 h] maje/y held a c\rt at ,tr9ity ,lodge1 ! resid5ce ( ,dr4 ,b5tley1 !n ma/] ( ,tr9ity2 :]e ! hon\r ( knigh?ood 0 conf]r$ ^u ,mr4 ,newton1 ,mr4 ,john ,ellis1 ! vice-*ancellor1 & ,mr4 ,james ,montague1 ! univ]sity c\nsel4#hi ,on ! dissolution ( ! p>liam5t1 :i* took place 9 #agje1 ,sir ,isaac 0 aga9 a c&idate = ! repres5tation ( ! ,univ]sity1 b not)/&+ ! rec5t expression ( ! royal fav\r1 he lo/ 8 election by a v great majority4#ij ,?is s+ul> result 0 p]haps ow+ to ! loss ( t p]sonal influ5ce :i* 8 resid5ce 9 ! univ]sity c\ld n fail to comm&1 ?\gh x is m probable t ! m9i/ry pref]r$ ! c&idates ( a m obsequi\s "*1 & t ! electors look$ = advantages :i* ,sir ,isaac ,newton 0 n able to obta9 = !m4 ,al?\gh ! fir/ edition ( ! ,pr9cipia _h be5 = "s "t sold (f1 & copies ( x _h become extremely r>e1 yet ,sir ,isaac's att5tion 0 s mu* occupi$ ) 8 pr(essional avocations t he c\ld n f9d leisure = prep>+ a new edition4 ,dr4 ,b5tley1 :o _h repeat$ly urg$ him to ?is task1 at la/ succe$$1 by engag+ ,rog] ,cotes1 ,plumian ,pr(essor ( ,a/ronomy at ,cambridge1 to sup]9t5d its publication at ! univ]sity press4 ,9 ,june1 #agji1 ,sir ,isaac committ$ ?is important tru/ to 8 "y fri5d2 & ab\t ! middle ( ,july he promis$ to s5d him 9 ! c\rse ( a =tnight 8 own revis$ copy ( ! "w4 ,bus9ess1 h[ev]1 seems to h int]v5$1 & ,mr4 ,cotes 0 oblig$ to rem9d ,sir ,isaac ( 8 promise1 :i* he did 9 ! foll[+ lett]3-- ,cambridge1 ,aug4 #ah?1 #agji4 8,,sir1 8,! e>ne/ desire ,i h to see a new edition ( y\r ,pr9cipia makes me some:at impati5t till we receive y\r copy ( x1 :i* y 7 pleas$ to promise me ab\t ! middle ( la/ mon? y w\ld s5d d[n 9 ab\t a =tnight's "t4 ,i hope y w p>don me = ?is uneas9ess1 f :i* ,i _c free myself1 & = giv+ y ?is tr\ble to let y "k x4 ,i h be5 s mu* oblig$ by y\rself & by y\r book1 t 7,i desire y to believe me7 ,i ?9k myself b\nd 9 gratitude to take all ! c>e ,i possibly c t x %all be correct4--,y\r oblig$ s]vant1 8,,rog] ,,cotes4 8,= ,sir ,isaac ,newton1 at 8 h\se 9 ,j]myn-/reet1 ne> ,/4 ,james's ,*ur*1 ,we/m9/]40 ,?is 0 ! fir/ lett] ( t celebrat$ correspond5ce1 consi/+ ( ne>ly ?ree hundr$ lett]s1 9 :i* ,sir ,isaac & ,mr4 ,cotes discuss$ ! v>i\s improvem5ts :i* 7 ?\ght necess>y 9 a new edition ( ! ,pr9cipia4 ,?is valuable collection ( lett]s is pres]v$ 9 ! libr>y ( ,tr9ity ,college2 & we _c refra9 f repeat+ ! wi% express$ by ,dr4 ,monk1 8t "o ( ! _m accompli%$ ,newtonians :o are resid5t 9 t society w\ld fav\r ! _w by publi%+ ! :ole collection40 ,:5 ! "w 0 at la/ pr9t$1 ,mr4 ,cotes express$ a wi% t ,dr4 ,b5tley %\ld write ! preface to x1 b x 0 ! op9ion bo? ( ,sir ,isaac & ,dr4 ,b5tley t ! preface %\ld come f ! p5 ( ,mr4 ,cotes himself4 ,?is he accord+ly und]took2 b previ\s to its execution he address$ ! foll[+ lett] to ,dr4 ,b5tley1 9 ord] to le>n f ,sir ,isaac ! p>ticul> view ) :i* x %\ld be writt54 ,m>* #aj?1 #agab-ac4 8,,sir1 8,i receiv$ :at y wrote to me 9 ,sir ,isaac's lett]4 ,i w set ab\t ! index 9 a day or two4 ,z = ! preface1 ,i %\ld be glad to "k f ,sir ,isaac ) :at view he ?9ks prop] to h x writt54 ,y "k ! book has be5 receiv$ abroad ) "s disadvantage1 & ! cause ( x may be easily guess$ at4 ,! ,comm]cium ,epi/olicum1 lately publi%$ by ord] ( ! ,royal ,society1 gives su* indubitable pro(s ( ,mr4 ,leibnitz's want ( c&\r1 t ,i %all n scruple 9 ! lea/ to speak out ! full tru? ( ! matt]1 if x be ?\ght conv5i5t4 ,!re are "s pieces ( 8 look+ ?is way :i* des]ve a c5sure1 z 8 ,t5tam5 de motuum cle/ium causis4 ,if ,sir ,isaac is will+ t some?+ ( ?is nature may be done1 ,i %\ld be glad if1 :ile ,i am mak+ ! index1 he w\ld consid] ( x1 & put d[n a few notes ( :at he ?9ks mo/ mat]ial to be insi/$ on4 ,?is ,i say ^u supposition t ,i write ! preface myself4 ,b ,i ?9k x w be mu* m advisable t y1 or he1 or bo? ( y %\ld write x :ile y are 9 t[n4 ,y may dep5d ^u x ,i w own x1 & def5d x z well z ,i c1 if h]eaft] !re be occasion4--,i am sir1 c40 ,we are n acqua9t$ ) ! in/ructions :i* 7 giv5 to ,mr4 ,cotes 9 consequ5ce ( ?is application2 b x appe>s f ! preface itself1 :i* conta9s a long & able summ>y ( ! ,newtonian philosophy1 t ,sir ,isaac _h prohibit$ any p]sonal ref]5ce to ! conduct ( ,leibnitz4 ,! g5]al preface is dat$ #ab? ,may1 #agac1 & 9 a subsidi>y preface ( only a few l9es1 dat$ ,m>* #bh?1 #agac1 ,sir ,isaac m5tions ! lead+ alt]ations :i* _h be5 made 9 ?is edition4 ,! det]m9ation ( ! =ces by :i* bodies may revolve 9 giv5 orbits 0 simplifi$ & enl>g$4 ,! !ory ( ! resi/ance ( fluids 0 m accurately inve/igat$1 & confirm$ by new exp]im5ts4 ,! !ory ( ! moon & ! precession ( ! equ9oxes 7 m fully d$uc$ f _! pr9ciples2 & ! !ory ( comets 0 confirm$ by sev]al examples ( _! orbits m accurately comput$4 ,9 ! ye> #agad1 sev]al capta9s & own]s ( m]*ant vessels petition$ ! ,h\se ( ,commons to consid] ! propriety ( br++ 9 a bill to rew>d inv5tions = promot+ ! discov]y ( ! longitude at sea4 ,a committee 0 appo9t$ to inve/igate ! subject1 & ,mr4 ,ditton & ,mr4 ,:i/on1 hav+ ?\ght ( a new me?od ( f9d+ ! longitude1 submitt$ x to ! committee4 ,f\r memb]s ( ! ,royal ,society1 viz4 ,sir ,isaac ,newton1 ,dr4 ,halley1 ,mr4 ,cotes1 & ,dr4 ,cl>ke1 7 exam9$ on ! subject1 along ) ,mr4 ,ditton & ,mr4 ,:i/on4 ,! la/ ?ree ( ^! philosoph]s /at$ _! op9ions v]bally4 ,mr4 ,cotes consid]$ ! propos$ s*eme z correct 9 !ory & on %ore1 & bo? he & ,dr4 ,halley 7 ( op9ion t exp5sive exp]im5ts w\ld be requisite4 ,newton1 :5 call$ ^u = 8 op9ion1 read ! foll[+ memor&um1 :i* des]ves to be record$4 8,= det]m9+ ! longitude at sea !re h be5 sev]al projects1 true 9 !ory1 b difficult to execute4 8#a4 ,"o is by a wat* to keep "t exactly2 b by reason ( ! motion ( ! %ip1 ! v>iation ( heat & cold1 wet or dry1 & ! diff]5ce ( gravity 9 diff]5t latitudes1 su* a wat* ha? n yet be5 made4 8#b4 ,ano!r is by ! eclipses ( ,jupit]'s satellites2 b by reason ( ! l5g? ( telescopes requisite to obs]ve !m1 & ! motion ( a %ip at sea1 ^? eclipses _c yet be !re obs]v$4 8#c4 ,a ?ird is by ! place ( ! moon2 b h] !ory is n yet exact en\gh = t purpose2 x is exact en\gh to det]m9e ! longitude )9 two or ?ree degrees1 b n )9 a degree4 8#d4 ,a f\r? is ,mr4 ,ditton's project1 & ?is is r = keep+ an acc\nt ( ! longitude at sea ?an = f9d+ x1 if at any "t x %\ld be lo/1 z x may easily be 9 cl\dy wea!r4 ,h[ f> ?is is practicable1 & ) :at *>ge1 !y t are skill$ 9 sea affairs are be/ able to judge4 ,9 sail+ by ?is me?od1 :5ev] !y are to pass ov] v deep seas1 !y mu/ sail due ea/ or we/2 !y mu/ fir/ sail into ! latitude ( ! next place to :i* !y are go+ beyond x1 & !n keep due ea/ or we/ till !y come at t place4 ,9 ! fir/ ?ree ways !re mu/ be a wat* regulat$ by a spr+1 & rectifi$ e visible sunrise & sunset1 to tell ! h\r ( ! day or night4 ,9 ! f\r? way su* a wat* is n necess>y4 ,9 ! fir/ way !re mu/ be two wat*es1 ?is & ! o!r above m5tion$4 ,9 any ( ! fir/ ?ree ways1 x may be ( "s s]vice to f9d ! longitude )9 a degree1 & ( mu* m s]vice to f9d x )9 =ty m9utes1 or half a degree if x may1 & ! success may des]ve rew>ds accord+ly4 ,9 ! f\r? way1 x is easi] to enable seam5 to "k _! di/ance & be>+ f ! %ore #dj1 #fj1 or #hj miles (f1 ?an to cross ! seas2 & "s "p ( ! rew>d may be giv5 :5 ! fir/ is p]=m$ on ! coa/ ( ,great ,brita9 = ! safety ( %ips com+ home2 & ! re/ :5 seam5 %all be enabl$ to sail to an assign$ remote h>b\r )\t los+ _! longitude if x may be40 ,! committee br\ght up _! report on ! #aa? ,june1 & recomm5d$ t a bill %\ld be introduc$ into p>liam5t = ! purpose ( rew>d+ inv5tions or discov]ies connect$ ) ! det]m9ation ( ! longitude4 ,! bill pass$ ! ,h\se ( ,commons on ! #c;d ,july1 & 0 agre$ to by ! ,lords on ! #h? ( ! same mon?4#ia ,9 giv+ an acc\nt ( ?is transaction1#ib ,mr4 ,:i/on /ates1 t nobody und]/ood ,sir ,isaac's pap]1 & t aft] sitt+ d[n he ob/9ately kept sil5ce1 ?\gh he 0 mu* press$ to expla9 himself m di/9ctly4 ,at la/1 see+ t ! s*eme 0 likely to be reject$1 ,:i/on v5tur$ to say t ,sir ,isaac did n wi% to expla9 m ?r\gh fe> ( compromis+ himself1 b t he really approv$ ( ! plan4 ,sir ,isaac1 he goes on to say1 repeat$ ^w = ^w :at ,:i/on _h said4 ,?is is ! "p ( ,mr4 ,newton's conduct :i* ,m4 ,biot has describ$ z pu]ile1 & 8t5d+ to confirm ! fact ( ! ab]ration ( 8 intellect 9 #afic40 ,be=e we c admit su* a c5sure we mu/ be satisfi$ ) ! correctness ( ,:i/on's /atem5t4 ,newton's pap] is p]fectly intelligible1 & we may easily und]/& h[ he might h approv$ ( ,mr4 ,ditton's plan z +5i\s & practicable "u p>ticul> circum/ances1 ?\gh he did n ?9k x ( t p>am\nt importance :i* w\ld h au?oriz$ ! ,h\se ( ,commons to di/+ui% x by a p>liam5t>y rew>d4 ,! conflict betwe5 public duty & a disposition to promote ! int]e/s ( ,mr4 ,:i/on & ,mr4 ,ditton 0 no d\bt ! cause ( t emb>rassm5t ( mann] :i* ! =m] ( ^! ma!maticians has s unk9dly br\ght be=e ! public4 ,,*apt] ,,xv4 ,respect 9 :i* ,newton 0 held at ! ,c\rt ( ,george ,i4--,! ,pr9cess ( ,wales delight$ ) 8 ,conv]sation--,leibnitz endeav\rs to prejudice ! ,pr9cess aga9/ ,sir ,isaac & ,locke-- ,controv]sy occasion$ by 8 ,conduct--,! ,pr9cess obta9s a ,manuscript ,ab/ract ( 8 ,sy/em ( ,*ronology--,! ,abb ,conti is1 at h] reque/1 all[$ to take a ,copy ( x on ! promise ( ,secresy--,he pr9ts x surreptiti\sly 9 ,fr5*1 accompani$ ) a ,refutation by ,m4 ,fr]et--,sir ,isaac's ,def5ce ( 8 ,sy/em--,fa!r ,s\ciet attacks x--& is answ]$ by ,dr4 ,halley--,sir ,isaac's l>g] ,"w on ,*ronology publi%$ aft] 8 ,dea?--,op9ions respect+ x-- ,sir ,isaac's ,pap] on ! ,=m ( ! mo/ anci5t ,ye>4 ,on ! accession ( ,george ,i4 to ! ,briti% ?rone 9 #agad1 ,sir ,isaac ,newton became an object ( int]e/ at c\rt4 ,8 high situation "u gov]nm5t1 8 spl5did reputation1 8 spotless "*1 &1 above all1 8 unaffect$ piety attract$ ! att5tion ( ! ,pr9cess ( ,wales1 aft]w>d que5-consort to ,george ,,ii4 ,?is lady1 :o possess$ a highly cultivat$ m9d1 d]iv$ ! greate/ pleasure f conv]s+ ) ,newton & correspond+ ) ,leibnitz4 ,9 all h] difficulties1 %e receiv$ f ,sir ,isaac t in=mation & assi/ance :i* %e _h else:]e s\ght 9 va91 & %e 0 (t5 he>d to decl>e 9 public t %e ?\ght h]self =tunate 9 liv+ at a "t :i* enabl$ h] to enjoy ! conv]sation ( s great a g5ius4 ,b :ile ,newton 0 ?us e/eem$ by ! h\se ( ,hanov]1 ,leibnitz1 8 great rival1 endeav\r$ to weak5 & und]m9e 8 influ5ce4 ,9 8 correspond5ce ) ! pr9cess1 he repres5t$ ! ,newtonian philosophy1 n only z physically false1 b z injuri\s to ! int]e/s ( religion4 ,he ass]t$ t natural religion 0 rapidly decl9+ 9 ,engl&1 & he support$ ?is position by ref]r+ to ! works ( ,locke1 & to ! beautiful & pi\s s5tim5ts conta9$ 9 ! #bh? qu]y at ! end ( ! ,optics4 ,he repres5t$ ! pr9ciples ( ^! great m5 z precisely ! same ) ^? ( ! mat]iali/s1 & ?us endeav\r$ to degrade ! "* ( ,engli% philosoph]s4 ,^! attacks ( ,leibnitz became subjects ( conv]sation at c\rt1 & :5 !y rea*$ ! e> ( ! k+1 8 maje/y express$ 8 expectation t ,sir ,isaac ,newton w\ld draw up a reply4 ,he accord+ly ent]$ ! li/s on ! ma!matical "p ( ! controv]sy1 & left ! philosophical "p ( x to ,dr4 ,cl>ke1 :o 0 a full mat* = ! ,g]man philosoph]4 ,! correspond5ce :i* ?us took place 0 c>efully p]us$ by ! pr9cess1 & f ! e/imation 9 :i* ,sir ,isaac cont9u$ to be held1 we may inf] t ! views ( ! ,engli% philosoph] 7 n v remote f h] own4 ,:5 ,sir ,isaac 0 "o day conv]s+ ) h] royal highness on "s po9ts ( anci5t hi/ory1 he 0 l$ to m5tion to h]1 & to expla91 a new sy/em ( *ronology :i* he compos$ dur+ 8 resid5ce at ,cambridge1 :]e he 0 9 ! habit1 z he himself expresses x1 8( refre%+ himself ) hi/ory & *ronology :5 he 0 we>y ) o!r /udies40 ,! pr9cess 0 s mu* pleas$ ) 8 +5i\s sy/em1 t %e subsequ5tly1 9 ! ye> #agah1 s5t a message by ! ,abb ,conti to ,sir ,isaac1 reque/+ him to speak ) h]1 & %e1 on ?is occasion1 reque/$ a copy ( ! int]e/+ "w :i* conta9$ 8 sy/em ( *ronology4 ,sir ,isaac in=m$ h] t x exi/$ m]ely 9 sep>ate pap]s1 :i* 7 n only 9 a /ate ( confusion1 b :i* conta9$ a v imp]fect view ( ! subject1 & he promis$1 9 a few days1 to draw up an ab/ract ( x = h] own private use1 & on ! condition t x %\ld n be communicat$ to any o!r p]son4 ,"s "t aft] ! pr9cess receiv$ ! manuscript1 %e reque/$ t ! ,abb ,conti might be all[$ to h a copy ( x4 ,sir ,isaac grant$ ?is reque/1 & ! ,abb 0 in=m$ t he receiv$ a copy ( ! manuscript ) ,sir ,isaac's leave1 & at ! pr9cess's reque/1 & t x 0 to be kept secret4#ic ,! manuscript :i* 0 ?us ra%ly put into ! h&s ( a =eign] 0 entitl$ 8,a ,%ort ,*ronicle f ! ,fir/ ,memory ( ,?+s 9 ,europe to ! ,conque/ ( ,p]sia by ,alex&] ! ,great40 ,x consi/s ( ab\t tw5ty-f\r qu>to pr9t$ pages1#id ) an introduction ( f\r pages1 9 :i* ,sir ,isaac /ates t he 8does n pret5d to be exact to a ye>1 t !re may be errors ( five or t5 ye>s1 & sometimes tw5ty1 b n mu* above40 ,! ,abb ,conti kept 8 promise ( secrecy dur+ 8 resid5ce 9 ,engl&1 b he no soon] rea*$ ,p>is ?an he communicat$ x to ,m4 ,fr]et1 a le>n$ antiqu>ian1 :o n only translat$ x1 b drew up obs]vations ^u x = ! purpose ( refut+ "s ( its pr9cipal results4 ,sir ,isaac 0 unacqua9t$ ) ?is transaction till he 0 in=m$ ( x by ! ,fr5* booksell]1 ,m4 ,cavali]1 :o reque/$ 8 leave to publi% x1 & *>g$ "o ( 8 fri5ds 9 ,london to procure ,sir ,isaac's answ]1 :i* 0 z foll[s3-- 8,i rememb] t ,i wrote a ,*ronological index = a p>ticul> fri5d1 on condition t x %\ld n be communicat$4 ,z ,i h n se5 ! manuscript :i* y h "u my "n1 ,i "k n :e!r x be ! same4 ,t :i* ,i wrote 0 n at all done ) design to publi% x4 ,i int5d n to m$dle ) t :i* ha? be5 giv5 y "u my "n1 nor to give any cons5t to ! publi%+ ( x4--,i am y\r v humble s]vant1 8,,isaac ,,newton4 8,london1 ,may #bg?1 #agbe1 ,o4 ,s40 ,be=e ?is lett] 0 writt51 viz4 on ! #ba/ ,may1 ! booksell] _h receiv$ ! royal privilege = pr9t+ ! "w2 & :5 x 0 complet$1 he s5t a copy 9 a pres5t to ,sir ,isaac1 :o receiv$ x on ! #aa? ,novemb]1 #agbe4 ,x 0 entitl$1 ,abreg de ,*ronologie de ,m4 ,le ,*evali] ,newton1 fait p> lui-meme1 et traduit sur le manuscript ,anglais1 & 0 accompani$ ) obs]vations by ,m4 ,fr]et1#ie ! object ( :i* 0 to refute ! lead+ po9ts ( ! sy/em4#if ,an adv]tisem5t 0 prefix$ to x1 9 :i* ! booksell] def5ds himself = pr9t+ x )\t ! au?or's leave1 on ! gr\nd t he _h writt5 ?ree lett]s to obta9 p]mission1 & _h decl>$ t he w\ld take ,sir ,isaac's sil5ce = cons5t4 ,:5 ,sir ,isaac receiv$ ?is "w1 he drew up a pap] entitl$1 ,rem>ks on ! ,obs]vations made on a ,*ronological ,index ( ,sir ,isaac ,newton1 translat$ into ,fr5* by ! ,obs]vator1 & publi%$ at ,p>is1 :i* 0 pr9t$ 9 ! ,philosophical ,transactions = #agbe4ig ,9 ?is pap] ,sir ,isaac gives a hi/ory ( ! transaction1--*>ges ! ,abb ,conti ) a brea* ( promise1 & blames ! publi%] = hav+ ask$ 8 leave to pr9t ! translation )\t s5d+ him a copy = 8 p]usal1 )\t acqua9t+ him ) ! "n ( ! translator1 & )\t ann\nc+ 8 int5tion ( pr9t+ along ) x a refutation ( ! orig9al4 ,! obs]vations made by ! translator aga9/ ! conclusions d$uc$ by ! au?or 7 f\nd$ on an imp]fect k ( ,sir ,isaac's sy/em2 & !y are s speci\s1 t ,halley himself confesses t he 0 at fir/ prejudic$ 9 fav\r ( ! obs]vations1 tak+ ! calculations = grant$1 & n hav+ se5 ,sir ,isaac's "w4 ,to all ! obs]vations ( ,m4 ,fr]et ,sir ,isaac return$ a triumphant answ]4 ,?is presumptu\s antiqu>y _h v5tur$ to /ate at ! end ( 8 obs]vations1 8t he believ$ he _h /at$ en\gh conc]n+ ! epo*s ( ! ,argonauts1 & ! l5g? ( g5]ations1 to make p cauti\s ab\t ! re/2 = ^! are ! two f\ndations ( all ?is new sy/em ( *ronology40 ,he f\nds 8 argum5ts aga9/ ! epo*s ( ! ,argonauts1 z fix$ by our au?or1 on ! supposition t ,sir ,isaac places ! v]nal equ9ox at ! "t ( ! ,argonautic exp$ition 9 ! middle ( ! sign ( ,aries1 :]eas ,sir ,isaac places x 9 ! middle ( ! con/ellation1--a po9t correspond+ ) ! middle ( ! back ( ,aries1 or #h f ! fir/ /> ( ,aries4 ,?is position ( ! colure is assign$ on ! au?ority ( ,eudoxus1 z giv5 by ,hipp>*us1 :o says t ! colure pass$ ov] ! back ( ,aries4 ,sett+ out ) ?is mi/ake1 ,m4 ,fr]et concludes t ! ,argonautic exp$ition took place #ecb ye>s e>li] ?an ,sir ,isaac made x4 ,8 second objection to ! new sy/em relates to ! l5g? ( g5]ations1 :i* he says is made only #ah or #bj ye>s4 ,sir ,isaac1 on ! contr>y1 reckons a g5]ation at #cc ye>s1 or #c g5]ations at #ajj2 & x 0 ! l5g?s ( ! reigns ( k+s t he made #ah or #bj ye>s4 ,?is d$uction he f\nds on ! reigns ( #fd ,fr5* k+s4 ,n[1 ! anci5t ,greeks & ,egyptians reckon$ ! l5g? ( a reign equal to t ( a g5]ation2 & x 0 by correct+ ?is mi/ake1 & adopt+ a measure f\nd$ on fact1 t ,sir ,isaac plac$ ! ,argonautic exp$ition =ty-f\r ye>s aft] ! dea? ( ,solomon1 & fix$ "s ( ! o!r po9ts ( 8 sy/em4 ,?is answ] ( ,sir ,isaac's to ! objections ( ,fr]et call$ into ! field a fre% antagoni/1 ,fa!r ,s\ciet1 :o publi%$ five diss]tations on ! new *ronology4 ,^! diss]tations 7 writt5 9 a tone highly repreh5sible2 & ! fri5ds ( ,sir ,isaac1 be+ appreh5sive t ! mann] 9 :i* 8 sy/em 0 attack$ w\ld affect him m ?an ! argum5ts !mselves1 prevail$ ^u a fri5d to draw up an ab/ract ( ,s\ciet's objections1 /ripp$ ( ! 8extraord9>y ornam5ts ) :i* !y 7 clo!d40 ,! p]usal ( ^! objections _h no o!r effect ^u him ?an to conv9ce him ( ! ignorance ( _! au?or2 & he 0 induc$ to read ! entire "w1 :i* produc$ no *ange 9 8 op9ion4 ,9 consequ5ce ( ^! discussions1 ,sir ,isaac 0 prevail$ ^u to prep>e 8 l>g] "w = ! press4 ,he _h ne>ly complet$ x at ! "t ( 8 dea?1 & x 0 publi%$ 9 #agbh1 "u ! title ( ,! ,*ronology ( ,anci5t ,k+doms am5d$1 to :i* is prefix$ a %ort ,*ronicle1 f ! fir/ memory ( ,?+s 9 ,europe to ! ,conque/ ( ,p]sia by ,alex&] ! ,great4 ,x 0 d$icat$ to ! que5 by ,mr4 ,conduit1 & consi/s ( six *apt]s3 #a4 ,on ! ,*ronology ( ! ,greeks2#ih #b4 ,( ! ,empire ( ,egypt2 #c4 ,( ! ,assyrian ,empire2 #d4 ,( ! two contempor>y ,empires ( ! ,babylonians & ,m$es2 #e4 ,a ,description ( ! ,temple ( ,solomon2 #f4 ,( ! ,empire ( ! ,p]sians4 ,! six? *apt] 0 n copi$ out ) ! o!r five1 :i* makes x d\btful :e!r or n x 0 int5d$ = publication2 b z x 0 f\nd among 8 pap]s1 & appe>$ to be a cont9uation ( ! same "w1 x 0 ?\ght "r to add x to ! o!r five *apt]s4#ii ,aft] ! dea? ( ,newton1 ,dr4 ,halley1 :o _h n yet se5 ! l>g] "w1 felt himself call$ ^u1 bo? z a/ronom]-royal & z ! fri5d ( ! au?or1 to reply to ! fir/ & la/ diss]tations ( ,fa!r ,s\ciet1 :i* 7 *iefly a/ronomical2 & 9 two pap]s pr9t$ 9 ! ,philosophical ,transactions = #agbg1ajj he has done ?is 9 a mo/ conv9c+ & le>n$ argum5t4 ,among ! support]s ( ! views ( ,newton1 we may enum]ate ,dr4 ,reid1 ,nauze1 & "s o!r writ]s2 & among its oppon5ts1 ,m4 ,fr]et1 :o left beh9d him a po/hum\s "w on ! subject1 ,m4 ,f\rmond1 ,mr4 ,a4 ,b$=d1 ,dr4 ,%uck=d1 ,dr4 ,middleton1 ,:i/on1 & ! late ,m4 ,delambre4 ,! object ( ,m4 ,f\rmond is to %[ ! unc]ta9ty ( ! a/ronomical argum5t1 aris+ on ! "o h& f ! vague acc\nt ( ! anci5t sph]e z giv5 by ,hipp>*us2 &1 on ! o!r1 f ! extreme rud5ess ( anci5t a/ronomical obs]vations4 ,delambre has tak5 a simil> view ( ! subject3 he reg>ds ! obs]vations ( anci5t a/ronom]s z too incorrect to =m ! basis ( a sy/em ( *ronology2 & he ma9ta9s1 t if we admit ! accuracy ( ! details 9 ! sph]e ( ,eudoxus1 & suppose !m all to belong to ! same epo*1 all ! />s :i* x conta9s ought at t epo* to be f\nd 9 ! place :]e !y are m>k$1 & we might !nce v]ify ! accuracy1 & asc]ta9 ! /ate ( ! obs]vations4 ,x foll[s1 h[ev]1 f su* an exam9ation1 t ! sph]e w\ld indicate almo/ z _m diff]5t epo*s z x conta9s />s4 ,"s ( !m ev5 _h n1 9 ! "t ( ,eudoxus1 arriv$ at ! position :i* _h be5 = a long "t attribut$ to !m1 & w n ev5 rea* x = ?ree hundr$ ye>s to come1 & on ?is acc\nt he consid]s x impossible to d$uce any *ronological conclusions f su* a rude mass ( errors4 ,b h[ev] well-f\nd$ ^! obs]vations may be1 we agree 9 op9ion ) ,m4 ,daun\1#aja 8t !y are n suffici5t to e/abli% a new sy/em1 & we mu/ reg>d ! sy/em ( ,newton z a great fact 9 ! hi/ory ( *ronological sci5ce1 & z confirm+ ! obs]vation ( ,v>ro1 t ! /age ( hi/ory does n comm5ce till ! fir/ ,olympiad40 ,among ! *ronological writ+s ( ,sir ,isaac ,newton we mu/ enum]ate 8 lett] to a p]son ( di/9ction :o _h desir$ 8 op9ion ( ! le>n$ ,bi%op ,lloyd's hypo!sis conc]n+ ! =m ( ! mo/ anci5t ye>4 ,?is hypo!sis 0 s5t by ! ,bi%op ( ,worce/] to ,dr4 ,prideaux4 ,sir ,isaac rem>ks1 t x is fill$ ) _m excell5t obs]vations on ! anci5t ye>2 b he does n 8f9d x prov$ t any anci5t nations us$ a ye> ( twelve mon?s & #cfj days )\t correct+ x f "t to "t by ! lum9>ies1 to make ! mon?s keep to ! c\rse ( ! moon1 & ! ye> to ! c\rse ( ! sun1 & returns ( ! seasons & fruits ( ! e>?40 ,aft] exam9+ ! ye>s ( all ! nations ( antiquity1 he concludes1 8t no o!r ye>s are to be met ) among ! anci5ts b su* z 7 ei!r luni-sol>1 or sol> or lun>1 or ! cal5d>s ( ^! ye>s40 ,a practical ye>1 he adds1 ( #cfj days is none ( ^!4 ,! beg9n+ ( su* a ye> w\ld h run r\nd ! f\r seasons 9 sev5ty ye>s1 & su* a notable revolution w\ld h be5 m5tion$ 9 hi/ory1 & is n to be ass]t$ )\t prov+ x4#ajb ,,*apt] ,,xvi4 ,!ological ,/udies ( ,sir ,isaac--,_! ,importance to ,*ri/ianity-- ,motives to :i* !y h be5 ascrib$--,op9ions ( ,biot & ,laplace consid]$--,8 ,!ological ,rese>*es begun be=e 8 suppos$ ,m5tal ,illness--,! ,date ( ^! ,works fix$--,lett]s to ,locke--,acc\nt ( 8 ,obs]vations on ,prophecy--,8 ,hi/orical ,acc\nt ( two notable ,corruptions ( ,scripture--,8 ,lexicon ,propheticum--,8 ,f\r ,lett]s to ,dr4 ,b5tley--,orig9 ( ,newton's ,!ological ,/udies--,analogy betwe5 ! ,book ( ,nature & t ( ,revelation4 ,! hi/ory ( ! !ological /udies ( ,sir ,isaac ,newton w ev] be reg>d$ z "o ( ! mo/ int]e/+ portions ( 8 life4 ,t he :o among all ! individuals ( 8 species possess$ ! highe/ intellectual p[]s 0 n only a le>n$ & pr(\nd div9e1 b a firm believ] 9 ! great doctr9es ( religion1 is "o ( ! pr\de/ triumphs ( ! ,*ri/ian fai?4 ,_h he di/+ui%$ himself only by an ext]nal respect = ! (fices & duties ( religion2 & _h he left m]ely 9 8 la/ words an ackn[l$gm5t ( 8 fai?1 8 piety w\ld h be5 reg>d$ z a prud5t submission to popul> feel+1 & 8 la/ aspirations w\ld h be5 ascrib$ to ! decay or to ! ext9ction ( 8 transc5d5t p[]s4 ,b he _h be5 a ,*ri/ian f 8 y\?1 & ?\gh nev] int5d$ = ! *ur*1 yet he int]*ang$ ! /udy ( ! ,scriptures ) t ( ! laws ( ! mat]ial univ]se2 & f ! exam9ation ( ! works ( ! ,supreme ,creator he f\nd x to be no abrupt transition to inve/igate ! revelation ( 8 w1 & to contemplate ! immortal de/9ies ( mank9d4 ,b :5 ! religi\s habits ( ,sir ,isaac ,newton c\ld n be ascrib$ to an ambition ( popul>ity1 to ! influ5ce ( weak heal?1 or to ! =ce ( pr(essional impulse1 x became necess>y = ! apo/les ( infidelity to ref] x to "s extraord9>y cause4 ,8 suppos$ insanity 0 !re=e eag]ly seiz$ ^u by "s z af=d+ a plausible orig9 = 8 religi\s pr9ciples2 :ile o!rs1 )\t any view ( support+ ! cause ( skepticism1 ascrib$ 8 !ological rese>*es to ! habits ( ! age 9 :i* he liv$1 & to a desire ( promot+ political lib]ty1 by turn+ aga9/ ! abett]s ( despotism ^? p[]ful weapons :i* ! ,scriptures suppli$4 ,! anxiety ev9c$ by ,m4 de ,laplace to ref] 8 religi\s writ+s to a late p]iod ( 8 life seems to h be5 felt also by ,m4 ,biot1 :o has gone s f> z to fix ! v date ( "o ( 8 mo/ important works1 & ?us to e/abli% ! suspicions ( 8 colleague4 8,f ! nature ( ! subject10#ajc says he1 8& f c]ta9 indications :i* ,newton seems to give at ! beg9n+ ( 8 diss]tation1 we may conjecture ) probability t he compos$ x at ! "t :5 ! errors ( ,:i/on1 & a "w ( ,dr4 ,cl>ke on ! same subject1 drew ^u !m ! attacks ( all ! !ologians ( ,engl&1 :i* w\ld place ! date betwe5 ! ye>s #agab & #agai4 ,x w\ld !n be truly a prodigy to rem>k1 t a man ( f sev5ty-two to sev5ty-five ye>s ( age 0 able to compose1 rapidly1 z he leads u to believe1 s ext5sive a piece ( sacr$ criticism1 ( lit]>y hi/ory1 & ev5 ( bibliography1 :]e an erudition ! mo/ va/1 ! mo/ v>i$1 & ! mo/ ready always supports an argum5t well arrang$ & p[]fully comb9$4 99 99 99 ,at ?is epo* ( ! life ( ,newton ! read+ ( religi\s books _h become "o ( 8 mo/ habitual occupations1 & aft] he _h p]=m$ ! duties ( 8 (fice1 !y =m$1 along ) ! conv]sation ( 8 fri5ds1 8 pr9cipal amusem5t4 ,he _h !n almo/ ceas$ to c>e = ! sci5ces1 &1 z we h already rem>k$1 s9ce ! fatal epo* ( #afic1 he gave to ! _w only ?ree really new sci5tific productions40 ,not)/&+ ! prodigy :i* x involves1 ,m4 ,biot has adopt$ #agab-agai z ! date ( ?is critical diss]tation2--x is reg>d$ z ! composition ( a man ( sev5ty-two or sev5ty-five2--! read+ ( religi\s works is /at$ to h become "o ( 8 mo/ habitual occupations1 & su* read+ is said to h be5 "o ( 8 pr9cipal amusem5ts2 & all ?is is associat$ ) 8! fatal epo* ( #afic10 z if 8 illness at t "t _h be5 ! cause ( 8 ab&on+ sci5ce & betak+ himself to !ology4 ,c>ry+ on ! same views1 ,m4 ,biot asks1 9 ref]5ce to ,sir ,isaac's "w on ,prophecy1 8,h[ a m9d ( ! "* & =ce ( ,newton's1 s habituat$ to ! sev]ity ( ma!matical consid]ations1 s ex]cis$ 9 ! obs]vation ( real ph5om5a1 & s well aw>e ( ! conditions by :i* tru? is to be discov]$1 c\ld put toge!r su* a numb] ( conjectures )\t notic+ ! extreme improbability ( 8 int]pretations f ! inf9ite numb] ( arbitr>y po/ulates on :i* he has f\nd$ !m80 ,we w\ld apply ! same "q to ! reason+ by :i* ,m4 ,biot fixes ! date ( ! critical diss]tation2 & we w\ld ask h[ s em95t a philosoph] c\ld haz>d su* frivol\s conjectures ^u a subject on :i* he _h n a s+le fact to guide 8 inquiries4 ,! obvi\s t5d5cy1 ?\gh n ! design1 ( ! conclusion at :i* he arrives is injuri\s to ! memory ( ,newton1 z well z to ! int]e/s ( religion2 & ^! consid]ations might h *eck$ ! tem]ity ( speculation1 ev5 if x _h be5 f\nd$ on bett] data4 ,! ,newtonian int]pretation ( ! ,prophecies1 & especially t "p :i* ,m4 ,biot *>act]izes z unhappily /amp$ ) ! _s ( prejudice1 has be5 adopt$ by m5 ( ! s\nde/ & mo/ unprejudic$ m9ds2 & 9 addition to ! moral & hi/orical evid5ce by :i* x is support$1 x may yet be exhibit$ 9 all ! fulness ( demon/ration4 ,b ! speculation ( ,biot respect+ ! date ( ,newton's !ological works 0 nev] ma9ta9$ by any o!r p]son ?an himself1 & is capable ( be+ disprov$ by ! mo/ incontrov]tible evid5ce4 ,we h already se51 9 ! extract f ,mr4 ,pryme's manuscript1 t previ\s to #afib1 :5 a %ade is suppos$ to h pass$ ov] 8 gift$ m9d1 ,newton 0 well kn[n by ! appellation ( an 8excell5t div9e10--a "* :i* c\ld n h be5 acquir$ )\t ! devotion ( _m ye>s to !ological rese>*es2 b1 important z ?is argum5t w\ld h be51 we are =tunately n left to s g5]al a def5ce4 ,! correspond5ce ( ,newton ) ,locke1 rec5tly publi%$ by ,"l ,k+1 places x beyond a d\bt t he _h begun 8 rese>*es respect+ ! ,prophecies be=e ! ye> #afia1--;be=e ! =ty-n9? ye> ( 8 age1 & be=e ! 8fatal epo* ( #afic40 ,! foll[+ lett] %[s t he _h previ\sly discuss$ ?is subject ) 8 fri5d3-- ,cambridge1 ,feb4 #g1 #afij-a4 8,,sir1 8,i am sorry y\r j\rney prov$ to s little purpose1 ?\gh x deliv]$ y f ! tr\ble ( ! company ! day aft]4 ,y h oblig$ me by m5tion+ me to my fri5ds at ,london1 & ,i mu/ ?ank bo? y & my ,lady ,ma%am = y\r civilities at ,oates1 & = n ?9k+ t ,i made a long /ay !re4 ,i hope we %all meet aga9 9 due "t1 & !n ,i %\ld be glad to h y\r judgm5t ^u "s ( my my/ical fancies4 ,! ,son ( ,man1 ,dan4 vii4 ,i take to be ! same ) ! ,^w ( ,god ^u ! ,:ite ,horse 9 ,heav51 ,apoc4 xii41 = bo? are to rule ! nations ) a rod ( iron2 b :5ce are y c]ta9 t ! ,anci5t ( ,days is ,*ri/8 ,does ,*ri/ any:]e sit ^u ! ?rone8 ,if ,sir ,francis ,ma%am be at ,oates1 pres5t1 ,i pray1 my s]vice to him1 ) 8 lady1 ,mrs4 ,cudwor?1 & ,mrs4 ,ma%am4 ,dr4 ,covel is n 9 ,cambridge4--,i am y\r affectionate & humble s]vant1 8,,is4 ,,newton4 8,"k y ! mean+ ( ,dan4 x4 #ba4 ,!re is none t holde? ) me 9 ^! ?+s b ,mi*4 ! pr9ce40 ,hav+ ?us det]m9$ ! date ( ^? inve/igations :i* con/itute 8 obs]vations on ! prophecies ( holy writ1 p>ticul>ly ! prophecies ( ,daniel & ! ,apocalypse1 we %all proce$ to fix ! late/ date ( 8 hi/orical acc\nt ( two notable corruptions ( ! ,scripture1 9 a lett] to a fri5d4 ,?is "w seems to h be5 a v e>ly production ( our au?or4 ,x 0 writt5 9 ! =m ( a lett] to ,mr4 ,locke1 & at t "t ,sir ,isaac seems to h be5 anxi\s = its publication4 ,afraid1 h[ev]1 ( be+ aga9 l$ into a controv]sy1 & dread+ ! intol]ance to :i* he might be expos$1 he reque/$ ,mr4 ,locke1 :o 0 at t "t m$itat+ a voyage to ,holl&1 to get x translat$ into ,fr5*1 & publi%$ on ! ,cont95t4 ,hav+ ab&on$ 8 design ( visit+ ,holl&1 ,locke transmitt$ ! manuscript1 )\t ,newton's "n1 to 8 le>n$ fri5d ,m4 ,le ,cl]c1 9 ,holl&2 & x appe>s1 f a lett] ( ,le ,cl]c's to ,locke1 t he mu/ h receiv$ x be=e ! #aa? ,april1 #afia4 ,m4 ,le ,cl]c delay$ = a long "t to take any /eps reg>d+ its publication2 b 9 a lett] dat$ ,janu>y #bj?1 #afib1 he ann\nc$ to ,locke 8 int5tion ( publi%+ ! tract 9 ,lat94 ,:5 ?is plan 0 communicat$ to ,sir ,isaac1 he became al>m$ at ! risk ( detection1 & resolv$ to /op ! publication ( 8 manuscript4 ,?is resolution 0 intimat$ to ,mr4 ,locke 9 ! foll[+ lett]3 ,cambridge1 ,feb4 #af?1 #afia-b4 8,,sir1 8,y\r =m] lett]s came n to my h&1 b ?is ,i h4 ,i 0 ( op9ion my pap]s _h la9 /ill1 & am sorry to he> !re is news ab\t !m4 ,let me entreat y to /op _! translation & impression s soon z y c2 = ,i design to suppress !m4 ,if y\r fri5d ha? be5 at any pa9s & *>ge1 ,i w repay x1 & gratify him4 ,i am v glad my ,"l ,monm\? is till my fri5d1 b int5d n to give 8 lord%ip & y any f>!r tr\ble4 ,my incl9ations are to sit /ill4 ,i am to beg 8 lord%ip's p>don = press+ into 8 company ! la/ "t ,i saw him4 ,i _h n done x1 b t ,mr4 ,paul9 press$ me into ! room4 ,miracles1 ( good cr$it1 cont9u$ 9 ! *ur* = ab\t two or ?ree hundr$ ye>s4 ,gregorius ,?aumaturgus _h 8 "n f !nce1 & 0 "o ( ! late/ :o 0 em95t = t gift2 b ( _! numb] & frequ5cy ,i am n able to give y a j acc\nt4 ,! hi/ory ( ^? ages is v imp]fect4 ,mr4 ,paul9 told me y _h writ = "s ( ,mr4 ,boyle's r$ e>?1 & by t ,i knew y _h ! receipt4--,y\r mo/ affectionate & humble s]vant1 8,,is4 ,,newton40 ,h5ce we see t ?is celebrat$ treatise1 :i* ,biot alleges to h be5 writt5 betwe5 #agab & #agai1 0 actually 9 ! h&s ( ,le ,cl]c 9 ,holl& previ\s to ! #aa? ,april1 #afia1 & consequ5tly previ\s to ! "t ( ! suppos$ insanity ( its au?or4 ,mr4 ,locke lo/ no "t 9 obey+ ! reque/ ( 8 fri5d4 ,le ,cl]c in/antly /opp$ ! publication ( ! lett]1 &1 z he _h nev] le>n$ ! "n ( ! au?or1 he deposit$ ! manuscript1 :i* 0 9 ! h&writ+ ( ,mr4 ,locke1 9 ! libr>y ( ! ,remon/rants1 :]e x 0 aft]w>d f\nd1 & 0 publi%$ at ,london 9 #aged1 "u ! title ( ,two lett]s f ,sir ,isaac ,newton to ,m4 ,le ,cl]c1--a =m :i* _h nev] be5 giv5 to x by its au?or4 ,! copy ?us publi%$ 0 a v imp]fect "o1 want+ bo? ! beg9n+#ajd & ! end1 & errone\s 9 _m places2 b ,dr4 ,horsley has publi%$ a g5u9e edition1 :i* has ! =m ( a s+le lett] to a fri5d1 & 0 copi$ f a manuscript 9 ,sir ,isaac ,newton's h&writ+1 9 ! possession ( ! ,rev4 ,dr4 ,ek9s1 ,dean ( ,c>lisle4 ,hav+ ?us det]m9$ z accurately z possible ! dates ( ! pr9cipal !ological writ+s ( ,sir ,isaac1 we %all n[ proce$ to give "s acc\nt ( _! cont5ts4 ,! ,obs]vations on ! ,prophecies ( ,daniel & ! ,apocalypse ( ,/4 ,john 7 publi%$ 9 ,london 9 #agcc1 9 "o volume #dto4 ,! "w is divid$ into two p>ts1 ! fir/ ( :i* treats ( ! ,prophecies ( ,daniel1 & ! second ( ! ,apocalypse ( ,/4 ,john4 ,x beg9s ) an acc\nt ( ! diff]5t books :i* compose ! ,old ,te/am5t2 & z ! au?or consid]s ,daniel to be ! mo/ di/9ct 9 ! ord] ( "t1 & ! easie/ to be und]/ood1 he makes him ! key to all ! prophetic books 9 ^? matt]s :i* relate to ! 8la/ "t40 ,he next consid]s ! figurative language ( ! prophets1 :i* he reg>ds z tak5 8f ! analogy betwe5 ! _w natural & an empire or k+dom consid]$ z a _w politic20 ! heav5s & ! ?+s !re9 repres5t+ ?rones & dyna/ies2 ! e>?1 ) ! ?+s !re91 ! inf]ior p2 & ! l[e/ p>ts ( ! e>? ! mo/ mis]able ( ! p4 ,! sun is put = ! :ole race ( k+s1 ! moon = ! body ( ! common p1 & ! />s = subord9ate pr9ces & rul]s4 ,9 ! e>?1 ! dry l& & ! wat]s are put = ! p ( sev]al nations4 ,animals & vegetables are also put = ! p ( sev]al regions4 ,:5 a bea/ or man is put = a k+dom1 8 p>ts & qualities are put = ! analog\s p>ts & qualities ( ! k+dom2 & :5 a man is tak5 9 a my/ical s5se1 8 qualities are (t5 signifi$ by 8 actions1 & by ! circum/ances & ?+s ab\t him4 ,9 apply+ ^! pr9ciples he beg9s ) ! vision ( ! image compos$ ( f\r diff]5t metals4 ,?is image he consid]s z repres5t+ a body ( f\r great nations :i* %\ld reign 9 succession ov] ! e>?1 viz4 ! p ( ,babylonia1 ! ,p]sians1 ! ,greeks1 & ! ,romans2 :ile ! /one cut out )\t h&s is a new k+dom :i* %\ld arise aft] ! f\r1 conqu] all ^? nations1 become v great1 & endure to ! end ( "t4 ,! vision ( ! f\r bea/s is ! prophecy ( ! f\r empires repeat$1 ) sev]al new additions4 ,! lion ) eagles' w+s 0 ! k+dom ( ,babylon & ,m$ia1 :i* ov]?rew ! ,assyrian p[]4 ,! bea/ l a be> 0 ! ,p]sian empire1 & its ?ree ribs 7 ! k+doms ( ,s>dis1 ,babylon1 & ,egypt4 ,! ?ird bea/1 l a leop>d1 0 ! ,greek empire1 & its f\r heads & f\r w+s 7 ! k+doms ( ,cass&]1 ,lysima*us1 ,ptolemy1 & ,seleucus4 ,! f\r? bea/1 ) its great iron tee?1 0 ! ,roman empire1 & its t5 horns 7 ! t5 k+doms into :i* x 0 brok5 9 ! reign ( ,!odosius ! ,great4 ,9 ! fif? *apt] ,sir ,isaac treats ( ! k+doms repres5t$ by ! feet ( ! image compos$ ( iron & clay :i* did n /ick to "o ano!r1 & :i* 7 ( diff]5t /r5g?4 ,^! 7 ! ,go?ic tribes call$ ,o/rogo?s1 ,visigo?s1 ,v&als1 ,gepid1 ,lomb>ds1 ,burgundians1 ,alans1 c42 all ( :om _h ! same mann]s & cu/oms1 & spoke ! same language1 & :o1 ab\t ! ye> #daf ,a4 ,c4 7 all quietly settl$ 9 sev]al k+doms )9 ! empire1 n only by conque/1 b by grants ( emp]or4 ,9 ! six? *apt] he treats ( ! t5 k+doms repres5t$ by ! t5 horns ( ! f\r? bea/1 into :i* ! we/]n empire became divid$ ab\t ! "t :5 ,rome 0 besieg$ & tak5 by ! ,go?s4 ,^! k+doms 71 #a4 ,! k+dom ( ! ,v&als & ,alans 9 ,spa9 & ,africa4 #b4 ,! k+dom ( ,suevians 9 ,spa94 #c4 ,! k+dom ( ! ,visigo?s4 #d4 ,! k+dom ( ! ,alans 9 ,gaul4 #e4 ,! k+dom ( ! ,burgundians4 #f4 ,! k+dom ( ! ,franks4 #g4 ,! k+dom ( ! ,brita9s4 #h4 ,! k+dom ( ! ,huns4 #i4 ,! k+dom ( ! ,lomb>ds4 #aj4 ,! k+dom ( ,rav5na4 ,"s ( ^! k+doms at l5g? fell1 & new ones sprung up2 b :atev] 0 _! subsequ5t numb]1 !y /ill reta9 ! "n ( ! t5 k+s f _! fir/ numb]4 ,! elev5? horn ( ,daniel's f\r? bea/ is %[n 9 *apt] vii4 to be ! ,*ur* ( ,rome 9 its triple "* ( a se]1 a prophet1 & a k+2 & its p[] to *ange times & laws is copi\sly illu/rat$ 9 *apt] viii4 ,9 ! n9? *apt] our au?or treats ( ! k+dom repres5t$ 9 ,daniel by ! ram & he-goat1 ! ram indicat+ ! k+dom ( ! ,m$es & ,p]sians f ! beg9n+ ( ! f\r empires1 & ! he-goat ! k+dom ( ! ,greeks to ! end ( !m4 ,! prophecy ( ! sev5ty weeks1 :i* _h hi!rto be5 re/rict$ to ! fir/ com+ ( our ,savi\r1 is %[n to be a pr$iction ( all ! ma9 p]iods relat+ to ! com+ ( ! ,messiah1 ! times ( 8 bir? & dea?1 ! "t ( 8 rejection by ! ,jews1 ! duration ( ! ,jewi% w> by :i* he caus$ ! city & sanctu>y to be de/roy$1 & ! "t ( 8 second com+4 ,9 ! elev5? *apt] ,sir ,isaac treats ) great sagacity & acut5ess ( ! "t ( our ,savi\r's bir? & passion1--a subject :i* _h p]plex$ all prec$+ comm5tators4 ,aft] expla9+ 9 ! twelf? *apt] ! la/ prophecy ( ,daniel1 namely1 t ( ! scripture ( tru?1 :i* he consid]s z a comm5t>y on ! vision ( ! ram & he-goat1 he proce$s 9 ! ?irte5? *apt] to ! prophecy ( ! k+ :o did accord+ to 8 w1 & magnifi$ himself above e god1 & hon\r$ ,mahuzzims1 & reg>d$ n ! desire ( wom54 ,he %[s t ! ,greek empire1 aft] ! division ( ! ,roman empire into ! ,greek & ,lat9 empires1 became ! k+ :o 9 matt]s ( religion did accord+ to 8 w1 & 9 legislation exalt$ & magnifi$ himself above e god4 ,9 ! second "p ( 8 "w on ! ,apocalypse ( ,/4 ,john1 ,sir ,isaac treats1 #a/1 ,( ! "t :5 ! prophecy 0 writt51 :i* he conceives to h be5 dur+ ,john's exile 9 ,patmos1 & be=e ! epi/le to ! ,hebrews & ! epi/les ( ,pet] 7 writt51 :i* 9 8 op9ion h a ref]5ce to ! ,apocalypse2 #b;dly1 ,( ! sc5e ( ! vision1 & ! relation :i* ! ,apocalypse has to ! book ( ! law ( ,moses1 & to ! wor%ip ( ,god 9 ! temple2 &1 #c;dly1 ,( ! relation :i* ! ,apocalypse has to ! prophecies ( ,daniel1 & ( ! subject ( ! prophecy itself4 ,sir ,isaac reg>ds ! prophecies ( ! ,old & ,new ,te/am5ts1 n z giv5 to gratify m5's curiosities1 by enabl+ !m to =ekn[ ?+s1 b t aft] !y 7 fulfill$1 !y might be int]pret$ by ! ev5t1 & af=d conv9c+ argum5ts t ! _w is gov]n$ by ,provid5ce1 he consid]s t !re is s mu* ( ?is prophecy already fulfill$ z to af=d to ! dilig5t /ud5t suffici5t in/ances ( ,god's provid5ce2 & he adds1 t 8among ! int]pret]s ( ! la/ age1 !re is sc>ce "o ( note :o ha? n made "s discov]y wor? kn[+1 & !nce x seems "o may ga!r t ,god is ab\t op5+ ^! my/]ies4 ,! success ( o!rs10 he cont9ues1 8put me ^u consid]+ x1 & if ,i h done any ?+ :i* may be useful to foll[+ writ]s1 ,i h my design40 ,su* is a brief ab/ract ( ?is +5i\s "w1 :i* is *>act]iz$ by great le>n+1 & m>k$ ) ! sagacity ( its di/+ui%$ au?or4 ,! same qualities ( 8 m9d are equally conspicu\s 9 8 ,hi/orical ,acc\nt ( ,two ,notable ,corruptions ( ,scripture4 ,?is celebrat$ treatise relates to two texts 9 ! ,epi/les ( ,/4 ,john & ,/4 ,paul4 ,! fir/ ( ^! is 9 #a ,john v4 #g4 8,= !re are ?ree t be> record 9 heav51 ! ,fa!r1 ! ,son1 & ! ,holy ,gho/1 & ^! ?ree are "o40 ,?is text he consid]s z a gross corruption ( ,scripture1 :i* _h its orig9 among ! ,lat9s1 :o int]pret$ ! ,_s1 ,wat]1 & ,blood to be ! ,fa!r1 ,son1 & ,holy ,gho/1 9 ord] to prove !m "o4 ,) ! same view ,j]ome ins]t$ ! ,tr9ity 9 express words 9 8 v]sion4 ,! ,lat9s m>k$ 8 v>iations 9 ! m>g9s ( _! books2 & 9 ! twelf? & foll[+ c5turies1 :5 ! disputations ( ! s*oolm5 7 at _! height1 ! v>iation began to creep into ! text 9 transcrib+4 ,aft] ! inv5tion ( pr9t+1 x crept out ( ! ,lat9 into ! pr9t$ ,greek1 contr>y to ! au?ority ( all ! ,greek manuscripts & anci5t v]sions2 & f ! ,v5etian press x w5t soon aft] into ,greece4 ,aft] prov+ ^! positions ,sir ,isaac gives ! foll[+ p>aphrase ( ?is rem>kable passage1 :i* is giv5 9 italics4 8,:o is he t ov]come? ! _w1 b he t believe? t ,jesus is ! ,son ( ,god1 t ,son spok5 ( 9 ! ,psalms1 :]e he sai?1 #8?\ art my ,son2 ?is day h ,i begott5 !e4' ,?is is he t1 aft] ! ,jews _h long expect$ him1 came1 fir/ 9 a mortal body1 by baptism ( wat]1 & !n 9 an immortal "o1 by %$d+ 8 blood ^u ! cross & ris+ aga9 f ! dead2 n by wat] only1 b by wat] & blood2 be+ ! ,son ( ,god1 z well by 8 resurrection f ! dead 7,acts xiii4 #cc71 z by 8 sup]natural bir? ( ! virg9 7,luke i4 #ce74 ,& x is ! ,_s also t1 toge!r ) ! wat] & blood1 be>e? witness ( ! tru? ( 8 com+2 because ! ,_s is tru?2 & s a fit & unexceptionable witness4 ,= !re are ?ree t be> record ( 8 com+2 ! ,_s1 :i* he promis$ to s5d1 & :i* 0 s9ce %$ =? ^u u 9 ! =m ( clov5 tongues1 & 9 v>i\s gifts2 ! baptism ( wat]1 :]e9 ,god te/ifi$ #8?is is my belov$ ,son2' & ! %$d+ ( 8 blood1 accompani$ ) 8 resurrection1 :]eby he became ! mo/ fai?ful m>tyr1 or witness1 ( ?is tru?4 ,& ^! ?ree1 ! _s1 ! baptism1 & passion ( ,*ri/1 agree 9 witness+ "o & ! same ?+ 7namely1 t ! ,son ( ,god is come72 &1 !re=e1 _! evid5ce is /rong3 = ! law requires b two cons5t+ witnesses1 & "h we h ?ree3 & if we receive ! witness ( m51 ! ?reefold witness ( ,god1 :i* he b>e ( 8 ,son1 by decl>+ at 8 baptism #8?is is my belov$ ,son1' by rais+ him f ! dead1 & by p\r+ out 8 ,_s on u1 is great]2 &1 !re=e1 ought to be m readily receiv$40 ,:ile ! ,lat9 ,*ur* 0 corrupt+ ! prec$+ text1 ! ,greek ,*ur* 0 do+ ! same to ,/4 ,paul's #a/ ,epi/le to ,timo?y iii4 #af4 ,great is ! my/]y ( godl9ess1 ,god manife/ 9 ! fle%4 ,accord+ to ,sir ,isaac1 ?is read+ 0 effect$ by *ang+ into 1 ! abbreviation ( 1 & aft] prov+ ?is by a le>n$ & +5i\s exam9ation ( anci5t manuscripts1 he concludes t ! read+ %\ld be ,great is ! my/]y ( ,godl9ess :o 7viz4 our ,savi\r7 0 manife/ 9 ! fle%4 ,z ?is le>n$ diss]tation _h ! effect ( depriv+ ! def5d]s ( ! doctr9e ( ! ,tr9ity ( ! aid ( two lead+ texts1 ,sir ,isaac ,newton has be5 reg>d$ z an ,antitr9it>ian2 b su* a conclusion is n w>rant$ by any ?+ :i* he has publi%$2#aje & he di/9ctly w>ns u1 t 8 object 0 solely to 8purge ! tru? ( ?+s spuri\s40 ,we are dispos$1 on ! contr>y1 to ?9k t he decl>es 8 belief 9 ! doctr9e ( ! ,tr9ity :5 he says1 8,9 ! ea/]n nations1 & = a long "t 9 ! we/]n1 ! fai? subsi/$ )\t ?is text2 & x is r a dang] to religion ?an an advantage1 to make x n[ lean ^u a bruis$ re$4 ,!re _c be bett] s]vice done to ! tru? ?an to purge x ( ?+s spuri\s2 & !re=e1 kn[+ y\r prud5ce & calmness ( temp]1 ,i am confid5t ,i %all n (f5d y by tell+ y my m9d pla9ly2 especially s9ce x is no article ( fai?1 no po9t ( discipl9e1 no?+ b a criticism conc]n+ a text ( ,scripture :i* ,i am go+ to write ab\t40 ,! ^w fai? 9 ! prec$+ passage _c mean fai? 9 ! ,scriptures 9 g5]al1 b fai? 9 ! p>ticul> doctr9e ( ! ,tr9ity2 = x is ?is article ( fai? only to :i* ! au?or ref]s :5 he deprecates its lean+ on a bruis$ re$4 ,b1 :atev] be ! mean+ ( ?is passage1 we "k t ,sir ,isaac 0 greatly (f5d$ at ,mr4 ,:i/on = hav+ repres5t$ him z an ,arian2 & s mu* did he res5t ! conduct ( 8 fri5d 9 ascrib+ to him h]etical op9ions1 t he w\ld n p]mit him to be elect$ a ,fell[ ( ! ,royal ,society :ile he 0 ,presid5t4#ajf ,! only o!r religi\s works :i* 7 compos$ by ,sir ,isaac ,newton 7 8 ,lexicon ,propheticum1 to :i* 0 add$ a ,diss]tation on ! sacr$ cubit ( ! ,jews1 & ,f\r ,lett]s address$ to ,dr4 ,b5tley1 conta9+ "s argum5ts 9 pro( ( a ,deity4 ,! ,lexicon ,propheticum 0 left incomplete1 & has n be5 publi%$2 b ! ,lat9 ,diss]tation :i* 0 app5d$ to x1 9 :i* he %[s t ! cubit 0 ab\t #bf ,roman unci1 0 publi%$ 9 #agcg among ! ,miscellane\s ,works ( ,mr4 ,john ,greaves4 ,^u ! dea? ( ! ,hon\rable ,rob]t ,boyle1 on ! #cj? ( ,decemb]1 #afia1 x 0 f\nd1 by a codicil to 8 w1 t he _h left a rev5ue ( #ejl4 p] annum to e/abli% a lecture%ip1 9 :i* eight disc\rses 7 to be prea*$ annually 9 "o ( ! *ur*es ( ! metropolis1 9 illu/ration ( ! evid5ces ( ,*ri/ianity1 & 9 opposition to ! pr9ciples ( infidelity4 ,dr4 ,b5tley1 ?\gh a v "y man1 0 appo9t$ to prea* ! fir/ c\rse ( s]mons1 & ! mann] 9 :i* he dis*>g$ ?is important duty gave ! highe/ satisfaction1 n only to ! tru/ees ( ! lecture%ip1 b to ! public 9 g5]al4 ,9 ! fir/ six lectures ,b5tley expos$ ! folly ( a!ism ev5 9 ref]5ce to ! pres5t life1 & d]iv$ p[]ful argum5ts = ! exi/5ce ( a ,deity f ! faculties ( ! s\l1 & ! /ructure & functions ( ! human frame4 ,9 ord] to complete 8 plan1 he propos$ to devote 8 sev5? & eigh? lectures to ! demon/ration ( a ,div9e ,provid5ce f ! physical con/itution ( ! univ]se1 z e/abli%$ 9 ! ,pr9cipia4 ,9 ord] to qualify himself = ?is task1 he receiv$ f ,sir ,isaac writt5 directions respect+ a li/ ( books necess>y to be p]us$ previ\s to ! /udy ( t "w2#ajg & hav+ made himself ma/] ( ! sy/em :i* x conta9$1 he appli$ x ) irresi/ible =ce ( argum5t to e/abli% ! exi/5ce ( an ov]rul+ m9d4 ,previ\s to ! publication ( ^! lectures1 ,b5tley enc\nt]$ a difficulty :i* he 0 n able to solve1 & he prud5tly transmitt$ to ,sir ,isaac dur+ #afib a s]ies ( qu]ies on ! subject4 ,?is difficulty occurr$ 9 an argum5t urg$ by ,lucretius1 to prove ! et]nity ( ! _w f an hypo!sis ( d]iv+ ! frame ( x by me*anical pr9ciples f matt] end[$ ) an innate p[] ( gravity1 & ev5ly scatt]$ ?r\gh\t ! heav5s4 ,sir ,isaac will+ly ent]$ ^u ! consid]ation ( ! subject1 & transmitt$ 8 s5tim5ts to ,dr4 ,b5tley 9 ! f\r lett]s :i* h be5 notic$ 9 a prec$+ *apt]4 ,9 ! fir/#ajh ( ^! lett]s ,sir ,isaac m5tions t :5 he wrote 8 treatise ab\t our sy/em1 viz4 ! ,?ird ,book ( ! ,pr9cipia1 8he _h an eye ^u su* pr9ciples z might "w1 ) consid]+ m51 = ! belief ( a ,deity1 & he expresses 8 happ9ess t x has be5 f\nd useful = t purpose4 ,9 answ]+ ! fir/ qu]y ( ,dr4 ,b5tley1 ! exact import ( :i* we d n "k1 he /ates1 t1 if matt] 7 ev5ly diffus$ ?r\gh a f9ite space1 & end[$ ) innate gravity1 x w\ld fall d[n into ! middle ( ! space1 & =m "o great sph]ical mass2 b if x 7 diffus$ ?r\gh an inf9ite space1 "s ( x w\ld collect into "o mass1 & "s into ano!r1 s z to =m an inf9ite numb] ( great masses4 ,9 ?is mann] ! sun & />s might be =m$ if ! matt] 7 ( a lucid nature4 ,b he ?9ks x inexplicable by natural causes1 & to be ascrib$ to ! c\nsel & contrivance ( a volunt>y ,ag5t1 t ! matt] %\ld divide itself into two sorts1 "p ( x compos+ a %9+ body l ! sun1 & "p an opaque body l ! planets4 ,_h a natural & bl9d cause1 )\t contrivance & design1 plac$ ! e>? 9 ! c5tre ( ! moon's orbit1 & ,jupit] 9 ! c5tre ( 8 sy/em ( satellites1 & ! sun 9 ! c5tre ( ! planet>y sy/em1 ! sun w\ld h be5 a body l ,jupit] & ! e>?1 t is1 )\t light & heat1 & consequ5tly he kn[s no reason :y !re is only "o body qualifi$ to give light & heat to all ! re/1 b because ! ,au?or ( ! sy/em ?\ght x conv5i5t1 & because "o 0 suffici5t to w>m & enlight5 all ! re/4 ,to ! second qu]y ( ,dr4 ,b5tley1 he replies t ! motions :i* ! planets n[ h c\ld n spr+ f any natural cause alone1 b 7 impress$ by an intellig5t ,ag5t4 8,to make su* a sy/em ) all its motions requir$ a cause :i* und]/ood & comp>$ toge!r ! quantities ( matt] 9 ! sev]al bodies ( ! sun & planets1 & ! gravitat+ p[]s result+ f !nce2 ! sev]al di/ances ( ! prim>y planets f ! sun1 & ( ! second>y ones f ,saturn1 ,jupit]1 & ! e>?1 & ! velocities ) :i* ^? planets c\ld revolve ab\t ^? quantities ( matt] 9 ! c5tral bodies2 & to comp>e & adju/ all ^! ?+s toge!r 9 s great a v>iety ( bodies1 argues t cause to be n bl9d & =tuit\s1 b v well skill$ 9 me*anics & geometry40 ,9 ! second#aji lett]1 he admits t ! sph]ical mass =m$ by ! aggregation ( p>ticles w\ld affect ! figure ( ! space 9 :i* ! matt] 0 diffus$1 provid$ ! matt] desc5ds directly d[nw>ds to t body1 & ! body has no diurnal rotation2 b he /ates1 t by e>?quakes loos5+ ! p>ts ( ?is solid1 ! protub]ance might s9k a little by _! weight1 & ! mass by degrees approa* a sph]ical figure4 ,he !n proce$s to correct an error ( ,dr4 ,b5tley's 9 suppos+ t all inf9ites are equal4 ,he admits t gravity might put ! planets 9 motion1 b he ma9ta9s t1 )\t ! ,div9e p[]1 x c\ld nev] give !m su* a circulat+ motion z !y h ab\t ! sun1 because a prop] quantity ( a transv]se motion is necess>y = ?is purpose2 & he concludes t he is compell$ to ascribe ! frame ( ?is sy/em to an intellig5t ,ag5t4 ,! ?ird lett] conta9s op9ions confirm+ or correct+ sev]al positions :i* ,dr4 ,b5tley _h laid d[n1 & he concludes x ) a curi\s exam9ation ( ! op9ion ( ,plato1 t ! motion ( ! planets is su* z if !y _h be5 all creat$ by ,god 9 "s region v remote f our sy/em1 & let fall f !nce t[>ds ! sun1 _! fall+ motion be+ turn$ aside into a transv]se "o :5ev] !y arriv$ at _! sev]al orbits4 ,sir ,isaac %[s t !re is no common place su* z t conjectur$ by ,plato1 provid$ ! gravitat+ p[] ( ! sun rema9s con/ant2 b t ,plato's affirmation is true if we suppose ! gravitat+ p[] ( ! sun to be d\bl$ at t mom5t ( "t :5 !y all arrive at _! sev]al orbits4 8,if we suppose10 says he1 8! gravity ( all ! planets t[>ds ! sun to be ( su* a quantity z x really is1 & t ! motions ( ! planets are turn$ upw>ds1 e planet w asc5d to twice its height f ! sun4 ,saturn w asc5d till he be twice z high f ! sun z he is at pres5t1 & no high]2 ,jupit] w asc5d z high aga9 z at pres5t1 t is1 a little above ! orb ( ,saturn2 ,m]cury w asc5d to twice 8 pres5t height1 t is1 to ! orb ( ,v5us2 & s ( ! re/2 & !n1 by fall+ d[n aga9 f ! places to :i* !y asc5d$1 !y w arise aga9 at _! sev]al orbs ) ! same velocities !y _h at fir/1 & ) :i* !y n[ revolve4 8,b if s soon z _! motions by :i* !y revolve are turn$ upw>ds1 ! gravitat+ p[] ( ! sun1 by :i* _! asc5t is p]petually ret>d$1 be dim9i%$ by "o-half1 !y w n[ asc5d p]petually1 & all ( !m1 at all equal di/ances f ! sun1 w be equally swift4 ,m]cury1 :5 he arrives at ! orb ( ,v5us1 w be z swift z ,v5us2 & he & ,v5us1 :5 !y arrive at ! orb ( ! e>?1 w be z swift z ! e>?2 & s ( ! re/4 ,if !y beg9 all ( !m to asc5d at once1 & asc5d 9 ! same l9e1 !y w con/antly1 9 asc5d+1 become ne>] & ne>] toge!r1 & _! motions w con/antly approa* to an equality1 & become at l5g? sl[] ?an any motion assignable4 ,suppose1 !re=e1 t !y asc5d$ till !y 7 almo/ contigu\s1 & _! motions inconsid]ably little1 & t all _! motions 7 at ! same mom5t ( "t turn$ back aga91 or1 :i* comes almo/ to ! same ?+1 t !y 7 only depriv$ ( _! motions1 & let fall at t "t1 !y w\ld all at once arrive at _! sev]al orbs1 ea* ) ! velocity x _h at fir/2 & if _! motions 7 !n turn$ sideways1 & at ! same "t ! gravitat+ p[] ( ! sun d\bl$1 t x might be /rong en\gh to reta9 !m 9 _! orbs1 !y w\ld revolve 9 !m z be=e _! asc5t4 ,b if ! gravitat+ p[] ( ! sun 0 n d\bl$1 !y w\ld g away f _! orbs into ! highe/ heav5s 9 p>abolical l9es40#aaj ,9 ! f\r? lett]#aaa he /ates1 t ! hypo!sis t matt] is at fir/ ev5ly diffus$ ?r\gh ! univ]se is 9 8 op9ion inconsi/5t ) ! hypo!sis ( innate gravity )\t a sup]natural p[] to reconcile !m1 & !re=e x inf]s a ,deity4 8,= if !re be innate gravity1 x is impossible n[ = ! matt] ( ! e>? & all ! planets & />s to fly up f !m1 & become ev5ly spread ?r\gh\t all ! heav5s )\t a sup]natural p[]2 & c]ta9ly t :i* c nev] be h]eaft] )\t a sup]natural p[]1 c\ld nev] be h]et(ore )\t ! same p[]40 ,^! lett]s1 ( :i* we h endeav\r$ to give a brief summ>y1 w well repay ! mo/ att5tive p]usal by ! philosoph] z well z ! div9e4 ,!y are writt5 ) mu* p]spicuity ( language & great p[] ( ?\ght1 & !y conta9 results :i* inconte/ably prove t _! au?or 0 fully ma/] ( 8 noble/ faculties1 & compreh5d$ ! pr(\nde/ p>ts ( 8 own writ+s4#aab ,! logical acut5ess1 ! v>i$ erudition1 & ! absolute fre$om f all prejudice :i* %9e ?r\gh\t ! !ological writ+s ( ,newton1 might h protect$ !m f ! *>ge ( hav+ be5 writt5 9 8 old age1 & at a "t :5 a failure ( m9d 0 suppos$ to h unfitt$ him = 8 ma!matical inve/igations4 ,b x is =tunate = 8 reputation1 z well z = ! int]e/s ( ,*ri/ianity1 t we h be5 able to prove ! incorrectness ( su* ins9uations1 & to exhibit ! mo/ irrefragable evid5ce t all ! !ological writ+s ( ,newton 7 compos$ 9 ! vig\r ( 8 life1 & be=e ! crisis ( t bodily disord] :i* is suppos$ to h affect$ 8 reason4 ,! able lett]s to ,dr4 ,b5tley 7 ev5 writt5 9 ! middle ( t p]iod :5 want ( sleep & appetite _h di/urb$ ! s]5ity ( 8 m9d1 & enable u to prove t ?is di/urbance1 :atev] 0 its am\nt1 nev] affect$ ! high] functions ( 8 und]/&+4 ,:5 a philosoph] ( di/+ui%$ em95ce1 & we believe n inimical to ! ,*ri/ian fai?1 has f\nd x necess>y to make a lab\r$ apology = a man l ,newton writ+ on !ological subjects1 & has be5 l$ to r5d] t apology m complete by ref]r+ ?is class ( 8 lab\rs to a m9d debilitat$ by age & weak5$ by its previ\s ab]rations1 x may be expect$ f an ,engli% biograph]1 & "o :o ackn[l$ges ! importance ( reveal$ tru?1 & ! p>am\nt int]e/ ( su* subjects above all secul> /udies1 to sugge/ ! true orig9 ( ,newton's !ological inquiries4 ,:5 a m9d ( great & ackn[l$g$ p[] fir/ directs its en]gies to ! /udy ( ! mat]ial univ]se1 no indications ( ord] attract 8 notice1 & no pro(s ( design call =? 8 admiration4 ,9 ! />ry firmam5t he sees no bodies ( /up5d\s magnitude1 & no di/ances ( immeasurable span4 ,! two great lum9>ies appe> va/ly inf]ior 9 magnitude to _m objects ar\nd him1 & ! greate/ di/ances 9 ! heav5s seem ev5 inf]ior to ^? :i* 8 own eye c embrace on ! surface ( ! e>?4 ,! planets1 :5 obs]v$ ) c>e1 are se5 to h a motion among ! fix$ />s1 & to v>y 9 _! magnitude & di/ances1 b ^! *anges appe> to foll[ no law4 ,sometimes !y move to ! ea/1 sometimes to ! we/1 sometimes t[>ds ! nor?1 & sometimes t[>ds ! s\?1 & at o!r times !y are absolutely /ation>y4 ,no sy/em1 9 %ort1 appe>s1 & no g5]al law seems to direct _! motions4 ,by ! obs]vations & inquiries ( a/ronom]s1 h[ev]1 dur+ successive ages1 a regul> sy/em has be5 recognis$ 9 ?is *aos ( mov+ bodies1 & ! magnitudes1 di/ances1 & revolutions ( e planet :i* composes x has be5 det]m9$ ) ! mo/ extraord9>y accuracy4 ,m9ds fitt$ & prep>$ = ?is species ( inquiry are capable ( und]/&+ ! great v>iety ( evid5ce by :i* ! tru? ( ! planet>y sy/em is e/abli%$2 b ?\s&s ( individuals :o are ev5 di/+ui%$ 9 o!r bran*es ( k are incapable ( su* rese>*es1 & view ) a skeptical eye ! great & irrefragable tru?s ( a/ronomy4 ,t ! sun is /ation>y 9 ! c5tre ( our sy/em1--t ! e>? moves r\nd ! sun1 & r\nd its own axis1--t ! e>? is #hjjj miles 9 diamet]1 & ! sun "o hundr$ & t5 times z l>ge1--t ! e>?'s orbit is #aij millions ( miles 9 bread?1--& t if ?is imm5se space 7 fill$ ) light1 x w\ld appe> only l a lum9\s po9t at ! ne>e/ fix$ />1--are positions absolutely un9telligible & incr$ible to all :o h n c>efully /udi$ ! subject4 ,to millions ( our species1 !n1 ! great book ( nature is absolutely seal$1 ?\gh x is 9 ! p[] ( all to unfold its pages1 & to p]use ^? gl[+ passages :i* proclaim ! p[] & wisdom ( its mighty ,au?or4 ,! book ( revelation exhibits to u ! same peculi>ities z t ( nature4 ,to ! ord9>y eye x pres5ts no imm$iate indications ( its ,div9e orig94 ,ev5ts app>5tly insignificant--sup]natural int]f]5ces seem+ly unnecess>y--doctr9es almo/ contradictory--& prophecies ne>ly un9telligible occupy its pages4 ,! hi/ory ( ! fall ( man--( ! introduction ( moral & physical evil--! pr$iction ( a ,messiah--! actual adv5t ( our ,savi\r--8 in/ructions--8 miracles--8 dea?--8 resurrection--& ! subsequ5t propagation ( 8 religion by ! unlett]$ fi%]m5 ( ,galilee1 are ea* a /umbl+ block to ! wisdom ( ?is _w4 ,! y\?ful & vigor\s m9d1 :5 fir/ summon$ to p]use ! ,scriptures1 turns f !m ) disappo9tm5t4 ,x recognises 9 !m no pr(\nd sci5ce--no secul> wisdom--no ,div9e eloqu5ce--no disclosures ( nature's secrets--no direct impress ( an ,almighty h&4 ,b1 ?\gh ! sy/em ( reveal$ tru? :i* ?is book conta9s is1 l t ( ! univ]se1 conceal$ f common obs]vation1 yet ! lab\rs ( c5turies h e/abli%$ its ,div9e orig91 & develop$ 9 all its ord] & beauty ! great plan ( human re/oration4 ,9 ! *aos ( its incid5ts we discov] ! :ole hi/ory ( our species1 :e!r x is del9eat$ 9 ev5ts t are pa/ or %ad[$ =? 9 ^? :i* are to come1--f ! creation ( man & ! orig9 ( evil1 to ! ext9ction ( 8 e>?ly dyna/y & ! comm5cem5t ( 8 immortal c>e]4 ,! antiquity & au!nticity ( ! books :i* compose ! sacr$ canon1--! fulfilm5t ( its prophecies1--! miracul\s works ( its f\nd]1--8 dea? & resurrection1 h be5 demon/rat$ to all :o are capable ( appreciat+ ! =ce ( hi/orical evid5ce2 & 9 ! poetical & prose compositions ( ! inspir$ au?ors we discov] a sy/em ( doctr9e & a code ( morality trac$ 9 *>act]s z di/9ct & legible z ! mo/ un]r+ tru?s 9 ! mat]ial _w4 ,false sy/ems ( religion h inde$ be5 d$uc$ f ! sacr$ record1--z false sy/ems ( ! univ]se h sprung f ! /udy ( ! book ( nature1--b ! v preval5ce ( a false sy/em proves ! exi/5ce ( "o t is true2 & ?\gh ! two classes ( facts necess>ily dep5d on diff]5t k9ds ( evid5ce1 yet we scruple n to say t ! ,cop]nican sy/em is n m demon/rably true ?an ! sy/em ( !ological tru? conta9$ 9 ! ,bible4 ,if m5 ( high p[]s1 !n1 are /ill f\nd1 :o are ins5sible to ! evid5ce :i* su/a9s ! sy/em ( ! univ]se1 ne$ we wond] t !re are o!rs ^: m9ds are %ut aga9/ ! effulg5t evid5ce :i* intr5*es ! /rongholds ( our fai?4 ,if su*1 !n1 is ! "* ( ! ,*ri/ian fai?1 we ne$ n be surpris$ t x 0 embrac$ & exp\nd$ by su* a g5ius z ,sir ,isaac ,newton4 ,*]i%+ its doctr9es1 & lean+ on its promises1 he felt x 8 duty1 z x 0 8 pleasure1 to apply to x t intellectual /r5g? :i* _h successfully surm\nt$ ! difficulties ( ! mat]ial univ]se4 ,! fame :i* t success procur$ him he c\ld n b feel to be ! brea? ( popul> applause1 :i* adm9i/]$ only to 8 p]sonal feel+s2 b ! inve/igation ( ! sacr$ my/]ies1 :ile x prep>$ 8 own m9d = its f9al de/9y1 0 calculat$ to promote ! spiritual int]e/s ( ?\s&s4 ,?is noble impulse he did n hesitate to obey1 & by ?us unit+ philosophy ) religion1 he dissolv$ ! league :i* g5ius _h =m$ ) skepticism1 & add$ to ! cl\d ( witnesses ! brighte/ "n ( anci5t or ( mod]n times4 ,,*apt] ,,xvii4 ,! m9or ,discov]ies & ,inv5tions ( ,newton--,8 ,rese>*es on ,heat--,on ,fire & ,flame--,on ,elective ,attraction--,on ! ,/ructure ( ,bodies--,8 suppos$ ,atta*m5t to ,al*ymy--,8 ,hypo!sis respect+ ,e!r z ! ,cause ( ,light & ,gravity--,on ! ,excitation ( ,electricity 9 ,glass--,8 ,reflect+ ,sextant inv5t$ be=e #agjj-- ,8 ,reflect+ ,microscope--,8 ,prismatic ,reflector z a ,sub/itute = ! small ,speculum ( ,reflect+ ,telescopes--,8 ,me?od ( v>y+ ! ,magnify+ ,p[] ( ,newtonian ,telescopes--,8 ,exp]im5ts on ,impressions on ! ,ret9a4 ,9 ! prec$+ *apt]s we h giv5 an acc\nt ( ! pr9cipal lab\rs ( ,sir ,isaac ,newton2 b !re /ill rema9 to be notic$ sev]al ( 8 m9or discov]ies & inv5tions1 :i* c\ld n prop]ly be introduc$ "u any g5]al head4 ,! mo/ important ( ^!1 p]haps1 are 8 *ymical rese>*es1 :i* he seems to h pursu$ ) m or less dilig5ce f ! "t :5 he fir/ witness$ ! practical op]ations ( *ymi/ry dur+ 8 resid5ce at ! apo!c>y's at ,gran?am4 ,8 fir/ *ymical exp]im5ts 7 probably made on ! alloys ( metals1 = ! purpose ( obta9+ a good metallic composition = ! specula ( reflect+ telescopes4 ,9 8 pap] on ?9 plates he treats ( ! comb9ations ( solids & fluids2 b he ent]s m l>gely on ^! & o!r subjects 9 ! qu]ies publi%$ at ! end ( 8 ,optics4 ,"o ( 8 mo/ important *ymical pap]s is 8 ,tabula quantitatum et graduum caloris1 :i* 0 publi%$ 9 ! ,philosophical ,transactions4 ,?is %ort pap] conta9s a comp>ative scale ( temp]ature f t ( melt+ ice to t ( a small kit*5 coal-fire4 ,! foll[+ are ! pr9cipal po9ts ( ! scale1 ! int]m$iate degrees ( heat hav+ be5 det]m9$ ) great c>e4 ,degrees ,equal ,p>ts ( ,heat4 ( ,heat4 #j #j ,freez+ po9t ( wat]4 #a #ab ,blood-heat4 #b #bd ,heat ( melt+ wax4 #c #dh ,melt+ po9t ( equal p>ts ( t9 & bismu?4 #d #if ,melt+ po9t ( lead4 #e #aib ,heat ( a small coal-fire4 ,! fir/ column ( ?is table conta9s ! degrees ( heat 9 ari?metical progression1 & ! second 9 geometrical progression1--! second degree be+ twice z great z ! fir/1 & s on4 ,x is obvi\s f ?is table1 t ! heat at :i* equal p>ts ( t9 & bismu? melt is f\r times great] ?an t ( blood-heat1 ! heat ( melt+ lead eight times great]1 & ! heat ( a small coal-fire sixte5 times great]4 ,?is table 0 con/ruct$ by ! help ( a !rmomet]1 & ( r$-hot iron4 ,by ! =m] he measur$ all heats z f> z t ( melt+ t92 & by ! latt] he measur$ all ! high] heats4 ,= ! heat :i* heat$ iron loses 9 a giv5 "t is z ! total heat ( ! iron2 & !re=e1 if ! times ( cool+ are tak5 equal1 ! heats w be 9 a geometrical progression1 & may !re=e be easily f\nd by a table ( log>i?ms4 ,he f\nd by a !rmomet] con/ruct$ ) l9se$ oil1 t if ! oil1 :5 ! !rmomet] 0 plac$ 9 melt+ sn[1 occupi$ a space ( #ajjj p>ts1 ! same oil1 r>efi$ ) "o degree ( heat1 or t ( ! human body1 occupi$ a space ( #ajbef2 9 ! heat ( wat] beg9n+ to boil1 a space ( #ajgje2 9 ! heat ( wat] boil+ viol5tly1 #ajgbe2 9 ! heat ( melt$ t9 beg9n+ to cool1 & putt+ on ! consi/5cy ( an amalgam1 #aaeaf1 & :5 ! t9 _h become solid1 #aadif4 ,h5ce ! oil 0 r>efi$ 9 ! ratio ( #dj to #ci by ! heat ( ! human body2 ( #ae to #ad by ! heat ( boil+ wat]2 ( #ae to #ac 9 ! heat ( melt+ t9 beg9n+ to solidify2 & ( #bc to #bj 9 ! same t9 :5 solid4 ,! r>efaction ( air 01 ) ! same heat1 t5 times great] ?an t ( oil1 & ! r>efaction ( oil fifte5 times great] ?an t ( _s ( w9e4 ,by mak+ ! heats ( oil proportional to its r>efaction1 & by call+ ! heat ( ! human body #ab p>ts1 we obta9 ! heat ( wat] beg9n+ to boil1 #cc2 ( wat] boil+ viol5tly1 #cd2 ( melt$ t9 beg9n+ to solidify1 #gb2 & ( ! same become solid1 #gj4 ,sir ,isaac !n heat$ a suffici5tly ?ick piece ( iron till x 0 r$-hot2 & hav+ fix$ x 9 a cold place1 :]e ! w9d blew uni=mly1 he put ^u x small pieces ( diff]5t metals & o!r fusible bodies1 & not$ ! times ( cool+1 till all ! p>ticles1 hav+ lo/ _! fluidity1 grew cold1 & ! heat ( ! iron 0 equal to t ( ! human body4 ,!n1 by assum+ t ! excesses ( ! heats ( ! iron & ( ! solidifi$ p>ticles ( metal above ! heat ( ! atmosph]e1 7 9 geometrical progression :5 ! times 7 9 ari?metical progression1 all ! heats 7 obta9$4 ,! iron 0 plac$ 9 a curr5t ( air1 9 ord] t ! air heat$ by ! iron might always be c>ri$ away by ! w9d1 & t cold air might replace x ) a uni=m motion2 = ?us equal p>ts ( ! air 7 heat$ 9 equal times1 & receiv$ a heat proportional to t ( ! iron4 ,b ! heats ?us f\nd _h ! same ratio to "o ano!r ) ! heats f\nd by ! !rmomet]2 & h5ce he 0 "r 9 assum+ t ! r>efactions ( ! oil 7 proportional to its heats4 ,ano!r %ort *ymical pap] by ,sir ,isaac ,newton has be5 publi%$ by ,dr4 ,horsley4 ,x is entitl$ ,de ,natura ,acidorum1 b is pr9cipally occupi$ ) a numb] ( brief op9ions on *ymical subjects4 ,?is pap] 0 writt5 lat] ?an #afhg1 z x be>s a ref]5ce to ! ,pr9cipia2 & ! mo/ important facts :i* x conta9s seem to h be5 m di/9ctly reproduc$ 9 ! qu]ies at ! end ( ! ,optics4 ,! mo/ important ( ^! qu]ies relate to fire1 flame1 & electric attractions1 & z !y 7 revis$ 9 ! ye> #agaf & #agag1 !y may be reg>d$ z conta9+ ! mo/ matur$ op9ions ( _! au?or4 ,fire he reg>ds z a body heat$ s hot z to emit light copi\sly1 & flame z a vap\r1 fume1 or exhalation heat$ s hot z to %9e4 ,9 8 long qu]y on elective attractions1 he consid]s ! small p>ticles ( bodies z act+ ^u "o ano!r at di/ances s m9ute z to escape obs]vation4 ,:5 salt ( t>t> deliquesces1 he supposes t ?is arises f an attraction betwe5 ! sal9e p>ticles & ! aque\s p>ticles held 9 solution 9 ! atmosph]e1 & to ! same attraction he ascribes x t ! wat] w n di/il f ! salt ( t>t> )\t great heat4 ,= ! same reason sulphuric acid attracts wat] p[]fully1 & p>ts ) x ) great difficulty4 ,:5 ?is attractive =ce becomes v p[]ful1 z 9 ! union betwe5 sulphuric acid & wat]1 s z to make ! p>ticles 8coalesce ) viol5ce10 & ru% t[>ds "o ano!r ) an accel]at$ motion1 heat is produc$ by ! mixture ( ! two fluids4 ,9 l mann]1 he expla9s ! production ( flame f ! mixture ( cold fluids1--! action ( fulm9at+ p[d]s1--! comb9ation ( iron fil+s ) sulphur1--& all ! o!r *ymical ph5om5a ( precipitation1 comb9ation1 solution1 & cry/allization1 & ! me*anical ph5om5a ( cohesion & capill>y attraction4 ,he ascribes hot spr+s1 volcanoes1 fire-damps1 m9]al coruscations1 e>?quakes1 hot suffocat+ exhalations1 hurricanes1 lightn+1 ?und]1 fi]y meteors1 subt]rane\s explosions1 l&-slips1 ebullitions ( ! sea1 & wat]sp\ts1 to sulphure\s /eams ab\nd+ 9 ! b[els ( ! e>?1 & f]m5t+ ) m9]als1 or escap+ into ! atmosph]e1 :]e !y f]m5t ) acid vap\rs fitt$ to promote f]m5tation4 ,9 expla9+ ! /ructure ( solid bodies1 he is ( op9ion1 8t ! smalle/ p>ticles ( matt] may coh]e by ! /ronge/ attractions1 & compose bigg] p>ticles ( weak] virtue2 & _m ( ^! may coh]e & compose bigg] p>ticles ^: virtue is /ill weak]2 & s on = div]s successions1 until ! progression end 9 ! bigge/ p>ticles1 on :i* ! op]ations 9 *ymi/ry & ! col\rs ( natural bodies dep5d1 & :i*1 by adh]+1 compose bodies ( a s5sible magnitude4 ,if ! body is compact1 & b5ds or yields inw>d to pression1 )\t any slid+ ( its p>ts1 x is h>d & ela/ic1 return+ to its figure ) a =ce ris+ f ! mutual attraction ( its p>ts4 ,if ! p>ts slide ^u "o ano!r1 ! body is malleable or s(t4 ,if !y slip easily1 & are ( a fit size to be agitat$ by heat1 & ! heat is big en\gh to keep !m 9 agitation1 ! body is fluid2 & if x be apt to /ick to ?+s1 x is humid2 & ! drops ( e fluid affect a r\nd figure1 by ! mutual attraction ( _! p>ts1 z ! globe ( ! e>? & sea affects a r\nd figure1 by ! mutual attraction ( its p>ts1 by gravity40 ,sir ,isaac !n supposes1 t1 z ! attractive =ce ( bodies c rea* b to a small di/ance f !m1 8a repulsive virtue ought to succe$20 & he consid]s su* a virtue z foll[+ f ! reflection ( ! rays ( light1 ! rays be+ repell$ )\t ! imm$iate contact ( ! reflect+ body1 & also f ! emission ( light1 ! ray1 z soon z x is %ak5 (f f a %9+ body by ! vibrat+ motion ( ! p>ts ( ! body1 gett+ beyond ! rea* ( attraction1 & be+ driv5 away ) exce$+ great velocity by ! =ce ( reflection4#aac ,_m ( ! *ymical views :i* ,sir ,isaac ?us publi%$ 9 ! =m ( qu]ies 7 9 8 own lifetime illu/rat$ & confirm$ by ,dr4 ,/eph5 ,hales1 9 8 book on ,vegetable ,/atics1--a "w ( great orig9ality1 :i* conta9s ! g]m ( "s ( ! f9e/ discov]ies 9 mod]n *ymi/ry4 ,al?\gh !re is no reason to suppose t ,sir ,isaac ,newton 0 a believ] 9 ! doctr9es ( al*ymy1 yet we are in=m$ by ! ,rev]5d ,mr4 ,law t he _h be5 a dilig5t /ud5t ( ,jacob ,behm5's writ+s1 & t !re 7 f\nd among 8 pap]s copi\s ab/racts f !m 9 8 own h&writ+4#aad ,he /ates also t ,sir ,isaac1 toge!r ) "o ,dr4 ,newton1 8 relation1 _h1 9 ! e>li] "p ( 8 life1 set up furnaces1 & 7 = sev]al mon?s at "w 9 que/ ( ! philosoph]'s t9cture4 ,^! /atem5ts may receive "s confirmation f ! fact1 t !re exi/ among ! ,portsm\? pap]s _m %eets1 9 ,sir ,isaac's own writ+1 ( ,flammel's ,explication ( ,hi]oglyphic ,figures1 & 9 ano!r h&1 _m %eets ( ,william ,ywor?'s ,processus ,my/]ii ,magni ,philosophicus1 & also f ! mann] 9 :i* ,sir ,isaac reque/s ,mr4 ,a/on to inquire aft] "o ,borry 9 ,holl&1 :o always w5t clo!d 9 gre51 & :o 0 said to possess valuable secrets2 b ,mr4 ,law has weak5$ ! =ce ( 8 own te/imony1 :5 he ass]ts t ,newton borr[$ ! doctr9e ( attraction f ,behm5's fir/ ?ree propositions ( et]nal nature4 ,on ! #g? ,decemb]1 #afge1 ,sir ,isaac ,newton communicat$ to ! ,royal ,society a pap] entitl$ ,an hypo!sis expla9+ prop]ties ( light1 9 :i* he1 = ! fir/ "t1 introduces 8 op9ions respect+ e!r1 & employs !m to expla9 ! nature ( light1 & ! cause ( gravity4 8,he 0 induc$10 he says1 8to d ?is1 because he _h obs]v$ ! heads ( "s great virtuosos to run mu* ^u hypo!ses1 & he !re=e gave "o :i* he 0 incl9$ to consid] z ! mo/ probable1 if he 7 oblig$ to adopt "o40#aae ,?is hypo!sis seems to h be5 aft]w>d a subject ( discussion betwe5 him & ,mr4 ,boyle1 to :om he promis$ to communicate 8 op9ion m fully 9 writ+4 ,he accord+ly address$ to him a long lett]1 dat$ ,febru>y #bh?1 #afgh-i1 9 :i* he expla9s 8 views respect+ e!r1 & employs !m to acc\nt = ! refraction ( light1--! cohesion ( two poli%$ pieces ( metal 9 an exhau/$ receiv]1--! adhesion ( quicksilv] to glass tubes1--! cohesion ( ! p>ts ( all bodies1--! cause ( filtration1--! ph5om5a ( capill>y attraction1--! action ( m5/rua on bodies1--! transmutation ( gross compact sub/ances into a]ial ones1--& ! cause ( gravity4 ,f ! language us$ 9 ?is pap]1 we %\ld be l$ to suppose t ,sir ,isaac _h entirely =gott5 t he _h =m]ly treat$ ! g5]al subject ( e!r1 & appli$ x to ! explanation ( gravity4 8,i %all set d[n10 says he1 8"o conjecture m :i* came into my m9d n[ z ,i 0 writ+ ?is lett]2 x is ab\t ! cause ( gravity10 :i* he goes on to expla92#aaf & he concludes by say+1 t 8he has s little fancy to ?+s ( ?is nature1 t1 _h n y\r enc\ragem5t mov$ me to x1 ,i %\ld nev]1 ,i ?9k1 ?us f> h set p5 to pap] ab\t !m40 ,^! op9ions1 h[ev]1 ab\t ! exi/5ce ( e!r1 ,newton seems to h subsequ5tly r5\nc$2 = 9 ! manuscript 9 ! possession ( ,dr4 ,j4 ,c4 ,gregory1 :i* we h already m5tion$1 & :i* 0 writt5 previ\s to #agjb1 he /ates1 t e!r is nei!r obvi\s to our s5ses1 nor support$ by any argum5ts1 b is a gratuit\s assumption1 :i*1 if we are to tru/ to reason & to our s5ses1 mu/ be bani%$ f ! nature ( ?+s2 & he goes on to e/abli%1 by v>i\s argum5ts1 ! validity ( ?is op9ion4 ,?is r5unciation ( 8 =m] hypo!sis probably arose f 8 hav+ exam9$ m c>efully "s ( ! ph5om5a :i* he endeav\r$ to expla9 by x4 ,^? ( capill>y attraction1 = example1 he _h ascrib$ to ! e!r 8/&+ r>] 9 ! v s5sible cavities ( ! capill>y tubes ?an )\t !m10 :]eas he aft]w>d discov]$ _! true cause1 & ascrib$ !m to ! reciprocal attraction ( ! tube & ! fluid4 ,b1 h[ev] ?is may be1 !re c be no d\bt t he resum$ 8 e>ly op9ions be=e ! publication ( 8 ,optics1 :i* may be consid]$ z conta9+ 8 views ^u ?is subject4 ,! qu]ies :i* conta9 ^! op9ions are ! #ah?-#bd?1 all ( :i* appe>$ = ! fir/ "t 9 ! second ,engli% edition ( ! ,optics4 ,if a body is ei!r heat$ or loses its heat :5 plac$ 9 vacuo1 he ascribes ! conveyance ( ! heat 9 bo? cases 8to ! vibration ( a mu* subtil] m$ium ?an air20 & he consid]s ?is m$ium z ! same ) t by :i* light is refract$ & reflect$1 & by ^: vibrations light communicates heat to bodies1 & is put into fits ( easy reflection & transmission4 ,?is e!real m$ium1 accord+ to our au?or1 is exce$+ly m r>e & m ela/ic ?an air4 ,x p]vades all bodies1 & is exp&$ ?r\gh all ! heav5s4 ,x is mu* r>] )9 ! d5se bodies ( ! sun1 />s1 planets1 & comets1 ?an 9 ! cele/ial spaces betwe5 !m1 & also m r>e )9 glass1 wat]1 c4 ?an 9 ! free & op5 spaces void ( air & o!r gross] bodies4 ,9 pass+ out ( glass1 wat]1 c4 & o!r d5se bodies into empty space1 x gr[s d5s] & d5s] by degrees1 & ?is gradual cond5sation ext5ds to "s di/ance f ! bodies4 ,ow+ to its great ela/icity1 &1 consequ5tly1 its ef=ts to spread 9 all directions1 x presses aga9/ itself1 &1 consequ5tly1 aga9/ ! solid p>ticles ( bodies1 s z to make !m cont9ually approa* to "o ano!r1 ! body be+ impell$ f ! d5s] p>ts ( ! m$ium t[>ds ! r>] ) all t p[] :i* we call gravity4 ,9 employ+ ?is m$ium to expla9 ! nature ( light1 ,newton does n suppose1 ) ,desc>tes1 ,hooke1 ,huyg5s1 & o!rs1 t light is no?+ m ?an ! impression ( ^? undulations on ! ret9a4 ,he reg>ds light z a peculi> sub/ance1 compos$ ( het]og5e\s p>ticles ?r[n (f ) great velocity1 & 9 all directions1 f lum9\s bodies2 & he supposes t ^! p>ticles :ile pass+ ?r\gh ! e!r1 excite 9 x vibrations or pulses :i* accel]ate or ret>d ! p>ticles ( light1 & ?us ?r[ !m into _! alt]nate fits ( easy reflection & transmission4 ,h5ce1 if a ray ( light falls ^u a transp>5t body1 9 :i* ! e!r consi/s ( /rata ( v>iable d5sity1 ! p>ticles ( light act$ ^u by ! vibrations :i* !y create w be urg$ ) an accel]at$ velocity 9 ent]+ ! body1 :ile _! velocity w be ret>d$ 9 quitt+ x4 ,9 ?is mann] he conceives ! ph5om5a ( refraction to be produc$1 & he %[s h[ 9 su* a case ! refraction w\ld be regulat$ by ! law ( ! s9es4 ,9 ord] t ! e!real m$ium may produce ! fits ( easy reflection & transmission1 he conceives t its vibrations mu/ be swift] ?an light4 ,he computes its ela/icity to be #dij1jjj1jjj1jjj times great] ?an t ( air1 9 proportion to its d5sity1 & ab\t #fjj1jjj1jjj times m r>e ?an wat]1 f :i* he inf]s t ! resi/ance :i* x w\ld oppose to ! motions ( ! planets w\ld n be s5sible 9 #aj1jjj ye>s4 ,he consid]s t ! functions ( vision & he>+ may be p]=m$ *iefly by ! vibrations ( ?is m$ium1 execut$ 9 ! bottom ( ! eye1 or 9 ! auditory n]ve by ! rays ( light1 & propagat$ ?r\gh ! solid1 pellucid1 & uni=m capillam5ta ( ! optic or auditory n]ves into ! place ( s5sation2 & he is ( op9ion t animal motion may be p]=m$ by ! vibrations ( ! same m$ium1 excit$ 9 ! bra9 by ! p[] ( ! w1 & propagat$ f !nce by ! solid1 pellucid1 & uni=m capillam5ta ( ! n]ves into ! muscles = contract+ & dilat+ !m4 ,9 ! regi/]s ( ! ,royal ,society !re exi/ sev]al lett]s#aag on ! excitation ( electricity 9 glass1 :i* 7 occasion$ by an exp]im5t ( ?is k9d hav+ be5 m5tion$ 9 ,sir ,isaac's hypo!sis ( light4 ,! society _h ord]$ ! exp]im5t to be tri$ at _! meet+ ( ! #af? ,decemb]1 #afge2 b1 9 ord] to secure its success1 ,mr4 ,old5burg wrote to ,sir ,isaac = a m p>ticul> acc\nt ( x4 ,sir ,isaac be+ ?us 8put ^u recollect+ himself a little f>!r ab\t x10 rememb]s t he made ! exp]im5t ) a glass fix$ at ! di/ance ( ! #a_/c;d ( an in* f "o end ( a brass hoop1 & only ! #a_/h? ( an in* f ! o!r4 ,small pieces ( ?9 pap] 7 !n laid ^u ! table2 :5 ! glass 0 laid above !m & rubb$1 ! pieces ( pap] leap$ f ! "o "p ( ! glass to ! o!r1 & twirl$ ab\t 9 ! air4 ,not)/&+ ?is explicit acc\nt ( ! exp]im5t1 x entirely fail$ at ! ,royal ,society1 & ! secret>y 0 desir$ to reque/ ! loan ( ,sir ,isaac's app>atus1 & to inquire :e!r or n he _h secur$ ! pap]s f be+ mov$ by ! air1 :i* might h some:]e /ole 94 ,9 a lett]1 dat$ #ba/ ,decemb]1 ,sir ,isaac recomm5d$ to ! society to rub ! glass 8) /uff ^: ?reads may rake its surface1 &1 if t w n d1 to rub x ) ! f+]s' ends to & fro1 & knock !m z (t5 ^u ! glass40 ,^! directions enabl$ ! society to succe$ ) ! exp]im5t on ! #ac? ,janu>y1 #afgf1 :5 !y us$ a scrubb+ bru% ( %ort hog's bri/les1 & ! heft ( a knife made ) :alebone4 ,among ! m9or inv5tions ( ,sir ,isaac ,newton1 we mu/ enum]ate 8 reflect+ in/rum5t = obs]v+ ! moon's di/ance f ! fix$ />s at sea4 ,! description ( ?is in/rum5t 0 communicat$ to ,dr4 ,halley 9 ! ye> #agjj2 b1 ei!r f hav+ mislaid ! manuscript1 or f atta*+ no value to ! inv5tion1 he nev] communicat$ x to ! ,royal ,society1 & x rema9$ among 8 pap]s till aft] 8 dea? 9 #agdb1 :5 x 0 publi%$ 9 ! ,philosophical ,transactions4 ,! foll[+ is ,sir ,isaac's own description ( x z communicat$ to ,dr4 ,halley4 8,9 ! annex$ figure ,,pqrs d5otes a plate ( brass1 accurately divid$ 9 ! limb ,,dq1 into degrees1 m9utes1 & #a_/ab m9utes1 by a diagonal scale2 & ! degrees1 & m9utes1 & #a_/ab m9utes1 c\nt$ = degrees1 m9utes1 & #a_/f m9utes4 ,,ab is a telescope ?ree or f\r feet long1 fix$ on ! edge ( t brass plate4 ,g is a speculum fix$ on ! brass plate p]p5dicul>ly z ne> z may be to ! object-glass ( ! telescope1 s z to be incl9$ =ty-five degrees to ! axis ( ! telescope1 & int]cept half ! light :i* w\ld o!rwise come ?r\gh ! telescope to ! eye4 ,,cd is a moveable index turn+ ab\t ! c5tre ,c1 &1 ) its fiducial edge1 %[+ ! degrees1 m9utes1 & #a_/f m9utes on ! limb ( ! brass plate ,,pq2 ! c5tre ,c mu/ be ov] aga9/ ! middle ( ! speculum ,g4 ,h is ano!r speculum1 p>allel to ! =m]1 :5 ! fiducial edge ( index falls on #j #j #j2 s t ! same /> may !n appe> ?r\gh ! telescope 9 "o & ! same place1 bo? by ! direct rays & by ! reflex$ ones2 b if ! index be turn$1 ! /> %all appe> 9 two places1 ^: di/ance is %[$ on ! brass limb by ! index4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ab4 8,by ?is in/rum5t ! di/ance ( ! moon f any fix$ /> is ?us obs]v$3 view ! /> ?r\gh ! p]spicil by ! direct light1 & ! moon by ! reflex$ 7or on ! contr>y72 & turn ! index till ! /> t\* ! limb ( ! moon1 & ! index %all %[ on ! brass limb ( ! in/rum5t ! di/ance ( ! /> f ! moon's limb2 & ?\gh ! in/rum5t %ake by ! motion ( ! %ip at sea1 yet ! moon & /> w move toge!r z if !y did really t\* "o ano!r 9 ! heav5s2 s t an obs]vation may be made z exactly at sea z at l&4 8,& by ! same in/rum5t may be obs]v$ exactly ! altitudes ( ! moon & />s1 by br++ !m to ! horizon2 & !reby ! latitude & times ( obs]vation may be det]m9$ m exactly ?an by ! ways n[ 9 use4 8,9 ! "t ( ! obs]vation1 if ! in/rum5t move angul>ly ab\t ! axis ( ! telescope1 ! /> w move 9 a tang5t ( ! moon's limb1 or ( ! horizon2 b ! obs]vation may not)/&+ be made exactly1 by not+ :5 ! l9e describ$ by ! /> is a tang5t to ! moon's limb1 or to ! horizon4 8,to make ! in/rum5t useful1 ! telescope ought to take 9 a l>ge angle2 & to make ! obs]vation true1 let ! /> t\* ! moon's limb1 n on ! outside1 b on ! inside40 ,?is +5i\s contrivance is obvi\sly ! v same inv5tion z t :i* ,mr4 ,hadley produc$ 9 #agca1 & :i*1 "u ! "n ( ,hadley's ,quadrant1 has be5 ( s great s]vice 9 navigation4 ,! m]it ( its fir/ inv5tion mu/ !re=e be transf]r$ to ,sir ,isaac ,newton4 ,9 ! ye> #afgb1 ,sir ,isaac communicat$ to ,mr4 ,old5burg 8 design = a microscope1 :i* he consid]$ to be z capable ( improvem5t z ! telescope1 & p]haps m s1 because x requires only "o speculum4 ,?is microscope is %[n 9 ! annex$ diagram1 :]e ,,ab is ! object-metal1 ,,cd ! eye-glass1 ,f _! common focus1 & ,o ! o!r focus ( ! metal 9 :i* ! object is plac$4 ,?is +5i\s idea has be5 greatly improv$ 9 mod]n times by ,pr(essor ,amici1 :o makes ,,ab a portion ( an ellipsoid1 ^: foci are ,o & ,f1 & :o places a small pla9 speculum betwe5 ,o & ,,ab1 9 ord] to reflect ! object1 :i* is plac$ on "o side ,,ap1 = ! purpose ( be+ illum9at$4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ac4 ,9 ano!r lett] to ,mr4 ,old5burg1 dat$ ,july #aa? 9 ! same ye>1 he sugge/s ano!r improvem5t 9 microscopes1 :i* is to 8illum9ate ! object 9 a d>k5$ room ) ! light ( any conv5i5t col\r n too mu* comp\nd$3 = by t means ! microscope w1 ) di/9ctness1 be> a deep] *>ge & l>g] ap]ture1 especially if its con/ruction be su* z ,i may h]eaft] describe40#aah ,?is happy idea ,i h "s ye>s ago succe$$ 9 realiz+1 by illum9at+ microscopic objects ) ! light ( a mono*romatic lamp1 :i* dis*>ges a copi\s flame ( pure yell[ light ( def9ite refrangibility4#aai ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ad4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ae4 ,9 ord] to rem$y ! evils aris+ f ! weak reflect+ p[] ( speculum metal1 & f its t>ni%+ by exposure to ! air1 ,sir ,isaac propos$ to sub/itute = ! small oval speculum a triangul> prism ( glass or cry/al ,,abc4 ,its side ,,ab ba he supposes to p]=m ! (fice ( t metal1 by reflect+ t[>ds ! eye-glass ! light :i* comes f ! concave speculum ,,df1 fig4 #ac1 ^: light he supposes to ent] into ?is prism at its side ,,cb bc1 & le/ any col\rs %\ld be produc$ by ! refraction ( ^! planes1 x is requisite t ! angles ( ! prism at ,aa & ,bb be precisely equal4 ,?is may be done mo/ conv5i5tly1 by mak+ !m half "r angles1 & consequ5tly ! ?ird angle at ,cc a "r "o4 ,! plane ,,ab ba w reflect all ! light incid5t ^u x2 b 9 ord] to exclude unnecess>y light1 x w be prop] to cov] x all ov] ) "s black sub/ance except+ two circul> spaces ( ! planes ,ac & ,bc1 ?r\gh :i* ! useful light may pass4 ,! l5g? ( ! prism %\ld be su* t its sides ,ac & ,bc may be squ>e1 & s mu* ( ! angles ,b & b z are sup]flu\s ought to be gr\nd (f1 to give passage = z mu* light z is possible f ! object to ! speculum4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #af4 ,"o great advantage ( ?is prism1 :i* _c be obta9$ f ! oval metal1 is1 t )\t us+ two glasses ! object may be erect$1 & ! magnify+ p[] ( ! telescope v>i$ at pleasure1 by m]ely v>y+ ! di/ances ( ! speculum1 ! prism1 & ! eye-glass4 ,?is w be und]/ood f fig4 #af1 :]e ,,ai repres5ts ! great concave speculum1 ,,ef ! eye-glass1 & ,,bcd ! prism ( glass1 ^: sides ,,bc & ,,cd are n flat1 b sph]ically convex4 ,! rays :i* come f ,g1 ! focus ( ! great speculum ,,ai1 w1 by ! refraction ( ! fir/ side ,,bc1 be r$uc$ to p>allelism1 & aft] reflection f ! base ,,cd1 w be made by ! refraction ( ! next side ,,bd to conv]ge to ! focus ,h ( ! eye-glass ,,ef4 ,if we n[ br+ ! prism ,,bcd ne>] ! image at ,g1 ! po9t ,h w rec$e f ,,bd1 & ! image =m$ !re w be great] ?an t at ,g1 & if we remove ! prism ,,bcd f ,g1 ! po9t ,h w approa* to ,,bd1 & ! image at ,h w be less ?an t at ,g4 ,! prism ,,bcd p]=ms ! same "p z a convex l5s1 ,g & ,h be+ its conjugate foci1 & ! relative size ( ! images =m$ at ^! po9ts be+ proportional to _! di/ance f ! l5s4 ,?is con/ruction w\ld be a good "o = v>y+ optically ! angul> di/ance ( a pair ( wires plac$ 9 ! focus ( ! eye-glass ,,ef2 & by bisect+ ! l5ticul> prism ,,bcd1 & giv+ ! halves a slight incl9ation1 we %\ld be able to sep>ate & to close ! two images or disks :i* w\ld ?us be produc$1 & ?us =m a d\ble image micromet]4 ,among ! m9or & deta*$ lab\rs ( ,sir ,isaac1 we mu/ n omit 8 curi\s exp]im5ts on ! action ( light ^u ! ret9a4 ,locke seems to h wi%$ 8 op9ion respect+ a fact /at$ 9 ,boyle's ,book on ,col\rs1 & 9 a lett] f ,cambridge1 dat$ ,june #cj?1 #afia1 he communicat$ to 8 fri5d ! foll[+ v rem>kable obs]vations made by himself4 8,! obs]vation y m5tion 9 ,mr4 ,boyle's book ( col\rs ,i once made ^u myself ) ! haz>d ( my eyes4 ,! mann] 0 ?is2 ,i look$ a v little :ile ^u ! sun 9 ! look+-glass ) my "r eye1 & !n turn$ my eyes into a d>k corn] ( my *amb]1 & w9k$1 to obs]ve ! impression made1 & ! circles ( col\rs :i* encompass$ x1 & h[ !y decay$ by degrees1 & at la/ vani%$4 ,?is ,i repeat$ a second & a ?ird "t4 ,at ! ?ird "t1 :5 ! phantasm ( light & col\rs ab\t x 7 almo/ vani%$1 int5d+ my fancy ^u !m to see _! la/ appe>ance1 ,i f\nd1 to my amazem5t1 t !y began to return1 & by little & little to become z lively & vivid z :5 ,i _h newly look$ ^u ! sun4 ,b :5 ,i ceas$ to int5d my fancy ^u !m1 !y vani%$ aga94 ,aft] ?is1 ,i f\nd1 t z (t5 z ,i w5t into ! d>k1 & int5d$ my m9d ^u !m1 z :5 a man looks e>ne/ly to see any ?+ :i* is difficult to be se51 ,i c\ld make ! phantasm return )\t look+ any m ^u ! sun2 & ! (t5] ,i made x return1 ! m easily ,i c\ld make x return aga94 ,& at l5g?1 by repeat+ ?is )\t look+ any m ^u ! sun1 ,i made su* an impression on my eye1 t1 if ,i look$ ^u ! cl\ds1 or a book1 or any bright object1 ,i saw ^u x a r\nd bright spot ( light l ! sun1 &1 :i* is /ill /rang]1 ?\gh ,i look$ ^u ! sun ) my "r eye only1 & n ) my left1 yet my fancy began to make an impression ^u my left eye1 z well z ^u my "r4 ,= if ,i %ut my "r eye1 or look$ ^u a book or ! cl\ds ) my left eye1 ,i c\ld see ! spectrum ( ! sun almo/ z pla9 z ) my "r eye1 if ,i did b int5d my fancy a little :ile ^u x2 = at fir/1 if ,i %ut my "r eye1 & look$ ) my left1 ! spectrum ( ! sun did n appe> till ,i int5d$ my fancy ^u x2 b by repeat+1 ?is appe>$ e "t m easily4 ,& n[1 9 a few h\rs' "t1 ,i _h br\ght my eyes to su* a pass1 t ,i c\ld look ^u no bright object ) ei!r eye b ,i saw ! sun be=e me1 s t ,i dur/ nei!r write nor read2 b to recov] ! use ( my eyes1 %ut myself up 9 my *amb] made d>k1 = ?ree days toge!r1 & us$ all means to div]t my imag9ation f ! sun4 ,= if ,i ?\ght ^u him1 ,i pres5tly saw 8 picture1 ?\gh ,i 0 9 ! d>k4 ,b by keep+ 9 ! d>k1 & employ+ my m9d ab\t o!r ?+s1 ,i began 9 ?ree or f\r days to h "s use ( my eyes aga92 &1 by =be>+ to look ^u bright objects1 recov]$ !m pretty well1 ?\gh n s well b t1 = "s mon?s aft]1 ! spectrum ( ! sun began to return z (t5 z ,i began to m$itate ^u ! ph5om5a1 ev5 ?\gh ,i lay 9 b$ at midnight ) my curta9s drawn4 ,b n[ ,i h be5 v well = _m ye>s1 ?\gh ,i am apt to ?9k1 if ,i dur/ v5ture my eyes1 ,i c\ld /ill make ! phantasm return by ! p[] ( my fancy4 ,?is /ory ,i tell y1 to let y und]/&1 t 9 ! obs]vation relat$ by ,mr4 ,boyle1 ! man's fancy probably concurr$ ) ! impression made by ! sun's light to produce t phantasm ( ! sun :i* he con/antly saw 9 bright objects4 ,& s y\r "q ab\t ! cause ( ?is phantasm involves ano!r ab\t ! p[] ( fancy1 :i* ,i mu/ confess is too h>d a knot = me to untie4 ,to place ?is effect 9 a con/ant motion is h>d1 because ! sun ought !n to appe> p]petually4 ,x seems r to consi/ 9 a disposition ( ! s5sorium to move ! imag9ation /rongly1 & to be easily mov$1 bo? by ! imag9ation & by ! light1 z (t5 z bright objects are look$ ^u40 ,^! obs]vations possess 9 _m respects a high degree ( int]e/4 ,! fact ( ! transmission ( ! impression f ! ret9a ( ! "o eye to t ( ! o!r is p>ticul>ly important2 & x des]ves to be rem>k$1 z a s+ul> co9cid5ce1 t ,i _h occasion to obs]ve & to describe ! same ph5om5a above tw5ty ye>s ago1#abj & long be=e ! obs]vations ( ,sir ,isaac 7 communicat$ to ! sci5tific _w4 ,,*apt] ,,xviii4 ,8 ,acqua9tance ) ,dr4 ,pemb]ton1 :o edits ! ,?ird ,edition ( ! ,pr9cipia--,8 fir/ ,attack ( ill ,heal?--,8 ,recov]y--,he is tak5 ill 9 consequ5ce ( att5d+ ! ,royal ,society--,8 ,dea? on ! #bj? ,m>*1 #agbg--;,8 ,body lies 9 /ate--,8 ,fun]al--,he is buri$ 9 ,we/m9/] ,abbey--,8 ,monum5t describ$--,8 ,epitaph--,a ,m$al /ruck 9 hon\r ( him--,r\biliac's full-l5g? ,/atue ( him erect$ 9 ,cambridge--,division ( 8 ,prop]ty--,8 ,successors4 ,ab\t ! ye> #agbb1 ,sir ,isaac 0 desir\s ( publi%+ a ?ird edition ( 8 ,pr9cipia1 & ! premature dea? ( ,mr4 ,cotes hav+ depriv$ him ( 8 valuable aid1 he _h ! good =tune to become acqua9t$ ) ,dr4 ,h5ry ,pemb]ton1 a "y & accompli%$ physician1 :o _h cultivat$ ma!matical le>n+ ) consid]able success4 ,m4 ,pol5i1 an em95t pr(essor 9 ! ,univ]sity ( ,padua1 hav+ endeav\r$1 on ! au?ority ( a new exp]im5t1 to ov]turn ! common op9ion respect+ ! =ce ( bodies 9 motion1 & to e/abli% t ( ,leibnitz 9 its place1 ,dr4 ,pemb]ton transmitt$ to ,dr4 ,mead a demon/ration ( its inaccuracy4 ,dr4 ,mead communicat$ ?is pap] to ,sir ,isaac1 :o n only highly approv$ ( x1 b add$ a demon/ration ( 8 own1 drawn f ano!r consid]ation ( ! subject2 & ?is 0 pr9t$ )\t 8 "n1 z a po/script to ,pemb]ton's pap]1 :5 x appe>$ 9 ! ,transactions4#aba ,9 a %ort "t aft] ! comm5cem5t ( _! acqua9tance1 ,sir ,isaac engag$ ,dr4 ,pemb]ton to sup]9t5d ! new edition ( ! ,pr9cipia4 ,9 dis*>g+ ?is duty1 ,dr4 ,pemb]ton _h occasion to make _m rem>ks on ?is "w1 :i* ,sir ,isaac always receiv$ ) ! utmo/ goodness1 & ! new edition appe>$ ) num]\s alt]ations 9 #agbf4 ,on ! occasions ^u :i* he _h p]sonal int]c\rse ) ,sir ,isaac1 & :i* 7 necess>ily num]\s1 he endeav\r$ to le>n 8 op9ions on v>i\s ma!matical subjects1 & to obta9 "s hi/orical in=mation respect+ 8 inv5tions & discov]ies4 ,sir ,isaac ent]$ freely into all ^! topics & dur+ ! conv]sations :i* took place1 & :ile !y 7 read+ toge!r ,dr4 ,pemb]ton's popul> acc\nt ( ,sir ,isaac's discov]ies1 he obta9$ ! mo/ p]fect evid5ce t1 ?\gh 8 memory 0 mu* decay$1 yet he 0 fully able to und]/& 8 own writ+s4 ,dur+ ! la/ tw5ty ye>s ( 8 life1 :i* he sp5t 9 ,london1 ! *>ge ( 8 dome/ic conc]ns devolv$ ^u 8 beautiful & accompli%$ niece1 ,mrs4 ,ca?>9e ,b>ton1 ! wife ( ,colonel ,b>ton1 = :om1 z we h already se51 ! ,e>l ( ,halifax _h conceiv$ ! w>me/ affection4 ,?is lady1 :o _h be5 educat$ at h] uncle's exp5se1 m>ri$ ,mr4 ,conduit1 & cont9u$ to reside ) h] husb& 9 ,sir ,isaac's h\se till ! "t ( 8 dea?4 ,9 ! ye> #agbb1 :5 he _h rea*$ ! eightie? ye> ( 8 age1 he 0 seiz$ ) an incont95ce ( ur9e1 :i* 0 ascrib$ to /one 9 ! bladd]1 & 0 consid]$ incurable4 ,by means ( a /rict regim51 h[ev]1 & o!r precautions1 he 0 enabl$ to alleviate 8 compla9t1 & to procure long int]vals ( ease4 ,at ?is "t he gave up ! use ( 8 c>riage1 & always w5t out 9 a *air4 ,he decl9$ all invitations to d9n]1 & at 8 own h\se he _h only small p>ties4 ,9 8 diet he 0 extremely temp]ate4 ,?\gh he took a little but*] meat1 yet ! pr9cipal articles ( 8 food 7 bro?1 vegetables1 & fruit1 ( :i* he always ate v he>tily4 ,9 spite ( all 8 precautions1 h[ev]1 he exp]i5c$ a return ( 8 old compla9t1 & 9 ,augu/1 #agbd1 he pass$ a /one ! size ( a pea1 :i* came away 9 two pieces1 ! "o at ! di/ance ( two days f ! o!r4 ,aft] "s mon?s ( tol]able good heal?1 he 0 seiz$ 9 ,janu>y1 #agbe1 ) a viol5t c\gh & inflammation ( ! lungs2 & 9 consequ5ce ( ?is attack1 he 0 prevail$ ^u1 ) "s difficulty1 to take up 8 resid5ce at ,k5s+ton1 :]e 8 heal? exp]i5c$ a decid$ improvem5t4 ,9 ,febru>y1 #agbe1 he 0 attack$ 9 bo? 8 feet ) a fit ( ! g\t1 ( :i* he _h receiv$ a slight w>n+ a few ye>s be=e1 & ! effect ( ?is new compla9t 0 to produce a great & b5eficial *ange 9 8 g5]al heal?4 ,on ,sunday ! #g? ,m>*1 :5 8 head 0 cle>] & 8 memory /rong] ?an ,mr4 ,conduit _h kn[n x to be = "s "t1 he ent]$ into a long conv]sation on v>i\s subjects 9 a/ronomy4 ,he expla9$ to ,mr4 ,conduit h[ comets might be =m$ out ( ! light ( vap\rs dis*>g$ f ! sun & ! fix$ />s z ! c5tres ( sy/ems4 ,he conceiv$ t ^! lum9>ies 7 repl5i%$ by ! same comets be+ aga9 return$ to !m2 & ^u ?is pr9ciple he expla9$ ! extraord9>y lights :i* 7 se5 among ! fix$ />s by ,hipp>*us1 ,ty*o ,brahe1 & ,kepl]'s disciples1 & :i* he suppos$ to arise f ! additional fuel :i* !y receiv$4#abb ,not)/&+ ! improvem5t :i* 8 heal? _h exp]i5c$1 8 indisposition 0 /ill suffici5tly sev]e to unfit him = ! dis*>ge ( 8 duties at ! m9t2 & z 8 old deputy 0 conf9$ ) ! dropsy1 he 0 desir\s 9 #agbe ( resign+ 8 (fice to ,mr4 ,conduit4 ,difficulties probably 7 exp]i5c$ 9 mak+ ?is arrangem5t1 b 8 nephew dis*>g$ = him all ! duties ( 8 (fice2 & dur+ ! la/ ye> ( 8 life he h>dly ev] w5t to ! m9t4 ,b ?\gh e k9d ( motion 0 calculat$ to aggravate 8 compla9t1 & ?\gh he _h d]iv$ f absolute re/ & f ! air at ,k5s+ton ! highe/ b5efit1 yet great difficulty 0 exp]i5c$ 9 prev5t+ him f occasionally go+ to t[n4 ,feel+ himself able = ! j\rney1 he w5t to ,london on ,tuesday ! #bh? ( ,febru>y1 #agbg1 to preside at a meet+ ( ! ,royal ,society4 ,on ! foll[+ day ,mr4 ,conduit consid]$ him bett] ?an he _h be5 = _m ye>s1 & ,sir ,isaac 0 himself s s5sible ( ?is improvem5t 9 8 heal?1 t he assur$ 8 nephew t on ! ,sunday prec$+1 he _h slept f elev5 o'clock at night till eight o'clock next morn+ )\t wak+4 ,he _h und]gone1 h[ev]1 great fatigue 9 att5d+ ! meet+ ( ! ,royal ,society1 & 9 pay+ & receiv+ visits1 & ! consequ5ce ( ?is 0 a viol5t return ( 8 =m] compla9t4 ,he return$ to ,k5s+ton on ,saturday ! #d? ,m>*1 & 0 att5d$ by ,dr4 ,mead & ,dr4 ,*eseld51 :o pron\nc$ 8 disease to be /one1 & held out no hopes ( 8 recov]y4 ,f ! "t ( 8 la/ j\rney to ,london he _h exp]i5c$ viol5t fits ( pa9 ) v %ort int]missions2 & ?\gh ! drops ( sweat ran d[n 8 face dur+ ^! sev]e p>oxysms1 yet he nev] utt]$ a cry or a compla9t1 or display$ ! lea/ m>ks ( peevi%ness or impati5ce2 b dur+ ! %ort int]vals ( relief :i* occurr$1 he smil$ & conv]s$ ) 8 usual gayety & *e]fulness4 ,on ,w$nesday ! #ae? ( ,m>* he seem$ a little bett]2 & slight1 ?\gh gr\ndless hopes 7 ent]ta9$ ( 8 recov]y4 ,on ! morn+ ( ,saturday ! #ah? he read ! newspap]s1 & c>ri$ on a pretty long conv]sation ) ,dr4 ,mead1 :5 all 8 s5ses & faculties 7 /rong & vigor\s2 b at six o'clock ( ! same ev5+ he became ins5sible1 & he cont9u$ 9 t /ate dur+ ! :ole ( ,sunday1 & till ,monday ! #bj?1 :5 he expir$ betwe5 "o & two o'clock 9 ! morn+1 9 ! eighty-fif? ye> ( 8 age4 ,8 body 0 remov$ f ,k5s+ton to ,london1 & on ,tuesday ! #bh? ,m>* x lay 9 /ate 9 ! ,j]usalem ,*amb]1 & 0 !nce convey$ to ,we/m9/] ,abbey1 :]e x 0 buri$ ne> ! entrance into ! *oir on ! left-h&4 ,! pall 0 support$ by ! ,"l ,high ,*ancellor1 ! ,dukes ( ,roxburghe & ,montrose1 & ! ,e>ls ( ,pembroke1 ,sussex1 & ,macclesfield1 :o 7 ,fell[s ( ! ,royal ,society4 ,! ,hon4 ,sir ,mi*ael ,newton1 ,knight ( ! ,ba?1 0 *ief m\rn]1 & 0 foll[$ by "s o!r relations1 & sev]al di/+ui%$ *>act]s :o 7 intimately acqua9t$ ) ! deceas$4 ,! fun]al s]vice 0 p]=m$ by ! ,bi%op ( ,ro*e/]1 att5d$ by ! preb5d & *oir4 ,s5sible ( ! high hon\r :i* !y d]iv$ f _! connexion ) s di/+ui%$ a philosoph]1 ! relations ( ,sir ,isaac ,newton :o inh]it$ 8 p]sonal e/ate1#abc agre$ to devote #ejjl4 to ! erection ( a monum5t to 8 memory1 & ! dean & *apt] ( ,we/m9/] appropriat$ = x a place 9 ! mo/ conspicu\s "p ( ! ,abbey1 :i* _h (t5 be5 refus$ to ! greate/ ( our nobility4 ,?is monum5t 0 erect$ 9 #agca4 ,on ! front ( a s>cophagus re/+ on a p$e/al are sculptur$ 9 basso-relievo y\?s be>+ 9 _! h&s ! emblems ( ,sir ,isaac's pr9cipal discov]ies4 ,"o c>ries a prism1 ano!r a reflect+ telescope1 a ?ird is weigh+ ! sun & planets ) a /eely>d1 a f\r? is employ$ ab\t a furnace1 & two o!rs are load$ ) money newly co9$4 ,on ! s>cophagus is plac$ ! figure ( ,sir ,isaac 9 a cumb5t po/ure1 ) 8 elb[ re/+ on sev]al ( 8 works4 ,two y\?s /& be=e him ) a scroll1 on :i* is drawn a rem>kable diagram relative to ! sol> sy/em1 & above t is a conv]g+ s]ies4 ,beh9d ! s>cophagus is a pyramid1 f ! middle ( :i* rises a globe 9 mezzo-relievo1 ^u :i* sev]al ( ! con/ellations are drawn1 9 ord] to %[ ! pa? ( ! comet ( #afha1 ^: p]iod ,sir ,isaac _h det]m9$1 & also ! position ( ! sol/itial colure m5tion$ by ,hipp>*us1 & by means ( :i* ,sir ,isaac _h1 9 8 ,*ronology1 fix$ ! "t ( ! ,argonautic exp$ition4 ,a figure ( ,a/ronomy z ,que5 ( ! ,sci5ces sits weep+ on ! ,globe ) a sceptre 9 h] h&1 & a /> surm\nts ! summit ( ! pyramid4 ,! foll[+ epitaph is inscrib$ on ! monum5t4 ,hic situs e/ ,isaacus ,newton1 ,eques ,auratus1 ,qui ,animi ,vi prope div9a1 ,planet>um ,motus1 ,figuras1 ,comet>um ,semitas1 ,oceanique /us1 ,sua ,ma!si facem pref]5te1 ,primus demon/ravit4 ,radiorum ,lucis dissimilitud9es1 ,colorumque inde nasc5tium ,proprietates1 ,quas nemo antea vel suspicatus erat1 p]ve/igavit1 ,natur1 ,antiquitates1 ,s4 ,scriptur1 ,s$ulus1 sagax1 fidus ,int]pres1 ,dei ,opt4 ,max4 ,maje/atem ,philosophia ass]uit1 ,evangelii simplicitatem moribus expressit4 ,sibi gratul5tur ,mortales1 tale tantumque extitisse1 ,,humani ,,g5]is ,,decus4 ,natus xxv4 ,decemb4 ,,mdcxlii4 ,obiit4 xx4 ,m>4 ,,mdccxxvii4 ,( :i* ! foll[+ is a lit]al translation3 ,"h lies ,isaac ,newton1 ,knight1 ,:o1 by a ,vig\r ( ,m9d almo/ sup]natural1 ,fir/ demon/rat$ ,! ,motions & ,figures ( ! ,planets1 ,! ,pa?s ( ! ,comets1 & ! ,tides ( ! ,ocean4 ,he dilig5tly inve/igat$ ,! diff]5t ,refrangibilities ( ! ,rays ( ,light1 ,& ! ,prop]ties ( ! ,col\rs to :i* !y give rise4 ,an assidu\s1 sagaci\s1 & fai?ful ,int]pret] ,( ,nature1 ,antiquity1 & ! ,holy ,scriptures1 ,he ass]t$ 9 8 ,philosophy ! ,maje/y ( ,god1 ,& exhibit$ 9 8 conduct ! ,simplicity ( ! ,gospel4 ,let ,mortals rejoice ,t !re has exi/$ su* & s great ,,an ,,ornam5t ,,( ,,human ,,nature4 ,born #be? ,dec4 #afdb1 ,di$ #bj? ,m>*1 #agbg4 ,9 ! beg9n+ ( #agca1 a m$al 0 /ruck at ! ,t[] 9 hon\r ( ,sir ,isaac ,newton4 ,x _h on "o side ! head ( ! philosoph]1 ) ! motto1 ,felix cognosc]e causas1 & on ! rev]se a figure repres5t+ ! ma!matics4 ,on ! #d? ,febru>y1 #agee1 a magnific5t full-l5g? /atue ( ,sir ,isaac ,newton 9 :ite m>ble 0 erect$ 9 ! ante*apel ( ,tr9ity ,college4 ,he is repres5t$ /&+ on a p$e/al 9 a loose g[n1 hold+ a prism1 & look+ upw>ds ) an expression ( ! deepe/ ?\ght4 ,on ! p$e/al is ! inscription1 ,qui g5us humanum +5io sup]avit4 ,:o surpass$ all m5 9 g5ius4 ,?is /atue1 execut$ by ,r\biliac1 0 erect$ at ! exp5se ( ,dr4 ,rob]t ,smi?1 ! au?or ( ! ,compleat ,sy/em ( ,optics1 & pr(essor ( a/ronomy & exp]im5tal philosophy at ,cambridge4--,x has be5 ?us describ$ by a mod]n poet3 ,h>k :]e ! organ1 full & cle>1 ,) l\d hosannas *>ms ! e>2 ,behold1 a prism )9 8 h&s1 ,absorb$ 9 ?\ght great ,newton /&s ,su* 0 8 br[1 & looks s]5e1 ,8 s]i\s gait & mus+ mi51 ,:5 taught on eagle w+s to fly1 ,he trac$ ! wond]s ( ! sky2 ,! *amb]s ( ! sun explor$1 ,:]e t9ts ( ?\s& hues 7 /or$4 ,dr4 ,smi? likewise bequea!d ! sum ( #ejjl4 = execut+ a pa9t+ on glass = ! w9d[ at ! s\? end ( ,tr9ity ,college1 ,cambridge4 ,! subject repres5ts ! pres5tation ( ,sir ,isaac ,newton to 8 maje/y ,george ,,iii41 :o is seat$ "u a canopy ) a laurel *aplet 9 8 h&1 & att5d$ by ! ,briti% ,m9]va1 app>5tly advis+ him to rew>d m]it 9 ! p]son ( ! great philosoph]4 ,bel[ ! ?rone1 ! ,"l ,*ancellor ,bacon is propos+ to regi/] ! rew>d ab\t to be conf]r$ ^u ,sir ,isaac4 ,! orig9al draw+ ( ?is absurd picture 0 execut$ by ,cypriani1 & co/ "o hundr$ gu9eas4 ,! p]sonal e/ate ( ,sir ,isaac ,newton1 :i* 0 wor? ab\t #cb1jjjl41 0 divid$ among 8 f\r nephews & f\r nieces ( ! half-blood1 ! gr&*ildr5 ( 8 "m by ! ,rev]5d ,mr4 ,smi?4 ,! family e/ates ( ,wool/horpe & ,su/]n he bequea!d to ,john ,newton1 ! heir-at-law1 ^: great-gr&fa!r 0 ,sir ,isaac's uncle4 ,?is g5tleman does n seem to h suffici5tly valu$ ! beque/1 = he sold !m 9 #agcb1 to ,edmund ,turnor ( ,/oke ,ro*e=d4#abd ,a %ort "t be=e 8 dea?1 ,sir ,isaac gave away an e/ate 9 ,b]k%ire to ! sons & daught] ( a bro!r ( ,mrs4 ,conduit1 :o1 9 consequ5ce ( _! fa!r dy+ be=e ,sir ,isaac1 _h no %>e 9 ! p]sonal e/ate2 & he also gave an e/ate ( ! same value1 :i* he b\ght at ,k5s+ton1 to ,ca?>9e1 ! only daught] ( ,mr4 ,conduit1 :o aft]w>d m>ri$ ,mr4 ,wallop1 ! elde/ son ( ,"l ,lym+ton4 ,?is lady 0 aft]w>d ,visc\ntess ,lym+ton1 & ! e/ate ( ,k5s+ton desc5d$ to ! late ,e>l ( ,portsm\?1 by :om x 0 sold4 ,sir ,isaac 0 succe$$ z ma/] & w>d5 9 ! m9t by 8 nephew1 ,john ,conduit1 ,esq41 :o wrote a treatise on ! gold & silv] co91 & :o di$ 9 #agcg1 leav+ beh9d him 8 wife & daught]1 ! =m] ( :om di$ 9 #agci1 9 ! #ei? ye> ( h] age4 ,,*apt] ,,xix4 ,p]man5ce ( ,newton's ,reputation--,"* ( 8 ,g5ius--,8 ,me?ods ( ,inve/igation simil> to t us$ by ,galileo--,error 9 ascrib+ 8 ,discov]ies to ! ,use ( ! ,me?ods recomm5d$ by ,"l ,bacon--,! ,pret5sions ( ! ,baconian ,philosophy exam9$--,sir ,isaac ,newton's social ,"*--,8 great ,mode/y--,! ,simplicity ( 8 ,"*--,8 religi\s & moral ,"*--,8 ,hospitality & ,mode ( ,life--,8 ,g5]osity & ,*>ity--,8 ,abs5ce--,8 p]sonal ,appe>ance--,/atues & ,pictures ( him--,memorials & ,recollections ( him4 ,su* 7 ! la/ days ( ,sir ,isaac ,newton1 & su* ! la/ laurels :i* 7 %$ ov] 8 grave4 ,a c5tury ( discov]ies has s9ce 8 day be5 add$ to sci5ce2 b brilliant z ^! discov]ies are1 !y h n oblit]at$ ! m9ute/ ( 8 lab\rs1 & h s]v$ only to bright5 ! halo :i* encircles 8 "n4 ,! a*ievem5ts ( g5ius1 l ! s\rce f :i* !y spr+1 are inde/ructible4 ,acts ( legislation & de$s ( w> may conf] a high celebrity1 b ! reputation :i* !y br+ is only local & transi5t2 & :ile !y are hail$ by ! nation :i* !y b5efit1 !y are reprobat$ by ! p :om !y ru9 or enslave4 ,! lab\rs ( sci5ce1 on ! contr>y1 be> along ) !m no c\nt]p>t ( evil4 ,!y are ! lib]al beque/s ( great m9ds to e individual ( _! race1 & :]ev] !y are welcom$ & hon\r$ !y become ! solace ( private life1 & ! ornam5t & bulw>k ( ! commonweal?4 ,! importance ( ,sir ,isaac ,newton's discov]ies has be5 suffici5tly exhibit$ 9 ! prec$+ *apt]s3 ! peculi> "* ( 8 g5ius1 & ! me?od :i* he pursu$ 9 8 inquiries1 c be ga!r$ only f ! /udy ( 8 works1 & f ! hi/ory ( 8 individual lab\rs4 ,7 we to judge ( ! qualities ( 8 m9d f ! e>ly age at :i* he made 8 pr9cipal discov]ies1 & f ! rapidity ( _! succession1 we %\ld be l$ to ascribe to him t quickness ( p5etration1 & t exub]ance ( inv5tion1 :i* is m *>act]i/ic ( poetical ?an ( philosophical g5ius4 ,b we mu/ recollect t ,newton 0 plac$ 9 ! mo/ fav\rable circum/ances = ! developm5t ( 8 p[]s4 ,! fl[] ( 8 y\? & ! vig\r ( 8 manhood 7 entirely devot$ to sci5ce4 ,no injudici\s gu>dian controll$ 8 rul+ passion1 & no ung5ial /udies or pr(essional toils int]rupt$ ! cont9uity ( 8 pursuits4 ,8 discov]ies 71 !re=e1 ! fruit ( p]sev]+ & unbrok5 /udy2 & he himself decl>$1 t :atev] s]vice he _h done to ! public 0 n ow+ to any extraord9>y sagacity1 b solely to indu/ry & pati5t ?\ght4 ,initiat$ e>ly into ! ab/ractions ( geometry1 he 0 deeply imbu$ ) h] cauti\s _s2 & if 8 acquisitions 7 n made ) ! rapidity ( intuition1 !y 7 at lea/ firmly secur$2 & ! grasp :i* he took ( 8 subject 0 proportional to ! m5tal lab\r :i* x _h exhau/$4 ,ov]look+ :at 0 trivial1 & sep>at+ :at 0 extrane\s1 he bore d[n ) in/9ctive sagacity on ! prom95ces ( 8 subject1 & hav+ ?us grappl$ ) its difficulties1 he nev] fail$ to intr5* himself 9 its /rongholds4 ,to ! highe/ p[]s ( inv5tion ,newton add$1 :at s seldom accompanies !m1 ! tal5t ( simplify+ & communicat+ 8 pr(\nde/ speculations4#abe ,9 ! economy ( h] di/ributions1 nature is seldom ?us lavi% ( h] intellectual gifts4 ,! inspir$ g5ius :i* creates is r>ely conf]r$ along ) ! matur$ judgm5t :i* comb9es1 & yet )\t ! ex]tion ( bo? ! fabric ( human wisdom c\ld nev] h be5 re>$4 ,?\gh a ray f heav5 k9dl$ ! ve/al fire1 yet an humble prie/hood 0 requir$ to keep alive ! flame4 ,! me?od ( inve/igat+ tru? by obs]vation & exp]im5t1 s successfully pursu$ 9 ! ,pr9cipia1 has be5 ascrib$ by "s mod]n writ]s ( great celebrity to ,"l ,bacon2 & ,sir ,isaac ,newton is repres5t$ z hav+ ow$ all 8 discov]ies to ! application ( ! pr9ciples ( t di/+ui%$ writ]4 ,"o ( ! greate/ admir]s ( ,"l ,bacon has gone s f> z to *>act]ize him z a man :o has _h no rival 9 ! times :i* are pa/1 & z likely to h none 9 ^? :i* are to come4 ,9 a eulogy s ov]/ra9$ z ?is1 we feel t ! language ( panegyric has pass$ into t ( idolatry2 & we are desir\s ( weigh+ ! =ce ( argum5ts :i* t5d to depose ,newton f ! high-prie/hood ( nature1 & to unsettle ! pr\d de/9ies ( ,cop]nicus1 ,galileo1 & ,kepl]4 ,t ,bacon 0 a man ( p[]ful g5ius1 & end[$ ) v>i$ & pr(\nd tal5t1--! mo/ skilful logician1--! mo/ n]v\s & eloqu5t writ] ( ! age :i* he adorn$1 are po9ts :i* h be5 e/abli%$ by univ]sal suffrage4 ,! /udy ( anci5t sy/ems _h e>ly impress$ him ) ! conviction t exp]im5t & obs]vation 7 ! only sure guides 9 physical inquiries2 &1 ignorant ?\gh he 0 ( ! me?ods1 ! pr9ciples1 & ! details ( ! ma!matical sci5ces1 8 ambition prompt$ him to aim at ! con/ruction ( an artificial sy/em by :i* ! laws ( nature might be inve/igat$1 & :i* might direct ! inquiries ( philosoph]s 9 e future age4 ,! necessity ( exp]im5tal rese>*1 & ( advanc+ gradually f ! /udy ( facts to ! det]m9ation ( _! cause1 ?\gh ! gr\ndwork ( ,bacon's me?od1 is a doctr9e :i* 0 n only inculcat$ b successfully foll[$ by prec$+ philosoph]s4 ,9 a lett] f ,ty*o ,brahe to ,kepl]1 ?is indu/ri\s a/ronom] urges 8 pupil 8to lay a solid f\ndation = 8 views by actual obs]vation1 & !n by asc5d+ f ^! to /rive to rea* ! causes ( ?+s20 & x 0 no d\bt "u ! influ5ce ( ?is advice t ,kepl] submitt$ 8 wilde/ fancies to ! te/ ( obs]vation1 & 0 conduct$ to 8 mo/ spl5did discov]ies4 ,! reason+s ( ,cop]nicus1 :o prec$$ ,bacon by m ?an a c5tury1 7 all f\nd$ ^u ! mo/ legitimate induction4 ,dr4 ,gilb]t _h exhibit$ 9 8 treatise on ! magnet#abf ! mo/ p]fect specim5 ( physical rese>*4 ,leon>do da ,v9ci _h describ$ 9 ! cle>e/ mann] ! prop] me?od ( philosophical inve/igation2#abg & ! :ole sci5tific c>e] ( ,galileo 0 "o cont9u$ example ( ! mo/ sagaci\s application ( obs]vation & exp]im5t to ! discov]y ( g5]al laws4 ,! names ( ,p>acelsus1 ,van ,helmont1 & ,c>dan h be5 rang$ 9 opposition to ?is con/ellation ( great names1 & :ile x is admitt$ t ev5 !y _h ?r[n (f ! yoke ( ! s*ools1 & _h succe$$ 9 exp]im5tal rese>*1 _! cr$ulity & _! pret5sions h be5 adduc$ z a pro( t to ! 8bulk ( philosoph]s0 ! me?od ( induction 0 unkn[n4 ,! fault ( ?is argum5t consi/s 9 ! conclusion be+ inf9itely m g5]al ?an ! fact4 ,! errors ( ^! m5 7 n f\nd$ on _! ignorance1 b on _! presumption4 ,!y want$ ! pati5ce ( philosophy & n h] me?ods4 ,an excess ( vanity1 a wayw>dness ( fancy1 & an insatiable appetite = t species ( pass+ fame :i* is d]iv$ f ecc5tricity ( op9ion1 m\ld$ ! reason+s & disfigur$ ! writ+s ( ^! +5i\s m52 & x c sc>cely admit ( a d\bt1 t1 _h !y liv$ 9 ! pres5t age1 _! philosophical "* w\ld h receiv$ ! same impress f ! peculi>ity ( _! temp]s & dispositions4 ,?is is an exp]im5t1 h[ev]1 :i* _c n[ be made2 b ! hi/ory ( mod]n sci5ce supplies ! defect1 & ! exp]i5ce ( e man furni%es a pro( t 9 ! pres5t age !re are _m philosoph]s ( elevat$ tal5ts & inv5tive g5ius :o are z impati5t ( exp]im5tal rese>* z ,p>acelsus1 z fanciful z ,c>dan1 & z presumptu\s z ,van ,helmont4 ,hav+ ?us %[n t ! di/+ui%$ philosoph]s :o fl\ri%$ be=e ,bacon 7 p]fect ma/]s bo? ( ! pr9ciples & practice ( inductive rese>*1 x becomes int]e/+ to inquire :e!r or n ! philosoph]s :o succe$$ him ackn[l$g$ any obligation to 8 sy/em1 or d]iv$ ! slighte/ advantage f 8 precepts4 ,if ,bacon con/ruct$ a me?od to :i* mod]n sci5ce owes its exi/5ce1 we %all f9d its cultivators grateful = ! gift1 & (f]+ ! ri*e/ inc5se at ! %r9e ( a b5efactor ^: g5]\s lab\rs conduct$ !m to immortality4 ,no su* te/imonies1 h[ev]1 are to be f\nd4 ,ne>ly two hundr$ ye>s h gone by1 teem+ ) ! ri*e/ fruits ( human g5ius1 & no grateful disciple has appe>$ to v9dicate ! rights ( ! alleg$ legislator ( sci5ce4 ,ev5 ,newton1 :o 0 born & educat$ aft] ! publication ( ! ,novum ,organon1 nev] m5tions ! "n ( ,bacon or 8 sy/em1 & ! amiable & indefatigable ,boyle treat$ him ) ! same disrespectful sil5ce4 ,:5 we are told1 !re=e1 t ,newton ow$ all 8 discov]ies to ! me?od ( ,bacon1 no?+ m c be meant ?an t he proce$$ 9 t pa? ( obs]vation & exp]im5t :i* _h be5 s w>mly recomm5d$ 9 ! ,novum ,organon2 b x ought to h be5 add$1 t ! same me?od 0 practis$ by 8 pr$ecessors1--t ,newton possess$ no secret t 0 n us$ by ,galileo & ,cop]nicus1--& t he w\ld h enri*$ sci5ce ) ! same spl5did discov]ies if ! "n & ! writ+s ( ,bacon _h nev] be5 he>d (4 ,f ?is view ( ! subject we %all n[ proce$ to exam9e ! ,baconian process itself1 & consid] if x possesses any m]it z an artificial me?od ( discov]y1 or if x is at all capable ( be+ employ$1 = ?is purpose1 ev5 9 ! humble/ walks ( sci5tific inquiry4 ,! process ( ,"l ,bacon 01 we believe1 nev] tri$ by any philosoph] b himself4 ,z ! subject ( its application1 he select$ t ( heat4 ,) 8 usual erudition1 he collect$ all ! facts :i* sci5ce c\ld supply1--he arrang$ !m 9 tables1--he cross-que/ion$ !m ) all ! subtlety ( a plead]1--he comb9$ !m ) all ! sagacity ( a judge1--& he conjur$ ) !m by all ! magic ( 8 exclusive processes4 ,b1 aft] all ?is display ( physical logic1 nature ?us int]rogat$ 0 /ill sil5t4 ,! oracle :i* he _h himself e/abli%$ refus$ to give its responses1 & ! m9i/]+ prie/ 0 driv5 ) discomfiture f 8 own %r9e4 ,?is example1 9 %ort1 ( ! application ( 8 sy/em1 w rema9 to future ages z a memorable in/ance ( ! absurdity ( attempt+ to fett] discov]y by any artificial rules4 ,no?+ ev5 9 ma!matical sci5ce c be m c]ta9 ?an t a collection ( sci5tific facts are ( !mselves incapable ( lead+ to discov]y1 or to ! det]m9ation ( g5]al laws1 unless !y conta9 ! pr$om9at+ fact or relation 9 :i* ! discov]y ma9ly resides4 ,a v]tical column ( ar*-/ones possesses m /r5g? ?an ! same mat]ials arrang$ 9 an ar* )\t ! key-/one4 ,h[ev] nicely !y are adju/$1 & h[ev] nobly ! ar* may spr+1 x nev] c possess ei!r equilibrium or /ability4 ,9 ?is comp>ison all ! facts are suppos$ to be necess>y to ! f9al result2 b1 9 ! inductive me?od1 x is impossible to asc]ta9 ! relative importance ( any facts1 or ev5 to det]m9e if ! facts h any value at all1 till ! ma/]-fact :i* con/itutes ! discov]y has cr[n$ ! zeal\s ef=ts ( ! aspir+ philosoph]4 ,! m9d !n returns to ! d>k & b>r5 wa/e ov] :i* x has be5 hov]+2 & by ! guidance ( ?is s+le tor* x embraces1 "u ! compreh5sive grasp ( g5]al pr9ciples1 ! multif>i\s & insulat$ ph5om5a :i* _h =m]ly nei!r value nor connexion4 ,h5ce x mu/ be obvi\s to ! mo/ sup]ficial ?9k]1 t discov]y consi/s ei!r 9 ! detection ( "s conceal$ relation--"s deep-seat$ aff9ity :i* baffles ord9>y rese>*1 or 9 ! discov]y ( "s simple fact :i* is connect$ by sl5d] ramifications ) ! subject to be inve/igat$2 b :i*1 :5 once detect$1 c>ries u back by its div]g5ce to all ! ph5om5a :i* x embraces & expla9s4 ,9 ord] to give additional support to ^! views1 x w\ld be int]e/+ to asc]ta9 ! g5]al "* ( ! process by :i* a m9d ( ackn[l$g$ p[] actually proce$s 9 ! pa? ( successful inquiry4 ,! hi/ory ( sci5ce does n furni% u ) mu* in=mation on ?is head1 & if x is to be f\nd at all1 x mu/ be glean$ f ! biographies ( em95t m54 ,:atev] ?is process may be 9 its details1 if x has any1 !re _c be ! slighte/ d\bt t 9 its g5]alities at lea/ x is ! v rev]se ( ! me?od ( induction4 ,! impati5ce ( g5ius spurns ! re/ra9ts ( me*anical rules1 & nev] w submit to ! plodd+ drudg]y ( inductive discipl9e4 ,! discov]y ( a new fact unfits ev5 a pati5t m9d = delib]ate inquiry4 ,consci\s ( hav+ add$ to sci5ce :at _h escap$ ! sagacity ( =m] ages1 ! ambiti\s _s inve/s its new acquisition ) an importance :i* does n belong to x4 ,he imag9es a ?\s& consequ5ces to fl[ f 8 discov]y3 he =ms innum]able !ories to expla9 x1 & he exhau/s 8 fancy 9 try+ all its possible relations to recognis$ difficulties & unexpla9$ facts4 ,! re9s1 h[ev]1 ?us freely giv5 to 8 imag9ation1 are spe$ily drawn up4 ,8 wilde/ conceptions are all subject$ to ! rigid te/ ( exp]im5t1 & he has ?us be5 hurri$ by ! excursions ( 8 own fancy into new & f]tile pa?s1 f> remov$ f ord9>y obs]vation4 ,"h ! peculi> "* ( 8 own g5ius displays itself by ! inv5tion ( me?ods ( try+ 8 own speculations1 & he is ?us (t5 l$ to new discov]ies f> m important & g5]al ?an t by :i* he began 8 inquiry4 ,= a confirmation ( ^! views1 we may ref] to ! ,hi/ory ( ,kepl]'s ,discov]ies2 & if we d n recognise !m to ! same ext5t 9 ! lab\rs ( ,newton1 x is because he kept back 8 discov]ies till !y 7 ne>ly p]fect$1 & !re=e )held ! successive /eps ( 8 inquiries4 ,! social "* ( ,sir ,isaac ,newton 0 su* z might h be5 expect$ f 8 intellectual atta9m5ts4 ,he 0 mode/1 c&id1 & affable1 & )\t any ( ! ecc5tricities ( g5ius1 suit+ himself to e company1 & speak+ ( himself & o!rs 9 su* a mann] t he 0 nev] ev5 suspect$ ( vanity4 8,b ?is10 says ,dr4 ,pemb]ton1 8,i imm$iately discov]$ 9 him1 :i* at once bo? surpris$ & *>m$ me4 ,nei!r 8 extreme great age nor 8 univ]sal reputation _h r5d]$ him /iff 9 op9ion1 or 9 any degree elat$4 ,( ?is ,i _h occasion to h almo/ daily exp]i5ce4 ,! rem>ks ,i cont9ually s5t him by lett]s on ! ,pr9cipia 7 receiv$ ) ! utmo/ goodness4 ,^! 7 s f> f be+ any ways displeas+ to him1 t on ! contr>y x occasion$ him to speak _m k9d ?+s ( me to my fri5ds1 & to hon\r me ) a public te/imony ( 8 good op9ion40 ,! mode/y ( ,sir ,isaac ,newton 9 ref]5ce to 8 great discov]ies 0 n f\nd$ on any indiff]5ce to ! fame :i* !y conf]r$1 or ^u any errone\s judgm5t ( _! importance to sci5ce4 ,! :ole ( 8 life proves1 t he knew 8 place z a philosoph]1 & 0 det]m9$ to ass]t & v9dicate 8 rights4 ,8 mode/y arose f ! dep? & ext5t ( 8 k1 :i* %[$ him :at a small portion ( nature he _h be5 able to exam9e1 & h[ mu* rema9$ to be explor$ 9 ! same field 9 :i* he _h himself lab\r$4 ,9 ! magnitude ( ! comp>ison he recognis$ 8 own littl5ess2 & a %ort "t be=e 8 dea? he utt]$ ?is memorable s5tim5t3--8,i d n "k :at ,i may appe> to ! _w2 b to myself ,i seem to h be5 only l a boy play+ on ! sea%ore1 & div]t+ myself 9 n[ & !n f9d+ a smoo!r pebble or a pretti] %ell ?an ord9>y1 :ile ! great ocean ( tru? lay all undiscov]$ be=e me40 ,:at a lesson to ! vanity & presumption ( philosoph]s1--to ^? especially :o h nev] ev5 f\nd ! smoo!r pebble or ! pretti] %ell6 ,:at a prep>ation = ! late/ inquiries1 & ! la/ views ( ! decay+ _s1--= ^? inspir$ doctr9es :i* alone c ?r[ a light ov] ! d>k ocean ( undiscov]$ tru?6 ,! native simplicity ( ,sir ,isaac ,newton's m9d is f9ely portray$ 9 ! affect+ lett] 9 :i* he ackn[l$ges to ,locke t he _h ?\ght & spok5 ( him un*>itably2 & ! humility & c&\r 9 :i* he asks =giv5ess c\ld h emanat$ only f a m9d z noble z x 0 pure4 ,9 ! religi\s & moral "* ( our au?or !re is mu* to admire & to imitate4 ,:ile he exhibit$ 9 8 life & writ+s an ard5t reg>d = ! g5]al int]e/s ( religion1 he 0 at ! same "t a firm believ] 9 revelation4 ,he 0 too deeply v]s$ 9 ! ,scriptures1 & too mu* imbu$ ) _! _s1 to judge h>%ly ( o!r m5 :o took diff]5t views ( !m f himself4 ,he *]i%$ ! great pr9ciples ( religi\s tol]ation1 & nev] scrupl$ to express 8 abhorr5ce ( p]secution1 ev5 9 its milde/ =m4 ,immorality & impiety he nev] p]mitt$ to pass unreprov$2 & :5 ,dr4 ,halley#abh v5tur$ to say any ?+ disrespectful to religion1 he inv>iably *eck$ him1 & said1 8,i h /udi$ ^! ?+s1--y h n40#abi ,aft] ,sir ,isaac ,newton took up 8 resid5ce 9 ,london1 he liv$ 9 a v h&some /yle1 & kept 8 c>riage1 ) an e/abli%m5t ( ?ree male & ?ree female s]vants4 ,9 8 own h\se he 0 hospitable & k9d1 & on prop] occasions he gave spl5did ent]ta9m5ts1 ?\gh )\t o/5tation or vanity4 ,8 own diet 0 frugal1 & 8 dress 0 always simple2 b on "o occasion1 :5 he oppos$ ! ,hon\rable ,mr4 ,annesley 9 #agje1 z a c&idate = ! univ]sity1 he is said to h put on a suit ( lac$ clo!s4 ,8 g5]osity & *>ity _h no b\nds1 & he us$ to rem>k1 t !y :o gave away no?+ till !y di$ nev] gave at all4 ,?\gh 8 weal? _h become consid]able by a prud5t economy1 yet he _h always a contempt = money1 & he sp5t a consid]able "p ( 8 income 9 reliev+ ! poor1 9 assi/+ 8 relations1 & 9 enc\rag+ +5uity & le>n+4 ,! sums :i* he gave to 8 relations at diff]5t times 7 enorm\s2#acj & 9 #agbd he wrote a lett] to ! ,"l ,provo/ ( ,ed9burgh1 (f]+ to contribute #bjl4 p] annum to a provision = ,mr4 ,maclaur91 provid$ he accept$ ! situation ( assi/ant to ,mr4 ,james ,gregory1 :o 0 pr(essor ( ma!matics 9 ! univ]sity4 ,! habits ( deep m$itation :i* ,sir ,isaac ,newton _h acquir$1 ?\gh !y did n %[ !mselves 9 8 int]c\rse ) society1 ex]cis$ _! full influ5ce ov] 8 m9d :5 9 ! mid/ ( 8 own family4 ,absorb$ 9 ?\ght he w\ld (t5 sit d[n on 8 b$side aft] he rose1 & rema9 !re = h\rs )\t dress+ himself1 occupi$ ) "s int]e/+ inve/igation :i* _h fix$ 8 att5tion4 ,ow+ to ! same abs5ce ( m9d1 he neglect$ to take ! requisite quantity ( n\ri%m5t1 & x 0 !re=e (t5 necess>y to rem9d him ( 8 meals4#aca ,sir ,isaac ,newton is suppos$ to h _h little k ( ! _w1 & to h be5 v ignorant ( ! habits ( society4 ,?is op9ion has1 we ?9k1 be5 ra%ly d$uc$ f a lett] :i* he wrote 9 ! tw5ty-sev5? ye> ( 8 age to 8 "y fri5d1 ,francis ,a/on1 ,esq41 :o 0 ab\t to set out on 8 travels4 ,?is lett] is a highly int]e/+ production2 & :ile x %[s mu* k ( ! human he>t1 x ?r[s a /rong light ^u ! "* & op9ions ( its au?or4 ,9 8 p]sonal appe>ance1 ,sir ,isaac ,newton 0 n above ! middle size1 & 9 ! latt] "p ( 8 life 0 incl9$ to be corpul5t4 ,accord+ to ,mr4 ,conduit 8he _h a v lively & pi]c+ eye1 a comely & graci\s aspect1 ) a f9e head ( hair z :ite z silv]1 )\t any baldness1 & :5 8 p]uke 0 (f 0 a v5]able sight40 ,bi%op ,att]bury ass]ts1#acb on ! o!r h&1 t ! lively & pi]c+ eye did n belong to ,sir ,isaac dur+ ! la/ tw5ty ye>s ( 8 life4 8,inde$10 says he1 89 ! :ole air ( 8 face & make !re 0 no?+ ( t p5etrat+ sagacity :i* appe>s 9 8 compositions4 ,he _h some?+ r languid 9 8 look & mann] :i* did n raise any great expectation 9 ^? :o did n "k him40 ,?is op9ion ( ,bi%op ,att]bury is confirm$ by an obs]vation ( ,mr4 ,?omas ,he>ne1#acc :o says 8t ,sir ,isaac 0 a man ( no v promis+ aspect4 ,he 0 a %ort1 well-set man4 ,he 0 full ( ?\ght1 & spoke v little 9 company1 s t 8 conv]sation 0 n agreeable4 ,:5 he rode 9 8 coa*1 "o arm w\ld be out ( 8 coa* on "o side & ! o!r on ! o!r40 ,sir ,isaac nev] wore spectacles1 & nev] 8lo/ m ?an "o too? to ! day ( 8 dea?40 ,besides ! /atue ( ,sir ,isaac ,newton execut$ by ,r\biliac1 !re is a bu/ ( him by ! same arti/ 9 ! libr>y ( ,tr9ity ,college1 ,cambridge4 ,sev]al good pa9t+s ( him are extant4 ,two ( ^! are 9 ! hall ( ! ,royal ,society ( ,london1 & h1 we believe1 be5 (t5 engrav$4 ,ano!r1 by ,v&]bank1 is 9 ! ap>tm5ts ( ! ,ma/]'s lodge 9 ,tr9ity ,college1 & has be5 engrav$ by ,v]tue4 ,ano!r1 by ,val5t9e ,ritts1 is 9 ! l&+-place ne> ! entrance to ,tr9ity ,college libr>y2 b ! be/1 f :i* our engrav+ is copi$1 0 pa9t$ by ,sir ,godfrey ,knell]1 & is 9 ! possession ( ,"l ,egremont at ,petwor?4 ,9 ! univ]sity libr>y !re is pres]v$ a ca/ tak5 f 8 face aft] dea?4 ,e memorial ( s great a man z ,sir ,isaac ,newton has be5 pres]v$ & *]i%$ ) peculi> v5]ation4 ,8 h\se at ,wool/horpe1 ( :i* we h giv5 an engrav+1 has be5 religi\sly protect$ by ,mr4 ,turnor ( ,/oke ,ro*e=d1 ! proprietor4 ,dr4 ,/ukeley1 :o visit$ x 9 ,sir ,isaac's lifetime1 on ! #ac? ,octob]1 #agba1 gives ! foll[+ description ( x 9 8 lett] to ,dr4 ,mead1 writt5 9 #agbg3 8',tis built ( /one z is ! way ( ! c\ntry h]eab\ts1 & a reasonable good "o4 ,!y l$ me up /airs & %[$ me ,sir ,isaac's /udy1 :]e ,i suppose he /udi$ :5 9 ! c\ntry 9 8 y\ng] days1 or p]haps :5 he visit$ 8 "m f ! univ]sity4 ,i obs]v$ ! %elves 7 ( 8 own mak+1 be+ pieces ( deal boxes :i* probably he s5t 8 books & clo!s d[n 9 on ^? occasions4 ,!re 7 "s ye>s ago two or ?ree hundr$ books 9 x ( 8 fa!r-9-law1 ,mr4 ,smi?1 :i* ,sir ,isaac gave to ,dr4 ,newton ( our t[n40#acd ,:5 ! h\se 0 repair$ 9 #agih1 a tablet ( :ite m>ble 0 put up by ,mr4 ,turnor 9 ! room :]e ,sir ,isaac 0 born1 ) ! foll[+ inscription3 8,sir ,isaac ,newton1 son ( ,john ,newton1 ,"l ( ! manor ( ,wool/horpe1 0 born 9 ?is room on ! #be? ,decemb]1 #afdb40 ,nature & ,nature's laws lay hid 9 night1 ,god said1 8,let ,newton be10 & all 0 light4 ,! foll[+ l9es h be5 writt5 ^u ! h\se3 ,"h ,newton dawn$1 "h l(ty wisdom woke1 ,& to a wond]+ _w div9ely spoke4 ,if ,tully gl[$1 :5 ,phdrus' /eps he trode1 ,or fancy =m$ ,philosophy a god2 ,if sages /ill = ,hom]'s bir? cont5d ,! ,sons ( ,sci5ce at ?is dome mu/ b5d4 ,all hail ! %r9e6 ,all hail ! natal day1 ,cam boa/s 8 noon1--,?is ,cot 8 morn+ ray4 ,! h\se is n[ occupi$ by a p]son ( ! "n ( ,john ,woll]ton4 ,x /ill conta9s ! two dials made by ,newton1 b ! /yles ( bo? are want+4 ,! celebrat$ apple-tree1 ! fall ( "o ( ! apples ( :i* is said to h turn$ ! att5tion ( ,newton to ! subject ( gravity1 0 de/roy$ by w9d ab\t f\r ye>s ago2 b ,mr4 ,turnor has pres]v$ x 9 ! =m ( a *air4#ace ,! *amb]s :i* ,sir ,isaac inhabit$ at ,cambridge are kn[n by tradition4 ,!y are ! ap>tm5ts next to ! great gate ( ,tr9ity ,college1 & x is believ$ t !y !n communicat$ by a /aircase ) ! obs]vatory 9 ! ,great ,t[]1--an obs]vatory :i* 0 furni%$ by ! contributions ( ,newton1 ,cotes1 & o!rs4 ,8 telescope1 repres5t$ 9 fig4 #c1 page #da1 is pres]v$ 9 ! libr>y ( ! ,royal ,society ( ,london1 & 8 globe1 8 univ]sal r+-dial1 quadrant1 compass1 & a reflect+ telescope said to h belong$ to him1 9 ! libr>y ( ,tr9ity ,college4 ,!re is also 9 ! same collection a long & curl$ lock ( 8 silv] :ite hair4 ,! door ( 8 bookcase is 9 ! ,museum ( ! ,royal ,society ( ,ed9burgh4 ,! manuscripts1 lett]s1 & o!r pap]s ( ,newton h be5 pres]v$ 9 diff]5t collections4 ,8 correspond5ce ) ,cotes relative to ! second edition ( ! ,pr9cipia1 & am\nt+ to betwe5 sixty & a hundr$ lett]s1 a consid]able portion ( ! manuscript ( t "w1 & two or ?ree lett]s to ,dr4 ,keill on ! ,leibnitzian controv]sy1 are pres]v$ 9 ! libr>y ( ,tr9ity ,college1 ,cambridge4 ,newton's lett]s to ,flam/ead1 ab\t ?irty-f\r 9 numb]1 are deposit$ 9 ! libr>y ( ,corpus ,*ri/i ,college1 ,ox=d4#acf ,sev]al lett]s ( ,newton1 &1 we believe1 ! orig9al specim5 :i* he drew up ( ! ,pr9cipia1 exi/ among ! pap]s ( ,mr4 ,william ,jones 7! fa!r ( ,sir ,william ,jones71 :i* are pres]v$ at ,%irburn ,ca/le1 9 ! libr>y ( ,"l ,macclesfield4 ,b ! great mass ( ,newton's pap]s came into ! possession ( ! ,portsm\? family ?r\gh 8 niece1 ,lady ,lym+ton1 & h be5 safely pres]v$ by t noble family4 ,!re is reason to believe t !y conta9 no?+ :i* c\ld be peculi>ly int]e/+ to sci5ce2 b z ! correspond5ce ( ,newton ) contempor>y philosoph]s mu/ ?r[ consid]able light on 8 p]sonal hi/ory1 we tru/ t x w ere long be giv5 to ! public4 ,,app5dix4 ,no4 ,i4 ,,obs]vations ,,on ,,! ,,family ,,( ,,sir ,,isaac ,,newton4 ,9 ! ye> #agje1 ,sir ,isaac gave into ! ,h]ald's ,(fice an elaborate p$igree1 /at+ ^u oa? t he _h reason to believe t ,john ,newton ( ,we/by1 9 ! c\nty ( ,l9coln1 0 8 great-gr&fa!r's fa!r1 & t ?is 0 ! same ,john ,newton :o 0 buri$ 9 ,bas+?orpe *ur*1 on ! #bb;d ,decemb]1 #aefc4 ,?is ,john ,newton _h f\r sons1 ,john1 ,?omas1 ,ri*>d1 & ,william ,newton ( ,gunn]ly1 ! la/ ( :om 0 great-gr&fa!r to ,sir ,john ,newton1 ,b>t41 ( ,ha!r4 ,sir ,isaac consid]$ himself z desc5d$ f ! elde/ ( ^!1 he hav+1 by tradition f 8 k9dr$ ev] s9ce he c rememb]1 reckon$ himself next ( k9 7among ! ,newtons7 to ,sir ,john ,newton's family4 ,! p$igree1 f\nd$ ^u ^! & o!r consid]ations1 0 accompani$ by a c]tificate f ,sir ,john ,newton1 ( ,?orpe1 ,b>t41 :o /ates t he _h he>d 8 fa!r speak ( ,sir ,isaac ,newton z ( 8 relation & k9sman1 & t he himself believ$ t ,sir ,isaac 0 desc5d$ f ,john ,newton1 son to ,john ,newton ( ,we/by1 b kn[e? n 9 :at p>ticul> mann]4 ,! p$igree ( ,sir ,isaac1 z ent]$ at ! ,h]ald's ,(fice1 does n seem to h be5 satisfactory ei!r to himself or to 8 successors1 z x c\ld n be trac$ ) c]ta9ty beyond 8 gr&fa!r2 & x w be se5 f ! foll[+ int]e/+ correspond5ce1 t ^u mak+ fur!r rese>*es1 he _h f\nd "s reason to believe t he 0 ( ,scot* extraction4 ,extract ( a ,lett] f ! ,rev]5d ,dr4 ,reid ( ,glasg[ to ,dr4 ,gregory ( ,ed9burgh1 dat$ #ad? ,m>*1 #aghd4 8,i s5d y on ! o!r page an anecdote respect+ ,sir ,isaac ,newton1 :i* ,i d n rememb] :e!r ,i ev] happ5$ to m5tion to y 9 conv]sation4 ,if 8 desc5t be n cle>ly asc]ta9$ 7z ,i ?9k x is n 9 ! books ,i h se571 might x n be wor? :ile to inquire if evid5ce c be f\nd to confirm ! acc\nt :i* he is said to h giv5 ( himself4 ,%]iff ,cross 0 v zeal\s ab\t x :5 dea? put a /op to 8 inquiries4 8,:5 ,i liv$ 9 old ,ab]de5 above tw5ty ye>s ago1 ,i happ5$ to be conv]s+ ov] a pipe ( tobacco ) a g5tleman ( t c\ntry1 :o _h be5 lately at ,ed9burgh4 ,he told me t he _h be5 (t5 9 company ) ,mr4 ,hepburn ( ,kei?1 ) :om ,i _h ! hon\r ( "s acqua9tance4 ,he said t1 speak+ ( ,sir ,isaac ,newton1 ,mr4 ,hepburn m5tion$ an anecdote1 :i* he _h f ,mr4 ,james ,gregory1 pr(essor ( ma!matics at ,ed9burgh1 :i* 0 to ?is purpose3 8,mr4 ,gregory1 be+ at ,london = "s "t aft] he resign$ ! ma!matical *air1 0 (t5 ) ,sir ,isaac ,newton4 ,"o day ,sir ,isaac said to him1 #8,gregory1 ,i believe y don't "k t ,i am connect$ ) ,scotl&4'--#8,pray h[1 ,sir ,isaac8' said ,gregory4 ,sir ,isaac said he 0 told t 8 gr&fa!r 0 a g5tleman ( ,ea/ ,lo?ian2 t he came to ,london ) ,k+ ,james at 8 accession to ! cr[n ( ,engl&1 & !re sp5t 8 =tune1 z _m m did at t "t1 by :i* 8 son 7,sir ,isaac's fa!r7 0 r$uc$ to mean circum/ances4 ,to ?is ,gregory bluntly repli$1 #8,newton a g5tleman ( ,ea/ ,lo?ian1 ,i nev] he>d ( a g5tleman ( ,ea/ ,lo?ian ( t "n4' ,^u ?is ,sir ,isaac said1 #8t be+ v "y :5 8 fa!r di$1 he _h x only by tradition1 & x might be a mi/ake2' & imm$iately turn$ ! conv]sation to ano!r subject4 8,i confess ,i suspect$ t ! g5tleman :o 0 my au?or _h giv5 "s col\r+ to ?is /ory1 & !re=e ,i nev] m5tion$ x = a good _m ye>s4 8,aft] ,i remov$ to ,glasg[1 ,i came to be v intimately acqua9t$ ) ,mr4 ,cross1 !n %]iff ( ,lan>k1 & "o day at 8 own h\se m5tion$ ?is /ory1 )\t nam+ my au?or1 ( :om ,i express$ "s diffid5ce4 8,! %]iff imm$iately took x up z a matt] wor? be+ inquir$ into4 ,he said he 0 well acqua9t$ ) ,mr4 ,hepburn ( ,kei? 7:o 0 !n alive71 & t he w\ld write him to "k :e!r he ev] he>d ,mr4 ,gregory say t he _h su* a conv]sation ) ,sir ,isaac ,newton4 ,he said he knew t ,mr4 ,kei?1 ! ambassador1 0 also intimate ) ,mr4 ,gregory1 & t he w\ld write him to ! same purpose4 8,"s "t aft]1 ,mr4 ,cross told me t he _h answ]s f bo? ! g5tlem5 above m5tion$1 & t bo? rememb]$ to h he>d ,mr4 ,gregory m5tion ! conv]sation betwe5 him & ,sir ,isaac ,newton1 to ! purpose above n>rat$1 & at ! same "t ackn[l$g$ t !y _h made no fur!r inquiry ab\t ! matt]4 8,mr4 ,cross1 h[ev]1 cont9u$ ! inquiry1 & a %ort "t be=e 8 dea? told me t all he _h le>n$ 01 t !re is1 or 0 lately1 a b>onet's family ( ! "n ( ,newton 9 ,we/ ,lo?ian or ,mid ,lo?ian 7,i h =got :i*73 t !re is a tradition 9 t family t ,sir ,isaac ,newton wrote a lett] to ! old knight t !n 0 7,i ?9k ,sir ,john ,newton ( ,newton 0 8 "n71 desir+ to "k :at *ildr51 & p>ticul>ly :at sons he _h1 _! age1 & :at pr(essions !y int5d$3 t ! old b>onet nev] deign$ to return an answ] to ?is lett]1 :i* 8 family 0 sorry =1 z !y ?\ght ,sir ,isaac might h int5d$ to d some?+ = !m40 ,sev]al ye>s aft] ?is lett] 0 writt51 a ,mr4 ,b>ron1 a relation ( ,sir ,isaac ,newton1 seems to h be5 mak+ inquiries respect+ ! family ( 8 ance/or1 & 9 consequ5ce ( ?is ! late ,pr(essor ,robison appli$ to ,dr4 ,reid1 to obta9 f him a m p>ticul> acc\nt ( ! rem>kable conv]sation betwe5 ,sir ,isaac & ,mr4 ,james ,gregory ref]r$ to 9 ! prec$+ lett]4 ,9 answ] to ?is reque/1 ,dr4 ,reid wrote ! foll[+ lett]1 = :i* ,i 0 indebt$ to ,john ,robison1 ,esq4 ,sec4 ,r4 ,s4 ,e41 :o f\nd x among 8 fa!r's manuscripts4 ,lett] f ,dr4 ,reid to ,pr(essor ,robison respect+ ! ,family ( ,sir ,isaac ,newton4 8,,de> ,,sir1 8,i am v glad to le>n by y\rs ( ,april #d1 t a ,mr4 ,b>ron1 a ne> relation ( ,sir ,isaac ,newton1 is anxi\s to inquire into ! desc5t ( t great man1 z ! family _c trace x f>!r1 ) any c]ta9ty1 ?an 8 gr&fa!r4 ,i !re=e1 z y desire1 s5d y a precise acc\nt ( all ,i "k2 & am glad to h ?is opportunity1 be=e ,i die1 ( putt+ ?is in=mation 9 h&s t w make ! prop] use ( x1 if x %all be f\nd ( any use4 8,sev]al ye>s be=e ,i left ,ab]de5 7:i* ,i did 9 #agfd71 ,mr4 ,d\glas ( ,feckel1 ! fa!r ( ,sylve/] ,d\glas1 n[ a b>ri/] at ,london1 told me1 t hav+ be5 lately at ,ed9burgh1 he 0 (t5 9 company ) ,mr4 ,hepburn ( ,kei?1 a g5tleman ( :om ,i _h "s acqua9tance1 by 8 lodg+ a night at my h\se at ,new ,ma*>1 :5 he 0 9 ! rebel army 9 #agde4 ,t ,mr4 ,hepburn told him t he _h he>d ,mr4 ,james ,gregory1 pr(essor ( ma!matics1 ,ed9burgh1 say1 t be+ "o day 9 famili> conv]sation ) ,sir ,isaac ,newton at ,london1 ,sir ,isaac said1 #8,gregory1 ,i believe y don't "k t ,i am a ,scot*man4'--#8,pray1 h[ is t8' said ,gregory4 ,sir ,isaac said he 0 in=m$ t 8 gr&fa!r 7or great-gr&fa!r7 0 a g5tleman ( ,ea/ 7or ,we/7 ,lo?ian3 t he w5t to ,london ) ,k+ ,james ! ,i4 at 8 accession to ! cr[n ( ,engl&3 & t he att5d$ ! c\rt 9 expectation1 z _m o!rs did1 until he sp5t 8 =tune1 by :i* means 8 family 0 r$uc$ to l[ circum/ances4 ,at ! "t ?is 0 told me ,mr4 ,gregory 0 dead1 o!rwise ,i %\ld h _h 8 own te/imony1 = he 0 my "m's bro!r4 ,i likewise ?\ght at t "t t x _h be5 c]ta9ly kn[n t ,sir ,isaac _h be5 desc5d$ f an old ,engli% family1 z ,i ?9k is said 9 8 eloge be=e ! ,academy ( ,sci5ces at ,p>is1 & !re=e ,i nev] m5tion$ :at ,i _h he>d = _m ye>s1 believ+ t !re mu/ be "s mi/ake 9 x4 8,"s ye>s aft] ,i came to ,glasg[1 ,i m5tion$ 7,i believe = ! fir/ "t7 :at ,i _h he>d to h be5 said by ,mr4 ,hepburn to ,mr4 ,cross1 late %]iff ( ?is c\nty1 :om y w rememb]4 ,mr4 ,cross 0 mov$ by ?is acc\nt1 & imm$iately said1 #8,i "k ,mr4 ,hepburn v well1 & ,i "k he 0 intimate ) ,mr4 ,gregory3 ,i %all write him ?is same night1 to "k :e!r he he>d ,mr4 ,gregory say s or n4' ,aft] "s reflection1 he add$1 #8,i "k t ,mr4 ,kei?1 ! ambassador1 0 also an intimate acqua9tance ( ,mr4 ,gregory1 & z he is at pres5t 9 ,ed9burgh1 ,i %all likewise write to him ?is night4' 8,! next "t ,i wait$ on ,mr4 ,cross he told me t he _h wrote bo? to ,mr4 ,hepburn & ,mr4 ,kei?1 & _h an answ] f bo?1 & t bo? ( !m te/ifi$ t !y _h sev]al times he>d ,mr4 ,james ,gregory say1 t ,sir ,isaac ,newton told him :at is above express$1 b t nei!r !y nor ,mr4 ,gregory1 z f> z !y knew1 ev] made any fur!r inquiry into ! matt]4 ,?is appe>$ v /range bo? to ,mr4 ,cross & me1 & he said he w\ld reproa* !m = _! indiff]5ce1 & w\ld make inquiry z soon z he 0 able4 8,he liv$ b a %ort "t aft] ?is1 & 9 ! la/ conv]sation ,i _h ) him ^u ! subject1 he said1 t all he _h yet le>n$ 01 t !re 0 a ,sir ,john ,newton ( ,newton 9 "o ( ! c\nties ( ,lo?ian 7b ,i h =got :i*71 "s ( ^: *ildr5 7 yet alive3 t !y report$ t _! fa!r1 ,sir ,john1 _h a lett] f ,sir ,isaac ,newton1 desir+ to "k ! /ate ( 8 family1 :at *ildr5 he _h1 p>ticul>ly :at sons1 & 9 :at way !y 74 ,! old knight nev] return$ an answ] to ?is lett]1 ?9k+ probably t ,sir ,isaac 0 "s up/>t1 :o want$ to claim a relation to 8 wor%ipful h\se4 ,?is omission ! *ildr5 regrett$1 conceiv+ t ,sir ,isaac might h _h a view ( do+ some?+ = _! b5efit4 8,aft] ?is ,i m5tion$ occasionally 9 conv]sation :at ,i knew1 hop+ t ^! facts might lead to "s m c]ta9 discov]y1 b ,i f\nd m coldness ab\t ! matt] ?an ,i ?\ght x des]v$4 ,i wrote an acc\nt ( x to ,dr4 ,gregory1 y\r colleague1 t he might imp>t x to any memb] ( ! ,antiqu>ian ,society :o he judg$ might h ! curiosity to trace ! matt] fur!r4 8,9 ! ye> #aghg1 my colleague1 ,mr4 ,patrick ,wilson1 pr(essor ( a/ronomy1 hav+ be5 9 ,london1 told me on 8 return t he _h met accid5tally ) a ,james ,hutton1 ,esq4 ( ,pimlico1 ,we/m9/]1 a ne> relation ( ,sir ,isaac ,newton1#acg to :om he m5tion$ :at he _h he>d f me ) respect to ,sir ,isaac's desc5t1 & t ,i wi%$ mu* to "k some?+ m decisive on t subject4 ,mr4 ,hutton said1 if ,i pleas$ to write to him he w\ld give me all ! in=mation he c\ld give4 ,i wrote him accord+ly1 & _h a v polite answ]1 dat$ at ,ba?1 #be? ,decemb]1 #aghg1 :i* is n[ be=e me4 ,he says1 #8,i %all be glad :5 ,i return to ,london1 if ,i c f9d 9 "s old notes ( my "m any ?+ t may fix ! c]ta9ty ( ,sir ,isaac's desc5t4 ,if he spoke s to ,mr4 ,james ,gregory1 x is mo/ c]ta9 he spoke tru?4 ,b ,sir ,isaac's gr&fa!r1 n 8 great-gr&fa!r1 mu/ be ! p]son :o came f ,scotl& ) ,k+ ,james ,i4 ,if ,i f9d any ?+ to ! purpose1 ,i w take c>e x %all rea* y4' 8,9 consequ5ce ( ?is lett] ,i expect$ ano!r f ,mr4 ,hutton :5 he %\ld return to ,london1 b h nev] _h any4 ,mr4 ,wilson told me he 0 a v old man1 & :e!r he be dead or alive ,i "k n4 8,?is is all ,i "k ( ! matt]1 & = ! facts above m5tion$ ,i pl$ge my v]acity4 ,i am mu* oblig$ to y1 de> sir1 = ! k9d expressions ( y\r affection & e/eem1 :i*1 ,i assure y1 are mutual on my "p1 & ,i s9c]ely sympa?ize ) y on y\r afflict+ /ate ( heal?1 :i* makes y consid] y\rself z out ( ! _w1 & despair ( see+ me any m4 8,i h be5 long out ( ! _w by deafness & extreme old age4 ,i hope1 h[ev]1 if we %\ld n meet aga9 9 ?is _w1 t we %all meet & r5ew our acqua9tance 9 ano!r4 ,9 ! mean "t1 ,i am ) great e/eem1 de> sir1 y\rs affectionately1 8,,?o4 ,,reid4 8,glasg[ ,college1 0#ab? ,april1 #agib40 ,?is curi\s lett] ,i publi%$ 9 ! ,ed4 ,phil4 ,j\rnal = ,octob] #a1 #ahbj4 ,x excit$ ! p>ticul> att5tion ( ! late ,george ,*alm]s1 ,esq41 :o s5t me an elaborate lett] ^u ! subject2 b z ,i 0 at t "t 9 ! expectation ( obta9+ "s important in=mation ?r\gh o!r *annels1 ?is lett] 0 n publi%$4 ,?is hope1 h[ev]1 has be5 disappo9t$4 ,a c>eful se>* has be5 made ?r\gh ! *>t]-*e/ ( ! ,newtons ( ,newton 9 ,ea/ ,lo?ian1 by ,mr4 ,ri*>d ,hay ,newton1 ! repres5tative ( t family1 b no docum5t :atev] has be5 f\nd t c ?r[ ! lea/ light ^u ! matt]4 ,x des]ves to be rem>k$1 h[ev]1 t ,sir ,ri*>d ,newton1 ! alleg$ correspond5t ( ,sir ,isaac1 appe>s to h de/roy$ 8 correspond5ce2 = ?\gh ! *>t]-*e/ conta9s ! lett]s ( 8 pr$ecessors = "s g5]ations1 yet !re is n a s+le epi/ol>y docum5t ei!r ( 8 own or ( 8 lady's4 ,hi!rto ! evid5ce ( ,sir ,isaac's ,scotti% desc5t has be5 d]iv$ *iefly f 8 conv]sation ) ,mr4 ,james ,gregory2 b ,i am enabl$1 by ! k9dness ( ,mr4 ,robison1 to corroborate ?is evid5ce by ! foll[+ in=mation1 d]iv$1 z w be se51 f ! family ( ! ,newtons ( ,newton4 ,among v>i\s memor&a 9 ! h&writ+ ( ,pr(essor ,robison1 :o at "o "t propos$ to write ! life ( ,sir ,isaac1 are ! foll[+3-- 8#a/1 ,"l ,h5d]l& in=m$ me 9 a lett] dat$ ,m>*1 #agid1 t he _h he>d f 8 infancy t ,sir ,isaac consid]$ himself z desc5d$ f ! family ( ,newton ( ,newton4 ,?is he he>d f 8 uncle ,ri*>d ,newton ( ,newton 7:o 0 ?ird son ( ,"l ,william ,hay ( ,ne:all730 8,he said t ,sir ,isaac wrote to ,scotl& to le>n :e!r any desc5dants ( t family rema9$1 & ?is 7x 0 ?\ght7 ) ! view to leave "s ( 8 =tune to ! family possess+ ! e/ate ) ! title ( b>onet4 ,mr4 ,newton1 n hav+ ?is hon\r1 & be+ a %y man1 did n enc\rage ! correspond5ce1 because he did n consid] himself z ( k9 to ,sir ,isaac1 c40 8#b;d1 ,in=mation communicat$ to me by ,hay ,newton1 ,esq41 ( t ilk1 #ah? ,augu/1 #ahjj40 8,! late ,sir ,ri*>d ,newton ( ,newton1 ,b>t41 *ief ( t "n1 hav+ no male *ildr51 settl$ ! e/ate & b>ony ( ,newton 9 ,ea/ ,lo?ian c\nty ^u 8 relation ,ri*>d ,hay ,newton1 ,esq41 son ( ,"l ,william ,hay40#ach--8;,x _c be discov]$ h[ long ! family ( ,newton h be5 9 possession ( ! b>ony1 !re be+ no tradition conc]n+ t circum/ance fur!r ?an t !y came orig9ally f ,engl& at a v di/ant p]iod1 & settl$ on ^! l&s40--8,! celebrat$ ,sir ,isaac ,newton 0 a di/ant relation ( ! family1 & correspond$ ) ! la/ b>onet1 ! above-m5tion$ ,sir ,ri*>d ,newton40 ,! prec$+ docum5ts furni% ! mo/ complete evid5ce t ! conv]sation respect+ ,sir ,isaac ,newton's family took place betwe5 him & ,mr4 ,gregory2 & ! te/imony ( ,"l ,h5d]l& proves t 8 own uncle1 ,ri*>d ,newton ( ,newton1 ! imm$iate successor ( ,sir ,ri*>d ,newton1 ) :om ,sir ,isaac correspond$1 0 p]fectly confid5t t su* a correspond5ce took place4 ,all ^! circum/ances prove t ,sir ,isaac ,newton c\ld n trace 8 p$igree ) any c]ta9ty beyond 8 gr&fa!r1 & t !re 7 two diff]5t traditions 9 8 family1--"o :i* ref]r$ 8 desc5t to ,john ,newton ( ,we/by1 & ! o!r to a g5tleman ( ,ea/ ,lo?ian :o accompani$ ,k+ ,james ,,vi4 to ,engl&4 ,9 ! fir/ ( ^! traditions he seems to h plac$ mo/ confid5ce 9 #agje1 :5 he drew out 8 tradition>y p$igree2 b z ! conv]sation ) ,pr(essor ,james ,gregory respect+ 8 ,scot* extraction took place tw5ty ye>s aft]w>d1 namely1 betwe5 #agbe & #agbg1 x is probable t he _h discov]$ ! incorrectness ( 8 fir/ op9ions1 or at lea/ 0 dispos$ to atta* m importance to ! o!r tradition respect+ 8 desc5t f a ,scot* family4 ,9 ! lett] address$ to me by ! le>n$ ,george ,*alm]s1 ,esq4 ,i f9d ! foll[+ obs]vations respect+ ! imm$iate relations ( ,sir ,isaac4 8,! ,newtons ( ,wool/horpe10 says he1 8:o 7 m]ely yeom5 f>m]s1 7 n by any means opul5t4 ,! son ( ,sir ,isaac's fa!r's bro!r 0 a c>p5t] call$ ,john4 ,he 0 aft]w>d appo9t$ gamekeep] to ,sir ,isaac1 z "l ( ! manor1 & di$ at ! age ( sixty 9 #agbe4 ,?is ,john _h a son1 ,rob]t1 7,john87 :o 0 ,sir ,isaac's second c\s91 & :o became possess$ ( ! :ole l& e/ates at & ne> ,wool/horpe1 :i* belong$ to ! great ,newton1 z 8 heir-at-law4#aci ,rob]t 7,john87 became a wor?less & dissolute p]son1 :o v soon wa/$ ?is anci5t patrimony1 & fall+ d[n ) a tobacco-pipe 9 8 m\? :5 he 0 drunk1 x broke 9 8 ?roat1 & put an end to 8 life at ! age ( ?irty ye>s1 9 #agcg40 ,no4 ,,ii4 ,,lett] ,,f ,,sir ,,isaac ,,newton ,,to ,,francis ,,a/on1 ,,esq41 ,a ,,"y ,,fri5d ,,:o ,,0 ,,on ,,! ,,eve ,,( ,,sett+ ,,out ,,^u ,,8 ,,travels4 ,mr4 ,a/on 0 elect$ a ,fell[ ( ! ,royal ,society 9 #afgh4 ,he held ! (fice ( ,secret>y betwe5 #afha & #afhe2 & he 0 ! au?or ( "s obs]vations on c]ta9 unkn[n anci5t *>act]s1 :i* 7 publi%$ 9 ! ,philosophical ,transactions = #afic4 ,?is lett] has be5 ref]r$ to 9 pages #bgj & #cjc1 & 0 writt5 :5 ,newton 0 only tw5ty-six ye>s ( age4 ,x is 9 e respect an int]e/+ docum5t4 8,tr9ity ,college1 ,cambridge1 ,may #ah1 #affi4 8,,sir1 8,s9ce 9 y\r lett] y give mee s mu* lib]ty ( sp5d+ my judgem5t ab\t :at may be to y\r advantage 9 travell+1 ,i %all d x m freely ?an p]haps o!rwise w\ld h be5 dec5t4 ,fir/1 !n1 ,i w lay d[n "s g5]al rules1 mo/ ( :i*1 ,i believe1 y h consid]$ already2 b if any ( !m be new to y1 !y may excuse ! re/2 if none at all1 yet is my puni%m5t m 9 writ+ ?an y\rs 9 read+4 8,:5 y come into any fre% company1 #a4 ,obs]ve _! hum\rs4 #b4 ,suit y\r own c>riage !reto1 by :i* ins9uation y w make _! conv]se m free & op54 #c4 ,let y\r disc\rs be m 9 qu]ys & d\bt+s ?an p]emptory ass]tions or disput+s1 x be+ ! designe ( travell]s to le>ne1 n to tea*4 ,besides1 x w p]suade y\r acqua9tance t y h ! great] e/eem ( !m1 & soe make !m m ready to communicate :at !y "k to y2 :]eas no?+ soon] occasions disrespect & qu>rels ?an p]emtor9esse4 ,y w f9d little or no advantage 9 seem+ wis] or mu* m ignorant ?an y\r company4 #d4 ,seldom discomm5d any ?+ ?\gh nev] s bad1 or doe x b mod]ately1 le/ y bee unexpect$ly =c$ to an unhansom retraction4 ,x is saf] to comm5d any ?+ m ?an x des]ves1 ?an to discomm5d a ?+ soe mu* z x des]ves2 = comm5dations meet n soe (t5 ) oppositions1 or1 at lea/1 are n usually soe ill res5t$ by m5 t ?9k o!rwise1 z discomm5dations2 & y w ins9uate into m5's fav\r by no?+ soon] ?an seem+ to approve & comm5d :at !y l2 b bew>e ( do+ x by a comp>ison4 #e4 ,if y bee affront$1 x is bett]1 9 a =ra9e c\ntry1 to pass x by 9 sil5ce1 & ) a je/1 ?\gh ) "s di%on\r1 ?an to endeav\r rev5ge2 =1 9 ! fir/ case1 y\r cr$it's ne'er ! worse :5 y return into ,engl&1 or come into o!r company t h n he>d ( ! qu>rell4 ,b1 9 ! second case1 y may be>e ! m>ks ( ! qu>rell :ile y live1 if y outlive x at all4 ,b1 if y f9d y\rself unavoidably engag$1 'tis be/1 ,i ?9k1 if y c comm& y\r passion & language1 to keep !m pretty ev5ly at "s c]ta9 mod]ate pit*1 n mu* hightn+ !m to exasp]ate y\r adv]s>y1 or provoke 8 fri5ds1 nor lett+ !m gr[ ov]mu* deject$ to make him insult4 ,9 a ^w1 if y c keep reason above passion1 t & wat*fullnesse w be y\r be/ def5dants4 ,to :i* purpose y may consid]1 t1 ?\gh su* excuses z ?is1--,he provok't mee s mu* ,i c\ld n =be>1--may pass among fri5ds1 yet among/ /rang]s !y are insignificant1 & only argue a travell]'s weaknesse4 8,to ^! ,i may add "s g5]al heads = inquirys or obs]vations1 su* z at pres5t ,i c ?9k on4 ,z1 #a4 ,to obs]ve ! policys1 weal?1 & /ate-affairs ( nations1 s f> z a solit>y travell] may conv5i5tly doe4 #b4 ,_! impositions ^u all sorts ( p1 trades1 or commoditys1 t are rem>kable4 #c4 ,_! laws & cu/oms1 h[ f> !y diff] f ours4 #d4 ,_! trades & arts :]e9 !y excell or come %ort ( u 9 ,engl&4 #e4 ,su* =tifications z y %all meet )1 _! fa%ion1 /r5g?1 & advantages = def5ce1 & o!r su* milit>y affairs z are consid]able4 #f4 ,! p[] & respect belong+ to _! degrees ( nobility or magi/racy4 #g4 ,x w n be "t misp5t to make a catalogue ( ! names & excell5cys ( ^? m5 t are mo/ wise1 le>n$1 or e/eem$ 9 any nation4 #h4 ,obs]ve ! me*anisme & mann] ( guid+ %ips4 #i4 ,obs]ve ! products ( nature 9 sev]al places1 especially 9 m9es1 ) ! circum/ances ( m9+ & ( extract+ metals or m9]als out ( _! o>e1 & ( ref9+ !m2 & if y meet ) any transmutations out ( _! own species into ano!r 7z out ( iron into copp]1 out ( any metall into quicksilv]1 out ( "o salt into ano!r1 or into an insipid body1 c471 ^?1 above all1 w be wor? y\r not+1 be+ ! mo/ lucif]\s1 & _m times lucrif]\s exp]im5ts too1 9 philosophy4 #aj4 ,! prices ( diet & o!r ?+s4 #aa4 ,& ! /aple commoditys ( places4 8,^! g5]als 7su* z at pres5t ,i c\ld ?9k (71 if !y w s]ve = no?+ else1 yet !y may assi/ y 9 draw+ up a modell to regulate y\r travells by4 ,z = p>ticul>s1 ^! t foll[ are all t ,i c n[ ?9k (1 viz4 ,:e!r at ,s*emnitium1 9 ,hung>y 7:]e !re are m9es ( gold1 copp]1 iron1 vitrioll1 antimony1 c471 !y *ange iron into copp] by dissolv+ x 9 a vitriolate wat]1 :i* !y f9d 9 cavitys ( rocks 9 ! m9es1 & !n melt+ ! slimy solution 9 a /rong fire1 :i* 9 ! cool+ proves copp]4 ,! l is said to be done 9 o!r places1 :i* ,i _c n[ rememb]2 p]haps1 too1 x may be done 9 ,italy4 ,= ab\t tw5ty or ?irty ye>s agone !re 0 a c]ta9 vitrioll came f !nce 7call$ ,roman vitrioll71 b ( a nobl] virtue ?an t :i* is n[ call$ by t "n2 :i* vitrioll is n n[ to be gott51 because1 p]haps1 !y make a great] ga9 by "s su* trick z turn+ iron into copp] ) x ?an by sell+ x4 #b4 ,:e!r1 9 ,hung>y1 ,sclavonia1 ,bohemia1 ne> ! t[n ,eila1 or at ! m\nta9s ( ,bohemia ne> ,silesia1 !re be riv]s ^: wat]s are impregnat$ ) gold2 p]haps1 ! gold be+ dissolv$ by "s corrosive wat]s l aqua regis1 & ! solution c>ri$ along ) ! /reame1 t runs ?r\gh ! m9es4 ,& :e!r ! practice ( lay+ m]cury 9 ! riv]s1 till x be t+$ ) gold1 & !n /ra9+ ! m]cury ?r\gh lea!r1 t ! gold may /ay beh9d1 be a secret yet1 or op5ly practis$4 #c4 ,!re is newly contriv$1 9 ,holl&1 a mill to gr9d glasses plane )all1 & ,i ?9k poli%+ !m too2 p]haps x w be wor? ! :ile to see x4 #d4 ,!re is 9 ,holl& "o ---- ,borry1 :o "s ye>s s9ce 0 imprison$ by ! ,pope1 to h extort$ f him secrets 7z ,i am told7 ( great wor?1 bo? z to m$ic9e & pr(it1 b he escap$ into ,holl&1 :]e !y h grant$ him a gu>d4 ,i ?9k he usually goes clo!d 9 gre54 ,pray inquire :at y c ( him1 & :e!r 8 +5uity be any pr(it to ! ,dut*4 ,y may in=m y\rself :e!r ! ,dut* h any tricks to keep _! %ips f be+ all worm-eat5 9 _! voyages to ! ,indies4 ,:e!r p5dulum clocks d any s]vice 9 f9d+ out ! longitude1 c4 8,i am v we>y1 & %all n /ay to "p ) a long complim5t1 only ,i wi% y a good j\rney1 & ,god be ) y4 8,,is4 ,,newton4 8,pray let u he> f y 9 y\r travells4 ,i h giv5 y\r two books to ,dr4 ,arr[smi?40 ,no4 ,,iii4 8,a ,,rem>kable ,,& ,,curi\s ,,conv]sation ,,betwe5 ,,sir ,,isaac ,,newton ,,& ,,mr4 ,,conduit40 8,i 0 on ,sunday night1 ! #g? ( ,m>*1 #agbd-e1 at ,k5s+ton ) ,sir ,isaac ,newton1 9 8 lodg+s1 j aft] he 0 come out ( a fit ( ! g\t1 :i* he _h _h 9 bo? 8 feet1 = ! fir/ "t1 9 ! eighty-?ird ye> ( 8 age4 ,he 0 bett] aft] x1 & 8 head cle>]1 & memory /rong] ?an ,i _h kn[n !m = "s "t4 ,he !n repeat$ to me1 by way ( disc\rse1 v di/9ctly1 ?\gh r 9 answ] to my qu]ies ?an 9 "o cont9u$ n>ration1 :at he _h (t5 h9t$ to me be=e1 viz4 t x 0 8 conjecture 7he w\ld affirm no?+7 t !re 0 a sort ( revolution 9 ! heav5ly bodies2 t ! vap\rs & light emitt$ by ! sun1 :i* _h _! s$im5t z wat] & o!r matt]1 _h ga!r$ !mselves by degrees into a body1 & attract$ m matt] f ! planets1 & at la/ made a second>y planet 7viz4 "o ( ^? t g r\nd ano!r planet7 & !n by ga!r+ to !m1 & attract+ m matt]1 became a prim>y planet2 & !n by increas+ /ill became a comet1 :i* aft] c]ta9 revolutions1 by com+ ne>] & ne>] to ! sun1 _h all its volatile p>ts cond5s$1 & became a matt] fit to recruit & repl5i% ! sun 7:i* mu/ wa/e by ! con/ant heat & light x emitt$7 z a fagot w\ld ?is fire if put into x 7we 7 sitt+ by a wood fire71 & t t w\ld probably be ! effect ( ! comet ( #afhj1 soon] or lat]1 =1 by ! obs]vations made ^u x1 x appe>$1 be=e x came ne> ! sun1 ) a tail only two or ?ree degrees long2 b by ! heat x contract$ 9 go+ s ne> ! sun1 x seem$ to h a tail ( ?irty or =ty degrees :5 x w5t f x2 t he c\ld n say :5 ?is comet w\ld drop into ! sun2 x might p]haps h five or six revolutions m fir/1 b :5ev] x did x w\ld s mu* increase ! heat ( ! sun t ?is e>? w\ld be burnt1 & no animals 9 x c\ld live4 ,t he took ! ?ree ph5om5a se5 by ,hipp>*us1 ,ty*o ,brahe1 & ,kepl]'s disciples to h be5 ( ?is k9d1 = he c\ld n o!rwise acc\nt = an extraord9>y light z ^? 71 appe>+ all at once among ! fix$ />s 7all :i* he took to be suns enlight5+ o!r planets z our sun does ours7 z big z ,m]cury or ,v5us seems to u1 & gradually dim9i%+ = sixte5 mon?s1 & !n s9k+ into no?+4 ,he seem$ to d\bt :e!r !re 7 n intellig5t be+s sup]ior to u :o sup]9t5d$ ^! revolutions ( ! heav5ly bodies by ! direction ( ! ,supreme ,be+4 ,he appe>$ also to be v cle>ly ( op9ion t ! inhabitants ( ?is _w 7 ( a %ort date1 & alleg$ z "o reason = t op9ion1 t all arts1 z lett]s1 %ips1 pr9t+1 ne$le1 c41 7 discov]$ )9 ! memory ( hi/ory1 :i* c\ld n h happ5$ if ! _w _h be5 et]nal2 & t !re 7 visible m>ks ( ru9 ^u x :i* c\ld n be effect$ by a flood only4 ,:5 ,i ask$ him h[ ?is e>? c\ld h be5 repeopl$ if ev] x _h und]gone ! same fate x 0 ?reat5$ ) h]eaft] by ! comet ( #afhj1 he answ]$1 t requir$ ! p[] ( a ,creator4 ,he said he took all ! planets to be compos$ ( ! same matt] ) ?is e>?1 viz4 e>?1 wat]1 /ones1 c41 b v>i\sly concoct$4 ,i ask$ him :y he w\ld n publi% 8 conjectures z conjectures1 & in/anc$ t ,kepl] _h communicat$ 82 & ?\gh he _h n gone ne> s f> z ,kepl]1 yet ,kepl]'s guesses 7 s j & happy t !y _h be5 prov$ & demon/rat$ by him4 ,8 answ] 01 #8,i d n deal 9 conjectures4' ,b ^u my talk+ to him ab\t ! f\r obs]vations t _h be5 made ( ! comet ( #afhj1 at #egd ye>s' di/ance1 & ask+ him ! p>ticul> times1 he op5$ 8 ,pr9cipia1 :i* laid on ! table1 & %[$ me !re ! p>ticul> p]iods1 viz4 #a/1 ! ,julium ,sidus1 9 ! "t ( ,ju/9ian1 9 #aajf1 9 #afhj4 ,& ,i1 obs]v+ t he said !re ( t comet1 #8incidet 9 corpus solis1' & 9 ! next p>agraph adds1 #8/ell fix refici possunt1' told him ,i ?\ght he own$ !re :at we _h be5 talk+ ab\t1 viz4 t ! comet w\ld drop into ! sun1 & t fix$ />s 7 recruit$ & repl5i%$ by comets :5 !y dropp$ into !m2 &1 consequ5tly1 t ! sun w\ld be recruit$ too2 & ask$ him :y he w\ld n own z freely :at he ?\ght ( ! sun z well z :at he ?\ght ( ! fix$ />s4 ,he said1 #8t conc]n$ u m2' &1 laugh+1 add$1 #8t he _h said en\gh = p to "k 8 mean+4'0 ,! prec$+ pap]1 ) ! title prefix$ to x1 0 fir/ publi%$ by ,mr4 ,turnor 9 8 ,collections1 c4 p4 #agb4 ,x 0 f\nd among ! ,portsm\? manuscripts1 9 ! h&writ+ ( ,mr4 ,conduit4 ,,! ,,end4 ,,footnotes #a ,! ,m>quis ,la ,place4--,see ,sy/me du ,monde1 p4 #ccf4 #b ,sir ,isaac ,newton told ,mr4 ,conduit1 t he _h (t5 he>d 8 "m say t :5 he 0 born he 0 s little t !y might h put him into a qu>t mug4 #c ,9 ,leice/]%ire1 & ab\t ?ree miles s\?-ea/ ( ,wool/horpe4 #d 8,i rememb] once10 says ,dr4 ,/ukely1 8:5 ,i 0 deputy to ,dr4 ,hailey1 secret>y at ! ,royal ,society1 ,sir ,isaac talk$ ( ^! k9d ( in/rum5ts4 ,t he obs]v$ ! *ief inconv5i5ce 9 !m 01 t ! hole ?r\gh :i* ! wat] is transmitt$ be+ necess>ily v small1 0 subject to be furr$ up by impurities 9 ! wat]1 z ^? made ) s& w we> bigg]1 :i* at l5g? causes an inequality 9 "t40--,/ukely's ,lett] to ,dr4 ,mead4--,turnor's ,collections1 p4 #agg4 #e ,mr4 ,cl>k in=m$ ,dr4 ,/ukely t ! walls ( ! room 9 :i* ,sir ,isaac lodg$ 7 cov]$ ) *>coal draw+s ( birds1 bea/s1 m51 %ips1 & ma!matical figures1 all ( :i* 7 v well design$4 #f 8,"o ( 8 uncles10 says ,m4 ,biot1 8hav+ "o day f\nd him "u a h$ge ) a book 9 8 h& & entirely absorb$ 9 m$itation1 took x f him1 & f\nd t he 0 occupi$ 9 ! solution ( a ma!matical problem4 ,/ruck ) f9d+ s s]i\s & s active a disposition at s e>ly an age1 he urg$ 8 "m no long] to ?w>t him1 & to s5d him back to ,gran?am to cont9ue 8 /udies40 ,i h omitt$ ?is anecdote 9 ! text1 z ,i _c f9d x 9 ,turn]'s ,collections1 f :i* ,m4 ,biot d]iv$ 8 details ( ,newton's infancy1 nor 9 any o!r "w4 #g ,pemb]ton's ,view ( ,sir ,isaac ,newton's ,philosophy4 ,pref4 #h ,p]egregi vir indolis ac insignis p]iti4--,epi/ ad4 ,lect4 #i ,see ,newton's ,lett] to ! ,abb ,conti1 dat$ ,febru>y #bf1 #agae-af1 9 ! ,additam5ta ,comm4 ,epi/olici4 #aj ,newtoni ,op]a1 tom4 iv4 p4 #bje1 ,lett] to ,old5burg4 #aa ,m4 ,biot1 9 8 ,life ( ,newton1 has /at$ t ,newton 0 prec$$ 9 ! inv5tion ( ! reflect+ telescope by ,gregory1 b probably )\t kn[+ x4 ,x is q c]ta91 h[ev]1 t ,newton 0 acqua9t$ ) ,gregory's inv5tion1 z appe>s f ! foll[+ av[al ( x4 8,:5 ,i fir/ appli$ myself to try ! effects ( reflection1 ,mr4 ,gregory's ,optica ,promota 7pr9t$ 9 ! ye> #affc7 hav+ fall5 into my h&s1 :]e !re is an in/rum5t describ$ ) a hole 9 ! mid/ ( ! object-glass1 to transmit ! light to an eye-glass plac$ beh9d x1 ,i _h !nce an occasion ( consid]+ t sort ( con/ruction1 & f\nd _! disadvantages s great1 t ,i saw x necess>y be=e ,i attempt$ any ?+ 9 ! practice to alt] ! design ( !m1 & place ! eye-glass at ! side ( ! tube r ?an at ! middle40--,lett] to ,old5burg1 ,may #d?1 #afgb4 #ab ,lett] to ,old5burg1 ,febru>y #aj1 #afga4 #ac ,?is g5tleman 0 ! au?or ( a pap] 9 ! ,philosophical ,transactions1 entitl$ 8,optical ,ass]tions conc]n+ ! ,ra9b[40 ,h[ su* a pap] c\ld be publi%$ by s le>n$ a body seems 9 ! pres5t day utt]ly incompreh5sible4 ,! dials :i* ,l9us erect$ at ,liege1 & :i* 7 ! orig9als ( ^? =m]ly 9 ! ,priory ,g>d5s 9 ,london1 are notic$ 9 ! ,philosophical ,transactions = #agjc4 ,9 "o ( !m ! h\rs 7 di/+ui%$ by t\*4 #ad ,newton speaks ) s+ul> positiv5ess on ?is subject4 8,= ,i "k10 says he1 8t ,mr4 ,lucas's obs]vations _c hold :]e ! refract+ angle ( ! prism is full #fj1 & ! day is cle>1 & ! full l5g? ( ! col\rs is measur$1 & ! bread? ( ! image answ]s to ! sun's diamet]2 & see+ ,i am well assur$ ( ! tru? & exactness ( my own obs]vations1 ,i %all be unwill+ to be div]t$ by any o!r exp]im5ts f hav+ a fair end made ( ?is 9 ! fir/ place40 ,on ! supposition t 8 prism 0 "o ( v l[ disp]sive p[]1 ,mr4 ,lucas might1 ) p]fect tru?1 h us$ ! v same language t[>ds ,newton4 #ae ,lett] to ,old5burg 9 #afgb1 conta9+ 8 fir/ reply to ,huyg5s4 #af ,9 an exp]im5t made by ,newton1 he _h occasion to c\nt]act ! refraction ( a prism ( glass by ano!r prism ( wat]2 & _h he complet$ ! exp]im5t1 & /udi$ ! result ( x1 he c\ld n h fail$ to obs]ve a quantity ( uncorrect$ col\r1 :i* w\ld h l$ him to ! discov]y ( ! diff]5t disp]sive p[]s ( bodies4 ,b 9 ord] to increase ! refractive p[] ( ! wat]1 he mix$ ) x a little sug> ( lead1 ! high disp]sive p[] ( :i* seems to h r5d]$ ! disp]sive p[] ( ! wat] equal to t ( ! glass1 & ?us to h correct$ ! uncomp5sat$ col\r ( ! glass prism4 #ag ,see ! article ,,optics 9 ! ,ed9burgh ,encyclopdia1 vol xv4 p4 #dgi1 note4 #ah 8,?is result 0 obta9$10 z ,newton says1 8by an assi/ant ^: eyes 7 m critical ?an m9e1 & :o1 by "r l9es drawn across ! spectrum1 not$ ! conf9es ( ! col\rs4 ,& ?is op]ation be+ div]s times repeat$ bo? on ! same & on sev]al pap]s1 ,i f\nd t ! obs]vations agre$ well en\gh ) "o ano!r40--,,optics1 ,"p ,,ii4 ,book ,,iii4 #ai ,optics1 ,book ii4 ,prop4 iv4 #bj ,9 ! same p>agraph1 :5 speak+ ( black bodies becom+ hot1 & burn+ soon] ?an o!rs1 he says t _! 8effect may proce$ p>tly f ! multitude ( refractions 9 a little room & p>tly f ! easy commotion ( s v small corpuscles40--,optics1 ,"p iii4 ,prop4 vii4 p4 #bce4 #ba ,see page #ced4 #bb ,:5 ,newton speaks ( bodies los+ _! reflect+ p[] f _! ?9ness he means ! reflect+ p[] ( _! second surfaces1 z is evid5t f ! reason he assigns4--,see ,optics1 ,"p iii4 ,prop4 xiii4 p4 #beg4 #bc ,ed9burgh ,j\rnal ( ,sci5ce1 ,no4 #a4 p4 #ajh4 #bd ,see ! ,phil4 ,trans4 #ahbi1 ,"p ,i4 p4 #ahi4 #be ,idem4 #bf ,phil4 ,trans4 #ahai1 p4 #aa4 #bg ,if ?is view ( ! matt] be j1 we %\ld expect t ! specific gravity ( ! black w\ld exce$ t ( ! yell[ phosphorus4 #bh ,s9ce ! two prec$+ *apt]s 7 writt51 ,i h _h occasion to confirm & ext5d ! views :i* !y conta9 by _m new exp]im5ts4 #bi ,physico-,ma!sis de ,lum9e coloribus et iride aliisque annexis4 ,bonon4 #affe4 #cj ,?is doctr9e is ?us ann\nc$4 #a4 ,t ! same rays ( light fall+ ^u ! same po9t ( an object w turn into all sorts ( col\rs by ! v>i\s incl9ation ( ! object4 #b4 ,t col\rs beg9 to appe> :5 two pulses ( light are bl5d$ s well & s ne> toge!r t ! s5se takes !m = "o4 #ca ,?is effect is s great1 t at ! di/ance ( f\r in*es f ! po9t ( div]g5ce1 ! angul> inflexion ( ! r$ rays ( ! fir/ fr+e is #ab #f1 :ile at ! di/ance ( ab\t tw5ty feet1 x is only #c #ee4 #cb ,see ! tw5ty-n9? qu]y at ! end ( 8 ,optics1 :]e ! sides ( a ray are comp>$ ) ! poles ( a magnet4 #cc ,! ,engli% edition 0 repr9t$ at ,london 9 #agad1 #agba1 & #agcj1 & ! ,lat9 "o at ,london 9 #agjf1 #agai1 #agba1 #agbh1 at ,lausanne 9 #agdj1 & at ,padua 9 #aggc4 #cd ,:5 ,james ,i4 w5t to ,cop5hag5 9 #aeij1 to conclude 8 m>riage ) ! ,pr9cess ,anne ( ,d5m>k1 he sp5t eight days "u ! ro( ( ,ty*o at ,uraniburg4 ,z a tok5 ( 8 gratitude1 he compos$ a set ( ,lat9 v]ses 9 hon\r ( ! a/ronom]1 & left him a magnific5t pres5t at 8 dep>ture4 ,he gave him also 8 royal lic5se = ! publication ( 8 works 9 ,engl&1 & accompani$ x ) ! foll[+ complim5t>y lett]3-- 8,nor am ,i acqua9t$ ) ^! ?+s on ! relation ( o!rs1 or f a m]e p]usal ( y\r works1 b ,i h se5 !m ) my own eyes1 & he>d !m ) my own e>s1 9 y\r resid5ce at ,uraniburg1 dur+ ! v>i\s le>n$ & agreeable conv]sations :i* ,i !re held ) y1 :i* ev5 n[ affect my m9d to su* a degree1 t x is difficult to decide :e!r ,i recollect !m ) great] pleasure or admiration40 #ce ,! cube1 ! sph]e1 ! tetrah$ron1 ! octoh$ron1 ! dodecah$ron1 & ! icosah$ron4 #cf ,simon ,m>ius1 ma!matician to ! ,m>quis ( ,br&5burg1 assures u t he discov]$ ! satellites ( ,jupit] 9 ,novemb]1 #afji4 #cg ,x is di/9ctly /at$ 9 ! s5t5ce ( ! ,inquisition1 t ,galileo's enemies _h *>g$ him ) hav+ abjur$ 8 op9ions 9 #afaf1 & affirm$ t he _h be5 puni%$ by ! ,inquisition4 ,9 ord] to refute ^! calumnies1 ,galileo appli$ to ,c>d9al ,bell>m9e = a c]tificate to prove t he nei!r abjur$ 8 op9ions nor suff]$ any puni%m5t = !m2 b t ! doctr9e ( ! motion ( ! e>? & ! /ability ( ! sun 0 only d5\nc$ to him z contr>y to ,scripture1 & z "o :i* c\ld n be def5d$ or ma9ta9$4 ,c>d9al ,bell>m9e drew up su* a c]tificate 9 8 own h&writ+4 #ch ,!oric ,m$ice>um planet>um ex causis physicis d$uct4 ,flor4 #afff1 #dto4 #ci ,m4 ,delambre ma9ta9s t ^! views ( ,borelli are only ^? ( ,kepl] slightly modifi$4 ,newton & ,huyg5s h atta*$ to !m a great] value4 ,! la/ ( ^! philosoph]s rem>ks1 8,ref]t ,plut>*us1 fuisse jam olim qui put>et ideo man]e lunam 9 orbe suo1 quod vis rec$5di a t]ra1 ob motum circul>em1 inhib]etur p>i vi gravitatis1 qua ad t]ram acc$]e con>etur4 ,idemque vo no/ro1 non de luna tantum s$ et planetis cet]is /atuit ,alphonsus ,borellus1 ut nempe prim>iis eorum gravitas esset solem v]sus2 lunis v]o ad t]ram1 ,jovem ac ,saturnum quos comitantur40--,huyg51 ,cosmo!or1 lib4 ii42 ,op]a1 t4 ii4 p4 #gbj4 #dj ,hi/4 de l',a/ronomie aux ,dix-huitieme ,sicle1 p4 #i4 #da 8,b = ! duplicate proportion1 ,i ga!r$ x f ,kepl]'s !orem ab\t tw5ty ye>s ago40--,newton's ,lett] to ,halley1 ,july #ad1 #afhf4 #db ,:i/on ass]ts t ?is cause 0 suppos$ by ,newton to be some?+ analog\s to ! vortices ( ,desc>tes4--,see ,:i/on's ,memoirs ( himself1 p4 #bca4 #dc ,wall]'s ,life ( ,hooke1 p4 #bb4 #dd ,ibid4 #de ,july #bg1 #afhf1 ,biog4 ,brit4 p4 #bffb4 #df ,comm]cium ,epi/olicum1 ,no4 #g4 #dg ,?is ,s*olium is add$ to ,prop4 iv4 lib4 i4 coroll4 #f4 #dh ,9 writ+ to ,flam/ead1 ,newton reque/s f him ! long diamet]s ( ! orbits ( ,jupit] & ,saturn1 t he 8may see h[ ! sesquialt]al proportion fills ! heav5s40 #di ,:i/on's ,memoirs ( 8 own ,life4 #ej 8,dr4 ,reid /ates1 t ,james ,gregory1 ,pr(essor ( ,philosophy at ,/4 ,&rew's1 pr9t$ a !sis at ,ed9burgh 9 #afij1 conta9+ tw5ty-five positions1 ( :i* tw5ty-two 7 a comp5d ( ,newton's ,pr9cipia40 #ea ,ni*ols's ,lit]>y ,anecdotes1 vol4 iii4 p4 #cbb4 ,cotes /ates 9 8 preface to ! second edition ( ! ,pr9cipia1 t copies ( ! fir/ edition c\ld only be obta9$ at an imm5se price4 #eb ,preface to ,desaguli]s's ,exp]im5tal ,philosophy4 ,dr4 ,desaguli]s /ates t he 0 told ?is anecdote sev]al times by ,sir ,isaac ,newton himself4 #ec ,! ,life ( ,john ,locke1 p4 #bji-bae1 ,lond4 #ahbi4 #ed ,pr9cipia1 lib4 i4 prop4 i4 #ee ,ib4 lib4 i4 prop4 xi4 #ef 8,on peut reg>d] ,f]mat10 says ,lagrange1 8comme le premi] inv5teur des n\veaux calculs20 & ,laplace obs]ves1 8,il p>aitque ,f]mat le v]itable inv5teur du calcul diff]5tiel1 l'ait envisag comme un cas p>ticuli] de celui des diff]5ces10 c4 #eg ,art4 ,ma!matics1 9 ! ,ed9burgh ,encyclopdia1 volume xiii4 p4 #cfe4 #eh ,^! facts are m5tion$ 9 ,newton's lett] to ,old5burgh1 ,octob] #bd1 #afgf4 #ei ,dr4 ,pemb]ton in=ms u t he _h prevail$ ^u ,sir ,isaac to publi% ?is treatise dur+ 8 lifetime1 & t he _h = ?is purpose exam9$ all ! calculations & prep>$ "p ( ! figures4 ,b z ! latt] "p ( ! treatise _h nev] be5 f9i%$1 ,sir ,isaac 0 ab\t to let him h o!r pap]s to supply :at 0 want+1 :5 8 dea? put a /op to ! plan4--,preface to ,pemb]ton's ,view ( ,sir ,isaac ,newton's ,philosophy4 #fj ,isaci ,newtoni ,op]a qu extant omnia1 vol4 i4 p4 #chh-eai4 #fa 8,acutissimis qui toto orbe flor5t ,ma!maticis40 #fb ,h5ry ,old5burg1 ^: "n is s intimately associat$ ) ! hi/ory ( ,newton's discov]ies1 0 born at ,brem51 & 0 consul f t t[n to ,london dur+ ! usurpation ( ,cromwell4 ,hav+ lo/ 8 (fice1 & be+ compell$ to seek ! means ( subsi/5ce1 he became tutor to an ,engli% nobleman1 :om he accompani$ to ,ox=d 9 #afef4 ,dur+ 8 resid5ce 9 t city he became acqua9t$ ) ! philosoph]s :o e/abli%$ ! ,royal ,society1 & ^u ! dea? ( ,william ,cr[n1 ! fir/ secret>y1 he 0 appo9t$ 9 #affc1 jo9t secret>y along ) ,mr4 ,wilk9s4 ,he kept up an ext5sive correspond5ce ) ! philosoph]s ( all nations1 & he 0 ! au?or ( sev]al pap]s 9 ! ,philosophical ,transactions1 & ( "s works :i* h n acquir$ mu* celebrity4 ,he di$ at ,*>lton1 ne> ,gre5wi*1 9 ,augu/1 #afgg4 #fc ,^! words 9 brackets are 9 ! second edition1 b n 9 ! fir/4 #fd ,z ?is passage is ( ess5tial importance 9 ?is controv]sy1 we %all give x 9 ! orig9al4 8,pro diff]5tiis igitur ,leibnitianis ,d4 ,newtonus adhibet1 semp]que adhibuit1 fluxiones1 qu sunt quam proxime ut flu5tium augm5ta1 qualibus temporis p>ticulis quam m9imis g5ita2 iisque tam 9 suis ,pr9cipiis ,natur ,ma!maticis1 tum 9 aliis po/ea editis1 elegant] e/ usus2 quem admodum et ,honoratus ,fabrius 9 sua ,synopsi ,geometrica1 motuumque progressus ,cavall]ian me?odo sub/ituit40 #fe ,hom9e docto1 s$ novo1 et p>um p]ito r]um ante act>um cognit>e4 #ff ,van et inju/ vocif]ationes4 #fg ,lett] to ,c\nt ,bo?man 9 ,des ,maizeaux's ,recueil de div]ses pieces1 tom4 ii4 p4 #dd1 #de4 #fh ,see ,des ,maizeaux1 tom4 ii4 p4 #aaf4 #fi ,writt5 9 ,novemb] or ,decemb]1 #agae4 #gj ,?is is ! ,rec5sio ,comm]cii ,epi/olici1 or review ( x1 :i* 0 fir/ publi%$ 9 ! ,phil4 ,trans4 #agae4 #ga ,m4 ,biot rem>ks1 t ! animosity ( ,newton 0 n calm$ by ! dea? ( ,leibnitz1 = he _h no soon] he>d ( x ?an he caus$ to be pr9t$ two manuscript lett]s ( ,leibnitz1 writt5 9 ! prec$+ ye>1 accompany+ !m ) a v bitt] refutation 7en les accompagnant d'un refutation tres-am]e74 ,:o t reads ?is s5t5ce does n believe t ! bitt] refutation 0 writt5 aft] ,leibnitz's dea?8 ,! animosity c\ld n be %[n by ! simple publication ( ! lett]s4 ,x c\ld reside only 9 ! bitt]ness ( ! refutation4 ,! impli$ *>ge is untrue2 ! bitt] refutation 0 writt5 be=e ,leibnitz's dea?1 & consequ5tly he %[$ no animosity ov] ! grave ( 8 rival2 & 9 our op9ion none ev5 be=e 8 dea?4 #gb ,m4 ,biot /ates t ,sir ,isaac ,newton caus$ ?is edition ( ! ,comm]cium ,epi/olicum to be pr9t$2 t ,sir ,isaac plac$ at ! head ( x a p>tial ab/ract ( ! collection2 & t ?is ab/ract appe>$ to h be5 writt5 by himself4 ,^! gr\ndless *>ges may be plac$1 )\t any refutation1 beside ! ass]tion ( ,montucla1 t ,newton wrote ! notes 7les notes7 on ! ,comm]cium ,epi/olicum2 & ! equally incorrect /atem5t ( ,la ,croix1 t ,newton add$ to x notes 7des notes71 ) 8 own h&4 ,we %\ld n h notic$ ! *>ges ( ,m4 ,biot1 _h he n adduc$ !m z pro(s ( ,newton's animosity to ,leibnitz aft] 8 dea?4 ,see ,mr4 ,h]s*el's ,hi/ory ( ,ma!matics 9 ! ,ed9burgh ,encyclopdia1 vol4 xiii4 p4 #cfh1 note4 #gc ,see ,burnet's ,hi/ory ( 8 own ,times1 vol4 i4 p4 #fig4 ,lond4 #agbd4 #gd ,! o!r c&idates 7 ,sir ,rob]t ,sawy] & ,mr4 ,f9*1 & ! votes /ood ?us4 ,sir ,rob]t ,sawy]1 #abe ,mr4 ,newton1 #abb ,mr4 ,f9*1 #aag #ge ,?is ,m4 ,col9 0 probably a "y ba*elor ( arts :om ,newton seems aft]w>d to h employ$ 9 "s ( 8 calculations4 ,^! ba*elors 7 di/+ui%$ by ! title ( ,dom9us1 & x 0 usual to translate ?is ^w & to call !m ,sir4 ,9 a lett] f ,newton to ,flam/ead1 dat$ ,cambridge1 ,june #bi?1 #afie1 is ! foll[+ passage3 8,i want n y\r calculations1 b y\r obs]vations only1 = besides myself & my s]vant1 ,sir ,coll9s 7:om ,i c employ = a little money1 :i* ,i value n7 tells me t he c calculate an eclipse & "w truly40 #gf ,!y are ?us dat$ 9 ,horsley's edition ( ,newton's ,works1 ! f\r? lett] hav+ an e>li] date ?an ! ?ird4 #gg ,see ,newtoni ,op]a1 tom4 iv4 p4 #dhj1 & ,wallasii ,op]a1 #afic1 tom4 ii4 p4 #cia-cif4 #gh ,optics1 "p iv4 obs4 #ac4 #gi ,= ^! lett]s ,i h be5 indebt$ to ! k9dness ( ,"l ,braybrooke4 #hj ,^! ?ree lett]s h be5 publi%$ by ,"l ,braybrooke 9 ! ,life & ,correspond5ce ( ,mr4 ,pepys4 #ha ,?is anxiety w be und]/ood f ! fact t1 by an ord] ( c\ncil dat$ ,janu>y #bh?1 #afgd-e1 ,mr4 ,newton 0 excus$ f mak+ ! usual paym5ts ( "o %ill+ p] week1 8on acc\nt ( 8 l[ circum/ances1 z he repres5t$40 #hb ,! sy/em ( ,hobbes 0 at ?is "t v preval5t4 ,accord+ to ,dr4 ,b5tley1 8! tav]ns & c(fee-h\ses1 nay1 ,we/m9/] ,hall & ! v *ur*es1 7 full ( x20 & he 0 conv9c$ f p]sonal obs]vation1 t 8n "o ,engli% infidel 9 a hundr$ 0 o!r ?an a ,hobbi/40--,monk's ,life ( ,b5tley1 p4 #ca4 #hc ,! draft ( ?is lett] is endors$ 8,j4 ,l4 to ,i4 ,newton40 #hd ,dr4 ,gregory concludes 8 acc\nt ( ?is manuscript1 :i* he has k9dly p]mitt$ me to read1 9 ! foll[+ words3--8,i d n "k :e!r x is true1 z /at$ by ,huyg5s1 #8,newtonum incidisse 9 ,phr5itim2' b ,i ?9k e g5tleman :o exam9es ?is manuscript w be ( op9ion t he mu/ h ?or\ghly recov]$ f 8 phr5itis be=e he wrote ei!r ! ,comm5t>y on ! ,op9ions ( ! ,anci5ts1 or ! ,sket* ( 8 own ,!ological & ,philosophical ,op9ions :i* x conta9s40 #he ,?is p>agraph is z foll[s3--8,deum esse ens summe p]fectum conc$unt omnes4 ,entis autem summe p]fecti ,idea e/ ut sit sub/antia1 una1 simplex1 indivisibilis1 viva et vivifica1 ubique semp] necess>io exi/5s1 summe intellig5s omnia1 lib]e vol5s bona1 voluntate effici5s possibilia1 effectibus nobilioribus similitud9em propriam quantum fi]i pote/ communicans1 omnia 9 se cont95s tanquam eorum pr9cipium et locus1 omnia p] pres5tiam sub/antialem c]n5s et reg5s1 et cum rebus omnibus1 secundum leges accuratas ut natur totius fundam5tum et causa con/ant] co-op]ans1 nisi ubi alit] ag]e bonum e/40 #hf ,! foll[+ extract1 *>act]i/ic ( ,flam/ead's mann]1 is f a lett] to ,newton dat$ ,janu>y #f1 #afih-i4 8,^u he>+ occasionally t y _h s5t a lett] to ,dr4 ,wallis ab\t ! p>allax ( ! fix$ />s to be pr9t$1 & t y _h m5tion$ me !re9 ) respect to ! !ory ( ! moon1 ,i 0 conc]n$ to be publicly br\ght ^u ! /ate ab\t :at1 p]haps1 w nev] be fitt$ = ! public1 & !reby ! _w put into an expectation ( :at p]haps !y are nev] likely to h4 ,i d n love to be pr9t$ ^u e occasion1 mu* less to be dunn$ & teas$ by =eign]s ab\t ma!matical ?+s1 or to be ?\ght by y\r own p to be trifl+ away my "t :5 ,i %\ld be ab\t ! k+'s bus9ess40 ,on ! fir/ ( ! above passages 9 italics ,flam/ead has ! foll[+ memor&um3--8,:5 ,mr4 ,halley boa/s 'tis done1 & giv5 to him z a secret1 tells ! ,society s & =eign]s40 ,9 ! second passage 9 italics1 ,mr4 ,flam/ead ref]s1 9 a note1 to ,mr4 ,colson's lett] to him1 9 :i* he seems to h repres5t$ practical a/ronomy z trifl+4 ,mr4 ,flam/ead adds1 8,0 ,mr4 ,newton a trifl] :5 he read ma!matics = a sal>y at ,cambridge3 surely1 !n1 a/ronomy is ( "s good use1 ?\gh 8 place be m b5eficial40 ,= ^! extracts f ! orig9al manuscript 9 ! collection ( ,corpus ,*ri/i ,college1 ,ox=d1 ,i h be5 indebt$ to ! k9dness ( ,pr(essor ,rigaud ( ,ox=d4 #hg ,see page #bae1 note4 #hh ,! c&idates 9 #agja 7 z foll[s3 ,mr4 ,h5ry ,boyle1 aft]w>d ,"l ,c>leton1 #ahj ,bo? ( ,tr9ity ,mr4 ,newton #afa ,college4 ,mr4 ,hammond #fd #hi ,! banquet :i* 0 on ?is occasion giv5 9 ! college hall to ! royal visit] seems to h co/ ab\t #ajjjl41 & ! univ]sity 0 oblig$ to borr[ #ejjl41 to defray ! exp5se ( x4--,monk's ,life ( ,b5tley1 p4 #adc1 #add4 #ij ,! c&idates 9 #agje 7 z foll[s3 ,! ,hon4 ,ar?ur ,annesley #ahb ,hon4 ,dixie ,w9dsor #agj ,mr4 ,godolph9 #afb ,sir ,isaac ,newton #aag #ia ,j\rnals ( ! ,h\se ( ,commons1 vol4 xvii4 p4 #fgg1 #gaf4 #ib ,:i/on's 8,longitude ,discov]$40 ,lond #agch4 #ic ,?is anecdote conc]n+ ! ,*ronological manuscript is n correctly giv5 9 ! ,biographia ,britannica1 & 9 "s ( ! o!r lives ( ,newton4 ,i h foll[$ implicitly ,newton's own acc\nt ( x 9 ! ,phil4 ,trans4 #agbe1 vol4 xxxiii4 ,no4 #chi1 p4 #cae4 #id ,m4 ,biot has suppos$ t ?is ab/ract 0 an imp]fect edition ( ,newton's "w on ,*ronology4 #ie ,fa!r ,s\ciet 0 suppos$ by ,halley & o!rs to h be5 ! au?or ( ^! obs]vations1 b !re is no d\bt t !y 7 writt5 by ,m4 ,fr]et4 #if ,x is /at$ 9 ! ,biogr4 ,britannica1 ,art4 ,newton1 t ! copy ( ! ,fr5* translation 0 n accompani$ ) ! refutation4 ,?\gh ! rev]se ( ?is is n di/9ctly /at$ by ,sir ,isaac himself1 yet x may be inf]r$ f 8 obs]vations4 #ig ,vol4 xxxiii4 ,no4 #chi1 p4 #cae4 #ih ,accord+ to ,:i/on1 ,sir ,isaac wrote out eighte5 copies ( ?is *apt] ) 8 own h&1 diff]+ little f "o ano!r4--,:i/on's ,life1 p4 #ci4 #ii ,?is "w is ! fir/ article 9 ! fif? volume ( ,dr4 ,h]sley's edition ( ,newton's works4 ,! next article 9 ! volume is entitl$1 8,a ,%ort ,*ronicle f a ,,ms41 ! prop]ty ( ! ,rev]5d ,dr4 ,ek9s1 ,dean ( ,c>lisle20 :i* is no?+ m ?an ! ab/ract ( ! ,*ronology already pr9t$ 9 ! same volume4 ,we _c ev5 conjecture ! reasons = publi%+ x1 especially z x is less p]fect ?an ! ab/ract1 two or ?ree dates be+ want+4 #ajj ,see vol4 xxxiv4 p4 #bje1 & vol4 xxxv4 p4 #bif4 #aja ,see an excell5t view ( ?is *ronological controv]sy 9 an able note by ,m4 ,daun\1 atta*$ to ,biot's ,life ( ,newton 9 ! ,biog4 ,univ]selle1 tom4 xxxi4 p4 #ahj4 #ajb ,?is lett] is publi%$ )\t any date 9 ! ,g5tleman's ,magaz9e = #agee1 vol4 xxv4 p4 #c4 ,x be>s int]nal evid5ce ( be+ g5u9e4 #ajc ,8 ,hi/orical ,acc\nt ( two notable ,corruptions ( ! ,scriptures4 #ej pp qu>to4 #ajd ,! editor suppli$ ! beg9n+ d[n to ! #ac? page1 :]e he m5tions 9 a note t 8?us f> is n ,sir ,isaac's40 #aje ,m4 ,biot has well rem>k$ t !re is absolutely no?+ 9 ! writ+s ( ,newton to ju/ify1 or ev5 to au?orize1 ! idea t he 0 an ,antitr9it>ian4 ,?is passage is /rangely omitt$ 9 ! ,engli% translation ( ,biot's ,life ( ,newton4 ,we d n "k ^u :at au?ority ,dr4 ,?omson /ates1 9 8 ,hi/ory ( ! ,royal ,society1 t ,newton 8did n believe 9 ! ,tr9ity10 & t ,dr4 ,horsley consid]$ ,newton's pap]s unfit = publication1 because !y conta9$ pro(s ( 8 ho/ility to t doctr9e4 #ajf ,:i/on's ,memoirs ( 8 own ,life1 p4 #agh1 #bdi1 #bej4 ,edit4 #agec4 #ajg ,dr4 ,monk's ,life ( ,b5tley1 p4 #ca4 #ajh ,dat$ ,decemb] #aj?1 #afib4 ,?is lett] is endors$1 9 ,b5tley's h&1 8,mr4 ,newton's answ] to "s qu]ies s5t by me aft] ,i _h prea*$ my two la/ s]mons40--,monk's ,life ( ,b5tley1 p4 #cd1 note4 #aji ,dat$ ,jan4 #ag?1 #afib-c4 #aaj 8,^! ?+s10 says he1 8foll[ f my ,pr9cip4 ,ma?4 lib4 i4 prop4 #cc1 #cd1 #ce1 #cf40 #aaa ,dat$ ,febru>y #aa?1 #afic4 #aab ,! orig9als ( ^! f\r lett]s to ,b5tley 87 giv5 by ,dr4 ,ri*>d ,b5tley to ,cumb]l&1 8 nephew1 & executor1 :ile a /ud5t at ,tr9ity ,college1 & 7 pr9t$ by him 9 a sep>ate pamphlet 9 #agef4 ,?is publication 0 review$ by ,dr4 ,samuel ,johnson 9 ! ,lit]>y ,magaz9e1 vol4 i4 p4 #hi4 ,see ,johnson's ,works1 vol4 ii4 p4 #cbh4 ,! orig9al lett]s are pres]v$ 9 ,tr9ity ,college1 to :i* society !y 7 giv5 by ,cumb]l& a %ort "t be=e 8 dea?40--,monk's ,life ( ,b5tley1 p4 #cc1 note4 #aac ,mr4 ,h]s*el1 9 8 ,treatise on ,light1 #eec1 has ma9ta9$ t ,newton's ,doctr9e ( ,reflection is accordant ) ! idea t ! attractive =ce ext5ds beyond ! repulsive or reflect+ =ce4 ,9 ! qu]y above ref]r$ to1 ,sir ,isaac1 9 ! mo/ di/9ct mann]1 places ! sph]e ( ! reflect+ =ce )\t t ( ! attractive "o4 #aad ,9 a tract annex$ to 8 ,appeal to all t d\bt or disbelieve ! tru?s ( ! ,gospel4 ,see ,g5t4 ,mag4 #aghb1 vol4 iii4 p4 #bbg1 #bci4 ,x is /at$ 9 a lett] ( ,mr4 ,law's1 quot$ 9 ?is magaz9e1 t ,*>les ,i4 0 a dilig5t read] & admir] ( ,jacob ,behm52 t he s5t a well-qualifi$ p]son f ,engl& to ,go]litz1 9 ,upp] ,lusatia1 to acquire ! ,g]man language1 & to collect e anecdote he c\ld meet ) !re relative to ?is great al*ymi/4 #aae ,9 a lett] to ,dr4 ,halley1 dat$ ,june #bj?1 #afhf1 ,sir ,isaac ref]s to ?is pap]1 & obs]ves1 t x is only to be look$ ^u z "o ( 8 guesses t he did n rely ^u4 #aaf ,see page #bgc4 #aag ,see ,newtoni ,op]a1 by ,horsley1 vol4 iv4 p4 #cge-chb4 #aah ,sir ,isaac does n seem to h aft]w>d describ$ ?is con/ruction4 #aai ,see ,ed9burgh ,transactions1 vol4 ix4 p4 #dcc1 & ! ,ed9burgh ,j\rnal ( ,sci5ce1 ,july1 #ahbi1 ,no4 ,i4 ,new ,s]ies1 p4 #ajh4 #abj ,art4 ,accid5tal ,col\rs 9 ! ,ed9burgh ,encyclopdia4 #aba ,see ,phil4 ,trans4 #agbb1 vol4 xxxiii4 p4 #eg4 #abb ,?is conv]sation1 orig9ally copi$ f ,mr4 ,conduit's h&writ+1 is giv5 9 ! ,app5dix1 ,no4 iii4 p4 #cbj4 #abc ,^! 7 ! ?ree *ildr5 ( 8 half-bro!r ,smi?1 ! ?ree *ildr5 ( 8 half-si/] ,pilk+ton1 & ! two daught]s ( 8 half-si/] ,b>ton1 all ( :om surviv$ ,sir ,isaac4 ,new ,anecdotes ( ,sir ,isaac ,newton1 by ,j4 ,h41 a ,g5tleman ( 8 ,"m's ,family4 ,see ,annual ,regi/]1 #aggf1 vol4 xix4 p4 #be ( ,*>act]s4 ,! au?or ( ?is pap] 0 ,james ,hutton1 ,esq4 ( ,pimlico4 #abd ,turnor's ,collections1 c4 p4 #aeh4 ,see ,,app5dix1 p4 #caf4 #abe ,?is valuable faculty *>act]izes all 8 writ+s1 :e!r !ological1 *ymical1 or ma!matical2 b x is peculi>ly display$ 9 8 treatise on ,univ]sal ,ari?metic1 & 9 8 ,optical ,lectures4 #abf ,de ,magnete1 p4 #db1 #eb1 #afi1 & ,pref4 p4 #cj4 #abg ,! foll[+ passages f ,leon>do da ,v9ci are v /rik+3 8,!ory is ! g5]al1 & practice ! soldi]s4 8,exp]im5t is ! int]pret] ( ! artifices ( nature4 ,x nev] deceives u2 x is our judgm5t itself :i* sometimes deceives u1 because we expect f x effects :i* are contr>y to exp]im5t4 ,we mu/ consult exp]im5t by v>y+ ! circum/ances till we h d$uc$ f x g5]al laws2 = x is x :i* furni%es true laws4 8,9 ! /udy ( ! sci5ces :i* dep5d on ma!matics1 ^? :o d n consult nature1 b au?ors1 are n ! *ildr5 ( nature2 !y are only h] gr&*ildr54 ,nature alone is ! ma/] ( true g5ius4 8,9 treat+ any p>ticul> subject1 ,i w\ld fir/ ( all make "s exp]im5ts1 because my design is fir/ to ref] to exp]im5t1 & !n to demon/rate :y bodies are con/ra9$ to act 9 su* a mann]4 ,?is is ! me?od :i* we ought to foll[ 9 inve/igat+ ! ph5om5a ( nature4 ,x is v true t nature beg9s by reason+ & ends ) exp]im5t2 b x matt]s n1 we mu/ take ! opposite c\rse2 z ,i h said1 we mu/ beg9 by exp]im5t1 & endeav\r by its means to discov] g5]al pr9ciples40 ,?us1 says ,v5turi1 spoke ,leon>d a c5tury be=e ,bacon1 & ?us1 we add1 did ,leon>d tell philosoph]s all t !y requir$ = ! prop] inve/igation ( g5]al laws4 ,see ,essai sur les uvrages physico-ma!matiques de ,leon>d de ,v9ci1 p> ,j4 ,b4 ,v5turi4 ,p>is1 #agii1 p4 #cb1 #cc1 c4 ,see also ,c>lo ,amoretti's ,memorie /ori*e su la vita gli /udi e le ,op]e de ,lion>do da ,v9ci4 ,milano1 #ahjd4 #abh ,mr4 ,he>ne1 9 a memor&um dat$ ,april #d?1 #agbf1 /ates1 t a great qu>rel happ5$ betwe5 ,sir ,isaac ,newton & ,mr4 ,halley4 ,if ?is is true1 ! diff]5ce is likely to h orig9at$ 9 ,halley's impiety4 #abi ,pr(essor ,rigaud ( ,ox=d he>d ?is anecdote f ,dr4 ,maskelyne4 #acj 8,he 0 v k9d to all ! ,aysc\ghs4 ,to "o he gave #hjjl41 to ano!r #bjjl41 & to a ?ird #ajjl41 & _m o!r sums2 & o!r engagem5ts did he ent] into also = !m4 ,he 0 ! ready assi/ant ( all :o 7 any way relat$ to him1--to _! *ildr5 & gr&*ildr540--,annual ,regi/]1 #aggf1 vol4 xix4 p4 #be4 ,sir ,isaac gave "s donations to ! *apel & p>i% ( ,col/]wor?4 ,he>ne says 8t he promis$ to become a b5efactor to ! ,royal ,society1 b fail$40 #aca ,! foll[+ anecdote ( ,sir ,isaac's abs5ce has be5 publi%$1 b ,i _c v\* = its au!nticity4 ,8 intimate fri5d ,dr4 ,/ukely1 :o _h be5 deputy to ,dr4 ,halley z secret>y to ! ,royal ,society1 0 "o day %[n into ,sir ,isaac's d9+-room1 :]e 8 d9n] _h be5 = "s "t s]v$ up4 ,dr4 ,/ukely wait$ = a consid]able "t1 & gett+ impati5t1 he remov$ ! cov] f a *ick51 :i* he ate1 replac+ ! bones "u ! cov]4 ,9 a %ort "t ,sir ,isaac ent]$ ! room1 & aft] ! usual complim5ts sat d[n to 8 d9n]1 b on tak+ (f ! cov]1 & see+ no?+ b bones1 he rem>k$1 8,h[ abs5t we philosoph]s are4 ,i really ?\ght t ,i _h n d9$40 #acb ,epi/ol>y ,correspond5ce1 vol4 i4 p4 #ahj1 sec4 #gg4 #acc ,,ms4 ,memor&a 9 ! ,bodleian ,libr>y4 #acd ,turnor's ,collections1 p4 #agf4 #ace ,! anecdote ( ! fall+ apple is m5tion$ nei!r by ,dr4 ,/ukely nor by ,mr4 ,conduit1 & z ,i h n be5 able to f9d any au?ority = x :atev]1 ,i did n feel myself at lib]ty to use x4 #acf ,9 ! ,mon?ly ,review = ,augu/1 #ahbi1 p4 #eic1 x is /at$1 t ! correspond5ce betwe5 ,newton & ,flam/ead1 f #afhj to #afih1 exi/s 9 ! ,sloane collection ( ,manuscripts 9 ! ,briti% ,museum4 ,pr(essor ,rigaud1 h[ev]1 has _h ! k9dness to inquire into ! accuracy ( ?is /atem5t1 & he has asc]ta9$ t ^! lett]s are m]ely copies1 :i* ,dr4 ,bir* _h made f ! orig9als at ,ox=d4 #acg ,see page #bhh1 note4 #ach ,?is entail 0 execut$ 9 #agbd1 a ye> or two be=e ,sir ,ri*>d's dea?4--,d4 ,b4 #aci ,see p4 #bia4 99 99 99 99 99 99 ,transcrib]'s note3 ,punctuation1 hyph5ation1 & spell+ 7 made consi/5t :5 a pr$om9ant pref]5ce 0 f\nd 9 ?is book2 o!rwise !y 7 n *ang$4 ,_m abbreviations1 & "s s5t5ces1 did n end ) p]iods4 ,transcrib] add$ miss+ p]iods only at ! ends ( s5t5ces1 & did n attempt to resolve o!r inconsi/5cies4 ,simple typographical errors 7 correct$2 occasional unpair$ quotation m>ks reta9$4 ,ambigu\s hyph5s at ! ends ( l9es 7 reta9$4 ,9 "s lett]s1 ! salutations & dates 7 pr9t$ on ! same l9e1 & ! signatures sometimes 7 pr9t$ on ! same l9es z ! end ( ! body4 ,9 ?is e,book1 ! dates always appe> above ! salutations & ! signatures are on _! own l9es4 ,sup]scripts 7 us$ only z abbreviations = names & words1 n 9 ma!matical expressions1 & h be5 pr9t$ z normal l[]-case lett]s 9 ! ,pla9 ,text v]sion ( ?is e,book4 ,! ,transcrib] did n review ! spell+ ( non-,engli% words4 ,second page 7unnumb]$71 la/ l9e3 8) :om !y abide40 ,! ^w %[n "h z 8abide0 0 poorly pr9t$ & uncle>4 ,at ! bottom ( ! ,title page1 ! date is 8#ahcc02 at ! bottom ( ! cov]1 ! date is 8#ahce04 ,page #ff3 8piece ( plane glass0 0 pr9t$ t way4 ,page #ff3 ,transcrib] add$ ! comma 9 8& ,,lr1 ,,lr ! extreme r$04 ,page #gj3 ,transcrib] add$ italics to 8makes orange04 ,page #abf3 8on ! #g? ,janu>y1 #afah0 %\ld be 8#afaj04 ,page #cjf ref]r$ to ,newton's telescope be+ %[n 9 8fig4 #a01 b x actually is 9 8fig4 #c0 & is ref]5c$ t way 9 ?is e,book4 ,page #cba3 ,! op5+ p>5!sis be=e 8viz4 "o ( ^? t g r\nd ano!r0 has no mat*+ clos+ p>5!sis4 ,transcrib] add$ a clos+ p>5!sis aft] 8r\nd ano!r planet01 b t may n be :]e x belongs4