,,nature',s ,,tea*+s ,illu/ration3 ,! ,home ,,nature',s ,,tea*+s ,,human ,,inv5tion ,,anticipat$ ,,by ,,nature ,,by ,,! ,,late ,,rev4 ,j4 ,g4 ,,wood1 ,m4,a41 ,f4,l4,s41 ,,etc4 ,,au?or ,,( 8,,homes ,,)\t ,,h&s10 8,,man ,,& ,,bea/1 ,,"h ,,& ,,h]eaft]10 ,,etc4 ,,new ,,& ,,revis$ ,,edition ,,london ,j4 ,s4 ,,virtue ,,co41 ,,limit$1 #bf1 ,,ivy ,,lane ,,pat]no/] ,,r[ ,,london3 ,,pr9t$ ,,by ,j4 ,s4 ,,virtue ,,& ,,co41 ,,limit$4 ,,city ,,road4 ,,preface4 ,a glance at almo/ any page ( ?is "w w d5ote its object4 ,x is to %[ ! close connection betwe5 ,nature & human inv5tions1 & t !re is sc>cely an inv5tion ( man t has n its prototype 9 ,nature4 ,& x is wor?y ( notice t ! greate/ results h be5 obta9$ f means app>5tly ! mo/ insignificant4 ,!re are two inv5tions1 = example1 :i* h *ang$ ! face ( ! e>?1 & :i* yet sprang f s\rces t 7 despis$ by m51 & ?\ght only fit = ! pass+ sport ( *ildhood4 ,i allude1 ( c\rse1 to ,/eam & ,electricity1 bo? ( :i* _h be5 *ild's toys = c5turies be=e ! "o gave u ! fix$ eng9e1 ! locomotive1 & ! /eamboat1 & ! o!r suppli$ u ) ! compass & ! electric telegraph4 ,9 ! c\rse ( ?is "w ,i h plac$ side by side a great numb] ( p>allels ( ,nature & ,art1 mak+ ! descriptions z t]se & simple z possible1 & illu/rat+ !m ) m ?an sev5 hundr$ & fifty figures4 ,! coroll>y :i* ,i hope w be drawn f ! "w is evid5t en\gh4 ,x is1 t z exi/+ human inv5tions h be5 anticipat$ by ,nature1 s x w surely be f\nd t 9 ,nature lie ! prototypes ( inv5tions n yet reveal$ to man4 ,! great discov]]s ( ! future w1 !re=e1 be ^? :o w look to ,nature = ,art1 ,sci5ce1 or ,me*anics1 in/ead ( tak+ pride 9 "s new inv5tion1 & !n f9d+ t x has exi/$ 9 ,nature = c\ntless c5turies4 ,i ought to m5tion t ! illu/rations are n int5d$ to be f9i%$ draw+s1 b m]ely *>ts or maps1 call+ att5tion to ! sali5t po9ts4 ,,cont5ts4 ,,nautical4 ,,*ap4 ,,page ,i4 ,,! ,,raft #a ,,ii4 ,,! ,,o>1 ,,! ,,paddle1 ,,& ,,! ,,screw #ab ,,iii4 ,,subsidi>y ,,appliances4--,,"p ,i4 #bc ,,iv4 ,,subsidi>y ,,appliances4--,,"p ,,ii4 #cd ,v4 ,,subsidi>y ,,appliances4--,,"p ,,iii4--,,! ,,boat-,,hook ,,& ,,punt-,,pole4--,,! ,,life-,,buoy ,,& ,,pontoon-,,raft #dd ,,w> ,,& ,,hunt+4 ,i4 ,,! ,,pitfall1 ,,! ,,club1 ,,! ,,sword1 ,,! ,,spe> ,,& ,,dagg] #ej ,,ii4 ,,poison1 ,,animal ,,& ,,vegetable4--,,pr9ciple ,,( ,,! ,,b>b #fb ,,iii4 ,,projectile ,,weapons ,,& ,,! ,,%ea? #gd ,,iv4 ,,! ,,net #he ,v4 ,,rev]t$ ,,spikes #ajb ,,vi4 ,,! ,,hook4--,,def5sive ,,arm\r4--,,! ,,=t #aae ,,vii4 ,,scal+ ,,in/rum5ts4--,,def5ce ,,( ,,=t4--,,imitation4--,,! ,,fall-,,trap #acb ,,viii4 ,,concealm5t4--,,disguise4--,,! ,,tr5*4--,,p[] ,,( ,,gravity4--,,miscellanea #add ,,ar*itecture4 ,i4 ,,! ,,hut1 ,,tropic ,,& ,,pol>4--,,pill>s ,,& ,,floor+4--,,tunnel ,,entrance ,,( ,,! ,,igloo4--,,doors ,,& ,,h+es4--,,self-,,clos+ ,,trap-,,doors #aei ,,ii4 ,,walls1 ,,d\ble ,,& ,,s+le4--,,por*es1 ,,eaves1 ,,& ,,w9d[s4--,,?at*1 ,,slates1 ,,& ,,tiles #agg ,,iii4 ,,! ,,w9d[4--,,gird]s1 ,,ties1 ,,& ,,buttresses4--,,! ,,tunnel4--,,! ,,susp5sion-,,bridge #aij ,,iv4 ,,ligh?\ses4--,,! ,,dovetail4--,,! ,,dam4--,,subt]ranean ,,dwell+s4--,,! ,,pyramids4--,,mort>1 ,,pa9t1 ,,& ,,v>ni% #bjg ,,tools ,i4 ,,! ,,digg+-,,/ick4--,,spade4--,,%e>s ,,& ,,scissors4--,,*isel ,,& ,,adze4--,,! ,,plane ,,& ,,spoke%ave #bbb ,,ii4 ,,! ,,saw ,,& ,,its ,,v>ieties #bci ,,iii4 ,,bor+ ,,tools4--,,/rik+ ,,tools4--,,grasp+ ,,tools #bdi ,,iv4 ,,poli%+ ,,tools4--,,measur+ ,,tools #bfc ,,optics4 ,i4 ,,! ,,missions ,,( ,,hi/ory4--,,! ,,cam]a ,,obscura4--,,long ,,& ,,%ort ,,sight4--,,/]eoscope ,,& ,,pseudoscope4--,,multiply+-,,glasses #bgf ,,ii4 ,,! ,,wat]-,,telescope4--,,iris ,,( ,,! ,,eye4--,,magic ,,lant]n4--,,! ,,spectroscope4--,,! ,,?aumatrope #bia ,,useful ,,arts4 ,i4 ,,primitive ,,man ,,& ,,8 ,,ne$s4--,,e>!nw>e4--,,ball-,,&-,,socket ,,jo9t4--,,toggle ,,or ,,knee ,,jo9t #cjh ,,ii4 ,,cru%+ ,,in/rum5ts4--,,! ,,nut-,,crack]s1 ,,roll+-,,mill1 ,,& ,,gr9d/one4--,,pressure ,,( ,,atmosph]e4--,,se$ ,,dibbles ,,& ,,drills #cbj ,,iii4 ,,clo?-,,dress+4--,,bru%es ,,& ,,combs4--,,buttons1 ,,hooks ,,& ,,eyes1 ,,& ,,clasp #cci ,,iv4 ,,! ,,/opp]1 ,,or ,,cork4--,,! ,,filt] #cej ,v4 ,,! ,,pr9ciple ,,( ,,! ,,spr+4--,,! ,,ela/ic ,,spr+4--,,accumulators4--,,! ,,spiral ,,spr+ #cfj ,,vi4 ,,spiral ,,& ,,r+$ ,,tissues4--,,v>i\s ,,spr+s ,,9 ,,nature ,,& ,,art #cge ,,vii4 ,,food ,,& ,,com=t #cij ,,viii4 ,,dome/ic ,,com=t #djj ,,ix4 ,,artificial ,,w>m?4--,,r+ ,,& ,,/aple4--,,! ,,fan #dab ,x4 ,,wat]1 ,,& ,,means ,,( ,,procur+ ,,x #dbb ,,xi4 ,a,,ro/atics4--,,weight ,,( ,,air4--,,expansion ,,by ,,heat #dcf ,,xii4 ,,ditto ,,cont9u$ #ddg ,,xiii4 ,,telescopic ,,tubes4--,,direct ,,action4--,,di/ribution ,,( ,,weight4--,,tree-,,climb+4--,,! ,,:eel #dfj ,,xiv4 ,,pap] ,,& ,,m\ld+ #dgb ,,xv4 ,,electricity ,,& ,,galvanism #dhb ,,xvi4 ,,tillage4--,,dra9age4--,,spiral ,,pr9ciple4--,,c5trifugal ,,=ce #dib ,,xvii4 ,,oscillation4--,,unit$ ,,/r5g?4--,,! ,,dome #ejd ,,ac\/ics4 ,i4 ,,p]cussion4--,,! ,,/r+ ,,& ,,re$4--,,! ,,trumpet4--,,e>-,,trumpet4--,,/e?oscope #eac ,,nautical4 ,,*apt] ,i4 ,poetry & ,sci5ce4--,! ,pap] ,nautilus & ! ,sail4--,montgom]y's 8,pelican ,isl&40--,! ,nautilus replac$ by ! ,velella4--,! ,sail+ ,raft ( ,nature & ,art4--,description ( a ,velella ,fleet (f ,t5by4--,! ,natural ,raft & its ,sail4--,! ,boats ( ,nature & ,art4--,man's fir/ ,idea ( a ,boat4--,! ,kruman's ,canoe & ! ,great ,ea/]n4--,gradual ,developm5t ( ! ,boat4--,! ,outrigg] ,canoe a ,mixture ( ,raft & ,boat4--,natural ,boats4--,! ,wat]-snails4--,! ,sea-anemones4--,! ,egg-boat ( ! ,gnat4--,! ,sk9-boat ( ! same ,insect4--,%ape & ,prop]ties ( ! ,life-boat anticipat$ 9 ,nature4--,natural ,boat ( ! ,/ratiomys4 ,,! ,,raft4 ,x has be5 frequ5tly said t ! mod]n developm5ts ( sci5ce are gradually de/roy+ _m ( ! poetical elem5ts ( our daily lives1 & 9 consequ5ce are r$uc+ u to a dead level ( prosaic commonplace1 9 :i* exi/5ce is sc>cely wor? hav+4 ,! fir/ "p ( ?is r sweep+ ass]tion is p]fectly true1 b1 z we %all pres5tly see1 ! second portion is absolutely untrue4 ,sci5ce has c]ta9ly de/roy$1 & is de/roy+1 _m ( ! poetic fancies :i* made a "p ( daily life4 ,x mu/ h be5 a consid]able %ock to ! m9d ( an anci5t philosoph] :5 he f\nd himself depriv$ ( ! semi-spiritual1 semi-human be+s ) :i* ! e>? & wat] 7 ?\ght to be peopl$4 ,& ev5 9 our own "t & c\ntry !re is 9 _m places a /ill l+]+ belief 9 ! exi/5ce ( good & bad fairies inhabit+ lake1 wood1 & gl51 ! successors ( ! ,naiads & ,dryads1 ! ,fauns & ,satyrs1 ( ! =m] "t4 ,_m p]sons w d\btless be surpris$1 ev5 9 ^! days1 to he> t ! dread$ ,mael/rm is q z fabul\s z ! ,symplegades or ,scylla & ,*>ybdis1 & t ! well-kn[n tale ( ,edg> ,poe is absolutely )\t f\ndation4 ,p]haps "o ( ! prettie/ leg5ds 9 natural hi/ory is t ( ! ,pap] ,nautilus1 ) :i* s mu* poetry is associat$4 ,we h all be5 accu/om$ f *ildhood to ,pope's well-kn[n l9es beg9n+-- 8,le>n ( ! little ,nautilus to sail10 & "s ( u may be acqua9t$ ) ^? graceful v]ses ( ,james ,montgom]y1 9 8 8,pelican ,isl&30-- 8,light z a flake ( foam ^u ! w9d1 ,keel upw>d1 f ! deep em]g$ a %ell1 ,%ap$ l ! moon ere half h] horn is fill$4 ,fraught ) "y life x right$ z x rose1 ,& mov$ at w along ! yield+ wat]4 ,! native pilot ( ?is little b>k ,put out a ti] ( o>s on ei!r side1 ,spread to ! waft+ breeze a two-fold sail1 ,& m\nt$ up & glid$ d[n ! bill[ ,9 happy fre$om1 pleas$ to feel ! air1 ,& w&] 9 ! luxury ( light4 99 99 99 99 99 ,x clos$1 sank1 dw9dl$ to a po9t1 !n no?+1 ,:ile ! la/ bubble cr[n$ ! dimpl+ eddy ,?r\gh :i* m9e eye /ill giddily pursu$ x40 ,s deeply +ra9$ is ! poetical notion ( ! sail+ p[]s attribut$ to ! nautilus1 t _m p are q incr$ul\s :5 !y are told t !re is j z mu* likelihood ( see+ a m]maid curl h] hair z ( witness+ a nautilus "u sail4 ,h[ ! creature 9 "q does propel itself w be describ$ 9 ! c\rse ( ! pres5t *apt]2 & ! read] w see t al?\gh "o p>allel betwe5 ,nature & ,art 9 ! nautilus does n exi/1 !re are sev]al o!rs :i* until lat] days h n ev5 be5 suspect$4 ,x is1 !re=e1 p>tially true t sci5ce does de/roy romance4 ,b1 ?\gh %e de/roys1 %e creates1 & %e gives inf9itely m ?an %e takes away1 z is %[n 9 ! _m late discov]ies :i* h trans=m$ ! :ole sy/em ( civilis$ life4 ,sometimes1 z 9 ! pres5t in/ance1 %e discov]s "o analogy :ile de/roy+ ano!r1 & ?\gh %e %att]s ! leg5d ( ! sail+ nautilus1 %e produces a m>9e animal :i* really does sail1 & does n appe> to be able to d any?+ else4 ,?is is ! ,,velella1 a figure ( :i*1 tak5 f a specim5 9 my collection1 is giv5 9 ! illu/ration1 & drawn ( ! natural size4 ,x is "o ( t va/ army ( m>9e creatures kn[n famili>ly by ! "n ( 8jelly-fi%es10 j z lob/]s1 crabs1 %rimps1 oy/]s1 :elks1 p]iw9kles1 & ! l1 are lump$ toge!r "u ! title ( 8%ell-fi%40 ,z a rule1 ^! creatures are s(t1 gelat9\s1 &1 9 fact1 are v little m ?an sea-wat] entangl$ 9 ! f9e/ imag9able me%-"w ( animal matt]2 s f9e1 inde$1 t sc>cely any def9ite organs c be discov]$4 ,! ,velella1 h[ev]1 is rem>kable = hav+ a sort ( skeleton1 if x may be s call$1 consi/+ ( two v ?9 & horny plates1 dispos$1 z %[n 9 ! illu/ration1 s z to =m an exact imitation 7or p]haps ,i %\ld say a precursor7 ( a raft propell$ by a sail4 ,inde$1 ! ,lat9 "n ,velella signifies a little sail4 ,illu/ration3 ,,velella 7,,natural ,,size74 ,illu/ration3 ,,sail+ ,,raft4 ,h[ well des]v$ is ! "n may be se5 by ! foll[+ graphic acc\nt ( a ,velella fleet s5t to me by a lady :o takes great int]e/ 9 practical zoology3-- 8,! specim5s :i* ,i s5d came f ,t5by1 a v r\gh sea hav+ driv5 a l>ge liv+ fleet ( !m on t coa/4 8,:5 9 life1 !y are semi-transp>5t1 & radiant 9 _m ra9b[-t9t$ col\rs4 ,!y came float+ t[>ds me 9 all _! fragile beauty on ! r\gh sea waves4 ,i succe$$ 9 captur+ "s ( !m1 & pres]v$ ! only portion available = my collection4 8,!y are extremely t5d]1 & by no means ) :i* ,i am acqua9t$ c be pres]v$ m ?an ^! skeleton-l c>tilag9\s plates4 ,!y soon dissolve 9 ei!r spirits ( w9e or wat]1 & lose e ve/ige ( _! %ape & sub/ance4 ,! upright1 ?91 pellucid plate has ! appe>ance ( a fairy-l m9iature sail1 & app>5tly act$ z su* :5 ! creature 0 float+ ) its long & _m-t9t$ t5tacles p5d5t f its l[] surface4 8,al?\gh widely di/ribut$1 !y are seldom se5 on our own coa/1 al?\gh sometimes driv5 !re f ! w>m] regions by /ress ( w9d & waves4 8,^! little creatures _h nev] be=e be5 se5 at ,t5by1 b :5 ,i ask$ a native ba?+-woman :e!r %e knew _! "n1 %e imm$iately repli$1 #8,sea-butt]flies4' ,al?\gh ! "n 0 evid5tly ( h] own inv5tion1 x 0 mo/ appropriate & poetical4 ,i h always f\nd ! ,wel% p ab\nd m ?an any o!r nation 9 pretty & *>act]i/ic synonyms40,a ,a ,by sailors ! ,velella is popul>ly kn[n by ! "n ( 8,sally-man20 i4e4 ,sallee-man4 ,9 answ] to a lett] 9 :i* ,i ask$ ! writ] = "s fur!r in=mation conc]n+ ! ,velella1 s5d+ also an outl9e sket* ( ! animal1 :i* ,i ask$ ! writ] to fill 9 ) ! prop] col\rs1 ,i receiv$ ! foll[+ reply3-- 8,i w d my be/ to answ] y\r que/ions1 & to give y :at in=mation ,i c conc]n+ ! creatures4 8,:5 se5 at ,t5by1 !y 7 all float+ on ! surface ( ! sea1 ! t5tacles only be+ subm]g$4 ,my specim5s float$ = a v %ort "t aft] capture1 dea? foll[+ s quickly t ,i 0 oblig$ to set to "w at once ) camel's-hair bru% & p5knife to take away ! gelat9\s "p4 ,inde$1 decomposition took place s rapidly1 t ,velellas & myself 7 simultane\sly ?reat5$ ) ext]m9ation4 8,bo? raft & sail 7 equally envelop$ 9 a s(t1 gelat9\s cov]+1 c]ta9ly n m ?an ! sixte5? ( an in* 9 ?ickness1 except "u ! c5tre ( ! raft1 :]e x became slightly ?ick]4 ,! cov]+ ( ! sail 0 exce$+ly ?91 & l a transp>5t & almo/ invisible s(t sk94 ,! sail is v firmly atta*$ to ! raft1 z !y did n sep>ate :5 decomposition began4 8,! t5tacles 7 entirely compos$ ( ! same s(t1 jelly-l sub/ance z t ( ! envelope1 & e "p 0 iridesc5t 9 a sort ( vap\ry transp>5t cl\d ( _m-t9t$ col\rs1 blue & pale crimson pr$om9at+4 ,i h fill$ up to ! be/ ( my memory ! little sket*1 & only wi% y c\ld h se5 ! ,velellas z ,i did1 9 _! full life & beauty40 ,two ( ! specim5s "h m5tion$ are 9 my collection1 & beautiful little ?+s !y are4 ,! two plates are n ?ick] ?an ord9>y silv] pap]1 b are wond]fully /rong1 t\gh1 & ela/ic4 ,! oval horizontal plate1 or raft1 if x may be s call$1 is /r5g!n$ by be+ corrugat$ 9 conc5tric l9es1 & hav+ a multitude ( v f9e ribs radiat+ f ! c5tre to ! circumf]5ce4 ,x is slightly ?ick5$ on ! edges1 evid5tly = ! atta*m5t ( ! t5tacles4 ,! p]p5dicul> plate1 or sail1 does n occupy ! l>g] diamet] ( ! raft1 b /ret*es across x diagonally f edge to edge1 ris+ highe/ 9 ! c5tre & dim9i%+ t[>ds ! edges1 s t x pres5ts an outl9e s+ul>ly l t ( a late5 sail4 ,x is r curi\s t ! magnify+ glass gives b little1 if any1 assi/ance to ! obs]v]1 ! nak$ eye answ]+ e purpose4 ,ev5 ! microscope is useless1 detect+ no peculi>ity ( /ructure4 ,i tri$ x ) ! pol>iscope1 sc>cely expect+1 b r hop+1 to f9d t x 0 s5sitive to pol>is$ light4 ,b no su* result took place1 ! ,velella be+ q unaffect$ by x4 ,! correspond+ illu/ration is a sket* ( a raft to :i* a sail is atta*$4 ,su* rafts z ?is are 9 use 9 _m p>ts ( ! _w1 ! sail sav+ manual lab\r1 & ! l>ge /e]+ o> answ]+ ! d\ble purpose ( keel & rudd]4 ,9 ! ,velella1 ! t5tacles1 ?\gh !y may n act 9 ! latt] capacity1 c]ta9ly d act 9 t ( ! =m]1 & s]ve to prev5t ! little creature f be+ capsiz$ 9 a gale ( w9d4 ,,! ,,boat4 ,!re is no d\bt t ! fir/ idea ( locomotion 9 ! wat]1 indep5d5tly ( swimm+1 0 ! raft2 nor is x difficult to trace ! gradual developm5t ( ! raft into a ,boat4 ,! developm5t ( ! ,kruman's canoe into ! ,great ,ea/]n1 or a mod]n ironclad vessel1 is simply a matt] ( "t4 ,x is tol]ably evid5t t ! fir/ raft 0 no?+ m ?an a tree-trunk4 ,f9d+ t ! s+le trunk 0 apt to turn ov] ) ! weight ( ! occupant1 ! next move 0 evid5tly to la% two trunks side by side4 ,next w\ld come ! great advance ( putt+ ! trunks at "s di/ance ap>t1 & connect+ !m ) cross-b>s4 ,?is plan w\ld obviate ev5 ! *ance ( ! upsett+ ( ! raft1 & x /ill survives 9 t curi\s mixture ( ! raft & canoe1 ! outrigg] boat ( ! ,polynesians1 :i* no gale ( w9d c upset4 ,x may be torn to pieces by ! /orm1 b no?+ c capsize x z long z x holds toge!r4 ,lay+ a numb] ( small] logs or bran*es ^u ! b>s :i* connect ! l>g] logs is an evid5t mode ( =m+ a cont9u\s plat=m1 & ?us ! raft is complet$4 ,x w\ld n be long be=e ! sup]ior buoyancy ( a holl[ ov] a solid log w\ld be discov]$1 & s1 :5 ! savage c\ld n f9d a log ready holl[$ to 8 h&1 he w\ld holl[ "o = himself1 mo/ly us+ fire 9 lieu ( tools4 ,! progress f a holl[$ log1 or 8dug-out10 z x is popul>ly call$1 to ! b>k canoe1 & !n ! built boat1 naturally foll[$1 ! boats increas+ 9 size until !y 7 develop$ into %ips4 ,su*1 !n1 is a slight sket* ( ! gradual con/ruction ( ! ,boat1 bas$1 ?\gh p]haps ignorantly1 on ! !ory ( displacem5t4 ,n[1 let u ask ourselves :e!r1 9 creation1 !re are any natural boats :i* exi/$ be=e man came ^u ! e>?1 & f :i* he might h tak5 ! idea if he _h be5 able to reason on ! subject4 ,! ,pap] ,nautilus is1 ( c\rse1 ! fir/ example t comes be=e ! m9d2 b al?\gh1 z we h se51 ! delicate %ell ( ! nautilus is n us$ z a boat1 & its sail+ & r[+ p[]s are alike fabul\s1 !re is1 z is ! case ) mo/ fables1 a sub/ratum ( tru?1 & !re are aquatic molluscs :i* =m !mselves into boats1 al?\gh !y d n propel !mselves ) sails or o>s4 ,_m species ( molluscs possess ?is art1 b we w select "o z an example ( !m all1 because x is v pl5tiful 9 our own c\ntry1 & may be f\nd 9 almo/ any numb]4 ,x is ! common ,,wat]-,,snail 7,limna /agnalis71 :i* ab\nds 9 our /reams :]e ! curr5t is n v /rong4 ,ev5 9 tol]ably swift /reams ! ,limna may be f\nd pl5tifully 9 any bay or sudd5 curve :]e a rev]se curr5t is g5]at$1 & !re=e ! =ce ( ! /ream is p>tially neutralis$4 ,^! molluscs absolutely sw>m 9 ! ,*]well1 & 9 ! multitud9\s dit*es :i* dra9 ! flat c\ntry ab\t ,ox=d into t riv] z well z ! ,isis4 ,belong+ to ! ,ga/]opods1 ! ,wat]-snail c crawl ov] ! /ones or aquatic vegetation1 j z ! common g>d5 snail or slug does on l&4 ,b x has ano!r mode ( progression1 :i* x v (t5 employs 9 w>m wea!r4 ,x asc5ds to ! surface ( ! wat]1 rev]ses its position s t ! %ell is d[nw>d1 spreads out ! foot z widely z possible1 & !n contracts x 9 ! c5tre1 s z to =m x into a %all[ boat4 ,illu/ration3 ,,gnat-,,egg ,,boat ,,& ,,?ree ,,eggs4 ,illu/ration3 8,,dug-,,out0 ,,boat ,,( ,,v>i\s ,,p>ts ,,( ,,! ,,_w4 ,illu/ration3 ,,sea-,,anemone ,,act+ ,,z ,,boat4 ,illu/ration3 ,,wat]-,,snail ,,act+ ,,z ,,boat4 ,illu/ration3 ,,bir*-,,b>k ,,canoe4 ,illu/ration3 ,,pupa ,,sk9 ,,( ,,gnat ,,act+ ,,z ,,boat4 ,! c>ry+ capacity ( ?is boat is necess>ily small1 b z ! %ell & ne>ly ! :ole ( ! animal are subm]g$1 & !re=e mo/ly su/a9$ by ! wat]1 a v small am\nt ( flotative p[] is suffici5t = ! purpose4 ,sometimes1 on a f9e day1 :ole fleets ( ^! natural boats may be se5 float+ d[n ! /ream1 ?us obta9+ a *ange ( locality )\t any p]sonal ex]tion4 ,9 p]fectly /ill wat]1 :]e no curr5t c waft ! ,limna on its easy voyage1 x /ill is able to convey itself f "o place to ano!r4 ,by means ( ext5d+ & contract+ ! foot1 x actually contrives to crawl along ! surface ( ! wat] almo/ z readily z if x 7 ^u ! "u side ( "s solid body1 &1 al?\gh its progress is sl[1 x is v /eady4 ,ano!r v common ,briti% wat]-snail1 ! ,p\*-%ell 7,physa font9alis71 has almo/ exactly ! same habits4 ,ref]5ce w be made to ! ,p\*-%ell on ano!r page4 ,! capacity = conv]t+ ! body into a boat is n conf9$ to ! molluscs1 b is %>$ by _m o!r animals4 ,take1 = example1 ! well-kn[n m>9e animals1 call$ popul>ly ,,sea-,,anemones4 ,z !y appe> :5 plant$ on ! rocks1 !y look z incapable ( motion z ! fl[]s ^: names !y be>4 ,yet1 by means ( ! flatt5$ base1 :i* !y use j z a snail uses its feet1 !y c manage to glide along ! rocks 9 any direction1 ?\gh v sl[ly4 ,! base is capable ( ext5sion & contraction1 & by elongat+ "o side ( x1 fix+ ! elongat$ portion1 & !n rais+ ! rema9d] ( ! base t[>ds x1 ! animal makes practically a s]ies ( v sl[ /eps4 ,?is mode ( progression may (t5 be se5 9 op]ation on ! glass front ( an aqu>ium4 ,! same prop]ty ( expansion & contraction enables ! ,sea-anemones to conv]t _! bodies into boats1 & float on ! surface ( ! wat]4 ,:5 "o ( ^! animals wi%es to swim1 x asc5ds ! object to :i* x is cl++--say ! glass ( ! aqu>ium--until x has rea*$ ! air4 ,x !n v sl[ly1 & bit by bit1 deta*es ! upp] "p ( ! base f ! glass1 all[+ itself to hang ) its t5tacles d[nw>d4 ,^!1 by ! way1 are almo/ :olly )drawn :5 ! animal is engag$ 9 ?is bus9ess4 ,by degrees ! :ole ( ! base is deta*$ f ! glass except a v t9y portion ( ! edge4 ,! base is next contract$ 9 ! middle into ! =m ( a %all[ cup1 &1 :5 ?is is done1 ! la/ hold ( ! glass is releas$1 & ! animal floats away1 support$ by its holl[$ base4 ,entomologi/s are famili> ) ! foll[+ facts1 & 7 ?is "w address$ to !m alone1 a simple m5tion ( ! insect w\ld be suffici5t4 ,b z ?is "w is int5d$ = ! g5]al public1 x w be necess>y to give a description1 ?\gh a brief "o1 ( ! wond]ful mann] 9 :i* an insect1 :i* we are apt to ?9k is only too common1 plays ! "p ( a boat at its entrance to life & j be=e its dep>ture f ?is _w1 n to m5tion its int]m$iate /ate1 to :i* ref]5ce w be made "u ano!r head+4 ,! insect 9 "q is ! common ,,gnat 7,culex pipi5s71 :i* makes su* ravages ^u ^? :o are afflict$1 l myself1 ) delicate sk9s1 & c h a limb r5d]$ useless = days by a s+le gnat-bite4 ,9 ?is insect1 ! beg9n+ & ! end ( life are s closely int]wov51 t x is n easy to det]m9e :i* has ! prior claim to description1 b we w beg9 ) ! egg4 ,) v few exceptions1 su* z ! ,e>wig1 :i* wat*es ov] its eggs & "y l a h5 ov] h] ne/ & *ick5s1 ! insects m]ely deposit _! eggs ^u or close to ! food ( ! future "y1 & leave !m to _! fate4 ,! eggs ( ! ,gnat1 h[ev]1 require diff]5t treatm5t4 ,! "y l>v1 :5 hat*$1 imm$iately pass into ! wat] 9 :i* !y h to live1 & yet ! eggs are s con/itut$ t !y ne$ ! w>m? ( ! sun 9 ord] to hat* !m4 ,! ma*9]y by :i* bo? ^! objects are atta9$ is s+ul>ly beautiful4 ,! %ape ( ! egg v mu* resembles t ( a common n9ep91 & ! /ructure is su* t x mu/ be kept upright1 s t ! top %all be expos$ to ! air & sun1 & ! bottom be imm]s$ 9 ! wat]4 ,x w\ld be almo/ impossible t ^! conditions %\ld be atta9$ if ! eggs 7 ei!r dropp$ sep>ately into ! wat] or fix$ to aquatic plants1 z is ! case ) _m creatures ^: eggs are hat*$ solely 9 or on ! wat]4 ,z is ! case ) _m insects1 ea* egg :5 laid is envelop$ ) a slight coat+ ( a glut9\s "*1 s t !y adh]e toge!r4 ,&1 9 ! case ( ! ,gnat1 ?is mat]ial is insoluble 9 wat]1 & h>d5s almo/ imm$iately aft] ! egg is deposit$4 ,tak+ advantage ( ^! peculi>ities1 ! female ,gnat places h]self on ! edge ( a float+ leaf or simil> object1 s t h] long & sl5d] h9d-legs re/ on ! wat]4 ,9 "s my/]i\s way1 ! eggs1 z !y are successively produc$1 are pass$ along ! h9d-legs1 & are arrang$ side by side 9 su* a mann] t !y are =m$ into ! figure ( a boat1 be+ fix$ to ea* o!r by ! glut9\s sub/ance :i* has already be5 m5tion$4 ,x is a v rem>kable fact1 :i* assi/s 9 /r5g!n+ ! !ory on :i* ?is book is writt51 t ! l9es ( ! be/ mod]n life-boats are almo/ id5tical ) ^? ( ! ,gnat-boat1 & t bo? possess ! p[] ( right+ !mselves if capsiz$4 ,9 all trials ( a new life-boat1 "o ( ! mo/ important is t :i* te/s h] capability ( self-right+2 & any "o :o has witness$ su* exp]im5ts1 & has tri$ to upset a ,gnat-boat1 _c b be /ruck ) ! s+ul> similitude betwe5 ! boat made by ! h& ( man & t con/ruct$ by ! legs ( an insect1 )\t ev5 ! aid ( eyes4 ,pu% ! ,gnat-boat "u wat]1 & x %oots to ! surface l a cork1 right+ itself z x rises4 ,p\r wat] on x1 & exactly ! same result occurs1 s t no?+ c prev5t x f float+4 ,!n1 :5 ! w>m air has done its "w 9 hat*+ ! enclos$ "y1 a little trap-door op5s at ! bottom ( ! egg1 lets ! "y l>v into ! wat]1 & away !y swim4 ,n[ we come to ano!r phase ( exi/5ce 9 :i* ! ,gnat =ms a boat4 ,e "o kn[s ! little active ,gnat l>v1 ) _! l>ge heads & sl5d] bodies1 mu* l tadpoles 9 m9iature4 ,:5 !y h rea*$ _! full gr[?1 & assume ! pupal =m1 _! %ape is mu* *ang$4 ,! =e "p ( ! body is /ill m enl>g$1 z x has to conta9 ! w+s & legs1 :i* h s great a proportion to ! body ( ! p]fect ,gnat4 ,&1 in/ead ( float+ ) its head d[nw>ds1 & brea?+ ?r\gh its tail z x did :5 a l>va1 x n[ floats ) ! head upp]mo/1 & brea!s ?r\gh two little tubes4 ,ev5 9 its =m] /ate ! creature _h some?+ almo/ grotesque 9 its aspect1 ! head1 :5 magnifi$1 look+ almo/ z l a human face z does t ( a skate4 ,b 9 its pupal /ate x looks z if x _h put on a l>ge comical mask mu* too l>ge = x1 v mu* l ^? pap] masks :i* are enclos$ 9 crack]s1 & h to be worn by ^? :o draw !m4 ,9 process ( "t ! pupa *anges to a p]fect ,gnat )9 ?is %elly case1 able to move1 b unable to eat4 ,! body %r9ks 9 size1 & ! w+s & legs are =m$1 bo? be+ press$ closely to ! body4 ,:5 ! ,gnat is fully develop$1 ! pupal sk9 splits along ! back1 & op5s out into a curi\sly boat-l %ape1 ! front1 :i* conta9s ! heavi] "p ( ! insect1 be+ mu* ! l>ge/1 & consequ5tly be+ able to be> ! greate/ weight4 ,by degrees1 ! ,gnat draws itself out ( ! split pupal sk91 re/+ its legs on x z fa/ z !y are releas$4 ,x !n %akes out its w+s to dry1 & f9ally takes to ! air4 ,x is a really wond]ful fact t ! insect :i*1 = ?ree /ages 9 life--namely1 an egg1 l>va1 & pupa--liv$ 9 ! wat]1 %\ld 9 ! f\r? n only be incapable ( aquatic life1 b %\ld employ its old sk9 to protect x f t v elem5t 9 :i* x 0 liv+ only a m9ute or two be=e4 ,%\ld ! read] wi% to exam9e = himself ei!r ! egg or sk9 boat ( ! ,gnat1 he c easily procure !m by se>*+ any quiet pond1 or ev5 an uncov]$ wat]-butt4 ,!y are1 ( c\rse1 v small1 av]ag+ ab\t ! t5? ( an in* 9 l5g?1 & are ne>ly always to be f\nd close to ! side ei!r ( pond or tub1 be+ drawn !re by ! p[] ( attraction4 ,i may "h m5tion t !re are o!r dipt]\s insects belong+ to ! g5us ,/ratiomys1 :i* und]go _! metamorphosis 9 a v simil> fa%ion4 ,9 ^! insects1 ! l>va brea!s ?r\gh ! tail1 & :5 x atta9s its pupal condition1 ! actual insect is v mu* small] ?an ! pupal sk91 only occupy+ ! ant]ior & enl>g$ "p4 ,inde$1 ! diff]5ce ( size is s great1 t sev]al entomologi/s believ$ ! future ,/ratiomys to be b a p>asite on ! orig9al l>va4 ,! beautiful ,*ameleon-fly 7,/ratiomys *amleon7 is a famili> example ( ^! insects4 ,,nautical4 ,,*apt] ,,ii4 ,,! ,,o>1 ,,! ,,paddle1 ,,& ,,! ,,screw4 ,propulsion by ! ,o>4--,p>allels 9 ! ,insect ,_w4--,! 8,wat]-boatman40--,its ,boat-l ,%ape4--,! ,o>-l ,legs4--,exact me*anical ,analogy betwe5 ! ,legs ( ! ,insect & ! ,o>s ( ! human ,r[]4--8,fea!r+0 ,o>s 9 ,nature & ,art4--,! ,wat]-boatman & ! ,wat]-beetles4--,! ,feet ( ! ,swan1 ,goose1 & o!r aquatic ,birds4--,! ,cydippe1 or ,b]o4--,! ,self-fea!r+ ,paddle-:eel4--,indirect ,=ce4--,! ,w$ge1 ,screw1 & ,incl9$ ,plane4--8,scull+0 a ,boat4--,! 8,tanka0 ,girls ( ,*9a4--,me*anical ,pr9ciple ( ! ,screw1 & its ,adaptation to ,vessels4--,gradual ,developm5t ( ! ,nautical ,screw4--,me*anical ,pr9ciple ( ! ,tail ( ! ,fi%1 ! ,ott]1 & ! s9u\s ,body ( ! ,eel & ,lamp]n4--,! ,coracle & ! ,:irlwig-beetle4 ,! ,boat naturally rem9ds u ( ! ,boatman4 ,9 ! two gnat-boats :i* h be5 describ$ !re is no propell+ p[] us$ or ne$$1 ! little vessel float+ ab\t at r&om1 & its only object be+ to keep afloat4 ,b !re are _m cases :]e ! propell+ p[] is absolutely ess5tial1 & :]e its abs5ce w\ld mean dea?1 z mu* z x w\ld to a %ip :i* 0 becalm$ 9 mid ocean )\t any means ( progress or escape4 ,!re are1 = example1 hundr$s ( creatures1 belong+ to e ord] ( animals1 :i* are absolutely dep5d5t = _! v exi/5ce on _! p[] ( propulsion1 & ,i believe t !re is n a s+le mode ( aquatic progression employ$ by man :i* has n be5 previ\sly c>ri$ out 9 ! animal _w4 ,!re are s _m examples ( ?is fact t ,i am oblig$ to select a v few typical in/ances 9 pro( ( ! ass]tion4 ,tak+ ! ,o> z ! natural type ( progression 9 ! wat]1 we h 9 ! insect _w num]\s examples ( ! v same pr9ciple on :i* our mod]n boats are propell$4 ,& x is wor?y ( notice1 t ! great] ! improvem5t 9 r[+1 ! ne>] d we approa* ! orig9al insect model4 ,! fir/ :i* we %all notice is ! insect :i*1 f its s+ul> resemblance to a boat propell$ by a pair ( o>s1 has receiv$ ! popul> "n ( ,,wat]-,,boatman4 ,its sci5tific "n is ,notonecta glauca1 ! mean+ ( :i* we %all pres5tly see4 ,x belongs to ! ord] ( ,het]opt]a1 & is "o ( a num]\s gr\p1 all be>+ "s resemblance to ea* o!r 9 =m1 & be+ almo/ id5tical 9 habits4 ,?\gh !y c fly well1 & walk tol]ably1 !y pass ! great] "p ( _! exi/5ce 9 ! wat]1 9 :i* elem5t !y f9d _! food4 ,pr$aci\s to a high degree1 & arm$ ) p[]ful weapons ( (f5ce1 x is "o ( ! pirates ( ! fre% wat]1 & may be f\nd 9 almo/ e pond & /ream1 ply+ its deadly vocation4 ,its l>ge & p[]ful w+s seem only to be employ$ 9 c>ry+ x f "o piece ( wat] to ano!r1 :ile its fir/ & second pairs ( legs are h>dly ev] us$ at all = progression4 ,! la/ pair ( legs are ( v great l5g?1 & furni%$ at _! tips ) a curi\sly con/ruct$ fr+e ( /iff hairs4 ,! body is %ap$ 9 a mann] t greatly resembles a boat turn$ upside d[n1 ! edge ( ! elytra =m+ a sort ( ridge v mu* l ! keel ( ! boat4 ,:5 ! creature is engag$ 9 swimm+1 x turns itself on its back1 s z to br+ ! keel d[nw>ds1 & to be able to cut ! wat] ) ! %>p edge4 ,f ?is habit x has d]iv$ ! "n ( ,notonecta1 :i* signifies an animal :i* swims on its back4 ,! fir/ & second pairs ( legs are clasp$ to ! body1 & ! la/ pair are /ret*$ out z %[n 9 ! illu/ration1 n only look+ l o>s1 b be+ actually us$ z o>s4 ,n[1 ,i wi% especially to call ! read]'s att5tion to ! curi\sly exact p>allel betwe5 ! wat]-boatman & ! human o>sman4 ,z ! read] may probably "k1 ! o> is a lev] ( ! second ord]1 i4e4 ! p[] comes fir/1 !n ! weight1 & !n ! fulcrum4 ,! arm ( ! r[] furni%es ! p[]1 ! boat is ! weight to be mov$1 & ! wat] is ! fulcrum aga9/ :i* ! lev] acts4 ,i h m ?an once he>d objections to ?is def9ition1 ! objectors say+ t ! wat] 0 a yield+ sub/ance1 & !re=e c\ld n be ! fulcrum4 ,?is objection1 h[ev]1 0 easily refut$ by tak+ a boat up a n>r[ creek1 & r[+ ) ! o>-blades re/+ on ! %ore1 & n 9 ! wat]4 ,illu/ration3 ,,o>-,,leg ,,( ,,wat]-,,boatman4 ,illu/ration3 ,,o> ,,( ,,boat4 ,illu/ration3 ,,wat]-,,boatman ,,r[+ ,,itself4 ,illu/ration3 ,,o>sman ,,r[+4 ,n[1 ! swimm+ legs ( ! wat]-boatman are exact analogues ( ! o>s ( a human r[]4 ,! int]nal muscles at ! juncture ( ! leg ) ! body supply ! place ( ! r[]'s arms1 ! leg itself takes ! (fice ( ! o>1 & ! body ( ! insect is ! weight to be mov$1 & ! wat] supplies ! fulcrum4 ,ev5 ! broad blade at ! end ( ! o> is anticipat$ by ! fr+e ( bri/les at ! end ( ! leg1 & its %>p5$ edge by ! %ape ( ! insect's limb4 ,besides ^! resemblances1 !re is ano!r :i* is wor?y ( notice4 ,all r[]s "k t "o ( _! fir/ lessons is to 8fea!r0 _! o>s1 i4e4 to turn ! blade edgewise z soon z x leaves ! wat]4 ,no?+ looks m awkw>d ?an = a boatman to r[ )\t fea!r+4 7,we all mu/ rememb] ! eulogy on ! 8,jolly ,"y ,wat]man10 :o 8fea!r$ 8 o>s ) skill & dext]ity407 ,9 ! fir/ place1 he mu/ lift 8 o> v high out ( ! wat]1 &1 9 ! second1 he w be imp$$ by any w9d t happ5s to come aga9/ ! blades4 ,! ,wat]-boatman1 h[ev]1 does n lift its legs out ( ! wat] aft] e /roke1 z a human boatman does1 & !re=e x has no ne$ to fea!r 9 ! same way4 ,b !re is ev5 great] ne$ = a fea!r+ ( "s k9d 9 ! insect's leg1 on acc\nt ( ! great] resi/ance (f]$ by wat] ?an by air1 & ?is fea!r+ is effect$ by ! arrangem5t ( ! blade-bri/les1 :i* spread !mselves aga9/ ! wat] z ! /roke is made1 & collapse aft]w>ds1 s z to give z little resi/ance z possible :5 ! /roke is complet$4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,9 ,art we h inv5t$ _m simil> contrivances1 b ,i believe t !re is n "o 9 :i* we h n be5 anticipat$ by ,nature4 ,putt+ aside ! insect :i* has j be5 describ$1 we h ! :ole tribe ( wat]-beetles1 9 :i* ! same pr9ciple is c>ri$ out 9 an almo/ id5tical mann]4 ,9 ! accompany+ illu/ration1 ! o>1 ! r[]1 & ! boat are plac$ above "o ano!r1 & next to !m are se5 "o ( ! o>-legs ( ! wat]-boatman & ! insect z x appe>s :5 swimm+ on its back4 ,!n1 !re is ! foot ( ! duck1 goose1 swan1 & v>i\s o!r aquatic birds1 9 :i* ! foot pres5ts a broad blade z x /rikes aga9/ ! wat]1 & a n>r[ edge z x recov]s f ! /roke4 ,"s ye>s ago1 a /eam ya*t 0 built & propell$ by feet made on ! model ( ^? ( ! swan4 ,%e 0 a v pretty vessel1 b art c\ld n equal nature1 & at pres5t ! swan-foot propell]1 h[ev] p]fect 9 !ory1 has n succe$$ 9 action4 ,p]haps1 if "s nautical eng9e] 7 to take x 9 h&1 he w\ld procure ! desir$ result4 ,almo/ exactly simil> is ! mode ( propulsion employ$ by ! lob/]1 ! prawns & %rimps1 _! tails exp&+ widely into a fan-l %ape z !y /rike aga9/ ! wat]1 & !n collaps+ :5 ! /roke is )drawn1 s z to all[ !m to pass ?r\gh ! wat] ) ! lea/ possible resi/ance4 ,! same pr9ciple is to be se5 9 ! lively little ,acaleph1 = :i* !re is un=tunately no popul> "n1 & :i* we mu/ !re=e call by its sci5tific title ( ,,cydippe1 or ,b]o1 ^! names be+ almo/ indiff]5tly us$4 ,:5 full gr[n1 x is ab\t z l>ge z an acorn1 & v mu* ( ! same %ape4 ,x is z transp>5t z if made ( glass1 &1 :5 9 ! wat]1 is only visible to practis$ eyes4 ,en passant1 ,i may rem>k t ! famili> t]m ( 8wat]10 :5 appli$ to diamonds1 is ow+ to _! appe>ance :5 plac$ 9 di/ill$ wat]4 ,^? :i* c be at once se5 are call$ /ones ( ! second wat]4 ,^? :i* _c be se51 because _! refractive p[]s are equal to ^? ( ! wat]1 are call$ 8diamonds ( ! fir/ wat]10 & are v mu* m valuable ?an ! o!rs4 ,z ! ,cydippe is1 9 fact1 little m ?an sea-wat]1 entangl$ 9 ! slighte/ imag9able & mo/ transp>5t tissue ( animal fibre1 x is evid5t t ! wat] & ! ,cydippe mu/ be ( almo/ equal refract+ p[]1 & t !re=e ! acaleph mu/ be z invisible z diamonds ( ! 8fir/ wat]40 ,inde$1 ,i h (t5 _h specim5s 9 a glass j> :i* 7 absolutely invisible to p]sons to :om ,i wi%$ to %[ !m4 ,b an exp]i5c$ eye detects ! creature at once4 ,along its body1 at equal di/ances1 are eight n>r[ b&s1 ov] :i* ! col\rs ( ! ra9b[ are1 ?\gh v fa9t1 p]petually rippl+4 ,?is appe>ance is caus$ by ! ma*9]y :i* impels ! body1 & :i* seems nev] to cease4 ,ea* ( ^! b&s is compos$ ( a va/ numb] ( t9y flaps1 :i* move up & d[n 9 regul> succession1 s z to cause ! light to play on _! surfaces4 ,&1 z !y move z if set on h+es1 !y ( c\rse (f] no resi/ance to ! wat] aft] _! /roke is made4 ,illu/ration3 ,,cydippe ,,& ,,paddles4 ,illu/ration3 ,,prawn ,,swimm+4 ,,feet ( ,,duck4 ,illu/ration3 ,,self-,,fea!r+ ,,paddle-,,:eel4 ,n[ let u comp>e ^! works ( nature ) ^? ( art4 ,we h already se5 ! p>allels ( ! o>1 & we n[ come to ^? ( ! paddle-:eel4 ,:5 paddle-/eam]s 7 fir/ inv5t$1 ! blades 7 fix$ & project$ f ! :eel1 z if !y _h be5 cont9uations ( its spokes4 ,x 0 f\nd1 h[ev]1 t a great wa/e ( p[]1 toge!r ) mu* inconv5i5ce1 0 caus$ by ?is arrangem5t4 ,n only 0 a consid]able weight ( wat] rais$ by ea* blade aft] x pass$ ! middle ( its /roke1 b ! /eam p[] 0 giv5 ne>ly z mu* to lift+ & %ak+ ! vessel z to propulsion4 ,a new k9d ( paddle-:eel 0 !n inv5t$1 9 :i* ! blades 7 +5i\sly jo9t$ to ! :eel1 s t !y pres5t$ _! flat surfaces to ! wat] :ile propell+1 & _! edges :5 ! /roke 0 ov]4 ,?is1 :i* is kn[n by ! "n ( ! 8,self-fea!r+ ,paddle-:eel10 0 ?\ght to be a v clev] inv5tion1 & s x 02 b n ev5 ! inv5tors 7 likely to h kn[n t if !y _h only look$ into ! book ( ,nature1 !y might h f\nd pl5ty ( self-fea!r+ paddle-:eels1 beside ! few :i* my limit$ space enables me to give4 ,if ! read] w look at ! illu/ration1 he w see t on "o side is repres5t$ ! self-fea!r+ paddle-:eel ( ,art1 ) its +5i\s arrangem5t ( rods & h+es4 ,on ! o!r side !re comes1 fir/1 ! common ,prawn1 %[n ) its tail exp&$ 9 ! middle ( its /roke4 ,j bel[ x is a ,cydippe ( its ord9>y size1 %[+ ! paddle-b&s1 "o ( :i* is drawn at ! side mu* magnifi$1 s z to %[ ! arrangem5t ( ! little paddles4 ,z to ! t5tacles :i* trail f ! body1 we %all treat ( !m :5 we come to our next division ( ! subject ( ! "w4 ,la/ly1 !re is a repres5tation ( ! self-fea!r+ feet ( ! ,duck1 ! left foot exp&$ 9 /rik+ ! wat]1 & ! "r clos$ s z to (f] no resi/ance :5 drawn =w>d = ano!r /roke4 ,! swan's foot %[s ?is action ev5 m beautifully ?an does t ( ! duck4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,we n[ come to ano!r mode ( propulsion1 namely1 t :i* is n due to direct pressure ( a m or less flat body aga9/ ! wat]1 b to ! indirect pr9ciple ( ! screw1 w$ge1 or incl9$ plane4 ,space be+ valuable1 ,i w only take two in/ances1 namely1 ! well-kn[n mode ( propell+ a boat by a s+le o> work+ 9 a groove or r[lock 9 ! middle ( ! /]n1 & ! ord9>y screw ( mod]n /eam]s4 ,mo/ ( my read]s mu/ h se5 a sailor 9 ! act ( 8scull+0 a boat4 ,a tol]ably deep not* is sunk 9 ! c5tre ( ! /]n1 & ! o> is laid 9 x1 z %[n 9 ! c5tral illu/ration1 on ! "r-h& side4 ,! sailor !n takes ! h&le ( ! o>1 & works x regul>ly backw>ds & =w>ds1 )\t tak+ ! blade out ( ! wat]4 ,! boat at once beg9s to move =w>d1 &1 :5 ! o> is urg$ by a /rong & exp]i5c$ man1 c be propell$ ) wond]ful spe$4 ,! well-kn[n 8,tanka0 boat-girls ( ,*9a nev] ?9k ( us+ two o>s1 a s+le o> 9 ! /]n be+ all-suffici5t = ! rapid & intricate evolutions requir$ 9 _! bus9ess4 ,illu/ration3 ,,tail ,,( ,,fi%4 ,illu/ration3 ,,screw ,,( ,,/eam]4 ,illu/ration3 ,,tail ,,( ,,ott]4 ,illu/ration3 8,,scull+0 ,a ,,boat4 ,illu/ration3 ,,tail ,,( ,,seal4 ,illu/ration3 ,,action ,,( ,,rudd]4 ,! me*anical process :i* is "h employ$ is no?+ m ?an t ( ! incl9$ plane1 or r1 ! w$ge1 ! o>-blade =m+ ! w$ge1 & ! =ce be+ direct$ aga9/ ! /]n ( ! boat1 & s driv+ x ?r\gh ! wat]4 ,! ,rudd] af=ds ano!r example ( a simil> =ce1 al?\gh x is us$ m = direct+ ?an propell+ a vessel4 ,/ill1 j z ! scull is us$ n only = propell+1 b = /e]+ ! boat1 ! rudd]1 :5 mov$ /eadily backw>ds & =w>ds1 c be us$ = propulsion z well z /e]age4 ,9 ! abs5ce ( o>s1 ?is prop]ty is mo/ useful1 z ,i c practically te/ify4 ,s diff]5t 9 appe>ance are ! screw & ! incl9$ plane1 t v few p w\ld realise ! fact t ! screw is no?+ b an incl9$ plane w\nd r\nd a cyl9d]1 or r1 is a circul> incl9$ plane4 ,! ord9>y corkscrew is a good example ( ?is pr9ciple1 ! cyl9d] be+ b an imag9>y "o4 ,n[1 if ! screw be turn$ r\nd1 x is evid5t t =ce is appli$ j on ! pr9ciple ( ! w$ge1 & ?is pr9ciple is well %[n 9 ! v>i\s screw-presses1 ( :i* ! common l95-press is a famili> example1 z 0 ! orig9al pr9t+-press1 :i* /ill survives z a toy = *ildr54 ,we all "k ! enorm\s =ce ex]t$ by screws :5 work+ 9 wood1 & h[1 :5 ! screw-driv] is turn$ 9 ! rev]se direction1 ! in/rum5t is =c$ backw>ds1 ?\gh ! op]ator is lean+ aga9/ x ) all 8 weight4 ,9 fact1 a comp>atively small screw1 if work+ 9 h>d wood or metal1 s t ! ?reads c\ld n break1 c\ld lift a heavy man4 ,sub/itute wat] = wood or metal1 & ! result w\ld be ! same 9 pr9ciple1 ?\gh ! resi/ance w\ld be less4 ,z ! loss ( p[] by friction w\ld prev5t a l>ge vessel f be+ propell$ by a /]n o> mov$ l a scull1 ! idea 0 inv5t$ ( apply+ ! same k9d ( p[] by a l>ge screw1 :i* %\ld project into ! wat] f ! /]n ( ! vessel4 ,?is modification1 moreov]1 w\ld h ! advantage ( =c+ ! vessel =w>d :5 ! screw 0 turn$ f left to "r1 & draw+ x back :5 turn$ 9 ! opposite direction1 :]eas ! scull+ o> w\ld only drive x =w>d4 ,! pr9ciple 0 "r en\gh1 b !re 0 at fir/ a great difficulty 9 c>ry+ x out4 ,fir/ly1 sev]al turns ( a l>ge screw 7 us$1 & 7 f\nd to ne$ p[] inadequate to ! effect4 ,!n ! screw 0 r$uc$ to f\r sep>ate blades1 & n[ only two are us$1 z %[n 9 ! illu/ration1 ^! sav+ friction1 be+ equally p[]ful = propulsion1 & runn+ less risk ( f\l+ by rigg+ bl[n ov]bo>d or o!r float+ sub/ances4 ,s mu* = ,art4 ,n[ = ! same pr9ciple z %[n 9 ,nature1 ( :i* ,i c take b a v few in/ances4 ,! fir/ & mo/ obvi\s example is t ( ! ,fi%-tail1 :i* any "o may obs]ve by wat*+ ord9>y gold fi% 9 a b[l4 ,_! progression is entirely accompli%$ by ! movem5t ( ! tail f side to side1 exactly l t ( ! scull+ o>1 & moreov]1 l ! o>1 ! tail acts z rudd] z well z propell]4 ,! =ce ) :i* ?is in/rum5t c be us$ may be e/imat$ by any "o :o is an angl]1 & kn[s ! lightn+-l ru% ( a hook$ tr\t1 or :o has se5 ! wond]ful spr+ ) :i* a salmon %oots cle> out ( ! wat]1 & leaps up a fall sev]al feet 9 height4 ,?is is n done1 z _m writ]s /ate1 by b5d+ ! body into a b[-l =m1 & !n sudd5ly /raight5+ x1 b by ! projectile =ce :i* is ga9$ by mov+ ! tail backw>ds & =w>ds z a scull] moves 8 o>4 ,p]haps "s ( my read]s h se5 ! wond]ful spe$1 ease1 & grace ) :i* an ,ott] propels itself ?r\gh ! wat]4 ,z ! ott] fe$s on fi%1 & c capture ev5 ! salmon itself1 its p[]s ( locomotion mu/ be v great inde$4 ,& ^! are obta9$ entirely by means ( ! tail1 :i* is long1 ?ick1 & muscul>1 & c be swept f side to side ) enorm\s =ce1 consid]+ ! size ( ! animal4 ,! legs h little or no?+ to d ) ! act ( swimm+4 ,! =e-legs are press$ closely aga9/ ! body1 & ! h9d-legs aga9/ ea* o!r4 ,! latt] act occasionally z assi/ants 9 /e]+1 b t is all4 ,!n !re are ! v>i\s ,seals1 ^: h9d-legs1 flatt5$ & press$ toge!r1 act exactly l ! tail ( ! fi%1 t ( ! ott]1 ! o> ( ! scull]1 or ! screw ( ! /eam]4 ,also1 ! eel1 :5 swimm+1 uses exactly ! same means1 its li! body =m+ a succession ( incl9$ planes2 s does ! snake1 & s does ! pretty little lamp]n1 :i* is s common 9 sev]al ( our riv]s1 & s totally abs5t f o!rs4 ,i c only n[ give a %ort description ( ! woodcut :i* illu/rates ^! po9ts4 ,on ! "r h& ,art is %[n by ! screw-blades ( ! mod]n /eam]4 ,9 ! middle is ! ord9>y mode ( scull+ a boat by an o> 9 ! /]n1 & bel[ x is ! rudd]1 :i*1 l ! scull+ o>1 may be us$ ei!r = propulsion or direction4 ,on ! left h& we h ?ree examples ( ! same me*anical p[]s z %[n 9 ,nature4 ,! upp]mo/ figure repres5ts a fi% z 9 ! act ( swimm+1 ! dott$ l9es %[+ ! movem5t ( its tail1 & ! pr9ciple ( ! w$ge4 ,9 ! middle is an ott]1 j prep>+ to ent] ! wat]1 & bel[ is a seal1 bo? ( !m %[+ ! id5tity ( me*anism betwe5 !mselves & ! art ( man4 ,i ne$ n say t ! me*anism ( art is only a feeble copy ( t ( nature1 b no?+ m c\ld be expect$4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,:ile we are on ?is subject ,i may z well m5tion two m applications ( ! screw pr9ciple4 ,! fir/ is ! w9dmill1 ! sails ( :i* are con/ruct$ on exactly ! same pr9ciple z ! blades ( ! nautical screw4 ,only1 z !y are press$ by ! w9d1 & ! mill _c move1 !y are =c$ to revolve by ! pressure ( ! w9d1 j z ! screw ( a /eam] revolves :5 ! vessel is be+ t[$1 & ! screw left at lib]ty4 ,moreov]1 j z ! mod]n screws h only two blades1 s1 _m mod]n w9dmills h only two sails1 ! exp5se & friction be+ less5$1 & ! p[] n injur$4 ,aga93 "s ye>s ago !re 0 a v fa%ionable toy call$ ! arial top4 ,x 0 practically no?+ b a w9dmill 9 m9iature1 rapidly turn$ by a /r+1 aft] ! mann] ( a humm+-top4 ,! edges ( ! sails be+ turn$ d[nw>ds1 ! in/rum5t naturally screw$ itself into ! air to a height equival5t to ! velocity ( ! motion4 ,a simil> idea has be5 moot$ ) reg>d to ! guidance ( balloons1 or ev5 to arial voyag+ )\t ! assi/ance ( gas1 b at pres5t ! weight ( ! ne$ful ma*9]y has prov$ to be 9 excess ( ! requir$ lift+ p[]4 ,9 f9e1 ! application ( ! incl9$ plane1 w$ge1 or screw z a motive p[]1 is s wide a subject t ,i mu/1 ) mu* reluctance1 close x ) ^! few & obvi\s examples4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,x is wor? :ile1 by ! way1 to rem>k h[ curi\sly simil> are su* p>allels4 ,i h already m5tion$ ! v evid5t resemblance betwe5 ! wat]-boatman1 ! wat]-beetles1 & ! human r[]1 ! body ( ! insect be+ %ap$ v mu* l ! =m ( ! mod]n boat4 ,i mu/ n[ draw ! att5tion ( ! read] to ! similitude betwe5 ! v primitive boat kn[n by ! "n ( ,coracle1 & ! common ,:irlwig-beetle 7,gyr9us natator71 :i* may be f\nd 9 ne>ly e puddle4 ,! %ape ( ! insect is almo/ id5tical ) t ( ! boat1 & ! paddle ( ! coracle is an almo/ exact imitation ( ! swimm+ legs ( ! :irlwig4 ,&1 z if to make ! resemblance clos]1 _m coracl]s1 in/ead ( us+ a s+le paddle ) two broad ends1 employ two %ort paddles1 %ap$ v mu* l battl$ores4 ,illu/ration3 ,,:irlwig ,,beetle ,,& ,,paddles4 ,illu/ration3 ,,coracle ,,& ,,paddle4 ,,nautical4 ,,*apt] ,,iii4 ,,subsidi>y ,,appliances4--,,"p ,i4 ,g5]al ,sket* ( ! ,subject4--,! ,ma/ ( ,wood & ,iron4--,analogy betwe5 ! ,iron ,ma/ & ! ,porcup9e ,quill4--,! ,iron ,y>d & its ,%ape prefigur$ by ! same ,quill4--,beams ( ! ,/eam-eng9e4--,pr9ciple ( ! ,holl[ ,tube 9 place ( ! ,solid ,b>4--,quills & ,bones ( ,birds4--,:eat ,/raws & ,bamboos4--,/ructure ( ! ,boat4--,! ,coracle1 ! ,esquimaux ,boat1 & ! ,b>k ,canoe4--,framework ( ! ,%ip & ,skeleton ( ! ,fi%4--,comp>tm5ts ( ,iron ,%ip & ,skull ( ,elephant4--,! ,ru%1 ! ,cane1 & ! ,sug>-cane4--8,/ellate0 ,tissue & its ,v>ieties4 ,hav+ n[ treat$ ( ! raft1 ! boat1 ! %ip1 & _! v>i\s modes ( propulsion & guidance1 we come to ! subsidi>y appliances to navigation1 if !y may be s call$ 9 lack ( a bett] "n4 ,fir/ 9 importance is necess>ily ! ma/2 & ! y>ds1 :i* support ! sails1 are naturally ! next 9 ord]4 ,!n !re come ! v>i\s improvem5ts 9 ! build+ ( vessels2 namely1 ! sub/itution ( planks fa/5$ on a skeleton ( beams = a m]e holl[$ log1 & ! subsequ5t inv5tion ( iron vessels ) _! num]\s comp>tm5ts1 giv+ enorm\s /r5g? & size1 ) v great comp>ative lightness4 ,!n we come to ! v>i\s developm5ts ( ! ropes or cables1 by :i* a vessel is kept 9 its place :5 )9 rea* ( gr\nd1 :e!r on %ore or at ! wat]-b$4 ,next come ! diff]5t =ms ( an*ors :i* fa/5 a vessel to ! b$ ( ! ocean1 ( grapnels by :i* %e c be made fa/ to ! %ore1 or ( 8drags10 :i* at a p9* c p]=m ei!r (fice1 & c besides be utilis$ 9 se>*+ = & haul+ up objects t are ly+ at ! bottom ( ! sea4 ,next we come to ! boat-hook1 :i* is s useful ei!r z a tempor>y an*or1 or z a pole by :i* a boat c be propell$ by pu%+ x aga9/ ! %ore or ! b$ ( ! wat]2 & !n to ! 8punt-pole10 :i* is only us$ = ! latt] purpose4 ,la/ly1 we come to ! life-belt & life-raft1 :i* are n[ occupy+1 & rightly1 s mu* ( ! public att5tion4 ,^! subjects w be treat$ 9 _! ord] 9 ! pres5t *apt]1 & ,i hope to be able to %[ ! read] t 9 all ^! po9ts nature has anticipat$ art4 ,i presume t mo/1 if n all1 ( my read]s are aw>e ( ! rapidly ext5d+ use ( iron 9 %ip-build+1 n only 9 ! /&+ rigg+1 b 9 ! mat]ial ( ! vessel4 ,fir/ !re came iron 8knees10 i4e4 ! angul> pieces ( wood :i* /r5g!n ! junctions ( ! timb]s4 ,=m]ly ^! 7 made ( oak-bran*es1 &1 z x 0 n easy to f9d a b\gh :i* 0 naturally b5t at su* an angle z 0 requir$ = a 8knee10 su* bran*es 7 exce$+ly valuable4 ,iron1 h[ev]1 0 !n employ$1 & ) ! be/ results4 ,x 0 light] ?an ! wood5 knee1 0 /rong]1 c\ld be b5t at any angle1 & took up mu* less space4 ,by degrees iron 0 us$ m & m1 until vessels 7 :olly made ( t mat]ial4 ,!n ! ma/s1 & ev5 ! y>ds1 7 made ( iron1 &1 /range z x may appe>1 7 f\nd to be light] z well z /rong] ?an ^? made ( wood4 ,( c\rse1 ! ma/s & y>ds 7 holl[1 & x 0 f\nd by ! eng9e]s t 9 ord] to comb9e lightness ) great /r5g?1 ! be/ plan 0 to run longitud9al ridges along ! inside ( ! tube4 ,a section ( "o ( ^! ma/s is giv5 at ,fig4 ,b1 & tak5 f ! draw+s ( "o ( our l>ge/ eng9e]+ firms4 ,! read] w see t ! ma/ is compos$ ( r slight mat]ial1 & t x is /r5g!n$ by f\r deep ?\gh ?9 ribs1 :i* run ?r\gh\t its l5g?4 ,:5 ,i fir/ saw ?is ma/ ,i 0 at once /ruck ) ! rem>kable resemblance betwe5 x & ! quill ( ! ,porcup9e4 ,^! quills1 z all angl]s "k1 are v light1 & ( extraord9>y /r5g? :5 comp>$ ) _! weight4 ,inde$1 !y are s light t !y are invaluable z p5hold]s to ^? :o are oblig$ to make mu* use ( _! p54 ,i h us$ no?+ else = a v long "t1 & ! draw+ ( ! ,porcup9e quill :i* is "h giv5 at ,fig4 ,a 0 made f a small piece cut f ! top ( ! p5hold] :i* ,i h us$ = "s fifte5 ye>s1 & ) :i* all my l>ge/ & mo/ important works 7 writt51 includ+ ! l>ge 8,natural ,hi/ory10 8,homes )\t ,h&s10 8,man & ,bea/10 c41 c4 ,a portion ( ! same quill is also %[n ( its real size4 ,if ! read] w cut a ,porcup9e quill at "r angles1 make a ?9 section ( x1 & place x "u ! microscope1 or ev5 "u an ord9>y pocket l5s1 he w see t ! ext]ior is compos$ ( a v ?9 lay] ( horny matt]1 & ! int]ior fill$ ) a va/ numb] ( t9y cells1 :i* are =m$ mu* on ! same plan z ! pi? ( eld] & o!r plants4 ,! analogies ( ! pi? w be treat$ 9 ano!r page4 ,illu/ration3 ,,portion ,,( ,,porcup9e ,,quill4 ,,section ,,( ,,eng9e ,,beam4 ,,complete ,,quill4 ,,iron ,,y>d ,,& ,,y>d-,,arm4 ,,bamboo4 ,,eng9e ,,beam4 ,,section ,,( ,,porcup9e ,,quill ,,magnifi$4 ,,section ,,( ,,iron ,,ma/4 ,b 7 ! quill m]ely a holl[ tube fill$ ) pi?1 x w\ld be too weak to resi/ ! /ra9 to :i* x is (t5 liable4 ,consequ5tly x is /r5g!n$ by a numb] ( int]nal ribs1 compos$ ( ! same horny mat]ial z ! out] coat1 & arrang$ 9 exactly ! same way z ^? ( ! ma/4 ,!re are yet o!r po9ts 9 ! /ructure ( ! ,porcup9e quill :i* might be imitat$ ) advantage 9 ! ma/4 ,9 ! fir/ place1 ! int]nal ribs are mu* m num]\s ?an ^? ( ! ma/1 b !y are v mu* ?9n]1 & tap] away f ! base1 :]e ! greate/ /ra9 exi/s1 to ! end1 :]e !y come to ! f9e/ imag9able edge4 ,?is modification ( /ructure enables ! out] %ell ( ! quill to be exce$+ly ?9 & light1 &1 moreov]1 gives to ! :ole quill an ela/icity :i* is q wond]ful1 consid]+ its weight & /r5g?4 ,!n1 9 ! iron ma/ ! ext]ior is q smoo?1 :]eas 9 ! ,porcup9e quill x is regul>ly ind5t$1 exactly on ! pr9ciple ( ! corrugat$ iron1 :i* comb9es great /r5g? ) great lightness4 ,& ,i _c b ?9k t our iron ma/s might be made bo? light] & /rong] if ! %ell 7 ?9n]1 ! int]nal ribs made l ^? ( ! ,porcup9e quill1 & ! %ell corrugat$ in/ead ( be+ q smoo?4 ,! int]nal cells ( ! quill are1 ( c\rse1 n ne$$ 9 ! ma/1 z !y are int5d$ = nutrition1 & n = /r5g?4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,be+ on ?is subject1 we may take ! %ape ( ! ,porcup9e quill1 & comp>e x ) t ( ! %ip's y>d4 ,x w be se5 t ! two are s exactly simil> 9 =m t ! outl9e ( "o w\ld answ] p]fectly well = ! o!r4 ,! only p]ceptible diff]5ce is1 t 9 ! %ip's y>d bo? ends are alike1 :]eas 9 ! ,porcup9e quill ! end :i* is ins]t$ 9 ! sk9 is r\nd$ & slightly b5t1 :ile ! o!r end is %>ply po9t$4 ,! pr9cipal po9t to be notic$ 9 ! =m ( bo? quill & y>d is1 t !y become ?ick] 9 ! c5tre1 t be+ ! spot on :i* ! greate/ /ra9 comes1 & :i*1 9 consequ5ce1 ne$s to be /rong] ?an any o!r "p4 ,:ile hold+ & balanc+ ! pole :i* ,blond9 uses to pres]ve 8 balance :5 walk+ on ! high rope1 ,i 0 /ruck ) ! fact t ! pole1 :i* is heavily weight$ at ea* end1 _h to be /r5g!n$ 9 ! middle1 exactly on ! pr9ciple ( ! ,porcup9e quill & ! %ip's y>d4 ,x c\ld n1 ( c\rse1 be ?ick5$1 z ! h&s c\ld n grasp x1 b x _h to be furni%$ ) additional /r5g!n+4 ,& ! necessity ( su* /r5g!n+ is evid5t f ! fact t on "o occasion ! pole did break 9 ! middle1 s t any "o ( less n]ve & pres5ce ( m9d mu/ h be5 kill$4 ,be>+ 9 m9d1 !n1 t 9 a rod or pole ! c5tre is ! "p :i* mo/ requires to be /r5g!n$1 we c see1 9 cases too num]\s to m5tion1 h[ art has foll[$1 ?\gh p]haps unconsci\sly1 9 ! foot/eps ( nature4 ,take1 = example1 ! beam ( a /eam-eng9e1 su* z is giv5 9 ! sket*1 & = :i* ! great eng9e at ,*a?am act$ z model4 ,! read] w obs]ve t 9 ?is case ! beam is gradually ?ick5$ t[>ds ! c5tre1 ! ends1 :]e ! /ra9 is slighte/1 be+ comp>atively small4 ,ano!r po9t also mu/ be notic$4 ,equal /r5g? c\ld h be5 obta9$ _h ! beam be5 solid1 b at ! exp5se ( weight1 & consequ5t wa/e ( p[]4 ,lightness is !re=e comb9$ ) /r5g? by mak+ ! beam consi/ ( a comp>atively slight c5tre1 b hav+ f\r bold ridges1 z %[n 9 ! section giv5 9 ! accompany+ illu/ration4 ,?is plan1 z ! read] w see1 is exactly ! same z t :i* is adopt$ 9 ! iron ma/ & porcup9e quill1 except t ! ridges are ext]nal in/ead ( int]nal4 ,! same mode ( con/ruction is employ$ 9 ord9>y cranes1 ! pr9cipal beam ( :i* is almo/ id5tical 9 =m ) t ( ! eng9e1 bo? be+ ?icke/ 9 ! c5tre1 & bo? /r5g!n$ ) ext]nal ridges4 ,!re are also o!r analogies betwe5 ! holl[ ma/ & natural objects4 ,keep+ /ill to ! animal _w1 we f9d ! quill fea!rs ( ! fly+ birds to supply examples ( ! comb9ation ( great /r5g? ) great lightness & v little exp5diture ( mat]ial4 ,_! w+ bones1 too1 are holl[1 communicat+ ) ! lungs1 & are consequ5tly light z well z /rong4 ,pass+ to ! vegetable _w1 we f9d a famili> example ( ?is /ructure 9 ! common ,:eat ,/raw4 ,! ripe e> is s heavy1 :5 comp>$ ) ! am\nt ( mat]ial :i* c be sp>$ to c>ry x1 t if ! /alk 7 solid x w\ld give way "u ! m]e weight ( ! e>4 ,moreov]1 ! full-gr[n corn has to endure mu* additional weight :5 wett$ ) ra91 & to resi/ mu* additional =ce :5 b[$ by ! w9d1 s t a slight & solid /alk w\ld be q inadequate to ! task ( support+ ! e>4 ,! mat]ial ( ! /alk is !re=e utilis$ 9 a diff]5t mann]1 be+ =m$ into a holl[ cyl9d]1 ! ext]ior ( :i* is coat$ ) a v ?9 %ell ( fl9t1 or 8silex0 z x is sci5tifically t]m$4 ,! result ( ?is /ructure is t ! /em possesses /r5g?1 lightness1 & ela/icity1 s z to be equal to ! burd5 :i* is laid ^u x4 ,!n !re is ! common ,bamboo1 :i* is little m ?an a magnifi$ /raw1 be+ con/ruct$ 9 mu* ! same mann]1 & possess+ almo/ ! same con/itu5ts ( vegetable matt] & silex4 ,p]haps ! mo/ extraord9>y ( ! tubal sy/em is to be f\nd 9 ! rem>kable plant ( ,guiana call$ by ! natives ,ourah1 & sci5tifically kn[n by ! "n ( ,arund9>ia ,s*omburgkii4 ,l ! bamboo1 x gr[s 9 clu/]s1 & has a fea!ry top1 :i* waves ab\t 9 ! breeze4 ,b1 in/ead ( decreas+ gradually 9 size f ! base upw>ds1 ! ,ourah1 al?\gh x runs to "s fifty feet 9 height1 is n[h]e m ?an half an in* 9 diamet]4 ,! fir/ jo9t is ab\t sixte5 feet 9 l5g?1 & uni=m 9 diamet] ?r\gh\t4 ,x is sc>cely ?ick] ?an ord9>y pa/ebo>d1 & yet s /rong & ela/ic is x1 t x c su/a9 ) ease ! weight & /ra9 ( its fea!ry top z x bl[s ab\t 9 ! breeze4 ,! natives ( c]ta9 p>ts ( ,guiana use ?is re$ z a bl[-gun1 & ,i h a specim51 pres5t$ to me by ! late ,mr4 ,wat]ton1 :i* is elev5 feet 9 l5g?4 ,s ! read] w see t :5 eng9e]s f\nd t holl[ iron beams 7 n only light]1 b /rong] ?an solid beams1 !y 7 simply copy+ ! holl[ beams =m$ by ,nature ?\s&s ( ye>s ago4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,ano!r great improvem5t 9 %ip-build+ n[ comes be=e u4 ,we h already se5 t ! e>lie/ boats 7 m]ely holl[$ logs1 j z ,rob9son ,crusoe is repres5t$ to h made4 ,b ^! _h _m disadvantages4 ,!y 7 always too heavy4 ,!y 7 liable to split1 on acc\nt ( flaws 9 ! wood1 & if a l>ge vessel 7 ne$$1 x 0 difficult to f9d a tree suffici5tly l>ge1 or to get x d[n to ! wat] :5 f9i%$4 ,s ! next idea 0 to build a skeleton1 s to speak1 ( light wood5 beams1 & to surr\nd x ) an out] clo?+1 or sk91 if x may be s t]m$4 ,z f> z ,i "k1 ! two orig9al types ( ?is /ructure are ! ,coracle ( ! anci5t ,briton1 & ! bir*-b>k ,canoe ( ! ,nor? ,am]ican ,indian1 & x is n a little rem>kable t bo? exi/ to ! pres5t day1 ) sc>cely any modification4 ,! ,coracle has be5 already repres5t$ on page #bb4 ,x is1 p]haps1 or 0 9 its orig9al =m1 ! simple/ boat 9 exi/5ce1 next to ! 8dug-out40 ,9 ! times ( ! v anci5t ,britons1 :o 7 cont5t ) blue pa9t by way ( dress1 & liv$ by hunt+ & fi%+1 ! ,coracle 0 a bas9-%ap$ basket ( wick]-"w1 r long] ?an wide1 & cov]$ ) ! sk9 ( a wild ox4 ,?is 0 suffici5tly light to be c>ri$ by "o man1 & suffici5tly buoyant to be> him d[n rapids1 if he 7 a skilful paddl]1 &1 ( c\rse1 =m$ a consid]able /ep 9 civilisation4 ,! mod]n ,coracle is id5tical 9 =m1 & almo/ 9 mat]ial4 ,! frame is /ill oval & bas9-%ap$1 & made ( wick]1 b ! out] cov]+ is n ! same4 ,an ox-hide is an exp5sive article 9 ^! days1 &1 especially :5 wett$1 is v heavy4 ,s ! mod]n ,coracle build] cov]s ! wick] sk9 ) a piece ( t>paul91 :i* is mu* *eap] ?an ! ox-hide1 mu* light]1 is equally wat]-tight1 & has ! great advantage ( n absorb+ moi/ure1 s t x is z light aft] use z be=e4 ,! ,esquimaux make a boat on v simil> pr9ciples4 ,x is simply hide\s 9 =m1 resembl+ a huge wa%+ tub 9 %ape1 b1 z x is only int5d$ = ! inf]ior be+s call$ wom51 ?is does n signify4 ,be/1 mo/ p]fect1 & mo/ graceful ( all su* boats is ! ,bir*-b>k ,canoe ( ! ,nor? ,am]ican ,indians1 ^: %ape has evid5tly be5 borr[$ f t ( a fi%4 ,i h se5 _m ( ^! canoes1 & h n[ be=e me sev]al models :i* are exactly l ! orig9als1 except 9 po9t ( size4 ,in/ead ( be+ m]e elongat$ b[ls1 l ! coracle1 !y are long & sl5d]1 swell+ out consid]ably 9 ! middle1 & com+ to an almo/ knife-l edge at ea* end4 ,bo? /em & /]n are alike1 s t ! canoe c be paddl$ 9 ei!r direction1 &1 z "o ( ! paddl]s always acts z /e]sman1 no rudd] is ne$$4 ,! mode ( con/ruction is p]fectly simple4 ,! lab\r is divid$ betwe5 ! sexes3 ! wom5 cut l>ge %eets ( b>k f ! bir*-trees1 scrape & smoo? !m1 & !n sew !m toge!r1 s z to =m ! out] sk91 or 8cloak0 z x is call$1 ( ! canoe4 ,mean:ile ! m5 are mak+ ! skeleton ( /rips ( :ite c$>-wood1 & b9d+ !m into %ape ) ?ongs made ( ! inn] b>k ( ! same tree1 j l ! 8bass0 ( our g>d5]s4 ,! 8cloak0 is !n gradually work$ ov] ! skeleton1 sewn into its place1 & ! canoe is f9i%$4 ,a figure ( ?is canoe1 z complet$1 is giv5 9 ! same illu/ration z t :i* repres5ts v>i\s =ms ( boat1 page #g4 ,! la/ improvem5t is t :i* 0 caus$ by ! necessity = l>ge vessels1 :5 planks or iron plates 7 fa/5$ ov] ! skeleton4 ,b1 9 all ^! cases1 ! vessel is built on ! pr9ciple ( ! ?orax ( a v]tebrate animal1 t ( ! :ale or a fi% be+ an admirable example4 ,x only ne$s to take ! skeleton ( a :ale1 turn x on its back1 & ! ribs w be se5 to =m an almo/ exact reproduction ( ^? ( any %ip be+ built 9 ! ne>e/ docky>d4 ,illu/ration3 ,,ribs ,,( ,,fi%4 ,,ribs ,,( ,,%ip4 ,i h n[ be=e me ! sp9e & ribs ( a h]r+4 ,! fi% 0 ov]-boil$1 & ! fle% fell (f ! bones z x 0 be+ lift$ out ( ! di%1 leav+ mo/ ( ! ribs 9 _! places4 ,:5 held ) ! sp9e d[nw>ds1 & view$ f "o end1 ! resemblance to ! framework ( a %ip is absolutely />tl+1 ! ribs repres5t+ ! beams1 & ! sp9e tak+ ! place ( ! keel4 ,i h also be=e me a sket* repres5t+ a section ( a ,fijian canoe1 & x is rem>kable t ev5 ! v curve ( ! ribs ( ! h]r+ is reproduc$ 9 ^? ( ! canoe4 ,:e!r ! ,fijians d]iv$ ?is peculi> & beautiful curve f ! ribs ( a fi% ,i _c say1 b ?9k x v likely4 99 99 99 99 99 ,a ,,/ill great] improvem5t 9 %ip-build+ n[ comes be=e u1 & ?is also has be5 anticipat$ bo? 9 ! animal & vegetable k+doms4 ,!re are s _m examples ( ?is anticipation t ,i c only give "o or two4 ,! improvem5t to :i* ,i ref] is t :i* is n[ almo/ univ]sally employ$ 9 ! con/ruction ( iron %ips1 namely1 ! mak+ ! out] %ell d\ble in/ead ( s+le1 & divid+ x into a numb] ( sep>ate comp>tm5ts4 ,putt+ aside ! advantage t if ! vessel 7 /ove1 only "o comp>tm5t w\ld fill1 we h ! fact t ! %ip is at ! same "t enorm\sly /r5g!n$ & v light 9 proportion to h] bulk4 ,illu/ration3 ,,section ,,( ,,elephant ,,skull4 ,,transv]se ,,section ,,( ,,iron ,,%ip4 ,,/ellate ,,tissues4 ,,longitud9al ,,section ,,( ,,iron ,,%ip4 ,p]haps ! be/1 & c]ta9ly ! mo/ obvi\s1 example ( ?is pr9ciple 9 ! animal _w is to be f\nd 9 ! skull ( ! ,elephant4 ,! enorm\s tusks1 ) _! p[]ful lev]age1 ! massive tee?1 & ! l>ge & weighty proboscis1 require a correspond+ supply ( muscles1 & consequ5tly a l>ge surface ( bone = ! atta*m5ts ( ^! muscles4 ,n[1 7 ! skull solid 9 proportion to its requisite size1 its weight w\ld be too mu* = ! neck to endure1 h[ev] %ort & /urdy x might be4 ,! mode ( atta9+ expanse ( surface1 toge!r ) lightness ( /ructure1 is s+ul>ly beautiful4 ,p]haps "s ( my read]s may n be aw>e t ! bone ( ! skull consi/s ( an out] & inn] plate1 ) a v>iable arrangem5t ( cells betwe5 !m4 ,9 _m animals1 su*1 = example1 z man1 :]e ! jaws are comp>atively feeble1 & ! tee? small & light1 ! size ( ! skull is practically t ( ! bra91 to :i* x af=ds a cov]+4 ,! same /ructure may be obs]v$ 9 ! skull ( ! common sp>r[1 :]e1 z 9 man1 ! two bony plates are set almo/ 9 contact4 ,b 9 ! elephant ^! ext]nal & int]nal plates are set widely ap>t1 & ! space betwe5 !m is fill$ ) bony cells1 mu* resembl+ ^? ( a honeycomb4 ,!y are1 9 fact1 j ! same cells z ^? :i* exi/ 9 ! skull ( man & sp>r[1 b !y are v mu* enl>g$1 & 9 consequ5ce give a l>ge surface1 accompani$ ) unit$ /r5g? & lightness4 ,!re are _m o!r examples 9 ! animal k+dom1 b our limit$ space w n all[ !m to be ev5 m5tion$4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,z to ! vegetable examples ( ?is pr9ciple1 !y are s multitud9\s t only a v slight description c be giv5 ( !m4 ,i suppose t mo/ boys h se5 a 8cane0 7:e!r !y h felt x or n is n to ! purpose71 & "s boys h made %am cig>s f pieces ( cane4 ,9 ei!r case !y mu/ h notic$ t ! cane is n solid1 b is pi]c$ ) a va/ numb] ( holes1 pass+ longitud9ally ?r\gh x1 & is1 9 fact1 a collection ( little tubes connect$ & b\nd toge!r by a common envelope4 ,! ,sug>-cane1 if cut across1 is se5 also to consi/ ( multitud9\s cells1 :i*1 h[ev]1 are n holl[1 b fill$ ) ! sweet liquid f :i* sug> is obta9$ by boil+4 ,!n !re are _m ( our common ,engli% plants1 l ! ord9>y ru% or re$1 :i* are v slight 9 diamet] 9 comp>ison ) _! l5g?1 & 9 :i* ! cells are /ill fur!r /r5g!n$ & light5$ by ! projection ( _! sides into a numb] ( po9ts :i* meet ea* o!r1 & leave int]/ices betwe5 !m4 ,?is modification ( ! cellul> sy/em is call$ 8,/ellate0 7or />-l7 ,tissue1 & two examples ( x are giv5 9 ! illu/ration1 "o be+ tak5 f ! common ru%1 & ! o!r f ! se$-coat ( ! privet4 ,a v good specim5 ( /ellate tissue may be obta9$ by cutt+ a ?9 section ( ! :ite inn] peel ( ! orange4 ,,nautical4 ,,*apt] ,,iv4 ,,subsidi>y ,,appliances4--,,"p ,,ii4 ,! ,cable & its ,v>iations4--,mat]ial ( ,cables4--,hemp5 & ,iron ,cables1 & ,ela/icity ( ! latt]4--,natural ,cables4--,! 8,byssus0 ( ! ,p9na & ! common ,mussel4--,! ,wat]-snail & its ,cable4--,a simil> ,cable produc$ by ! common ,:ite ,slug4--,! ,pr9ciple ( ,ela/icity4--,ela/ic ,cable ( ! ,g>d5 ,spid]4--,t5dril\s ,cables ( ! ,pea & ! ,bryony4--,! ,vallisn]ia1 & its ,developm5t ?r\gh ! ,ela/ic ,cable4--,propos$ ,subm>9e ,telegraph ,cable4--,! ,an*or1 ,grapnel1 & _! ,v>ieties4--,natural ,an*ors4--,spicule ( ,synapta4--,! ,grapnel1 natural & artificial4--,ice-an*or & ,walrus ,tusks4--,! ,mu%room ,k$ge4--,! ,fle%-hook4--,eagle-claw4--,! ,grapple-plant ( ,s\? ,africa4--,! ,drag4 ,among ! mo/ important accessories to a %ip are ! ,cable1 by :i* %e c be an*or$ to ! b$ ( ! sea1 & ! ropes call$ 8w>ps10 by :i* %e c be fa/5$ to ! l&4 ,p]haps my read]s may n "k ! old riddle--8,h[ _m ropes are !re on bo>d a man-(-w>80 ,! non-nautical individual _c answ]1 b ! initiat$ replies t !re are only ?ree1 namely1 ! man-rope1 ! till]-rope1 & ! rope's-end1 all ! o!rs be+ 8tacks10 8%eets10 8hauly>ds10 8/ays10 8braces10 c4 ,=m]ly cables 7 always made ( hemp1 enorm\sly ?ick1 & mo/ c>efully twi/$ by h&4 ,n[1 ev5 9 small vessels1 ! hemp5 cable has be5 sup]s$$ by ! iron *a91 & ?is = sev]al reasons4 ,9 ! fir/ place1 x is mu* small] 9 bulk1 & !re=e does n occupy s mu* room4 ,9 ! next place1 x is ev5 light] ?an ! hemp5 cable ( correspond+ /r5g?2 &1 9 ! ?ird1 its specific gravity--i4e4 its weight :5 comp>$ ) an equal bulk ( wat]--is s great1 t :5 subm]g$1 x falls into a sort ( ar*-l =m1 & s atta9s an ela/icity :i* takes (f mu* ( ! /ra9 on ! an*or1 & protects x f dragg+4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,we w n[ look to ,nature = ,cables4 ,illu/ration3 ,,egg ,,( ,,dog-,,fi%4 ,,p9na4 ,,an*or$ ,,boat4 ,,wat]-,,snail ,,an*or$ ,,to ,,wat]-,,lily ,,leaf4 ,! natural cable :i* w fir/ sugge/ itself is evid5tly t ( ! ,p9na ,%ell 7,p9na pect9ata71 :i* fixes its %ell to "s rock or /one ) a numb] ( silk-l ?reads1 spun by itself1 & protrud+ f ! base1 j z a vessel on a lee %ore ?r[s out a numb] ( cables4 ,! ?reads :i* compose ! 8byssus10 z x is call$1 are only a few in*es 9 l5g?1 & app>5tly slight4 ,!y are1 h[ev]1 really /rong1 & by act+ 9 unison enable ! %ell1 ?\gh sometimes two feet 9 l5g?1 to be held firmly to ! rock4 ,i may "h m5tion t !y h be5 occasionally wov5 into gloves1 & o!r articles ( app>el1 to :i* _! natural s(t grey-br[n hue gives a v pleas+ appe>ance4 ,a /ill m famili> in/ance ( a natural m>9e cable is giv5 by ! common ,mussel1 :i* c be f\nd 9 ?\s&s on almo/ e solid sub/ance :i* af=ds x a hold4 ,ev5 copp]-bottom$ %ips are (t5 cov]$ ) ,mussels1 all cl++ by _! natural cables1 & x is ?\ght t ! cases :i* sometimes occur ( be+ poison$ by eat+ ,mussels1 or 8mussell$10 z ! malady is call$ by ! seaf>+ population1 are due to ! fact t ! ,mussels h an*or$ !mselves to copp]1 & h 9 consequ5ce imbib$ ! v]digris4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,pass+ f salt to fre% wat]1 we come to a natural cable :i* is v common1 & yet1 on acc\nt ( its practical invisibility1 is almo/ unkn[n1 except by naturali/s4 ,i ref] to ! curi\s cable :i* is con/ruct$ by ! common ,wat]-snail 7,limna /agnalis71 :i* has already be5 m5tion$ 9 its capacity ( a boat4 ,?is creature has a way ( atta*+ itself to "s fix$ object1 su* z a wat]-lily leaf1 by means ( a gelat9\s ?read1 :i* x c elongate at pleasure1 & by means ( :i* x c reta9 its position 9 a /ream1 or 9 /ill wat] c s9k itself to ! bottom1 & asc5d to ! same spot4 ,?is cable seems to be made ( ! same glairy secretion z t :i* surr\nds ! egg-masses :i* are f\nd s pl5tifully on leaves & /ones 9 our fre% wat]s1 &1 l t sub/ance1 is all b invisible 9 ! wat]1 s t an inexp]i5c$ eye w\ld n be able to see x1 ev5 if x 7 po9t$ out4 ,slight1 gelat9\s1 & almo/ invisible 9 ! wat] z is ?is ?read1 its /r5g? is v mu* great] ?an might be suppos$4 ,n only c a mollusc be safely moor$ 9 ! wat] by su* a cable1 b x c be actually susp5d$ 9 ! air1 z may be se5 f a lett] 9 ,h>dwicke's ,sci5ce ,gossip = #ahge1 p4 #aij3-- 8,la/ summ] 7,septemb] #bi7 ,i met ) ! foll[+ unusual fact4 ,9 a gre5-h\se1 f a v9e-leaf :i* 0 )9 a few in*es ( ! glass 444 a slug 0 hang+ by a ?read1 :i* 0 m ?an f\r feet 9 l5g?1 n unlike a spid]-web1 b evid5tly mu* /rong]4 8,! slug 0 desc5d+ by means ( ?is ?read1 &1 z ! glut9\s matt] f ! "u "p ( ! body 0 drawn out by ! weight ( ! creature1 x 0 consolidat$ into a compact ?read by ! slug twi/+ itself 9 ! direction ( ! h&s ( a clock1 ! p[] ( twi/+ be+ giv5 by ! head1 & ! "p ( ! body ne>e/ ! head be+ turn$ 9 ! direction ( ! twi/4 ,!re 0 no t5d5cy to turn 9 ! contr>y direction4 ,evid5tly ! ?read became h>d z soon z x 0 drawn away f ! body4 8,by wett+ ! sides ( slips ( glass1 ,i secur$ two specim5s ( ! ?read4 ,9 "o ( ^!1 "p 0 /ret*$1 & "p q loose1 ! latt] appe>+ flat :5 se5 ?r\gh a microscope4 ,! ?read1 :i* 0 highly ela/ic1 0 increas$ ab\t ?ree in*es 9 a m9ute4 ,! slug 0 :ite1 & ab\t an in* & a half 9 l5g?40 99 99 99 99 99 ,,n[ we come to ! ela/ic sy/em ( ! ,*a9 ,cable1 & f9d x anticipat$ 9 ,nature 9 v>i\s ways4 ,"o curi\s example 0 t ( a ,spid]1 :i* f\nd its :eel-l net 9 dang] f a tempe/u\s w9d4 ,! ,spid] desc5d$ to ! gr\nd1 a dep? ( ab\t sev5 feet1 &1 in/ead ( atta*+ its ?read to a /one or plant1 fa/5$ x to a piece ( loose /ick1 haul$ x up a few feet cle> ( ! gr\nd1 & !n w5t back to its web4 ,! piece ( /ick ?us left susp5d$ act$ 9 a mo/ admirable mann]1 giv+ /r5g? & support1 & at ! same "t yield+ p>tly to ! w9d4 ,by accid5t ! ?read became brok51 & ! /ick1 :i* 0 ab\t z ?ick z an ord9>y p5cil1 & n q ?ree in*es 9 l5g?1 fell to ! gr\nd4 ,! ,spid] imm$iately desc5d$1 atta*$ ano!r ?read1 & haul$ x up z be=e4 ,9 a day or two1 :5 ! tempe/u\s wea!r _h ceas$1 ! ,spid] volunt>ily cut ! ?read1 & all[$ ! !n useless /ick to drop4 99 99 99 99 99 ,a ,,curi\s example ( ! ela/ic cable is se5 9 ! egg-case ( ! ,dog-fi%1 :i* is giv5 on page #ce4 ,! egg-case is =m$ l t ( ! common skate1 & has a projection f ea* ( its angles4 ,b ! projections1 in/ead ( be+ m]e flatt5$ horns1 are l5g!n$ into long ela/ic /r+s1 tap]+ t[>ds ! ends1 & twi/$ spirally1 l ! t5drils ( a grape-v9e4 ,^! t5dril-l app5dages twi/ !mselves r\nd seawe$s & o!r objects1 &1 on acc\nt ( _! spiral =m1 c h>dly ev] be torn f _! atta*m5ts4 ,sometimes aft] a /orm ! egg is ?r[n on ! %ore1 /ill cl++ to ! seawe$1 b to f9d an egg deta*$ is v r>ely done4 ,i h already m5tion$ ! t5drils ( ! v9e1 & _! great /r5g?4 ,! read] may rememb] ! correspond+ cases ( ! ,pea & ! ,bryony1 ! latt] be+ a mo/ rem>kable example ( ! /r5g? ga9$ by ! spiral =m4 ,x clamb]s ab\t h$ges1 is expos$ to ! fi]ce/ w9ds1 has l>ge & broad leaves1 & yet su* a ?+ z a ,bryony be+ bl[n (f a h$ge is sc>cely1 if ev]1 se54 ,i nev] saw an example myself1 ?\gh ,i h _h long exp]i5ce 9 h$ges4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,ano!r excell5t example ( ?is pr9ciple is f\nd 9 ! ,vallisn]ia plant1 :i* ( late ye>s has become tol]ably famili> to u ?r\gh ! means ( fre%-wat] aqu>ia1 ?\gh x is n indig5\s to ?is c\ntry4 ,9 ?is plant ! ela/ic p[] ( ! spiral cable is beautifully develop$4 ,x is an aquatic plant1 mo/ly f\nd 9 runn+ wat]s1 & has a mo/ s+ul> mode ( developm5t4 ,x is dici\s--i4e4 ! male1 or /am5-be>+1 & ! female1 or pi/il-be>+ fl[]s1 gr[ ^u sep>ate plants4 ,x has to deposit its se$s 9 ! b$ ( ! /ream1 & yet x is necess>y t bo? sets ( fl[]s %\ld be expos$ to ! air & sun be=e !y become able to p]=m _! sev]al duties4 ,add to ?is ! fact t ! male fl[] is q z small 9 proportion to ! female z is ! case ) ! lac & scale insects1 & ! problem ( _! rea*+ ea* o!r becomes app>5tly intricate1 ?\gh x is solv$ 9 a beautifully simple mann]4 ,f]tilisation _c be conduct$ by means ( insects1 z is ! case ) s _m dici\s t]re/rial plants1 & x is absolutely necess>y t actual contact %\ld take place betwe5 !m4 ,?is difficult process is effect$ z foll[s3-- ,! female fl[]s are atta*$ to a v long spiral & closely coil$ foot/alk1 &1 :5 !y are suffici5tly develop$1 ! foot/alk elongates itself until ! fl[] re/s on ! surface ( ! wat]1 :]e x is safely an*or$ by its spiral cable1 ! coils yield+ to ! wavelets1 & keep+ ! fl[] 9 its place4 ,mean:ile ! t9y male fl[]s are be+ develop$ at ! bottom ( ! riv]1 & are atta*$ to v %ort foot/alks4 ,:5 !y are q ripe !y dis5gage !mselves f _! foot/alks1 & rise to ! surface ( ! riv]4 ,be+ c>ri$ along by ! /ream1 !y are sure to come 9 contact ) ! an*or$ female fl[]s4 ,?is hav+ be5 done1 & ! se$s beg9n+ to be develop$1 ! spiral foot/alk aga9 coils itself tightly1 & br+s ! se$s close to ! b$ ( ! /ream1 :]e !y c take root4 ,!re are o!r num]\s examples1 ( :i* any read]1 ev5 slightly skill$ 9 botany1 ne$ n be rem9d$1 mo/ ( !m be+1 9 "o =m or ano!r1 modifications ( ! leaf or ! petal1 :i*1 aft] all1 are mu* ! same ?+4 ,! v9e & passion-fl[] are1 h[ev]1 p>tial exceptions4 ,i may "h m5tion t soon aft] ! failure ( ! fir/ ,atlantic telegraph cable1 an inv5tion 0 pat5t$ ( a v mu* light] cable1 enclos$ 9 a tube ( india-rubb]1 & be+ coil$ spirally at c]ta9 di/ances1 s t ! coils might give ! ela/icity :i* con/itutes /r5g?4 ,! cable 0 nev] made1 its manufacture prov+ to be too co/ly2 b ! idea ( lightness & ela/icity1 hav+ be5 evid5tly tak5 f ! spiral t5drils ( ! bryony1 0 c]ta9ly a good "o1 & ,i %\ld h wi%$ to see x tri$ on a small] scale ?an ! ,atlantic requires4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,z a natural consequ5ce1 aft] ! cable comes ! ,an*or1 :i* 9 almo/ e =m has be5 anticipat$ by ,nature1 :e!r x be call$ by ! "n ( an*or1 k$ge1 drag1 or grapnel4 ,on ! accompany+ illu/rations are %[n a numb] ( correspond+ =ms ( ! ,an*or1 toge!r ) a few o!rs1 :i*1 al?\gh !y may n necess>ily be us$ 9 ! wat]1 are nev]!less con/ruct$ on ! same pr9ciple--i4e4 = ! purpose ( grappl+4 99 99 99 99 99 ,illu/ration3 ,,spicules ,,( ,,synapta4 ,illu/ration3 ,,anci5t ,,an*or4 ,"o ( ! mo/ />tl+ p>allels may be se5 on ! "r h& ( ! illu/ration1 ! figure hav+ be5 drawn f an old ,roman co94 ,on ! o!r side ( ! same illu/ration may be se5 an an*or s exactly simil> 9 =m1 t ! outl9e ( ! "o w\ld almo/ answ] = t ( ! o!r4 ,?is object is a mu*-magnifi$ repres5tation ( a spicule :i* is f\nd on ! sk9 ( ! ,synapta1 "o ( ! s-call$ ,sea-slugs1 :i* are s ext5sively sold "u ! "n ( ,b*e de ,m]4 ,x =ms "o ( ! curi\s gr\p call$ ! ,holo?urid4 ,ea* ( ^! an*ors is affix$ to a sort ( op5-work$ %ield1 z %[n above1 & on ! left h&2 & x is a curi\s fact t 9 ! v>i\s species ( ,synapta ! an*or is r diff]5t 9 =m1 & ! %ield v diff]5t 9 patt]n4 ,!y are lovely objects1 & ,i recomm5d any ( my read]s :o possess a microscope to procure "o4 ,!y ne$ a p[] ( at lea/ #aej diamet]s to %[ _! full beauties4 ,an ord9>y ,grapnel is "h %[n1 & 9 ! correspond+ position on ! opposite side is an almo/ exactly simil> object1 except t x is d\ble1 hav+ ! grapnel at bo? ends ( ! /em4 ,?is is a spicule ( a species ( sponge1 & is "o ( ! va/ numb]s ( :i* ! sponge pr9cipally consi/s4 ,illu/ration3 ,,l]n5toma4 ,illu/ration3 ,,e*9ococcus4 ,illu/ration3 ,,sponge-,,spicule4 ,illu/ration3 ,,grapnel4 ,next to ! sponge-spicule is a /ill m p]fect example ( a natural ,grapnel4 ,?is is ! head ( an int]nal p>asite call$ ,e*9ococcus1 :i* holds itself 9 its position by means ( ! circle ( hooks ) :i* ! head is surr\nd$4 ,^! hooks are easily deta*$1 & h a curi\s resemblance to ! claw ( ! lion or tig]4 ,on ! left-h& side is a repres5tation ( a p>asitic cru/acean animal call$ ,l]n5toma1 :i* adh]es to v>i\s fi%es1 & is mo/ly f\nd ^u ! sprat1 cl++ to ! gills by means ( its grapnel-%ap$ head4 ,on ! "r h& ( ! accompany+ illu/ration is an ice-an*or1 copi$ f "o ( ^? :i* 7 tak5 out 9 ! ,arctic exp$ition ( #ahge4 ,opposite is ! skull ( ! ,walrus1 ! tusks ( :i* are said to be us$ = exactly ! same purpose4 ,bel[ are ice-hooks1 also us$ = ! same exp$ition4 ,illu/ration3 ,,tusks ,,( ,,walrus4 ,illu/ration3 ,,ice-,,an*or ,,& ,,ice-,,hooks4 ,! next illu/ration exhibits a but*]'s hook & a common port]'s hook1 by :i* he lifts sacks on 8 back2 & opposite !m are "s sponge-spicules1 ! simil>ity ( :i* 9 =m is s rem>kable t ! =m] might h be5 copi$ f ! latt]4 ,illu/ration3 ,,sponge-,,spicules4 ,illu/ration3 ,,but*]',s ,,hook4 ,illu/ration3 ,,port]',s ,,hook4 99 99 99 99 99 ,illu/ration3 ,,mu%room4 ,illu/ration3 ,,mu%room ,,k$ge4 ,our next sket* %[s a rem>kable example ( similitude 9 =m4 ,!re are c]ta9 small an*ors call$ ,k$ges1 :i* are v useful = moor+ a boat :]e no great p[] ( resi/ance has to be ov]come1 & a l>ge an*or w\ld be cumb]some4 ,"o ( ^! is call$1 f its %ape1 ! 8,mu%room ,k$ge10 & is v useful1 z1 h[ev] x may be dropp$1 "s "p ( ! edge is sure to take ! gr\nd4 ,?is ,k$ge is %[n on ! "r h& ( ! illu/ration1 & ! ,mu%room1 f :i* its %ape 0 borr[$1 is se5 on ! left4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,we n[ come to "s m examples ( ! pr9ciple ( ! ,grapnel1 "s ( :i* are appli$ to nautical1 & o!rs to t]re/rial objects4 ,illu/ration3 ,,eagle-,,claw4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fle%-,,hook4 ,! "r-h& upp] figure repres5ts ! 8,fle%-hook10 us$ = tak+ boil$ meat out ( ! caldron1 s famili> to u by ! ref]5ce to x 9 ,exodus xxvii4 #c1 & ! /ill bett]-kn[n allusion to its (fice 9 #a ,samuel ii4 #ac1 #ad4 ,9 ! =m] passage1 ev5 ! mat]ial1 brass1 :i* 0 really :at we n[ call bronze1 is m5tion$1 & x is a curi\s fact t all ! specim5s 9 ! ,briti% ,museum1 f "o ( :i* ! draw+ 0 tak51 are made ( bronze4 ,i ne$ h>dly /ate t ! holl[ h&le is meant to receive a wood5 /aff4 ,on comp>+ ?is figure ) t ( ! ,eagle's foot on ! opposite side1 ! read] _c b be /ruck ) ! exact resemblance betwe5 ! two4 ,inde$1 !re is v little d\bt t ! fle%-hook 0 int5tionally copi$ f ! foot ( "s bird ( prey4 ,p]haps ! ,osprey w\ld h furni%$ ev5 a bett] example ?an ! ,eagle1 ! claws be+ %>p] & m boldly curv$1 s z to hold _! slipp]y prey ! bett]4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,on ! left h& ( ! next illu/ration is a figure ( ! se$-vessel ( ! ,grapple-plant ( ,s\!rn ,africa1 drawn f a specim5 9 my collection4 ,! se$-vessel is sev]al in*es 9 l5g?1 & ! travell] :o is caught by a s+le hook _h bett] wait = assi/ance ?an try to release himself4 ,! /ems ( ! plant are s sl5d]1 & ! arm$ se$-vessels s num]\s1 t 9 attempt+ to rescue "o portion ( ! dress1 ano!r portion becomes entangl$1 & ! travell] gets hopelessly captur$4 ,besides ! hooks ( ! se$-vessels1 ! bran*es !mselves are arm$ ) long ?orns1 set 9 pairs4 ,! sci5tific "n ( ?is plant is ,unc9>ia procumb5s1 ! =m] ^w signify+ 8a hook10 & ! latt] 8trail+40 ,x is also kn[n by ! popul> "n ( ,hook-plant4 ,illu/ration3 ,,grapple-,,plant4 ,illu/ration3 ,,drag4 ,9 ! late ,kafir w>s ! natives made great use ( ?is & o!r plants ) simil> prop]ties1 _! own nak$1 d>k1 & oil$ bodies slipp+ ?r\gh !m easily & unse51 :ile ! sc>let coats ( ! soldi]s 7 quickly entangl$1 & made !m an easy m>k = ! ,kafir's spe>4 ,9 ?is way _m m ( our soldi]s 7 kill$ by ! spe>s ?an by ! bullets ( _! enemies4 ,opposite to ! ,grapple-plant is %[n ! common ,drag1 :i* is utilis$ = s _m purposes4 ,g5]ally x is employ$ = recov]+ objects t h sunk to ! bottom ( ! wat]1 & its use by ! (fic]s ( ! ,humane ,society is p]fectly well kn[n1 ! ,drag be+ sometimes affix$ to ! end ( a long pole1 l ! fle%-hook already describ$1 & sometimes ti$ to a rope4 ,x c also be us$ z an an*or1 aft] ! mann] ( a k$ge1 & has be5 (t5 employ$ 9 naval engagem5ts = ! purpose ( draw+ two %ips toge!r1 & prev5t+ ! escape ( ! vessel :i* is be+ wor/$4 ,my relative1 ! late ,admiral ,sir ,j4 ,h>vey1 ,k4,b41 us$ drags 9 ?is mann]1 & secur$ two ,fr5* %ips1 "o on ei!r side1 namely1 ,l',a*ille & ,le ,v5geur4 ,! fir/ 0 sunk1 & ! second captur$4 ,,nautical4 ,,*apt] ,v4 ,,subsidi>y ,,appliances4 ,,"p ,,iii4--,,! ,,boat-,,hook ,,& ,,punt-,,pole4--,,! ,,life-,,buoy ,,& ,,pontoon-,,raft4 ,! ,boat-hook & its v>i$ ,uses4--,! ,e>?-worm & ! ,s]pula4--,microscopic ,boat-hooks4--,! ,life-belt4--,life-boats & _! ,/ructure4--,uses ( ,cork4--,w9e ,corks made s]viceable4--,! ,life-coll>4--,portuguese ,man-(-w>4--,capta9 ,boyton's ,life-dress4--,! ,life-raft4--,victuall+ a ,ya*t & ,boat4--,! ,jan?9a & its ,air-vessels4--,cask-pontoon--,pott]y-ra ft & its ,uses4 ,z all r[+ m5 "k1 an indisp5sable appliance to ! boat is ! ,boat-hook1 :i* c be us$ ei!r z a pole1 :]e) to pu% ! boat along1 or z a grapnel1 by :i* x c be drawn t[>ds ! %ore or a %ip4 ,z ! latt] portion has be5 discuss$ at ! close ( ! prec$+ *apt]1 we may proce$ to ! =m]4 ,e "o kn[s h[ a boat may be propell$ by a pole press$ aga9/ ! bank or ! bottom ( ! wat]1 & t !re are c]ta9 boats1 call$ punts1 :i* are propell$ 9 no o!r way4 ,n[1 ! punt-poles & boat-hooks1 ( :i* "s examples are giv5 9 ! accompany+ illu/ration1 h long be5 anticipat$ 9 ,nature1 !re be+ _m creatures :i* h no o!r mode ( progression2 su*1 = example1 z ! common ,e>?-worm1 :i* pu%es itself along by c]ta9 bri/les :i* project f ! r+s ( :i* ! body is compos$1 & :i* h ! p[] ( ext5sion & contraction to a wond]ful ext5t4 ,z1 h[ev]1 ,i %all adv]t to ^! 9 ano!r "p ( ! "w1 ,i w cont5t myself at pres5t ) a s+le example1 namely1 ! beautiful m>9e worm kn[n z ! ,s]pula4 ,?is worm lives 9 a %elly tube1 :i* is l9$ ) a delicate membrane1 up & d[n :i* x passes ) ease1 asc5d+ sl[ly1 b g5]ally desc5d+ ) su* wond]ful rapidity t ! eye _c foll[ its movem5ts4 ,! latt] movem5t w be expla9$ 9 a subsequ5t "p ( ! book1 & we w at pres5t only treat ( ! =m]4 ,illu/ration3 ,,pu%+ ,,spikes ,,( ,,s]pula4 ,illu/ration3 ,,boat-,,hooks ,,& ,,punt-,,poles4 ,if ! creature be remov$ f ! tube1 & c>efully exam9$1 a numb] ( projections w be se51 9 ea* ( :i* is a p]=ation4 ,if ! animal be press$1 a slight glass-l bri/le passes ?r\gh ! p]=ation1 & c easily be remov$4 ,if prop]ly treat$1 & plac$ "u a high p[] ( ! microscope1 ! t9y bri/le resolves itself into ! rem>kable object :i* is %[n on ! left h& ( ! illu/ration4 ,x consi/s ( a numb] ( spe>-l rods1 ea* hav+ a /raight %aft1 & a curv$ & po9t$ tip1 deeply b>b$ on ! inn] portion ( ! curve4 ,^! curi\s bundles ( spicules c be protrud$ or retract$ at pleasure1 &1 z !y are all direct$ backw>ds1 x is evid5t t :5 !y are pu%$ aga9/ ! sides ( ! tube1 ei!r ! po9ts or ! b>bs mu/ cat* aga9/ ! membrane :i* l9es ! tube1 & s propel ! animal upw>ds4 ,:5 x wi%es to desc5d1 x uses ano!r set ( implem5ts1 & )draws ! fir/ )9 _! %ea?s4 ,?is is exactly analog\s to ! mode ( progression employ$ by punt]s1 :o1 aft] !y h plac$ ! pole aga9/ ! b$ ( ! /ream1 & run along ! punt s z to pu% x z fa/ z possible1 imm$iately )draw ! pole1 & take x to ! head ( ! punt1 ready = ano!r pu%4 ,?is1 z ! read] w see1 is exactly ! plan pursu$ by ! ,s]pula 9 l5g!n+ itself :5 x wi%es to advance1 & s to press its spicules aga9/ ! sides ( its tube1 & 9 %ort5+ itself & )draw+ ! spicules ready = ano!r pu%4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,ano!r ne$ful accessory ( vessels n[ comes be=e u1 namely1 ! capability ( =m+ rafts or life-belts1 :i* w float "u any circum/ances4 ,"h1 aga91 e human inv5tion ( :i* ,i "k has be5 anticipat$ by ,nature4 ,take1 = example1 ! famili> in/ance ( ! cork life-belt & ! cork edg+s ( ! life-boat4 ,bo? are con/ruct$ on ! same pr9ciple1 i4e4 ! ma9t5ance ( cells :i* are fill$ by air in/ead ( wat]1 & are imp]vi\s to ! latt]4 ,! mat]ial mo/ us$ = ?is purpose is cork1 & life-belts con/ruct$ ( x h long be5 9 well-des]v$ use1 ! cork-b>k hav+ ! prop]ty ( hold+ mu* air & exclud+ wat]4 ,_m ( our life-boats are furni%$ ) a broad & ?ick /reak ( cork1 s t ev5 if ! boat be fill$ ) wat] & upset1 %e w "r h]self & swim4 ,i regret to say t _m ( ! s-call$ 8life-belts0 :i* are (f]$ = sale ought r to be call$ 8dea?-belts10 !y hav+ be5 f\nd to be fill$ ) hay & /raw1 ) only a few %av+s ( cork j "u ! cov]+ ( ! belt4 ,inde$1 s buoyant is ?is sub/ance t a v effici5t belt c be made by /r++ toge!r ?ree or f\r r[s ( ord9>y w9e corks1 & ty+ !m r\nd ! neck l a coll>4 ,"u ^! circum/ances x is simply impossible to s9k1 & ?\gh any "o may collapse f exhau/ion1 dr[n+ is almo/ out ( ! "q4 ,! n[ well-kn[n cork mattress1 :i* is us$ 9 _m %ips1 is ano!r example ( ! same pr9ciple4 ,lately !re has be5 inv5t$ a 8life-coll>10 :i* possesses simil> advantages1 b occupies less space :5 n want$4 ,x is no?+ m ?an a tube ( ca\t*\c1 :i* c be inflat$ at pleasure1 & ti$ r\nd ! neck4 ,! ord9>y life-belt goes r\nd ! wai/1 & ne$s mu* m mat]ial )\t obta9+ a bett] result1 :i* is simply ! keep+ ( ! m\? & no/rils out ( ! wat]4 ,p]haps ! mo/ buoyant ( liv+ be+s is ! ,portuguese ,man-(-w> 7,physalis pelagicus71 :i* floats on ! surface ( ! ocean l a bubble4 ,x c at pleasure di/5d itself ) air & float1 or dis*>ge ! air & s9k4 ,n[1 !re is a v rem>kable swimm+ dress1 :i*1 ?\gh n entirely inv5t$1 0 at lea/ p]fect$ by ,capta9 ,boyton1 & :i*1 z x enabl$ ! we>] to cross f ,france to ,engl& "u r unfav\rable circum/ances1 is cle>ly a mo/ valuable inv5tion4 ,illu/ration3 ,,portuguese ,,man-,,(-,,w>4 ,illu/ration3 ,,capta9 ,,boyton',s ,,life-,,dress4 ,:e!r ! inv5tor knew x or n ,i _c say1 b ! ,boyton life-dress is simply a modification ( ! ,physalis1 be+ capable ( dilatation ) air at w4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,s mu* = ! individual life-belt1 & we w n[ pass to ^? :i* are int5d$ to su/a9 m ?an "o individual4 ,x has almo/ inv>iably be5 f\nd t :5 a %ip has be5 wreck$ on a rock1 or /ove 9 by ! sea1 t1 al?\gh !re may be pl5ty ( boats1 !re is great difficulty 9 gett+ !m into ! wat] rightly4 ,n[1 if p>ts ( ! %ip itself c\ld be made ( mat]ials :i* c\ld n be sunk except by enorm\s pressure1 & :i* might be releas$ by a t\* if ! vessel 7 s9k+1 x is evid5t t _m lives w\ld be sav$ :i* h n[ be5 lo/4 ,& if su* movable p>ts ( ! vessel 7 suppli$ ) wat] & provisions 9 air-tight cases1 !re is no d\bt t ! numb] ( 8miss+0 %ips w\ld be v greatly dim9i%$4 ,i rememb] an in/ance :]e a ya*t 0 8hung up0 on a mud-bank1 :5ce !re 0 no escape1 = tw5ty-f\r h\rs1 & !re 0 "o s&wi* on bo>d to be divid$ among ! own]1 two m51 & a boy4 ,( c\rse ! boy _h ! s&wi*1 & ! m5 su/a9$ !mselves z well z !y c\ld ) tea1 ( :i* !re 01 =tunately1 a cani/] on bo>d4 ,z x 01 !y 7 "s ?irty-six h\rs )\t food4 ,aft] su* an exp]i5ce ! own] _h special lock]s made 9 ! ya*t & h] boat1 conta9+ biscuit1 pott$ meats1 wat]1 w9e1 spirits1 tobacco1 tea1 an 8etna0 = heat+ ! wat]1 & mat*es4 ,( c\rse ^! 7 on a small] scale 9 ! boat2 b sev]al ?ick rugs 7 also /[$ away1 9 case ( be+ sep>at$ f ! ya*t at night4 ,x s happ5$ t !y 7 nev] ne$$2 b ! s5se ( security :i* !y imp>t$ 0 wor? t5 times ! exp5se & tr\ble1 :i* includ$ a c>eful inspection ( all ! /ores be=e ea* voyage4 ,9 ,nature !re is j su* a raft z is ne$$1 capable ( c>ry+ a heavy freight1 & :i* _c be upset4 ,& x is r rem>kable t x has be5 unconsci\sly imitat$ 9 v>i\s p>ts ( ! _w4 ,illu/ration3 ,,jan?9a ,,& ,,air-,,raft4 ,illu/ration3 ,,cask-,,pontoon4 ,,pott]y-,,raft ,,( ,,! ,,nile4 ,?is is ! s+ul> app>atus atta*$ to ! ,violet ,snail 7,jan?9a communis71 :i* is common en\gh 9 ! ,atlantic1 & d]ives its "n ( ,violet-%ell f its beautiful col\r4 ,! *ief int]e/1 h[ev]1 c5tres 9 ! app>atus :i* is popul>ly call$ ! 8raft10 & :i* su/a9s ! %ell & eggs4 ,x is made ( a great numb] ( air-vessels1 affix$ closely to ea* o!r1 & by ! curi\s prop]ty ( be>+ its c>go slung b5ea? x in/ead ( be+ laid ^u x4 ,b5ea? ! raft are ! eggs1 or r1 ! capsules :i* conta9 ! eggs1 & at "o end is ! beautiful violet %ell itself4 ,! float+ p[] ( ! raft is really a/oni%+1 & ev5 9 sev]e tempe/s1 :5 x is brok5 away f ! animal1 ! raft cont9ues to float on ! surface ( ! waves1 be>+ its c>go ) x4 ,on ! opposite side ( ! illu/ration are two examples ( rafts con/ruct$ s exactly on ! same pr9ciple z t ( ! ,violet ,snail1 t !y bo? might h be5 borr[$ f x4 ,! upp] is ! k9d ( raft :i* has (t5 be5 con/ruct$ by sailors :5 try+ to escape f a s9k+ %ip1 or by soldi]s :5 wi%+ to convey troops across a riv]1 & hav+ no regul> 8pontoons0 at h&4 ,x is made simply by la%+ a numb] ( empty casks to a floor+ ( beams & planks4 ,! am\nt ( weight :i* su* a /ructure w support is really a/oni%+1 z long z ! casks rema9 :ole1 & to upset x is almo/ impossible4 ,ev5 cannon c be tak5 across wide expanses ( wat] 9 p]fect safety1 & !re is h>dly any?+ m awkw>d ( conveyance ?an a cannon1 ) its own enorm\s & conc5trat$ weight1 & all ! ne$ful p>aph]nalia ( limb]1 ammunition 7:i* may n be wett$1 & ( imm5se weight71 horses1 & m54 ,yet ev5 ?is het]og5e\s mass ( liv+ & lifeless weight c be c>ri$ on ! cask-raft1 :i* is an exact imitation ( ! liv+ raft ( ! ,violet ,snail4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,b5ea? ! cask-pontoon is to be se5 a sket* ( a v curi\s vessel :i* is 9 use on ! ,nile1 & ,i r ?9k on ! ,ganges also1 ?\gh ,i am n q sure4 ,x is =m$ 9 ! foll[+ mann]3-- ,9 bo? c\ntries !re are :ole families :o f g5]ation to g5]ation h liv$ 9 little villages up ! riv]1 & ga9$ _! liv+ by mak+ pott]y1 mo/ly ( a simple ?\gh arti/ic =m1 ! vessel hav+ a r long & sl5d] neck1 & a m or less globul> body4 ,:5 a man has made a suffici5t numb] ( ^! vessels1 he la%es !m toge!r ) _! m\?s upp]mo/1 & !n fixes ^u !m a simple plat=m ( re$s4 ,! papyrus 0 once l>gely us$ = ?is purpose1 b x seems to be gradually ab&on$4 ,he ?us =ms a pontoon exactly simil> 9 pr9ciple ) ! cask-pontoon :i* has j be5 describ$4 ,!n1 tak+ 8 place on 8 buoyant raft1 he floats d[n ! riv] until he comes to "s popul\s t[n1 takes 8 raft to pieces1 sells ! pots & re$s1 & makes 8 way home aga9 by l&4 ,,w> ,,& ,,hunt+4 ,,*apt] ,i4 ,,! ,,pitfall1 ,,! ,,club1 ,,! ,,sword1 ,,! ,,spe> ,,& ,,dagg]4 ,analogy betwe5 ,w> & ,hunt+4--,! ,pitfall z us$ = bo? ,purposes4--,african ,pitfalls = l>ge ,game1 & _! ,armature = prev5t+ ! ,escape ( ,prey4--,its ,use 9 ?is ,c\ntry on a m9iature scale4--,mr4 ,wat]ton's ,m\se-trap4--,pitfall ( ! ,ant-lion1 & its ,armature = prev5t+ ! ,escape ( ,prey4--,! ,club & its ,orig94--,gradual ,developm5t ( ! ,weapon4--,! 8,p9e-apple0 ,club ( ,fiji4--,! ,game ( ,pallone & ! 8,bracciale40--,! ,iri% ,%illelagh4--,clubs & ,maces ( ,wood1 ,metal1 or mix$4--,! ,morg5/]n4--,om9\s ,je/+4--,natural ,clubs4--,! ,durian1 ! ,diodon1 & ! ,horse-*e/nut4--,! ,sword1 or flatt5$ & %>p5$ ,club4--,natural & artificial ,armature ( ! ,edge4--,! ,sword-grass1 ,lee*1 & ,saw-fi%4--,spe>s & ,swords arm$ ) ,bones & ,/ones4--,! ,spe> & ,dagg]1 & _! ,analogies4--,/ructure ( ! ,spe>4--,! ,bamboo z a ,weapon ( ,w> or ,hunt+4--,s+ul> ,combat1 & its ,results4 ,! two subjects :i* are "h m5tion$ are practically "o1 ! w>f>e be+ 9 ! "o case c>ri$ on aga9/ mank9d1 & 9 ! o!r aga9/ ! l[] animals1 ! means employ$ be+ (t5 ! same 9 bo? cases4 ,,! ,,pitfall4 ,"o ( ! simple/ examples ( ?is d\ble use is af=d$ by ! ,pitfall1 :i* is employ$ 9 almo/ e "p ( ! _w1 &1 al?\gh mo/ly us$ = hunt+1 /ill keeps its place 9 w>f>e4 ,on ! "r h& ( ! accompany+ illu/ration is %[n a section ( ! ,pitfall :i* is s commonly us$ 9 ,africa = ! capture ( l>ge game4 ,x is1 z may be se51 a conical hole1 ! bottom ( :i* is arm$ ) a po9t$ /ake4 ,%\ld a l>ge animal fall into ! pit1 ! %ape ( ! sides =ces x ^u ! /ake1 by :i* x is transfix$4 ,ev5 elephants ( ! l>ge/ size (t5 fall victims to ?is simple trap4 ,x is only l>ge en\gh to receive ! =e-legs & *e/1 b t is q suffici5t to cause ! dea? ( ! animal1 ! /ake p5etrat+ to ! he>t4 ,_m a hunt] has fall5 into ^! traps1 & f\nd great difficulty 9 escap+1 :ile "s h n escap$ at all4 ,inde$1 9 _m p>ts ( ,s\!rn ,africa1 :5 "p ( "o tribe is ab\t to visit ano!r1 ! pitfalls are always unmask$1 le/ ! int5d$ gue/s %\ld fall into !m4 ,illu/ration3 ,,pitfall ,,( ,,ant-,,lion ,,= ,,cat*+ ,,insects4 ,illu/ration3 ,,african ,,pitfall ,,= ,,cat*+ ,,l>ge ,,game4 ,ev5 )\t ! spike1 ! elephant w\ld sc>cely be able to save itself1 ow+ to its enorm\s weight1 unless help$ out by its comrades be=e ! hunt]s came up4 ,inde$1 _m pitfalls are int5tionally made = ?is purpose1 & are ( a diff]5t %ape1 i4e4 ab\t eight feet 9 l5g? & f\r 9 bread?4 ,9 ^? :i* are made = ! capture ( ! giraffe1 ! pit is v deep1 & ! place ( ! /ake is occupi$ by a transv]se wall1 :i* prev5ts ! feet ( ! captive f t\*+ ! gr\nd1 & keeps x susp5d$ until ! hunt]s c come & kill x at leisure4 ,ev5 9 ,belgium & our own c\ntry ! pitfall is 9 use4 ,:5 ! field-mice 7 deva/at+ ! di/ricts ab\t ,liege "s ye>s ago1 _! ravages 7 effectually *eck$ by pitfalls1 9 :i* !y 7 caught by bu%els1 ! pitfalls be+ simple holes "s two feet deep1 & made wid] bel[ ?an above4 ,! late ,mr4 ,wat]ton contriv$ to rid 8 g>d5 ( field-mice by pitfalls con/ruct$ on ! same pr9ciple1 ?\gh m p]man5t4 ,f9d+ t ! little animals made great havoc among 8 peas j z !y 7 />t+ out ( ! gr\nd1 he buri$ betwe5 ! r[s a numb] ( e>!n pickle-j>s1 s9k+ !m to ! level ( ! gr\nd4 ,he !n rubb$ ! inside ( ! neck ) bacon1 & left !m4 ,! mice /oop$ d[n to lick (f ! bacon1 fell into ! j>s1 &1 ! neck be+ n>r[ & ! sides slipp]y1 !y c\ld n get out aga94 99 99 99 99 99 ,,on ! left h& ( ! illu/ration is ! section ( a pitfall made by ! well-kn[n ,ant-lion 7,myrmeleo71 ( :i* !re are sev]al species4 ,! hi/ory ( ?is wond]ful insect is s famili> to u t x ne$ n be repeat$ at l5g?4 ,suffice x to say t x digs conical pitfalls 9 loose s&y soil1 & t x places itself at ! bottom ( ! pit1 secur+ ! insect victims ) its jaws j z ! l>g] animals are secur$ by ! /ake ( ! human hunt]4 ,x makes no false cov]1 z does ! human hunt]1 b x always *ooses soil s loose t if an insect approa* ! edge1 ! s& gives way1 & x goes slid+ d[n into ! pit1 :5ce its *ance ( escape is v small1 ev5 7 !re no deadly jaws at ! bottom ready to receive x4 ,,! ,,club4 ,! simple/ ( all (f5sive weapons is necess>ily ! ,,club4 ,at fir/1 ?is 0 b a simple /ick1 su* z any savage might =m f a bran* ( a tree by knock+ (f ! small b\ghs ) a /one or ano!r /ick4 ,su* clubs are /ill us$ 9 ,au/ralia1 & ,i h sev]al 9 my collection4 ,!n ! inv5tive g5ius ( man improv$ _! de/ructive p[] by v>i\s means4 ,! mo/ obvi\s plan 0 to add to ! =ce ( its bl[ by simply mak+ "o end mu* ?ick] & heavi] ?an ! o!r4 ,?is is done 9 ! 8,knob-k]ry0 ( ,s\!rn ,africa1 & x is wor?y ( rem>k t 9 ,fiji a weapon exi/s s exactly l ! %ort knob-k]ry ( ,africa1 t an inexp]i5c$ eye w\ld sc>cely be able to di/+ui% betwe5 !m4 ,! next plan 0 to arm ! enl>g$ head ) project+ pieces or spikes1 sometimes cut out ( ! solid wood1 & sometimes artificially ins]t$4 ,! 8,%illelagh0 ( ,irel& is a simple example ( ?is k9d ( club4 ,"o ( ! be/ & mo/ elaborate examples ( ?is sort ( weapon is ! 8,p9e-apple0 ,club ( ,fiji1 a figure ( :i* may be se5 9 ! illu/ration1 drawn f a specim5 9 my collection4 ,x is made 9 ! mo/ +5i\s mann] f a tree :i* is tra9$ = ! purpose4 ,!re are c]ta9 trees belong+ to ! palm tribe :i* possess 8arial0 roots1 i4e4 subsidi>y roots1 :i* surr\nd ! trunk at "s di/ance f ! gr\nd1 & assi/ 9 support+ x4 ,"s trees h no c5tral root1 & are entirely upborne by ! arial roots1 :ile o!rs h bo?4 ,"o ( ^! latt] is select$1 & :5 x is v "y is b5t ov] & fa/5$ to ! gr\nd almo/ at "r angles1 z %[n 9 ! illu/ration4 ,:5 x has gr[n to a suffici5t age x is cut to ! requisite l5g?1 ! c5tral root is %>p5$ to a po9t1 & ! arial roots are also cut d[n 9 su* a way t !y radiate v mu* l ! projections on a p9e-apple4 ,?is is really an +5i\s weapon1 = if ! long & %>p5$ end %\ld miss its aim1 ! projections w\ld be tol]ably sure to inflict pa9ful if n imm$iately dang]\s injuries4 ,illu/ration3 ,,durian4 ,illu/ration3 ,,poll5 ,,( ,,hollyhock4 ,,horse-,,*e/nut4 ,illu/ration3 ,,wood5 ,,& ,,metal ,,clubs4 ,z ! p9e-apple is s well kn[n1 ,i h giv5 9 ! opposite side ( ! illu/ration a figure ( ! ,durian1 a l>ge ,bornean fruit1 :i* is cov]$ ) projections almo/ id5tical 9 appe>ance ) ^? ( ! p9e-apple club1 & almo/ equally h>d & heavy4 ,p]haps "s ( my read]s may h he>d ( ! gr& ,italian game ( ,pallone1 ! 8game ( giants10 z x has be5 call$4 ,! ball1 :i* is a l>ge & r heavy "o1 weigh+ m ?an twice z mu* z a cricket-ball1 is /ruck ) a wood5 gauntlet rea*+ ne>ly half-way up ! =e-arm4 ,! orig9al gauntlet 0 cut entirely out ( ! solid wood1 & exactly resembl$ ! ext]ior ( ! ,durian4 ,! mod]n gauntlet1 h[ev]1 has ! spikes fix$ sep>ately into a wood5 frame1 s t !y c be replac$ if brok5 9 ! c\rse ( ! game4 ,! pr9ciple1 h[ev]1 is id5tical 9 all ?ree cases4 ,! te*nical "n ( ?is gauntlet is ,bracciale4 ,! next improvem5t 0 to add /ill fur!r to ! de/ructive p[]s ( ! club by arm+ x ) /ones1 s z to make x h>d] & heavi]4 ,sometimes a /one is p]=at$1 & ! end ( ! club =c$ into x4 ,sometimes ! /one is la%$ to ! club1 & sometimes a hole is bor$ 9 ! club1 & ! /one driv5 into x4 ,?is k9d ( club1 made ( a sort ( rosewood1 may be f\nd among "s ( ! tribes inhabit+ ! di/rict ( ! ,essequibo4 ,! next improvem5t 0 to make ! weapon entirely ( metal1 & su* clubs are pl5tiful 9 e good collection ( arms4 ,!re 01 = example1 ! common mace1 :i* 0 us$ = ! purpose ( /unn+ an adv]s>y clo!d 9 arm\r :i* ! sword c\ld n p5etrate4 ,z ?is1 h[ev]1 0 no?+ m ?an an ord9>y wood5 club execut$ 9 iron1 we ne$ n produce examples4 ,o!r & m complicat$ =ms 7 soon made1 & 7 wond]fully valuable until ! rapidly improv+ fire>ms kept combatants at a di/ance1 & r5d]$ a h&-to-h& fight almo/ impossible4 ,?ree examples ( su* clubs are giv5 9 ! illu/ration1 & are tak5 f ,demm9's valuable "w call$ 8,weapons ( ,w>40 ,! upp] left-h& specim5 is call$ ,morg5/]n1 i4e4 ,morn+ ,/>4 ,x is a l>ge1 heavy wood5 ball /udd$ ) /eel spikes1 & affix$ to a h&le usually "s six or sev5 feet1 b sometimes exce$+ elev5 feet1 9 l5g?4 ,x 0 *iefly us$ by infantry :5 attack+ cavalry1 ! long %aft enabl+ ! foot-soldi] to be tol]ably sure ( deal+ ! cavali] or 8 horse a sev]e bl[1 :ile himself out ( rea* ( ! latt]'s sword4 ,beh9d x is ano!r ,morg5/]n 9 :i* !re is an improvem5t1 ! arm$ ball be+ furni%$ at ! end ) a spike1 s t x c\ld be us$ ei!r z a mace or a spe>4 ,! commone/ =m ( ! ,morn+ ,/> is %[n bel[1 & is ?us describ$ by ,demm93-- 8,?is mace _h g5]ally a long h&le1 & its head bri/l$ ) wood5 or iron po9ts4 ,x 0 common among ! anci5ts1 = _m museums possess sev]al fragm5ts ( ^! weapons belong+ to ! age ( bronze4 8,! ,morn+ ,/> 0 v well kn[n & mu* us$ 9 ,g]many & ,switz]l&4 ,x receiv$ its "n f ! om9\s je/ ( wi%+ ! enemy #8good morn+' ) ! ,morn+ ,/> :5 !y _h be5 surpris$ 9 camp or city4 8,?is weapon became v popul> on acc\nt ( ! facility & quickness ) :i* x c\ld be manufactur$4 ,! peasants made x easily ) ! trunk ( a small %rub & a h&ful ( l>ge nails4 ,x 0 also 9 great reque/ dur+ ! w>s ( ! peasantry :i* h deva/at$ ,g]many at diff]5t times1 & ! ,swiss ars5als possess great numb]s ( !m40 ,"o ( ^! primitive weapons may be se5 9 ! l[] figure ( ! illu/ration4 ,sometimes ! spik$ ball 0 atta*$ to a *a91 & fa/5$ to ! end ( a h&le v>y+ greatly 9 l5g?1 measur+ f two to t5 feet4 ,"o ( ^! weapons may be se5 9 ! ,guildhall ( ,london1 be+ held by "o ( ! celebrat$ giants4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,if ! read] w n[ turn to ! illu/ration on page #ec1 he w see t on ! "r ( ! ,durian !re are two sph]ical objects cov]$ ) spikes4 ,! upp] is ! poll5 ( ! ,hollyhock1 & ! l[] ! common ,horse-*e/nut4 ,! read] w see t ^! are precisely simil> 9 =m to ! spik$ balls ( ! ,morg5/]n1 :e!r !y be us$ at ! end ( a /aff or slung to a *a94 ,!re are _m simil> examples 9 ! vegetable k+dom :i* w d\btless sugge/ !mselves to ! read]1 b ^! are amply suffici5t = ?is purpose4 ,!n1 9 ! animal _w1 ! curi\s ,diodons1 sometimes call$ ,ur*9-fi%es1 or ,prickly ,globe-fi%es1 are good examples4 ,^! fi%es are cov]$ ) %>p sp9es1 &1 z !y h ! p[] ( swell+ _! bodies into a globul> =m1 ! spikes project on all sides j l ^? ( ! poll5 or *e/nut4 ,!re is a specim5 9 my collection1 :i*1 if ! tail & f9s 7 remov$1 & a ca/ tak5 9 metal1 w\ld make a v good ,morg5/]n ball4 ,,! ,,sword4 ,! next improvem5t on ! club 0 evid5tly to flatt5 x1 & %>p5 "o or bo? edges1 s z to make x a cutt+ z well z a /unn+ implem5t--9 fact1 ! club 0 *ang$ into a ,,sword4 99 99 99 99 99 ,illu/ration3 ,,sword-,,grass ,,magnifi$4 ,illu/ration3 ,,%>k-,,too? ,,sword ,,( ,,mangaia4 ,a good example ( ?is weapon 9 its simple/ =m is ! wood5 sword ( ,au/ralia1 n[ an exce$+ly r>e weapon4 ,x looks l a v l>ge boom]ang1 b is ne>ly /raight1 & is made f ! h>d1 t\gh wood ( ! gum-tree4 ,travell]s say t ! natives c cut (f a man's head ) ?is v simple weapon4 ,i j miss$ obta9+ "o ( ^! swords f a man-(-w>1 b1 un=tunately1 a few h\rs be=e my arrival ! zeal\s fir/ lieut5ant _h ord]$ a l>ge collection ( savage weapons to be ?r[n ov]bo>d1 among :i* 7 sev]al ,au/ralian swords4 ,f9d+ t ! edges 7 n suffici5tly %>p1 & 7 liable to break1 ! mak] next turn$ 8 att5tion to arm+ !m ) "s sub/ance h>d] ?an wood4 ,v>i\s mat]ials 7 us$ = ?is purpose1 "s ( :i* w be m5tion$4 ,"o ( ^! is giv5 9 ! illu/ration1 & is tak5 f a specim5 9 my collection4 ,x is made ( wood1 r m ?an two feet 9 l5g?1 & w\ld 9 itself be an insignificant weapon b = its armature4 ,?is consi/s ( a numb] ( %>ks' tee?1 :i* are fix$ along ei!r side1 & are a mo/ =midable app>atus1 ea* too? cutt+ l a lancet-blade1 & n only be+ v %>p1 b hav+ _! edges f9ely not*$ l ! tee? ( a saw4 ,i h a s]ies ( ^! weapons 9 my collection1 "s be+ curv$1 "s /raight1 & "o v rem>kable weapon hav+ f\r blades1 "o /raight & long blade 9 ! c5tre1 & ?ree curv$ & %ort blades spr++ f ! h&le t[>ds ! po9t4 ,opposite ! %>k-too? sword is an object :i* might almo/ be tak5 = a simil> weapon1 b is1 9 fact1 no?+ b a common grass-blade1 su* z may be f\nd 9 any ( our lanes4 ,i suppose t mo/ ( my read]s mu/ at "s "t h cut _! f+]s ) grass1 & ! reason :y is %[n 9 ! illu/ration1 :i* repres5ts a mu*-magnifi$ blade ( grass4 ,! edges ( ! leaf are arm$ ) %>p tee? ( fl9t1 set exactly l ^? ( ! sword1 ) _! po9ts direct$ t[>ds ! tip ( ! blade4 ,! :ole ( ! "u surface ( ! blade is ?ickly set ) simil> b small] tee?1 arrang$ 9 ! same mann]4 ,i h j br\ght a blade ( grass f a lane ne> my h\se1 & :5 x 0 plac$ "u ! half-in* p[] ( ! microscope1 ! resemblance to ! sword 0 absolutely />tl+ to "s spectators :o came to look at x4 ,z if to make ! resemblance clos]1 _m savage weapons are edg$ ) flat /ones1 fl9t *ips1 or pieces ( obsidian1 s t ! fl9t tee? ( ! grass are exactly copi$ by ! fl9t edg+s ( ! sword4 ,! old ,mexican swords 7 ne>ly all edg$ ) obsidian1 z is se5 9 ! l[] "r-h& figure ( ! next illu/ration4 ,i possess a numb] ( obsidian flakes :i* 7 int5d$ = t purpose1 b d n appe> to h be5 us$4 ,! second figure f ! top repres5ts ! head ( a spe> simil>ly arm$1 & ,i possess a small ,au/ralian implem5t 9 :i* ! flakes ( obsidian are set only on "o side1 s t ! in/rum5t c be us$ z a rude saw4 ,betwe5 ^! two weapons is a spe>-head arm$ ) %>k-tee?4 ,i h a v rem>kable weapon ( ?is k9d1 made 9 ,mangaia4 ,x is elev5 feet 9 l5g?1 &1 besides be+ arm$ ) a d\ble r[ ( %>ks' tee? ne>ly to ! h&le1 x has ?ree curv$ blades simil>ly arm$1 set at di/ances ( ab\t two feet1 & project+ at "r angles4 ,?us1 if ! foe 7 miss$ ) ! po9t ( ! spe>1 he w\ld probably be w\nd$ by "o ( ! blades4 ,illu/ration3 ,,sword-,,grass4 ,,lee* ,,jaw4 ,,saw-,,fi%4 ,illu/ration3 ,,spe>s ,,& ,,sword ,,arm$ ,,) ,,obsidian ,,& ,,%>ks' ,,tee?4 ,! upp] figure repres5ts a weapon :]e ! natural bone ( ! /+-ray has be5 us$ z ! po9t4 ,on ! opposite side are se5 ?ree natural objects simil>ly arm$4 ,! upp]mo/ is ano!r species ( sword-grass1 l t :i* has already be5 describ$4 ,next comes a magnifi$ view ( "o ( ! ?ree cutt+ in/rum5ts ( ! lee*1 %[+ ! s]rat$ tee? set along its edge1 by means ( :i* x produces ! %>ply-cut w\nds ?r\gh :i* x sucks ! blood4 ,! la/ figure repres5ts ! head ( ! common ,saw-fi%1 9 :i* a va/ numb] ( flat & %>ply-edg$ tee? are set ^u ! blade-l head4 ,! fi% has be5 obs]v$ to use ?is weapon j z ! ,mangaian uses 8 sword-spe>4 ,x da%es among a %oal ( fi%1 sweeps its head viol5tly backw>ds & =w>ds1 & !n1 aft] !y h disp]s$1 picks up at its leisure ! dead & disabl$4 ,,! ,,spe> ,,& ,,! ,,dagg]4 ,x is tol]ably evid5t t ! inv5tion ( ! spe> & dagg] mu/ h be5 ne>ly1 if n q1 contemporane\s ) t ( ! club4 ,i place ^! weapons toge!r because !re is great difficulty 9 assign+ to ei!r ( !m ! prec$5ce1 ! spe> be+ b a m or less elongat$ dagg]1 & ! dagg] a %ort5$ spe>4 ,z a good example ( ?is fact1 ,i h 9 my collection a numb] ( spe>s & dagg]s belong+ to ! ,fan tribe ( ,we/]n ,africa4 ,9 e case ! weapons correspond s closely ) ea* o!r1 t if ! dagg]s 7 atta*$ to %afts !y w\ld exactly resemble ! spe>s1 & if ! spe>s 7 cut (f )9 a few in*es ( ! head1 !y w\ld be tak5 = dagg]s4 ,i may "h m5tion t z ?is "p ( ! subject m]ely involves ! employm5t ( a po9t$ or ?ru/+ weapon1 in/ead ( ! club or sword1 bo? ( :i* are us$ = /rik+1 ! "q ( poison1 b>bs1 & %ea?s w be treat$ on ano!r page4 ,! prim>y orig9 ( ! ,spe> is probably ! ?orn1 z a savage :o _h be5 w\nd$ by a ?orn w\ld easily pass to ! conclusion t a ?orn ( l>g] size w\ld enable him to kill an enemy 9 w>1 or an animal 9 hunt+4 ,any?+ ( suffici5t dim5sions1 :i* ei!r possess$ a natural po9t or c\ld be %>p5$ into a po9t1 w\ld be available = ! purpose ( ! hunt] or w>rior4 ,accord+ly we f9d t su* objects z ! beak ( ! h]on or /ork1 ! %>p h9d-claw ( ! kang>oo1 ! bone ( ! /+-ray1 ! beak ( ! sword-fi%1 & _m simil> objects1 are employ$ = ! heads ( spe>s1 or us$ simply z dagg]s4 ,z to artificial spe>s1 no?+ is easi] ?an to scrape a /ick to a po9t1 & !n1 if ne$ful1 to h>d5 x 9 ! fire4 ,?is is1 inde$1 "o ( ! commone/ =ms ( primitive spe>s1 & ,i h 9 my collection _m examples ( su* weapons4 ,ano!r simple =m ( ?is weapon is t :i* is made by cutt+ a /ick or simil> object diagonally4 ,holl[ rods--su*1 = example1 z ! bamboo--are ! be/ = ?is purpose4 ,i h n[ be=e me a ca/ ( a mo/ int]e/+ weapon discov]$ by ,colonel ,lane ,fox4 ,x is ! head ( a spe>1 & is =m$ f "p ( ! leg-bone ( a %eep4 ,at "o end !re is a simple r\nd hole1 :i* act$ z a socket = ! reception ( ! %aft1 & ! o!r end is cut away diagonally1 s z to leave a tol]ably %>p po9t4 ,z to ! bamboo1 x has a great advantage 9 ! ?9ness ( its walls1 & ! coat+ ( fl9ty sub/ance ) :i* x is surr\nd$1 & :i* gives its edges a knife-l %>pness4 ,inde$1 s v %>p is ! silex1 t spl9t]s ( bamboo are /ill us$ z knives1 & ) !m a skilful op]ator c cut up a l>ge hog z exp$iti\sly z "o ( our pork-but*]s c\ld d ) ! be/ knife t ,%effield produces4 ,i possess sev]al ( ^! weapons1 & =midable arms ( (f5ce !y are4 ,if ! read] c imag9e to himself a too?pick1 a foot or m 9 l5g?1 made f bamboo in/ead ( quill1 & hav+ its edges ne>ly z %>p z a razor1 he c realise ! =ce ( ev5 s simple a weapon4 ,9 ! case ( ! bamboo1 too1 cel]ity ( manufacture has its value1 = any "o c make a c\ple ( spe>s 9 less ?an z _m m9utes4 ,all he has to d is to cut d[n a jo9t ( bamboo transv]sely1 & !n ) a diagonal bl[ ( 8 knife at ! o!r end to =m ! po9t4 ,! =ce ( su* a weapon may be inf]r$ f a rem>kable combat t took place "s sixty ye>s ago1 :5 ! roads 7 n s safe z !y are at pres5t4 ,a g5tleman1 :o happ5$ to be a consummate ma/] ( ! sword1 0 go+ along ! highway at night1 & 0 attack$ by two footpads1 he hav+ no weapon b a bamboo cane4 ,"o ( !m he tempor>ily disabl$ by a sev]e kick1 & !n turn$ to ! o!r1 :om he f\nd to be pretty well z good a swordsman z himself1 & to possess a good /ick in/ead ( a slight cane4 ,! footpad soon discov]$ ! discrepancy ( weapons1 & ) a %>p bl[ sma%$ ! cane to pieces1 leav+ only ab\t eighte5 in*es 9 8 antagoni/'s h&4 ,almo/ in/9ctively ,b>on ---- sprang "u ! man's gu>d1 & da%$ ! brok5 cane 9 8 face4 ,! footpad /agg]$ ) a groan1 put 8 h&s to 8 face1 & ran away1 foll[$ by 8 companion1 :o did n desire ano!r enc\nt] ) su* an antagoni/4 ,:5 ! victor rea*$ 8 de/9ation1 he f\nd t ! footpad's face mu/ h be5 torn to pieces1 = ! clefts ( ! split bamboo 7 full ( scraps ( sk91 fle%1 & :isk] hair4 ,x is wor?y ( notice t ! comb9ation ( ! club & ! dagg] is common to savage & civilis$ life1 z may be se5 by ref]5ce to ! illu/ration 9 page #ec1 :]e ! wood5 club ( savage w>f>e & ! metal club & maces ( civilisation are alike arm$ ) a pi]c+ z well z a bruis+ app>atus4 ,mo/ly ! dagg] is on ! head ( ! mace or battle-axe1 b1 9 "s cases1 ! end ( ! h&le acts z ! dagg]1 & ! head z ! axe or mace4 ,a v good example ( ?is =mation is f\nd 9 ! wood5 battle-axe1 or 8,patoo10 ( ,new ,zeal&1 a weapon :i* has be5 long sup]s$$ by mod]n fire-arms4 ,a specim5 9 my possession is r m ?an five feet 9 l5g?4 ,! head is j l t ( an ord9>y axe1 :ile ! h&le tap]s gradually to ! end1 :]e x t]m9ates 9 a %>p spike4 ,9 actual combat ! po9t 0 us$ mu* m ?an ! axe4 ,,w> ,,& ,,hunt+4 ,,*apt] ,,ii4 ,,poison1 ,,animal ,,& ,,vegetable4--,,pr9ciple ,,( ,,! ,,b>b4 ,poison z appli$ to ,weapons4--,its limit$ ,use4--,animal & ,vegetable ,poisons4--,animal ,poisons4--,! ,malayan ,dagg]1 or ,kris1 & two ,modes ( poison+ x4--,! ,bosjesmans & _! ,arr[s4--,snake ,poison & its ,prep>ation4--,! ,pseudo-b>b4--,! ,poison-grub1 or ,n'gwa4--,simple ,mode ( ,prep>ation1 & its t]rible ,effects4--,vegetable ,poisons4--,! ,upas ( ,malacca4--,! ,w\rali ,poison ( ,tropical ,am]ica4--,mode ( prep>+ ! v>i\s ,arr[s4--,! ,fan ,tribe ( ,we/ ,africa1 & _! poison$ ,arr[s4--,subcutane\s ,injection4--,examples 9 ,nature4--,! ,poison-fang ( ! ,s]p5t4--,/+ ( ! ,bee4--,tail ( ! ,scorpion4--,fang ( ! ,spid]4--,/+ ( ! ,nettle4--,exotic ,nettles & _! ,effects4--,! ,b>b & its ,developm5ts4--,! 8,bunday0 ( ,java4--,rev]s$ ,b>bs ( ,we/]n ,africa4--,tongans & _! ,spe>s4--,! ,h>poon & ,l]n5toma1 or ,sprat-suck]4--,! ,ma9 ,gau*e1 or ,brise-pe4 ,ano!r advance1 if x may s be call$1 lay 9 increas+ ! deadly effect ( ! weapons by arm+ !m ) poison4 ,)\t ! poison1 x 0 necess>y to inflict w\nds :i* 9 !mselves 7 mortal2 b ) x a comp>atively slight w\nd w\ld suffice = dea?1 provid+ only t ! poison mixes ) ! blood4 ,x is wor?y ( notice t cutt+ weapons1 su* z swords & axes1 seldom1 if ev]1 h be5 env5om$1 ! poison be+ res]v$ = pi]c+ weapons1 su* z ! dagg]1 ! spe>1 & ! arr[4 ,,animal ,,poisons4 ,p]haps ! mo/ diabolical inv5tion ( ?is k9d 0 ! ,v5etian /iletto1 made ( glass4 ,x came to a v %>p po9t1 & 0 holl[1 ! tube conta9+ a liquid poison4 ,:5 ! dagg] 0 us$1 x 0 driv5 into ! body ( ! victim1 & !n snapp$ (f 9 ! w\nd1 s t ! poison 0 able to h its full effect4 ,su* poisons are ( diff]5t k9ds1 & inv>iably animal or vegetable 9 _! orig94 ,tak+ ! animal poisons fir/1 we come to ! curi\s mode ( poison+ ! ,malayan dagg]1 or 8,kris40 ,! blade ( ! weapon is n smoo?1 b is =g$ f v fibr\s /eel1 & !n laid 9 /rong acid until x is cov]$ ) multitud9\s grooves1 "s ( !m be+ (t5 s deep t ! acid has eat5 its way completely ?r\gh ! blade4 ,among "s tribes ! kris is poison$ by be+ ?ru/ into a putrefy+ human body1 & all[$ to rema9 !re until ! grooves are fill$ ) ! decay+ matt]4 ,x is also said t if ! kris be simil>ly plung$ into ! ?ick /em t gr[s j at ! base ( ! p9e-apple1 ! result is ne>ly ! same4 ,z a rule1 h[ev]1 ! ,arr[ is g5]ally ! weapon :i* is poison$1 & a few examples w be m5tion$ ( ea* k9d ( poison+4 ,! two mo/ =midable animal poisons are ^? :i* are made by ! ,bosjesmans ( ,s\!rn ,africa4 ,_! b[s are b toys1 & _! arr[s only sl5d] re$s4 ,b !y arm ^! app>5tly insignificant weapons ) poison s pot5t1 t ev5 ! brave & bellicose ,kafir w>rior does n l to fight a ,bosjesman1 ?\gh he be protect$ by 8 enorm\s %ield4 ,!re are two k9ds ( animal poison us$ by ! ,bosjesmans4 ,! fir/ is made f ! secretion ( ! poison-gl&s ( ! cobra1 puff-add]1 & c]a/es4 ,kn[+ ! sluggi% nature ( snakes 9 g5]al1 ! ,bosjesman kills !m 9 a v simple mann]4 ,he /eals cauti\sly t[>ds ! s]p5t1 boldly sets 8 foot ^u its neck1 & cuts (f its head4 ,! body makes a da9ty fea/ = him1 & ! head is soon op5$1 & ! poison-gl&s remov$4 ,by itself1 ! poison w\ld n adh]e to ! po9t ( ! weapon1 & s x is mix$ ) ! gummy juice ( c]ta9 euphorbias1 until x atta9s a pit*-l consi/5cy4 ,x is !n laid ?ickly ^u ! bone po9t ( ! arr[1 & a little /rip ( quill is /uck into x l a b>b4 ,! object ( ! quill is1 t if a man1 or ev5 an animal1 be w\nd$1 & ! arr[ torn away1 ! quill rema9s 9 ! w\nd1 reta9+ suffici5t poison to insure dea?4 ,i h a quiv]ful ( su* arr[s 9 my collection4 ,t arr[s s arm$ %\ld be v t]rible weapons is easily to be imag9$1 b !re is ano!r k9d ( poison :i* is ev5 m to be dread$4 ,?is is procur$ f ! innoc5t-look+1 b mo/ v5om\s1 ,poison-grub4 ,x is call$ ,n'gwa by ! ,bosjesmans1 & is ! l>val /ate ( a small beetle4 ,:5 ! arr[ is to be poison$1 ! grub is brok5 9 half1 & ! juices squeez$ ^u ! arr[ 9 small spots4 ,bo? ,liv+/one & ,ba9es give full & graphic acc\nts ( ! horrible effect produc$ by ?is dread poison1 :i*1 z soon z x mixes ) ! blood1 drives ! victim into rag+ madness4 ,a lion w\nd$ by "o ( ^! arr[s has be5 kn[n ne>ly to te> himself to pieces 9 8 agonies4 ,m4 ,ba9es 0 good en\gh to pres5t me ) ! ,n'gwa grub 9 its diff]5t /ages1 toge!r ) an arr[ :i* has be5 poison$ ) its juices4 ,! ,bosjesmans are !mselves s afraid ( ! weapon1 t !y always c>ry ! arr[s ) ! po9ts rev]s$1 ! poison$ end be+ ?ru/ into ! holl[ re$ :i* =ms ! %aft ( ! arr[4 ,n until ! arr[ is to be dis*>g$ does its own] place ! tip ) its po9t uncov]$4 ,,vegetable ,,poisons4 ,we n[ come to ! ,vegetable ,poisons1 ! two be/ kn[n ( :i* are ! ,upas poison ( ,borneo1 & ! ,w\rali ( ,s\? ,am]ica4 ,x is r rem>kable t 9 bo? ^! cases ! arr[s are v small1 & are bl[n ?r\gh a holl[ tube1 aft] ! mann] ( ! well-kn[n 8,puff-&-d>t0 toy ( ! pres5t day4 ,! ,upas poison is simply ! juice ( ! tree1 & x does n reta9 its /r5g? = m ?an a few h\rs aft] x has be5 plac$ on ! arr[-po9ts4 ,a supply ( ! same liquid is !re=e kept 9 an air-tight vessel made ( bamboo1 ! op5+ be+ clos$ by a l>ge lump ( wax knead$ ov] x at ! m\?4 ,"o ( ^! little flasks1 tak5 f a specim5 9 my collection1 is se5 on ! extreme "r ( ! illu/ration4 ,! ,w\rali poison owes all its p[] to its vegetable elem5t1 ?\gh c]ta9 animal sub/ances are g5]ally mix$ ) x4 ,! pr9cipal +r$i5t is ! juice ( "o ( ! /ry*n9e v9es1 :i* is extract$ by boil+1 & !n c>efully inspissat$ until x is ab\t ! consi/5cy ( treacle4 ,?is poison diff]s f ! ,upas 9 ! fact t x reta9s its pot5cy aft] v _m ye>s1 if only kept dry4 ,i h a numb] ( arr[s poison$ ) ! ,w\rali4 ,!y 7 giv5 to me by ! late ,mr4 ,wat]ton1 :o procur$ !m 9 #ahab1 & ev5 9 ! pres5t ye> 7#ahge7 !y are z deadly z :5 !y 7 fir/ made4 ,a bundle ( ^! t9y arr[s1 surm\nt$ by ! little :eel :i* is us$ to gu>d ! h& f be+ prick$1 is se5 next to ! ,bornean poison-flask4 ,illu/ration3 ,,s]p5t-,,fang4 ,illu/ration3 ,,bee-,,/+4 ,illu/ration3 ,,scorpion-,,/+4 ,illu/ration3 ,,nettle-,,/+4 ,illu/ration3 ,,spid]-,,fang4 ,illu/ration3 ,,inject+ ,,syr+e4 ,illu/ration3 ,,poison$ ,,arr[s ,,& ,,poison-,,flask4 ,beside ^! little arr[s1 :i* are only ab\t t5 in*es 9 l5g?1 v mu* l>g] arr[s are us$ bo? = w> & hunt+1 & are propell$ by ! b[1 & n ) ! brea?4 ,_m ( ^! arr[s are ne>ly six feet 9 l5g?4 ,9 all1 ! head is movable fitt+ q loosely into a socket1 s t :5 an animal is /ruck & spr+s =w>d1 ! %aft is %ak5 (f1 to be pick$ up by ! hunt]1 & fitt$ ) ano!r po9t1 :ile ! poison$ head rema9s 9 ! w\nd4 ,ano!r k9d ( poison1 also ( a vegetable orig91 is us$ by ! ,fan tribe4 ,! arr[s are m]e little slips ( bamboo1 & are propell$ by a slight crossb[4 ,b ! poison is s pot5t1 t ev5 ^! t9y weapons produce a fatal effect4 ,ne>ly 9 ! c5tre ( ! illu/ration is se5 a r curi\sly =m$ syr+e1 ) an extremely long & sl5d] tip4 ,?is is a rec5tly inv5t$ in/rum5t1 us$ = ! purpose ( subcutane\s injection--i4e4 ( inject+ any liquid "u ! sk94 ,x is mo/ly employ$ = inject+ opium & o!r drugs ( simil> qualities1 = ! purpose ( obta9+ relief f local pa94 ,! sl5d] spike-l po9t is holl[1 & ends 9 a %>p tip1 =m$ l ! head ( a lance4 ,j bel[ ! head !re is a little hole1 communicat+ ) ! int]ior ( ! tube4 ,! mode ( op]at+ is simple en\gh4 ,! syr+e is fill$ ) ! drug1 & ! po9t introduc$ "u ! sk9 at any giv5 spot4 ,pressure on ! pi/on !n =ces out ! liquid1 & causes x to mix ) ! blood4 ,,natural ,,animal ,,poisons4 ,n[1 bo? 9 ! animal & vegetable worlds may be f\nd sev]al examples ( an app>atus :i* acts 9 exactly ! same mann]4 ,! fir/ is ! poison-fang ( ! ,s]p5t1 a specim5 ( :i* is giv5 on ! left h& ( ! illu/ration4 ,?is fang answ]s 9 e respect to ! syr+e above m5tion$4 ,! long & sl5d] fang is holl[1 & answ]s to ! pipe ( ! syr+e4 ,x communicates at ! base ) a res]voir ( liquid poison1 :i* answ]s to ! body ( ! syr+e1 & !re is a little hole1 or r slit1 j above ! po9t1 :i* all[s ! poison to escape4 ,:5 ! s]p5t makes its /roke1 ! base ( ! fang is driv5 aga9/ ! res]voir1 s t ! liquid is urg$ ?r\gh ! holl[ tube1 & =c$ into ! w\nd4 ,ev5 9 l>ge s]p5ts ^! fangs are v small4 ,i h n[ be=e me "s fangs ( ! cobra1 puff-add]1 rattlesnake1 & vip]1 & x is a/oni%+ h[ small & sl5d] are ^! mo/ deadly weapons4 ,! figure 9 ! illu/ration is mu* magnifi$1 9 ord] to %[ ! ap]ture at ! base1 :]e communication is made ) ! int]ior ( ! fang4 ,z ! exit hole is on ! upp] curve ( ! fang1 x is n visible 9 ! figure4 ,next to ! s]p5t's fang is a repres5tation ( ! ,bee-/+1 ! poison\s res]voir be+ se5 at ! base1 & hav+ atta*$ to x ! t9y ?read-l gl& by :i* ! poison is secret$4 ,9 ! c5tre is se5 ! tail ( a ,scorpion1 ) its hook$ /+4 ,! la/ jo9t is =m$ j l ! s]p5t's fang1 be+ holl[1 hav+ a %>p po9t ) a slit ne> ! end1 & a poison res]voir 9 ! r\nd$ base4 ,:5 ! scorpion attacks an enemy1 x /rikes viol5tly ) ! tail1 & ! =ce ( ! bl[ drives out ! poison j z is done ) ! s]p5t's fang4 ,at ! bottom ( ! illu/ration is %[n ! poison-fang ( a ,spid]1 :i*1 z ! read] may see1 is =m$ j on ! pr9ciple ( ! scorpion-/+4 ,,natural ,,vegetable ,,poisons4 ,s mu* = animal poisons4 ,we w n[ pass to ! vegetable _w4 ,( ! vegetable /+-be>]s none are m famili> to u ?an ! ,nettle1 ?ree species ( :i* inhabit ?is c\ntry4 ,! two commone/ are ! ,great ,nettle 7,urtica dicea7 & ! ,small ,nettle 7,urtica ur5s71 & bo? ( !m are arm$ ) v5om\s /+s1 :i* cause ! plants to be s mu* dread$4 ,! /ructure ( ^! /+s is v simple1 & c be made out ) an ord9>y microscope1 or ev5 a good pocket l5s4 ,ea* ( ^! /+s is1 9 fact1 a r elaborately con/ruct$ hair1 holl[ ?r\gh\t its l5g?1 com+ to a po9t at ! tip1 & hav+ ! base swoll5 into a receptacle conta9+ ! poison\s juice4 ,:5 any object--su*1 = example1 z ! human h&--t\*es a nettle1 ! po9ts ( ! /+s slightly p5etrate ! sk91 & ! hair is press$ d[nw>ds aga9/ ! base1 s t ! poison is =c$ ?r\gh ! hole4 ,"o ( ^! hairs is %[n 9 ! left-h& bottom corn] ( ! illu/ration4 ,ev5 ! t9y /+s ( our ,engli% nettles are suffici5tly v5om\s to cause consid]able pa91 &1 9 "s cases1 ev5 to affect ! :ole n]v\s sy/em4 ,b "s ( ! exotic nettles are inf9itely m =midable1 & are1 inde$1 s dang]\s t1 :5 !y are gr[n 9 a botanical g>d51 a f5ce is plac$ r\nd !m1 s z to prev5t visitors ev5 f t\*+ a s+le leaf4 ,! two mo/ dread$ species are call$ ,urtica het]ophylla & ,urtica cr5ulata4 ,! =m] is ?\ght to be ! m dang]\s ( ! two1 & a good idea ( its v5om\s qualities may be ga!r$ f an acc\nt ( an adv5ture ) ,urtica cr5ulata4 ,! n>rator is ,m4 ,l4 de la ,t\r4 8,"o ( ! leaves slightly t\*$ ! fir/ ?ree f+]s ( my left h&2 at ! "t ,i only p]ceiv$ a slight prick+1 to :i* ,i paid no att5tion4 ,?is 0 at sev5 9 ! morn+4 ,! pa9 cont9u$ to increase1 & 9 an h\r x became intol]able2 x seem$ z if "s "o 7 rubb+ my f+]s ) a hot iron4 ,nev]!less1 !re 0 no rem>kable appe>ance1 nei!r swell+1 nor pu/ules1 nor inflammation4 8,! pa9 spread rapidly along ! arm z f> z ! armpit4 ,i 0 !n seiz$ ) frequ5t sneez+1 & ) a copi\s runn+ at ! nose1 z if ,i _h caught a viol5t cold 9 ! head4 ,ab\t noon ,i exp]i5c$ a pa9ful attack ( cramp at ! back ( ! jaws1 :i* made me fe> an attack ( tetanus4 ,i !n w5t to b$1 hop+ t repose w\ld alleviate my suff]+1 b x did n abate4 ,on ! contr>y1 x cont9u$ ne>ly ! :ole ( ! foll[+ night2 b ,i lo/ ! contraction ( ! jaws ab\t sev5 9 ! ev5+4 8,! next morn+ ! pa9 began to leave me1 & ,i fell asleep4 ,i cont9u$ to suff] = two days1 & ! pa9 return$ 9 full =ce :5 ,i put my h& into wat]4 ,i did n f9ally lose x = n9e days40 ,!re is ano!r ( ^! =midable nettles1 call$ 9 ! ,ea/ by a "n :i* signifies 8,devil's ,leaf10 & :i* is suffici5tly v5om\s to cause dea?4 ,!re is b little d\bt1 h[ev]1 t 9 ! pres5t in/ance1 if a l>g] portion ( ! body--say ! :ole arm--in/ead ( ?ree f+]s1 _h be5 /ung1 dea? w\ld h ensu$ f ! injury4 ,,! ,,b>b4 ,we n[ come to ano!r improvem5t1 or r addition1 9 ! v>i\s pi]c+ weapons4 ,sometimes1 z 9 ! case ( ! dagg] or ! h&-spe>1 x 0 necess>y t :5 a bl[ _h be5 /ruck ! weapon %\ld be easily )drawn f ! w\nd1 s z n to dis>m ! assailant1 & to enable him to repeat ! /roke if ne$ful4 ,b 9 ! case ( a missile weapon1 su* z a javel9 or an arr[1 x 0 (t5 useful1 bo? 9 w> & hunt+1 to =m ! head 9 su* a way t :5 x _h once ent]$ x c\ld sc>cely be )drawn4 ,= ?is purpose ! ,b>b 0 inv5t$1 tak+ diff]5t =ms1 accord+ to ! object ( ! weapon & ! nationality ( ! mak]4 ,z 9 ?is "w ,i pref] to %[ ! gradual developm5t ( human inv5tions1 ,i %all take my examples ( b>bs entirely f ! weapons ( uncivilis$ nations1 six examples ( :i* are giv5 9 ! accompany+ illu/ration1 & five ( !m be+ drawn f specim5s 9 my collection4 ,illu/ration3 ,,b>b$ ,,weapons4 ,! upp] left-h& figure is r a curi\s "o1 ! position ( ! b>bs be+ ne>ly rev]s$1 s t !y s]ve to te> ! fle% r ?an adh]e to x4 ,! opposite figure repres5ts an arr[ ) a d\bly b>b$ po9t4 ,x is *iefly us$ = %oot+ fi% z !y lie doz+ on or ne> ! surface ( ! wat]1 b x is an effective weapon = ord9>y hunt+ purposes1 &1 z ! %aft is fully five feet 9 l5g?1 is q =midable en\gh = w>4 ,! left-h& bottom figure repres5ts a v rem>kable in/rum5t1 = x c h>dly be call$ a weapon1 & is1 9 fact1 ! head ( a policeman's /aff4 ,x is peculi> to ,java1 & is call$ by ! "n ( 8,bunday40 ,z may be se5 by ref]5ce to ! illu/ration1 ! head ( ! ,bunday is =m$ ( two div]g+ slips ( wood4 ,to ea* ( ^! is la%$ a r[ ( long & %>p ?orns1 all po9t+ inw>ds1 & ! :ole is atta*$ to a tol]ably long %aft4 ,:5 a prison] is br\ght be=e ! *ief1 a policeman /&s beh9d him1 arm$ ) ! ,bunday1 &1 if ! man %\ld try to escape1 he is imm$iately arre/$ by ?ru/+ ! weapon at him1 s z to cat* him by ! wai/1 neck1 or arm1 or a leg4 ,escape is impossible1 especially z 9 ,java ! prison] we>s no?+ b 8 wai/-clo?4 ,a weapon =m$ on exactly ! same pr9ciple 0 us$ 9 ! fifte5? & sixte5? c5turies1 & 0 employ$ = dragg+ knights (f _! horses4 ,x 0 ( /eel in/ead ( wood1 & ! place ( ! ?orns 0 tak5 by two movable b>bs1 work+ on h+es1 & kept op5 by spr+s4 ,:5 a ?ru/ 0 made at ! knight's neck ! b>bs gave way1 s z to all[ ! prongs to envelop ! ?roat1 & !y !n sprang back aga91 prev5t+ ! horseman f dis5gag+ himself4 ,?is weapon is te*nically nam$ a 8cat*poll40 ,an illu/ration ( "o ( ^! weapons w be giv5 on ano!r page4 ,! "r-h& c5tral figure is an arr[ f ,we/]n ,africa4 ,9 a previ\s illu/ration 7page #fe7 a head ( "o ( ^! arr[s is giv5 on r a l>g] scale1 s z to %[ ! v peculi> b>bs4 ,^! are ( su* a nature t :5 !y h well sunk into ! body !y _c be )drawn1 b mu/ be pu%$ ?r\gh1 & drawn out on ! opposite side4 ,?is is drawn f "o ( my own specim5s4 ,9 "s cases1 ) an almo/ diabolical +5uity1 ! native arr[-mak] has set on a c\ple ( simil> b>bs1 direct$ t[>ds ! po9t1 s t ! weapon c nei!r be pu%$ ?r\gh nor drawn back4 ,"o ( ^! arr[s is %[n 9 ! illu/ration1 b1 = want ( space1 ! arti/ has plac$ ! oppos+ b>bs too ne> ea* o!r4 ,9 "s p>ts ( ,s\!rn ,africa a simil> weapon 0 us$ = secur+ a prison]1 ! b>b$ po9t be+ ?ru/ d[n 8 ?roat & left !re4 ,if x 7 pu%$ ?r\gh ! neck x kill$ him on ! spot1 & if x rema9$ 9 ! w\nd ! man c\ld n eat nor dr9k1 & ! be/ ?+ = him 0 to die z soon z he c\ld4 ,) simil> +5uity1 ! ,tongans & ,samoans made _! w>-spe>s ) eight or n9e b>bs1 &1 be=e go+ into action1 us$ to cut ! wood almo/ ?r\gh betwe5 ea* b>b1 s t :5 ! body 0 pi]c$1 ! head1 ) sev]al ( ! b>bs1 0 sure to break (f & leave a l>ge portion 9 ! w\nd4 ,9 ,m>9]'s well-kn[n book !re is an admirable acc\nt ( ! mode employ$ by a native surgeon = extract+ "o ( ^! spe>-heads4 ,s common 0 ?is weapon t e ,tongan g5tleman c>ri$ a _m-b>b$ spe> ab\t five feet long1 & us$ x ei!r z a walk+-/ick or a weapon4 ,x is ne$less to say t ?is spe> is almo/ an exact copy ( ! tail-bone ( ! ,/+ray4 ,a dagg] made ( ?is bone 0 us$ 9 ! ,pelew ,isl&s 9 #aghj1 b seem$ to be r sc>ce4 ,! left-h& c5tral figure is a ,fijian fi%-spe> ( f\r po9ts1 & ! la/ figure on ! "r h& repres5ts a l>ge f\r-prong$ spe> ( ,borneo4 ,bo? ^! weapons are 9 my collection4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,ano!r example ( a weapon :]e a l>ge & p[]ful b>b is ne$ful is ! ,h>poon4 ,z ! h>poon is us$ 9 captur+ ! :ale1 ! l>ge/ & mo/ p[]ful ( liv+ mammalia1 x is evid5t t a b>b :i* w hold su* a prey mu/ be r peculi>ly made4 ,! head & "p ( ! %aft ( ! h>poon are %[n 9 ! "r-h& figure ( ! accompany+ illu/ration4 ,illu/ration3 ,,l]n5toma4 ,illu/ration3 ,,h>poon4 ,! left-h& figure repres5ts a curi\s p>asitic cru/acean1 popul>ly call$ ! ,sprat-suck]1 because x is usually f\nd on sprats4 ,x affixes itself mo/ly to ! eye1 ! deeply b>b$ head be+ introduc$ betwe5 ! eye & ! socket4 ,9 "s seasons ?is rem>kable p>asite is q pl5tiful1 :ile 9 o!rs sc>cely a specim5 c be f\nd4 ,its total l5g? is slightly "u an in*1 & its sci5tific "n is ,l]n5toma ,spratti4 ,! foll[+ graphic acc\nt ( "s prototypic weapons belong+ to a m>9e worm is giv5 by ,mr4 ,rym] ,jones1 & is well wor?y ( p]usal1 n only = ! vividness ( ! description1 b = its exact accuracy3-- 8,"h is a ,polynoe1 a curi\s g5us1 v common "u /ones at l[ wat] on our rocky %ores4 8,x is rem>kable on sev]al acc\nts4 ,all d[n ! back we discov] a set ( oval or kidney-%ap$ plates1 :i* are call$ ! back-plates 7dorsal elytra72 ^! are flat1 & are plant$ ^u ! back by little foot/alks1 set on ne> ! m>g9 ( ! "u surface3 !y are arrang$ 9 two r[s1 ov]lapp+ ea* o!r at ! edge4 ,^! kidney-%ap$ %ields1 :i* c be deta*$ ) slight viol5ce1 are /udd$ ov] ) little transp>5t oval bodies1 set on %ort foot/alks1 :i* are1 p]haps1 delicate organs ( t\*4 ,! int]m$iate ant5n1 ! t5tacles1 & ! cirrhi or filam5ts ( ! feet1 are simil>ly fr+$ ) ^! little app5dages1 :i* resemble ! gl&s ( c]ta9 plants1 & h a mo/ s+ul> appe>ance4 8,if we remove ! %ields1 we discov]1 on ea* side ( ! body1 a r[ ( w>t-l feet1 f ea* ( :i* project two bundles ( sp9es ( exquisite /ructure4 ,! bundles1 exp&+ on all sides1 resemble s _m %eaves ( :eat1 or y may m appropriately fancy y behold ! arm\ry ( "s bellig]5t sea-fairy1 ) /acks ( arms en\gh to acc\tre a num]\s ho/4 8,b1 if y look closely at ! weapons !mselves1 !y r resemble ^? :i* we are accu/om$ to wond] at 9 mission>y museums1--! arms ( "s +5i\s b b>b>\s p f ! ,s\? ,sea ,isl&s1--?an su* z are us$ 9 civilis$ w>f>e4 ,"h are long lances1 made l scy!-blades1 set on a /aff1 ) a hook on ! tip1 z if to capture ! flee+ foe1 & br+ him )9 rea* ( ! blade4 ,among !m are o!rs ( simil> %ape1 b ) ! edge cut into delicate slant+ not*es1 :i* run along ! sides ( ! blade l ^? on ! edge ( our reap+-hooks4 8,^! are *iefly ! weapons ( ! l[] bundle2 ^? ( ! upp] are /ill m impos+4 ,! out]mo/ are %ort curv$ clubs1 arm$ ) a r[ ( %>k's tee? to make !m m fatal2 ^! surr\nd a clu/] ( spe>s1 ! long heads ( :i* are furni%$ ) a d\ble r[ ( ! same app5dages1 & l5g!n$ scimit>s1 ! curv$ edges ( :i* are cut into tee? l a saw4 8,?\gh a /rang] might ?9k ,i _h drawn copi\sly on my fancy = ?is description1 ,i am sure1 ) y\r eye ^u :at is on ! /age ( ! microscope at ?is mom5t1 y w ackn[l$ge t ! resemblances are n at all =c$ or unnatural4 ,to add to ! effect1 imag9e t all ^! weapons are =g$ out ( ! cle>e/ glass in/ead ( /eel2 t ! l>g] bundles may conta9 ab\t fifty1 & ! small] half z _m ea*2 t !re are f\r bundles ^u e segm5t1 & t ! body is compos$ ( tw5ty-five su* segm5ts1 & y w h a tol]able idea ( ! g>niture & armature ( ?is little worm1 :i* grubs ab\t 9 ! mud at l[-wat] m>k40 ,illu/ration3 ,,"p ,,( ,,wasp-,,/+4 ,illu/ration3 ,,ma9 ,,gau*e4 ,some:]e betwe5 ! fifte5? & sixte5? c5turies a sort ( anomal\s weapon 0 9 use1 namely1 a dagg]1 ) a numb] ( v deep & bold b>bs4 ,x 0 n1 h[ev]1 employ$ = (f5ce1 b = def5ce1 & 0 us$ 9 ! 8rapi] & dagg]0 mode ( fight+1 :5 ! dagg]1 :i* 0 held 9 ! left h&1 0 employ$ to p>ry ! ?ru/s ( ! rapi]1 :i* 0 held 9 ! "r4 ,f ! mode ( hold+ x1 ! weapon 0 call$ 8,ma9 ,gau*e40 ,sometimes ! blade 0 q pla91 &1 inde$1 an ord9>y dagg] answ]$ ! purpose4 ,b 9 mo/ cases ! ,ma9 ,gau*e 0 made = ?is special purpose1 & 0 furni%$ ei!r ) /rong div]g+ projections1 or ) a s]ies ( deep not*es1 s t ! sword ( ! enemy might be caught 9 !m & brok54 ,9 consequ5ce ( ?is use ^! not*$ or gu>d$ weapons 7 also call$ by ! "n ( ,brise-pe1 or ,sword-break]4 ,! resemblance betwe5 ?is weapon & ! blade ( a wasp's /+ c be se5 at a glance4 ,!re is ano!r =m ( ! ,brise-pe :i* is s /rangely l ! cutt+ app>atus ( "o ( ! saw-flies1 t an outl9e sket* ( ! "o w\ld answ] v well = ! o!r4 ,,w> ,,& ,,hunt+4 ,,*apt] ,,iii4 ,,projectile ,,weapons ,,& ,,! ,,%ea?4 ,propulsive ,p[]4--,! ,pea-%oot] & its ,p[]s4--,an ,attack repuls$4--,clay ,bullets4--,puff & ,d>t4--,! ,sumpitan ( ,borneo1 & its ,arr[s4--,! ,z>abatana or ,pucunha ( ,s\? ,am]ica1 & its ,arr[s4--,! ,air-gun4--,mod]n ,fire>ms4--,! ,*todon1 or ,ar*]-fi%4--,! ,pneumatic ,railway4--,! ,?r[+-/ick & its ,p[]s4--,au/ralians1 ,esquimaux1 & ,new ,cal$onians4--,pr9ciple ( ! ,%ea?4--,wag&a ,spe>s4--,%ea!d ,pi]c+ ,app>atus ( ! ,gnat1 ,flea1 & ,bombylius4--,indian ,tulw> & ,cat's ,claw4--,! ,surgeon's ,lancet1 & ,pi]c+ ,app>atus ( ! ,gad-fly & ,mosquito4 ,we w n[ take "s ( ! analogies betwe5 ,projectile ,weapons ( ,art & ,nature1 select+ ^? 9 :i* ! propulsive p[] is air or gases )9 a tube4 ,:e!r ! weapon be a bl[-gun1 an air-gun1 or a fire>m ( any description1 ! pr9ciple is ! same4 ,we w take !m 9 succession1 *oos+ fir/ ^? ( ! simple/ & mo/ primitive "*4 ,tak+ ourselves z examples1 & look+ ^u ! toys ( *ildr5 z precursors ( m important inv5tions1 we f9d t ! simple/ & mo/ primitive ( projectiles is ! ,pea-%oot]1 s famili> to all boys4 ,insignificant z is ! little t9 tube1 & small z are ! missiles :i* are propell$ ?r\gh x1 ! bl[ :i* c be /ruck by a pea prop]ly %ot is no trifle4 ,at college ,i h se5 a night attack ^u an und]graduate's rooms successfully repell$ by a pea-%oot] made = ! nonce ( a glass tube1 ! own] ( ! rooms hav+ a ta/e = *emicals1 & possess+ a fair /ock ( ! usual app>atus4 ,?\gh ! assault$ rooms 7 on ! top set1 & ! assailants began _! /orm+ approa*es bel[1 ! peas 7 too mu* = ! /ones1 tak+ /++ effect on ! h&s & faces1 & prev5t+ any good aim be+ tak5 at ! w9d[s4 ,only two panes ( glass 7 brok5 ?r\gh a siege t la/$ = sev]al h\rs4 ,!re is ano!r toy :i* is a developm5t ( ! pea-%oot]1 & c>ries a small clay bullet in/ead ( a pea4 ,:5 ! tube is q /raight & ! balls fit well1 ! =ce ( ?is missile is v great1 z x c be us$ = kill+ small birds4 ,inde$1 su* an in/rum5t is l>gely employ$ by ! native hunt]s 9 procur+ humm+-birds = ! ,european m>ket4 ,^! weapons are g5]ally l9$ ) metal 9 ?is c\ntry1 b a simple bamboo tube is suffici5t = ! native hunt]s4 ,a /ill fur!r improvem5t occurs :]e ! place ( ! bullet is tak5 by a small d>t or arr[1 :i* is usually made to fit ! bore by hav+ a tuft ( wool1 or "s simil> sub/ance1 at ! butt4 ,! arr[ is aim$ at a t>get1 & ! toy is popul>ly kn[n z 8,puff & ,d>t40 ,) u ?is app>atus is only a toy1 b 9 sev]al p>ts ( ! _w x becomes a deadly weapon1 namely1 9 ,borneo & ov] a l>ge "p ( tropical ,am]ica4 ,9 bo? cases ! arr[s are poison$1 z has already be5 m5tion$ :5 treat+ ( poison$ weapons4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,! fir/ & be/ kn[n ( ^! weapons is ! dread$ ,sumpitan1 or ,bl[-gun1 ( ,borneo1 ! arr[s ( :i* are poison$ ) ! deadly juice ( ! upas-tree4 ,"h ,i may z well m5tion t ! sci5tific "n ( ! upas-tree is ,anti>is toxic>ia4 ,x belongs to a l>ge gr\p ( plants1 all ( :i* h an abundance ( milk-l & sometimes poison\s juice4 ,we are mo/ ( u famili> ) ! old /ory ( ! upas-tree & its deadly p[]1 & h[ ! tree /ood 9 a valley1 9 :i* no?+ else c\ld live1 & t condemn$ crim9als might comp\nd = _! inevitable fate by v5tur+ into ! valley ( dea? & br++ back a flask ( ! dread poison4 ,ev5 birds 7 suppos$ to be unable to fly ov] ! valley1 b to fall into x1 be+ poison$ by ! exhalations ( ! tree4 ,n[1 !re is a say+ t !re is no smoke )\t fire1 & ?\gh ?is acc\nt is evid5tly incr$ible1 x is n altoge!r )\t f\ndation4 ,9 ,java1 z 9 _m o!r p>ts ( ! _w1 !re are l[-ly+ places :]e c>bonic acid gas exudes f ! e>?1 & no liv+ creature c exi/ 9 !m4 ,ev5 9 ?is c\ntry sc>cely a ye> passes )\t sev]al dea?s occurr+ f inhalation ( ! same fatal gas1 :i* has collect$ 9 "s disus$ excavation4 ,t !re is1 !re=e1 a deadly valley 9 ,java may be true en\gh1 & x is also true t ! juice ( ! upas-tree is poison\s :5 x mixes ) ! blood4 ,b ! two h no connection ) ea* o!r1 &1 s f> f ! upas-tree poison+ ! valley by its exhalations1 x c\ld n exi/ 9 su* an atmosph]e4 ,n[ = ! ,sumpitan & ! arr[s4 ,! =m] is a tube1 "s sev5 feet 9 l5g?1 ) a bore ( ab\t half an in* 9 diamet]1 & (t5 elaborately inlaid ) metal4 ,i h "o 9 :i* ! :ole ( ! m\?piece is brass1 & ! o!r end ( ! weapon has be5 fitt$ ) a l>ge spe>-head1 exactly on ! pr9ciple ( ! bayonet4 ,! arr[s are v slight1 &1 9 ord] to make !m fit ! tube1 are furni%$ at _! bases ) a conical piece ( s(t wood4 ,9 !mselves !y w\ld be almo/ useless z weapons1 b :5 ! poison ) :i* _! po9ts are arm$ is fre%1 ^! t9y arr[s1 ( :i* sixty or sev5ty are b an ord9>y h&ful1 c>ry dea? 9 _! po9ts4 ,?\gh !y h no great range1 !y are project$ ) mu* =ce1 & ) su* rapidity t !y _c be avoid$1 _! sl5d] %afts be+ almo/ invisible z !y pass ?r\gh ! air4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,! second weapon is ! /ill m dang]\s bl[-gun ( tropical ,am]ica1 call$ ,z>abatana1 or ,pucunha1 accord+ to ! locality4 ,"s ( ^! tubes measure m ?an elev5 feet 9 l5g?1 & ?r\gh !m ! arr[ c be propell$ ) wond]ful =ce4 ,i h (t5 s5t an arr[ to a di/ance ( a hundr$ y>ds1 & ) a good aim4 ,a native1 h[ev]1 c s5d x mu* f>!r1 knack1 & n m]e capacity ( lung1 supply+ ! propell+ p[]1 j z x is ) ! pea-%oot]4 ,:5 ! arr[ is prop]ly bl[n ?r\gh ! z>abatana a %>p 8pop0 ought to be he>d1 l ! s\nd produc$ by a f+] =c$ into a ?imble & quickly )drawn1 or a cork drawn f a bottle4 ,z to see+ ! dim9utive arr[ 9 its flight1 x is out ( ! "q1 & no agility c be ( ! lea/ use 9 avoid+ x4 ,"o ( my fri5ds1 a peculi>ly %>p-sight$ (fic] ( artill]y1 has (t5 te/$ ?is po9t1 & al?\gh !re 0 b "o arr[ to wat*1 & x 0 bl[n 9 ! op5 air1 he c\ld n see x until x ei!r /ruck or pass$ him 7( c\rse ! poison$ end 0 cut (f74 ,:at1 !n1 w\ld be ! result ( a numb] ( ^! deadly missiles hurl$ out ( a d5se bu% may easily be imag9$4 ,an acc\nt ( ! poison ) :i* ^! arr[s are arm$ w be f\nd on p4 #fd4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,! read] w please to rememb] t 9 all ^! cases ! missile is propell$ by air :i* is compress$ by ! aid ( ! lungs1 & =c$ into ! tube beh9d ! bullet or arr[4 ,n[1 ! ,,air-,,gun1 :i* really c be made a =midable weapon1 is con/ruct$ on exactly ! same pr9ciple z ! pea-%oot] & ! bl[-guns1 except t ! air is compress$ by ! human arm in/ead ( ! human lungs4 ,!re are v>i\s modifications ( ?is weapon1 b 9 all ( !m air is driv5 into a /rong *amb] by means ( a =c+ syr+e1 & is releas$ by ! pull ( ! trigg]1 s z to drive out ! missile :i* has be5 plac$ 9 ! b>rel4 ,x is wor?y ( notice t ! t]m 8noiselessly de/ructive0 weapon1 z appli$ to ! air-gun1 is entirely false4 ,i h already m5tion$ t ) ! bl[-gun ( tropical ,am]ica a def9ite explosion accompanies ! flight ( ea* arr[4 ,! same result occurs ) ! air-gun1 ! l\dness ( ! report be+ 9 exact proportion to ! =ce ( ! air1 ea* successive report becom+ slight] & ! propulsive p[] weak] until a new supply ( air is =c$ into ! *amb]4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,h[ev] dissimil> 9 appe>ance may be ! cannon1 rifle1 pi/ol1 or any o!r fire>m1 to ! pea-%oot] & its k91 ! pr9ciple is exactly ! same 9 all4 ,x has be5 already m5tion$ t 9 ! bl[-guns ! air is compress$ by ! ex]tion ( human lungs1 & 9 ! air-gun ! compression is a*iev$ by human h&s4 ,b ) ! fire>m a va/ volume ( expansible gas is kept lock$ up 9 ! =m ( gunp[d]1 gun-cotton1 fulm9at+ silv]1 or o!r explosive comp\nd1 & is let loose1 :5 want$1 by ! aid ( fire4 99 99 99 99 99 ,illu/ration3 ,,*,,todon1 ,,or ,,ar*]-,,fi%4 ,illu/ration3 ,,bl[-,,guns--,,cannon4 ,9 ! illu/ration are repres5t$ on ! "r h& ! bl[-guns ( ,am]ica & ,borneo1 & bel[ !m is ! cannon z at pres5t made4 ,on ! left h& ( ! same illu/ration is se5 a repres5tation ( a natural gun :i* has exi/$ = ?\s&s ( ye>s be=e gunp[d] 0 inv5t$1 & v long be=e ! savage ( ,borneo or ,am]ica discov]$ ! bl[-gun4 ,x is ! ,,ar*]-,,fi% 7,*todon71 :i* possesses ! curi\s p[] ( fe$+ itself by %oot+ drops ( wat] at flies1 & v seldom fail+ to secure its prey4 ,!re are sev]al species ( ?is v curi\s fi% spread ov] ! w>m] p>ts ( ! _w1 & _! rem>kable mode ( obta9+ prey is v well kn[n 9 all4 ,!re is1 inde$1 sc>cely any ph5om5on 9 ,nature m rem>kable ?an ! fact ( a fi% be+ able to %oot a fly ) a drop ( wat] project$ ?r\gh its tubul> beak1 if we may use t expression = s curi\sly modifi$ a m\?4 ,inde$1 s c]ta9 is ! fi% ( its aim1 t 9 ,japan x is kept z a pet 9 glass vases1 j z we keep gold fi% 9 ,engl&1 & is f$ by hold+ flies or o!r insects to x on ! end ( a rod a few in*es above ! surface ( ! wat]4 ,! fi% is sure to see ! insect1 & equally sure to br+ x d[n ) a drop ( wat] propell$ ?r\gh its beak4 ,x is wor?y ( rem>k t ! same pr9ciple 0 once1 ?\gh unsuccessfully1 employ$ 9 ! propulsion ( c>riages1 "u ! "n ( ! ,pneumatic ,railway4 ,"s ( my read]s may rememb] ! railway itself1 or at all ev5ts ! disus$ tubes :i* lay = s _m ye>s along ! ,croydon ,railway4 ,spe$ 0 obta9$1 z ,i c te/ify f p]sonal exp]i5ce1 b ! exp5se ( air-pumps & air-tight tub+ 0 too great to be cov]$ by ! income1 especially z ! rats ate ! oil$ lea!r :i* cov]$ ! valves4 99 99 99 99 99 ,i ,,f9d "s little difficulty 9 arrang+ ! subject :i* comes next 9 ord]4 ,x might v prop]ly be rank$ among ! ,lev]s1 :i* w be treat$ ( 9 ano!r *apt]2 or x might be plac$ among ! examples ( c5trifugal =ce1 toge!r ) ! sl+1 ! 8gov]nor0 ( ! /eam-eng9e1 c41 all ( :i* w be m fully describ$ 9 _! places4 ,h[ev]1 z we are on ! subject ( ,projectiles1 we may z well take x 9 ! pres5t place4 ,x is ! ,,?r[+-,,/ick1 by :i* ! p[] ( ! human arm is enorm\sly increas$1 :5 a spe> is to be hurl$4 ,p]haps ! mo/ exp]t spe>-?r[]s 9 ! _w are to be f\nd among ! ,kafir tribes ( ,s\!rn ,africa1 & yet ! mo/ exp]i5c$ among !m c\ld n make sure ( hitt+ a man at any di/ance above ?irty or =ty y>ds4 ,b ! ?r[+-/ick gives ne>ly d\ble ! range1 & ,i h se5 ! comp>atively slight & feeble ,au/ralian hurl a spe> to a di/ance ( a hundr$ y>ds1 & ) an aim z p]fect z t ( a ,kafir at "o-f\r? ( ! di/ance4 ,! mode 9 :i* ?is feat is p]=m$ is %[n 9 ! accompany+ diagram4 ,in/ead ( hold+ ! spe> itself1 ! native furni%es himself ) a 8,?r[+-/ick40 ,?is weapon v>ies greatly 9 %ape & size1 b a v good idea ( its =m1 & ! mann] ( us+ x1 may be obta9$ f ! accompany+ illu/ration1 :i* 0 drawn f ! actual specim5 z held by an ,au/ralian native4 ,! ?r[+-/ick is arm$ at ! tip ) a %ort spike1 :i* fits into a little hole 9 ! b ( ! spe>4 ,! /ick & spe> be+ !n held z %[n 9 ! illu/ration1 x is evid5t t a p[]ful lev]age is obta9$1 v>y+ accord+ to ! l5g? ( ! /ick4 ,i possess sev]al ( ^! in/rum5ts1 no two ( :i* are alike4 ,x is r rem>kable t among ! ,esquimaux a ?r[+-/ick is also us$1 exactly simil> 9 pr9ciple1 b diff]+ slightly 9 /ructure1 ! b ( ! spe> fitt+ into a hole at ! end ( ! ?r[+-/ick4 ,wood be+ sc>ce among ! ,esquimaux1 ^! in/rum5ts are mo/ly made ( bone4 ,i possess "o1 h[ev]1 :i* is made ( wood1 beautifully poli%$1 & adorn$ ) a l>ge blue /one1 some?+ l a turquoise1 set almo/ 9 its middle4 ,"o ( ! mo/ curi\s po9ts 9 ! =mation ( ! ,esquimaux weapon is1 t ! b is groov$ & *annell$ s z to admit ! f+]s & ?umb ( ! "r h&4 ,! av]age l5g? ( ?is in/rum5t is tw5ty in*es4 ,illu/ration3 ,,jaw ,,( ,,snake4 ,illu/ration3 ,,?r[+-,,/ick4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,9 ,new ,cal$onia ! natives use a contrivance = increas+ ! p[] ( ! spe>1 :i* is bas$ on exactly id5tical pr9ciples1 ?\gh ! mode ( c>ry+ !m out is diff]5t4 ,a ?ong or cord ( "s eighte5 in*es 9 l5g? is kept 9 ! "r h&1 "o end be+ loop$ ov] ! =ef+]1 & ! o!r1 :i* is t]m9at$ by a button1 be+ twi/$ r\nd ! %aft ( ! spe>4 ,:5 ! weapon is ?r[n1 ! additional lev]age gives x great p[]2 & x is a notewor?y fact t ! sl+-spe> ( ,new ,cal$onia has enabl$ u to und]/& ! o!rwise un9telligible 8am5tum0 ( ! anci5t classic writ]s4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,pass+ f ,art to ,nature1 we h 9 ! jaw ( ! s]p5t an exact type ( ! peculi> lev]age by :i* ! spe> is ?r[n4 ,if ! read] w ref] to ! illu/ration1 he w see t ! l[] jaw ( ! snake1 in/ead ( be+ set directly on ! upp] jaw1 is atta*$ to an elongat$ bone1 :i* gives ! additional lev]age :i* is ne$ful 9 ! act ( swall[+ prey1 aft] ! mann] ( s]p5ts4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,9 ,w> & 9 ,peace we h be5 long accu/om$ to %ield ! edges & po9ts ( our %>p weapons ) %ea?s1 & ev5 ! v savages h be5 driv5 to ?is device4 ,i h 9 my collection a numb] ( %ea!d weapons f ne>ly all p>ts ( ! _w1 & x is a rem>kable fact t ! ,fan tribe1 :o are !mselves absolutely nak$1 %ea! _! dagg]s & axes z c>efully z we %ea! our swords & bayonets4 ,9 "s po9ts1 inde$1 !y g beyond u2 = ! mo/ ignorant ,fan savage w\ld nev] ?9k ( blunt+ ! edge ( 8 weapon by %ea?+ x 9 a metal scabb>d4 ,_! %ea?s are beautifully made ( two flat pieces ( wood1 j suffici5tly holl[$ to all[ ! blade to lie betwe5 !m1 & b\nd toge!r ) v>i\s sub/ances4 ,= example1 ! %ea?s ( "o or two dagg]s 9 my possession are made ( wood cov]$ ) snake-sk91 :ile o!rs are simply wood b\nd ) a sort ( rattan4 ,ev5 ! curi\s missile-axe :i* ! ,fan w>rior uses ) su* p[] is cov]$ ) a %ea? :5 n 9 actual use4 ,illu/ration3 ,,pi]c+ ,,app>atus ,,& ,,%ea?s4 ,,%ea!d ,,spe>s ,,( ,,wag&a4 ,,gnat4 ,,flea4 ,,bombylius4 ,! figure on ! "r h& ( ! illu/ration repres5ts ! heads ( two spe>s ( ,wag&a w>riors4 ,:5 !y pres5t !mselves be=e _! k+1 ! w>riors mu/ n appe> )\t _! weapons1 & x w\ld be contr>y to all etiquette to %[ a b>e blade except 9 action4 ,! %ea? c be slipp$ (f 9 a mom5t1 b !re x is1 & any man :o d>$ to appe> be=e 8 sov]eign )\t 8 weapon1 or ) an un%ea!d spe>1 w\ld lose 8 life on ! spot1 s exact is ! code ( etiquette among ^! savages4 ,! %ea!d spe>s ( ,nature are %[n 9 ! same illu/ration4 ,on ! left is a side view ( ! pi]c+ app>atus ( ! common ,gnat4 ,9 ! middle is ! comp\nd pi]c+ app>atus ( ! common ,flea1 ) :i* we are sometimes too well acqua9t$1 ! upp] figure %[+ ! lancets & %ea?s toge!r1 & ! l[] exhibit+ !m :5 sep>at$4 ,on ! "r is %[n ! gr\p ( m\?-lancets belong+ to "o ( ! ,humble-bee flies 7,bombylius74 ,^! flies d n suck blood l ! ,mosquito1 ! ,flea1 & ! ,gad-fly1 b !y use ! long proboscis = suck+ ! sweet juices out ( fl[]s1 & 9 consequ5ce x is ne>ly ( ! same =m z if x 7 meant = suck+ blood4 ,inde$1 !re are "s insects :i* d n seem to c>e v mu* :e!r ! juice :i* !y suck is animal or vegetable4 ,illu/ration3 #h ,,claw4--,,%ea? ,,op5+ ,,along ,,! ,,curv$ ,,back4 ,illu/ration3 ,,indian ,,tulw>4--,,%ea? ,,op5+ ,,along ,,! ,,curv$ ,,back4 ,on ! "r h& ( ! illu/ration is se5 an ,indian sword1 or 8,tulw>10 drawn f "o ( my own specim5s4 ,i h select$ ?is example on acc\nt ( ! /ructure ( ! %ea?4 ,x is evid5t1 f ! =m ( ! blade1 t ! sword _c be %ea!d po9t =emo/1 & t !re=e "s o!r plan mu/ be us$4 ,9 ?is weapon ! %ea? is left op5 on "o side1 ! two portions be+ held toge!r by ! /raps :i* are %[n 9 ! figure4 ,( c\rse !re is loss ( "t 9 %ea?+ & draw+ su* a sword1 b ! peculi> %ape ( ! blade entails a necessity = a special scabb>d4 ,on ! o!r side is %[n "o ( ! =e-claws ( a cat1 :i*1 z we all "k1 c be drawn back into its simple %ea? betwe5 ! toes1 :5 x is n 9 use4 ,?is %ea? is exactly ! same 9 pr9ciple z t ( ! ,indian tulw>1 & any "o c exam9e x by look+ at ! foot ( a good-temp]$ cat4 ,i h done s ev5 ) a *etah1 :i* is n a subject t w\ld g5]ally be *os5 = su* a purpose4 ,on ! next illu/ration is %[n an ord9>y ,lancet1 9 :i* ! blade is gu>d$ betwe5 a d\ble %ea?1 ! two halves & ! blade itself work+ ^u a common pivot4 ,z = ! ord9>y sword & dagg] %ea?s1 x is n wor? :ile to figure !m4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,turn+ to ! opposite side ( ! illu/ration1 we %all see a few ( ! innum]able examples 9 :i* ! pr9ciple ( ! %ea? 0 c>ri$ out 9 ,nature long be=e man came on ! e>?4 ,! read] %\ld comp>e ?is figure ) ! side view ( ! ,gnat's lancets giv5 on p4 #ha4 ,illu/ration3 ,,lancets ,,( ,,tabanus ,,clos$4 ,illu/ration3 ,,lancets ,,( ,,mosquito ,,p>tly ,,op54 ,illu/ration3 ,,surgeon',s ,,lancet ,,p>tly ,,op54 ,!y repres5t ! cutt+ & pi]c+ in/rum5ts ( sev]al insects1 all ( :i* are v complicat$1 & are %ea!d aft] ! mann] ( ! lancet4 ,inde$1 !y are popul>ly kn[n z 8m\?-lancets10 & ) reason1 z ! read] may see by ref]5ce to ! illu/ration4 ,on ! extreme left are %[n ! head & clos$ lancets ( a =eign ,gad-fly1 ! lancets be+ all 9 _! %ea?s1 & %[+ ! "* ( ! weapon :i* enables a small fly to be ma/]1 or r mi/ress1 ( ! =e/4 ,i say mi/ress1 because 9 all ^! cases x is ! female alone t possesses ^! in/rum5ts ( torture4 ,next x is a magnifi$ repres5tation ( ! lancets ( ! common ,mosquito1 z se5 f above1 bo? lancets be+ remov$ f _! %ea?s & sep>at$4 ,,w> ,,& ,,hunt+4 ,,*apt] ,,iv4 ,! ,net1 z us$ 9 ,hunt+ & ,w>4--,! ,se9e-net1 z us$ = ,fi%+4--,also z a means ( ,hunt+4--,net = ,elephant-cat*+4--,/eel ,net = ,milit>y ,purposes4--,web ( ! ,g>d5 ,spid]4--,! ,ca/+-net1 z us$ 9 ,fi%+4--,also z employ$ 9 ! ,combats ( ! anci5t ,circus4--,v>i\s ,k9ds ( ,ca/+-nets4--,! ,argus ,/>-fi% & ! ,b>nacle4--,! ,rod & ,l9e4--,angl+ ( v>i\s ,k9ds4--,! ,polynesian z an ,angl]4--,! ,angl]-fi%4--8,play+0 a ,fi%4--,! ,nem]tes & its ,mode ( ,fe$+4--,mr4 ,k+sley's ,acc\nt ( x4--,p[] ( ,elongation & ,contraction4--,! ,cydippe4--,spr+-traps4--,! ,g91 ,rat-trap1 & ,man-trap4--,jaws ( ,dolph91 ,porpoise1 & ,alligator4--,legs ( ,phasma4--,bait$ ,traps4--,c>nivor\s ,plants & _! ,mode ( ,fe$+4--,birdlime4--8,pegg+0 = ,*aff9*es4--,curi\s ,mode ( ,tig]-kill+4--,ant-eat] & its ,mode ( ,fe$+4--,! ,dros]a4--,web ( ,spid] & its ,/ructure4 ,,! ,,net4 ,al?\gh ! ,net is b seldom employ$ = ! purposes ( g5]al w>f>e1 x 0 once l>gely us$ 9 individual combats1 ( :i* we w pres5tly treat4 ,9 hunt+1 h[ev]1 especially 9 fi%+1 ! ,net has be5 9 con/ant use1 & is equally valu$ by savages & ! mo/ civilis$ nations4 ,to beg9 ) ! fi%]ies4 ,ev5 among ourselves !re are s _m v>ieties ( fi%+-nets t ev5 to enum]ate !m w\ld be a "w ( "t4 ,h[ev]1 !y are all bas$ on "o ( two pr9ciples1 i4e4 ! nets :i* are set & ! nets :i* are ?r[n4 ,we w beg9 ) ! fir/4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,on ! "r h& ( ! illu/ration1 & at ! bottom1 may be se5 a common ,se9e-net be+ 8%ot0 9 ! sea4 ,?is =m ( net is v long 9 proportion to its wid?1 "s ( ^! nets be+ sev]al miles long4 ,! upp] edge ( ! net is furni%$ ) a s]ies ( cork bungs1 :i* ma9ta9 x on ! surface1 :ile ! l[] edge has a correspond+ set ( weights1 :i* keep ! net ext5d$ l a wall ( me%es4 ,any fi% :i* come aga9/ ?is wall are1 ( c\rse1 arre/$1 & are g5]ally caught by ! gill-cov]s 9 _! va9 attempts to =ce !mselves ?r\gh ! me%es4 ,we may see repres5tations ( fi%+ ) ! se9e-net 9 ! sculptures & pa9t+s ( ,egypt & ,assyria2 & 9 ! ,b]l9 ,museum !re is a "p ( an ,egyptian se9e-net ) ! leads /ill ^u ! l[] edge1 & ! upp] edge be>+ a numb] ( l>ge pieces ( wood1 :i* act$ z buoys1 & s]v$ ! same purpose z our corks4 ,illu/ration3 ,,spid]-,,web4 ,,hunt+-,,net4 ,,! ,,se9e-,,net4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,9 hunt+1 ?is plan has be5 adopt$ = _m c5turies1 ! upp] edge ( ! net be+ support$ on poles1 & ! l[] fa/5$ to ! gr\nd 9 su* a mann] z to leave ! net hang+ 9 loose folds4 ,:ile ?is "p ( ! bus9ess is be+ complet$ by ! s]vants1 ! hunt]s are =m+ a l>ge semicircle1 9 :i* !y enclose a numb] ( wild bea/s1 :i* !y drive into ! nets or 8toils0 by gradually contract+ ! semicircle4 ,! anci5t sculptures give u acc\nts ( nets us$ 9 exactly ?is mann]4 ,!re are repres5t$ ! nets roll$ up ready = use1 & be+ c>ri$ on ! %\ld]s ( sev]al att5dants1 :o are be>+ !m to ! field4 ,!n !re are ! nets set up on _! poles1 & hav+ enclos$ )9 !m a numb] ( wild animals1 su* z bo>s & de]4 ,9 v>i\s p>ts ( ,india1 hunt+ ) ! net is "o ( ! *ief amusem5ts ( _! pr9cipal m51 & ! v>iety ( game driv5 into ! toils is really surpris+1 & af=ds a magnific5t sight to ^? :o view x = ! fir/ "t4 ,ev5 ! tig] himself _c leap ov] ! nets because !y are s high1 nor =ce 8 way ?r\gh !m1 because _! folds hang s lightly t !y (f] no resi/ance to 8 ef=ts4 ,a v simple net on simil> pr9ciples is us$ = cat*+ elephants4 ,x is =m$ ( ! long creep+ plants t fl+ !mselves 9 tangl$ masses f tree to tree4 ,^! creep]s are c>efully twi/$ into a net-l =m1 )\t be+ remov$ f ! trees1 & :5 a suffici5t space has be5 enclos$ ! elephants are driv5 into x4 ,n ev5 _! gigantic /r5g? & tons ( weight are capable ( break+ ?r\gh a b>ri] :i*1 app>5tly slight1 is z /rong z if x 7 built ( ! tree-trunks on :i* ! creep]s are hung4 ,?is net is seldom us$ = milit>y purposes1 ?\gh ,i h se5 "o1 :i* ,i believe /ill exi/s1 & w\ld d good s]vice4 ,9 "o ( our l>ge/ =tresses !re is a subt]ranean corridor1 ?r\gh :i* x is desir\s t ! enemy %\ld n p5etrate4 ,"o mode ( def5ce consi/s ( a l>ge net made ( /eel hang+ loosely across x4 ,! me%es are ab\t t5 in*es squ>e1 s t ! def5d]s c fire f _! loopholes ?r\gh ! me%es1 :ile ! assailants1 ev5 if !y knew ( its position1 w\ld f9d t no?+ small] ?an a field-gun w\ld h any effect on ?is =midable net4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,! natural analogy ( ! fix$ net is evid5tly ! web ( ! common ,g>d5 ,spid]1 or ,cross ,spid] 7,epeira diadema71 ^: beautiful nets we all mu/ h admir$1 especially :5 we are wise en\gh to get up suffici5tly e>ly 9 ! morn+ to see ! webs ) ! dewdrops glitt]+ on !m4 ,la/ ye> !re 0 a wond]ful sight4 ,)9 a mile ( my h\se !re is a long iron f5ce1 :i* 9 "o night _h be5 cov]$ ) ! webs ( ! g>d5 spid]4 ,! foll[+ morn+1 ?\gh bright1 0 *illy1 s t ! dewdrops 7 unt\*$4 ,i happ5$ to pass by ! f5ce soon aft] sunrise1 & 0 greatly /ruck ) ! a/oni%+ effects :i* c\ld be produc$ ) su* simple mat]ials z wat] & web4 ,! dewdrops 7 set at regul> int]vals ^u ! web1 s z to produce a def9ite & beautiful patt]n1 ! :ole l9e ( f5ce look+ z if x _h be5 wov5 9 f9e lace4 ,!n1 z ! f5ce runs nor? & s\?1 & ! pa? is on ! we/w>d ( x1 e pass5g] saw ! rays ( ! ris+ sun d>t ?r\gh ^! t9y globules1 & conv]t e "o ( !m into a jewel ( ev]-*ang+ col\rs4 ,x seem$ a pity t su* beauty c\ld b la/ = an h\r or s1 or t ^! exquisite webs %\ld only be us$ = cat*+ flies4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,next comes ! ,ca/+-net 9 its v>i\s =ms4 ,?is net is mo/ly circul>1 & is load$ r\nd ! edge ) small lead5 plummets4 ,x is evid5t t1 if su* a net c\ld be laid q flat ^u ! wat]1 x w\ld assume a dome-l %ape1 9 consequ5ce ( ! circumf]5ce be+ heavi] ?an ! c5tre1 & w\ld s9k to ! bottom1 enclos+ any?+ :i* came )9 its scope4 ,! difficulty is to place ! net 9 su* a mann]1 & ?is is accompli%$ by ?r[+ x 9 a v peculi> way4 ,! net is ga!r$ 9 folds ^u ! %\ld]1 :i* x p>tially envelops4 ,by a sudd5 j]k ! ?r[] causes x to fly op5 ) a sort ( sp9n+ movem5t1 & :5 well ca/ x w fall on ! wat] p]fectly flat4 ,aft] all[+ x to s9k to ! bottom1 ! fi%]man draws x v g5tly by a cord atta*$ to its middle4 ,z he raises x ! weights ( ! lead$ circumf]5ce are drawn ne>] & ne>] toge!r by _! own weight1 & f9ally =m x into a bag1 )9 :i* are all ! liv+ creatures :i* x has enclos$4 ,?\gh ! ,ca/+-net has nev] be5 us$ 9 w>f>e1 x 0 "o ( ! fav\rite implem5ts 9 gladiatorial combats among ! ,romans4 ,two m5 7 oppos$ to ea* o!r2 "o1 call$ ! ,reti>ius or ,netsman1 be+ q nak$1 except sometimes a slight cov]+ r\nd ! wai/1 & arm$ ) no?+ b a ,ca/+-net & a slight trid5t1 :i* c\ld n inflict a deadly w\nd4 ,! o!r1 call$ ! ,secutor or ,foll[]1 f 8 mode ( fight+1 0 arm$ ) a visor$ helmet1 a broad metal belt1 & arm\r = ! legs & arms4 ,he also c>ri$ a %ield l>ge en\gh to protect ! upp] "p ( ! body1 & a sword4 ,x w be se51 !re=e1 h[ great 0 ! p[] ( ! ,ca/+-net1 :5 x enabl$ its nak$ be>] to face su* odds ( (f5sive & def5sive arm\r4 ,illu/ration3 ,,argus ,,/> ,,fi%4 8,,fan0 ,,( ,,b>nacle4 ,,reti>ius4 ,:5 ! two met 9 combat1 ! ,reti>ius tri$ to fl+ 8 net ov] 8 adv]s>y1 & if he succe$$1 ! fate ( ! latt] 0 seal$4 ,entangl$ 9 ! loose me%es1 he c\ld sc>cely move 8 limbs1 :ile ! %>p prongs ( ! long-%aft$ trid5t came d>t+ 9 at e expos$ po9t1 & exhau/+ ! man ) pa9 & loss ( blood4 ,! trid5t 0 9 itself s feeble a weapon1 t if ! ,secutor 7 vanqui%$ & condemn$ to dea? by ! spectators1 8 antagoni/ c\ld n kill him1 b _h to call ano!r ,secutor to act z execution] ) 8 sword4 ,%\ld he fail 9 8 ca/1 ! ,reti>ius drew back 8 net by ! c5tral cord1 & took to flight1 foll[$ by ! ,secutor1 :o tri$ to w\nd him be=e he c\ld re-fold 8 net ^u 8 %\ld]1 ready = ano!r ca/4 ,x is wor?y ( notice t 9 ^! s+ul> combats ! netsman seems g5]ally to h be5 ! victor4 ,a ,reti>ius ) 8 net is %[n 9 ! illu/ration4 ,i may m5tion t our ord9>y bird-cat*]s' nets1 & ev5 ! entomologi/'s insect-net1 are only modifications ( ! ,ca/+-net4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,n[ = ,nature's ,ca/+-nets1 two examples ( :i* are figur$1 ?\gh !re are _m m4 ,^! two h be5 select$ because !y are famili> to all naturali/s4 ,! fir/ is ! ,argus ,/>-fi%1 ,basket-ur*91 or ,sea-basket4 ,! innum]able rays & _! subdivisions1 am\nt+ to "s eighty ?\s& 9 numb]1 act z ! me%es ( ! net4 ,all ! rays are flexible & "u control4 ,:5 ! creature wi%es to cat* any animal = prey1 x ?r[s its t5tacles ov] x1 j l ! me%es ( a net4 ,x !n draws ! tips ( ! rays toge!r1 j z is done by ! circumf]5ce ( ! ca/+-net1 & s encloses its prey effectually4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,! next specim5 is ! net-l app>atus ( ! common ,acorn ,b>nacles1 ) :i* our m>9e rocks are ne>ly cov]$4 ,^! curi\s be+s belong to ! ,cru/acea1 & ! app>atus :i* is figur$ on page #hi1 & popul>ly call$ ! 8fan10 is1 9 fact1 a comb9ation ( ! legs & _! app5dages ( bri/les1 c4 ,:5 ! creature is liv+ & cov]$ ) wat]1 ! fan is ?ru/ out ( ! top ( ! %ell1 exp&$ z f> z possible1 swept ?r\gh ! wat]1 clos$1 & !n drawn back aga94 ,) ^! natural ca/+-nets ! ,b>nacles fe$ !mselves1 =1 be+ fix$ to ! rock1 !y c\ld n 9 any o!r way supply !mselves ) food4 ,!re are _m simil> examples 9 ,nature1 b ^! w suffice4 ,,! ,,rod ,,& ,,l9e4 ,t bo? t]re/rial & aquatic nets %\ld h _! p>allels 9 ,nature is cle> en\gh to all :o h ev] se5 a spid]'s web1 or wat*$ ! 8fan0 ( ! b>nacle4 ,b t ! rod & bait$ l9e1 z well z ! net1 %\ld h exi/$ 9 ,nature long be=e man came on e>?1 is n s well kn[n4 ,yet1 z we %all pres5tly see1 n only is ! bait repres5t$ 9 ,nature1 b ev5 our inv5tions = 8play+0 a p[]ful fi% are actually surpass$4 ,we w beg9 ) ! ,bait4 ,9 ne>ly all traps a bait ( "s k9d is requir$1 9 ord] to attract ! prey1 & :5 we come f l& to attract ! dwell]s 9 wat] to our hooks1 x is ne$ful t bait ( "s k9d %\ld be us$1 7 x only to deceive ! eye1 ?\gh n ! no/rils or palate1 ( ! fi%4 ,a notable example ( ! deception is giv5 9 ! common artificial baits ( ! pres5t day1 :i* are made to imitate almo/ any ,briti% insect :i* a fi% might be dispos$ to eat4 ,p]haps ! be/ in/ance ( ?is deception is t :i* is practis$ by sundry ,polynesian tribes4 ,!y h se5 t ! ,coryph5e or ,dorado1 & o!r simil> fi%1 are 9 ! habit ( prey+ ^u ! fly+-fi%1 & spr++ at !m :5 !y are tol]ably high 9 ! air4 ,s ^! +5i\s semi-savages dress up a hook made ( bone1 orm]-%ell1 & o!r mat]ials1 mak+ ! body ( x into a rudely design$ =m ( a fi%4 ,a hole is bor$ transv]sely ?r\gh x at ! %\ld]s1 & a bun* ( /iff fibres is ins]t$ to repres5t ! w+s4 ,ano!r bun* does duty = ! tail4 ,! imitation bait be+ ?us complete1 x is hung to a long & sl5d] bamboo rod1 :i* projects well beyond ! /]n ( a canoe1 & is s arrang$ t ! hook is ab\t two feet or s f ! surface4 ,! ,coryph5e1 see+ ?is object skimm+ along1 takes x = a fly+-fi%1 leaps at x1 & is caught by ! hook4 ,!re are 9 sev]al collections specim5s ( ^! +5i\s hooks1 & ,i possess "o :i* is made on simil> pr9ciples1 b int5d$ = use 9 ! wat]1 & n 9 ! air4 ,x is1 9 fact1 a 8spoon-bait40 ,"o po9t ( +5uity mu/ be m5tion$1 z x really belongs to ! pr9ciple ( ! bait4 ,^! same savages1 hav+ notic$ t l>ge sea-birds are 9 ! habit ( hov]+ ov] ! fly+-fi%1 & w\ld probably be se5 by ! ,coryph5es1 rig up a v long bamboo rod1 tie to its end a l>ge bundle ( leaves & fibres1 & !n fix x 9 ! /]n ( ! boat1 ! %am bird be+ hung "s tw5ty feet above ! %am fi%4 ,!re is a ref9em5t ( deception "h1 = :i* we %\ld sc>cely give su* savages _! due cr$it4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,9 ,art1 !n1 we bait our hooks ei!r ) real or false food1 & s attract ! fi%4 ,9 ,nature we h a mo/ accompli%$ ma/] ( ! art ( bait+1 :o has ! wond]ful p[] ( nev] ne$+ a r5ewal ( 8 bait4 ,a glance at ! left-h& figure ( ! next illu/ration w %[ t ,i allude to ! ,angl]-fi%1 sometimes call$ ! ,fi%+-frog 7,lophius piscatorius74 ,?is rem>kable creature has a mo/ enorm\s m\?1 & comp>atively small body4 ,on ! top ( its head are "s curi\s bones1 set j l a r+ & /aple1 s z to move freely 9 e direction4 ,a figure ( ?is piece ( me*anism w be giv5 9 a future page4 ,at ! end ( ^! bones are little fle%y app5dages1 :i* mu/ be v tempt+ to mo/ fi%1 :i* are always look+ out = some?+ to eat4 ,z !y are be+ wav$ ab\t1 !y look z if !y 7 alive4 ,! fi% d>ts at ! suppos$ morsel1 & is at once engulf$ 9 ! huge jaws ( ! ,angl]-fi%1 :i*1 b = ?is rem>kable app>atus1 w\ld be sc>cely able to support exi/5ce1 z x is b a sluggi% swimm]1 & yet ne$s a l>ge supply ( food4 ,! illu/ration1 repres5t+ on ! "r h& a fi% attract$ to a bait1 & on ! left1 ! ,angl]-fi%1 ) its bait-l app5dage to ! head1 speaks = itself4 ,illu/ration3 ,,angl]-,,fi%4 ,,angl+4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,pass+ to ! art ( ,angl+ ) a rod & l9e1 we n[ arrive at ano!r developm5t4 ,suppos+ a fi% to h tak5 ! bait1 & to h be5 firmly hook$1 h[ is x to be l&$8 ,! simple/ plan is1 ( c\rse1 to h a v ?ick & /rong l9e :i* w n break ) ! weight ( any ord9>y fi%4 ,?is is v well 9 sea-fi%+1 :]e a l9e made ( :ip-cord w answ] ! purpose 9 mo/ cases4 ,b1 9 riv] fi%+1 we h ! fact t ! fi% are s %y t a l95 ?read w\ld sc>e !m1 & s /rong & active1 t ev5 :ip-cord w\ld n prev5t !m f break+ ! l9e1 or te>+ ! hook out ( _! m\?s4 ,s ! mod]n angl] sets himself to ! task ( combat+ bo? ^! conditions4 ,9 ! fir/ place1 he makes ! la/ y>d or two ( 8 l9e ( 8silkworm-gut0--a curi\s sub/ance made f ! silk-vessels ( silkworms1 & ne>ly invisible 9 ! wat]4 ,9 ! next place1 he has a v ela/ic rod2 &1 9 ! ?ird1 he has =ty or m y>ds ( l9e1 ?\gh p]haps only tw5ty feet are 9 actual use until ! fi% is hook$4 ,! rema9d] ( ! l9e is w\nd ^u a w9* fix$ to ! h&le ( ! rod4 ,?us1 :5 a p[]ful fi% is hook$ & tries to escape1 ! l9e is gradually let loose1 s z to yield to its ef=ts4 ,:5 x becomes tir$ by ! gradual /ra91 ! l9e is aga9 w\nd 91 & 9 ?is way a fi% :i* w\ld at ! fir/ ef=t sma% rod & l9e ( a novice w1 9 ! h&s ( an exp]i5c$ fi%]man1 be l&$ z surely z if x 7 no bigg] ?an a gudgeon4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,nature has 9 ?is case also anticipat$ ,art1 & surpass$ all h] p[]s4 ,illu/ration3 ,,nem]tes4 8,,play+0 ,a ,,fi%4 ,!re is a wond]ful worm1 common on our s\!rn coa/s1 & be>+1 z f> z ,i "k1 no popul> "n4 ,x is kn[n to ! sci5tific _w z ,nem]tes ,borlasii4 ,x possesses ! p[] ( ext5sion & contraction m ?an any kn[n creature1 & uses ^? p[]s = ! purpose ( captur+ prey4 ,! fi%]m5 say t ?is worm c ext5d itself to a l5g? ( n9ety feet1 & z ,mr4 ,davis f\nd "o to measure tw5ty-two feet1 aft] be+ imm]s$ 9 spirits ( w9e1 x is likely t _! acc\nt may be true1 especially z ! _s greatly contract$ ! animal 9 po9t ( l5g?4 ,a mo/ vivid description ( ?is worm is giv5 by ,c4 ,k+sley1 9 8 8,glaucus10 & 0 writt5 be=e he knew its "n4 8,:e!r we 7 intrud+ or n1 9 turn+ ?is /one1 we mu/ pay a f9e = hav+ done s2 = !re lies an animal z f\l & mon/r\s to ! eye z #8hydra1 gorgon1 or *imra dire1' & yet s wondr\sly fitt$ to its "w t we mu/ ne$s endure = our own in/ruction to h&le & to look at x4 ,its "n ,i "k n 7?\gh x lurks "h "u e /one71 & %\ld be glad to "k4 ,x seems "s v #8l[' ,asc>id or ,plan>ian worm4 8,y see x8 ,t black1 %9y1 knott$ lump among ! gravel1 small en\gh to be tak5 up 9 a dess]t spoon4 ,look n[1 z x is rais$ & its coils drawn out4 ,?ree feet1 six1 n9e at lea/2 ) a capability ( seem+ly endless expansion2 a slimy tape ( liv+ ca\t*\c1 "s eigh? ( an in* 9 diamet]1 a d>k *ocolate black1 ) pal] longitud9al l9es4 8,is x alive8 ,x hangs helpless & motionless1 a m]e velvet /r+1 across ! h&4 ,ask ! neighb\r+ ,annelids & ! fry ( ! rock-fi%es1 or put x into a vase at home1 & see4 ,x lies motionless1 trail+ itself among ! gravel2 y _c tell :]e x beg9s or ends2 x may be a dead /rip ( seawe$1 ,himan?alia lorea1 p]haps1 or ,*orda filum1 or ev5 a t>r$ /r+4 8,s ?9ks ! little fi% :o plays ov] & ov] x1 till he t\*es at la/ :at is too surely a head4 ,9 an in/ant a bell-%ap$ suck] m\? has fa/5$ to 8 side4 ,9 ano!r in/ant1 f "o lip1 a concave d\ble proboscis1 j l a tapir's 7ano!r in/ance ( ! repetition ( =ms71 has clasp$ him l a f+]2 & n[ beg9s ! /ruggle3 b 9 va94 ,he is be+ #8play$' ) su* a fi%+-l9e z ! skill ( a ,wilson or a ,/odd>t nev] c\ld inv5t2 a liv+ l9e1 ) ela/icity beyond t ( ! mo/ delicate fly-rod1 :i* foll[s e lunge1 %ort5+ & l5g!n+1 slipp+ & tw9+ r\nd e piece ( gravel & /em ( seawe$1 ) a tir+ drag su* z no ,highl& wri/ or /ep c\ld ev] br+ to be> on salmon or on tr\t4 8,! victim is tir$ n[2 & sl[ly1 & yet dext]\sly1 8 bl9d assailant is feel+ & %ift+ along 8 side1 till he rea*es "o end ( him2 & !n ! black lips exp&1 & sl[ly & surely ! curv$ f+] beg9s pack+ him end =emo/ d[n into ! gullet1 :]e he s9ks1 in* by in*1 till ! swell+ :i* m>ks 8 place is lo/ among ! coils1 & he is probably mac]at$ to a pulp long be=e he has rea*$ ! opposite extremity ( 8 cave ( doom4 8,once safe d[n1 ! black murd]] sl[ly contracts aga9 into a knott$ heap1 & lies1 l a boa ) a /ag inside him1 motionless & ble/40 ,! accuracy z well z ! pictorial effect ( ?is description _c be surpass$4 ,! 8velvety0 feel ( ! creature is mo/ wond]ful1 z x slips & slides ov] & among ! f+]s1 & makes ! task ( ga!r+ x toge!r appe> q hopeless4 ,?is a/oni%+ worm is drawn on ! left h& ( ! illu/ration on page #ic1 s z to %[ ! way 9 :i* ! body is contract$ or relax$ at w4 ,on ! o!r side ( ! illu/ration is an angl]1 arm$ ) all ! p>aph]nalia ( 8 craft1 & do+ imp]fectly t :i* ! ,nem]tes does ) absolute p]fection4 ,a simil> prop]ty belongs to ! long1 trail+ t5tacles ( ! ,cydippe1 :i* is describ$ & figur$ on page #af4 ,:5 !y come 9 contact ) suitable prey1 all /ruggle is useless1 ! t5tacles contract+ or elongat+ to suit ! circum/ances1 & at la/ lodg+ ! prey )9 ! body ( ! ,cydippe4 ,,! ,,spr+-,,trap4 ,we are all famili> ) ! common ,spr+-trap1 or ,g91 z x is sometimes call$4 ,x v>ies mu* 9 =m & size1 sometimes be+ squ>e & sometimes r\nd2 sometimes small en\gh to be us$ z a rat-trap1 & sometimes l>ge en\gh to cat* & hold human be+s1 9 :i* case x 0 kn[n by ! "n ( man-trap4 ,?is latt] =m is n[ z illegal z ! spr+-gun1 & ?\gh ! adv]tisem5t 8,man-traps & ,spr+-guns are set 9 ^! gr\nds0 is /ill to be se51 nei!r "o nor ! o!r c be !re4 ,!y are all con/ruct$ on ! same pr9ciple1 namely1 a c\ple ( too!d jaws :i* are driv5 toge!r by a spr+1 :5 ! spr+ is n controll$ by a cat*4 ,!y are evid5tly borr[$ f actual jaws1 ! same words be+ us$ to signify ! movable portions & not*es ( ! trap z are employ$ to designate ! correspond+ p>ts 9 ! real jaw4 ,9 bo? figures ( ! accompany+ illu/ration we %all see h[ exact is ! p>allel4 ,on ! "r h& is a common rat-trap1 or g91 su* z is sold = eightp5ce1 ) ! jaws wide op51 s z to %[ ! tee?4 ,on ! left is a sket* ( ! upp] & l[] jaws ( ! ,dolph91 9 :i* an exactly analog\s /ructure is to be se54 ,illu/ration3 ,,jaws ,,( ,,dolph9 7,,op574 ,,rat-,,trap 7,,op574 ,! figure on ! "r h& ( ! l[] illu/ration %[s a man-trap z x appe>s :5 clos$1 ! tee? int]lock+ s z exactly to fit betwe5 ea* o!r4 ,! same pr9ciple is exhibit$ 9 ! jaws ( ! ,porpoise1 :i* are se5 on ! left ( ! illu/ration4 ,! jaws ( an ,alligator or ,crocodile w\ld h answ]$ ! purpose q z well1 inasmu* z _! tee? int]lock 9 a simil> fa%ion1 b ,i ?\ght t x w\ld be bett] to give z examples ! jaws ( alli$ animals4 ,! reason = ?is int]lock+ is evid5t4 ,all ^! creatures fe$ pr9cipally on fi%1 & ?is mode ( con/ruct+ ! jaws enables !m to secure _! prey :5 once seiz$4 ,illu/ration3 ,,jaws ,,( ,,porpoise 7,,clos$74 ,,man-,,trap 7,,clos$74 ,illu/ration3 ,,=e-,,legs ,,( ,,phasma4 ,,m\se-,,trap4 ,ano!r example ( su* tee? is to be f\nd 9 ! =e-legs ( v>i\s species ( ,phasma & ,mantis1 z may be se5 by ref]5ce to ! illu/ration4 ,! latt] insects are wond]fully fi]ce & pugnaci\s1 fight+ ) ea* o!r on ! lea/ provocation1 & fe$+ mo/ly on o!r insects1 :i* !y secure 9 _! deeply-too!d =e-legs4 ,!y use ^! legs ) wond]ful =ce & rapidity1 & x is said t a pair ( ^! insects fight+ rem9d ! obs]v] ( a duel ) sabres4 ,,! ,,bait$ ,,trap4 ,our space be+ valuable1 we are n able to give _m examples ( ,bait$ ,traps1 :e!r 9 ,art or ,nature4 ,! mo/ famili> example ( ?is trap is ! common ,m\se-trap1 ! mo/ ord9>y =m ( :i* is %[n at ! "r h& ( ! illu/ration on page #if4 ,9 all ! v>ieties ( ^! traps1 :e!r = mice or rats1 ! prey is induc$ to ent] by means ( "s tempt+ food1 & !n is secur$ or kill$ by ! action ( ! trap4 ,sometimes ^! traps are made ( consid]able size = cat*+ l>ge game1 & 9 ,africa are employ$ 9 ! capture ( ! leop>d1 9 ,india = tak+ bo? tig]s & leop>ds1 & 9 ,nor? ,am]ica = kill+ be>s4 ,we h already notic$ "o in/ance ( a bait 9 ! ,angl]-fi%1 describ$ 9 page #ib1 b 9 ?is case ! bait s]ves only = attraction1 & ! trap1 or m\?1 is n act$ ^u by ! prey4 ,!re are1 h[ev]1 _m examples 9 ! botanical _w1 :]e ! plant is directly act$ ^u by ! creature :i* is to be entrapp$1 su* be+ kn[n by ! n[ famili> t]m 8,c>nivor\s ,plants40 ,( ^! !re is a great v>iety1 b "u ?is head ,i only figure two ( !m4 ,illu/ration3 ,,cephalotus4 ,,dionea4 ,! plant on ! "r h& is ! ,v5us ,fly-trap 7,dionea muscipula71 :i* is common 9 ! ,c>ol9as4 ,! leaves ( ?is plant are s+ul>ly irritable1 & :5 a fly or o!r insect alights on ! op5 leaf1 x seems to t\* a sort ( spr+1 & ! two sides ( ! leaf sudd5ly collapse & hold ! insect 9 _! grasp4 ,! /range po9t ab\t x is1 t n only is ! insect caught1 b is held until x is q dige/$1 ! process be+ almo/ exactly ! same z if x _h be5 plac$ 9 ! /oma* ( "s insect-eat+ animal4 ,s c>nivor\s1 inde$1 is ! ,dionea1 t plants h be5 f$ ) *opp$ meat laid on ! leaves1 & h ?riv5 wond]fully4 ,exp]im5ts h be5 tri$ ) o!r sub/ances1 b ! ,dionea w\ld h no?+ to d ) !m4 ,! natural irritability ( ! leaves caus$ !m to contract1 b !y soon op5$ & reject$ ! spuri\s food4 ,on ! left is ! ,cephalotus4 ,?is plant1 in/ead ( cat*+ ! insect by ! fold+ ( ! leaf1 secures x by means ( a sort ( trap-door at ! upp] end4 ,! insect is attract$ by ! moi/ure 9 ! cup1 &1 z soon z x ent]s1 ! trap-door %uts ^u x1 & conf9es x until x is dige/$1 :5 ! door op5s 9 read9ess to admit m prey4 ,,birdlime4 ,by a natural transition we pass to ^? traps :i* secure _! prey by means ( adhesive sub/ances4 ,) u1 ! mat]ial call$ 8birdlime0 is usually employ$4 ,?is is obta9$ f ! b>k ( ! holly1 & is ( ! mo/ s+ul> t5acity4 ,an inexp]i5c$ p]son :o t\*es birdlime is sure to rep5t x4 ,! horrid /uff cl+s to ! f+]s1 & ! m attempts are made to cle> !m1 ! m po9ts ( atta*m5t are =m$4 ,! novice ought to h dipp$ 8 h&s 9 wat] be=e he t\*$ ! birdlime1 & !n he might h manipulat$ x ) impunity4 ,! mo/ famili> mode ( us+ ! birdlime is by 8pegg+0 = *aff9*es4 ,9 ! spr+1 :5 ! male birds are all 9 anxi\s rivalry to f9d mates1 or1 hav+ f\nd !m1 to def5d !m1 ! 8pegg]s0 g into ! fields arm$ ) a pot ( birdlime & a /uff$ *aff9* set on a peg ( wood4 ,at "o end ( ?is peg is a %>p iron spike4 ,!y also h a 8call-bird10 i4e4 a *aff9* :i* has be5 tra9$ to s+ at a giv5 signal4 ,:5 ! 8pegg]s0 he> a *aff9* :i* is wor? tak+1 !y feel z sure ( him z if he 7 9 _! cage4 ,!y take ! peg1 & /ick x into ! ne>e/ tree-trunk4 ,r\nd ! decoy !y place half-a-doz5 twigs :i* h be5 sme>$ ) birdlime1 & arrange !m s t no bird fly+ at ! decoy c avoid t\*+ "o ( !m4 ,illu/ration3 ,,ant-,,be>4 ,,dros]a4 ,,spid]',s ,,web4 ,,pegg+ ,,*aff9*es4 ,,tig] ,,& ,,lim$ ,,leaves4 ,! next po9t is1 to ord] ! call-bird to s+4 ,8 song is tak5 z a p]sonal insult by ! *aff9*1 :i* is always madly jeal\s at ?is "t ( ye>4 ,see+ ! /uff$ bird1 he takes x = a rival1 da%es at x1 & t\*es "o ( ! twigs4 ,x is all ov] ) him1 = ! m he /ruggles & flutt]s1 ! tight] is he b\nd by ! t5aci\s cords ( ! birdlime1 & is easily pick$ up by ! 8pegg]40 99 99 99 99 99 ,,ev5 ! fi]ce & p[]ful tig] is tak5 ) ?is simple1 b t]rible means ( de/ruction4 ,x is always kn[n by :at pa? a tig] w pass1 & ^u ?is pa? ! native hunt] lays a numb] ( leaves sme>$ ) birdlime4 ,! tig] treads on "o ( !m1 &1 cat-l1 %akes 8 paw to rid himself ( x4 ,f9d+ t x w n come (f1 he rubs 8 paw on 8 head1 transf]r+ ! leaf & lime to 8 face4 ,by ?is "t he is 9 ! middle ( ! leaves1 & works himself into a p>oxysm ( rage & t]ror1 f9i%+ by bl9d+ himself ) ! leaves t he has rubb$ ^u 8 head4 ,! hunt]s all[ him to exhau/ 8 /r5g? by 8 /ruggles1 & !n kill him1 or1 if possible1 capture him alive4 ,bo? ^! sc5es are repres5t$ on ! "r h& ( ! illu/ration4 ,on ! left h& are sev]al examples ( natural birdlime1 if we may use ! t]m4 ,! upp] repres5ts ! ,ant-be>1 or ,great ,ant-eat]4 ,?is animal fe$s 9 a v curi\s mann]4 ,x goes to an ant-hill1 & te>s x op5 ) its p[]ful claws4 ,! ants1 ( c\rse1 ru% ab\t 9 wild confusion4 ,n[1 ! ,ant-eat] is provid$ ) a long1 cyl9drical tongue1 :i* looks v l a huge e>?-worm1 & :i* is cov]$ ) a t5aci\s slimy secretion4 ,z ! ants run to & fro1 !y adh]e to ! tongue1 & are swept into ! m\? ( _! de/roy]4 ,bel[ ! ,ant-eat] is ! common ,dros]a1 or ,sundew1 "o ( our ,briti% c>nivor\s plants4 ,x captures insects1 j z has be5 n>rat$ ( ! ,dionea4 ,b1 in/ead ( ! leaf clos+ ^u ! insect1 x arre/s its prey by means ( little globules ( visc\s fluid1 :i* exude f ! tips ( ! hairs ) :i* ! surface ( ! leaf is cov]$4 ,z soon z ! insect t\*es ! hairs1 !y close ov] x1 b9d x d[n1 & keep x !re until x is dige/$4 ,sev]al species ( ,dros]a are kn[n 9 ,engl&1 & are f\nd 9 wet & m>%y places4 ,ano!r plant1 ! ,gre5-w+$ ,mead[ ,or*is 7,or*is morio71 has be5 kn[n to act ! "p ( ! ,dros]a4 ,a fly _h contriv$ to pu% its head aga9/ ! visc\s fluid ( ! /igmatic surface1 &1 n be+ able to extricate itself1 0 f\nd /ick+ !re4 ,next comes a portion ( ! web ( ! common ,g>d5 ,spid] 7,epeira diadema74 ,we h already treat$ ( ?is web z a net1 & we w n[ see h[ x comes )9 ! pres5t category4 ,9 ! web ( ! spid] !re are at lea/ two di/9ct k9ds ( ?reads4 ,^? :i* radiate f ! c5tre to ! circumf]5ce are /rong & smoo?1 :ile ^? :i* unite !m are mu* slight]1 & are cov]$ ) t9y globules set at regul> int]vals4 ,:5 ! web is newly spun1 ^! globules are f\nd to be ne>ly z t5aci\s z birdlime1 & x is by ^! means t an insect :i* falls into ! web is arre/$1 & _c extricate itself until ! spid] c seize x4 ,aft] a:ile ! globules become dry1 refuse to p]=m _! (fice1 & !n ! spid] has to con/ruct ano!r web4 ,s num]\s are ^! globules t1 accord+ to ,mr4 ,blackwall's calculations1 an ord9>y net conta9s betwe5 eighty & n9ety ?\s&4 ,bel[ ! figure ( ! web itself are %[n ! two k9ds ( ?read1 ! upp] be>+ ! globules1 & ! l[] repres5t+ "o ( ! pla9 radiat+ ?reads4 ,,w> ,,& ,,hunt+4 ,,*apt] ,v4 ,rev]t$ ,spikes & _! ,modifications4--,! ,wire ,m\se-trap4--,george ,,iii4 & ! ,trap4--,fate ( a ,royal ,f+]4--,! ,crab & ,lob/] ,pot4--,! ,eel-pot4--,cocoon ( ! ,emp]or-mo? & its ,/ructure4--8,cat*poll0 ( ! ,middle ,ages4--,de]-trap ( ,india4--,jaws ( ,pike & ,s]p5t4--,! ,grass-snake4--,jaws ( ,%>k & _! ,p[]4--,spik$ ,def5ces4--,! ,p>k ,f5ce1 ! ,g>d5 ,wall1 & ! ,*evaux-de-frise4--,! 8,squ>e0 ( ,infantry ,manuvres4--,! ,abattis1 & its ,/ructure & ,p[]4--,ranj[s & ,caltrops4--,anci5t ,ranj[s 9 ,irel&4--,h$gehog4--,porcup9e ,e*idna4--,h\se-build] ,cat]pill> & its ,home4--,repagula ( ,ascalaphus4--,te>+ ,weapons4--,! 8,wag-nuk0 ( ,india4--,arm$ ,gauntlet ( ! ,middle ,ages4--,%>k-too? ,gauntlet ( ,samoa1 & ! ,uses to :i* x 0 put4--,a t]rible ,w>rior4--,! ,tig]'s ,claw4--,sport & ,e>ne/4 ,,rev]t$ ,,spikes4 ,i am n q satisfi$ ) ?is title1 b x is ! be/ t ,i c f9d4 ,by x ,i mean t mode ( me*anism :i*1 by means ( an array ( %>p spikes1 p]mits an animal to ent] a passage easily1 & yet prev5ts x f em]g+4 ,illu/ration3 ,,cocoon ,,( ,,emp]or-,,mo?4 ,,crab-,,pot4 ,,eel-,,pot4 ,,m\se-,,trap4 ,:e!r or n ?is pr9ciple be n[ employ$ 9 w>f>e ,i _c say1 b x is at all ev5ts us$ ext5sively 9 a small way ( hunt+1 ! be/ kn[n ( :i* is ! wire ,m\se-trap1 "o ( :i* is %[n at ,fig4 ,c on ! illu/ration4 ,a glance at ! figure w expla9 ! trap1 ev5 to ^? :o h nev] se5 x4 ,x is compos$ entirely ( wire1 & has sev]al r\nd holes j above its l[] edge4 ,ea* ( ^! holes is ! entrance to a conical tunnel made ( wires ) %>p5$ ends4 ,! m\se1 be+ attract$ by a bait plac$ )9 ! trap1 tries to get at x4 ,! doom$ animal soon f9ds its way to "o ( ! entrances1 & ) little difficulty pu%es itself ?r\gh ! tunnel4 ,ent]+1 h[ev]1 is "o ?+1 & return+ is ano!r4 ,! wire yield$ easily en\gh 9 "o direction1 b = ! m\se to =ce itself aga9/ ! conv]g+ po9ts is an impossible task4 ,read]s ( ! la/ c5tury lit]ature may p]haps rememb]1 9 ! pages ( 8,pet] ,p9d>10 a v clev] & s>ca/ic acc\nt ( ! a/oni%m5t creat$ 9 ! m9d ( ,george ,,iii4 by a m\se-trap se5 accid5tally 9 ! h\se ( a wid[ liv+ at ,salt ,hill4 8,eag] did ,solomon1 s curi\s1 clap ,8 r>e r\nd optics on ! wid['s trap1 ,t did ! duty ( a cat4 ,&1 always fond ( useful in=mation1 ,?us wisely spoke he ) vocif]ation1-- #8,:at's t8 :at8 :at8 ,h1 h8 :at's t8' ,to :om repli$ ! mi/ress ( ! h\se1 #8,a trap1 an't please y1 sir1 to cat* a m\se4' #8,m\se--cat* a m\se6' said ,solomon ) glee2 #8,let's see1 let's see--'tis comical--let's see-- ,m\se6 m\se6'--!n pleas$ 8 eyes began to roll-- #8,:]e1 :]e do? he g 98' he m>vell+ cri$4 #8,!re1' po9t+ to ! hole1 ! dame repli$4 #8,:at6 "h8' cri$ ,solomon1 #8?is hole8 ?is hole8' ,!n 9 he pu%$ 8 f+] 'mid/ ! wire1 ,t ) su* pa9s t f+] did inspire1 ,he wi%$ x out aga9 ) all 8 s\l40 ,= my "p ,i ?9k t ! ,k+ 0 q "r4 ,if he did n "k ! philosophy ( a m\se-trap he ought to h ask$1 & to h be5 rew>d$1 z 9 t case1 by cat*+ ) a trap ( 8 own bait+1 six mice on six successive days4 ,at ,fig4 ,b on ! same illu/ration is %[n ! simple app>atus by :i* crabs & lob/]s are caught4 ,! read] w see t ! pr9ciple is exactly ! same 9 bo? cases1 ! only diff]5ce be+ 9 mat]ial1 ! m\se-trap be+ made ( wire1 & ! crab-pot ( wick]4 ,at ,fig4 ,d is %[n ! common ,eel-pot1 or ,eel-basket4 ,9 ord] to suit ! peculi> %ape ( an eel1 ?is basket is mu* long] 9 proportion to its diamet] ?an ei!r ( ! prec$+ traps1 b x is =m$ on ! same plan4 ,an eel c easily pass into ! basket ?r\gh ! conical tunnel1 b x is next to impossible t x %\ld f9d its way out aga94 99 99 99 99 99 ,,s mu* = ,art1 & n[ = ,nature4 ,on ! left h& ( ! illu/ration1 at ,fig4 ,a1 is ! cocoon ( ! common ,emp]or-mo? 7,saturnia pavonia m9or71 ! cocoon hav+ be5 /ripp$ ( its out] envelope1 s z to all[ its /ructure to be bett] se54 ,! read] w at once p]ceive t ! entrance ( ! cocoon is gu>d$ by an arrangem5t exactly l t ( ! above-m5tion$ traps1 except t ! cone is rev]s$1 s z to all[ ( exit & to deb> entrance4 ,gu>d$ by ?is conical arrangem5t ( /\t bri/ly app5dages1 ! pupa c rema9 9 quiet dur+ ! "t ( its trans=mation1 = no?+ c =ce its way ?r\gh su* a def5ce1 & yet ! mo?1 :5 fully develop$1 c pu% its way out ) p]fect ease4 ,s admirably is ?is cocoon =m$1 t ev5 aft] ! mo? has escap$1 x is impossible to tell by m]e sight :e!r or n x is )91 ! ela/ic wires clos+ on x aft] its passage4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,ano!r modification ( ! same pr9ciple n[ comes be=e u4 ,9 ! above-m5tion$ examples ! arrangem5t ( ! rev]t$ spikes is m or less conical1 & !y lead into a *amb]4 ,9 ! pres5t in/ances1 h[ev]1 ! m]e rev]sion ( ! po9ts is all t is ne$$4 ,! upp] figure on ! "r h& repres5ts ! 8,cat*poll0 ( ! ,middle ,ages1 an allusion to :i* has already be5 made4 ,! rev]t$ spikes turn on h+es1 & are kept ap>t by spr+s4 ,?is beautifully =m$ head 0 atta*$ to a long %aft1 & 0 us$ = ! purpose ( dragg+ horsem5 f ! saddle4 ,x 0 ?ru/ at ! neck ( ! rid]1 g5]ally f beh9d4 ,if a successful ?ru/ 7 made1 ! spr+-po9ts gave way1 sprang back aga91 & ?us clasp$ ! neck ) a hold t 0 fatal to ! rid]4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,bel[ x is ! ,de]-trap :i* is us$ 9 _m p>ts ( ,india1 & to :i* allusion has already be5 made4 ,! read] w see at once t if a de] %\ld get its foot ?r\gh ! conv]g+ spikes1 its doom is seal$1 especially z !re is a heavy log ( wood atta*$ to ! trap by a rope4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,on ! left h& ( ! illu/ration are two examples ( ! same pr9ciple tak5 f ,nature1 "o belong+ to fre% & ! o!r to salt wat]4 ,illu/ration3 ,,pike-,,jaws4 ,,%>k-,,jaws4 ,,cat*poll4 ,,de]-,,trap4 ,! upp] figure repres5ts ! jaws ( a ,pike1 ) _! t]rible array ( rev]t$ tee?4 ,! ,pike1 z e "o kn[s1 fe$s ^u o!r fi%1 & eats !m 9 a curi\s mann]4 ,x d>ts at !m furi\sly1 & g5]ally cat*es !m 9 ! middle ( ! body4 ,aft] hold+ !m = a "t1 = ! purpose1 z ,i imag9e1 ( disabl+ !m1 x loos5s its hold1 makes ano!r snap1 seizes ! fi% by ! head1 & swall[s x4 ,! ,pike is s voraci\s t x w attack & eat fi% n v mu* small] ?an itself1 = its dige/ion is s rapid t ! head & %\ld]s ( a swall[$ fi% h be5 f\nd to be half dige/$1 :ile ! tail 0 /ick+ out ( ! ,pike's m\?4 ,unless1 !re=e1 ! tee? ( ! ,pike 7 s =m$ z to resi/ any retrograde movem5t on ! "p ( ! prey1 ! fi% w\ld />ve2 =1 lank & lean z x is1 ! ,pike is "o ( ! mo/ voraci\s creatures 9 exi/5ce1 nev] seem+ able to get en\gh to eat1 & yet1 z is (t5 f\nd 9 su* cases1 capable ( su/a9+ a l5g!n$ fa/4 ,h[ well adapt$ is ?is arrangem5t ( tee? = prev5t+ ! escape ( prey1 any "o c tell :o1 9 8 e>ly days ( angl+1 caught a ,pike1 &1 aft] kill+ x1 tri$ to extract ! hook )\t previ\sly propp+ ! jaws op54 ,if once ! h& be ins]t$ betwe5 ! jaws1 to get x out aga9 is almo/ impossible )\t assi/ance1 & (t5 has ! spectacle be5 exhibit$ ( a y\?ful angl] return+ disconsolately home1 ) 8 "r h& 9 ! m\? ( a ,pike1 & support+ ! weight ( ! fi% ) 8 left4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,! tee? ( a s]p5t are set 9 a simil> mann]1 z c be se5 by ref]5ce to ! illu/ration on page #hj4 ,an admirable example ( ! p[] ( ?is arrangem5t may be se5 9 ! jaws ( our common ,grass or ,r+$ ,snake 7,colub] natrix74 ,! tee? are q small1 v %ort1 & n ?ick] ?an f9e ne$le-po9ts4 ,yet1 :5 once ! snake has seiz$ "o ( ! h9d-feet ( a frog1 all ef=ts to escape on ! "p ( ! latt] are useless4 ,! l[] jaw is pu%$ =w>d1 & !n retract$1 & at ea* movem5t ! leg is drawn fur!r into ! snake's m\?1 until x rea*es ! junction4 ,! snake !n waits quietly until ! frog tries to free itself by pu%+ ) its o!r foot aga9/ ! snake's m\?4 ,t foot is !n seiz$1 ! leg gradually foll[+ its companion1 & 9 ?is way ! :ole frog is drawn into ! int]ior ( ! snake4 ,i h se5 _m frogs ?us eat51 b nev] knew "o to escape aft] x _h be5 once seiz$ by ! snake4 ,z ^! reptiles are p]fectly h>mless1 x is easy to try ! exp]im5t by putt+ ! f+] into a snake's m\?1 :5 x w be f\nd t ! assi/ance ( ! o!r h& w be ne$ful 9 ord] to extricate x4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,bel[ ! head ( ! pike is a view ( a ,%>k's jaws1 z se5 f ! front4 ,"h1 aga91 we h a simil> arrangem5t ( tee?1 r[ aft] r[ ( :i* lie ) _! po9ts direct$ t[>ds ! ?roat ( ! fi%4 ,z1 h[ev]1 ! pike & ! snake swall[ _! prey :ole1 _! tee? ne$ be no?+ b po9ts4 ,b1 z ! ,%>k is oblig$ to mangle its prey1 & seldom swall[s x :ole1 its tee? are =m$ on a diff]5t pr9ciple1 ea* too? be+ flat1 wide1 %>ply po9t$1 & hav+ a d\ble edge1 ea* ( :i* cuts l a razor4 ,s knife-l are !y1 inde$1 t :5 a :ale is kill$1 ! %>ks :i* surr\nd x bite (f huge m\?fuls ( blubb]1 &1 z !y sw>m by hundr$s1 cause no small loss to ! :al]s4 ,_m a man has lo/ a leg by a %>k1 ! fi% hav+ bitt5 x completely ?r\gh1 bone & all1 & !re h be5 cases :]e a %>k has actually sev]$ a man's body1 go+ (f ) "o half1 & leav+ ! o!r cl++ to ! rope by :i* he 0 try+ to haul himself on bo>d4 ,,spik$ ,,def5ces4 ,?is mode ( def5ce is1 p]haps1 "o ( ! mo/ primitive 9 exi/5ce1 & takes a wond]ful v>iety ( =ms4 ,! spik$ rail+s ( our p>ks & g>d5s1 ! brok5 glass on walls1 & ev5 ! spik$ coll>s = dogs1 are all modifications ( ?is pr9ciple4 ,on ! illu/rations are sev]al examples ( spikes us$ = milit>y purposes4 ,! fir/ is kn[n by ! "n ( 8,*evaux-de-frise10 & is ext5sively us$ 9 =m+ an extemporis$ f5ce :]e no great /r5g? is ne$$4 ,! /ructure is p]fectly simple1 consi/+ ( a numb] ( iron b>s ) %>p5$ ends1 & an iron tube "s in*es 9 diamet]1 :i* is pi]c$ ) a d\ble set ( holes4 ,:5 n 9 use1 ! b>s & tube c be pack$ 9 a small compass1 b :5 !y are want$1 ! b>s are ?ru/ ?r\gh ! holes z %[n 9 ! illu/ration1 & ! f5ce is complet$ 9 a few m9utes4 ,! horizontal b>s are l9k$ toge!r by *a9s1 s z to prev5t !m f be+ %ift$1 & a def5ce su* z ?is is g5]ally us$ = surr\nd+ p>ks ( artill]y & ! l4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,all :o h ! lea/ acqua9tance ) milit>y matt]s mu/ be famili> ) ! 8,squ>e10 & its uses 9 ! days ( old4 ,i say 9 ! days ( old1 because 9 ! pres5t day ! rapid developm5t ( guns & rifles has entirely de/roy$ ! old arrangem5t4 ,s lately1 = example1 z ! day ( ,wat]loo1 troops might manuvre 9 safety :5 !y 7 m ?an two hundr$ y>ds f ! enemy4 ,n[1 a regim5t t attempt$ to manuvre 9 op5 gr\nd w\ld be cut to pieces by ! rifles ( ! enemy at a ?\s& y>ds' di/ance4 ,9 ^? days1 h[ev]1 ! squ>e 0 a t[] ( safety :5 rightly =m$4 ,x 0 =m$ 9 sev]al r[s4 ,! out] l9e knelt1 ) ! butts ( _! muskets on ! gr\nd1 & ! bayonet po9t+ upw>ds at an angle ( =ty-five4 ,! o!rs direct$ _! muskets t[>ds ! enemy 9 su* a mann] t no?+ 0 pres5t$ to him b ! po9ts ( bayonets & ! muzzles ( load$ muskets4 ,9 all probability ! battle ( ,wat]loo w\ld h be5 lo/ b = ! use ( ! 8squ>e10 aga9/ :i* ! ,fr5* cuirassi]s da%$ !mselves repeat$ly1 b 9 va94 ,h[ev] admirable may be ! organization ( ! squ>e1 :e!r x be holl[1 or :e!r x be solid1 l ! 8rally+ squ>e10 ! pr9ciple is ! same z t ( ! *evaux-de-frise4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,9 ! next illu/ration is %[n ! 8,abattis10 "o ( ! mo/ important elem5ts ( extemporis$ =tifications1 & z simple z x is important4 ,illu/ration3 ,,tree-,,caddis4 ,illu/ration3 ,,*evaux-,,de-,,frise4 ,9 any wood$ c\ntry an abattis c be made 9 a v %ort "t by practis$ h&s4 ,all t is requir$ is to cut d[n ! requisite numb] ( trees1 /rip (f ! leaves & twigs1 & !n cut (f ! small] bran*es ) slop+ bl[s ( ! axe1 s z to leave a tol]ably %>p po9t on ea*4 ,! trees are !n laid side by side1 ) ! ends ( ! bran*es t[>ds ! enemy1 &1 ! trunks be+ *a9$ toge!r1 a wond]fully effective def5ce is con/ruct$4 ,n only is x almo/ impossible = ! brave/ & /ronge/ man to =ce 8 way ?r\gh ! bran*es1 ev5 if ! abattis 7 undef5d$1 b ! tree-trunks af=d %elt] = sw>ms ( riflem51 :o c pick (f _! assailants by aim+ betwe5 ! bran*es1 !mselves be+ almo/ unse51 & entirely cov]$4 ,illu/ration3 ,,caltrops4 ,illu/ration3 ,,ranj[s4 ,illu/ration3 ,,abattis4 ,9 ,s\!rn ,africa1 dur+ ! late w>s1 ! abattis 0 f\nd to af=d ! be/ def5ce aga9/ ! ,kafirs1 & t :5 ! waggons & abattis 7 unit$ s z to =m a =tress1 n ev5 ! nak$ ,kafir1 ) all 8 d>+ c\rage1 c\ld =ce 8 way ?r\gh !m4 ,ev5 artill]y has b little p[] aga9/ ! abattis1 :i* all[s ! %ot to pass betwe5 ! bran*es1 & is v little ! worse = x4 ,accord+ly1 x is 9 great use = def5d+ roads1 especially ^? :i* are b\nd$ by high banks1 & makes a =midable ob/acle 9 front ( gates4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,! two figures on ! left ( ! same illu/ration repres5t two modes ( c>ry+ out ! same pr9ciple1 ! "o %[+ x z us$ 9 ,european w>f>e1 & ! o!r z a weapon ( def5ce :i* has be5 employ$ f "t immemorial1 & is n[ 9 full use 9 _m p>ts ( ! _w4 ,bo? ^! weapons are int5d$ ei!r to ob/ruct ! approa* ( an enemy1 or to cov] ! flight ( a retreat+ =ce4 ,! mo/ simple & mo/ anci5t is ! ,ranj[1 :i* is %[n on ! "r h& ( ! illu/ration4 ,! ranj[ is no?+ b a wood5 /ick v>y+ 9 l5g? f eighte5 in*es to ne>ly ?ree feet1 & %>ply po9t$ at ea* end4 ,9 ,borneo1 ,*9a1 c41 ! ranj[s are almo/ inv>iably made ( bamboo1 z t plant c be cut to a %>p po9t by a s+le /roke ( a knife4 7,see page #ei47 ,:5 !y are to be us$1 ea* soldi] c>ries ab\t a doz5 or s ( !m1 & /icks "o end ( !m into ! gr\nd1 tak+ c>e to make ! upp] end lean t[>ds ! enemy4 ,simple z are ^! weapons1 !y are extremely =midable1 = x is necess>y to pull up e ranj[ be=e ! troops c advance4 ,sometimes x has happ5$ t a body ( soldi]s are driv5 ov] _! own ranj[s1 & !n ! slaught] is t]rible4 ,"s ye>s ago a numb] ( sket*es 7 tak5 on ! spot f sc5es 9 ! ,*9ese w>4 ,among !m 0 "o t 0 absolutely t]rible 9 its grotesqu5ess4 ,x repres5t$ a piece ( gr\nd ?ickly plant$ ) ranj[s1 ov] :i* ! ,*9ese :o _h fix$ !m _h be5 driv54 ,!y 7 simply hung ) human bodies 9 all imag9able & unimag9able attitudes1 "s transfix$ on a s+le ranj[1 & o!rs hang+ on ?ree or f\r1 ! body & limbs be+ alike pi]c$ by !m4 ,t ranj[s 7 once us$ 9 ,great ,brita9 is evid5t f a discov]y made by ,col4 ,lane ,fox4 ,he _h be5 excavat+ ! soil ar\nd an old ,iri% =t1 & deep b5ea? ! bog he f\nd a va/ quantity ( ranj[s /ill set z ! anci5t w>riors _h left !m4 ,!y 7 evid5tly us$ to def5d a passage lead+ to ! =t1 & all ( !m 7 c>efully set ) _! po9ts outw>ds4 ,col4 ,l4 ,fox 0 good en\gh to pres5t me ) sev]al ( ^! anci5t weapons1 :i* are n[ 9 my collection4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,on ! left is se5 a piece ( gr\nd /rew$ ) ,caltrops1 or ,cr['s-feet1 z !y are sometimes call$4 ,^! v unpleasant implem5ts are made ( iron1 & h f\r %>p po9ts1 all radiat+ f "o c5tre1 s t no matt] h[ !y may be ?r[n1 "o po9t mu/ be upp]mo/4 ,!y are us$ *iefly = ! purpose ( imp$+ cavalry1 b ,i %\ld ?9k1 judg+ f ! specim5s :i* ,i h se51 t infantry w\ld f9d !m v awkw>d imp$im5ts4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,z = natural ranj[s1 !y are s num]\s t only a v few examples c be giv54 ,! mo/ p]fect & mo/ famili> example is1 p]haps1 ! common ,h$gehog1 :i*1 :5 roll$ up1 displays an array ( %>p po9ts s judici\sly dispos$1 t x fe>s b v few foes4 ,! same may be said ( ! ,au/ralian ,e*idna1 or ,porcup9e ,ant-eat]1 & ! ,porcup9e itself4 ,:e!r ! radiat+ bri/les ( ! l>va ( ! ,tig]-mo?1 commonly call$ ! ,woolly ,be>1 come "u ! same category1 ,i _c say1 b ?9k x v likely4 ,among vegetables ! analogues are multitud9\s4 ,see1 = example1 ! spikes ( ! ,spani% & ,horse ,*e/nuts1 & especially ! hair-l b =midable bri/les :i* def5d ! common ,prickly ,pe>4 ,inde$1 all t tribe ( plants is furni%$ s abundantly ) natural ranj[s1 t a h$ge ( prickly pe> =ms ! be/ def5ce :i* a h\se & g>d5 c h4 ,ano!r example ( natural ranj[s is se5 9 ! ,tree-caddis1 "o ( :i* is %[n 9 ! illu/ration on page #ajh1 z x appe>s :5 susp5d$ f a twig4 ,x is ! "w ( "o ( ! ,h\se-build] ,mo?s ( ! ,we/ ,indies1 & =ms a sort ( h\se 9 :i* ! cat]pill> c re/ securely4 ,x is built ( bits ( twigs & ?orns1 ! latt] be+ dispos$ s t _! po9ts are outw>ds1 mu* aft] ! fa%ion ( a h$gehog's sp9es4 ,i possess _m specim5s ( ,tree-caddis1 evid5tly belong+ to sev]al species1 & 9 all ( !m ! pr9ciple is ! same1 i4e4 a numb] ( spikes set ) _! ends outw>ds 9 ord] to def5d a c5tral position4 ,sometimes ^! spikes are left expos$1 z %[n 9 ! illu/ration1 & sometimes !y are cov]$ ) a slight b /rong web4 ,! pr9ciple1 h[ev]1 is ! same 9 all4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,n[ ,i %all h to use two v long words1 & mu* aga9/ my w4 ,i v mu* fe> t1 if mo/ ( my read]s 7 to he> any "o speak ( ! 8repagula ( ,ascalaphus10 !y w\ld n be mu* ! wis]4 ,& yet !re are no o!r words t c be us$4 ,9 ! fir/ place1 ,ascalaphus is a "n belong+ to a g5us ( ,ant-lions1 rem>kable = hav+ /raight1 knobb$ ant5n1 v mu* l ^? ( a butt]fly4 ,?is insect deposits its eggs 9 a d\ble r[ on twigs1 & !n def5ds !m ) a s]ies ( natural ranj[s1 set 9 circul> r[s1 & suppos$ to be )\t analogies 9 ! animal creation4 ,!y are transp>5t1 r$di%1 & 8are expell$ by ! female ) z mu* c>e z ?\gh !y 7 real eggs1 & are s plac$ t no?+ c approa* ! brood2 nor c ! "y ramble abroad until !y h acquir$ /r5g? to resi/ ! ants & o!r insect enemies40 ,! ^w 8repagulum10 by ! way1 signifies a b> or b>ri]4 ,a turnpike gate :5 clos$ w\ld be a repagulum1 & s w\ld a *evaux-de-frise4 ,,te>+ ,,weapons4 ,we h already _h examples ( weapons1 l ! ,club1 :i* bruise2 ( weapons1 l ! ,spe> & ,dagg]1 :i* pi]ce2 & ( weapons1 l ! ,sword1 :i* cut4 ,we n[ come to a totally di/9ct set ( weapons1 ^? :i* w\nd by te>+1 & n by any ( ! prec$+ modes4 ,9 civilis$ w>f>e we h long ab&on$ su* weapons1 z belong+ to a b>b>\s age1 b !y are ev5 yet employ$ 9 "s p>ts ( ! _w4 ,illu/ration3 ,,wag-,,nuk ,,( ,,india4 ,,h9d-,,claws ,,( ,,tig]4 ,,claw$ ,,gauntlet4 ,,%>k-,,too? ,,gauntlet4 ,! accompany+ illu/ration %[s ?ree examples ( su* weapons4 ,"o is ! celebrat$ ,tig]-claw ( ,india1 kn[n by ! native "n ( ,wag-nuk4 ,x is ab\t two in*es & a half 9 l5g?1 & is made to fit on ! h&4 ,! fir/ & f\r? f+]s are pass$ ?r\gh ! r+s1 & ! curv$ claws are !n )9 ! h&1 & hidd5 by ! f+]s4 ,! mode ( employ+ ?is trea*]\s weapon 0 by engag+ a foe 9 conv]sation1 pret5d+ to be v fri5dly1 & !n ripp+ up 8 /oma* ) an upw>d bl[ ( ! "r h&4 ,x is comp>atively a mod]n weapon1 hav+ be5 inv5t$ ab\t two hundr$ ye>s ago4 ,a ,h9doo1 nam$ ,sewaja1 0 ! inv5tor1 & by means ( ! ,wag-nuk he committ$ _m murd]s unsuspect$1 ! w\nds be+ exactly l ^? :i* are made by ! claw ( ! tig]4 ,sometimes !re 7 f\r claws in/ead ( ?ree1 z is ! case ) a specim5 "o 9 ! ,meyrick collection4 ,p]haps ! read] may be aw>e t ! ,transatlantic 8knuckle-du/]0 is fitt$ on ! h& 9 ! same mann]1 only its object is to /rike a heavy bl[1 & n to te>4 ,hi/ory repeats itself1 & ! l>ge & clumsy 8ce/us0 ( ! anci5t a?lete is reproduc$ 9 ! small b sc>cely less =midable 8knuckle-du/]0 ( ! mod]n r[dy4 ,! figures are rem>kable1 "o repres5t+ ! rema9+ epo* ( *ivalry1 & ! o!r t ( b>b>ism4 ,! upp] figure %[s a curi\s ,gauntlet ( ! ,middle ,ages1 9 :i* ! h& is n only def5d$ by /eel plates1 b is also r5d]$ an (f5sive weapon by ! addition ( f\r %>p spikes set j at ! junction ( ! f+]s ) ! h&4 ,z long z ! f+]s are ext5d$ ! spikes lie p>allel ) !m1 & are z h>mless z a cat's claws 9 _! %ea?s4 ,b :5 ! f+]s are clos$1 z %[n 9 ! illu/ration1 ! spikes come into use1 & c be made into a =midable weapon ( (f5ce1 j z are ! cat's claws :5 protrud$4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,bel[ ! gauntlet ( civilis$ w>f>e is "o ( savage w>1 :i* has = _m ye>s be5 discont9u$1 p>tly on acc\nt ( ! introduction ( fire>ms1 & p>tly ow+ to ! sup]ficial coat+ ( civilisation :i* is s easily adopt$ by ! s+ul> v>ieties ( ! human race :i* populate ! isles :]e ?is rem>kable weapon 0 once worn4 ,! figure is tak5 f a specim5 9 ! ,unit$ ,s]vice ,museum4 ,x is a ,gauntlet1 hav+ at "o end a b& ?r\gh :i* ! :ole h& is pass$1 & at ! o!r ?ree loops = ! f+]s1 j l ^? ( ! ,wag-nuk1 :i* has already be5 describ$4 ,! body ( ! weapon is made ( cocoa-nut fibre1 & ^u x are /rung six r[s ( %>ks' tee?1 ! tips all po9t+ backw>ds4 ,x is a ,samoan weapon1 "s ( ! mo/ r5[n$ w>riors nev] us+ club nor spe>1 b tru/+ entirely to _! t]rible gauntlets4 ,) ^! !y /ruck "r & left1 da%+ b5ea? ! clubs & spe>s ( _! enemies1 & always try+ to rip up _! /oma*s1 j z is done ) ! ,wag-nuk4 ,9 ord] to gu>d aga9/ ?is weapon1 ! ,samoan w>rior we>s a belt ( cocoa-nut fibre "s eight in*es wide1 & ?ick en\gh to defy ! be/ gauntlet t c\ld be made4 ,"o celebrat$ ,samoan w>rior1 a man ( gigantic /ature & /r5g?1 0 addict$ to ! amusem5t ( seiz+ 8 enemies ) ! %>k-too? gauntlets1 break+ _! backs across 8 knee1 ?r[+ !m d[n1 & go+ (f aft] ano!r victim4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,on ! left h& ( ! illu/ration is se5 ! h9d-foot ( ! ,tig]4 ,i h *os5 ! h9d-foot = two reasons3 fir/ly1 because ! =e-foot has already be5 figur$2 & secondly1 because ! h9d-foot is us$ = te>+ op5 ! abdom5 ( ! prey4 ,any "o :o has play$ ) a kitt5 has notic$ h[ ! animal ?r[s itself on its back1 clasps ! wri/ ) its =e-paws1 & kicks vigor\sly ) its h9d-legs4 ,x does n mean to hurt its playfell[1 b ! h& does n easily escape )\t sundry scrat*es4 ,*ild's play ?\gh x may be 9 ! kitt51 x is no play at all ) ! tig]1 or ev5 ! leop>d1 = ei!r ( ^! animals1 :5 h>d press$1 w ?r[ itself on its back1 clasp ! foe 9 its =e-paws1 & ) ! talons ( ! h9d-feet te> him to pieces4 ,,w> ,,& ,,hunt+4 ,,*apt] ,,vi4 ,,! ,,hook4--,,def5sive ,,arm\r4--,,! ,,=t4 ,angl]s & _! ,hooks4--,s+le & d\ble ,hooks4--,hook ( ,briti% ,columbia4--,se$ ( ,galium1 or ,goose-grass1 & its ,armature ( ,hooks4--,se$ ( ! ,burdock1 & its ,annoyance to ,%eep4--,hook$ ,sponge-spicules4--8,snat*+0 ,fi%4--,! ,fi%-rake ( ,briti% ,columbia4--,! 8,gaff0 & its ,uses4--,! ,jagu> z a ,fi%]--,def5sive ,arm\r & its ,v>ieties4--,plate & ,*a9 ,mail4--,! ,%ield4--,au/ralian & ,we/ ,african ,%ields4--,fibre ,arm\r4--,seal's-too? ,cuirass4--,jo9ts ( ,arm\r4--8,tassets40--,scale ,arm\r 9 ,art & ,nature4--,! ,manis & ! ,fi%4--,fea!r ,arm\r4--8,madoc 9 ,aztlan40--,quilt$ ,arm\r ( ,silk or ,cotton4--,t]rible ,results f ! latt]4--,mr4 ,ju/ice ,maul/atute4--,natural ,quilt ,arm\r4--,! ,rh9oc]os & ! ,:ale4--,! ,te/udo ( ! anci5t ,romans1 & its ,uses4--,! common ,tortoise4--,! ,=t4--,curi\s ,transitions 9 ,=t build+2 fir/ ,e>?1 !n ,/one1 !n ,e>? aga94--,advantage ( ,e>!n ,m\nds4--,natural ,sn[-=t made by ! ,elk1 & its ,def5sive ,p[]s aga9/ ! ,wolf4 ,,! ,,hook4 ,hav+ n[ se5 t ! rod & l9e ( angl]s h _! prototypes 9 ,nature1 we w proce$ to ! hook1 by :i* ! fi% are secur$4 ,! two figures on ! "r h& ( ! accompany+ illu/ration repres5t hooks :i* are famili> to e angl]4 ,! l[] is ! ord9>y fi%-hook1 :i* c be us$ 9 s _m ways4 ,g5]ally x is employ$ s+ly1 be+ fa/5$ to ! end ( a l9e1 & arm$ ) a bait1 ei!r real or artificial4 ,sometimes1 h[ev]1 ^! hooks are :ipp$ toge!r1 back to back1 ?ree or ev5 f\r be+ s employ$1 & ?us =m+ a comb9ation ( ! hook & grapnel1 & r5d]+ ! escape ( a fi% almo/ impossible4 ,above x is a d\ble hook1 su* z is us$ 9 8troll+0 = pike1 & ) ! use ( :i* _m ( my read]s are probably acqua9t$4 ,! ?ird is a s+ul>ly +5i\s hook made by ! natives ( ,briti% ,columbia4 ,x is almo/ entirely made ( wood1 ) ! exception ( ! b>b1 :i* is ( bone4 ,?is1 z ! read] w see1 is fix$1 n to ! po9t ( ! hook1 z ) u1 b to its base1 ! po9t be+ direct$ t[>ds ! c5tral portion ( ! curve4 ,illu/ration3 ,,hym$esmia4 ,,fruit ,,( ,,galium4 ,,vanc\v] ,,hook4 ,,d\ble ,,& ,,s+le ,,hooks4 ,at fir/ sight ?is seems to be a s+ul> arrangem5t1 b x is a v effective "o1 z any "o may see by plac+ ! po9t betwe5 ! f+]s & pu%+ x ?r\gh !m4 ,x w be f\nd impossible to =ce x back aga91 ! %>p po9t ( ! bone-b>b com+ aga9/ !m & reta9+ !m4 ,x has also ano!r advantage4 ,v l>ge fi%1 = :i* ?is hook is int5d$1 are apt 9 _! /ruggles to rev]se ! hook1 & s to weak5 its hold4 ,9 ?is hook1 h[ev]1 su* a proce$+ is impossible2 =1 ev5 %\ld ! hook be rev]s$1 x /ill reta9s its hold1 ! b>b becom+ ! po9t1 & ! po9t keep+ ! lip ( ! fi% aga9/ ! tip ( ! b>b4 ,! figure is drawn f a specim5 9 my collection4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,if ! read] w look at ! illu/ration1 he w see a globul> object cov]$ ) little hooks4 ,?is is a magnifi$ repres5tation ( ! se$-vessel ( ! common ,goose-grass 7,galium71 :i* is s luxuriant 9 our h$ges1 & (t5 intrudes itself into our g>d5s4 ,its long1 trail+ /ems1 ) _! tightly-cl++ leaves1 are famili> to all1 & !re are few :o h n1 :ile *ildr51 pelt$ ea* o!r ) ! little r\nd gre5 se$-vessels dur+ ! "t t ! fruit is 9 season4 ,t !y clung s tightly z n to be remov$ )\t difficulty1 we all knew1 b we did n all "k ! cause4 ,! magnify+-glass1 h[ev]1 reveals ! secret at once4 ,! :ole ( ! surface is cov]$ ) little %>p prickles1 curv$ l hooks1 & turn$ 9 all directions1 s t1 h[ev] x may be ?r[n1 "s ( !m are sure to cat*4 ,s readily d ^! hooks hold to any?+ :i* !y t\*1 t if a lady only sweeps h] dress aga9/ a plant ( ,goose-grass1 %e is sure to c>ry (f a consid]able numb] ( ! se$-vessels1 & to wa/e mu* "t aft]w>ds 9 pick+ !m (f4 ,! se$-vessel ( ! common ,burdock1 kn[n popul>ly by ! "n ( ,bur1 is arm$ 9 a simil> mann]1 b1 z x is mu* l>g]1 x is easily avoid$4 ,%eep suff] greatly f burs1 :i* twi/ !mselves among ! wool s firmly t x is h>dly possible to remove !m )\t cutt+ away bur & wool toge!r4 ,z to a ,skye t]ri]1 :5 once he gets among burs1 8 life is a mis]y to him 7,i 0 go+ to say1 a burd5 to him1 b x w\ld h look$ l a pun74 ,bel[1 & on ! left ( ! ,galium-se$1 are "s spicules ( ! ,hym$esmia1 a sponge :i* is f\nd on ! coa/ ( ,madeira4 ,! foll[+ acc\nt ( x occurs 9 ! ,intellectual ,obs]v]1 vol4 ii4 p4 #cab3-- 8,,fi%-,,hook ,,spicul4--,we h receiv$ f ,mr4 ,bak]1 ( ,holborn1 a slide conta9+ spicules ( ! ,hym$esmia ,johnsonii1 :i* are /at$ to be r>e objects 9 ?is c\ntry4 ,!y h ! =m ( a d\ble fi%-hook1 & on ! inn] surface ( ea* hook is an extremely %>p knife-edge projection1 correspond+ ) a simil> & equally %>p projection f ! inside ( ! %ank40 8,^! m9ute knife-blades are s arrang$ t 9 addition to _! cutt+ prop]ties1 !y w\ld act z b>bs1 ob/ruct+ ! )drawal ( ! hook4 ,! two hooks atta*$ to "o %ank are n 9 ! same place1 b ne>ly at "r angles ) "o ano!r1 s t :5 "o is horizontal ! o!r is v]tical1 or ne>ly s4 ,a magnification ( f\r or five hundr$ l9e> does n 9 any way detract f ! %>p appe>ance ( ! knife-edges1 & !y may take _! place ) ! an*ors ( ! ,synapta z curi\s illu/rations ( ! occurr5ce 9 liv+ organisms ( =ms :i* man 0 apt to fancy 7 exclusively ! products ( 8 own contrivance & skill4 8,we presume t ^! hooks ( ! ,hym$esmia answ] ! usual purpose ( spicul 9 /r5g!n+ ! s(t tissue1 b !y mu/ likewise r5d] ! sponge an awkw>d article = ! ,madeira sea-slugs to eat40 ,= an acc\nt & figures ( ! ,synapta an*or-spicules see page #ci4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,we n[ come to ano!r modification ( ! hook4 ,i presume t _m ( my read]s h he>d ( ! practice call$ 8snat*+0 fi%1 ?\gh ,i hope t !y h nev] be5 unsportsmanlike en\gh to foll[ x4 ,?is plan1 :i* is only wor?y ( poa*]s1 consi/s 9 tak+ sev]al flights ( treble or quadruple hooks1 dropp+ !m g5tly by ! side ( ! fi%1 & !n1 ) a sudd5 j]k1 driv+ !m into any "p ( its body :i* !y may happ5 to /rike4 ,mo/ angl]s h snat*$ fi% accid5tally1 b to d s int5tionally is rank$ among ! wor/ ( an angl]'s crimes1 & is equival5t to *eat+ at c>ds1 or play+ ) false dice4 ,9 "s p>ts ( ! _w1 h[ev]1 !re are c]ta9 small fi% :i* are nev] tak5 9 any o!r way1 &1 inde$1 are rak$ out ( ! wat] j z a g>d5] rakes dead leaves (f ! pa? or b$s4 ,illu/ration3 ,,jagu> ,,& ,,claw4 ,,fi%-,,rake4 ,,gaff4 ,9 ,briti% ,columbia !re are c]ta9 lakes t5ant$ l>gely ) small fi% :i* =m a consid]able portion ( ! natives' diet4 ,!y swim 9 va/ %oals close to ! surface ( ! wat]1 & are captur$ by v]itable rakes1 "o ( :i* is %[n 9 ! illu/ration4 ,! po9ts ( ! rake are slightly curv$1 & v %>p1 & s num]\s are ! fi% t :5 ! native has /ruck 8 rake among ! %oal1 & drawn x into ! boat1 he g5]ally f9ds a fi% on e too?1 :ile x (t5 happ5s t two or ?ree are transfix$ by ! same too?4 ,a %>p knock aga9/ ! side ( ! boat %akes (f ! prey1 & ! fi%]man aga9 /rikes 8 rake into ! %oal4 ,by ?is simple mode ( fi%+ a c\ple ( m5 w1 9 a few h\rs1 load a canoe ) small b valuable fi%4 ,bel[ ! rake is ! 8,gaff10 an in/rum5t1 n to say a weapon1 :i* is indisp5sable :5 salmon or o!r l>ge fi% are to be caught4 ,= ord9>y-siz$ fi% a l&+-net is suffici5t1 b no l&+-net c\ld ei!r receive or reta9 a salmon ( any size4 ,rec\rse is !n _h to ! ,gaff1 :i* is simply a huge hook at ! end ( a h&le4 ,! fi% be+ 8play$0 until x c be drawn )9 rea*1 ! gaff is slipp$ "u x1 /ruck into ! side ( ! salmon1 & by its aid ! fi% is easily lift$ out ( ! wat]4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,on ! left h& ( ! illu/ration are two figures %[+ h[ ! pr9ciple ( ! fi%-rake & gaff has be5 anticipat$ 9 ,nature4 ,x is a well-kn[n fact t ! ,jagu> fe$s l>gely on fi%1 :i* x cat*es = itself4 ,x goes d[n to ! riv]-side z close to ! wat] z possible1 & waits pati5tly = its prey4 ,z soon z a fi% comes )9 rea*1 ! ,jagu> /ret*es out its paw to ! fulle/ ext5t1 &1 ) a /roke ( ! curv$ claws1 hooks ! fi% on %ore1 j z ! ,vanc\v] ,isl&] does ) 8 fi%-rake1 or ! ,engli% angl] ) 8 gaff4 ,_m p]sons h practically exp]i5c$ ! gaff-l p[]s ( ! fel9e claw by ! loss ( _! gold-fi%4 ,x is seldom safe to leave a globe ( gold-fi% )9 rea* ( a cat4 ,ne>ly all cats are madly fond ( fi%1 &1 9 spite ( _! in/9ctive hatr$ ( wat]1 w hook out ! fi% ) _! claws1 & eat !m4 ,inde$1 !re are sev]al in/ances on record :]e a cat has regul>ly caught fi%1 & br\ght !m home to its own]4 ,mr4 ,f4 ,buckl& gives an acc\nt ( a fi%]man's cat1 :i* us$ to g out ) h] ma/]1 jump into ! sea1 secure a fi%1 & !n be lift$ on bo>d ) h] prey4 ,above ! ,jagu> is drawn a s+le claw1 s z to %[ ! =m ( ! in/rum5t by :i* ! fi% is captur$4 ,,arm\r4 ,we w n[ take ! subject ( ,def5sive ,arm\r1 by :i* w>riors are enabl$ to protect !mselves aga9/ ! (f5sive weapons ( ! enemy4 ,z _m read]s w probably "k1 arm\r rea*$ its greate/ developm5t 9 ! ,middle ,ages1 :5 ! knight 0 s completely cas$ 9 /eel t no weapon !n 9 use c\ld p5etrate 8 panoply4 ,! head1 body1 & limbs 7 cov]$ ) /eel plates curi\sly articulat$ at ! jo9ts1 s z to give fre$om ( motion1 :ile gu>d+ ! we>] f any ord9>y weapon4 ,a w>rior might be beat5 f 8 horse by a mace1 or /ruck d[n by a lance1 or ! horse itself might be kill$ "u him4 ,illu/ration3 ,,lob/]4 ,,armadillo4 ,,pi*iciago4 ,,*iton4 ,,plate ,,& ,,scale ,,arm\r ,,( ,,middle ,,ages4 ,9 ei!r ( ^! cases ! fall5 knight 0 n mu* ! worse1 until a weapon call$ ! 8,mis]icorde10 or dagg] ( m]cy1 0 inv5t$4 ,?is 0 a poni>d ) a v sl5d] & v %>p blade1 s con/ruct$ t x c\ld be driv5 betwe5 ! jo9ts ( ! arm\r1 & ?us inflict a mortal w\nd4 ,! ,mis]icorde1 h[ev]1 0 baffl$ by ! use ( *a9 or scale arm\r "u ! plate-mail1 & !n ! only way ( gett+ at ! fall5 knight 0 by break+ up ! arm\r ) hamm]s :i* 7 made = ?is express purpose4 ,p]haps ! read] may wond] t any "o %\ld lie quietly & all[ himself to be s badly treat$4 ,! v /r5g? ( ! arm\r1 h[ev]1 :i* r5d]$ its we>] unassailable by ord9>y weapons1 involv$ s mu* weight1 t :5 a knight _h fall51 x 0 impossible = him to rise1 mu* less to m\nt a horse1 )\t help4 ,moreov]1 ! fir/ bl[ ( a weighty hamm] on ! helmet w\ld1 al?\gh x c\ld n kill ! we>]1 cause su* a j> to 8 bra9 z p>tially1 if n :olly1 to /un him4 ,! rapidly increas+ p[] ( fire>ms soon caus$ arm\r to be laid aside1 & n[ ! only rema9s ( x are to be f\nd 9 ! helmets & cuirasses worn by our dragoons4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,!re are few p>ts ( ! _w :]e arm\r ( "s sort is n us$4 ,putt+ aside civilis$ or semi-civilis$ nations1 we f9d t 9 mo/ cases1 :]ev] !re is w>1 !re is arm\r ( "s k9d4 ,sometimes x is movable1 & 9 t case is call$ a %ield4 ,! mo/ s+ul> %ields t ,i "k are ^? made by ! ,au/ralians1 :i* are s %ap$ t no "o :o did n "k _! use w\ld take !m = %ields4 ,!y are ab\t ?ree feet long1 f\r in*es wide at ! back1 six in*es or s ?ick 9 ! middle1 tap]+ t[>ds ! ends1 & com+ to an edge 9 front4 ,!y are held by ! c5tre ) "o h&1 s t !y c be rapidly twi/$ f side to side1 & s s]ve to p>ry ! spe> or /op ! boom]ang4 ,! weight ( ! %ield enables x to )/& ! %ock ( ! boom]ang1 :i* :irls ?r\gh ! air ) t]rific =ce4 ,sev]al w>like savage tribes h1 h[ev]1 no arm\r ( any k9d1 su* z ! ,new ,zeal&]s1 ! ,samoans1 & ! ,fijians4 ,sometimes ! arm\r is affix$ to ! body1 & ( su* protection _m examples are to be f\nd 9 v>i\s museums1 among :i* ! ,*ri/y collection is pre-em95t4 ,among ! ,polynesians cocoa-nut fibre 0 at "o "t employ$ z ! mat]ial = arm\r4 ,x 0 twi/$ into small cords1 & ) ^! a sort ( arm\r 0 con/ruct$1 q /rong en\gh to resi/ any weapon t an enemy ( _! own k9d c\ld br+ aga9/ !m4 ,sometimes ?is arm\r 0 m]ely a belt wide en\gh to protect ! abdom51 b sometimes ! :ole body 0 def5d$1 f ! neck to ! hips4 ,9 ! ,unit$ ,s]vice ,museum !re is a v rem>kable cuirass1 :i* is made ( successive r[s ( seals' tee?1 ea* r[ ov]lapp+ ! o!r l ! tiles ( a h\se4 ,x is v heavy1 weigh+ q z mu* z a /eel cuirass1 & 0 probably q z effective aga9/ ! primitive weapons :i* c\ld be br\ght to be> ^u x4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,n[ = ,natural ,arm\r4 ,!re are s _m examples ( arm\r1 z furni%$ by ,nature1 t ,i c only m5tion a few4 ,any "o :o looks at a lob/]1 crayfi%1 prawn1 or %rimp1 mu/ at once see t 9 x lies ! prototype ( plate arm\r4 ,t portion ( ! lob/] :i* is popul>ly call$ ! head1 & is sci5tifically kn[n z ! 8c>apace10 is n jo9t$1 & corresponds ) ! cuirass ( anci5t or mod]n arm\r4 ,!n comes ! "p call$ ! 8tail10 ! jo9ts ( :i* are exactly l ^? employ$ 9 ! %\ld]s1 elb[s1 knees1 & ankles ( anci5t arm\r4 ,! lob/] tail w aga9 be m5tion$ 9 connection ) ano!r bran* ( human art4 ,z = ! heavy1 ungraceful arm\r :i* 0 us$ 9 tilt+1 we h an admirable example 9 ! ,trunk-fi% ( ! tropical seas 7,o/racion71 ! :ole ( :i* is enclos$ 9 a bony case1 ! f9s & tail protrud+ ?r\gh op5+s 9 x4 ,9 fact1 ! scales1 in/ead ( be+ sep>ate1 are fus$ toge!r s z to =m a cont9u\s cov]+4 ,! ,box-tortoise ( ,s\? ,am]ica is ano!r good example1 ! creature be+ furni%$ ) bony flaps ) :i* x cov]s ! ap]tures ?r\gh :i* ! head1 legs1 & tail are protrud$1 & s is z imp]vi\s z ! knight ( old4 ,9 ! lat] ages ( arm\r1 ! ?ighs1 in/ead ( be+ enclos$ 9 /eel cov]+s ) cuisses1 7 def5d$ by a numb] ( /eel plates call$ 8tassets40 ,n[ ^! tassets are exactly l ! def5sive arm\r ( ! ,armadillo's back1 &1 ?\gh x is n likely t ! inv5tor ( tassets %\ld h se5 an ,armadillo1 ! fact /ill rema9s1 t ,art has be5 anticipat$ by ,nature4 ,exactly ! same pr9ciple is se5 9 t wond]ful little animal1 ! ,pi*iciago ( ,s\? ,am]ica1 :i* is %[n 9 ! l[] left-h& figure ( ! illu/ration4 ,?is creature is n only furni%$ ) bony r+s on ! body l ^? ( ! ,armadillo1 b has likewise a flap :i* comes ov] ! h9dqu>t]s1 & effectually def5ds x aga9/ ! attacks ( any foe t might pursue x into its burr[4 ,9 ! l[] "r-h& corn] ( ! illu/ration is se5 a figure ( a ,*iton1 sev]al species ( :i* are common on mo/ ( our coa/s4 ,?is is "o ( ! molluscs1 :i* adh]es to ! rock j z limpets d4 ,b1 :]eas ! %ell ( ! limpet is all 9 "o piece & inflexible1 t ( ! ,*iton is compos$ ( sev]al pieces1 :i* are arrang$ exactly l ! tassets ( arm\r1 & enable ! ,*iton to accommodate itself to ! inequalities ( ! rocks to :i* x is adh]+4 ,! common ,pill ,millip$e1 :i* rolls itself up 9 a ball :5 al>m$1 is a famili> in/ance ( simil> def5sive arm\r1 & mu* ! same may be said ( ! ,julus ,millip$e4 99 99 99 99 99 ,illu/ration3 ,,scales ,,( ,,manis4 ,,scale-,,mail4 ,we n[ come to ,scale ,arm\r1 :i* is "o ( ! e>lie/ modes ( protect+ ! body1 & ! idea ( :i* 0 cle>ly tak5 f animal life4 ,9 ,scale ,arm\r1 flat plates ( metal1 horn1 or bone are sewn to a l95 or lea!rn ve/ 9 su* a way t ! scales ov]lap ea* o!r1 & s t5d to ?r[ (f ! bl[ ( a weapon4 ,"o great advantage ( ?is arm\r is its lightness & flexibility1 ! =m] quality all[+ ( m prolong$ ex]tion ?an c\ld be possible ) ! heavy plate arm\r1 & ! latt] r5d]+ t ex]tion less fatigu+ to ! limbs4 ,a glance at ! prec$+ illu/ration w %[ h[ ! scale arm\r ( ! human w>rior has be5 anticipat$ by ,nature4 ,on ! "r h& is an example ( ord9>y scale arm\r1 :ile on ! opposite side is a portion ( a scaly surface4 ,?is figure repres5ts "s ( ! scales ( a ,manis4 ,^! scales are wond]fully h>d1 & sc>cely to be p5etrat$4 ,i h 9 my collection ! sk9 ( a ,%ort-tail$ ,manis1 :i* _h be5 kept = "s "t 9 an ,indian comp\nd1 b :i* made itself su* a nuisance by its p]petual burr[+1 t its own] 0 =c$ to condemn x to dea?4 ,s he took a ,colt's revolv]1 & fir$ at x f a di/ance ( a y>d or two4 ,! only result 0 to knock ov] ! ,manis1 :i* roll$ itself up1 & appe>$ to be none ! worse4 ,a second & a ?ird %ot 7 fir$ ) simil> results1 & ! la/ bullet recoil$ ^u ! fir]4 ,at la/1 ! animal 0 kill$ by introduc+ ! po9t ( a dagg] "u ! scales1 & driv+ x 9 ) a mallet4 ,! ,manis itself is giv5 9 ! illu/ration on page #ahi4 ,illu/ration3 ,,sk9 ,,( ,,s+le?orn4 ,,scale-,,mail4 ,aga91 ! scales ( mo/ fi%es af=d excell5t examples ( scale arm\r4 ,i h select$ "o1 ! ,japanese ,s+le?orn1 on acc\nt ( ! /r5g? ( ! scales1 ea* ( :i* is deeply ridg$ & furr[$4 ,! read] w probably h notic$ t ! sk9 ( ! animal1 into :i* are ins]t$ ! bases ( ! scales1 is analog\s to ! l95 or lea!rn f\ndation ^u :i* ! artificial scales are sewn4 ,ev5 fea!rs give a bett] protection ?an might be imag9$ f _! individually fragile /ructure4 ,?is is well %[n 9 ! case ( aquatic birds1 ^: fea!rs are v closely press$ toge!r1 ea* ov]lapp+ ! next1 & set 9 regul> ord]4 ,n only is ! plumage r5d]$ wat]-tight1 b x is able to resi/ a sev]e bl[4 ,?is is well kn[n by sportsm51 :o d n fire at ducks or geese :ile !y are approa*+1 kn[+ t _! %ot w\ld only glide h>mlessly f ! fea!r-mail ( ! bird4 ,!y wait until ! birds h pass$1 & !n f9d no difficulty 9 kill+ !m1 ! %ot p5etrat+ "u ! fea!rs j z did ! dagg] "u ! scales ( ! manis4 ,ev5 ! dim9utive puff91 or sea-p>rot1 z x is sometimes call$1 c>es little = %ot :ile x is sitt+ on ! rocks ) clos$ w+s & fea!rs press$ toge!r4 ,:51 h[ev]1 x takes to flight1 x c be kill$ )\t difficulty4 ,p]haps "s ( my read]s may be aw>e t ! anci5t ,mexican w>riors wore arm\r made ( fea!rs1 :i* ,i presume mu/ h be5 arrang$ mu* aft] ! fa%ion ( ^? ( a duck's brea/4 ,?is rem>kable ,fea!r-mail is m5tion$ by ,s\!y 9 8 poem1 8,madoc 9 ,aztlan40 ,9 canto xviii1 is rec\nt$ ! s+le combat betwe5 ,madoc & ,coanocots91 ! ,k+ ( ,aztlan4 ,! contra/+ arm\r & weapons ( ea* are graphically describ$1 & especial m5tion is made ( ! cuirass3-- 8,ov] ! brea/1 ,& o'er ! gold5 brea/plate ( ! ,k+1 ,a fea!ry cuirass1 beautiful to eye1 ,light z ! robe ( peace1 yet /rong to save2 ,= ! %>p faul*ion's baffl$ edge w\ld glide ,f its smoo? s(tness40 ,!n1 9 ! c\rse ( ! combat1 :5 ! ,k+ has be5 grappl$ 9 ,madoc's arms & =c$ to drop 8 buckl] & club1 ! n>rative proce$s3-- 8,:i* :5 ! ,pr9ce beheld1 ,he ?ru/ him (f1 & draw+ back1 resum$ ,! sword t f 8 wri/ susp5d$ hung1 ,& twice he smote ! ,k+4 ,twice f ! quilt ,( plumes ! iron glides40 ,if su* arm\r c\ld 9 tru? resi/ ! weapons :i* h be5 discov]$1 x mu/ h be5 a wond]fully /rong g>m5t1 = ! ,mexican swords1 ?\gh made ( wood1 are edg$ ) flakes ( obsidian1 :i* cuts l a razor4 ,i h a numb] ( ^! flakes1 :i* h evid5tly be5 int5d$ = ! edges ( a sword1 b h n be5 us$4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,!re is ano!r k9d ( arm\r :i* is /ill us$ 9 "s p>ts ( ! _w1 & at "o "t 0 employ$ 9 ?is c\ntry4 ,?is is ! ,quilt ,arm\r1 :i* is made by enclos+ a ?ick lay] ( "s fibre1 su* z silk or cotton1 betwe5 two pieces ( fabric1 & !n sew+ !m across & across1 s z to keep ! l9+ or /uff+ 9 its place4 ,! eid]-d[n quilts are famili> examples ( su* fabrics1 & s are ! quilt$ petticoats1 :i* are s com=table 9 w9t]4 ,horsehair & flock mattresses are made 9 a simil> mann]4 ,insuffici5t z x may appe> to be1 ! quilt arm\r1 :5 well made1 is really pro( aga9/ mo/ weapons1 ev5 aga9/ fire>ms1 z we %all pres5tly see4 ,be+ v mu* light] ?an /eel1 x 0 easi] = ! we>]1 its *ief drawback be+ t its extreme ?ickness gave x a v clumsy & awkw>d look4 ,^? :o wore x1 h[ev]1 c>$ m = _! safety ?an _! appe>ance1 z 0 exemplifi$ by ,james ,i41 :o liv$ 9 p]petual fe> ( assass9ation1 b :o _h a n]v\s dislike to arms1 :e!r (f5sive or def5sive4 ,he !re=e wore a cuirass quilt$ ) silk1 :i* answ]$ e purpose ( def5ce1 :ile x did n (f5d 8 n]ves4 ,p]haps ! read] may rememb] t 9 8,pev]il ( ! ,peak0 ,sir ,walt] ,scott gives a ludicr\s picture ( ! timid ju/ice1 8 fe>s ( ! ,popi% plot1 8 suit ( quilt$ arm\r1 & 8 8,prote/ant ,flail0 ) :i* he hits himself on ! head in/ead ( /rik+ 8 suppos$ enemy3-- 8,"s +5i\s arti/1 belong+1 we may presume1 to ! wor%ipful ,m]c]s' ,company1 _h contriv$ a species ( arm\r ( :i* nei!r ! horse arm\ry 9 ! ,t[]1 nor ,gwynnap's ,go?ic ,hall1 no1 nor ,dr4 ,meyrick's invaluable collection ( anci5t arms1 has pres]v$ any specim54 8,x 0 call$ ,silk-arm\r1 be+ compos$ ( a d\blet & bree*es ( quilt$ silk1 s closely /it*$1 & ( su* ?ickness1 z to be pro( aga9/ ei!r bullet or /eel1 :ile a ?ick bonnet ( ! same mat]ials1 ) e>-flaps atta*$ to x1 & on ! :ole mu* resembl+ a nightcap1 complet$ ! equipm5t1 & asc]ta9$ ! security ( ! we>] f ! head to ! knee4 ,ma/] ,maul/atute1 among o!r wor?y citiz5s1 _h adopt$ ?is s+ul> panoply1 :i* _h ! advantage ( be+ s(t1 & w>m & flexible1 z well z safe4 ,& he 0 sat 9 8 judicial elb[-*air--a %ort1 rotund figure1 hung r\nd1 z x 71 ) cu%ions1 = su* 0 ! appe>ance ( ! quilt$ g>m5ts--& ) a nose protrud$ f "u ! silk5 casque1 ! size ( :i*1 toge!r ) ! unwield9ess ( ! :ole figure1 gave 8 wor%ip no indiff]5t resemblance to ! sign ( ! ,hog 9 ,arm\r1 :i* 0 consid]ably improv$ by ! def5sive g>m5t be+ ( a dusky orange col\r1 n altoge!r unlike ! hue ( ^? half-wild sw9e :i* are to be f\nd 9 ! =e/s ( ,hamp%ire40 ,rog] ,nutt gives z a reason = ! security ( quilt$ arm\r1 t x made ! we>] look s ridicul\s t no "o c\ld hit him = laugh+4 ,! read] w probably rememb] t ! sign ( ! ,hog 9 ,arm\r 0 really a repres5tation ( ! rh9oc]os4 ,t su* a cuirass is really imp]vi\s to ord9>y weapons is %[n by ! foll[+ anecdote3--,dur+ "o ( ! late ,indian w>s a troop] dis*>g$ 8 pi/ol close to ! back ( a flee+ horseman4 ,! %ot produc$ no app>5t effect1 & ! man rode (f4 ,pres5tly1 h[ev]1 a ?9 cl\d ( smoke 0 se5 to rise f 8 %\ld]s4 ,! smoke ?ick5$1 !n bur/ into flame1 & aft] rid+ at desp]ate spe$ 9 hopes ( ov]tak+ 8 comrades1 ! un=tunate man fell f 8 horse1 & 0 mis]ably burn$ to dea?4 ,illu/ration3 ,,indian ,,rh9oc]os4 ,,quilt$ ,,arm\r4 ,! fact 0 t cotton be+ *eap] ?an silk1 he _h wadd$ 8 cuirass ) cotton fibre4 ,_h he *os5 silk1 he w\ld h got (f 9 safety4 ,among ! ,*9ese ?is cotton mail is l>gely us$4 ,9 consequ5ce1 _m ,*9ese soldi]s 7 f\nd :o _h be5 burn$ to dea? 9 exactly ! same way z ! ,indian w>rior4 ,t[>ds ! s\?-we/]n p>ts ( ,africa !re is a nation call$ ! ,begh>mis4 ,_! soldi]s are m\nt$1 & are all furni%$ ) suits ( quilt$ mail1 :i* fall bel[ ! knee z ! rid] is seat$ on 8 horse4 ,n only is ! rid] ?us def5d$1 b ! horse also1 :i* is cov]$ ) quilt$ arm\r l t ( its rid]1 ! appe>ance ( bo? be+ exce$+ly grotesque4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,!re are sev]al examples ( su* arm\r 9 ! animal _w1 ! pr9cipal ( :i* is ! ,indian ,rh9oc]os4 ,any "o :o has se5 ?is animal1 or ev5 a good portrait ( x1 w at once recognise ! p>allel betwe5 ! heavy folds ( its ?ick sk9 & ! padd$ flaps ( ! quilt$ mail4 ,! blubb] ) :i* ! :ale is s ?ickly coat$ af=ds ano!r example ( ! p>allel betwe5 ,nature & ,art4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,9 ! days ( anci5t ,rome !re 0 a curi\s milit>y manuvre1 by :i* ! def5sive arm\r ( individual soldi]s might be made collectively useful4 ,?is manuvre 0 call$ ,=m+ a ,tortoise 7te/ud9em fac]e71 & is ?us describ$ 9 ,smi?'s 8,diction>y ( ,greek & ,roman ,antiquities30-- 8,! "n ( ,te/udo 0 also appli$ to ! cov]+ made by a close body ( soldi]s1 :o plac$ _! %ields ov] _! heads to scre5 !mselves aga9/ ! d>ts ( ! enemy4 ,! %ields fitt$ s closely toge!r z to pres5t "o unbrok5 surface )\t any int]/ices betwe5 !m1 & 7 s firm t m5 c\ld walk ^u !m1 & ev5 horses & *>iots be driv5 ov] !m4 ,illu/ration3 ,,tortoise4 ,,roman ,,te/udo4 8,a ,te/udo 0 =m$ ei!r 9 battle1 to w>d (f ! arr[s & o!r missiles ( ! enemy1 or1 :i* 0 m frequ5tly ! case1 to =m a protection to ! soldi]s :5 !y advanc$ to ! walls or gates ( a t[n = ! purpose ( attack+ !m4 8,sometimes ! %ields 7 dispos$ 9 su* a way z to make ! ,te/udo slope4 ,! soldi]s 9 ! fir/ l9e /ood upright1 ^? 9 ! c5tre /oop$ a little1 & ea* l9e successively 0 a little l[] ?an ! prec$+1 d[n to ! la/1 :]e ! soldi]s re/$ on "o knee4 ,su* a disposition ( ! %ields 0 call$ ,fa/igata ,te/udo1 on acc\nt ( _! slop+ l ! ro( ( a build+4 8,! advantages ( ?is plan 7 obvi\s4 ,! /ones & missiles ?r[n ^u ! %ields roll$ (f !m l wat] f a ro(2 besides :i*1 o!r soldi]s frequ5tly advanc$ ^u !m to attack ! enemy ^u ! walls4 ,! ,romans 7 accu/om$ to =m ?is k9d ( ,te/udo z an ex]cise 9 ! games ( ! ,circus40 ,on ! "r h& ( ! illu/ration is %[n a portion ( a ,te/udo ( ?ree ranks1 tak5 f ! ,anton9e column4 ,on ! left is an ord9>y ,tortoise4 ,sometimes ! ,te/udo 0 a cov]$ ma*9e on :eels1 & gu>d$ above ) a supplem5t>y ro( ( wet hides arrang$ 9 scale fa%ion1 s z to prev5t x f be+ set on fire by ! besieg$1 & to ?r[ (f ! heavy missiles :i* 7 dropp$ ^u x4 ,"u cov] ( ?is ,te/udo1 ! soldi]s c\ld ei!r und]m9e ! walls1 or br+ a batt]+-ram to be> ^u !m1 :ile ! m5 :o work$ x 7 safely "u cov]4 ,z to ! batt]+-ram itself1 we %all pres5tly treat ( x4 ,,! ,,=t4 ,z we h treat$ ( "o ( ! modes by :i* ,=ts 7 assault$1 we w n[ come to ! ,=t itself4 ,! transitions 9 ,=t-mak+ are too curi\s to be omitt$ f ! pres5t book4 ,z soon z w> became organiz$1 a ,=t ( "s k9d 0 necess>y4 ,! simple/ mode ( mak+ a ,=t 0 evid5tly to dig a deep tr5*1 & ?r[ up ! e>? on ! inside1 s z to =m a wall4 ,let su* a tr5* be squ>e or circul>1 & !re is a simple b p[]ful ,=t1 by means ( :i* a comp>atively small g>rison c\ld def5d !mselves aga9/ a sup]ior =ce4 ,! ,romans 7 great ma/]s ( ?is art1 fight+ z mu* ) ! spade z ! sword4 ,s /rong & ?or\gh 0 ! old ,roman "w t _m ( _! camps /ill rema91 & w rema9 = c5turies if man does n deface !m4 ,su*1 = example1 are ,cs>'s camp1 ne> ,ald]%ot1 & ! f9e camp at ,lydd+ton1 9 ,wilt%ire1 almo/ e detail ( :i* is pres]v$4 ,roman camps are all con/ruct$ on ! same model1 ! g5]al's place1 or ,prtorium1 be+ 9 ! c5tre1 :5ce he issu$ 8 ord]s1 & ! comm&]s "u him occupy+ ! corn]s4 ,?us1 no matt] h[ he might be %ift$ f "o corps to ano!r1 e ,roman soldi] knew 8 way ab\t ! camp )\t ne$+ to see x1 & c\ld tell at any mom5t :]e to f9d any (fic]4 ,illu/ration3 ,,elk ,,=t4 ,illu/ration3 ,,m\nd ,,=t4 ,o!r nations made _! ,=ts circul>1 an example ( :i* ,i lately saw a few miles f ,bide=d1 :ile o!rs consi/$ ( ne>ly p>allel l9es1 enclosures1 & demi-lunes1 l ^? wond]ful dykes ne> ,clovelly1 :i* occupy m ?an ?irty acres ( l&4 ,"o ( ! circul> ,=ts is %[n on ! "r h& ( ! illu/ration4 ,z "t w5t on1 /one took ! place ( e>?1 & ! pr9cipal object ( ! build] 0 to give consid]able ?ickness bel[1 s z to resi/ ! batt]+-ram1 & great height bo? to walls & t[]s1 s z to be comp>atively out ( ! rea* ( ! arr[s & o!r missiles ( ! besieg]s4 ,= a:ile1 su* ca/les 7 impregnable1 & ! own]s !re( 7 ! irresponsible despots ( ! neighb\rhood1 recognis+ no law b _! own w1 robb+1 tortur+1 & murd]+ at pleasure1 & sett+ ! k+ at op5 defiance4 ,:51 h[ev]1 ! trem5d\s p[]s ( artill]y became develop$1 ! age ( /one ca/les pass$ away4 ,height 0 f\nd to be equival5t to weakness1 z ! /ronge/ t[] 9 exi/5ce c\ld be knock$ to pieces 9 an h\r or two1 & d inf9ite h>m )9 ! =tress by its fall+ fragm5ts4 ,=tification !n return$ to its orig9al pr9ciples4 ,e>? took ! place ( /one or brick2 & at ! pres5t day1 in/ead ( erect+ l(ty walls & /ately t[]s1 ! milit>y eng9e] s9ks 8 build+s z f> z he c into ! gr\nd1 & protects !m ) banks ( simple e>?1 :i* is f\nd to be ! be/ def5ce aga9/ heavy %ot4 ,!re is no masonry 9 exi/5ce t w endure ! artill]y fire ( ! pres5t day1 & ev5 ! solid rock c be knock$ to pieces by x4 ,b an e>?-m\nd is a diff]5t bus9ess1 & w absorb z _m %ot & %ell z c be p\r$ into x1 )\t be+ mu* ! worse = x4 ,see1 = example1 ! ,pro(-m\nd at ,woolwi*1 :i* receives ! %ot ( guns z !y are be+ prov$4 ,n[1 ?is m\nd has und]gone p]petual batt]+ = _m ye>s1 & is z /rong z ev]4 ,! same ?+ may be said ( ! celebrat$ ,mamelon be=e ,seba/opol4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,s mu* = ! ,=t made by ! h& ( man4 ,we n[ come to t :i* is =m$ by ! feet ( animals4 ,! ,elk1 or ,moose1 an inhabitant ( ,nor!rn ,europe1 f9ds itself 9 great dang] dur+ ! w9t]1 ! wolves be+ its *ief enemies4 ,at c]ta9 times ( ! ye> !re comes a p>tial ?aw dur+ ! day1 foll[$ by a fro/ at night4 ,! result is1 t a slight cake ( ice =ms on ! surface ( ! sn[1 too slight to be> ! weight ( s heavy an animal1 & /rong en\gh to cut ! legs ( ! elk z x pl\ghs its way along4 ,n[1 ! wolves are suffici5tly light to pass ov] ! froz5 surface )\t break+ x1 & accord+ly1 !y c easily run d[n & secure ! elk4 ,9 ord]1 !re=e1 to c\nt]act ! wolves1 a numb] ( elks select a conv5i5t spot :]e !y c f9d food1 & unite 9 trampl+ ! sn[ d[n s z to s9k !mselves ne>ly to _! own height bel[ its surface4 ,! wolves nev] d>e attack an ,elk-y>d1 z ?is enclosure is t]m$4 ,9 ! fir/ place1 !y are always haunt$ ) suspicions ( traps1 & d n l ! look ( ! y>d2 & 9 ! next place1 if "s ( ! wolves did v5ture )9 ! =t1 ! elks w\ld soon demoli% !m ) ho(s & horns4 ,"o ( ^! ,elk-y>ds is se5 on ! left h& ( ! illu/ration4 ,,w> ,,& ,,hunt+4 ,,*apt] ,,vii4 ,,scal+ ,,in/rum5ts4--,,def5ce ,,( ,,=t4--,,imitation4--,,! ,,fall-,,trap4 ,scal+-=ks4--,! ,climb+-spur & its ,use4--,l>va ( ! ,tig]-beetle4--,hooks ( ,s]pula4--,mr4 ,gosse's ,description4--,fall+ ,/ones4--,a ,/one roll+ d[n a ,precipice4--,! ,pol> ,be> & ! ,walrus4--,imitation4--,! ,pol> ,be> & ! ,seal4--,! ,esquimaux ,hunt] 8,seal-talk+40--,entic+ ,"m by means ( ,"y4--,! ,fall-trap & its ,v>iations4--,! ,s*oolboy's 8,booby-trap40--,curi\s ,mode ( kill+ ,elephants4--,! ,elephant-spe>4--,! ,hippopotamus-trap ( ,s\!rn ,africa4--,! ,mangrove & its ,se$s4--,! ,spr+-gun & ,spr+-b[4 ,be=e dismiss+ ! subject ( ! ,=tress1 we w glance at ! ,attack & ,def5ce1 z se5 9 ,nature & ,art4 ,,scal+ ,,in/rum5ts4 ,we h already se5 h[ ! ,batt]+-ram c\ld be work$ aga9/ ! walls ( a =t1 or h[ ! assailants c\ld scale !m by means ( ! ,te/udo4 ,!re mu/1 h[ev]1 be occasions :5 x w\ld be impossible to br+ toge!r a suffici5tly l>ge body ( m5 to =m ! ,te/udo1 or ev5 to place ladd]s1 & 9 su* in/ances x w\ld be necess>y t ea* soldi] %\ld be furni%$ ) an in/rum5t by :i* he c\ld haul himself up ! wall4 ,!re are _m examples /ill extant ( su* weapons1 :i* 7 call$ 8,scal+-=ks10 & _! g5]al appe>ance may be kn[n by ! two "r-h& figures ( ! cut4 ,! h&les ( ^! weapons 7 v long1 & by !m ! soldi] haul$ himself to ! top ( ! wall4 ,9 "s ( ^! in/rum5ts ! %afts 7 arm$ ) project+ pegs1 set at regul> int]vals1 s t !y act$ z ! /eps ( a ladd]1 & r5d]$ ! asc5t comp>atively easy4 ,_m ( ! long-h&l$ p>tisans1 su* z ! well-kn[n ,j$wood axe1 7 furni%$ ) a hook ^u ! back ( ! blade1 s t ! weapon s]v$ ! purpose ( a scal+-=k z well z a battle-axe4 ,! ,scal+-=k 7,g]man ,/urmgabel71 :i* is %[n on ! "r h& ( ! illu/ration1 0 9 use some:]e ab\t ,a4,d4 #aejj4 ,t :i* is %[n next to x is ab\t a hundr$ ye>s lat]4 ,illu/ration3 ,,walrus ,,tusks4 ,,l>va ,,( ,,tig]-,,beetle4 ,,climb+-,,spur4 ,,scal+-,,=ks4 ,,hooks ,,( ,,s]pula4 ,demm91 f ^: "w ^! figures are tak51 m5tions t at ! siege ( ,mons1 9 #afia1 ! gr5adi]s ( ! eld] ,dauph9's regim5t /orm$ ! walls "u ! comm& ( ,vauban1 &1 by means ( ! ,scal+-=k1 c>ri$ ! brea/work1 :i* !y assault$4 ,z a m>k ( hon\r to ^! gallant m51 ,l\is ,,xiv4 ord]$ t ! s]geants ( ! regim5t %\ld c>ry scal+-=ks in/ead ( halb]ds1 :i* _h be5 ! peculi> weapon ( ! s]geant until comp>atively late days1 j z ! spontoon1 or half-pike1 0 ! weapon ( ! infantry (fic] f ,a4,d4 #agjj to ,a4,d4 #ahjj1 or !reab\ts4 ,! ,engli% /ud5t w rememb] t 9 ! writ+s ( ,/]ne1 ,field+1 & ,smollett ! half-pike is frequ5tly m5tion$ z ! weapon ( a subalt]n (fic]4 ,demm9 /ates t ! la/ spontoons us$ 9 ,france 7 c>ri$ by ! ,fr5* ,gu>ds 9 #aghi4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,p]haps ! ,climb+-spur may be famili> to "s ( my read]s1 & br+ back a rem9isc5ce ( boyhood4 ,!re is no?+ m tantalis+ to a boy ?an to see a hawk1 or magpie ne/ at ! top ( a tree :i* is too l>ge to be climb$ 9 ! ord9>y way1 & :i* has no bran*es )9 _m feet ( ! gr\nd4 ,h[ev]1 boyi% +5uity has br\ght almo/ any tree )9 ! p[] ( a bird's-ne/] by ! inv5tion ( ! ,climb+-irons4 ,^! are made s z to pass "u ! foot l a /irrup1 & c be secur$ to ! leg by lea!rn /raps1 ! hooks be+1 ( c\rse1 on ! inside ( ! leg4 ,! cut repres5ts ! ,climb+-iron ( ! "r leg4 ,by means ( ^! in/rum5ts1 a v l>ge tree c be m\nt$1 ! irons be+ /ruck firmly into ! b>k1 & ! legs mov$ alt]nately1 & n 9 ! usual mann] ( climb+4 ,sometimes ! hook ( ! ,climb+-iron is t]m9at$ by a s+le in/ead ( a d\ble po9t1 b ! pr9ciple is ! same 9 all4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,we w n[ look = simil> examples 9 ,nature4 ,on ! "r ( ! left-h& gr\p is %[n ! l>va or grub ( ! common ,tig]-beetle1 :i* is itself a curi\s creature4 ,x lives 9 p]p5dicul> burr[s1 fe$+ ^u ^? insects :i* come )9 its rea*4 ,its usual position is at ! upp] "p ( ! burr[1 ) its jaws widely ext5d$1 s z to snap up any insect t may v5ture too ne>4 ,:5 x has secur$ its prey1 x seeks ! bottom ( its burr[1 makes its meal 9 quiet1 & reasc5ds4 ,h[ x does s we %all soon see4 ,t[>ds ! end ( ! body1 "o ( ! segm5ts is mu* enl>g$1 & has a bold prom95ce ^u ! back4 ,on ! summit ( ?is prom95ce !re are two horn-l hooks1 %ap$ z se5 9 ! illu/ration4 ,^! hooks are us$ exactly l ! boy's climb+-spurs1 ! alt]nate elongation & contraction ( ! body answ]+ ! same purpose z ! movem5ts ( ! boy's legs4 ,:5 ! l>va has seiz$ its prey & wi%es to retreat1 all t x has to d is to )draw ! hooks1 /raight5 ! body1 & d[n x falls by its own weight4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,9 ! nautical bran* ( ?is subject ,i h already treat$ ( ! curi\s pu%+-poles by means ( :i* ! ,s]pula protrudes itself f its tube4 ,z all mu/ h notic$ :o h se5 ^! creatures alive1 ! ,s]pula protrudes itself v sl[ly1 b flies back into its tube ) su* velocity t ! eye c sc>cely foll[ its movem5ts4 ,its diff]5ce ( motion %[s t !re mu/ be a diff]5ce 9 ! means by :i* ^! movem5ts are produc$4 ,ref]r+ to ! illu/ration on page #de1 ! read] w see t ! in/rum5ts ) :i* ! ,s]pula propels itself are us$ j aft] ! fa%ion ( punt-poles1 & _c act ) any great swiftness4 ,:51 h[ev]1 ! creature wi%es to )draw itself1 x employs a curi\s app>atus1 consi/+ ( _m r[s ( little hooks4 ,! po9ts ( ^! hooks readily cat* aga9/ ! l9+ ( ! tube1 & by _! aid ! worm j]ks itself back ) wond]ful cel]ity4 ,?ree r[s ( ^! hooks are %[n next to ! ,tig]-beetle l>va4 ,! /ructure ( ^! rem>kable organs is elaborately describ$ by ,mr4 ,gosse 9 8 8,ev5+s ) ! ,microscope30-- 8,if y look aga9 at ?is ,s]pula rec5tly extract$1 y w f9d ) a l5s a pale yell[ l9e runn+ along ! upp] surface ( ea* foot1 transv]sely to ! l5g? ( ! body4 ,?is is ! bord] ( an exce$+ly delicate membrane1 &1 on plac+ x "u a high p[] 7say six hundr$ diamet]s71 y w be a/oni%$ at ! elaborate provision "h made = preh5sion40 8,?is yell[ l9e1 :i* _c be appreciat$ by ! unassi/$ eye1 is a muscul> ribbon1 ov] :i* /& edgewise a multitude ( :at ,i w call combs1 or r subtriangul> plates4 ,^! h a wide base1 & ! apex ( ! triangle is curv$ ov] into an abrupt hook1 & !n ?is cut into a numb] 7f f\r to six7 ( %>p & long tee?40 8,! plates /& side by side1 p>allel to ea* o!r1 along ! :ole l5g? ( ! ribbon1 & !re are muscul> fibres se5 affix$ to ! basal side ( ea* plate1 :i* d\btless give x indep5d5t motion4 8,i h c\nt$ "o hundr$ & ?irty-six plates on "o ribbon4 ,!re are two ribbons on ea* ?oracic segm5t1 & !re are sev5 su* segm5ts4 ,h5ce1 we may compute ! total numb] ( preh5sile comb-l plates on ?is portion ( ! body to be ab\t "o ?\s& n9e hundr$1 ea* ( :i* is wield$ by muscles at ! w ( ! animal2 :ile1 z ea* plate c>ries on an av]age five tee?1 !re are ne>ly t5 ?\s& tee? hook$ into ! l9+ membrane ( ! cell1 :5 ! animal *ooses to desc5d40 8,ev5 ?is1 h[ev]1 is f> %ort ( ! total numb]1 because long ribbons ( hooks ( a simil> /ructure1 b ( small] dim5sions1 run across ! abdom9al segm5ts1 :i* are m num]\s ?an ! ?oracic4 ,no wond]1 ) s _m muscles wield+ s _m grappl+-hooks1 t ! desc5t is s rapidly effect$40 ,la/ly1 we come to ! ,walrus1 ^: /rangely elongat$ upp] can9e tee? c be us$ = j ! same purposes z ! scal+-=k or climb+-spur4 ,z1 h[ev]1 ref]5ce has already be5 made to ^! tusks1 9 connection ) ano!r dep>tm5t ( ?is "w1 !re is no necessity = occupy+ space ) a second description4 ,,def5ce ,,( ,,=t4 ,s mu* = attack2 n[ = def5ce4 ,! simple/ mode ( def5d+ a =t1 or ev5 a m\nta9 pass1 is by ?r[+ or roll+ rocks & heavy /ones aga9/ ! enemy4 ,simple z x may appe>1 x is a v effective "o1 z c be well und]/ood by ^? :o h roll$ a huge /one d[n a long & /eep slope4 ,! /one goes g5tly en\gh at fir/1 b rapidly ga9s spe$1 until at la/ x makes great b\nds f ! e>?1 te>+ & cra%+ ?r\gh ev]y?+ z if x _h be5 %ot f a cannon4 ,i h se5 a /one :i* 0 too heavy to be lift$1 & _h to be pris$ ov] ! edge ) lev]s1 spr+ completely ?r\gh ! topmo/ bran*es ( a high tree1 scatt]+ ! b\ghs 9 all directions1 & !n1 alight+ on ano!r /one1 split into _m fragm5ts1 j l ! pieces ( a bur/ %ell4 ,t "o /one w\ld h swept (f a :ole p>ty ( soldi]s _h !y enc\nt]$ x :ile try+ to asc5d ! slope4 ,?is inv5tion has also be5 anticipat$ 9 ,nature4 ,putt+ aside ! obvi\s reflection t ! mo/ primitive w>riors mu/ h notic$ ! effects ( /ones fall+ ov] a precipice1 we h1 9 ,capta9 ,hall's 8,life ) ! ,esquimaux10 a curi\s acc\nt ( ! ,pol> ,be> & its mode ( kill+ ! ,walrus4 ,gigantic z is ?is animal1 & t]rible z are its tusks1 ! ,pol> ,be> w sometimes attack x 9 a v s+ul> mann]4 ,! ,be> spr+s on a sleep+ ,walrus1 & cl+s to its %\ld]s ) "o paw1 & ) repeat$ bl[s f ! o!r1 fractures its skull4 ,/ill1 ! combat is sure to be a sev]e "o1 & s ! ,pol> ,be> w1 if he c1 secure 8 prey by "s o!r me?od4 8,! natives tell _m mo/ int]e/+ anecdotes ( ! ,be>1 %[+ t !y are accu/om$ to wat* 8 movem5ts closely4 ,he has a v +5i\s me?od ( kill+ ! ,walrus4 ,illu/ration3 ,,be> ,,kill+ ,,walrus4 ,illu/ration3 ,,w>riors ,,dep5d+ ,a ,,pass4 8,9 ,augu/1 e f9e day1 ! ,walrus makes its way to ! %ore1 draws its huge body ^u ! rocks1 & basks 9 ! sun4 ,if ?is happ5 ne> ! base ( a cliff1 ! ev]-wat*ful ,be> takes advantage ( ! circum/ance to attack 8 =midable game 9 ?is way4 ,! ,be> m\nts ! cliff1 & ?r[s d[n ^u ! animal's head a l>ge rock1 calculat+ ! di/ance & ! curve ) a/oni%+ accuracy1 & ?us cru%+ ! ?ick1 bullet-pro( skull4 8,if ! ,walrus is n in/antly kill$1 or simply /unn$1 ! ,be> ru%es d[n to x1 seizes ! rock1 & hamm]s away at ! head until ! skull is brok54 ,a fat fea/ foll[s4 ,unless ! ,be> is v hungry1 x eats only ! blubb] ( ! walrus1 seal1 & :ale40 ,,imitation4 ,z is ! case ) ! ,norwegians1 ! ,esquimaux h ! greate/ respect = ! intellectual z well z ! bodily p[]s ( ! ,be>1 & av[$ly imitate x 9 its modes ( hunt+4 ,"o ( ^! me?ods w n[ be m5tion$4 ,x mu/ fir/ be premis$ t ! ,seal is a mo/ w>y animal1 & :5 x lies d[n on ! %ore to sleep1 x takes its repose by snat*es1 lift+ up its head at v %ort int]vals1 look+ all r\nd 9 se>* ( foes1 & !n compos+ itself to re/ aga94 ,to approa* s cauti\s an animal is evid5tly a difficult task1 b ! ,be> is equal to x4 ,! foll[+ is ,capta9 ,hall's acc\nt3-- 8,f ! ,pol> ,be> ! ,innuits 7i4e4 ,esquimaux7 le>n mu*4 ,illu/ration3 ,,pol> ,,be> ,,hunt+ ,,seal4 ,illu/ration3 ,,esquimaux ,,hunt+ ,,seal4 8,! mann] ( approa*+ ! ,seal1 :i* is on ! ice by its hole1 bask+ 9 ! sun%9e1 is f him4 ,! ,be> lies d[n & crawls by hit*es t[>ds ! ,seal1 #8talk+' to x1 z ! ,innuits say1 until he is )9 /rik+ di/ance1 :5 he p\nces ^u x ) a s+le jump4 ,! natives say t if !y c\ld #8talk' z well z ! ,be>1 !y c\ld cat* _m m ,seals4 8,! proc$ure ( ! ,be> is z foll[s4 8,he proce$s v cauti\sly t[>ds ! black speck1 f> (f on ! ice1 :i* he kn[s to be a ,seal4 ,:5 /ill a long way f x1 he ?r[s himself d[n & hit*es himself along t[>ds 8 game4 ,! ,seal1 mean:ile1 is tak+ its naps ( ab\t t5 seconds ea*1 inv>iably rais+ its head & survey+ ! entire horizon be=e compos+ itself aga9 to brief slumb]4 8,z soon z x raises its head1 ! ,be> #8talks1' keep+ p]fectly /ill4 ,! ,seal1 if x sees any?+1 sees b ! head1 :i* x takes = t ( ano!r ,seal4 ,x sleeps aga94 ,aga9 ! ,be> hit*es himself along1 & once m ! ,seal looks ar\nd1 only to be #8talk$' to & aga9 deceiv$4 ,?us ! pursuit goes on until ! ,seal is caught1 or till x makes its escape1 :i* x seldom does40 ,x is rem>kable t :ile ?is 8talk0 is go+ on1 ! ,seal appe>s to be *>m$1 raises & %akes its flipp]s ab\t1 rolls ov] on its side & back1 z if delight$1 & !n lies d[n to sleep4 ,n[1 ! ,esquimaux hunt]s imitate1 z ne>ly z !y c1 ! proce$+s ( ! ,be>1 b are n s successful4 ,capta9 ,hall m5tions sev]al in/ances :]e ! native hunt] fail$ ev5 to come )9 gun%ot )\t al>m+ ! ,seal1 :i* in/antly plung$ into its hole & 0 lo/4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,! same au?or m5tions ano!r in/ance :]e ! ,esquimaux hunt] has copi$ ! ,be>4 ,illu/ration3 ,,pol> ,,be> ,,cat*+ ,,seal1 ,,etc4 ,:5 an ,esquimaux hunt] cat*es a "y ,seal1 he takes c>e n to kill x at once1 z he wi%es to use x z a decoy4 ,he ties a long l9e r\nd "o ( ! h9d flipp]s1 & !n drops ! little ,seal into ! hole ?r\gh ! ice by :i* x ent]s & leaves ! wat]4 ,! /ruggles ( ! "y are ne>ly sure to attract ! "m1 & :5 %e has discov]$ its condition ! "y ,seal is cauti\sly drawn up on ! ice4 ,! "m foll[s1 too int5t on rescu+ h] "y to ?9k ab\t h]self1 &1 z soon z %e is )9 rea*1 %e is /ruck ) ! h>poon4 ,! ,pol> ,be>1 h[ev]1 prec$$ ! ,esquimaux 9 ?is mode ( hunt+4 ,! "y ,seal lives 9 a hemisph]ical dwell+ scoop$ out ( ! sn[1 & communicat+ ) ! wat] by means ( a hole ?r\gh ! ice4 ,?is dwell+ w be describ$ & figur$ :5 we come to ! subject ( ,ar*itecture4 ,f9d+ out1 by sc5t or "s o!r means1 ! habitation ( ! "y ,seal1 ! ,pol> ,be> leaps ^u ! sn[1 br++ 8 feet toge!r1 & ) 8 enorm\s weight break+ ?r\gh ! ro( ( ! dwell+4 ,he in/antly captures ! "y ,seal be=e x c make its escape4 ,!n1 driv+ ! talons ( "o paw into its h9d flipp]1 he lets x into ! hole1 & all[s x to fl\nd] ab\t 9 ! wat]4 ,:5 ! "m is attract$ to h] "y1 he draws 8 prey sl[ly up on ! ice4 ,! anxi\s "m foll[s1 & is at once secur$ by ! talons ( ! o!r foot1 z is repres5t$ 9 ! illu/ration4 ,,! ,,fall-,,trap4 ,?is is a /ratagem :i* is (t5 employ$ 9 ,w> & ,hunt+1 ?\gh its use is mo/ly conf9$ to ! latt]4 ,s*oolboys (t5 avail !mselves ( ?is pr9ciple :5 !y wi% to play a practical joke1 & to amuse !mselves by sett+ a 8,booby-trap40 ,?is trap is easily manufactur$1 & consi/s ( a p>tially op5$ door1 ) a bas9 or jug ( wat] balanc$ ^u x4 ,! natural result is1 t any "o :o op5s ! door )\t prop] precautions receives ! jug & its cont5ts ^u 8 head1 & is ?or\ghly dr5*$4 ,on ! "r h& ( ! illu/ration is se5 a curi\s spe>1 ! butt ( :i*1 in/ead ( be+ light] ?an ! head1 is v mu* heavi]4 ,! weight1 h[ev]1 is exactly :]e x is want$1 & inde$1 9 actual use1 is trebl$ by a mass ( t5aci\s clay1 knead$ ^u x4 ,?is figure is tak5 f a v p]fect specim5 9 my own collection4 ,x is an ,african weapon1 n us$ = w>1 b = hunt+1 &1 z f> z ,i "k1 exclusively employ$ aga9/ ! elephants4 ,^! animals h a way ( =m+ roads or tracks = !mselves ?r\gh ! woods1 v mu* l ^? almo/ invisible pa?s :i* are made by ! half-wild %eep ( ! great ,wilt%ire ,d[ns1 except t !y trav]se ?ick =e/s in/ead ( broad d[ns4 ,! native hunt]s "k all ! elephant pa?s1 & if a h]d ( elephants be se5 approa*+1 ! pa? :i* !y w take is tol]ably c]ta94 ,illu/ration3 ,,mangrove ,,se$s4 ,illu/ration3 ,,hippopotamus ,,trap ,,& ,,elephant ,,spe>4 ,arm$ ) ?is k1 ! native hunt]s climb ! trees1 & seat !mselves on ! bran*es :i* ov]hang ! pa?1 ea* hunt] be+ suppli$ ) "o ( ^! spe>s4 ,z ! elephants pass b5ea? him1 ! exp]i5c$ hunt] selects a bull elephant ) good tusks1 &1 tak+ a c>eful aim1 drops ! spe> on its back4 ,on receiv+ ! /roke1 ! elephant ru%es (f 9 mix$ t]ror & rage4 ,z ! animal uses ! legs ( ea* side alt]nately1 x sways its huge body f side to side at e /ep4 ,) ea* movem5t1 ! spe> also sways ab\t1 its weight$ end giv+ x su* a lev]age1 t ! %>p edges ( ! head cut ! poor animal to pieces4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,ano!r k9d ( ,fall-trap1 :i* is common 9 _m p>ts ( ,s\!rn ,africa1 is n dep5d5t ^u ! skill ( ! hunt]1 b1 l ! 8booby-trap0 above m5tion$1 is set 9 motion by ! victim4 ,a figure ( ?is trap is giv5 9 ! illu/ration4 ,if ! native hunt] c f9d a spot :]e ! ,hippopotamus pa? passes "u an ov]hang+ bran*1 he makes a simple b mo/ effective trap4 ,he takes a heavy log ( wood1 & into "o end ( x he drives a spe>-po9t4 ,! log is !n hung ) its po9t d[nw>ds to ! bran*1 ! rope :i* is connect$ ) its trigg] or cat* be+ /ret*$ across ! pa? at a few in*es f ! surface ( ! gr\nd1 & c>ri$ at "r angles across ! pa?4 ,! ,hippopotamus takes no notice ( ! cord1 :i* is usually made ( "o ( ! creep]s or 8bu%-ropes0 t are s common 9 hot c\ntries4 ,no soon]1 h[ev]1 does its foot /rike ! cord1 ?an ! trigg] is releas$1 & d[n falls ! heavy log1 driv+ its iron po9t deeply into ! back ( ! victim4 ,ev5 if ! weapon 7 simple iron1 su* a w\nd mu/ be mortal1 b1 z x is almo/ inv>iably poison$1 ! w\nd$ animal c sc>cely travel =ty or fifty y>ds be=e x lies d[n & dies4 ,"o ( ^! traps is %[n 9 ! illu/ration4 ,9 ! =egr\nd is %[n ! ,fall-trap1 po9t$ ) iron1 & weight$ ) l>ge /ones at ! l[] end1 s z to br+ x d[n ) m =ce1 & to prev5t x f fall+ transv]sely4 ,! ,spr+-gun1 once s =midable a protector ( our cov]ts1 0 manag$ 9 a simil> mann]1 except t ! missile 0 dis*>g$ horizontally1 & n v]tically4 ,! gun1 load$ ) %ot1 0 fix$ "s eighte5 in*es f ! gr\nd1 & a long & slight wire fa/5$ to ! trigg]4 ,! opposite end ( ! wire 0 made fa/ to a tree or o!r fix$ object1 &1 z ! gun 0 direct$ on ! l9e ( ! wire1 x is evid5t t any "o :o /umbl$ aga9/ x w\ld dis*>ge ! gun1 & receive ! cont5ts 9 8 legs4 ,9 ,france ! gun 0 g5]ally load$ ) little pieces ( bay salt1 & ,i v mu* pity ! un=tunate poa*] :o came across "o ( ^! guns4 ,! pa9 w\ld prev5t him f escap+1 & ,i ?9k t ! h>de/-he>t$ ( game pres]v]s c\ld n br+ himself to prosecute a man :o _h already suff]$ s mu*4 ,( a simil> "* are ! ,spr+-b[s :i* 7 once common 9 ?is c\ntry1 & are /ill us$ 9 v>i\s p>ts ( ,asia4 ,a b[ & arr[ are sub/itut$ = fire>ms1 & ! b[1 aft] be+ drawn by ! unit$ ef=ts ( sev]al m51 is held 9 its position by a /ick1 "o end ( :i* presses aga9/ ! c5tre ( ! b[1 & ! o!r aga9/ ! /r+4 ,a l>ge arr[ is !n plac$ on ! b[1 & a cord is ti$ to ! middle ( ! /ick1 l$ =w>ds 9 a l9e ) ! direction ( ! arr[1 & fa/5$1 z 9 ! case ( ! spr+-gun4 ,z soon z ! l9e is /ruck1 ! /ick is j]k$ f its place1 & ! arr[ is dis*>g$1 pi]c+ ! body ( ! trespass]4 ,tig]s1 be>s1 & leop>ds are ! usual victims ( ?is trap4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,x is rem>kable t 9 ! same c\ntry !re is a production ( ,nature :i* may 9 all probability h giv5 to ! native hunt] ! idea ( ! ,fall-trap4 ,?is is ! ,mangrove-tree1 :i* is rem>kable = ! wond]ful ext5t ( gr\nd :i* x w cov]1 & ! ne>ly imp5etrable ?ickets :i* x =ms4 ,9 ! pres5t "p ( ! "w we h no?+ to d ) ! arial roots1 sev]al ( :i* are %[n 9 ! illu/ration1 & only re/rict ourselves to ! ,se$s1 & ! curi\s mann] 9 :i* !y are plant$ by ,nature4 ,9 ! illu/ration1 on ! left h&1 ! gr[? ( ! ,mangrove is se54 ,! draw+ is tak5 f a sket* by ! late ,mr4 ,ba9es1 & g5]\sly plac$ at my disposal1 z 7 all 8 draw+s & j\rnals4 ,! ,mangrove is a wet-lov+ tree1 nev] fl\ri%+ unless root$ 9 mud2 & :e!r ! moi/ure ( ! mud be attributable to fre% or salt wat] seems to make little diff]5ce to ! ,mangrove1 :i*1 ( ! two1 appe>s to pref] ! latt]4 ,n[1 ! se$s ( ! ,mangrove look v mu* l elongat$ skittles1 except t "o end comes to a %>p po9t4 ,z !y hang on ! tree1 ! po9t is d[nw>ds4 ,:5 !y are ripe1 !y fall f ! bran*1 & by _! own weight are driv5 deeply into ! mud1 :]e !y develop roots & leaves1 & become ! prog5itors ( ! future ,mangrove race4 ,i _c b ?9k t ! native hunt]1 hav+ se5 ! trem5d\s =ce ) :i* ! ,mangrove se$ buries itself 9 ! mud1 has appli$ ! same pr9ciple to a weapon :i* %all bury itself 9 ! body ( an elephant4 ,,w> ,,& ,,hunt+4 ,,*apt] ,,viii4 ,,concealm5t4--,,disguise4--,,! ,,tr5*4--,,p[] ,,( ,,gravity4--,,miscellanea4 ,concealm5t ne$$ 9 ,mod]n ,w>f>e4--,concealm5t by ,cov]+4--,mask+ ,guns4--,birnam ,wood4--,! ,r$uvius4--,! ,cuckoo-spit & ! ,spid]-crab4--,concealm5t by ,disguise4--,/ratagem ( ! ,b>ea4--,complete ,deception4--,l>va ( ,geometra4--,! ,leaf-insect4--,! ,luppet-mo?4--,! ,pt>migan & ! ,erm9e4--,pr9ciple ( ! ,tr5*4--,! ,hunt]'s 8,skrm40--,! ,wax-mo? or ,gall]ia-mo?1 & its ,tunnel4--,fate ( a ,collection4--,! ,t]mites & ! ,travell+ ,ants ( ,s\? ,am]ica4--,! ,p[] ( ,gravity4--,! ,batt]+-ram & its ,=ce4--,miscellanea4--,w> by ,suffocation4--,! ,/9k-pot4--,! ,*ili-plant4--,! ,sulphur-room4--,! ,bomb>di]-beetle4--,! ,bullet-mak+ ,ma*9e & ! ,silkworm4 ,,concealm5t4 ,we w fir/ take ,concealm5t by means ( ,cov]+4 ,if ,hi/ory repeats h]self1 s does ,w>f>e4 ,i h already %[n ! repetition ( ,hi/ory 9 ! ,=tress--,i %all n[ %[ x 9 ! ,field4 ,9 =m] days1 :5 arms ( precision 7 n inv5t$1 concealm5t 0 n ne$$4 ,no soldi] ev] 0 visit$ ) a dream s wild z t ( tak+ def9ite aim at ! enemy1 & res]v+ ! fire until ! aim 0 c]ta94 ,i h 9 my collection sev]al ( ! ,fr5* & ,engli% muskets us$ ab\t ! "t ( ,wat]loo1 &1 ?\gh a fair rifle-%ot1 w\ld n engage to hit a hay/ack ) ei!r ( !m at a di/ance ( a hundr$ y>ds4 ,) ! ,snid] or ,m>t9i-,h5ry 9 ! h&s ( a skilful adv]s>y1 he w\ld be a bold man :o w\ld (f] himself = a t>get at a ?\s& y>ds4 ,inde$1 if ! fir/ %ot happ5$ to miss1 ! m>ksman w\ld be tol]ably sure to notice ! failure1 & to correct 8 aim ) fatal c]ta9ty4 ,9 ^? days1 !re=e1 concealm5t 0 r ridicul$ ?an prais$1 ! p[] ( ! new arm n be+ z yet appreciat$4 ,i well recollect1 9 ! e>lie/ days ( ! ,volunte] movem5t1 he>+ a ,volunte] capta9 decl>e1 amid ! *e]s ( 8 company1 t 8he _h nev] sneak$ beh9d a tree 9 all 8 life1 & 0 n go+ to beg9 n[40 ,9 ! pres5t day1 ! p[] ( ! missile has be5 develop$ ) su* a/\nd+ rapidity1 t to be expos$ to ! fire ( rifles or cannon is almo/ c]ta9 dea?4 ,inde$1 ! only safety ( ! def5ce lay 9 ! fact t ! smoke soon r5d]$ v accurate %oot+ impossible at long ranges1 & t at %ort ranges1 if a man got a bullet ?r\gh 8 body1 x matt]$ little to him :e!r ! missile 7 a sph]ical musket-ball or a conical rifle-bullet4 ,illu/ration3 ,,r$uvius 7,,magnifi$74 ,illu/ration3 ,,cuckoo-,,spit4 ,illu/ration3 ,,spid]-,,crab4 ,illu/ration3 ,,mask+ ,,guns4 ,illu/ration3 ,,birnam ,,wood4 ,j1 !n1 z =ts h latt]ly sunk into ! e>? = ! purpose ( /r5g?1 s h our mod]n soldi]s f\nd t ! true pr9ciple ( mod]n w>f>e is nev] to lose sight ( ! enemy1 & nev] to all[ ! enemy to see y\rself or ! disposal ( y\r troops4 ,ev]y?+ mu/ be reveal$ to ! comm&]-9-*ief1 ev]y?+ mu/ be conceal$ f ! enemy4 ,9 ! late ,franco-,g]man w> ! pr9ciple ( concealm5t 0 l>gely us$1 & :5 cannon 7 br\ght into ! field by ! ,g]mans = ! purpose ( attack+ =tresses1 !y 7 always hidd5 "u bran*es ( trees1 s t ! enemy %\ld n di/+ui% !m f ! ord9>y features ( ! c\ntry1 & t ! sp>kle ( ! sunbeams ^u !m might n be se54 ,x w\ld be almo/ sup]flu\s to rem9d ! read] ( ,malcolm's /ratagem :5 besieg+ ,duns9ane ,ca/le3-- 8,let e soldi] hew him d[n a b\gh1 ,& be>'t be=e him2 !reby %all we %ad[ ,! numb]s ( our ho/1 & make discov]y ,err 9 report ( u40 ,precisely simil> modes ( concealm5t are to be f\nd 9 ! animal _w4 ,!re is a c]ta9 insect belong+ to ! ,het]opt]a1 & sci5tifically nam$ ,r$uvius p]sonatus4 ,i am n aw>e :e!r x has any popul> "n4 ,x is insectivor\s1 & ought to be welcom$ 9 h\ses1 z x is p>ticul>ly fond ( ! too common b$-bug4 ,s c>nivor\s are ^! insects t "o ( ! ,r$uviid kill$ & suck$ a companion ( h] own sex1 h] own mate1 &1 aft] only a few days' fa/1 h] own "y1 & !n suck$ h] own eggs4 ,dur+ its l>val & pupal /ages ( exi/5ce1 ! ,r$uvius cov]s its body & limbs ) du/ & any o!r refuse :i* x c f9d4 ,9 ?is mann] x disguises its =m s completely t x sc>cely looks l an insect4 ,occasionally x seems to be dissatisfi$ ) its coat ( du/1 ?r[s x (f1 & sets to "w at a new "o4 ,"o ( ^! creatures1 z x appe>s :5 cov]$ ) its du/y coat+1 is se5 9 ! upp] left-h& corn] ( ! illu/ration4 ,x is slightly magnifi$4 ,bel[ ! ,r$uvius is ! common ,cuckoo-spit 7,aphrophora spum>ia71 ^: fro?y masses are s pl5tiful 9 our h$g][s & g>d5s4 ,if "o ( ^! masses be c>efully op5$1 !re w be f\nd 9 x a little gre5 creature ) small1 r\nd1 dot-l eyes4 ,?is is ei!r ! l>val or pupal /ate ( ! ,frog-hopp]1 z ! insect is call$ 9 its p]fect /ate1 f its habit ( tak+ long & sudd5 leaps :5 al>m$4 ,i well rememb] my delight :51 z a *ild1 ,i set to "w at exam9+ ^! fro?-masses1 & succe$$ 9 trac+ ! insect ?r\gh all its *anges4 ,! fro? is d]iv$ f ! sap ( ! tree1 :i* is suck$ ?r\gh ! proboscis1 pass$ ?r\gh ! dige/ive organs1 & !n eject$ 9 a succession ( little bubbles4 ,aft] a:ile a little drop ( cle> liquid is se5 to collect at ! bottom ( ! fro?1 to increase1 & !n to fall1 :5 ano!r imm$iately beg9s to be =m$4 ,"o species ( ,cuckoo-spit1 :i* inhabits ,madagasc>1 acts almo/ l a siphon on ! tree1 & p\rs out l>ge quantities ( cle> wat] dur+ ! hotte/ "p ( ! day4 ,)9 ?is fro?-mass ! insect lies conceal$1 &1 ?\gh utt]ly helpless1 is safe f mo/ ( ! enemies t w\ld attack x if x 7 left expos$4 ,b5ea? ! ,cuckoo-spit is ! common ,spid]-crab1 sometimes call$ ! ,?ornback-crab1 f ! num]\s sp9es ) :i* its body is cov]$4 ,its sci5tific "n is ,maia squ9ado4 ,:5 ! ,spid]-crab atta9s to a tol]able size1 its r\gh surface =ms atta*m5t = v>i\s m>9e be+s1 *iefly ^? belong+ to ! zoophytes4 ,9 "s cases ^! zoophytes gr[ to su* a size t ! ,crab is completely cov]$ by !m1 & its orig9al %ape effectually conceal$4 ,:5 "o ( ^! creatures is se5 9 a liv+ /ate x pres5ts ! curi\s spectacle ( a l>ge bun* ( zoophytes & corall9es mov+ ab\t f place to place )\t any p]ceptible limbs1 ! :ole ( ! surface ( ! ,crab be+ cov]$ ) extrane\s gr[?s4 ,,disguise4 ,next comes concealm5t by means ( ,disguise4 ,on ! "r h& ( ! accompany+ illu/ration is %[n a s+ul> mode ( concealm5t adopt$ by ! ,b>ea1 a w>like & pr$atorial tribe ( ,abyss9ia4 ,:5 ,mr4 ,mansfield ,p>kyns 0 resid5t 9 ,abyss9ia he fell 9 ) ! ,b>ea1 ?r\gh ^: c\ntry he _h to pass4 8,sc>cely _h we pass$ ! brook ( ,mai-,*5a :5 "o ( our m51 a hunt]1 decl>$ t he saw ! slaves4 ,be+ at t "t inexp]i5c$ 9 su* matt]s1 ,i c\ld see no?+ suspici\s4 ,he !n po9t$ out to me a dead tree /&+ on an em95ce at a di/ance ( sev]al hundr$ y>ds1 & *>r$ black by la/ ye>'s fire40 ,"h ,i mu/ expla9 t 9 ,abyss9ia1 z 9 sev]al o!r p>ts ( ! _w1 ! gr\nd is annually1 cle>$ ( its sup]abundant vegetation by sett+ fire to x1 & all[+ ! flames to burn !mselves out4 ,illu/ration3 ,,leaf-,,insect4 ,illu/ration3 ,,pt>migan4 ,illu/ration3 ,,cat]pill> ,,( ,,geometra4 ,illu/ration3 ,,lappet-,,mo?4 ,illu/ration3 ,,b>ea ,,/ratagem4 8,h[ev]1 all ,i saw 0 a *>r$ /ump ( a tree & a few black5$ logs or /ones ly+ at its feet4 ,! hunt] decl>$ t nei!r ! tree nor ! /ones 7 !re ! la/ "t we pass$1 & t !y 7 simply nak$ ,b>ea1 :o _h plac$ !mselves 9 t position to obs]ve u1 hav+ no d\bt se5 u = "s "t1 & prep>$ !mselves4 8,i c\ld sc>cely believe x possible !y c\ld be s motionless1 & det]m9$ to explore a little4 ,! re/ ( ! p>ty advis$ me to cont9ue quietly 9 ! road1 z x 0 possible t1 f our pres5t+ a r =midable appe>ance1 we %\ld pass unmole/$2 b s confid5t 0 ,i ( 8 mi/ake1 t1 tell+ ! re/ to g on sl[ly1 z if no?+ _h be5 obs]v$1 ,i dropp$ into ! long grass & /alk$ up t[>ds !m40 8,a %ot f my rifle at a long di/ance 7,i did n v5ture too close7 act$ on ! trees & /ones z p[]fully z ! fiddle ( ,orpheus1 b ) ! contr>y effect2 = ! tree disappe>$1 & ! /ones & logs1 in/ead ( runn+ aft] me1 ran 9 ! opposite direction40 8,i nev] 0 m a/oni%$ 9 my life1 = s complete 0 ! deception t ev5 up to ! "t ,i fir$ ,i c\ld h decl>$ ! objects be=e me 7 vegetable or m9]al--any?+1 inde$1 b animal4 ,! fact 0 t ! cunn+ rascals :o repres5t$ /ones 7 ly+ flat1 ) _! little r\nd %ields plac$ be=e !m z scre5s40 ,?is /ratagem is %[n on ! "r h& ( ! illu/ration4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,on ! left are a few ( ! innum]able in/ances 9 ,nature :]e ,concealm5t is obta9$ by imitation4 ,! ?ree examples :i* are "h giv5 are famili> to all entomologi/s4 ,! upp] figure repres5ts two ( ! ,geometra or ,loop] ,cat]pill>s1 z !y appe> :5 at re/1 & affix$ to a twig4 ,?is appe>s to be a s+ul> attitude ( re/1 b x is "o 9 :i* !y delight1 & 9 :i* !y rema9 = h\rs toge!r1 ! clasp]s at ! end ( ! body tightly grasp+ ! bran*1 & ! :ole body held out s /raight & motionless t x is h>dly possible to believe t a v]itable twig is n be=e ! eye4 ,! col\r is t ( ! twig1 & ! diff]5t segm5ts ( ! body look exactly l ! little irregul>ities & projections ( a "y twig4 ,i h m ?an once se5 a novice 9 entomology unable to di/+ui% ^! l>v1 ev5 :5 ! bran* 0 po9t$ out1 & !re 7 sev]al ^u x4 ,j bel[ ! ,loop]s1 & on ! left h& ( ! illu/ration1 is %[n ! well-kn[n ,leaf-insect 7,phyllium74 ,^! /range be+s h ! elytra & ! flatt5$ app5dages ( ! legs s exactly l leaves t ! mo/ exp]i5c$ eye c sc>cely di/+ui% !m f ! leaves among :i* !y are plac$4 ,ev5 :5 !y h be5 on a small plant1 su* z a myrtle 9 a fl[]-pot1 ,i h _h ! greate/ difficulty 9 f9d+ !m1 & h se5 p exam9e ! plant1 & !n g away decl>+ t no insects 7 on x4 ,on ! "r h&1 & j bel[ ! loop] cat]pill>1 is ! common ,lappet-mo? ( ?is c\ntry1 %[n 9 its position ( re/4 ,:5 x assumes ?is attitude1 x looks exactly l a )]$ leaf1 ! resemblance ext5d+ n only to ! =m1 b ! col\r4 ,all entomologi/s are famili> ) _m simil> examples 9 insect life4 ,! common ,tortoise-%ell ,butt]fly1 = example1 has a way ( settl+ on pat*es ( r$ soil1 ) :i* x h>monizes s well t x c h>dly be se54 ,! v>i\s mo?s1 also1 are 9 ! habit ( re/+ on tree-b>k1 pal+s1 & o!r objects1 to :i* !y in/9ctively "k t !y assimilate 9 hue4 ,_m a beg9n] 9 entomology w pass a wood5 f5ce or a wall1 & n see an insect on ei!r1 :ile an adept w foll[ him & take tw5ty or ?irty good specim5s4 ,! la/ figure 9 ! illu/ration repres5ts a ,pt>migan 7,lagopus vulg>is7 9 its w9t] dress4 ,^! birds h two diff]5tly col\r$ dresses1 "o = summ] & ! o!r = w9t]1 & bo? adapt$ = concealm5t by imitation4 ,9 ! =m] dress x is mottl$ ) v>i\s %ades ( blacki% br[n1 yell[1 & :ite4 ,z ! bird is 9 ! habit ( settl+ among ! grey li*5-cov]$ /ones on ! sides ( rocky hills1 ^! col\rs h>monize s exactly ) !m t a ,pt>migan may almo/ be trodd5 ^u be=e x is p]ceiv$4 ,9 ! w9t]1 :5 ! sn[ cov]s ! :ole c\ntry ) "o uni=m %eet ( :ite1 except :]e ! w9d bl[s ! sn[ aside1 & exposes ! und]ly+ /ones1 ! ,pt>migan assumes a diff]5t plumage1 be+ almo/ entirely :ite1 except a black /reak ov] ! eye1 & ! out] fea!rs ( ! tail1 :i* are also black4 ,?us ! bird becomes almo/ indi/+ui%able f a sn[-cov]$ /one1 especially z x has a habit ( squatt+ motionless & sil5t :5 x takes al>m4 ,! read] may1 p]haps1 rememb] t ! common ,/oat also has a summ] & w9t] dress4 ,! ord9>y col\r is ri* r$di% br[n above1 & :ite b5ea?1 ) a black tip to ! tail4 ,9 ! sev]e w9t]s ( ,nor!rn ,europe ! ,/oat ex*anges 8 ruddy coat = "o ( pure :ite1 & is !n kn[n by ! "n ( ,erm9e4 ,x is rem>kable t 9 ! w9t] dress bo? ( ! ,pt>migan & ,/oat ! tail is black1 :ile ! re/ ( ! coat is :ite4 ,,! ,,tr5*4 ,we n[ come to a ?ird mode ( concealm5t 9 w>1 namely1 t :i* is obta9$ by means ( ,tr5*es or ,pits4 ,ev5 9 hunt+ ! pit or p>tial tr5* is l>gely us$4 ,9 ,s\!rn ,africa ! hunt] (t5 employs su* a tr5*1 call$ te*nically a 8,skrm40 ,x is v simple 9 idea1 & easily made1 be+ bas$ on ! pr9ciple t lions1 elephants1 c41 look = _! assailants on ! level ( ! e>?1 & seldom1 if ev]1 look above or bel[ x4 ,accord+ly ! hunt]1 hav+ m>k$ "s pool or lake :]eunto ! wild animals resort at night to qu5* _! ?ir/1 *ooses a conv5i5t spot1 & !re digs a tr5* "s sev5 feet 9 l5g? & f\r deep1 & cov]s x 9 ) /\t tree-bran*es & logs ( v>i\s size4 ,! :ole is ro($ 9 ) sods1 & ! only entrance is at "o end4 ,"h ! hunt] sits & waits1 &1 z 8 e> is on a level ) ! surface ( ! gr\nd1 he c he> at a consid]able di/ance s\nds :i* w\ld h escap$ him _h he be5 erect4 ,wait+ = a fav\rable opportunity1 z ! v>i\s bea/s come to dr9k1 ! hunt] *ooses "o1 takes c>eful aim1 & fires "o ( 8 heavie/ guns4 ,x is b seldom t ! re/ ( ! animals *>ge 9 ! direction ( ! ,skrm1 b ev5 if !y d1 ! hunt] is q safe "u ! %elt] ( 8 /rong ro(1 :i* is able to resi/ ev5 ! heavy tread ( an elephant4 ,illu/ration3 ,gall]ia-,mo? 7,l>va74 ,illu/ration3 ,milit>y ,tr5*4 ,9 mod]n w>f>e1 & especially dur+ sieges1 ! tr5* is l>gely us$1 & is con/ruct$ on ! mo/ sci5tific pr9ciples1 s z to %elt] ! assailants1 :ile enabl+ !m to proce$ ne>] & ne>] to ! =tress4 ,a portion ( "o ( ^! tr5*es is %[n 9 ! "r h& ( ! illu/ration4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,on ! opposite side ( ! same illu/ration is %[n ! same pr9ciple z c>ri$ out 9 ,nature4 ,!re is a c]ta9 little insect1 call$ ! ,wax-mo?1 or ,gall]ia-mo? 7,gall]ia alve>ia71 :i*1 al?\gh q h>mless 9 its p]fect =m1 is 9 its l>val /ate extremely injuri\s to beehives4 ,! "m mo? contrives1 aid$ by h] t9y =m & sombre col\r+1 to slip pa/ ! s5tries at ! m\? ( ! hive1 & to lay h] eggs among ! combs4 ,?is done1 %e dies1 b ! evil ( h] visit lives aft] h]4 ,ea* ( ! eggs is hat*$ into a little cat]pill>1 hav+ a s(t grey body1 b a h>d1 horny head ( a black-br[n col\r4 ,z soon z !y are hat*$ !y beg9 to fe$1 eat+ n only ! wax5 combs1 b ! honey & ! bee-bread :i* 7 int5d$ = ! support ( ! legitimate inhabitants4 ,! read] may ask :y ! bees d n de/roy ?is m>aud] on _! premises4 ,!y w\ld be only too glad to d s1 b !y _c t\* x4 ,z x eats its way along1 x con/ructs a /rong silk5 tube1 )9 :i* x lives1 & :i* x gradually l5g!ns4 ,?is tube or gall]y is exce$+ly t\gh1 & p]fectly capable ( resi/+ ! bee's /+4 ,moreov]1 ! cat]pill> trav]ses its tube ) su* rapidity t ! bee has no *ance ( kn[+ :]eab\ts ! cat]pill> may be :5 x makes its attack4 ,:5 x fe$s x only protrudes its arm$ head1 ! horny cov]+ ( :i* is an effectual protection aga9/ ! /+4 ,:5 ^! creatures fairly get hold ( a hive1 ! damage :i* !y d is t]rible1 ! :ole ( ! combs be+ envelop$ 9 ! ev]-increas+ labyr9? ( tubes4 ,ev5 ! bees !mselves fall victims to ! ,gall]ia-mo?1 = ! silk5 tunnels are driv5 ?r\gh & ?r\gh ! combs1 envelop+ ! broad cells z 9 ! me%es ( a net4 ,consequ5tly1 :5 ! "y bees are develop$1 !y _c escape f _! cells1 & p]i% mis]ably4 ,nor d ^! tiresome insects conf9e !mselves to hives2 b !y h an extraord9>y facility = discov]+ bee-combs aft] !y are remov$ f ! hive4 ,"s ye>s ago ,i 0 mak+ a collection ( v>i\s insect habitations1 & _h br\ght toge!r a c>efully select$ set ( combs1 %[+ ! int]nal /ructure ( ! hive1 & ! diff]5t cells :i* are inhabit$ by ! work]1 ! drone1 & ! que5 bee4 ,"o day1 :5 ab\t to arrange ! collection 9 a glass case1 ,i f\nd t ! :ole ( ! combs _h be5 de/roy$ by ! ,wax-mo?4 ,sc>cely a squ>e in* ( comb rema9$1 & ! cont5ts ( ! box 7 little m ?an a cong]ies ( ,wax-mo? gall]ies4 ,ev5 ! ,wasp & ,hornet ne/s :i* _h be5 plac$ 9 ! same box _h be5 attack$1 &1 al?\gh !y _h n be5 s utt]ly de/roy$ z ! wax5 cells1 !y _h be5 suffici5tly injur$ to r5d] !m unfit = exhibition4 ,_m o!r insects "w on ! same pr9ciple4 ,c]ta9 ,t]mites1 = example1 con/ruct tunnels ( clay1 9 ord] to conceal !m on _! travels1 & h ! art1 ev5 9 ! hotte/ & drie/ wea!r1 ( mix+ _! clay ) "s liquid :i* r5d]s x1 :5 dry1 ne>ly z h>d z /one4 ,inde$1 !re h be5 in/ances :]e ! ,t]mites h attack$ ! wood5 beams ( h\ses1 & lit]ally trans=m$ !m into beams ( /one4 ,!n !re are _m ,ants1 notably sev]al species ( ,s\? ,am]ica1 :i* cov] _! approa* by tunnels1 & nev] v5ture into ! op5 air4 ,,gravity ,,z ,a ,,propulsive ,,ag5t4 ,! two figures on ! accompany+ illu/ration w almo/ speak = !mselves4 ,we h already se5 h[ ! same =ce ( gravitation :i* causes ! avalan*e to ?und] d[n ! precipice may be utilis$ z a means ( project+ missiles 9 "t ( w>4 ,:51 h[ev]1 ! /ones or beams 7 once s5t on _! de/ructive mission1 !y 7 out ( ! control ( ^? :o laun*$ !m4 ,we n[ come to a modification ( ! =ce ( ,gravity1 by :i* ! missile1 if we may s t]m x1 is kept "u control1 its p[] increas$ or dim9i%$ at w1 & its po9t ( attack %ift$ accord+ to ! requirem5ts ( ! mom5t4 ,illu/ration3 ,ram4 ,illu/ration3 ,head ( ,batt]+-,ram4 ,be=e ! inv5tion ( artill]y1 ! ,batt]+-ram 0 by f> ! mo/ =midable eng9e t c\ld be br\ght aga9/ a =tifi$ place4 ,! pr9ciple ( ! ,batt]+-ram 0 simple en\gh4 ,a long & heavy beam1 g5]ally ! trunk ( a tree1 0 susp5d$ by ropes at ! c5tre ( gravity1 s t x c\ld be swung backw>ds & =w>ds4 ,al?\gh a simple beam 0 an effective weapon1 its value 0 mu* enhanc$ by load+ ! ?icke/ end ) a heavy mass ( metal1 usually iron1 &1 :5 !re 0 "t = adornm5t1 r\ghly modell$ into ! =m ( a ram's head4 ,g5]ally ! ,batt]+-ram 0 m\nt$ on an elevat$ plat=m1 & ! soldi]s :o work$ x protect$ by a ro(1 :i* 0 call$ by ! "n ( ,te/udo1 or ,tortoise4 ,! =ce ( ?is weapon 0 trem5d\s1 & no wall1 h[ev] /rong1 c\ld resi/ x4 ,sometimes ! beam 0 consid]ably m ?an a hundr$ feet 9 l5g?1 be+ compos$ ( sev]al pieces bolt$ & b&$ toge!r ) iron4 ,x may easily be imag9$ t su* a weapon z ?is mu/ h be5 a mo/ t]rible "o1 &1 inde$1 ! :ole success ( ! siege practically dep5d$ ^u x4 ,! assailants did _! be/ to br+ ! ,batt]+-ram into position "u ! walls1 & ! besieg$ did _! be/ ei!r to keep x away1 or to neutralise its effects by cat*+ x ) nooses1 dropp+ l>ge /ones ^u x s z to break or dism\nt x1 or1 if !y c\ld n succe$ 9 ei!r ( ^! attempts1 !y dead5$ ! =ce ( its bl[s z well z !y c\ld by int]pos+ l>ge sacks ( wool betwe5 ! wall & ! head ( ! ram4 ,consid]+ ! /yle ( ar*itecture :i* 0 !n us$ 9 =tification1 namely1 a comb9ation ( height ) ?ickness1 ! =ce ( ! ,batt]+-ram w\ld be ev5 great] ?an t ( artill]y4 ,! regul> & rhy?mical sw+ ( ! ram w\ld soon communicate a vibratory motion to ! wall1 :i* w\ld ( itself t5d to dis9tegrate ! :ole /ructure1 :ile ! bl[s ( ! iron head b5ea? broke away ! /ones1 & r5d]$ ! d[nfall ( ! =t a m]e matt] ( "t4 ,! read] ne$ h>dly be rem9d$ t ! ,batt]+-ram 0 s call$ because its mode ( attack 0 practically ! same z t ( ! animal f :i* x took its title4 ,,miscellanea4 ,by sl[ degrees1 mank9d1 z !y advance 9 civilisation1 h robb$ w>f>e ( _m horrors4 ,non-combatants1 = example1 are n[ left unh>m$4 ,poison$ weapons h1 by common cons5t1 be5 aboli%$1 & s h ^? in/rum5ts ( w>f>e :i*1 ?\gh !y d n simply poison ! blood by means ( bodily w\nds1 d s by means ( noxi\s vap\rs p\r$ into ! lungs4 ,x is sometimes r un=tunate :5 civilisation & semi-b>b>ism meet 9 battle2 ! =m] respect+ ! cu/oms ( hon\rable w>f>e1 & ! latt] ignor+ !m4 ,= example1 9 old5 times1 "o ( ! mo/ pot5t weapons 9 naval combat 0 ! 8/9k-pot0--i4e4 a vessel fill$ ) sulphur & o!r +r$i5ts1 & emitt+ a smoke :i* 0 dea? :5 inhal$4 ,among ! ,am]ican ,indians ! well-kn[n ,*ili-plant 0 mu* us$ = ?is purpose1 ! v fir/ brea? t 0 tak5 ( ! ?9 & almo/ invisible smoke caus+ ! ?roat to contract z if clut*$ by a /rong h&4 ,if !n any enemies _h tak5 refuge 9 a cave1 or 7 suspect$ ( hav+ done s1 a fire 0 light$ at ! entrance1 a quantity ( *ilis ?r[n on x1 & ! re/ left to "t4 ,no be+ c\ld endure t smoke & live1 & !y mu/ ei!r /ay 9 ! cave & die1 or come out & deliv] !mselves up to _! foes4 ,! =m] 0 ! bett] "p to take1 z suffocation1 h[ev] sl[1 is only an affair ( a few m9utes1 :ile dea? by torture is prolong$ ?r\gh h\rs4 ,illu/ration3 ,bomb>di]-,beetle4 ,illu/ration3 ,*9ese ,/9k-,pots4 ,9 ! late ,*9ese w> ! /9k-pot 0 ext5sively us$1 & our sailors took x 9 v bad "p t ! enemy %\ld be all[$ to employ su* weapons1 & !y %\ld be deb>r$ f us+ !m4 ,:e!r ?is pr9ciple is /ill reta9$ 9 ! def5ce ( =tresses ,i d n "k4 ,i recollect1 h[ev]1 "s tw5ty ye>s ago1 go+ ov] a =tress 9 :i* suffocation 0 employ$ z a means ( def5ce4 ,a long gall]y 0 s plac$ t ! assailants 7 tol]ably sure to =ce _! way into x1 ?9k+ t x l$ to ! int]ior ( ! =t4 ,x 01 h[ev]1 no?+ b a trap1 = x _h no exit4 ,z soon z a numb] ( ! assailants _h p\r$ into ?is trap1 _! exit 0 sudd5ly cut (f by ma*9]y provid$ = ! purpose1 & at ! same "t a quantity ( sulphur & light$ *>coal 0 %ot into ! gall]y f above1 & ! ap]ture in/antly clos$4 ,x w\ld be absolutely impossible t any "o :o _h be5 enclos$ 9 t t]rible *amb] %\ld escape ) life1 = ! fir/ brea? ( t deadly vap\r w\ld r5d] ! /ronge/ man ins5sible4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,nature1 z usual1 has anticipat$ ,art ev5 9 ?is p>ticul>4 ,9 sev]al p>ts ( ,engl&1 & especially along ! %ores ( ! ,?ames t[>ds ,graves5d1 a little beetle is to be f\nd "u ! flat /ones ( ! riv] bank4 ,its sci5tific "n is ,bra*9us crepitans4 ,:5 ?is insect is al>m$1 x has ! p[] ( eject+ a peculi> liquid1 :i*1 :5 x comes 9 contact ) ! atmosph]e1 bur/s into a sort ( pale blue-gre5 flame1 foll[$ by a k9d ( smoke4 ,sometimes1 :5 a tol]ably l>ge /one is lift$1 ! little explosions w g popp+ ab\t 9 a mo/ curi\s mann]4 ,inde$1 !y c>ry rem9isc5ces ( s*ool days1 :5 x 0 a joy to di/ribute s+le gra9s ( co>se gunp[d] on ! b>s ( ! grate1 & wat* !m melt1 take fire1 explode1 & s5d =? little cl\ds ( smoke4 ,! insect is popul>ly call$ ! ,bomb>di]-beetle4 ,:e!r or n ?is capability be giv5 z a means ( def5ce ,i _c say1 b x assur$ly answ]s t purpose4 ,!re are sev]al ( ! voraci\s ,c>abid1 or ,gr\nd-beetles1 :i* w\ld be v glad to make a meal ( ! ,bra*9us4 ,:51 h[ev]1 ! ,bomb>di]-beetle f9ds itself on ! po9t ( be+ ov]tak51 x elevates ! abdom5 ) a peculi> ge/ure1 & ejects ! liquid4 ,! effect on ! pursu] is rem>kable4 ,x seems ov]:elm$ & /upefi$ by ! sudd5 attack1 moves ab\t = a:ile z if bl9d$1 &1 by ! "t t x has recov]$ its s5se1 ! ,bomb>di]-beetle is out ( sight4 ,9 "s ( ! hott] p>ts ( ! _w !re are sev]al species ( ,bomb>di]-beetles :i* atta9 consid]able size1 & _! dis*>ge is p[]ful en\gh to discol\r ! sk9 ( ! human h&4 99 99 99 99 99 ,i ,,h felt "s little difficulty 9 classify+ ! curi\s inv5tion :i* w n[ be describ$1 b1 z x is us$ = ! purpose ( mak+ bullets1 ,i h plac$ x 9 ! category ( ,w>4 ,illu/ration3 ,,silk ,,app>atus ,,( ,,silkworm4 ,illu/ration3 ,,bullet-,,mak+ ,,app>atus4 ,9 ! days ( 8,br[n ,bess10 z ! old musket us$ to be call$1 precision ( aim 0 n requir$1 = no comm&] dreamt ( op5+ fire until ! enemy 7 at comp>atively close qu>t]s4 ,9 ^? days ! bullets 7 sph]ical1 & ca/ 9 m\lds4 ,aft] a "t1 :5 ! ,enfield rifle displac$ ! musket1 & did d\ble ! execution at ?ree times its range1 bullets 7 /ill ca/1 ?\gh _! %ape 0 alt]$1 & !y took a sug>-loaf =m in/ead ( be+ sph]ical4 ,! rifle-te/+ ma*9e at ,woolwi*1 h[ev]1 soon %[$ t at long ranges a ca/ bullet 0 ne>ly useless1 "o "p be+ always light] ?an ano!r1 & air-bubbles (t5 tak+ ! place ( lead4 ,aft] be+ ca/1 !re=e1 ! bullets 7 plac$ 9 a 8sw$ge10 or 8swage10 i4e4 a ma*9e by :i* ! lead 0 =cibly compress$ until x 0 ( a tol]ably uni=m d5sity4 ,ev5 ?is process1 h[ev]1 did n insure absolute exactness1 & !n a ma*9e 0 inv5t$ by means ( :i* ! process ( ca/+ 0 sup]s$$1 & ! bullets 7 p9*$ or squeez$1 s to speak1 out ( cold lead4 ,on ! "r h& ( ! illu/ration is a plan ( ! +5i\s app>atus by :i* ! lead is suppli$ to ! ma*9e :i* actually =ms ! bullets4 ,! sket* is n meant z a draw+ ( ! actual ma*9e1 b is m]ely int5d$ to %[ ! pr9ciple4 ,! *ief p>ts 9 ?is ma*9e are a holl[ cyl9d]1 a pi/on1 & a deliv]y tube4 ,! cyl9d] is %[n at ,a1 & :5 us$1 is fill$ ) melt$ lead4 ,! pi/on1 ,b1 is !n =c$ upw>ds by hydraulic pressure1 driv+ ! lead ?r\gh ! deliv]y tube4 ,z x issues into ! air x h>d5s1 & ?us =ms a solid rod ( lead1 ,c4 ,?is rod is !n pass$ into ! next ma*9e1 :]e x is cut into regul> l5g?s1 & ^! pieces are !n plac$ 9 m\lds1 & =c$ into =m by enorm\s pressure4 ,7 x n = ?is +5i\s ma*9]y1 ! wond]ful scores :i* are n[ made at long di/ances w\ld be impossible4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,n[ let u comp>e ,art ) ,nature1 z se5 on ! left h& ( ! illu/ration1 :i* is a *>t or plan ( ! sp9n+ app>atus ( ! ,silkworm4 ,:5 ,i fir/ saw ! bullet-mak+ ma*9e at "w1 ,i at once p]ceiv$ t x 0 no?+ m ?an a repetition 9 metal ( ! beautiful me*anism :i* ,i _h s (t5 admir$ 9 ?is insect4 ,9 ord] to %[ ! close analogies ( ! two objects1 ,i h m>k$ !m ) simil> lett]s4 ,a repres5ts ! upp] "p ( ! res]voir or vessel :i* conta9s ! silk 9 a liquid /ate1 ,b ,b are ! muscles :i* contract ! res]voir & =ce ! liquid matt] out4 ,x w be se5 t bo? ^! vessels t]m9ate 9 a deliv]y tube1 id5tical 9 (fice ) t ( ! bullet-mak+ ma*9e4 ,z soon z ! liquid silk passes into ! air x is h>d5$1 & is =m$ into a silk5 rod1 ,c1 j z is ! lead 9 ! ma*9e4 ,! only diff]5ce betwe5 ! two1 if x c be call$ a diff]5ce1 is1 t 9 ! silkworm ! rod is d\ble1 :]eas 9 ! ma*9e x is s+le4 ,! pr9ciple1 h[ev]1 is id5tical 9 bo? cases4 ,! webs ( spid]s1 & ! ?reads by :i* s _m cat]pill>s susp5d !mselves1 & ) :i* !y make _! ne/s1 are all =m$ on ! same design1 namely1 a res]voir conta9+ a liquid :i* is squeez$ ?r\gh a tube1 & h>d5s :5 x comes 9 contact ) ! air4 ,,ar*itecture4 ,,*apt] ,i4 ,,! ,,hut1 ,,tropic ,,& ,,pol>4--,,pill>s ,,& ,,floor+4--,,tunnel ,,entrance ,,( ,,! ,,igloo4--,,doors ,,& ,,h+es4--,,self-,,clos+ ,,trap-,,doors4 ,primitive ,ar*itecture evid5tly borr[$ f ! ,l[] ,animals4--,ro( ,hut ( ! ,n%iego ,mb\v ( ,we/]n ,africa4--,plat=m ,hut ( ! ,orang-outan ( ,borneo4--,lake ,dwell]s & _! ,huts4--,tree-huts ( ,s\!rn ,africa1 & _! ,uses4--,asc5dancy ( ! ,wild ,bea/ ov] ,man4--,sn[-hut ( ! ,seal copi$ by ,esquimaux1 & its ,value %[n4--,pill>s & ,floor+4--,crypt & ,ca!dral4--,! ,cuttle 8,bone0 & its _m-pill>$ ,/ructure4--,! ,wasp-ne/1 its ,pill>s & ,floors4--,tunnel ,entrances to ,igloo4--,sudd5 ,=mation ( ,sn[4--,ne/ ( ! ,fairy ,m>t94--,! ,s&-wasp & its ,mode ( ,build+4--,doors & ,h+es4--,eggs ( ! ,gnat & ,rotif]4--,cocoons ( ,i*neumon-flies4--,habitations ( ,microga/]4--,trap-doors 9 ,nature & ,art4--,habitation ( ! ,trap-door ,spid]4--,a ,ne/ ^u a ,pill>4 ,,! ,,hut4 ,!re c be little d\bt t mank9d has borr[$ f ! l[] animals ! fir/ idea ( a dwell+1 & x is equally true1 z we %all pres5tly see1 t n only primitive ideas ( ,ar*itecture are to be f\nd 9 ,nature1 b t _m1 if n all1 mod]n ref9em5ts h be5 anticipat$4 ,to beg9 at ! beg9n+4 ,! fir/ idea ( a habitation is evid5tly a m]e %elt] or ro( t w keep (f ra9 f ! inhabitant4 ,:5 ,mr4 ,b[di* 0 travell+ 9 ,we/]n ,africa1 he 0 told t ! ,nj9a--ano!r "n = ! ,gorilla--made huts = itself f bran*es1 ! natives also say+ t x def5d$ ^! huts ) extemporis$ spe>s4 ,a m tru?ful acc\nt is giv5 ( ! ,mpongwe & ,%ekiani1 namely1 t ! animal builds a hut1 b lives on ! ro(1 & n "u x4 ,al?\gh ?is in=mation has s9ce prov$ to be false1 !re 0 a f\ndation ( tru? 9 x1 = !re really is an ape 9 t "p ( ,africa :i* makes huts1 or r ro(s1 = itself4 ,?is animal is ! ,n%iego ,mb\v 7,troglodytes calvus74 ,?is rem>kable ape has a curi\s way ( con/ruct+ a habitation4 ,*oos+ a horizontal bran* at "s di/ance f ! gr\nd = its re/+-place1 ! animal erects above x a ro( compos$ ( fre% bran*es1 ea* laid ov] ! o!r 9 su* a way t ra9 w\ld %oot (f !m z x does f a ?at*$ ro(4 ,m4 du ,*aillu gives ! foll[+ acc\nt ( ?is habitation3-- ,illu/ration3 ,,ne/ ,,( ,,n%iego ,,mb\v4 ,illu/ration3 ,,african ,,tree-,,hut4 8,z we 7 n 9 ha/e1 ,i bade my m5 cut d[n ! trees :i* conta9$ ! ne/s ( ^! apes4 ,i f\nd !m made precisely z ,i h be=e describ$1 & z ,i h always f\nd !m1 ( long bran*es & leaves laid "o ov] ! o!r v c>efully & ?ickly1 s z to r5d] ! /ructure capable ( %$d+ wat]4 8,! bran*es 7 fa/5$ to ! tree 9 ! middle ( ! /ructure by means ( wild v9es & creep]s1 :i* are s abundant 9 ^! p>ts4 ,! project+ limb on :i* ! ape p]*$ 0 ab\t f\r feet long4 8,!re rema9s no d\bt t ^! ne/s are made by ! animal to protect x f ! nightly ra9s4 ,:5 ! leaves beg9 to dry to t degree t ! /ructure no long] %$s wat]1 ! own] builds a new %elt]1 & ?is happ5s g5]ally once 9 t5 or fifte5 days4 ,at ?is rate ! ,n%iego mb\v is an animal ( no little indu/ry40 ,! ro( :i* ?is ape builds is f six to eight feet 9 diamet]1 & is tol]ably circul>1 s t x looks some?+ l a l>ge umbrella4 ,:5 ! animal is at re/ x sits on ! bran* ) "o arm ?r[n r\nd ! /em ( ! tree1 9 ord] to support itself dur+ sleep4 ,9 consequ5ce ( ?is attitude ! hair is rubb$ away on "o side1 ?us e>n+ = ! ape ! specific title ( calvus1 or bald4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,x is r rem>kable t ! ,orang-outan ( ,borneo is likewise a h\se-build]1 ?\gh n 9 ! same mann] z ! ,african ape :i* has j be5 m5tion$4 ,?is animal has a way ( weav+ toge!r ! bran*es ( trees1 s z to make a plat=m on :i* x c repose1 its enorm\sly p[]ful arms be+ ( great s]vice 9 ?is task4 ,! animal seems to make its plat=m 9 q a me*anical mann]1 & x has be5 notic$ t :5 an ,orang-outan has be5 mortally w\nd$1 x has exp5d$ its la/ en]gies 9 twi/+ ! bran*es toge!r s z to =m a c\* on :i* x c lie d[n & die4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,putt+ aside ^? cases :]e huts h be5 erect$ 9 trees by way ( amusem5t1 we may f9d in/ances :]e human be+s h be5 =c$ to make _! habitations 9 trees4 ,9 "s places1 su* z c]ta9 p>ts ( ,s\? ,am]ica1 ! natives are =c$ to make _! h\ses 9 trees1 p>tly on acc\nt ( ! climate1 & p>tly = ! purpose ( avoid+ ! mosquitoes4 ,! delta ( ! ,or9oco ,riv] is ne>ly half z l>ge z ,engl&1 & = a consid]able "p ( ! ye> is deep 9 wat]4 ,yet ?is tract is inhabit$ by ! ,w>au tribe1 :o f9d 9 x _! only mode ( escape f ! t9y b t]rible mosquito4 ,we 9 ,engl& "k b little ( ! mis]ies inflict$ by ^! insects1 :i* are s pl5tiful 9 "s p>ts ( ,am]ica t !y are ga!r$ 9 bags1 press$ into ?ick cakes ab\t z l>ge z ord9>y d9n]-plates1 & an in* 9 ?ickness1 & !n cook$ & eat54 ,n[ x is f\nd t al?\gh ! mosquito infe/s ! banks ( riv]s1 x _c v5ture f> f l&4 ,! ,w>aus1 !re=e1 make = !mselves habitations :i* are f> en\gh f l& to baffle ! mosquitoes1 & ne> en\gh to be easily rea*$ 9 canoes4 ,=tunately = !m1 !re is a tree call$ ! ,ita ,palm1 belong+ to ! g5us ,mauritia1 :i* loves moi/ure1 & gr[s abundantly 9 ?is delta4 ,! ,w>aus1 !re=e1 make _! habitations 9 ^! trees1 connect+ sev]al ( !m toge!r ) cross-beams1 & lay+ planks ^u !m s z to =m ! floor+ ( _! simple huts4 ,"h !y ma9ta9 !mselves *iefly by fi%+1 b are sometimes oblig$ to visit ! ma9l&1 9 spite ( ! mosquitoes4 ,:51 h[ev]1 !y return1 !y halt at "s di/ance f ! %ore1 & ) gre5 b\ghs c>efully beat out e mosquito f ! canoe be=e !y d>e to approa* _! dwell+s4 ,! once-celebrat$ ,lake ,dwell]s ( ,switz]l& evid5tly liv$ aft] a simil> fa%ion4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,9 ?is case insects drive human be+s into trees1 b !re are in/ances :]e nobl] animals h produc$ ! same effect4 ,"s ye>s ago !re liv$ 9 ,s\!rn ,africa a p[]ful *ief call$ ,moselekatze1 :o sp5t 8 :ole life 9 w>f>e1 conv]t+ all ! male inhabitants into soldi]s1 divid+ !m into regim5ts1 rul+ !m ) ! extreme ( discipl9e1 & by _! aid deva/at+ ! neighb\r+ c\ntries4 ,he swept (f all ! cattle1 :i* con/itutes ! weal? ( ! ,kafir tribes1 & ei!r kill$ ! male inhabitants or press$ !m into 8 s]vice4 ,! l& 0 9 consequ5ce depriv$ ( its natural def5d]s1 & ! wild bea/s1 especially ! lions1 increas$ rapidly1 s t ! position ( ! survivors 0 a really t]rible "o4 ,!y _h no cattle to furni% ! milk :i* is ! *ief food ( ! ,kafir tribes2 _! weapons _h be5 tak5 by ,moselekatze2 & !y 7 =c$ to live almo/ entirely on locu/s & wild plants4 ,by degrees ! lions became s num]\s & d>+1 t ! slight ,kafir huts 7 an insuffici5t protection dur+ ! night1 & ! dis>m$ & half-/>v$ inhabitants 7 p]=ce oblig$ to make _! habitations 9 trees4 ,dr4 ,m(fat1 ! well-kn[n mission>y1 saw "o tree 9 :i* !re 7 no less ?an tw5ty huts4 ,!y 7 conical1 & made ( /icks & grass1 ! base re/+ ^u a plat=m or scaffold laid ^u ! =k ( a horizontal bran*4 ,! only mode ( approa* to ^! huts 0 by not*es cut 9 ! trunk ( ! tree4 ,h[ ne$ful 7 ^! precautions 0 %[n by ! fact t ! mission>y himself sp5t a night 9 "o ( ^! arial huts1 & _h ! pleasure ( he>+ a numb] ( lions sn>l & gr[l all night ov] a rh9oc]os hump :i* he _h plac$ 9 an ov5 made ( a des]t$ ant-hill4 ,! ov51 h[ev]1 0 too hot = ! lions1 & !y _h to retreat at daylight4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,pass+ f ! tropics to ! pol> regions1 we n[ take an in/ance :]e man has ackn[l$g$ly copi$ an animal 9 ! con/ruction ( 8 dwell+4 ,9 ,esquimaux-l&1 :]e no trees c gr[1 :]e = mon?s toge!r ! sun nev] rises above ! horizon1 :]e ! temp]ature is _m degrees bel[ z]o1 & :]e ! l& & ice are alike cov]$ ) a mantle ( sn[ s ?ick t e l&m>k is aboli%$1 x w\ld seem t no human be+s c\ld support life = "o week4 ,!re is nei!r timb] = h\se-build+ nor wood = fuel1 s t %elt]1 w>m?1 & cook]y seem to be equally impossible1 & z ^! are among ! prime necessities ( human life1 x is n easy to see h[ mank9d c\ld exi/4 ,illu/ration3 ,,sn[-,,h\se ,,( ,,seal ,,9 ,,esquimaux-,,l&4 ,illu/ration3 ,,sn[-,,h\se ,,( ,,esquimaux4 ,yet ^! v regions are inhabit$ by sundry animals1 & x is by copy+ !m t ,man c keep 8 place4 ,we h already se5 h[ ! ,esquimaux hunt] copies ! ,pol> ,be>1 & we h n[ to see h[ he copies ! ,seal 9 ! mat]ial & =m ( 8 dwell+-h\se1 & n only contrives to live1 b to enjoy life all ! m = ! s+ul> conditions 9 :i* he is plac$4 ,capta9 ,hall m5tions1 9 8 8,life ) ! ,esquimaux10 t "o ( ! natives1 nam$ ,kudlago1 :o 0 return+ to 8 native c\ntry aft] visit+ ! ,unit$ ,/ates1 di$ :ile on bo>d ! %ip4 ,t[>ds ! end ( 8 life he 0 ye>n+ = ice1 & 8 la/ intelligible words 71 8,d y see ice8 ,d y see ice80 ,on ! va/ pla9s ( ice t are =m$ 9 ! w9t]-"t ! sn[ lies ?ickly1 & yet ^u su* an inhospitable spot ! "m seal has to make a home = h] t5d] "y4 ,?is %e does 9 ! foll[+ mann]3-- ,%e has already pres]v$ a 8brea?+ hole0 9 ! ice1 ?r\gh :i* %e c inhale air4 ,h[ %e f9ds s small a hole "u ! surface ( ! ice1 :]e !re are no l&m>ks to guide h]1 is a m>vel to e swimm]4 ,%e has to *ase fi% & foll[ !m 9 all _! w9d+ c\rses1 & yet1 :5 %e is 9 want ( air1 is able to g /raight to h] brea?+ hole1 & !re take 9 a fre% supply ( oxyg54 ,:5 %e is ab\t to become a "m1 %e enl>ges ?is brea?+ hole s z to make x into a p]p5dicul> tunnel4 ,%e !n1 ) ! %>p nails ( h] =e-paws1 or flipp]s1 scoops away ! sn[ 9 a dome-l =m1 z %[n 9 ! illu/ration1 tak+ ! sn[ d[n ) h] ?r\gh ! ice1 & all[+ x to be c>ri$ away by ! wat]4 ,by degrees %e makes a tol]ably l>ge excavation ( a hemisph]ical %ape1 & :5 h] "y is born %e deposits x on ! ice-l$ge ar\nd ! tunnel4 ,f ord9>y foes ! "y ,seal is safe1 & no?+ c discov] ! position ( ! h\se unless guid$ by ! s5se ( smell4 ,h[ ! ,pol> ,be> & ! ,esquimaux hunt] discov] ! dwell+ & capture ! inmates we h already describ$ 9 ! *apt] treat+ ( ,w> & ,hunt+4 ,our pres5t bus9ess is ) ! dwell+ itself4 ,comp>atively few ( ^! sn[-h\ses1 or igloos1 z !y are call$1 are discov]$1 & !y rema9 intact until ! summ] sun melts ! ro( & exposes ! habitation4 ,by ?is "t1 h[ev]1 ! "y ,seal has gr[n suffici5tly to %ift = itself1 & no long] ne$s ! %elt] ( a dwell+4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,! w9t] hut1 or igloo1 ( ! ,esquimaux is made ( exactly ! same %ape & ( simil> mat]ials to ! dwell+ ( ! ,seal1 ! *ief diff]5ce be+ t x is built in/ead ( excavat$4 ,9 ord] to save "t1 ! igloo is g5]ally erect$ by two m51 "o ( :om supplies ! mat]ial1 & ! o!r acts z bricklay] & ar*itect 9 "o4 ,ea* beg9s by trac+ a suitably siz$ circle 9 ! sn[1 :i* he cle>s away to "s dep?1 s z to pres]ve a firm surface1 ei!r z a floor or z ! mat]ial = ! wall4 ,9 ?is "w bo? m5 are equally valuable1 = ! skill requir$ to cut ! slabs ( sn[ into su* a %ape t !y c be =m$ into a hemisph]ical dome is q z mu* z t :i* is ne$$ = putt+ !m toge!r4 ,i w call !m ! cutt] & ! build]4 ,sometimes a "y h& is employ$ by way ( lab\r]1 & passes ! sn[ slabs to ! build] z fa/ z !y are cut4 ,! build] receives ! slabs1 & arranges !m 9 regul> ord]1 always tak+ c>e to 8break ! jo9ts10 j z d our bricklay]s ( ! pres5t day4 ,always rema9+ )9 ! circle1 he gradually builds himself 91 & :5 he has q f9i%$ ! h\se1 he cuts a hole ?r\gh ! side1 em]ges1 &1 by ! help ( 8 p>tn]1 puts on ! f9i%+ t\*es4 ,he usually also adds a sort ( tunnel to ! door1 ?r\gh :i* any "o mu/ creep on 8 h&s & knees if he wi%es to ent] ! igloo4 ,?is "p ( ,esquimaux ar*itecture w pres5tly be notic$ m 9 full4 ,p]haps ! read] may wi% to "k :at provision !re is = v5tilation4 ,! answ] is simple en\gh4 ,!re is none1 ! ,esquimaux n requir+ v5tilation any m ?an !y require wa%+4 ,! two1 inde$1 g5]ally g toge!r2 & x may be obs]v$1 ev5 9 our own c\ntry1 t ^? :o object to fre% air1 & are always compla9+ ( draughts1 h a v practical av]sion to ! use ( fre% wat]1 & b little confid5ce 9 :at ,?ack]ay calls ! 8flimsy artifices ( ! ba?40 ,! ,esquimaux nev] wa%es1 & kn[s n ! use ( l954 ,consequ5tly1 x is no matt] ( surprise t a sailor ( ,capta9 ,hall's crew c\ld n make up 8 m9d to ent] an igloo4 8,:ew60 exclaim$ ! man1 8by ?und]1 ,i'm n go+ 9 !re6 ,x's cr[d$1 & smells horribly4 ,h[ x looms up60 ,consid]+ t !re 7 inside t igloo a doz5 ,esquimaux1 all fea/+ on a raw1 newly kill$1 & yet w>m seal1 ! sailor _h reason en\gh to decl9e a visit4 ,capta9 ,hall1 h[ev]1 det]m9$1 9 8 "* ( explor]1 to brave ! /range od\rs1 & moreov] to jo9 ! inmates 9 _! fea/1 kn[+ t z he w\ld h to live among ! ,esquimaux = "s two ye>s1 he w\ld be =c$ to live z !y did1 & might z well beg9 at once4 ,consequ5tly on ?is resolve1 he drank ! /ill /eam+ blood1 & quaff$ x f a cup :i* an ,esquimaux woman _h j lick$ clean4 ,,floors ,,& ,,pill>s4 ,"o decid$ /ep 9 ,ar*itecture is ! inv5tion ( ! ,pill>1 & its capabilities ( aid+ to su/a9 ano!r floor above x4 ,we see ?is pr9ciple c>ri$ out 9 our great ca!drals1 :]e ! use ( ! ,pill> is almo/ inf9ite4 ,take1 = example1 ,cant]bury ,ca!dral4 ,a he$less visitor might easily pass ?r\gh ! nave1 ent] ! *oir1 visit ! v>i\s side-*apels1 & 8,becket's ,cr[n10 )\t ?9k+ t "u 8 feet is a va/ *amb]1 & t ! floor on :i* he /&s is1 9 fact1 ! ro( ( a great crypt4 ,illu/ration3 ,,wasp-,,combs4 ,illu/ration3 ,,slave ,,%ip4 ,! weight ( ! ,ca!dral1 ) its l(ty t[]s1 is s trem5d\s1 t ! build+ c\ld n be erect$ simply ^u ! gr\nd1 b re/s ^u a complicat$ sub/ratum ( pill>s & ar*es1 :]eby ! weight is spread ov] a l>ge surface4 ,9 fact1 ! ,ca!dral is really two build+s1 ! "o erect$ ^u ! o!r4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,9 ,nature !re are _m in/ances ( pill>s support+ diff]5t floors4 ,"o ( ! mo/ beautiful examples is to be se5 9 ! common ,cuttle-bone1 z x is call$1 ?is be+ ! int]nal skeleton1 if x may be s t]m$1 ( ! common ,sepia 7,sepia (fic9alis71 :i* is s (t5 f\nd on our coa/s1 especially aft] a gale4 ,?is ye> 7#ahge7 ,i f\nd eight ( ^! ,cuttle-bones on ! ,m>gate s&s1 & all )9 a space ( "s twelve feet squ>e4 ,?is s-call$ bone is really compos$ ( ! pure/ *alk1 = :i* reason x is 9 great reque/ z a d5tifrice1 be+ easily scrap$ to almo/ impalpable p[d] :5 want$1 & n liable to be spill$1 z is ! case ) any ord9>y too?-p[d]4 ,x is exce$+ly light--s light1 inde$1 t x floats l a cork1 ev5 9 fre% wat]4 ,n[1 z *alk is v mu* heavi] ?an wat]1 we may naturally ask ourselves h[ ?is lightness is obta9$4 ,if ! upp] surface be exam9$1 x w be se5 to be trav]s$ by a va/ numb] ( wavy l9es1 some?+ l ! m>k+s ( 8wat]$0 silk4 ,^! %[ ! l9es ( dem>cation betwe5 ! multitud9\s r[s ( pill>s ( :i* ! :ole /ructure is =m$4 ,if ! 8bone0 be %>ply snapp$ 9 ! middle1 & ! p>ticles ( :ite du/ bl[n away1 a wond]ful /ructure pres5ts itself1 :i* c be p>tially disc]n$ by ! nak$ eye1 ?\gh a microscope is requir$ to br+ out its full beauties4 ,ev5 ) an ord9>y pocket l5s we c make out "s ( its wond]s4 ,! object looks l a va/ collection ( basaltic columns1 except t ! pill>s are :ite in/ead ( black1 & !y are arrang$ 9 r[s ) ! mo/ p]fect accuracy1 j z if ! place ( ea* _h be5 laid d[n ) rule & compass4 ,!y are sc>cely ?ick] ?an ord9>y hairs1 b !y are beautifully p]fect1 & rise 9 ti] aft] ti] z if !y 7 p>ts ( a _m-/ori$ build+4 ,z a def9ite space exi/s betwe5 ! pill>s1 ! read] w und]/& :y ! :ole /ructure %\ld be s mu* light] ?an wat]4 ,9 ord]1 h[ev]1 to see ^! wond]ful pill>s 9 p]fection1 a v ?9 section %\ld be tak51 & view$ ) pol>is$ light4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,ano!r excell5t example ( ,pill>s & ,floor+ is to be f\nd 9 ! ne/s ( v>i\s ,wasps1 includ+ t ( ! ,hornet4 ,9 ^! ne/s ! combs are arrang$ horizontally1 & n v]tically1 l ^? ( ! bees1 & 9 consequ5ce !y h to be support$ 9 "s way4 ,?is object is a*iev$ by means ( multitud9\s pill>s made ( ! same papi]-m* ( :i* ! combs are =m$1 & atta*$ to ! successive r[s ( combs4 ,!re is1 h[ev]1 "o curi\s po9t ( diff]5ce betwe5 ! ,wasp-comb & human ar*itecture1 namely1 t ! pill>s d n support floors1 or re/ ^u !m1 b su/a9 ! weight ( ^? :i* hang f !m4 ,! m\?s ( ! cells are all d[nw>ds1 & ! combs are !re=e susp5d$ f ! pill>s1 in/ead ( be+ support$ by !m4 ,,tunnel ,,entrance ,,to ,,! ,,dwell+4 ,we h already f\nd occasion to treat ( ! sn[-h\se1 or igloo1 ( ! ,esquimaux1 & h n[ to speak ( a subsidi>y1 ?\gh necess>y1 "p ( ,esquimaux ar*itecture4 ,p]haps ! read] may h be5 un=tunate en\gh to travel by rail 9 ! dep? ( w9t]1 & to be associat$ ) fell[-pass5g]s :o w insi/ on clos+ e w9d[1 ev5 ?\gh ! c>riage be cr[d$4 ,suppose t on su* a day1 ! wea!r be+ p]fectly f9e1 ! tra9 /ops at a /ation1 & ! gu>d outside op5s ! door to see if ano!r pass5g] c be accommodat$ ) a place4 ,no soon] is ! door op5$ ?an a %[] ( sn[ at once fills ! c>riage4 ,?is is simply ! moi/ure susp5d$ 9 ! air & g5]at$ by human lungs4 ,! ru% ( cold air at once freezes ?is moi/ure & conv]ts x into sn[1 ?us %[+ ^? :o w condesc5d to le>n1 t !y h be5 brea?+ & re-brea?+ ! air t has pass$ ?r\gh a v>iety ( human lungs1 & is *>g$ ) _! diff]5t moi/ures4 ,i h se5 ! same ph5om5on at a d9n] p>ty1 :]e1 aft] ! )drawal ( ! ladies1 "o ( ! w9d[s 0 op5$4 ,n[1 9 ,esquimaux-l&1 x is absolutely necess>y to cons]ve e atom ( heat1 = ! cold is s int5se t if a cask ( wat] be ne> a coal fire1 only ! "p next ! fire w be ?aw$1 ! re/ be+ ice4 ,cold1 !re=e1 is a foe :i* has to be f\ght & kept away f ! h\sehold4 ,!n !re are o!r foes--su* z ,pol> ,be>s1 = in/ance--:i* w\ld be only too glad to get into an igloo & make a meal ( its inhabitants4 ,! ,esquimaux ar*itect1 !re=e1 avails himself ( an +5i\s device by :i* he c set bo? foes at defiance4 ,9 summ]-"t he cont5ts himself ) a hut made ( sk9s1 & m]ely hangs a sk9 ov] ! entrance by way ( a door4 ,b 9 ! w9t]1 :5 he is driv5 to 8 sn[-h\se = %elt]1 he acts 9 a v diff]5t mann]4 ,in/ead ( m]ely cutt+ an ap]ture = a door 9 ! side ( ! igloo1 he con/ructs a long1 l[1 ar*$ tunnel1 s small t no "o c ent] ! igloo except by trav]s+ ?is tunnel on 8 h&s & knees4 ,sometimes a numb] ( huts are connect$ ) ea* o!r1 "o or two tunnels lead+ into ! air1 & ! re/ s]v+ m]ely z passages f "o hut to ! o!r4 ,illu/ration3 ,,ne/s ,,( ,,fairy ,,m>t94 ,,t[]s ,,( ,,s&-,,wasp4 ,illu/ration3 ,,huts ,,( ,,esquimaux4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,9 ,nature are sev]al examples ( tunnels con/ruct$ on ! same pr9ciple4 ,!re are1 = in/ance1 ! curi\s ne/s ( ! ,fairy ,m>t9 ( ,s\!rn ,au/ralia 7,hirundo ,ariel71 :i* be> a s+ul> resemblance to oil-flasks1 ! body ( ! ne/ be+ r globul>1 & ! only entrance be+ ?r\gh a tol]ably long1 tunnel-l neck4 ,!n !re are ! v>i\s ,weav]-birds ( ,africa1 ) _! long-neck$ ne/s4 ,"s ( ^! /range edifices look almo/ l horse-pi/ols susp5d$ by ! butt1 s r\nd is ! ne/1 & s long & n>r[ is ! tunnel-l entrance4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,pass+ to ! insect _w1 we f9d ! same pr9ciple c>ri$ out by ! n[ famili> ,mason-wasp 7,odyn]us mur>ius71 "s ( ^: ne/s are repres5t$ 9 ! illu/ration4 ,?is insect makes a burr[1 & at ! bottom ( x deposits an egg1 toge!r ) a numb] ( little cat]pill>s on :i* ! grub1 :5 hat*$1 w fe$4 ,! "m ,wasp is n all[$ to pursue ?is task )\t tak+ precautions aga9/ ! admission ( enemies to h] burr[1 especially ! i*neumon-flies4 ,z may be inf]r$ f its popul> "n1 ! ,s&-wasp always selects a s&y spot = its burr[1 & g5]ally *ooses a piece ( tol]ably h>d s&/one1 :i* x is able to bite into little pellets1 aid$ by a k9d ( liquid :i* x secretes4 ,! foll[+ acc\nt ( ! mann] 9 :i* ! ,mason-wasp =ms & def5ds its home is tak5 f ! invaluable 8,insect ,ar*itecture10 by ,r5nie4 ,! au?or beg9s by describ+ ! =m & dep? ( ! burr[1 & ! soil 9 :i* x is made4 ,he !n proce$s to %[ ! wond]ful mann] 9 :i* ! "m ,wasp purveys food = ! use ( h] future "y :om %e w nev] see4 ,guid$ by in/9ct1 %e places 9 ! burr[ exactly ! numb] ( cat]pill>s :i* ! "y ,mason-wasp w h to consume be=e x atta9s its p]fect condition4 ,x is believ$ t %e p>tially p>alyzes !m ) h] /+ be=e plac+ !m 9 ! burr[4 ,at all ev5ts1 :5 !y are once pack$ away1 !y nev] move1 s t ! t9y ,wasp grub c fe$ ^u !m q at its leisure4 ,"h is ,r5nie's acc\nt ( ! ,s&-wasp & h] burr[-mak+3-- 8,:5 ?is wasp has deta*$ a few gra9s ( ! moi/5$ s&1 x kneads !m toge!r into a pellet ab\t ! size ( "o ( ! se$s ( a gooseb]ry4 8,) ! fir/ pellet :i* x deta*es1 x lays ! f\ndation ( a r\nd t[]1 z an outwork1 imm$iately ov] ! m\? ( its ne/4 ,e pellet :i* x aft]w>ds c>ries (f f ! int]ior is add$ to ! wall ( ?is out] r\nd t[]1 :i* advances 9 height z ! hole 9 ! s& increases 9 dep?4 ,e two or ?ree m9utes1 h[ev]1 dur+ ^! op]ations1 x takes a %ort excursion1 = ! purpose probably ( repl5i%+ its /ore ( fluid :]e) to moi/5 ! s&4 ,yet s little "t is lo/1 t ,raumur has se5 a mason-wasp dig 9 an h\r a hole ! l5g? ( its body1 & at ! same "t build z mu* ( its r\nd t[]4 8,= ! great] "p ( its height ?is r\nd t[] is p]p5dicul>1 b t[>ds ! summit x b5ds into a curve1 correspond+ to ! b5d ( ! insect's body1 :i*1 9 all cases ( insect ar*itecture1 is ! model foll[$4 ,! pellets :i* =m ! walls ( ! t[] are n v nicely jo9$1 & num]\s vacuities are left betwe5 !m1 giv+ x ! appe>ance ( filigree-"w4 8,t x %\ld be ?us slightly built is n surpris+1 = x is int5d$ z a tempor>y /ructure = protect+ ! insect :ile x is excavat+ its hole1 & z a pile ( mat]ials1 well arrang$ & ready at h&1 = ! completion ( ! int]ior build+1--9 ! same way t workm5 make a regul> pile ( bricks ne> ! spot :]e !y are go+ to build4 ,?is seems1 9 fact1 to be ! ma9 design ( ! t[]1 :i* is tak5 d[n z exp$iti\sly z x has be5 re>$4 8,raumur ?9ks1 t by pil+ 9 ! s& :i* has previ\sly be5 dug out1 ! wasp int5ds to gu>d its prog5y = a "t f be+ expos$ to ! too viol5t heat ( ! sun2 & he has sometimes ev5 se5 t !re 7 n suffici5t mat]ials 9 ! t[]1 9 :i* case ! wasp _h rec\rse to ! rubbi% %e _h ?r[n out aft] ! t[] 0 complet$4 ,by rais+ a t[] ( ! mat]ials :i* %e excavates1 ! wasp produces ! same %elt] f ext]nal heat z a human be+ w\ld :o *ose to inhabit a deep cell> ( a high h\se4 8,%e fur!r protects h] prog5y f ! i*neumon-fly1 z ! eng9e] con/ructs an outwork to r5d] m difficult ! approa* ( an enemy to ! citadel4 ,raumur has se5 ?is indefatigable enemy ( ! wasp peep into ! m\? ( ! t[]1 & !n retreat1 app>5tly fright5$ at ! dep? ( ! cell :i* %e 0 anxi\s to invade40 ,x is no wond] t ! ,s&-wasp %\ld be s anxi\s to insure ! safety ( h] ne/1 = h] foes are multitud9\s4 ,putt+ aside ! ord9>y ,i*neumon-flies1 we h ! pr$atory ,ta*91 :i* are always hov]+ ov] su* ne/s1 & try+ to deposit eggs !re94 ,= _m ye>s ,i h be5 9 ! habit ( receiv+ lett]s f novices 9 entomology1 want+ to "k :e!r ,i am aw>e t ! common ,h\sefly is 9 ! habit ( act+ z a p>asite4 ,( c\rse1 ! writ] has mi/ak5 ! ,ta*9a = a h\se-fly1 b ,i _c regret ! fact t "s "o has really begun to obs]ve ,nature1 & n only to read books4 ,,doors ,,& ,,h+es4 ,hav+ se5 t bo? 9 ,nature & ,art ! entrances to dwell+s are gu>d$ by tunnel-l approa*es1 we come naturally to ano!r mode ( gu>d+ ! entrance1 namely1 by a door mov+ on h+es4 ,z to ! multitud9\s examples ( doors & h+es 9 mod]n civilisation1 we ne$ h>dly discuss !m1 except to %[ ! exact analogies :i* occur 9 ,art & ,nature4 ,doors mov+ on h+es are v pl5tiful 9 ,nature1 ev5 :]e we %\ld lea/ expect !m4 ,take1 = example1 an egg1 especially ! egg ( an insect1 & we %all see t x is j ab\t ! la/ object 9 :i* we %\ld expect to f9d a h+$ door4 ,yet1 if ! read] w ref] to ! illu/ration on page #g1 he w see t ! t9y eggs ( ! common ,gnat1 num]\s z !y may be1 are ea* furni%$ ) a door :i* op5s z soon z ! inmate is hat*$1 & all[s ! little l>va to escape into ! wat]4 ,ano!r /ill m rem>kable in/ance ( a h+$ door 9 an egg is to be f\nd 9 "o ( ! ,rotif]s1 or ,:eel-,animalcules1 s call$ because !y possess an app>atus ( movable cilia1 :i*1 :5 set 9 motion1 looks exactly l a :eel runn+ r\nd & r\nd4 ,z ! full-gr[n creature is b>ely "o ?irty-six? ( an in* 9 total l5g?1 ! /ructure ( its eggs mu/ be inf9itesimally beyond ! range ( human vision4 ,yet1 j z ! telescope sets at p>tial defiance ! va/ spaces t int]v5e betwe5 our e>? & h] si/] planets1 s ! microscope p]=ms a simil> task 9 ! inf9itesimally m9ute4 ,&1 "u ! all-reveal+ l5s ( ! microscope1 ! little egg ( ! ,bra*ionus1 ?\gh absolutely invisible to ! unaid$ eye1 yields up its secrets4 ,=tunately1 ! %ell is s transp>5t t ! int]ior ( ! egg c be se5 ?r\gh x z if x 7 a m]e film ( glass4 ,! a/oni%+ division & re-division ( ! yolk take place be=e our eyes1 be+ divid$ fir/ into two1 !n into f\r1 !n into eight1 !n into sixte51 !n into ?irty-two1 & s on1 until ! :ole mass ( ! yolk is clov5 into divisions too num]\s to c\nt4 ,by degrees1 ! =m ( ! "y ,bra*ionus is develop$ )9 ! egg1 ev5 to ! v tee?1 :i* "w away z p]si/5tly z if l>ge /ores ( food 7 be+ pass$ ?r\gh !m4 ,:5 ! "y is ready to take its place 9 ! _w1 a new developm5t occurs1 :i* has be5 well relat$ by ,mr4 ,gosse3-- 8,all ^! ph5om5a h appe>$ 9 ! egg we are n[ wat*+2 & at ?is mom5t y see ! cry/all9e little prison]1 wri?+ & turn+ impati5tly )9 its prison1 /riv+ to bur/ =? into lib]ty4 8,n[1 a crack1 l a l9e ( light1 %oots r\nd "o end ( ! egg1 & 9 an in/ant1 ! ant]ior ?ird ( ! egg is =c$ (f1 & ! :eels ( ! infant ,bra*ionus are se5 rotat+ z p]fectly z if ! little creature _h _h a ye>'s practice4 8,away x glides1 ! v image ( its "m1 & swims to "s di/ance be=e x ca/s an*or1 beg9n+ an indep5d5t life4 ,at ! mom5t ( escape ( ! "y1 ! pu%$-(f lid ( ! egg resumes its place1 & ! egg appe>s ne>ly :ole aga91 b empty & p]fectly hyal9e 7i4e4 all b transp>5t71 ) no evid5ce ( its fracture1 except a slight int]ruption ( its outl9e1 & a v fa9t l9e runn+ across x40 ,to pass f ! egg to a m advanc$ /age 9 life4 ,all practical entomologi/s h be5 greatly annoy$1 9 _! e>li] ye>s ( collect+1 to lose l>va aft] l>va1 f ! attacks ( ,i*neumon-flies4 ,x is c]ta9ly r beyond ! limits ( ord9>y pati5ce to discov]1 wat* ov]1 & secure successfully a r>e cat]pill>1 & !n to f9d t x has be5 8/ung0 by an ,i*neumon-fly4 ,! vet]an entomologi/1 h[ev]1 tr\bles himself v little ab\t su* m9or mis=tunes1 &1 z a rule1 m ?an comp5sates = !m by pres]v+ ! intrusive ,i*neumon-fly1 & giv+ 9 8 di>y full details ( ! insect on :i* x 0 p>asitic1 ( ! plant on :i* ! cat]pill> liv$1 ! date ( its appe>ance1 & its numb]s4 ,n[1 !re are _m ( ^! p>asitic insects1 notably ^? belong+ to ! g5us ,microga/]1 :i* inv>iably make doors 9 _! cocoons4 ,i h n[ be=e me gr\ps ( cocoons made ( ! two commone/ ,briti% species1 namely1 ,microga/] glom]atus & ,microga/] alve>ius1 & 9 bo? ( !m ea* t9y cocoon is furni%$ ) a hemisph]ical1 h+$ door4 ,i h also "s exquisitely beautiful gr\ps ( ,microga/] cocoons f\nd 9 ! ,we/ ,indies4 ,!y are ! pure/ :ite1 %9e ) a sat9y lu/re1 & are arrang$ r\nd a holl[ c5tre1 mu* z if !y _h be5 gumm$ to ! outside ( a v l>ge ?imble4 ,!re are _m hundr$s ( !m1 & e "o has its little door /ill op5 z x 0 :5 ! fully develop$ insect fir/ made its escape4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,ano!r curi\s example ( a natural door may be se5 by ^? :o w look = x4 ,on plants infe/$ ) aphides1 or 8gre5 blight10 z ! g>d5]s qua9tly t]m !m1 may (t5 be se5 dead aphides mu* l>g] ?an ! re/1 globul>1 br[n1 & %9+4 ,^! aphides h be5 8/ung10 z x is call$1 by a little ,i*neumon-fly belong+ to ! g5us ,ophion1 & hav+1 l all its cong5]s1 a flat & sickle-%ap$ abdom54 ,! egg :i* has be5 laid 9 ! aphis soon hat*es1 & ! "y ,ophion absorbs into itself all ! juices ( ! aphis4 ,x rema9s )9 ! body ( its involunt>y ho/ until x is fully develop$1 :5 x cuts a t9y1 b beautifully p]fect circul> door 9 ! sk91 & em]ges1 leav+ ! door op5 & /ill atta*$ by its little h+e4 ,consid]+ ! small size ( ! aphis1 & t ! diamet] ( ! door is only "o-eigh? ( ! l5g? ( ! insect1 ! p]fection ( its =m is really rem>kable4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,"o ( ! a*ievem5ts ( mod]n ,ar*itecture is ! ,self-clos+ ,door1 especially :]e x mu/ ( necessity close by its own weight1 & :5 ! fitt+ is s exact1 t ev5 ! mo/ exp]i5c$ eye c sc>cely detect x4 ,su* a door is to be f\nd gu>d+ ! ne/ ( ! ,trap-door ,spid]s1 sev]al species ( :i* are f\nd scatt]$ ov] all ! w>m p>ts ( ! e>?4 ,a side view ( "o ( ^! extraord9>y ne/s is giv5 9 ! accompany+ illu/ration1 & on ! o!r side is ! common trap-door ( our cell>s4 ,illu/ration3 ,,door ,,( ,,trap-,,door ,,spid]4 ,illu/ration3 ,,trap-,,door ,,( ,,coal-,,cell>4 ,! ,spid]s :i* make ^! extraord9>y dwell+s g5]ally beg9 by excavat+ a ne>ly p]p5dicul> tunnel 9 ! gr\nd4 ,!y l9e x ) a silk5 web1 & con/ruct a door :i* exactly fits ! orifice1 & :i* is bevell$ s t x %all n s9k too f>1 & ?us betray itself4 ,i h se5 & h&l$ "o1 :]e ! burr[ _h be5 sunk among li*5s & mosses1 & ! trap-door ( ! ne/ _h be5 mo/ +5i\sly cov]$ ) ! same gr[?s4 ,al?\gh ! surface ( ! slab ( e>? 9 :i* ! ne/ 0 made is only a few in*es squ>e1 x is almo/ impossible to detect ! entrance1 s admirably d ! mosses on ! door correspond ) ^? outside x4 ,almo/ inv>iably ! ne/ is sunk 9 ! gr\nd1 b ,i h a specim5 s5t to me f ,india1 9 :i* ! ,spid] mu/ absolutely h c>ri$ ! clay to a flut$ pill>1 burr[$ 9 x1 & !n made its beautiful habitation4 ,! ne/ & its inhabitant 7 s5t to me by an (fic] 9 ! #ajh? ,regim5t1 accompani$ by ! foll[+ lett]3-- 8,! packet conta9s a l>ge ,spid] & ! upp] portion ( its peculi> ne/1 ! hi/ory ( :i* is z foll[s4 8,on ! ?irtie? ( la/ mon? 7,septemb]1 #ahgj71 :ile se>*+ = cat]pill>s on a bu% gr[+ close to "o ( ! pill>s ( my v]&ah1 :i* is a v l[ "o1 rea*+ to )9 a foot ( ! gr\nd1 ,i saw 9 "p ( ! *unam masonry at ! foot ( ! pill> :at ,i at fir/ sight took to be a c\ple ( se$s /ick+ to a /one4 ,on try+ to pull "o (f1 ,i f\nd t x came up ) ease1 br++ ) x :at ,i ?\ght 0 ! /one4 8,b ,i _h sc>cely got x up :5 x 0 sm>tly pull$ back4 ,?is excit$ my curiosity1 & ,i rais$ x aga9 ) a little =ce4 ,i n[ saw1 to my wond] & admiration1 t :at ,i _h fanci$ 0 a /one 0 a small circul> door ) a pretty broad h+e1 made all ( silk2 & !n di/9ctly obs]v$ a l>ge black spid] d>t d[n ! hole to :i* ! above door gave an entrance4 ,b1 n kn[+ ! dep?1 ,i broke x4 8,?is piece ,i s5d to y1 toge!r ) its orig9al own]1 :o1 at ! beg9n+ ( my digg+ op]ations1 ran up sudd5ly1 %ut ! door 9 my face1 & hung on to x l grim dea? :5 ,i tri$ to reop5 x4 ,he soon came away ) ! upp] piece1 /ill keep+ ! door resolutely clos$40 ,,ar*itecture4 ,,*apt] ,,ii4 ,,walls1 ,,d\ble ,,& ,,s+le4--,,por*es1 ,,eaves1 ,,& ,,w9d[s4--,,?at*1 ,,slates1 ,,& ,,tiles4 ,! ,wall & its ,mat]ials4--,bricks z !y are & might be4--,trade ,unionism4--,d\ble ,walls & _! ,uses4--,d\ble ,clo?+4--,! ,refrig]ator4--,cook+ ,vessels4--,fire-pro( ,safes4--,cocoon ( ! ,silkworm1 & its treble ,walls4--,ne/ ( ! ,little ,erm9e1 ,procession>y1 ,gold-tail$1 & ,br[n-tail$ ,mo?s4--,mud ,walls4--,ne/s ( ! ,t]mite4--,por*es1 ,eaves1 & ,w9d[s4--,ne/s ( ! ,myrapetra & an ,indian ,ant4--,! ,sociable ,weav]-bird & its ,ne/4--,?at*+4--,arms ( ! ,orang-outan4--,japanese & ,*9ese ,ra9-cloaks4--,eggs ( ! ,gold-tail$ ,mo?4--,action ( ,fur4--,slates & ,tiles4--,scales ( ,butt]fly's ,w+4--,%ell ( ,tortoise4--,scales ( ,manis1 ,fi%1 & ,armadillo4 ,we n[ come to ! ,walls ( ! h\se1 9 :i* !re is m v>iety ?an might be imag9$4 ,take1 = example1 our mod]n h\ses ( ! 8villa0 type4 ,!y are no?+ b ! m]e/ %ells1 made ( ! flimsie/ imag9able mat]ials4 ,"s ye>s ago1 :ile walk+ ?r\gh a suburb :]e "s v %[y h\ses 7 be+ built1 ,i amus$ myself by go+ ov] !m & te/+ !m4 ,!re 0 sc>cely a room 9 :i* ,i c\ld n ?ru/ an ord9>y walk+-/ick ?r\gh ! wall4 ,:5 !y 7 8f9i%$0 & 8po9t$10 ! h\ses look$ beautiful1 b _! heat 9 summ]1 cold 9 w9t]1 & moi/ure 9 wet wea!r1 c easily be imag9$1 especially z ! s& ) :i* ! mort> 0 mix$ _h be5 procur$ f ! banks ( a tidal riv]4 ,!re is n ! lea/ necessity = su* build+s4 ,x is absurd to run up su* edifices z t1 & !n *>ge #abj p] annum = r5t4 ,! :ole sy/em is z rott5 z ! h\ses1 & !re is no?+ b prejudice & trade-unionism to prev5t our h\ses be+ cool 9 summ]1 w>m 9 w9t]1 & dry 9 all wea!rs4 ,x is well kn[n t air is practically a non-conductor ( heat1 & t !re=e a lay] ( air betwe5 two v slight walls is j z w>m z if ! wall _h be5 made ( solid /one4 ,n[1 !re are sev]al inv5tions :]eby ! pres5t brick c\ld be made half its pres5t weight1 twice its pres5t /r5g?1 h>d & smoo? z e>!nw>e1 s t x c\ld n absorb wat] l our common brick1 & pi]c$ ) holes ?r\gh :i* air c\ld pass4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fur4 ,illu/ration3 ,,ne/ ,,( ,,little ,,erm9e-,,mo?4 ,illu/ration3 ,,ice-,,h\se4 ,un=tunately1 h[ev]1 !re is a /r+5t rule among brickmak]s & bricklay]s t !y are to play into ea* o!r's h&s1 & t no bricklay] is to t\* a brick :i* has n be5 made 9 "s def9ite di/rict4 ,%\ld he d s1 he is a m>k$ man1 & w /& b little *ance ( gett+ ev5 a day's "w4 ,! p[] ( ! d\ble wall may be se5 9 _m ways4 ,= example1 9 ! old days ( coa*+1 :5 "o _h to pass h\r aft] h\r on ! ro( ( ! coa*1 x 0 kn[n by practical exp]i5ce t d\ble body l951 & two pairs ( /ock+s1 worn "o ov] ! o!r1 =m$ ! be/ prep>ation = ! j\rney4 ,! reason 01 t air became entangl$ betwe5 ! lay]s ( fabric1 & act$ z a non-conductor ( heat4 ,ano!r mode ( utilis+ ! pr9ciple ( ! d\ble wall is se5 9 ! refrig]ators :i* add s mu* to ! com=t ( ! h\sehold 9 a hot summ]4 ,! "o pr9ciple ( ^! refrig]ators is1 to keep a lay] ( air betwe5 ! ice & ! surr\nd+ atmosph]e4 ,! same pr9ciple may be us$ 9 a rev]se way1 & heat be pres]v$ in/ead ( repell$4 ,^? cook+-pots are n[ well kn[n1 :]e half-cook$ meat c be ins]t$ 9 ! morn+1 & at lun*eon-"t be turn$ out q hot & p]fectly cook$4 ,! fact is1 t ! vessels 9 "q are cov]$ ) a v ?ick lay] ( felt4 ,! felt1 h[ev]1 is only a device = entangl+ air1 & a d\ble wall w\ld answ] ! purpose z well1 if n bett]4 ,! n[ well-kn[n fire-resi/+ safes are made on ?is pr9ciple1 & aft] !y h be5 = h\rs 9 a rag+ fire1 & ! out] case has become r$-hot1 ! int]ior is q safe1 ! pap]s un9jur$1 & ev5 a wat* cont9u+ to g4 ,!n !re is ! ord9>y ,ice-h\se1 a sket* ( :i* is giv5 9 ! illu/ration4 ,a pit is fir/ dug 9 ! gr\nd1 & ?ickly l9$ ) dry bran*es1 /raw1 c4 ,! ro( is con/ruct$ 9 ! same mann]1 only ! non-conduct+ p[] is increas$ by a ?ick coat+ ( e>? ov] ! /icks & /raw4 ,! door1 :i* is approa*$ by a %elv+ cutt+1 is simil>ly protect$1 ! cov]+ only be+ remov$ :5 ! door is op5$4 ,i once made a v effective refrig]ator out ( two hamp]s1 putt+ a small hamp] inside a l>ge "o1 & pack+ ! space betwe5 !m ) /raw4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,9 ,nature we f9d _m examples ( ?is pr9ciple1 :i* enables ! inhabitants to bid defiance to fro/4 ,a famili> example may be f\nd 9 ! cocoon ( ! common ,silk-worm 7,bombyx mori71 & inde$ 9 t ( almo/ any silk-produc+ insect4 ,:5 ! cat]pill> is ab\t to make its cocoon1 x beg9s by a numb] ( r /rong ?reads atta*$ to diff]5t po9ts1 & mak+ a sort ( scaffold+1 s to speak1 = ! cocoon itself4 ,^u ^! is spun a slight out] cocoon ( v loose & vague texture--! 8floss silk0 ( comm]ce1 & )9 t is ! cocoon prop]1 9 :i* ! insect lies enclos$4 ,x w be se51 !re=e1 t !re are really ?ree cocoons1 "o )9 ! o!r1 namely1 ! scaffold cocoon1 ! floss cocoon1 & ! silk cocoon itself1 s t ! inmate is protect$ f v>iations ( temp]ature4 ,! cocoon ( ! emp]or-mo?1 :i* has already be5 describ$1 is made on ! same pr9ciple4 ,!re are sev]al cat]pill>s :i* are social 9 _! e>ly /ages1 & :i* con/ruct a common habitation4 ,! ,little ,erm9e-mo?4 7,hyponomeuta padella7 af=ds a famili> example ( ?is /ructure4 ,! cat]pill>s are great roam]s 9 se>* ( food by day1 & travel f bran* to bran* on _! /rong silk5 ?reads4 ,at night1 h[ev]1 !y return to a l>ge :ite silk5 habitation :i* !y h spun1 & :i* !y divide into _m comp>tm5ts1 z may easily be se5 by cutt+ ! ne/ op5 ) v %>p scissors4 ,)9 ?is habitation ! cat]pill>s sp9 _! sep>ate cocoons1 s t ! sy/em ( d\ble walls is ?or\ghly c>ri$ out4 ,!re is ano!r insect1 v common on ! ,cont95t1 b1 happily = u1 n introduc$ into ,engl&4 ,x is call$ ! ,procession>y ,mo?1 f its curi\s habit ( m>*+ 9 exact l9es1 ! head ( ! second cat]pill> t\*+ ! tail ( ! fir/1 & s on4 ,^! insects h likewise a common home1 & sp9 _! own sep>ate cocoons )9 x4 99 99 99 99 99 ,illu/ration3 ,,ne/ ,,( ,,procession>y ,,mo?4 ,illu/ration3 ,,cocoon ,,( ,,silk-,,worm4 ,illu/ration3 ,,firepro( ,,safe4 ,!re are two o!r sociable ,briti% ,mo?s :i* make ne/s on a simil> pr9ciple4 ,^! are ! ,gold-tail$ ,mo? 7,por!sia *rysorrha7 & ! ,br[n-tail$ ,mo? 7,por!sia auriflua74 ,!y are bo? beautifully :ite insects1 b may easily be di/+ui%$ f ea* o!r1 ! ,gold-tail$ ,mo? hav+ "s br[n-black spots on ! upp] w+s1 & a tuft ( gold5-yell[ hairs at ! end ( ! body2 :ile ! ,br[n-tail$ ,mo? is )\t spots1 & ! tail-tuft is br[n4 ,9 habits !y are v simil>1 & ! description ( ! ne/ made by "o w answ] = t made by ! o!r4 ,i believe t broods ( ^! two species h be5 kn[n to con/ruct a common ne/4 ,! ne/ is extremely v>iable 9 =m1 because x dep5ds mu* on ! numb] ( twigs :i* x includes4 ,int]iorly1 x is divid$ into a consid]able numb] ( *amb]s1 ea* conta9+ "o or sev]al individuals4 ,z ! cat]pill>s are hat*$ late 9 summ]1 !y h to und]go ! fro/s ( w9t] be=e !y c atta9 _! p]fect /ate4 ,accord+ly1 be=e ! w9t]-"t comes on1 !y /r5g!n bo? ! ext]nal walls & int]nal p>titions ( _! ne/1 & !n wait until ! spr+ br+s =? ! leafage ( ! new ye>4 ,! ne/ is a beautiful /ructure1 & ,i /rongly recomm5d ! read] to look = "o 9 a h$g][1 take x home1 & cut x up c>efully4 ,i w\ld1 h[ev]1 advise him1 if1 l myself1 he be subject$ to a v s5sitive sk91 to be cauti\s 9 8 h&l+ ( ! ne/4 ,! hairs ) :i* ! pretty black1 r$1 & :ite cat]pill>s are /udd$ are irritant 9 ! extreme4 ,i h sev]al times suff]$ f !m1 & w\ld mu* r be sev]ely /ung by nettles ?an und]go ! fi]ce irritation1 mix$ ) dull heavy pa91 :i* always accompanies ! pres5ce ( ^! hairs4 ,) me1 z ,i suppose w\ld be ! case ) p]sons ( simil> organization1 ^! hairs cause l>ge1 h>d tub]cles to rise1 j z if potatoes _h be5 plac$ "u ! sk94 ,! hairs ( ! ,procession>y ,cat]pill> h a simil> effect1 & 9 ,france ! au?orities h sev]al times be5 oblig$ to close ! public g>d5s = mon?s1 s sev]e 0 ! pa9 :i* ! cat]pill>s inflict$ on p]sons :o pass$ ?r\gh ! spots infe/$ by !m4 ,,mud ,,walls4 ,!re is a mode ( wall-build+ :i* is mu* 9 vogue 9 "s p>ts ( ,engl&1 & has mu* to comm5d itself4 ,?is is ! ,mud or ,concrete ,wall4 ,at fir/ sight1 ! v "n ( a mud h\se gives an idea ( pov]ty & mis]y1 & is apt to be connect$ ) hovels & pig/ies4 ,mud walls1 h[ev]1 if prop]ly built1 are f> w>m] & dri] ?an ^? ( brick1 & are ev5 pref]r$ to ^? ( /one1 :5 ! latt] c be easily & *eaply obta9$4 ,9 ,devon%ire1 = example1 :]e ev5 ! cattle-%$s1 or 8l9hays0 7pron\nc$ l9ny71 & ! pig/ies are made ( ! ri* r$ /one ( ! c\nty1 x is a common ?+ to see village h\ses built ( mud4 ,sometimes ! h\ses are built ( /one to ! height ( "s t5 or twelve feet1 & ! upp] p>ts made ( mud4 ,illu/ration3 ,,ne/ ,,( ,,t]mite4 ,illu/ration3 ,,mud ,,wall4 ,if ! build]s are 9 any way fa/idi\s1 !y make _! walls ( a uni=m surface by plac+ two r[s ( planks on _! edges at a di/ance f ea* o!r proportionate to ! ?ickness ( ! wall1 p\r+ ! mud betwe5 !m1 &1 :5 x has suffici5tly h>d5$1 %ift+ ! planks4 ,?is1 h[ev]1 is n necess>y1 & detracts mu* f ! picturesque look ( a g5u9e mud wall1 especially :5 x is ( t ri* r$ :i* *>act]izes ! ,devon%ire soil4 ,^! mud walls are locally kn[n by ! "n ( ,cob4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,we h n to g v f> 9 ,nature to f9d good examples ( ! /r5g? :i* c be atta9$ by mud walls4 ,9 all p>ts ( ! _w :]e ,t]mites1 popul>ly b wrongly call$ ,:ite ,ants1 are to be f\nd1 ! /r5g? & endurance ( ! mud wall c easily be te/$4 ,( gigantic dim5sions :5 comp>$ ) ! size ( ! ar*itect1 !y n only endure ! ra9-torr5ts :i* wa% ov] !m1 b c su/a9 ! weight ( ! wild cattle1 :i* are 9 ! habit ( us+ !m z wat*-t[]s1 & ?is al?\gh !y are holl[1 & fill$ ) *amb]s & gall]ies4 ,9 ,s\!rn ,africa ^! ne/s are mu* utilis$4 ,!re is an animal call$ by ! ,dut* settl]s ! ,a>d-v>k1 :i* fe$s almo/ :olly on ,t]mites4 ,at night x issues f its burr[1 &1 be+ arm$ ) l>ge & p[]ful claws1 te>s a great hole 9 ! side1 & dev\rs ! inmates4 ,^! des]t$ ne/s are sometimes us$ z ov5s1 z we h already se51 a fire hav+ be5 k9dl$ )9 !m = "s "t1 ! meat1 well envelop$ 9 leaves1 be+ ?ru/ into !m1 & ! op5+ clos$ ) clay4 ,sometimes !y are us$ z graves1 ! corpse be+ plac$ 9 !m1 & ! holl[ fill$ up ) e>?1 :ile ! wall ( ! ,t]mite ne/1 :5 p\nd$ & mix$ ) wat]1 is f\nd to be ! mo/ t5aci\s clay t c be us$ = build+ or floor+ huts4 ,,por*es1 ,,eaves1 ,,& ,,w9d[s4 ,we n[ come to "s ( ! app5dages ( a h\se1 namely1 ! ,por* by :i* ! ra9 is kept f a doorway1 ! ,eaves by :i* x is kept f ! walls1 & ! ,w9d[s :i* w admit light & air1 b w prev5t ! entrance ( intrud]s4 ,we fir/ take ! ,por*1 two examples ( :i* are %[n 9 ! accompany+ illu/ration1 "o be+ ! "w ( human h&s1 & ! o!r t ( an insect4 ,! figure on ! "r h& repres5ts an old-fa%ion$ ,por*1 su* z is (t5 to be se5 atta*$ to old village *ur*es1 & :i*1 be+ furni%$ ) seats1 s]ves also z a re/+-place = ^? :o are we>y4 ,illu/ration3 ,,ne/s ,,( ,,myrapetra1 ,,) ,,por*es4 ,illu/ration3 ,,por*4 ,! figure on ! left h& ( ! illu/ration is a wond]ful example ( ! ,por*1 z con/ruct$ by insects4 ,x is ! ne/ ( a honey-mak+ ,brazilian wasp nam$ ,myrapetra scutell>is4 ,! peculi>ity ( ?is ne/ consi/s 9 its ext]ior be+ cov]$ ) a va/ numb] ( projections made ( ! same mat]ial z ! walls ( ! ne/1 b m solid & mu* h>d]4 ,! col\r ( ! ne/ is blacki% br[n4 ,! object ( all ^! projections has n be5 asc]ta9$1 b !re is no difficulty z reg>ds "s ( !m4 ,)\t a v c>eful exam9ation1 x is exce$+ly difficult to see any op5+ by :i* ! inhabitants ( ! ne/ c g 9 & out4 ,x w be f\nd1 h[ev]1 t !re are _m entrances1 :i* are set 9 a r[ r\nd ! ne/1 ea* op5+ be+ situat$ "u a projection1 :i* ?us p]=ms ! (fice ( a por* z well z t ( concealm5t4 ,ano!r hym5opt]\s insect c>ries out ! pr9ciple ( ! ,por* 9 its ne/4 ,?is is ! ,myrmica ,kirbyi1 a t9y r$di% ,ant :i* inhabits ,india4 ,x makes its ne/ ( c[-dung1 :i* x works up into a texture v l t ( an ord9>y wasp-ne/4 ,a s]ies ( l>ge flakes ( ?is sub/ance ov]hang ! entrances1 s t ! inhabitants c ent] freely1 :ile ra9 is kept out4 ,= ! purpose ( great] security1 "o v l>ge flake cov]s ! ro( 9 umbrella fa%ion4 ,! :ole ne/ is globul>1 & ab\t eight in*es 9 diamet]4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,next we come to ! project+ ,eaves1 l ^? ( our h\ses1 & s]v+ to pres]ve ! body ( ! edifice itself f wet4 ,on ! "r h& ( ! illu/ration !re is an example ( ! eaves z !y are /ill to be se5 9 "s ( our c\ntry places1 :]e ! less picturesque slates h n yet sup]s$$ ! old ?at*4 ,9 "s places ^! eaves ext5d consid]ably beyond ! walls1 & ,i "k ( sev]al in/ances1 especially 9 ,nor? ,devon1 :]e a supplem5t>y set ( eaves ext5ds1 l a p5?\se1 ?r\gh\t ! l5g? ( ! build+1 & j above ! w9d[s ( ! gr\nd-floor4 ,! read] w rem>k t ! projections ^u ! ,myrapetra's ne/ may v well fulfil ! (fice ( eaves z t ( por*es1 & n only %elt] ! entrances1 b s]ve to %oot ! wet (f ! walls ( ! ne/4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,on ! left h& ( ! illu/ration are sev]al in/ances ( eaves z exi/+ 9 ,nature4 ,9 ! c5tre is ! comp\nd ne/ ( ! ,sociable ,weav]-bird ( ,s\!rn ,africa 7,philetrus socius74 ,?is is a dwell+ con/ruct$ v mu* aft] ! fa%ion adopt$ by _m hym5opt]\s insects1 namely1 t ea* pair ( birds make _! own individual ne/1 b unite ) _! companions 9 con/ruct+ a common ro( or cov]+4 ,m ?an ?ree hundr$ ne/s h be5 f\nd 9 a s+le habitation1 & sometimes ! birds miscalculate1 or r1 d n calculate ! resi/+ p[] ( ! bran*es1 &1 :5 ! ra9y season comes1 ! additional weight ( wat] br+s d[n ! :ole edifice ) a great cra%4 ,illu/ration3 ,,dwell+ ,,( ,,sociable ,,weav]-,,bird1 ,,) ,,?at*4 ,illu/ration3 ,,?at*$ ,,eggs ,,( ,,gold-,,tail$ ,,mo?4 ,illu/ration3 ,,?at*$ ,,h\se4 ,! ?at* :i* cov]s ?is cong]ies ( ne/s is made ( ! ,boos*mannees-grass1 ^: long leaves & t\gh wiry /ems are admirably adapt$ = ?r[+ (f wat]1 ev5 ?\gh !y be n b\nd toge!r l our m regul>ly con/ruct$ ?at*4 ,p]haps ! read] may be aw>e t 9 ! ,orang-outan1 ! ,*impansee1 & o!r l>ge apes1 ! hairs ( ! arms are v long1 & po9t 9 diff]5t directions1 s t if ! creature %\ld be caught 9 a ra9-/orm1 &1 aft] ! mann] ( its k9d1 fold its arms on its brea/1 ) ! h&s re/+ on ! %\ld]s1 ! ra9 is %ot cle> ( its body1 ! hairs p]=m+ ! duty ( eaves4 ,bo? ,japan & ,*9a h a ra9-cloak1 con/ruct$ on exactly ! same pr9ciple z ! ?at* ( ! ,sociable ,weav]-bird4 ,!y are no?+ m ?an successive r[s ( long grass-blades fa/5$ to a network ( ! prop] %ape4 ,no am\nt ( ra9 or sn[ c wet !m ?r\gh1 & !y h ! advantage ( be+ p]vi\s to ! exhalations ( ! body1 ?\gh imp]vi\s to ext]nal moi/ure4 ,9 ?is respect !y are greatly sup]ior to our wat]pro( coats1 =1 if ! we>] has to und]go mu* bodily ex]tion1 or is oblig$ to we> x = any l5g? ( "t1 he f9ds 8 clo?+ ne>ly if n q z wet z if he _h all[$ ! pure ra9 to fall on him f ! cl\ds4 ,i possess specim5s ( ea* k9d ( cloak4 ,:5 ,i procur$ !m !y 7 q black5$ ) ,london smoke1 &1 on acc\nt ( _! resi/ance to wat]1 wa%+ !m 0 a v long & tr\blesome bus9ess4 ,above ! ne/ are two pat*es ( ! ,boos*mannees-grass1 z !y appe> :5 laid by ! bird4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,bel[ ! ne/ is a gr\p ( ! eggs ( ! ,gold-tail$ ,mo?1 ^: ne/ has already be5 describ$4 ,p]haps ! read] wond]s :]e ! eggs are4 ,ow+ to ! mode 9 :i* !y are arrang$1 only a few c be se51 & are repres5t$ by ! little :ite spots 9 ! l[] "p ( ! figure4 ,:5 ! ,gold-tail$ ,mo? is ready = ! great bus9ess ( lay+ h] eggs1 %e seeks a suitable place1 & !n piles !m up 9 ! =m ( a %all[ cone4 ,h] task1 h[ev]1 is n yet f9i%$4 ,hav+ arrang$ h] eggs1 %e scrapes (f ! long d[ny hairs ( ! tail-tuft1 & arranges !m c>efully on ! eggs s z to cov] !m ) a conical ?at*1 v mu* resembl+ t ( an ord9>y corn-rick4 ,! ,br[n-tail$ ,mo? acts 9 a simil> fa%ion4 ,furs ( v>i\s k9ds act 9 ! same mann]1 be+ imp]vi\s to wet dur+ ! life ( ! animal4 ,su*1 = example1 is ! fur ( ! ,beav]1 t ( ! ,capyb>a1 & t ( ! ,seal1 :i* are animals liv+ 9 our "t4 ,^!1 h[ev]1 are exce$$ 9 _! ?at*-l p[]s by ! ?ree successive coat+s ( hair t 7 worn by ! anci5t ,mammo?1 ! out]mo/ be+ v long & v co>se1 & hang+ d[n 9 heavy tufts s z to %oot ! wat] f !m4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,be+ on ! subject ( ro(s1 we w take a few m examples ( ! ro( z anticipat$ 9 ,nature4 ,illu/ration3 ,,w+s ,,( ,,butt]fly4 ,illu/ration3 ,,tiles ,,( ,,h\ses4 ,t p>allel fibres1 :e!r animal or vegetable1 c ?r[ (f ra9 :5 prop]ly arrang$1 has already be5 %[n4 ,mu* m is x evid5t t flat or p>tly flat plates w h ! same effect1 if !y be arrang$ s t ! jo9ts are 8brok510 z masons & bricklay]s say1 i4e4 s t ! broad "p ( ! upp] r[ ( plates ov]laps ! junction ( two ( ! plates 9 ! r[ imm$iately bel[ x4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,on ! "r h& ( ! accompany+ illu/ration are giv5 two sket*es ( a mod]n ro(1 "o slat$ & ! o!r til$4 ,! figures on ! left %[ t ?is =mation has be5 anticipat$ by ,nature1 9 ! wond]ful sy/em ( scales :i* cov] ! w+s ( butt]flies & mo?s1 & to :i* all _! brilliancy ( col\r is ow+4 ,9 spite ( _! m9ute size1 mo/ be+ too small to be di/+ui%$ by ! unaid$ eye1 !y are arrang$ z regul>ly z ! be/ workman c\ld lay ! slates or tiles on a ro(1 & on exactly ! same pr9ciple4 ,! %apes ( ^! scales v>y 9 almo/ e species1 b !y are always arrang$ on ! same plan1 namely1 be+ plac$ 9 successive r[s1 ea* ov]lapp+ ! o!r4 ,9 consequ5ce1 x is almo/ impossible to wet a butt]fly's w+ ) wat]4 ,! insect may be plung$ b5ea? ! surface1 & ! long hairs ( ! body w be soak$ & cl+ toge!r 9 a v mis]able fa%ion4 ,b ! wat] rolls (f ! w+s l ra9 (f a slat$ ro(1 & ev5 if a few drops rema9 on ! surface1 !y c be %ak5 (f1 & ! w+ w be p]fectly dry4 ,mo/ly ^! scales are flat1 b sometimes !y are curv$4 ,i h among my microscopic objects a piece ( w+ f a ,s\? ,am]ican butt]fly1 ! scales ( :i* are oblong & b5t1 j l ! curv$ tiles %[n 9 ! second "r-h& figure ( ! illu/ration4 ,^! beautiful scales are deep azure or w>m br[n1 accord+ to ! direction ( ! light4 ,p]haps my read]s may call to m9d t "s ar*itects dislike ! flat1 squ>e =m 9 :i* slates are usually put on ro(s1 & try to make !m less =mal4 ,illu/ration3 ,,%ell ,,( ,,tortoise4 ,illu/ration3 ,,hexagonally ,,til$ ,,ro(4 ,sometimes !y take _! squ>e slates1 & fit !m ) "o ( ! angles upp]mo/1 s t ea* slate looks some?+ l ! ace ( diamonds 9 a pack ( c>ds4 ,sometimes !y are /ill m ambiti\s1 & c]ta9ly succe$ 9 produc+ a bett] effect1 by cutt+ ! slates 9 hexagons in/ead ( squ>es1 & fix+ !m z %[n 9 ! "r-h& figure ( ! illu/ration4 ,putt+ aside ! famili> hexagons ( ! honeycomb1 & ! app>5t hexagons ( an insect's comp\nd eye1 we h 9 ! common ,tortoise an example ( hexagonal plates t exactly resembles ! slate ro(+4 ,9 ! next illu/ration we h a v>iety ( ! same pr9ciple exhibit$ 9 diff]5tly %ap$ tiles & scales4 ,! figures on ! "r h& %[ ! po9t$1 ! squ>e1 & ! oblong tiles4 ,^! also w\ld answ] v well z repres5tations ( diff]5t =ms ( scale arm\r1 ! "o be+ int5d$ to ?r[ (f ra91 & ! o!r to repel weapons4 ,on ! o!r side ( ! illu/ration are examples tak5 f ! animal k+dom4 ,fir/ comes ! ,bajj]keit1 or ,%ort-tail$ ,manis1 :i* has already be5 m5tion$1 & ^: imbricat$ scales w resi/ ! bl[s ( any spe> or sword4 ,z to my own specim51 :5 x is /ruck1 x res\nds z if x 7 a solid plate ( metal1 & ,i %\ld ?9k t dur+ ! lifetime ( ! animal a reasonably /rong axe w\ld n easily make its way ?r\gh t coat ( mail4 ,bel[ ! ,manis are a pair ( fi%1 ^: scales1 ?\gh n s /rong z ^? ( ! mammal1 yet are arrang$ 9 ! same mann]1 & answ] ! same purpose4 ,! la/ figure repres5ts ?ree scale-b&s ( ! ,armadillo1 an animal :i* has already be5 m5tion$4 ,i may z well /ate "h t 9 sev]al an?ropological museums !re are v>i\s portions ( def5sive arm\r made f ! scale-clad sk9 ( ! ,crocodile1 ,manis1 & simil> animals4 ,illu/ration3 ,,manis4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fi%es4 ,illu/ration3 ,,b&s ,,( ,,armadillo4 ,illu/ration3 ,,tiles ,,& ,,slates4 ,,ar*itecture ,,*apt] ,,iii4 ,,! ,,w9d[4--,,gird]s1 ,,ties1 ,,& ,,buttresses4--,,! ,,tunnel4--,,! ,,susp5sion-,,bridge4 ,! ,w9d[1 & its ,modifications accord+ to ,climate4--,b>s & ,trac]y4--,! ,:eel-w9d[ & ! ,caddis4--,curi\s ,/ructure ( ! ,caddis-tube4--,object ( its ,w9d[4--,! ,gird] z appli$ to ,ar*itecture4--,! ,radius & ,ulna4--,! ,tie z appli$ to ,ar*itecture1 & its ,value4--,comb9ation ( ! ,tie & ,gird]4--,/ructure ( ! ,cry/al ,palace4--,leaf ( ! ,victoria ,regia4--,a ,g>d5] turn$ ,ar*itect4--,! ,buttress 9 ,art & ,nature4--,! ,tunnel us$ z a ,passage ( ,communication4--,natural ,tunnel ( ! ,%ip-worm4--,! ,?ames ,tunnel4--,! ,piddock1 or ,pholas4--,! ,driv]-ant4--,! ,susp5sion-bridge4--,! ,palm-w9e ,mak] & 8 ,bridge4--,susp5sion-bridges ( ,borneo & ,s\? ,am]ica4--,! ,creep]s & ! ,monkey ,tribes4--,! ,spid] & ,little ,erm9e ,cat]pill>4 ,,! ,,w9d[4 ,hav+ trac$1 ?\gh b sup]ficially1 ! *ief p>ts ( a build+1 su* z ! walls1 ! door :i* is op5$ ?r\gh ! walls1 & ! ro( :i* %elt]s !m1 we naturally come to ! ,w9d[s by :i* light is admitt$ to !m1 & enemies exclud$4 ,!re are1 p]haps1 few po9ts 9 ,ar*itecture 9 :i* su* *anges h be5 made z 9 ! ,w9d[1 :i*1 in/ead ( be+ a difficulty 9 ! way ( ! ar*itect1 is n[ valu$ z a means ( increas+ ! beauty ( ! build+4 ,tak+ = example ev5 su* advanc$ specim5s ( ,ar*itecture z ^? furni%$ by ,egypt1 ,greece1 & ,rome1 we f9d t ! ,w9d[ is ei!r abs5t altoge!r1 its place be+ suppli$ by a hole 9 ! ro(1 or t1 :5 x is pres5t1 x 0 made q subord9ate to ! pill>s & simil> ornam5ts ( ! build+4 ,?is fact is1 p]haps1 greatly ow+ to ! influ5ce ( climate4 ,9 ! p>ts ( ! _w :i* h be5 m5tion$ 9 connection ) ?is subject1 light & heat appe> to be r enemies ?an fri5ds1 & ! object ( ! ar*itect 0 to enable ! inhabitants ( 8 h\ses to avoid r ?an to welcome bo?4 ,consequ5tly1 ! ,w9d[s 7 comp>atively insignificant4 ,!y 7 n ne$$ = ! purposes ( light or air1 ^? be+ g5]ally furni%$ by ! ap]ture 9 ! ro(1 & consequ5tly 7 kept out ( sight z mu* z possible4 ,b :5 ar*itects _h to build = a /]n]1 a cold]1 & a d>k] clime1 :]e ! sun nev] assum$ t almo/ dev\r+ heat & light :i* 9 hot c\ntries drive ! inhabitants to inv5t endless devices = obta9+ coolness & %ade1 a diff]5t /yle ( ,ar*itecture sprang up4 ,9 ?is ! ,w9d[ became ne>ly ! mo/ prom95t "p ( ! build+3 ! elem5ts 7 exclud$ by glass in/ead ( /one1 & ! pr9cipal modifications ( light 7 obta9$ by /a9+ ! glass 9 v>i\s ri* col\rs4 ,p]haps ! ,w9d[ has atta9$ its culm9at+ po9t 9 ! ,cry/al ,palace1 :i* is all w9d[ except its f\ndations4 ,p>tly 9 ord] to enable ! glass to be ins]t$1 & p>tly to increase ! beauty ( ! build+1 & to avoid ! mean appe>ance ( ,w9d[s fill$ 9 ) pla9 iron b>s cross+ ea* o!r at "r angles1 ! int]ior ( ! ,w9d[s 0 adorn$ ) /one 8trac]y10 v>y+ mu* accord+ to ! epo* ( ! build+4 ,illu/ration3 ,,caddis ,,grat+4 ,illu/ration3 ,,:eel-,,w9d[4 ,"o ( ! mo/ beautiful =ms ( ! ,w9d[ is t :i* is call$ ! ,:eel4 ,! w9d[ itself is circul>1 & ! trac]y is dispos$ s z to be> an exact resemblance to an ornam5tal :eel1 ! l9es ( ! trac]y runn+ f ! circumf]5ce to ! c5tre1 j l ! spokes ( a :eel4 ,"o ( ^! ,:eel-w9d[s is %[n on ! "r h& ( ! illu/ration4 ,on ! o!r side is an object1 :i* at a ha/y glance might be tak5 = ano!r ,w9d[ ( ! same "*4 ,x is1 h[ev]1 ! "w ( an insect1 & n ( man1 & is magnifi$ 9 ord] to %[ its /ructure bett]4 ,any ( my read]s :o may happ5 to be entomologi/s or angl]s1 or bo?1 are famili> ) ! ,caddis-worm ( our fre% wat]s4 ,mo/ ( u "k t ! ,caddis is ! grub or l>va ( ! ,/one-fly 7,phryganea71 an insect haunt+ ! wat]side1 & s mo?-l 9 its g5]al aspect t _m p]sons ?9k t x is really a br[n mo?4 ,! *anges or metamorphoses ( ^! insects are well wor?y ( notice4 ,9 "o respect ! ,caddis resembles ! l>va ( ! ,wax-mo?1 m5tion$ on page #aea1 inasmu* z x has a s(t1 def5celess body1 :ile ! fir/ ?ree segm5ts are comp>atively h>d4 ,l ! ,wax-mo? also1 ! ,caddis lives 9 a tube con/ruct$ by itself4 ,in/ead1 h[ev]1 ( hav+ a long & fix$ tube1 up & d[n :i* x c pass at pleasure1 ! ,caddis makes a tube only a little long] ?an its body1 & light en\gh to be c>ri$ ab\t1 j z ! h]mit-crab c>ries its supplem5t>y %ell4 ,!re are _m species ( ,caddis-fly4 ,! ,caddis inhabits fre% wat]s1 & c>es no?+ :e!r !y be ponds or runn+ /reams4 ,9 ord] to def5d its :ite1 plump1 & helpless body f ! fi%es & o!r enemies1 x con/ructs a tube ar\nd its body1 /r5g!n+ x by a wond]ful v>iety ( mat]ial accord+ to ! locality4 ,mo/ly ! tubes are cov]$ ) little pieces ( /ick or grass1 or leaves1 :ile "s species use no?+ b s&-gra9s1 con/ruct+ ) !m a tube v mu* resembl+ 9 %ape an elephant's tusk1 & rem9d+ ! con*ologi/ ( ! d5talium %ell4 ,b !y seem to use almo/ any?+ t comes to h&4 ,tak+ only examples f\nd by myself 9 a s+le pond1 ^! cases are =m$ ( s&1 /ones1 /icks1 grass-/ems1 leaves1 %ells ( small wat]-snails1 mo/ly ! flat planorbis1 ! op]cula ( ! wat]-snail1 empty mussel-%ells1 a *rysalis ( "s mo? :i* _h evid5tly be5 bl[n into ! wat] f an ov]hang+ tree1 & acorn-cups4 ,! l>va1 h[ev]1 does n seem to be able to fa/5 toge!r any objects ) smoo? surfaces1 & ?\gh x has be5 kn[n1 :5 9 captivity1 to make its cases out ( gold-du/ or brok5 glass1 x c\ld n use ei!r mat]ial :5 9 ! =m ( beads4 ,:5 x is full-f$1 & ab\t to ent] ! pupal /ate1 x proce$s to prep>e its habitation4 ,z a l>va1 :5 x desir$ to fe$1 x protrud$ its head & ! front ( its body f ! m\? ( ! tube1 & !n crawl$ ab\t 9 se>* ( n\ri%m5t1 dragg+ ! tube ) x1 & hold+ x firmly by means ( ! clasp]s ) :i* ! end ( ! body is furni%$4 ,b :5 x becomes a pupa x is no long] able to def5d itself1 & is in/9ctively compell$ to secure its safety 9 "s peculi> mann]4 ,x _c fa/5 up ! entrance entirely1 because x w\ld n be able to brea! unless wat] c\ld pass ov] its body4 ,accord+ly1 x con/ructs a grat$ w9d[ precisely l ^? ( ! old ca/les1 s t wat] c pass freely1 :ile no enemy c ga9 admittance4 ,unlike1 h[ev]1 ! grat$ w9d[s ( ! ca/le1 :i* _h no pret5ce to beauty1 ! ,caddis always con/ructs its b>ri]s 9 "s def9ite patt]n4 ,ea* species appe>s to h its own peculi> patt]n1 b all agree 9 mak+ _! w9d[1 if we may s call x1 exactly l a :eel-w9d[ be=e ! glass is ins]t$4 ,:5 ! pupa is ab\t to make its f9al *ange into ! p]fect =m1 x cuts away ! trac]y ) a pair ( %>p jaws1 ) :i* x is furni%$ = ?is sole purpose1 em]ges f ! wat]1 ?r[s (f ! pupa-sk91 & issues =? z a ,/one-fly4 ,,gird]s1 ,,ties1 ,,& ,,buttresses4 ,next 9 ord] come ! means by :i* walls are support$ int]nally by ,gird]s & ,ties1 & ext]nally by ,buttresses4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,( late ye>s ! ,gird]1 9 its _m v>ieties1 has come into g5]al use1 especially 9 ! con/ruction ( railway bridges & simil> edifices4 ,illu/ration3 ,,radius ,,& ,,ulna ,,( ,,human ,,arm4 ,illu/ration3 ,,gird] 7,,f ,a ,,h\se ,,9 ,,b]mondsey74 ,on ! "r ( ! accompany+ illu/ration is %[n ! ,gird] 9 its simple/ =m4 ,! figure 0 tak5 f a ,gird] :i* is us$ 9 support+ ! walls ( a l>ge build+ 9 ,b]mondsey4 ,sometimes a transv]se /ay connects ! c5tres ( ! two curv$ beams2 b x is seldom ne$$4 ,! read] w see t if ! int]val betwe5 ! curv$ beams 7 to be fill$ up1 we %\ld obta9 a =m v l t ( ! eng9e beam describ$ 9 page #be2 :ile1 if we c\ld imag9e two su* gird]s int]sect+ ea* o!r at "r angles ?r\gh\t _! l5g?1 a section ( ! two w\ld exactly resemble ! section ( ! eng9e beam z giv5 9 ! upp]mo/ figure 9 page #be4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,9 ! human body !re are f\r admirable examples ( ! natural ,gird]1 namely1 9 ! bones ( ! arms & legs4 ,on ! left h& ( ! illu/ration are %[n ! two bones ( ! =e-arm1 te*nically nam$ ! 8radius0 & 8ulna40 ,x w be se5 t ^! bones are arrang$ on ! pr9ciple ( ! gird]4 ,9 m5 :o are especially p[]ful ( grasp1 x has be5 notic$ t ! curve ( ! radius & ulna has be5 exceptionally bold1 :ile we h x develop$ to ! greate/ ext5t 9 ! =e-arm ( ! ,gorilla1 an animal ^: arms are simply gigantic4 ,! two bones ( ! legs1 f ! knee to ! ankle1 are arrang$ 9 a simil> mann]1 & are call$ ! 8tibia0 & 8fibula40 ,! la/ nam$ signifies a broo*1 & is giv5 to ! bone because x is v sl5d]1 ne>ly /raight1 & :5 9 its place be>s no small resemblance to ! p9 ( ! fibula1 or anci5t ,roman broo*4 ,nature1 h[ev]1 has exce$$ ,art 9 h] gird]4 ,^? ( man's manufacture c only ex]t _! /r5g? 9 "o direction1 & w\ld be ( little use if =ce 7 to be appli$ to !m 9 any o!r direction4 ,^? ( ! human body1 h[ev]1 h ! capability ( p>tial revolution on ea* o!r at _! po9ts ( junction1 ?us enabl+ ! ,gird] to apportion its /r5g? accord+ to ! direction ( ! resi/ance :i* x has to ov]come4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,we n[ come to ! ,ties1 i4e4 ^? int]nal beams1 :e!r ( metal1 wood1 /one1 or brick1 :i* prev5t walls f fall+ outw>ds4 ,!re is no dang] ( ! walls fall+ inw>d1 b !re is v great dang] ( _! fall+ outw>d1 especially :5 ! weight or 8?ru/0 ( ! ro( t5ds to =ce !m ap>t4 ,9 "s build+s1 su* z an old c\ntry *ur* :i* ,i att5d$ = _m ye>s1 ! ar*itect _h op5ly ackn[l$g$ ! t5d5cy ( ! walls to fall outw>d1 & _h c\nt]act$ x by a s]ies ( great beams ext5d+ completely across ! nave & aisle4 ,z he _h n ev5 tr\bl$ himself to hide _! (fice1 s he did n tr\ble himself to conceal ! fact t !y 7 tree-trunks1 b left !m r\ghly squ>$ ) ! axe1 le/1 if he _h squ>$ !m ?r\gh\t _! l5g?1 he %\ld h dim9i%$ _! /r5g?4 ,! effect ( ! p>tially squ>$ beam is1 ( c\rse1 f> m picturesque ?an t ( a completely squ>$ "o4 ,! ar*itect1 h[ev]1 ne$ n h be5 s c>eful ab\t /r5g?1 = if ! beams _h be5 only half _! diamet] !y w\ld h be5 j z effective4 ,! /ra9 on !m is by pull+1 & n by pu%+4 ,n[1 z any "o c see by try+ ! exp]im5t ) a spl9t] ( wood--say a lucif]-mat*--an enorm\s p[] is requir$ to break x by te>+ ! ends asund]1 :ile x c be easily brok5 by pu%+ !m t[>ds ea* o!r4 ,b = ?is p[] ( resi/ance1 we %\ld nev] h _h our ,cry/al ,palace4 ,t app>5tly intricate1 b really simple 7& ! m beautiful = its simplicity71 int]section ( beams & l9es dim9i%+ 9 ! di/ance to ! ?ickness ( spid]s' webs1 is no?+ m ?an a comb9ation ( ! ,gird] & ,tie1 ! two toge!r comb9+ lightness & /r5g? 9 a m>vell\s mann]4 ,! /ory ( ! ,cry/al ,palace is n[ s well kn[n t x ne$ n be repeat$ 9 detail4 ,a va/ build+ 0 requir$ = ! ,exhibition ( #ahea1 & n an ar*itect 0 able to supply a plan :i* did n exhibit "s defect :i* w\ld make ! build+ almo/ useless4 ,sudd5ly a ,mr4 ,paxton1 :o 0 a g>d5]1 & n an ar*itect1 produc$ 7on a %eet ( blott+-pap]7 a r\gh plan ( a build+ on a totally new pr9ciple1 & n only fulfill+ all ! requisite conditions1 b be+ capable ( ext5sion 9 any direction & to any am\nt4 ,!re h be5 v few bold] conceptions ?an t ( mak+ iron & glass take ! place ( brick1 /one1 & timb]1 & ! result fully ju/ifi$ ! expectations ev5 ( ! inv5tor4 ,h[ a g>d5] sudd5ly develop$ into an ar*itect rema9s to be se52 &1 inde$1 9 ?is case ! ar*itecture 0 ! result ( ! g>d5+1 or r1 ( practical botany appli$ to art4 ,"s ye>s be=e ! inv5tion ( ! ,cry/al ,palace1 t magnific5t plant1 ! ,victoria ,regia1 _h be5 introduc$ into ,engl&4 ,its enorm\s leaves1 ) _! wond]ful p[] ( flotation1 caus$ a great /ir at ! "t1 & "s ( my read]s may rememb] a sket* :i* 0 engrav$ 9 ! ,illu/rat$ ,london ,news1 & :i* repres5t$ a little girl /&+ on "o ( ^! leaves z x float$ on ! wat]4 ,illu/ration3 ,,leaf ,,( ,,victoria ,,regia 7,,rev]s$74 ,illu/ration3 ,,cry/al ,,palace4 ,mr4 ,paxton saw h[ ?is p[] 0 obta9$1 & ! result 0 t he copi$ 9 iron ! l9es ( ! vegetable cellul> /ructure :i* gave su* /r5g? to ! ,victoria ,regia leaf1 & became m em95t z an ar*itect ?an he _h be5 z a g>d5]4 ,! capabilities ( ! ,cry/al ,palace _h la9 lat5t = c5turies1 b ! g5]alis+ eye ( g5ius 0 ne$$ to detect x4 ,a ?\s& m5 might h se5 ! ,victoria ,regia leaf1 & n ?\ght v mu* ( x2 b ! "r man came at ! "r "t1 ! mo/ wond]ful build+ 9 ! _w sprang up l ! creation ( a fairy dream1 & ! obscure g>d5] became ,sir ,joseph ,paxton4 ,i h no d\bt t ?\s&s ( simil> revelations are at pres5t hidd5 9 ,nature1 await+ ! eye ( _! reveal]4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,n[ we come to ! pr9ciple ( ! ,buttress1 i4e4 giv+ support to ! ext]ior1 in/ead ( ! int]ior1 & /r5g!n+ ! walls by pu%+ !m toge!r1 in/ead ( pull+ !m toge!r4 ,putt+ aside ! 8fly+0 buttress1 :i* is simply "o buttress m\nt$ on ano!r to support ! cl]e/ory walls1 ! /ructure ( ! ord9>y buttress is simple en\gh4 ,! mo/ primitive =m ( ! buttress is (t5 f\nd 9 c\ntry f>ms1 :]e ! f>m] sees ! walls ( 8 b>ns & ou?\ses lean+ suspici\sly on "o side1 &1 in/ead ( go+ to ! root ( ?+s1 props !m up by a /\t pole or beam4 ,?is1 h[ev]1 c be no?+ b a tempor>y arrangem5t1 especially z beams h a t5d5cy to rot1 & _! ends to s9k into ! e>? by ! gradual pressure ( ! wall4 ,! g5u9e buttress 0 !re=e evolv$1 ! basal "p be+ v ?ick & heavy1 & ! upp] "p comp>atively ?9 & slight4 ,simple z a buttress looks1 mu* skill is ne$$ 9 mak+ x1 & if x be n rightly built1 x does inf9itely m h>m ?an good4 ,a case 9 po9t occurs )9 a %ort di/ance ( my h\se4 ,! walls ( an anci5t edifice hav+ %[n symptoms ( yield+1 & "s om9\s cracks made _! appe>ance1 a c\ple ( v /urdy buttresses _h be5 erect$1 9 ord] to /op fur!r damage4 ,un=tunately1 ! build] 0 ignorant ( ! pr9ciples ( ar*itecture1 & ?\gh he made ! buttresses v /rong & massive1 he omitt$ to make a solid f\ndation on :i* _! bases %\ld re/4 ,consequ5tly he only hung ! buttresses1 s to speak1 on ! wall1 & help$ to te> x asund] by ! additional weight4 ,illu/ration3 ,,paddle-,,wood ,,tree4 ,illu/ration3 ,,buttresses4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,nature1 z well z ,art1 supplies h] buttresses4 ,9 our own c\ntry we f9d ! natural buttress m or less develop$ 9 our trees1 z x is want$4 ,take1 = example1 any plantation1 & exam9e ! trees4 ,x w be f\nd t ^? 9 ! c5tre1 :i* are %elt]$ on all sides f ! =ce ( ! w9d1 %oot up /raight t[>ds ! light1 h comp>atively slight & sl5d] /ems1 & occasionally display su* en]gy 9 =c+ !mselves upw>ds1 t :5 two bran*es f9d t !re is n room = bo?1 !y =m a sort ( alliance1 fuse !mselves toge!r1 & =ce _! unit$ way t[>ds ! sky4 ,take1 h[ev]1 ! trees 9 ! outside r[s ( ! plantation1 & see h[ !y ?r[ out _! /raight roots & bran*es t[>ds ! outside1 & h[1 on ! inside1 _! trunks are z smoo? & _! roots z little visible z ^? ( ! trees t gr[ 9 ! c5tre ( ! plantation4 ,almo/ any tree w develop itself 9 ?is fa%ion1 %[+ t in/9ct c rule ! vegetable z well z ! animal _w4 ,!re is1 h[ev]1 a ,s\? ,am]ican tree :i* f> surpasses any ( our trees 9 its p[] ( ?r[+ out spurs or buttresses1 pr9cipally1 ,i presume1 because x may h to endure ! fi]ce/ /orms f any qu>t] & at any "t4 ,s bold are ^! projections t sev]al m5 w\ld be hidd5 if /&+ betwe5 two ( !m1 & s num]\s are !y t if a section ( ! tree 7 tak5 at ! base ( ! gr\nd1 x w\ld resemble a conv5tional /> or a/]isk1 991 r ?an an ord9>y tree-trunk1 ,o4 ,! sci5tific "n ( ?is curi\s tree is ,aspidomorpha excelsum4 ,! natural buttresses are s ?9 & s wide t !y look l l>ge planks set on end1 ) "o edge aga9/ ! tree4 ,inde$1 !y are us$ z planks1 no?+ m be+ requir$ ?an to cut !m f ! tree4 ,?is is v easy1 z1 :ile ! wood is gre51 x is s s(t t a bl[ f a 8ma*ete10 or native cutlass1 is suffici5t to sep>ate x4 ,) ! same in/rum5t ! native makes ^! flat planks into paddles = 8 canoe1 ! s(t wood yield+ readily ev5 to ! imp]fect edge ( ! rude tool4 ,:5 ! wood dries1 x becomes v h>d1 light1 & s+ul>ly ela/ic1 all ^! prop]ties qualify+ x = its object4 ,i h sev]al ( ^! paddles 9 my collection4 ,!y are mu* priz$ by ! natives1 & are always /a9$ 9 v>i\s patt]ns ) r$ & black dyes4 ,9 consequ5ce ( ! use :i* is made ( ?is tree1 x goes by ! popul> "n ( 8paddle-wood40 ,,! ,,tunnel ,,us$ ,,z ,a ,,passage4 ,z to ?is division ( ! subject1 ,i h n be5 q sure :]e x %\ld be plac$1 b ?9k ! pres5t position a tol]ably appropriate "o4 ,we h already1 9 ! igloo ( ! ,esquimaux & ! w9t] dwell+ ( ! seal1 f\nd examples ( ! ,tunnel :5 us$ z an app5dage to ! h\ses & a means ( security4 ,we n[ come to ! ,tunnel z af=d+ ! means ( locomotion4 ,illu/ration3 ,,tunnel ,,( ,,anomma4 ,,pholas4 ,,%ip-,,worm4 ,illu/ration3 ,,railway ,,tunnel4 ,take1 = example1 our own railway sy/em4 ,_h x n be5 = ! p[] ( tunnell+1 ! railway w\ld h lo/ ne>ly its :ole value1 = x w\ld h be5 re/rict$ to local di/ricts1 & c\ld n h p5etrat$1 z x n[ does1 to all p>ts ( ! c\ntry1 )\t ref]5ce to hill1 dale1 or level gr\nd4 ,our pres5t sy/em ( eng9e]+ has wond]fully develop$ ! capability ( tunnell+4 ,9 =m] times x 0 ?\ght a mo/ wond]ful feat to drive a tunnel "u ! ,?ames1 :ile 9 ^! days ! tunnel ?r\gh ,mont ,c5is has be5 complet$1 & we are hop+ to make a subm>9e tunnel f ,engl& to ,france4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,9 ,nature we c f9d _m examples ( ,tunnels us$ = simil> purposes4 ,! silk5 tunnel ( ! ,wax-mo? l>va has already be5 m5tion$1 & we n[ come to ,tunnels :]e e>? 9 "s =m1 & n silk1 is ! mat]ial ( :i* !y are con/ruct$4 ,! l[]mo/ figure on ! left-h& side ( ! illu/ration repres5ts t well-kn[n & mo/ de/ructive burr[]1 ! ,%ip-worm 7,t]$o71 :i*1 by ! way1 9 spite ( its popul> "n1 is n a worm1 b a mollusc4 ,?is creature has a peculi> int]e/ = eng9e]+1 inasmu* z its mode ( work+ gave ,brunel ! fir/ idea ( subaquatic tunnell+ 9 loose1 s&y soil1 j z ! ,victoria ,regia leaf gave to ,paxton ! idea :i* aft]w>ds develop$ into ! ,cry/al ,palace4 ,! plan adopt$ by ! ,%ip-worm is at ! same "t simple & effective4 ,x fe$s ^u wood1 & gradually eats its way ?r\gh almo/ any timb] t may be subm]g$4 ,x does n1 h[ev]1 m]ely bore its way ?r\gh ! timb]1 b l9es its burr[ ) a coat+ ( h>d1 %elly mat]ial4 ,tak+ ?is h9t1 ,brunel proce$$ 9 ! same fa%ion to drive 8 tunnel ?r\gh ! v ungrateful soils :i* =m ! b$ ( ! ,?ames4 ,he built a 8%ield10 z he call$ x1 ( iron1 exactly fitt+ ! tunnel1 & divid$ into a numb] ( comp>tm5ts1 ea* ( :i* c\ld be pu%$ =w>ds indep5d5tly ( ! o!rs4 ,9 ea* comp>tm5t 0 a s+le workman1 &1 z he excavat$ ! e>? 9 front ( him1 he pu%$ =w>d 8 portion ( ! %ield1 :ile ! int]ior 0 cas$ ) brickwork1 j z a ,t]$o tunnel is cas$ ) %ell4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,above ! ,t]$o is repres5t$ ano!r m>9e tunnel-mak]1 z x appe>s 9 its burr[4 ,?is is ! mollusc popul>ly kn[n z ! ,piddock1 & sci5tifically z ,pholas dactylus4 ,x may be f\nd abundantly 9 all our *alk cliffs1 bor+ its tunnels deeply into ! /one1 & aid+ ! sea 9 its sl[1 b nev]-end+ task ( break+ d[n ! cliffs on "o side1 :ile x gradually re>s !m up on ano!r4 ,z ! mat]ial into :i* ! ,piddock burr[s is s h>d1 !re is no ne$ = l9+ ! tunnel1 z is done by ! ,t]$o4 ,9 ?is po9t1 too1 our eng9e]s foll[ its example4 ,:5 _! tunnels pass ?r\gh comp>atively s(t gr\nd1 !y l9e x ) masonry1 proportion+ ! ?ickness ( ! l9+ to ! loos5ess ( ! soil4 ,b1 :5 !y come to solid rock1 !y are cont5t ) its /r5g?1 & d n tr\ble !mselves ab\t ! l9+4 ,! mode ( action adopt$ by ! ,pholas has long be5 a disput$ po9t1 & ev5 n[ appe>s to be n q settl$4 ,i ?9k1 h[ev]1 t ,william ,rob]tson has prov$ by 8 exp]im5ts t ! %ell & ! siphon are bo? br\ght into requisition4 ,! %ell p]petually rotates 9 "o direction1 & !n back aga91 j l ! action ( a bradawl1 &1 by ! file-l projections on its surface1 rasps away ! *alk1 conv]t+ x into a f9e p[d]4 ,?is p[d]1 be+ ( c\rse mix$ ) wat]1 passes into ! int]ior ( ! animal1 & is eject$ ?r\gh ! siphon4 ,!re are _m species ( ,pholas :i* burr[ into v>i\s sub/ances1 ev5 9 float+ cakes ( wax & res94 ,! same species1 too1 w burr[ into diff]5t sub/ances1 & x is wor?y ( notice t ^? specim5s :i* burr[ into s(t gr\nd atta9 a mu* l>g] size1 & _! %ells are 9 bett] pres]vation1 ?an ^? :i* =ce _! way ?r\gh h>d rock4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,! upp]mo/ figure repres5ts a v rem>kable tunnel1 hav+ ! peculi>ity ( be+ built in/ead ( sunk4 ,x is ! "w ( an ,african ,ant belong+ to ! g5us ,anomma1 & popul>ly kn[n z ! ,driv]-ant1 because x drives away e liv+ creature :i* comes across its c\rse ( m>*4 ,!re are _m ,ants :i* seem to rejoice 9 ! full blaze ( ! tropical sun1 runn+ ab\t ) ease on rocks :i* w\ld scor* & raise bli/]s on ! h& if laid on x1 & f9d+ no difficulty 9 obta9+ ! moi/ure ne$ful = ! mud walls ( _! habitations4 ,b ! ,driv]-ants _c endure ! sun1 &1 unless compell$ by necessity1 w n m>* except at night1 or at all ev5ts dur+ cl\dy days4 ,%\ld1 h[ev]1 !y be absolutely =c$ to m>* 9 ! sun%9e1 !y con/ruct z !y g on a slight gall]y1 :i* looks v mu* l ! l9+ ( a tunnel /ripp$ ( ! surr\nd+ e>?4 ,if _! pa? %\ld lead !m to ?ick h]bage1 /icks1 c41 :i* =m a protection f ! sun1 ! ,driv]-ants d n tr\ble !mselves to make a tunnel1 b take advantage ( ! %ade1 & only resume ! tunnel :5 !y rea* ! op5 gr\nd4 ,sometimes1 :5 !y are on a m>aud+ exp$ition1 !y con/ruct a tunnel 9 a v curi\s mann]1 _! own bodies supply+ ! mat]ials4 ,! read] mu/ "k t !re are sev]al classes ( ^! insects1 v>y+ 9 size f t ( a huge e>wig to t ( ! little r$ ant ( our g>d5s4 ,! l>ge/ class seem to c>e little ab\t ! sun%9e1 ! protection be+ mo/ly ne$$ by ! work]s4 ,! foll[+ is ,dr4 ,savage's acc\nt ( _! proce$+s3-- 8,9 cl\dy days1 :5 on _! pr$atory excursions1 or migrat+1 an ar* = ! protection ( ! work]s is con/ruct$ ( ! bodies ( _! l>ge/ class4 ,_! widely ext5d$ jaws1 long1 sl5d] limbs1 & project+ ant5n1 int]tw9+1 =m a sort ( network t seems to answ] well _! object40 8,:5ev] an al>m is giv51 ! ar* is in/antly brok51 & ! ,ants1 jo9+ o!rs ( ! same class on ! outside ( ! l9e1 :o seem to be act+ z comm&]s1 guides1 & sc\ts1 run ab\t 9 a furi\s mann] 9 pursuit ( ! enemy4 ,if ! al>m %\ld prove to be )\t f\ndation1 ! victory won1 or dang] pass$1 ! ar* is quickly r5ew$1 & ! ma9 column m>*es =w>d z be=e1 9 all ! ord] ( an intellectual milit>y discipl9e40 ,h[ !y %\ld be able to direct _! c\rse1 & to *ase an enemy1 is n easy to und]/&2 =1 z f> z is kn[n1 !y are absolutely bl9d1 n ev5 an indication ( an eye be+ se54 ,,! ,,susp5sion-,,bridge4 ,! m5tion ( ^! ,ants br+s u to ano!r po9t 9 ar*itecture4 ,we h already se5 t !y c n only build ar*$ tunnels1 b also c =m _! own bodies into ar*es1 & we %all pres5tly see h[ !y c =m !mselves into ,susp5sion-bridges4 ,we w1 h[ev]1 fir/ take ! ,susp5sion-bridge1 & its vegetable orig91 be=e pass+ to ! animal4 ,illu/ration3 ,,creep]s4 ,illu/ration3 ,,susp5sion-,,bridge4 ,i h little if any d\bt t ! mod]n ,susp5sion-bridge1 ) all its complicat$ ma!matical proportions1 0 orig9ally sugge/$ by ! creep]s ( tropical climates4 ,!re are few po9ts 9 a tropical =e/1 no matt] 9 :at "p ( ! _w1 m /rik+ ?an ! wond]ful developm5t ( ! creep+ plants4 ,! trees are v mu* l ^? ( our own =e/s1 & are 9 no way rem>kable1 b ! creep+ plants =m ! *ief feature ( ! woods4 ,!y ext5d !mselves to unkn[n l5g?s1 crawl+ up to ! v summit ( a l(ty tree1 hang+ d[n to ! v gr\nd1 if n caught by a midway bran*1 runn+ along ! e>?1 mak+ _! way up ano!r tree1 & s on ad inf9itum4 ,!y int]lace ) ea* o!r1 =m+ almo/ imp5etrable ?ickets1 z has already be5 m5tion$ :ile treat+ ( ,nets1 & !re is sc>cely a tree t is n connect$ ) its neighb\r by means ( ^! wond]ful creep+ plants4 ,( c\rse ! monkey tribes make great use ( !m 9 pass+ f "o tree to ano!r1 ?us be+ able to avoid ! gr\nd1 :i* is nev] to a monkey's lik+4 ,man1 !re=e1 copies ! example ( ! monkey1 & makes use1 ei!r ( ! creep]s !mselves1 or ( ropes /ret*$ f tree to tree 9 imitation ( !m4 ,9 "s p>ts ( ! _w1 :]e palm w9e1 or 8toddy10 is manufactur$1 ! native has rec\rse to an +5i\s device :i* saves a va/ am\nt ( ex]tion4 ,z ! calaba% :i* receives ! juice ( ! palm-tree is always fix$ at a consid]able height1 & z ea* tree only yields a limit$ supply1 ! toddy-mak] w\ld be oblig$ to asc5d & desc5d a great numb] ( trees be=e he c\ld collect 8 supply ( palm-juice4 ,9 ord] to save himself tr\ble1 he has ! +5uity to connect ! trees ) ea* o!r by two ropes1 ! "o ab\t six feet above ! o!r4 ,he !n has only to asc5d once1 & desc5d once1 = he asc5ds "o tree1 & by means ( ! ropes passes f tree to tree )\t ne$+ to desc5d4 ,! mode ( trav]s+ ^! ropes is simple en\gh1 ! l[] rope s]v+ z a bridge1 along :i* ! man walks1 & ! upp] rope be+ held by ! h&s4 ,^? :o see ^! palm-w9e mak]s = ! fir/ "t are always greatly /ruck4 ,at "s little di/ance ! ropes are q invisible1 & ! man appe>s to be walk+ ?r\gh ! air )\t any support :atev]4 ,9 ,borneo ! ,rattan is cont9ually put 9 requisition z a bridge4 ,x runs to almo/ any l5g?1 a hundr$ feet m or less be+ ( little consequ5ce2 x is li! & pliant1 & s /rong t x c h>dly be brok54 ,! 8canes0 =m]ly s mu* 9 vogue among s*oolma/]s1 & n[ s g5]ally repudiat$1 are all cut f ! ,rattan4 ,*iefly by means ( ?is natural rope1 ! ,dyak ( ,borneo fl+s 8 rude susp5sion-bridges across *asms or riv]s1 & really displays a wond]ful am\nt ( +5uity 9 do+ s4 ,! "o fault ( ^! bridges is _! t5d5cy to decay1 or p]haps to be eat5 by ! multitud9\s wood-eat+ insects :i* sw>m 9 t c\ntry4 ,h[ev]1 ! mat]ials co/ no?+ at all1 & "t sc>cely m1 s t :5 a bridge breaks d[n1 any man c fit up ano!r at ! exp5se ( a few h\rs' "w4 ,z1 moreov]1 ! ,dyaks h a curi\s way ( build+ _! h\ses on "o side ( a rav9e1 !y f9d t a bridge ( ?is k9d saves !m ! tr\ble ( desc5d+ & asc5d+ ! rav9e :5ev] !y wi% to visit _! h\se4 ,9 _m p>ts ( ,am]ica ! ,susp5sion-bridge is almo/ a necessity4 ,! c\ntry is brok5 up by va/ clefts1 te*nically call$ 8caons40 ,^! caons are rav9es 9 ! rocky gr\nd1 ) sides almo/ p]p5dicul>4 ,= ! great] "p ( ! ye> !y are dry1 b sometimes1 & )\t ! lea/ w>n+1 !y become ! b$s ( ro>+ torr5ts1 ris+ to "s ?irty or =ty feet 9 height1 & c>ry+ away ev]y?+ be=e !m4 ,ov] ^! rav9es are ?r[n susp5sion-bridges made almo/ entirely ( creep]s1 & loosely floor$ ) r\gh planks4 ,al?\gh !y are v /rong1 !y appe> to be v fragile1 & ev5 "u ! tread ( a human be+ sw+ & sway ab\t 9 a mann] t always %akes ! n]ves ( "o :o is unaccu/om$ to !m4 ,yet1 ev5 ! mules ( ! c\ntry c cross !m1 ! animals pick+ _! way ) ! wond]ful sure-foot$ness ( _! k9d1 & n 9 ! lea/ affect$ by ! sway+ ( ! bridge4 ,pass+ f ! vegetable to ! animal _w1 we rev]t to ! ,driv]-ants1 :i* h already be5 m5tion$4 ,x has be5 se5 t _! soldi]-ants c1 ) _! own bodies1 =m a tunnel1 "u ! %ade ( :i* ! work]s c pass1 & we h n[ to see h[ !y c1 ) ! same mat]ials1 =m a susp5sion-bridge4 ,x (t5 happ5s t on _! m>* !y come to wat]1 &1 z !y always advance ) total disreg>d ( difficulties1 !y mu/ ne$s inv5t "s v +5i\s way ( ov]com+ ! difficulty4 ,"o ( !m climbs a bran* :i* ov]hangs ! wat]1 clasps ! und]mo/ twig v tightly1 & all[s itself to hang f x4 ,ano!r at once foll[s1 & susp5ds itself f its comrade 9 l mann]1 ! p[]ful & sicklelike jaws do+ _! duty z well z ! legs4 ,a *a9 ( ,ants is ?us spe$ily =m$4 ,:5 ! l[]mo/ ,ant t\*es ! wat]1 x m]ely spreads all its legs1 & awaits ! developm5t ( ev5ts4 ,ano!r runs ov] x1 holds to ! fir/ ,ant by its h9d-legs1 & /&s 9 ! wat]1 spread+ its limbs z mu* z possible ov] ! surface4 ,ant aft] ,ant desc5ds1 until q a long *a9 ( ! insects is =m$1 & is swept d[nw>ds ) ! /ream4 ,by sl[ degrees ! *a9 is l5g!n$1 until ! ,ants at its head are able to seize ! bank on-! opposite side ( ! wat]4 ,:5 !y h succe$$ 9 do+ s1 ! bridge is complete1 & ov] t liv+ bridge w p\r a :ole army ( ,driv]-ants4 ,ev5 9 ^? cases :]e ?is mode ( travell+ w\ld be too p]il\s on acc\nt ( ! rapid torr5t1 ! ,ants contrive to susp5d !mselves 9 long /r+s until !y effect a communication ) ! trees ( ! opposite bank4 ,x is1 p]haps1 ne$less to give m ?an a pass+ ref]5ce to ! ,susp5sion-bridges made by ,spid]s1 by means ( :i* !y c trav]se consid]able di/ances4 ,! simil> bridge ( ! ,little ,erm9e ,cat]pill> has already be5 m5tion$1 :5 treat+ ( ! subject ( ,d\ble ,walls4 ,,ar*itecture ,,*apt] ,,iv4 ,,ligh?\ses4--,,! ,,dovetail4--,,! ,,dam4--,,subt]ranean ,,dwell+s4--,,! ,,pyramid4--,,mort>1 ,,pa9t1 ,,& ,,v>ni%4 ,! ,eddy/one ,ligh?\se3 its ,position1 & ! ,difficulties ( build+ x4--,de/ruction ( successive ,ligh?\ses4--,smeaton's ,idea ( ,=m borr[$ f ! ,tree-trunk4--,mode ( build+4--,root+ x into ! ,rock4--,pr9ciple ( ! ,dovetail4--,bones ( ! ,human ,skull1 & _! ,articulation4--,! ,dam1 & its ,uses to ,man4--,! ,lock & ! ,wat]-mill4--,dam ( ! ,beav]3 its ,objects & ,mode ( ,con/ruction4--,popul> ,errors ) reg>d to ! ,dam4--,subt]ranean ,dwell+s4--,! ,indian ,palace1 & its ,use 9 ,summ]4--,subt]ranean ,dwell+s 9 ,kams*atka1 & _! ,use 9 ,w9t]4--,! ,wood or ,horse ,ant1 & its d\ble ,dwell+4--,! upp] & l[] ,ne/s us$ accord+ to ! ,am\nt ( ,w>m? requir$4--,section ( ! ,ne/1 & a ,glimpse into its ,int]ior4--,! ,pyramid4--,d]ivation ( its ,"n4--,natural ,objects f :i* ! ,=m 0 d]iv$4--,subaquatic ,mort> or ,cem5t1 & its ,use to ,man4--,subaquatic ,cem5t us$ by ! ,caddis1 ! ,/ickleback1 ! ,t]ebella1 ! ,sabella1 ! ,s]pula1 & o!rs4--,pa9t & ,v>ni%1 & _! ,utility to ,man4--,propolis z us$ by ! ,hive ,bee1 & ! ,s\rce :5ce x is obta9$4 ,we n[ come to "s po9ts 9 ,ar*itecture :i* _c well be gr\p$ toge!r1 & mu/ !re=e be treat$ z ,miscellanea4 ,our fir/ example is "o :i* 0 av[$ly bas$ ^u an imitation ( ,nature1 namely1 ! celebrat$ ,eddy/one ,ligh?\se1 & we %all see t 9 two po9ts--fir/ its =m1 & next ! mode 9 :i* ! /ones 7 fix$ toge!r--,nature _h be5 closely foll[$ by ! ar*itect4 ,unlike ord9>y ligh?\ses1 ?is edifice _h to be con/ruct$ s z to endure ! full =ce ( waves z well z w9d4 ,a few miles f ! s\!rn coa/s ( ,devon & ,cornwall !re is a rock :i* 9 =m] times greatly endang]$ ! %ips :i* pass$ along ! ,*annel4 ,sev]al attempts 7 made to build a ligh?\se on ?is dang]\s spot4 ,w9/anley's ligh?\se1 :i* 0 f9i%$ 9 #agjj1 0 :olly swept away ?ree ye>s lat]1 toge!r ) ! ar*itect himself1 & "s workm5 :o 7 engag$ 9 repairs4 ,s t]rific is ! =ce ( ! elem5ts on ?is spot1 t ! ligh?\se 0 entirely de/roy$1 & ! only ve/iges ( x t 7 ev] discov]$ 7 "s iron b>s & a piece ( *a94 ,ano!r ligh?\se 0 built a few ye>s aft]w>ds1 b 0 burn$ d[n1 x be+ ( wood in/ead ( /one4 ,at la/ ! "w 0 put into ! h&s ( ,smeaton1 :o saw t he mu/ build on a totally new plan4 ,he took = 8 model ! trunk ( a tree1 & det]m9$ to build 8 ligh?\se ( ! same =m z ! tree-trunk1 & to fa/5 x into ! rock j z a tree is fa/5$ by its roots4 ,accord+ly1 he /ruck out a new pr9ciple 9 ! con/ruction ( su* edifices1 & 8 model has be5 foll[$ ev] s9ce4 ,! read] w see1 by a glance at ! illu/ration1 h[ close is ! resemblance 9 ext]nal =m4 ,i may m5tion t ! tree 9 "q 0 sket*$ f "o 9 a paddock opposite my h\se4 ,illu/ration3 ,,tree-,,trunk4 ,,eddy/one ,,ligh?\se4 ,hav+ settl$ ! =m ( ! ligh?\se1 & made x l a tree-trunk1 ! next bus9ess 0 to fix x firmly 9 ! rock1 &1 9 fact1 to give x roots ( /one4 ,= ?is purpose1 he made ! base ( ! edifice z wide z ! rock w\ld all[1 s z to correspond ) ! wide base ( a tree-trunk1 & trac$ a circle ( ab\t n9ety feet 9 circumf]5ce4 ,in/ead1 h[ev]1 ( m]ely lay+ ! /ones z is usually done1 or ev5 lett+ !m into holes cut 9 ! rock1 he hit ^u a s+ul>ly +5i\s device1 :]eby ! build+ 0 practically a s+le /one4 ,in/ead ( cutt+ ! /ones squ>e or oblong1 z is usually done1 he _h !m made s z to 8dovetail0 into ea* o!r1 mu* aft] ! fa%ion ( a *ild's puzzle toy1 or ! junctions at ! edge ( a box4 ,?us1 ea* /one fitt$ into ^? ar\nd x1 :ile ! l[e/ ti] 0 dovetail$ 9 simil> fa%ion into ! rock4 ,illu/ration3 ,,sutures ,,( ,,skull ,,section ,,( ,,eddy/one ,,ligh?\se ,,dovetail$ ,,box ,! /one employ$ 0 t :i* is call$ ,moor/one1 a v h>d v>iety ( granite4 ,ea* c\rse ( /ones 0 c>efully fitt$ toge!r on %ore1 & _! accuracy te/$1 & !y 7 !n tak5 to ! ,eddy/one rock1 & fix$ 9 _! places4 ,beside us+ ^! precautions1 ,smeaton fix$ ! /ones 9 _! place ) ! /ronge/ cem5t1 & fur!rmore fa/5$ ! /ones toge!r & unit$ ! sev]al c\rses by /rong oak tre5ails & iron clamps4 ,z none ( ! /ones weigh$ less ?an a ton1 & "s ( !m 7 d\ble t weight1 ! /r5g? ( su* an edifice may be imag9$4 ,! accompany+ illu/ration %[s ! arrangem5t ( ^! dovetail$ /ones 9 "o ( ! c\rses4 ,x w be se5 t ! c5tral /one mu/ be laid fir/1 & !n ! o!rs arrang$ r\nd x4 ,! :ole edifice is r m ?an eighty-five feet 9 height1 s t ! elem5ts h e *ance ( demoli%+ x1 z !y did t ( ,w9/anley4 ,m ?an a hundr$ ye>s h n[ pass$ s9ce x 0 built1 &1 al?\gh ! fury ( ! tempe/ has be5 su* t ! waves h wa%$ completely ov] its summit1 x /&s z firmly z x did :5 x 0 f9i%$ 9 #agfj4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,:e!r ! orig9al inv5tor ( ! 8dovetail0 took 8 idea f ,nature ,i _c say1 b he c]ta9ly might h done s4 ,on ! left ( ! illu/ration is "p ( a human skull4 ,! skull is n1 z _m p]sons seem to ?9k1 made ( a s+le bone1 b x is compos$ ( _m bones1 unit$ by 8sutures10 :i* are1 9 fact1 natural dovetails4 ,al?\gh 9 e>ly life ^! sutures are comp>atively loose1 !y hold ! v>i\s p>ts toge!r s firmly1 t if ! head be viol5tly /ruck1 ! bones may break1 b ! sutures d n give way4 ,p]haps "s ( my read]s may ask h[ x is possible to take a skull to pieces )\t cutt+ x or fractur+ ! sutures4 ,x is done 9 a way equally simple & +5i\s4 ,! skull is fill$ ?r\gh ! op5+ ) dri$ peas1 & !n sunk "u wat]4 ,! peas exp& ) ! moi/ure1 &1 z !y ex]t an equable =ce 9 all directions1 !y sl[ly & quietly pull ! sutures asund]1 )\t injur+ ! bones4 ,,! ,,dam4 ,9 _m human op]ations1 :]e a c]ta9 dep? ( wat] is requir$ 9 a runn+ /ream1 ! reason+ p[]s ( man h enabl$ him to atta9 8 object by build+ a dam1 or ob/acle across ! /ream1 :i* =ces ! wat] to rise to its level be=e x c f9d a passage4 ,su*1 = example1 are ! ,locks :i* r5d] riv]s navigable1 & all[ ev5 ! heavily lad5 b>ges to trav]se miles ( wat] :i* w\ld o!rwise h be5 clos$ to !m4 ,^? mills1 aga91 :i* are work$ by wat] ne$ t a suffici5t am\nt ( wat] %\ld be ready 9 ord] t x may by its weight =ce ! :eel r\nd4 ,su* a ,dam is %[n on ! "r h& ( ! illu/ration1 ! height to :i* x raises ! wat] be+ %[n by ! level ( ! /ream bel[ ! ,dam1 & t ( ! wat] z x tumbles ov] 9 a m9iature cascade4 ,putt+ aside ! natural dams made by accumulations ( ! v>i\s debris t are wa%$ d[n by a swoll5 /ream1 & :i* sometimes raise ! wat] to a v great height1 we h an example ( a natural dam 9 ! curi\s /ructure made by ! ,beav]1 = ! same purpose z t ( ! lock 9 ! mill-/ream1 namely1 to insure a dep? ( wat] suffici5t = ! ne$s ( ! be+s t make !m4 ,e "o has he>d ( ! ,beav]'s dam1 b !re is s mu* misconception on ! subject1 t a few words w n be out ( place4 ,+5i\s z is ! animal 9 ! con/ruction ( its dam1 x is n ne>ly s accompli%$ an ar*itect z 0 once suppos$4 ,we 7 told 9 ! e>li] books ( ,natural ,hi/ory t ! ,beav] fell$ trees1 cut (f _! bran*es into conv5i5t l5g?s1 & %>p5$ "o end1 l an ord9>y /ake4 ,!n !y 7 said to drive ! %>p end ( ! /akes into ! b$ ( ! riv]1 to set !m side by side1 to int]weave small] bran*es among !m1 & la/ly1 to fill up ! int]/ices ) mud1 leaves1 & simil> mat]ials4 ,9 fact1 !y 7 suppos$ to build a 8wattle-&-daub0 wall1 l t :i* is 9 use at ! pres5t day 9 ,s\!rn ,africa4 ,illu/ration3 ,,dam ,,made ,,by ,,beav]4 ,,dam ,,made ,,by ,,man4 ,! ,beav] does no?+ ( ! k9d4 ,x ne$s a dam1 & x makes "o :i* is f> /rong] ?an ! wattle-&-daub c\ld be4 ,x beg9s by fell+ a tree1 & lett+ x lie across ! /ream1 9 "s place :]e ! banks are high & tol]ably /eep4 ,a b5d ( ! riv] is usually *os5 = ! new dam4 ,%\ld n ! tree be long en\gh = ! ,beav]'s purpose1 two trees are fell$1 "o on ei!r side1 s t _! bran*es meet 9 ! middle4 ,^! bran*es1 & n any suppos$ /akes1 are really ! upright supports ( ! dam4 ,! trees be+ ?us laid1 ! ,beav] cuts d[n bran*es f f\r to six feet 9 l5g?1 & lays !m horizontally among ! b\ghs ( ! fall5 trees4 ,hav+ ?us made ! f\ndations1 s to speak1 ( its dam1 ! ,beav] !n proce$s to fill 9 ! spaces ) roots1 grass-tufts1 leaves1 mud1 &1 inde$1 almo/ any?+ on :i* x c lay its paws4 ,aft] ?is1 ! ,beav] has to take b little tr\ble1 = ! /ream itself becomes a sil5t1 sl[1 b con/ant lab\r]1 lodg+ float+ debris aga9/ ! dam1 & mak+ a slop+ bank :i* mu* adds to its /r5g?4 ,by degrees1 se$s t lodge on ! dam spr+ into life1 & _! roots act l *a9s1 b9d+ ! mat]ials m closely toge!r4 ,will[ twigs too1 if !y lodge on ! dam & be left undi/urb$1 are sure to 8/rike10 z ! g>d5]s say1 & fur!r to b9d ! /ructure toge!r4 ,x is evid5t1 f ?is %ort description1 t ! l[] "p ( ! dam is m solid ?an ! upp]4 ,9 fact1 ! floods are tol]ably sure to wa% away "s eight or t5 in*es ( ! upp] "p e ye>1 & ! ,beav]s h to make x afre%4 ,! height ( ^! dams is n ne>ly s great z is g5]ally suppos$4 ,mr4 ,gre51 a practical trapp]1 /ates t ! highe/ :i* he ev] saw 0 only f\r feet six in*es 9 height1 & t ! av]age is "u ?ree feet4 ,! h\se ( ! ,beav] is made on ! same pr9ciple z ! dams4 ,e "o kn[s t :5 /icks h be5 9 ! wat] = any l5g? ( "t1 !y become saturat$ & s9k4 ,^! /icks are *os5 by ! ,beav] z ! mat]ial = its h\se1 & are laid horizontally 9 ! wat]1 ! heavie/ be+ res]v$ = ! ro(1 s z to make x /rong en\gh to w>d (f ! attacks ( pr$aci\s animals4 ,z ) ! dam1 mud1 leaves1 c41 are us$ to consolidate ! edifice1 b no mud c be se5 f ! outside1 ! animal always f9i%+ (f ) a numb] ( heavy logs laid on ! ro(4 ,,subt]ranean ,,dwell+s4 ,i d n int5d 9 ?is place to take up ! :ole subject ( ,subt]ranean ,dwell+s1 b only to po9t out cases :]e ! use ( ! ,subt]ranean ,dwell+ dep5ds on ! climate ( ! locality & ! "t ( ye>1 x be+ sometimes us$ & sometimes neglect$1 sometimes inhabit$ = ! sake ( w>m?1 & sometimes = t ( coolness4 ,9 v>i\s p>ts ( ,india !re are "s mo/ rem>kable ,subt]ranean ,dwell+s4 ,!y are m ?an m]e dwell+s1 & are1 9 fact1 magnific5t palaces1 sunk s deeply 9 ! e>? t v little m ?an _! ro(s appe> abovegr\nd4 ,:51 h[ev]1 a visitor desc5ds ! /airs t lead to ! int]ior ( ! palace1 he f9ds x spaci\s1 & ) ti]s ( *amb]s "o bel[ ! o!r1 v mu* l ! wasp-ne/ :i* has already be5 describ$4 ,nussur-ed-de51 ! second ,k+ ( ,oude1 _h sev]al ( ^! palaces1 b v seldom visit$ !m1 he hav+ endeav\r$ to ,europeanise himself z mu* z possible1 & to ca/ (f 8 native cu/oms4 ,he us$ occasionally to visit !m1 b x 0 only out ( etiquette1 & he nev] really liv$ 9 !m4 ,illu/ration3 ,,subt]ranean ,,ants' ,,ne/4 ,,subt]ranean ,,h\se ,,( ,,kams*atka4 ,h[ev] mu* he might h reject$ ! anci5t cu/oms1 x is evid5t t 9 ?is case1 at lea/1 he 0 puni%+ himself 9 reject+ ^! summ] dwell+s1 :i* are always cool1 & :]e1 if "o set ( ap>tm5ts is too w>m1 no?+ is easi] ?an to desc5d to ! next4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,?is dwell+ is made = ! sake ( coolness 9 summ]4 ,ano!r subt]ranean dwell+ is made = w>m? 9 w9t]1 ! non-conduct+ prop]ties ( ! e>? be+ 9 bo? cases br\ght into play4 ,?is is ! w9t] dwell+ ( ! inhabitants ( ,kams*atka4 ,dur+ ! summ]-"t ! ,kams*atdales live 9 comp>atively slight huts m\nt$ on poles1 & hav+ ! floor "s t5 feet f ! gr\nd4 ,dur+ ! w9t]1 h[ev]1 !y live 9 habitations ( a v diff]5t "*4 ,9 ord] to make ^! h\ses1 !y beg9 by digg+ a l>ge hole 9 ! gr\nd1 ab\t n9e or t5 feet 9 dep?4 ,?is !y l9e ) poles & /icks1 mak+1 9 fact1 a wall z ( a h\se4 ,a /\t conical ro( is !n rais$ ov] ! hole1 & ^u ! ro( e>? is ?ickly /rewn & beat5 d[n1 j z has be5 m5tion$ :5 treat+ ( ! ice-h\se4 ,! only access to ?is /range h\se is by a circul> ap]ture 9 ! c5tre ( ! conical ro(1 s]v+ at once ! purpose ( a door1 a *imney1 & a w9d[4 ,a not*$ pole answ]s z a ladd]1 a l[ wood5 dais plac$ aga9/ ! wall s]ves z a b$ or a *air1 = !re is no o!r1 & a few /ones plac$ toge!r act z a fireplace4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,9 look+ at bo? ^! subt]ranean dwell+s1 ,i c\ld n b be rem9d$ ( a v common insect :i* has a d\ble dwell+1 "o moiety be+ abovegr\nd1 & ! o!r moiety bel[ x4 ,?is is ! common ,wood-ant 7,=mica rufa71 ^: l>ge1 leafy hills are s pl5tiful 9 "s ( our woods4 ,on acc\nt ( its size1 ?is species is sometimes call$ ! ,horse-ant4 ,at fir/ sight ! ne/ looks some?+ l a small haycock1 made entirely ( *opp$ grass4 ,:5 exam9$ m ne>ly1 x w be f\nd to consi/ mo/ly ( grass-/ems1 little bits ( /ick1 & leaves4 ,^? ( ! fir are 9 great reque/1 = :5 !y are dry !y are v light1 & _! =m enables ! ,ant to int]weave !m ) ea* o!r1 s z to =m ! necess>y tunnels & gall]ies :i* l9e ! int]ior ( ! ne/4 ,! mat]ials seem mo/ unpromis+1 b !y are us$ ) wond]ful skill1 su* z no human f+]s c\ld equal4 ,aft] a little :ile a numb] ( entrances into ! ne/ are visible4 ,!y are almo/ inv>iably %elt]$ by project+ leaves1 :i* act z por*es1 s t :5 ! ne/ is view$ f above1 !y are almo/ entirely hidd54 ,ea* ( ^! op5+s runs into "o ( ! ma9 gall]ies ( ! ne/1 & f !nce issues a p]fect labyr9? ( passages4 ,?is1 h[ev]1 is only half ! ne/1 = ! gall]ies & tunnels ext5d f> b5ea? ! surface ( ! e>?1 & h sundry enl>g$ portions or *amb]s :]e9 ! immature pup may lie dur+ _! p]iod ( helplessness4 ,ow+ to ! v loose /ructure ( ! upp] ne/1 & ! t5d5cy ( ! e>? to fall into ! gall]ies ( ! l[] ne/1 x is v difficult to obta9 a tru/wor?y view ( ! int]ior4 ,p]haps ,i may "h be all[$ to extract a passage f my 8,insects at ,home10 ! description ( ! ne/ & its int]ior hav+ be5 writt5 almo/ on ! spot3-- 8,i h1 h[ev]1 succe$$ 9 obta9+ an excell5t view into ! int]ior ( a ,wood-ants' ne/1 ?\gh x 0 b a %ort "o4 ,accompani$ by my fri5d ,mr4 ,h4 ,j4 ,b4 ,hancock1,b ,i 0 visit+ "s rem>kably f9e ,wood-ants' ne/s ne> ,bag%ot4 ,we took ) u a l>ge piece ( plate glass1 plac$ x edgewise on ! top ( an ,ant-hill1 &1 /&+ "o at ea* side1 cut ! ne/ completely 9 two1 leav+ ! glass almo/ :olly buri$ 9 x4 ,b ,n[ ,sir ,h5ry ,j4 ,bur=d ,hancock1 ,*ief ,ju/ice ( ,gibralt>4 8,aft] ! expiration ( a few weeks1 dur+ :i* "t ! ants c\ld repair damages1 we return$ to ! spot1 &1 ) a spade1 remov$ "o side ( ! ne/ z f> z ! glass1 :i* !n s]v$ z a w9d[ ?r\gh :i* we c\ld look into ! ne/4 ,x 0 really a wond]ful sight4 8,! ,ant-hill 0 honeycomb$ into passages & cells1 9 all ( :i* ! inhabitants 7 hurri$ly runn+ ab\t1 be+ al>m$ at ! unwont$ admission ( light into _! dwell+s4 ,9 "s ( ! *amb]s ! pup 7 treasur$1 & ^! *amb]s 7 cont9ually ent]$ by ,ants1 :i* pick$ up ! helpless pup1 & c>ri$ !m to o!r p>ts ( ! ne/ :]e ! unwelcome light _h n %[n itself4 8,un=tunately ?is view la/$ only a %ort "t4 ,ow+ to ! p>tial decomposition ( ! vegetable sub/ances ( :i* ! ,ants' ne/ is made1 ! int]ior is always hot & always moi/4 ,n[1 ! day on :i* we visit$ ! ne/ happ5$ to be a cold "o1 &1 9 consequ5ce1 ! moi/ure ( ! ne/ 0 rapidly cond5s$ on ! inn] surface ( ! glass1 & 9 a few m9utes completely hid ! ne/ f view1 leav+ me only "t to make a rapid sket*4 ,un=tunately "s "o discov]$ ! plate ( glass & /ole x4 8,next "t t ,i exam9e a ,wood-ants' ne/1 ,i %all take c>e to ins]t ! glass exactly ea/ & we/1 & %all op5 its s\!rn side t[>ds noon on a hot sun%9y day1 s t ! rays ( ! sun may w>m ! glass & prev5t evaporation40 ,_m o!r creatures make subt]ranean dwell+s1 b ! ,wood-ant is rem>kable = possess+ a d\ble dwell+1 ! two portions communicat+ ) ea* o!r1 & capable ( be+ us$ accord+ to ! degree ( heat requir$4 ,,! ,,pyramid4 ,we h already se5 h[ ! ,eddy/one ligh?\se 0 ! precursor ( _m simil> build+s all1 l _! pr$ecessor1 hav+ _! =m copi$1 ) m or less /rictness1 f ! outl9es ( a tree-/em4 ,illu/ration3 ,,natural ,,m\nta94 ,illu/ration3 ,,artificial ,,m\nta91 ,,or ,,pyramid4 ,ano!r =m ( build+ :i* 0 int5d$ = endurance1 &1 inde$1 is ! mo/ endur+ ( all %apes1 is ! ,pyramid4 ,we are all famili> ) ! simple1 yet gr& outl9es ( ! ,pyramids ( ,egypt1 ^: va/ antiquity takes u back to ! times ( ,isaac & ,joseph1 & :i* seem capable ( resi/+ ! effects ( ,"t1 ! univ]sal de/roy]1 = ?\s&s ( ye>s yet to come4 ,we may ask ourselves :at 0 ! natural object f :i* ! ,pyramid 0 copi$4 ,! "n itself1 :i* is =m$ f a ,greek ^w signify+ fire1 %[s t a flame 0 ?\ght to h furni%$ ! idea ( ?is =m ( build+4 ,i _c1 h[ev]1 b ?9k t ! flame _h little1 if any?+1 to d ) x1 & t ! real model may be f\nd 9 ! hills :i* h be5 =m$ by ,nature4 ,examples ( ! ,pyramids & ! ,hills are giv5 9 ! accompany+ illu/ration4 ,,subaquatic ,,mort>4--,,pa9t ,,& ,,v>ni%4 ,hav+ n[ dispos$ ( ! *ief po9ts 9 ,ar*itecture1 we take "s ( ! subsidi>y details4 ,( late ye>s1 :5 ! traffic betwe5 diff]5t cont95ts has s l>gely ext5d$ itself1 & :5 %ipp+ has increas$ bo? 9 ! numb]s & dim5sions ( ! vessels1 x is absolutely necess>y t we %\ld h h>b\rs & docks enl>g$ & multipli$ suffici5tly to meet ! calls ^u !m4 ,illu/ration3 ,,caddis4 ,,t]ebella4 ,,s]pula4 ,,subm>9e ,,mort>4 ,n[1 x is comp>atively easy to con/ruct a build+ on %ore1 = all ! mort>s & cem5ts :i* are us$ = ! purpose ( fa/5+ ! /ones toge!r are appli$ :5 wet1 & incorporate !mselves ) ! /ones z !y dry4 ,b to make a mort> :i* c\ld be appli$ :ile ! /ones 7 "u wat]1 & w\ld 8set0 :ile b5ea? ! surface1 0 a task n easily to be ov]come4 ,yet x has be5 done s effectively t at ! pres5t day we c build b5ea? ! surface ( ! wat] z securely1 ?\gh n z rapidly1 z if ! /ones _h be5 laid on dry gr\nd4 ,sev]al su* mort>s are n[ kn[n1 &1 z is s (t5 ! case ) human inv5tions1 h be5 anticipat$ 9 ,nature4 ,we h already se5 h[ ! ,caddis-worm ( ! fre% wat]s c cem5t toge!r1 :ile "u wat]1 ! v>i\s mat]ials ( :i* its tubul> h\se is =m$4 ,! diff]5t ,/icklebacks p]=m simil> feats1 no matt] :e!r !y inhabit fre% or salt wat]4 ,all ^? :o take an int]e/ 9 ! productions ( ! sea%ore w h notic$ ^u our coa/s ! flexible tube ( ! ,t]ebella1 ) its curi\sly fr+$ ends4 ,?is tube1 z any "o may see at a glance1 is compos$ ( gra9s ( s& & simil> mat]ials1 fa/5$ /rongly toge!r by a k9d ( cem5t exud$ f ! worm1 & possess+ ! prop]ty ( h>d5+ "u wat]4 ,z on "s ( our coa/s fragm5ts ( %ell are us$ = ! tube1 ! worm goes by ! popul> "n ( ,%ell-b9d]4 ,if "o ( ^! worms be tak5 out ( its tube1 plac$ 9 a vessel ) sea-wat] & a quantity ( s&1 brok5 %ells1 & little pebbles1 ! mode ( build+ w soon be se54 ,at ! extremity ( ! head are a numb] ( extremely mobile t5tacles1 & ^! are /ret*$ ab\t 9 all directions1 seiz+ ^u ! p>ticles ( s& & %ell1 seem+ to balance !m z if to decide :e!r !y are suitable = ! tube1 & !n fix+ !m "o by "o ) ! cem5t :i* has already be5 m5tion$4 ,g5]ally speak+1 ! ,t]ebella works only 9 ! ev5+1 b1 if x be ha/ily depriv$ ( its tube1 x _c help itself1 & is p]=ce oblig$ to "w :ile x c4 ,x is wor?y ( rem>k t ! ,t]ebella1 al?\gh1 z a rule1 x lives 9 a tube all its life1 is capable ( swimm+ ) ! usual s]p5t9e motion ( m>9e worms1 &1 :5 tak5 out ( its tube1 ru%es ab\t viol5tly1 & soon exhau/s itself by its ef=ts4 ,along mo/ ( our rocky sea%ores may be se5 va/ quantities ( a sort ( h>d5$ s&1 p5etrat$ ) small tubes4 ,on a clos] exam9ation ?is s&-mass is resolv$ into a cong]ies ( tubes1 matt$ & twi/$ toge!r1 & ea* be+ ! habitation ( a m>9e worm call$ ! ,sabella4 ,?is "n is d]iv$ f a ,lat9 ^w signify+ s&1 & is giv5 to ! worm 9 allusion to ! mat]ial ( :i* x makes its habitation4 ,l ! ,t]ebella1 ! ,sabella uses its t5tacles = ! purpose ( build+ ! tubes1 :i* are mu* /iff] ?an ^? ( ! ,t]ebella4 ,!y are /rong en\gh1 inde$1 to give ! feet a firm hold :ile trav]s+ ! rocks1 & ?is1 is a matt] ( no small mom5t :5 ! tide is com+ 91 & ! %ore has to be rega9$ )\t loss ( "t4 ,!n we h o!r m>9e worms1 kn[n z ,triquetra & ,s]pula1 :i* make tubes 9 a some:at simil> mann]1 b ( v f9e mat]ials & v /rong cem5t1 s t ! tube is ne>ly z h>d z /one4 ,space w\ld fail me if ,i 7 to enum]ate ^! creatures at great] l5g?1 b en\gh has be5 said to %[ t man's inv5tion ( subaquatic cem5t has be5 anticipat$ 9 ,nature by ! inhabitants bo? ( salt & fre% wat]4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,we n[ come to ! subject ( ,pa9t & ,v>ni%4 ,putt+ aside _! use z a means to increase ! beauty ( ! object to :i* !y are appli$1 we w view !m 9 ! light ( pres]vatives1 & ackn[l$ge ! tru? ( ! old ,dut* prov]b1 t 8,pa9t co/s no?+40 ,c]ta9ly1 :5 ! wood to :i* x is appli$ is ?or\ghly dry f )91 x n only co/s no?+1 b repays itself ov] & ov] aga9 z a pres]vative ( ! wood1 & a def5ce aga9/ moi/ure f )\t4 ,! in/ances 9 :i* ,pa9t is appli$ to wood are too num]\s to be m5tion$4 ,p]haps "s ( my read]s may rememb] ! case ( ! naval capta9 :o1 on tak+ comm& ( 8 %ip1 0 suppli$1 accord+ to cu/om1 ) exactly half ! am\nt ( pa9t requir$ = h]4 ,! inv>iable etiquette _h be5 t ! capta9 suppli$ ! rema9+ half at 8 own co/4 ,b ! (fic] 9 "q 0 n at all dispos$ to be 8put ^u10 & 0 a ?orn 9 ! sides ( ! 8,naval ,lords40 ,f9d+1 by actual measurem5t1 t ! pa9t suppli$ to him 0 only half ! am\nt :i* 0 really ne$$ = ! %ip1 he s5t 8 respectful complim5ts to ! ,admiralty1 ask+ :e!r !y wi%$ ! port or ! />bo>d side ( ! %ip to be pa9t$1 = t !re 0 only en\gh pa9t = "o half ( ! %ip1 & he await$ in/ructions z to :i* side ( ! vessel x 0 to be appli$4 ,he 0 imp]vi\s to 8m9utes10 8directions10 c41 &1 z f> z ,i rememb]1 ?is v impracticable man got 8 way1 & 0 suppli$ ) ! requisite am\nt ( pa9t4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,long be=e man ev] inv5t$ pa9t or v>ni% ! ,hive ,bee _h made use ( x4 ,e "o :o has kept bees kn[s h[ !y always fa/5 ! edge ( ! hive to ! bo>d1 & /op up any crevices t may be left op54 ,! mat]ial :i* !y use = ?is purpose is n wax1 b a sub/ance call$ 8propolis40 ,?is t]m is compos$ ( two ,greek words1 signify+ a suburb1 or ! outskirts ( a t[n1 & is giv5 to ?is /ation>y sub/ance 9 consequ5ce ( ! use :i* is made ( x4 ,illu/ration3 ,,bee ,,v>ni%+ ,,cells4 ,illu/ration3 ,,pa9t] ,,v>ni%+ ,,wood4 ,n only d ! bees use x = fa/5+ ! hives1 b also = /r5g!n+ _! combs4 ,wax is a v preci\s mat]ial1 & ! beautiful hexagonal /ructure ( ! bee-comb is int5d$ = ! purpose ( comb9+ ! greate/ am\nt ( /or+ space ) ! lea/ exp5diture ( mat]ial4 ,! plates ( wax ( :i* ! cells are compos$ are s ?9 t _! edges w\ld break d[n ev5 "u ! feet ( ! bees z !y pass$ ov] x1 & accord+ly ! bees /r5g!n ! edges ( ! cells ) propolis1 z any "o may see by exam9+ a piece ( bee-comb4 ,! propolis is ( a d>k] col\r ?an ! wax1 & has a peculi> v>ni%-l appe>ance4 ,! propolis1 z di/+ui%$ f wax1 is m5tion$ by ,virgil 9 8 ,georgics3-- 8,collectumque hc ipsa ad mun]a glut5 ,et visco et ,phrygi s]vant pice l5tius ,id40--,georg4 iv4 #dj4 ,x is evid5t t ! propolis _c be obta9$ f ! same s\rce z ! wax4 ,! latt] is secret$ by ! bees "u little plates or flaps ^u ! abdom51 :ile ! propolis is purely a vegetable exudation4 ,x is obta9$ f _m trees1 ! pr9cipal be+ ! horse *e/nut4 ,all :o h h&l$ ! buds ( ?is tree are aw>e t !y are cov]$ ) a visc\s & v adhesive matt]1 :i* s]ves z a v>ni% or protection to ! bud be=e ! leaves are /rong en\gh to break out4 ,?is is ! mat]ial :i* ! bees ga!r = _! propolis1 & at c]ta9 times ( ! ye> ! *e/nuts may be se5 sw>m+ ) bees1 all busily engag$ 9 scrap+ (f ! v>ni%4 ,,tools4 ,,*apt] ,i4 ,,! ,,digg+-,,/ick4--,,spade4--,,%e>s ,,& ,,scissors4--,,*isel ,,& ,,adze4--,,! ,,plane ,,& ,,spoke%ave4 ,! ,use ( ,tools a ,di/9ction betwe5 ,man & ,bea/4--,all ,m51 h[ev] savage1 use ,tools1 b none ( ! l[] ,animals c d s until taught by ,man4--,tools ne$$ to break up ! ,gr\nd4--,! ,digg+-/ick ( savage ,life3 its ,use & its ,efficacy 9 practis$ ,h&s4--,digg+-/icks 9 ,nature4--,! ,he>t-ur*91 & its ,mode ( digg+ 9 ! ,s&4--,! ,spade3 its ,%apes & ,uses4--,natural ,spades4--,=e-foot ( ! ,mole & ,mole-cricket4--,! ,a>d-v>k1 ! ,ant-eat]1 & ! ,mattock4--,%e>s & ,scissors a ,sign ( ,civilisation1 nev] be+ employ$ by ,savages4--,me*anical ,pr9ciple ( ,scissors1 ! ,incl9$ ,plane1 ! ,lev]1 & ! ,cutt+ ,edge4--,*9ese ,%e>s & ! ,prun+ ,scissors4--,use ( ! ,incl9$ ,plane4--,! ,diagonal ,knife ( ! ,guillot9e4--,! ,%e>s 9 ,iron-works4--,! 8,draw+ ,cut0 ( ,swordsm54--,jaws ( ! ,turtle & ,tortoise4--,! ,snapp+ ,turtle & ! ,*ick5 ,tortoise4--,! ,locu/1 ! ,cock*af] ,grub1 ! ,great ,gre5 ,gras%opp]1 & ! ,w>t-bit]4--,! ,leaf-cutt] ,bees & _! ,ne/s4--,! ,*isel & ,adze4--,/ructure ( ,rod5t ,too? & ,*isel4--,use ( ! h>d ,plate ( ,enamel or ,/eel4--,comb9ation ( h>d & s(t ,mat]ials4--,tee? ( ,hippopotamus & ,hyrax4--,pr9ciple ( ! ,adze4--,self-%>p5+ & ,self-r5ew+ ,tools4--,! ,plane & ,spoke%ave4--,pr9ciple on :i* !y are made4--,! ,spoke%ave & its ,uses4--,! 8,gu>d0 ,razor4--,! ,hoop-%av] ,bee & its ,ne/4--,its natural ,plane1 & ! ,use :i* is made ( x4 ,among ! _m po9ts ( di/9ction betwe5 man & ! l[] animals1 we may consid] ! use ( tools z "o ( ! pr9cipal l9es ( dem>cation4 ,man /&s absolutely alone 9 ?is respect4 ,!re is no race ( savages1 h[ev] degrad$ !y may be1 t does n employ tools ( "s k9d1 & !re is no bea/1 h[ev] intellig5t1 t ev] us$ a tool except :5 in/ruct$ by man4 ,z to ! /ories t are told ( ! l>g] apes us+ /icks & /ones by way ( weapons1 !y are absolutely )\t f\ndation1 no animal employ+ any tool or weapon save ^? giv5 to !m by ,nature4 ,x is true t a monkey may sometimes be se5 to take a /one = ! purpose ( crack+ nuts :i* are too /rong = its tee?1 & to p]=m t task ) great deftness2 b su* animals h always be5 taught by man1 & _h !y rema9$ 9 _! own c\ntry1 n "o ( !m w\ld h us$ a /one1 7 ! nuts ev] s h>d4 ,,! ,,spade4 ,we w beg9 our notice ( tools by tak+ t :i* mu/ h be5 ! fir/ tool inv5t$ by man4 ,"o ( ! pr9cipal duties assign$ to man is ! culture ( ! e>?1 & ?is he _c d )\t tools1 increas+ _! numb] & improv+ _! /ructure 9 proportion to 8 own developm5t 9 agriculture4 ,be=e se$ c be s[n1 x is necess>y t ! e>? %\ld be brok5 up1 &1 ow+ to ! /ructure ( ! human frame1 ?is task _c be fulfill$ by man )\t a tool :i* w enable him to rival _m ( ! l[] animals1 i4e4 make use ( ^? digg+ appliances :i* h be5 furni%$ by ,nature4 ,illu/ration3 ,,he>t-,,ur*94 ,,digg+-,,/ick4 ,x is evid5t t ! fir/ e>?-break+ tool mu/ h be5 a po9t$ /ick1 & we f9d t 9 ,s\!rn ,africa1 9 p>ts ( ,asia1 & 9 ,au/ralia ! ,digg+-/ick is /ill 9 use = ! purpose ( break+ up ! gr\nd4 ,! ,au/ralians are wond]ful adepts 9 ! use ( ! ,digg+-/ick1 :i* is "o ( ! simple/ ( in/rum5ts1 be+ m]ely a /ick "s two feet 9 l5g?1 po9t$ at "o end1 & ! po9t h>d5$ 9 ! fire4 ,! mode ( us+ x is by hold+ x p]p5dicul>ly1 peck+ x into ! gr\nd1 & ?r[+ out ! loos5$ soil ) ! h&s4 ,9 ?is way !y c excavate ) su* rapidity1 t a /rong navvy1 arm$ ) ! be/ spade1 w\ld n be able to keep pace ) a black man arm$ only ) 8 8katta10 or digg+-/ick4 ,9 ,africa ! ,digg+-/ick is us$ 9 exactly ! same mann]1 & is g5]ally made m weighty & effective by hav+ a p]=at$ /one fa/5$ on ! h&le4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,"h1 aga91 man has be5 anticipat$ by ,nature1 & ! savage ( ,au/ralia or ,africa digs 9 exactly ! same mann] z ! common ,he>t-ur*9 ( our %ores1 sometimes call$ ! ,hairy ,ur*91 9 consequ5ce ( ! numb] & f95ess ( ! sp9es1 :i* look j l hairs to ! nak$ eye4 ,! sci5tific "n ( ?is creature is ,amphidotus cordatus4 ,mr4 ,gosse1 9 8 8,ev5+s at ! ,microscope10 gives s admirable an acc\nt ( ! mode ( digg+ employ$ by ! ,hairy ,ur*9 t ,i _c d bett] ?an employ 8 own words4 ,aft] describ+ ! v>iety ( /ructure ( ! diff]5t sp9es ) :i* ! %ell is s ?ickly set1 he proce$s z foll[s3-- 8,b :at is ! ne$ ( s mu* c>e be+ be/[$ ^u ! sep>ate motion ( ^! ?\s&s ( hair-l sp9es1 t ea* %\ld h a special /ructure1 ) special muscles = its individual movem5t8 ,! hairs ( our head we _c move individually3 :y %\ld ! ,he>t-ur*9 move 880 8,truly1 ^! hairs are ! feet ) :i* he moves4 ,! animal inhabits ! s& at ! bottom ( ! sea 9 our %all[ bays1 & burr[s 9 x4 ,by go+ c>efully1 ) ! l5s at y\r eye1 ov] ! %ell1 y p]ceive t ! sp9es1 ?\gh all =m$ on a common model1 diff] consid]ably 9 ! detail ( _! =m4 ,i h %[n y :at may be consid]$ ! av]age %ape1 b 9 "s1 especially ! f9] ones t clo! ! sides1 ! club is sl5d] & po9t$2 9 o!rs1 z 9 ^? beh9d ! m\?1 :i* are ! l>ge/ & co>se/ ( all1 ! club is dilat$ into a long1 flat spoon2 :ile 9 ! long1 mu*-b[$ sp9es1 :i* d5sely cr[d ^u ! back1 ! =m is almo/ uni=mly tap] ?r\gh\t1 & po9t$40 8,! animal s9ks into ! s& m\? d[nw>ds4 ,! h>d spoons beh9d ! m\? come fir/ into requisition1 scoop+ away ! s&1 ea* act+ individually1 & ?r[+ x outw>ds4 ,obs]ve h[ beautifully !y are arrang$ = ?is purpose1 div]g+ f ! m$ian l9e1 ) ! curve backw>ds & outw>ds4 8,simil> is ! arrangem5t ( ! sl5d] side sp9es2 _! curve is /ill m backw>ds1 ! tips ar*+ uni=mly outw>ds4 ,!y take1 inde$1 exactly ! curve :i* ! =e-paws ( a mole possess1--only 9 a retrograde direction1 s9ce ! ,ur*9 s9ks backw>ds1--:i* has be5 %[n to be s effective = ! excavation ( ! soil1 & ! ?r[+ ( x outw>ds4 8,f9ally1 ! long sp9es on ! back are suit$ to rea* ! s& on ea* side1 :5 ! creature has desc5d$ to its dep?1 & by _! motion "w x 9 aga91 cov]+ & conceal+ ! indu/ri\s & effective m9]40 ,! read] w notice t ?is mode ( digg+ is exactly l t :i* is foll[$ by ! us]s ( ! ,digg+-/ick1 ! e>? be+ fir/ brok5 up1 & ! loos5$ portions ?r[n aside4 ,! :ole ( ! description ( ! sp9es is exce$+ly int]e/+1 b1 z x does n be> directly on ! pres5t subject1 ,i _c admit x into ^! pages4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,n[ comes ano!r developm5t 9 digg+ tools4 ,we h already se5 h[ effective an in/rum5t a m]e piece ( /ick c be 9 ! h&s ( a skilful workman1 & ! mann] 9 :i* x c te> up a giv5 dep? ( soil4 ,b1 = agricultural purposes1 some?+ m is ne$$1 & ! gr\nd mu/ n only be brok5 up1 b a c]ta9 regul>ity mu/ be obs]v$1 9 ord] to all[ space to be accurately measur$1 & ! crop apportion$ to ! area4 ,out ( ! ,digg+-/ick1 !n1 ! ,spade 0 develop$1 its *ief advantage be+ t x disp5s$ ) ! use ( ! b>e h&s1 & n only tore up ! gr\nd1 b ?rew out ! loos5$ soil4 ,! read] w rememb] t 9 ! prec$+ description ( ! ,he>t-ur*9 x 0 m5tion$ t _m ( ! sp9es are %ap$ at _! ends some?+ l spoons1 & t _! comp>atively wide blades are us$ 9 scrap+ ! s& & %ovell+ x aside4 ,9 fact1 ^! flatt5$ sp9es are natural spades1 us$ on ! same pr9ciple z ! mod]n spade ( civilisation4 ,on ! "r h& ( ! illu/ration are %[n two =ms ( spade1 ! "o be+ ! ord9>y g>d5 tool1 & ! o!r a r curi\s implem5t :i* is 9 great use among ! metal m9es ( ,cornwall4 ,! use ( ! ord9>y spade is too famili> to ne$ explanation1 & we come to ! ,m9]'s spade4 ,?is implem5t is us$ r z a %ovel ?an z a spade1 ! peculi> b5d ne> ! blade prev5t+ ! foot f be+ us$ z a means ( =c+ ! in/rum5t into ! gr\nd4 ,9 fact1 x is n meant = ! same (fice z t :i* p]ta9s to ! ord9>y spade1 nei!r c x be h&l$ 9 ! same way4 ,illu/ration3 ,,foot ,,( ,,a>d-,,v>k4 ,,foot ,,( ,,mole-,,cricket4 ,,spades4 ,,foot ,,( ,,mole4 ,9 ,devon%ire !re is a k9d ( spade 9 g5]al use v mu* resembl+ ! m9+ spade1 b hav+ a v long h&le )\t any crut* at ! end4 ,! natural consequ5ce ( ?is %ape is1 t ! spade _c be us$ 9 ! ord9>y way1 nei!r c x p5etrate ! e>? to any dep?4 ,x c 8peel0 ! gr\nd1 s to speak1 & c cut away successive lay]s ( soil4 ,b z = digg+ 8two spits deep10 or ev5 "o spit1 ! spade w\ld be absolutely incapable ( su* a task1 no matt] h[ /rong might be ! h&s t wield x4 ,z = ! foot1 x may be put out ( ! "q4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,we w n[ turn to a few examples ( spades 9 ! _w ( ,nature4 ,! l[e/ figure repres5ts ! =e-paw ( ! ,mole1 ) its p[]ful armature ( /rong & %>p claws1 & its broad blade ( a palm4 ,! read] w easily see t 9 ?is animal ! digg+ p[]s are wond]fully develop$4 ,! peculi> =m ( ! =e-foot closely resembles t ( ! m9]'s spade1 :ile ! curvature ( ! palm s]ves1 almo/ )\t ex]tion1 to ?r[ out ! e>? :i* has be5 scoop$ away by ! %>p claws4 ,to wat* a ,mole burr[ is really a curi\s sight1 ! only drawback be+ t ! animal s9ks itself s rapidly b5ea? ! e>? t a long inspection is impossible4 ,i h kept sev]al moles = ! purpose ( wat*+ _! habits1 & h always be5 int]e/$ 9 _! mode ( burr[+4 ,i c only def9e x by us+ ! ^w 8scrabbl+40 ,! animal scurries & hurries ab\t1 seek+ = a tol]ably s(t piece ( gr\nd4 ,:5 x has f\nd "o1 x travels no fur!r1 b scrat*es away ) its =e-paws ) wond]ful p[] & rapidity1 seem+ to s9k1 z x 71 into ! e>?1 r ?an to excavate a tunnel4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,!re is an insect well kn[n to entomologi/s1 call$ ! ,mole-cricket1 because its /ructure & _m ( its habits are /rangely simil> to ^? ( ! animal f :i* x d]ives its "n4 ,at ! upp] "p ( ! illu/ration is se5 a portion ( ! =e-foot ( ! ,mole-cricket1 & a bett] implem5t ( excavation c h>dly be imag9$4 ,! read] w probably h notic$ t 9 bo? ^! creatures ! spade1 if we may s call x1 is n a m]e flat plate1 b is cleft into sev]al po9ts4 ,x ?us answ]s ! purpose ( a =k z well z a spade1 ! sev]al po9ts s]v+ to break up ! soil1 & ! flat palm to ?r[ ! e>? aside4 ,?is pr9ciple is c>ri$ out ev5 m fully 9 ! =e-paw ( ! ,african ,ant-be>1 or ,a>d-v>k 7,oryct]opus ,cap5sis71 a figure ( :i* is giv5 9 ! illu/ration4 ,?is animal is a great excavator1 liv+ 9 burr[s ( su* dim5sions t ! wild bo> is 9 ! habit ( mak+ its home 9 !m aft] !y are des]t$4 ,some?+ m1 h[ev]1 ?an a digg+ app>atus is ne$$ = ! ,ant-be>4 ,?is animal fe$s almo/ :olly on ! ,t]mites1 :i* x obta9s by te>+ d[n ! walls ( _! dwell+s4 ,n[1 z ^! wond]ful build+s are ne>ly z h>d z brick1 &1 inde$1 are compos$ ( ! same mat]ials1 x is necess>y t ! claws ( ! ,ant-be> %\ld be modifi$ s z to be able to break ?r\gh ! walls4 ,accord+ly1 !y are mu* m curv$ ?an ^? ( ! ,mole & ! ,mole-cricket1 & s s]ve = te>+ z well z digg+1 be+ /ruck into ! wall1 & ?us pull+ x d[n1 j z a lab\r] breaks d[n a bank ) 8 mattock4 ,inde$1 _h we wi%$ to ext5d ^! analogies /ill fur!r1 we might easily h giv5 ! claws ( ! ,a>d-v>k z a prototype ( our ,engli% mattock4 ,! same weapons z possess$ by ! ,ant-be> ( tropical ,am]ica are us$ 9 exactly ! same mann]1 b are ev5 /rong]1 & ext5d to su* a l5g? t :5 ! animal walks1 x _c /ret* its claws out 9 front1 b is oblig$ to d\ble !m "u its feet4 ,,%e>s ,,& ,,scissors4 ,^! in/rum5ts are sure signs ( civilisation1 no savage nations hav+ ! lea/ idea ( !m4 ,ev5 ! ,kafir & ,esquimaux tribes1 :i* are su* admirable work]s 9 sk91 nev] use scissors 9 %ap+ _! g>m5ts1 b inv>iably employ knives = t purpose4 ,! ,*9ese1 h[ev]1 seem to h kn[n scissors f "t immemorial1 & to h %ap$ !m almo/ exactly l our own in/rum5ts4 ,i possess "o pair ( tailor's %e>s f ,*9a 9 :i* !re is only "o r+1 namely1 t = ! ?umb4 ,! place ( ! o!r r+ is tak5 by an elongat$1 slightly curv$ & mod]ately po9t$ rod ( /eel1 :i* is us$ = trac+ ! patt]n on ! mat]ial prep>atory to cutt+ x4 ,simple z ! scissors may seem1 !y comb9e sev]al v important pr9ciples1 namely1 ! incl9$ plane1 ! lev]1 & ! cutt+ edge4 ,7 !y to be m]ely two edges mov+ directly ^u ea* o!r1 _! effect w\ld be comp>atively slight2 b1 ow+ to ! mann] 9 :i* ! blades are fix$ at "o end1 !y are drawn z x 7 ov] ! object betwe5 !m1 & s divide x ) comp>ative ease4 ,9 "s in/rum5ts1 su* z ! prun+ scissors1 !re is only "o cutt+ blade1 ! o!r be+ us$ m]ely z a support = ! bran* :i* is be+ cut4 ,a well-kn[n example ( a s+le cutt+ blade is f\nd 9 ! guillot9e4 ,9 ! e>lie/ times ( ?is inv5tion an ord9>y axe-head 0 susp5d$ above ! neck ( ! crim9al4 ,x 0 f\nd1 h[ev]1 t its op]ation 0 v unc]ta91 simply because ! bl[ 0 a direct "o1 & n oblique4 ,! blade 0 !n set obliquely1 z 9 ! pres5t ma*9e1 & its effect 0 absolutely c]ta94 ,p]haps "s ( my read]s may be swordsm51 & !re=e "k ! p[] ( ! 8draw+ cut10 by :i* a great effect may be produc$ ) v little app>5t ex]tion4 ,ev5 9 ! simple op]ation ( cutt+ bread we always use ! knife diagonally1 ?\gh p]haps we may be ignorant ( ! pr9ciple ( ! incl9$ plane4 ,next comes ! pr9ciple ( ! lev]1 z exemplifi$ by ! h&les ( ! scissors4 ,by l5g!n+ ^! h&les1 ! p[] ( ! blades is enorm\sly increas$1 z may be se5 9 ! v>i\s %e>s 9 any great iron-works1 :i* cut ?r\gh ?ick iron z if x 7 butt]4 ,our own g>d5 %e>s = trimm+ bord]s %[ v well ! p[] ( ! long arms & %ort blade4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,9 ! animal _w we f9d _m examples ( natural %e>s1 "o ( ! be/ ( :i* is af=d$ by ! jaws ( ! ,tortoise or ,turtle4 ,ow+ to ! mann] 9 :i* !y fe$1 :e!r !y be veget>ians or c>nivor\s1 _! jaws are made = cutt+1 & n = lac]at+ or ma/ication4 ,!y h no tee?1 b ea* jaw is furni%$ ) a horny edge1 z %>p z a knife-blade1 & v /rongly made4 ,) ^! jaws ! animal c %r$ to pieces ! objects :i* x attacks1 j z if x _h be5 furni%$ ) a pair ( v]itable %e>s4 ,any "o :o has possess$ an ord9>y ,tortoise mu/ h notic$ ! havoc :i* x w occasionally make 9 a g>d54 ,i _h "o ( ^! reptiles = "s ye>s1 & 0 oblig$ to keep x "u re/ra9t1 9 consequ5ce ( ! p[] ( its jaws4 ,be+ a ,tortoise ( discrim9ation1 x took a great fancy to ! /rawb]ry b$s1 & inv>iably pick$ out ! ripe/ & be/-flav\r$ fruit4 ,rev]s+ ! usual prov]b ( mak+ two bites at a *]ry1 ! ,tortoise always took two bites at a /rawb]ry1 & sometimes ?ree or f\r1 accord+ to its size4 ,at la/1 ,i 0 oblig$ to re/ra9 x by bor+ a hole 9 ! edge ( its %ell1 pass+ "o end ( a /r+ ?r\gh x1 & fa/5+ ! o!r to a peg driv5 into ! gr\nd4 ,at fir/1 ,i ti$ ! /r+ to a brick1 b ! ,tortoise 0 s /rong t x dragg$ ! brick ab\t ! g>d51 leav+ rem9isc5ces ( its progress 9 ! *annels :i* x _h cut ?r\gh all k9ds ( vegetation ) its scissor-l jaws4 ,illu/ration3 ,,jaws ,,( ,,turtle4 ,illu/ration3 ,,%e>s4 ,! read]1 9 comp>+ ! illu/ration ( ! ,turtle-jaws ) t ( ! ,%e>s1 w see at once h[ exact is ! analogy betwe5 ! two4 ,! %>p-edg$ jaws correspond ) ! blades ( ! %e>s1 ! jo9t at ! skull corresponds ) ! pivot ( ! %e>s1 & ! muscles :i* move ! jaws1 b :i* c\ld n be %[n 9 ! pres5t illu/ration1 are ! prototypes ( ! h&les4 ,9 "s ( ^! creatures1 especially ^? :i* are c>nivor\s1 ! p[] ( ! jaw is trem5d\s4 ,"o ( !m1 a ,snapp+ ,turtle1 has be5 kn[n to bite (f sev]al f+]s ( a man's h& z easily z if !y _h be5 c>rots4 ,"s ye>s ago ,i kept "s ,*ick5 ,tortoises alive1 & 0 mu* /ruck ) ! enorm\s proportionate p[] ( _! jaws4 ,!y 7 q little creatures1 only a few in*es 9 l5g?1 b _! appetites 7 a/oni%+1 & _! mode ( satisfy+ _! hung] rem>kable4 ,!y 7 always rav5\s aft] meat1 & _h a curi\s way ( seiz+ _! food 9 _! m\?s1 plac+ "o paw on ei!r side ( _! jaws1 & !n pu%+ ! meat =cibly away1 s z to cut out a slice z l>ge z _! jaws4 ,!y 7 v good-temp]$ little ?+s1 b1 small ?\gh !y 71 ,i %\ld h be5 v sorry to h "o ( !m take a bite at my f+] by mi/ake4 ,kn[+ _! g5]al *>act]i/ics1 ,i took c>e n to h any liv+ creature 9 ! same vessel4 ,b ,i h he>d1 f ^? :o h _h practical exp]i5ce1 t ,*ick5 ,tortoises ought to be bani%$ f any place :]e9 fi% are kept1 especially if !y be gold fi%1 ! ,tortoise hav+ a way ( com+ quietly b5ea? !m1 bit+ out a m\?ful ( _! bodies1 & !n disappe>+ ) its booty4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,beside ! ,tortoise1 !re are _m creatures :i* possess natural %e>s1 su* z ! ,locu/1 ^: ravages are only too notori\s4 ,!n1 tak+ our own c\ntry1 we h pl5ty ( examples ( insect %e>s4 ,su* is to be f\nd 9 ! jaws ( ! ,cock*af] l>va1 or 8,:ite ,grub0 z x is popul>ly call$4 ,x lives und]gr\nd1 & fe$s *iefly on ! roots ( h]bage1 %r$d+ !m to pieces ) its %e>-l jaws4 ,&1 z x sp5ds on ! av]age ?ree ye>s 9 ! "o task ( p]petual eat+1 ! damage :i* x does c be easily imag9$4 ,!re is a v pretty ,engli% insect :i* admirably exemplifies ! p[] ( ! natural scissors4 ,?is is ! ,great ,gre5 ,gras%opp] 7,acrida viridissima71 :i* is equally voraci\s 9 all its /ages ( exi/5ce4 ,x is always ready to use ^! jaws1 & ,i d n recomm5d ! read] to all[ 8 f+] to get betwe5 !m1 or _! po9ts w probably meet4 ,"o ( ^! insects1 inde$ 7,decticus griseus71 has d]iv$ ! "n ( ,w>t-bit] f its suppos$ use 9 cur+ w>ts4 ,all t 0 ne$ful 0 to cat* a ,w>t-bit]1 & hold "o ( ! w>ts to its jaws4 ,x 0 sure to seize ! w>t1 & bite x sm>tly1 & !re 0 a firm belief t any "o ?us bitt5 w\ld be fre$ f ! unsightly excresc5ce4 ,! bite ( ! %e>-l jaws caus$ mu* pa9 at ! "t1 & ?is v pa9 _h 9 all probability some?+ to d ) ! cure4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,an admirable example ( ! insect jaws us$ z scissors is to be f\nd 9 ! well-kn[n ,leaf-cutt] ,bees1 insects belong+ to ! g5us ,mega*ile4 ,!y make _! ne/s 9 burr[s1 sometimes 9 wood1 & sometimes 9 ! gr\nd1 & =m !m 9 a v s+ul> mann]4 ,aft] fix+ ^u a suitable burr[1 ! ,bee goes (f to a tree1 g5]ally a rose1 &1 us+ h] jaws j z a tailor uses 8 %e>s1 cuts (f a ne>ly semicircul> piece ( leaf1 flies away ) x to h] home1 &1 by d9t ( b5d+1 pu%+1 & pull+ x1 %e =ces x to ! bottom ( ! cell4 ,successive pieces ( leaf foll[1 until %e has made a ?imble-%ap$ cell1 & %e !n places at its end an egg & a supply ( honey & poll54 ,cell aft] cell succe$s1 ea* be+ introduc$ into its pr$ecessor j z ?imbles are pack$4 ,judg+ f a specim5 9 my collection1 !re are ab\t eight lay]s ( leaves to =m ! walls ( ! cell1 & ! av]age l5g? ( ea* piece ( leaf r exce$s half an in*4 ,! entire l5g? ( ! cell-gr\p is two in*es & a half4 ,! leaf-slices are always cut f ! edge1 &1 9 my specim5 ( ! ne/1 ! s]rat$ out] edges ( ! leaves are all 9 "o direction4 ,%\ld any ( my read]s f9d "o ( ^! ne/s1 x w be z well = !m to dip a ne$le po9t into diamond cem5t1 & introduce x "u ! out]mo/ coat+ ( leaves4 ,o!rwise1 :5 ! leaves are dry1 & ! insects break _! way into ! op5 air1 ! cells w probably fall to pieces4 ,^! ,bees are mu* m abundant ?an is usually ?\ght4 ,9 summ]-"t x is h>dly possible to f9d a rose-bu% on :i* are n a numb] ( leaves f :i* pieces ( v>iable size & %ape1 b always ) a curv$ outl9e1 h be5 cut z ) scissors4 ,:ile cutt+ !m1 ! ,bee seems to trace out h] patt]n1 z x 71 by us+ h] feet l "o leg ( a pair ( compasses1 & h] head z ! o!r leg4 ,z soon z %e has ne>ly f9i%$ ! op]ation1 %e poises h]self on ! w+1 to prev5t h] weight f te>+ away ! leaf irregul>ly1 & !n1 :ile /ill on ! w+1 makes ! la/ few bites1 & sev]s ! leaf entirely4 ,,! ,,*isel ,,& ,,! ,,adze4 ,already we h se5 h[ exact is ! analogy betwe5 ! scissors & ! turtle-jaw4 ,z we are ^u ! subject ( cutt+ in/rum5ts1 we w cont9ue x1 try+ to discov] "s fur!r analogies4 ,on ! "r h& ( ! illu/rations we see ?ree cutt+ tools made by human h&s--i4e4 ! ,*isel1 ! ,/one ,adze ( ,polynesia1 & ! ,/eel ,adze ( ?is c\ntry4 ,we beg9 ) ! ,*isel4 ,all ^? :o h ev5 a slight k ( anatomy "k h[ curi\sly exact is ! resemblance ( ! ,*isel ( civilis$ life to ! front too? ( any ,rod5t animal4 ,! head ( ! ,beav] is "h giv5 z an example1 b ! too? ( a m\se1 rat1 or rabbit1 :i* c easily be obta9$1 is q z good an example4 ,^! tee? are made aft] a v beautiful fa%ion4 ,_! out] surface is cov]$ ) a plate ( v h>d enamel1 :ile ! re/ ( ! too? is ( bony matt]1 & comp>atively s(t4 ,consequ5tly1 :5 ! too? is us$1 ! enamel plate =ms a %>p edge1 :ile ! re/ ( x is worn away1 ?us keep+ ! *isel-l end 9 its prop] =m4 ,illu/ration3 ,,too? ,,& ,,jaws ,,( ,,beav]4 ,illu/ration3 ,,*isel4 ,! p[] ( ^! tee? may be appreciat$ by any "o :o has be5 bitt5 ev5 by s small a rod5t z a m\se1 ! %>p edges meet+ 9 ! fle%1 & caus+ a v pa9ful w\nd4 ,:5 ! tee? are l>ge1 z 9 ! ,beav]1 & ! jaws p[]ful1 _! =ce is some?+ wond]ful1 tree-trunks ( consid]able size be+ cut d[n q easily4 ,p]haps "s ( my read]s may n be aw>e t ! ,*isel is con/ruct$ on exactly ! same pr9ciple z ! too? ( ! ,rod5t animal4 ,x is n entirely made ( /eel1 z is g5]ally ?\ght4 ,9 ! fir/ place1 a valuable mat]ial w\ld be ne$lessly wa/$1 &1 9 ! next place1 ! tool w\ld n keep its edge except ) inf9ite lab\r 9 gr9d+4 ,! pr9cipal "p ( ! ,*isel-blade is !re=e made ( s(t iron1 a v ?9 plate ( /eel runn+ along ! back4 ,?is plate answ]s ! same purpose z ! enamel 9 ! too?1 :ile ! s(t iron takes ! place ( ! s(t bone4 ,axe-blades1 :i* are1 9 fact1 =m$ l two *isels plac$ back to back1 are made on a simil> pr9ciple1 except t ! /eel plate occupies ! c5tre ( ! blade1 & ! s(t iron is on ei!r side4 ,?us ! ?9 plate ( /eel is easily br\ght to an edge1 :ile ! s(t iron c be gr\nd away )\t any difficulty4 ,i d n mean to /ate t ! inv5tor ( ?is comb9ation ( ?9 /eel & s(t iron _h tak5 8 idea f ! ,rod5t too?1 b only to %[ t ! inv5tion1 beautiful1 simple1 & +5i\s z x is1 has its prototype 9 ,nature4 ,i may "h m5tion t ! ,plane-iron1 :i* is1 9 fact1 a modifi$ ,*isel1 is made 9 exactly ! same fa%ion4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,next we come to ! ,adze4 ,illu/ration3 ,,adze-,,tee? ,,( ,,hippopotamus4 ,illu/ration3 ,,/one ,,adze ,,( ,,polynesia4 ,,/eel ,,adze4 ,9 "s respects !re is mu* resemblance betwe5 ! blade ( ! ,adze & ! tee? ( ! ,rod5t1 especially 9 _! curve1 :i* is almo/ id5tical 9 bo?4 ,?is =m is se5 9 ! /ructure ( o!r tee? ?an ^? ( ,rod5ts4 ,!re is1 = example1 ! too? ( ! ,hippopotamus1 :i* is n only curv$1 l t ( ! ,rod5t1 b bevell$ (f 9 a simil> way at ! tip4 ,) ^! =midable tee?1 "o ( :i* is n[ be=e me1 ! ,hippopotamus makes t]rible havoc among ! h]bage1 m[+ x d[n1 s to speak1 & /[+ x away :olesale 9 its enorm\s /oma*4 ,a ,hippopotamus inde$1 :5 ang]$1 has be5 kn[n to sev] a man's body completely 9 two ) a s+le bite1 s tr5*ant are ! tee?1 & s p[]ful ! jaws4 ,!n !re is a little animal call$ ! ,hyrax1 or ,rock-rabbit1 :i* is ! coney ( ,scripture4 ,?is creature is really "o ( ! pa*yd]mat\s gr\p1 al?\gh its small size1 hairy coat1 its activity among ! rocks1 & its app>5tly rod5t tee?1 h induc$ _m p]sons to place x among t gr\p4 ,^! tee?1 h[ev]1 l ^? ( ! ,hippopotamus1 are bevell$ (f at _! tips1 &1 z !y p]=m a simil> (fice1 !y take a simil> curve4 ,x is wor?y ( notice t 9 ! ,/one ,adze ! bevell$ edge mu* m resembles ! rod5t too? ?an does ! ,/eel ,adze1 ! reason be+ evid5tly t /one is m fragile ?an /eel1 & requires great] ?ickness4 ,/ill1 ! pr9ciple is ! same 9 bo?1 only ! metal is m att5uat$ ?an ! /one4 ,! ,rod5t or ,hippopotamus too? has /ill a great advantage ov] any *isel or adze made by man1 :e!r ( /one or metal4 ,z our tools are blunt$1 we are =c$ to sp5d mu* "t 9 %>p5+ !m1 & by degrees gr9d ! tool away until x becomes useless4 ,n[1 ! tee? are s arrang$ t _! p]petual use1 in/ead ( blunt+1 only %>p5s !m1 & 9 proportion z !y are worn away 9 front !y are suppli$ ) fre% matt] f beh9d1 & p]petually pu%$ =w>ds1 s t !y are self-r5ew+ z well z self-%>p5+4 ,,! ,,plane ,,& ,,spoke%ave4 ,i h already made m5tion ( ! ,plane 9 connection ) ! ,*isel1 & %[n t1 l t tool1 x is =m$ on ! same pr9ciple z ! ,rod5t too?4 ,! use ( ?is important in/rum5t 9 c>p5t]+ _c be ov]rat$1 z is %[n by ! numb]less v>ieties :i* are us$ by c>p5t]s1 & ! diff]5t uses to :i* !y are put1 sometimes m]ely smoo?+ a level surface1 & sometimes =m+ a 8m\ld+0 :]e ornam5t is requir$4 ,9 pr9ciple1 a ,plane is a cutt+ edge or *isel1 pu%$ along ! object to be work$1 &1 ! edge be+ gu>d$1 tak+ (f a v ?9 %av+ f ! surface4 ,on ! "r h& ( ! accompany+ illu/ration is %[n ! ,plane 9 action1 ) ! ?9 %av+s fall+ f x 9 curl$ masses4 ,p]haps "s ( my read]s may h visit$ "s ( ! great iron-works1 & be5 /ruck ) ! use ( ! ,plane z appli$ to metal in/ead ( wood1 long iron %av+s be+ tak5 (f z easily z if !y 7 deal1 & curl+ 9 j ! same mann]4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,!re is an in/rum5t v famili> to c>p5t]s1 call$ ! ,spoke%ave1 on acc\nt ( its use 9 trimm+ ! spokes ( :eels4 ,diff]5t z x may be 9 appe>ance1 x is id5tical 9 pr9ciple ) ! plane1 hav+ an edge gu>d$ by a piece ( wood1 s t ! blade _c cut too deeply into ! object on :i* x is employ$4 ,! *ief di/9ction1 inde$1 is1 t ! workman1 in/ead ( pu%+ ! blade f him1 draws x to him4 ,illu/ration3 ,,hoop-,,%av] ,,bee4 ,illu/ration3 ,,plane4 ,,spoke%ave4 ,:5 %av+ 0 m 9 fa%ion ?an x is 9 ^! m s5sible days1 !re 7 _m inv5tions to less5 ! tr\ble1 n to say ! p]ils1 ( %av+4 ,to use ! razor 9 a hurry 0 any?+ b an agreeable occupation1 especially if ! wea!r 7 fro/y1 & ! f+]s s *ill$ t !y h>dly knew :e!r or n !y _h ! razor betwe5 !m4 ,9 ord] to r5d] ?is v unpleasant task less disagreeable1 "s +5i\s individual inv5t$ ! ,gu>d ,razor4 ,! pr9cipal "p ( ! inv5tion consi/$ 9 a plate ( metal suffici5tly ?9 n to add mat]ially to ! weight ( ! razor1 & suffici5tly /rong to resi/ a mod]ate am\nt ( pressure4 ,?is 0 fix$ along ! blade ( ! razor 9 su* a way t x j all[$ ! edge to %[ itself1 &1 9 fact1 conv]t$ ! razor into a plane or spoke%ave4 ,! exact am\nt ( edge :i* might be %[n 0 regulat$ by screws1 & ! gu>d itself c\ld be remov$ at pleasure1 s z to all[ ( ! razor be+ %>p5$4 ,n[ let u see if we c f9d any examples ( ! ,plane or ,spoke%ave 9 ,nature4 99 99 99 99 99 ,i ,,trace at lea/ "o example ( ! ,plane 9 ! insect _w4 ,m ?an a hundr$ ye>s ago1 t v obs]vant naturali/1 ,gilb]t ,:ite1 notic$ a bee p]=m+ a curi\s task4 ,%e 0 runn+ up ! /em ( ! g>d5 campion1 hold+ h] jaws ext5d$1 & /ripp+ (f ! d[n ) all ! dext]ity ( a hoop-%av]4 ,%e collect$ a bundle ne>ly z l>ge z h]self1 & !n flew away ) x4 ,:at %e did ) h] burd5 he knew n1 b ! hi/ory ( ! insect has be5 told fully1 ?\gh briefly1 by ,mr4 ,f4 ,smi?1 9 8 8,catalogue ( ,briti% ,hym5opt]a30-- 8,al?\gh ! species belong+ to ?is g5us are num]\s1 & are f\nd bo? 9 ! ,old & ,new ,_w1 !re is only "o f\nd 9 ?is c\ntry1 ,an?idium manicatum2 ?is is truly a summ] bee1 n mak+ its appe>ance be=e ! latt] "p ( ,june or beg9n+ ( ,july4 8,?is insect1 s f> z my own obs]vation has enabl$ me to asc]ta91 does n con/ruct its own burr[1 b makes use ( any hole :i* is adapt$ to its purpose4 ,i once detect$ a bee ent]+ ! hole above ! :eel ( ! sa%-l9e 9 a summ]-h\se2 b its ne/s are mo/ commonly =m$ 9 ! holes bor$ 9 old will[ /umps by ,cossus lignip]da 7! ,goat-mo?73 =m]ly !y 7 easily obta9$ 9 ,batt]sea ,fields1 :]e ! will[s ab\nd$4 8,x is probable t :5 ! p>5t insect has select$ "o ( ^! ready-=m$ tunnels1 %e enl>ges ! end us$ z ! depository ( ! ne/1 & ?is is easily effect$1 z ! /umps 9 "q1 at ! dep? ( a c\ple ( in*es1 consi/ ( s(t decay$ wood4 8,! *amb] be+ =m$1 ! bee collects a quantity ( d[n f woolly-/emm$ plants1 ) :i* %e =ms an out] coat+4 ,%e !n con/ructs a numb] ( cells = ! reception ( ! poll51 or food ( ! l>va2 !y consi/ ( a woolly mat]ial1 mix$ ) "s glut9\s matt] :i* resi/s ! moi/ure ( ! food !y conta91 & 9 :i* ! l>va1 be+ full f$1 sp9s a br[n silk5 cocoon4 ,^! bees pass ! w9t] 9 a l>va /ate1 & d n appe> until midsumm]4 8,9 "o respect1 ! sexes ( ?is g5us diff] f mo/ o!r bees1 ! males be+ mu* l>g] ?an ! females40 ,! read] w see f ?is acc\nt h[ exact is ! analogy betwe5 ! c>p5t]'s plane & ! jaws ( ! bee4 ,9 consequ5ce ( ! simile employ$ by ,mr4 ,:ite1 ! insect has be5 popul>ly kn[n by ! title ( ! ,hoop-%av] ,bee4 ,x is a tol]ably common insect1 & ab\nds 9 ! ,s\? ( ,engl&4 ,,tools4 ,,*apt] ,,ii4 ,,! ,,saw ,,& ,,its ,,v>ieties4 ,cutt+ ,tools & _! work+4--,/ructure ( ! ,edge4--,! ,kris4--,edge ( a ,razor4--,! ,sword & ! ,apple4--,au/ralian ,saw4--,fretwork ,saw4--,v>i\s ,saw-flies4--,! ,pione]'s ,saw4--,cutt+ ,tools ( ,tri*iosoma4--,side ,tee? ( ! ,saws4--,! ,cordon ,saw1 or ,b& ,saw4--,too?-ribbon ( ,:elks1 ,slugs1 & o!r ,molluscs4--,! ,dog-:elk1 or ,purpura4--,! ,circul> ,saw4--,sawy]-beetles & _! ,mode ( ,"w4 ,/ill keep+ to ! ,cutt+ ,tools & _! v>ieties1 we come to ! ,saw1 i4e4 ! cutt+ tool set ) tee? ^u its edge4 ,n[1 9 pla9 fact1 !re is no cutt+ in/rum5t t does n m or less p>take ( ! "* ( ! ,saw2 =1 9 ! fir/ place1 x is absolutely impossible = man to gr9d an edge s f9e t1 :5 magnifi$1 x w n appe> to be deeply not*$1 &1 9 ! next place1 its cutt+ p[]s are greatly due to ! not*es & tee?1 & ! direction ( _! po9ts4 ,we w take bo? ^! subjects 9 turn4 ,fir/1 z to ! not*es1 or s]rat$ edge4 ,i h n[ be=e me two in/rum5ts1 ea* ! be/ ( _! k9d1 & 9 bo? ( :i* ! s]rations are ess5tial to efficacy4 ,! fir/ is a ,malayan dagg]1 or 8kris10 & ! second is a surgeon's lancet1 made by ,f]guson1 ( ,london4 ,9 ! kris ! edge is int5tionally s]rat$1 hav+ be5 eat5 away by means ( acids until ! requir$ effect 0 produc$4 ,! ,malayans "k by exp]i5ce t su* an edge is mo/ deadly 9 a weapon1 & t x w cut c]ta9 vital p>ts :i* a smoo!r edge might pass )\t do+ any damage4 ,n[ we w take ! lancet1 & put x "u ! microscope1 :5 x assumes ! mo/ curi\s resemblance to ! kris4 ,its mirror-l surface looks z if x _h be5 v r\ghly treat$ ) a co>se file1 :ile its ?9 & delicate edge1 :i* is p]fectly smoo? to ! eye1 & :i* w pass ?r\gh a piece ( /ret*$ wa%-lea!r )\t any app>5t opposition1 becomes z r\gh & jagg$ z t ( ! ,malayan weapon4 ,take ev51 = example1 ! common but*]'s knife1 :i* is p]petually be+ %>p5$ on ! 8/eel0 t hangs at 8 belt4 ,! read] may obs]ve t ! but*] does n rub ! blade ( 8 knife backw>ds & =w>ds on ! /eel1 z unskilful p]sons d4 ,rapid z is ! movem5t ga9$ by con/ant practice1 any "o may see t ! blade is always mov$ 9 "o direction1 s z to =ce ! microscopical tee? to po9t "o way1 & s to act z a saw :5 ! knife is drawn across ! meat4 ,! p[] ( ^! tee? or not*es may be inf]r$ f a well-kn[n fact4 ,if a razor1 no matt] h[ %>p1 be press$ ^u ! human sk9 )\t any 8draw10 x w ind5t ! sk91 b n cut x1 :ile ! slighte/ draw+ movem5t w cause a deep w\nd4 ,x is ! k ( ?is fact t enables an exp]t swordsman to sev] an apple plac$ on ! palm ( ! b>e h&1 )\t ev5 scrat*+ ! sk94 ,i h witness$ ?is feat1 & at once saw t x 0 due to ! abs5ce ( any 8draw0 to ! cut4 ,! apple 0 laid on ! palm ( ! h&1 :i* 0 op5$ z widely z possible1 s z to flatt5 x4 ,! sword 0 !n br\ght d[n on ! apple ) a sort ( *opp+ movem5t1 s t1 al?\gh x ind5t$ ! sk91 x did n ev5 inflict a scrat*4 ,by ! use ( ! 8draw+0 movem5t1 ! same sword sev]$ a gauze veil laid across x1 ! two halves float+ 9 opposite directions4 ,by ! same cut1 ,i h se5 "s a/oni%+ feats p]=m$ ) an ,indian sword n[ 9 my collection1 ! objects ( attack fall+ asund] z if by magic1 )\t any app>5t =ce be+ us$4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,hav+ n[ glanc$ at ! pr9ciple ( ! ,saw1 we w proce$ to "s ( its details4 ,! simple/ =m ( ,saw 9 exi/5ce is t :i* is 9 use among ! ,au/ralian natives1 & consi/s ( obsidian flakes set along "o side ( a /ick4 ,x looks a rude & ineffici5t affair en\gh1 b x c cut bett] ?an might h be5 ?\ght1 z ,i c te/ify f exp]im5ts on su* a saw 9 my collection4 ,illu/ration3 ,,saw ,,( ,,common ,,saw-,,fly 7,,magnifi$74 ,,grooves ,,cut ,,by ,,saw ,,9 ,,b>k4 ,illu/ration3 ,,h&-,,saw4 ,,t5on ,,saw4 ,,pione]',s ,,saw-,,sword4 ,_m z are ! v>ieties ( ! ,saw1 ! pr9ciple is ! same 9 all1 & ! *ief di/9ction lies 9 ! %ape & arrangem5t ( ! tee?1 accord+ to ! "w :i* !y h to d4 ,wat*-spr+ ,saws1 = example1 :i* h to cut metal1 h _! tee? s slight z to be h>dly p]ceptible1 & arrang$ ne>ly 9 a l9e ) ea* o!r4 ,! ,fretwork ,saws1 :i* h to cut delicate patt]ns 9 wood1 ) ! slighte/ possible wa/e ( mat]ial1 are ( ! same "*4 ,!n we h ! long curv$ tee? ( ! ,circul> ,saws1 :i* te> _! way savagely ?r\gh great tree-trunks1 & fill ! air ) cl\ds ( sawdu/4 ,!re are also ! ,t5on ,saw1 ) its ?9 blade & broad back2 ! pione]'s saw = cutt+ gre5 wood1 ) its d\ble array ( tee?1 s z to make a wide 8k]f0 9 :i* x %all n be clogg$2 toge!r ) _m o!rs t we _c enum]ate "h4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,we w n[ exam9e "s ,saws z f\nd 9 ,nature4 ,i ne$ sc>cely say t "s ( ! be/ examples ( natural saws are furni%$ by ^? insects :i* are kn[n to entomologi/s z ,t5?r$9id1 & to ! g5]al _w z ,saw-flies4 ,^! insects are suppli$ by ,nature ) a pair ( mo/ rem>kable saws1 :i* aid !m 9 deposit+ _! eggs4 ,inde$1 )\t ^! in/rum5ts1 ! :ole race ( ,saw-flies w\ld long ago h become ext9ct4 ,!y haunt almo/ e k9d ( tree & _m plants1 & "o valuable plant1 ! ,turnip1 is s deva/at$ by !m1 t :ole crops are sometimes swept away4 ,z1 !re=e1 ! k ( ! life-hi/ory ( any insect w tell u :e!r to protect or de/roy x1 & ! be/ me?od ( adopt+ ei!r c\rse1 we w ca/ a ha/y glance at "s ( our commone/ ,saw-flies1 ! in/rum5ts :i* !y employ1 ! mode 9 :i* !y use !m1 & ! analogies betwe5 !m & ! saws made by ! h& ( man4 ,9 ! fir/ place1 x mu/ be obs]v$ t ! use ( ^! saws is to cut grooves 9 "y b>k1 ^! grooves be+ ! depositories ( _! eggs4 ,x foll[s1 !re=e1 t z a tol]ably wide groove is ne$$1 ! saw-blade is a tol]ably ?ick "o1 & ! tee? set on ! same pr9ciple z t :i* is employ$ 9 ! saw-sword ( ! pione]4 ,:5 ! microscope is appli$ to ! cutt+ in/rum5t ( ! ,saw-fly1 x reveals ! fact t !re are two horny saws1 :i* "w alt]nately 9 _! grooves1 & t !y are /r5g!n$ by a ?ick plate ( horn on _! backs4 ,! sy/em ( too?+ is v complicat$4 ,n only are ! sides z well z ! edges ( ! saws too!d1 b ea* too? is furni%$ ) small] tee?1 aft] ! fa%ion ( ! %>k's wond]fully effective cutt+ app>atus4 ,^! subsidi>y tee? v>y greatly 9 %ape & size accord+ to ! species1 & 9 "s cases ea* too? is q a complicat$ /ructure4 ,9 ,tri*iosoma lucorum1 = example1 a bee-l insect1 v common ^u haw?orn1 ! tee? are extremely beautiful4 ,x is difficult to describe !m )\t diagrams1 b ,i w try to give ! read] an idea ( !m4 ,ea* too? is some:at ( a lancet %ape1 b is n t]m9at$ by a s+le po9t4 ,at ! tip comes ! second>y too?1 :i* is conical & /&s on a foot/alk4 ,! cone1 h[ev]1 is n simple1 b is made ( "s sev5 or eight cutt+ plates1 ea* small] ?an its pr$ecessor1 & ! la/ be+ a %>p conical po9t4 ,! read] may imag9e h[ effective su* a saw w\ld be 9 cutt+ gre5 wood1 ! too!d sides & ! subsidi>y tee? alike prev5t+ ! blades f clogg+1 :ile ! alt]nate movem5t ( ! saws enables !m to d d\ble "w 9 ! same "t4 ,mr4 ,we/wood1 :o exam9$ ^! insects v closely1 ?r[s out1 9 8 8,mod]n ,classification ( ,insects10 ! idea :i* =ms ! subject ( ?is book4 ,writ+ ( ! cutt+ weapon ( ! ,saw-flies1 he rem>ks t 8f its admirable con/ruction x _c be d\bt$ t a c>eful exam9ation ( its v>i\s modifications might furni% ideas = improv$ me*anical in/rum5ts40 ,mr4 ,gosse1 9 8 8,ev5+s at ! ,microscope10 po9ts out t1 beautiful & elaborate z ^! in/rum5ts are1 !y are b ! %ea?s ( a /ill f9] & m delicate pair ( saws4 ,^! second>y saws h only a few tee? on ! edge1 & ^! ne> ! po9t1 :]eas ! sides are furni%$ ) a numb] ( %>p blades1 set on _! edges1 slightly ov]lapp+ ea* o!r1 & direct$ backw>ds4 ,!re is a simil> /ructure on ! ovipositor ( ! ,sirex1 z we %all see :5 we come to treat ( ,bor+ ,in/rum5ts4 ,al?\gh ! saws are made expressly s t !y %all n /ick 9 ! wood1 !re are _m in/ances kn[n :]e female ,saw-flies h be5 f\nd dead on ! bran*es1 _! saws /ill 9 ! la/ groove :i* !y h cut4 ,i am incl9$ to ?9k t ^! mu/ be females :i* h deposit$ all _! eggs1 & :i* h di$1 z d ne>ly all insects "u simil> circum/ances4 ,?is op9ion is /r5g!n$ by "s obs]vations made by ,mr4 ,j4 ,k4 ,"l on ! ,cicada1 ! female ( :i* is furni%$ ) a simil> ovipositor3-- 8,i 0 curi\s to wat* ! female deposit+ h] eggs4 8,%e fir/ clasps ! bran* on bo? sides ) h] legs1 & ) ! ends ( ! file v c>efully slits up ! b>k4 ,!n1 plac+ ! in/rum5t longitud9ally1 %e files away until %e has obta9$ suffici5t l5g? & bread?4 ,! small tee? ( ! files are n[ us$ crosswise ( ?is fissure1 until a tr5* is made 9 ! s(t pi?4 8,:5 l>ge en\gh1 sl[ly d[n ! groove 9 ! c5tre ( ! in/rum5t glides a small pe>ly egg1 po9t$ at bo? ends1 & s transp>5t t ! little grub )9 is cle>ly disc]nible4 ,g5tly %e lays x )9 its b$1 & !n drops a ?9 gummy mat]ial on x1 to secure x f moi/ure4 ,?is f9i%$1 %e proce$s to deposit ano!r1 & s on1 until a suffici5t numb] are produc$ to fill ! fissure2 !n ov] all %e drags ! ev]t$ b>k4 ,x is easy to p]ceive :]e ! ,cicada has be5 conceal+ h] brood1 by ! elevation on ! bran*4 8,9 ?is mann] %e deposits ab\t sev5 hundr$ eggs1 go+ f bran* to bran*1 h] m>vell\s in/9ct tea*+ h] to select ! mo/ suitable wood = ! purpose4 ,! "t occupi$ 9 con/ruct+ ea* ne/ 0 f fifte5 to tw5ty m9utes4 ,h] e>?ly mission f9i%$1 %e drops1 fa9t+ & exhau/$1 f ! bran*1 & dies4 8,! male1 :o is always trill+ 8 refra91 goes on1 indiff]5t1 or unconsci\s1 t ! task ( 8 fai?ful sp\se is f9i%$1 s++ ev51 until 8 "t comes--!n he too drops beside h]4 ,?us ! songs "o by "o cease1--n only ! ,cicada's1 b all ! =e/ *oir1 & give place to bla/s t sigh 9 m\rnful music ?r\gh ! leafless trees40 ,! ,sirex & sev]al ( ! l>g] ,i*neumon-flies are (t5 f\nd dead 9 l mann]1 & ,i h no d\bt f ! same cause4 ,an elaborate description ( ! beautiful d\ble saws ( ! ,cicada is giv5 by ,mr4 ,we/wood 9 ! "w already quot$1 toge!r ) illu/rations4 ,,! ,,ribbon ,,saw1 ,,cordon ,,or ,,b& ,,saw4 ,p]haps "s ( my read]s may be acqua9t$ ) a saw :i* has ( late ye>s come into ext5sive use--namely1 ! ,ribbon ,saw1 ,cordon ,saw1 or ,b& ,saw4 ,?is is an endless /eel b& too!d on "o edge1 & pass+ ov] two :eels4 ,x has ! advantage ( be+ ( almo/ any bread?1 "s be+ sev]al in*es wide1 :ile o!rs are m]e n>r[ ribbons1 b>ely ! six? ( an in* wide4 ,! fretwork ( pianos & o!r articles ( furniture is cut almo/ exclusively by ! ,cordon ,saw4 ,a ?ick piece ( wood is cut ( ! requisite %ape1 & ! upp] & "u surfaces plan$ q true to ea* o!r4 ,! patt]n is trac$ on ! upp] surface1 & a v n>r[ ,cordon ,saw is !n appli$ to x1 cutt+ completely ?r\gh ! ?ick block1 & adapt+ itself to all ! intricacies ( ! patt]n4 ,! block is !n cut into ?9 slices1 s t a numb] ( pieces ( fretwork c be made ) comp>ative ease4 ,to ^? :o h be5 accu/om$ to cutt+ fretwork ) ! sl[ h&-saw1 ! ,cordon ,saw is simply fasc9at+1 ! sl5d] /eel ribbon cutt+ ?r\gh ! wood ) wond]ful rapidity & v little s\nd4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,beautiful z ?is inv5tion is1 x 0 long ago anticipat$ 9 ,nature2 & ! ,cordon ,saws1 :i* we %all n[ see1 are arm$ ) tee? _m m 9 numb]1 & f> m complicat$ 9 detail1 ?an ^? ( any saw made by ! h& ( man4 ,i allude to ! ,too?-ribbon possess$ by _m ( our common molluscs1 su* z ! ,limpet1 ! ,:elk1 ! ,p]iw9kle1 ! ,slug1 c4 ,! la/ m5tion$ ( ^! creatures possesses a natural ,cordon ,saw ) ne>ly tw5ty-sev5 ?\s& tee?1 & sc>cely a too? t is n elaborately cut into second>y tee?4 ,illu/ration3 ,,portion ,,( ,,too?-,,ribbon ,,( ,,:elk 7,,highly ,,magnifi$74 ,illu/ration3 ,,ribbon ,,or ,,cordon ,,saw4 ,z all ^! creatures h _! tee? diff]5tly =m$ & set1 accord+ to ! species1 x w be impossible to describe !m sep>ately4 ,i w !re=e re/rict myself to ! ,too?-ribbon ( ! common ,:elk1 a specim5 ( :i* is n[ be=e me4 ,:5 view$ ?r\gh ! microscope1 x is f\nd to consi/ ( a flat membran\s ribbon1 on :i* are set ?ree r[s ( tee?1 ^? ( ! out] r[ be+ hook$1 & ^? ( ! inn] "o pla94 ,! out] tee? are =m$ some:at l ! ,hebrew lett] 1 bo? ( ! po9ts be+ v %>p1 & ! c5tral "p be+ furni%$ ) two second>y tee?4 ,all ^! tee? ov]lap ea* o!r1 s t "s c>e 9 manipulation is requir$ be=e _! =m c be made out4 ,along ! c5tre ( ! too?-ribbon run successive r[s ( small1 lancet-%ap$ tee?1 six 9 a r[1 s t altoge!r !re are eight tee? 9 ea* r[4 ,! p[] ( ?is weapon is a/oni%+4 ,"s ( my read]s may be aw>e t ,:elks are c>nivor\s be+s1 & t !y sw>m ^u any dead animal :i* may be f\nd 9 ! sea4 ,inde$1 :5 we he> ( ! mutilations :i* take place on dead corpses aft] a %ipwreck1 & :i* are g5]ally attribut$ to fi%es1 we may make up our m9ds t ! real del9qu5ts are ! ,:elks1 toge!r ) v>i\s cru/acea1 & t ! pr9cipal in/rum5t 9 effect+ su* mutilation is ! too?-ribbon :i* has j be5 describ$4 ,! ,:elks fe$ l>gely ^u o!r molluscs1 9 spite ( _! %ells4 ,a p]iw9kle has a peculi>ly h>d %ell1 & yet ,mr4 ,rym] ,jones saw a ,dog-:elk 7,purpura lapillus7 eat a p]iw9kle 9 a s+le aft]noon1 fir/ bor+ a hole ?r\gh its %ell ) ! too?-ribbon1 & !n1 by means ( ! same weapon1 lick+ x1 s to speak1 out ( its %ell4 ,! ,p]iw9kle itself has a simil> too?-ribbon1 & s h ! ,limpet & ! pretty ,top-%ell4 ,^! creatures are veget>ians1 b !y are furni%$ ) simil>ly arm$ tongues1 & use !m 9 ! same way4 ,no?+ is easi] ?an to see ^! too?-ribbons 9 use4 ,:5 sea-wat] is kept 9 glass vessels1 a gre5 floccul5ce is sure to collect ^u ! glass & to r5d] x opaque4 ,if1 h[ev]1 a few ,p]iw9kles & ,top-%ells are plac$ 9 ! tank1 !y imm$iately set to "w at ?is conf]void gr[?1 & by means ( ! too?-ribbon sweep (f ! gre5 sub/ance1 leav+ ! glass ne>ly clean4 ,?is movem5t c be se5 ) ! nak$ eye1 b ) ! assi/ance ( a pocket l5s ! action ( ! too?-ribbon is beautifully %[n z x issues f its socket1 makes its sweep+ curve1 ) ! t9y tee? glitt]+ l specks ( glass1 & !n is )drawn ready = ano!r sweep4 ,%\ld sea-wat] & liv+ ,p]iw9kles n be easily obta9$1 ! same ph5om5on may be obs]v$ 9 fre% wat]1 & ) ! common ,pond-snail1 :i* may be caught by ?\s&s 9 any /ream & 9 mo/ ponds4 ,,! ,,circul> ,,saw4 ,9 "o s5se ! ,cordon ,saw is a ,circul> ,saw1 b we n[ re/rict ! "n to ! tool :i* has a circul> blade1 m or less deeply too!d on ! edge4 ,! l>ge/ & co>se/ ( ^! saws are ( enorm\s diamet]1 h tee? sev]al in*es 9 l5g?1 & c cut a l>ge tree-trunk asund] 9 a wond]fully %ort "t4 ,!re is a huge saw ( ?is k9d 9 ,*a?am ,docky>d4 ,x is kept 9 a sort ( cell> cov]$ ) flap doors1 :]e x really has ! air ( "s dread mon/] ly+ 9 wait = prey4 ,a tree-trunk is br\ght = x to fe$ ^u4 ,! doors sl[ly op51 ! saw em]ges1 revolves s fa/ t ! eye _c detect ! tee?1 seizes on ! tree-trunk1 te>s its way ?r\gh ) a scream & ro>1 & !n s9ks back into its cell>4 ,i h (t5 wat*$ ?is saw 9 action1 & h nev] be5 able to get ov] a k9d ( feel+ t x 0 alive4 ,illu/ration3 ,,sawy]-,,beetle4 ,illu/ration3 ,,circul> ,,saw4 ,n[1 if we suppose ! saw to be pi]c$ 9 ! c5tre1 & to h tee? on ! inside in/ead ( ! outside1 x w\ld be equally efficaci\s2 &1 inde$1 we h sev]al tools us$ = cutt+ iron b>s or pipes1 t are con/ruct$ on a simil> pr9ciple1 ?\gh ! cutt+ too? revolves sl[ly in/ead ( rapidly1 & is urg$ by a lev] h&le4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,!re is 9 ,nature a ,circul> ,saw ( j su* a "*1 ! tee? hav+ _! po9ts direct$ inw>ds1 & n outw>ds4 ,9 tropical ,am]ica !re are sev]al l>ge beetles :i*1 l our ,/ag-beetle1 fe$ ^u ! sap ( trees1 & obta9 x by w\nd+ ! "y bran*es ) _! jaws4 ,"o or two ( !m are po9t$ out z hav+ ! p[] ( cutt+ a bran* completely (f by seiz+ x 9 _! deeply too!d jaws1 & fly+ r\nd & r\nd ! bran* s z to conv]t !mselves into a circul> saw4 ,! late ,mr4 ,wat]ton %[$ me a bran* :i* _h fall5 on 8 head1 & :i* 0 said to h be5 cut (f by ! ,sawy]-beetle1 z ! insect is call$4 ,he did n actually see ! insect at "w1 b he _h no d\bt t ! natives 7 "r :o told him t x 0 ! "w ( beetles' jaws4 ,c]ta9ly ! cut look$ exactly z if x _h be5 made 9 ! way describ$4 ,! bran* 0 some:at ?ick] ?an an ord9>y walk+-/ick4 ,! tru? ( ?is /atem5t has (t5 be5 d5i$1 b ,i h asc]ta9$ f p]sonal obs]v]s t x is lit]ally true4 ,a l\d noise is produc$ by ! op]ation1 &1 z ! female is nev] se5 to p]=m x1 ! g5]al idea is t x is a call to its mate4 ,,tools4 ,,*apt] ,,iii4 ,,bor+ ,,tools4--,,/rik+ ,,tools4--,,grasp+ ,,tools4 ,! ,bradawl & ! ,gimlet def9$4--,natural ,bradawls4--,! ,i*neumon-flies4--,a ,pimpla engag$ 9 ,bor+ ,op]ations4--,pr9ciple ( ! ,w$ge4--,resi/+ ,p[] ( ,e>?4--,pit*+ ,t5ts 9 ,s&4--,hidd5 ,=ces ( ,nature4--,! ,aloe-leaf & its ,gr[?4--,a cruel ,puni%m5t4--,natural ,gimlets4--,ovipositor ( ! ,sirex1 & its ,analogy to a ,c>p5t]'s ,gimlet4--,! ,aug] & ! ,gad-fly4--,/rik+ ,tools4--,! ,hamm]4--,orig9 & ,developm5t ( ! ,tool4--,! ,axe4--,! ,woodpeck] & ! ,nu?at*4--,! ,ivory-bill$ ,woodpeck]4--,grasp+ ,tools4--,p9c]s & _! ,modifications4--,sug>-tongs & ,coal-tongs4--,natural ,p9c]s4--,bivalve ,molluscs4--,! ,clam's ,grip4--,! ,e>wig4--,crab & ,lob/] ,claws4 ,,bor+ ,,tools4 ,next 9 importance to ! edg$ tools :i* cut1 come ! po9t$ tools by :i* holes c be bor$4 ,we h an abundance ( su* tools1 b !y c all be r$uc$ to two types1 namely1 ^? :i*1 l ! ,bradawl1 are =c$ betwe5 ! fibres1 & ^? :i*1 l ! ,gimlet1 cut away ! mat]ial z !y pass ?r\gh x4 ,!y may1 aga91 be %[n to be diff]5t modifications ( a s+le pr9ciple--i4e4 t ( ! ,w$ge or ,incl9$ ,plane1 :i*1 z has already be5 %[n1 is id5tical ) t ( ! screw4 ,! ,bradawl is1 9 fact1 a %>p w$ge1 :i* is =c$ ?r\gh ! fibres1 sometimes be+ m]ely =c$ betwe5 !m1 & sometimes cutt+ !m1 & ?us =c+ aside ! sev]$ fibres4 ,a natural example ( ! ,bradawl is to be f\nd 9 v>i\s ,i*neumon-flies1 especially ^? ) v long ovipositors1 :i* are int5d$ = bor+ into wood4 ,all ! ,i*neumons are p>asitic1 lay+ _! eggs 9 ! l>v ( o!r insects1 mo/ly ^? ( mo?s & butt]flies4 ,g5]ally ^! l>v exi/ 9 ! op5 air1 & ! ,i*neumon-fly has little difficulty 9 pi]c+ !m4 ,b !re are "s :i* live ei!r 9 wood or und]gr\nd1 &1 9 ord] to rea* _! hidd5 bodies1 ! ,i*neumon is furni%$ ) an extremely long & %>ply po9t$ ovipositor4 ,?is wond]ful in/rum5t is n s ?ick z an ord9>y horsehair1 al?\gh x is compos$ ( ?ree portions1 & seems to be utt]ly inadequate to ! task :i* x has to p]=m4 ,asc]ta9+ by its in/9ct ! exact locality ( ! cat]pill> :i* x desires to pi]ce1 ! ,i*neumon-fly cl+s firmly to ! tree1 b5ds ! body s z to br+ ! po9t ( ! ovipositor aga9/ ! wood1 &1 by mov+ ! abdom5 backw>ds & =w>ds1 gradually works ! in/rum5t into ! wood1 sometimes pi]c+ x to a consid]able dep?4 ,mr4 ,we/wood once saw an ,i*neumon-fly ?us bor+ its way into a dry po/1 ! wood ( :i* mu/ h be5 v h>d4 ,:5 %e _h bor$ f> en\gh1 %e p>tially )drew ! ovipositor1 & !n re-plung$ x into ! hole t %e _h made1 z if %e 7 deposit+ eggs4 ,:ile engag$ 9 ?is op]ation1 %e /ood v high on h] long legs1 re/+ only on ! extremities ( ! feet4 ,%e belong$ to ! g5us ,pimpla4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,! pr9ciple ( ! ,w$ge or ,incl9$ ,plane is admirably %[n by objects :i* we pass unhe$$ e day1 & yet af=d wond]ful examples ( ! p[] ( ! w$ge4 ,sc>cely any vegetable gr[? is s pl5tiful z grass1 :i* has be5 us$ 9 t s5se by ! highe/ ( all au?orities1 8:i* to-day is1 & to-morr[ is ca/ into ! ov540 ,grass =ces its way ev]y:]e--n only 9 cultivat$ gr\nds1 b 9 ! wilde/ ( l&s1 :]e !re is sc>cely any nurture = x4 ,ev5 among ! habitations ( mank9d ! grass w h its way1 & clo!s des]t$ h\setops ) v]dure1 & =ces itself betwe5 ! /ones t pave neglect$ /reets4 ,place side by side "s ( ^! /ones1 toge!r ) a v "y & t5d] ,grass-blade1 & x w seem to be impossible t s fragile an object %\ld be able to ex]t any influ5ce on ! solid /one4 ,let any "o try to pu% a %>p skew] betwe5 ! /ones1 & he w f9d t he has to ex]t p[] suffici5t to cru% a ?\s& grass-blades4 ,yet ^! slight & delicate objects w =ce !mselves betwe5 ! /ones1 & sometimes to su* an ext5t z to cov] ! :ole roadway ) v]dure4 ,! =ce :i* is employ$ is simply m>vell\s1 & c only be appreciat$ by ^? :o "k ! resi/+ p[] ( e>?1 h[ev] dry & loose x may be4 ,ev5 s& has s /rong a resi/ance t t5ts c be pit*$ 9 ! des]t )\t difficulty4 ,( c\rse ! ord9>y t5t-peg w\ld be useless1 b ! des]t dwell]s c pit* _! t5ts ) p]fect security4 ,!y fa/5 ! t5t-rope to a bran* or piece ( bu%1 scrape a hole 9 ! s&1 put ! bu% into ! hole1 cov] x up aga91 & x w )/& almo/ any /ra91 ?\gh x be only cov]$ ) a few in*es ( s&4 ,illu/ration3 ,,grass-,,blades4 ,illu/ration3 ,,w$ge4 ,:5 m9]s bla/ rocks ) gunp[d]1 !y take advantage ( ! resi/+ p[] ( s&4 ,!y bore a suitable hole1 place a *>ge ( gunp[d] at ! bottom1 & !n m]ely p\r loose s& into ! hole until x is fill$4 ,:5 ! p[d] explodes1 ! rock or coal is %att]$ to pieces1 b ! s& is n bl[n out ( ! hole4 ,?is op]ation is call$ 8tamp+40 ,e "o1 aga91 kn[s h[ firm are gate-po/s1 & h[ !y resi/ ! weight1 j>r+1 & lev]age ( a heavy gate1 all because !y are sunk a little way into ! e>?4 ,consid]+1 !re=e1 t su* fragile ?+s z "y grass-blades c =ce _! way ?r\gh ! sup]9cumb5t weight1 we c b be amaz$ at ! aggregate ( active =ce :i* is 9 full op]ation 9 e pa/ure field & g>d5 lawn4 ,z f> z ,i "k1 n be+ mu* ( a botani/1 e se$ t spr+s up does s on ! w$ge pr9ciple1 ?\gh ! =m ( ! w$ge may be v>i$4 ,a t]rible example ( ! =ce :i* is ex]cis$ by ?is pr9ciple among ! vegetables is %[n 9 "s p>ts ( ! _w :]e ! ,aloe fl\ri%es 9 a wild /ate4 ,9 our cold] clime ! ,aloe1 ?\gh x does live 9 ! op5 air1 is a sl[-gr[+ plant4 ,b1 9 its own l&1 x %oots up ) a surpris+ vig\r1 & its %>ply po9t$ & saw-edg$ leaves are said to gr[ to ! ext5t ( six in*es 9 a s+le night4 ,tak+ advantage ( ?is rapid1 &1 at ! same "t1 p[]ful gr[?1 ! natives1 :5 !y want to puni% a man ) m ?an ord9>y sev]ity1 tie him h& & foot1 & b9d him to ! e>? j ov] a spr\t+ aloe plant1 & leave him !re4 ,9 tw5ty-f\r h\rs ! man is ne>ly c]ta9 to be dead1 ! aloe-leaf hav+ =c$ itself completely ?r\gh 8 body4 ,or1 if he be n actually dead1 he lives 9 frightful tortures1 :i* are cont9ually increas$ by ! fl9ty po9t & not*es =c+ !mselves sl[ly1 b surely1 ?r\gh ! body4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,= an example ( ! ,gimlet we may take ! ovipositor ( ! ,sirex1 an insect :i* ,i believe has no popul> "n4 ,x is col\r$ mu* aft] ! same mann] z ! hornet1 & is (t5 mi/ak5 = t insect by ^? :o are n v]s$ 9 entomology4 ,&1 z its long & /raight ovipositor is g5]ally tak5 = a hornet's /+1 ! insect assumes a d\ble t]ror to ! ignorant4 ,n[1 ! real fact is1 t 9 its l>val /age ( exi/5ce ! ,sirex fe$s ^u ! wood ( ! fir-tree--a diet :i*1 to our ideas1 is ab\t z unsatisfactory z c well be imag9$4 ,9 ord] t ! "y ,sirex may be )9 rea* ( food1 ! egg mu/ be introduc$ deeply into ! body ( ! tree1 &1 = ! egg to be s receiv$1 a *annel mu/ be cut = x4 ,?is is done by means ( ! m>vell\sly =m$ ovipositor4 ,_m admirable descriptions h be5 giv5 ( ! head ( ?is in/rum5t & its bor+ p[]s1 b ,i am n aw>e t any "o has notic$ ! second>y cutt+ blades t are set along ! %aft ( ! pr9cipal bor]1 & :i* answ] exactly ! same purpose z ! spiral cutt+ edge ( ! gimlet or aug]4 ,n be+ desir\s ( repeat+ my own obs]vations 9 diff]5t words1 ,i transf] to ^! pages a %ort acc\nt ( ! ovipositor ( ! ,sirex1 z exam9$ by me :5 writ+ my "w on ,briti% ,insects1 entitl$ 8,insects at ,home10 & publi%$ by ,messrs4 ,longmans & ,co43-- 8,i v /rongly recomm5d any ( my read]s :o may obta9 a female ,sirex to dis5gage ! actual bor] f its two-blad$ %ea?1 & exam9e x ) ! aid ( a microscope4 ,a half-in* object-glass w give q a suffici5t p[]40 ,illu/ration3 ,,/rus4 ,,bor+ ,,tool ,,( ,,sirex ,,& ,,l>va4 ,illu/ration3 ,,aug]s4 ,illu/ration3 ,,bradawls4 8,x is /raight1 /iff1 & ela/ic1 z if made ( /eel1 &1 if b5t1 w spr+ back to its prop] =m ) ! ela/icity ( a ,tol$o rapi]4 8,b ! bor] possesses an auxili>y cutt+ app>atus :i* places x f> above ! rym] 9 po9t ( efficacy4 ,ev5 ) an ord9>y magnify+ l5s1 x is easy to see t ! end ( ! bor] is develop$ into a %>p head1 v mu* resembl+ t ( a bo>d+-pike1 & t ! outl9e ( ! %aft is brok5 into a s]ies ( not*es4 8,! half-in* glass1 h[ev]1 discloses a m>vell\s example ( me*anical excell5ce4 ,! head ( ! bor] is !n se5 to be arm$ ) long1 %>p tee?1 slightly curv$ inw>ds1 & act+ j z does ! c>p5t]'s ord9>y c5trebit4 8,s mu* = ! head ( ! bor]3 we w n[ turn to ! %aft4 8,x appe>s t1 9 ord] to make a clean-cut hole = ! reception ( ! egg1 ! %aft ( ! bor] has to f9i% ! task :i* ! head beg9s4 ,accord+ly1 x is arm$ on ea* ( its sides ) a s]ies ( h>d1 %>p-edg$ ridges1 runn+ diagonally across x1 & act+ exactly z d ! %>p ridges ( a c(fee-mill40 ,9 po9t ( fact1 ! ovipositor ( ! ,sirex is ! natural type ( ! improv$ gimlet ( ! pres5t day4 ,in/ead1 h[ev]1 ( hav+ a s+le1 spiral1 %>p-edg$ groove runn+ along ! :ole l5g? ( ! %aft1 x has a s]ies ( small1 %>p blades1 set exactly 9 ! same l9e z is tak5 by ! spiral groove1 & act+ 9 exactly ! same mann]--i4e4 by cutt+ out successive portions ( wood1 &1 by ! diagonal position ( ! blades1 ?r[+ out ! debris z fa/ z x is cut4 ,i _c b ?9k t1 if any mod]n tool manufactur] c\ld take z 8 model ! saw-l ovipositor ( ! ,t5?r$9id1 & ! aug]-l ovipositor ( ! pres5t insect1 he w\ld produce a s]ies ( mo/ valuable implem5ts1 possess+ p[]s f> beyond ^? ( ord9>y tools4 ,^! %ort blades are arrang$ j l ! 8/uds0 on mod]n %ells1 & v mu* resemble !m 9 %ape1 ?\gh n 9 mat]ial4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,! ,aug] f9ds also a natural repres5tative 9 ! ovipositor ( an insect4 ,t ( ! common ,gad-fly 7/rus bovis7 is mo/ beautifully con/ruct$4 ,x is tubul> 9 =m1 & is ( a telescopic nature1 consi/+ ( f\r tubes ( diff]5t sizes1 ! small] fitt+ into ! l>g] j z is done ) ! jo9ts ( a common telescope1 or ^? ( a ,japanese fi%+-rod4 ,! end ( ! ovipositor is develop$ into little projections1 "s ( :i* are arm$ ) h>d1 %>p po9ts1 :i* act exactly l ! cutt+ edge ( ! aug]4 ,?is elaborate appliance is necess>y on acc\nt ( ! ?ick1 t\gh sk9 ( ! ox1 :i* ! ,gad-fly has to p5etrate be=e x c deposit its eggs4 ,p]haps ! read] may be aw>e ( ! fact t ! mod]n sy/em ( cutt+ *annels 9 /one ) ! diamond po9t1 z 0 s well exemplifi$ 9 ! ,mont ,c5is ,tunnel1 is b an imitation1 & an imp]fect "o1 ( ! me?od adopt$ by ! ,gad-fly4 ,we %all soon recur to ?is in/rum5t4 ,,/rik+ ,,tools4 ,if we se>* ! records ( antiquity z left by races ( m5 t h = c\ntless ages vani%$ f ! face ( ! e>?1 we %all f9d t 9 "s %ape or o!r ! ,hamm] 0 a tool 9 con/ant use1 & t 9 pr9ciple1 ?\gh n 9 mat]ial1 !re 0 no diff]5ce betwe5 ! ,hamm] ( ! ,/one ,age & t ( a blacksmi? ( ! pres5t day4 ,! developm5t ( ! in/rum5t c easily be trac$1 especially z x is a tool :i* does n admit ( mu* elaboration4 ,! orig9al hamm] 0 evid5tly a simple /one1 & answ]$ equally z a tool & a weapon4 ,z1 h[ev]1 man progress$ t[>ds civilisation1 he f\nd t ! /one itself 0 insuffici5t = 8 ne$s1 & t he requir$ mu* m =ce4 ,! mo/ obvi\s mode ( do+ s 0 to take a l>g] /one1 b ?is exp$i5t soon became valueless1 inasmu* z a l>ge /one 0 a cumbr\s in/rum5t to h&le1 & c\ld n be direct$ ) any c]ta9ty or delicacy4 ,! pr9ciple ( ! lev] 0 !n appli$ to ! /one1 :i* 0 affix$ to a h&le1 & ?us became elevat$ into ! rank ( a comp>atively civilis$ tool4 ,sometimes ! /one _h a hole bor$ ?r\gh x1 into :i* ! h&le ( ! hamm] 0 ins]t$1 z is ! case ) mo/ ( our pres5t hamm]s & pickaxes4 ,sometimes ! end ( ! h&le 0 enl>g$1 & ! /one ?ru/ ?r\gh x1 z is n[ done ) ! axes ( ,s\!rn ,africa4 ,sometimes a long1 flexible rod 0 us$ by way ( h&le1 ! c5tre ( x tak+ two turns r\nd ! /one1 & ! ends be+ la%$ toge!r4 ,h&les ?us made may be se5 9 any blacksmi?'s =ge ( ! pres5t day4 ,! tool ?us made 0 soon develop$ into v>i\s =ms = diff]5t uses4 ,by l5g!n+ & po9t+ ! head1 x became a pick = loos5+ ! e>?4 ,by wid5+ & flatt5+ ! head1 x became a hat*et2 &1 by p]=m+ ! same alt]ation 9 ! pickaxe blade1 x became an adze4 ,i possess a s+ul>ly +5i\s tool f ,borneo1 9 :i* ! head is movable1 s z to be us$ z a hat*et or adze at pleasure4 ,9 ,demm9's 8,weapons ( ,w>0 _m su* hamm]s & axes are figur$4 ,"o ( !m is v rem>kable4 ,x is an anci5t w>-hamm] made ( black /one1 & is %ap$ exactly l a pickaxe1 except t "o end ( ! head is c>v$ into a semblance ( "s animal's head4 ,! h&le is pass$ ?r\gh an oval hole 9 ! c5tre1 j l our pickaxes ( ! pres5t day4 ,?is rem>kable example ( ! art ( ! ,/one ,age 0 f\nd 9 ,russia4 ,! head 0 ne>ly a foot 9 l5g?4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,nature possesses _m examples ( ?is pr9ciple1 ( :i* ,i h *os5 two1 namely1 ! ,woodpeck] & ! ,nu?at*4 ,illu/ration3 ,,nu?at*4 ,illu/ration3 ,,woodpeck]4 ,illu/ration3 ,,hamm]4 ,! wond]ful p[] ( beak possess$ by bo? ^! birds is famili> to e "o1 b x is n s g5]ally kn[n t !y d n m]ely peck aft] ! usual fa%ion among birds1 i4e4 deliv]+ ! /roke ) ! =ce d]iv$ f ! neck alone4 ,^! birds h an additional lev]age4 ,grasp+ ! tree firmly ) _! feet1 !y n only peck1 b sw+ _! :ole bodies ) ea* /roke1 br++ _! weight to be> ^u ! object4 ,!y ?us conv]t !mselves into liv+ hamm]s1 ! feet act+ ! "p ( ! human h&1 ! body ( ! bird be+ analog\s to ! h&le ( ! hamm]1 & ! head play+ ! same "p 9 bo? cases4 ,9 ,engl& ^! birds are n kn[n z well z !y ought to be1 p>tly because !y are bo? v %y creatures1 & p>tly because ! gradual ext9ction ( =e/s has depriv$ !m1 & especially ! ,woodpeck]1 ( _! undi/urb$ homes4 ,yet ^? :o are e>ly ris]s may see bo? birds 9 places :]e _! pres5ce is q unsuspect$1 except1 p]haps1 by ^? :o c recognise ! signs :i* !y h left beh9d !m4 ,!re is a common say+ to ! effect t 8a c>p5t] is kn[n by 8 *ips10 & ! prov]b is equally true ( ! ,nu?at* & ! ,woodpeck]4 ,nut%ells sci5tifically split asund]1 & jamm$ into ! r\gh b>k ( a tree-trunk1 betray at once ! ,nu?at* to ! eye ( a naturali/2 :ile an accumulation ( %att]$ b>k1 spl9t]s ( wood1 & simil> debris ann\nces1 9 equally bold type1 t a ,woodpeck] has be5 at "w4 ,! p[] ( ! ,woodpeck]'s beak may be ga!r$ f ,wilson's well-kn[n acc\nt ( an ,ivory-bill$ ,woodpeck]1 :i* he _h w\nd$ & 0 try+ to re>4 ,:ile /ay+ at an hotel1 he lock$ ! bird 9 8 room1 &1 on return+ )9 an h\r1 f\nd an a/oni%+ /ate ( ?+s4 8,he _h m\nt$ along ! side ( ! w9d[1 ne>ly z high z ! ceil+1 a little bel[ :i* he _h begun to break ?r\gh4 ,! b$ 0 cov]$ ) l>ge pieces ( pla/]1 ! la? 0 expos$ = at lea/ fifte5 in*es squ>e1 & a hole l>ge en\gh to admit ! fi/ op5$ to ! wea!r bo>ds1 s t 9 less ?an ano!r h\r he w\ld c]ta9ly h succe$$ 9 mak+ 8 way ?r\gh4 8,i n[ ti$ a /r+ r\nd 8 leg1 &1 fa/5+ x to ! table1 aga9 left him4 ,i wi%$ to pres]ve 8 life1 & _h gone (f 9 se>* ( suitable food = him4 ,z ,i re-asc5d$ ! /airs1 ,i he>d him aga9 at "w1 & on ent]+ _h ! mortification to p]ceive t he _h almo/ ru9$ ! mahogany table to :i* he 0 fa/5$1 & on :i* he _h wreak$ 8 :ole v5geance40 ,! beak ( ! ,woodpeck] 0 employ$ ^u its new ma/] q z =cibly z ^u walls & furniture1 b ,wilson 0 ( too g5]\s a nature to res5t 8 injuries1 & lam5t$ s9c]ely :5 ! bird di$4 ,! read] w probably obs]ve t ! ,hamm] :i* has be5 giv5 z an illu/ration ( ?is pr9ciple is ! ord9>y geologi/'s hamm]1 & t x has be5 select$ because its head is s =m$ t "o end c be employ$ = ! usual tasks ( a hamm]1 :ile ! o!r end1 ) its slight curve & %>p po9t1 is1 9 fact1 a sort ( pickaxe1 & us$ = ! same purposes4 ,inde$1 ?is in/rum5t is an almo/ exact reproduction ( ! /one hamm] :i* has already-be5 m5tion$1 ! blunt end be+ repres5t$ by ! c>v$ head1 & ! %>p end by ! pickaxe po9t4 ,,grasp+ ,,tools4 ,already we h spok5 ( ! ,%e>s & ,scissors1 toge!r ) _! mode ( action & dep5d5ce ^u lev]age4 ,we n[ come to a set ( tools :i*1 al?\gh equally dep5d5t on lev]age1 develop t p[] by grasp+ in/ead ( cutt+4 ,)\t ^! tools1 ! arts & sci5ces c\ld h sc>cely made !mselves felt1 z !re are b few manufactures 9 :i* ! artific] does n require a grasp+ p[] f> sup]ior to t ( ! human h&4 ,p]haps ! enorm\s p[] ( ! ,p9c]s is nev] %[n to bett] advantage ?an 9 ! great iron-works1 :]e enorm\s masses ( :ite-hot metal h to be br\ght "u ! bl[s ( ! /eam hamm]4 ,i d n "k ( any?+ :i* af=ds a m impos+ realisation ( ! ,div9e comm& t man is to subdue ! e>? z well z to repl5i% x4 ,!re is ! va/ hamm]1 /rik+ bl[s :i* are felt ?r\gh\t a l>ge area z if a succession ( e>?quakes _h be5 let loose4 ,9 ! furnace !re is an enorm\s mass ( iron1 heat$ to su* a degree t an unpractis$ eye c\ld no m d>e to look at x ?an to />e a midsumm] sun out ( face4 ,:]e are ! armies :o are to cope ) su* =ces8 ,a few /alw>t & grimy m5 come =w>d1 ea* man ) a curi\s b unmi/akable air ( "o :o wages a w> ( giants4 ,! furnace door is op5$1 & out ru%es a bl9d+ light :i* /rikes on ! eyeballs l a %ock ( electricity4 ,! m5 seize ! h&les ( an enorm\s pair ( ,p9c]s1 susp5d$ 9 ! middle by a *a91 & ?\gh no unpractis$ eye c di/+ui% ! gl[+ iron f ! envelop+ fire1 !y run ! ,p9c]s into ! furnace1 seize ! iron1 sw+ x to ! anvil1 & turn x ?is way & t way z easily z if x 7 a fea!r1 :ile ! bl[s ( ! gigantic hamm] desc5d ^u x1 envelop+ !m 9 a torr5t ( sp>ks :i* spurt z if !y 7 m]e spla%es ( wat]1 & seem to d !m no m h>m4 ,tak+ ! m9or exposition ( ! ,p9c]s pr9ciple & _! use1 we may m5tion ! ord9>y ,p9c]s :i* are mo/ly us$ = draw+ nails4 ,!n !re are ! small] ,p9c]s call$ ,pli]s1 all ( :i* are con/ruct$ on ! same pr9ciple1 & ! *ief ( :i* are ! ,r\nd-nos$ ,pli]s1 ! ,long-nos$ ,pli]s1 & ! ,gas ,pli]s4 ,sometimes a mixture ( ! ,hamm] & ! ,p9c]s is +5i\sly contriv$1 z 9 ! tool :i* is repres5t$ on ! "r h& ( ! illu/ration4 ,illu/ration3 ,,mussel-,,%ell4 ,,e>wig4 ,,lob/]-,,claw4 ,illu/ration3 ,,sug>-,,tongs4 ,illu/ration3 ,,p9c]s4 ,!n we h ! /ill small] & feebl] ,p9c]s ( civilis$ life1 su* z ! ,sug>-tongs & ! ord9>y ,coal-tongs ( our firesides4 ,anatomi/s c\ld h _h no practical exi/5ce )\t ! ,p9c]s1 ( :i* _! beautifully con/ruct$ & mu*-elaborat$ =ceps are b v>iations4 ,take1 aga91 ! d5ti/1 ) 8 s]ies ( %9+ in/rum5ts1 :i* he s c>efully keeps out ( sight until he has got 8 pati5t safely 9 t awful *air1 & :i* glide1 z by a conjur]'s trick1 empty into an op5 m\?1 & return 9 a few seconds ) a too? betwe5 _! poli%$ jaws4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,all ^! in/rum5ts h _! p>allels 9 ,nature1 & 9 _m in/ances ! natural p9c]s might supply useful h9ts to mod]n tool-mak]s4 ,9 ! left-h& upp] corn] ( ! illu/ration is %[n ! common fre%-wat] ,mussel1 :i* is s pl5tiful 9 almo/ all our riv]s & _m ( our ponds4 ,its sci5tific "n is ,unio m>g>itif]us4 ,! latt] title1 :i* signifies 8pe>l-be>+10 is giv5 to x because x furni%es ! ,briti% pe>ls :i* 7 at "o "t s highly valu$4 ,l o!r bivalve molluscs1 ?is ,unio has ! two halves ( ! %ell fitt+ q tightly ^u ea* o!r1 &1 :5 !y are drawn toge!r by ! contraction ( ! int]nal muscles1 !y c give a v sev]e p9*4 ,9 _m uncivilis$ p>ts ( ! _w ! natives take advantage ( ?is prop]ty1 & use !m z tweez]s1 *iefly = ! purpose ( pull+ out hairs :i* !y are pleas$ to ?9k are n ne$$4 ,i ne$ n /ate t ) all bivalves ! p[] is increas$ 9 proportion to ! size ( ! %ell4 ,ev5 an ,oy/] c p9* mo/ sev]ely1 :ile ! ,giant ,clam1 ! %ell ( :i* weighs "s f\r hundr$ p\nds1 c\ld ne>ly take (f a man's leg if x seiz$ him4 ,mr4 ,j4 ,kea/ ,"l1 9 8 8,naturali/ 9 ,briti% ,columbia10 relates an amus+ /ory t 0 told to him by an old settl] respect+ ! p[] ( ! ,clam's grip3-- 8,y see1 sir1 z ,i 0 a-cruis+ d[n ^! flats ab\t sun-up1 ! tide ji/ at ! nip1 z x is n[1 ,i see a :ole pile ( %ovell]-ducks snabbl+ 9 ! mud1 & busy z dogfi% 9 h]r+ "t4 ,s ,i creeps d[n1 & slap ,i let 'em h x4 ,six on 'em turn$ ov]1 & (f w5t ! pack1 gall[s sc>$1 & quack+ l mad40 8,d[n ,i runs to pick up ! dead uns1 :5 ,i see an old mall>d a-play+ up all k9ds o' antics1 jump+1 back+1 flapp+1 b fa/ by ! head1 z if he _h 8 nose 9 a /eel trap2 & :5 ,i comes up to him1 ble/ if a l>ge ,clam hadn't hold ( him1 h>d & fa/1 by ! beak40 8,! old mall>d might ha' tri$ 8 h>de/1 b may ,i nev] bait a m>t9-trap aga9 if t ,clam w\ldn't ha' held him ag9 any odds till a tide run 91 & !n he'd ha' be5 a gone %ovell] sure z %oot+4 ,s ,i crack$ up ! ,clam ) ! butt ( my old gun1 & bagg$ ! mall>d40 ,( c\rse ! read] w rememb] t ?is 0 only an ord9>y ,clam1 & n "o ( ! giant race4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,bel[ ! %ell are two v p]fect in/ances ( natural ,p9c]s1 ea* act+ 9 a diff]5t mann]1 b on ! same pr9ciple4 ,! ,e>wig is too famili> to ne$ mu* description1 b ,i may z well /ate t its p9c]s are n prim>ily int5d$ z weapons1 al?\gh !y c be s us$ on occasion4 7,i 0 ab\t to say1 at a p9*1 b refra947 ,!y resemble our ord9>y p9c]s 9 t bo? blades move equally1 & !y are s completely "u ! control ( _! own]1 t ! insect uses !m ) a delicacy ( t\* t a lady's f+]s c\ld h>dly surpass4 ,!y are really tools1 & n weapons1 & are employ$ = ! purpose ( fold+ ! wide & delicate w+s "u ! t9y elytra4 ,!re is ano!r insect call$ ! ,scorpion-fly 7,panorpa71 ! male ( :i* is furni%$ ) a pair ( p9c]s at ! end ( a long & flexible tail1 articulat$ j l ! tail ( a scorpion1 & mov$ 9 exactly ! same mann]4 ,x is b a little insect1 b its ge/ures are s m5ac+ z x fl\ri%es its tail ab\t1 t non-entomologi/s may well be p>don$ = be+ afraid ( x4 ,moreov]1 small z are ! p9c]s1 !y really c give a sm>t nip1 & make !mselves felt on ! human sk94 99 99 99 99 99 ,,if we want examples ( exce$+ly p[]ful p9c]s1 we ne$ only g to ! ,lob/]s & ,crabs1 especially to ! latt]1 ^: claws are (t5 ( enorm\s ?ickness 9 proportion to ! size ( ! animal4 ,all ^? :o h visit$ ! seaside "k h[ sev]e is ! p9* ( ! common ,gre5 ,crab1 comp>atively small ?\gh x be1 & ! same may be said ( ! riv] crayfi%1 :i* is1 9 fact1 a lob/] 9 m9iature4 ,z to ! lob/] itself1 fi%]m5 are s well acqua9t$ ) ! p[] ( its claws1 t !y tie !m toge!r ) /r+ z soon z ! animal is caught4 ,=m]ly !y us$ to 8peg0 !m1 i4e4 drive a wood5 peg into ! jo9t s z to prev5t x f mov+4 ,?is cu/om1 h[ev]1 is n[ prohibit$ by law on acc\nt ( its cruelty4 ,! p[] ( ! ,crab's claws is s great t a bite f a l>ge ,crab w inflict a sev]e injury1 & r5d] a h& helpless4 ,x has m ?an once happ5$ t m5 :o h be5 feel+ = ,crabs 9 ! recesses ( ! rocks at l[ wat] h be5 seiz$1 & s]i\sly imp]ill$1 n be+ able to release !mselves f ! gripe4 ,inde$1 x is said t !re h be5 in/ances :]e ! ,crab has held s tightly1 t ! man has be5 dr[n$ by ! return+ tide1 no "o hav+ come to 8 assi/ance4 ,i am1 h[ev]1 incl9$ to d\bt ?is /atem5t1 ?9k+ t ! ,crab w\ld n be likely to rema9 9 its hid+-place v long aft] ! wat] came up4 ,/ill1 t su* an idea %\ld be curr5tly believ$ 9 _m p>ts ( ,engl& %[s ! e/imation 9 :i* ! gripe ( ! ,crab's claw is held4 ,,tools ,,*apt] ,,iv4 ,,poli%+ ,,tools4--,,measur+ ,,tools4 ,files & ,s&-pap]s4--,! ,%effield ,file & its ,/ructure4--,! ,equisetum1 ,m>e's ,tail1 or ,dut* ,ru%4--,beauty ( its ,surface :5 se5 ?r\gh ! ,microscope4--,s&-pap]4--,sk9 ( ,dog-fi%1 ,skate1 & ,%>k4--,skate-sk9 us$ = ,sword-h&les4--,di/9ction betwe5 ! ,file & ,s&-pap]4--,measur+ ,tools4--,! ,plumb-rule & ! ,level4--,_! ,use 9 ,tunnell+4--,! ,measure & its ,uses4--,! ,two-foot ,rule & ! ,tape ,measure4--,ovipositor ( ,gall-fly4--,tongues ( ! ,woodpeck]1 ,wryneck1 & ,creep]4--,! ,_s-level & its ,uses4--,!odolite & ,callip]s 9 ,nature & ,art4--,! ,cont\r+-glass4--,p9c]s ( ,e>wig aga94--,jaws ( ,insects4--,! great ,sialis ( ,columbia4 ,,files ,,& ,,s&-,,pap]s4 ,hav+ n[ exam9$ ! analogies betwe5 ! cutt+1 bor+1 /rik+ & grasp+ tools ( ,nature & ,art1 we come to ^? f9i%+ tools :i* smoo? & poli% ! surface4 ,! fir/ is ! ,file1 an in/rum5t :i* ne$s b little description4 ,x consi/s ( a surface ( h>d5$ /eel1 brok5 up into r\gh-edg$ tee? ( inf9ite v>iety1 accord+ to ! "w :i* ! file has to d4 ,x is r rem>kable1 by ! way1 t at pres5t ! ,engli% files are inf9itely sup]ior to ^? produc$ 9 any o!r "p ( ! _w2 t _! tee? are all made by h&2 & t a g5u9e ,%effield file w fir/ cut its way ?r\gh a piece ( iron 9 half ! "t t w\ld be occupi$ by a file ( any o!r nation1 & !n w\ld easily cut its antagoni/ 9 two4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,z long z ! ,file is int5d$ to "w ^u metal1 !re is little difficulty 9 its manufacture1 except t no ma*9]y has yet be5 inv5t$ :i* c give ! peculi> edg+ ( ! ridges1 & to :i* is ow+ ! unmi/akable 8bite0 ( a real ,engli% file4 ,b !re are occasions :5 ! h& ( ! mo/ cunn+ file-mak] is baffl$1 & :5 x is necess>y to cut files s delicate t ! unaid$ human eye _c trace _! tee?4 ,art1 !re=e1 has rec\rse to ,nature1 & ! cab9et-mak]1 :o _c obta9 any file made by human h&s :i* w answ] 8 purpose 9 ! high] bran*es ( 8 trade1 makes great use ( ! 8,dut* ,ru%10 z he calls x4 ,x is n a ru% at all1 b simply a species ( ,m>e's ,tail1 or ,equisetum1 a plant :i* fills 9 pr(usion almo/ e m>%y spot 9 ,engl&4 ,illu/ration3 ,,equisetum4 ,illu/ration3 ,,file4 ,! peculi> fitness ( ! ,equisetum = ?is purpose _c be appreciat$ ev5 by ^? :o use x until x has be5 view$ "u ! microscope4 ,i h n[ be=e me a small piece ( ,equisetum1 plac$ "u a half-in* p[]1 & view$ by direct illum9ation1 x be+ treat$ z an opaque object4 ,! microscope reveals at a glance ! s\rce ( ! p[] :i* ! +5uity ( man has tak5 advantage (4 ,! surface ( ! ,equisetum is se5 to be compos$ ( myriads ( t9y p>allel ridges1 ea* ridge bri/l+ ) r[s ( fl9ty spicules1 look+ v mu* l ! brok5 glass ^u ! top ( a wall4 ,m9ute z !y are1 ^! spicules c d _! "w1 & !y enable ! jo9] to f9i% (f "w 9 a mann] t c\ld n be accompli%$ by any tool made by human h&s4 ,i f9d1 by rec5t inquiries1 t mod]n jo9]s sc>cely1 if ev]1 use ! ,equisetum1 pref]r+ em]y-pap] z *eap] & m exp$iti\s1 & kn[+ t ! popul> eye is n able to appreciate ! diff]5ce ( ! surface obta9$ by ! ,equisetum f t :i* is giv5 by ! f9e/ em]y-pap] ev] made4 ,wood-c>v]s1 h[ev]1 if !y be ( ! consci5ti\s k9d1 & love _! "w = its own sake1 adh]e to ! ,dut* ,ru%1 & are all ! happi] = x4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,pass we n[ to ! co>s] k9ds ( poli%]s1 ! *ief ( :i* is popul>ly kn[n z ,s&-pap]1 & is made by coat+ "s tissue ) glue1 & scatt]+ ^u x s& ( diff]5t qualities1 accord+ to ! "w to be done4 ,sometimes1 :5 ! "w is r\gh1 ! s& is l>ge1 r\gh1 & co>se1 & sometimes1 :5 ! "w is f9e1 ! s& is s c>efully sift$ be=e x is scatt]$ on ! glu$ pap]1 t !re is little di/9ction betwe5 ! s&-pap] & em]y-pap]4 ,l951 by ! way1 is g5]ally us$ in/ead ( pap]1 z be+ m endur+1 less liable to crack1 & capable ( be+ fold$ s z to obta9 access to crevices :i* pap] c\ld n t\*4 ,illu/ration3 ,,dog-,,fi% ,,sk91 ,,magnifi$4 ,illu/ration3 ,,s&-,,pap]1 ,,magnifi$4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,aga9 9 ,nature we f9d a p>allel1 & ! co>se ,s&-pap] ( mod]n ,art has long be5 anticipat$ 9 ! scale-clad sk9s ( _m fi%es4 ,! accompany+ illu/ration is tak5 f ! sk9 ( a ,pick$ ,dog-fi% f\nd by myself ly+ dead on ! rocks 9 ,bide=d ,bay4 ,i cut (f a piece = transmission to ! draftsman1 & f\nd t n only did x feel exactly l cutt+ ?r\gh a piece ( v common s&-pap]1 b t x blunt$ ! edge ( a new knife 9 exactly ! same mann] z w\ld h be5 done by ! r\ghe/ ( s&-pap]4 ,?is k9d ( sk9 is common to all ! %>k tribe 7includ+ ! ,dog-fi%es1 :i* are b %>ks 9 m9iature71 & to ! ,skate1 ,saw-fi%1 c4 ,i h n[ be=e me a small1 b p]fect example ( ! ,saw-fi%1 ! surface ( :i* is cov]$ ) fl9ty scales l ^? ( ! ,dog-fi%1 b v mu* small]1 requir+ ! aid ( a magnify+ l5s to di/+ui% !m4 ,ev5 to guess at ! numb] ( !m is impossible1 = !y cov] ! :ole ( ! body1 & ext5d to ! v end ( ! beak1 9 "s places glitt]+ 9 a /rong light z if p\nd$ glass _h be5 spr9kl$ all ov] ! fi%4 ,"o ( ! mo/ int]e/+ po9ts 9 _! /ructure is ! mann] 9 :i* !y rea* ! r\nd$ jaws1 & !re become conv]t$ into tee? p[]ful en\gh to cru% ! animals on :i* ! fi% live4 ,! /ructure ( ^! jaws w be expla9$ 9 a future *apt]4 ,"s ( ! skates & %>ks h ^! scales ( great size1 s z to %[ _! =mation almo/ )\t ! aid ( a magnify+-glass4 ,?is is ! case ) a species ( skate1 ! sk9 ( :i* is us$ by ! ,japanese = wrapp+ r\nd ! h&les ( _! be/ swords1 & :i* is greatly valu$ by t nation1 ! sword be+ an almo/ sacr$ article 9 ! eyes ( a ,japanese4 ,!re is a well-kn[n museum 9 :i* ^! swords are labell$ z hav+ h&les ( 8granulat$ ivory40 ,n[1 9 ! fir/ place1 !re is no su* ?+ z granulat$ ivory2 &1 9 ! next1 a m]e glance ought to tell ! obs]v] t ! s-call$ ivory is a sk9 ( "s sort1 work$ ^u ! h&le :ile wet1 & kept 9 its place by copp] /uds4 ,ev5 ! junction ( ! edges is p]ceptible1 & yet ! au?orities ( ! museum 9 "q1 al?\gh !y h be5 repeat$ly correct$1 /ill p]si/ 9 call+ ! skate-sk9 by ! absurd title ( granulat$ ivory4 ,h[ev]1 if ivory c\ld be granulat$1 x w\ld c]ta9ly look v mu* l ! skate-sk94 ,:5 exam9$ closely1 ! scales1 :e!r ( ,dog-fi%1 ,skate1 ,%>k1 or ,saw-fi%1 are se5 to resemble hexagonal cones1 n com+ q to a po9t1 b truncat$1 s z to h an hexagonal flatt5$ tip4 ,!y are almo/ ( a fl9ty h>dness1 especially at _! tips1 & on inspection ( !m ! obs]v] is n surpris$ at ! use ( ,dog-fi% sk9 9 place ( s&-pap]4 ,p]haps ! read] may ask :y ! ,equisetum %\ld be tak5 z ! prototype ( ! file1 & ! sk9 ( ! ,dog-fi% z t ( s&-pap]4 ,! reason is ?is4 ,! fl9ty po9ts ( ! ,equisetum are set ^u p>allel ridges some?+ l ^? ( a file1 :ile ! scales ( ! ,dog-fi% are )\t any app>5t ord]1 be+ cr[d$ aga9/ ea* o!r l ! cutt+ p>ticles ^u ! s&-pap]4 ,t !re %\ld n be an ord]1 & t a def9ite "o1 is out ( ! "q4 ,b x has n yet be5 detect$ by human eyes1 & !re=e may be practically treat$ z non-exi/5t4 ,,tools ,,( ,,measurem5t4 ,9 _m ( ! arts1 m especially ^? :i* belong to eng9e]+ & c>p5t]+ z a "p ( ar*itecture1 x is absolutely necess>y to make sure ( a p]p5dicul> l9e1 i4e4 a l9e :i*1 if cont9u$1 w\ld rea* f any po9t ( ! e>?'s surface to its exact c5tre bel[ & its z5i? above4 ,7 x n = ! p[] ( produc+ ?is l9e1 none ( ! great eng9e]+ works ( mod]n or anci5t days c\ld h be5 und]tak54 ,take1 = example1 ! wond]ful tunnels :i* h be5 driv5 ?r\gh ! e>?1 ( :i* ! ,mont ,c5is ,tunnel is "o ( ! greate/ triumphs ( mod]n eng9e]+4 ,beg9n+1 z ! workm5 did1 at opposite ends ( a tunnel _m miles 9 l5g?1 & lab\r+ only by ! l9es laid d[n by ! eng9e]s1 ! m5 work$ /eadily on until !y met 9 ! c5tre4 ,a few bl[s1 & ! !n n>r[ divid+ wall 0 %att]$1 ! m5 %ook h&s ?r\gh ! ap]ture1 & !n1 aft] enl>g+ x1 leap$ wildly f "o side to ! o!r1 hav+ successfully solv$ ! great problem4 ,) su* m>vell\s precision _h ! l9es be5 laid1 t only a few in*es _h to be smoo!d d[n on ei!r side1 & ! sides or walls ( ! tunnel %[$ no traces ( ! junction4 ,s rapid has be5 ! progress ( eng9e]+ t a tunnel ( a mile 9 l5g? w\ld1 )9 ! memory ( man1 h be5 ?\ght z d>+ a project z 0 ! ,mont ,c5is ,tunnel1 :i* has j be5 giv5 z an example4 ,inde$1 ,i "k ( a railway tunnel1 n q a mile 9 l5g?1 :]e ! eng9e]s _h committ$ "s error1 s t ! two halves1 in/ead ( meet+ exactly1 ov]lapp$ ea* o!r s mu* t ! mi/ake 0 only discov]$ by ! workm51 :o he>d ! /rokes ( _! companions' picks on _! sides1 & n 9 front4 ,consequ5tly1 a great wa/e ( "t took place1 & ! c5tre ( ! tunnel _h to be made ) a d\ble curve1 l ! lett] ,s1 & tra9s are oblig$ to slack5 spe$ until !y h pass$ x4 ,^? :o h liv$ long en\gh to rememb] ! curr5t lit]ature ( ! pa/ g5]ation w call to m9d ! ridicule t 0 ca/ ^u ! idea ( a tunnel t %\ld pass "u ! ,?ames4 ,t x w\ld be useful if x c\ld be complet$1 no "o v5tur$ to d\bt1 b t su* an idea c\ld be conceiv$ by any "o out ( a lunatic asylum 0 r too mu* = ! j\rnali/s ( ! day4 ,h[ev]1 ! tunnel 0 made1 & s prov$ ! !ori/s wrong on ! "o side4 ,&1 :5 made1 x 0 ( v little use1 :i* prov$ !m wrong on ! o!r side4 ,n[ ! proposal to c>ry a subm>9e tunnel f ,engl& to ,france excites n half ! opposition t 0 elicit$ by ! comp>ative *ild's-play ( a tunnel "u ! ,?ames4 ,! only mode ( lay+ d[n ! l9es on :i* ! m5 work$ is by susp5d+ v heavy balls to v f9e wires1 & !n1 by means ( delicate optical in/rum5ts1 asc]ta9+ :e!r ! wires are 9 l9e ) ea* o!r4 ,famili> in/ances ( ! use ( ?is pr9ciple may be se5 9 ! plumb-rule & level ( ! build] or c>p5t]4 ,! latt]1 ) a base ( t5 feet 9 l5g?1 is (t5 us$ by ! g>d5] :5 he wi%es to lay ! absolutely level lawns t are requir$ = our mod]n game ( croquet1 :]e ! hoops are sc>cely wid] ?an ! balls1 & ! lawn has 9 consequ5ce to be ne>ly z level z a billi>d table4 ,i may "h rem>k t ! "n plumb-rule is d]iv$ f ! ,lat9 ^w plumbum1 or lead1 9 allusion to ! lead5 weight at ! end ( ! /r+4 ,! ^w 8plumb]0 is due to ! same s\rce1 & signifies a work] 9 lead4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,^! invaluable aids to ! developm5t ( civilisation are due to "o pr9ciple1 namely1 t :i* we call ,gravitation1 b :i* ought m prop]ly to be t]m$ ,attraction1 & :i* attracts all p>ts ( ! e>? t[>ds its c5tre4 ,we are all famili> ) ! anecdote ( ,newton & ! fall+ apple1 :i* may be true or n1 b :i* at all ev5ts be>s on ! pres5t subject4 ,no matt] on :at portion ( ! sph]ical e>? a tree may be1 e fruit becom+ dis5gag$ f x is attract$ to ! e>?1 ! l9e :i* x takes1 unless di/urb$ by ext]nal =ces 7su* z w9d1 c471 be+ t :i* passes f ! z5i? to ! c5tre ( ! e>?4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fall+ ,,fruit4 ,illu/ration3 ,,plumb-,,rule4 ,illu/ration3 ,,level4 ,?is imag9>y l9e is a p]fect p]p5dicul>1 & ! visible l9e :i* is =m$ by ! delicate wire ( ! tunnel-bor+ eng9e]+ in/rum5t1 or ! comp>atively co>se /r+ ( ! plumb-rule & level1 are approximations suffici5tly close = practical purposes4 ,s x is 9 a ma!matical proposition4 ,z ma!matical l9es h no bread?1 !y are simply indicat$ or repres5t$ by ! l9es ( ! figure1 ! bodily eye be+ incapable ( see+ :at is p]fectly visible to ! m5tal eye1 namely1 l5g? )\t wid?4 ,s ! wire & /r+ p]=m 9 practical "w exactly ! same (fice :i* is fulfill$ by ! l9es ( a ma!matical proposition drawn on pap]4 ,we h already1 :5 treat+ ( ! ,fall-trap1 se5 h[ ?is pr9ciple is br\ght into op]ation by ^? :o are utt]ly incapable ( disc]n+ ! physical pr9ciple1 ?\gh !y c apply x mat]ially ) wond]ful effect4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,x is1 p]haps1 ne$less to m5tion ! value ( ! ,measure to any h&icraftsman4 ,i well rememb] t :51 "s tw5ty-f\r ye>s ago1 ,i 0 tak+ lessons f a c>p5t] 9 ! art ( mak+ ladd]s1 gates1 f5ces1 hurdles1 & o!r r\gh-&-ready "w1 my qua9t old tutor relat$ an anecdote ( & aga9/ himself4 ,he v +5i\sly set me to "w at bor+ ! aug]-holes 9 ! gate-po/s :i* 7 to be unit$ by ! mortise *isel & mallet1 & to sweet5 ! r sev]e1 because unaccu/om$1 lab\r1 told me t1 :5 he 0 a boy1 he 0 do+ j ! same ?+4 ,be+ r tir$ ( twi/+ ! aug] h&le 7& no wond] ei!r71 he )drew ! in/rum5t1 & put 8 f+] into ! hole by way ( asc]ta9+ its dep?4 ,imm$iately he f\nd himself on 8 back1 hav+ receiv$ a trem5d\s box on ! e> f 8 fa!r1 ^: p>5tal wra? 0 excit$ by ! idea ( 8 son condesc5d+ to use 8 f+] by way ( measure1 :5 he _h a two-foot rule 9 its own special pocket4 ,!re are1 h[ev]1 _m cases :]e ev5 a two-foot rule w\ld be insuffici5t = ! "w1 & :]e a measure ( ?irty or =ty feet is ne$$4 ,n[1 !re is no d\bt t by means ( a two-foot1 or ev5 a six-in*1 rule any numb] ( feet might be measur$ accurately2 b1 consid]+ ! numb] ( junctions t h to be made1 x is n likely t any pret5ce to accuracy c\ld be insur$4 ,!n1 a rod ( =ty1 or ev5 ( tw5ty1 feet 9 l5g? w\ld be awkw>d & unmanageable1 & ! only plan left is to take a /r+ or cord ( ! requisite l5g?4 ,ev5 "h1 h[ev]1 is a difficulty4 ,! /r+ w\ld n all[ ( %ort measurem5ts1 su* z in*es1 be+ writt5 ^u x4 ,let1 h[ev]1 a broad tape ( inela/ic mat]ial be sub/itut$ = ! /r+1 & all is easy en\gh4 ,! next plan is to provide = ! portability ( ! tape 9 "q1 to insure its r$uction into ! smalle/ possible compass1 & to be sure t x is n twi/$ s z to damage its accuracy4 ,^! objects are all atta9$ by ! ord9>y ,tape ,measure ( ! pres5t day1 :i*1 :e!r x be a y>d measure 9 a lady's workbox1 or a surveyor's measur+ tape1 is a ribbon ( comp>atively inela/ic mat]ial1 coil$ up :5 n want$1 & capable ( be+ drawn out to its fulle/ extreme :5 ne$$4 ,putt+ aside ! bread? ( ! l9e1 & consequ5tly disreg>d+ ! liability to twi/1 we h 9 ! ,fi%+-reel ( ! mod]n angl] an exact case 9 po9t4 ,s we h 9 ! lady's y>d measure1 & 9 ! g>d5]'s or build]'s tape1 all ^! be+ modifications ( ! same idea4 ,illu/ration3 ,,ovipositor ,,( ,,gall-,,fly4 ,illu/ration3 ,,spr+ ,,measure4 ,suppose n[ t we pass to ,nature1 s z to asc]ta9 :e!r any su* provisions 7 9 exi/5ce be=e x 0 imitat$1 h[ev] unconsci\sly1 by man4 ,?is c]ta9ly 0 ! case ) "o ( ! commone/ & mo/ insignificant ( our insects1 ! little ,gall-fly1 belong+ to ! g5us ,cynips4 ,x c\ld n lay its eggs )\t ! aid ( a v long ovipositor1 &1 ow+ to /ructural details1 x _c c>ry t ovipositor 9 a /raight l9e1 z is done by _m insects1 "s ( :i* h already be5 m5tion$4 ,accord+ly1 x is coil$ up exactly l our measur+ tapes1 & c be unroll$ :5 ne$$4 ,! long1 protrusible tongues ( ! ,wryneck1 ,creep]1 & ,woodpeck] are examples ( a simil> /ructure1 ! t5d9\s portions be+ coil$ r\nd ! head :5 n ne$$4 ,,! ,,_s-,,level4 ,hav+ n[ se5 h[ ! =ces ( ,nature enable u to produce a p]fectly p]p5dicul> l9e1 we w see h[ ! same =ce1 ?\gh appli$ 9 a diff]5t mann]1 enables u to produce a p]fectly horizontal l9e1 ! int]section ( ! two l9es produc+ a "r angle4 ,illu/ration3 ,,float+ ,,bubble4 ,illu/ration3 ,,_s-,,level4 ,! measur+ tool 9 "q is call$ ! ,_s-level1 & is repres5t$ on ! "r h& ( ! accompany+ illu/ration4 ,its con/ruction is v simple1 consi/+ ( a tube1 ne>ly fill$ ) _s1 & hav+ j "o bubble ( air 9 x4 ,n[1 ow+ to ! =ce ( gravitation1 ! air-bubble mu/ always be upp]mo/4 ,consequ5tly1 if ! tube be a p]fect cyl9d]1 :5ev] x is held s t ! bubble is 9 ! c5tre1 ! tube mu/ be horizontal1 a hair's bread? ( deviation alt]+ ! l9e4 ,i may "h m5tion t1 z f> z ! pr9ciple ( ! in/rum5t goes1 wat] w\ld s]ve ! purpose z effectively z _s4 ,b z 9 cold wea!r ! wat] might freeze1 & s bur/ ! tube1 z well z be+ useless until x 0 ?aw$1 _s is always sub/itut$4 ,?is in/rum5t is us$ = v>i\s purposes4 ,sometimes x is employ$ = levell+ billi>d tables1 or = asc]ta9+ ! exact level ( walls & o!r p>ts ( build+s4 ,surveyors c\ld sc>cely d _! "w )\t ! ,_s-level1 :i* =ms an important "p ( _! *ief in/rum5t1 ! !odolite4 ,inde$1 ! new sci5ce ( l& dra9age1 by :i* ! t\gh1 unproductive clay soil is conv]t$ into f]tile e>?1 is entirely dep5d5t on ! use ( ! ,_s-level1 :i* detects ! slighte/ rise or fall 9 ! gr\nd4 ,a mo/ +5i\s modification ( ! ,_s-level is us$ by milit>y eng9e]s1 & is kn[n by ! "n ( ! 8,cont\r+-glass10 a t]m :i* requires "s explanation4 ,x is ( ! utmo/ importance t a milit>y eng9e] %\ld be able1 :e!r on foot or on horseback1 to asc]ta9 ! approximate heights ( ! v>i\s po9ts :i* he visits1 ! effici5cy or failure ( a batt]y v mu* dep5d+ on ! comp>ative elevation ( ! spot on :i* ! batt]y is plac$1 & t ( ! place aga9/ :i* its fire is direct$4 ,9 an unkn[n c\ntry1 ( :i* no detail$ maps exi/1 an invad+ =ce mu/ ( necessity dep5d on ! extemporis$ surveys ( _! eng9e] (fic]s1 & "o ( ! mo/ valuable ( _! devices is ! sy/em ( ,cont\r+1 inv5t$1 z f> z ,i "k1 by ! late ,colonel ,hut*9son1 ,r4,e4 ,! idea is simple en\gh4 ,a hill is se51 & ! eng9e] makes a sket* ( x be=e he asc5ds4 ,at ! foot he halts1 & m>ks ! spot :]e 8 foot presses ! e>?4 ,he !n looks 9 front at a spot exactly on ! level ( 8 eye1 m>ks x1 & walks to x4 ,he !n draws a l9e across 8 sket*1 at ! exact spot on :i* he is /&+1 & t is ! fir/ 8cont\r+ l9e40 ,o!rs foll[1 until he has rea*$ ! top ( ! hill4 ,n[1 if he c tru/ himself to look exactly horizontally1 he has asc]ta9$ ! elevation ( e "p ( ! hill4 ,he kn[s ! height ( 8 eye f ! sole ( 8 foot1 & calculates accord+ly4 ,suppose1 = example1 t x be five feet1 & t t5 cont\r+ l9es are m>k$1 he kn[s t ! entire height is fifty feet1 & t ea* l9e means an elevation ( five feet4 ,?is is a v excell5t !ory1 b "o :i* is n r$uc$ to practice s easily z x looks4 ,!re is no?+ m deceptive ?an a cont\r1 especially ^u an irregul> hill1 ! inv>iable mi/akes be+ ei!r greatly to ov]rate or und]rate ! height ( ! cont\r4 ,:5 ,i took my fir/ lesson 9 ?is art ,i caus$ mu* amusem5t to ! pr(essor "u :om ,i 0 /udy+1 by mak+ ,%oot]'s ,hill consi/ ( ab\t sev5te5 cont\rs4 ,h[ev]1 z _m milit>y /ud5ts made v mu* ! same mi/ake1 ,i 0 n s humiliat$ z ,i suppos$4 ,( c\rse1 if a survey+ (fic] be m\nt$1 he takes ! cont\r l9e z measur$ f 8 eye to ! gr\nd ?r\gh ! c5tre ( ! saddle4 ,aft] "s practice ! eye becomes s mu* accu/om$ to ! cont\r+ l9es t !y are tak5 almo/ me*anically2 b1 until ?is result be ga9$1 an absolute pro( is ne$$1 :i* is furni%$ by ! ,cont\r+-glass--:i*1 by ! way1 is n a glass at all1 aft] ! common acceptation ( ! ^w4 ,x is a simple brass tube ab\t ?ree in*es long1 n ?ick] ?an a man's little f+]1 & op5 ?r\gh\t4 ,a small _s-level is fix$ on its l[] surface1 & on ! v c5tre ( ! upp] surface is a t9y /eel mirror1 :i* projects d[nw>ds l a knife-blade4 ,9 ord] to get a 8cont\r10 ! obs]v] looks ?r\gh ! tube1 slightly depress+ its end4 ,he !n gradually raises x1 /ill look+ ?r\gh x4 ,z ! tube becomes exactly horizontal ! bubble 9 ! _s-level is reflect$ 9 ! little mirror1 & ! object on :i* ! tube is direct$ is 9 consequ5ce on a level ) ! obs]v]'s eye4 ,at fir/ ! managem5t ( ! cont\r+-glass is r t$i\s2 b aft] a little practice x c be us$ )\t paus+ = a s+le /ep4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,invaluable z is ! ,_s-level1 ) its v>i\s modifications1 x is no?+ b an adaptation ( t natural law :i* causes ! bubbles to float on ! surface ( a /ream in/ead ( be+ subm]g$ bel[ x4 ,we h all se5 ! multitud9\s bubbles ( soda-wat]1 or ( any eff]vesc+ liquid1 & h notic$ h[ !y are v small :5 g5]at$1 b enl>ge quickly1 & rise to ! surface ) a rapidity equal to _! enl>gem5t4 ,! same ph5om5a may be obs]v$ 9 any wat]-fall1 or ev5 9 ! v famili> & unpoetical op]ation ( p\r+ be] f a jug into a glass4 ,! read] w see t 9 ! plumb-rule1 ! level1 & ! _s-level "o s+le pr9ciple is employ$1 namely1 ! attraction ( matt] t[>ds ! c5tre ( ! e>?4 ,9 ! two =m] in/rum5ts ?is attraction gives a v]tical l9e1 & 9 ! latt] x gives a horizontal l9e1 b ! pr9ciple is ! same 9 bo?4 ,,callip]s4 ,illu/ration3 ,,jaws ,,( ,,sialis4 ,illu/ration3 ,,callip]s4 ,we conclude ! hi/ory ( measur+ tools ) ! ,callip]s4 ,= ord9>y purposes1 & ^u a plane surface1 ! ,compasses answ] e purpose4 ,b !re are v>i\s arts1 especially sculpture1 9 :i* ! compasses1 ) _! /raight legs1 are absolutely valueless1 & _! place mu/ be suppli$ by a diff]5tly %ap$ in/rum5t4 ,= example1 no ord9>y compasses c\ld measure ! exact di/ance f ! no/ril to ! back ( ! head1 or ev5 t\* two po9ts at opposite sides ( a limb1 & x is !re=e necess>y to h compasses ) curv$ legs4 ,^! are t]m$ ,callip]s1 & c be us$ on a plane z well z on a r\nd$ surface4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,natural ,callip]s are pl5tiful en\gh1 & may be f\nd ext5sively among ! insect tribes4 ,!re are1 = example1 ! p9c]s ( ! ,e>wig1 :i* h already be5 describ$ on page #bei1 & :i* are1 9 ! common species1 =m$ exactly l ! ,callip]s ( ! sculptor4 ,!n we h v>i\s insect jaws1 especially ^? ( ! c>nivor\s species1 "o ( ! mo/ curi\s be+ ! l>ge insect :i* is %[n 9 ! illu/ration1 ^u a v r$uc$ scale4 ,9 ! male ! jaws are exce$+ly long & curv$1 z may be se5 by ref]5ce to ! illu/ration4 ,i h n[ be=e me a pair ( sculptor's callip]s1 & ! resemblance betwe5 !m & ! jaws ( ! ,sialis is /rangely close1 ! curve be+ almo/ exactly ! same 9 bo? cases4 ,! sci5tific "n ( ?is insect is ,sialis armata1 & x is a native ( ,columbia4 ,,optics4 ,,*apt] ,i4 ,,! ,,missions ,,( ,,hi/ory4--,,! ,,cam]a ,,obscura4--,,long ,,& ,,%ort ,,sight4--,,/]eoscope ,,& ,,pseudoscope4--,,multiply+-,,glasses4 ,! ,cam]a ,obscura4--,telescopes1 ,microscopes1 & ,spectroscopes1 & _! sep>ate ,objects4--,/ructure ( ! ,cam]a ,obscura4--,! ,d\ble ,convex ,l5s4--,its ,use z a ,burn+-glass4--,! ,m]idian ,gun 9 ,p>is4--,signification ( ! ,^w 8,focus40--,! ,human ,eye & its ,analogies to ! ,cam]a ,obscura4--,=ms ( v>i\s ,l5ses4--,long & ,%ort ,sight4--,_! ,causes & ,means ( ,rem$y4--,alt]ation ( ,sight 9 ! ,div]4--,long & ,%ort sight$ ,spectacles4--,! ,eye ( ,birds4--,its beautiful ,/ructure4--,wa%+-glasses & ! 8,nictitat+0 ,membrane4--,comb9ation ( ,images4--,natural ,/]eoscopes4--,! ,pseudoscope & its ,effects on an ,object4--,! ,multiply+-glass4--,! ,eight ,eyes ( ! ,spid] & _! ,arrangem5t4--,! ,sev5ty ,?\s& ,eyes ( ! ,butt]fly4--,=m ( ! ,facets4 ,hi/ory seems to fall into natural divisions1 & to write ! records ( "t 9 successive epo*s1 record+ ! advance ( ! human race4 ,"s ( !m h app>5tly disappe>$ except by ! /range relics :i* !y h left beh9d1 b ?\gh no?+ is kn[n ( ! m5 :o work$ 9 ^! anci5t times1 !y /amp$ _! m>k ^u ! e>?1 & evid5tly left ! _w bett] ?an !y f\nd x4 ,a v admirable treatise on ?is subject has be5 writt5 by ! late ,rev4 ,j4 ,smi?1 call$ ! 8,div9e ,drama ( ,creation40 ,9 ?is "w he divides ! progress ( ! human race into five acts1 l ^? ( a drama4 ,! fir/ act is ! ,hebrew ,mission1 ! second ! ,greek ,mission1 ! ?ird ! ,roman ,mission & ! ,middle ,ages1 ! f\r? ! ,national ,mission1 & ! fif? ! ,univ]sal ,mission4 ,c]ta9ly a sc5e ( ! la/ act is n[ 9 progress1 & may be entitl$ ! ,sci5tific ,mission4 ,! la/ hundr$ ye>s h be5 inde$ ! age ( discov]y1 &1 dur+ t "t1 ! life ( civilis$ man has be5 q alt]$1 s t practically 8 soj\rn ^u e>? has be5 d\bl$4 ,/eam1 ) all its v>i\s applications1 electricity1 & o!r k9dr$ arts h become s int]m+l$ ) our lives1 t x is difficult to imag9e :at our /ate w\ld be if we 7 sudd5ly & utt]ly depriv$ ( !m4 ,! loss to all w\ld be incalculable1 & n ! lea/ ( ! losses w\ld be t ( ready communion ) our fell[-creatures4 ,( ^! arts we w n[ take t :i* is nam$ at ! head ( ?is division ( ! book1 & see h[ f> x is a developm5t ( natural facts4 ,,! ,,cam]a ,,obscura ,,& ,,! ,,eye4 ,i h already spok5 ( arts z be+ ak9 to ea* o!r4 ,!y are m ?an ?is1 & e day ( ! _w's progress tea*es u t ,art1 ,sci5ce1 & ,manufacture are si/]s1 all born ( "o family1 & all dep5d+ mutually on ea* o!r4 ,take1 = example1 our pres5t !me--namely1 ,optics--& see h[ dep5d5t x is ^u ,manufacture & ,art4 ,)\t ! =m]1 man c\ld n con/ruct ^? beautiful telescopes1 microscopes1 spectroscopes1 ( ! pres5t day1 :i* are evid5tly b ! precursors ( in/rum5ts :i* w "w /ill great] m>vels4 ,! fir/ enables u to see sol> sy/ems )\t numb]1 to :i* our own1 va/ z x seems to u1 is b z a gra9 ( s& 9 ! des]t4 ,! next in/rum5t makes revelations z m>vell\s ( ! inf9itely m9ute z does ! telescope ( ! inf9itely great1 enabl+ u to see liv+ organizations s small t ?irty-two millions c\ld swim 9 a cubic in* ( wat]4 ,! ?ird1 a comp>atively mod]n in/rum5t1 reveals ! composition ( objects1 & c detect & regi/] ! mat]ials ( :i* ! sun & fix$ />s are made1 or detect an adult]ation 9 w9e4 ,x c adapt itself equally to ! telescope & microscope1 & ! v same in/rum5t :i* w reveal ! "* ( an invisible gas 9 ! ,pole-/>1 :5 atta*$ to ! telescope1 c1 :5 connect$ ) ! microscope1 po9t out ! pres5ce ( half a corpuscle ( blood :]e no o!r in/rum5t c\ld discov] any trace ( x4 ,all ^! in/rum5ts1 toge!r ) _m o!rs1 w be describ$ 9 ! pres5t division ( ! "w1 & _! analogies ) ,nature %[n4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,we w n[ take ! subject ( ! ,cam]a ,obscura1 an in/rum5t ) :i* ! photographic app>atus ( ! pres5t day has made mo/ ( u famili>4 ,z its action dep5ds *iefly ^u ! glass1 or l5s1 ?r\gh :i* ! rays ( light pass into ! in/rum5t1 we w fir/ expla9 t4 ,a 8l5s0 is a glass =m$ 9 su* a mann] t ! rays ( light :i* pass ?r\gh x ei!r conv]ge to a focus1 or are disp]s$1 by means ( ! law ( refraction4 ,e "o :o has be5 photograph$--& :o has n8--w rememb] t :5 ! sitt] has tak5 8 position1 ! photograph] br+s to be> ^u him a circul> glass fix$ into a %ort tube1 & !n looks ?r\gh ! in/rum5t z if he 7 tak+ aim ) "s species ( fire>m4 ,x is no matt] ( wond] t :5 savages see ! photographic cam]a = ! fir/ "t !y are horribly fright5$1 = !re is really some?+ weird-l 9 ! appe>ance ( ! l5s ?us pres5t$4 ,n[1 ?is l5s is ( ! %ape call$ 8d\ble convex10 bo? sides be+ equally r\nd$1 s t a section ( x w\ld be %ap$ v mu* l a p>5!sis 774 ,! effect ( ?is =m ( l5s is to br+ ! rays ( light to a po9t at a giv5 di/ance f ! c5tre4 ,?is po9t is call$ ! 8focus10 & is well kn[n by means ( ! common burn+-glass1 :i* w set fire to objects plac$ 9 its focus1 :ile itself rema9s q cool4 ,i h se5 lead p\r d[n l wat] :5 plac$ 9 ! focus ( a l>ge burn+-glass1 & ev5 ! h>d] metals w yield to ! p[] ( ! sun's rays :5 ?us conc5trat$4 ,!re is no?+ :i* gives a m vivid idea ( ! am\nt ( heat ?r[n on ! e>? by ! rays ( ! sun ?an ! effects ( a mod]ately l>ge burn+-glass--say "o ( six in*es 9 diamet]4 ,if we trace a circle ( ?is size on ! surface ( ! e>?1 x does n seem z if any v great am\nt ( heat c be receiv$1 b :5 we cat* ! rays ( t circle 9 our glass1 & br+ !m toge!r ^u ! focus1 ! am\nt ( heat c be appreciat$4 ,! well-kn[n m]idian gun 9 ! ,palais ,royal is fir$ by ! sun4 ,a burn+-glass ( no v great size is plac$ ov] ! t\*-hole ( ! gun1 ) :i* its focus co9cides4 ,! l5s is turn$ 9 su* a mann] t1 z ! sun atta9s ! m]idian1 its rays are ?r[n ^u ! t\*-hole1 & consequ5tly fire ! gun4 ,! ^w focus is ! ,lat9 t]m = a dome/ic he>?1 & is us$ 9 allusion to ! heat :i* is manife/$ at ! po9t on :i* ! rays ( ! sun conv]ge4 ,x is evid5t t1 aft] rea*+ ! focus1 ! rays1 if !y be n int]cept$ by "s object1 w cross ea* o!r1 & =m a l>ge image1 b rev]s$4 ,?is "p ( ! subject w pres5tly be expla9$4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,! accompany+ illu/ration %[s two figures1 "o repres5t+ ! section ( a d\ble convex l5s made by ! h&s ( man1 & ! o!r t ( a d\ble convex l5s z se5 9 ,nature4 ,illu/ration3 ,,cry/all9e ,,l5s ,,( ,,human ,,eye4 ,illu/ration3 ,,d\ble ,,convex ,,l5s4 ,! =m] has already be5 expla9$4 ,! latt] is ! d\ble convex l5s ( ! human eye1 by means ( :i* ! images ( ext]nal objects are convey$ to ! bra94 ,:5ev] ?is l5s becomes ?ick5$ by disease1 ! sight is gradually dimm$1 & at la/ total bl9dness is ! result4 ,?is disease is popul>ly call$ 8cat>act10 & until late days 0 incurable4 ,n[1 h[ev]1 any good oculi/ w attack a cat>act1 & ei!r p>tially or entirely re/ore ! sight4 ,?is op]ation is p]=m$ by c>efully remov+ ! convex l5s1 & supply+ its place ) a glass l5s1 :i* ?r[s ! rays ( light on ! same focus4 ,! figure %[s ! d\ble convex l5s ( ! human eye 9 its place4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,hav+ n[ se5 some?+ ( ! prop]ties ( ! d\ble convex l5s1 we w exam9e its application to ! ,cam]a ,obscura4 ,! l5s is plac$ on "o side ( ! cam]a1 & is s made t x c be slid backw>ds & =w>ds1 & ! focus alt]$ at w4 ,! cam]a itself is a box completely clos$1 s t no light c ent] x except t :i* passes ?r\gh ! l5s4 ,! latt] is s arrang$ t ! rays :i* pass ?r\gh x are cross$1 & ?r[ _! image on ! opposite side ( ! cam]a4 ,9 ! photographic cam]a a piece ( gr\nd glass is plac$ at ! end1 s t ! rays fall ^u x1 & ! op]ator c see :e!r ! image is a good "o4 ,( c\rse ! figures are rev]s$1 s t ! sitt] seems to be on 8 head1 b t is a matt] ( no consequ5ce4 ,exactly ! same effect is produc$ by ! m>9e telescope4 ,illu/ration3 ,,eye ,,& ,,image4 ,illu/ration3 ,,cam]a ,,obscura ,,& ,,image4 ,! g5]al /ructure ( ! cam]a is %[n 9 ! illu/ration1 all ne$less details be+ omitt$4 ,i may "h rem>k t ! t]m 8cam]a obscura10 or d>k *amb]1 alludes to ! fact t ! box is completely clos$1 &1 b = ! rays :i* pass ?r\gh ! l5s1 w\ld be absolutely d>k4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,! opposite illu/ration %[s ! mo/ p]fect cam]a obscura t c be imag9$1 namely1 ! human eye4 ,"h we h a d>k *amb]1 a d\ble convex l5s1 & an image fall+ ^u ! back4 ,"h ! optic n]ve comes into play1 takes cognisance ( ! image1 & conveys ! idea to ! bra94 ,) a little tr\ble1 a real eye1 say t ( an ox1 c be dissect$ out1 & employ$ z a cam]a obscura1 ! op]ator see+ 9 ! back ( ! eye1 or 8ret9a10 ! same image :i* ! ox w\ld h se5 if x _h be5 alive4 ,9 photography1 ! op]ator1 :5 he has f\nd t a p]fect image is ?r[n ^u ! gr\nd glass1 :i* repres5ts ! ret9a ( ! eye1 sub/itutes = x a s5sitive surface1 on :i* ! rays are project$1 & :i*1 by *emical means1 produce a p]man5t in/ead ( a fleet+ object4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,examples ( o!r l5ses may be f\nd 9 ,nature4 ,%e1 moreov]1 c p]=m a task :i* man has nev] ev5 attempt$1 namely1 ! *ange ( =m 9 a l5s accord+ to ! duty :i* x has to d4 ,h[ ?is wond]ful object is atta9$ we %all pres5tly see4 ,!re is a =m ( l5s extremely useful 9 ,optics1 namely1 ! 8,plano-convex0 l5s4 ,?is is1 9 fact1 "o half ( a d\ble convex l5s1 ! section be+ made ?r\gh its edges1 & ! plane sides poli%$ z well z ! convex4 ,z1 h[ev]1 ?is is only a half ( ! d\ble convex l5s1 x does n ne$ fur!r explanation4 ,its natural c\nt]p>t may be se5 9 ! annex$ illu/ration4 ,illu/ration3 ,,human ,,eye3 ,,section ,,( ,,cornea1 ,c4 ,illu/ration3 ,,plano-,,convex ,,l5s4 ,a some:at m complicat$ =m ( l5s is call$ ! 8,m5iscus10 "o side ( :i* is convex & ! o!r concave4 ,a good example ( ! m5iscus may be f\nd 9 ! old-fa%ion$ wat*-glass1 be=e wat*mak]s took to flatt5+ !m1 & wat*-we>]s 7 n a%am$ to c>ry a 8turnip10 9 :i* !re 0 room to sp>e = ! works4 ,if a section ( su* a glass 7 tak51 x w\ld assume ! =m ( a half-moon4 ,?is1 9 fact1 is ! mean+ ( ! t]m 8m5iscus10 :i* is a ,greek ^w1 signify+ a little moon4 ,if ! same glass 7 solid1 or ev5 fill$ ) wat]1 x w\ld =m a 8plano-convex0 l5s4 ,( c\rse ! out] curve ( ! m5iscus mu/ be l>g] ?an ! inn] curve1 b 9 "s cases ! disproportion is v /rongly m>k$1 ! out] curve be+ v l>ge1 & ! inn] curve v small4 ,an example ( su* a m5iscus may be se5 9 ! human eye4 ,if ! read] w ref] to ! illu/ration on page #bhj1 9 :i* ! /ructure ( ! eye is %[n1 he w see ! m5iscus l5s 9 comb9ation ) ! d\ble convex4 ,! =m] has already be5 expla9$1 & ! latt] is =m$ by ! vitre\s hum\r :i* fills ne>ly ! entire globe ( ! eye4 ,its l>g] curve is due to ! =m ( ! eyeball1 & ! small] to ! convex l5s4 ,,long ,,& ,,%ort ,,sight4 ,x has already be5 m5tion$ t ! focus ( a convex l5s is %ort] 9 proportion to its convexity1 & t 9 consequ5ce its magnify+ p[] is increas$4 ,= example1 ! l>ge glasses ?r\gh :i* pictures are view$ are comp>atively ?9 9 proportion to _! diamet]1 :ile ! l5ses employ$ = ! highe/ p[]s ( ! microscope are sc>cely l>g] ?an small %ot1 & ne>ly z globul>4 ,x naturally foll[s t any in/rum5t to :i* a l5s is adapt$1 :e!r x be microscope or telescope1 mu/ dep5d = its focus on ! great] or less convexity ( ! l5s 9 "q4 ,illu/ration3 ,,frame ,,( ,,owl',s ,,eye4 ,,l5s ,,( ,,ditto4 ,illu/ration3 ,,%ort ,,& ,,long ,,sight$ ,,eyes 7,,) ,,spectacles74 ,aga9 tak+ z our example ! human eye1 we f9d t !re are v few p]sons :o f y\? to age possess or pres]ve eyes :i* c read small type at a mod]ate di/ance1 & c cle>ly def9e ! outl9es ( di/ant objects4 ,ne>ly all p1 ev5 if 9 _! y\? !y possess good sight1 lose x z !y gr[ old]4 ,!y c disc]n di/ant objects well en\gh1 b1 :5 !y come to read+1 !y are oblig$ to hold ! book at arm's l5g? be=e !y c di/+ui% ! lett]s4 ,?is defect is caus$ by ! insuffici5t convexity ( ! l5s1 s t ! focus is ?r[n too f> back1 & x is correct$ by we>+ spectacles suffici5tly convex to supply ! defici5cy 9 ! l5s ( ! eye4 ,an admirable example ( tempor>y long-sight$ness is famili> to e div]1 ?\gh he may be unconsci\s ( its cause4 ,suppose t into v cle> wat] ( "s twelve feet 9 dep?1 a :ite object1 say a common jam-pot1 is ?r[n1 x c be cle>ly disc]n$ f ! %ore1 unalt]$ 9 %ape or size4 ,b1 :5 ! div] se>*es = x1 he sees at fir/ only some?+ :ite1 l>ge1 undef9$1 & wav]+1 & only f9ds x resume its proportions z he approa*es x4 ,?is ph5om5on is due to ! pressure ( ! wat] ^u ! eyeball1 :i* flatt5s x1 & s ?r[s ! focus too f> back = a cle> image4 ,n[adays ?is defect is rem$i$ by ! use ( v convex spectacles1 s convex1 inde$1 t1 if worn 9 ! air1 !y w\ld r5d] ! we>] incapable ( see+ any?+ at m ?an an in* or s away f him4 ,b1 :5 worn 9 ! wat]1 !y only supply ! defici5cy ( ! compress$ eyeball1 & s re/ore ! focus to its prop] position4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,^? :o suff] f %ort-sight$ness c see ) great di/9ctness objects :i* are close at h&1 b ^? at a little di/ance seem to h no p>ticul> outl9e1 & appe> z if !y 7 view$ ?r\gh a fog1 ?us caus+ a con/ant & almo/ pa9ful /ra9 on ! eyes4 ,! cause ( ?is defect is ! too great convexity ( ! l5s1 :i* !re=e ?r[s its focus %ort ( ! requir$ spot4 ,! means ( rem$y are exactly opposite to ^? :i* are us$ = long-sight$ p]sons1 a concave l5s be+ plac$ 9 front ( ! eye1 s z to ?r[ ! focus f>!r back1 & relieve ! organ f ! /ra94 ,al?\gh we h n yet inv5t$ a ma*9e t c alt] ! focus at w1 we may take a h9t f ,nature4 ,we h already se5 h[ ! pressure ( wat] ^u ! front ( ! eye less5s its convexity1 & makes x long-sight$4 ,consequ5tly1 if we c\ld apply pressure r\nd x1 we c\ld make x m convex1 & s neutralise ! weight ( ! wat]4 ,!re is a wond]ful piece ( ma*9]y 9 ,nature :i* really does p]=m ?is (fice1 ! eye1 at ! w ( its own]1 becom+ ei!r telescopic or microscopic4 ,?is quality is v desirable 9 birds1 especially ^? :i* are pr$aci\s & ( rapid flight1 z !y might ei!r fail to see _! prey at a di/ance1 or might da% !mselves aga9/ "s ob/acle :5 !y 7 close ^u x4 ,! eye ( ! ,owl af=ds a beautiful example ( ma*9]y :i* produces ?is effect1 & ! means :i* are us$ may be und]/ood by inspect+ ! accompany+ illu/ration4 ,x w be se5 t ! eyeball is set 9 a framework compos$ ( ?9 bony plates1 j l a glass 9 a telescope4 ,:5 ^! plates are relax$1 ! :ole eyeball is flatt5$1 s z to enable ! bird to see an object at a v great di/ance4 ,b1 :5 !y are contract$1 !y r5d] ! :ole eye globul> 9 proportion to _! pressure1 & enable ! bird to see objects :i* are v close to x4 ,9 fact1 ! eye becomes a telescope or microscope z ne$$4 ,_m reptiles possess ?is arrangem5t ( bones1 b ! birds h ev5 a m delicate mode ( obta9+ ! focus ( ! eye4 ,?is is by means ( a curi\s organ call$1 f its %ape1 ! 8pect510 or comb1 :i* is plac$ 9 ! vitre\s hum\r at ! back ( ! eye1 & connect$ ) ! optic n]ve4 ,x is a cong]ies ( art]ies & ve9s1 s t x c be rapidly enl>g$ by =c+ blood into x1 or dim9i%$ by all[+ ! blood to )draw4 ,z ! liquid 9 :i* x re/s is practically incompressible1 x foll[s t :5 ! comb exp&s1 x causes ! *amb] ( ! vitre\s fluid to exp&1 & s =ces ! l5s =w>d4 ,:51 h[ev]1 ! blood retires f ! comb1 ! l5s returns to its orig9al place4 ,?is1 z ! read] may h notic$1 is ! same pr9ciple z t :i* is foll[$ 9 alt]+ ! focus ( a telescope 9 ord] to suit ! sight ( diff]5t individuals4 ,p]haps a /ill bett] illu/ration may be f\nd 9 ! co>se & f9e adju/m5t ( ! microscope1 ! =m] ( :i* moves ! :ole tube1 & may be comp>$ to ! bony r+2 :ile ! latt] causes "o "p to slide ov] ! o!r1 & is analog\s to ! comb4 ,! movem5ts ( ?is organ are believ$ to be z involunt>y z ! dilatation & contraction ( ! iris2 b1 :atev] may be ! case1 x is "o ( ! mo/ beautiful examples ( natural me*anics1 & f> surpasses ! mo/ delicate ma*9e t c be made by man4 ,9 ! illu/ration ( ! microscope1 :i* is to be f\nd on page #bhf1 bo? ^! movem5ts are giv51 ! d\ble v]tical :eel be+ ! co>se movem5t1 & ! f9e movem5t be+ suppli$ by ! s+le v]tical :eel j above !m4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,:ile we are on ?is subject1 we may see h[ ,art un9t5tionally copies ,nature1 ev5 9 trivial details4 ,e "o :o is 9 ! habit ( us+ optical in/rum5ts1 m especially ^? :o are =c$ to we> spectacles1 are aw>e ( ! necessity ( keep+ ! glasses z clean z possible1 &1 :]e ! in/rum5ts are delicate1 always h by !m a piece ( clean wa%-lea!r = ! express purpose ( wip+ ! glasses4 ,"h1 aga91 ,nature has anticipat$ ,art4 ,9 our own case1 we h 9 ! human eye a good example ( su* natural me*anism1 ! eyelids be+ =m$ q z mu* = ! purpose ( wa%+ ! surface ( ! eyeball z ( exclud+ light4 ,_m animals are provid$ ) a special app>atus = ! purpose1 call$ ! 8nictitat+ membrane40 ,x is1 9 fact1 a sort ( inn] or supplem5t>y eyelid1 :i* c be drawn ov] ! eye :ile ! ext]nal lids rema9 comp>atively unmov$4 ,x is v conspicu\s 9 ! owls1 & gives to ^? birds t almo/ comical look ( p]petual bl9k+ ) :i* we are s famili>4 ,,! ,,/]eoscope ,,& ,,pseudoscope4 ,_m p]sons h wond]$ h[ x happ5s t1 z we h two eyes1 we d n see two images in/ead ( "o4 ,practically1 ?is is always ! case1 = ! eyes1 especially :5 !y look on solid bodies1 see two diff]5t images1 because !y contemplate ! object f diff]5t po9ts ( sight4 ,?is may be easily asc]ta9$ by look+ at a giv5 object fir/ ) "o eye1 & !n ) ! o!r1 :5 x w be se5 t ! image pres5t$ to ! "r eye is slightly diff]5t f t ( ! left eye1 b t ! two c be comb9$ into "o by a v slight inw>d movem5t ( bo? eyes1 & ?us ! effect ( a solid body be produc$4 ,sometimes1 :5 p are weak1 & _c control ! unit$ movem5t ( ! eyes1 n only two1 b five or six images are at once pres5t$ to ! m9d1 & produce a /range s5se ( bewild]m5t & confusion4 ,illu/ration3 ,,comb9ation ,,( ,,human ,,eyes4 ,illu/ration3 ,,/]eoscope4 ,illu/ration3 ,,b9ocul> ,,microscope4 ,pa9t]s are oblig$ to avail !mselves ( ?is peculi>ity1 & to make all[ances = ! d\ble vision4 ,if !y d n1 ! effect ( ! pa9t+ is flat1 & x appe>s z if ! arti/ _h only us$ "o eye4 ,a good pro( ( ?is fact may be se5 9 ,/]eoscopic photographs1 especially ( sc5]y4 ,if ea* be view$ sep>ately1 x (t5 appe>s q un9telligible1 b1 :5 !y are comb9$ by ! in/rum5t1 !y seem to spr+ into life z x 71 & appe> solid en\gh to be grasp$4 ,n[1 ! ,/]eoscope is av[$ly con/ruct$ on ! same pr9ciple z ! d\ble vision ( ! eye1 s t :5 x applies itself to two photographs ( ! same object :i* h be5 tak5 f diff]5t po9ts ( view1 x comb9es !m1 & gives !m z solid an appe>ance z if !y 7 realities4 ,s wond]fully close is ! repres5tation1 t ! idea ( a place obta9$ by means ( ! comb9ation ( ! photograph & ,/]eoscope is q z vivid & correct z if x _h be5 ga9$ by actual obs]vation4 ,! pr9ciple ( ! ,/]eoscope is n[ appli$ to ! be/ microscopes1 & its value is incalculable1 especially :5 l[ p[]s are us$1 i4e4 ^? ( n less ?an half an in* focus4 ,! real beauty ( _m objects c\ld nev] h be5 appreciat$ b = ?is discov]y1 nor _! true =m def9$4 ,on ! left h& ( ! illu/ration is %[n ! comb9+ p[] ( ! eyes4 ,suppos+ ! "r eye only to be br\ght to be> ^u ! little cyl9d]1 only "o side ( x w be se51 & x looks ne>ly flat4 ,! same is ! case ) ! left eye4 ,b1 :5 bo? eyes are us$ toge!r1 bo? sides ( ! cyl9d] are pres5t$ to ! m9d1 & ?us we get ! effect ( solidity4 ,! ,/]eoscope is s =m$1 by means ( l5ses1 t ! two figures become comb9$ into "o1 ! rays ( light be+ turn$ out ( _! c\rse by ! arrangem5t ( ! glasses4 ,! ,/]eoscope1 h[ev]1 al?\gh a useful assi/ant to ! vision1 is n necess>y4 ,x is p]fectly possible to comb9e ! two figures )\t any /]eoscope1 & to d s m]ely by squ9t+1 if we may s call x1 at ! figures4 ,! p[] ( comb9ation is ga9$ ) a v little practice1 & 9 a %ort "t ! obs]v] w be capable ( produc+ /]eoscopic effects )\t ne$+ a ,/]eoscope4 ,?is ability is v useful :5 inspect+ photographs 9 a %op-w9d[4 ,( c\rse ! figures are n s mu* enl>g$ z !y are ) ! /]eoscope1 b !y are nev]!less q z cle> & well def9$4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,!re is an in/rum5t call$ ! ,pseudoscope1 :i*1 z its "n imports1 gives a false idea z to ! nature ( ! object :i* is view$ ?r\gh x1 conv]t+ holl[ objects into solid1 & vice v]s4 ,! foll[+ description ( its effect is giv5 by ,:eat/one3-- 8,:5 an obs]v] looks ) ! pseudoscope at ! int]ior ( a cup or bas91 he n unfrequ5tly sees x at fir/ 9 its real =m2 b by prolong+ 8 gaze he w p]ceive ! conv]sion )9 a few m9utes2 & x is curi\s t1 :ile ?is seems to take place q sudd5ly ) "s individuals1 z if ! bas9 7 flexible1 & 7 sudd5ly turn$ inside out1 x occurs m gradually ) o!rs1 ! concavity sl[ly giv+ way to flatness1 & ! flatness progressively ris+ into convexity4 8,n unfrequ5tly1 aft] ! conv]sion has tak5 place1 ! natural aspect ( ! object cont9ues to intrude itself1 sometimes sudd5ly1 sometimes gradually1 & = a long] or %ort] int]val1 :5 ! conv]se w aga9 succe$ x--z if ! new visual impression c\ld n at once c\nt]act ! previ\s results ( rec5t exp]i5ce4 ,at la/1 h[ev]1 ! m9d seems to accept ! conv]sion )\t fur!r hesitation2 & aft] ?is process has once be5 completely gone ?r\gh1 ! obs]v]1 on recurr+ to ! same object1 w n f9d x possible to see x 9 any o!r ?an its conv]t$ =m1 unless ! int]val %\ld be long en\gh to h all[$ him to =get its aspect4 8,vag>ies1 h[ev]1 sometimes occur 9 ^! exp]im5ts ( :i* x is difficult to give any c]ta9 explanation1 b :i* w\ld be probably f\nd ref]able to ! same g5]al pr9ciple1 if we 7 acqua9t$ ) all ! conditions ( its op]ation40 ,,! ,,multiply+-,,glass4 ,/ill m extraord9>y examples ( ! comb9+ p[] ( vision are to be f\nd 9 ! eyes ( spid]s & insects1 m especially :5 we comp>e !m ) ! "w ( man4 ,if we take a common ,multiply+-glass1 su* z is %[n 9 ! figure1 & look at a fl[] or o!r object ?r\gh x1 we see ! object repeat$ z _m times z !re are diff]5t foci ( vision 9 ! in/rum5t4 ,illu/ration3 ,,eyes ,,( ,,spid]4 ,illu/ration3 ,,multiply+-,,glass4 ,n[1 tak+ = example ! eyes ( a ,spid]1 x w\ld be natural to suppose t ! same result w\ld occur1 especially z ! foci ( ! eyes po9t 9 diff]5t directions4 ,! left-h& figure 9 ! illu/ration repres5ts ! eight eyes ( "o ( our common ,spid]s1 belong+ to ! g5us ,clubiona1 :i* may be f\nd 9 almo/ any ou?\se1 sitt+ 9 its curi\s web1 & ready 9 a mom5t to run = safety into its silk5 tunnel4 ,x w be se5 t ! foci ( all ! eyes are 9 diff]5t directions1 & s plac$ z to comm& a l>ge radius4 ,obs]v]s h rem>k$ t ! eyes are plac$ 9 ,spid]s s z to suit _! habits4 8,^? spid]s10 writes ,pr(essor ,ow51 9 8 8,comp>ative ,anatomy10 8:i* hide 9 tubes1 or lurk 9 obscure retreats1 ei!r und]gr\nd or 9 ! holes or fissures ( walls or rocks1 f :i* !y em]ge only to seize a pass+ prey1 h _! eyes aggregat$ 9 a close gr\p 9 ! middle ( ! =ehead1 z 9 ! ,bird-spid]1 ! ,clo?o1 c4 8,! spid]s :i* inhabit %ort tubes1 t]m9at$ by a l>ge web1 expos$ to ! op5 air1 h ! eyes sep>at$ & m spread ^u ! front ( ! cephalo?orax4 8,^? spid]s :i* re/ 9 ! c5tre ( a free web1 along :i* !y frequ5tly trav]se1 h ! eyes support$ on slight prom95ces1 :i* p]mit a great] div]g5ce ( _! axis2 ?is /ructure is well rem>k$ 9 ! g5us ,?omisa1 ! species ( :i* live 9 ambuscade 9 fl[]s4 8,la/ly1 ! spid]s call$ ,errantes1 or ,w&]]s1 h _! eyes /ill m scatt]$1 ! lat]al ones be+ plac$ at ! m>g9 ( ! cephalo?orax40 ,yet1 al?\gh ea* eye produces a sep>ate image1 x is cle> t ^u ! m9d ( ! ,spid] only a s+le idea c be impress$1 = t o!rwise all w\ld be confusion4 ,!re mu/1 !re=e1 be "s me*anism 9 ! /ructure ( ! eye1 ! nature ( :i* we are n z yet able to und]/&4 99 99 99 99 99 ,a ,,/ill m rem>kable in/ance ( a natural ,multiply+-glass may be f\nd 9 ! eyes ( _m insects4 ,! =m ( multiply+-glass %[n 9 ! accompany+ illu/ration is probably famili> to mo/ ( my read]s4 ,x consi/s ( a convex piece ( glass1 cut into a numb] ( facets1 & %[+ 9 ea* facet a di/9ct & sep>ate image ( ! object to :i* x is direct$4 ,n[1 ! comp\nd eyes ( insects are con/ruct$ on mu* ! same pr9ciple1 except t ! numb] ( facets is inf9itely m4 ,tak+1 = example1 ! eyes ( ! ,tortoise-%ell ,butt]fly1 we f9d t !re are ab\t sev5ty ?\s& l5ses or facets4 ,n[1 x is possible1 ) c>e1 to remove ! eye f ! insect1 cleanse x1 & arrange x 9 microscope 9 su* a way t objects c be se5 ?r\gh x4 ,:5 ?is is done1 a sep>ate image is se5 9 ea* facet1 j z is ! case ) ! ,multiply+-glass1 only1 z ! facets are v mu* m num]\s1 ! effect is proportionately m /rik+4 ,illu/ration3 ,,insect ,,eye4 ,illu/ration3 ,,tumbl]4 ,illu/ration3 ,,multiply+-,,glass4 ,! read] may notice t ! facets ( ! insect eye appe> to be hexagons z p]fect z ^? ( ! honey-comb4 ,?is appe>ance is probably due to ! fact t ea* eye is cov]$ ) a convex plate ( glassy brightness & transp>5cy1 & t1 :5 su* objects are view$ f ! front1 !y appe> to h hexagonal in/ead ( r\nd$ outl9es4 ,a famili> example ( ?is fact may be f\nd 9 ! glass tumbl]s :i* are ornam5t$ ) r\nd$ projections on _! surface4 ,if a photograph ( "o ( ^! tumbl]s be tak51 ! resemblance to ! hexagonal m>k+s ( ! insect eye is s close t ! tumbl] might easily be tak5 = ! eye4 ,,optics4 ,,*apt] ,,ii4 ,,! ,,wat] ,,telescope4--,,iris ,,( ,,! ,,eye4--,,magic ,,lant]n4--,,! ,,spectroscope4--,,! ,,?aumatrope4 ,limits to ,sight 9 ! ,wat]4--,effect ( a ,ripple4--,! ,eyes "u ,wat]4--,! ,wat] ,telescope1 its ,/ructure & ,mode ( ,use4--,gyr9us1 or ,:irlwig-beetle1 & its ,d\ble ,set ( ,eyes4--,! ,iris ( ! ,eye1 & its ,d\ble ,set ( ,contractile ,fibres4--,cott]ill's ,lock & its ,/ructure4--,! ,magic ,lant]n & its ,pr9ciple4--,*9ese ,%ad[s4--,spectre ( ! ,brock54--,an ,adv5ture 9 ,wilt%ire4--,effect ( ! ,halo4--,! ,spectroscope4--,its ,/ructure expla9$4--,a ,/> on fire4--,motes 9 ! ,sunbeams4--,bessem] ,/eel made by aid ( ! ,spectroscope4--,absorption ,b&s4--,detection ( ,blood4--,a ,man's ,life sav$ by ! ,spectroscope4--,! ,pocket ,spectroscope4--,! ,ra9b[1 ,dewdrop1 ,soap-bubble1 ,opal1 & ,pe>l4--,! ,?aumatrope4--,/ructure ( ! ,ret9a4--,complem5t>y ,col\rs4--,! ,zoetrope & ,*romatrope4--,:eel ,animalcules & _! ,/ructure4--,an ,optical ,delusion4 ,,! ,,wat] ,,telescope4 ,e "o :o has wat*$ ! movem5ts ( ! v>i\s creatures :i* live bel[ ! surface ( ! wat] is aw>e h[ entirely dep5d5t he is on ! unruffl$ "* ( t surface4 ,no matt] h[ cle> ! wat] may be1 ! lea/ ruffl+ ( ! surface w effectually %ut out all sight3-- 8,b if a /one ! g5tle sea divide1 ,swift rippl+ circles ru% on e side1 ,& glimm]+ fragm5ts ( a brok5 sun1 ,banks1 trees1 & skies 9 ?ick disord] run40 ,& !re is an end ( ! obs]vations4 ,if1 h[ev]1 ! eyes c p5etrate bel[ ! surface1 ! ruffl+ is ( little consequ5ce1 s long z ! wat] is cle>4 ,consequ5tly1 :5ev] ! top ( ! bank is suffici5tly ne> ! wat]1 x is possible to cont9ue ! obs]vations by ly+ d[n1 & imm]s+ ! head above ! eyes4 ,?is plan1 h[ev]1 is n a v com=table "o1 al?\gh ,i h (t5 foll[$ x on a w9dy day :5 ! surface 0 too ruffl$ to p]mit ( vision 9 any o!r way4 ,/ill1 !re is an in/rum5t by :i* x is possible to c\nt]act ! ruffle ( ! surface1 & to see objects ) tol]able pla9ness4 ,?is is call$ ! ,wat] ,telescope1 & x is ( v simple con/ruction4 ,l ! ord9>y telescope1 x consi/s ( a tube1 b1 in/ead ( ! convex & concave l5ses ( t in/rum5t1 x has only a s+le glass at "o end1 & t glass is p]fectly plane4 ,illu/ration3 ,,:irlwig-,,beetle4 ,illu/ration3 ,,wat] ,,telescope4 ,:5 us$1 ! eye is appli$ to ! op5 end1 & ! glaz$ end l[]$ into ! wat]4 ,! sight is !n undi/urb$ by ! ripple1 & ! effect is ! same z if ! eyes !mselves 7 l[]$ b5ea? ! surface4 ,x is mu* us$ 9 look+ = %ells1 sea-ur*9s1 & o!r creatures :i* live 9 ! b$ ( ! sea4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,9 ! insect _w we h an example ( a natural ,wat] ,telescope4 ,i d n say t ! inv5tor ( ! ,wat] ,telescope took 8 idea f ! insect1 b ! read] w see t he might v well h done s4 ,!re are sundry little beetles popul>ly call$ ,:irlwigs or ,:irligigs1 & sci5tifically kn[n by ! "n ( ,gyr9us4 ,all ^! names allude to ! insect's habit ( :irl+ ab\t on ! surface ( ! wat]1 ) a movem5t :i* seems ceaseless & untir+4 ,allusion has already be5 made to ! ,:irlwigs on page #bb4 ,_! object 9 _! p]petual waltz is n s mu* amusem5t z food1 :i* *iefly consi/s ( ! t9y insects :i* fall into ! wat]4 ,n[1 9 ord] to enable x to see bo? above & bel[ ! wat]1 a peculi> /ructure is requir$4 ,g5]ally ! insects possess "o pair ( comp\nd eyes1 ea* gr\p be+ set on ! sides ( ! head4 ,9 ! ,gyr9us1 h[ev]1 !re are two sets ( ^! eyes1 "o pair be+ on ! upp] surface ( ! head1 & ! o!r on ! l[] surface4 ,?us1 :ile x c use ! upp] pair = see+ objects :i* are out ( ! wat]1 ! l[] pair ( eyes1 :i* are subm]g$1 act ! "p ( ! ,wat] ,telescope1 & enable x to see objects t are bel[ ! surface4 ,7 x n = ?is precaution1 ev5 ! ripples :i* x makes by its own rapid progress w\ld prev5t x f see+4 ,,! ,,iris ,,( ,,! ,,eye4 ,illu/ration3 ,,iris ,,( ,,human ,,eve4 ,illu/ration3 ,,cott]ill',s ,,lock4 ,i h (t5 wond]$1 :5 contemplat+ ! a/oni%+ me*anism by :i* ! ,iris ( ! ,eye is able to contract or enl>ge ! pupil accord+ to ! am\nt ( light1 :e!r any simil> me*anism w\ld be us$ 9 ,art4 ,z anatomi/s "k1 ! ,iris is compos$ ( two lay]s4 ,"o consi/s ( radiat+ fibres1 :i* s]ve to enl>ge ! pupil1 :ile ! o!r lay] surr\nds ! latt]1 & by its ela/icity s]ves to contract x4 ,z any "o may see by look+ 9 a mirror & %ift+ ! light1 ! pupil is p]petually *ang+ its diamet]1 b always reta9+ its circul> %ape4 ,a glance at ! illu/ration w %[ ! two lay]s1 & aid ! read] 9 und]/&+ ! mode 9 :i* !y "w4 ,"s ye>s ago1 :ile look+ at ! acc\nt giv5 by ,mr4 ,j4 ,price ( a lock inv5t$ by ,mr4 ,cott]ill1 ,i saw at once t ! inv5tor1 :e!r consci\sly or n1 _h foll[$ ! me*anism ( ! eye1 z f> z metal c\ld be expect$ to imitate animal fibre4 ,9 ! v c5tre ( ! lock !re is a small circul> op5+1 resembl+ ! pupil ( ! eye1 & s]v+ to admit ! key1 j z ! pupil admits light4 ,ar\nd ?is pupil1 if we may s call x1 are rang$ "s tw5ty ?9 /eel slides :i* move 9 *annels1 up & d[n :i* !y slide4 ,r\nd ! circumf]5ce ( ! lock are a correspond+ numb] ( spiral spr+s1 ea* ( :i* presses on ! base ( a slide1 & =ces x t[>ds ! c5tre4 ,! read] w n[ see t ! radiat+ slides ( ! lock repres5t ! radiat+ fibres ( ! iris1 & t ! spiral spr+s repres5t ! circul> fibres4 ,bo? p]=m ! same (fice1 ! /eel slides regulat+ ! size ( ! ap]ture1 & ! spiral spr+s press+ !m all t[>ds ! c5tre4 ,! key ( ! lock answ]s ! same purpose z does light 9 ! eye1 :i* by its my/]i\s pressure enl>ges or contracts ! pupil4 ,?is is n ! place to describe ?is v +5i\s lock 9 detail1 b ,i may /ate t x has nev] be5 pick$4 ,ev5 ,mr4 ,hobbs1 :o tri$ x = tw5ty-f\r h\rs1 gave x up1 &1 :5 he saw ! int]ior me*anism1 said t if he _h tri$ = a mon? he %\ld h made no progress4 ,?is is an unconsci\s te/imony to ! wisdom ( foll[+ ,nature 9 ,art4 ,,! ,,magic ,,lant]n4 ,we are all famili> ) ! ,magic ,lant]n1 :e!r x may take ! =m ( ! m]e *ild's toy1 be develop$ into ,dissolv+ ,views1 or ?r[ black %ad[s on a curta91 9 :i* case x is call$ by ! "n ( ,*9ese ,%ad[s4 ,9 all ^! cases ! pr9ciple is ! same4 ,fir/ we h a light beh9d ! object ^: reflection is to be se54 ,next we h ! object itself1 & la/ly ! surface ^u :i* x is reflect$4 ,z to ! v>iety ( mirrors1 lamps1 & l5ses :i* are us$ to produce diff]5t effects1 we may put !m aside z =eign to our pres5t purpose4 ,illu/ration3 ,,magic ,,lant]n4 ,g5]ally ! object is reflect$ ^u a :ite curta9 or %eet1 b sometimes1 :5 a specially weird-l effect is ne$$1 a cl\d ( ?ick smoke takes ! place ( ! %eet1 & ^u x ! reflection is %[n1 z se5 9 ! accompany+ illu/ration4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,nature has h] ,magic ,lant]ns z well z ,art1 & wond]ful ?+s !y are sometimes1 ! well-kn[n ,brock5 ,spectre be+ an excell5t example4 ,x is n1 h[ev]1 necess>y to visit ! ,brock5 9 ord] to see ?is app>ition1 = ,i h se5 x 9 p]fection 9 ,engl&4 ,_m ye>s ago1 :5 liv+ 9 ,wilt%ire1 ,i w5t be=e daybreak to ! top ( a v high conical hill4 ,! morn+ mi/ 0 s ?ick t ,i c\ld sc>cely see my way up ! hill4 ,:5 ,i rea*$ ! summit1 ,i /ood !re = "s "t1 try+ to see ! l&scape1 b ! mi/ 0 s ?ick t ,i c\ld b>ely tell ! po9ts ( ! horizon by ! bright] look ca/ by ! com+ ,day 9 ! ea/4 ,i 0 look+ we/w>d1 :5 sudd5ly ! sun rose beh9d me1 & ,i saw ! ,brock5 ,spectre z ,i h sket*$ x 9 ! accompany+ illu/ration4 ,x 0 a gigantic %ad[ ( myself1 project$ on ! mi/1 j z a ,magic ,lant]n projects ! image on a %eet or a smoke-cl\d4 ,( c\rse my ge/ures 7 repeat$1 & x really look$ almo/ awful to see ?is gigantic spectral figure set 9 ! mi/4 ,p]haps ! mo/ extraord9>y "p ( x 0 ! enorm\s halo ( ra9b[ col\rs r\nd ! head4 ,no matt] :]e ,i mov$1 ! halo surr\nd$ ! head ( ! image1 its col\rs be+ comp>atively bright ne> ! c5tre1 & becom+ gradually pal] t[>ds ! circumf]5ce4 ,ano!r po9t ab\t ?is natural ,magic ,lant]n ought to be m5tion$4 ,illu/ration3 ,,brock5 ,,spectre4 ,wi%+ to %[ a fri5d ! extraord9>y sight ( a ,brock5 ,spectre1 ,i took him up ! hill on a mi/y day l t :i* has be5 briefly describ$4 ,accord+ to surmise1 two spectres appe>$ in/ead ( "o1 b ! halo 0 n d\bl$ z well z ! %ad[4 ,i c\ld see my fri5d's %ad[1 & he c\ld see m9e4 ,b1 al?\gh ! halo 0 z bright z be=e1 ea* ( u c\ld only see x encircl+ 8 own head4 ,we /ood z close to ea* o!r z we c\ld1 we mov$ ap>t z f> z ! ne>ly conical top ( ! hill w\ld all[1 & 9 bo? cases ea* ( u c\ld only see 8 own halo4 ,p]haps ! read] may rememb] ! wond]ful spectre-sc5e drawn by ,mr4 ,:ymp]1 & view$ f ! ,matt]horn j aft] ! accid5t :i* _h kill$ sev]al ( 8 companions 9 ! asc5t ( ! hi!rto impregnable peak4 ,9 ! mi/ !re sudd5ly appe>$ ?ree va/ d>k crosses enclos$ 9 an oval4 ,consid]+ ! highly-/rung n]ves ( ! survivors1 x 0 no wond] t !y 7 all %ak5 by su* an appe>ance1 & t ! guides 7 = a "t too fright5$ to proce$4 ,,! ,,spectroscope4 ,next we come to "o ( ! mo/ a/oni%+ & beautiful optical in/rum5ts ev] made by ! h& ( man4 ,x is call$ ! ,spectroscope1 because x deals ) a c]ta9 arrangem5t ( rays :i* is call$ a 8spectrum40 ,_m ye>s ago ,newton discov]$ ! cause ( ! lovely col\rs :i* deck ! ra9b[1 & ! fact t1 by pass+ a ray ( :ite light ?r\gh a prism1 x 0 decompos$ into sev5 col\rs1 :i* inv>iably came 9 ! foll[+ ord]--,r$1 ,orange1 ,yell[1 ,gre51 ,blue1 ,indigo1 & ,violet4 ,he also discov]$ t1 by look+ at t col\r$ b& ?r\gh ano!r prism arrang$ 9 a diff]5t mann]1 ! decompos$ rays 7 aga9 br\ght toge!r1 & :ite light 0 ! result4 ,newton _h ?r[n ! light on ! prism ?r\gh a r\nd hole1 b "s "t aft]w>ds ,dr4 ,wolla/on employ$ a n>r[ slit = ! purpose1 & !n f\nd t ! spectrum 0 trav]s$ by d>k l9es :i* nev] *ang$ _! places4 ,on ^! l9es dep5d all ! discov]ies t h be5 made by ! aid ( ! ,spectroscope4 ,! *ief ( !m are designat$ by ! lett]s ( ! alphabet4 7,see page #cjj47 ,x 0 soon f\nd out t if burn+ gases 7 view$ ) ! ,spectroscope1 l9es 7 /ill se51 b !y 7 bright in/ead ( d>k1 & t !y inv>iably occupi$ ! place ( "o or m ( ! d>k l9es %[n by ! spectrum ( sunlight4 ,!n x 0 discov]$ t ^! burn+ gases absorb$ or /opp$ out ! light 9 ! sol> spectrum1 & f t mom5t ! sci5ce rapidly advanc$4 ,at ! pres5t day ! ,spectroscope n only det]m9es ! metals :i* exi/ 9 ! sun1 b also ^? ( ! fix$ />s4 ,x ev5 analyzes ! con/itution ( d\ble />s1 & %[s ! reason :y "o /> %\ld be r$ & ! o!r gre54 ,"o ( ! mo/ a/oni%+ discov]ies 9 a/ronomy 0 due to ! ,spectroscope4 ,dur+ ! mon? ( ,may1 #ahff1 "o ( ! />s 9 ! ,nor!rn ,cr[n 7,corona ,borealis7 0 se5 to und]go a rapid *ange4 ,x 0 orig9ally "o ( ! t5? magnitude1 b 9 a %ort "t increas$ 9 size & brilliancy until x ne>ly equall$ ,sirius1 ,capella1 or ,vega4 ,x rema9$ bright = "s "t1 & !n rapidly fad$ until x resum$ its =m] size4 ,h[ ?is *ange 0 effect$ we nev] %\ld h kn[n b = ! ,spectroscope4 ,no soon]1 h[ev]1 0 ?is in/rum5t po9t$ at ! /> ?an !re appe>$ 9 ! spectrum ! ?ree well-kn[n l9es--r$1 gre51 & violet--:i* d5ote burn+ hydrog54 ,!re 0 no d\bt on ! matt]1 & ! ,spectroscope %[$ u t we 7 witness+ a conflagration ! l ( :i* 0 nev] se5 or sc>cely imag9$4 ,illu/ration3 ,,ra9b[4 ,suppos+ our sun1 :i* is kn[n to be "o ( ! />s1 & ab\t :i* !re are va/ volumes ( hydrog5 gas1 7 to blaze out 9 a simil> mann]1 ! result w\ld be t ! :ole ( ! planets w\ld be consum$ 9 a few seconds1 & conv]t$ into gases4 ,9 an in/ant e liv+ ?+ w\ld be swept (f ! surface ( ! e>? by ?is fe>ful heat1 &1 z ,mr4 ,roscoe says1 8our solid globe w\ld be dissipat$ 9 vap\r almo/ z soon z drops ( wat] 9 a furnace40 ,s1 z ,mr4 ,hugg9s obs]ves1 ! old nurs]y rhyme1-- 8,tw9kle1 tw9kle1 little />1 ,h[ ,i wond] :at y are10-- is no long] t5able1 = we really d "k ! composition ( ! />s4 ,! ,spectroscope n only tells u ! sub/ance ( :i* ! sun & ! mo/ di/ant />s are made1 b gives u ! same in=mation ab\t ! 8gay motes t p ! sunbeam40 ,x tells u t !y are common salt 9 v m9ute p>ticles4 ,!y h be5 da%$ into ! air by ! w9ds z spray1 & !n disp]s$ ov] ! :ole globe4 ,?is is "o reason :y we h s mu* salt 9 our bodies1 & :y ! blood & ! te>s are s salt4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,x is also appli$ to ! arts4 ,! well-kn[n ,bessem] process consi/s 9 p\r+ melt$ iron into a peculi>ly %ap$ vessel call$ a 8conv]t]10 & bl[+ air ?r\gh x = ! purpose ( burn+ out ! c>bon4 ,f ! m\? ( ! conv]t] issues a volume ( magnific5t flames1 & at a c]ta9 mom5t ! skill$ workman :o directs ! process inv]ts ! vessel & p\rs out ! /eel4 ,a v few seconds too soon or too late w\ld spoil ! :ole ( ! metal1 9 ! =m] case x be+ simply brittle ca/-iron2 &1 9 ! second1 becom+ s ?ick t x c\ld n be p\r$ out4 ,only a few workm5 c\ld judge rightly ! exact po9t at :i* to %ut (f ! air-bla/4 ,!y wat*$ ! flame1 & by "s *ange 9 x1 too slight to be notic$ by any except exp]i5c$ eyes1 knew ! mom5t :5 ! iron 0 conv]t$ into /eel4 ,su* m5 c\ld1 ( c\rse1 dem& any wages !y lik$1 &1 by /rik+1 /op ! :ole works4 ,! ,spectroscope1 h[ev]1 p]=m$ ?is delicate discrim9ation f> bett] ?an ! be/ workman4 ,:5 direct$ to ! flame1 ! bright l9es indicat+ c>bon are se5 9 ! spectrum4 ,:5 ! bla/ has cont9u$ = "s tw5ty m9utes1 ! c>bon l9es sudd5ly disappe>1 %[+ t ! c>bon has be5 burn$ out1 & giv+ to ! workman ! signal to %ut (f ! air-bla/4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,ano!r discov]y 01 t liquids gave d>k l9es1 te*nically t]m$ absorption b&s1 ( diff]5t wid?s & 9 diff]5t p>ts ( ! spectrum4 ,ev5 liquids :i* _h no p]ceptible col\r ?rew b&s z bold z ^? :i* 7 col\r$1 :ile col\r$ liquids ?rew totally diff]5t b&s1 irrespectively ( _! own col\r4 ,= example1 ! gre5 col\r+ matt] ( leaves1 call$ *lorophyll1 ?r[s a s+le broad b& on ! extreme left--i4e4 across ! r$ "p ( ! spectrum--s f> back1 inde$1 t x is n easily se5 at fir/4 ,!n1 suppose t we make "s pale solutions ( r$ sub/ances1 su* z c>m9e1 mag5ta dye1 port w9e1 logwood1 p]manganate ( pota%1 & blood1 x is possible to h !m s exactly resembl+ ea* o!r t n ev5 ! microscope c discrim9ate betwe5 !m2 yet ! ,spectroscope in/antly detects ! col\r+ matt] ( ea* solution4 ,illu/ration3 ,,spectrum ,,( ,,sunlight1 ,,or ,,sol> ,,spectrum4 ,illu/ration3 ,,spectrum ,,( ,,blood4 ,! in/rum5t is1 !re=e1 invaluable 9 detect+ adult]ations ( w9e4 ,= example1 suppos+ t r$ w9e is suspect$ ( ow+ its r$ness to logwood1 & n to ! g5u9e grape1 a drop is mix$ ) wat] & view$ ?r\gh ! ,spectroscope1 :i* in/antly tells :e!r ! col\r+ matt] is grape or logwood4 ,& z1 by photography1 ! spectrum c be exactly copi$1 an indelible record is procur$ ( ! true nature ( ! object4 ,s m>vell\sly delicate is ! in/rum5t ) reg>d to blood1 t x detects ! ?\s&? "p ( a gra9 ( col\r+ matt] 9 a blood-/a94 ,if ^u ! spectrum 7 pr9t$ ! ^w ,,blood 9 ! l>ge/ & blacke/ ( capitals1 x c\ld n be m legible to an ord9>y read] ?an are ! two blood-b&s to ! eye ( a spectroscopi/4 ,!re is no?+ l !m 9 nature1 & :e!r x be by association ( ideas1 or by absolute fact1 ^! two b>s h a /rangely m5ac+ look ab\t !m4 ,n only t1 b if ! blood %\ld be t ( a p]son suffocat$ ) c>bonic acid gas1 ! ,spectroscope w say s4 ,"s ye>s ago a man ow$ 8 life to ! ,spectroscope4 ,a my/]i\s murd] _h be5 committ$1 & ! police _h arre/$ a man :o 0 f\nd ne> ! spot4 ,he c\ld give no intelligible acc\nt ( himself1 & ! sleeves ( 8 coat & a "p ( 8 wai/coat 7 deeply /a9$ ) a r$ sub/ance j l clott$ blood4 ,a piece ( ea* g>m5t 0 cut (f & giv5 to a well-kn[n spectroscopi/1 :o tri$ ! r$ matt] 9 ! in/rum5t1 & at once decl>$ x n to be blood4 ,:at x 0 he _h n "t to asc]ta91 s he s5t x to a bro!r 9 sci5ce1 :o1 aft] exam9ation1 pron\nc$ x to be r$ gum4 ,by degrees1 ! man1 :o _h be5 intoxicat$ :5 arre/$1 /at$ t he _h be5 to see a fri5d :o 0 a j\rneyman hatt]4 ,x 0 !n f\nd t he _h be5 lean+ on ! workman's bo>d1 & s _h c>ri$ (f "s ( ! gumma/ic ) :i* hats are /iff5$4 ,_h x n be5 = ! infallible ,spectroscope1 ! man might h lo/ 8 life4 ,?us we see t ! ,spectroscope is ! elephant's trunk ( optics1 equally fitt$ = ! greate/ & smalle/1 ! f>!/ & ne>e/1 ( objects4 ,x is equally at home 9 e>? & sky4 ,:5 atta*$ to ! telescope1 x reveals ! con/itu5ts ( ! />s1 &1 :5 affix$ to ! microscope1 x %[s u ! col\r+ matt] ( a gre5 leaf4 ,x produces ! be/ /eel1 & detects adult]ation 9 w9e4 ,&1 la/ly1 z we h se51 x turns lawy]1 & settles ! evid5ce by :i* ! life ( a man is lo/ or sav$4 ,x c det]m9e ! purity ( ! smalle/ co9age1 & tell u :y a /> *anges 9 magnitude4 ,yet all ^! wondr\s revelations are made by a few prisms & a magnify+-glass4 ,i possess a ,spectroscope1 made & pres5t$ to me by ,mr4 ,j4 ,br[n+1 ! celebrat$ optician4 ,?is a/oni%+ in/rum5t is only ?ree in*es long1 & half an in* 9 diamet]1 s t x c be c>ri$ 9 ! wai/coat pocket4 ,i always keep m9e 9 a f+] ( a :ite kid glove1 :i* is amply suffici5t = x4 ,yet x gives ! spectrum ( ! sun ) its pr9cipal l9es1 w detect ! fraudul5t w9e m]*ant1 & c\ld h decid$ :e!r ! accus$ man %\ld be acquitt$ or hang$4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,m>vell\s & mighty z is ?is eng9e1 x lay conceal$ 9 ,nature ev] s9ce ! sun's rays %one ^u e>? & a drop ( wat] exi/$4 ,! ,ra9b[ is no?+ b a va/ spectrum1 a transv]se slice ( :i* w\ld be a good repres5tation ( ! col\r$ b& :i* is %[n 9 ! in/rum5t4 ,x is prefigur$ 9 ! ev]-%ift+ ra9b[s ( ! wat]-fall & f\nta91 :i* latt] may ev5 be se5 9 ! f\nta9s ( ,trafalg> ,squ>e1 :ile at ! ,cry/al ,palace _! beauty has long be5 notic$4 ,!re is n a dewdrop :i* is n a m9iature ,spectroscope1 z x glitt]s ) its wondr\s iridesc5ce 9 ! rays ( ! ris+ sun2 !re is n an opal ) its %ift+ hues1 nor ! spl5d\r ( ! soap-bubble1 nor ! nacre ( ! common riv] mussel or ! orm] %ell1 :i* does n owe its beauty to ! same pr9ciples :i* gov]n ! ,spectroscope4 ,e gre5 leaf1 & blue or p9k or yell[ petal1 e v>y+ t9t ( ! mack]el sky1 e blaze ( sunset & bluegrey ( sunrise1 owes its beauty to ^? wondr\s laws ( light :i* _h be5 hidd5 = s _m c5turies1 until !y 7 unveil$ by ! simple prism ( ! ,spectroscope4 ,z 9 s _m in/ances1 ! revelation lay conceal$ until ! com+ ( ! reveal]1 ^: inspir$ h& rais$ ! d>k veil ( c5turies4 ,,! ,,?aumatrope4 ,middle-ag$ p]sons w recollect t s9ce ! days ( _! *ildhood a great v>iety ( optical app>atus has be5 inv5t$ end+ 9 ! ^w 8trope40 ,?is is a ,greek ^w1 signify+ to turn1 & is giv5 to ! in/rum5ts because !y revolve4 ,all ^! toys--& !y may "s day become m ?an toys--dep5d on a curi\s prop]ty ( ! human eye4 ,! read] w rememb] t 9 ! description ( ! human eye1 z comp>$ ) ! cam]a obscura z appli$ to photography1 x 0 m5tion$ t ! image 0 ?r[n f ! front to ! back1 & 9 ! "o case 0 receiv$ on a naturally s5sitive membrane1 & 9 ! o!r on a film r5d]$ artificially s5sitive by *emical means4 ,?is membrane is call$ ! 8ret9a10 because x n only receives ! impression1 b reta9s x = "s little "t aft] ! object is remov$4 ,x has be5 calculat$ t ! duration ( ! image is ab\t ! eigh? "p ( a second4 ,?us ! eyelids are p]petually & unconsci\sly clos+ & op5+ ) a rapid movem5t1 popul>ly call$ 8w9k+40 ,?is movem5t is = ! purpose ( cleans+ ! eyeball1 &1 7 x n = ! image-reta9+ p[] ( ! ret9a1 we %\ld pass a consid]able "p ( our "t 9 absolute d>kness4 ,z x is1 ! impression ( ext]nal objects on ! ret9a la/s long] ?an ! "t occupi$ 9 w9k+1 &1 9 consequ5ce1 we are n consci\s t any int]val ( d>kness has elaps$4 ,aga91 :5 we h be5 look+ /eadfa/ly at an object1 & !n move our eyes1 ! image ( t object is se5 9 ! new focus2 & x is wor?y ( notice t su* object is always se5 9 its 8complem5t>y0 col\r4 ,= example1 if we h be5 look+ at a sc>let spot1 & sudd5ly move our eyes1 we %all see a spot exactly simil> 9 size & %ape1 b ( gre54 ,i well rememb] t :5 ,i 0 a boy ,i 0 read+ ) almo/ fev]i% anxiety ! gre5 h&bill ( a travell+ circus1 to :i* ,i hop$ t ,i might be all[$ to att5d4 ,hav+ f9i%$ x1 ,i ask$ = "s note-pap]1 = ! purpose ( putt+ my reque/ 9 writ+1 b1 to my a/oni%m5t1 mix$1 p]haps1 ) a little irritation1 all ! pap] suppli$ to me 0 ( a bright p9k4 ,= a "t no argum5ts c\ld conv9ce me t ! pap] 0 really :ite1 until by degrees ! p9k hue became pal] & pal]1 & ! pap] assum$ its normal :it5ess4 ,! fact 01 t ! eye _h become saturat$ ) ! gre5--i4e4 ! blue & yell[ rays--& c\ld see no?+ b _! complem5t>y col\r1 :i* 0 p9k4 ,a good example ( ?is prop]ty may be f\nd 9 a light$ /ick1 :i*1 if rapidly :irl$ r\nd1 appe>s to =m a cont9u\s circle ( fire4 ,! reason ( ?is is1 t ! impression made on ! ret9a by ! fi]y po9t does n cease until ! /ick has aga9 come r\nd 9 its c\rse4 ,!n !re are ^? well-kn[n *romatic tops1 9 :i* are ins]t$ pieces ( b5t wire4 ,:5 ! top is spun ^! pieces ( wire assume exactly ! appe>ance ( transp>5t jugs1 vases1 glasses1 & simil> articles4 ,a v pretty illu/ration ( ?is pr9ciple is giv5 by a little ma*9e1 :i* is made to revolve rapidly by means ( a multiply+ :eel4 ,^u its surface are fix$ little p9s1 ) poli%$ globul> /eel heads1 &1 :5 ! h&le is turn$1 ^! heads =m ! mo/ beautiful & intricate figures ) exact accuracy4 ,ano!r toy1 call$ ! ,?aumatrope1 or ,wond]-turn]1 is equally +5i\s & beautiful1 & is suffici5tly simple to be made by any "o ) a slight k ( draw+4 ,a disc ( :ite c>dbo>d is cut1 & ^u ea* side ( x is portray$ "s object4 ,if ! disc be caus$ to revolve rapidly1 ^! two subjects w be se5 at ! same "t1 ! image ( ea* be+ held on ! ret9a long en\gh to all[ ! o!r to take its place4 ,"s v beautiful comb9ations may be made by means ( ?is in/rum5t4 ,= example1 a horse may be on "o side1 & a man on ! o!r1 &1 by sp9n+ ! disc1 ! man w be se5 m\nt$ on ! horse4 ,!n we may h a boat on "o side1 & a r[] ) 8 o>s on ! o!r4 ,simil>ly a m\se c be put into a trap1 or a bird into a cage4 ,! read] mu/ rememb] t ^! subjects mu/ be drawn z if !y 7 upside d[n ) reg>d to ea* o!r1 s t ! man :o is to ride ! horse is drawn z if he 7 /&+ on 8 head1 & ! m\se :i* is to ent] ! trap looks z if x 7 ly+ on its back4 ,! mo/ simple mann] ( sp9n+ ! disc is by means ( two ?reads1 ea* be+ ins]t$ ne> ! edge ( ! disc1 & exactly opposite ea* o!r4 ,a v +5i\s modification ( ! ,?aumatrope is made by ins]t+ at "o side ( ! disc two /r+s1 ( :i* "o is ela/ic4 ,x is evid5t1 !n1 t by l5g!n+ or %ort5+ ! ela/ic /r+1 ! axis c be *ang$1 & ! objects on ! opposite sides plac$ 9 positions relatively diff]5t f ea* o!r4 ,?us ! jockey may be made to jump on & (f 8 horse1 ! bird to g 9 & out ( its cage1 ! m\se to ent] ! trap1 & s on4 ,?is simple inv5tion all[s ( inf9ite comb9ations1 s t a tree may be made to spr\t1 a man to move 8 limbs1 & a bird to flap its w+s4 ,x 0 inv5t$1 ,i believe1 by ,dr4 ,p>is1 au?or ( 8,philosophy 9 ,sport made ,sci5ce 9 ,e>ne/40 ,on ! "r h& ( ! illu/ration are se5 ?ree figures1 ea* repres5t+ a means ( obta9+ an ocul> delusion ?r\gh ! pr9ciple ( :i* we are n[ treat+4 ,! l[] figure is call$ ! ,zoetrope1 or ,:eel ( ,life4 ,z ! read] may see1 x consi/s ( a holl[ cyl9d]1 revolv+ on a c5tre1 & hav+ )9 x a s]ies ( figures4 ,:5 ! :eel revolves1 & ! figures are view$ ?r\gh ! slits1 ea* figure seems to be 9 lifelike motion1 :5ce ! "n ( ,zoetrope4 ,9 ! pres5t case ! figures are ^? ( boys jump+ ov] po/s4 ,illu/ration3 ,,:eel ,,animalcule4 ,,phantasmascope4 ,,*romatrope4 ,,zoetrope4 ,! mode 9 :i* ?is effect is produc$ is z foll[s3--,suppose t a boy 7 really to jump ov] a po/1 he w\ld g ?r\gh a s]ies ( motions1 & 8 body be plac$ 9 a c]ta9 s]ies ( positions1 be=e he cle>$ ! po/4 ,suppos+1 !n1 t sev]al po9ts 7 *os5 9 8 c\rse1 & 8 body drawn z x w\ld appe> at ^! po9ts1 & ! draw+s plac$ 9 _! prop] ord] 9 ! ,zoetrope1 x is evid5t t ! figures mu/ appe> 9 movem5t4 ,be=e ! ret9a loses ! image ( ! boy /&+ 9 front ( ! po/1 x takes 9 t ( ! boy /oop+1 ) 8 h&s on ! top ( ! po/1 & s on until he has rea*$ ! gr\nd on ! opposite side4 ,ano!r mode ( produc+ ! same effect1 call$ ! ,phantasmascope1 is se5 above ! zoetrope4 ,9 ?is case ! images are plac$ on ! inside ( ! disc1 :i* is held opposite a mirror1 & ! figures view$ ?r\gh ! slits4 ,! la/ ( ^! figures is ! r complicat$ "o1 l ! back ( an 8eng9e-turn$0 wat*4 ,?is is call$ ! ,*romatrope1 or ,:eel ( ,col\r1 & is always a fav\rite object 9 a magic lant]n4 ,x consi/s ( two circul> plates ( glass1 "o ^u ! o!r1 & pa9t$ 9 v>i\sly col\r$ curv$ l9es1 z se5 9 ! illu/ration4 ,:5 ! image is ?r[n ^u a scre51 & ! glass plates turn$ 9 opposite directions1 a mo/ s+ul> & beautiful effect is produc$4 ,! l9es1 unless ! eye foll[s !m v closely1 disappe>1 & torr5ts ( col\r$ spots seem to p\r f ! c5tre to ! circumf]5ce1 or vice v]s1 accord+ to ! direction 9 :i* ! glass :eels are turn$4 ,s p]fect is ! illusion1 t x is almo/ impossible to believe t ! movem5t is only circul>1 & n spiral4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,n[ we w pass f ,art to ,nature4 ,! figure on ! left h& ( ! same illu/ration repres5ts "p ( "o ( ! ,:eel ,animalcules1 s call$ because !y look exactly z if ! =e-"p ( _! bodies 7 furni%$ ) two delicate :eels1 runn+ rapidly r\nd1 & evid5tly mov+ or /opp+ at ! pleasure ( ! own]4 ,soon aft] ! p[]s ( ! microscope became kn[n1 ^! ,:eel-be>]s 7 discov]$1 & = a long "t !y 7 ?\ght to h a pair ( v]itable revolv+ :eels ^u _! heads4 ,!y 7 naturally held 9 high e/imation1 z1 al?\gh almo/ e k9d ( lev] c be f\nd 9 ! animal _w1 a revolv+ :eel _h nev] be5 se54 ,h[ev]1 z ! def9+ p[]s ( ! microscope improv$1 ! s-call$ :eels 7 f\nd n to be :eels at all1 b /ation>y organs1 & t _! app>5t revolution 0 no?+ b an optical delusion4 ,! :eels are1 9 fact1 two discs1 ar\nd ! edges ( :i* are set c]ta9 hair-l app5dages1 call$ 8cilia10 f a ,lat9 ^w signify+ ! eyela%es4 ,ea* ( ! cilia has an indep5d5t motion ( its own1 &1 z !y b5d 9 rapid & regul> succession1 !y produce an effect on ! eye simil> to t ( a revolv+ body4 ,z = ! animal itself1 !y produce a d\ble effect1 ei!r act+ z paddles1 & =c+ ! animal ?r\gh ! wat]1 or1 :5 x is affix$ to "s object1 caus+ a curr5t :i* drives into its m\? ! m9ute be+s on :i* x fe$s4 ,! p>ticul> species ( ,:eel-he>] ^: m\? is "h %[n is call$ sci5tifically ,limnias c]atophylli4 ,x d]ives ! latt] "n f ! fact t x is mo/ly f\nd on ! subm]g$ /ems & leaves ( ! ,hornwort 7,c]atophyllum71 :i* is v common 9 ponds & sl[ /reams4 ,! creature is1 h[ev]1 to be f\nd on ! wat]-gr[+ plants1 & ,mr4 ,gosse1 9 8 8,ev5+s ) ! ,microscope10 gives a v full & graphic acc\nt ( itself & its habits4 ,he specially m5tions ! use ( ! :eels1 &1 by dissolv+ a little c>m9e 9 ! wat]1 _h ! pleasure ( see+ ! col\r$ granules swept into ! m\? by ! curr5t caus$ by ! cilia ?r\gh ! jaws1 & s into ! /oma*4 ,,useful ,,arts4 ,,*apt] ,i4 ,,primitive ,,man ,,& ,,8 ,,ne$s4--,,e>!nw>e4--,,ball-,,&-,,socket ,,jo9t4--,,toggle ,,or ,,knee ,,jo9t4 ,contra/ betwe5 ,savag]y & ,civilisation4--,manufacture ( ,weapons4--,e>!nw>e ( ,art4--,sun-bak$ ,vessels4--,e>!nw>e ( ,nature4--,ne/ ( ,pi$ ,grall9a4--,analogy ) ! ,babyloni% ,brick4--,ne/ ( ! ,ov5-bird4--,a p>tition$ ,vessel4--,neck$ e>!nw>e ,vessels4--,ne/s ( ,eum5es1 ,trypoxylon1 & ,pelopu4--,pro( ( ,reason 9 ,insects4--,! ,ball-&-socket ,jo9t4--8,bull's-eye0 ( ,microscope4--,! human ,?igh-bone4--,v]tebr ( ! ,s]p5ts & _! ,/ructure4--,! ,sea-ur*9 & its ,sp9es4--,legs & ,ant5n ( ,insects4--,! ,toggle or ,knee ,jo9t1 & its ,use 9 ! ,arts4--,! h& ,pr9t+-press & ! ,toggle-jo9t4--,! human ,leg & ,arm4--,p[] ( ! natural ,toggle-jo9t4--,f5c+ & ,box+4--,heads ( ,c>riages4--8,b[s+0 ( ,ropes4--,leaf-roll+ ,cat]pill>s4 ,9 ! primitive ages ( ,man ! aids to civilisation 7 v few & v rude4 ,"s ( !m1 especially ^? :i* relate to hunt+ & w>1 h already be5 m5tion$1 & we n[ h to deal ) "s ( ^? :i* be> ^u dome/ic life4 ,"h we are 9 "s little difficulty1 = x is n v easy to draw ! l9e :]e dome/ic life beg9s1 or ! mode 9 :i* x %all be def9$4 ,we may at all ev5ts connect dome/ic life ) a resid5ce ( "s sort1 & may1 9 consequ5ce1 neglect all su* primitive savages z ne$ no dome/ic implem5ts4 ,su*1 = example1 are ! few surviv+ ,bosjesmans ( ,s\!rn ,africa1 n "o ( :om ev] made a tool or an implem5t1 or look$ beyond ! pres5t day4 ,! g5u9e ,bosjesman c make a b[ & poison 8 arr[s1 & he c light a fire2 b !re 8 civilisation ends4 ,he _c look beyond ! pres5t h\r1 he has n ! fa9te/ notion ( mak+ a provision = ! future1 nor did 8 wilde/ imag9ation ev] compass ! idea ( a pot or a pan4 ,he kills 8 prey1 &1 if hung] be v press+1 he w eat x at once )\t wait+ = ! t$i\s c]emony ( cook+2 or at ! be/ w j ?r[ ! meat ^u ! fire1 te> x to pieces ) 8 tee?1 & swall[ x :5 x is no?+ b a mass ( ble$+ fle%1 *>r$ on ! outside1 & absolutely raw )94 ,! ,bosjesman has n ev5 a t5t :i* he c call 8 own1 any bu% or hole 9 ! gr\nd answ]+ = a h\se z long z he wants x1 & !n be+ ex*ang$ = ano!r4 ,z f> z we "k1 ! only trace ( civilisation 9 ! ,bosjesman is 8 manufacture ( weapons1 & ev5 8 b[ & arr[s are ( ! rude/ & clumsie/ =ms4 ,nor is x likely t he w ev] advance any fur!r2 =1 z is ! wont ( all savage tribes1 he is disappe>+ fa/ be=e ! pres5ce ( sup]ior races1 & w %ortly be z ext9ct z ! ,tasmanians1 ! la/ ( :om di$ only a few ye>s ago4 ,,e>!nw>e4 ,! adv5t ( real civilisation seems to dep5d l>gely ^u ! con/ruction1 n ( weapons1 b ut5sils1 & ! mo/ useful ( ^! are int5d$ ei!r = ! prep>ation or ! pres]vation ( food4 ,t su* vessels %\ld be made ( e>? is evid5t en\gh1 & x is wor?y ( rem>k t ! rude e>!nw>e pot ( ! nak$ savage & ! delicate *9a ( ,svres %\ld bo? be products ( ! e>?1 & yet be examples ( ! opposite ends ( civilisation4 ,! mo/ primitive e>!nw>e vessels 7 simply bak$ 9 ! rays ( ! sun1 ! use ( fire = h>d5+ !m be+ ( lat] date4 ,rude & simple z !y are1 "s ( ^! vessels possess tol]able /r5g?1 & c answ] e purpose = :i* !y are int5d$4 ,i possess sev]al pots made by ! aborig9es ( ! ,essequibo di/rict4 ,!y are v ?ick & heavy 9 proportion to _! dim5sions1 & are /ill s fragile t ,i h be5 oblig$ to b9d !m ) /r+ :5ev] !y are mov$4 ,simple z !y are1 h[ev]1 !y are pleas+ to ! eye1 *iefly1 ,i presume1 because !y are made = a def9ite (fice1 & fulfil x1 & h no pret5ce ab\t !m4 ,!n1 z !y are m\ld$ by h& alone1 )\t any assi/ance f ma*9]y ( any k9d1 ev5 a :eel1 ! individuality ( ! mak] is /amp$ ^u !m1 & no two are exactly alike ei!r 9 =m1 col\r1 or ornam5t4 ,a c\ple ( ^! rude vases are to be se5 on ! "r h& ( ! accompany+ illu/ration4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,on ! left h& ( ! same illu/ration are %[n two examples ( e>!nw>e vessels made by birds1 :i* are ne>ly1 if n q1 z good z ^? made by ! h&s ( civilis$ man4 ,! upp] figure repres5ts ! ne/ ( ! ,pi$ ,grall9a 7,grall9a ,au/ralis71 a bird :i*1 z its specific "n implies1 is a native ( ,au/ralia4 ,illu/ration3 ,,ne/ ,,( ,,pi$ ,,grall9a4 ,,ne/ ,,( ,,ov5-,,bird4 ,,primitive ,,e>!nw>e4 ,?is ne/ is =m$ *iefly ( clay1 b a quantity ( dri$ grass is always mix$ ) x1 & s]ves to b9d x toge!r4 ,if "o ( ^! ne/s be brok5 up1 & comp>$ ) ! bricks ( :i* anci5t ,babylon 0 built1 x w be f\nd t !y are almo/ id5tical 9 mat]ial1 & t bo? are m]ely bak$ 9 ! sun4 ,9 =m x s closely resembles an ,essequibo j> 9 my possession1 t if x 7 remov$ f ! bran*1 & simil>ly col\r$1 x w\ld n be easy to di/+ui% ! "o f ! o!r4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,bel[ ?is is ! ne/ ( ! ,ov5-bird ( ,s\? ,am]ica 7,furn>ius fulig9osus71 a bird alli$ to our common creep]4 ,! draw+ 0 tak5 f a specim5 9 ! ,briti% ,museum4 ,l ! ne/ ( ! ,grall9a1 x is plac$ ^u "s horizontal b\gh1 & fix$ s firmly t x _c fall except by be+ brok5 to pieces4 ,n be+ afraid ( man1 ! ,ov5-bird (t5 *ooses a beam 9 "s ou?\se = a re/+-place1 & has be5 kn[n to build ev5 on ! top ( pal+s4 ,z may be se5 by ref]5ce to ! illu/ration1 ! ne/ is a v conspicu\s "o1 & concealm5t is almo/ impossible4 ,z 9 ! ,grall9a ne/1 ! mat]ial is rem>kably h>d & firm1 z inde$ is necess>y1 to all[ x to )/& ! effects ( ! ra9-torr5ts :i* fall dur+ ! wet seasons ( ! ye>4 ,!re is a curi\s analogy 9 ?is ne/ ) _m articles ( e>!nw>e4 ,n only among ourselves1 b among uncivilis$ races1 e>!nw>e vessels are con/ruct$ ) p>titions1 s z to divide "o portion f ano!r4 ,if "o ( ^! ne/s be cut op51 x w be f\nd to h a sort ( p>tition wall across ! int]ior1 ris+ ne>ly to ! top ( ! dome1 & s divid+ x into two p>ts4 ,! wall also answ]s ano!r purpose--i4e4 t ( /r5g!n+ ! entire /ructure4 ,)9 ! inn] *amb] is ! real ne/1 :i* is l9$ ) a ?ick lay] ( fea!rs1 ! out] *amb] be+ b>e1 &1 z x is ?\ght1 be+ occupi$ by ! male4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,we n[ come to pott]y ( a m elaborate %ape4 ,bo? 9 ! ,grall9a ne/ & ! e>!n pot ( ! ,essequibo ,indian we h a vessel ) a m\? ne>ly z wide z its greate/ diamet]1 & ) a lip :i* is v slightly turn$ ov]4 ,!re are1 h[ev]1 _m v>ieties ( pott]y 9 :i* ! neck is n>r[ & long1 & ! lip is boldly =m$4 ,"s examples ( ?is =m are giv5 on ! "r h& ( ! accompany+ illu/ration4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,on ! left h& are %[n "s ne/s ( a solit>y wasp belong+ to ! g5us ,eum5es4 ,x is a ,briti% insect1 b seems to h be5 little notic$1 except by pr(ess$ entomologi/s4 ,x especially haunts hea!r1 & affixes to ! /ems ( ! plant its little globul> ne/s1 :i* are made ( mud1 & %ap$ z se5 9 ! illu/ration4 ,p]haps "s ( my read]s may h se5 ! 8,napi] ,c(fee ,ma*9e10 :i* draws ! c(fee into a glass globe furni%$ ) a %ort neck4 ,! globe is %ap$ exactly l ! ne/ ( our ,eum5es1 &1 :5 ,i fir/ saw "o1 ,i c\ld n rememb] :y its %ape 0 s famili> to me4 ,z is ! case ) ! birds' ne/s :i* h be5 m5tion$1 ! mud ( :i* ! walls are built is ( a mo/ t5aci\s "*1 &1 :5 dri$ 9 ! sun1 c resi/ ! heavie/ ra94 ,! cells are int5d$ z re>+-places = ! "y1 only a s+le egg be+ plac$ 9 ea* cell1 :i* is !n /ock$ ) small cat]pill>s by way ( food4 99 99 99 99 99 ,illu/ration3 ,,ne/s ,,( ,,eum5es4 ,illu/ration3 ,,anci5t ,,neck$ ,,pott]y4 ,!re is a ,s\? ,am]ican insect also belong+ to ! solit>y wasps1 & rem>kable = build+ a r\nd ne/ exactly simil> 9 mat]ial1 & ne>ly id5tical 9 %ape1 ) t ( ! ,eum5es4 ,its sci5tific title is ,trypoxylon aurifrons4 ,! ne/ ( ?is insect has a mu* wid] m\? ?an t ( ! ,eum5es1 & exactly resembles ! upp] left-h& j> 9 ! illu/ration4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,ano!r ,s\? ,am]ican solit>y wasp1 belong+ to ! g5us ,pelopu1 makes ne/s ( simil> mat]ial1 b ne>ly cyl9drical 9 %ape in/ead ( globul>4 ,! ne/ is built up ( successive r+s ( moi/5$ & well-knead$ clay1 exactly z human h\ses are built by bricklay]s4 ,inde$1 ! process ( mak+ a ,pelopu' ne/ has be5 happily comp>$ to t ( build+ a circul> *imney4 ,i may z well m5tion "h t ! "n ,pelopu is =m$ f a ,greek ^w signify+ mud1 & t ! entire ^w may be translat$ z 8mud-work]40 ,z a pro( t ^! insects possess reason z well z in/9ct1 ,mr4 ,gosse m5tions t "o ( !m1 in/ead ( mak+ h] ne/ = h]self1 utilis$ an empty bottle1 &1 aft] /or+ x ) spid]s1 /opp$ up ! m\? ) clay4 ,f9d+1 aft] an abs5ce ( a few days1 t ! ne/ _h be5 di/urb$1 %e remov$ ! spid]s1 ins]t$ a fre% supply1 & !n clos$ ! m\? z be=e4 ,,ball-,,&-,,socket ,,jo9t4 ,we w n[ see h[ "s ( ! mo/ useful me*anical inv5tions h _h _! prototypes 9 ,nature4 ,!re is1 = example1 ! well-kn[n 8,ball-&-socket jo9t10 )\t :i* _m ( our in/rum5ts1 especially ^? devot$ to optical purposes1 w\ld be impracticable4 ,illu/ration3 ,,hip-,,jo9t4 ,illu/ration3 ,,sp9es ,,( ,,sea-,,ur*94 ,,v]tebr ,,( ,,snake4 ,illu/ration3 ,,ball-,,&-,,socket ,,jo9t ,,( ,,microscope4 ,! figure on ! "r h& ( ! illu/ration repres5ts ! 8bull's-eye0 ( my own microscope4 ,x w be se5 t !re is a ball half sunk 9 a cup1 s t x c be turn$ 9 any direction4 ,9 po9t ( fact1 ! upp] "p ( ! ball is ne>ly conceal$ by ano!r cup1 b1 9 ord] to %[ ! /ructure1 ! upp] cup has be5 remov$4 ,:o 0 ! inv5tor ( ! ball-&-socket jo9t ,i d n "k1 b ,i h little d\bt t he mu/ h _h 9 8 m9d _m natural examples ( ?is jo9t1 ?ree ( :i* are repres5t$ 9 ! illu/ration4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,on ! left h& are se5 ! upp] "p ( ! human ?igh-bone & t "p ( ! hip-bone into :i* x fits4 ,! read] w see t at its upp] end ! bone takes r a %>p turn1 & is !n modifi$ into a ball4 ,?is ball fits into a correspond+ socket1 te*nically nam$ ! 8acetabulum10 & is !reby end[$ ) fre$om ( motion 9 almo/ e direction4 ,g5]ally we d n practise our limbs suffici5tly to develop t full fre$om1 b ^? :o h se5 any good pr(essional acrobats mu/ h be5 /ruck ) ! wond]ful mobility ( :i* ! human body is capable4 ,! socket is n a deep "o1 b dislocation ( ! hip is exce$+ly r>e1 ! bone be+ held 9 its place by ?ree p[]s4 ,! fir/ is due to a %ort ligam5t1 :i*1 h[ev]1 does n always exi/1 b1 :5 x is pres5t1 is useful 9 reta9+ ! bone 9 its place4 ,!n !re is ! contractile p[] ( ! ?igh muscles1 :i* are always =c+ ! ball into ! socket4 ,la/ly1 !re is ! pressure ( ! atmosph]e1 a =ce :i* is seldom tak5 into consid]ation1 b :i* has great influ5ce on _m p>ts ( ! human frame4 ,?is "p ( ! subject w be resum$ :5 we come to treat ( ,atmosph]ic ,pressure4 ,! arms are jo9t$ to ! %\ld]-blades 9 a v simil> mann]1 ! upp] arm-bone1 or 8hum]us10 be+ furni%$ ) a r\nd$ end1 & fitt+ into a cup-l cavity 9 ! %\ld]-blade1 or 8scapula40 ,?is =mation c easily be se5 by sep>at+ ! diff]5t bones ( a %\ld] ( mutton4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,at ! bottom ( ! illu/ration are giv5 two v]tebr ( a snake1 sep>at$ 9 ord] to %[ _! /ructure4 ,x w be se5 t ea* jo9t has a ball 9 front & a socket beh9d1 ?us giv+ ! creature t wond]ful flexibility :i* is q prov]bial1 & )\t :i* x c\ld n seize its prey4 ,! foll[+ eloqu5t passage is tak5 f ,pr(essor ,ow5's "w entitl$ 8,! ,skeleton & ! ,tee?30-- 8,s]p5ts h be5 reg>d$ z animals degrad$ f a high] type1 b _! :ole organization1 & especially _! bony /ructure1 demon/rate t _! p>ts are z exquisitely adju/$ to ! =m ( _! :ole1 & to _! habits & sph]e ( life1 z is ! organization ( any animal :i* we call sup]ior to !m4 8,x is true t ! s]p5t has no limbs1 yet x c outclimb ! monkey1 outswim ! fi%1 outleap ! ,j]boa1 &1 sudd5ly loos5+ ! coils ( its cr\*+ spiral1 x c spr+ into ! air & seize ! bird ^u ! w+3 all ^! creatures h be5 obs]v$ to fall its prey4 8,! s]p5t has nei!r h&s nor talons1 yet x c outwre/le ! a?lete1 & cru% ! tig] 9 ! embrace ( its pond]\s ov]lapp+ folds4 ,in/ead ( lick+ up its food z x glides along1 ! s]p5t uplifts its cru%$ prey1 & pres5ts x1 grasp$ 9 ! dea?-coil z 9 h&1 to its slimy1 gap+ m\?4 8,x is truly wond]ful to see ! "w ( h&s1 feet1 & f9s p]=m$ by a modification ( ! v]tebral column--by a multiplication ( its segm5ts ) mobility ( its ribs4 ,b ! v]tebr are especially modifi$1 z we h se51 to comp5sate1 by ! /r5g? ( _! num]\s articulations1 = ! weakness ( _! manifold repetition1 & ! consequ5t elongation ( ! sl5d] column4 8,z s]p5ts move *iefly on ! surface ( ! e>?1 _! dang] is greate/ f pressure & bl[s f above2 all ! jo9ts are fa%ion$ accord+ly to resi/ yield+1 & su/a9 pressure 9 a v]tical direction2 !re is no natural undulation ( ! body upw>ds & d[nw>ds--x is p]mitt$ only f side to side4 ,s closely & compactly d ! t5 pairs ( jo9ts betwe5 ea* ( ! two hundr$ or ?ree hundr$ v]tebr fit toge!r1 t ev5 9 ! relax$ & dead /ate ! body _c be twi/$ except 9 a s]ies ( side coils40 99 99 99 99 99 ,,! upp] "r-h& figure repres5ts a portion ( ! %ell ( an ,e*9us1 or ,sea-ur*91 toge!r ) two ( ! spikes4 ,! read] w rememb] t 9 ! description ( ! ,he>t-ur*91 & ! mode 9 :i* x dug its way into ! s&1 ! peculi> mobility ( ! sp9es 0 m5tion$4 ,h[ t mobility is produc$ we %all n[ see4 ,if a liv+ ,sea-ur*9 c be procur$1 & plac$ 9 a glass vessel fill$ ) sea-wat]1 x w at once be se5 t its surface is ?ickly cov]$ ) sp9es4 ,9 "s species ^! sp9es are z ?ick z ord9>y draw+ p5cils2 b 9 mo/ ( ^? :i* are f\nd on our %ores !y are v slight1 & sc>cely long] ?an d>n+-ne$les4 ,!y are 9 almo/ p]petual motion1 & g5]ally h a sort ( revolv+ movem5t1 ! base be+ ! pivot4 ,n[1 if we take a dri$ %ell ( ! ,sea-ur*91 we %all f9d t ! sp9es w come (f ) a t\*1 &1 inde$1 to pres]ve "o ) all ! sp9es complete is a mo/ difficult bus9ess4 ,let u1 !re=e1 pull "o f its atta*m5t1 & exam9e its base4 ,?is w be f\nd to be swoll5 into a cup-l =m1 z se5 9 ! illu/ration2 &1 if we look at ! spot :5ce x came1 we %all see t !re is a little1 r\nd$1 poli%$ prom95ce1 exactly fitt+ into ! cup1 j z ! ball ( ! human ?igh-bone fits into ! acetabulum4 ,x has also its ligam5t to keep x 9 its place1 & its same set ( muscles t move x1 & is altoge!r a mo/ wond]ful piece ( me*anism4 ,!re are 9 "s species ( ,e*9us ab\t f\r ?\s& ( ^! sp9es4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,! legs ( an insect af=d excell5t examples ( ! ball-&-socket pr9ciple1 ! socket be+ on ! body1 & ! ball on ! base ( ! leg4 ,"s ( our l>ge/ insects--su*1 = example1 z ! common ,/ag-beetle--exhibit ?is pr9ciple v well4 ,i h n[ be=e me a ,/ag-beetle :i* has be5 dead = _m ye>s1 & is q dry & h>d4 ,yet ,i c rotate ! legs almo/ z freely z if ! beetle _h be5 j kill$1 s easily d ! jo9ts "w4 ,ev5 ! ant5n1 :i* are affix$ to ! head by a simil> jo9t1 move ab\t by _! own weight on m]ely *ang+ ! position ( ! insect4 ,^! are only a few ( ! _m natural examples ( ! ,ball-&-socket jo9t1 b !y are suffici5t = our purpose4 ,,! ,,toggle ,,or ,,knee ,,jo9t4 ,ano!r mo/ useful inv5tion n[ comes be=e u1 call$ ! ,toggle-jo9t1 or ,knee-jo9t1 ! latt] "n be+ giv5 to x on acc\nt ( its manife/ resemblance to ! action ( ! human knee4 ,?is jo9t is %[n 9 ! illu/ration4 ,x consi/s ( two lev]s1 jo9t$ toge!r at "o end1 & hav+ ! o!r ends jo9t$ to ! objects :i* are to be press$ asund]4 ,x w be se5 t if ! c5tre ( ! ,toggle be pu%$ or pull$ 9 ! direction ( ! arr[1 s z to /raight5 ! lev]s1 ! am\nt ( pressure ^u !m is enorm\s4 ,su* an app>atus z ?is comb9es simplicity & p[] 9 a wond]ful mann]1 & is greatly us$ 9 ma*9]y1 especially 9 presses1 :]e ! =ce is requir$ to be great1 b n ( long duration4 ,an ord9>y two-foot rule1 :5 b5t1 af=ds a good example ( ! ,toggle-jo9t1 & w ex]t a wond]ful am\nt ( =ce4 ,illu/ration3 ,,/raight5$ ,,toggles4 ,,f5c]s4 ,,b5t ,,toggles4 ,,pr9t+-,,press4 ,! illu/ration repres5ts "o ( ! common pr9t+-presses t are work$ by h&4 ,:5 ! workman draws ! h&le horizontally1 he causes ! two portions ( ! ,toggle to approa* a /raight l9e4 ,! upp] half ( ! ,toggle be+ jo9t$ to ! fix$ beam above1 & ! o!r half to ! movable plate or 8plat50 bel[1 x is evid5t t ! latt] w be press$ d[nw>ds ) enorm\s =ce4 ,inde$1 s great is ! p[] ( ?is in/rum5t1 t a man ( mod]ate /r5g? c ex]t a pressure ( _m tons4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,we n[ proce$ f ,art to ,nature1 & take fir/ ! human knee1 be+ ! jo9t f :i* ?is piece ( me*anism has d]iv$ "o ( its names4 ,if ! read] w look at ! figure ( ! f5c]s1 he w see t ! arm & leg are bo? ,toggle-jo9ts4 ,9 ! "o :o is /&+ on ! def5ce !y are b5t1 & 9 ! o!r1 :o has j made a longe1 ! ,toggles ( ! "r arm & left leg are /raight5$4 ,x is by ! /raight5+ ( ^! jo9ts1 & n by ! action ( /abb+1 t ! rapidity & =ce ( a ?ru/ are a*iev$4 ,x is j ! same 9 box+4 ,no "o :o has ! lea/ k ( sp>r+ /rikes a r\nd-h&$ bl[1 =1 putt+ aside ! ease ) :i* x is p>ri$ or avoid$1 x has sc>cely any =ce 9 x4 ,:5 a box] hits 8/raight f ! %\ld]10 he n only /raight5s ! ,toggle-jo9t ( 8 left arm1 b t ( 8 "r knee also1 s t ! =ce ( ! bl[ comes q z mu* f ! leg z ! arm4 ,x is by ! "r use ( ?is jo9t t a small man1 provid$ he be an exp]t box]1 w easily conqu] an ignorant oppon5t :o f> surpasses him 9 size & weight4 ,i h se5 9 a sp>r+-mat* a man n only knock$ d[n1 b fairly lift$ (f 8 feet1 by a bl[ f a small] oppon5t4 ,! bl[ took effect "u ! *91 &1 z ! box] hit exactly ! "r mom5t 9 /raight5+ bo? limbs1 a v great =ce 0 ex]t$ ) little app>5t ef=t4 ,i d n "k :i* ( ! two combatants 0 ! m a/oni%$1 ! "o to f9d himself on 8 back )\t exactly kn[+ h[ he got !re1 & ! o!r to see 8 antagoni/ pro/rate )\t exactly kn[+ h[ ! ?+ 0 done4 ,! jo9t$ app>atus by :i* ! heads ( c>riages are rais$ or l[]$ is a good example ( ! ,toggle1 & exemplifies ! =ce :i* a comp>atively slight piece ( ma*9]y c ex]cise4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,ano!r =m ( ! ,toggle-jo9t is ! process call$ by sailors 8b[s+0 ( rope4 ,if a rope be fa/5$ at bo? ends1 & !n pull$ 9 ! middle1 ! ends are drawn =cibly t[>ds ea* o!r4 ,?is plan is mo/ly adopt$ 9 gett+ up sails4 ,:5 a sail1 say ! ma9sail ( a cutt]1 has to be hoi/$ z f> z x w g1 ! la/ few in*es are always v ob/9ate4 ,! ^w is !n giv5 to 8b[se40 ,! rope1 or hauly>d1 is no long] pull$ at ! end1 b a turn is tak5 r\nd ! cleat1 s t x does n give way4 ,! rope is !n =cibly pull$ away f ! ma/1 :5 up goes ! gaff a little high]4 ,9 ?is way1 by repeat$ b[s+s1 ! gaff is coax$1 s to speak1 up ! ma/1 & =c$ into its place4 ,"s ( ! leaf-roll+ cat]pill>s act 9 a simil> mann]1 by alt]nately b[s+ & %ort5+ _! l9es4 ,z1 h[ev]1 _! mode ( work+ w be describ$ "u ano!r head+1 we w say no m ( !m at pres5t4 ,,useful ,,arts4 ,,*apt] ,,ii4 ,,cru%+ ,,in/rum5ts4--,,! ,,nut-,,crack]s1 ,,roll+-,,mill1 ,,& ,,gr9d/one4--,,pressure ,,( ,,atmosph]e4--,,se$ ,,dibbles ,,& ,,drills4 ,importance ( ,lev]age 9 ,cru%+ ,p[]4--,nut-crack]s a ,lev] ( ! ,second ,ord]4--,! ,*aff-cutt+ & ,tobacconi/s' ,ma*9es4--,jaws ( v>i\s ,animals4--,! ,wolf-fi% or ,sea-wolf4--,! ,roll+-mill & its ,action4--,gunp[d]-mills & ,granulat+ ,ma*9e4--,! 8,jacob's ,ladd]40--,! ,mangle & its v>i\s ,adaptations4--,! ,gr9d/one4--,primitive ,gr9d/ones ( ! ,savage ,races4--,! ,kafirs & ! ,inhabitants ( ,pale/9e4--,ceas+ ( ! ,mill/one4--8,fac+0 ( ,mill/ones4--,tusk ( ! ,elephant & its ,/ructure4--,its ,fac+s always pres]v$4--,p[] ( ,self-r5ewal4--,pressure ( ,atmosph]e4--,! ,napi] ,c(fee ,ma*9e4--,! ,cupp+ ,in/rum5t4--,! ,pneumatic ,peg4--,! ,magdeburg ,hemisph]es4--,plane ,surfaces ( ,glass or ,metal4--,suck]s ( ! ,cuttle-fi%4--,foot ( ! ,wat]-beetle4--,! ,limpet4--,! ,/>-fi% & its ,mode ( ,progression4--,! ,suck+-fi% & ! ,fables connect$ ) x4--,its real ,/ructure4--,modification ( ! ,dorsal ,f94--,! ,gobies & ,lump-fi%4--,! ,gecko & ,tree-frog4--,! ,lamp]n & ! ,m$ic9al ,lee*4--,se$ ,dibbles & ,drills4--,lab\r]s v]sus ,ma*9]y4--,natural ,dibble ( ! ,gras%opp]4--,! ,daddy ,long-legs4--,drills & ,dibbles ( ! ,i*neumon-flies4--,a wond]ful ,specim5 f ,bogot4--,! ,pelec9us & its ,mode ( lay+ ,eggs4 ,,cru%+ ,,in/rum5ts4 ,z we are on ! subject ( lev]age1 we w take "s examples ( lev]s 9 ,art & ,nature1 )\t1 h[ev]1 ev5 attempt+ to exhau/ ! topic4 ,on ! "r h& ( ! illu/ration is %[n a v famili> example ( a lev]1 namely1 nut-crack]s1 ) a nut betwe5 !m4 ,?is useful implem5t is simply an adaptation ( lev]s ( ! second k9d1 ! p[] be+ repres5t$ by ! human h&1 ! weight by ! nut1 & ! fulcrum be+ ! jo9t ( ! in/rum5t4 ,! common *aff-cutt]1 :i* is work$ by h&1 is ano!r famili> example ( ?is k9d ( lev]1 & s is ! knife us$ by tobacconi/s 9 cutt+ cake ,cav5di% into ?reads1 & by druggi/s = simil> purposes4 ,9 ^! in/rum5ts ! po9t ( ! knife is jo9t$ to "s fix$ object1 & becomes ! fulcrum2 ! h& ( ! cutt] supplies ! p[]1 & ! weight is ! object :i* is be+ cut4 ,x w be se5 t1 by increas+ ! l5g? ( ! h&le1 v great p[] c be obta9$4 ,illu/ration3 ,,jaws ,,( ,,wolf-,,fi%4 ,illu/ration3 ,,nut-,,crack]s4 ,ex*ang+ ! p[] = weight1 we h 9 ! common tongs1 :e!r us$ = ! coals or = sug>1 a lev]age ( a simil> "*1 ! weight mov+ ov] a great] space ?an ! p[]4 ,a good example ( ?is is to be f\nd 9 ! deltoid muscle ( ! human arm4 ,! muscle1 :i* furni%es ! p[]1 contracts ab\t an in*1 &1 s do+1 moves ! h& ov] "s =ty in*es ( space4 ,x has be5 well /at$ t if a man is able to hold 9 8 h&1 & ) ext5d$ arm1 a weight ( tw5ty-five p\nds1 ! muscle mu/ be ex]t+ a p[] ( =ty times z great1 i4e4 ab\t a ?\s& p\nds4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,!re is little d\bt t1 9 su* ,cru%+ ,in/rum5ts z h be5 m5tion$1 ! idea has be5 tak5 f ! jaws ( sundry animals4 ,we "k1 = example1 t ) ourselves1 if we desire to crack a walnut or a filb]t 9 our tee?1 we always put x z f> back z possible1 s z to make ! lev]age z p[]ful z possible4 ,no "o w\ld ev] dream ( crack+ a nut ) 8 front tee?1 an act :i* w\ld be v mu* l t ( try+ to break a piece ( coal by p9*+ x ) ! tongs4 ,! left-h& figure ( ! illu/ration repres5ts "p ( ! jaws ( ! ,wolf-fi%1 or ,sea-wolf1 z x is sometimes call$1 & a v wond]ful cru%+ ma*9e x is4 ,! ,sea-wolf 7,an>rhicas lupus71 sometimes call$ ! ,sea-cat1 or ,sw9e-fi%1 is tol]ably common on our coa/s1 &1 z x sometimes atta9s a l5g? ( sev5 feet1 & is proportionately /\t & muscul>1 ! p[] ( its bite may be e/imat$4 ,! fi% 9 "q fe$s *iefly on cru/acea & h>d-%ell$ molluscs1 & is !re=e furni%$ ) an app>atus :i* c cru% _! %ells4 ,extremes meet4 ,! ,sea-anemones1 :i* are m]e films ( animal matt]1 & c be torn 9 pieces ) ! f+] & ?umb1 c seize1 swall[1 & dige/ a crab or an oy/] 9 spite ( ! ?ick & /rong %ells 9 :i* !y are enclos$4 ,s c ! ,sea-wolf1 & fi%es ( a simil> "*4 ,b no?+ int]m$iate c t\* !m1 & x is curi\s to reflect t su* opposite means %\ld produce a simil> effect4 ,on ref]5ce to ! illu/ration1 ! read] w see h[ exact is ! p>allel betwe5 ! ,nut-crack]s & ! ,sea-wolf's jaws1 bo? be+ work$ on ! same pr9ciple1 & bo? be+ furni%$ ) a s]ies ( project+ po9ts1 :i* are us$ = ! purpose ( prev5t+ ! escape ( ! object :i* is to be cru%$4 ,! t]rible grasp+ p[] ( ! crocodile1 ! dolph91 & o!r pr$aci\s creatures c be expla9$ on ! same pr9ciple4 ,,! ,,roll+-,,mill4 ,we n[ come to ano!r v>iation ( ! ,cru%+ ,ma*9e1 i4e4 t 9 :i* ! motion is con/ant1 & n int]mitt5t1 z is ! case ) ^? ma*9es :i* h j be5 m5tion$4 ,p]haps "s ( my read]s may h visit$ ^? great iron-works 9 :i* huge masses ( iron are roll$ into plates ( great] or less ?ickness1 or are cut up into /rips z easily z if !y 7 butt]4 ,! me*anism is 9 its pr9ciple simple en\gh4 ,! cyl9drical roll]s are plac$ ne>ly 9 contact1 & =c$ t[>ds ea* o!r by me*anical means1 su* z lev]s1 screws1 or spr+s1 or all ?ree comb9$4 ,^! cyl9d]s revolve 9 opposite directions1 &1 if any object be plac$ betwe5 !m1 !y draw x ?r\gh !m1 & pres5t x on ! o!r side 9 a flatt5$ condition4 ,illu/ration3 ,,jaws ,,( ,,skate4 ,illu/ration3 ,,cru%+-,,mill ,,& ,,roll]4 ,_m ye>s ago1 "o ( my s*oolfell[s1 :o _h be5 br\ght up entirely "u ! c>e ( "s maid5 ladies1 0 visit+ a work%op1 & mu/ ne$s put 8 f+] betwe5 two revolv+ roll]s4 ,( c\rse ! h& 0 drawn betwe5 !m1 & simply squeez$ flat4 ,! ma*9e 0 in/antly /opp$1 & ! h& extricat$2 & ! /range ?+ 01 t ! cru%$ & %apeless h& aft]w>ds recov]$ its full p[]1 ?\gh n its %ape1 & 0 able to t\* ! keys ( ! piano4 ,! :ole process ( ! ,roll+-mill is s+ul>ly int]e/+1 :e!r x be us$ = l>ge or small objects4 ,suppos+ t ! groov$ roll]s ( ! illu/ration 7 cut across s z to pres5t a numb] ( po9ts1 x is evid5t t any?+ :i* got betwe5 !m w\ld be bitt5 to pieces1 ea* piece be+ ( a tol]ably uni=m %ape4 ,?is plan is n[ adopt$ 9 ! granulation ( gunp[d]4 ,aft] ! future p[d] has em]g$ f ! hydraulic press 9 ! =m call$ 8press-cake10 x 0 =m]ly brok5 to bits ) wood5 or copp] mallets1 & !n plac$ 9 a v peculi> k9d ( sieve4 ,?is 0 %ap$ l an ord9>y sieve1 b ! bottom 0 made ( c[hide1 pi]c$ ) innum]able holes4 ,a r\nd pebble 0 plac$ 9 ! sieve1 &1 :5 ! latt] 0 viol5tly %ak5 backw>ds & =w>ds1 ! p[d] 0 driv5 ?r\gh ! holes by ! pressure ( ! /one1 & 0 aft]w>ds sep>at$ into its v>i\s degrees ( f95ess4 ,i h only twice se5 ?is process1 & confess to h be5 9 a v n]v\s /ate on bo? occasions4 ,! sieve is :irl$ ab\t ) enorm\s velocity1 & ! pebble flies r\nd z if x 7 a ?+ alive4 ,let b a brok5 ne$le or a fragm5t ( /one get into ! sieve1 or ev5 let ! /one itself break asund]1 & !re w be an in/antane\s explosion1 :i* w hurl ! h\se1 ! ma*9]y1 & ! workm5 into unkn[n regions4 ,n[1 h[ev]1 ! mode ( granulat+ p[d] is radically alt]$4 ,!re is a s]ies ( d\ble cyl9d]s1 su* z %[n 9 ! illu/ration1 & ea* ( !m has ! ridges cut into tee? 9 regul> ord]4 ,?us ! fir/ set ( roll]s or cyl9d]s m]ely bites ! press-cake into conv5i5t pieces1 ?\gh seldom ( ! same weight4 ,! press-cake1 ?us bitt5 to pieces1 is pass$ ?r\gh a s]ies ( cyl9drical sieves1 ea* graduat$ ) ! utmo/ accuracy1 & be+ turn$ by means ( ma*9]y4 ,be+ set on a slope1 ! p[d] runs by its own weight d[n !m1 & all ^? p>ticles :i* _c pass ?r\gh ! me%es are p\r$ out unt\*$ at ! l[] end4 ,! portions :i* are too l>ge to pass ! op5+s ( ! fir/ sieve are !n h&$ onw>ds by means ( a ma*9e call$ a 8,jacob's ,ladd]10 :i* consi/s ( a s]ies ( little vessels or buckets /rung on a tape1 & revolv+ ov] a c\ple ( :eels4 ,! fir/ set ( buckets takes ! co>sely bitt5 press-cake to ! second set ( roll]s1 ! tee? ( :i* are comp>atively small4 ,!nce x is pass$ ov] to a ?ird set1 & s =?1 until x is deliv]$ 9 any quality ( gra9 :i* may be requir$4 ,! mod]n ,mangle1 aga91 af=ds a good example ( ?is pr9ciple4 ,! old obtrusive1 co/ly1 & cumbr\s ,mangle1 :i* 0 no?+ m ?an a heavy box ( /ones ^u roll]s1 has giv5 place to ! mod]n sy/em ( duplex action 9 roll]s1 & "o ( ! old ,mangles is n easily to be se51 unless x be work$ z a curiosity4 ,9 fact1 x is ne>ly z obsolete z ! sp9n+-:eel1 :i* yet may be se5 9 "s ( our c\ntry villages1 :]e sc>cely "o p] c5t1 ( ! population has ev] be5 9 a t[n1 & _m ( !m1 ! wom5 especially1 make x _! boa/ t !y h nev] be5 beyond ! outskirts ( _! village4 ,?is clumsy ma*9e is n[ replac$ by ! v simple inv5tion :i* has be5 9 vogue = "s ye>s1 & :i* c n only release1 b regulate1 ! pressure at any mom5t1 by means ( spr+s1 lev]s1 & weights4 ,?is ma*9e is1 9 fact1 exactly ! same z t :i* is repres5t$ 9 ! illu/ration1 except t ! roll]s are q smoo?4 ,!y c be adju/$ to almo/ any am\nt ( pressure by lev]s & weights :i* are atta*$ to ! upp] roll]1 &1 :5 ! l95 has pass$ ?r\gh !m1 x has und]gone ! d\ble op]ation ( wr++ & mangl+4 ,?is disposition ( ! roll]s has long be5 anticipat$ 9 ! jaws ( ! ,skate :i* cru% to pieces ! %ells ( ! :elks1 p]iw9kles1 c41 on :i* ! creature fe$s4 ,,! ,,gr9d/one4 ,be+ on ! subject ( jaws & tee? z a mode ( break+ to pieces objects :i* are plac$ betwe5 !m1 we w take ^? implem5ts :i* gr9d to p[d]1 or 8triturate10 in/ead ( break+ or flatt5+4 ,f ! v e>lie/ ages1 & z soon z man _h begun to discov] ! 8/aff ( life10 ! art ( gr9d+ naturally assum$ an ev]-increas+ importance4 ,! fir/ & mo/ primitive mode ( gr9d+ corn & conv]t+ x into meal 0 t :i* 0 foll[$ by ,s>ah1 :5 %e welcom$ h] husb&'s gue/s1 :i* we "k1 f int]nal evid5ce1 0 foll[$ by ! uncivilis$ races :o =m]ly inhabit$ ?is isl&1 & by _m semi-savages ( ! pres5t day4 ,no?+ c\ld be simpl] ?an ! ma*9]y us$1 & no?+ c\ld cause a great] wa/e ( muscul> p[]4 ,two /ones 7 employ$1 a l>ge "o ^u :i* ! gra9 0 plac$1 & a small] :i* 0 held 9 ! h&s1 & us$ = gr9d+ ! corn to p[d]1 j z ! pa9t]s ( ! la/ c5tury us$ to gr9d _! col\rs4 ,! ,kafirs ( ,s\!rn ,africa use ?is simple mill1 & s exactly d !y keep unconsci\sly to ! cu/oms ( long-p]i%$ natives1 t if "o ( _! mills 7 buri$ = a few ye>s & dug up aga91 x might be mi/ak5 = "o ( ! anci5t 8qu]ns40 ,z ! /one held 9 ! h& 0 r\nd$1 x naturally wore a r\nd$ holl[ 9 ! l[] /one1 & ?is made ! process ( trituration easi]4 ,p]haps "s ( my read]s may h notic$ t :5 a *emi/ makes up a prescription1 & is oblig$ to r$uce "o ( ! +r$i5ts to p[d]1 he always does s by rubb+1 & n by p\nd+1 z is g5]ally believ$4 ,he works ! pe/le r\nd & r\nd ! mort> ) a k9d ( twi/+ motion1 & ?us obta9s a p[d] mu* too f9e to h be5 produc$ by any am\nt ( p\nd+4 ,illu/ration3 ,,too? ,,( ,,elephant4 ,illu/ration3 ,,gr9d/one4 ,! lab\r ( ?is op]ation is necess>ily v sev]e1 & !re=e ! ,kafir ( ! pres5t day1 z did 8 pr$ecessors ( ! long-lo/ races1 decl9es to d x himself1 b h&s x ov] to ! wom54 ,9 ,pale/9e1 z 9 o!r p>ts ( ! _w1 a simple mill has be5 inv5t$1 :i* takes away mu* ( ! lab\r1 &1 above all1 releases ! gr9d] f ! obligation ( lean+ ) h] fall weight ^u ! upp] /one4 ,9 ?is mill ! /ones are simil>4 ,! upp] is mov$ backw>ds & =w>ds r\nd a pivot1 & ! gra9 is pass$ betwe5 !m by means ( a conical ap]ture 9 ! upp] /one1 :i* answ]s ! purpose ( our 8hopp]40 ,9 ord] to "w ?is mill1 two wom5 are requir$1 sitt+ opposite ea* o!r1 ) ! mill betwe5 !m1 hold+ ! same h&le1 & assi/+ ea* o!r 9 turn+ ! /one backw>ds & =w>ds4 ,no "o :o has n se5 ?is op]ation c fully appreciate ! =ce ( ! say+ t 8two wom5 %all be gr9d+ at ! mill2 ! "o %all be tak51 & ! o!r left40 ,x is wor?y ( rem>k t1 ev5 at ! pres5t day1 ! cu/om ( gr9d+ corn is c>ri$ out 9 ,pale/9e z x 0 s _m c5turies ago1 & t x is repeat$ 9 ,s\!rn ,africa among ! ,kafir tribes4 ,9 bo? p>ts ( ! e>? ! fir/ s\nd ( e>ly morn+ is caus$ by ! mill/ones ( ! gr9d+ wom51 & ! am\nt & duration ( ! noise af=d a sure te/ ( prosp]ity4 ,cessation ( ! mill/ones signifies adv]sity & a ?9 population1 z has be5 said by a writ] :o liv$ n v f> f ?ree ?\s& ye>s ago4 ,speak+ ( tribulation1 he m5tions t 8! gr9d]s cease because !y be few1 & t ! doors %all be %ut 9 ! /reets :5 ! s\nd ( ! gr9d+ is l[40 ,aft] a:ile improvem5ts 7 gradually introduc$ into ! bus9ess ( gr9d+1 n ! lea/ ( :i* 0 cov]+ its surface ) ridges1 in/ead ( leav+ x entirely smoo?1 z x _h be5 =m]ly4 ,mill]s ( ! pres5t "t "k ! value ( ^! ridges1 & ! additional gr9d+ p[] :i* ?is 8fac+0 gives to a /one4 ,"o ( ^! /ones is repres5t$ 9 ! illu/ration1 s z to %[ ! sy/em on :i* ! ridges & grooves are con/ruct$4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,n[1 pass+ f ,art to ,nature1 we f9d t ! :ole sy/em ( ! mill/one1 its movem5t & its ridg$ surface1 exi/$ 9 ! times :5 man _h n yet come ^u e>?4 ,! read] is probably aw>e t among ! too?-be>+ animals !re are ?ree types ( tee?4 ,fir/ come ! incisors1 or cutt+ tee?1 :i* occupy ! front ( ! jaw1 & f9d _! fulle/ developm5t 9 ! rod5t animals1 su* z ! beav]1 ! squirrel1 ! rabbit1 & ! rat4 ,next !m come ! can9e or pi]c+ tee?1 :i* are s highly develop$ 9 all ! cat tribe4 ,la/ly1 !re are ! mol> or ma/icat+ tee?1 s call$ f a ,lat9 ^w signify+ a mill/one1 because _! (fice is to gr9d food4 ,z x is ) ^! la/ t we h n[ to treat1 we w say no?+ ab\t ! o!rs4 ,! mol> tee? f9d _! greate/ developm5t 9 ! ,elephant1 ! /ructure ( ^: mol>s is exactly l t ( our mod]n mill/ones4 ,!re is c]ta9ly "o v great diff]5ce4 ,:5 ! surface ( a mill/one is rubb$ away1 ! /one mu/ be re-fac$1 & soon] or lat] is worn out altoge!r1 & mu/ be replac$ ) a new "o4 ,?is1 h[ev]1 is n ! case ) ! ,elephant's mol> tee?1 :i* n only keep _! fac+ p]fectly %>p1 b h ! faculty ( r5ew+ !mselves z fa/ z !y are worn away4 ,h[ ^! important objects are atta9$ we %all n[ see4 ,if ! read] w ref] to ! upp] left-h& figure ( ! illu/ration1 he w see t its surface is = ! mo/ "p r\nd1 ) irregul>ly oval figures1 close & ?ick at "o end1 & almo/ disappe>+ at ! o!r4 ,^! are ! 8fac+s0 ( ! ,elephant's too?1 & !y are =m$ z foll[s3-- ,! too?1 :i* is ( enorm\s size1 is n solid1 b is compos$ ( a numb] ( plates laid side by side1 l a pack ( c>ds :5 set on _! edge4 ,ea* ( ^! plates is compos$ ( a h>d ext]nal lay] ( enamel1 & an int]nal lay] ( comp>atively s(t bony matt]4 ,a slice ( badly made toa/ af=ds a famili> p>allel1 ! half-*>r$ outside repres5t+ ! enamel1 & ! s(t1 sodd5 int]ior be+ analog\s to ! bony matt]4 ,9 ord] to %[ ! arrangem5t ( ^! plates1 a side view ( "p ( ! too? is giv5 on ! same illu/ration4 ,sometimes1 :5 ! tee? ( fossil elephants are discov]$1 ^! plates all fall asund]1 ! mat]ial :i* connect$ !m hav+ be5 dissolv$ away 9 ! e>?4 ,:51 h[ev]1 we look ^u ! upp] surface ( a rec5t too?1 we see x pres5t ! appe>ance :i* is %[n 9 ! illu/ration4 ,! elongat$ oval m>ks are ! edges ( ! h>d enamel plates1 :ile ! spaces betwe5 !m are fill$ ) ! s(t bony matt]4 ,x w be evid5t1 !n1 t if two tee? su* z ^! be 9 opposite jaws1 & p]=m ! task ( gr9d+ food1 _! surface w always be well 8fac$40 ,ow+ to ! diff]5t h>dness & d5sity ( ! enamel & bony sub/ance1 ! latt] w we> away ) comp>ative rapidity1 leav+ ! =m] to project slightly1 & ?us to pres]ve ! fac+ ( ! natural mill4 ,?is is1 inde$1 b a modification ( ! beautiful animal me*anism :i* keeps ! tee? ( a rod5t animal always %>p1 & always bevell$ (f at ! prop] angle4 ,if we c\ld inv5t "s plan :]eby1 9 our mill/ones1 we c\ld make ! fac+ ( mu* h>d] mat]ial ?an ! /one1 we %\ld make an advance 9 ! mill]'s art t w\ld r5d] ! mill/ones ( ! future z f> sup]ior to ^? ( ! pres5t z are our pres5t mill/ones to ! h& 8qu]n0 ( ! ,kafir wom54 ,yet ano!r improvem5t has to be made4 ,w\ld x be possible to con/ruct a mill/one :i* %\ld n only reta9 its fac+1 b possess ! p[] ( r5ew+ itself 9 proportion z x is worn out8 ,?is prop]ty is f\nd 9 ! ,elephant's too?1 & ! illu/ration w give a tol]ably good idea ( ! simple & beautiful me*anism by :i* x is br\ght into op]ation4 ,! too?1 in/ead ( be+ "o solid mass1 consi/s1 z ,i h already /at$1 ( a s]ies ( plates set side by side4 ,^! plates are s con/ruct$ t !y are m worn away 9 front ?an beh9d4 ,9 proportion z !y are worn1 a new too? is built up beh9d ! old "o1 & gradually pu%es (f ! old "o4 ,n[1 if we c\ld only con/ruct mill/ones ) su* prop]ties1 we %\ld possess an absolutely p]fect in/rum5t4 ,,pressure ,,( ,,atmosph]e4 ,!re are _m useful inv5tions :i* dep5d on ! weight ( ! atmosph]e & ! creation ( a m or less p]fect vacuum4 ,!re is1 = example1 ! common ,pump1 :i* raises wat] simply by ! action ( ! atmosph]e4 ,a pipe passes into ! wat]1 & 9 t pipe an air-tight pi/on is ins]t$4 ,:5 ! pi/on is drawn upw>ds a vacuum is =m$1 & ! wat] is at once =c$ into x by ! pressure ( ! atmosph]e4 ,!n !re is ! graceful & useful ,napi] ,c(fee-mak+ ,ma*9e1 consi/+ ( a glass globe1 & vase ( ! same mat]ial4 ,c(fee & boil+ wat] are put into ! vase1 & "s hot wat] into ! globe4 ,! two are !n connect$ ) ! tube1 & "u ! globe is plac$ a _s-lamp4 ,pres5tly ! wat] 9 ! globe boils1 expell+ ! air & fill+ ! globe ) /eam4 ,! lamp is !n remov$1 & ! /eam 9 ! globe is cond5s$1 leav+ a vacuum4 ,! pressure ( ! atmosph]e !n comes to be> ^u ! c(fee 9 ! vase1 :i* is =c$ ?r\gh ! tube into ! globe1 produc+ beautifully cle> & well-flav\r$ c(fee4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,surg]y employs ! weight ( ! atmosph]e 9 ! op]ation call$ 8,cupp+10 n[ r>ely employ$1 b =m]ly 9 su* con/ant use t sc>cely any man :o _h atta9$ middle age _h n und]gone x4 ,! op]ation 0 int5d$ = ! purpose ( remov+ ! blood f "s def9ite spot4 ,p]sons1 = example1 :o appe>$ to h a t5d5cy to apoplexy 7 regul>ly cupp$ betwe5 ! %\ld]s twice a ye>1 i4e4 9 ! spr+ & autumn4 ,! mode ( p]=m+ ! op]ation is z foll[s3--,a vase-%ap$ glass vessel call$ a cupp+-glass is plac$ close to ! sk94 ,! flame ( a _s-lamp is !n introduc$ = a mom5t 9 ! glass s z to expel ! air1 & ! glass is rapidly plac$ ) its m\? d[nw>ds on ! sk94 ,if ?is be done ) suffici5t rapidity1 ! p>tial vacuum 9 ! cupp+-glass causes x to adh]e to ! sk91 :i* is =c$ into x by atmosph]ic pressure1 z %[n 9 ! illu/ration4 ,! blood is1 ( c\rse1 drawn t[>ds ! surface by ! same means4 ,! glass is !n quickly remov$1 & a little brass in/rum5t appli$1 :i*1 at ! t\*+ ( a spr+1 s5ds out a numb] ( small lancet-blades s =m$ z to make v slight cuts4 ,! glass is aga9 appli$1 & rapidly becomes fill$ ) blood f ! cuts1 ! air hav+ =c$ x 9 exactly z x =ces ! c(fee 9 ,napi]'s ma*9e4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,9 ! upp] "r-h& corn] ( ! illu/ration is %[n ! ,pneumatic ,peg1 a comp>atively rec5t inv5tion1 & useful 9 cases :]e mu* /r5g? is n requir$4 ,! base ( ! peg is fitt$ ) a sort ( cup made ( india-rubb]4 ,:5 ?is base is press$ aga9/ a smoo? & flat surface1 su* z a pane ( glass1 ! air is =c$ out ( ! cup1 & a vacuum =m$4 ,! pressure ( ! atmosph]e !n causes ! cup to adh]e to ! glass ) suffici5t =ce to enable objects to be susp5d$ f x4 ,! boy's well-kn[n toy1 ! ,suck]1 is made on exactly ! same pr9ciple4 ,a piece ( lea!r1 g5]ally circul>1 ?\gh ! %ape is n ( mu* consequ5ce1 has a hole bor$ ?r\gh its c5tre1 s z to all[ a /r+ to be atta*$4 ,! lea!r is !n soak$ 9 wat] until x is q s(t4 ,if x be firmly press$ on any smoo? object1 su* z a /one1 ! air is =c$ f "u x1 & x becomes capable ( su/a9+ a weight 9 proportion to its dim5sions4 ,z ! air has a pressure ( ab\t fifte5 p\nds on e squ>e in*1 x is easy to calculate ! weight :i* x w uphold1 a m>g9 be+ left = imp]fection ( vacuum4 ,illu/ration3 ,,suck]s ,,( ,,cuttle4 ,,limpet4 ,,/>-,,fi%4 ,,suck+-,,fi%4 ,,foot ,,( ,,gecko4 ,,lamp]n4 ,,cupp+-,,glass4 ,,pneumatic ,,peg4 ,,suck]4 ,,magdeburg ,,hemisph]es4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,! l[] figure repres5ts ! in/rum5t call$ ! ,magdeburg ,hemisph]es1 :i* are made = ! purpose ( %[+ ! enorm\s p[] ( air-pressure4 ,!y are two holl[$ hemisph]es1 hav+ _! edges v accurately gr\nd toge!r4 ,:5 us$1 a little l>d is rubb$ on ! edges 9 ord] to insure _! exact fit1 & !y are !n press$ tightly toge!r4 ,! air is remov$ by means ( ! common exhau/+ syr+e1 & x is f\nd t ! two adh]e toge!r ) su* =ce t two /rong m5 _c pull !m asund]4 ,b1 if ! tap be turn$1 & air admitt$1 !y come ap>t )\t ! lea/ difficulty4 ,simil>ly1 if two plates ( glass or metal be gr\nd to exactly plane surfaces1 & press$ toge!r1 !y adh]e ne>ly z /rongly z if !y 7 "o solid piece4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,we w n[ turn f ,art to ,nature1 & exam9e "s natural produc]s ( vacuum4 ,"o ( ! mo/ celebrat$ is t s]ies ( suck]s :i* may be f\nd ^u ! arms ( ! v>i\s ,cuttles4 ,at ! upp] "p ( ! illu/ration a figure is giv5 ( "p ( an arm1 on :i* are f\r suck]s4 ,:5 ! animal wi%es to atta* itself to any object1 x presses ! disc ( ! suck] aga9/ x1 & simultane\sly )draws ! c5tre1 exactly z ! boy does ) 8 toy suck]4 ,&1 z ea* arm conta9s a great numb] ( suck]s1 x is evid5t t ! hold+ p[] mu/ be v great4 ,inde$1 on "o occasion :5 a comp>atively small specim5 _h fa/5$ on a man's arm1 he c\ld n remove x1 b 0 oblig$ to h x cut away piecemeal by an assi/ant4 ,! common ,wat]-beetle has simil> suck]s ^u its fir/ pair ( feet1 & c adh]e to smoo? surfaces ) great t5acity4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,on ! left ( ! cuttle-arm is ! common ,limpet1 %[n z x appe>s :5 adh]+ to ! rocks4 ,e visitor to ! seaside :o has attempt$ to remove ! ,limpets may rememb] h[ difficult x is to /ir !m :5 !y h once tak5 _! hold4 ,if !y c be tak5 by surprise1 !y come away ) a t\*2 b if !y become al>m$1 !y press ! edges ( ! foot firmly aga9/ ! rock1 )draw ! c5tre1 & ?us create ! necess>y vacuum4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,next foll[s a ,/>-fi%1 %[n z x appe>s :5 9 ! act ( walk+1 or r1 glid+ along4 ,?is movem5t is obta9$ by ! use ( a va/ numb] ( long suck]s1 exactly resembl+ ! pneumatic peg1 except t !y are flexible1 & c be curv$ 9 any direction4 ,x is really beautiful to see ! mann] 9 :i* a ,/>-fi% w glide along by means ( its suck]s1 its arms accommodat+ !mselves to ! irregul>ities ( ! gr\nd1 & its multitud9\s suck]s protrud$ & )drawn ) a nev]-ceas+ movem5t4 ,&1 z ! ,/>-fi% is app>5tly bl9d1 n hav+ any organs :i* c ev5 be conjectur$ to s]ve ! purpose ( vision1 ?is mode ( direct+ its c\rse is n easily und]/ood4 ,yet1 bl9d ?\gh x may be1 x guides itself ) z mu* accuracy z if x possess$ eyes1 & evid5tly does s ) a def9ite purpose1 us+ its suck]s ) z mu* decision z a c5tip$e uses its legs4 ,^! suck]s c be se5 v well by plac+ a ,/>-fi% 9 a %all[ vessel ( sea-wat]1 & lay+ x on its back4 ,! suck]s imm$iately protrude !mselves f _! little ap]tures1 & ! arms sl[ly curve !mselves s z to f9d some?+ to :i* ! suck]s c adh]e4 ,pres5tly "o or two ( ! suck]s w take hold ( ! bottom ( ! vessel4 ,o!rs soon foll[1 & 9 a v %ort "t ! ,/>-fi% is on its legs1 if we may s call !m1 & is quietly glid+ on its way4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,bel[ ! ,/>-fi% is se5 ! celebrat$ ,suck+-fi% 7,e*5eis remora7 ab\t :i* s _m /range tales h be5 told1 & :i* is possess$ ( a /ructure rem>kable en\gh to ne$ no aid f inv5tion4 ,! dorsal f9 ( ?is fi% is modifi$ 9 a mo/ s+ul> mann]4 ,! sp9es ( :i* x is s l>gely compos$ are metamorphos$ into flatt5$ plates v mu* resembl+ ! la?s ( a ,v5etian bl9d1 & =m an in/rum5t ( suction id5tical 9 pr9ciple1 ?\gh n 9 =m1 ) ^? :i* h already be5 describ$4 ,:5 ! suck] is press$ aga9/ a smoo? surface1 a vacuum is =m$1 & ! fi% 9 consequ5ce adh]es firmly to ! object4 ,! fact has be5 kn[n = c5turies1 ?\gh x has only be5 lately discov]$1 t ! suck] 0 n a sep>ate app>atus1 b m]ely "o ( ! f9s modifi$ 9 a simple ?\gh effective mann]4 ,inde$1 any "o :o has "s slight notion ( ! /ructure ( a f9 c easily see1 by look+ at ! ,suck+-fi% f above1 t ! app>atus is no?+ m ?an ! dorsal f9 laid flat4 ,i may m5tion "h t ! "n ( ,e*5eis is tak5 f two words signify+ 8%ip-hold]40 ,x 0 giv5 to ! fi% on acc\nt ( a curi\s notion :i* 0 fully believ$ until q mod]n times1 t ! ,suck+-fi% _h ! p[] ( atta*+ itself to %ips1 & hold+ !m s firmly t !y c\ld n proce$ 9 spite ( sails & o>s4 ,! ^w ,e*5eis is us$ by ,ari/otle 9 8 8,hi/ory ( ,animals40 ,! specific "n remora1 or 8delay10 is ,lat91 & is giv5 to ! fi% = ! same reason4 ,! little ,gobies1 :i* are s pl5tiful along our coa/s1 h ! v5tral f9s =m$ into a suck]1 ) :i* !y c cl+ firmly to any object1 su* z a leaf ( seawe$ or a smoo? rock or /one4 ,a simil> modification ( ! v5tral f9s is also f\nd 9 ! beautifully col\r$ ,lump-fi%1 or ,lump-suck]1 sometimes call$ ! ,cock-paidle4 ,"o ( ^! fi%es1 :5 plac$ 9 a bucket ( wat]1 adh]$ s /rongly to ! bottom1 t1 :5 lift$ by ! tail1 x bore ! :ole weight ( ! pail & wat]4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,j bel[ ! ,suck+-fi% is drawn a foot ( ! curi\s little liz>d1 ! ,gecko1 s call$ f its peculi> cry4 ,x is common 9 ! ,we/ ,indies1 & haunts h\ses1 trav]s+ _! walls j z flies run up panes ( glass4 ,x is enabl$ to p]=m ?is movem5t by means ( ! /ructure ( ! feet4 ,z ! read] may see by ref]5ce to ! illu/ration1 ! toes are greatly wid5$ & flatt5$4 ,if ! l[] surface be exam9$1 x w be f\nd to be furni%$ ) a numb] ( plates v mu* resembl+ ^? ( ! suck+-fi%1 & p]=m+ ! same (fice4 ,s rapid is ! op]ation ( ^! plates1 t ! animal c ev5 leap ^u a p]p5dicul> flat surface1 & /ick !re4 ,p]haps ! read] may rememb] t ! beautiful ,tree-frogs1 :i* cl+ s tightly to leaves1 are furni%$ ) suck]s on _! toes1 :]eby !y c hold on ev5 to an upright pane ( glass4 ,9 fact1 ! smoo? surface ( ! glass seems to please !m1 & :5 !y adh]e to x !y give an excell5t opportunity ( exam9+ ! /ructure ( ! feet ) a magnify+-glass4 ,ano!r example ( ! pressure ( ! atmosph]e has be5 slightly m5tion$1 :5 treat+ ( ! ball-&-socket jo9t4 ,?is is ! jo9t by :i* ! ?igh-bone is atta*$ to ! hip4 ,z ! r\nd$ head ( ! ?igh-bone fits exactly into ! cavity ( ! hip1 & is1 moreov]1 well lubricat$ ) ! animal oil call$ synovia1 no air c obta9 admission betwe5 ! two4 ,consequ5tly1 !y are held toge!r s firmly by ! pressure ( ! atmosph]e1 t !y reta9 _! places ev5 aft] ! :ole ( ! muscul> atta*m5ts h be5 remov$4 ,n )\t v great =ce c ! ?igh-bone be dislodg$ f ! %all[ socket 9 :i* x lies2 b1 if a hole be bor$ s z to admit ! air1 x comes out at once4 ,simil>ly1 h[ev] firmly a limpet may cl+ to ! rock1 if ! f9e/ ne$le 7 introduc$ s z to admit air1 ! creature c\ld n reta9 its hold = a mom5t4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,! la/ figure on ! illu/ration repres5ts ! common ,lamp]n 7,lampetra fluviatilis74 ,! m\? ( ?is little fi% is =m$ on ! pr9ciple ( ! suck]1 & v firmly x c adh]e1 z ,i c /ate f mu* p]sonal exp]i5ce4 ,inde$1 x is r al>m+1 to ^? :o are unacqua9t$ ) ! "* ( ! fi%1 to h x turn r\nd & fa/5 ^u ! h&4 ,h[ev]1 x is q h>mless1 & ^? :o are accu/om$ to !m w h half-a-doz5 hang+ on _! h& at a "t1 & take no notice ( !m4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,already has x be5 m5tion$ t ,surg]y has press$ into its s]vice ! weight ( ! atmosph]e by means ( cupp+4 ,%e also makes use ( ,nature 9 a simil> mann] by employ+ ! ,lee* = local & surface ble$+4 ,! m\? ( ! ,m$ic9al ,lee* =ms an exact p>allel ) ! cupp+-glass & lancets1 only t x is v f> sup]ior 9 its p[]s4 ,to make ! analogy p]fect1 ! lancets ought to be )9 ! cupp+-glass1 & ! latt] ought to be able to exhau/ ! air f itself1 & to be atta*$ to a res]voir into :i* ! blood c\ld be pass$4 ,i ne$ h>dly m5tion t ! action ( suck+ z practis$ by ! "y ( all mammalian be+s1 f man d[nw>ds1 is due to ! same pr9ciple4 ,by ! action ( suck+ a p>tial vacuum is =m$1 & ! pressure ( ! atmosph]e ^u ! brea/s =ces ! milk into ! m\? ( ! "y4 ,we might multiply examples ad inf9itum1 & we w !re=e pass to ano!r subject4 ,,se$-,,drills4 ,illu/ration3 ,,i*neumon-,,fly4 ,,gras%opp]4 ,,se$-,,drill4 ,among ! mod]n improvem5ts 9 agriculture we may reckon ! inv5tion ( ! ,se$-drill z "o ( ! mo/ important4 ,by means ( ?is inv5tion1 se$ is greatly economiz$1 ! supply c be regulat$1 & ! s[] kn[s exactly :]e e gra9 ( se$ goes4 ,!re is no scatt]+1 z 9 ! wa/eful broadca/ plan1 by :i* ! se$s are flung almo/ at r&om ov] ! field1 & may or may n fall into ! furr[s4 ,! ,se$-drill1 on ! contr>y1 ei!r /amps holes or pl\ghs n>r[ furr[s1 measures ! se$ into !m1 & 9 "s ma*9es replaces ! e>?4 ,! =m] k9d ( ma*9e r des]ves ! "n ( a dibble1 & 0 inv5t$ = ! purpose ( sup]s$+ ! use ( ! h&-dibble4 ,x is really a pitiful ?+ to see human be+s end[$ ) reason & aspirations p]=m+ su* a task z dibbl+ by h&1 "o go+ backw>ds ) a dibble 9 ea* h&1 & ! o!r foll[+ & putt+ se$ into ! holes4 ,yet ! field lab\r]s h ! greate/ objection to ! ma*9e dibble1 z1 inde$1 !y h to any sort ( lab\r-sav+ ma*9e1 ?9k+ t x w less5 ! dem& = lab\r1 & prev5t !m f e>n+ a livelihood4 ,i well rememb] h[ a c\ntry cl]gyman1 pity+ ! h>d toil ( ! h&-dibbl]s1 took occasion :5 he visit$ t[n to pur*ase a ma*9e dibble :]e) "o man c\ld set eight r[s ( beans at once4 ,x 0 a v simple affair1 compreh5sible ev5 by ! dull bra9 ( a ,wilt%ire lab\r]4 ,8 tr\ble 0 all 9 va91 = no "o w\ld use x1 & !re 0 su* a di/urbance ab\t x 9 ! village1 t = ! sake ( peace its own] laid x up 9 a l(t & ab&on$ its use4 ,!re might be "s semblance ( reason 9 ?9k+ t x w\ld deprive !m ( _! field lab\r1 b no cottag] w\ld ev5 use x 9 8 own g>d51 ?\gh x 0 freely (f]$ to any "o :o wi%$ to borr[ x4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,^! ma*9es h _! p>allels 9 ,nature1 two ( :i* are repres5t$ 9 ! illu/ration4 ,! l[] left-h& figure repres5ts ! female ,gras%opp] deposit+ h] eggs4 ,%e is furni%$ ) a %>ply po9t$ ovipositor1 compos$ ( two blades4 ,:5 %e is ab\t to lay h] eggs1 %e se>*es = a suitable piece ( gr\nd1 :]e ! e>? is tol]ably s(t1 & ) ! clos$ ovipositor bores a hole4 ,%e !n sep>ates ! blades slightly1 & an egg glides betwe5 !m into ! gr\nd1 precisely z is done by ! ma*9e dibble ) its beans4 ,:5 ,i fir/ saw & us$ ! in/rum5t1 "s tw5ty-five ye>s ago1 ! p>allel /ruck me at once4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,! female ( ! famili> ,daddy ,long-legs 7,tipula7 acts 9 a simil> mann]4 ,%e is furni%$ ) an ovipositor too %ort to be us$ l t ( ! gras%opp]1 & s %e atta9s h] object 9 a r diff]5t mann]4 ,mak+ use ( h] long /ilt-l legs1 %e sets h]self ne>ly upright1 ) ! po9t ( ! ovipositor 9 ! gr\nd4 ,%e !n twi/s h]self f side to side1 j aft] ! pr9ciple ( ! bradawl1 & s proce$s until %e has made a hole l>ge en\gh = h] purpose4 ,! blades ( ! ovipositor are !n sep>at$1 & ! egg plac$ 9 ! hole1 z has be5 describ$ ( ! gras%opp]4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,! upp] figure repres5ts "o ( ! l>ge ,i*neumon-flies deposit+ ! egg 9 ! grub ( "s wood-inhabit+ l>va4 ,h[ %e bores ! hole has already be5 describ$ :5 treat+ ( ,bor+ ,tools1 & ! process ne$ n aga9 be discuss$4 ,! pr9cipal po9t at pres5t is1 t aft] ! hole is bor$1 an egg c pass betwe5 ! blades ( ! ovipositor1 ?\gh !y are b little ?ick] ?an human hairs4 ,"o ( ! mo/ extraord9>y in/ances ( ?is k9d ( ovipositor is f\nd 9 an ,i*neumon-fly br\ght f ,bogot4 ,! body1 f ! head to ! end ( ! tail1 is n q an in* long1 :ile ! ovipositor is six in*es & a half 9 l5g?1 & sc>cely ?ick] ?an t ( ! insect ^: portrait is giv5 9 ! illu/ration4 ,no?+ is z yet kn[n ( its habits1 s t ! object ( ?is wond]fully long ovipositor is a my/]y4 ,b t x %\ld be us$ l o!r ovipositors is evid5t en\gh1 & ! *ief wond] is1 :at are ! me*anical means :]eby an egg c be propell$ betwe5 blades s long & sl5d]4 ,!re is a g5us ( ,i*neumon-flies call$ ,pelec9us4 ,!y deposit _! eggs 9 wood-bor+ l>v1 & we might imag9e t ! ovipositor w\ld be a long "o4 ,x is1 h[ev]1 extremely %ort1 & ! requisite l5g? is obta9$ by ! =m ( ! abdom51 ! jo9ts ( :i* are s long & n>r[ t !y almo/ look z if !y _h pass$ ?r\gh a wire-draw+ ma*9e1 ! l5g? ( ! head & ?roat be+ ?ree-eigh?s ( an in*1 & t ( ! abdom5 an in* & a half4 ,?is long abdom5 belongs only to ! female1 t ( ! male be+ %ort & club-%ap$4 ,,useful ,,arts4 ,,*apt] ,,iii4 ,,clo?-,,dress+4--,,bru%es ,,& ,,combs4--,,buttons1 ,,hooks ,,& ,,eyes1 ,,& ,,clasp4 ,! ,teazle & its ,/ructure4--,its ,use 9 rais+ ! 8,nap0 on ,clo?4--,its ,value 9 ,comm]ce4--,artificial ,teazles4--,! mod]n ,clo?-dress+ ,ma*9e4--,! ,bru% an ,article ( ,luxury4--,def9ition ( ! ,bru%1 & its v>i\s ,uses4--,bru%es 9 ,nature4--,! ,foot ( ! ,fly & ! ,tail-bru% ( ! ,gl[-worm ,l>va4--,mode 9 :i* !y are us$4--,! ,comb4--,v>ieties ( ! ,comb z made 9 diff]5t ,c\ntries4--,combs 9 ,nature4--,foot ( ! ,spid] & its ,uses4--,beak ( ! ,t\can4--,comb ( ! ,scorpion4--,buttons1 ,hooks & ,eyes4--,use ( ! ,button4--,! ,egyptian ,g>m5t4--,! ,buckle & ! ,%oe-tie4--,! ,clasp4--,w+-hooks ( v>i\s ,insects4--,! ,saddle-back ,oy/]4 ,,clo?-,,dress+ ,,ma*9e4 ,9 =m] days1 :5 s mu* 0 done by h& t is n[ done by ma*9]y1 ! ?i/le call$ ! ,teazle 7,dipsacus fullonum7 0 ( great value 9 ,briti% comm]ce1 be+ us$ by c\ntless ?\s&s 9 ! manufacture ( broadclo?4 ,:5 ! wooll5 ?reads are wov5 s z to =m ! fabric ( ! clo?1 !re is no nap ^u !m1 ?is hav+ to be produc$ by a subsequ5t process4 ,! plan ( =m] days 01 to procure a quantity ( ! se$-vessels ( ! ,teazle1 & dry !m4 ,!y 7 !n fa/5$ to an in/rum5t some?+ l a wood5 battl$ore1 & swept ov] ! surface ( ! clo?4 ,by degrees ! delicate hooklets :i* t]m9ate ! _m scales ( ! se$-vessel tore up ! fibres ( ! clo?1 & produc$ ! desir$ nap )\t impair+ ! /r5g? ( ! ?read4 ,:5 ?is nap is worn (f1 ! ?reads are aga9 visible1 produc+ ! effect call$ 8?readb>e40 ,z ! art ( weav+ cont9u$ to progress1 ! dem& = ,teazles increas$ 9 due proportion1 & va/ quantities 7 import$ f abroad4 ,in/ead ( be+ us$ by b&1 !y 7 !n fa/5$ to ! circumf]5ce ( wood5 :eels z broad z ! wid? ( ! clo?1 & made to revolve rapidly1 :ile ! clo? 0 press$ aga9/ !m4 ,illu/ration3 ,,teazle4 ,illu/ration3 ,,clo?-,,dress+4 ,= _m ye>s attempts _h be5 made to con/ruct artificial ,teazles :i* w\ld n we> out s rapidly z did ! dry se$-vessels1 b no?+ c\ld be con/ruct$ t 0 n too /iff or too /rong1 & :i* did n injure ! ?reads :ile produc+ ! nap4 ,at la/1 h[ev]1 ?is difficult problem has be5 solv$1 & ! ,teazle is no long] an important article ( comm]ce1 its place be+ suppli$ by delicately made c>ds ( ! f9e/ & mo/ ela/ic wire4 ,9 ! illu/ration a head ( ,teazle is giv5 on ! left h&1 & on ! "r is se5 ! mode 9 :i* ! wire c>ds are plac$ 9 ! ma*9e1 & ! clo? drawn ov] !m s z to produce ! requir$ nap4 ,,bru%es4 ,x is wor?y ( notice t !re are _m articles ( comp>ative luxury :i* c\ld n be us$ until man _h atta9$ "s degree ( civilisation4 ,among ^! we may class ! ,bru% & ! ,comb1 no true savage ev] tr\bl+ himself ab\t ei!r article4 ,! ,bru%1 inde$1 belongs to a mu* m advanc$ /age ( civilisation ?an ! ,comb1 = :]eas we f9d combs1 h[ev] rude !y may be1 us$ 9 semi-savage1 or r1 b>b>ian c\ntries1 ! ,bru% is1 z f> z ,i "k1 an adjunct ( a high /ate ( civilisation4 ,bru%es may be def9$ to be in/rum5ts =m$ ( fibres set m or less p>allel to ea* o!r4 ,! va/ v>iety ( bru%es us$ 9 diff]5t p>ts ( ,europe is indicative ( ! civilisation ( ! nations :o use !m4 ,take1 = example1 ! bru%es us$ 9 h\sehold managem5t1 su* z ! he>?-bru%1 ! h\semaid's bru%1 ! ,turk's-head bru%1 ! crumb-bru%1 ! /air-bru%1 ! c>pet-bru%1 ! du/+ bru%1 & _m o!rs4 ,!n we h ^? :i* are appli$ to our g>m5ts1 su* z ! ord9>y clo!s-bru%1 ! velvet-back$ hat-bru%1 & ! ?ree k9ds ( boot-bru%es4 ,9 ar*itecture1 aga91 we %\ld be v badly (f )\t ! pa9t+-bru%es1 ! :itewa%]'s bru%1 & ! pap]-hang]'s bru%2 n to m5tion ! exce$+ v>iety ( bru%es us$ by arti/s bo? 9 oil & wat] col\rs4 ,z to bru%es appli$ to our p]sons1 we h an inf9ite numb] ( !m4 ,!re is1 ( c\rse1 ! hair-bru%1 )\t a pair ( :i*1 "o = ea* h&1 no "o ) a respectable head ( hair c\ld be expect$ to be happy4 ,we may add to ?is ! revolv+ bru% work$ by ma*9]y1 :i* is to be f\nd 9 ! rooms ( any respectable hairdress]1 & :i* is a sort ( an apo!osis ( ! ,hair-bru%1 especially :5 x is work$1 z 9 "s places1 by ! electrical eng9e4 ,!n !re is ! %av+-bru%1 once an absolutely necess>y article 9 a g5tleman's dress+-case1 & above all requisite if ! own] %\ld happ5 to be a cl]gyman4 ,n[adays1 %av+ is rapidly decreas+1 & ( all ! pr(essions1 ^? :o are mo/ l>gely be>d$1 bo? 9 numb] ( be>d-we>]s & dim5sions ( ! be>d1 are to be f\nd among ! cl]gy4 ,!n !re are any numb] ( too?-bru%es = ! int]ior ( ! m\?1 & ( fle%-bru%es1 ) or )\t h&les1 = ! s]vice ( ! ba?4 ,!re are ev5 g>d5]s' bru%es1 = ! purpose ( cle>+ ! plants ( ! aphides1 or gre5-blight1 z ^! insects are popul>ly call$ by g>d5]s4 ,s x w be se5 t--absurd z ! proposition may appe> at fir/ sight--we may really accept ! use ( ! bru% z a safe te/ ( ! progress ( civilisation4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,we w n[ glance at ! illu/rations ( ?is subject4 ,on ! "r h& is depict$ ! once hon\r$ ,%av+-bru%1 ! t]ror ( all /iff-be>d$ m5 on fro/y morn+s1 & yet clung to ) a /range inconsi/5cy4 ,_m ye>s ago a milit>y memb] ( ! ,h\se ( ,commons 0 s5sible en\gh to we> 8 be>d1 & 01 9 consequ5ce1 ! butt = int]m9able jokes4 ,at ! pres5t "t1 if ! ,h\se 7 c\nt$1 a great majority ( ! y\ng]1 & n a few ( ! old]1 memb]s w be f\nd to we> ei!r ! be>d or m\/a*e1 or bo?4 ,illu/ration3 ,,foot ,,( ,,fly4 ,illu/ration3 ,,bru% ,,( ,,gl[-,,worm ,,l>va4 ,illu/ration3 ,,hair-,,bru%es4 ,illu/ration3 ,,%av+-,,bru%4 ,p]haps "s ( my read]s may object t _m nations 9 a /ate ( v p>tial civilisation are accu/om$ to %av+4 ,s !y are1 b !y d n use ! %av+-bru%4 ,mo/ ( !m cont5t !mselves ) pull+ out ! hairs by ! roots1 :ile o!rs m]ely saturate ! hair ) hot wat]1 & s ne$ no bru%4 ,next to ! %av+-bru% is drawn a pair ( ord9>y ,hair-bru%es1 su* z h be5 m5tion$4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,pass+ to ! left1 we f9d an object :i* be>s a curi\s resemblance to ! %av+-bru%4 ,?is is an app>atus belong+ to ! l>va or grub ( ! ,gl[-worm4 ,?is creature fe$s ^u snails1 &1 9 consequ5ce1 gets itself cov]$ ) ! t5aci\s slime4 ,9 ord] to enable x to rid itself ( ?is inconv5i5ce1 ! l>va is furni%$ ne> ! end ( its tail ) ! curi\s app>atus :i* is "h %[n4 ,x consi/s ( "s sev5 or eight s(t :ite radii1 arrang$ s z to produce a bru%-l outl9e1 & be+ capable ( ext5sion or )drawal at w4 ,x _h long be5 kn[n t ?is 8h\ppe n]veuse10 z x is call$1 0 employ$ z an assi/ant 9 locomotion2 b until comp>atively late ye>s--,i believe ab\t #ahbf--no "o seem$ to be aw>e t x 0 us$ z a bru%4 ,its functions z a bru% may be comp>$ ) ! some:at simil> (fices fulfill$ by ! p9c]s ( ! ,e>wig1 z m5tion$ on page #bei4 ,next to ! bru% ( ! gl[-worm l>va is %[n "o ( ! =e-feet ( ! ord9>y h\se-fly1 mu* magnifi$4 ,pass+1 z irrelevant to ! pres5t subject1 ! use ( ! feet z organs ( locomotion1 we may take !m z be+ us$ = ! purpose ( cleans+ ! body ( ! insect4 ,i suppose t none ( my read]s has be5 suffici5tly inobs]vant n to h notic$ ! way 9 :i* a fly cleanses itself1 behav+ almo/ exactly l a cat "u simil> circum/ances4 ,! =e-feet are repeat$ly pass$ ov] ! head1 :i* is b[$ d[n to meet !m1 :ile a simil> (fice is p]=m$ = ! re/ ( ! body by ! h9d-legs4 ,! feet are !n rubb$ aga9/ ea* o!r1 s z to free !m f all accumulations1 j z ! h\semaid cleanses ! hair-bru% ) ! comb be=e wa%+ x4 ,s me*anical is ?is process1 t a fly has be5 kn[n to g ?r\gh x ev5 aft] x _h be5 depriv$ ( its head4 ,! read] w see1 on ref]5ce to ! illu/ration1 t ! two %>p & curv$ claws are capable ( answ]+ ! purpose ( combs1 &1 inde$1 are s employ$4 ,,combs4 ,we w n[ proce$ to ! ,,comb1 & see h[ ,art has be5 anticipat$ by ,nature4 ,z long z human be+s possess hair ^u _! heads1 :e!r x be ! %ort1 frizz$1 woolly pile ( ! negro1 ! ?ick1 co>se crop ( ! ,fijian1 ! co>se1 /raight hair ( ! ,mongolian1 or ! long & f9e hair ( ! ,georgian races1 !y mu/1 z soon z !y attempt any k9d ( civilisation1 =m "s in/rum5ts by :i* ! hair c be dress$4 ,! simple/ ma*9e = ?is purpose is ! ,comb1 & ,i possess _m v>ieties ( ?is article1 suitable to ! diff]5t races = :om x 0 made4 ,putt+ aside ! ord9>y ,combs ( our ,european civilisation1 su* z are giv5 9 ! illu/ration1 !re are _m o!rs :i* are modifi$ accord+ to ! use :i* !y h to fulfil4 ,illu/ration3 ,,foot ,,( ,,spid]4 ,,beak ,,( ,,t\can4 ,,combs4 ,! simple/ is ! ,comb ( ! celebrat$ ,amazon regim5t ( ,dahomey4 ,?is is no?+ b a slight skew] ( ivory1 "s t5 in*es 9 l5g?1 & amply suffici5t = arrang+ ! %ort woolly lumps :i* d duty = hair on ! head ( a true negro4 ,"o ( ^! v primitive combs is 9 my collection1 toge!r ) an undress co/ume ( ! ,amazon 9 "q1 & bo? be+ v mu* suit$ to ea* o!r4 ,! comb be+ a simple skew]1 ! dress is only a few ?ongs ( lea!r1 b !y are bo? equal to ! requirem5ts ( _! we>]s4 ,z mu* "t w\ld be lo/ 9 comb+ ! hair ) a s+le skew]1 especially :5 t hair belong$ to any b ! pure negro races1 a simple b obvi\s improvem5t 0 introduc$4 ,a numb] ( skew]s 7 la%$ toge!r side by side1 ) _! ends a little div]g+1 & ?us 0 =m$ ! g]m ( our pres5t ,combs4 ,z to ! v>ieties ( ! ,comb1 !y are simply endless2 & :e!r !y are int5d$1 9 ! =m ( ! ,currycomb1 to smoo? ! h>% coat ( a horse1 or1 z a small-too? ,comb1 to se>* ! hair ( ! "y1 !y are all bas$ on "o pr9ciple4 ,x is really curi\s to see h[ (t5 two m51 :o _c possibly h se5 ea* o!r1 w hit ^u ! same idea1 n only simultane\sly1 b (t5 9 ! v same words4 ,s x is ) reg>d to ! ,comb4 ,9 no two p>ts ( ! _w c ! natives be m oppos$ to ea* o!r ?an is ! case ) ,fiji & ,we/]n ,africa2 yet ,i possess specim5s ( combs f bo? c\ntries1 made on ! same pr9ciples1 & s exactly 9 ! same mann]1 t1 except = ! co>s5ess ( ! ,african ,comb1 x w\ld be almo/ impossible to di/+ui% betwe5 !m4 ,!re is b a slight diff]5ce 9 ! size & %ape ( ! two combs1 & yet no?+ c be m di/9ct ?an ! *>act]s ( ! two nations4 ,i h also a ,japanese ,comb ( ! mo/ +5i\s con/ruction4 ,x is made ( wood1 & cut exactly l our d\ble ivory small-too? comb2 b x is furni%$ ) a curi\s k9d ( h&le1 consi/+ ( a flat piece ( wood ) a deep longitud9al slit1 into :i* ei!r side ( ! comb fits2 & s beautifully is x made1 t :5 x is fitt$ ^u ei!r side ( ! comb x looks z if h&le & comb _h be5 cut out ( ! same piece ( wood4 ,! ,fijian ,combs are mu* aft] ! same fa%ion z ^? ( ,we/]n ,africa1 except t1 ) ! arti/ic nature ( _! k9d1 ! ,fijians1 in/ead ( m]ely la%+ toge!r ! num]\s spikes ( :i* ! comb is made1 employ a v>iety ( patt]ns1 & seem to luxuriate 9 ! exub]ance ( arti/ic _s :i* c make hundr$s ( combs1 & no two ( !m alike4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,on ! left h& ( ! illu/ration are two examples ( ,natural ,combs :i* are well wor?y ( notice4 ,! upp] "o is a foot ( ! common ,g>d5 ,spid] 7,epeira diadema71 :i* has be5 sev]al times m5tion$ 9 ?is "w 9 connection ) diff]5t subjects4 ,e "o :o has wat*$ ! life ( "o ( ^! creatures mu/ h notic$ h[ (t5 its hairy body becomes clogg$ ) little bits ( its own web1 & h[ dext]\sly x releases itself f su* encumbrances4 ,! figure 9 ! illu/ration %[s h[ ?is c be done1 ! /rangely =m$ foot act+ at ! same "t ! "p ( comb & bru%4 ,x w be se5 t ! curv$ spikes ( ! claws act z a comb1 :ile ! bri/le-l hairs dis*>ge ! duty ( a bru%4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,n only are ^! projections us$ z ,combs1 b z app5dages :i* insure ! security ( foot+ along ! l9es ( ! web4 ,! read] w easily rememb] t :5 a ,spid] ru%es along its web to secure its prey1 x always runs along "o ( ! radiat+ l9es1 :i* h no viscid drops1 & t x nev] misses its hold4 ,! latt] po9t is secur$ by ! /ructure ( its claws1 :i* are s made t if "o projection misses ! l9e1 ano!r is sure to fa/5 ^u x4 ,"s ye>s ago1 :ile wat*+ 8,blond90 g ?r\gh 8 wond]ful p]=mances1 ,i 0 especially /ruck ) ! patt]n on :i* he _h con/ruct$ ! /ilts ^u :i* he trav]s$ ! rope4 ,!y 7 made 9 ! mo/ exact imitation ( ! ,spid]'s foot1 & ?\gh x is n probable t he borr[$ !m f t object1 ! resemblance 0 s close t he might readily h done s4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,bel[ ! spid]'s foot is giv5 ! head ( a ,t\can1 "o ( ^? beautifully col\r$ & l>ge-bill$ birds t inhabit tropical ,am]ica4 ,^! birds are v p>ticul> ab\t _! plumage1 & ev5 :5 9 captivity dress _! fea!rs ) ! utmo/ c>e4 ,:5 !y d s1 ! saw-l not*es ( ! beak act ! "p ( a comb1 & ! fibrils ( ! fea!rs are by _! action dress$ p>allel to ea* o!r1 & give to ! :ole bird its prop] appe>ance ( heal?4 99 99 99 99 99 ,i ,,may "h m5tion t !re is "o comb 9 ,nature1 ! use ( :i* has nev] be5 cle>ly asc]ta9$4 ,?is is ! rem>kable organ f\nd 9 ! ,scorpion1 & simply kn[n z ! 8comb40 ,!re are two ( !m1 "o on ea* side ( ! "u surface4 ,_! col\r diff]s slightly accord+ to ! species1 b is g5]ally a light yell[ br[n4 ,! numb] ( tee? also diff]s extremely1 = 9 ! ,rock ,scorpion !re are only ?irte5 tee?1 :ile 9 ! ,r$ ,scorpion !re are tw5ty-eight4 ,,buttons1 ,,hooks ,,& ,,eyes1 ,,& ,,clasp4 ,,hav+ n[ treat$ ( bru%es & combs z articles belong+ to ! toilet1 we w proce$ to ^? :i* belong to ! dress r ?an ! p]son4 ,x is a curi\s fact t1 z f> z is kn[n1 buttons & hooks belong only to advanc$ civilisation4 ,! simple/ g>m5t is1 ( c\rse1 a clo? ( "s mat]ial wrapp$ r\nd ! wai/1 &1 z we see 9 ! wond]ful ,egyptian pa9t+s :i* h surviv$ _! pa9t]s "s ?ree ?\s& ye>s1 ! simple fold c reta9 its grasp r\nd ! lo9s1 ev5 ?r\gh ! ex]tions ( a long day's "w4 ,i 0 always at a loss1 :5 look+ at ^! draw+s1 to und]/& h[ a s+le fold c\ld reta9 s simple a g>m5t 9 its place1 b :5 ,i made my fir/ visit to ! ,hammam ,turki% ,ba? 9 ,j]myn ,/reet ! my/]y 0 at once solv$4 ,! 8*eck10 z x is !re call$1 is long en\gh to pass ab\t once & a half r\nd ! wai/ ( an ord9>y man4 ,"o end ( x is plac$ on ! left side1 s z to br+ ! l[] edge on a level ) ! knee4 ,x is held by ! left h& until ! "r h& passes x r\nd ! wai/4 ,x is !n turn$ ov] 9 a broad s+le fold1 & w rema9 9 position = h\rs1 ! left leg hav+ free scope betwe5 ! two ends1 & yet n be+ ne$lessly expos$4 ,next to ! simple fold comes ! tie1 :i* is 9 use all ov] ! _w4 ,! *ief object ( a good ,tie is t x %\ld reta9 its hold z long z ne$$1 be loos5$ ) a t\* 9 necessity1 &1 z a matt] ( consequ5ce1 %\ld nev] 8jam40 ,/ill1 ev5 ! be/ ( ties are liable to objection4 ,i once he>d an argum5t on ! subject ( ties & buckles ) reg>d to %oes4 ,! speak]s 7 bo? ,d]by%ire m51 & _! phraseology 0 some:at obscure4 ,h[ev]1 bo? /uck to 8 own pr9ciples1 "o say+ t 8:5 a %ee-uew is boo-oo-oockl$1 x's boo-oo-ookl$20 & ! o!r ass]t+1 9 equally /rong t]ms1 t 8:5 x's tee-ee-e$1 x's tee-ee-e$40 ,! buckle 0 "h ass]t+ its supremacy 9 civilisation ov] ! tie1 & 0 palpably "r4 ,any "o1 s rose ! argum5t1 c tie two /r+s toge!r1 b ! /ructure ( ! buckle is too complicat$ to be und]/ood1 mu* less inv5t$1 by any uncivilis$ be+4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,next come1 9 natural ord]1 ! ,button & ! ,clasp1 ea* be+ id5tical 9 pr9ciple4 ,9 ! case ( ! =m] ! 8eye0 is plac$ ov] ! button1 :ile 9 ! latt] ! clasp or hook is pass$ ?r\gh ! eye4 ,sev]al examples ( ! ,button & ! ,clasp are giv5 on ! "r h& ( ! illu/ration1 & are too famili> to ne$ description4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,z to ! correspond+ articles 9 ,nature1 !y are v num]\s4 ,we w take1 = example1 ! ,saddle-back or ,cr[ ,oy/] ( our own %ores4 ,x is a mo/ rem>kable be+4 ,x deposits ^u ! object to :i* x adh]es a sort ( button ( %elly matt]1 & ! l[] valve1 :i* is ne>ly flat1 has 9 x an ap]ture :i* is plac$ ov] ! knob1 j z a button-hole goes ov] ! button4 ,z ?is arrangem5t is conf9$ to ! l[] valve1 & _c be se5 unless ! upp] valve be remov$1 ! l[] valve only is %[n 9 ! illu/ration1 z x appe>s :5 fa/5$ to ! side ( a l>ge limpet4 ,illu/ration3 ,,w+-,,hooks ,,( ,,insect4 ,,saddle-,,back ,,oy/]4 ,illu/ration3 ,,clasps ,,& ,,button4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,( ! ,hooks & ,eyes 9 ,nature ,i h only tak5 two examples1 ?\gh !re are _m o!rs4 ,we all "k ! ,bees1 ,wasps1 ,hornets1 & o!r simil> insects1 & t !y possess f\r w+s4 ,i may "h m5tion t no insect :i* does n possess f\r transp>5t w+s is capable ( /++4 ,:5 ! insect is at re/ ! f\r w+s may be easily di/+ui%$1 b :5 x is 9 flight !y coalesce1 s t practically ! insect has two w+s in/ead ( f\r4 ,?is object is atta9$ 9 ! foll[+ way3-- ,! l[] edge ( ! fir/ pair ( w+s is turn$ ov] 9 a r /iff fold4 ,! upp] edge ( ! second pair ( w+s has a r[ ( small1 b /rong & ela/ic hooks4 ,:5 ! insect is ab\t to fly1 ! hooks are hit*$ into ! fold1 & s ! w+s are fa/5$ toge!r4 ,^! hooks are %[n 9 ! illu/ration1 & ! read] w easily see h[ effective !y mu/ be 9 _! op]ation4 ,an almo/ exactly simil> /ructure is f\nd 9 ! fea!rs ( birds1 & x is by means ( ^! t9y hooks t w+s are enabl$ to pres5t a cont9u\s1 light1 & ela/ic surface 9 ! air4 ,,useful ,,arts4 ,,*apt] ,,iv4 ,,! ,,/opp]1 ,,or ,,cork4--,,! ,,filt]4 ,vessels & _! ,cov]s4--,corks4--,mode ( bottl+ ,w9e4--,conical ,corks & ,/opp]s4--,self-fitt+ ,c&les4--,c&le-fix]s4--,! ,v5t-peg4--,! ,bl[-guns & _! ,missiles4--,! ,s]pula & its ,conical ,/opp]4--,! ,filt]4--,! ,bosjesman procur+ ,wat]4--,h[ to make a simple ,filt]4--,! ,e>? z a ,filt]4--,! ,sea-m\se1 or ,aphrodite1 & its filt]+ ,app>atus4--,! ,duck's ,beak1 & its beautiful ,/ructure4--,! ,jaw ( ! ,gre5l& ,:ale4--,=k-gr9d]'s ,respirator4--,h[ ,insects brea!4--,spiracles1 & _! g5]al ,/ructure4--,spiracle ( ! ,fly4--,exp]im5t ^u a ,cockroa*1 & its ,result4 ,,! ,,/opp]1 ,,or ,,cork4 ,?is object1 z depict$ 9 ! illu/ration1 is a product ( civilis$ life1 ?\gh1 z soon z a savage c\ld make a vessel1 he seems to h made a ,cov] = x if x 7 ( l>ge diamet]1 or a ,/opp] if ! op5+ 7 small4 ,ev5 ! v ,bosjesman1 :o is q unable to make a clay vessel1 & uses empty o/ri* eggs by way ( wat]-bottles1 is yet capable ( mak+ plugs ) :i* he c /op up ! ap]tures4 ,!n ! ,kafir1 ) 8 g\rd vessels1 :e!r !y be = wat] or snuff1 makes a plug t fits tightly en\gh to exclude ! air1 z well z to reta9 ! cont5ts4 ,! inv5tion ( glass bottles necess>ily br\ght ) x ! introduction ( a new k9d ( plug1 & a mat]ial = su* a plug 0 f\nd 9 ! b>k ( ! cork-tree1 a species ( oak4 ,?is b>k possesses ! capability ( compression to a v great ext5t1 &1 be+ highly ela/ic1 x exp&s z soon z ! pressure is remov$4 ,?us1 9 bottl+ w9e1 ! corks are always made mu* too l>ge to g into ! m\?s ( ! bottles4 ,!y are fir/ dipp$ 9 a cup conta9+ ! same w9e1 & are !n compress$ viol5tly by a ma*9e work$ by a h&le1 & :i*1 be+ practically a p[]ful pair ( nut-crack]s ) a r\nd$ gripe1 mu/ suit ! %ape ( ! cork4 ,x is !n tak5 out ( ! ma*9e1 &1 be=e x has _h "t to exp&1 is rapidly fitt$ to ! neck ( ! bottle1 & driv5 home ) a wood5 mallet4 ,expansion !n takes place1 & ! bottle is r5d]$ air-tight1 s t no damage is done to ! w9e4 ,if ! :ole ( ! w9e 7 to be drunk :5 ! cork 0 remov$1 ?is plan w\ld be amply suffici5t4 ,b !re are _m cases :]e ! bottle is op5$1 & only "p ( ! w9e consum$4 ,to re-cork ! bottle w\ld be too tr\blesome1 & to leave x uncork$ w\ld spoil ! w9e4 ,s ! ,conical ,/opp] 0 inv5t$1 :i* fits ! neck ( any ord9>y w9e-bottle1 accord+ to ! dep? to :i* x is introduc$1 &1 by a slight screw+ movem5t1 suffici5t compression is obta9$ to r5d] ! bottle air-tight4 ,"o ( ^! ,conical ,/opp]s is %[n 9 ! illu/ration on page #ceb4 ,sometimes !y are made ( cork1 & sometimes ( india-rubb]2 b ! pr9ciple is ! same 9 ei!r case4 ,p]haps "s ( my read]s may h se5 ! ,self-fitt+ ,c&les1 :i* require no pap] to make !m fit ! c&le/ick4 ,^! are enl>g$ at ! base1 :i* is made 9 a conical =m1 & slightly groov$4 ,! 8,c&le-fix]s0 t are s mu* 9 use at ! pres5t day are made exactly on ! same pr9ciple1 be+ holl[ cones ( pap]1 :i* take ! place ( ! solid cone4 ,! ,v5t-peg ( casks is ano!r in/ance ( ! cone us$ z a /opp]4 ,ano!r example is to be f\nd 9 ! ,bl[-guns & ,arr[s ( tropical ,am]ica4 ,9 "s di/ricts ! base ( ! arr[ is fitt$ ) a conical app5dage ( light cotton1 r l>g] ?an ! tube1 b capable ( compression1 s t x exactly fits ! tube :5 press$ into x4 ,9 o!r di/ricts ! cone is holl[1 & made ( "s ?9 & ela/ic b>k4 ,"s ye>s ago "o ( our mo/ em95t gun-mak]s hit ^u ! same idea :ile mak+ improv$ missiles = ! game ( 8,puff & ,d>t10 & v mu* surpris$ he 0 :5 ,i %[$ him ! ,s\? ,am]ican arr[1 n only ) ! same holl[ cone at ! base1 b hav+ also spiral w+s along ! %aft1 s z to give x a rotatory motion z x pass$ ?r\gh ! air4 ,! holl[ cones ( 8 d>ts 7 made ( india-rubb]1 b ! %ape ( ! two 0 id5tical4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,if ! read] w ref] to ! left-h& figure ( ! illu/ration1 he w see a beautiful example ( ! ,conical ,/opp] z exi/+ 9 ,nature4 ,?is is ! 8,/opp]10 z x is popul>ly call$1 &1 sci5tifically1 ! 8infundibuli=m op]culum40 ,i pref] ! =m] t]m myself1 z be+ less liable to misappreh5sion4 ,! ,s]pula lives 9 a %elly tube ( its own con/ruction1 & has ! p[] ( protrud+ itself :5 x desires to obta9 food1 & ( )draw+ itself )9 ! tube :5 al>m$4 ,?is movem5t is p]=m$ s rapidly1 t ! eye c sc>cely foll[ x1 & ! me*anism by :i* x is done has already be5 describ$ :5 treat+ ( ,w> & ,hunt+4 ,illu/ration3 ,,ant5na ,,( ,,s]pula4 ,illu/ration3 ,,conical ,,/opp]4 ,:5 x )draws itself1 ! ,/opp] closes ! m\? ( ! tube ) p]fect exactness1 s z to leave ! inhabitant 9 safety4 ,! read] w see1 on ref]r+ to ! illu/ration1 h[ exactly simil> is ! ,conical ,/opp] ( ,art to t ( ,nature1 & h[ ! inv5tor ( t article1 z well z ( ! self-fitt+ c&le1 ! c&le-fix]1 ! bl[-gun arr[1 & ! v5t-peg1 might h f\nd prototypes ( _! inv5tions 9 ,nature1 if !y _h only kn[n :]e to look = !m4 ,,! ,,filt]4 ,ev5 9 a /ate ( uncivilisation man has be5 driv5 to inv5t a ,filt] ( "s k9d4 ,! simple/ k9d ( ,filt] is t :i* is us$ by ! ,bosjesman wom5 :5 procur+ wat] = ! use ( _! families4 ,:51 z (t5 happ5s1 ! only wat] to be obta9$ is to be f\nd 9 muddy pools :i* h be5 trampl$ & p]turb$ by ?ir/y animals1 ! wom5 h rec\rse to a simple1 ?\gh r repulsive1 exp$i5t4 ,ea* woman is furni%$ ) empty o/ri* egg-%ells by way ( wat]-vessels1 & %e also takes a c\ple ( holl[ re$s4 ,ov] ! end ( "o ( ^! re$s %e ties a bundle ( grass1 & !n plunges x z deeply z %e c into ! mud4 ,aft] a little :ile %e sucks up ! wat] ?r\gh ! tube1 ! grass act+ z a filt]1 & %e !n dis*>ges x by ! second tube into ! egg-%ells4 ,9 ?is way ! wom5 w obta9 wat]1 :]e none b !mselves c\ld h procur$ x4 ,z to ! repulsive mode ( obta9+ x1 no "o c be fa/idi\s :5 dy+ ( ?ir/4 ,sir ,s4 ,bak] m5tions t :5 he 0 on 8 travels he manag$ 9 a halt to save up en\gh wat] = a ba? = himself & 8 wife4 ,he 0 ab\t to ?r[ away ! soapy wat]1 :5 ! vessel 0 snat*$ f 8 h&s by two ( 8 att5dants1 & ! cont5ts eag]ly drunk4 ,! diff]5t v>ieties ( ! ,filt] :i* we use at ! pres5t day are too famili> to ne$ description4 ,:e!r !y be made pr9cipally ( *>coal1 :i* is a p[]ful dis9fectant1 or ( m]ely /ones1 gravel1 & s&1 !y are all con/ruct$ on ! same pr9ciple1 namely1 ! /ra9+ out solid sub/ances1 & all[+ only ! pure wat] to pass ?r\gh ! int]/ices4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,z to ! ,filt]s ( ,nature1 !y are almo/ innum]able4 ,9 ! fir/ place1 ! ,e>? itself is ! prim>y filt] ( all1 tak+ into itself all k9ds ( decompos+ sub/ances1 sep>at+ !m = ! use ( vegetation1 & deliv]+ ! pure1 bright1 & sp>kl+ spr+ wat] :i* we s highly & rightly value4 ,! :ole human body1 aga91 is practically a collection ( ! mo/ elaborate & effective filt]s t ! m9d ( man c conceive4 ,b we w pass to ! m obvi\s examples ( filt]s z se5 9 animal life4 ,on ! upp] left-h& portion ( ! illu/ration may be se5 a long1 fat1 hairy creature1 call$ popul>ly ! ,sea-m\se1 & kn[n to zoologi/s z ,aphrodite aculeata4 ,al?\gh x inhabits ! mud--& sea-mud is ab\t z noisome a sub/ance z c be imag9$--x is clo!d ) a g>m5t ( su* beauty t ! ra9b[ itself c sc>cely rival1 & n surpass x4 ,! hairs ) :i* x is s pr(usely cov]$ glitt] & sp>kle ) e imag9able hue1 among :i* r$ & gre5 seem to be pr$om9ant4 ,^! hairs occupy ! sides ( ! body1 b 9 ! upp] surface !re is a ?ick coat+ ( felt$ hairs1 int]wov5 ) ea* o!r s closely t !y c ) difficulty be sep>at$4 ,^! hairs =m a natural filt]1 /ra9 away ! mud f ! wat]1 & all[ ! latt] to p\r itself ^u ! organs ( respiration4 ,if1 !re=e1 a specim5 be exam9$ :5 x is fir/ br\ght up by ! dr$ge1 ! felt$ hair w always be f\nd to conta9 a consid]able am\nt ( mud1 & mu* wa%+ is ne$$ be=e ! creature c be introduc$ into an aqu>ium :]e ! wat] is int5d$ to be transp>5t4 ,illu/ration3 ,,aphrodite4 ,,duck',s ,,beak4 ,illu/ration3 ,,filt]4 ,i may "h m5tion t ! "n ( ,aphrodite is a s+ul>ly happy "o4 ,x signifies some?+ t arises f ! foam ( ! sea1 & 0 giv5 to ! goddess ( beauty1 because 9 ! anci5t my?s %e 0 said to h sprung f ! foam ( ! sea4 ,unpoetical z x may appe>1 ! ,g]man ^w ,me]s*aum1 :i* is s famili> to u 9 connection ) pipes1 is ! exact equival5t ( ,aphrodite4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,bel[ ! ,aphrodite is a figure repres5t+ ! filt]+ app>atus :i* is f\nd 9 ! beak ( ! duck4 ,?is s+ul>ly beautiful app>atus is well wor?y ( exam9ation1 & ! m important details ( its /ructure c easily be made out by ! unassi/$ eye4 ,9 ! fir/ place1 ! upp] half ( ! beak1 or upp] m&ible1 z x is sci5tifically call$1 is furni%$ along its edges ) a r[ ( curv$ horny projections1 v l ! tee? ( a comb1 & ea* ( !m com+ to a po9t4 ,!re are "s fifty or sixty ( ^! tee? on ea* side1 & !y are regul>ly graduat$ 9 size1 be+ longe/ 9 ! middle ( ! beak1 & becom+ v %ort at ei!r end4 ,!y are set diagonally1 ) ! tips po9t+ backw>ds4 ,! edges ( ! l[] m&ible are turn$ up 9 a sort ( fold1 on ! outside ( :i* is a r[ ( grooves correspond+ ) ! tee? ( ! upp] m&ible1 &1 l !m1 be+ set diagonally4 ,^! tee? & grooves w\ld ( !mselves make a v effici5t filt]1 b !y are fur!r aid$ by ! tongue4 ,?is is ?ick1 fle%y1 & v mobile2 s mu* s1 inde$1 t :5 ! m\? is op5$ ! tongue is automatically ?ru/ =w>d4 ,! edges ( ! tongue are1 l ^? ( ! m&ibles1 furni%$ ) a filt]+ app>atus4 ,in/ead1 h[ev]1 ( be+ horny & /iff l ^? ( ! m&ibles1 !y are membran\s & exce$+ly delicate4 ,inde$1 9 ord] to see !m prop]ly1 x is necess>y to place ! tongue "u wat]1 s t ! membran\s filam5ts %all be float$ ap>t in/ead ( cl++ toge!r by _! own weight4 ,! :ole ( ?is app>atus is abundantly suppli$ ) n]ves1 & is evid5tly a mo/ exquisite in/rum5t ( t\*4 ,! read] w n[ und]/& ! peculi> movem5ts ( a duck's beak :ile fe$+4 ,al?\gh ! bird c & does eat solid food1 su* z b>ley1 &1 by reason ( its sup]ior wid? ( beak1 w v mu* defraud ! p\ltry 9 a y>d :]e ducks & h5s are kept toge!r1 x is *iefly fitt$ = extract+ n\ri%m5t f wat]1 & w f9d abundant subsi/5ce :]e a h5 w\ld die ( />vation4 ,:5 ! beak is plung$ into ! wat]1 ! m&ibles are rapidly op5$ & %ut1 ! tongue incessantly work+ backw>ds & =w>ds betwe5 !m4 ,consequ5tly1 n only are ! solid p>ts ( ! wat] /ra9$ betwe5 ! comb ( ! upp] beak & ! grooves ( ! l[]1 b !y und]go a fur!r sift+ or filt]+ f ! delicate fibrils :i* fr+e ! edge ( ! tongue4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,ano!r famili> example ( ! ,filt] is to be f\nd 9 ! jaw ( ! ,gre5l& ,:ale4 ,9 ?is animal1 z well z 9 its cong5]s1 ! 8:alebone10 or 8bale510 z x is m prop]ly call$1 is s =m$ t x all[s liquids to pass ?r\gh x1 :ile x reta9s solids4 ,fe$+ z x does ^u small m>9e matt]s1 x w\ld />ve b = ! filt]+ p[] ( ! bale51 :i* enables ! animal to take into its va/ m\? ! sea-wat] ) its inhabitants1 & to expel ! wat] ?r\gh ! plates & fibres ( ! bale51 :ile reta9+ ! animals4 ,! process ( filt]+1 z well z ! /ructure ( ! bale51 is s famili> t x does n ne$ fur!r description4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,we w n[ proce$ to ano!r filt]1 :i* is us$ 9 ! air1 & n 9 wat]1 namely1 ! ,m\?-gu>d or ,respirator ( ! =k-gr9d]4 ,!re is1 p]haps1 no trade :i* is m de/ructive ( human life ?an t ( ! =k-gr9d] 0 until ! peculi> respirator 0 made obligatory4 ,! m9ute p>ticles ( /eel ?r[n (f by ! gr9d/one fill ! air1 & 7 necess>ily inhal$4 ,n[1 ! human lungs are capable ( endur+ v bad treatm5t1 b ! introduction ( /eel-du/ into !m is m ?an !y c be>4 ,consequ5tly ! duration ( human life 0 v %ort1 consumption almo/ inv>iably sett+ 9 at an e>ly age1 & c>ry+ (f ! m5 be=e !y _h a*iev$ middle age4 ,nor did ! mis*ief end !re4 ,x 0 bad en\gh t life %\ld be %ort5$1 b f> worse t x %\ld be wa/$1 z 0 mo/ly ! case4 ,! m51 kn[+ :at _! fate mu/ be1 7 simply reckless1 & plung$ into all k9ds ( debau*]y1 "u ! plea ( 8a %ort life & a m]ry "o40 ,!y knew no bett]1 & c\ld sc>cely be blam$ = _! mode ( liv+4 ,&1 z a matt] ( c\rse1 ea* succe$+ g5]ation 0 worse1 small]1 & feebl] ?an ! prec$+4 ,!n !re came ! inv5tion ( ! ,magnetic ,respirator1 by :i* ! =k-gr9d]'s trade 0 r5d]$ z heal?y z any o!r4 ,x 0 made ( /eel-wire gauze1 & magnetis$1 s t ! float+ p>ticles ( /eel 7 n only /opp$ 9 _! progress to ! lungs1 b arre/$ by ! magnetism1 &1 s to speak1 tak5 prison]s by x4 ,ev5 a well-made respirator ( sev]al lay]s1 l ^? :i* are us$ by p]sons suff]+ f weak lungs1 w\ld h be5 useful1 b ! addition ( magnetism d\bl$ ! efficacy :ile greatly dim9i%+ ! co/1 a s+le lay] ( wire be+ q adequate to ! (fice1 & 01 9 fact1 q a /roke ( g5ius4 ,! value ( ?is inv5tion is at once %[n by ! _m compla9ts :i* ! workm5 made :5 ! ,respirator 0 fir/ introduc$4 ,!y compla9$ t ! ap]tures ( ! ,respirator became s *ok$ t !y c\ld n brea!4 ,?is 0 p]fectly true1 b ! compla9t %[$ ! real value ( ! in/rum5t4 ,illu/ration3 ,,spiracle ,,( ,,fly4 ,illu/ration3 ,,respirator ,,( ,,=k-,,gr9d]4 ,x 0 necess>y = ! workm51 e n[ & !n1 to cle> (f ! innum]able p>ticles ( /eel :i* adh]$ to ! magnetis$ wires1 & imp$$ respiration4 ,b !y nev] seem$ to realise ! fact t1 if x _h n be5 = ^! wires1 all ! p>ticles w\ld h be5 drawn into ! lungs1 & gradually *ok$ !m up1 br\ght on inflammation1 & ext+ui%$ _! life altoge!r4 ,&1 ) ! usual repugnance to new ideas :i* is inh]5t 9 undevelop$ m9ds1 ! m5 /\tly resi/$ ! introduction ( ! ,respirator1 & did _! be/ to reject an inv5tion :i* d\bl$ ! l5g? ( _! lives1 & enabl$ !m to f9d long happ9ess 9 ! _w in/ead ( brief pleasure end$ by sure & pa9ful dea?4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,n[1 we w see h[ ! pr9ciple ( ! ,respirator is c>ri$ out 9 ,nature4 ,on ! left h& ( ! illu/ration is drawn "o ( ! mo/ p]fect ,respirators1 or air-filt]s1 if we may use ! t]m1 t c be imag9$4 ,p]haps "s ( my read]s may "k t insects d n brea! z we d4 ,!y h no lungs1 b _! entire sy/em is p]meat$ by air-vessels1 j z is our sy/em ) blood-vessels1 & !re=e ! air1 in/ead ( be+ re/rict$ to ! lungs1 is convey$ to e "p ( ! insect1 ! air-vessels ext5d+ to ! v tips ( ! w+s & ant5n1 & to ! claws ( ! feet4 ,nei!r does ! insect receive ! air ?r\gh m\? or no/rils z we d4 ,along ! sides ( ! body are c]ta9 oval ap]tures call$ 8spiracles10 f ! ,lat9 ^w spiro1 :i* signifies brea?+4 ,^! spiracles c easily be se5 by exam9+ an ord9>y silkworm4 ,!y are situat$ 9 ! s(t & flexible sk9 :i* connects ! r+s or segm5ts ( :i* all insects are compos$1 & pass directly into two l>ge air-tubes :i* run on ei!r side ( ! body4 ,x is evid5t t s9ce an insect is s ?or\ghly p]meat$ ) air1 x mu/ be furni%$ ) means to r5d] t air z pure z possible1 & at all ev5ts to pres]ve ! respiratory sy/em f be+ *ok$ ) du/ or o!r adv5titi\s sub/ances4 ,h[ important ! air is to an insect c easily be se5 by dipp+ x 9 oil1 or ev5 bru%+ an oil$ fea!r on its sides s z to fill up ! spiracles4 ,a man "u ! h&s ( ! hangman or g>ott] c\ld n die m swiftly1 s mu* does an insect dep5d on air4 ,9 fact1 an insect is almo/ :olly compos$ ( air-tubes1 b = :i* ! great ?ick-bodi$ dor-beetles c\ld nev] use _! organs ( flight4 ,( c\rse1 al?\gh ! spiracles c act z filt]s z f> z ! air is conc]n$1 !y _c be analy/s1 & consequ5tly insects are peculi>ly s5sitive to a bad atmosph]e4 ,!re is1 = example1 ! well-kn[n 8laurel-bottle0 ( entomologi/s4 ,a few "y laurel-leaves are cru%$ & plac$ 9 a bottle4 ,z soon z an insect is introduc$1 x brea!s ! prussic acid :i* is exhal$ f ! leaves1 & at once dies4 ,s x is ) ! m delicate 8dea?-bottle10 into :i* a little cyanide ( potassium is introduc$1 & cov]$ ) pla/] ( ,p>is4 ,! pla/] prev5ts ! poison f t\*+ ! insects & damag+ _! beautiful col\rs4 ,x p]mits ! deadly vap\r to roll ?r\gh its int]/ices2 consequ5tly1 ev5 ! l>ge-bodi$ mo?s1 :i* are t5aci\s ( life almo/ beyond cr$ibility1 c b>ely run r\nd ! bottle1 :5 !y roll ov]1 & expire almo/ )\t a /ruggle1 ! v5om\s atmosph]e hav+ saturat$ ! entire body4 ,all entomologi/s "k t ! spiracles act z sieves1 prev5t+ any extrane\s objects f ga9+ admission into ! brea?+-tubes4 ,b1 unless !y h _h p]sonal exp]i5ce1 !y _c appreciate ! efficacy ( ! spiracle :5 act+ z a respirator4 ,ev5 ! microscope1 ?\gh x may magnify ! object to any ext5t1 does n %[ ! wond]ful filt]+ p[] ( ! spiracle4 ,! figure 9 ! illu/ration repres5ts a spiracle ( ! common 8blue-bottle0 fly1 & any "o :o wi%es to exam9e su* an object = himself c h b little difficulty 9 do+ s1 especially 9 ! w>m season ( ! ye>4 ,h[ effectual is ! b>ri] ?us int]pos$ by ,nature betwe5 ! ext]nal _w & ! int]ior ( ! insect may be inf]r$ f ! foll[+ n>rative3-- ,_m ye>s ago1 :ile absorb$ 9 ! comp>ative anatomy ( insect /ructure1 ,i believ$ myself to h hit ^u a plan = inject+ ! m9ute/ ( tubes ) m]cury4 ,s ,i took a male cockroa*1 plac$ a vessel ( m]cury 9 ! receiv] ( an air-pump1 & susp5d$ ! cockroa* exactly ov] x4 ,z ! read] w fully h surmis$1 my idea 01 fir/ to exhau/ ! air f ! inside ( ! insect1 !n to plunge x into ! m]cury1 & !n to admit ! air1 :i*1 at a pressure ( fifte5 p\nds to ! squ>e in*1 0 likely to drive ! m]cury into ! smalle/ ( tubes4 ,su* a plan 0 v successful ) ord9>y tissues1 & might succe$ ) insects4 ,accord+ly1 ,i exhau/$ ! air f ! vessel 9 :i* ! cockroa* 0 plac$1 & kept x 9 a /ate ( exhau/ion = a :ole day1 s z to prove t e p>ticle ( air 0 )drawn f ! insect4 ,i !n plung$ ! cockroa* deeply b5ea? ! m]cury1 & admitt$ ! air1 hop+ t ! sev]e pressure w\ld drive ! m]cury into ! respiratory vessels4 ,b n "o p>ticle ( ! m]cury c\ld pass ?r\gh ! wond]ful filt] ) :i* ! cockroa* _h be5 provid$1 &1 except t ,i _h le>n$ ! p[] ( ! spiracle1 ,i might h sav$ bo? ! "t & tr\ble4 ,x is wor?y ( notice t1 almo/ c\ntless z are ! species ( insects1 no two ( !m possess exactly ! same /ructure ( ! spiracles1 ! individuality be+ m>k$ z cle>ly 9 ^! t9y organs z 9 ! entire insect4 ,,useful ,,arts4 ,,*apt] ,v4 ,,! ,,pr9ciple ,,( ,,! ,,spr+4--,,! ,,ela/ic ,,spr+4--,,accumulators4--,,! ,,spiral ,,spr+4 ,spr+s & _! v>i\s ,/ructure4--,! ,ela/ic ,spr+4--,! ,boy's ,catapult & its ,p[]s4--,! ,pi/olograph1 its ,pr9ciple1 & ,uses to :i* x c be put4--,leaf-roll+ ,cat]pill>s1 & _! ,way ( ,"w4--,! ,c>riage ,spr+4--,! ,horse's ,ho( & its complex ,/ructure4--,fungi & _! unit$ ,p[]4--,! ,*9ese ,cross-b[4--,! anci5t ,bali/a4--,skull ( ! ,crocodile4--,bones ( "y ,*ildr54--,! ,spiral ,spr+ & its _m ,uses4--,! ,toy-gun4--,! ,ne$le-gun4--,valv$ ,brass ,in/rum5ts4--,wat* & ,clock ,spr+s4--,! ,b$ ,spr+4--,p>allels 9 ,nature & ,art4--,buff]s ( ,railway ,c>riages4--,spr+ ,solitaires4--,! ,bell ,spr+4--,spiral ,spr+s 9 ,vegetable ,tissues4--,poison ,cells ( v>i\s ,m>9e ,animals4--,effects ( ! ,spiral ,spr+s4 ,,ela/ic ,,spr+s4 ,"h we come ^u a subject s l>ge1 t x is difficult to def9e its exact requisite limits4 ,! pr9ciple ( ! ela/ic spr+ p]vades all ,nature1 & ! num]\s adaptations 9 ,art are closely1 ?\gh p]haps n directly1 attributable to ! wide di/ribution ( ! spr+ 9 ,nature4 ,!re is1 = example1 ! simple ela/icity :i* enables a tree1 :5 b[$ by ! w9d1 to spr+ back s soon z ! pressure is remov$1 & :i*1 inde$1 is ! p[] :i* enables a b[ to propel an arr[4 ,!n !re are spiral spr+s innum]able1 _m ( !m s m9ute t !y c only be se5 by ! aid ( ! microscope1 & !re are _m spr+s :i* exhibit _! ela/icity by _! p[] ( ext5sion & %ort5+1 j z is done ) ! ela/ic fabrics :i* are s mu* 9 vogue at ! pres5t day1 & :i* seem s necess>y to ord9>y com=t t we feel dispos$ to wond] h[ our =efa!rs manag$ )\t !m4 ,we w n[ proce$ to exam9e "s ( ^! spr+s 9 detail4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,!re is "o =m ( ela/ic spr+ :i* has ( late ye>s become m famili> ?an agreeable1 namely1 ! toy :i* is le>n$ly call$ a 8catapult10 ?\gh x has little 9 common ) ! anci5t weapon ^: "n x be>s4 ,z may be se5 by ref]5ce to ! illu/ration1 x consi/s ( "o or m india-rubb] /raps atta*$ to a =k-l h&le1 & c>ry+ a small p\* 9 :i* is conta9$ ! missile4 ,al?\gh x is n rem>kable = accuracy1 x c ?r[ a /one or a bullet a consid]able di/ance1 & its p[] c be v quickly increas$ by add+ to ! numb] ( ! /raps4 ,?us a catapult has be5 made :i* 0 capable ( s5d+ a small pi/ol bullet ?r\gh a wood5 bo>d1 s t ! *ild's toy might really become a dang]\s weapon4 ,inde$1 cases are kn[n :]e ! catapult has hurl$ a /one ) fatal effect ^u human be+s4 ,9 my own neighb\rhood !re are _m examples ( glass be+ pi]c$ by /ones ?r[n f catapults j z if !y _h be5 subject$ to bullets %ot f fire>ms1 ! holes be+ q small & r\nd4 ,! p[] ( accumulat+ =ce by increas+ ! numb] ( spr+s 0 utilis$ by ,mr4 ,scaife1 :5 he inv5t$ 8 wond]ful photographic ma*9e :i* he t]m$ ! 8,pi/olograph10 on acc\nt ( ! s\nd :i* 0 produc$ :5 ! portrait 0 tak54 ,! idea 0 simple en\gh1 ?\gh ! practice ( x 0 n s easy4 ,he wi%$ to be able to take a photograph ) an exposure ( ! lea/ possible "t1 & ?us to atta9 fre$om & action1 in/ead ( ! dull /iffness :i* g5]ally *>act]izes photograph portraits4 ,! mode :i* he adopt$ 0 by introduc+ a peculi>ly s5sitive film1 :i* w\ld take an impression 9 a m]e mom5t1 & !n arrang+ ! ma*9e s t an exposure ( m ?an a mom5t 0 impossible4 ,?is 0 done by cov]+ ! l5s ) an exactly fitt+ door1 revolv+ on a pivot4 ,! axis on :i* ! door revolv$ 0 atta*$ to a numb] ( india-rubb] b&s1 exactly l ^? :i* are us$ = conf9+ pap]s4 ,z ! p[] ( ! spr+s increas$ ) _! numb]1 x naturally foll[$ t ! rapidity ( ! revolution 0 9 exact ratio ) ! numb] ( ! b&s1 s t ! duration ( exposure to light c\ld be measur$ ) tol]able accuracy4 ,s wond]fully well did ?is plan succe$ t photographs ( eclipses 7 tak5 ) p]fect accuracy1 a matt] ( great importance :5 "t has to be consid]$4 ,horses 7 also tak5 at full gallop1 s z to display _! action1 & ! cr[n+ a*ievem5t 0 ! photograph+ ( a cannon 9 ! act ( fir+1 & ! bur/+ ( a *>g$ %ell4 ,s rapid is ! action ( ! in/rum5t1 t 9 sev]al cases :]e a cannon or mort> _h be5 photograph$1 ev5 ! track ( ! ball or %ell is visible4 ,illu/ration3 ,,leaf-,,roll+ ,,ne/s4 ,illu/ration3 ,,catapult4 ,x necess>ily foll[$ t :5 ! spr+s caus$ ! circul> cov] to revolve ) su* rapidity1 !y made x close ) a %>p report1 & s gave rise to ! "n ( ! ma*9e4 ,moreov]1 z x _h to be us$ = rapidly mov+ objects1 x 0 n fix$ on a p$e/al1 b 0 held 9 ! h&s1 :ile aim 0 tak5 at ! object1 j z ) a pi/ol4 ,:5 ! obs]v] ?\ght t he _h 8 aim correct1 he t\*$ a trigg]1 r\nd spun ! cov]1 & ! photograph 0 tak54 99 99 99 99 99 ,,on ! "r h& ( ! illu/ration is se5 ! ,catapult1 made ) sev]al spr+s1 & on ! left is %[n an example ( ! ,accumulator z =m$ by ,nature4 ,! read] may probably be acqua9t$ ) ! ,leaf-roll+ ,cat]pill>s1 ( :i* !re are s _m4 ,i _h (t5 inspect$ ^! curl$ leaves1 &1 on comp>+ !m ) ! size ( ! cat]pill>s1 _h notic$ t ! muscul> /r5g? ( ! insect 0 q inadequate to ! "w :i* 0 done4 ,t mu* ( x 0 ow+ to ! 8b[s+0 sy/em1 :i* has already be5 describ$ :5 treat+ ( ! ,toggle-jo9t1 0 v probable1 b t "s o!r =ce mu/ be employ$ 0 evid5t4 ,on unroll+ a leaf1 ! hidd5 =ce 0 at once expla9$1 & %[$ itself to be a sy/em ( accumulators exactly l ^? ( ! pi/olograph or ! catapult4 ,! cat]pill> sp9s successive belts ( silk5 ?reads1 & affixes !m to ! leaf1 z %[n 9 ! illu/ration4 ,^! ?reads are ne>ly z ela/ic z ! india-rubb] b&s ( ! catapult1 & accord+ly draw ! leaf toge!r4 ,ano!r set ( belts is add$ above ! =m]1 &1 z !y h>d5 & contract 9 ! air1 !y roll ! leaf /ill fur!r4 ,! fir/ r[ is !n %ort5$ & tight5$1 & a ?ird & f\r? r[ are add$ 9 ! same fa%ion4 ,s ela/ic are ^! belts1 t if ! leaf be c>efully h&l$ x c be almo/ :olly unroll$1 & w spr+ back aga9 z soon z ! =ce is remov$4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,ano!r =m ( accumulat$ =ce may be se5 9 ! ord9>y ,c>riage ,spr+1 "o ( :i* is %[n 9 ! illu/ration4 ,x is made ( a numb] ( /rips ( ela/ic /eel ly+ ^u ea* o!r1 & suff]$ to play ^u ea* o!r by means ( slots & rivets4 ,! weight be+ plac$ 9 ! c5tre1 x is evid5t t ?is v +5i\s spr+ is really an ela/ic gird]1 yield+ to sudd5 pressure1 & recov]+ itself :5 t pressure is remov$4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,+5i\s z is ?is spr+1 x has _m p>allels 9 ,nature1 "o ( :i* is "h giv54 ,x is popul>ly ?\ght ! ho( ( ! horse is a solid mass ( horn de/9$ to protect ! feet aga9/ h>d & r\gh gr\nd4 ,su* c]ta9ly seems to be ! op9ion ( f>ri]s1 :o1 9 %oe+ horses1 act exactly z if ! horn ( ! ho( 7 /ructureless2 :]eas x is a m>vel ( complicat$ me*anism4 ,on look+ at ! ext]ior ( a horse's ho(1 x w be se5 to be m>k$ ) a va/ numb] ( v f9e1 b easily visible longitud9al l9es1 look+ z if !y 7 scrat*es f a v f9e ne$le4 ,if ! ho( be remov$ f ! foot1 & exam9$ ^u ! int]ior1 x w be se5 t ea* ( ! app>5t scrat*es signifies ! edge ( a v ?9 plate ( horn1 n s ?ick z ! pap] on :i* ?is book is pr9t$4 ,! ho(1 9 fact1 is built up ( multitud9\s plates ( horn1 set side by side1 & ea* act+ z a sep>ate spr+4 ,x is ?is beautiful /ructure :i* all[s ! horse to tread )\t a j> be+ s5t ?r\gh its :ole sy/em by e /ep :i* x takes4 ,a simil> /ructure is to be f\nd 9 all ho($ quadrup$s1 & is especially noticeable 9 ! case ( ! ,elephant4 ,all ^? :o h wat*$ ! walk ( an ,elephant1 no matt] :at its size may be1 mu/ h be5 /ruck ) ! curi\s noiselessness ( its movem5ts4 ,its weight may be measur$ by tons1 & yet ! enorm\s animal /eps z noiselessly z a cat4 ,on exam9+ "o ( ! ho(s1 aft] x is remov$ f ! foot1 ! cause ( ?is m>vell\sly sil5t tread is p]fectly evid5t4 ,! :ole ( ! ho( is compos$ ( ne>ly p>allel horny plates1 & by _! unit$ action !y produce ! requir$ result4 ,illu/ration3 ,,horse-,,ho(4 ,illu/ration3 ,,c>riage ,,spr+4 ,ea* plate 9 itself is v feeble1 b1 :5 unit$ z !y are at ! ends1 !y af=d mutual support to ea* o!r4 ,simil>ly ! sep>ate fea!rs 9 a c\* w\ld be cru%$ by a comp>atively slight weight1 b :5 a numb] are conf9$ toge!r !y support ea* o!r1 & =m ! s(t1 yield+ c\* ) :i* we are s famili>4 ,horsehair1 :5 us$ z ! /uff+ = a c\* or *air1 acts 9 ! same way1 & s d ! f9e filam5ts ( wool :5 us$ "u ! "n ( 8flock40 ,ano!r good example ( ! p[] ( accumulat$ =ce1 al?\gh x has no direct relation to ! spr+1 is ! well-kn[n fact t fungi1 :i* are sep>ately s fragile1 are capable ( lift+ & reta9+ 9 ! air /ones s l>ge t two m5 c\ld h>dly c>ry !m4 ,7 ! /ones laid d[n ^u ! fungi1 ! latt] w\ld be cru%$1 b1 z !y gr[ b5ea? ! /ones1 !y accumulate _! p[]s1 & sl[ly1 b c]ta9ly1 raise ! weight f ! gr\nd4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,?is v pr9ciple ( accumulat$ =ce has long be5 us$ 9 weapons ( w>1 & ,i possess sev]al examples ( su* weapons4 ,"o ( !m is a ,*9ese repeat+ ,cross-b[1 :i* 0 tak5 at ! capture ( ! ,peiho ,=t1 & 0 really a =midable wall-in/rum5t1 c>ry+ a res]ve ( arr[s1 & deliv]+ !m ) great rapidity4 ,9 po9t ( fact1 x consi/s ( ?ree b[s1 plac$ ^u ea* o!r1 & play+ ^u ea* o!r j z d ! portions ( a c>riage spr+4 ,su* /r5g? is ?us obta9$1 t ! b[ _c be drawn by h&1 b is work$ ) a lev]1 z %[n 9 ! illu/ration4 ,! :ole ma*9]y ( ! weapon1 includ+ ! self-not*+ & self-supply+ sy/em1 is v int]e/+1 b is outside our pres5t object4 ,! v p[]ful b[ ( ! anci5t ,bali/a 0 made on ! same pr9ciple1 & 0 /rong en\gh to ?r[ l>ge /ones & wood5 beams4 ,illu/ration3 ,,jaws ,,( ,,crocodile4 ,illu/ration3 ,,*9ese ,,cross-,,b[4 ,i also h b[s 9 my collection :i* are /r5g!n$ on ! same pr9ciple1 ?\gh n exactly 9 ! same mann]4 ,!re are sev]al ,indian1 ,*9ese1 & ,japanese b[s :i* are curv$ almo/ l ! lett] ,c1 & h to be rev]s$ :5 /rung4 ,^! b[s are ( no v great size1 b possess wond]ful ela/icity4 ,!y owe ! latt] quality to sundry lay]s ( s9ew :i* h be5 affix$ to ! back :5 wet1 & :i* add enorm\sly to ! p[] ( ! b[1 :ile !y v little enl>ge its dim5sions4 ,ano!r b[1 made by ! natives ( ,vanc\v]'s ,isl&1 has ! back /r5g!n$ by a numb] ( cords spun f s9ew fibres1 & possess+ ! /r5g? & ela/icity to :i* we are accu/om$ 9 ! /r+s ( ! h>p1 guit>1 or viol94 99 99 99 99 99 ,,we w n[ turn to a p>allel 9 ,nature4 ,?is is to be f\nd 9 ! l[] jaw ( ! ,crocodile1 z is po9t$ out by ,pr(essor ,ow51 9 8 "w on ! 8,skeleton & ! ,tee?40 ,all p]sons :o h a smatt]+ ( anatomy are aw>e t ev5 9 ! human body ! mo/ solid bones ( ! adult 7 orig9ally compos$ ( sev]al pieces1 & t !y only become fus$ toge!r 9 c\rse ( "t4 ,! jaw-bones1 = example1 7 once s compos$1 & 9 ! ,crocodile ! junction is nev] complet$1 ! pieces ( bone rema9+ sep>ate1 b be+ press$ firmly aga9/ ea* o!r dur+ life4 ,i h n[ be=e me ! skull ( a ,gangetic ,crocodile1 9 :i*1 al?\gh ! animal 0 an adult :5 kill$1 ! bones ( ! long l[] jaw are s loose t unless !y 7 ti$ toge!r ! jaw w\ld fall to pieces4 ,?is analogy betwe5 ,art & ,nature is ?us describ$ by ,pr(essor ,ow5 9 ! "w :i* has j be5 m5tion$3-- 8,! purpose ( ?is subdivision ( ! l[] jaw-bone has be5 well expla9$ by ,conybe>e & ,buckl&1 by ! analogy ( its /ructure to t adopt$ 9 b9d+ toge!r sev]al p>allel plates ( ela/ic wood or /eel to make a crossb[1 & also 9 sett+ toge!r ?9 plates ( /eel 9 ! c>riage spr+40 ,dr4 ,buckl& also adds3 8,^? :o h witness$ ! %ock giv5 to ! head ( a ,crocodile by ! act ( snapp+ toge!r its ?91 long jaws1 mu/ h se5 h[ liable to fracture ! l[] jaw w\ld be 7 x compos$ ( "o bone only4444 ,! splic+ & brac+ toge!r ( ?9 flat bones ( unequal l5g? & ( v>y+ ?ickness af=d comp5sation = ! weakness & risk ( fracture t w\ld o!rwise h att5d$ ! elongation ( ! p>ts40 ,a good example ( ! value ( ?is /ructure ( bone may be f\nd 9 "y *ildr54 ,be=e !y are old en\gh to take c>e ( !mselves !y are p]petually fall+ d[n1 & nev] hurt+ !mselves4 ,i h se5 a little girl ( five ye>s old roll f top to bottom ( a l(ty /aircase4 ,x look$ z if ! *ild mu/ be kill$1 b %e 0 only giddy ) h] _m revolutions1 & a little bruis$ ab\t ! elb[s4 ,! reason ( ?is curi\s immunity f injury is1 t ! bones1 especially ^? ( ! skull1 are n completely unit$1 & s act on ! pr9ciple ( ! comp\nd spr+4 ,,! ,,spiral ,,spr+4 ,?is subject is s l>ge1 & !re are s _m examples1 bo? 9 ,art & ,nature1 t x is n v easy to make selections :i* w suffici5tly answ] ! purpose4 ,illu/ration3 ,,wat]-,,lily4 ,,lily4 ,,poison-,,cell ,,( ,,helian?oid4 ,,an!rozoids4 ,illu/ration3 ,,spiral ,,spr+4 ,,b$ ,,spr+4 ,,wat* ,,spr+4 ,! upp] left-h& figure ( ! illu/ration repres5ts ! ord9>y ,spiral ,spr+ made ( wire1 & us$ = its p[] ( resum+ its %ape :5 compress$4 ,9 e>ly *ildhood mo/ boys h _h practical exp]i5ce ( ?is spr+ 9 ! toy guns & cannons ) :i* !y are suppli$4 ,! spr+ is compress$ by ! ramrod1 & held 9 its place by a cat*4 ,if a pellet be plac$ 9 ! gun1 & ! cat* releas$ by pull+ ! trigg]1 ! spr+ flies back to its =m] %ape1 & drives ! pellet4 ,an exactly simil> spr+ is us$ 9 ! well-kn[n 8,ne$le-gun10 ! spr+ driv+ a ne$le ?r\gh ! explosive mixture1 & s ignit+ ! *>ge4 ,our brass in/rum5ts w\ld be v badly (f )\t ! spiral spr+1 :i* is plac$ "u ! pi/ons4 ,! ela/icity all[s ! pi/ons to be press$ d[n1 & :5 ! f+]s are rais$ ! pi/ons spr+ up aga94 ,ano!r =m ( ?is in/rum5t is se5 on ! "r ( ! ord9>y spr+4 ,?is is us$ 9 ! manufacture ( spr+ mattresses & c\*es1 & is made ?9n] 9 ! c5tre1 s z to all[ ( great] ela/icity4 ,bel[ !m is ! spr+ :i* is us$ = wat*es & clocks1 "o end be+ fa/5$ to ! rim ( ! b>rel1 & ! o!r to ! pivot4 ,:5 ! latt] is turn$ ! spr+ becomes 8w\nd up10 &1 :5 releas$1 keeps ! works go+ by press+ aga9/ !m4 ,( ! 8pall-&-rat*et0 :eel1 by :i* ! movem5ts are ret>d$1 we %all treat 9 ano!r place4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,on ! left h& ( ! illu/ration are a few figures ( ! ,spiral ,spr+ z se5 9 ,nature4 ,on ! extreme left ( ! gr\p is a spiral cell tak5 f ! fl[]-/em ( ! ,wat]-lily4 ,z ! read] w see1 x is compos$ ( a numb] ( fibres laid p>allel to ea* o!r1 & twi/$ into a holl[ spiral4 ,9 ord] to exhibit its %ape ! bett]1 ! spiral has be5 p>tially uncoil$4 ,on ! extreme "r is a correspond+ spiral cell f ! common ,lily1 9 :i* ! spr+ p[] is giv5 by two fibres twi/$ 9 opposite directions4 ,! read] w n[ und]/& & admire ! me*anism by :i* ^! plants atta9 _! great /r5g? & ela/icity1 ! /ems be+ made ( myriads ( ^! spiral fibres4 ,! oval body on ! upp] "p ( ! illu/ration is a poison-cell ( a m>9e polyp1 & is giv5 "h z an example ( an animal spiral spr+1 ! o!rs all belong+ to ! vegetable _w4 ,we %all see m ( its /ructure a little fur!r on1 & w n n[ exam9e x 9 detail4 ,! two rema9+ figures repres5t ! rem>kable objects call$ ,an!rozoids1 i4e4 ! liv+ creatures ( an!rs4 ,!y exi/ 9 va/ numb]s 9 ! non-fl[]+ plants1 & inhabit ^? p>ts :i* correspond ) ! an!rs ( ! fl[]+ plants4 ,:5 plac$ 9 wat] !y h a curi\s way ( coil+ & twi/+ !mselves spirally1 s z to make _! way ?r\gh ! wat] 9 a tortu\s1 b tol]ably rapid1 c\rse4 ,?is movem5t is effect$ by ! contraction & expansion ( ! spirally twi/$ filam5t4 ,! upp] figure repres5ts a gr\p ( ,an!rozoids 9 _! cells1 & ! l[] is a mu* m magnifi$ figure ( a s+le ,an!rozoid z x appe>s :5 free1 & 9 ! act ( mov+ ?r\gh ! wat]4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,on ! accompany+ illu/ration are _m examples ( ,spiral ,spr+s1 bo? natural & artificial4 ,we w take ^! 9 _! ord]4 ,! upp] left-h& figure repres5ts ! 8,buff]10 by :i* ! c>riages ( railway tra9s are prev5t$ f j>r+ aga9/ ea* o!r4 ,p]haps "s ( my read]s may be old en\gh to rememb] ! days ( ! old railway c>riages t 7 connect$ by %ort *a9s1 & furni%$ ) buff]s t 7 m]ely padd$4 ,z ! tra9 />t$ a sep>ate j]k 0 giv5 to e c>riage by ! tight5+ ( ! *a9s1 &1 z x /opp$1 all ! c>riages bump$ aga9/ ea* o!r 9 a mo/ unpleasant mann]4 ,n[1 h[ev]1 ! buff]s are furni%$ ) p[]ful spr+s1 & are press$ /rongly aga9/ ea* o!r by means ( screw-bolts1 s t !y =m "o cont9u\s l9e4 ,9 fact--& "h is ano!r analogy betwe5 ,art & ,nature--a tra91 :5 prop]ly made up1 be>s a close resemblance to a human sp9e1 ! c>riages be+ analog\s to ! v]tebr1 & ! spr+ buff]s to ! ela/ic c>tilages betwe5 ! v]tebr4 ,n[adays1 ow+ to ?is arrangem5t1 ! :ole tra9 moves toge!r1 & c be />t$ & /opp$ s g5tly t ! pass5g]s are h>dly aw>e ( movem5t or /oppage4 ,= example1 "o ( my fri5ds 0 9 a tra9 :i* came into collision ) "s ob/acle4 ,! c>riages 9 front 7 da%$ to pieces1 & sev]al ( ! pass5g]s kill$4 ,8 c>riage1 h[ev]1 :i* 0 ne>ly at ! end ( ! tra91 & _h ! b5efit ( all ! spr+s1 0 h>dly %ak51 & ! inmates did n "k = "s little "t t an accid5t _h occurr$4 ,illu/ration3 ,,buff] ,,( ,,railway ,,eng9e4 ,,moss ,,dis*>g+ ,,spores4 ,,support+ ,,spr+ ,,( ,,railway ,,c>riage4 ,,t5tacle1 ,,) ,,spr+s4 ,,spr+ ,,solitaire4 ,,spr+-,,cell ,,( ,,madrepore4 ,,spr+-,,?read ,,( ,,sea-,,anemone4 ,,spr+-,,cell ,,( ,,corynactis4 ,,bell ,,spr+4 ,bel[ ! buff] is a ,:eel ,spr+1 made exactly on ! same pr9ciple1 b set p]p5dicul>ly in/ead ( horizontally4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,! two figures b5ea? ! :eel spr+ repres5t an object v famili> to u1 namely1 a ,spr+ ,solitaire1 "o figure %[+ x z op51 & ! o!r z clos$4 ,9 ?is article ! clasp is held 9 its place by a spr+1 & is only releas$ by pressure4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,bel[ ! solitaire is a v prosaic application ( ! ,spiral ,spr+1 namely1 t by :i* a h\se-bell is kept 9 vibration aft] ! =ce ( ! pull has ceas$1 & :i* r5d]s ! bell1 z ,dick5s happily rem>ks1 s gre$y to r+ aft] x has be5 pull$4 ,i made & employ$ a spr+ ( a simil> "* 9 clos+ ! door ( my p>rot's cage4 ,polly is a wond]fully clev] bird1 & a capital talk]4 ,fir/1 %e _h a cage ) upright b>s1 two ( :i* c\ld be slid upw>ds by way ( a door4 ,%e soon f\nd out ! trick ( ! b>s1 & us$ to escape1 c>efully replac+ ! b>s aft]w>ds4 ,:5 %e 0 transf]r$ to a metal cage1 %e discov]$ t ! door slid upw>ds1 & began at h] old tricks4 ,s ,i took a piece ( galvanis$ iron wire1 coil$ x into a spiral spr+1 fa/5$ "o end to ! upp] "p ( ! door1 & ! o!r by a hook to a /aple at ! bottom ( ! cage4 ,consequ5tly1 :5 ,polly lift$ ! door1 & loos5$ h] grip = a fre% hold1 ! door clos$ itself aga94 ,s1 aft] a:ile1 ,polly gave up ! door1 & n[ nev] tries to op5 x4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,pass+ to ! upp] "r-h& corn] ( ! illu/ration1 !re is %[n a portion ( ,moss z x appe>s :5 magnifi$1 & dis*>g+ its spores4 ,:5 !y are ripe a va/ numb] ( little spiral spr+s are let loose1 & %oot ! sporules into ! air4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,bel[ ! moss are f\r figures1 :i* are1 9 fact1 ! same object diff]5tly magnifi$1 & se5 f diff]5t po9ts ( view4 ,^! peculi> organs are te*nically t]m$ 8cnid10 f a ,greek ^w :i* signifies a nettle4 ,! appropriat5ess ( ! "n we %all pres5tly see4 ,i h already m5tion$ t ! t5tacles ( v>i\s m>9e animals are furni%$ ) poison-cells4 ,! object ( ^! cells is to capture & kill ! prey1 & ! mode ( do+ s is v rem>kable4 ,on ! "r & left ( ! illu/ration are two su* bodies1 9 :i* is se5 a sort ( ela/ic wire coil$ spirally1 app>5tly )\t regul>ity1 b really possess+ a mo/ beautiful ord]4 ,t on ! left is ! poison-cell ( a ,madrepore1 & ! o!r is ! same organ 9 a ,corynactis4 ,no soon] is ! t5tacle t\*$ ?an ! poison-cells are me*anically act$ ^u4 ,!y are turn$ inside out1 & ! coil$ spr+ d>ts =? ) wond]ful viol5ce4 ,slight z is ! d>t1 s f9e t x _c be se5 except ) ! aid ( a tol]ably p[]ful microscope1 x is a t]rible weapon4 ,al?\gh x is project$ ) suffici5t =ce to bury itself to its base ev5 ?r\gh s t\gh an object z ! human sk91 x c\ld inflict b little injury1 & w\ld1 inde$1 sc>cely be felt4 ,b x c>ries ) x a mo/ irritant poison1 :i* is app>5tly conta9$ 9 ! little capsule4 ,^! cnid are v pl5tiful 9 ! t5tacles ( ! ,/++ ,jelly-fi%1 or ,/ang]1 z x is (t5 call$1 & are *>g$ ) a t]rible poison4 ,z is ! case ) all su* poisons1 its effects diff] accord+ to ! con/itution ( ! be+ t is poison$4 ,!re are "s p]sons1 = example1 :o c>e no m = ! /+ ( a bee ?an = ! prick ( a ne$le1 & !re are ^? :om a s+le bee-/+ w br+ almo/ to ! gates ( dea?4 ,s ) ! t5tacles ( ! ,/++ ,jelly-fi% & ^? ( ! ,portuguese ,man-(-w>1 & !re are p]sons :o are sc>cely affect$ ) ! /+ ( ! scorpion4 ,s x is ) nettles4 ,:5 ,i 0 a boy at s*ool x 0 ?\ght necess>y to we> an oak-leaf1 or at lea/ a portion ( an oak-leaf1 on ! #bi? ( ,may1 & all :o did n possess ?is talisman might be flogg$ ) nettles by ^? :o did4 ,z ! s*ool 0 situat$ 9 ! nor? ( ,engl&1 :]e ! oak puts =? its leaves late 9 ! season1 x 0 no easy matt] to obta9 a v]itable oak-leaf1 & we us$ to take any leaf t we c\ld procure1 & cut x r\nd ! edges into ! similitude ( a suitable oak-leaf4 ,! effect ( ! nettles ^u ! boys 0 mo/ curi\sly div]sifi$4 ,"s c>$ no?+ :atev] = !m2 o!rs suff]$ %>p b brief pangs2 :ile o!rs1 ( :om ,i 0 "o1 endur$ ! mo/ lanc9at+ pa9 at ! "t1 & = h\rs aft]w>ds a hot1 burn+1 fev]$ sk91 & a heavy1 dull a*e1 accompani$ by ?robb+s ( ! bra9 s viol5t t x appe>$ z if ! head w\ld bur/ asund] at e he>t-beat4 ,! fact ( ?is inequality has be5 ?r\gh\t life a valuable lesson to me1 i4e4 t a puni%m5t :i* w ne>ly1 if n q1 kill "o man1 w be no puni%m5t at all to ano!r4 ,( c\rse ,i _c answ] = ! effects ( ^! v m9ute cnid ^u o!rs1 b ,i c /ate t !y ne>ly kill$ me1 & t if ,i _h be5 =c$ to swim ano!r hundr$ y>ds1 ,i %\ld h collaps$1 sunk1 & _h a coron]'s jury return a v]dict ( 8,f\nd dr[n$ 9 consequ5ce ( cramp40 ,on me ! effects 7 z foll[s3--,fir/ a slight1 & !n a sev]e1 t+l+ on ! p>ts :i* _h be5 /ruck4 ,!n %>p1 d>t+ pangs4 ,!n a sudd5 %ock z if a bullet _h pass$ ?r\gh ! brea/ f "o side to ! o!r4 ,consequ5t collapse1 & susp5sion ( ! (fice ( bo? he>t & lungs4 ,i once _h to walk ne>ly two miles aft] be+ /ung by "o ( ^! dread animals1 & h[ (t5 ,i fell be=e rea*+ my lodg+s ,i d>e n say1 b c]ta9ly once 9 e two hundr$ y>ds4 ,ev5 aft] p>tial recov]y ,i %\ld n h kn[n my own face4 ,x 0 t ( an old & we>i$ man ( sev5ty1 grey1 wr9kl$1 & )]$2 & _m mon?s elaps$ be=e ,i felt myself sure t ! weird-l bullet w\ld n drive ?r\gh my brea/1 & leave me ly+ on ! gr\nd gasp+ & spee*less4 ,^! dread$ t5tacles c /+ z fi]cely :5 sep>at$ f ! animal z :5 !y are conjo9$ to x1 z ,i c also te/ify f p]sonal exp]i5ce4 ,i h a natural alacrity 9 damag+ myself1 & !re is sc>cely a repres5tative bone 9 ! body t ,i h n fractur$ or dislocat$1 or bo?4 ,=tunately ! c]ebral v]tebr h hi!rto escap$4 ,i h brok5 ! "r leg1 "r arm1 two ribs1 & "r coll>-bone2 dislocat$ ! "r ankle1 & sma%$ ne>ly e bone ( ! "r h&4 ,at pres5t1 ! damage to ! left side is re/rict$ to two ribs2 & ,i hope t ! ,g5ius ( ,ossifraction may n[ be cont5t ) 8 "w4 ,b ,i equally seem to h a natural aff9ity = ! t5tacles ( ! ,/ang]s1 :i* deliv] _! env5om$ d>ts j z fi]cely :5 !y are sep>at$ f ! ,m$usa z :5 !y are connect$ ) x4 ,a curi\s example ( ?is fact befell me 9 ! pres5t ye> 7#ahge74 ,see+ t !re _h be5 a /eady s\!rn gale1 :i* made ,lundy ,isl& & ,h>tl& & ,baggy ,po9ts indisc]nible1 ,i dread$ my old foes1 &1 in/ead ( ba?+ f ! 8,pebble ,ridge10 took to ! great 8,nassau0 ,ba?s at ,we/w>d ,ho4 ,i sadly miss$ ! roll ( ! waves1 & ! placid rapture ( ly+ ) outspread arms z ! va/ ,atlantic bill[s came roll+ 91 fl++ up ! great grey b\ld]s z if !y 7 corks1 & lett+ !m roll d[n ! ridge aga9 ) a ?und]+1 & yet soo?+1 s\nd4 ,?ree miles or m inl& may ! ?und] ( ! ,pebble ,ridge be he>d2 & at night1 ev5 ?\gh a /orm be rag+1 te>+ ! leaves (f ! trees 9 :irl+ %[]s1 fl++ great bran*es into ! air l o/ri* plumes1 & h[l+ s t "o p]son c h>dly he> ano!r speak1 ! dull1 l[1 cont9u\s ?und] ( ! ,pebble ,ridge is he>d ov] all4 ,i h (t5 rema9$ awake at ,bide=d1 simply on acc\nt ( ! deep ro> ( ! ,pebble ,ridge1 z ! ris+ tide roll$ its va/ waves along ! coa/ f ,baggy ,po9t1 ?r\gh ,we/w>d ,ho & ,clovelly1 to ,h>tl&4 ,:5 !re is a heavy sea1 ! 8und]t[0 ( ^! waves is s great t ev5 _h no su* ?+s z ,/ang]s exi/$1 ,i %\ld n h v5tur$ ^u ! ,pebble ,ridge4 ,"o ( my fri5ds1 a /rong swimm]1 0 ne>ly dr[n$ (f t ridge by ! und]t[2 & n long be=e ,i visit$ ,we/w>d ,ho a promis+ "y man lo/ 8 life )9 a few y>ds ( t trea*]\s %ore4 ,mu* aga9/ my w1 ,i w5t to ! new ba?1 :i* is always suppli$ ) a runn+ curr5t ( sea-wat]2 & ,i _h h>dly swum ! l5g? ( ! ba? be=e ,i felt ! famili> nettle-l /+ 9 my foot4 ,=tunately x 0 only caus$ by a small fragm5t ( a ,/ang]'s t5tacle1 :i* _h be5 sev]$ f ! animal & pump$ into ! ba?1 & no h>m ensu$4 ,,useful ,,arts4 ,,*apt] ,,vi4 ,,spiral ,,& ,,r+$ ,,tissues4--,,v>i\s ,,spr+s ,,9 ,,nature ,,& ,,art4 ,spiral ,tissues1 & _! ,/ructure & ,uses4--,! movable ,gas-lamp4--,ela/ic ,tubes4--,brea?+-tubes ( ,insects1 & _! ,spiral ,wire4--,r+$ ,tissues & _! v>i$ ,/ructure4--,r+$ ,tissues appli$ to mod]n ,dress4--,*9ese & ,japanese ,lant]ns4--,proboscis ( ! ,h\se-fly4--,tra*ea ( v>i\s ,animals4--,mutual ,t5d5cy ( ,r+s & ,spirals t[>ds ea* o!r4--,fibres ( ! ,yew-tree4--,div+ & ,div]s4--,pr9ciple ( ! ,div+-bell4--,h[ x is suppli$ ) ,air4--,/ructure ( ! ,air-tubes4--,ne/s ( ! ,wat]-spid]4--,div+ by means ( ,tubes4--,l>va ( ! ,drone-fly1 & its ,mode ( brea?+4--,h[ to exam9e !m4--,leap+ ,spr+s4--,! ,skip-jack 9 ,nature & ,art4--,skip-jack or ,click ,beetles4--,! ,spr+-tail1 ,gras%opp]1 ,kang>oo1 ,g]boa1 & o!r ,jump+ ,creatures4 ,,spiral ,,& ,,r+$ ,,tissues4 ,we h n[ to consid] ! ,spiral ,tissue "u ano!r aspect1 i4e4 t ( act+ z ! int]nal support ( an ext]ior membrane4 ,r+$ tissues are necess>ily conjo9$ ) ! ,spiral1 z !y bo? dis*>ge ! same (fice1 & 9 "s cases m]ge almo/ imp]ceptibly into ea* o!r 9 ! same specim5s4 ,?is is mo/ beautifully %[n 9 ! proboscis ( ! common ,h\se-fly1 to :i* ref]5ce w pres5tly be made4 ,! subject is s l>ge t only a comp>atively small selection ( examples c be made1 ! great] numb] belong+ to ,nature1 & n to ,art4 ,we w fir/ take ! common movable ,gas-lamp1 ) its accompany+ tube4 ,x is at pres5t ! tube ( :i* we h to treat1 ! gas itself be+ res]v$ = a future page4 ,x is necess>y t1 9 ord] to enable ! lamp to be mov$ f "o spot to ano!r1 ! tube ?r\gh :i* ! gas passes mu/ be s con/ruct$ t if x be b5t1 or ev5 coil$1 x reta9s its =m1 & does n become flatt5$4 ,9 ord] to obta9 ?is object1 a v long ?9 wire is coil$ spirally to a suitable l5g?4 ,ov] ?is wire is sewn ! cas+ ( ! tube1 :i* is aft]w>ds made wat]pro( ) ela/ic v>ni%4 ,a /ill simpl] mode is by enclos+ a spiral wire )9 a tube ( vulcanis$ india-rubb]4 ,x w be se51 !n1 t by ! ela/icity ( ! spiral wire ! tube mu/ always reta9 its %ape1 no matt] h[ mu* x may be b5t4 ,on ! "r h& ( ! illu/ration are %[n ! movable ,gas-lamp & tube1 & a portion ( ! latt] is giv5 ) its spiral wire p>tially unw\nd1 9 ord] to %[ its /ructure4 ,illu/ration3 ,,tra*ea ,,( ,,insect1 ,,) ,,its ,,spiral ,,?read4 ,illu/ration3 ,,tube ,,( ,,gas-,,lamp1 ,,) ,,its ,,spiral ,,wire4 ,! l>ge tubes :i* convey air to div]s are made 9 ! same mann]1 z !y w\ld n only succumb to ! pressure ( ! wat] )\t ! wire1 b c\ld n be dragg$ ov] ob/acles or r\nd corn]s )\t collaps+4 ,x (t5 happ5s t a div] is oblig$1 :5 survey+ a sunk5 %ip1 to trav]se ! :ole ( h] int]ior1 desc5d+ ladd] aft] ladd]1 & ent]+ e cab9 9 ! %ip4 ,?is c\ld n be done b = ! int]nal coil ( wire )9 ! tube4 ,ref]5ce w pres5tly be made to ! subject ( div+4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,on ! left h& is se5 an object t looks some?+ l a bran* holl[$ v ?94 ,x is a magnifi$ view ( "p ( ! ,tra*ea or brea?+-tube ?r\gh :i* air is convey$ into ! sy/em ( an insect4 ,^! brea?+-tubes ramify to e portion ( ! body ( an insect1 ev5 p5etrat+ to ! extremities ( ! ant5n1 ! w+s1 & ! legs4 ,x is obvi\s t z ^! organs are 9 tol]ably con/ant movem5t1 & ! legs are mu* b5t at e jo9t by ! action ( walk+1 ! air-tubes :i* run ?r\gh !m mu/ possess ! same qualities z ^? ( ! gas-lamp & div]4 ,if "o ( ^! tra*e be remov$ & plac$ "u ! microscope1 x w be se5 to be con/ruct$ 9 a mann] exactly simil> to t :i* has be5 describ$4 ,)9 ! membrane :i* =ms ! tube prop] !re is a v f9e1 b v /rong ?read1 :i* is coil$ exactly l ! wire spr+4 ,x is n atta*$ to ! membrane1 & s /rong is x t1 al?\gh x is all b invisible to ! nak$ eye1 x c be drawn out z %[n 9 ! left-h& figure ( ! illu/ration4 ,if laid on a piece ( glass1 x imm$iately tries to recoil itself1 & = "s little "t w twi/ & curl ab\t z if x 7 alive4 ,illu/ration3 ,,tra*ea ,,( ,,dragon-,,fly ,,l>va4 ,illu/ration3 ,,tube ,,( ,,hookah4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,on ! above illu/ration are two simil> examples ( ! spiral ?read ) a flexible tube4 ,! "r-h& figure repres5ts "o ( ! _m =ms ( ! wat]-pipe1 :e!r kn[n z ,hookah1 ,n>ghile1 or ,hubble-bubble4 ,9 ! simpl] =ms ( ?is pipe1 su* z ! latt]1 ! inhal+-tube is q /raight1 & ! b[l is held 9 ! h&s ( ! smok]4 ,9 ! m ref9$ pipe1 h[ev]1 ! tube is v long1 flexible1 & made ela/ic by an inn] spiral wire4 ,p]haps ! read] may rememb] t ! l>va ( ! ,dragon-fly is a mo/ rem>kable creature 9 consequ5ce ( its me?ods ( propulsion & respiration4 ,! wat] is tak5 into ! int]ior ( ! body ?r\gh a peculi>ly =m$ ap]ture1 & !n eject$ ) su* viol5ce z to drive ! body =w>d on ! same pr9ciple z t :i* causes a rocket to asc5d4 ,! figure on ! left h& ( ! illu/ration is a repres5tation ( ! abdom5 ( ?is l>va r magnifi$1 & op5$ s z to %[ ! int]ior4 ,on ei!r side run ! two pr9cipal brea?+-tubes1 ?r\gh ! delicate membranes ( :i* ! spiral ?read c pla9ly be se54 ,^! tubes are connect$ ) a small] set1 & !y ) a /ill small]1 s t at la/ !y are ( su* t5uity t !y c sc>cely be di/+ui%$ )\t ! use ( a glass4 ,b1 h[ev] small !y may be1 !y are always fitt$ ) ! spiral ?read4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,we n[ come to ! cases :]e ! membrane is support$ by a s]ies ( r+s1 & n by a s+le spiral wire4 ,9 ! "r-h& division ( ! illu/ration are two specim5s ( objects :i* %all be nameless1 b :i* 7 drawn p] special fav\r at a mill9]'s %op4 ,al?\gh ! day has n[ happily gone by :5 ! l>g] object 0 9 g5]al we>1 & seem$ to be irrepressively increas+ 9 dim5sions1 c]ta9 modifications ( x1 "u v>i\s names1 h made _! appe>ance 9 almo/ e book ( fa%ions & e l>ge mill9]'s %op4 ,"h we h ! ext]nal membrane made ( l951 calico1 m]9o1 or simil> mat]ial1 di/5d$ by a numb] ( ela/ic r+s set at tol]ably ev5 di/ances f ea* o!r4 ,! two small objects repres5t ! h&y little pap] lant]ns s common 9 ,*9a & ,japan4 ,!y are compos$ ( an ext]nal coat ( t\gh tissue pap]1 s ?9 t x all[s ! light to pass ?r\gh x ) tol]able fre$om1 & ( an int]nal s]ies ( ela/ic r+s1 :i* n only support x & pres]ve its cyl9drical %ape1 b all[ x to be fold$ up flat :5 n want$4 ,i possess a s+ul>ly +5i\s lant]n ( ?is k9d1 made 9 ,japan1 & display+ ! ?or\ghness ( "w :i* *>act]izes t nation4 ,x is five in*es 9 diamet]1 & ! lant]n itself is affix$ at ei!r end to a circul> wood5 cap ! upp] fitt+ ov] ! l[]4 ,consequ5tly1 :5 ! lant]n is %ut1 x is entirely enclos$ betwe5 ^! two caps1 :i* effectually pres]ve x f h>m4 ,x is delicately f9i%$1 & has no less ?an ?irty r+s1 made ( v n>r[ /rips ( bamboo4 ,! upp] cap has a little trap-door ?r\gh :i* ! c&le c be admitt$ & trimm$1 & 9 its c5tre is a small r\nd hole = ! passage ( air4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,9 ! left-h& division ( ! illu/ration are %[n sev]al examples ( r+$ & spiral tissues belong+ to ! vegetable _w1 9 :i* ! pr9ciple is exactly ! same z t ( ! ,*9ese lant]n1 c4 ,t on ! "r h& is an example ( simple r+s )9 a membrane4 ,! c5tral figure %[s a d\ble spiral1 :i* produces v mu* ! appe>ance ( a s]ies ( r+s2 & on ! extreme left is an int]e/+ example :i* %[s ! transition 9 ! int]nal supports f spirals to r+s4 ,illu/ration3 ,,spiral ,,& ,,r+$ ,,fibre 7,,vegetable74 ,illu/ration3 ,,nameless ,,objects4 ,illu/ration3 ,,pap] ,,lant]ns4 ,i h already m5tion$ t ! proboscis ( ! ,h\se-fly exhibits ?is modification4 ,if "o ( ^! objects be plac$ "u a mod]ate p[] microscope--! half-in* is q en\gh--& exam9$1 x w be se5 t !re are "s l>ge tra*e1 j l ^? ( ! ,dragon-fly l>va1 on ea* side ( ! proboscis1 & t1 :]e ! end is wid5$ & flatt5$ into a sort ( disc1 _! place is tak5 by a set ( v mu* small] tra*e1 com+ ne>ly to a po9t1 & ea* be+ support$ int]nally by a s]ies ( incomplete r+s1 %ap$ v mu* l ! lett] ,c4 ,a slide conta9+ ?is object well m\nt$ c be pur*as$ at any optician's = a %ill+4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,! tra*ea1 or w9dpipe1 z we call x1 ( all v]tebrate animals1 man includ$1 is =m$ on exactly ! same pr9ciple1 z any "o may see by go+ to a but*]'s %op1 & look+ at ! tra*ea1 or w9dpipe1 by :i* ! lungs1 or 8lights10 z !y are call$1 are susp5d$4 ,7 x n = ?is /ructure1 we %\ld n be able to b5d our necks or turn our heads4 ,illu/ration3 ,,ox4 ,illu/ration3 ,,pig4 ,illu/ration3 ,,goose4 ,! accompany+ illu/ration %[s ! tra*e ( ?ree well-kn[n creatures4 ,! left-h& figure is ! tra*ea ( an ,ox1 ! c5tral figure t ( a ,pig1 & ! "r-h& figure t ( a ,goose4 ,mr4 ,tuff5 ,we/1 :o made ! draw+s1 s5t ) !m ! foll[+ rem>ks3-- 8,! tra*e ( animals furni% "s v int]e/+ examples ( v>iation 9 ! =m & arrangem5t ( ! r+s4 ,_! purpose1 p]haps1 "o c b guess at 9 "s cases2 b d\btless1 z be+ works ( ! ,ma/] ,build]1 c>eful /udy w\ld be repaid4 8,9 ! ,ox ! r+s are v /rong & close1 & 9 =m l a horse-%oe ) ! ends approximat$4 8,9 ! ,pig ! incomplete r+s are broad at "o "p1 & n>r[ on ! opposite side1 ) a t5d5cy to spiral arrangem5t4 ,i imag9e t ?is w\ld make a v rigid tube1 &1 inde$1 x feels s 9 ! h&4 8,!n1 9 ! ,goose1 ! n>r[$ l[] "p is t :i* is figur$ j be=e ! tra*ea rea*es ! /]num4 ,! 7complete7 r+s are twice z broad 9 "o half z 9 ! o!r1 & by ! alt]nate disposition ( ^! diff]+ wid?s1 a tube is =m$ ( great flexibility =e & aft1 b almo/ absolutely rigid 9 ! lat]al direction4 ,?is seems to be s m>k$ an evid5ce ( design z to be calculat$ to greatly raise our admiration40 ,illu/ration3 ,,r+$ ,,tissues ,,( ,,sug>-,,cane ,illu/ration3 ,,vegetable ,,spiral ,,tissues ,,t5d+ ,,to ,,r+s4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,we h se5 sev]al examples ( r+$ tissues t5d+ to ! spiral =m1 & x is b natural t we %\ld expect to f9d spiral tissues t5d+ to ! r+4 ,9 ! accompany+ illu/ration ! two left-h& figures repres5t ! curi\sly modifi$ r+$ tissue :i* is to be f\nd 9 ! sug>-cane1 ! left-h& figure be+ mu* m magnifi$ ?an ! o!r4 ,! o!r figures repres5t f\r examples ( vegetable spiral tissues1 9 :i* x w be se5 t !re is a t5d5cy to =m r+s1 & t if a numb] ( r+s 7 sub/itut$ = ! spiral1 & ! object view$ 9 a slant+ direction1 x w\ld be almo/ impossible to di/+ui% betwe5 ! r+ & ! spiral4 ,among ! mo/ rem>kable ( ^! examples are ! two "r-h& figures4 ,t on ! extreme "r repres5ts a spiral vessel tak5 f ! s-call$ root1 or 8rhizome10 ( ! ,wat]-lily1 & ! o!r is a simil> vessel tak5 f a bran* ( ! ,yew-tree4 ,x has be5 sugge/$ t to ?is spiral /ructure is due ! prov]bial ela/icity ( ! yew-tree1 :i* has f "t immemorial r5d]$ x ! be/ wood = ! manufacture ( b[s4 ,,div+ ,,& ,,div]s4 ,x has already be5 m5tion$ t ! flexible tubes us$ by mod]n div]s are con/ruct$ on ! model ( sev]al /ructures belong+ to ! animal & vegetable k+doms4 ,we w n[ see h[ !y are utilis$4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,9 ! e>li] /ages ( ! div]'s art ! ,div+-bell af=d$ ! only means ( ga9+ access to ! b$ ( ! sea1 ev5 9 comp>atively %all[ wat]s4 ,! mode 9 :i* ?is result 0 obta9$ 0 simple en\gh1 & ?\gh x c>ri$ ) x ! g]ms ( /ill great] improvem5ts1 0 b limit$ & unc]ta9 9 its action4 ,! read] is probably aw>e t if a vessel be fill$ ) air1 no liquid c obta9 admittance until a correspond+ am\nt ( air be set free4 ,suppose1 = example1 t an empty tumbl] be ins]t$ ov] a bas9 ( v clean wat]1 & press$ d[nw>ds1 x w be f\nd t sc>cely any wat] w ent] x1 ! air hav+ tak5 up all ! available space1 & only all[+ z mu* space z may be acc\nt$ = by its faculty ( compression4 ,x is evid5t1 !re=e1 t if an enl>g$ tumbl] c\ld be l[]$ to ! b$ ( ! sea1 a man might be enclos$ )9 x1 & = a "t be able to support life by means ( ! air conta9$ )9 ! 8bell10 z ?is enl>g$ tumbl] 0 popul>ly call$4 ,x is equally evid5t t )9 a %ort "t ! air )9 ! bell mu/ be exhau/$1 & t1 unless a fre% supply c\ld be introduc$1 ! div] )9 ! bell w\ld be z effectively dr[n$ z if !re 7 no bell at all4 ,! accompany+ illu/ration is a k9d ( *>t1 s to speak1 ( ! mode 9 :i* air 0 =m]ly suppli$ to ! bell4 ,on ! "r h& is se5 a section ( ! ,div+-bell itself1 toge!r ) ! seat on :i* ! div]s c re/4 ,!re is also an escape-valve at ! top ( ! bell1 by :i* ! vitiat$ air c pass away2 b1 z x is n ess5tial to ! subject 9 h&1 & is r complicat$ 9 /ructure1 x has be5 omitt$4 ,imm$iately on ! left ( ! bell is a cask1 to :i* sev]al heavy weights are atta*$4 ,?is cask conta9$ compress$ air1 &1 aft] x 0 l[]$ by ! side ( ! bell1 ! end ( ! flexible tube 0 tak5 into ! bell1 ! tap turn$1 & ! compress$ air ru%$ into ! bell1 tak+ ! place ( t :i* _h be5 exhau/$ by respiration1 & 0 all[$ to pass ?r\gh ! escape-valve4 ,i may m5tion t ! div]s unexpect$ly discov]$ t1 :5 !y 7 brea?+ compress$ air1 !y c\ld disp5se ) respiration = a wond]fully long "t1 ! am\nt ( oxyg5 tak5 9 at a s+le brea? be+ en\gh to r5ovate ! blood m ?an c\ld be done by sev]al ord9>y inspirations4 ,illu/ration3 ,,ne/ ,,( ,,wat]-,,spid]s4 ,illu/ration3 ,,div+-,,bell4 ,on ! left h& ( ! illu/ration is se5 a sket* ( ! ne/ ( ! n[ famili> ,wat]-spid] 7,argyronetra aquatica71 tak5 f "s specim5s 9 my possession4 ,! ,wat]-spid] is really a rem>kable be+4 ,itself a d5iz5 ( air1 brea?+ our e>?ly atmosph]e j z we d1 & z capable ( be+ dr[n$ z ourselves1 x nev]!less passes ne>ly ! :ole ( its exi/5ce "u wat]1 & 9 t /range locality lays its eggs & re>s its "y4 ,h[ ?is wond]ful feat is p]=m$ we %all n[ see4 ,:5 ! female ,wat]-spid] wi%es to deposit h] eggs1 %e looks out = a suitable locality1 &1 be+ a good div]1 te/s ! v>i\s aquatic h]bage until %e has f\nd a fav\rable spot1 & !n sets to "w on h] rem>kable ne/1 :i* ,i believe is q orig9al 9 zoology4 ,aft] /ret*+ a few /\t ?reads by way ( a scaffold+1 %e atta*es to ! plant a small silk5 cell1 %ap$ v mu* l an acorn1 b n s l>ge4 ,asc5d+ to ! surface ( ! wat]1 %e contrives to clasp a bubble ( air betwe5 h] la/ pair ( legs1 &1 lad5 ) ?is airy treasure1 dives bel[4 ,z soon z %e has rea*$ ! entrance to ! cell1 :i* is always bel[1 %e loos5s h] hold ( ! air-bubble4 ,x at once rises into ! cell1 & expels a proportionate am\nt ( wat]4 ,n _m ( ^! j\rneys are requir$ be=e ! ne/ is fill$ ) air1 & !n ! dim9utive ar*itect sp5ds ! great] "p ( its "t 9 hold+ on to ! m\? ( ! little div+-bell1 & support+ life by means ( ! air )9 x4 ,?is ne/1 z ! read] w see1 is an exact repres5tation ( ! v>i\s div+ s*emes 9 :i* air-bells are ! *ief portions ( ! ma*9]y1 al?\gh ! air is conduct$ into !m aft] a diff]5t fa%ion4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,we n[ come to ano!r mode ( div+1 9 :i* ! bell is practically sup]s$$ by ! flexible tube1 :i* all[s to ! div] f> m range ?an c be obta9$ by ! bell4 ,9 ?is case ! div] we>s a peculi> dress1 ! *ief "p ( :i* is a helmet s con/ruct$ t air c be introduc$ to x f above ! surface ( ! wat]1 &1 aft] respiration1 c escape by means ( a valve4 ,air is pump$ into ! tube by assi/ants above wat]1 &1 z ! tube is long & ela/ic1 ! div] c move ab\t ) consid]able fre$om4 ,z is ! case ) ! div+-bell1 ! div]'s tube is /r5g!n$ by an int]nal spiral wire1 s t x is always op51 h[ev] x may be b5t or twi/$4 ,! "r-h& figure ( ! illu/ration repres5ts ! div] exam9+ "p ( a sunk5 vessel4 ,! tube ?r\gh :i* he brea!s is se5 pass+ to ! surface ( ! wat]1 & s is ! l9e by :i* he gives 8 signals to 8 comrades above4 ,9 8 h& he holds a lamp :i* c burn = a limit$ "t1 be+ connect$ by a small] b simil>ly con/ruct$ tube to a vessel ( compress$ air4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,on ! left h& ( ! same illu/ration are %[n ! curi\s ,rat-tail ,maggots1 z !y are popul>ly call$4 ,!y are ! l>v ( ! common ,drone-fly 7,eri/alis t5ax71 :i* is s common t[>ds ! end ( summ]1 & looks s curi\sly l a bee4 ,illu/ration3 ,,rat-,,tail$ ,,maggots4 ,illu/ration3 ,,div] ,,) ,,air-,,tube4 ,^! creatures pass _! l>val life buri$ 9 ! mud & bel[ ! surface ( ! wat]1 & yet are oblig$ to brea! atmosph]ic air4 ,?is !y d by means ( ! long app5dages :i* h ga9$ = !m ! "n ( ,rat-tails4 ,^! 8tails0 are v ela/ic1 & are capable ( elongation & contraction to a wond]ful ext5t4 ,:5 ! creature is undi/urb$1 x lies buri$ 9 ! mud ) its head d[nw>ds1 & its tail ext5d$ s t x rea*es ! surface ( ! wat]4 ,)9 ?is tail are two air-tubes1 :i* are connect$ ) ! pr9cipal tra*e1 :i* h already be5 m5tion$4 ,!y are wond]fully ela/ic1 &1 :5 ! tail is ext5d$ to its utmo/ limit1 are ne>ly /raight4 ,:51 h[ev]1 ! tail is contract$1 ! tubes become self-coil$ by _! own ela/icity1 & %r9k into ! base ( ! tail4 ,z ! tail is v transp>5t1 x is easy to see h[ ^! movem5ts are conduct$4 ,! l>v1 :i* may be f\nd 9 almo/ any /agnant wat]1 %\ld be plac$ 9 a tall & n>r[ glass4 ,"s mud %\ld be plac$ at ! bottom ( ! glass1 :i* %\ld !n be fill$ ) wat] to ! dep? ( ?ree in*es or s4 ,:5 ! mud has q subsid$1 & ! wat] become cle>1 ! long sl5d] tails ( ! l>v w be se5 s elongat$ t _! tips rea* j above ! surface ( ! wat]4 ,a magnify+-glass w easily %[ ! two tubes )9 ! tail4 ,let ! glass be b slightly tapp$1 & all ! tail is )drawn 9 a mom5t1 s z to be out ( rea* ( ext]nal dang]4 ,! magnify+-glass w !n %[ ! two tubes ly+ contract$ 9 ! base ( ! tail1 & tak+ a/oni%+ly little space1 consid]+ ! am\nt ( elongation :i* !y c su/a94 ,&1 on exam9+ ! v>i\s b5ds & curves ( ! tubes1 ! value & p[] ( ! spiral spr+ w at once be se54 ,true1 !y are v small1 b 9 ,nature all ?+s g by comp>ison1 & our :ole e>? itself is z a gra9 ( s& ^u ! sea%ore among ! gr&eurs ( ! visible univ]se4 ,,! ,,leap+ ,,spr+4 ,! la/ ( ! spr+s :i* c be m5tion$ 9 ?is "w are ^? :i* are us$ = leap+ purposes4 ,! figure on ! "r h& repres5ts ! common ,spr+-jack or ,skip-jack ) :i* *ildr5 are always s mu* amus$4 ,x consi/s ( a flatt5$ piece ( wood call$ ! 8tongue10 :i* is ins]t$ into a twi/$ /r+1 s t x =ms a tol]ably p[]ful spr+4 ,:5 twi/$ r\nd1 & !n sudd5ly releas$1 x /rikes aga9/ ! gr\nd ) su* =ce t ! :ole ma*9e is ?r[n into ! air4 ,sometimes ! ,skip-jack is made ( a f[l's m]ry?\ght1 z %[n 9 ! illu/ration2 sometimes ( ! brea/-bone ( a goose2 & sometimes ( a piece ( wood cut into ! semblance ( a frog1 & pa9t$4 ,9 all cases1 h[ev]1 ! ma*9]y is practically ! same4 ,i may m5tion en passant t ^! frog ,skip-jacks are mo/ acceptable pres5ts to savage *iefs 9 _m p>ts ( ! _w1 & t ! mo/ p[]ful & v5]able w>riors are z delight$ ) ^! toys z any ,european *ild ( six ye>s old4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,n[ we w turn to ,nature1 & see :at %e has 9 ! way ( ,skip-jacks4 ,all entomologi/s w at once h be=e _! m9ds ! va/ gr\ps ( ,skip-jack ,beetles1 te*nically t]m$ ,elat]id1 & also kn[n z ,click-beetles1 f ! %>p click+ s\nd :i* !y produce :5 9 ! execution ( _! curi\s gymna/ics4 ,to ?is gr\p belong ! fire-flies ( w>m c\ntries1 & x may be m5tion$ t ! l>v ( "s ( our species are too famili> to ! agriculturi/ "u ! "n 8wireworm40 ,illu/ration3 ,,skip-,,jack ,,beetle4 ,,gras%opp]4 ,illu/ration3 ,,skip-,,jack4 ,all ^! beetles h v %ort legs & v long bodies1 s t if !y %\ld fall on _! backs on a smoo? surface1 !y c\ld n recov] !mselves4 ,n[1 z !y1 :5 discov]$1 in/9ctively try to save !mselves by fall+ to ! gr\nd1 x is evid5t t "s means mu/ be us$ to enable !m to rega9 _! position4 ,?is is f\nd 9 a mo/ curi\s app>atus4 ,atta*$ to ! 8pro?orax0 is a r long1 po9t$1 & v ela/ic projection exactly correspond+ ) ! tongue ( ! ,skip-jack4 ,! end ( ?is tongue fits into a groove 9 ! 8/]num40 ,:5 ! beetle falls on its back1 x curves its body z %[n 9 ! illu/ration1 ! tongue ?us be+ fre$ f its groove4 ,x !n sm>tly spr+s ! tongue back into its place ) ! %>p click+ s\nd already ref]r$ to1 & does s ) su* =ce t x leaps into ! air to "s height4 ,g5]ally x falls on its feet1 b if x %\ld fail1 x repeats ! process4 ,if "o ( ^! beetles be laid on a plate or simil> smoo? surface1 x w skip t5 or twelve times )\t /opp+1 & aft] a %ort re/ w beg9 aga94 99 99 99 99 99 ,,!re are "s curi\s little be+s1 popul>ly call$ ,spr+-tails1 :i* af=d excell5t examples ( ! ,leap+ ,spr+4 ,_! exact place 9 ! sy/em ( ,nature is r unc]ta91 "s zoologi/s consid]+ !m z insects1 :ile /rict entomologi/s reject !m4 ,!y are v small1 & mo/ly ( a d>ki% br[n col\r4 ,pl5ty ( !m may be f\nd "u /ones 9 damp spots1 "u b>k1 & 9 simil> localities1 ?\gh !y are (t5 f\nd 9 h\ses1 & h frequ5tly trav]s$ ! pap] on :i* ,i h be5 writ+ ?is book4 ,cell>s are fav\rite localities ( !irs1 & a little fl\r spr9kl$ on a plate or piece ( pap] 9 a cell> is tol]ably sure to attract !m4 ,al?\gh !y are c]ta9ly n m ?an ! fifte5? ( an in* 9 l5g?1 !y may be at once recognis$ by _! peculi> attitude1 :i* v mu* resembles t ( a dog or cat 9 its usual sitt+ po/ure4 ,z long z !y are n di/urb$ !y crawl ab\t 9 a quiet mann]1 b if t\*$1 or ev5 al>m$1 !y sudd5ly make a trem5d\s leap1 propell+ !mselves by means ( a =k$ & ela/ic tail1 d\bl$ "u _! bodies1 & act+ j l ! tongue ( a ,skip-jack4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,bel[ ! ,skip-jack ,beetle is %[n ! common ,gras%opp]1 z an example ( muscul> leap+ spr+s4 ,we all "k :at wond]ful leaps ! ,gras%opp]1 ,cricket1 & all _! k9 c make1 ! leap+ movem5t be+ evid5tly int5d$ m z a means ( def5ce ?an z an ord9>y mode ( locomotion4 ,! same may be obs]v$ 9 ! ,kang>oos & ,g]boas1 :i* are cont5t to use an ord9>y walk+ pace :5 undi/urb$1 b :5 al>m$ c make trem5d\s leaps1 & out/rip almo/ any pursu]4 ,ev5 9 ,man1 ! ,horse1 ! ,dog1 c41 :i* are mo/ ess5tially leap+ animals1 ! same pr9ciple is employ$1 ! legs be+ us$ z muscul> spr+s act$ ^u by ! w ( ! own]4 ,,useful ,,arts4 ,,*apt] ,,vii4 ,,food ,,& ,,com=t4 ,p>5ts & _! ,"y4--,milk1 & ! v>i\s ,ways ( obta9+ & us+ x4--,! ,kafir ,tribes & ,clott$ ,milk4--,! ,tonga ,isl&]s4--,! ,t>t>s4--,ants & ,aphides4--,honey-dew4--,mil* ,c[s 9 ,insect-l&4--,fi%-tanks & ,aqu>ia4--,bill ( ! ,pelican4--,eggs & ,*ick5s4--,! ,h5-coop4--,ne/ ( ,t]mite4--,work]s & ,que54--,egg-hat*+4--,! ,h5 & h] ,"y4--,artificial ,egg-hat*+ ,ma*9e4--,! ,snake & h] ,eggs4--,! ,gad-fly & ,bot-fly4--,pres]vation ( ,provisions4--,hang+ ,meat4--,eggs ( ! ,lace-w+ ,fly4--,spid]-eggs4--,! ,but*]'s ,hook & ! ,claws ( ! ,slo?4--,bats & ,insects4 ,?is subject is necess>ily a v l>ge "o1 & ,i %all1 9 consequ5ce1 be oblig$ to compress x1 ?\gh x might well make a sep>ate "w by itself4 ,= ,food repres5ts ! v exi/5ce ( ,man1 consid]$ z "o ( ! animal _w2 & ,com=t repres5ts ! progress ( civilisation1 by :i* man leaves day by day 8 savage & solit>y nature beh9d him1 & becomes social1 moral1 & elevat$4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,putt+ aside ! in/9ct :i* =ces ! p>5t to fe$ ! "y )\t ext]nal assi/ance1 we come to ^? cases :]e ! p>5t has to seek food :i* ! (fspr+ c\ld n h f\nd = itself1 & (t5 to prep>e x = ! use ( ! (fspr+4 ,9 ! great] "p ( ! _w1 ! milk ( v>i\s animals is ! /aple ( food1 n only = *ildr51 b adults2 & ! 8milk diet10 z x is call$1 is /rongly urg$ by _m physicians ( ! pres5t day4 ,! ,kafir tribes1 = example1 a wond]fully p[]ful race ( m51 live almo/ :olly on s\r milk1 mix$ ) maize fl\r1 nev] eat+ su* valuable animals z k9e except on great occasions4 ,yet ! natives ( ! ,tonga ,isl&s ?9k t no?+ c be m disgu/+ ?an = a human be+ to dr9k ! milk ( a c[4 ,h[ ! op]ation ( milk+ is conduct$ we ne$ n say1 :e!r x be p]=m$ on ! c[ z ) mo/ nations1 or ! ass 9 case ( ne$ ) ourselves1 or ! m>e z ) ! ,t>t>s1 or ! goat & %eep 9 v>i\s p>ts ( ! _w4 ,! milk ( ! %eep1 by ! way1 is s+ul>ly ri* & n\ri%+4 ,suffice x to say t ! animals :i* are to be milk$ are kept = t purpose1 & t ! t\* ( ! human h&1 rightly appli$1 induces ! animal to "p ) its milky /ores4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,9 ,nature !re is an exact p>allel4 ,x has long be5 kn[n t "s species ( ,ants are 9 ! habit ( act+ 9 exactly ! same mann] z ourselves1 9 n only extract+ a nutriti\s liquid f o!r insects1 b wat*+ & t5d+ ^? :i* furni% _! daily food j z a good dairyman wat*es & t5ds 8 c[s4 ,illu/ration3 ,,ant ,,& ,,aphis4 ,illu/ration3 ,,milk+ ,,c[4 ,! ,ants1 be+ insects1 w\ld naturally require insect c[s1 & su* are to be f\nd 9 ! ,aphides1 ( :i* m5tion has already be5 made4 ,^! insects are furni%$ ) a pair ( v small tub]cles ne> ! end ( ! abdom51 & f !m fl[s t sweet liquid :i* is s famili> to u "u ! "n ( 8honey-dew40 ,= c5turies no "o knew ! s\rce ( ! sweet honey-dew :i* attract$ all ! bees ( ! neighb\rhood to ! tree on ^: leaves x 0 spr9kl$1 sometimes 9 pat*es1 & sometimes coat+ !m ) a ?9 %9+ coat1 z if v>ni%$4 ,at la/ x 0 discov]$ t ! honey-dew is1 9 fact1 ! liquid exudations f ^! tub]cles ^u ! backs ( ! aphides1 & t ! ants fe$ regul>ly ^u x4 ,n only d !y lick up ! honey-dew t has fall5 f ! ants1 b !y milk !m1 s to speak1 exactly z a dairymaid milks a c[4 ,) _! ant5n ! ants pat & /roke ! tub]cles ( ! aphides1 & 9 a few seconds a drop ( pellucid liquid appe>s at ! extremity4 ,?is is ! honey-dew1 & is at once lapp$ up by ! ant1 :i* proce$s f "o aphis to ano!r until x has obta9$ its fill ( ! sweet food4 ,h[ ! ants c>ry (f ! aphides1 *]i% & gu>d !m = ! sake ( _! honey-dew1 is a /ory too long to be told1 b x is well kn[n among entomologi/s4 ,our ,engli% ants are1 h[ev]1 totally eclips$ by a ,mexican species1 :i* n only collects honey1 b /ores x 9 ! bodies ( its k9dr$4 ,illu/ration3 ,,pelican4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fi%-,,tank4 ,aft] tak+ precautions t no food c escape1 ! ants fe$ ) _! sweet /ore _! companion1 :o is ?us doom$ to pass ! rema9d] ( life z a m]e honey-cell4 ,! abdom5 becomes sph]ical1 smoo?1 & s transp>5t t ! honey c be se5 )9 x4 ,x is q air-tight1 & s pres]ves ! fragrance ( ! honey until x is want$4 ,s pl5tiful are ^! honey-ants1 t !y are an article ( comm]ce1 & are sold by measure = ! purpose ( mak+ a sort ( mead4 ,!re are _m ( !m 9 ! ,briti% ,museum1 ) ! honey /ill )9 _! transp>5t bodies1 & !y are well wor? see+4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,! accompany+ illu/ration repres5ts ! artificial & natural way ( pres]v+ food 9 an un9jur$ /ate4 ,! "r-h& figure is t ( an ord9>y glass aqu>ium1 su* z 0 9 g5]al use until ! prop]ties ( air & wat] 7 bett] und]/ood1 & x /ill ne$ n be reject$4 ,x is simply a vessel 9 :i* wat] is conta9$1 s t aquatic or m>9e animals may be able to live 9 x = "s "t4 ,!re are inf9ite v>ieties ( ! 8,fi%-tank10 if we may s call x1 ! *ief ( :i* is ! 8well10 :i* is s ext5sively us$ 9 br++ fi% to m>ket4 ,?r\gh ! bottom ( ! boat projects a sort ( box pi]c$ ) holes1 s t ! wat] has free access & egress4 ,! sides ( ! box are s high t !re is no fe> ( ! wat] ris+ into ! boat4 ,:5 fi% are tak51 !y are ?r[n into ! well1 & !re c live until !y are want$ = sale4 ,also1 z all "k :o are acqua9t$ ) riv]-banks or sea%ores1 fi%]m5 h simil> wells deta*$ f ! boats1 & p>tly or entirely sunk 9 ! wat]4 ,9 !m !y keep _! /ock1 &1 :5 a cu/om] arrives1 !y simply draw ! box a%ore1 s t ! wat] runs out1 select :at fi% !y *oose1 & replace ! box 9 ! wat]4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,n[1 ! p[] ( convey+ fi% to "s di/ance )\t de/roy+ life has = c\ntless ages be5 possess$ by ! ,pelican1 "o ( :i* birds is %[n 9 ! accompany+ illu/ration4 ,z e "o kn[s1 ! *ief peculi>ity ( ?is bird is ! l>ge & v ela/ic membrane ( ! l[] jaw4 ,:5 n 9 use1 x contracts by its own ela/icity1 & ! bill looks q sl5d]1 z well z long4 ,b1 :5 di/5d$ ) wat] & fi%1 x pres5ts ! appe>ance %[n 9 ! illu/ration4 ,any "o :o wi%es to see ! ex]cise ( ?is p[] c d s by att5d+ ! ,zoological ,g>d5s1 & visit+ ! ,pelicans at fe$+-"t1 & an h\r or two be=e x4 ,!y h>dly seem to be ! same birds4 ,"s ye>s ago ,i made a s]ies ( sket*es ( ! same ,pelican "u diff]5t circum/ances1 & x is sc>cely possible to believe t !y c\ld be1 z !y are1 tru?ful repres5tations ( ! same bird4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,! "r-h& figure ( ! next illu/ration requires no comm5t1 z x simply repres5ts ! ord9>y h5-coop4 ,z ev]ybody is aw>e1 ! object ( ! coop is to keep ! h5 )9 its b>s1 :ile ! little *icks c run 9 & out z !y *oose1 & ! coop is made s z to prev5t ! egress ( ! "m1 :ile ! (fspr+ f9d no difficulty 9 escap+4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,n[1 9 ! _w ( insects we f9d an exactly analog\s /ructure4 ,z is ! case ) _m hym5opt]\s insects1 !re is 9 ! ne/ ( ! ,t]mite1 or ,:ite ,ant1 z x is popul>ly call$1 a s+le p]fect female1 :i* is ! "m ( ! ne/4 ,a simil> arrangem5t occurs 9 ! common hive-bee1 b !re is a notable di/9ction betwe5 ! que5 ,bee & ! que5 ,t]mite1 ! latt] belong+ to ! neuropt]\s ord]4 ,illu/ration3 ,,que5 ,,t]mite ,,9 ,,h] ,,cell4 ,illu/ration3 ,,h5 ,,9 ,,h] ,,coop4 ,! =m] is unconf9$1 & moves ab\t f cell to cell1 deposit+ h] eggs )9 !m1 & tak+ ! greate/ pa9s t !y occupy exactly _! prop] place )9 ! cell4 ,! latt] nev] moves aft] %e has begun to deposit eggs1 b rema9s motionless 9 ! same spot1 & all[s h] subord9ates to dispose ( ! eggs :i* %e lays4 ,h[ ?is end is a*iev$ w n[ be se54 ,! read] is probably aw>e t ! que5 ,t]mite atta9s to enorm\s dim5sions1 h] head1 ?orax1 & legs reta9+ _! normal size1 b ! abdom5 becom+ sev]al in*es 9 l5g?1 & ?ick 9 proportion4 ,! legs are necess>ily unable to move s va/ a body1 & 9 ord] t s important a p]sonage %\ld n receive injury1 a l>ge oval cell is built ar\nd h]1 f :i* %e nev] moves = ! re/ ( h] life4 ,%e has b "o duty1 namely1 to lay eggs1 & s is f$ t %e may h /r5g? to produce !m4 ,%e is simply passive1 & nev] ev5 sees h] eggs1 mu* less has c>e ( h] "y4 ,all ! c>e ( gu>d+ & nurtur+ ! eggs & "y falls ^u ! work] ,t]mites4 ,^! insects are q small1 ab\t ! size ( our common ,wood-ant4 ,:5 !y build ! clay cell ar\nd _! que51 !y bore a numb] ( holes along ! sides1 :i* are j l>ge en\gh to all[ ! work]s to pass freely1 b :i* effectually exclude ! soldi] ,t]mites1 or any foes l>g] ?an !mselves4 ,?r\gh ^! ap]tures /reams ( work]s are cont9ually pass+--"s ent]+ ! cell to fet* ! eggs1 & o!rs com+ out ) eggs c>ri$ c>efully 9 _! jaws4 ,illu/ration3 8,,wurbles0 ,,( ,,/rus4 ,illu/ration3 ,,egg-,,hat*+ ,,ma*9e4 ,?us1 z ! read] w see1 we h 9 ,nature an exact analogy ( ,art1 ! ,t]mite que5 be+ conf9$ )9 h] cell exactly z is ! h5 )9 ! coop4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,be+ on ! subject ( eggs & egg-hat*+1 we w take ano!r case 9 :i* ,art has ackn[l$g$ly foll[$ ,nature4 ,we all "k t eggs are develop$ into life by means ( well-regulat$ heat1 & t ) birds ! g5]al rule is1 t ! ne$ful heat is suppli$ by ! p>5t bird1 :o sits ^u !m = a c]ta9 "t1 until ! "y birds make _! appe>ance 9 ! _w4 ,"u ord9>y circum/ances1 ! aid ( ! p>5t bird is q suffici5t2 b :5 ! progress ( civilisation requires t ! eggs ( p\ltry %\ld be hat*$ 9 numb]s too great = ! p[]s ( ! p>5t bird1 ,man has be5 fa9 to imitate ,nature1 & to inv5t ma*9es :]eby eggs c be hat*$ by artificial heat1 regulat$ to ! temp]ature ( ! h5's body4 ,v>i\s z are ^! ma*9es 9 detail1 !y are all alike 9 pr9ciple1 & ! "r-h& figure ( ! accompany+ illu/ration w give a fair idea ( ! me?od :i* is employ$4 ,a box is fitt$ up ) trays1 on :i* ! eggs are arrang$4 ,at ! bottom ( ! box !re is ! heat-produc+ app>atus1 :i* c be regulat$ at pleasure4 ,! trays ( eggs c be mov$ f "o "p ( ! box to ano!r1 s z to insure ! "r am\nt ( heat1 &1 if ?is process be only c>efully c>ri$ out1 ! "y *icks em]ge f ! eggs exactly z !y w\ld h done if ! h5 _h sat ^u !m4 ,?is ma*9e is sometimes call$ ! ,artificial ,"m1 & x is wor?y ( notice t x is no mod]n inv5tion1 ! anci5t ,egyptians hav+ us$ x m ?an ?ree ?\s& ye>s ago4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,) reg>d to ,nature1 x w\ld h be5 simple en\gh to give "o illu/ration ( a bird sitt+ on h] eggs1 b ,i h pref]r$ to select a diff]5t subject1 z m relevant to ! "q ( artificial heat4 ,!re is an insect to :i* we h _h sev]al occasions ( ref]5ce1 namely1 ! ,wurble-fly ( ! ox1 sci5tifically kn[n z /rus bovis4 ,! eggs ( ?is insect are deposit$ 9 ! sk9 ( ! ox1 & are !re hat*$ by ! heat ( ! animal4 ,9 proportion z ! l>va gr[s1 x raises lumps ^u ! sk91 ^! be+ practically ! ro(s ( ! artificial home4 ,!re are sev]al o!r species ( ! same g5us1 all ( :i* h _! eggs hat*$ by ! heat ( ! animals on :i* !y are plac$4 ,!re are1 = example1 ! common ,bot-fly 7/rus equi71 ^: eggs are hat*$ 9 ! int]ior ( ! horse1 & ! ,%eep-fly 7/rus ovis71 ^: eggs are hat*$ 9 ! head ( ! %eep4 ,! common ,snake leaves h] eggs to be hat*$ 9 ! artificial heat produc$ by decay+ vegetable matt]4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,we n[ come to ! pres]vation ( provisions4 ,9 ! fir/ place1 we h ! well-kn[n 8ca*e0 ( ,nor!rn ,am]ica--i4e4 a spot :]e9 provisions are hidd51 & _! locality only m>k$ by signs intelligible to ^? = ^: use !y are int5d$4 ,x is1 p]haps1 h>dly necess>y to m5tion t _m creatures--su* z ! dog1 ! squirrel1 & mo/ ( ! cr[ tribe--are 9 ! habit ( conceal+ provisions = future use4 ,illu/ration3 ,,spid]-,,ne/s4 ,illu/ration3 ,,eggs ,,( ,,lace-,,w+ ,,fly4 ,illu/ration3 ,,spid]-,,ne/4 ,illu/ration3 ,,provisions ,,hung ,,to ,,tree ,,bran*4 ,9 ^? p>ts ( ! _w1 h[ev]1 :]e ! rights ( hunt]s are ackn[l$g$1 any "o :o kills a de]1 or o!r animal ( *ase1 & is n able to c>ry (f ! entire body1 c pres]ve x = 8 own use4 ,he simply cuts x up 9 hunt] fa%ion1 & hangs ! v>i\s portions to bran*es ( trees1 :]e !y are out ( ! rea* ( wild bea/s4 ,/ores l ^!1 su* z are %[n 9 ! illu/ration1 are always respect$1 & no hunt] w\ld dream ( help+ himself to ! game :i* 0 kill$ & dress$ by ano!r4 ,bea/s ( prey1 h[ev]1 _c be expect$ to be s punctili\s1 & 9 consequ5ce ! hunt]s hang _! meat to bran*es :i* _c be rea*$4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,9 ,nature we f9d _m simil> examples1 "o or two ( :i* are giv5 on ! left h& ( ! illu/ration4 ,9 ! c5tre is se5 a gr\p ( eggs ( ! ,lace-w+ ,fly 7,hem]obius71 s call$ on acc\nt ( ! delicate1 lace-l /ructure ( its beautiful pale gre5 w+s4 ,:5 ! female lays h] eggs %e always *ooses a slight twig1 & ^u x deposits a little drop ( a slimy consi/5ce4 ,%e !n draws out ?is drop into a ?read1 :i* h>d5s z x is br\ght into contact ) ! air4 ,at ! extreme end ( ! ?read %e places an egg1 :i* is ?us kept at "s height above ! gr\nd1 & defies ! approa* ( inimical insects4 ,! eggs1 z well z ! /alks1 are p]fectly :ite1 & h s s+ul> a resemblance to mosses1 t = _m ye>s !y 7 actually class$ & figur$ z su*4 ,^! egg-gr\ps are pl5tiful en\gh1 if ! obs]v] only kn[s :]e to look = !m4 ,i h sev]al ( !m 9 my collection1 & h f\nd t ne>ly e "o :o sees !m = ! fir/ "t takes !m = mosses4 ,i nev] myself saw ! pretty insect lay its eggs1 & = ! description am indebt$ to ,mr4 ,a4 ,g4 ,butl]1 ( ! ,briti% ,museum1 :o has kept !m & wat*$ _! habits4 ,! objects on ei!r side ( ! ,lace-w+ ,fly's eggs are egg-gr\ps ( c]ta9 spid]s1 susp5d$ by ?reads f bran*es4 99 99 99 99 99 ,a ,,/ill m rem>kable in/ance ( unconsci\s imitation may be f\nd 9 ! two objects 9 ! accompany+ illu/ration4 ,x is h>dly necess>y to say t ! "r-h& figure repres5ts a portion ( ! arrangem5t by :i* a but*] hangs up 8 meat out ( h>m's way until x is want$4 ,! hooks 9 "q are simply =m$ into a d\ble curve1 l ! lett] ,s1 & c be slid along ! horizontal b> )\t any dang] ( fall+4 ,n[1 9 ! common ,slo? we h an exact prototype ( ! but*]'s hook4 ,! ,slo? passes ! :ole ( its life 9 ! rem>kable attitude :i* is %[n 9 ! illu/ration4 ,x lives among ! bran*es--n on !m1 b "u !m--its claws be+ long & curv$1 j l a but*]'s hook4 ,i h (t5 wat*$ ! animal trav]s+ ! bran*es1 & h be5 greatly /ruck ) ! accurately picturesque description ( ! late ,mr4 ,wat]ton1 :o 0 ! fir/ to discov] ! real "* ( ! ,slo?4 ,x 0 he :o f\nd out t ! previ\s ideas z to ! ,slo?'s mode ( life 7 utt]ly errone\s1 & t1 in/ead ( be+ a sort ( bungle1 ! ,slo? 0 z p]fect 9 its way1 & z well fitt$ = its mode ( life1 z ! lion or tig]4 ,he discov]$ t ! animal always hung f ! bran*es1 z %[n 9 ! illu/ration4 ,9 fact1 z ,sydney ,smi? rem>k$ 9 8 witty review ( 8,wat]ton's ,w&]+s10 ! ,slo? passes 8 :ole life 9 susp5se1 8l a "y cl]gyman di/antly relat$ to a bi%op40 ,illu/ration3 ,,slo?4 ,illu/ration3 ,,but*]s' ,,hooks4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,!re are _m o!r creatures :i* af=d simil> examples1 ?\gh p]haps none are s /rik+ z ! ,slo?4 ,= in/ance1 !re are ! :ole tribe ( ,bats1 :i*1 by means ( ! curv$ claws atta*$ to _! h9d-feet1 c hang !mselves head d[nw>ds 9 ! op5 air1 & ev5 sw+ 9 w9d1 )\t ! lea/ fe> ( fall+4 ,,useful ,,arts4 ,,*apt] ,,viii4 ,,dome/ic ,,com=t4 ,h[ to make ,home com=table4--,! ,b$ 9 its v>i\s ,=ms4--,! ,fea!r ,b$ ( ,man4--,! ,eid]-duck & h] ,plumage4--,! ,rabbit & h] ,d[n4--,! ,long-tail$ ,titm\se & h] wond]ful ,ne/4--,! ,hammock ( civilis$ ,man & ,savage4--,! ,sailor's ,canvas ,hammock4--,! ,/r+ ,hammock ( tropical ,am]ica4--,ne/ ( ! ,p5sile ,oriole4--,silk5 ,hammock ( ! ,tig]-mo? & o!r ,insects4--,! ,mat ,b$4--,cocoa-nut ,matt+4--,! ,robb]-crab & its ,b$4--,/r5g? & ,uses ( ! ,cocoa-nut ,fibre4--,! ,surgeon's 8,cradle0 & ! ,pupa ( ,tabanus4--,! ,art ( ,sew+ & ! ,tailor-bird4--,pr9ciple ( ! ,umbrella & its ,orig9al ,use4--,natural ,umbrella on ! ,rosem>y4--,s]vants & ,slaves1 & ! ,di/9ction betwe5 !m4--,! ,use ( ,slaves 9 hot ,c\ntries4--,slav]y 9 ! ,insect ,_w4--,! ,ants & _! ,slaves4--,ornam5tal ,g>d5+ & ,pleasure-gr\nds4--,! ,hang+ ,g>d5s ( ,babylon4--,! ,b[]-birds & _! ,pleasure-gr\nds4 ,we n[ come to a diff]5t bran* ( ! same subject1 namely1 ! means by :i* our dwell+s are r5d]$ com=table4 ,aft] hav+ procur$ a dwell+ :i* c )/& ! elem5ts1 we next look = a b$ on :i* to repose1 & :i* w ease ! limbs & bra91 we>i$ by ! toils ( ! day4 ,allusion has already be5 made to ! ord9>y fea!r b$ & its multitud9\s natural spr+s4 ,we n[ h to see h[ ! v>i\s k9ds ( b$s are anticipat$ 9 ,nature1 & w beg9 ) ! fea!r b$4 ,z to our own b$s1 no?+ ne$ be said ab\t objects s famili>1 al?\gh1 9 ord] to pres]ve ! p>allelism1 x is necess>y to introduce an illu/ration on ! "r h& ( ! page4 ,on ! left h& are %[n two examples ( natural fea!r b$s1 select$ f _m o!rs on acc\nt ( ! exact p>allels :i* !y af=d4 ,we all "k ! wond]ful w>m? & lightness ( ! ,eid]-d[n mattress or quilt1 ?\gh !re are comp>atively few :o "k h[ ! ,eid]-d[n is procur$4 ,9 common ) _m o!r creatures1 ! ,eid]-duck =ms a b$ = h] "y by pluck+ ! d[n f h] own body4 ,rabbits d exactly ! same ?+1 z all boys "k :o h kept !m1 ! only diff]5ce be+ t fur is sub/itut$ = fea!rs4 ,s d _m insects1 /ripp+ !mselves ( _! own d[ny cov]+1 & employ+ x = ! com=t ( _! (fspr+4 ,illu/ration3 ,,long-,,tail$ ,,titm\se4 ,illu/ration3 ,,eid]-,,duck4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fea!r ,,b$4 ,! l[] figure on ! left h& repres5ts ! ,eid]-duck 9 ! act ( pluck+ ! f>-fam$ d[n f h] brea/ 9 ord] to make a s(t & w>m c\* = h] "y1 & ! am\nt ( fea!rs :i* %e w devote to ?is purpose is simply a/oni%+4 ,_! weight is insignificant1 b _! bulk is wond]ful4 ,above ! ,eid]-duck is %[n ! ne/ ( ! common ,long-tail$ ,titm\se4 ,x is ! mo/ p]fect ne/ t is con/ruct$ by any ,briti% bird4 ,its %ape exactly resembles t ( an egg1 & x has b "o small ap]ture1 z is %[n 9 ! illu/ration4 ,! ,titm\se lays a va/ numb] ( eggs1 & almo/ fills ! ne/ ) s(t d[ny fea!rs1 on :i* !y c re/4 ,if ! f+] be introduc$ into ! ne/ ?r\gh ! ap]ture1 ! t9y eggs c be felt repos+ 9 _! natural fea!r-b$4 ,9 ?is case1 h[ev]1 ! bird does n d5ude h]self ( fea!rs1 b has a way ( pick+ !m up :]ev] %e c f9d !m4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,n[ we w take ano!r =m ( b$1 namely1 ! ,hammock1 :i* is us$ 9 _m p>ts ( ! _w4 ,putt+ aside ! well-kn[n hammock z us$ on bo>d our %ips1 we w take ! same k9d ( b$ z us$ among ! natives ( tropical ,am]ica4 ,9 t wond]ful "p ( ! _w1 :]e wat] & vegetation reign supreme1 an arial c\* ( "s k9d is absolutely ne$ful1 & is suppli$ by ! s+ul>ly +5i\s hammocks :i* are con/ruct$ by ! natives4 ,!y are made ( a f9e1 b m>vell\sly /rong fibre1 procur$ f ! aloe plant by ! simple process ( soak+ ! long leaves 9 wat]1 & da%+ !m aga9/ a /one4 ,! s(t gre5 p>ts are eat5 away1 & ! t\gh fibres rema9 9 all _! /r5g?4 ,f ^! fibres are wov5 ! /r+s ( :i* ! ,hammocks are made4 ,i possess f\r ( ! ,hammocks1 all made on diff]5t l9es1 b all bas$ on ! same pr9ciple4 ,9 "s ! /r+s are laid p>allel to ea* o!r1 & connect$ by transv]se /r+s at regul> int]vals1 b 9 ! be/ specim5s !y are int]lac$ diagonally into a sort ( loose network )\t knots1 s t x yields 9 e direction to ! outl9es ( ! body4 ,x is "o ( ! mo/ com=table c\*es ev] inv5t$1 especially :5 x is ( consid]able size4 ,i h "o specim5 :i*1 ev5 9 its curv$ /ate1 ext5ds completely across a tol]ably siz$ room4 ,i nev] use x because x is s com=table t ! temptation to lie 9 x is almo/ too /rong to be resi/$4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,z to ,hammocks 9 ,nature1 !y are almo/ too _m to be comput$4 ,s we w fir/ take ! ne/ ( ! ,p5sile ,oriole1 :i* is %[n 9 ! illu/ration1 & :i* is an admirable example ( ! ,hammock1 be+ wov5 f long vegetable fibres int]twi/$ v mu* l ! /r+s ( ! ,s\? ,am]ican ,hammock4 ,& z if to increase ! resemblance1 ! bird1 :5ev] x c d s1 w c>ry (f hanks ( cotton1 l951 ?read1 or pieces ( /r+1 & weave !m into its ne/4 ,i h "o ( ^! ne/s1 &1 directly ,i saw x1 0 /ruck ) its exact similitude to ! ,hammock ( human manufacture4 ,illu/ration3 ,,ne/ ,,( ,,p5sile ,,oriole4 ,illu/ration3 ,,hammock4 ,!re are _m o!r birds 9 v>i\s p>ts ( ! _w especially 9 ,au/ralia1 :i* make _! ne/s on exactly ! same pr9ciple1 ?\gh 9 slightly v>i$ =ms4 ,also1 9 ! insect _w1 !re are innum]able examples ( ! natural ,hammock1 ! mo/ common ( :i* is t made by ! cat]pill>s ( ! ,tig]-mo?1 & 9 :i* x sl+s itself :ile und]go+ its *anges f ! *rysalis to ! p]fect /ate4 ,x is made ( silk5 ?reads1 int]wov5 s slightly t ! *rysalis c be se5 ?r\gh !m1 & s exactly l ! ,hammock ( ! ,s\? ,am]ican ,indian t if a draw+ 7 made & enl>g$1 "o might easily be tak5 = ! o!r4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,n[ we come to ! ,mat ,b$1 :i* is s mu* us$ 9 ! w>m] p>ts ( ! _w1 :]e ! e>? is dry1 & ! air s w>m t no?+ is requir$ b ! slighte/ possible protection f ! soil4 ,9 inl& places1 su* z ,s\!rn ,africa1 ! b$ is made ( long grass-/ems laid side by side1 & sewn toge!r ) a sort ( tw9e4 ,"o ( ^! b$s 9 my collection is "s ?ree feet wide by sev5 feet long1 & c be roll$ up into a cyl9d] s compact & light t ev5 a *ild c\ld c>ry x4 ,illu/ration3 ,,robb]-,,crab4 ,illu/ration3 ,,cocoa-,,nut ,,mat4 ,( c\rse1 :5 ! ,kafirs are on a j\rney1 ! wom5 h to c>ry ! b$s1 toge!r ) ! heavy wood5 pill[s & o!r necess>ies1 ! m5 c>ry+ no?+ b _! weapons4 ,i h a pair ( figures made by a native arti/1 repres5t+ a ,kafir man & woman on a j\rney1 ! woman /agg]+ "u h] heavy burd5s1 ! b$ be+ includ$1 & ! man /epp+ lightly along1 ) no?+ b 8 spe>s & knobk]ries4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,on ! sea-coa/s1 h[ev]1 :]e ! cocoa-nut palm gr[s1 ! fibre ( ! husk is ! pr9cipal mat]ial = b$d+4 ,^! fibres lie s p>allel to ea* o!r on ! surface ( ! cocoa-nut1 t !y are easily /ripp$ (f1 fa/5$ toge!r1 & =m$ into mats ( any %ape or ?ickness4 ,"o ( ^! mats is %[n on ! "r h& ( ! illu/ration1 & ! read] w see h[ simple is its manufacture4 ,ow+ to ! ease ) :i* x is made into a fabric1 ! cocoa-nut fibre 0 9 great use z arm\r be=e ! bullet set all arm\r at defiance4 ,x w be rememb]$ t :5 ,capta9 ,cook 0 murd]$1 he committ$ ! mi/ake ( fir+ a *>ge ( small %ot in/ead ( a bullet1 & ! fact t ! cocoa-nut mat c>ri$ by ! man at :om he fir$ resi/$ ! %ot1 enc\rag$ ! natives to attack & murd] him4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,ev5 ! cocoa-nut mat has its precursor 9 ,nature4 ,!re is a c]ta9 ,crab inhabit+ ! cocoa-nut be>+ p>ts ( ! _w1 :i* n only makes itself a b$ f ! fibre1 b supplies x to mank9d4 ,?is wond]ful ,crab has ! p[] ( asc5d+ ! cocoa-nut palms1 :i* is beyond ! p[] ( any man except a tra9$ gymna/4 ,x picks out ! ripe/ fruits1 & ) its p[]ful claws te>s (f ! fibre be=e break+ ! %ell & dev\r+ ! k]nel1 z is %[n 9 ! left-h& figure ( ! illu/ration4 ,aft] eat+ ! k]nel1 :i* is at t "t a s(t1 creamy sub/ance1 q unlike ! h>d1 indige/ible mat]ial :i* we 9 ,engl& "k by ! "n ( cocoa-nut1 ! ,crab c>ries (f ! ext]nal fibres into its d51 & !re makes its b$ ( !m4 ,s great1 inde$1 is ! am\nt ( cocoa-nut fibre ?us collect$ t ! natives are accu/om$ to save !mselves ! tr\ble ( climb+ ! trees1 & m]ely se>* = ! holes 9 :i* ^! ,crabs h made _! ne/s1 kn[+ ! am\nt ( ready-ga!r$ cocoa-nut fibre t is always to be f\nd 9 !m4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,ano!r modification ( ! b$ ne$s a %ort notice1 especially z ,i h practical & sad exp]i5ce on ! subject4 ,illu/ration3 ,,pupa ,,( ,,tabanus4 ,illu/ration3 ,,surgical ,,cradle4 ,x is te*nically nam$ ! 8cradle10 & is us$ to keep ! b$clo!s f press+ on a damag$ limb4 ,:5 a m]e lad ,i contriv$1 at cricket1 to dislocate ! "r ankle1 & break ! bone4 ,an ignorant surgeon refus$ my reque/ = a cradle1 & absolutely ti$ ! cov] ( a book to ! sole ( ! foot4 ,( c\rse ?is appliance 0 worse ?an useless4 ,x act$ z a lev]1 all[+ ! clo!s to turn ! foot r\nd1 & to ! pres5t day ! "r foot has nev] recov]$ its faculties4 ,_h ! simple 8cradle0 be5 us$--i4e4 a few /icks b5t into an ar*-l %ape1 & ti$ toge!r1 s z to keep ! clo!s f ev5 t\*+ ! foot--all w\ld h be5 "r4 ,on ! "r h& ( ! illu/ration is %[n ! surgical cradle1 z a def5ce to a damag$ leg4 ,on ! left is %[n ! curi\s natural cradle ( ! ,gad-fly :ile und]go+ its *ange into ! p]fect /ate4 ,x is q h>d & r\nd$1 be+ =m$ f ! sk9 ( ! l>va1 & all[s ! pupa to lie )9 x1 protect$ f any ord9>y pressure4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,ano!r po9t n[ comes be=e u4 ,we _c well h our b$clo!s--inde$1 any k9d ( clo!s--)\t ! use ( ne$les & ?read4 ,! simple/ =m ( sew+ is t :i* is adopt$ 9 _m p>ts ( ! _w1 namely1 ( bor+ holes & pu%+ a ?read ?r\gh !m1 no eye be+ requir$ 9 ! ne$le4 ,9 ?is way ! ,kafirs ( ,s\!rn ,africa & ! ,esquimaux ( ! ,pol> regions make _! beautiful g>m5ts ( sk9s4 ,i h = _m ye>s _h 9 con/ant use two ,s\? ,african cloaks1 or k>osses1 & "o made by ! natives ( ,vanc\v]'s ,isl&1 & !y are n[ z good z !y 7 :5 !y 7 fir/ giv5 to me4 ,naturally1 su* a mode ( sew+ consumes mu* "t1 b1 z "t is n ( ! lea/ value to ^! native furri]s1 no h>m is done1 & ! junctions ( ! diff]5t sk9s is absolutely p]fect4 ,ev5 :]e holes h be5 made 9 ! sk91 ! native furri] has suppli$ _! places ) circul> pieces s neatly ins]t$1 t on ! outside n a trace ( ! junction is visible1 & ev5 ! v set ( ! hairs is pres]v$4 ,our v mod]n ne$les1 ) _! eyes :i* c>ry ! ?read1 are b a modification ( ! orig9al plan ( bor+ holes1 & pu%+ ! ?read ?r\gh !m4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,nature has a s+ul> p>allel 9 ! case ( ! ,tailor-bird1 :i* sews leaves toge!r by _! edges1 & makes its ne/ inside !m4 ,x acts exactly l "o ( our own %oemak]s1 us+ its sl5d] & %>ply po9t$ beak 9 lieu ( ! awl1 & employ+ a slight b /rong vegetable fibre 9 place ( ! 8wax$ end0 ( ! %oemak]1 or ! s9ew-?read ( ! ,kafir4 ,9 ! illu/ration an ord9>y ne$le & ?read are se5 on ! "r-h& side1 & on ! left are two ne/s ( ! ,tailor-bird1 tak5 f specim5s 9 ! ,briti% ,museum4 ,illu/ration3 ,,tailor-,,birds ,,& ,,ne/s4 ,illu/ration3 ,,sew+ ,,clo?4 ,! mode ( sew+ is /rangely l t :i* is employ$ by ! uncivilis$ furri]s :o h be5 describ$1 & mu* sup]ior to t :i* is se5 9 _m o!r p>ts ( ! _w4 ,= example1 ,i h a ,we/ ,african quiv] made ( hide sewn toge!r ) /it*es inf9itely m clumsy ?an ^? ( ! ,tailor-bird4 ,! read] w also rem>k t ,i might h plac$ ?is s+ul> ne/ 9 ! category ( b$s1 on acc\nt ( ! s(t & w>m l9+ on :i* ! "y repose4 ,i h1 h[ev]1 ?\ght t x m prop]ly belongs to ! pres5t division ( ! subject4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,sometimes we require a tempor>y z well z a p]man5t %elt] f ! elem5ts1 & procure x by means ( ! ,umbrella4 ,9 _m c\ntries1 especially ^? :]e ! climate is hot1 ! ,umbrella is almo/ exclusively us$1 z1 inde$1 its "n d5otes1 to pres]ve its own] f ! direct sunbeams1 & is1 9 fact1 ! 8p>asol0 ( our ,european ladies4 ,x also is a m>k ( dignity1 ! am\nt & quality ( its decorations indicat+ rank1 ev5 ?\gh ! man :o sits "u its %ade is clo!d 9 a mode/ cotton clo? wrapp$ r\nd 8 wai/4 ,= ! purpose ( %ield+ ! be>] f ! sun ! ,umbrella 0 fir/ introduc$1 & ! introduc] incurr$ ! obloquy usual 9 su* cases4 ,n[1 h[ev]1 ! ,umbrella has by common cons5t become a def5ce aga9/ ra9 & sn[1 ! male sex leav+ ! p>asol to ! g5tl] half ( creation1 & submitt+ !mselves to ! *ance ( a sun/roke4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,we all "k ! +5i\s ,umbrellas ( ,africa1 ,*9a1 ,japan1 ,siam1 c42 b !re are few p]sons :o "k t a common magnify+-glass w disclose ?\s&s ( beautifully p]fect umbrellas on ! leaf ( ! ,rosem>y4 ,illu/ration3 ,,hairs ,,( ,,rosem>y4 ,illu/ration3 ,,umbrella4 ,p9* ! ,rosem>y-leaf betwe5 ! f+]s1 & a /rong & peculi> p]fume is evolv$1 j z :5 ! peel ( ! orange is squeez$4 ,! reason is ! same 9 bo? cases1 namely1 ! pres5ce ( multitudes ( sph]ical vessels :i* conta9 _! ess5tial oil1 secret$ by ! plant4 ,9 ! orange !y are sunk bel[ ! surface ( ! sk91 & are protect$ by x2 b 9 ! ,rosem>y !y /& on slight foot/alks1 z %[n 9 ! illu/ration4 ,be+ v delicate1 & liable to be brok5 at ! lea/ t\*1 !y are protect$ by a s]ies ( curi\sly =m$ hairs1 :i* ext5d ov] !m exactly z w\ld an umbrella1 & def5d !m f ! elem5ts4 ,! surface ( a ,rosem>y-leaf af=ds a s+ul>ly beautiful sight1 ev5 ) a common magnify+-glass1 ! t9y p]fume-globes gleam+ l little pe>ls 9 ! brok5 lights t %9e ?r\gh ! umbrella-l hairs4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,n[ we come to ano!r "p ( dome/ic life1 namely1 ,s]vants4 ,!re is a div]sity ( ideas on ?is subject1 z we "k by ! v>i\s discussions respect+ 8lady-helps0 & 8g5tlem5-helps10 :i* bid fair to initiate a revolution 9 dome/ic life4 ,s]vants are sometimes call$ ! greate/ plagues 9 life1 b x is difficult to see :at c\ld be done )\t !m4 ,!n !re is ! compla9t t s]vants are n :at !y us$ to be--! fai?ful reta9]s ( ! h\sehold1 & consid]+ !mselves memb]s ( x4 ,p]haps n1 b ,i h _h exp]i5ce ( sev]al fai?ful reta9]s1 & inv>iably f\nd !m to be unmitigat$ tyrants1 assum+ p[]1 repudiat+ responsibility1 & be+ practically ! ma/] or mi/ress ( ! h\sehold4 ,!n we come to ! great "q ( slav]y 9 its v>i\s be>+s4 ,putt+ aside ! n[ ackn[l$g$ div]sity ( races1 & ! well-kn[n fact t ! negro 9 a /ate ( slav]y to a ,european is inf9itely bett] (f ?an he w\ld h be5 9 8 own c\ntry1 :]e !re is no law b t ( might1 we mu/ ent]ta9 ! "q ( en=c$ s]vitude1 i4e4 :]e ! s]vants h no *oice ei!r 9 ent]+ or leav+ _! situations4 ,x is1 ( c\rse1 oppos$1 & rightly1 to our mod]n ,engli% ideas t a slave1 "u su* a "n1 %\ld exi/ on ,briti% gr\nd4 ,yet !re are ?\s&s ( ,engli%m5 :o are m :olly enslav$ ?an 0 any negro 9 ! wor/ times ( slav]y4 ,! *a9s may n be ( visible iron1 nor ! :ips ( tangible ?ongs1 b !y are1 p]haps1 all ! m gall+ & bit+4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,"s ( my read]s may be aw>e t slav]y exi/s 9 ! insect _w1 & probably exi/$ long be=e man came on e>?4 ,!re are _m species ( ,ants :i* are absolutely incapable ( manag+ _! own ne/s or re>+ _! own "y1 & :i*1 9 consequ5ce1 impress into _! s]vice ! work]s ( o!r species ( ,ant1 & h& ov] to !m ! entire lab\r ( ! e/abli%m5t4 ,!y c fight1 & !y c e/abli% fre% colonies1 b !y _c build ne/s1 nor nurse _! "y1 & s !y impress into _! s]vice ^? ,ants ^: in/9ct tea*es !m to d bo?4 ,p]iodically ! ma/] ,ants1 if we may s call !m1 set (f on a slave-hunt+ exp$ition4 ,!y f9d out ! ne/ ( ! special ,ant ^: aid !y ne$1 p5etrate into x1 & be> (f ! pup1 or 8ants' eggs10 z !y are popul>ly call$4 ,^! are c>ri$ to _! new home1 & are spe$ily hat*$4 ,!y "k no o!r home1 &1 l$ by in/9ct1 set to "w z indu/ri\sly z if !y _h nev] be5 remov$4 ,illu/ration3 ,,slave-,,captur+ ,,ants4 ,illu/ration3 ,,african ,,slave-,,gang4 ,^? :o h wat*$ _! habits are unanim\s 9 decl>+ t !y seem p]fectly happy & cont5t$4 ,no compulsion is us$ t[>ds !m1 & !y "w because told to d s by _! own in/9ct4 ,"w !y mu/1 & x does n 9 ! lea/ matt] to !m = :om ! "w is done4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,ano!r bran* ( ?is subject is %[n 9 ! accompany+ illu/ration1 namely1 ! pleasure g>d5 or playgr\nd4 ,?is is1 z we all "k1 a tok5 ( high civilisation1 & ev5 9 ! anci5t times ! hang+ g>d5s ( ,babylon 7 reckon$ z ! greate/ wond]s ( t great city1 ! !n mi/ress ( ! _w4 ,no savage ev] dream$ ( su* a ?+ z a pleasure g>d51 nor c\ld appreciate x if he saw x4 ,yet !re are birds :i* f> surpass ! savage 9 ?is respect1 & :i* build recreation gr\nds = ! sole purpose ( amusem5t4 ,^! are ! well-kn[n ,b[]-birds ( ,au/ralia1 :i* ,i s9c]ely hope may n be extirpat$ by ! :ite man1 z has be5 ! case ) s _m creatures1 includ+ ! aborig9es ( ,tasmania !mselves4 ,! ,b[]-birds1 :i* are di/antly relat$ to our ?ru% & blackbird1 b are ab\t z l>ge z jackdaws1 h a curi\s habit ( build+ ar*$ b[]s q indep5d5t ( _! ne/s4 ,! %ape ( "o ( ^! b[]s is %[n 9 ! accompany+ illu/ration4 ,! bird fir/ weaves a sort ( plat=m ( flexible /icks1 & !n fa/5s into !m a numb] ( o!r /icks1 s set t !y =m a sort ( ar*$ gall]y4 ,?r\gh ?is gall]y ! birds love to run1 & !y inv>iably decorate ! ends ) any?+ pretty t !y c pick up1 su* z fea!rs1 col\r$ /ones1 %ells1 ornam5ts1 & ! l4 ,s well is ?is proclivity kn[n1 t :5ev] any "o :o is liv+ 9 ! ,bu% loses any small piece ( prop]ty1 su* z a p5cil-case or wat*-key1 or ev5 a tobacco-pipe1 he always goes to ! ,b[]-bird's pleasure g>d51 & mo/ly discov]s ! lo/ prop]ty4 ,illu/ration3 ,,playgr\nd ,,( ,,b[]-,,bird4 ,illu/ration3 ,,g>d5 ,,b[]4 ,at ! ,zoological ,g>d5s ^! ,b[]-birds h long liv$1 & x is a mo/ int]e/+ sight to wat* !m weav+ _! plat=ms1 rais+ ! b[]s ov] !m1 & !n keep runn+ 9 at "o end & out at ! o!r1 l *ildr5 at play1 & ) _! burni%$ plumage gleam+ 9 ! sunbeams4 ,! "r-h& figure simply depicts a mod]n pleasure g>d51 & ne$s no description4 ,,useful ,,arts4 ,,*apt] ,,ix4 ,,artificial ,,w>m?4--,,r+ ,,& ,,/aple4--,,! ,,fan4 ,v>i\s ,modes ( w>m+ ,h\ses4--,! ,fire ( ! ,am]ican ,indian & ! ,kafir4--,! ,oil-lamp ( ! ,esquimaux4--,! op5 ,fireplace & ,*imney ,/oves4--,! lam9at$ ,/ove & its ,p[]s4--,gills ( ! ,lob/]1 ,crab1 & v>i\s ,fi%es4--,mode 9 :i* ! ,gills act4--,:y ,fi%es lie ) _! ,heads aga9/ ! ,/ream4--,dr[n+ a ,fi%4--,! ,r+ & ,/aple1 & _! v>i\s ,uses4--,head-bones ( ! ,fi%+-frog or ,angl]-fi%4--,! ,fan & its ,modifications4--,japanese & ,*9ese ,fans4--,! ,fea!r ,fan4--,! ,palm-leaf4--,indian ,fans4--,! ,hive ,bee & its ,w+s4--,fans ( ! ,essequibo & ,s\? ,sea ,isl&]s4--,! ,fan ,fire-gu>d4--,ant5n ( ! ,cock*af]4--,burial4--,v>i\s ,modes ( dispos+ ( ! ,dead4--,ord9>y ,habits ( dy+ ,animals4--,dead ,insects4--,! ,fun]al-ant & its wond]ful ,habits4 ,,artificial ,,w>m?4 ,pass+ f ! direct to ! indirect com=ts ( a h\sehold1 we w take ,artificial ,w>m?4 ,! savage1 z a matt] ( necessity1 makes a fire 9 ! middle ( 8 hut1 & lets ! smoke h its own way4 ,sometimes1 z is ! case ) ! ,nor? ,am]ican ,indians1 ! top ( ! conical hut is op51 & ! :ole edifice is a s+le *imney ( l>ge dim5sions1 some?+ l ! 8*imney-corn]0 ( pa/ days1 :i* only survives 9 su* places z ! ,new ,=e/4 ,!n !re are ! v>i\s ,kafir tribes ( ,s\!rn ,africa4 ,!y h no ap]ture 9 _! huts except ! t9y doorway1 :i* c only be ent]$ on h&s & knees4 ,b !y mu/ h _! fire4 ,no argum5t c p]suade !m t !y _h bett] make _! fire & cook _! food outside ! hut4 ,s ! wood-smoke fills ! hut1 coats x ) a l9+ ( soot1 & gets out z x c ?r\gh ! /icks & )es ( :i* ! simple edifice is built4 ,z a contra/1 we h ! oil-lamp ( ,esquimaux-l&1 :]e !re is no provision = v5tilation1 :]e ! sn[-h\ses are tightly clos$ & cramm$ ) inhabitants1 & :]e no "o seems to ne$ fre% air4 ,! next /ep 9 civilisation is to con/ruct a tube = ! purpose ( c>ry+ (f ! smoke1 su* z we "k by ! "n ( *imney or flue1 & to place ! fire )9 x4 ,we ,engli% p h an +ra9$ love = ! op5 fireplace1 & ?\gh x really is an exp5sive arrangem5t1 x is wor? ! co/4 ,grant+ t x c>ries mu* ( ! heat into ! *imney in/ead ( ?r[+ x into ! room1 x has at lea/ ! advantage ( act+ z a v5tilator1 ( eject+ air :i* has be5 r5d]$ poison\s by respiration1 & draw+ a fre% supply f ! out] atmosph]e4 ,9 "s p>ts ( ! _w1 especially 9 ,g]many & ! ,unit$ ,/ates1 ! place ( ! op5 fire is tak5 by clos$ /oves1 )\t any v5tilation :atev]1 mu* to ! discomfiture ( ord9>y ,engli%m54 ,/ill1 !re are build+s1 su* z public halls & places ( wor%ip1 9 :i* op5 fireplaces are :olly impracticable1 & :]e x is1 !re=e1 necess>y to make use ( ! /ove4 ,x ne$ h>dly be said t 9 su* cases ! *ief object is to procure ! greate/ am\nt ( heat ) ! lea/ exp5diture ( fuel1 & t object seems to be be/ atta9$ by ! ,lam9at$ ,/ove %[n on ! "r h& ( ! illu/ration4 ,illu/ration3 ,,gills ,,( ,,%>k4 ,illu/ration3 ,,gills ,,( ,,tr\t4 ,illu/ration3 ,,/ove4 ,9 ?is /ove1 ! out] surface1 in/ead ( be+ pla91 is divid$ into a numb] ( p]p5dicul> plates1 :i* are heat$ by ! conta9$ fire1 & expose a v l>ge surface ( hot metal to ! air4 ,?us ! heat1 in/ead ( be+ wa/$ by be+ drawn ?r\gh ! flue or *imney1 is ?r[n into ! room1 & keeps up a p]petual supply ( w>m air4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,t ! inv5tion ( ?is /ove is an +5i\s "o nobody c d5y4 ,b ,nature has be5 long 9 advance ( ,art 9 ! way ( expos+ z l>ge a surface z possible ) ! lea/ exp5diture ( space4 ,v famili> examples ( ?is /ructure may be f\nd 9 ! _m creatures :i* inhabit ! wat]s & brea! by means ( gills1 :i* extract ! oxyg5 ( ! wat]4 ,take1 = example1 a ,lob/] or a ,crab1 op5 x1 & look at ! :ite1 po9t$1 uneatable objects :i* are popul>ly call$ 8ladies' f+]s40 ,^! are ! gills1 or brea?+ app>atus1 & _! /ructure is really wond]ful4 ,!y are compos$ ( innum]able lam91 or v ?9 plates1 cov]$ ) an exce$+ly f9e membrane1 & plac$ closely side by side1 b ) suffici5t di/ance betwe5 !m to all[ ! wat] to p]colate ! :ole /ructure4 ,) ! aid ( an ord9>y pocket l5s ! obs]v] may make out a mo/ wond]ful sy/em ( blood-vessels1 :i* p]meate e "o ( ! myriad lam91 & :i* extract ! life-giv+ oxyg5 f ! wat] z x passes betwe5 !m4 ,!n1 to pass to animals ( a high] ord]1 take ! gills ( fi%es4 ,any fi% w d1 provid$ t x be fre%1 &1 if x c be exam9$ imm$iately aft] dea?1 s mu* ! bett]4 ,tak+ ?+s reciprocally1 ! gills ( ! fi% & ! lam9 ( ! /ove1 are id5tical 9 pr9ciple1 namely1 ! exposure ( mu* surface ) little loss ( space4 ,if possible1 ! obs]v] %\ld inject ! blood-vessels ( ! gills ) ! conv5tional crimson & blue wax1 %[+ ! curr5ts ( ! art]ial & v5\s blood4 ,ea* lam9a =ms a mo/ wondr\s object1 & may be gaz$ ^u = weeks ) increas+ admiration4 ,e "o :o has wat*$ ! habits ( fi%es mu/ h notic$ t 9 runn+ wat]s !y always h _! heads aga9/ ! /ream1 & d n greatly c>e ab\t %ift+ _! positions4 ,9 /ill wat]s1 especially su* z ^? ( ! ord9>y glass aqu>ia1 ! fi% are p]petually on ! move1 :]eas 9 su* a riv] z ! ,dove ( ,d]by%ire1 & ev5 ! ,d>5? ( ,k5t1 l>ge tr\t may be se5 almo/ motionless1 b inv>iably ) _! heads direct$ up ! /ream4 ,! reason is evid5t en\gh4 ,z long z ! fi% lies ) its head up ! /ream ! wat] fl[s ?r\gh its gills1 & enables x to brea!4 ,7 ! passage ( ! wat] /opp$1 ! fi% w\ld be dr[n$4 ,consequ5tly1 all good angl]s1 :5 !y hook a fi% :i* is wor? tak+1 keep its head d[n ! /ream1 prev5t ! wat] f wa%+ ov] its gills1 & consequ5tly r5d] x s weak by deprivation ( oxyg51 t x becomes an easy prey1 & is r5d]$ subs]vi5t to a l9e ( a s+le hair4 ,let ! fi% brea!1 & a s+le /ruggle w\ld sma% a l9e ( treble ! /r5g?4 ,b keep x f brea?+ by direct+ its head d[n ! /ream1 & x rapidly loses all /r5g?1 & c be direct$ into ! l&+-net1 or br\ght )9 ! scope ( ! gaff1 )\t a *ance ( escape4 99 99 99 99 99 ,i ,,ne$ h>dly rem>k t on ! "r-h& side ( ! illu/ration is %[n a ,lam9at$ ,/ove1 & t on ! left are draw+s ( ! gills ( ! ,%>k tribe & ! common ,tr\t4 ,if ! read] w\ld really l to look into ! subject = himself1 ,i %\ld sugge/ ! pur*ase ( a cod's head & %\ld]s & a lob/]4 ,! brea?+ app>atus c be remov$ f ea* = exam9ation1 & ! rema9d] w s]ve z a fir/ c\rse = d9n]4 ,,r+ ,,& ,,/aple4 ,humble1 & app>5tly insignificant1 z ! pr9ciple ( ! ,r+ & ,/aple may be1 we owe no small am\nt ( our dome/ic com=t to x4 ,x meets u 9 all k9ds ( ways1 9 ! h+es ( our boxes1 9 ! padlocks ( our doors1 9 ! innside fa/5+s = our horses1 9 ! seaside fa/5+s = %ips' cables1 & 9 a ?\s& o!r ways too _m to enum]ate4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,on ! "r-h& side ( ! next illu/ration is %[n ! ,r+ & ,/aple z us$ = ! purpose ( moor+ %ips & boats1 x be+ absolutely necess>y t ! ma*9]y1 simple z x is1 mu/ be capable ( work+ 9 any direction1 & ) "s latitude z to ! ext5t4 ,illu/ration3 ,,head-,,bones ,,( ,,angl]-,,fi%4 ,illu/ration3 ,,/aple ,,& ,,r+4 ,on ! left h& are %[n two ( ! wond]ful bones :i* are f\nd 9 ! head ( ! ,fi%+-frog or ,angl]-fi% 7,lophius71 & :i* s]ve z decoys1 by means ( :i* ! small] fi% are entrapp$ into ! va/ jaws ( ! ,angl]-fi%4 ,x is cle>ly necess>y t ^! s+ul> app5dages %\ld be capable ( movem5t 9 e direction1 & ?is object is atta9$ by ! /ructure :i* is "h %[n1 & :i* is almo/ equal to ! ball-&-socket jo9t = its fre$om ( movem5t4 ,x w ev5 all[ ( p>tial rotation1 s z to cause ! little /rip ( sk9 at its end to assume ! aspect ( a liv+ worm1 & entice ! small] fi% into ! jaws ( ! dread trap t lies op5 be=e !m4 ,a figure ( ?is fi% may be se5 on page #ib4 ,,! ,,fan4 ,except 9 p]man5tly cold c\ntries1 a ,fan ( "s k9d seems to be an absolute necessity4 ,sometimes1 z 9 ! great] "p ( ,europe1 x is us$ only by ! s(t] sex4 ,! h>d] sex w\ld (t5 be only too glad to use x if !y d>$1 & ! same obs]vation is equally true ) reg>d to ! p>asol4 ,b1 9 su* l&s z ,japan & ,*9a1 ! ,fan is an absolute necessity ( exi/5ce4 ,m51 wom51 & *ildr5 alike c>ry _! ,fan1 & almo/ p]petually use x4 ,i rememb]1 :5 ! tr\pe ( ,japanese acrobats 7 9 ,engl&1 t "o ( !m exhibit$ ! national use ( ! ,fan 9 an excessively ludicr\s mann]4 ,"o ( 8 comrades asc5d$ to ! ro( ( a l(ty build+1 hung by 8 legs to "o ( ! raft]s1 & held 9 8 h&s a bamboo pole :i* 0 tw5ty feet long4 ,ano!r ,japanese also asc5d$1 climb$ ov] 8 comrade1 & settl$ on ! bamboo pole1 to :i* he clung only by ! clasp ( 8 b>e feet4 ,sudd5ly he slipp$ d[n ! pole1 /opp$ himself :5 )9 a few in*es ( ! end1 squatt$ !re ) p]fect unconc]n1 ?\gh at lea/ =ty feet f ! gr\nd1 took 8 fan f ! back ( 8 neck1 & fann$ himself :ile gravely survey+ ! />tl$ audi5ce4 ,illu/ration3 ,,palm-,,leaf4 ,illu/ration3 ,,japanese ,,h&-,,scre54 ,p]haps "s ( my read]s may rememb] ,*ang1 ! ,*9ese giant1 :o1 by ! way1 9 private life 0 a poli%$ g5tleman4 ,he 0 nev] )\t 8 fan1 always keep+ x flutt]+ g5tly ) an ease only to be acquir$ by a lifelong practice1 & ,i really ?9k t if he _h be5 depriv$ ( x he w\ld h be5 s]i\sly ill4 ,h[ he slept )\t x is a wond]1 = 9 8 own h\se ! fan 0 incessantly 9 motion1 & 0 work$ ) app>5t unconsci\sness on 8 "p4 ,i h (t5 wi%$ t 9 our c\ntry ! ladies w\ld manage _! fans 9 ! same quiet way :5 !y are 9 a *ur* or a conc]t-room1 = ! p]petual rattle ( ! jo9ts is en\gh to di/ract any prea*] or conductor1 & v (t5 does s4 ,z to ! %ape ( ! ,fan1 x v>ies greatly accord+ to ! c\ntry1 b x may almo/ inv>iably be trac$ to "s famili> object4 ,!re is1 = example1 ! common ,japanese ,fan or ,scre51 :i* is av[$ly made on ! model ( ! ,palm-leaf1 ! ribs ( ! leaf be+ repres5t$ by split portions ( a bamboo /em4 ,! "r-h& figure 9 ! prec$+ illu/ration is tak5 f "o ( ! common sixp5ny ,japanese fans t may be se5 9 _m %op-w9d[s4 ,!re are exactly sixty ribs 9 ! fan1 all produc$ by splitt+ ! bamboo into /rips1 kept 9 _! place by a slight rod ( ! same mat]ial1 & cov]$ ) two pieces ( ?9 pr9t$ pap]4 ,see+ t ! orig9al co/ _c be m ?an a p5ny1 x is wond]ful h[ su* articles c be produc$1 & give a liv+ to ! mak]s4 ,! read] w obs]ve t ! %ape ( ! ,japanese ,fan is almo/ exactly t ( ! ,palm-leaf1 ) ! exception ( ! jagg$ edges1 & a bett] patt]n c\ld n be f\nd4 ,!n !re are _m ,indian ,fans fram$ on ! same model1 b :i* revolve on _! h&les1 & are swung sl[ly r\nd & r\nd by ! s]vants be=e ! gue/s1 & ?us become m9iature punkahs4 ,"h1 aga91 we may f9d a p>allel 9 ,nature4 ,! common hive bee v5tilates its dwell+ by us+ its w+s 9 lieu ( fans4 ,:5 ! hive is really 9 want ( fre% air1 ! bees set to "w1 & wave _! w+s backw>ds & =w>ds = a consid]able "t1 s t !y necess>ily expel ! f\l air f ! int]ior ( ! hive1 & create a p>tial vacuum1 :i* c only be fill$ by fre% air f )\t4 ,fans ( v simil> %ape are 9 use among ! ,s\? ,sea ,isl&]s & ! inhabitants ( ! ,essequibo di/rict4 ,!y are (t5 us$ z bell[s :5 a fire has to be rais$1 b _! prim>y object is to be employ$ z fans4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,next we come to ^? fans :i* are made ( flatt5$ /icks1 :i* move on a pivot4 ,?is is1 inde$1 ! ord9>y =m ( ! fan at ! pres5t day1 ! /icks be+ sometimes wide en\gh to con/itute ! entire fan1 b mo/ly be+ connect$ ) a sort ( l9+ made ) silk1 pap]1 or fea!rs4 ,su* fans z ^! c be mov$ on _! pivots1 s z to occupy a comp>atively small space2 & ! same c be said ( ! mod]n f5d]-gu>ds1 :i* c be fold$ up :5 ! room is unoccupi$1 & :i* =m an effectual protection aga9/ ! dang] ( ladies' dresses com+ 9 contact ) ! fire4 ,examples ( su* a scre51 & two fans1 are giv5 on ! "r h& ( ! accompany+ illu/ration4 ,illu/ration3 ,,ant5na ,,( ,,cock*af]4 ,illu/ration3 ,,ivory ,,fan4 ,,fea!r ,,fan4 ,,fire-,,gu>d4 ,on ! left h& is %[n "o ( ! natural objects f :i* ! fans1 c41 might well h d]iv$ _! orig94 ,x is "o ( ! ant5n--or horns1 z !y are popul>ly call$--( ! common ,cock*af]4 ,! end ( ?is ant5na is compos$ ( a numb] ( flat plates1 :i* "w on a pivot exactly l ! /icks ( a fan1 &1 l ^? /icks1 c be fold$ into a wond]fully small compass1 or op5$ out into a fan-l %ape4 ,,burial4 ,la/ sc5e ( all4 ,i d n ?9k t x matt]s v mu* to "o :o has 8%uffl$ (f ?is mortal coil0 :at becomes ( ! coil 9 :i* he _h be5 imprison$4 ,:e!r ! ab&on$ body be buri$ 9 ! e>?1 or sunk 9 ! sea1 or dev\r$ by wild bea/s1 or consum$ by fire1 signifies no?+ to him1 ?\gh x may signify mu* to 8 surviv+ fri5ds4 ,z a rule1 ! animals1 ( :atev] k9d !y may be1 contrive to dispose ( _! mortal rema9s 9 "s my/]i\s mann]1 s t n a ve/ige ( !m is to be f\nd4 ,take1 = example1 ! dome/ic cat1 & see h[ few bodies are f\nd ( cats :i* h di$ natural dea?s4 ,= in/ance1 !re 0 my own cat 8,pret10 :o lo/ 8 life f ! bites ( rats4 ,he 0 bl9d1 & s lam$ t he c\ld sc>cely crawl4 ,yet1 on ! day ( 8 dea?1 he ?ree times escap$ f 8 com=table b$ 9 front ( ! fire1 dragg$ himself ?r\gh a h$ge1 d[n a /eep bank1 across a road1 up ano!r bank1 ?r\gh a crevice 9 a p>k f5ce1 & curl$ himself up to die "u a blackb]ry-bu%4 ,illu/ration3 ,,bury+-,,ants4 ,illu/ration3 ,,savage ,,fun]al4 ,p]haps x 0 mi/ak5 k9dness on my "p1 & ,i %\ld h act$ bett] if ,i _h left him to die 9 peace4 ,b1 ?\gh ,i c>ri$ him back ?ree times1 & ?\gh he 0 q unable to see1 he contriv$ to slip out ( ! h\se1 & to f9d ! same spot = 8 la/ re/+-place on ?is e>?4 ,i h he>d t "s cats h be5 kn[n to bury _! "y1 & ,dr4 ,j4 ,br[n tells a mo/ t\*+ /ory ( a dog t committ$ h] dead puppy to ! riv]4 ,b z to ,insects1 until a few ye>s ago1 no "o ev] dream$ t ! pr9ciple ( burial c\ld be f\nd among !m4 ,:at millions ( insects die 9 e ye>1 & h[ seldom is a dead insect f\nd6 ,flies1 gnats1 & ! small] insects might escape obs]vation1 b ! l>ge mo?s1 butt]flies1 beetles1 dragon-flies1 c41 are sc>cely ev] f\nd dead4 ,9 my own neighb\rhood1 = example1 ! ,/ag-beetle1 ne>ly ! l>ge/ & mo/ conspicu\s ( ,briti% insects1 sw>ms to an almo/ unpleasant degree1 especially 9 ! summ] ev5+s4 ,yet ,i h nev] f\nd a dead ,/ag-beetle t _h n be5 kill$ by viol5ce4 ,:at becomes ( ! bodies ( ! c\ntless millions ( creatures t annually pass into _! o!r _w is a problem :i* at pres5t no "o seems to be able to solve4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,/ill1 !re are in/ances :]e ev5 insects are kn[n to bury _! dead1 & ,i sc>cely ne$ say t !y are to be f\nd among ! ,ants4 ,! /ory is a v curi\s "o1 & is n>rat$ at l5g? 9 ! ,j\rnal ( ! ,l9nan ,society1 vol4 v4 p4 #bag4 ,x happ5$ t a lady f\nd t h] little boy 0 be+ /ung by ants1 & %e at once kill$ !m & ?rew _! dead bodies away4 ,aft] "s "t a numb] ( ants came out ( _! ne/1 =m$ a procession z regul>ly organiz$ z t ( any und]tak]'s fun]al1 dug graves = ea* dead ant1 laid ! body 9 x1 & cov]$ x up aga9 ) e>?4 ,!y c>ri$ _! organization to su* an ext5t t !y ev5 _h relays ( be>]s4 ,b ! /range/ "p ( ! /ory is t sev]al work] ants w\ld n assi/ 9 ! fun]eal c]emonies4 ,! soldi]s at once set on !m1 kill$ !m1 & tumbl$ !m all promiscu\sly into a common grave4 ,su* sc5es 7 repeat$ly witness$ by ! lady1 a ,mrs4 ,hutton1 :o wrote ! acc\nt :ile %e 0 liv+ 9 ,new ,s\? ,wales4 ,,useful ,,arts4 ,,*apt] ,x4 ,,wat]1 ,,& ,,means ,,( ,,procur+ ,,x4 ,! ,necessity ( ,wat] to ,man4--,composition ( ! ,human ,body4--,natural & ,artificial ,di/illation4--,! ,travell]'s ,tree4--,pit*]-plants & ,monkey-pots4--,/oma* ( ! ,camel1 & its ,analogy to ! ,honey-comb4--,dewdrops4--,use ( ! ,/ill at ,sea4--,p]spiration & its cool+ ,prop]ties4--,! ,turki% ,ba?4--,p]fume & ,e!r ,spray4--,cond5s] ( ! ,l[-pressure ,/eam-eng9e4--,! ,dry & ,wet ,bulb ,!rmomet]4--,ice produc$ 9 a r$-hot ,vessel4--,p[] ( ,wat]4--,h[ ,f\nta9s are made4--,mod]n ,sy/em ( ,hydrants4--,hydraulic ,m9+4--,! ,victoria & ,niag>a ,falls4--,artesian ,wells4--,! ,norton ,tube1 c41 9 ,abyss9ia4--,! ,wat]-ram & ,sp\t-hole4 ,,x has (t5 be5 rem>k$ t man c live a comp>atively long "t )\t solid food1 provid+ t he c only obta9 wat]1 ( :i* ! *ief bulk ( ! human body is made4 ,dy+ by ?ir/ is a horribly pa9ful dea?1 b1 accord+ to ,mr4 ,mills1 ! ill-fat$ ,au/ralian travell]1 8/>vation on n>doo 7an innutriti\s plant7 is by no means unpleasant1 b f ! weakness "o feels1 & ! utt] inability to move "o's self40 ,^? :o h be5 %ipwreck$1 & unable to obta9 fre% wat]1 h always f\nd t ! tortures ( ?ir/ 7 inf9itely h>d] to endure ?an ^? ( hung]2 & ! read] w probably rememb] t ^? :o p]i%$ 9 ! ,black ,hole ( ,calcutta ow$ _! dea?s *iefly to ?ir/1 _! bodies be+ exhau/$ ( moi/ure by ! heat ( ! room1 & no fre% supply atta9able4 ,civilisation especially %[s itself 9 ! way 9 :i* wat] is br\ght )9 ! rea* ( e "o1 ev5 9 ! mo/ cr[d$ ( cities4 ,! read] may probably call to m9d ! wond]ful aqu$ucts ( anci5t ,rome1 ! gigantic rema9s ( :i* /ill exi/4 ,!n1 z to our own c\ntry1 we are all practically acqua9t$ ) "s wat] company1 by :i* ! wat]1 m or less purifi$1 is br\ght into our h\ses1 & c be obta9$ by ! m]e turn+ ( a tap4 ,yet all ?is +5uity is b a foll[+ ( natural prototypes1 z w pres5tly be se52 & ev5 ! famili> ,wat]-tank1 z %[n at ! "r h& ( ! illu/ration1 has be5 anticipat$ by ,nature4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,on ! left h& ( ! illu/ration !re are ?ree examples ( natural wat]-tanks1 two belong+ to ! vegetable1 & "o to ! animal k+dom4 ,illu/ration3 ,,travell]',s ,,tree4 ,,/oma* ,,( ,,camel4 ,,pit*]-,,plant4 ,,ci/]n4 ,t on ! extreme left1 ) a numb] ( radiations1 repres5ts a portion ( a ,madagasc> palm1 popul>ly call$ ! ,travell]'s ,tree4 ,hav+ v l>ge leaves1 arrang$ 9 ! mann] !re %[n1 ! ,travell]'s ,tree cond5ses ! nightly dews1 & all[s !m to trickle d[n into ! holl[s ( ! leaf-/ems4 ,!re ! wat] rema9s1 out ( ! rea* ( sunbeams or w9d1 & if a travell] happ5s to be ?ir/y1 all he has to d is to pi]ce ! base ( "o ( ^! gigantic leaves1 & out ru%es a /ream ( ! pure/ wat]1 z is %[n 9 ! illu/ration4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,next to ! ,travell]'s ,tree is %[n "o ( ^? extraord9>y vegetables call$ ,pit*]-plants1 f ! /range con=mation ( ! leaves4 ,!y inhabit ,borneo1 ,siam1 & o!r hot c\ntries4 ,9 ^! rem>kable plants "s ( ! leaves are develop$ into suitable pit*]s1 ) h+$ lids1 exactly l our hot-wat] jugs4 ,!y s]ve1 h[ev]1 a diff]5t (fice1 & conta9 cold wat] :i* ! plant has di/ill$ f ! dew4 ,z ! monkeys are 9 ! habit ( resort+ to ^! plants :5 ?ir/y1 !y are sometimes call$ ,monkey-pots4 ,!re is an admirable acc\nt ( ! ,pit*]-plants & _! developm5t 9 ! ,transactions ( ! ,l9nan ,society1 vol4 xxii4 "p iv4 ,! sci5tific "n ( ^? plants is ,nep5!s4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,bel[ ! vegetable comes a r celebrat$ animal ci/]n1 namely1 a portion ( "o ( ! /oma*s ( a ,camel4 ,x exactly corresponds ) t "p ( an ox :i* but*]s call 8honey-comb tripe10 & consi/s ( a multitude ( cells1 :i* c be clos$ or op5$ at w4 ,:5 ! camel takes 9 its provision ( wat]1 x c treat ?is portion ( ! /oma* mu* z ! hive bee treats ! honey-bag1 & fill its cells ) wat]4 ,by degrees1 :5 x f9ds ! necessity = moi/ure1 x c squeeze ! wat] out ( ^! receptacles into ! dige/ive portion ( ! int]ior1 & s c su/a9 life = a wond]fully long "t "u conditions :i* w\ld kill any o!r animal4 ,i may rem>k1 by ! way1 t ! am\nt :i* a camel c dr9k1 & ! l5g? ( "t ?r\gh :i* x c endure its des]t life1 h be5 mu* exagg]at$4 ,!re is ano!r po9t to be consid]$1 namely1 ! curi\s resemblance betwe5 ^! cells & ! honey-comb ( ! hive bee4 ,e "o kn[s t honey1 no matt] h[ tightly clos$1 w cry/allize & lose its be/ qualities if kept 9 j>s1 :]eas if x be all[$ to rema9 9 ! wax5 comb1 :]e x is divid$ into v small portions1 x w rema9 good = ye>s4 ,x is j ! same ) ! cells ( ! camel's /oma*1 !y be+ able to pres]ve wat] 9 a pure /ate by di/ribut+ x among a numb] ( small cells1 :i* c be op5$ or clos$ at w4 ,!n we come to ! v>i\s means ( obta9+ wat]4 ,ref]5ce has already be5 made to ! ,filt]1 by :i* f\l wat] c be made pure = human consumption1 & we w !re=e pass to ano!r mode ( obta9+ pure wat]1 namely1 ! ,/ill4 ,9 =m] days1 if !re 7 a failure ( ! supply ( fre% wat] on bo>d %ip1 ! :ole ( ! occupants mu/ necess>ily p]i%4 ,n[1 h[ev]1 no su* dang] exi/s1 z e well-furni%$ %ip c>ries at lea/ "o ,/ill1 by means ( :i* ! sea-wat] c be made to ab&on its salt1 & to give out no?+ b pure wat] fit = dr9k+4 ,ev5 9 cases :]e no regul> ,/ill has be5 on bo>d1 an extemporis$ ,/ill has be5 made f a kettle1 a gun b>rel1 or piece ( lead pip+1 or any?+ ( a simil> nature4 ,illu/ration3 ,,dewdrops4 ,illu/ration3 ,,/ill4 ,! pr9ciple ( ! ,/ill is simple en\gh1 & is %[n by ! diagram1 r ?an draw+1 on ! "r h& ( ! illu/ration4 ,!re is a vessel 9 :i* liquid is boil$4 ,f ! upp] "p ( x rises a tube ?r\gh :i* ! /eam mu/ pass z x is g5]at$4 ,! tube 9 "q is g5]ally ( consid]able l5g?1 & is coil$ inside a vessel fill$ ) cold wat]1 r5d]$ cold] by ice1 if possible4 ,z ! /eam passes ?r\gh ! cold tube cond5sation takes place1 & x becomes liquid aga91 b depriv$ ( its heavi] p>ticles1 s t if sea-wat] be plac$ 9 ! /ill1 ! salt is left 9 ! vessel1 & no?+ b pure wat] passes ?r\gh ! tube4 ,9 dissect+-rooms a small /ill is almo/ inv>iably kept4 ,_m prep>ations are ( su* a nature t ! _s 9 :i* !y are plac$ becomes discol\r$1 & has to be repeat$ly *ang$4 ,n[1 ev5 me?ylat$ _s is an exp5sive article1 & !re=e1 in/ead ( be+ ?r[n away1 ! discol\r$ _s is plac$ 9 ! /ill1 & reproduc$ 9 a clean & transp>5t /ate4 ,nature af=ds innum]able examples ( di/illation1 ! *ief ( :i* are ! ,dewdrops :i* h already be5 m5tion$4 ,dur+ ! daytime ! air is full ( moi/ure drawn by ! sunbeams f ocean4 ,we _c see x1 b x is !re1 & :5 ! *ill ( night cools ! v>i\s trees1 h]bage1 & o!r su* objects1 ! arial moi/ure is cond5s$ ^u !m1 :i* is !n kn[n by ! "n ( ,dew4 ,on ! left h& ( ! illu/ration are %[n ! t9y ,dewdrops z hang+ on ! slight ?reads ( a spid]'s web1 & collect$ 9 l>g] drops ^u a leaf4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,!re are _m o!r famili> examples ( ! pr9ciple ( cond5sation1 ! commone/ ( :i* is ! s-call$ /eam z x p\rs f ! sp\t ( a kettle4 ,9 po9t ( fact1 x is n /eam at all1 b only wat] cond5s$ into v small drops4 ,at ! orifice ( ! kettle x is q invisible1 b :5 x passes into ! air1 & is cond5s$1 ! t9y globules become visible4 ,! same fact may be notic$ 9 ! ,napi]'s ,c(fee ,ma*9e1 :i* has already be5 m5tion$4 ,:5 ! wat] is boil+ 9 ! glass globe no /eam is visible1 ?\gh ! upp] portion ( ! globe is entirely fill$ by x4 ,b1 no soon] is ! cork remov$1 & ! /eam all[$ to escape1 ?an x at once becomes visible z a :ite cl\d1 be+1 inde$1 a m9iature copy ( ! ra9-cl\ds t float above u4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,!n !re is t mo/ly invisible passage ( liquid ?r\gh ! multitud9\s pores ( ! body1 :i* is g5]ally kn[n z p]spiration4 ,x is invisible 9 w>m wea!r1 b on a cold day is z visible z a ra9 cl\d4 ,! ,turki% ,ba? af=ds a good example ( ?is fact4 ,sometimes ! hotte/ room atta9s a temp]ature ( #bej or m1 wat] boil+ at #bab4 ,:5 a ba!r goes into t room1 he appe>s to h a p]fectly dry sk91 ! moi/ure be+ 9 ! =m ( invisible /eam1 & swept (f z soon z x is g5]at$4 ,b1 if he passes at once into ! cold room1 he is s envelop$ 9 vap\r t = a few mom5ts he is wrapp$ 9 x z 9 a cl\d1 & c sc>cely be se51 ! vap\r hav+ be5 cond5s$ by ! cold air4 ,illu/ration3 ,,heat$ ,,horse4 ,,p]fume ,,spray4 ,,freez+ ,,by ,,evaporation4 ,,wet-,,bulb ,,!rmomet]4 ,a v famili> in/ance ( ?is sudd5 cond5sation may be se5 9 ! /reets ( ,london on any w9t] day4 ,!re may be a c\ple ( omnibus horses1 ne>ly at ! end ( _! day's "w1 & q tir$ out4 ,sudd5ly !y are pull$ up by ! driv]1 & z sudd5ly disappe> = a mom5t or two1 be+ conceal$ 9 a cl\d ( moi/ure proce$+ f _! bodies4 ,( c\rse 9 a hot day !re is m ( ! moi/ure1 b ! w>m? ( ! atmosph]e prev5ts x f cond5sation1 & s x is n visible4 ,"o valuable prop]ty ( ! sy/em ( evaporation & cond5sation is its cool+ p[]4 ,?us x is t a p]son :o is ill ) fev] tosses ab\t ) a burn+ sk9 until ! pores ( ! body act1 & all[ ! normal moi/ure to pass ?r\gh !m4 ,!n ! body cools by evaporation1 & ! pati5t beg9s to am5d4 ,s x is t ! ba!r c endure 9 ! ,turki% ba? a heat s great t a glass ( wat]1 if held 9 ! h&1 w\ld spe$ily boil1 & a piece ( meat be cook$ 9 ab\t ! same p]iod4 ,b1 if ! air 7 n dry en\gh to c>ry (f ! p]spiration1 ! ba!r w\ld be scald$ to dea?4 ,a mo/ valuable adaptation ( ! pr9ciple is %[n 9 ! little glass ma*9e = disp]s+ p]fumes 9 ! =m ( spray4 ,9 cases ( heada*e x is almo/ invaluable1 ! spray cool+ ! heat$ =ehead1 l magic1 & at ! same "t fill+ ! room ) ! grateful p]fume4 ,x has ev5 a great] claim to human gratitude1 z ,i c p]sonally te/ify4 ,i h ! /ronge/ objection to a surgeon's knife1 especially :5 ,i "k1 f sad exp]i5ce1 t he is go+ to make v free use ( x4 ,b1 on ! la/ occasion1 ,i c>$ no?+ = x1 ow+ to ! happy inv5tion call$ ,e!r ,spray4 ,! effects 7 rem>kable4 ,fir/1 a delici\s cool+ ( a spot rag+ ) int]nal fires4 ,!n x 0 r cold] ?an ,i lik$4 ,!n x 0 mu* cold] ?an ,i lik$4 ,!n x became almo/ too cold to be>1 rem9d+ me ( my *ildhood's feet on ! outside ( ! ,birm+ham coa* 9 ! dep? ( w9t]4 ,sudd5ly all s5sation ceas$1 & ! sk9 became :ite z p>*m5t4 ,out came ! surgeon's bi/\ry1 & ,i look$ at him ) z calm composure z if he _h be5 :ittl+ a deal plank4 ,!re 0 absolutely no feel+ :atev]1 ! local n]ves hav+ be5 tempor>ily froz51 s great is ! p[] ( evaporation4 ,if x ev] be my lot aga9 to endure cold /eel1 ,i %all h ! e!r spray4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,on ! extreme "r ( ! illu/ration is se5 ! 8,wet-bulb0 ,!rmomet]1 :i* c>ries out ! same pr9ciple1 ! !rmomet] be+ d\ble1 & "o bulb be+ cov]$ ) a wet envelope1 :ile ! o!r is dry4 ,bel[ is "o ( ! _m inv5tions = mak+ artificial ice1 all ( !m dep5d+ on ! cool+ p[] ( evaporation4 ,p]haps "s ( my read]s may h se5 molt5 iron p\r$ ov] ! human h& )\t do+ ! lea/ h>m1 or m]cury froz5 9 a r$1 or r a :ite1 hot vessel4 ,bo? ^! ph5om5a are due to ! cool+ p[] ( evaporation1 :i* is made to act ) extreme rapidity1 & s absorbs ! heat until ev5 m]cury is r5d]$ solid1 & c be ca/ 9 a m\ld l a lead5 bullet4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,9 ! accompany+ illu/ration we h an example ( ! ,cond5sat+ pr9ciple z appli$ to ! /eam-eng9e1 & popul>ly kn[n z ! 8,l[-pressure ,eng9e40 ,9 ?is case =ce is reconv]t$1 s to speak1 &1 if a cubic in* ( wat] has be5 conv]t$ by heat into a cubic foot ( /eam1 creat+ a pressure 9 "o direction1 x c be reconv]t$ by cold1 & s produce a pressure 9 ano!r direction4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,x is ow+ to ?is fact t "s p>ts ( ! _w are always hot & always wet1 ,guiana be+ a /rik+ example4 ,illu/ration3 ,,ra9-,,cl\d4 ,illu/ration3 ,,cond5s]4 ,! w9d bl[s ov] ! ocean1 absorb+ moi/ure z a sponge does wat]4 ,z x passes f ! sea ov] ! l&1 x is met by second>y m\nta9 ranges1 too l[ to arre/ its progress altoge!r1 & high en\gh to h _! summits clo!d 9 et]nal sn[s4 ,z soon1 !re=e1 z ! w>m1 wat]-lad5 w9ds pass ov] ^! m\nta9s1 ! moi/ure is cond5s$ by _! froz5 tips1 & d[n ru%es ! ra9 9 torr5ts4 ,ev5 9 our own temp]ate l& we c (t5 trace ! cause ( a heavy ra9 to ! pres5ce ( a l(ty hill1 or ev5 an exceptionally tall spire4 ,! moi/ climate ( ,ox=d has be5 attribut$ by sci5tific m5 q z mu* to its spires & t[]s z to its l[-ly+ situation4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,n[ we come to ! v>i\s modes ( extract+ ! wat] :i* is laid up )9 ! e>?1 & :i* only sl[ly asc5ds to ! surface :5 drawn up by ! heat ( ! sun4 ,wat] is ev]y:]e1 b ! dep?s at :i* x is f\nd are va/ly diff]5t4 ,= example1 at "o h\se 9 :i* ,i liv$ x 0 n possible to dig = ?ree feet )\t com+ to wat]4 ,9 ano!r1 no wat] 0 f\nd )9 "s two hundr$ feet1 &1 z ,i sev]al times reliev$ ! old g>d5] ( ! task ( draw+ ! wat] = ! day's consumption1 ,i h reason to rememb] ! dep?4 ,illu/ration3 ,,spr+4 ,illu/ration3 ,,f\nta94 ,! pail1 rope1 & w9* :i* 7 9 use at t "t--& may be /ill1 to ! sorr[ ( ! g>d5]--are b a sort ( semi-savage way ( procur+ wat] f ! dep?s ( ! e>?4 ,x is a well-kn[n fact t "u c]ta9 conditions wat] always f9ds its own level1 m9us ! friction ( ! *annel ?r\gh :i* x passes4 ,on ?is pr9ciple all f\nta9s are made4 ,^?1 = example1 at ! ,cry/al ,palace1 :i* fl+ _! wat]s to su* a height1 are f$ f tanks on ! summit ( ! two great wat] t[]s4 ,&1 7 x n = ! friction ( ! wat] 9 ! tubes1 & t ( ! air1 ! f\nta9s w\ld rise z high z ! tanks f :i* !y are f$4 ,su* is ! case ) spr+s1 especially ) ^? ( an int]mitt5t "*1 9 :i* latt] in/ance ! ru%+ ( ! wat] is exactly co9cid5t ) ! fill+ ( ! hidd5 tank :i* supplies x4 ,! mod]n ,hydrant sy/em1 :i* bids fair to sup]s$e ! cumbr\s ma*9]y ( fire-eng9es1 ev5 :5 work$ by /eam1 is bas$ on ! same pr9ciple4 ,! wat]-tanks are plac$ at su* a height t1 :5 a hose is atta*$1 & ! tap turn$1 ! wat] c be ?r[n ov] ! ro( ( ! highe/ build+4 ,su* hydrants h be5 atta*$ to ,cant]bury ,ca!dral s9ce ! fire :i* s ne>ly consum$ t magnific5t & v5]able build+4 99 99 99 99 99 ,a ,,v rem>kable use has be5 made ( ?is p[] ( wat] 9 m9+ op]ations4 ,mo/ ( my read]s "k t 9 gold m9es ! metal is *iefly f\nd scatt]$ among qu>tz1 "o ( ! h>de/ ( ! m9]als4 ,! usual plan has be5 to dig out ! qu>tz1 p\nd x to p[d] ) specially devis$ ma*9es call$ 8/amps10 to pass ! p[d] ?r\gh m]cury1 :i* amalgamat$ ) ! gold1 & gave x up aga9 on be+ heat$ to a c]ta9 temp]ature4 ,n[ a diff]5t mode ( m9+ is br\ght into op]ation1 ! pickaxe1 spade1 & /amps1 ) all _! exp5sive ma*9]y1 be+ ab&on$1 & wat] made to d ! duty ( all ?ree1 "s +5i\s individual hav+ notic$ ! effect :i* wat] has on ! h>de/ rock4 ,su*1 = example1 is ! case ) ^? wond]ful ,victoria ,falls ( ,africa1 :]e ! ru%+ wat] has cut its s9u\s *annel ?r\gh s _m hundr$s ( y>ds ( rock4 ,su*1 also1 is ! case ) ! m celebrat$1 b n s wond]ful1 ,falls ( ,niag>a1 :i* h be5 gradually work+ _! way backw>ds1 hav+ worn away ! rocks ov] :i* !y fall1 & :i* are %[n to be _m miles away f ! spot :]e ! riv] fir/ dis*>g$ itself ov] ! cliff4 ,illu/ration3 ,,hydraulic ,,m9+4 ,illu/ration3 ,,wat]-,,fall4 ,9 fact1 x is well kn[n t ! ,falls are rec$+ at a def9ite rate annually1 & t ! rate has be5 calculat$ ) sci5tific accuracy4 ,! cliffs ( our own coa/s-say ( ,m>gate or ,ramsgate--crumble away ) equally calculable spe$4 ,9 ! hydraulic m9+ sy/em l>ge tanks are erect$1 at lea/ two hundr$ feet above ! level ( ! m9e4 ,f ^! tanks proce$ pipes1 t]m9at$ by hose1 j l ^? ( our ord9>y fire-eng9es4 ,! m9]s1 in/ead ( us+ pickaxe or cr[b>1 simply direct ! /reams ( wat] aga9/ ! solid rock4 ,_! effect is trem5d\s4 ,!y te> x to p[d]1 & c>ry x d[n ! wood5 tr\ghs call$ 8flumes10 9 :i* ! m]cury is s arrang$ t n a s+le atom ( qu>tz rock c pass )\t hav+ its gold extract$4 ,! foll[+ graphic acc\nt ( ,hydraulic ,m9+ at ,nevada is tak5 f ,mr4 ,j4 ,k4 ,"l's 8,naturali/ 9 ,briti% ,columbia30-- 8,ne> ,nevada are ! fam$ ,hydraulic wa%+s4 ,! gold is dissem9at$ ?r\gh t]races ( %+le conglom]ates1 (t5 ?ree hundr$ feet 9 ?ickness4 ,^! t]races are actually wa%$ entirely (f ! face ( ! c\ntry by propell+ jets ( wat] aga9/ !m1 =c$ by pressure ?r\gh a nozzle4 8,to accompli% ?is1 ! wat] is br\ght 9 canals1 tunnels1 & wood5 aqu$ucts1 (t5 =ty miles away f ! #8draft4' ,?is supply ( wat] ! m9]s r5t4 8,z we ne> ! wa%+ spot1 9 e direction imm5se hose1 made ( galvaniz$ iron1 & canvas tubes six feet r\nd1 coil 9 all directions ov] ! gr\nd l gigantic s]p5ts1 conv]g+ t[>ds a gap1 :]e !y disappe>4 8,on rea*+ ?is gap1 ,i look d[n into a bas9 or dry lake1 ?ree hundr$ feet bel[ me4 ,! hose hangs d[n ?is cliff ( %+le1 & foll[+ its c\rse by a zigzag pa?1 ,i rea* a plateau ( rock1 f :i* ! %+le has already be5 wa%$4 8,a man /&s at ! end ( ea* hose1 t has = its head a brass nozzle4 ,) ! =ce ( cannon-%ot1 wat] issues 9 a l>ge jet f ?is tube1 & propell$ aga9/ ! %+le1 guid$ by ! m51 wa%es x away z easily z we c\ld sweep a molehill f (f ! grass4 8,! /ream ( wat]1 be>+ ) x ! mat]ials wa%$ f out ! cliff1 runs ?r\gh wood5 tr\ghs call$ #8flumes1' floor$ ) granite4 ,^! #8flumes' ext5d six miles4 ,m5 are /ation$ at regul> di/ances to =k out ! heavy /ones4 8,?r\gh\t its entire l5g?1 transv]se /rips ( wood dam back a t9y pond ( m]cury4 ,^! are call$ ruffles--gold-traps1 9 o!r words1 t seize on ! f9e du/-gold di/ribut$ ?r\gh ! %+le4 ,! flumes are clean$ ab\t once a mon?1 & ! gold extract$ f ! m]cury4 8,i try ) a p[]ful l5s to detect gold amid/ ! mat]ial !y are wa%+1 b n a trace is discov]able1 & yet x pays an imm5se pr(it to ! gold-wa%]s40 99 99 99 99 99 ,,!re are two m modes ( extract+ wat]1 :i* w be b cursorily m5tion$4 ,! read] w rememb] t wat] f9ds its own level1 & t ! t]rific p[] ( hydraulic m9+ is ow+ to ! fact t ! wat] exp5ds its =ce aga9/ ! solid rock in/ead ( asc5d+ into ! air4 ,illu/ration3 ,,artesian ,,well4 ,illu/ration3 ,,norton',s ,,tube4 ,x is n[ f\nd t1 ev5 )\t artificial assi/ance1 wat] has a habit ( f9d+ its own level1 & t1 if x be all[$ its own c\rse1 x w contrive to f9d its way ne>ly to ! highe/ po9t :5ce x d]iv$ its orig94 ,on ?is pr9ciple are bas$ ! ,artesian ,wells1 :i*1 :5 !y 8/rike wat]10 spurt x up 9 a torr5t1 z is ! case ) ! n[ celebrat$ ,norton ,tubes1 :i* are screw$ d[n into ! e>? l holl[ gimlets1 & :i* always contrive to extract ! wat] hidd5 b5ea? ! surface ( ! e>?4 ,! success ( our army 9 ,abyss9ia 0 greatly ow+ to ^! ,norton ,tubes1 :i*1 be+ ( small diamet] & ( peculi> make1 c\ld be screw$ into ! gr\nd :5 ! troops made a halt1 unscrew$ :5 !y left ! spot1 & us$ aga9 = ! next halt4 ,simil>ly1 ! ,fr5* us$ ! ,artesian-well sy/em ) wond]ful success 9 ,nor!rn ,africa4 ,wat] is ! *ief necessity ( life 9 t "p ( ! _w1 & a nation :o c\ld cause pure cold wat] to spr+ out ( ! hot & ?ir/y s&s 0 naturally look$ ^u z some?+ m ?an human4 ,yet ! pr9ciple 0 exactly ! same 9 bo? cases4 ,wat] is always lat5t some:]e b5ea? ! surface ( ! e>?1 &1 if a tube c be driv5 deep en\gh1 ! wat] w come up x4 ,! accompany+ illu/ration %[s ! ,artesian ,well & ,norton's ,tube1 & _! similitude 9 pr9ciple1 ! tube p5etrat+ ?r\gh v>i\s lay]s ( soil1 until x rea*es ! wat] :i* x seeks4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,!n !re is ano!r way by :i* wat] c be made to =ce itself to a consid]able height4 ,n be+ mu* ( a ma!matician1 ,i d n recollect ! exact proportional height to :i* a /ream ( wat] may raise itself1 b if any "o c secure a fall ( "s eight or t5 feet1 he c furni% 8 h\se ) wat] by means ( ! 8,ram10 a *>t ( :i* is %[n 9 ! illu/ration4 ,illu/ration3 ,,sp\t-,,hole4 ,illu/ration3 ,,wat]-,,ram4 ,! pr9ciple ( ! ,ram is1 t ! wat] is all[$ to fl[ d[n a tube1 :5 x meets ) a valve4 ,?is valve is sudd5ly clos$ by ! pressure1 & ! wat] is =c$ onw>ds by ! %ock4 ,mu* wat] escapes at ea* bl[ ( ! valve1 b t does n signify4 ,! =ce ( wat] ?us sudd5ly /opp$ is h>dly appreciat$4 ,ev5 9 ord9>y h\ses ! sudd5 turn+ ( a wat]-tap has be5 kn[n to bur/ ! pipe & deluge ! h\se ) wat]4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,9 ,nature a simil> effect is produc$1 call$ popul>ly ! 8,sp\t-hole40 ,x is a hole or tunnel on ! sea%ore1 pass+ upw>ds f ! level ( ! sea to ! summit ( ! cliff4 ,:5 ! waves are urg$ aga9/ ! tunnel by ! w9d1 ! wat] is da%$ into x4 ,be+ p>tially *eck$ by ! friction1 :i* acts exactly l ! wat] t is *eck$ by ! ,ram1 ! wave hurls itself up ! *annel1 & flies out 9 %[]s ( spray1 high above ! level ( ! orig9al wave :i* caus$ x4 ,9 ! illu/ration are %[n ! ,wat]-ram ) its globul> valve1 & ! safety or escape valve ( ! wa/e wat]4 ,on ! left is %[n "o ( ! natural ,sp\t-holes1 ) ! wat] da%+ ?r\gh its tunnel into a mass ( spray4 ,,useful ,,arts ,,*apt] ,,xi4 ,a,,ro/atics4--,,weight ,,( ,,air4--,,expansion ,,by ,,heat4 ,asc5t & ,desc5t4--,! ,balloon & ! ,p>a*ute4--,description ( ! ,balloon4--,! ,montgolfi] ,balloon4--,causes ( its ,ab&onm5t4--,! ,gas ,balloon4--,hydrog5 ,gas & its ,manufacture4--,! ,gossam] ,spid]4--,reasons ( its ,asc5t & ,desc5t4--,_m ,species ( ,gossam]s4--,description ( ! ,p>a*ute4--,its ,mode ( ,action4--,a ,balloon conv]t$ into a ,p>a*ute4--,toy ,p>a*utes4--,natural ,p>a*utes4--,! ,d&elion ,se$ & its ,/ructure4--,! ,fly+ ,squirrel4--,! ,fly+ ,monkey4--,fly+ ,mice & ,fly+ ,opossums4--,! ,fly+ ,dragon & its ,pseudo-w+s4--,! ,fly+ ,frog4--,weight ( ,air4--,pressure p] ,squ>e ,in*4--,! ,air ,ocean & its ,/orms4--,pr9ciple ( ,air-curr5ts4--,! ,sun1 ! ,e>?1 & ! ,air4--,v5tilation ( ,m9es4--,*oke-damp & ,fire-damp4--,! ,air-%afts4--,*imneys ( ,factories4--,! ,/eam-bla/4--,! ,b>omet]1 & ,mode ( its ,con/ruction4--,wat] & ,m]cury4--,suck+ ,eggs & ,sug>-cane4--,expansion ( ,wat] & ,metals by ,heat4--,! ,!rmomet]4--,:eel-mak+4 ,a,,ro/atics4 ,we w beg9 ?is *apt] ) ! only two modes at pres5t kn[n by :i* man c asc5d f ! e>? or desc5d to x ) safety1 namely1 ! ,balloon & ! ,p>a*ute1 ! latt] be+ g5]ally atta*$ to ! =m]1 & deta*able at pleasure4 ,! ,balloon is1 9 fact1 z its "n imports1 a l>ge1 holl[1 air-tight ball1 fill$ ) "s sub/ance light] ?an ord9>y air4 ,! orig9al ,balloons by ,montgolfi] 7 fill$ ) heat$ air exactly l our toy fire-balloons4 ,j z ! supply ( hot air is kept up 9 !m by a sponge dipp$ 9 light$ spirits ( w9e1 s 9 ,montgolfi]'s balloons ! same object 0 atta9$ by /raw :i* 0 kept cont9ually burn+ 9 a grate4 ,!re 71 h[ev]1 two disadvantages ab\t ?is plan4 ,! fir/ 0 ! great dang] ( fire1 :i* on "o occasion did ignite a balloon :5 at a great height4 ,! second 0 ! p]petual lab\r requir$ 9 keep+ ! fire alight4 ,/raw burns v rapidly1 & s ! aronaut _h no opportunity ( mak+ ^? meteorologic obs]vations 9 :i* consi/ almo/ ! entire value ( ! balloon4 ,illu/ration3 ,,gossam] ,,spid]4 ,,balloon4 ,!n x 0 ?\ght t hydrog5 gas1 be+ ab\t f\rte5 times light] ?an ord9>y air1 w\ld answ] ! purpose1 & su* has prov$ to be ! case4 ,=m]ly ! gas 0 made at great exp5se f sulphuric acid & z9c1 b x is n[ f\nd t ! common coal-gas is q z effici5t1 v mu* *eap]1 & fills ! balloon mu* m rapidly4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,! same pr9ciple1 ?\gh n ! same =m1 is f\nd 9 ,nature4 ,!re are c]ta9 t9y spid]s call$ ,gossam]s1 :i* h a curi\s p[] ( float+ 9 ! air4 ,!y h be5 se5 on ! tops ( l(ty spires1 & !y are sometimes s num]\s t ! air is full ( _! float+ webs1 & ! gr\nd is :ite ) ^? t h desc5d$4 ,_! mode ( asc5t is ?is4 ,!y climb to ! top ( "s elevat$ object1 if x be only a grass-blade4 ,!y !n p\r out a tuft ( long1 sl5d] ?reads1 :i* %ortly beg9 to t5d upw>ds4 ,z soon z ! ,spid] feels ! pull1 x crawls ^u ! web1 & sails away into ! air4 ,! duration & height ( ! asc5t dep5d mu* on ! w9d & "* ( ! atmosph]e4 ,! web asc5ds because x is = ! "t light] ?an ! atmosph]e4 ,b1 z x gradually becomes lad5 ) ! moi/ure t m or less fills ! air1 x becomes heavi] ?an ! atmosph]e1 & g5tly s9ks to ! gr\nd4 ,:at may be ! object ( ^! arial voyages no "o kn[s4 ,!y may be = ! purpose ( captur+ m9ute insects1 or !y may be = m]e amusem5t4 ,b 9 ei!r case !y are highly in/ructive1 z %[+ ! pr9ciple on :i* ! balloon 0 fram$4 ,! little ,gossam] ,spid] is %[n on ! left h& ( ! illu/ration1 cl++ to its float+ web4 ,i believe t ! ,gossam] is n a s+le species ( ,spid]1 b t !re are _m species :i* des]ve ! "n1 be+ able to float 9 ! air :5 !y are small1 b los+ t capacity z !y increase 9 size & weight4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,n[ we come to ano!r bran* ( ! same subject1 namely1 ! safe desc5t f a great height by means ( ! ,p>a*ute4 ,on ! "r h& ( ! illu/ration is ! ord9>y ,p>a*ute z x appe>s :5 op5 & clos$1 9 ei!r case hav+ some:at ! appe>ance ( a l>ge umbrella4 ,x is hung to ! balloon 9 its clos$ /ate1 & :5 deta*$ x falls rapidly = a y>d or two ) />tl+ rapidity4 ,! pressure ( ! air ?us =ces ! ribs op51 & gives suffici5t assi/ance to ! atmosph]e to insure a g5tle fall4 ,on "o memorable occasion1 :5 ! late ,alb]t ,smi? 0 9 ! c> ( a balloon upw>ds ( a mile f ! gr\nd1 ! balloon bur/4 ,=tunately x bur/ s completely1 t ! silk 0 driv5 into ! closely me%$ nett+1 & =m$ an extemporis$ p>a*ute1 :i* took ! voyag]s to ! e>? ) safety1 except "s r sev]e bruises4 ,*ildr5 (t5 amuse !mselves ) m9iature p>a*utes4 ,!y take a squ>e piece ( ?9 pap]1 tie ?reads to ! f\r corn]s1 & !n br+ ! ends toge!r1 a cork tak+ ! place ( ! c>4 ,!y !n laun* x f a high w9d[1 & %\ld !re be a fav\rable breeze1 x is wond]ful h[ f> x w be c>ri$ be=e x comes to ! gr\nd4 ,once1 :5 a boy ( elev51 & consequ5tly ?\ghtless1 ,i set a *imney on fire by "o ( ^! ,p>a*utes4 ,i wi%$ to see :e!r x w\ld g up ! *imney1 & come out at ! top4 ,un=tunately x 0 caught by a flame z x 0 laun*$1 flew up 9 full blaze1 &1 z ! *imney ne$$ sweep+1 ! result 0 inevitable4 99 99 99 99 99 ,illu/ration3 ,,fly+ ,,squirrel4 ,,d&elion ,,se$ ,,p>a*ute ,,fly+ ,,dragon4 7,,op5 ,,& ,,clos$74 7,,op5 ,,& ,,clos$74 ,,fly+ ,,frog4 ,9 ! c5tre ( ! illu/rations1 & at ! top1 are two examples ( a well-kn[n natural ,p>a*ute call$ ! ,d&elion se$4 ,! resemblance to ! real ,p>a*ute is wond]ful1 ! actual se$ occupy+ ! place ( ! c>1 & fulfill+ ! same (fice1 i4e4 keep+ ! se$ upright until x rea*es ! gr\nd4 ,:5 ! tuft is clos$1 z is ! case be=e ! pretty ball ( se$s bur/s f ! gre5 envelope 9 :i* !y _h be5 conf9$ dur+ ! process ( developm5t1 its =m be>s ! same />tl+ resemblance to ! ,p>a*ute4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,pass+ f ! vegetable _w1 !re w be se5 ?ree examples ( ,natural ,p>a*utes4 ,sev]al o!rs w be m5tion$1 b we h no space = description or figure4 ,x w be se51 h[ev]1 t ! "o pr9ciple :i* *>act]izes !m all is ! exposure to ! air ( a flatt5$ & l>ge surface1 9 proportion to ! size ( ! object4 ,be=e beg9n+ ! description1 h[ev]1 ,i mu/ m5tion t ne>ly all animal p>a*utes c to a c]ta9 ext5t guide _! c\rse1 :ile nei!r ! balloon1 ! gossam]1 ! p>a*ute1 nor ! v>i\s w+$ se$s h ! lea/ p[] ( guidance1 b mu/ foll[ e curr5t ( air 9 :i* !y may happ5 to float4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,! upp] figure repres5ts a ,fly+ ,squirrel4 ,!re are _m species ( ,fly+ ,squirrel1 b !y all agree 9 "o po9t4 ,! sk9 ( _! sides is modifi$ into a v ?9 fold1 :i* ext5ds z f> z ! feet4 ,x is v ela/ic1 s t :5 x is n 9 use x falls into folds or wr9kles1 & is h>dly p]ceptible4 ,b %\ld ! ,squirrel wi% to pass f "o tree to ano!r1 )\t com+ to ! gr\nd1 x spreads its legs z widely z possible1 s z to /ret* ! membrane into a wide1 flat surface4 ,x !n boldly spr+s into ! air1 & sweeps ^u its m>k ) a sort ( skimm+ movem5t4 ,except t x does n revolve1 x passes ?r\gh ! air mu* aft] ! fa%ion ( an oy/]-%ell :5 ?r[n horizontally4 ,_m mammalia are con/ruct$ aft] a simil> fa%ion1 su* z ! ,colugo1 or ,fly+ ,monkey1 ! ,fly+ ,mice1 & ! ,fly+ ,phalangi/s1 or 8,opossums10 z !y are popul>ly call$4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,9 ! c5tre is ! ,fly+ ,dragon1 or small liz>d1 :i* v probably gave rise to ! fabl$ ,dragons 9 :i* our ance/ors s dev\tly believ$4 ,inde$1 on look+ back at ! old illu/rat$ works on ,natural ,hi/ory1 !re c be b little d\bt on ! subject4 ,9 ?is creature1 ! ribs1 in/ead ( ! legs1 c>ry ! flat & ela/ic membranes4 ,:5 simply crawl+ on ! bran*es1 aft] ! mann] ( tree-liz>ds1 ! ribs lie flat aga9/ ! sides1 & ! membranes collapse1 s t ! %ape ( ! body is little diff]5t f t ( any crawl+ liz>d4 ,b ! ribs are movable at w1 &1 :5 ! creature wi%es to pass f "o tree to ano!r1 x ext5ds ! ribs1 /ret*es ! membranes1 & laun*es itself into ! air1 exactly z has be5 n>rat$ ( ! ,fly+ ,squirrel4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,! l[e/ figure repres5ts a mo/ extraord9>y animal1 call$ ! ,fly+ ,frog4 ,only "o specim5 is believ$ to be kn[n1 & t 0 discov]$ 9 ,borneo by ,mr4 ,wallace4 ,"h we h an analogy ) ! bats ( ! pres5t day & ! pt]odactyles ( ! pa/1 namely1 ! elongation ( ! toes1 & ! /ret*+ ( a web betwe5 !m4 ,9 ! two latt] animals1 h[ev]1 only ! toes ( ! two =e-legs are elongat$1 :]eas1 ) ! ,fly+ ,frog1 ! elongation is f\nd 9 bo? pairs ( limbs4 ,! ends ( ! toes are furni%$ ) adhesive pads1 l ^? ( ! tree-frogs1 to :i* x is probably relat$4 ,by means ( ! f\r membranes1 ! creature is able to sweep ?r\gh ! air = "s di/ance1 &1 inde$1 ?is p[] 0 ! reason :y x 0 caught4 ,x 0 se5 to skim f "o tree to ano!r1 & 0 imm$iately secur$4 ,_h x rema9$ /ick+ on ! tree1 x w\ld probably h escap$ obs]vation4 ,,weight ,,( ,,air4 ,we h already notic$ t hydrog5 gas is f\rte5 times light] ?an air1 & inf] necess>ily t ! weight ( ! atmosph]e mu/ be v consid]able if s heavy an object z a balloon1 ) its c>1 in/rum5ts1 s&-bags1 & pass5g]s1 c rise & float 9 x4 ,we are n consci\s ( its weight1 because x p]meates u1 & ! pressure is neutralis$4 ,b1 9 fact1 we live at ! bottom ( a va/ ocean :i* we call ! atmosph]e2 & z1 on an av]age1 !re is a pressure ( fifte5 p\nds on e squ>e in* ( surface1 we h to su/a9 an almo/ incr$ible weight4 ,let1 = example1 any "o measure ! surface ( 8 own h&1 r$uce x to squ>e in*es1 add toge!r fifte5 p\nds = e squ>e in*1 & he w !n appreciate ! weight ( ! atmosph]ic ocean 9 :i* we live4 ,on an av]age1 e human be+ endures a pressure ( "s n9ety ?\s& p\nds4 ,?is ocean is 9 p]petual movem5t1 sometimes viol5tly1 :i* we call /orm2 sometimes g5tly1 :i* we call breeze2 & sometimes v g5tly1 :i* we call calm4 ,!re are air-sp\ts z well z wat]-sp\ts2 &1 9 fact1 ! wat]-sp\t is no?+ b a cont9uance ( ! air-sp\t1 z is %[n by ! mov+ s&-columns ( ! des]t4 ,:atev] may be ! "* ( ! w9ds1 z we call ?is movem5t1 ! air is nev] = a mom5t /ill2 &1 inde$1 7 x to be /ill = any "t1 ! :ole human race w\ld p]i%4 ,h[ w9ds are caus$ we %all see by ! aid ( ! diagram on ! left-h& side ( ! illu/ration4 ,illu/ration3 ,,air-,,curr5ts4 ,,v5tilation ,,( ,,m9es4 ,! orig9al cause is ! sun4 ,8 rays fall ^u ! e>?1 heat+ x1 & s by radiation heat+ ! air4 ,n[1 z has be5 rem>k$1 heat$ air w cause a heavy balloon to float ?r\gh ord9>y air1 & to c>ry up a consid]able am\nt ( dead weight besides2 consequ5tly ! heat$ air mu/ asc5d1 :ile cool & heavi] air ru%es 9 to take its place1 & ?us ! curr5ts are produc$4 ,7 ! e>? set /raight upright1 ! curr5ts w\ld inv>iably run 9 "o direction2 b1 z x is tilt$ on "o side1 ! ne$ful v>iety is obta9$1 & we f9d ! w9ds bl[+ f all p>ts ( ! compass4 ,! pr9ciple1 !re=e1 ( all w9ds is1 t heat exp&s1 & !re=e becomes light] ?an air at an ord9>y temp]ature4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,7 x n t man has tak5 advantage ( ?is pr9ciple1 !re c\ld n be a deep m9e 9 ,engl&4 ,9 any deep excavation1 ev5 ?\gh x be a well1 f\l air1 mo/ly compos$ ( c>bonic acid gas1 always collects1 &1 be+ mu* heavi] ?an atmosph]ic air1 lies at ! bottom ( ! pit z surely z hydrog5 w\ld rise out ( x4 ,to brea! ?is air is z c]ta9 & z sudd5 dea? z to take prussic acid1 & no m9e c be work$ z long z 8*oke-damp0 is 9 x4 ,9 coal m9es !re is an additional s\rce ( dang]1 namely1 ! coal gas1 :i* is ne>ly id5tical ) our coal gas ( ! /reets1 & takes fire :5 br\ght into contact ) flame4 ,to rid ! m9es ( ^! gases1 a simple1 +5i\s1 & effectual rem$y is us$4 ,a v5tilat+ %aft is made1 :i* rea*es f ! bottom to ! m\? ( ! pit4 ,at ! bottom1 diagonal %afts are made1 ent]+ ! ma9 %aft1 z %[n on ! "r h& ( ! illu/ration4 ,"o ( ^! is connect$ ) a furnace1 & ! o!r1 or o!rs1 op5 into ! m9e4 ,! heat ( ! furnace r>efies ! air 9 ! %aft1 caus+ x to ru% upw>ds ) great viol5ce1 & s1 by creat+ a p>tial vacuum1 to =ce ! air 9 ! %aft to foll[ x4 ,! loss ( air ?us caus$ is suppli$ by fre% air f above1 :i*1 by ! law already describ$1 is oblig$ to take ! place ( t :i* 0 driv5 out4 ,?us a complete circulation ( air is kept up1 & a well-manag$ m9e has a fre%] atmosph]e ?an _m h\ses 9 :i* ! w9d[s are mo/ly kept %ut1 & ! only v5tilation is accompli%$ by occasionally op5 doors4 ,! 8draught0 ( our dome/ic *imneys is ow+ to ?is pr9ciple1 & ! reason :y factory *imneys are built ( su* enorm\s height is1 t ! column ( heat$ air may be increas$1 & consequ5tly t ! draught may be /rong]1 & ! heat ( ! furnace made fi]c]4 ,! 8,/eam-bla/10 by :i* ! escape /eam ( eng9es is s5t into ! *imney1 is ano!r example ( ?is pr9ciple1 ! /eam tak+ ! place ( ! hot air4 ,fur!r examples ( ! weight ( ! atmosph]e are giv5 9 ! illu/ration4 ,t on ! "r repres5ts ! common ,:eel ,b>omet]1 :i* m>ks ! weight ( ! air by a h& mov+ 9 front ( a dial4 ,if ! h& moves t[>ds ! "r1 ! weight ( ! air is increas+2 if to ! left1 x is decreas+4 ,!re are c]ta9 words1 su* z ,wet1 ,*ange1 ,fair1 ,dry1 c41 on ! face ( ! dial1 b !y are only conv5tional1 ! real te/ ( ! wea!r be+ ! direction 9 :i* ! h& moves4 ,= example1 if ) a we/ w9d ! h& moves f ,dry t[>ds ,fair1 ra9 may be expect$2 :]eas1 if x %\ld move f ,wet to ,*ange ) an ea/ w9d1 we may reasonably ?9k t f9e wea!r is com+4 ,! :ole cause ( ?is revolution ( ! h& may be f\nd 9 ! weight ( ! atmosph]e4 ,x is f\nd t a column ( wat] ?irty feet high1 or a column ( m]cury ?irty in*es high1 is exactly equal 9 weight to a column ( air ( ! same diamet]1 b "s =ty odd miles high1 s t ! two columns precisely balance ea* o!r4 ,illu/ration3 ,,suck+ ,,sug>-,,cane4 ,,suck+ ,,an ,,egg4 ,,b>omet]s4 ,suppose1 !n1 ! wat] or m]cury to be plac$ 9 tubes clos$ at ! top & op5 at ! bottom1 ! wat] or m]cury w exactly balance ! air1 & w n escape f ! tubes4 ,x necess>ily foll[s t if ! air be heavi] ?an usual1 x w =ce ! liquid high] into ! tubes1 &1 if x be light] ?an usual1 w all[ !m to fall l[]4 ,?is is ! pr9ciple ( ! ,b>omet]4 ,! me*anism ( ! h& & dial is %[n 9 ! diagram :i* occupies ! c5tre ( ! illu/ration4 ,= conv5i5ce1 sake ! m]cury column is mo/ly employ$1 b sev]al ,wat] ,b>omet]s1 "s ?irty feet 9 l5g?1 h be5 con/ruct$4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,on ! left h& is se5 a boy engag$ 9 suck+ an egg4 ,! plan employ$ is simple en\gh4 ,a tol]ably l>ge hole is made at "o end1 & a v small "o at ! o!r4 ,! yolk hav+ be5 brok5 up by a long ne$le1 or simil> implem5t1 ! l>g] hole is plac$ to ! lips1 &1 suction be+ us$1 ! cont5ts pass into ! m\?4 ,7 x n = ! hole at ! end opposite ! m\?1 x w\ld be impossible to extract ! cont5ts1 b ! air ru%es ?r\gh ! ap]ture1 & s =ces out ! cont5ts ( ! egg4 ,above is a repres5tation ( ! way 9 :i* ,sug>-cane is suck$4 ,! read] probably kn[s t ! ,sug>-cane1 l ! :eat-/em1 has knots at c]ta9 int]vals1 :i* divide ! cane into a numb] ( sep>ate p>ts4 ,!re is q an art 9 suck+ ! ,sug>-cane4 ,if a jo9t be cut (f1 & ! lips appli$ to ! end1 n a drop ( ! sweet juice w\ld be extract$4 ,b if a not* be cut close to ! jo9t1 z %[n 9 ! illu/ration1 ! air c ga9 access1 & !n ! juice fl[s easily en\gh4 99 99 99 99 99 ,illu/ration3 ,,boil+ ,,wat]4 ,illu/ration3 ,,!rmomet]4 ,x has already be5 m5tion$ t air exp&s :5 heat$4 ,! same rule holds good :5 appli$ to o!r objects1 su* z ! v>i\s liquids1 metals1 c4 ,a v famili> example ( ?is fact is ! 8boil+ ov]0 ( wat]1 :5 ! vessel has be5 fill$ too mu* to all[ = ! expansion ( ! heat$ liquid4 ,advantage has be5 tak5 ( ?is pr9ciple 9 ! =mation ( ! ,!rmomet]1 a ^w :i* signifies 8heat-measur]40 ,liquid ( "s k9d is plac$ 9 an h]metically seal$ tube1 g5]ally t]m9at+ ) a bulb1 & 9 proportion to ! heat ! liquid exp&s1 & is =c$ up ! tube4 ,any liquid w answ] to a c]ta9 ext5t1 b1 z wat] freezes at #cb1 x w\ld be useless = measur+ degrees ( cold bel[ ! freez+ po9t4 ,col\r$ spirits ( w9e are us$2 b ! v be/ liquid is m]cury1 :i* is a metal 9 a /ate ( fusion4 ,?is expansion by heat is s p[]ful 9 iron1 t x is utilis$ 9 sev]al ways4 ,take1 = example1 :eel-mak+4 ,! iron tire is made r small] ?an ! :eel1 & is !n plac$ 9 a fire until x is r$-hot4 ,x !n exp&s s mu* t x c be easily slipp$ ov] ! :eel z x lies on ! gr\nd4 ,cold wat] is !n da%$ on x1 & ! tire contracts ) trem5d\s =ce1 b9d+ ! p>ts ( ! :eel firmly toge!r4 ,9 all build+s :]e iron is mu* us$1 su* z iron bridges1 iron beams1 c41 x is necess>y to make all[ance at bo? ends1 s z to p]mit ! iron to exp& on a hot day & contract on a cool "o4 ,build+s =m$ ( /one & iron 7 once ?\ght to be safe 9 case ( fire4 ,!y are n[ kn[n to be j ! contr>y1 ! /one fly+ ) ! heat1 & ! iron exp&+4 ,,useful ,,arts4 ,,*apt] ,,xii4 ,! ,cassava ,press & its ,/ructure4--,mode ( us+ x4--,! ,siamese ,l9k4--,an +5i\s ,robb]y4--,muscles & _! ,mode ( ,action4--,human ,arms & ,/eely>d4--,*ange ( ,direction4--,! ,human ,h& & ,wri/4--,/ory ( a ,c>p5t]4--,! ,pulley4--,r$uction by ,friction4--,pa/ & pres5t ,eng9es4--,oil+ ,ma*9es4--,treatm5t ( ! ,sew+ ,ma*9e4--,use ( ,p>aff9e4--,disuse ( ,ma*9e hurtful4--,human ,jo9ts4--,synovia & its ,value4--,disuse ( ,jo9ts hurtful4--,! ,lazy-tongs & its ,usefulness to ,invalids4--,sugge/ions = ,improvem5t4--,l>va ( ! ,dragonfly & its ,mask4--,curi\s ,mode ( seiz+ ,prey4--,proboscis ( ! ,h\sefly1 & ,mode ( us+ x4--,! ,apple-p>]4--,squirrel & ,nut4--,/ructure ( ,tee?4--,rock-splitt+4--,p[]s ( ,ice4--,h[ ! ,pebble-ridge is =m$4--,splitt+ ,/ones by ,moi/ure4--,! ,diamond ,drill4--,ovipositor ( ! ,gad-fly4--,curi\s ,similitude ( ,/ructure4 ,,means ,,& ,,appliances4 ,9 ?is *apt] we w take "s miscellane\s appliances ( =ce bo? 9 ,art & ,nature4 ,9 ! accompany+ illu/ration is %[n ! ,cassava ,press ( ,s\!rn ,am]ica1 a mo/ effective & simple in/rum5t = extract+ ! juices ( ! root4 ,^! juices are poison\s :5 raw1 b1 :5 prop]ly boil$ & cook$1 !y make an excell5t sauce4 ,! press 9 "q is an ela/ic tube made ( flat /rips ( cane wov5 toge!r exactly l ! 8,siamese ,l9k10 :i* w be pres5tly describ$4 ,! cassava root1 aft] hav+ be5 scrap$ until x resembles hors]adi%1 is =c$ into ! press until x c hold no m4 ,! result is1 t ! tube is %ort5$ & ?ick5$1 be+ wide/ 9 ! middle4 ,x is !n hung by its upp] loop to ! horizontal beam ( a hut4 ,a long pole is pass$ ?r\gh ! l[] loop1 ! %ort end is plac$ "u a project+ peg on ! upright po/ ( ! h\se1 & a heavy weight atta*$ to ! long] end4 ,a p[]ful lev]age is ?us obta9$1 ! tube is =cibly %ort5$1 & ! juice exudes ?r\gh ! ap]tures ( ! wov5 cane4 ,illu/ration3 ,,cassava ,,press4 ,:5 x beg9s to run sl[ly1 a woman seats h]self at ! end ( ! pole1 s z to increase its weight4 ,i mu/ m5tion "h t 9 ! illu/ration ! press is too ne> ! middle ( ! pole4 ,?is is because ! exig5ces ( our page d n admit ( ! requisite l5g?4 ,b if ! read] w k9dly assume ! end to :i* ! /one is atta*$ to be ?ree or f\r times long]1 he w h an idea ( ! great p[] :i* is ex]t$ ^u ! cassava4 ,on ! left h& ( ! illu/ration is ! same cassava press z se5 :5 empty1 & bo? figures1 z well z t ( ! pot = receiv+ ! juice1 are tak5 f specim5s 9 my collection4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,on ! "r h& ( ! foll[+ illu/ration is ! ,siamese ,l9k1 :i* caus$ su* a s5sation :5 x fir/ came out4 ,a f+] is ins]t$ at ea* end1 &1 :5 ! own] attempts to )draw !m1 ! ,l9k contracts1 & ! h>d] ! pull1 ! tight] is ! hold4 ,if ! f\r? in/ead ( ! fir/ f+] be employ$1 ! hold ( ! ,l9k is exce$+ly /rong4 ,! only mode ( release is by pu%+ ! f+]s toge!r1 :5 ! ,l9k w relax4 ,x %\ld !n be held by ! rema9+ f+]s ( "o h&1 s t x %all n contract aga91 & ! f+] ( ! o!r h& comes out at once4 ,an +5i\s robb]y 0 once committ$ by means ( ! ,siamese ,l9k4 ,a man ( good address /ruck up an acqua9tance ) a jewell]4 ,"o day he produc$ a ,siamese ,l9k1 & *all5g$ him to get 8 f+]s out :5 once !y 7 94 ,s ! jewell] 0 told to put 8 h&s beh9d 8 back1 & pu% 8 little f+]s z f> 9 z he c\ld4 ,illu/ration3 ,,muscles ,( ,,leg4 ,illu/ration3 ,,siamese ,,l9k4 ,?is he did1 :5 ! trea*]\s fri5d made a clean sweep ( all ! r+s1 broo*es1 e>-r+s1 & su* jewell]y z 0 )9 8 rea*1 :ile ! un=tunate jewell] 0 va9ly tugg+ at ! ,l9k4 ,?is only occupi$ a few seconds = a practis$ h&1 & ! ?ief quietly op5$ ! door1 %ut x1 & 0 lo/ 9 ! pass+ cr[d be=e ! jewell] c\ld recov] f 8 surprise4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,on ! left ( ! same illu/ration is a view ( ! muscles ( ! human leg1 :i*1 z ! read] w see1 are curi\sly l ! di/5d$ cassava press4 ,al?\gh ! mode ( apply+ ! =ce diff]s1 ! pr9ciple is ! same4 ,9 ! latt] case an ext]nal =ce is appli$ to ! press1 b 9 ! latt] an int]nal1 or r a c5tral1 =ce is appli$ to ! bones4 ,x is evid5t t if a simil> process 7 c>ri$ on ) ! cassava press1 & ! c5tral portion =cibly di/5d$1 ! supports at ei!r end w\ld be drawn p[]fully t[>ds ea* o!r4 ,sub/itute ! muscle = ! press1 & ! bones = ! poles1 & ?is is muscul> action4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,"h we h a diagram :i* speaks = itself1 z f> z muscul> action is conc]n$1 b !re is ano!r po9t to :i* we %all pres5tly pass4 ,illu/ration3 ,,human ,,arm4 ,illu/ration3 ,,/eely>d4 ,! muscle ( ! arm is se5 runn+ along ! bone1 pass+ ov] ! elb[1 :]e x is held d[n by a t5d9\s b&1 &1 by its contraction1 enabl+ ! arm to be b5t s z to uphold a consid]able weight4 ,! me*anical analogy betwe5 ?is arrangem5t & ! common ,/eely>d is too evid5t to ne$ any explanation except inspection ( ! diagram4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,!re is1 h[ev]1 ano!r po9t :i* is wor?y ( consid]ation4 ,! muscle does n proce$ at once f ! %\ld] to ! wri/1 b passes "u ! t5d9\s b& above m5tion$1 & s produces a *ange ( direction :5 ! arm is b5t4 ,!re is a m complicat$ arrangem5t ( a simil> "* 9 ! human h&1 a diagram ( :i* is giv5 9 ! left-h& figure ( ! accompany+ illu/ration4 ,! f+]s are1 ( c\rse1 mov$ by a set ( t5dons1 & ! muscles1 f :i* ^! t5dons spr+1 are atta*$ to ! =e-arm 7,i purposely omit ! sci5tific titles1 ?\gh !y w\ld be mu* easi] to write74 ,any ( my read]s c prove ?is = !mselves4 ,let him fir/ grasp ! upp] arm firmly1 & b5d ! limbs1 & he w at once f9d t ! swell+ ( ! muscle %[s ! s\rce ( p[]4 ,!n let him d ! same1 b grasp ! =e-arm1 & he w f9d t ! muscles are quiesc5t1 %[+ t ! =m] set ( muscles belong to ! entire arm1 & n to ! f+]s1 :ile ! muscles ( ! l[] arm h no?+ to d ) ! b5d+ ( t limb4 ,n[ let him grasp ! =e-arm1 & op5 & close ! f+]s1 & he w feel a :ole set ( muscles rise1 & swell & h>d5 "u 8 grasp4 ,next let him b5d 8 h& inw>ds1 & he w f9d t ! f+]s "w p]fectly well1 ?\gh ! direction ( =ce is *ang$4 ,?is is ow+ to a b& ( t5dons pass+ across ! wri/1 "u :i* ! f+]-t5dons play4 ,! c\rse ( ! t5dons is m>k$ 9 ! illu/ration by leav+ !m :ite4 ,! wondr\s /ructure ( ! human h& & its multitud9\s t5dons c only be appreciat$ by actual dissection1 b an idea ( _! v>iety & use may be obta9$ by wat*+ ! h&s ( a skilful pian(orte-play]4 ,?is /ruck me =cibly ! fir/ "t t ,i ev] he>d ,?alb]g play4 ,:ile on ! subject ( t5dons1 ,i may m5tion a curi\s case4 ,a j\rneyman c>p5t] miss$ a bl[ ) 8 axe1 & /ruck 8 left h& at ! junction ( ! ?umb & wri/4 ,! important t5don 0 sev]$1 & ! inn] muscles1 hav+ no c\nt]act+ =ce1 dragg$ ! ?umb into ! holl[ ( ! h&4 ,to all appe>ance1 ! man c\ld no long] e>n a liv+ z a c>p5t]4 ,b he w\ld n be disc\rag$1 & :ile he 0 9 hospital he borr[$ a book1 & /udi$ ! anatomy ( ! human h&4 ,by means ( ?is k he con/ruct$ a sort ( semi-glove1 9 :i* he introduc$ pieces ( wat*-spr+1 t suppli$ ! place ( ! lo/ t5don4 ,n cont5t ) ?is1 he /udi$ ,euclid = ! purposes ( 8 trade1 s z to get ! mo/ possible out ( a piece ( wood ( giv5 dim5sions1 & be able to g /raight to 8 m>k by a problem1 in/ead ( do+ x sl[ly & clumsily ) a two-foot rule & a pair ( compasses4 ,:5 ,i saw him la/ he 0 a ma/] c>p5t] 9 a l>ge & increas+ bus9ess4 ,man has unconsci\sly imitat$ ,nature 9 ! inv5tion ( ! ,pulley1 :]eby ! direction ( =ce may be alt]$ almo/ at w4 ,9 ?is case ! cord takes ! "p ( ! work+ t5don1 & ! ,pulley ( ! fix$ t5d9\s crossb>4 ,!re is mu* matt] ( int]e/ 9 ! t5dons1 b1 z our space is fa/ wan+1 ,i mu/ resi/ ! temptation ( describ+ !m4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,9 all ma*9]y "o ( ! *ief objects ( ! ma*9i/ is to r$uce friction z mu* z possible4 ,he makes all ! jo9ts z smoo? z tools c poli%1 & always introduces oil or "s lubricat+ sub/ance into ! jo9ts4 ,o!rwise ! eng9e rattles ) a noise proportionate to its p[]1 & wa/es its =ce on ! friction4 ,illu/ration3 ,,t5dons ,,( ,,h&4 ,illu/ration3 ,,pulley4 ,9 my *ildi% days a /eam-eng9e ( any k9d us$ to rattle s l\dly t conv]sation 0 almo/ impossible4 ,n[ !y are made ) su* p]fection1 t ! va/ eng9es 9 use at ! pump+ /ations ( ! metropolitan dra9age are almo/ absolutely sil5t4 ,!re is ! enorm\s hall1 fill$ ) gigantic beams & rods1 & cranks1 & :eels4 ,a s+le man turns a little h&le1 & ! :ole ma*9]y />ts into life4 ,beams rock1 cranks & :eels revolve1 rods slide up & d[n1 & all 9 a sil5ce :i* is ne>ly appall+ 9 its manife/ation ( unassum+ /r5g?4 ,inde$1 _m a h& sew+ ma*9e makes f> m noise ?an "o ( ^? giant eng9es1 & all because 9 ! latt] friction is avoid$ z f> z possible1 e screw is well brac$ up1 & e jo9t is kept well lubricat$4 ,"h ,i may obs]ve t few sew+ ma*9es get fair play4 ,!y rattle1 !y squeak1 !y become /iff] daily1 !y snap ! ?read1 & !n decl9e "w altoge!r4 ,& 9 almo/ e case ?is is done by neglect on ! "p ( ! own]1 :o does n lubricate e po9t ( ! ma*9e :i* works ^u ano!r4 ,illu/ration3 ,,lubrication ,,( ,,jo9t4 ,illu/ration3 ,,oil+ ,,ma*9e4 ,ladies especially are v c>eless 9 ?is respect1 & w mo/ly omit ?ree or f\r ( ! oil+ po9ts4 ,!y might j z well omit !m all1 z a s+le unoil$ po9t w dis>range ! h>moni\s motion ( ! :ole ma*9e4 ,i h (t5 be5 call$ 9 z surgeon 9 su* cases1 & h almo/ inv>iably be5 able to po9t to sev]al spots :i* ne$$ oil1 & did n get x4 ,sometimes1 out ( false economy1 an inf]ior oil is us$1 :i* spe$ily clogs & h>d5s1 & /ops all movem5t4 ,9 su* a case ! be/ rem$y is to apply p>aff9e lib]ally1 & use x = a qu>t] ( an h\r or s4 ,x w soon dissolve ! clogg$ oil1 :i* may be work$ out by turn+ ! h&le or crank ( ! ma*9e4 ,( c\rse ! be/ rem$y is to take ! ma*9e to pieces1 poli% ! jo9ts1 lubricate !m1 & put x toge!r aga94 ,b ?is is a p]il\s process1 & an amateur1 if he tries x1 w g5]ally f9d himself ) half-a-doz5 pieces = :i* he c f9d no place4 ,p>aff9e w answ] e purpose1 & ,i h releas$ _m a /iff5$ ma*9e by its use4 ,!n "s p leave _! ma*9es unt\*$ = days1 or ev5 weeks1 & !n wond] t !y "w /iffly4 ,e day ! ma*9e %\ld he work$1 if only = a few seconds1 & !n x w seldom /iff54 ,x is j ! same ) /eam]s4 ,:5 !y are 9 h>b\r1 ?\gh ! fires be out1 & !y are n meant to move = weeks1 ! eng9es are always turn$ r\nd at lea/ once daily4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,bo? ^! rules hold good 9 ! animal k+dom4 ,to e jo9t !re are atta*$ c]ta9 gl&s t supply a k9d ( oily sub/ance te*nically nam$ 8synovia10 :i* acts exactly ! same "p z ! oil or grease ( ma*9]y4 ,if ^! gl&s d n d _! duty1 & ! supply ( synovia be defective1 ! jo9ts become /iff1 pa9ful1 & crackle :5 !y are mov$4 ,!n1 exactly z ! jo9ts ( a ma*9e become /iff f non-usage1 s d ^? ( a human be+4 ,we w take1 = example1 ! ,indian ,fakirs :o v[ t !y w n move "s limb f a def9ite po/ure4 ,at fir/ ! ex]tion is try+ & pa9ful1 b by degrees ! disus$ jo9ts lose _! faculty ( motion1 &1 ev5 if _! own] wi%$ to move a limb1 he c\ld n d x4 ,! "r-h& figure ( ! illu/ration repres5ts ! lubrication ( an ord9>y sew+ ma*9e1 & ! left-h& figure is a section ( ! human knee-jo9t1 %[+ ! gl& :i* supplies ! synovia4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,p]haps "s ( my read]s may ?9k t su* a subject z ! 8,lazy-tongs0 is too trivial = a "w :i* deals1 h[ev] lightly1 ) sci5ce4 ,b !re may be "s :o "k ! ine/imable b5efit ( ,lazy-tongs "u c]ta9 conditions4 ,!re are _m cases :]e a sev]e injury has occurr$1 or :]e rheumatism has fix$ its tig]-claws 9 ! jo9ts1 s t movem5t is all b impossible4 ,!re may be no "o 9 ! room to help ! invalid1 & ev5 to /ret* ! arm ov] ! table is z impossible z to jump ov] ! h\se4 ,!n x is t ! real value ( ! ,lazy-tongs becomes manife/$1 & t x %[s itself 9 ! light ( a supplem5t>y limb4 ,) a m]e movem5t ( ! f+]s x c be /ret*$ across any table :i* is likely to be plac$ be=e an invalid1 & seize ! requir$ object by ! tongs at ! fur!r end4 ,! only drawback to its use is1 t ! in/rum5t _c be %ort5$ )\t op5+ ! tongs4 ,b1 if "s plan c\ld be devis$ :]eby ! tongs c\ld reta9 _! hold "u ^? conditions1 ! in/rum5t w\ld be a p]fect "o4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,exactly su* a ,lazy-tongs we h 9 ,nature1 9 ! well-kn[n 8mask ( ! l>va & pupa ( ! ,dragon-fly40 ,x is call$ a mask because1 :5 clos$1 x cov]s ! face4 ,illu/ration3 ,,head ,,& ,,proboscis ,,( ,,h\se-,,fly4 ,illu/ration3 ,,mask ,,( ,,dragon-,,fly ,,l>va4 ,illu/ration3 ,,lazy-,,tongs4 ,x *iefly consi/s ( two flat1 horny plates1 h+$ 9 ea* o!r l a c>p5t]'s two-foot rule1 & be+ capable ( ext5sion to a consid]able l5g?4 ,! end is wid5$1 & furni%$ ) two jaws1 :i* take ! "p ( ! tongs 9 ! in/rum5t above describ$4 ,?is curi\s app>atus is us$ = ! purpose ( secur+ prey4 ,i h kept _m ( ^! creatures1 & wat*$ _! mode ( fe$+4 ,z has already be5 m5tion$1 !y h two modes ( progression1 i4e4 walk+ by means ( legs l ^? ( ord9>y insects2 & driv+ !mselves along by eject+ wat] f ! tail1 on ! pr9ciple ( ! rocket4 ,z f> z ,i h se51 ! latt] mode is always us$ 9 tak+ prey4 ,! ,dragon-fly l>va always lives at ! bottom ( ! wat]1 ?\gh x c =ce itself to ! surface if ne$ful4 ,&1 l ! dread$ gr\nd-%>k1 x seizes its prey f b5ea?4 ,its fav\rite food is ! l>va ( ! :irlwig-beetle1 a fat :ite grub1 ) a numb] ( :ite1 s(t1 fea!ry gills fr++ its sides4 ,9 ord] to produce a curr5t ( air ov] ^! gills1 ! l>va wriggles itself up to a height ( sev]al in*es1 & !n s9ks sl[ly d[n1 ) ! :ite gills float+ on ei!r side4 ,%\ld a ,dragon-fly l>va be ne>1 x sees ! grub asc5d+1 glides quietly "u x )\t us+ its legs s z to cause al>m1 waits = x to s9k1 d>ts out ! mask1 seizes x 9 ! jaws1 drags x to its m\?1 & ! grub is se5 no m4 ,s voraci\s are ^! l>v1 t1 if only two are kept 9 ! same vessel1 "o is sure to dev\r ! o!r4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,ano!r good example ( ! ,lazy-tongs is ! ,proboscis ( ! common ,h\se-fly4 ,we h all se5 ^! insects alight ne> sug>1 or any o!r tempt+ food1 unfold ! proboscis1 p\r a drop ( liquid 9 ! sug>1 dissolve x1 suck x up1 & !n %ut up ! proboscis z if by h+es4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,ano!r lab\r-sav+ ma*9e is ! ,apple-p>]1 a comp>atively mod]n inv5tion4 ,! pr9ciple is1 t a knife is press$ lightly by a spr+ aga9/ a revolv+ apple1 & set at su* an angle t no?+ b ! outside peel c be remov$4 ,:]e l>ge numb]s ( apples h to be p>$1 z 9 mak+ pres]ves or 9 hotels1 ?is is a mo/ useful inv5tion4 ,illu/ration3 ,,squirrel ,,& ,,nut4 ,illu/ration3 ,,apple ,,p>]4 ,:5 ,i fir/ saw x at "w1 ! op]ation seem$ famili> to me1 b ,i c\ld n at fir/ rememb] ! p>allel4 ,at la/ x fla%$ across me t a ,squirrel eat+ a nut 0 ! natural p>allel ( ! ,p>+ ,ma*9e4 ,aft] splitt+ ! %ell & extract+ ! k]nel1 ! ,squirrel takes ! latt] betwe5 its =e-paws1 presses x aga9/ its upp] incisor tee?1 & makes x revolve rapidly4 ,9 a second or two ! k]nel is p]fectly peel$1 & is !n eat54 ,9 ?is case ! incisor tee? ( ! ,squirrel take ! "p ( ! knife1 ! muscles ( ! leg t ( ! spr+1 & ! %>p edges ( ! upp] tee? t ( ! knife4 ,! /ructure ( ! ,rod5t tee? has already be5 expla9$ 9 page #bcc4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,! wond]ful effects ( wat] 9 break+ up ! h>de/ rock h already be5 describ$4 ,we w n[ proce$ to ano!r bran* ( ! same subject4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fro/-,,cleft ,,rock4 ,illu/ration3 ,,/one-,,splitt+4 ,p]haps "s ( my read]s may h w&]$ along our rocky coa/s1 & h se5 h[ l>ge masses ( rock are cont9ually deta*+ !mselves1 ?\gh !y are s h>d t a cold *isel is ne$$ to make any impression ^u !m4 ,!n !y fall into ! sea1 & are roll$ backw>ds & =w>ds until !y become smoo!d & r\nd$1 & are call$ pebbles1 :ile ! portion t is rubb$ (f !m is call$ s&4 ,! ph5om5on is well %[n 9 ! wond]ful ,pebble ,ridge ( ,nor? ,devon4 ,! real ag5t is ice4 ,we all "k t1 :5 wat] freezes1 x exp&s consid]ably4 ,?is acc\nts = two ph5om5a4 ,fir/1 z x exp&s1 x becomes light] ?an wat]1 & consequ5tly floats on ! surface4 ,next1 !re are few ( u :o h n se5 wat]-bottles crack$ by ! freez+ ( ! wat]4 ,! mo/ common1 & p]haps ! mo/ unpleasant1 example ( ?is prop5sity is ! bur/+ ( wat]-pipes 9 ! w9t]1 foll[$ by a flood+ ( ! h\se :5 ! ?aw comes4 ,?is is caus$ by ! expansion ( ! froz5 wat]1 :i* w bur/ n only a ?9 lead5 tube1 b a /\t iron vessel4 ,c>e %\ld !re=e be tak51 at ! beg9n+ ( w9t]1 to cov] up all expos$ portions ( lead5 pipes1 & !re w !n be no dang]4 ,!re 0 "o pipe 9 my h\se t 0 always bur/+1 b aft] ,i cov]$ x ) two or ?ree lay]s ( c>pet plac$ loosely ov] ea* o!r1 s z to entangle ! air & =m a non-conductor1 ! pipe has nev] froz51 & ! wat] supply has be5 un9t]rupt$ by ! sev]e/ fro/s4 ,i am told t a /ill bett] plan exi/s1 especially 9 places :]e ! pipes _c be ?or\ghly protect$ by ext]nal wrapp+s4 ,let six in*es or s ( ! lead5 pipe be remov$1 & its place suppli$ by a vulcanis$ india-rubb] tube4 ,! ice mu/ exp& some:]e1 & *ooses ! spot :]e lea/ resi/ance is (f]$ to x4 ,consequ5tly1 x exp&s 9 ! india-rubb] tube1 b does n break x1 &1 :5 ! ?aw comes1 !re is no ov]fl[ ( wat]4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,man utilises ?is p[] ( ice 9 /one-splitt+4 ,in/ead ( tak+ ! tr\ble to cut ! /one by manual lab\r1 ! workm5 bore a s]ies ( holes1 fill !m ) wat]1 ins]t tightly a wood5 plug to prev5t ! ice1 :5 =m$1 f ooz+ out ( ! holes1 & leave ! re/ = ! fro/ to d4 ,a l effect is produc$ 9 ! w>m wea!r by sub/itut+ simil> plugs1 b q dry1 hav+ be5 bak$ = h\rs 9 an ov51 = ! purpose ( driv+ out e p>ticle ( moi/ure4 ,^! plugs are hamm]$ into ! holes z deeply z !y w g1 & !re left4 ,ev5 if !re be no ra91 ! nightly dews make _! way into ! pores ( ! dry wood1 & cause x to swell ) su* irresi/ible =ce t ! /one is split ) sc>cely any manual lab\r on ! "p ( ! workm54 99 99 99 99 99 ,,yet ano!r plan = cutt+ h>d /ones4 ,"s ( my read]s may be aw>e t a s+ul>ly +5i\s in/rum5t has be5 inv5t$ = cutt+ boles 9 granite & o!r h>d rocks4 ,x is call$ ! ,diamond ,drill1 because its tip is arm$ ) uncut diamonds4 ,x is necess>y t ! diamond %\ld n be cut1 z ! natural edges are ne$$4 ,a glazi]'s diamond1 = example1 is always set z x came out ( ! m9e4 ,! /ories t are told ab\t cutt+ out panes ( glass ) a diamond r+ are all absurd4 ,a diamond1 :5 x has once pass$ ?r\gh ! h&s ( ! jewell]1 _c cut glass4 ,x c scrat* glass1 b n "o :it bett] ?an a flake ( ord9>y fl9t4 ,illu/ration3 ,,bor] ,,( ,,/rus4 ,illu/ration3 ,,diamond-,,head$ ,,bor]4 ,x is f\nd t ! ,diamond ,drill works ) wondr\s rapidity1 cutt+ away ! /one ) ease1 & suff]+ sc>cely any damage itself4 ,! tube to ! end ( :i* ! diamonds are fix$ is g5]ally made 9 telescopic fa%ion1 s z to all[ x to p5etrate deeply into ! rock1 )\t ! necessity ( %ift+ ! ma*9e by :i* x is turn$4 ,i ne$ h>dly say t its rate ( spe$ is v great inde$4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,our old fri5d1 ! ,gad-fly1 aga9 af=ds an example ( a p>allel4 ,! ovipositor is tubul>1 telescopic1 & furni%$ at ! top ) five little h>d1 %>p1 scaly knobs1 :i* act ! same "p z ! diamonds ( ! m9+ tool4 ,ev5 ! scoop-l %ape ( ! tip1 & ! telescopic %aft1 are almo/ id5tical 9 bo? in/ances4 ,,useful ,,arts4 ,,*apt] ,,xiii4 ,,telescopic ,,tubes4--,,direct ,,action4--,,di/ribution ,,( ,,weight4--,,tree-,,climb+4--,,! ,,:eel4 ,telescopic ,tubes1 _! ,/ructure & ,uses4--,! ,japanese ,fi%+-rod4--,! ,tripod ,:eel-be>] & its ,telescopic ,/ructure4--,! ,rat-tail$ ,maggot4--,locomotion4--,direct ,action4--,! ,rocket1 ! ,wat] ,t\rniquet1 & ,electric ,t\rniquet4--,cuttle-fi%4--,! ,fly+ ,squids4--,! ,pap] ,nautilus4--,proce$+s ( newly-hat*$ ,calam>ies4--,l>va ( ! ,dragonfly4--,di/ribution ( ,weight4--,! ,sn[-%oe1 its ,/ructure & ,mode ( us+ x4--,! ,skidor ( ,norway4--,a =midable ,rifle ,corps4--,! ,mud-patt54--,foot ( ,duck tribe4--,foot ( ,jacana4--,locomotion ( ,wat]-gnat4--,tree-climb+4--,mode ( asc5d+ ,palm-trees4--,! ,value ( a ,hoop4--,! 8,girt ,pupa0 & ,butt]fly4--,pr9ciple ( ! ,:eel4--,! primitive ,wood5 ,:eel4--,spok$ ,:eels4--,driv+ ,:eel ( ! ,bicycle4--,naturally spok$ ,:eel ( ! ,*irodota4 ,,means ,,& ,,appliances 7cont9u$74 ,we w n[ treat r m 9 detail ! two subjects :i* 7 lightly t\*$ ^u at ! end ( ! la/ *apt]4 ,! read] w rememb] t ! diamond-head$ bor] is made 9 telescope =m1 s z to be adju/able at pleasure4 ,x 0 also rem>k$ t ! ovipositor ( ! ,gad-fly 0 made 9 a simil> fa%ion1 s z to be )drawn )9 ! body ( ! insect :5 n ne$$1 & protrusible to a consid]able ext5t :5 ! ,gad-fly wi%es to deposit h] eggs4 ,z to our mod]n telescopes & op]a-glasses1 !y are s famili> t !re is little use 9 describ+ !m1 except to say t _! framework consi/s ( a numb] ( tubes ( gradually less5+ diamet]1 ! "o slid+ )9 ! o!r1 s t ! in/rum5t c be l5g!n$ or %ort5$ at w1 s z to suit ! focus ( ! obs]v+ eye4 ,a v +5i\s adaptation ( ! telescopic pr9ciple is se5 9 ! ,japanese fi%+-rod1 :i* is n[ tol]ably well kn[n4 ,our own telescopic rods require to be )drawn at ! butt-end1 & !n fitt$ toge!r 9 front4 ,b ! ,japanese rods are s made t1 aft] tak+ (f ! f]rule ( ! seem+ walk+-/ick1 a m]e fl+ ( ! h& w s5d jo9t aft] jo9t fly+ out1 & fix+ !mselves 9 regul> succession4 ,s admirably are ^! rods made1 t ev5 bl[+ into ! butt-end w h ! same effect4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,"o ( ! mo/ p]fect1 if n ! mo/ p]fect1 example ( ! telescopic tube is to be f\nd 9 ! ,tripod ,:eel-be>] 7,act9urus71 "o ( ! num]\s aquatic ,rotif]s4 ,illu/ration3 ,,act9urus ,,tail1 ,,op5 ,,& ,,clos$ 7,,magnifi$74 ,illu/ration3 ,,telescope4 ,x is n usually s small z ! g5]ality ( its class1 be+ ne>ly "o-tw5tie? ( an in* 9 l5g?1 & visible to ! unassi/$ eye1 provid$ t ! own] ( ! eye 9 "q kn[s h[ to use x4 ,:5 plac$ "u a microscope ( mod]ate p[]1 ! ,act9urus is se5 to be built almo/ :olly ^u ! telescopic patt]n4 ,only ! c5tre ( ! body rema9s /ation>y1 ! two ends be+ fram$ on ! pr9ciple ( ! telescopic tube1 & capable ( be+ enclos$ )9 ! c5tral portion1 j z is ! case ) ! ,japanese fi%+-rod4 ,9 ! illu/ration ! ,act9urus is %[n 9 two attitudes4 ,9 ! upp] figure x is repres5t$ z hav+ ! =e-"p ( ! body entirely1 & ! tail "p ne>ly1 )drawn )9 ! c5tral portion4 ,! l[] figure %[s ! same specim5 ) all its telescopic tubes drawn out to full l5g?4 ,! creature is p]petually elongat+ & contract+ its body by means ( ^! tubes1 s t a measurem5t ( its l5g? is n easy to obta94 ,a full & int]e/+ description ( ?is curi\s ,rotif] may be f\nd 9 ,gosse's 8,ev5+s at ! ,microscope10 p4 #cjj4 ,! long tails ( ! ,rat-tail$ ,maggot1 already describ$ "u ! head ( ,div+1 are good examples ( ! drawtube z f\nd 9 ,nature4 ,,locomotion4--,,direct ,,action4 ,! second po9t :i* has to be elucidat$ is t or progress by means ( ,direct ,action4 ,illu/ration3 ,,nautilus4 ,,l>va ,,( ,,dragon-,,fly4 ,,rocket4 ,,wat] ,,t\rniquet4 ,,electric ,,t\rniquet4 ,we h already se5 h[ vessels c be propell$ by sail1 o>1 paddle1 or screw4 ,we h n[ to consid] a mode ( progress :i* requires none ( ^! ?+s1 b :i* works by means ( ,direct ,action4 ,su*1 = example1 is ! progress ( a ,rocket ?r\gh ! air4 ,! heat$ gases ru% out ) trem5d\s viol5ce1 &1 by _! pressure1 urge ! heavy rocket into ! air ) ! ru%1 ro>1 & bang s famili> to all :o h witness$ a good display ( fireworks4 ,a rocket 9 ! act ( asc5t is %[n 9 ! upp]mo/ figure ( ! accompany+ illu/ration4 ,bel[ x is %[n ! ,wat] ,turb9e1 ! pr9ciple ( :i* is evid5t f ! sket*4 ,f ea* ( ! ap]tures a /ream ( wat] is =cibly direct$1 &1 by its resi/ance1 sp9s ! vessel r\nd & r\nd4 ,!re are sev]al %ops 9 ,london 9 :i* ?is in/rum5t may be se5 at "w4 ,al?\gh 9 su* positions x is necess>ily a m]e toy1 x c>ries ) x1 9 common ) _m o!r toys1 ! g]ms ( valuable inv5tions4 ,inde$1 !re h be5 attempts to utilise ! pr9ciple ( ,direct ,action 9 ! propulsion ( vessels1 b z yet ! me*anical difficulties h prov$ practically insup]able1 &1 al?\gh a vessel has be5 ?us propell$1 ! exp5se has be5 heavi] ?an t ( ! paddle or screw1 & ! spe$ n ne>ly s great4 ,on ! "r h& ( ! illu/ration is ano!r example ( ,direct ,action1 call$ ! ,electric ,t\rniquet4 ,9 ! two previ\sly m5tion$ in/rum5ts ! motive p[] is visible1 b 9 ?is x is invisible except 9 ! d>k4 ,! pr9ciple is exactly ! same z 9 ! pocket or wat] t\rniquet2 b1 in/ead ( heat$ air or a /ream ( wat]1 electricity is us$4 ,! in/rum5t is atta*$ to an electric ma*9e1 & fully *>g$4 ,! electric fluid ru%es out ( ! po9ts1 =ces itself aga9/ ! air1 & s1 by its recoil1 drives ! ma*9e r\nd & r\nd ^u its pivot4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,we w n[ take two examples ( ,direct ,action z f\nd 9 ,nature4 ,p]haps _m ( my read]s h se5 ! ,octopus1 & admir$ ! mann] 9 :i* x glides ?r\gh ! wat]1 trail+ its long arms beh9d x4 ,:5ce ! =ce comes is n easily se51 & ! creature appe>s to move almo/ by volition4 ,9 reality1 h[ev]1 x employs ,direct ,action4 ,x takes wat] into ! body1 & !n x ejects x ?r\gh a tube call$ ! 8siphon0 ) su* =ce t ! animal is propell$ backw>ds ?r\gh ! wat]4 ,"s ( ! creatures belong+ to ! ,cuttles1 & popul>ly call$ ,squids1 c use su* extraord9>y p[]s t !y c project !mselves f> out ( ! wat]4 ,9 consequ5ce ( ?is p[]1 !y are sometimes call$ ,fly+ ,squids1 &1 z !y h be5 kn[n to %oot !mselves completely ov] ! hull ( a l>ge %ip1 !y well des]ve ! "n4 ,! common ,squid ( our coa/s1 :i* furni%es ! s-call$ ,cuttle-bone1 af=ds u a good example ( ,direct ,action4 ,i once hat*$ a numb] ( "y ,squids f ! grape-l eggs1 & x 0 mo/ curi\s to see h[ ! little creatures %ot ab\t z soon z !y escap$ f ! egg4 ,!y also utilis$ ! siphon 9 ano!r way4 ,pois+ !mselves j above ! s& ) :i* ! bottom ( ! vessel 0 cov]$1 !y direct$ a /ream ( wat] ^u x1 & ?us =m$ little cavities into :i* !y settl$ l birds into _! ne/s4 ,! figure repres5ts ! ,pap] ,nautilus z x appe>s :ile pass+ ?r\gh ! wat]4 ,j at ! base ( ! t5tacles is se5 ! %ort siphon1 f :i* x is p\r+ ! /ream ( wat] :i* drives x along4 ,bel[ ! ,nautilus is se5 ! l>va ( ! common ,dragonfly4 ,we h1 :5 treat+ ( ! ,lazy-tongs1 already describ$ ! mode 9 :i* ! insect takes its prey1 & our object c\ld n be s]v$ by repetition4 ,suffice x to say t ! insect is %[n 9 ! act ( eject+ wat]1 & s %oot+ itself along 9 prep>ation = seiz+ prey4 ,,di/ribution ,,( ,,weight4 ,be+ on ! subject ( locomotion1 we w exam9e a few ( ! contrivances by :i* a man is enabl$ to pass 9 safety ov] s(t sub/ances into :i* he w\ld o!rwise s9k4 ,! fir/ & be/-kn[n ( ^! is ! ,sn[-%oe ( ,nor!rn ,am]ica4 ,x is a framework ( wood1 %ap$ z %[n 9 ! upp] figure on ! "r-h& side1 & /r5g!n$ by two cross-b>s4 ,! int]ior ( ! 8%oe0 is fill$ 9 ) hide ?ongs arrang$ mu* l ^? ( a racket1 & /ret*$ z tightly4 ,! front ( ! sn[-%oe is slightly turn$ up1 s z to avoid ! dang] ( ! po9t /ick+ 9 ! sn[1 an ev5t :i*1 h[ev]1 g5]ally happ5s to a novice4 ,^! in/rum5ts are ( consid]able size1 a specim5 9 my collection measur+ exactly five feet 9 l5g?1 by fifte5 in*es 9 wid?4 ,support$ on ! sn[-%oe1 ! hunt] is enabl$ to glide unhurt ov] ! deep sn[ 9 :i* he mu/ h sunk )\t "s su* aid4 ,he c ?us hunt ! bison1 ! wapiti1 or any ( ! l>g] animals1 be+ able to pass rapidly ov] ! surface1 :ile !y are labori\sly pl\gh+ _! way ?r\gh ! sn[-drifts4 ,illu/ration3 ,,feet ,,( ,,ducks4 ,,sn[-,,%oe4 ,,foot ,,( ,,jacana4 ,,mud-,,patt54 ,,wat]-,,gnat4 ,,skidor4 ,x occasionally happ5s t ! sn[ falls be=e ! %oes are ready4 ,9 ?is case ! hunt] is oblig$ to extemporise sn[-%oes by cutt+ !m out ( ?9 bo>ds4 ,sev]al ye>s ago1 :5 sn[ fell heavily & rema9$ unmelt$ = _m days1 "s ,canadians1 :o 7 visit+ ,engl&1 made q a s5sation by donn+ _! sn[-%oes1 & travell+ ov] ! sn[-clad c\ntry4 ,x 0 v pretty to see ! easy way 9 :i* !y c\ld %oot d[n a hill1 & to wat* ! peculi> gait :i* is ne$$ by ! sn[-%oe4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,at ! bottom ( ! illu/ration is %[n a portion ( a curi\s skate us$ 9 ,norway1 & call$ ,skidor4 ,^! rem>kable implem5ts a*ieve by means ( l5g? ! task :i* ! sn[-%oe accompli%es by wid?4 ,!y are made ( wood1 &1 ?\gh b a few in*es 9 wid?1 are t5 feet or m 9 l5g?4 ,"o is always a few feet %ort] ?an ! o!r1 = ! conv5i5ce ( turn+4 ,mu* practice is ne$$ = ! managem5t ( ! ,skidors1 b1 :5 !y are fairly ma/]$1 !y enable _! own] to travel at a wond]ful pace4 ,! ,norwegian hunt] is q z dep5d5t on 8 ,skidor z ! ,nor? ,am]ican on 8 ,sn[-%oe1 & uses x = exactly ! same purpose4 ,a corps ( ^! hunt]s has be5 organiz$ = w>1 & v =midable !y 71 hang+ on ! skirts ( ! enemy1 & giv+ him no re/1 day or night4 ,!y nev] came )9 fifty y>ds ( ea* o!r1 s t ev5 cannon 7 useless2 &1 z soon z !y ?\ght t !y 7 endang]$1 !y disp]s$ 9 all directions1 only to reunite & swoop d[n aga9 on ! enemy at ! fir/ opportunity4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,! c5tral figure repres5ts ! ,mud-patt51 :i*1 z its "n implies1 plays ! same "p t[>ds mud t ! sn[-%oe & skidor d to ! sn[4 ,l !m1 also1 x is n easy to manage2 & a novice is tol]ably c]ta9 to drive ! front ( ! patt5 into ! mud1 & s get an awkw>d & n aromatic fall4 ,?is patt51 :i* is m]ely a squ>e piece ( bo>d atta*$ to ! foot1 is 9 use on _m ( our coa/s :]e ! ebb+ tide runs out to a great di/ance1 leav+ a va/ expanse ( s(t mud4 ,l ! skidor & ! sn[-%oe1 x is mo/ly us$ by sportsm51 especially 9 ! w9t]1 :5 wild-duck %oot+ sets 94 ,aid$ by ! patt5s1 a sportsman c travel = miles ov] mud t w\ld o!rwise swall[ him up1 %oot 8 birds1 & secure !m :5 fall54 ,:ile engag$ 9 w9t] %oot+ on ! ,m$way1 we h (t5 lo/ birds because !y fell beyond a deep mud-bank1 & we _h no means ( cross+ x4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,on ! left h& ( ! illu/ration are "s natural p>allels ( ^! artificial aids4 ,! two upp] figures repres5t two =ms ( webb$ feet1 & ! analogy betwe5 !m & ! sn[-%oe & mud-patt5 is too obvi\s to ne$ explanation4 ,9 ! c5tre is ! foot ( ! ,jacana1 an ,asiatic bird4 ,its foot may well be tak5 z ! analogue ( ! skidor1 l5g? tak+ ! place ( bread?1 & enabl+ ! weight to be di/ribut$ ov] a l>ge surface4 ,?is bird f9ds its food 9 riv]s & lakes1 &1 by reason ( its enorm\sly long toes1 c walk ) safety ov] slight float+ vegetation1 :i* w\ld give way at once "u ! tread ( any bird except a ,jacana4 ,v good repres5tations ( ?is bird are to be se5 9 ,japanese works ( art1 especially ^? :i* are m\nt$ z scre5s4 ,ev5 ! peculi> gait ( ! bird is giv5 ) m>vell\s tru?4 ,! la/ figure repres5ts ! common ,wat]-gnat 7,g]ris71 :i* may be se5 9 almo/ any piece ( fre% wat]1 h[ev] small4 ,ponds t are op5 to ! s\?1 & %elt]$ f ! nor? w9d1 are its fav\rite localities4 ,x is a c>nivor\s be+1 fe$+ almo/ :olly on insects t fall into ! wat]4 ,9 ord] to capture !m1 x runs rapidly ov] ! surface ( ! wat]1 ! long sl5d] legs di/ribut+ its weight ov] a l>ge surface1 & s keep+ x f s9k+4 ,only ! la/ two pairs ( legs are employ$ = ?is purpose1 ! fir/ pair be+ held 9 front ( ! body1 & us$ = ! purpose ( captur+ prey4 ,,tree-,,climb+4 ,ano!r curi\s aid to locomotion is %[n 9 ! accompany+ illu/ration4 ,9 _m p>ts ( ! _w1 :]e ! cocoa-nut palm gr[s1 ! natives h inv5t$ a simple1 b +5i\s1 plan = asc5d+ ! tall1 curv$ /em4 ,su* a ?+ z an upright palm-tree is unkn[n1 & consequ5tly ! asc5t ( ! bran*less /em is n an easy task )\t artificial assi/ance4 ,:5 ,i treat$ ( ,w>f>e & ! diff]5t modes ( scal+ walls1 ! climb+-spur 0 casually m5tion$4 ,! implem5t ( ! palm-climb]1 h[ev]1 is simpl] & m effective1 z x leaves bo? h&s at lib]ty :5 desir$4 ,! man cuts a long piece ( "o ( ! t\gh & almo/ unbreakable creep]s :i* fe/oon ! trees ( tropical climes4 ,he passes x r\nd ! trunk :i* he wi%es to climb1 & fa/5s ! ends firmly toge!r1 s z to =m a l>ge loose hoop4 ,he !n passes ! hoop ov] 8 head1 until x presses aga9/ 8 back1 z se5 9 ! illu/ration1 & s]ves to support him z he leans aga9/ x4 ,illu/ration3 ,,girt ,,pupa ,,& ,,butt]fly4 ,illu/ration3 ,,climb+ ,,palm-,,tree4 ,tak+ ! hoop by ! two sides1 he lifts x up ! trunk z f> z he c1 places ! soles ( 8 feet aga9/ ! tree1 & s walks up x1 hit*+ ! hoop upw>ds at e /ep4 ,:5 he has rea*$ ! top ( ! tree1 he supports himself entirely by ! hoop1 :ile 8 h&s are at lib]ty to be us$ 9 gett+ ! cocoa-nuts4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,9 ! insect _w !re are _m examples ( support be+ giv5 by a belt pass+ r\nd ! body4 ,among ! ,butt]flies1 = example1 !re are _m :i*1 9 _! pupal /age ( exi/5ce1 are atta*$ to upright /ems4 ,!y are fix$ to ! /em by a few ?reads at ! tail1 answ]+ to ! feet ( ! tree-climb]1 :ile ! body is kept 9 position by a /\t silk5 ?read pass$ loosely r\nd x4 ,! illu/ration repres5ts ! pupa ( ! common ,swall[-tail$ ,butt]fly1 :ile 9 ! c5tre is ! same insect 9 ! p]fect /ate z x appe>s :5 re/+4 ,x really seems z if ! anci5t habit ( ! pupa _h be5 rememb]$ by ! p]fect insect1 ! long ends ( ! h9d] w+s tak+ ! place ( ! pupal tail1 & ! legs t ( ! belt4 ,,! ,,:eel4 ,yet ano!r aid to locomotion is f\nd 9 ! ,,:eel1 a contrivance = dim9i%+ friction4 ,illu/ration3 ,,:eel-,,spicule ,,( ,,*ibodota4 ,illu/ration3 ,,c>t-,,:eel4 ,:5 man fir/ le>nt t heavi] weights c\ld be dragg$ ?an c>ri$1 he simply plac$ !m on flat bo>ds to :i* ropes 7 atta*$4 ,! next /ep 0 necess>ily ! inv5tion ( ! sl$ge1 ! burd5 re/+ on two p>allel runn]s1 ! ends ( :i* 7 slightly curv$ s z to prev5t !m f hit*+ aga9/ any small ob/ruction4 ,9 "s c\ntries--su*1 = example1 z 9 ,esquimaux-l&--! sl$ge is ! only vehicle practicable1 & ev5 ,europeans1 :5 !y visit t c\ntry1 are fa9 to adopt ! sl$ge if !y w\ld live4 ,b1 9 m temp]ate zones1 ! ,:eel is p>am\nt4 ,9 its e>li] /ages ! :eel 0 a v simple bus9ess4 ,x 0 simply a section (1 a tree-trunk1 dubb$ r\ghly r\nd1 & ) a hole 9 ! c5tre1 ?r\gh :i* ! axle pass$4 ,su* :eels are /ill 9 exi/5ce 9 _m p>ts ( ,europe2 &1 ow+ to ! want ( regul>ity ( outl9e 9 ! circumf]5ce1 & ! utt] abs5ce ( grease1 ! :eels keep up a cont9u\s %riek1 almo/ deaf5+ to ^? :o are unus$ to x1 b p]fectly unhe$$ by ^? :o own or drive ! vehicle4 ,! next improvem5t 0 to make ! circumf]5ce ( ! :eel z p]fectly circul> z ! art ( man c\ld devise1 &1 in/ead ( hav+ ! :eel solid1 to fill up its int]ior ) spokes1 ?us ga9+ lightness & /r5g? at ! same "t4 ,( all locomotive :eels1 ,i suppose t ! mod]n ,bicycle af=ds ! be/ example4 ,! driv+ :eel is l>g] ?an ! h9d :eel ( an ord9>y coa*1 & yet ! spokes are n ne>ly s ?ick z ! porcup9e quill ) :i* ?is acc\nt is writt54 ,if we look at ! anci5t sculptures & pa9t+s ( ,egypt & ,assyria1 z pres]v$ 9 ! ,briti% ,museum1 we %all see t ei!r k9d ( :eel 0 us$ accord+ to ! "w :i* x _h to d4 ,! solid1 unev51 squeak+1 wood5 :eel 0 devot$ to agriculture1 :ile ! light1 spok$ :eel 0 sacr$ ei!r to w>f>e or hunt+4 ,let u hope t 9 ! two latt] cases "s modicum ( grease might h be5 us$1 z ! outcries ( tortur$ & unlubricat$ ma*9]y are en\gh to drive away all wild bea/s :i* come )9 ! range ( its compla9ts1 :ile ! n]v\s sy/em ( hunt] or w>rior mu/ h be5 s]i\sly damag$ by x4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,ev5 9 su* a /ructure z ! spok$ ,:eel1 ,nature has anticipat$ ,man4 ,my read]s may rememb] t1 :5 treat+ ( nautical matt]s1 ,i m5tion$ ! s+ul> an*or-%ap$ spicules t are f\nd ^u "o ( ! sea-slugs1 call$ ,synapta4 ,!re is ano!r gr\p ( ^! creatures inhabit+ ! ,m$it]ranean1 9 :i* ! sk9-spicules take a diff]5t =m4 ,l ^? ( ! ,synapta1 !y are too small & transluc5t to be se5 )\t ! aid ( ! microscope & c>efully adju/$ light4 ,b1 j z ! spicules ( ! ,synapta resemble ! anci5t an*or1 s d ^? ( ! ,*irodota resemble ! anci5t :eel1 ! similitude be+ 9 bo? cases absolutely />tl+4 ,n only t1 b1 z all read]s mu/ be aw>e1 if !y h /udi$ practical me*anics1 !re are _m ma*9es :i* are too!d on ! inn]1 & n ! out]1 side ( ! circumf]5ce4 ,"h1 9 ! ,*irodota1 ! inn] too?+ is manife/4 ,:at purpose x s]ves we "k n4 ,! ,*irodota's :eels 7( :i* !re are ?\s&s7 nev] revolve1 nei!r d ! an*ors ( ! ,synapta hold ! gr\nd4 ,yet ! v fact t su* exce$+ly m9ute objects %\ld be s c>efully con/ruct$ tells u at once t !y mu/ h "s important purpose to s]ve1 ?\gh at pres5t t purpose is a my/]y :i* no "o has attempt$ to solve4 ,i h little d\bt t :5 ! h\r & ! man arrive1 z arrive !y surely w1 we %all f9d 9 ^! t9y & almo/ unrecognis$ spicules ! keys to treasures ( wisdom :i* at pres5t h be5 op5$ to no human be+4 ,! :ole hi/ory ( ! progress ( ! human race %[s t facts h be5 all[$ to accumulate1 f\ght ab\t1 & turn$ 9 all directions1 be=e ! g5]alis] comes :o pi]ces to ! he>t ( ev]y?+1 r$uces app>5t discrepancies to h>mony1 & usually is rew>d$ by f9d+ "s "o else assume ! cr$it ( 8 discov]ies1 & receive all ! hon\rs & emolum5ts4 ,,useful ,,arts ,,*apt] ,,xiv4 ,pap] & its _m ,uses4--,! ,egyptian ,papyrus4--,india ,pap]4--,*9a & its ,manufactories4--,mat]ials ( :i* ,pap] is made4--,annual ,consumption ( ,mat]ial4--,! 8,wat] ,m>k40--,nature's ,pap]s4--,wasps & ,hornets4--,! common ,wasp1 & ! v>i\s ,mat]ials ( its ,ne/4--,utilisation ( ,mat]ial4--,papi]-m*4--,pr9t+4--,nature- pr9t+4--,me?od & ,results ( ! ,process4--,use ( ! ,electrotype4--8,fac+0 ! ,copp] ,plates ) h>d ,metal4--,! ,coal ,m9e & its ,nature-pr9t+4--,/ippl+1 its ,use & ,abuse4--,! ,l9e & ! ,dot4--,modification ( ! ,dot4--,fl[]-petals4--,! ,pel>gonium4--,pla/] ,ca/+s4--,/]eotyp+ & ,electrotyp+4--,mod]n ,me?od ( tak+ ,pla/] ,ca/s4--,! ,pr9ciple ( ,corrugation4--,fl[]-pot ,cov]s4--,iron ,build+s4--,! ,poli/es & its ,corrugat$ ,dwell+s4 ,,art4 ,we w n[ t\* lightly on ! subject ( ,art4 ,9 ! pres5t day "o ( ! mo/ indisp5sable accessories to art is ,pap]4 ,x is a curi\s fact t we h no records z to ! "t :5 pap] 0 fir/ inv5t$4 ,! ,egyptian papyrus we d n consid]1 z x 0 n pap] 9 our s5se ( ! ^w1 al?\gh we h reta9$ ! "n4 ,pap] is a vegetable fibre c>efully dis9tegrat$1 made into a pulp ) wat]1 & !n dri$ 9 ?9 %eets4 ,z is ! case ) _m arts1 ,*9a seems to h tak5 ! lead 9 pap] manufacture1 & we are ev5 n[ indebt$ to t c\ntry = ! 8,india ,pap]0 on :i* ! f9e/ pro(s ( engrav+s are tak54 ,?is pap] is made f ! inn] b>k ( ! bamboo4 8,rice ,pap]10 s call$1 is n pap] at all1 b only a k9d ( pi? cut spirally1 & flatt5$ by pressure4 ,!re is sc>cely any vegetable fibre ( :i* pap] _c be made1 & v>i\s plants h be5 sugge/$ = ?is purpose1 su* z ! /++-nettle1 cabbage-/alks1 hop-b9es1 ! wa/e ( sug>-cane1 sawdu/1 c4 ,/raw has already be5 successfully us$1 & s has ,esp>to grass4 ,"s ye>s ago1 :5 !re 0 a sc>city ( mat]ial = pap]-mak+1 ! well-kn[n ,grass-wrack ( our %ores 7,zo/]a m>9a7 0 br\ght into p>tial use4 ,i believe1 h[ev]1 t ! exp]im5t 0 n a successful "o4 ,! ,*9ese make _! pap] ( bamboo1 mac]at+ & p\nd+ x until x is r$uc$ to a pulp1 & !n %ak5 into fibres 9 a m\ld4 ,illu/ration3 ,,ne/ ,,( ,,hornet4 ,,pap]-,,mak+4 ,,ne/ ,,( ,,tree-,,wasp4 ,,pap]4 ,) u1 :ite pap]1 su* z is us$ by ! writ]1 pr9t]1 or arti/1 is made almo/ exclusively ( cotton or l95 rags4 ,upw>ds ( a hundr$ & tw5ty ?\s& tons weight ( rags are annually consum$ 9 ?is c\ntry = ! manufacture ( pap]4 ,aft] be+ blea*$1 !y are torn & gr\nd into a pulp1 :i* is !n h&$ ov] to ! actual mak]4 ,! illu/ration repres5ts pap]-mak+ by h&1 a process :i* is n[ r>ely us$1 except = special k9ds ( pap]4 ,omitt+ te*nical details1 ! mode ( pap]-mak+ by h& is z foll[s3--,! pulp be+ prep>$1 ! workman takes a 8m\ld10 i4e4 a frame ) a bottom ( closely wov5 wire4 ,hav+ put into ! m\ld a suffici5t quantity ( pulp1 he %akes ! m\ld s z to spread ! pulp ev5ly ov] ! surface4 ,! wat] runs away betwe5 ! wires1 ! %eet ( pulp is transf]r$ to a piece ( felt1 & :5 x is dry x becomes pap]4 ,if a %eet ( ord9>y note-pap] be held up to ! light1 ! m>ks ( ! wires are pla9ly p]ceptible4 ,! s-call$ 8wat]-m>k0 is due to wires twi/$ into ! requisite %ape4 ,! ,*9ese workman makes 8 pap] exactly on ! same pr9ciple1 b ! bottom ( 8 m\ld is made ( bulru%es in/ead ( wires4 ,z = ma*9e-made pap]1 ! process seems absolutely magical4 ,endless b&s ( felt & wire are sub/itut$ = ! h& frames1 &1 ! pulp be+ p\r$ 9 at "o end1 ! f9i%$ pap] is p\r$ out at ! o!r1 & self-w\nd on roll]s4 ,)\t any exagg]ation1 pap] is n[ made by ! mile1 ! only limit to its l5g? be+ ! size ( ! rolls4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,:5 ,i m5tion ,pap]-mak+ 9 ! _w ( ,nature1 _m ( my read]s w at once "k t ,i am ab\t to ref] to ! ,wasp tribe4 ,^! insects 7 pap]-mak]s long be=e ev5 ! ,*9ese _h inv5t$ ! art1 &1 s exactly simil> is ! mode ( action1 t man might well h copi$ f ! insect4 ,! ,wasp gnaws a bundle ( vegetable fibres1 mo/ly ( wood1 s\nd or decay+1 accord+ to ! species4 ,x ma/icates !m until x has r$uc$ !m to a pulp1 & !n1 by means ( its jaws1 spreads ! pulp into %eets ( v>i\s %apes & sizes4 ,) "s ( ! pulp x =ms hexagonal cells l ^? ( ! bee1 & ) "s x makes ! ro(-l cov]+ :i* def5ds ! cells4 ,n only t1 b x c make a sort ( papi]-m*1 :i* x uses = ! floor+1 if we may s call x1 ( ! diff]5t /rata ( cells1 & = ! pill>s :i* b9d !m toge!r4 ,l our own pap] manufactur]s1 x is economic ( mat]ial1 w re-ma/icate any sup]abundant pap]1 & is only too glad if x c get hold ( any pap] made by man4 ,i h se5 a wasps' ne/ :i* 0 made entirely f ! empty blue & :ite c>tridges t 7 ?r[n away by soldi]s4 ,!n !re is z mu* diff]5ce 9 ! pap]s made by wasps z 9 ^? made by man4 ,9 ?is c\ntry all wasps' ne/s are made ( v fragile mat]ial1 b 9 ,s\? ,am]ica !re are "s wasps :i* make ! ext]nal cov]+ ( _! ne/s z h>d & :ite z ! /iff c>dbo>d employ$ by arti/s4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,hav+ n[ got our pap]1 we w glance at "o or two modes ( us+ x = ,art4 ,papi]-m* has already be5 m5tion$1 & x is wor?y ( notice t !re are n[ 9 exi/5ce _m decorat$ ceil+s :i* are made ( ?is mat]ial1 on acc\nt ( its great /r5g? & its non-liability to fire4 ,illu/ration3 ,,f]ns ,,9 ,,coal4 ,illu/ration3 ,,nature-,,pr9t+4 ,! fir/ inv5tion :i* we %all notice is t :i* is kn[n by ! "n ( ,nature-pr9t+1 & :i* has be5 s successful 9 transf]r+ to pap] an exact repres5tation ( vegetable foliage4 ,"o simple tol]ably efficaci\s mode ( ,nature-pr9t+ has long be5 kn[n4 ,a piece ( pap] be+ rubb$ ) lamp-black & oil1 ! leaf 0 laid ^u x & g5tly rubb$1 s z to transf] ! lamp-black to ! n]vures4 ,x 0 !n laid on a %eet ( :ite pap]1 & aga9 rubb$1 :5 an impression ( ! leaf 0 left ^u ! pap]4 ,! pres5t sy/em ( ,nature-pr9t+ is f> 9 advance ( ?is r rude me?od1 & am\nts to an exact reproduction ( ! plant1 n only 9 =m & detail1 b 9 col\r4 ,9 ord] to illu/rate ?is beautiful process1 ,i _c d bett] ?an transf] to ^! pages ! foll[+ acc\nt ( ,nature-pr9t+ z giv5 9 ,ure's 8,diction>y ( ,arts10 c4 ,x is an ab/ract ( a lecture deliv]$ by ,mr4 ,h4 ,bradbury at ! ,royal ,in/itution4 8,nature-pr9t+ is ! "n giv5 to a te*nical process = obta9+ pr9t$ reproductions ( plants & o!r objects ^u pap]1 9 a mann] s tru?ful1 t only a close inspection reveals ! fact ( _! be+ copies2 & s di/9ctly s5sible ev5 to t\* are ! impressions1 t x is difficult to p]suade ^? unacqua9t$ ) ! manipulation t !y are an emanation ( ! pr9t+-press4 8,! di/+ui%+ feature ( ! process consi/s1 fir/1 9 impress+ natural objects--su* z plants1 mosses1 seawe$s1 & fea!rs--into plates ( metal1 caus+1 z x 71 ! objects to engrave !mselves by pressure2 secondly1 9 be+ able to take su* ca/s or copies ( ! impress$ plates z c be pr9t$ f at ! ord9>y copp]-plate press4 8,?is secures1 9 ! case ( a plant1 on ! "o h&1 a p]fect repres5tation ( its *>act]i/ic outl9e1 ( "s ( ! o!r ext]nal m>ks by :i* x is kn[n1 & ev5 9 "s measure ( its /ructure1 z 9 ! v5ation ( f]ns & ! ribs ( ! leaves ( fl[]+ plants2 &1 on ! o!r1 af=ds ! means ( multiply+ copies 9 a quick & easy mann]1 at a trifl+ exp5se comp>$ ) ! result1 & to an unlimit$ ext5t4 8,! great defect ( all pictorial repres5tations ( botanical figures has consi/$ 9 ! inability ( art to repres5t fai?fully ^? m9ute peculi>ities by :i* natural objects are (t5 be/ di/+ui%$4 ,nature-pr9t+ has !re=e come to ! aid ( ?is bran* ( sci5ce 9 p>ticul>1 :il/ its future developm5t promises facilities = copy+ o!r objects ( nature1 ! reproduction ( :i* is n )9 ! prov9ce ( ! human h& to execute2 & ev5 if x 7 possible1 x w\ld involve an am\nt ( lab\r sc>cely comm5surate ) ! results4 8,possess+ ! advantages ( rapid & economic production1 ! means ( unlimit$ multiplication1 &1 above all1 unsurpassable resemblance to ! orig9al1 nature-pr9t+ is calculat$ to assi/ mu* 9 facilitat+ n only ! fir/-sight recognition ( _m objects 9 natural hi/ory1 b 9 supply+ ! detail$ evid5ces ( id5tification1 :i* mu/ prove ( ess5tial value to botanical sci5ce 9 p>ticul>40 ,_m plans h be5 tri$ ) only p>tial success1 b t :i* is n[ 9 op]ation produces ! mo/ wond]ful results4 ,! plants are laid ^u %eets ( lead1 & !n pass$ ?r\gh roll]s1 s z to leave an impression 9 ! s(t metal4 ,! electrotype !n comes into play1 exact copies ( ! impression be+ tak5 by x4 ,z ! face ( ! electrotyp$ plate is cov]$ ) a slight deposit ( "s h>d metal1 usually nickel1 a great numb] ( copies c be tak5 )\t damag+ ! plate4 99 99 99 99 99 ,a ,,wond]fully exact p>allel to ,nature-pr9t+ is se5 9 almo/ e coal b$4 ,9 ! coal are f\nd impressions ( v>i\s leaves1 mo/ly f]ns1 & s exact are !y1 t ! diff]5t species h be5 det]m9$ & nam$ ) z mu* accuracy z if1 in/ead ( m]e impressions1 !y _h be5 ! f]n-leaves !mselves4 ,inde$1 if x 7 ne$$1 x w\ld be p]fectly easy to take electrotype plates f ^! impressions1 & to treat !m 9 exactly ! same mann] z ^? obta9$ 9 ! way :i* has already be5 describ$4 ,,/ippl+4 ,we n[ come to ano!r bran* ( ,art1 namely1 ! production ( %ad[ 9 an engrav+ by means ( ,/ippl+1 i4e4 ! ins]tion ( dots in/ead ( l9es4 ,at "o "t ! ,/ipple 0 9 great fav\r4 ,!n x 0 almo/ :olly ab&on$ 9 fav\r ( ! l9e1 & n[ x is mu* us$ 9 conjunction ) ! l9e1 especially = ! delicate %ad+ ( fle% t9ts1 su* z faces1 female arms1 c4 ,9 ! illu/ration a little /ippl+ ( a *eek is %[n1 ! dots be+ purposely exagg]at$4 ,a s+ul>ly beautiful modification ( ! ,/ipple is n[ 9 use4 ,:5 ! engrav] wi%es = exceptional s(tness ( %ad+1 he does n cont5t himself ) m]e dots1 b1 ) ! aid ( 8 magnify+-glass1 conv]ts ea* dot into a t9y /> ) ?ree or m rays4 ,?us ! dots seem to melt into ea* o!r1 & ! requisite s(tness is obta9$4 ,a v good example ( ?is />-/ipple is se5 9 ! well-kn[n pr9t call$ 8,com+ ( ,age40 ,if ! face & neck ( ! girl 9 ! =egr\nd be exam9$ ) a magnify+-glass1 ! app>5t dots w be se5 to be />s1 s beautifully arrang$ t ! project+ rays ( "o fuse !mselves1 s to speak1 )1 ^? ( ! surr\nd+ />s1 z is %[n 9 ! illu/ration4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,:e!r ! engrav] :o hit ^u ?is s+ul>ly effective plan took x f ,nature1 ,i _c say1 b he well might h done s1 _h he exam9$ ! petal ( a fl[] ?r\gh a good microscope4 ,we all "k ! peculi> ri* s(tness ( a petal1 & h[ our v be/ floral arti/s feel ! impossibility ( transf]r+ x to pap]4 ,illu/ration3 ,,/ippl+4 ,illu/ration3 ,,petal ,,( ,,g]anium4 ,! real reason = ?is special beauty lies 9 ! />-/ippl+ ( ! petal4 ,! :ole surface ( ! petal is cov]$ ) multitud9\s projections1 :i* are1 9 fact1 undevelop$ hairs4 ,^! projections are wr9kl$ d[n ! sides1 & s1 :5 view$ f above1 !y pres5t ! curi\s />-l appe>ance %[n on ! "r h& ( ! illu/ration4 ,! draw+ is tak5 f a petal ( ,pel>gonium prep>$ by myself4 ,!re is yet "o po9t 9 ! petal :i* ! />-/ipple has n t\*$1 & probably _c t\*4 ,i mean ! slight projection ( ! /ipple-hairs1 :i* give an effect ( light & %ade z well z m]e flat s(tness4 ,,pla/] ,,ca/s4 ,we h already m5tion$ ! electrotype1 & may n[ come to a bran* ( art :i* is mu* associat$ ) x1 namely1 ! ,/]eotype4 ,z _m ( my read]s may "k1 types are v valuable articles1 & mu/ n be wa/$4 ,if1 !re=e1 a book %\ld be ?\ght likely to h a /eady sale1 mu* ( its value w\ld be lo/ if ! types 7 kept /&+1 inasmu* z !y c\ld n be us$ = any o!r "w4 ,9 su* cases ! ,/]eotype is employ$4 ,omitt+ m9ute details1 ! process is z foll[s3-- ,illu/ration3 ,,%ell-,,ca/ ,,9 ,,*alk4 ,illu/ration3 ,,ca/ ,,9 ,,pla/] ,,( ,,p>is4 ,! type1 ready set up1 is c>efully oil$4 ,pla/] ( ,p>is mix$ ) wat] is !n p\r$ into a %all[ tr\gh1 & ! type press$ into x4 ,9 a %ort "t ! pla/] h>d5s1 & ! type is )drawn4 ,! pla/] m\ld is !n bak$1 to drive (f all moi/ure1 & type metal is p\r$ into x4 ,?us a solid mass is procur$1 in/ead ( a numb] ( sep>ate pieces1 s t !re is no dang] ( di/urbance1 & ! :ole block c be multipli$ ad libitum if ne$$4 ,?is process sets free ! types1 :i* c be brok5 up & us$ aga94 ,! ord9>y me?od ( tak+ pla/] ca/s is ne>ly ! same z t :i* has be5 describ$4 ,! object to be ca/ is oil$1 & pla/] ( ,p>is c>efully appli$ to x4 ,:5 x is 8set10 ! pla/] 8m\ld0 is remov$ & dri$4 ,! process is !n rev]s$1 ! int]ior ( ! m\ld be+ oil$1 & pla/] p\r$ into x1 s z to produce an exact reproduction ( ! orig9al4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,9 ,nature we h almo/ exactly ! same process1 al?\gh x is necess>ily conduct$ 9 a mu* sl[] mann]4 ,all :o h tri$ _! h& at practical geology mu/ be aw>e ( ! multitud9\s ca/s ( p]i%$ be+s :i* are f\nd 9 v>i\s /rata4 ,sometimes ! ca/s are ^? ( vegetables1 ! orig9al mat]ial hav+ be5 decompos$1 & /ony matt] tak5 its place4 ,sometimes !re are ca/s ( fi%es or e*9i1 :ile %ells1 & ev5 insects1 are f\nd to h be5 ca/ almo/ z p]fectly z c\ld be done ) pla/] ( ,p>is at ! pres5t day4 ,z might be anticipat$1 ! *alk deposits are peculi>ly ri* 9 ^! ca/s1 ! f9e p>ticles ( ! *alk tak+ ! place ( ! pla/] ( ,p>is4 ,9 ! illu/rations are %[n examples ( ca/+ 9 ,art & ,nature4 ,on ! "r h& is a ca/ ( fruit & leaves1 :i* may aft]w>ds be reproduc$ 9 pla/]1 wax1 papi]-m*1 or electrotype4 ,on ! left is %[n "o ( ! %ells s common 9 ! *alk1 ! upp] figure repres5t+ ! %ell itself1 & ! l[] ! m\ld t has be5 =m$ ar\nd x4 ,,corrugat$ ,,iron4 ,we h already se5 t ! ,wasps are pap]-mak]s4 ,we may n[ see h[ "s ( ! ,wasps h anticipat$ a valuable inv5tion ( man1 namely1 ! pr9ciple ( corrugation1 :]eby a ?9 plate ga9s /r5g?4 ,illu/ration3 ,,ne/s ,,( ,,poli/es4 ,illu/ration3 ,,corrugat$ ,,iron4 ,ev5 a %eet ( pap] ga9s great /r5g? by corrugation1 z is se5 9 ^? pap] cov]s :i* are s mu* 9 use = ! decoration1 or r ! concealm5t1 ( fl[]-pots4 ,b ! be/ example t c be giv5 ( ?is pr9ciple is ! ,corrugat$ ,iron1 :i* has come s mu* into use = tempor>y build+s1 su* z s*ools1 places ( wor%ip1 read+-rooms1 c4 ,x is v light & v /rong1 & c be us$ ei!r = ro( or walls ) equal success4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,by means ( c]ta9 wasps belong+ to ! g5us ,poli/es1 ,nature produces corrugat$ dwell+s1 :i* are made ( v ?9 mat]ials1 b :i* are m>vell\sly /rong 9 proportion to _! weight4 ,! insects belong+ to ?is g5us are all exotic1 b are spread ov] a v l>ge surface ( ! e>?4 ,s /rong are ! ne/s made by "s ( ^! species1 t !y ne$ no ext]nal cov]+1 ! corrugat$ pap] supply+ at ! same "t /r5g? & w>m?1 ! latt] elem5t be+ furni%$ by ! air :i* is entangl$ betwe5 ! corrugations4 ,!re are _m species ( ,poli/es1 mo/ly belong+ to ,au/ralasia & tropical ,am]ica1 ! latt] display+ ! greate/ v>iety ( =m & /ructure 9 ! ne/4 ,,useful ,,arts4 ,,*apt] ,,xv4 ,electricity1 ,magnetism1 & ,galvanism mutually conv]tible4--,! ,=ce co-ext5sive ) ,nature4--,uses ( ,?und]-/orms4--,languor f ,want ( ,electricity4--,frictional & ,voltaic ,electricity4--,orig9 ( ! ,"n4--,/ructure ( ! ,voltaic ,pile4--,a simple ,example ( ! ,pile4--,n]ves ( a ,frog's ,leg4--,! ,electric ,%ock1 & h[ to produce x4--,! ,electric ,j> & ,batt]y4--,animal ,electricity4--,! ,torp$o & ,electric ,eel4--,/ructure ( ! ,electric ,app>atus4--,! ,electric ,sp>k obta9$ f bo? ,fi%es4--,*annels ( ,electricity 9 ! ,body4--,! ,w & ! ,muscles4--,electricity ! conduct+ ,ag5t4--,! ,human ,body p]meat$ by ,n]ves4--,telegraph ,wires & ! ,n]v\s ,sy/em4--,lightn+ & ! ,electric ,sp>k4--,! ,electric ,light & its ,p[]4--,! ,fire-fly1 ! ,gl[-worm1 & ! lum9\s ,inhabitants ( ! ,sea4--,magnetism & ,diamagnetism4--,! ,electric ,telegraph & ! ,compass4--,! ,pr9ciple id5tical 9 bo? ,in/rum5ts4 ,,electricity ,,& ,,magnetism4 ,x has long be5 kn[n t ,electricity1 ,galvanism1 & ,magnetism are b diff]5t manife/ations ( ! same =ce1 & t "o c be conv]t$ into ! o!r at w4 ,x is also kn[n t ?is wond]ful & mo/ important pr9ciple lies lat5t 9 ev]y?+1 & only ne$s ! prop] ma*9]y to evoke x4 ,! few foll[+ illu/rations are int5d$ to %[ its preval5ce 9 ,nature1 & t human art does n create1 b only makes manife/ a p[] t exi/s1 b lies lat5t until call$ =?4 ,)\t go+ into details1 :i* w\ld occupy ! :ole ( su* a volume z ?is1 ,i may m5tion t ,electricity saturates all ! mat]ial creation1 & t ev5 man himself is n only a res]voir ( electricity1 b t he feels positively ill if ! normal am\nt be n suppli$4 ,take1 = example1 ! h\rs t prec$e a ?und]-/orm4 ,we feel languid & depress$4 ,we _c br+ our ?\ghts toge!r4 ,we are almo/ incapable ev5 ( bodily lab\r4 ,! reason is1 t ! portion ( ! e>? on :i* we live has p>t$ ) "s ( its electricity1 & has drawn x out ( our bodies4 ,!n comes ! welcome ?und]-/orm2 cl\ds ov]*>g$ ) electricity come to re/ore ! balance4 ,! lightn+ fla%es f ! cl\ds to ! e>? z soon z !y are ne> en\gh2 ! ra9 falls1 c>ry+ ) x /ores ( sil5t electricity2 & 9 an h\r or two all seems *ang$4 ,! air1 :i* hi!rto seem$ to af=d no n\ri%m5t to ! lungs1 is brac+ & invigorat+4 ,! n]v\s sy/em recov]s its t5sion1 & ! bra9 c act )\t a pa9ful effect4 ,all ,nature seems to put on a diff]5t aspect1 & brightness & vig\r take ! place ( dulness & languor4 ,illu/ration3 ,,galvanis+ ,a ,,frog',s ,,leg4 ,illu/ration3 ,,voltaic ,,pile4 ,by a /range co9cid5ce1 !re is j su* a lack ( electricity z ,i am writ+1 & ! b>omet] has rapidly sunk to su* a degree t a /orm seems inevitable4 ,"o ( ! *ief difficulties 9 deal+ ) su* a subject z ?is is to "k :]e to beg94 ,we w1 h[ev]1 d our be/ to take a g5]al view ( x1 )\t go+ into details4 ,_m c5turies ago x 0 well kn[n t amb]1 if rubb$ ) a dry clo?1 w\ld fir/ attract1 & !n repel1 v>i\s small & light sub/ances4 ,inde$1 ! ,greek ^w = amb]1 namely1 ,elektron1 has giv5 its "n to ! mod]n sci5ce ( ,electricity4 ,_m o!r sub/ances1 su* z glass1 seal+-wax1 c41 possess ! same prop]ty4 ,?is frictional electricity is b transi5t1 ! electric fluid1 if we may be all[$ to use ! t]m1 be+ driv5 out by ma9 =ce f ! mat]ial 9 :i* x 0 lat5t1 j z fire is procur$ by ! friction ( two dry /icks4 ,!re is1 h[ev]1 a =m ( ,electricity call$ ,galvanism1 f its discov]]1 ,galvani1 :o1 some:]e ab\t #agij1 discov]$ t ! limbs ( a dead frog might be excit$ to action by electricity appli$ to ! n]ves4 ,aft]w>ds1 ,volta ( ,pavia1 f :om ! ,voltaic ,pile is nam$1 took up ,galvani's discov]ies1 & produc$ electricity )\t friction1 by ! contact ( diff]5tly conduct+ sub/ances4 ,! "r-h& figure repres5ts ! ,voltaic ,pile4 ,x is compos$ ( a s]ies ( plates arrang$ 9 ! foll[+ mann]--,z9c1 ,silv]1 & ,clo?1 ! :ole be+ moi/5$ ) dilut$ acid4 ,copp] w answ] ! purpose ne>ly z well z silv]1 & is n s co/ly4 ,a v simple mode ( demon/rat+ ! pres5ce ( electricity is by tak+ a piece ( z9c & a silv] co91 & plac+ "o bel[ & ! o!r above ! tongue4 ,if ! two be !n br\ght toge!r1 a v peculi> ta/e is p]ceiv$1 & a sudd5 fla% ( light seems to pass across ! eyes4 ,! illu/ration repres5ts on ! "r h& ! ,voltaic ,pile z at pres5t made1 & on ! left are ! two h9d-legs ( a frog1 ) ! upp] "p ( ! n]ves made b>e = ! purpose ( exp]im5t+4 ,! dott$ l9es %[ ! ext5t ( ! movem5ts ( ! leg :5 ! galvanic curr5t is pass$ ?r\gh ! n]ves4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,n[ we come to a plan :]eby electricity c be accumulat$1 or lock$ up1 s to speak1 & be dis*>g$ at once ) a def9ite %ock in/ead ( be+ p\r$ away by degrees4 ,?is c be done 9 _m ways1 ! mo/ common be+ t :i* is kn[n by ! "n ( ! ,electric ,j>4 ,x is a glass vessel coat$ )9 & )\t ) t9-foil1 & hav+ a metal rod pass+ ?r\gh ! cork 9 su* a way t :ile ! l[] end is 9 contact ) ! inn] coat+ ( t9-foil1 ! o!r end is gu>d$ by a ball4 ,electricity is n[ p\r$ into ! int]ior ( ! j>1 &1 :5 contact is made betwe5 ! inn] & out] coat+s1 a sudd5 dis*>ge takes place4 ,if a numb] ( p]sons hold ea* o!r's h&s1 & ^? :o =m ! two extremities t\* ! out] coat+ & ! ball :i* communicates ) ! inn] coat+1 a %>p dis*>ge is at once made1 pass+ ?r\gh all ! bodies1 & inflict+ a sm>t %ock1 especially at ! elb[s4 ,simil> effects c be produc$ ) ! ,voltaic ,batt]y1 b1 z t in/rum5t has already be5 figur$1 ! ,electric ,j> has be5 select$4 ,( c\rse any numb] ( su* j>s c be connect$ toge!r1 & ! %ock w be proportionately increas$ 9 int5sity4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,9 ,nature we h sev]al-p>allels4 ,putt+ aside ! obvi\s "o ( a lightn+-fla%1 :i* has already be5 m5tion$1 we pass to two rem>kable examples ( ! capability ( animal /ructure to produce electricity1 to /ore x up1 s to speak1 & dis*>ge x at w4 ,bo? ^! creatures are fi%es1 "o belong+ to ! ,skates or ,rays1 & ! o!r to ! ,eels4 ,illu/ration3 ,,torp$o4 ,,electric ,,eel4 ,,electric ,,batt]y4 ,! upp] figure on ! left-h& side ( ! illu/ration repres5ts ! ,torp$o1 sometimes call$ ! ,cramp-fi%1 ,numb-fi%1 or ,electric ,ray4 ,=tunately = u1 x is b seldom f\nd on our coa/s1 b x is tol]ably common 9 ! w>m] p>ts ( ! _w4 ,! electric organ 9 ?is fi% is d\ble1 & s l>ge t its %ape c easily be recognis$ ev5 ?r\gh ! sk94 ,x is made up ( a va/ numb] ( discs arrang$ ^u ea* o!r 9 columns l ! metallic portions ( ! ,voltaic ,pile1 & sep>at$ f ea* o!r by delicate membranes1 :i* take ! place ( ! clo?4 ,:5 ,i m5tion t m ?an elev5 hundr$ columns h be5 f\nd 9 a s+le ,torp$o1 & t ea* column conta9s sev]al hundr$ discs1 x may be imag9$ t ! %ock :i* su* a creature c give mu/ be a v p[]ful "o4 ,! object ( ?is p[] seems to be analog\s to t ( ! v5om\s s]p5t1 i4e4 to enable ! creature to secure its prey by ei!r kill+ x or r5d]+ x tempor>ily ins5sible by an electric %ock4 ,z if to %[ t ! deliv]y ( ! %ock is a*iev$ by an ex]tion ( w1 obs]v]s h notic$ t j be=e ! %ock is deliv]$1 ! eyes are depress$ 9 ! head l ^? ( a toad :5 swall[+ a l>ge insect4 99 99 99 99 99 ,a ,,/ill m p[]fully electric animal is ! ,electric ,eel ( ,s\!rn ,am]ica4 ,x sometimes atta9s a l5g? ( six feet1 & its electric organs are f\r times z proportionately l>ge z ^? ( ! torp$o4 ,!re is no d\bt z to ! object ( ! electric p[] ( ?is eel1 z ,i h (t5 se5 x kill fi%1 & !n eat !m4 ,:5 ab\t to deliv] its %ock1 x curves its body t[>ds ! int5d$ victim1 /iff5s itself1 & ) a sort ( %udd] ! electric fluid is emitt$4 ,! fi% at :i* x is aim$ nev] seems to escape1 b1 simultane\sly ) ! %udd] on ! "p ( ! ,electric ,eel1 turns on its back & lies motionless until x is pick$ up by its de/roy]4 ,nei!r ! ,torp$o nor ! ,electric ,eel has unlimit$ /ores ( electricity4 ,if irritat$ into deliv]+ repeat$ %ocks1 ea* dis*>ge is less p[]ful ?an its pr$ecessor1 until at la/ ! creature is almo/ :olly p[]less1 & mu/ re/ & recruit itself be=e x c lay up fre% /ores ( ! electric fluid4 ,i may add t ! electric sp>k has be5 obta9$ f bo? ^! fi%es4 ,x 0 only a small sp>k1 b 9 su* exp]im5ts a small sp>k is z satisfactory z a l>ge "o4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,:at are ! *annels by :i* ! electric fluid is transmitt$ ?r\gh our bodies8 ,!y are ! n]ves1 :i* convey f & to ! bra9 a subtle fluid1 if x may be s call$1 j z ! art]ies & ve9s convey blood to & f ! he>t4 ,if any ( ^! n]ves be electrifi$1 ev5 aft] ! dea? ( ! animal1 or aft] ! sep>ation ( a limb f ! body1 muscul> movem5ts are induc$1 & ! limb moves z if in/9ct ) life4 ,)\t ^! n]ves we %\ld be unable to feel ! sev]e/ %ock1 b !y p]meate ! body s completely1 t n a "p ( ! sk9 c be prick$ )\t a n]ve be+ w\nd$4 ,x is by means ( ^! conductors t ! w is made to act ^u ! limbs4 ,! m9d1 = example1 desires ! legs to walk1 & !y d s1 ! ord] be+ transmitt$ to !m ?r\gh ! n]ves4 ,z a rule1 we are unconsci\s ( ?is process4 ,b1 :5 p>alysis takes place1 & ! n]ves refuse to p]=m _! functions1 ! w is absolutely useless1 &1 h[ev] desir\s a man may be ( walk+1 he _c move a /ep if ! n]ves ( 8 legs are p>alyz$4 ,9 cases :]e ! p>alysis comes on sl[ly & 9 detail1 ! pati5t mo/ly becomes consci\s ( ! "p play$ by ! n]ves1 & feels t 8 w c to a c]ta9 degree r\se ! expir+ p[]s ( ! n]ve fluid4 ,?is 9 its turn is b ! conductor = ano!r & inf9itely m subtle fluid1 ( :i* our space w n all[ u to treat1 b :i* =ms ! connect+ l9k betwe5 body & _s4 ,p]haps "s ( my read]s may h se5 ^? curi\s prep>ations ( ! human =m1 :5 ! art]ies h be5 inject$ ) r$ wax1 & ! ve9s ) blue wax1 & !n ! fle%y portions dissolv$ away by *emical means4 ,! result is a p]fect human =m1 & ev5 to ! v tips ( ! f+]s & toes ! blood-vessels foll[ ! cont\r ( ! body4 ,did we h means ( inject+ ! n]v\s sy/em1 we %\ld arrive at simil> results1 except t ! n]ves w\ld be f\nd inf9itely m intricate ?an ! ve9s & art]ies4 ,?us a human be+ is a s]ies ( human =ms1 int]wov5 ) ea* o!r1 & mutually dep5d5t on ea* o!r4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,x is curi\s to see h[ ! great discov]ies ( mod]n days h b copi$ ,nature4 ,take1 = example1 ! network ( telegraphic wires :i* is day by day spread+ itself ov] ! surface ( ! e>?1 & ! p>allel w at once be visible4 ,j z ! bra9 transmits its message to ! limbs by means ( ! n]ves1 s does ! same bra9 transmit its message ?r\gh ?\s&s ( miles1 by utilis+ ! wires :i* are b ! r\gh & co>se imitations ( ! wond]ful n]v\s sy/em ( ! human frame4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,! illu/ration %[s ! p>allelism z well z c be done by a m]e *>t4 ,illu/ration3 ,,n]ves4 ,illu/ration3 ,,telegraphic ,,wires4 ,on ! left-h& side is %[n ! mann] 9 :i* a n]ve-gr\p is di/ribut$ to diff]5t p>ts ( ! body4 ,on ! "r ! railway telegraph wires are se51 &1 z ! read] w probably rememb]1 bran* wires are c>ri$ into ! signal boxes1 j z bran* n]ves are c>ri$ to ! mo/ di/ant p>ts ( ! body4 99 99 99 99 99 ,i ,,h already m5tion$ ! ,electric ,sp>k1 & t x is1 9 fact1 a m9iature lightn+-fla%1 ! little crackl+ report be+ a m9iature ?und]-clap4 ,x c be produc$ by frictional electricity1 or by ! voltaic pile 9 its _m v>iations1 or by animal sub/ances alone1 z 9 ! case ( ! torp$o & electric eel4 ,we n[ come to a modification ( ! sp>k1 :]eby a cont9u\s curr5t ( electricity is s5t ?r\gh two *>coal po9ts1 & inflames !m ) su* int5sity t ! eye _c look ^u its dazzl+ :it5ess4 ,!re is none ( ! yell[ness ab\t x :i* is s great a drawback to our artificial lights1 :e!r !y be gas1 c&le1 or lamp1 & :i* makes ladies' dresses t are really beautiful by day look dull & almo/ ugly by night4 ,x is wond]ful to see h[ ! ,electric ,light kills all o!r lights4 ,! brighte/ gas becomes dull1 & its %ad[ is ?r[n on ! wall :i* x =m]ly illum9at$1 & ! mo/ delicate t9ts ( silks & sat9s sudd5ly display !mselves 9 ! bl9d+ :it5ess ( ! ,electric ,light4 ,at pres5t x is too co/ly to be br\ght into common use1 b its int5sity is s great t s]i\s ideas h be5 =m$ ( disp5s+ ) /reet lamps altoge!r1 & illum9at+ t[ns ) a few electric lamps plac$ at a consid]able height1 & hav+ _! beams reflect$ d[nw>ds4 ,illu/ration3 ,,lightn+4 ,,fire-,,fly4 ,,gl[-,,worm4 ,,electric ,,light4 ,london is ?\ght to be a specially fit subject = ?is mode ( light+1 z ! electric beams c pi]ce ! fogs :i* ! gas-lamp only augm5ts1 & give ! travell] "s hope ( f9d+ 8 way ?r\gh ! mo/ famili> /reets4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,9 ! illu/ration ! "r-h& figure repres5ts ! ,electric ,light z at pres5t 9 use4 ,! upp] portion ( ! left-h& side repres5ts ! =k$ lightn+1 ^: dazzl+ :it5ess is s famili> to u1 ev5 9 ! noon ( a summ]'s day4 ,bel[ are %[n ! ,fire-fly ( w>m climates1 & ! ,gl[-worm1 :i*1 9 our comp>atively cool c\ntry1 *e]s ! summ] ev5+s ) its pale lamp4 ,z to ! s\rce ( ?is my/]i\s light1 :i* burns )\t produc+ heat suffici5t to be recognis$ by our mo/ delicate in/rum5ts1 we "k b little4 ,!re are in/rum5ts s inf9itely m s5sitive ?an ! be/ !rmomet]1 t !y w record in/antane\sly an increase ( heat if a human be+ passes 9 front ( !m1 ?\gh at sev]al y>ds' di/ance4 ,yet no effect is produc$ on !m by any ( ! ,fire-flies or ! ,gl[-worm4 ,! spectroscope itself gives little or no in=mation1 ! spectrum ( ! light be+ )\t b&s or b>s1 & be+ :at is te*nically call$ a 8cont9u\s0 spectrum4 ,la/ ye> ,i tri$ numb]s ( ,gl[-worms ) ! spectroscope1 & always ) ! same result4 ,i nev] saw ! ,fire-flies alive1 b1 no matt] :at may be ! col\r ( ! light1 ! spectrum1 :e!r ( ! ,gl[-worm or any ( ! ,fire-flies1 seems to be always cont9u\s1 & s to give b little in=mation z to its s\rce4 ,!re appe>s1 h[ev]1 to be little d\bt t animal electricity is ! real cause ( ?is curi\s ph5om5on1 & t ! =ce :i* is exp5d$ 9 ! torp$o & electric eel1 9 giv+ %ocks accompani$ by slight electric sp>ks1 may develop itself 9 ^! insects by produc+ a cont9u\s light4 ,& j z ! electric fi%es c emit or )hold ! %ock z !y please1 s c ! ,fire-flies & ,gl[-worms give out or reta9 ! light by :i* !y are s well kn[n4 ,!n we come to ! multitud9\s lum9\s inhabitants ( ! sea1 :i*1 z _m ( my read]s h probably se51 conv]t ! waves into roll+ masses ( liv+ fire4 ,,magnetism4 ,n[ we come to ano!r condition ( electrical =ce1 call$ ,,magnetism4 ,"o =m ( x is /rongly develop$ 9 ! ,load/one1 an ore ( iron4 ,?is ore has ! prop]ty ( turn+ ea/ & we/ :5 susp5d$ freely1 x attracts any object made ( iron1 & c communicate its p[]s to iron by m]ely /rok+ x4 ,!re is 9 ! ,museum at ,ox=d a spl5did specim5 ( ! ,load/one1 :i* has imp>t$ its virtues to ?\s&s ( iron magnets1 & has lo/ none ( its virtues by s do+4 ,all bodies are n[ kn[n to be magnetic 9 "s way or o!r4 ,sev]al1 su* z iron1 nickel1 & "o or two o!r metals1 turn nor? & s\? :5 susp5d$ on a pivot1 b ! great bulk ( o!r bodies turn ea/ & we/1 & are call$ ,diamagnetics4 ,z we all "k1 ! prop]ty ( turn+ nor? & s\? has be5 utilis$ 9 ! ,compass1 )\t :i* mod]n sci5ce w\ld be p>alyz$1 & travel r5d]$ impossible4 ,illu/ration3 ,,load/one4 ,illu/ration3 ,,compass4 ,x is wor?y ( notice t al?\gh ! magnetic ne$le ( ! compass turns to ! nor?1 x does n d s because x is attract$ by ! nor? pole1 b because x is repell$ f ! ea/ & we/4 ,we h long kn[n t if a curr5t ( electricity be s5t r\nd a magnetic ne$le1 ! latt] at once turns at "r angles to x4 ,on ?is pr9ciple dep5ds ! ,electric ,telegraph4 ,:5 communication is made by us+ ! h&les1 a curr5t ( electricity is s5t r\nd ! ne$les1 & causes !m to turn at "r angles until /opp$ by a little ivory p91 :i* prev5ts !m f ov]%oot+ !mselves4 ,!re is a p]petual /ream ( electricity pass+ ov] ! e>? f ea/ to we/1 & 9 consequ5ce all magnetic bodies are =c$ to turn at "r angles1 j z is ! case ) ! magnetic ne$le4 ,,useful ,,arts4 ,,*apt] ,,xvi4 ,,tillage4--,,dra9age4--,,spiral ,,pr9ciple4--,,c5trifugal ,,=ce4 ,sy/ems ( cultivat+ ,gr\nd4--,! ,fall[ ,sy/em4--,manur+ ! ,gr\nd4--,cu/om ( ,*9a4--,nature's ,abhorr5ce ( ,wa/e4--,:at becomes ( ,dead ,animals4--,bury+-beetles4--,! ,sc>abu-beetles & _! ,"w4--,dra9age v]sus ,sewage4--,clay ,soils & ,dra9s4--,! ,mole1 ! ,e>?-worm1 ,rats1 ,mice1 & ,rabbits4--,! ,flexible ,dra9 & ! ,lob/]'s ,tail4--,! ,turb9e ,pump & ! ,ascidian4--,! ,spiral ,pr9ciple4--,! ,smoke-jack1 ,kite1 & ,w+s ( ,birds4--,c5trifugal ,=ce4--,revolution ( ,planets4--,! 8,gov]nor0 ( ! ,/eam-eng9e4--,! ,sl+1 ,am5tum1 & ,mop4--,! ,gyroscope1 ! ,bicycle1 & ! ,hoop4 ,sev]al times1 9 ! c\rse ( ?is "w1 we h t\*$ ^u man's deal+s ) ! e>?1 su* z m9+ & tunnell+4 ,we w n[ take ano!r side ( ! same "q1 &1 9 connection ) ,tillage1 consid] ,dra9age1 :]eby sup]abundant moi/ure is remov$ f ! e>?1 & ,manur+1 :]eby ! exhau/$ soil is r5ovat$4 ,we w take ?is subject fir/4 ,x has long be5 kn[n t x is impossible to get m out ( ! gr\nd ?an exi/s 9 x1 & t :5 ! soil has be5 s work$ z to become unproductive1 !re are only two rem$ies4 ,! "o is to all[ ! gr\nd to rema9 uncultivat$ = a "t4 ,x mu/ be pl\gh$ 9 deeply1 z if x 7 to be s[n ) a crop1 & mu/ be left to recruit itself f ! air4 ,?is is ! n[ ab&on$ 8fall[0 sy/em1 :i* us$ to be 9 full op]ation :5 ,i 0 a *ild4 ,z1 h[ev]1 population increas$1 & ) x ! p]petually increas+ dem& = food1 l& 0 f\nd to be too preci\s to be all[$ to lie fall[ & idle4 ,!n came ! sy/em ( rotation ( crops1 potato foll[+ :eat1 clov] foll[+ potato1 c4 ,b1 above all1 agriculturi/s le>n$ t 9 ! long-run !re is no?+ s *eap z manure1 i4e4 ! return to ! soil by animals ( ! elem5ts :i* ^! animals took out ( x4 ,on ! "r h& ( ! illu/ration 7page #die7 is %[n ! simple/ mode ( enri*+ ! soil1 namely1 by spread+ ! manure on ! surface ( ! e>?1 & !n digg+ x 94 ,any mode ( ?us enri*+ ! e>? is a pro( ( civilisation4 ,no savage ev] dream$ ( su* a ?+1 & ,i d\bt :e!r b>b>ians recognis$ ! pr9ciple at any "t4 ,n[adays we h recognis$ ! necessity ( return+ to ! soil 9 "o =m ! elem5ts :i* we h tak5 f x 9 ano!r4 ,z usual 9 su* arts ( civilisation1 ! ,*9ese h long prec$$ u4 ,!y wa/e no?+1 c>ry+1 p]haps1 its pr9ciples to an ext5t :i* sc>cely suits our ,european ideas4 ,!y ev5 utilise ! little clipp+s ( hair1 to :i* e ,*9aman is almo/ daily subject1 if he wi%es to keep up 8 self-respect 9 public4 ,! b>b]s c>efully pres]ve ^! clipp+s1 & sell !m to g>d5]s4 ,!y are too preci\s to be us$ 9 g5]al agriculture1 b ! fl[] arti/1 :5 he plants ! se$1 puts 9 ! same hole a little p9* ( human hair1 kn[+ x to be a /rong /imulant to gr[?4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,)\t multiply+ examples ( artificial manur+1 mo/ ( :i* are too famili> to ne$ description1 we w proce$ to ! me?ods by :i* ,nature has = c\ntless c5turies a*iev$ ! same "w t ,man has lately le>n$ to und]take4 ,nature abhors wa/e1 & 9 ! long-run w prove x1 h[ev] wa/eful may be ! ways ( h] s]vants4 ,take1 = example1 ! case ( an ord9>y tree1 su* z an elm1 an oak1 or a bir*4 ,9 ! autumn ! leaves fall4 ,9 ! next summ] sc>cely a dead leaf c be f\nd4 ,!y h be5 decompos$ by ra91 dews1 & gases1 & h ?us return$ to ! e>? m ?an ! nutrim5t :i* !y took out ( x4 ,"h man is apt to int]f]e4 ,kn[+ ! invaluable productive p[]s ( decay$ leaves1 he removes !m z !y fall1 & /ores !m 9 heaps s z to =m ! co/ly1 b almo/ indisp5sable1 8leaf m\ld40 ,9 s do+1 h[ev]1 he deprives ! trees ( _! natural nutrim5t1 & by degrees !y dw9dle & die4 ,nature1 9 ?is case1 %[s h] sup]iority ov] ,art4 ,!n we h ! rem>kable fact t millions ( animat$ be+s die annually1 & no ve/ige ( _! rema9s is f\nd4 ,hynas & vultures might acc\nt = a few bodies1 ! remnants ( :i* h be5 f\nd 9 anci5t cav]ns4 ,b !re is no hyna :i* c\ld cru% ! leg bones ( an adult elephant2 & yet ,i suppose t nei!r 9 ,africa nor ,asia has any "o discov]$ ! body ( an elephant or rh9oc]os t _h di$ a natural dea?4 ,9 ! fir/ place1 !re is ! curi\s po9t1 :i* ,i h already m5tion$1 & :i* is %>$ by ne>ly e race ( human savages1 t :5 an animal feels t x has receiv$ its dea?-/roke1 x accepts ! conditions1 )draws itself f ^? :o yet h life 9 !m1 & yields up its life z calmly z if x 7 b sleep+4 ,b :at becomes ( ! body8 ,z to su* enorm\s be+s z elephants1 ! v>i\s species ( rh9oc]os1 & :ales1 :i* are z l>ge z sev]al elephants1 rh9oc]os1 & hippopotamus put toge!r1 ,i _c say f practical k4 ,/ill1 z size is only comp>ative1 ! rule t holds good ) a small animal may hold equally good ) a l>ge "o4 ,x is my lot to walk v (t5 ^u ! banks ( ! ,?ames4 ,x is a *>m+ walk at high wat]1 b at l[ wat] !re is too mu* odorif]\s mud1 & !re are too _m dead dogs & cats to make x an agreeable resort1 except = en?usia/ic entomologi/s1 :o seem to sw>m 9 ?is neighb\rhood4 ,sc>cely has su* a c>cass be5 /r&$ ?an x is beset by ,bury+-beetles ( v>i\s k9ds4 ,hundr$s ^u hundr$s c be %ak5 out ( ! corpse ( a dog or cat1 &1 be=e ! next tide has come up1 !re is sc>cely any fle% left on ! bones1 x hav+ be5 dug into ! e>? by ! ,bury+-beetles4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,!n !re is t wond]ful family ( ,sc>abu-beetles1 :i* d u invaluable s]vice z scav5g]s & agriculturi/s4 ,!y foll[ ! pa? ( ! c>avans1 & effectively cleanse ! c\rse :i* has be5 trav]s$4 ,ev5 man is oblig$ to utilise z fuel ! dropp+s ( ! horses1 c[s1 & camels2 b ! ,sc>abu goes fur!r1 collect+ all t man does n ne$1 & bury+ x 9 ! e>?4 ,! in/9ct ( ! female ,sc>abu urges x to ga!r toge!r ! rejecta1 to =m !m into balls1 plac+ an egg 9 ! middle ( ea* ball1 & to bury !m 9 ! gr\nd4 ,?us a d\ble object is atta9$1 ! (f5sive sub/ances be+ remov$ f ! surface ( ! gr\nd1 :]e !y d h>m1 & be+ transf]r$ bel[ ! surface1 :]e !y d good4 ,ev5 ! curi\s in/9ct ( ! dog1 :i* leads x to bury bones1 c41 :i* x _c consume1 & :i* x (t5 =gets1 if well f$1 leaves !m to be consum$ by ! all-absorb+ e>?4 ,illu/ration3 ,,sc>ab,,u-,,beetles4 ,illu/ration3 ,,m5 ,,manur+ ,,gr\nd4 ,x is evid5t t1 9 ! end1 ! e>? mu/ receive back aga9 t :i* has be5 tak5 f x4 ,if1 = example1 we foll[ ! pres5t mo/ wa/eful plan ( dra9age1 & fl+ into riv]s ev]y?+ :i* ought to be utilis$ on l&1 x only gets into ! sea 9 ! end1 & 9 ! c\rse ( ye>s is decompos$1 & returns to ! e>? 9 ! =m ( gases4 ,mean:ile1 h[ev]1 we h robb$ ! locality1 depriv$ x ( ! n\ri%m5t :i* x requir$1 & =c$ ourselves to supply x else:]e at a co/ly rate4 ,s runs ! cycle ( creation4 ,soon] or lat]1 ,nature w h h] way1 & ! m we help h]1 ! bett] x w be = u4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,( c\rse ,i d n mean to condemn ,dra9age1 :i* is an absolute necessity 9 agriculture1 & a matt] ( life & dea? 9 h\seholds4 ,b1 :5 rightly conduct$1 x only signifies t wat] is remov$ f a spot :i* is ov]/ock$ ) moi/ure to "o :]e x is ne$$4 ,wet clay l&s1 = example1 :i* 7 unproductive 9 po9t ( crops1 & injuri\s 9 po9t ( human heal?1 h be5 conv]t$ by judici\s dra9age into f]tile & heal?y gr\nds4 ,?is1 z x w be se51 is a v diff]5t bus9ess f remov+ f ! soil ! elem5ts :i* rightly belong to x1 & :i* soon] or lat]1 9 "s =m or ano!r1 x w claim & recapture4 ,/ill1 x is evid5t t 9 ! progress ( civilisation !re mu/ be accumulations ( all k9ds ( refuse1 :i* savages utt]ly disreg>d4 ,!n we come to ! "q ( ! ,dra9 comb9$ ) ! ,sew]1 & are enabl$ to see h[ ! h& ( man1 if prop]ly direct$1 only foll[s ! c\rse ( ,nature4 ,illu/ration3 ,,tunnel ,,( ,,mole4 ,illu/ration3 ,,sew]4 ,s we und]m9e our t[ns ) a complex sy/em ( dra9s :i* are und]/ood by only a v few p4 ,= example1 j z a tree is only half visible1 ! roots be+ ab\t equival5t to ! bran*es1 ,london is only half visible1 ! subt]ranean ar*itecture be+ little1 if at all1 inf]ior to t ( ! surface4 ,"h1 aga91 we are met by ,nature4 ,v few ( u c appreciate ! ext5sive subt]ranean works :i* und]lie u1 ev5 :]e ! h& ( man has nev] be5 plac$4 ,putt+ aside a multitude ( t9y creatures1 !re are1 9 our own c\ntry1 ! e>?-worms :i* pi]ce ! gr\nd 9 all directions1 at ! same "t dra9+ & manur+ x4 ,!y p5etrate x ) _! little burr[s1 ?us admitt+ ! air1 :i* ! e>? ne$s z mu* z we d1 & all[+ moi/ure to take its "r place4 ,!n !re are ! moles1 t are p]petually travell+ aft] ! e>?-worms1 & mak+ dra9age gall]ies ( wond]ful ext5t4 ,!n !re are ! num]\s o!r burr[]s1 su* z rabbits1 mice1 & rats1 :i* are common ev]y:]e1 besides ! less pl5tiful foxes1 badg]s1 & v>i\s burr[+ birds1 all ( :i* assi/ m or less 9 ! dra9age ( ! e>?4 ,ev5 bees & wasps ( diff]5t k9ds assi/ 9 ?is "w1 ! h>de/ soil yield+ to _! small1 ?\gh p[]ful1 jaws & feet1 & s be+ made1 if only tempor>ily1 able to c>ry (f ! sup]abundant moi/ure4 99 99 99 99 99 ,illu/ration3 ,,tail ,,( ,,lob/]4 ,illu/ration3 ,,flexible ,,wat] ,,ma94 ,"o ( ! mo/ +5i\s modes ( ,dra9age 0 t :i* 0 inv5t$ by ,watts1 & 0 av[$ly bas$ on ,nature4 ,he _h engag$ himself to c>ry a dra9 tube ?r\gh1 or r ov]1 an extremely irregul> b$ ( a riv]1 :]e ! pipes mu/ accommodate !mselves to exi/+ conditions4 ,! mod]n sy/em ( pipes n hav+ be5 br\ght into exi/5ce1 ,watts _h to adapt himself to circum/ances1 & did s by mak+ 8 pipe on ! model ( a ,lob/]'s tail1 z %[n 9 ! illu/ration4 ,we h already se5 h[ ! same object has be5 utilis$ 9 w>f>e z a patt]n = arm\r1 b x does seem r /range t x %\ld be employ$ 9 ! tranquil arts ( peace4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,ano!r me?od ( remov+ sup]flu\s wat] is by ! ,,turb9e ,,pump1 by :i* ! wat]1 in/ead ( be+ ca/ up 9 successive jets1 0 flung out 9 a cont9u\s torr5t4 ,"s ( my read]s may rememb] ! s5sation :i* 0 creat$ at ! fir/ ,exhibition ( #aheb by ! !n extraord9>y p[]s ( ! ,turb9e ,pump4 ,yet ?is is1 aft] all1 no?+ b an imp]fect copy ( ! n[ celebrat$ be+ to :i* human be+s h be5 suppos$ to owe _! orig91 namely1 ! ,ascidian1 popul>ly kn[n by ! "n ( ! ,sea-squirt1 & ) v good reasons4 ,z a rule1 x keeps up a rotation ( t5tacles1 su* z is %[n 9 ! illu/ration1 act+ exactly on ! pr9ciple ( ! ,turb9e ,pump1 & draw+ 9 & dis*>g+ wat] ) a p[] t is p]fectly a/oni%+ 9 s small a be+4 ,beside ?is1 x has ! p[] ( fl++ out at once ! :ole ( its wat]y cont5ts1 & any "o :o has incauti\sly h&l$ a mass ( ,ascidians1 & be5 dr5*$ by !m1 c answ] ) m tru? ?an satisfaction z to ! wat]-absorb+ p[] ( ! ,turb9e4 ,illu/ration3 ,,ascidian4 ,illu/ration3 ,,turb9e ,,pump4 ,!n ! ,ascidian c d :at ! ,turb9e _c d4 ,9 ! ,turb9e ! wat] :i* is tak5 9 mu/ necess>ily be eject$ 9 equal proportions4 ,) ! ,ascidian ! same ?+ takes place1 b ) ! additional p[] ( eject+ all ! conta9$ wat]1 & !n beg9n+ afre%4 ,!re is n[ no d\bt t ! ,circul> or ! ,turb9e ,pump is ! mo/ p[]ful 9 su* cases z empty+ m9es ( ! wat] :i*1 9 spite ( all precautions1 w make its way 91 & de/roy ! lab\rs ( ! m9]s4 ,b ,i m]ely wi% to c>ry out ! object ( ?is "w by rem>k+ t ! invaluable ,turb9e ,pump is only a v inf]ior copy ( a natural pump1 :i* exi/$1 z f> z we "k1 c5turies be=e ,man c\ld f9d 8 place ^u ?is e>?4 ,,! ,,spiral4 ,9 an e>ly portion ( ?is "w ! ,spiral or ,screw 0 t\*$ ^u1 mo/ly 9 connection ) ! propulsion ( vessels4 ,we w n[ ext5d x a little fur!r1 & see h[ x is modifi$ s z to p]=m o!r (fices ?an ^? :i* h be5 describ$4 ,allusion has already be5 made to ! ,spiral or ,w$ge pr9ciple1 b "s ( ! illu/rations 7 accid5tally omitt$4 ,i !re=e introduce !m "h1 ?is be+ a *apt] ( miscellanea4 ,! ,w9dmill has previ\sly be5 describ$1 z has also ! %ip's ,screw1 ano!r =m ( :i* is "h giv54 ,illu/ration3 ,,birds' ,,w+s ,,& ,,tails4 ,illu/ration3 ,,smoke-,,jack4 ,,%ip',s ,,screw4 ,,w9dmill4 ,,kite4 ,9 ! c5tre is %[n ! me*anism popul>ly kn[n z ! ,smoke-jack1 ?\gh x really works by means ( hot air1 & only becomes gradually *ok$ by ! soot :i* ! smoke by degrees deposits ^u x4 ,x is1 9 fact1 no?+ b a w9dmill work+ horizontally in/ead ( v]tically1 ! vanes be+ mov$ by ! rapidly asc5d+ heat$ air4 ,s p[]ful is ! spiral pressure ( ?is air1 t 9 my old college days at lea/ a doz5 r[s ( heavily lad5 spits 7 p]petually turn$ by a s+le ,smoke-jack4 ,x is _m ye>s s9ce ,i visit$ my old college1 & ,i _c say :e!r ! ,smoke-jack /ill exi/s1 b1 z x did its "w well s long ago1 ,i presume t x does s n[4 ,!n !re is ! well-kn[n spiral v5tilator set 9 ! w9d[s ( work%ops4 ,p]haps its revolution may n assi/ ! air-curr5t1 b x does1 at all ev5ts1 %[ h[ mu* exhau/$ air has to be expell$ f ! room1 & consequ5tly h[ mu* fre% air ne$s to be br\ght into x4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,p]haps ! read] may be surpris$ to see t ! ,w+s & ,tail ( a bird & a boy's ,kite are plac$ among ! examples ( ! ,spiral pr9ciple4 ,yet su* is ! fact4 ,if ! read] w move up & d[n ! w+s ( any bird :i* w n bite him1 he w f9d t !re is 9 !m a peculi> screw+ motion1 difficult ( description1 b v obs]vable4 ,x is mo/ly = want ( ?is movem5t t all our attempts at fitt+ w+s to human be+s h be5 su* utt] failures4 ,we c make ! w+s "w up & d[n well en\gh1 b we _c z yet imp>t to !m ! all-important spiral movem5t4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,t v well-kn[n toy1 ! ,kite1 is ano!r example ( ! same pr9ciple :i* drives ! screw /eam]4 ,its 8tail10 :i* ne$ be no?+ b a piece ( /r+ ) a proportionate weight at ! end1 keeps ! ,kite 9 a slant+ position1 provid+ t ! 8belly-b&0 be prop]ly arrang$4 ,! consequ5ce is t ! pressure ( ! w9d acts on x z on a w$ge1 & s drives x upw>ds until ! comb9$ weight ( itself & ! /r+ c\nt]balance ! upw>d pressure4 ,inde$1 ! only object ( ! /r+ is to keep ! ,kite at a prop] incl9ation2 &1 if t object c\ld be atta9$ by ! =ce ( gravity alone1 ! ,kite w\ld asc5d to a height ne>ly d\ble t to :i* x c at pres5t atta94 ,,c5trifugal ,,=ce4 ,closely connect$ ) ! spiral pr9ciple is ,c5trifugal ,=ce1 t m>vell\s p[] :i* gives to our :ole sol> sy/em its ceaseless movem5ts1 & may ext5d1 z f> z we "k1 to o!r & va/] sy/ems yet unkn[n4 ,tie a ball to a /r+1 & sw+ x r\nd1 & x w be an exact1 ?\gh r\gh1 repres5tation ( ! d\ble p[] by :i* ! movem5ts ( ! heav5ly bodies are gov]n$1 our e>? be+ includ$ among !m4 ,! /r+ repres5ts ! =ce ( attraction1 :i* b9ds all our planets to ! sun1 & _! satellites to ! planets1 :ile ! =ce t is employ$ 9 sw++ ! ball repres5ts ! my/]i\s p[] t issues f ! sun1 & gives motion to ! planets4 ,! metaphor is a v homely "o1 b x is nev]!less correct4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,9 ! accompany+ illu/ration are sev]al examples ( ,c5trifugal ,=ce z f\nd bo? 9 ,nature & ,art4 ,on ! left h& we h diagrams ( "s ( ! heav5ly bodies1 %[+ ! revolution ( _! (fspr+1 s to call !m1 :ile on ! "r are se5 examples ( ,c5trifugal ,=ce z appli$ to human use4 ,= conv5i5ce' sake1 ! illu/rations h be5 sep>at$ into two portions4 ,illu/ration3 ,,c5trifugal ,,=ce ,,( ,,heav5ly ,,bodies4 ,illu/ration3 ,,c5trifugal ,,=ce ,,( 8,,gov]nors0 ,,( ,,eng9e4 ,,sl+4 ,,am5tum ,,& ,,mop4 ,9 ! fir/ ( ^! illu/rations we h ! 8,gov]nor0 ( ! /eam-eng9e1 t wond]fully +5i\s & simple piece ( me*anism :i* controls ! =ce ( ! /eam1 &1 )\t ! sup]9t5d5ce ( man1 acts almo/ z a liv+ be+ might4 ,x is compos$ ( two heavy metal balls1 h+$1 z %[n 9 ! illu/ration1 to a movable coll> :i* slides up & d[n ! c5tral rod4 ,:5 ! eng9e is at "w ! ,gov]nor revolves1 & ! h>d] x works1 ! m rapid is ! revolution4 ,consequ5tly1 z x revolves1 ! balls div]ge & draw ! slid+ coll> up ! rod4 ,"h lies ! :ole beauty ( ! inv5tion4 ,! slid+ coll> is connect$ ) ! safety-valve4 ,?us1 if ! eng9e %\ld be work+ beyond its prop] p[]s1 ! ,gov]nor draws up ! coll>1 & releases suffici5t /eam to take ! undue pressure (f ! boil]4 ,?us ! eng9e may be left1 s to speak1 to manage itself4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,next are %[n two examples ( ,c5trifugal ,=ce z appli$ 9 anci5t w>f>e1 namely1 ! ,sl+1 :i* is n[ reta9$ m]ely z a boy's toy1 & ! ,am5tum1 :i* 0 practically a sl+ atta*$ to a spe>4 ,bo? weapons h be5 sup]s$$ by ! mod]n fire>ms1 b ! ,sl+ is really a m =midable (f5sive weapon1 9 skilful h&s1 ?an is g5]ally suspect$4 ,a good sl+] is z sure ( 8 aim z a good rifleman1 & c s5d 8 missile to a wond]ful di/ance4 ,7 ,i to be arm$ ) ! be/ pi/ol hi!rto inv5t$1 ,i %\ld be sorry to fight an accompli%$ sl+]1 unless "u cov]4 ,! really trem5d\s p[] ( ! ,sl+ is obta9$ by ,c5trifugal ,=ce1 ! weapon1 ) its missile1 be+ :irl$ 9 ! air1 & !n "o /r+ be+ loos$ ) a peculi> knack some?+ l ! 8loose0 ( a good ar*]4 ,9 consequ5ce1 ! c5trifugal =ce is conv]t$ into direct =ce1 & ! missile flies directly =w>ds4 ,! ,am5tum is simply a cord ti$ to a javel91 s t ! ?r[] has ! advantage ( a lev]1 :i*1 aft] all1 is only ! conv]sion ( c5trifugal =ce4 ,! v famili> ,mop1 fl++ (f its moi/ure to a consid]able di/ance1 ne$s no description2 b ,i h introduc$ x to %[ ! action ( c5trifugal =ce 9 small z well z 9 great ?+s4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,! next illu/ration %[s h[ ?is v same p[] acts ^u ! greate/ z well z ! lea/ ( objects1 & enables !m to ma9ta9 positions :i* o!rwise !y mu/ ( necessity fail to d4 ,take1 = example1 our own ,e>?1 & its peculi> position ( be+ tilt$ on "o side1 s z to give u ! alt]native seasons z x flies on its annual c\rse4 ,?is is simply due to its own rapid revolution1 :i*1 on ! same pr9ciple t keeps ! arr[ & ! rifle-ball /raight on _! c\rse1 prev5ts x f alt]+ its position4 ,! v same pr9ciple acts on ! boys' ,tops1 & is %[n 9 a really rem>kable mann] by ! pr(essional ,japanese top-sp9n]s1 :o w place sev]al tops ^u ea* o!r1 z %[n 9 ! illu/ration1 & make !m sway backw>ds & =w>ds 9 ! mo/ extraord9>y mann]1 sometimes be+ all upright1 & sometimes lean+ almo/ at "r angles to ea* o!r4 ,a fav\rite mode ( illu/rat+ ?is p[] ( ,c5trifugal ,=ce is by ! ,gyroscope1 a figure ( :i* is giv5 on ! "r h& ( ! illu/ration4 ,! int]ior :eel is made to revolve rapidly1 & ! effect ( ! revolution is to enable ! in/rum5t to ma9ta9 a horizontal position1 ev5 :5 susp5d$ on "o side1 z %[n 9 ! engrav+4 ,illu/ration3 ,,revolution ,,( ,,e>?4 ,illu/ration3 ,,japanese ,,tops4 ,illu/ration3 ,,gyroscope4 ,! p[] ( ?is revolution is q wond]ful1 ev5 9 a small ,gyroscope :i* c be pur*as$ = a few %ill+s4 ,x almo/ seems to be alive1 & to insi/ on reta9+ its position1 9 spite ( all ef=ts to ! contr>y4 ,?is pr9ciple is us$ 9 ! sw++ cab9 ( ! ,bessem] %ip1 & is also employ$ by quoit-play]s 9 keep+ _! missile /eady z x flies t[>ds ! m>k4 ,ev5 ! n[ fa%ionable ,bicycle is manag$ on ! same pr9ciple4 ,z is well kn[n to all bicycle rid]s1 x is comp>atively easy to ma9ta9 ! balance :5 ! pace is rapid & ! :eels revolv+ quickly4 ,! difficulty is1 to d s :5 ! pace is sl[1 & ! rid] is depriv$ ( ! c5trifugal =ce :i* keeps him on 8 balance almo/ 9 spite ( himself4 ,x is j ! same ) a *ild's hoop1 :i* runs /raight & upright :5 x is driv5 rapidly1 or :51 = example1 x runs d[nhill4 ,b1 z soon z ! c5trifugal =ce is exp5d$1 x beg9s to wav]1 loses its direction1 & soon falls to ! gr\nd4 ,,useful ,,arts4 ,,*apt] ,,xvii4 ,,oscillation4--,,unit$ ,,/r5g?4--,,! ,,dome4 ,connection ( ,oscillation ) ,c5trifugal ,=ce4--,equality ( ,"t 9 ,oscillation4--,! ,spid]4--,! ,/one & ,/r+4--,p5dulum ( ! ,clock1 & its ,effect on ! ,ma*9]y4--,accel]ation & ,ret>dation4--,comp5sat+ ,p5dulums4--,! ,metronome1 & its ,use 9 ,music4--,a simple ,metronome4--,value ( ! ,in/rum5t 9 ,w>4--,! ,escapem5t1 & its ,connection ) ! ,p5dulum4--,mode ( ,action4--,l>va ( ,bury+-beetle4--,e>?worms & ,s]p5ts4--,union is ,/r5g?4--,! ,hippopotamus ,rope & its ,/ructure4--,! ,spid]-web4--,di/9ction betwe5 ! ,?reads4--,pr9ciple ( ! ,dome4--,! ,ar*1 & its ,connection ) ! ,dome4--,esquimaux ,huts4--,receiv] ( ! ,air-pump1 & its ,p[] ( ,resi/ance4--,! ,human ,skull & ! ,egg4--,accid5tal ,resemblance4--,! ,salad-dress+ ,bottle4--,! ,m$usa1 ,/robila1 & ,hydra4 ,a portion ( our la/ *apt] dealt ( ,c5trifugal ,=ce4 ,we w n[ proce$ to ano!r well-kn[n p[]1 :i* seems to be a v>iation1 or p]haps a division1 ( ! same p[]4 ,i mean ! pr9ciple ( ,,oscillation1 :i* has done s mu* = ! pres5t /ate ( ! _w4 ,i m5tion ! connection ( ! two pr9ciples because x is evid5t t1 if ,oscillation 7 cont9u$ 9 "o direction1 x w\ld be conv]t$ into c5trifugal =ce4 ,9 fact1 x c only be consid]$ z c5trifugal =ce int]rupt$4 ,! *ief po9t 9 ?is subject is ! equal "t occupi$ by ! oscillat+ body1 no matt] :at may be ! 8arc0 di/ance ?r\gh :i* x sways1 provid$ t ! l5g? ( ! l9e rema9s ! same4 ,! discov]y ( ?is pr9ciple by ,galileo 9 a *ur* at ,flor5ce is too well kn[n to ne$ repetition4 ,?is pr9ciple may be obs]v$ by any "o1 & at almo/ any "t4 ,! ,spid] at ! end ( its l9e illu/rates x1 & s does a /one ti$ to a /r+1 bo? ( :i* objects are %[n 9 ! illu/ration4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,9 v>i\s dep>tm5ts ( ,art1 ,oscillation is absolutely invaluable4 ,we w take1 = in/ance1 ! be/ kn[n ( ^! examples1 namely1 ! ,p5dulum1 by :i* ! movem5ts ( clocks are regulat$4 ,)\t "s mode ( regulation1 ! works w\ld run d[n rapidly1 & ! clock r5d]$ incapable ( measur+ "t4 ,b1 9 ! ,p5dulum1 we possess a means ( mak+ a clock g at any desirable rate1 & be fa/] & sl[] at pleasure2 a long ,p5dulum work+ sl[ly1 & a %ort "o rapidly4 ,illu/ration3 ,,spid]4 ,illu/ration3 ,,oscillat+ ,,weight4 ,illu/ration3 ,,metronome4 ,illu/ration3 ,,p5dulum4 ,h[ ! ,p5dulum affects ! work+ ( a clock may be se5 by ref]5ce to ! "r-h& figure ( ! illu/ration4 ,! movem5ts ( ! clock are connect$ ) ! ,p5dulum by means ( an +5i\s piece ( me*anism call$ an 8escapem5t10 because x only all[s ! :eel %[n 9 ! illu/ration to move "o cog at ea* sw+ ( ! ,p5dulum4 ,n[1 z 9 ! latitude ( ,london a p5dulum :i* is a trifle m ?an ?irty-n9e in*es 9 l5g? sw+s once 9 a second1 x is evid5t t1 by l5g!n+ or %ort5+ ! ,p5dulum1 we h ! rate ( ! clock entirely "u comm&4 ,= example1 if a ,p5dulum be requir$ to sw+ once 9 two seconds1 x mu/ be f\r times z long z t :i* sw+s once 9 "o second1 :ile to sw+ once 9 ?ree seconds x mu/ be n9e times z long1 ! l5g? be+ measur$ by ! squ>e ( ! "t ( vibration4 ,we are ?us able to 8regulate0 clocks by l5g!n+ ! ,p5dulum if !y be too fa/1 & %ort5+ !m if !y be too sl[4 ,! read] w probably h rem>k$ t ! conditions ( ! atmosph]e--su* z heat1 cold1 moi/ure1 or dryness--mu/ h an effect on ! l5g? ( ! ,p5dulum1 & ?us alt] ! rat+ ( ! clock4 ,s !y d1 & 9 consequ5ce ! ,comp5sat+ ,p5dulums h be5 inv5t$1 "s ( !m be+ made ( metallic rods ( diff]5t p[]s ( expansion1 mo/ly brass & /eel1 :ile o!rs c>ry a quantity ( m]cury 9 a glass tube ne> ! bottom ( ! ,p5dulum4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,ano!r famili> example ( ! ,p5dulum is ! ,metronome1 :i* is simply a ,p5dulum ) a weight at ! top z well z c\nt]poise bel[ ! bottom1 ! weight mov+ up or d[n s z to decrease or ha/5 ! pace4 ,g5]ally a bell is add$ to x1 :i* is /ruck at ! beg9n+ ( ea* b>4 ,! exactness ( its beats is p]fect1 z is kn[n to all musicians1 & is calculat$ to take ! conceit out ( play]s :o are apt to disreg>d _! "t4 ,i knew "o lady1 a really good piani/e1 be=e :om ,i plac$ my ,metronome4 ,be=e %e _h play$ _m b>s %e broke d[n1 exclaim+ t ! horrid bell always said 8t+0 9 ! wrong place4 ,h[ev]1 %e soon ackn[l$g$ ! value ( ! in/rum5t1 & 0 glad to use x4 ,a v good ,metronome may be made by fa/5+ a bullet to ! end ( a piece ( tape1 & sw++ x backw>ds & =w>ds1 regulat+ ! tape accord+ to ! "t requir$4 ,su* a ,metronome is v portable1 & extremely useful :]e ! conveyance ( ! clockwork in/rum5t w\ld be tr\blesome4 ,moreov]1 its beats c be se5 by a great numb] ( p]sons4 ,i h (t5 us$ x myself4 ,su* a ,metronome is us$ 9 ! army1 9 ord] to regulate ! pace ( ! soldi]'s /ep1 x be+ ( ! la/ importance t ! pace %\ld always be ! same4 ,o!rwise x w\ld be impossible to calculate ! "t :i* ought to be consum$ 9 m>*+ a c]ta9 di/ance1 & ! milit>y calculations on :i* dep5ds ! success or failure ( a campaign w\ld be :olly upset1 half an h\r too soon or too late mean+ failure4 ,,! ,,escapem5t4 ,z we are on ! subject ( ! p5dulum & ,escapem5t1 we w say a few words ab\t ! latt] piece ( me*anism4 ,x is "h giv5 on a l>g] scale ?an 9 ! previ\s illu/ration1 s t its action may be m easily und]/ood4 ,:e!r 9 wat* or clock1 ! ,escapem5t is exactly ! same 9 pr9ciple4 ,illu/ration3 ,,l>va ,,( ,,bury+-,,beetle4 ,illu/ration3 ,,escapem5t ,,( ,,wat*4 ,fir/ !re is ! escapem5t :eel1 ! circumf]5ce ( :i* is furni%$ ) a numb] ( v deep cogs1 v>y+ z to ! "w :i* !y h to d4 ,!n !re comes ! escapem5t itself1 :i* sw+s on its pivot1 & is regulat$ 9 its oscillations by ! p5dulum4 ,z x sw+s backw>ds & =w>ds1 x is evid5t t only "o too? ( ! :eel c 8escape10 & only t 9 "o direction4 ,we c rev]se a /eam-eng9e1 b ! man has yet to be f\nd :o c rev]se a clock1 i4e4 enable x to cont9ue go+ 9 ! opposite direction4 ,! only mode w\ld be to enable "o set ( cogs to flatt5 !mselves1 s z to pass ! escapem5t1 & a second set to />t up 9 exactly ! opposite direction4 ,or p]haps !re might be two p>allel escapem5t :eels1 capable ( be+ connect$ or disconnect$ ) ! clock at pleasure4 ,z1 h[ev]1 a rev]se movem5t is q ne$less1 no su* inv5tion seems to h be5 made4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,on ! left h& is se5 an example ( ! same pr9ciple z %[n 9 ,nature4 ,x repres5ts a l>va or grub ( ! ,bury+-beetle4 ,x has no legs available = locomotion1 & yet x c get along ) tol]able spe$4 ,_m ye>s ago1 :5 liv+ 9 ,wilt%ire1 ,i 0 mu* /ruck ) ?is fact4 ,!re _h be5 an epidemic among %eep1 :i* kill$ !m (f s fa/ t ! f>m]s w\ld at la/ n ev5 bury !m1 b took (f ! sk9s1 & left ! bodies to m\ld] z !y be/ might4 ,x 0 v unpleasant = ! f>m]s1 b j ! contr>y = ! ,bury+-beetles1 :i* simply sw>m$ 9 ! des]t$ c>casses4 ,if "o ( !m 7 tapp$ ) a /ick1 hundr$s ( ^! l>v came scuttl+ out1 display+ an activity :i* 0 really rem>kable 9 creatures practically legless4 ,9 reality ?is movem5t is a*iev$ by an app>atus v simil> 9 its action to t ( ! escapem5t4 ,! r+s1 or 8segm5ts10 ( :i* ! body is compos$1 are furni%$ ) r[s ( %>p po9ts1 arrang$ v l ! cogs ( ! escapem5t :eel4 ,by alt]nately elongat+ & contract+ ! body1 ^! po9ts cat* aga9/ surr\nd+ sub/ances1 & =ce ! creature onw>ds1 only all[+ ( movem5t 9 "o direction4 ,p]haps ! read] w rememb] t 9 an e>li] "p ( ?is "w x has be5 m5tion$ t ! v>i\s worms propel !mselves by ! same means4 ,s d ! ,s]p5ts1 ! edges ( ! scales s]v+ ! same purpose z ! hairs ( ! worms & ! hooks ( ! grub4 ,,union ,,is ,,/r5g?4 ,,on ! left h& ( ! accompany+ illu/ration we h an example ( ! wond]ful p[] obta9$ by unit+ toge!r a numb] ( comp>atively weak objects4 ,x repres5ts a portion ( ! rope atta*$ to ! h>poon ) :i* ! natives ( "s p>ts ( ,africa attack & kill ! hippopotamus4 ,consid]+ t a full-gr[n hippopotamus weighs sev]al tons1 &1 9 spite ( its enorm\s size1 is z active z a tig]1 we c inf] ! /r5g? ( ! rope :i* mu/ be ne$$ to hold su* an animal :5 excit$ ) rage & pa94 ,a few ye>s ago ! female hippopotamus at ! ,zoological ,g>d5s1 :5 depriv$ ( h] cub1 actually tri$ to leap ov] ! l(ty iron b>ri]1 & s f> succe$$ z to ?r[ h] weight on ! upp]mo/ b>4 ,=tunately x 0 made ( well-wr\ght iron1 & 0 only b5t by h] weight4 ,_h x be5 made ( ca/-iron1 l mo/ rail+s1 %e w\ld h snapp$ x l glass4 ,n[1 ! fibres ( :i* ! rope is compos$ are individually feeble1 b1 :5 !y l5d _! /r5g? to ea* o!r1 _! /r5g? is amaz+4 ,x is well %[n by a lasso 9 my possession1 made ( ! fibres ( ! aloe-leaf4 ,x is sc>cely z ?ick z a man's little f+]1 & yet x is /rong en\gh to resi/ ! ef=ts ( ! mo/ p[]ful wild bull4 ,i h "s ( ! sep>ate fibres1 & x is int]e/+ to notice h[ fibres s slight :5 sep>ate %\ld be s /rong :5 unit$4 ,"p ( ! rope has be5 unlaid1 s z to %[ ! mann] 9 :i* x has be5 put toge!r4 ,illu/ration3 ,,hippopotamus ,,rope4 ,illu/ration3 ,,sp9n]et ,,( ,,spid]4 ,t[>ds ! h>poon itself1 a numb] ( small cords laid loosely side by side are us$1 s z to prev5t ! hippopotamus f sev]+ ! rope ) 8 *isel-l tee?1 :i* he w\ld assur$ly d if x 7 s+le4 ,! multitud9\s cords become entangl$ among ! tee?1 & baffle 8 ef=ts2 b /ill _! unity is _! /r5g?2 &1 ?\gh ! animal may sev] "o or two ( !m1 ! o!rs reta9 _! hold until he dies "u a %[] ( spe>s4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,on ! "r-h& side ( ! illu/ration is ! ,sp9n]et ( ! ord9>y g>d5 ,spid]1 %[+ ! _m orifices f :i* ! silk5 ?reads em]ge4 ,x is a rem>kable po9t1 & "o :i*1 ,i believe1 is seldom notic$1 t ! ,spid] c at pleasure comb9e all ^! fibres into a s+le cord1 or issue & keep !m sep>ate1 j z is ! case ) ! hippopotamus rope4 ,! latt] op]ation may be se5 :5ev] a l>ge fly gets into ! web4 ,! ,spid] d>ts at x1 bites x1 & !n1 eject+ a loose mass ( fibres1 rolls x up 9 a mom5t1 z 9 a %r\d1 c>ries x (f & hangs x 9 a conv5i5t place1 & m5ds ! brok5 me%es ( ! web4 ,b bo? k9ds ( ! cords ( ! net are made diff]5tly f ! w9d+-up fibres1 ! =m] be+ fix$ toge!r1 & ! latt] kept sep>ate4 ,,pr9ciple ,,( ,,! ,,dome4 ,we are all famili> ) ,domes1 especially :5 ! ,dome ( ,/4 ,paul's is ! mo/ conspicu\s object 9 our metropolis4 ,few p]sons1 h[ev]1 except pr(essional ar*itects & build]s1 seem to ask !mselves ! pr9ciple on :i* ! ,dome is con/ruct$4 ,! /r5g? ( ! ar* is well kn[n1 & ! ,dome is practically a numb] ( ar*es1 af=d+ mat]ial support to ea* o!r1 & s enorm\sly increas+ ! /r5g? ( ! edifice4 ,a good idea ( ! ,dome pr9ciple may be =m$ by tak+ two croquet hoops1 plac+ !m at "r angles to ea* o!r1 ty+ !m toge!r at ! int]section1 & pu%+ ! ends 9 ! gr\nd4 ,ev5 by ?is v simple arrangem5t consid]able /r5g? c be obta9$2 b1 if ! hoops be suffici5tly multipli$ to =m a close ,dome1 x w be evid5t t ! /r5g? w be correspond+ly increas$4 ,s /rong1 inde$1 is ! ,dome1 t x c\ld be made )\t mort> or cem5t1 al?\gh1 ( c\rse1 its /r5g? is increas$ by _! use4 ,a v good example ( a ,dome ?us con/ruct$ is f\nd 9 ! 8igloo10 or sn[-hut ( ! ,esquimaux1 :i* has already be5 describ$4 ,z to ! example :i* ,i h select$1 x w\ld h be5 easy en\gh to h *os5 "o ( ! great ,domes ( ! _w1 su* z ,/4 ,pet]'s at ,rome1 ,/4 ,m>ia del ,fiore at ,flor5ce1 ,/4 ,paul's ( ,london1 or ,/4 ,g5evive or ! ,invalides ( ,p>is4 ,i h1 h[ev]1 select$ ! pres5t example on acc\nt ( ! ?9ness ( its walls1 ! fragility ( its mat]ial1 & ! enorm\s pressure :i* x has to und]go4 ,?is is ! 8,receiv]0 ( ! ,air-pump4 ,x is made ( glass n ?ick] ?an an ord9>y tumbl]1 & yet1 ev5 :5 exhau/$ ( air1 x w resi/ ! pressure ( ! atmosph]e = days toge!r4 ,:5 x is rememb]$ t ! ,receiv] is depriv$ ( its int]nal air1 & !re=e has to resi/ a pressure equal to fifte5 p\nds on e squ>e in* ( its surface1 x may be imag9$ h[ /rong ! ,dome is4 ,7 ! top or ei!r side to be flat1 x w\ld be cru%$ z soon z a vacuum 0 =m$ suffici5t to deprive x ( ! support ( ! air )94 99 99 99 99 99 ,a ,,glance at ! illu/ration w %[ h[ ! ,receiv] is modell$ on ! same plan z ! ,human ,skull1 ! outl9es be+ curi\sly simil>4 ,x is ?is =mation :i* imp>ts su* /r5g? to s ?9 a set ( bones z ^? :i* compose ! human skull z enables !m to protect a s5sitive organ l ! bra91 on :i* bo? reason & life itself dep5d4 ,illu/ration3 ,,human ,,skull4 ,illu/ration3 ,,receiv] ,,( ,,air-,,pump4 ,eggs also =m good examples ( ! wond]ful /r5g? obta9$ by ?is pr9ciple1 _! ?9 %ells protect+ ! yolk & ! :ite1 z well z ! *ick ?r\gh its progress to maturity4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,! la/ subject 9 ?is *apt] is a curi\s example ( an evid5tly accid5tal resemblance 9 =m4 ,! figure on ! "r ( ! accompany+ illu/ration w at once be recognis$ z "o ( ^? ,salad-dress+ ,bottles :i* try to conceal by _! %ape ! small volume ( _! cont5ts4 ,t on ! left repres5ts "o ( ! _m =ms ?r\gh :i* ! ,m$usa passes be=e x atta9s its p]fect =m4 ,x 0 long ?\ght to be a sep>ate creature1 & 0 kn[n "u ! sci5tific "n ( ,/robila4 ,mod]n rese>*es h1 h[ev]1 made ! discov]y t x is "o ( ! transitional /ages betwe5 ! creature kn[n z ! ,trumpet-hydra 7,hydra tuba7 & ! ,m$usa1 popul>ly kn[n z ,jelly-fi%4 ,! =m] almo/ exactly resembles ! ,hydra ( our fre% wat]s4 ,x is a t9y transp>5t gelat9\s bag--s transp>5t z to be sc>cely p]ceptible1 & ) "s ?irty or =ty long & delicate t5tacles hang+ f its op5 end4 ,^! t5tacles are us$ 9 cat*+ ! m9ute creatures on :i* x fe$s4 ,x is fix$1 &1 to use ,mr4 ,rym] ,jones's simile1 looks l a beautiful silk-l p5cil wav+ amid/ ! wat]4 ,its l5g? is n q half an in*4 ,illu/ration3 ,,trumpet-,,hydra4 ,illu/ration3 ,,salad-,,dress+ ,,bottle4 ,t x %\ld be id5tical ) ! rem>kable =m %[n 9 ! illu/ration seems impossible1 b su* is ! case4 ,its body becomes contract$ z if ti$ ) /r+s1 & e segm5t ?us =m$ develops a set ( t5tacles1 breaks away1 & swims (f 9 ! =m ( a ,m$usa4 ,! upp] segm5t is exhibit$ z und]go+ ?is process4 ,! figure is magnifi$ s z to %[ ! /ructure bett]1 its "r l5g? be+ ab\t "o-?ird ( an in*4 ,a full & graphic hi/ory ( ?is creature & its manifold *anges may be f\nd 9 ,mr4 ,rym] ,jones's 8,aqu>ian ,naturali/40 ,x is n likely t ! inv5tor ( ! ,salad-dress+ ,bottle ev] saw a ,hydra1 b ! resemblance is /rangely exact4 ,,ac\/ics4 ,,*apt] ,i4 ,,p]cussion4--,,! ,,/r+ ,,& ,,re$4--,,! ,,trumpet4--,,e>-,,trumpet4--,,/e?oscope 4 ,! ,sci5ce ( ,s\nd4--,rhy?mical ,vibrations4--,! ,drum4--,primitive ,drums4--,! ,solid & ,holl[ ,log4--,! ,bass ,drum & ,kettle-drum4--,african ,drums4--,gno/ic ,gems & ! ,a%anti ,drum4--,tympanum1 or ,drum ( ! ,human ,e>1 & its ,me*anism4--,an artificial ,tympanum4--,! ,/r+4--,! ,b[ & ! ,h>p4--,! ,h>psi*ord & ! ,zi!r4--,! ,b[ & ! ,viol94--,! ,cricket4--,! ,vibrator1 or ,re$4--,! ,jew's ,h>p & ,h>monium4--,! ,cicada & its ,song4--,h>monics ^u ,/r+s4--,! olian ,h>p4--,h>monics ^u ! ,trumpet4--,! ,trombone4--,tra*ea ( ! ,swan4--,! ,e>-trumpet4--,! ,sea-%ell4--,! ,/e?oscope4--,savage ,food4--,! ,aye-aye4--,! ,sir5 & its ,uses4--,e*o & ,:isp]+ ,gall]y4 ,9 a "w ( ?is nature x w\ld be absolutely impossible1 n to say out ( place1 to give an acc\nt ( s elaborate a subject z ,ac\/ics1 i4e4 ! sci5ce ( ,s\nd4 ,suffice x to say1 t all s\nds are produc$ by ! vibration ( air1 & t ! few] vibrations1 ! l[] is ! s\nd1 & vice v]s4 ,:5 su* vibrations are produc$ regul>ly1 !y =m ,musical s\nds1 b1 if irregul>ly1 ! s\nds c be only di/+ui%$ "u ! t]m ( ,noise4 ,! e>lie/ g]m ( music lies 9 c]ta9 savage races1 :o1 z long z !y c ma9ta9 a rhy?mical beat on any resonant sub/ance1 d n p>ticul>ly c>e :at x is4 ,a holl[ tree is a spl5did in/rum5t 9 _! op9ion1 b1 if ?is _c be _h1 a dry log ( wood w answ] ! same purpose4 ,"s tribes1 m +5i\s ?an o!rs1 cut a deep groove ^u ! upp] surface ( a log1 holl[ x ?r\gh ?is groove1 & !n hamm] away at x to _! he>ts' cont5t4 ,! next move 0 to cut (f a section ( ! trunk ( a tree1 holl[ x1 set x on end1 & !n beat x on ! sides4 ,la/ly1 "s "o hit ^u ! idea t if ! op5 upp] "p ( ! holl[$ log 7 cov]$ ) a tightly /ret*$ membrane1 & t if ! membrane1 in/ead ( ! log1 7 beat51 ! resonance w\ld be increas$4 ,9 consequ5ce1 ! real ,drum 0 inv5t$1 & seems to h exi/$ f "t immemorial 9 p>ts ( ! _w s di/ant t !y c\ld n h _h any communication ) ea* o!r4 ,take1 = example1 ! well-kn[n 8,bass ,drum0 ( our b&s1 :i* is %[n on ! "r h& ( ! figure4 ,we make x a v ornam5tal article1 ) frame ( metal1 & h]aldic decorations ( all k9ds4 ,illu/ration3 ,,bones ,,& ,,drum ,,( ,,e>4 a ,,tube ,,( ,,e>4 b ,,drum4 c ,,hamm]4 d ,,anvil4 e ,,/irrup4 ,illu/ration3 ,,drums4 ,ly+ aga9/ x is "o ( a pair ( ,kettle-drums1 su* z are always se5 9 m\nt$ b&s4 ,!y look v easy to play1 b1 if ! read] w try a pair1 he w soon f9d 8 mi/ake4 ,b !re are savage tribes ( ,we/]n ,africa :o make ,drums ( su* wond]ful p[] t _! sull5 ro> is he>d = miles ar\nd1 z _! sl[1 triple beat summons ! tribe to arms l ! fi]y cross ( ! ,highl& clans4 ,z to %ape1 lightness1 & beauty1 our ,drums are inf9itely sup]ior to !irs1 b1 s f> z ,i c ga!r f p]sonal & writt5 n>ratives ( ,african travell]s1 none ( our ,drums surpass !irs 9 ri*ness1 dep? ( tone1 & p[] ( c>ry+ s\nd4 ,sometimes ^! ,drums1 in/ead ( be+ m]e cyl9d]s1 are c>v$ into ! mo/ /range & fanta/ical patt]ns4 ,i possess "o ( ^! curi\s ,drums1 br\ght f ,a%anti1 & c>v$ out ( a solid piece ( wood4 ,! /range po9t 9 x is1 t x repres5ts a d\ble head c>ry+1 aft] all negro fa%ions1 a sort ( vessel ^u x4 ,"o "p ( ! head repres5ts a human head 7n t ( a negro71 :ile ! o!r m]ges gradually into an eagle's head & beak4 ,x is1 9 fact1 a ,gno/ic gem1 & w\ld pass mu/] z su* if x _h be5 engrav$ on *alc$ony1 cornelian1 or o!r semi-preci\s /ones :i* are employ$ 9 ! seal-engrav]'s art4 ,^u ?is composite head is plac$ ! ,drum itself1 :i* is also cut out ( ! solid block1 & :i*1 aft] ! fa%ion ( ,we/ ,african ,drums1 has a hole on "o side4 ,?is rem>kable in/rum5t 0 giv5 to me by an old m]*ant capta91 :o br\ght x himself f ,we/ ,africa1 & :o1 :5 ,i made 8 acqua9tance1 _h actually pa9t$ x all k9ds ( col\rs1 plant$ x 9 8 g>d51 & 0 us+ ! ,drum z a fl[]-pot4 ,( c\rse1 z soon z x came into my possession1 ,i put x 9 8pickle10--i4e4 a /rong solution ( alkali1--bru%$ (f ! pa9t1 & plac$ x 9 my museum1 :]e x is n[4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,on ! left h& ( ! illu/ration on page #ead is giv5 a sort ( map or *>t ( ! human ,e>1 ) its int]nal ,drum1 or ,tympanum1 z x is sci5tifically t]m$4 ,x is by ! vibration ( ?is ,drum t he>+ is made possible1 ! vibrations ( ! air be+ transmitt$ to ! ,drum by means ( a beautiful bony app>atus1 t]m$ ! ,hamm]1 ,anvil & ,/irrup4 ,sometimes ! action ( ! ,drum is p>tially *eck$1 & !n ! suff]] is said to be 8h>d ( he>+40 ,sometimes x is brok51 or its action totally clogg$1 & !n he is said to be 8/one deaf40 ,!re h be5 cases :]e an artificial tympanum has be5 ins]t$1 & answ]$ its purpose fairly well4 ,,! ,,/r+ ,,& ,,re$4 ,x has previ\sly be5 m5tion$ t all s\nds are ow+ to vibrations ( ! air4 ,b !re are _m ways ( produc+ ^! vibrations1 & ea* mode gives a diff]5t quality ( tone4 ,we h already se51 by means ( ! drum1 h[ s\nd is produc$ by p]cussion4 ,we %all n[ see h[ s\nds c be produc$ by ! vibrations ( a ,/r+4 ,if ! /r+ ( a b[ be pull$ & sm>tly loos$1 ! result is a di/9ctly musical s\nd1 high] or l[] accord+ to ! l5g? & t5sion ( ! /r+4 ,p]haps "s ( my read]s may recall ! passage 9 ,hom]'s 8,odyssey10 :]e ,ulysses /r+s ! fatal b[3-- 8,he$less he he>d !m2 b disda9$ reply1 ,! b[ p]us+ ) exacte/ eye4 ,!n1 z "s heav5ly m9/rel1 taught to s+ ,high notes responsive to ! trembl+ /r+1 ,to "s new /ra9 :5 he adapts ! lyre1 ,or ! dumb lute refits ) vocal wire1 ,relaxes1 /ra9s1 & draws !m to & fro2 ,s ! great ma/] drew ! mighty b[1 ,& drew ) ease4 ,"o h& al(t display$ ,! b5d+ horns1 & "o ! /r+ essay$4 ,f 8 essay+ h& ! /r+ let fly1 ,twang$ %ort & %>p1 l ! %rill swall['s cry40 ,! ,h>p is1 9 fact1 no?+ b a magnifi$ b[1 ) a numb] ( /r+s ( graduat$ l5g? & t5sion4 ,"s v beautiful exp]im5ts h be5 made on ?is subject by ! ,rev4 ,sir ,f4 ,a4 ,g4 ,ouseley1 ,pr(essor ( ,music at ,ox=d1 :o /ret*$ a /r+ ( sixty-f\r feet 9 l5g?1 & f\nd t al?\gh1 :5 vibrat+1 x mu/ produce a note1 !re 0 no human e> t c\ld di/+ui% x4 ,yet1 if comb9$ ) o!r musical in/rum5ts1 x w\ld probably d its "w well4 ,! !ory ( ! vibrations w be briefly describ$ on ano!r page4 ,^! vibrations may be produc$ 9 v>i\s mann]s4 ,! /r+ may be pull$ ) ! f+]s1 z 9 ! h>p1 ! guit>1 ! zi!r1 or ev5 ! viol91 c41 9 pizzicato passages4 ,! old h>psi*ord1 n[ an in/rum5t vani%$ into ! %ad[s ( ! pa/1 pull$ ! /r+s ) little /rips ( quill1 act+ l ! ?umb-r+ ( ! zi!r-play]4 ,! 8plectrum0 ( ! anci5ts act$ 9 ! same mann]1 & ! ,japanese h at ! pres5t day a sort ( guit> play$ ) a plectrum4 ,i h he>d x1 b _c p>ticul>ly admire ! effect1 ! notes appe>+ to be )\t feel+1 & z if !y 7 play$ on a b>rel-organ4 ,sometimes1 z 9 our mod]n pianos1 ! /r+s are /ruck by hamm]s in/ead ( be+ pull$ by f+]s1 plectrum1 or goose-quill4 ,! mo/ +5i\s mode ( caus+ musical vibration is ! ,b[1 :i* is too famili> to ne$ a detail$ description4 ,suffice x to say t x really is a modifi$ b[1 ! place ( ! /r+ be+ suppli$ by a flat b& ( horsehair1 :i* is drawn ov] ! /r+1 & s causes x to vibrate4 ,9 ord] to enable ! b[ to grip ! /r+1 x is rubb$ ) res9 almo/ z (t5 z a billi>d-play] *alks 8 cue4 ,"s skill is requir$ ev5 9 produc+ a s\nd by ! b[4 ,x looks z if any "o c\ld d x1 b a novice1 if he extorts any s\nd at all1 nev] rises above a squeak4 ,:5 ,i took my fir/ viol9 lessons1 ne>ly ?irty ye>s ago1 ,i 0 s horrifi$ at ! discordant s\nds elicit$ f ! in/rum5t1 t ,i retir$ to ! topmo/ g>ret ( ! h\se 9 ord] n to hurt any "o's feel+s except my own4 ,illu/ration3 ,,cricket4 ,illu/ration3 ,,cicada4 ,illu/ration3 ,,viol94 ,illu/ration3 ,,jew',s ,,h>p4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,on ! left h& ( ! illu/ration is se5 a well-kn[n example ( ! imitation ( ,nature by ,art4 ,?is is ! common ,cricket1 ^: l\d %rill call is m famili> ?an agreeable4 ,"s ye>s ago1 :ile engag$ on my 8,insects at ,home10 ,i gave mu* "t to ! exam9ation ( ! /ructures by :i* su* a s\nd c be produc$4 ,on ! "u side ( ! w+-cov]s1 or 8elytra10 z !y are sci5tifically t]m$1 are not*$ ridges1 :i*1 :5 exam9$ ) a mod]ate p[] ( ! microscope1 h some?+ ( ?is appe>ance 4 ,! friction ( ^! not*es produces ! musical s\nd1 :i*1 z ! read] w see1 is exactly analog\s to ! friction ( ! b[ ^u ! /r+4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,next we come to ! ,vibrator1 sometimes call$ ! ,re$4 ,x is introduc$ into v>i\s musical in/rum5ts1 su*1 = example1 z ! h>monium1 ! cl>ionet1 ! oboe1 ! bassoon1 & v>i\s organ pipes4 ,! simple/ =m ( ! ,vibrator is %[n 9 ! ,jew's ,h>p1 z x is popul>ly call$1 ?\gh x is n a h>p1 & has no?+ to d ) ,jews4 ,illu/ration3 ,,vibrat+ ,,/r+s4 ,illu/ration3 ,,olian ,,h>p4 ,! ^w is really a mi/ak5 pronunciation ( 8jaw's h>p10 because ! in/rum5t is held aga9/ ! tee?1 :ile its tongue is vibrat$ by /rokes ( ! f+]4 ,^! vibrations affect ! air )9 ! m\?1 &1 by exp&+ or contract+ ! m\?1 ! s\nd is l[]$ or rais$ accord+ to ! laws ( ,ac\/ics4 ,( c\rse1 ! range ( notes is v small1 be+ limit$ to ^? ( ! common *ord1 & ev5 !y be+ atta9able only by a practis$ p]=m]4 ,v good effects1 h[ev]1 h be5 produc$ by means ( a s]ies ( ,jew's ,h>ps1 set to diff]5t tones by load+ ! end ( ! tongue ) seal+-wax or simil> sub/ances4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,an app>atus con/ruct$ on ! same pr9ciple is to be f\nd 9 ! vocal organs ( ! male ,cicada4 ,if "o ( ^! insects be exam9$ on ! l[] surface1 two curi\s & ne>ly circul> flaps w be se51 j at ! junction ( ! ?orax ) ! abdom54 ,x is by ! action ( ^! two little vibrators t ! insect is able to produce a s\nd s l\d1 t 9 calm wea!r x may be he>d at ! di/ance ( a mile4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,! accompany+ illu/ration is1 9 fact1 a sort ( *>t z to ! vibration ( s\nd4 ,on ! "r is %[n ! ,,olian ,,h>p1 ) its upp] lid rais$1 s z to %[ ! /ructure ( ! /r+s4 ,^! are all tun$ to ! same note1 ! pres5t ,d be+ g5]ally accept$ z be+ mo/ free f false tun+1 & less liable = ! errors ( 8temp]am5t40 ,sev]al ( ! /r+s are an octave l[] ?an ! o!rs1 b ! tonic is always ! same4 ,! in/rum5t is plac$ 9 a curr5t ( air1 g5]ally 9 a w9d[1 ) ! sa% let d[n ^u x1 & ! air-curr5ts set ! /r+s vibrat+ 9 a mo/ wond]ful mann]4 ,!re is no ne$ = human f+]s to t\* !m1 b !y automatically divide !mselves into ! compon5t p>ts ( ! common *ord1 & produce octaves1 fif?s1 & ?irds ad inf9itum4 ,on ! left h& ( ! same illu/ration is exhibit$ a /r+ ( ! same l5g? & t5sion1 vibrat+ 9 two diff]5t ways4 ,! upp] figure %[s x divid$ into ?ree portions1 ea* ( :i* gives ! fif? above ! tonic1 & all ( :i*1 :5 s\nd+ simultane\sly1 give a fulness & ri*ness to ! tone :i* c\ld only be atta9$ o!rwise by ?ree di/9ct in/rum5ts4 ,all play]s ( /r+$ in/rum5ts "k h[ invaluable are ^! h>monics1 )\t :i* _m passages ( well-kn[n music c\ld n be play$1 & :i* are produc$ by 8damp+10 & n press+ ! /r+s4 ,s1 if ! /r+ be lightly t\*$1 or damp$ at ! cross+ portion at ei!r end1 ! result w be t ! /r+ divides itself into ?ree portions1 & all ?ree res\nd simultane\sly4 ,! l[] /r+ is vibrat+ 9 ?irds1 hav+ divid$ itself into f\r portions4 ,if x 7 damp$ 9 ! middle1 x w\ld divide itself into two portions1 & s\nd octaves4 ,! subject is a mo/ int]e/+ "o1 b our space is ne>ly exhau/$1 & we mu/ pass to ano!r bran* ( x4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,9 all brass in/rum5ts furni%$ ) a m\?piece1 & n ) a re$1 ! notes are obta9$ by vibrations ( ! enclos$ air1 caus$ by ! movem5t ( ! lips4 ,!y are all set to "s def9ite tonic1 sometimes ,c natural1 b mo/ly to a flat tone1 su* z ,b flat or ,e flat4 ,tak+ ! ord9>y milit>y trumpet or bugle z an example1 we h 7:5 we h le>n$ h[ to play x71 fir/1 ! tonic4 ,by alt]ation ( ! lips we get ! octave above ! tonic4 ,!n comes ! fif?2 !n ! ?ird1 :i* is1 9 fact1 ano!r octave2 & !n a few o!r notes1 ! tru? ( :i* dep5ds on ! e> ( ! play]4 ,n[1 all ^! notes are obta9$ by means ( ! lips1 :i* set ! column ( air vibrat+1 & divide x into h>monics4 ,! app>5tly complicat$ bugle-calls ( ! army are ne>ly all =m$ f f\r notes only1 i4e4 7tak+ ,c z ! tonic7 ,c ,g ,c ,e ,g4 99 99 99 99 99 ,illu/ration3 ,,tra*ea ,,( ,,swan4 ,illu/ration3 ,,trombone4 ,! ,trombone1 :i* is %[n on ! "r h& ( ! illu/ration1 has ! advantage ( be+ l5g!n$ at w1 & ?us giv+ ! p]=m] a fre% tonic1 & consequ5tly ano!r s]ies ( h>monics4 ,valv$ & key$ in/rum5ts h a simil> advantage1 ! "o act+ by l5g!n+1 & ! o!r by %ort5+1 ! column ( air4 ,! =m] is inf9itely ! bett] plan1 z x sets m h>monics vibrat+1 & consequ5tly gives a great] ri*ness ( tone4 ,a famili> example ( ?is is to be f\nd 9 ! ,ophicleide & ,euphonium4 ,! =m] is eight feet 9 total l5g?1 & alt]s its tonic by elev5 keys1 :i* %ort5 ! column ( air4 ,! latt] is ( ! same l5g?1 b1 by ! employm5t ( valves1 c be made sixte5 feet 9 l5g?4 ,consequ5tly ! euphonium has practically kill$ ! ophicleide1 j z ! ophicleide kill$ ! s]p5t4 ,! cornet--pi/ons1 ! brass contra-basso1 ! flugel horn1 ! t5or sax-horn1 c41 are all con/ruct$ on ! same pr9ciple4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,on ! left h& ( ! illu/ration is %[n ! wond]ful app>atus by means ( :i* ! ,swan produces its f>-res\nd+ cry4 ,! w9dpipe1 or 8tra*ea10 z x is te*nically nam$1 passes d[n ! neck1 protect$ by ! bones1 until x rea*es ! *e/4 ,!re x leaves !m1 ent]s ! cavity ( ! *e/1 & contorts itself 9 su* a mann] z to obta9 great] l5g?1 j z is ! case ) ! trombone & valv$ in/rum5ts4 ,,ac\/ics ,,z ,,aids ,,to ,,surg]y4 ,we h already se5 h[ ! air-vibrations p\r$ 9 at ! small end ( ! trumpet c make resonant notes4 ,we h n[ to see h[ ! rev]se process c be employ$1 & s\nds p\r$ into ! l>g] end be convey$ to ! e>4 ,illu/ration3 ,,e>-,,trumpet4 ,illu/ration3 ,,con*a ,,( ,,human ,,e>4 ,! ,e>-trumpet is a famili> example ( su* an in/rum5t1 &1 z x is %[n 9 ! illu/ration1 !re is no ne$ ( fur!r description4 ,x is r rem>kable1 by ! way1 t ! l5g? ( tube does n seem to int]f]e ) ! conveyance ( s\nd1 z may be se5 by ! speak+-tubes :i* are n[ s common 9 private h\ses1 hotels1 & (fices4 ,i "k ( "o *ur* 9 :i* !re is a special seat = deaf p]sons4 ,! read+-desk & pulpit are bo? fitt$ ) ! l>ge ends ( ,e>-trumpets4 ,f !m pass tubes "u ! floor+1 & s into ! seat1 :]e !y c be appli$ to ! e> ( ! deaf wor%ipp]s4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,on ! "r h& is ! 8,con*a10 z x is call$1 ( ! human e>1 :i* is evid5tly con/ruct$ = ! purpose ( collect+ & conc5trat+ s\nds4 ,in/9ctively1 if we wi% to ne> any s\nd m di/9ctly1 we place ! op5 h& beh9d ! e>1 s z to enl>ge its receptive capacity1 & s5d a great] volume ( s\nd into ! e>4 ,! well-kn[n exp]im5t ( hold+ a %ell to ! e> s z to he> ! murmur ( ! sea is due to ! same cause1 ! %ell collect+1 ?\gh 9 a mix$ mann]1 all ! surr\nd+ s\nds1 & mak+ a murmur :i* really resembles ! di/ant wa% ( ! waves ^u ! %ore4 ,illu/ration3 ,,savage ,,tapp+ ,,tree4 ,illu/ration3 ,,surgeon ,,us+ ,,/e?oscope4 ,!n1 if we exam9e ! v>i\s animals :i* ne$ acute he>+1 ei!r to seize prey or escape f enemies1 we %all f9d t !y h l>ge & mobile e>s1 :i* c be direct$ s z to cat* ! expect$ s\nd4 ,! h>e1 rabbit1 & de] are examples ( ! latt]1 :ile ! =m] are well repres5t$ by ! dome/ic cat1 ^: e>s are always prick$ =w>d :5 %e he>s ! scrat*+s ( a m\se4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,ano!r mo/ useful appliance is ! ,,/e?oscope1 :i* enables ! skilful surgeon to inve/igate ! int]ior ( ! body almo/ z cle>ly z if x 7 transp>5t4 ,x is p]fectly simple1 be+ no?+ b a trumpet-%ap$ piece ( wood1 =m$ z %[n 9 ! illu/ration4 ,sometimes x is holl[1 & sometimes solid1 b ! result is ! same1 s\nd be+ transmitt$ ?r\gh wood 9 a mo/ rem>kable mann]4 ,= example1 if "o end ( ! longe/ scaffold+ pole be slightly scrat*$ ) a p91 ! s\nd w be di/9ctly he>d by any "o :o places 8 e> aga9/ ! o!r end1 ?\gh ! p]son :o uses ! p9 c sc>cely he> ! s\nd himself4 ,! surgeon1 !re=e1 places ! broad end ( ! ,/e?oscope ^u ! pati5t1 & ! o!r ^u 8 e>1 taps m or less lightly ) 8 f+]s1 & by ! s\nds transmitt$ ?r\gh ! ,/e?oscope asc]ta9s ! condition ( ! int]nal organs4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,on ! left h& is an illu/ration ( ! mode 9 :i* ! ,au/ralian savage1 )\t ! lea/ idea ( ! !ory ( ,ac\/ics1 utilises ! s\nd-conduct+ p[] ( wood4 ,if he wi%es to "k :e!r or n a holl[ tree is t5ant$ by an animal ( :i* he is 9 pursuit1 he places 8 e> aga9/ ! tree1 taps x sm>tly ) 8 tomahawk1 & li/5s = ! movem5t ( ! animal inside4 ,s delicate is ?is te/1 t x is employ$ ev5 :5 ! native is hunt+ = ! l>ge beetle-grubs on :i* !y fe$1 & :i* are acc\nt$ a luxury ev5 by ,europeans1 :5 !y h once ov]come ! prejudice atta*+ itself to eat+1 )\t cook]y1 fat :ite grubs z ?ick & long z a man's f+]4 ,! ,aye-aye is said to eat 9 exactly ! same mann]1 tapp+ ) its long f+] ! trunks & bran*es ( trees &1 if x he>s a maggot inside1 gnaw+ x out4 ,,measurem5t ,,( ,,s\nd4 ,( late ye>s we h _h an in/rum5t :i* enables u to measure ! vibrations ( s\nd z accurately z ! b>omet] measures ! weight ( ! atmosph]e1 ! !rmomet] ! temp]ature1 & ! photomet] ! p[] ( light4 ,?is is ! ,sir51 :i* is %[n on ! "r h& ( ! accompany+ illu/ration4 ,to expla9 ?is in/rum5t fully w\ld require t5 times ! space :i* we h at comm&1 & necessitate a great numb] ( draw+s4 ,i w1 !re=e1 endeav\r to expla9 its pr9ciple 9 z brief t]ms z possible4 ,! read] w obs]ve t at ! l[] "p ( ! in/rum5t !re is a disc pi]c$ ) a numb] ( holes1 & t above ^! are two dials4 ,bel[ ! p]=at$ disc1 & !re=e unse51 is a circul> plate1 also pi]c$ ) holes4 ,:5 a pipe is atta*$ to ! l[] "p ( ! in/rum5t1 & air propell$ ?r\gh x1 ! disc beg9s to revolve1 e revolution be+ record$ by ! dials1 aft] ! fa%ion ( ! ord9>y gas-met]4 ,illu/ration3 ,,gnat4 ,illu/ration3 ,,humble-,,bee4 ,illu/ration3 ,,sir54 ,z ! pressure is increas$1 ! air1 pass+ ?r\gh ! holes1 assumes a rhy?mical beat1 :i* soon becomes metamorphos$ into musical notes4 ,x is evid5t1 !re=e1 t1 by means ( ?is in/rum5t1 ! numb] ( vibrations :i* produce a def9ite tone c be measur$ ) absolute accuracy by any "o :o has an e> capable ( appreciat+ a musical note4 ,x is by means ( ! ,sir5 t ! mu*-disput$ tonic ( ,c w be settl$1 ! ,cont95tal & ! ,engli% ,c be+ greatly at v>iance1 & ev5 ! ,engli% ,c hav+ be5 advanc$ almo/ a tone s9ce ! "t ( ,h&el4 ,mu* is x to be wi%$ t ,italy1 ! home ( song1 & ,engl&1 ! patron ( song1 c\ld unite 9 _! tonic1 in/ead ( hav+ sy/ems s widely diff]5t t an ,italian s+] is at a loss ) ! ,engli% pit*1 z is an ,engli% s+] ) ! ,italian pit*4 ,! ,sir5 is ev5 br\ght into ! s]vice ( entomologi/s1 enabl+ !m to measure by ! s\nd ! rapidity ) :i* a fly+ insect moves its w+s4 ,by means ( ?is in/rum5t we "k ! orig9 ( ! %>p1 pi]c+ 8p+0 ( ! ,gnat1 & ! heavy1 dull boom ( ! ,humble-bee1 bo? ( :i* insects are giv5 9 ! illu/ration4 ,be=e tak+ leave ( ?is subject1 ,i may m5tion t ! in/rum5t is call$ ! ,sir5 because x s+s z well "u wat] z 9 ! air1 provid$ t wat] in/ead ( air be driv5 ?r\gh x4 ,,e*o4 ,our la/ page w be giv5 to ! ph5om5on call$ by ! "n ( ,,e*o1 :i* consi/s 9 ! p[] ( solid sub/ances1 :e!r natural or artificial1 ( reflect+ ! waves ( s\nd ?r[n aga9/ !m1 j z a mirror reflects ! waves ( light4 ,illu/ration3 ,,:isp]+ ,,gall]y4 ,v (t5 ! ,e*o is naturally =m$1 z %[n 9 ! illu/ration1 by rocks :i* ca/ back ! s\nd--waves ?r[n aga9/ !m4 ,?is is ! case 9 sev]al p>ts ( ,dov$ale 9 ,d]by%ire1 :]e a pi/ol %ot is rev]b]at$ backw>ds & =w>ds 9 a mo/ wond]ful mann]1 & a trumpet bla/ repeats itself ov] & ov] aga94 ,at ,walton ,hall1 ! resid5ce ( ! late ,c4 ,wat]ton1 ,esq41 !re is a wond]ful ,e*o1 ne>ly half a mile f ! h\se4 ,mr4 ,wat]ton _h discov]$ ! ,e*o1 :i* proce$$ f ! walls ( ! h\se1 &1 hav+ f\nd its focus1 plac$ on x a l>ge /one1 call$ ! ,e*o-/one4 ,any "o sitt+ on ?is /one1 & s++1 speak+1 or :i/l+ t[>ds ! h\se1 he>d e s\nd repeat$1 z if 9 mock]y4 ,! celebrat$ ,:isp]+ ,gall]y 9 ,/4 ,paul's ,ca!dral is no?+ b an ord9>y ,e*o1 ?\gh s int5sifi$ by ! process ( radiation1 t ! s\nd is transmitt$ f "o side ( ! dome to ! o!r1 j z light or heat is reflect$ f concave mirrors4 ,,index4 ,a4 ,a>d-v>k1 #ahb1 #bbg ,abattis1 #aji ,acaleph1 #ae ,acorn ,b>nacles1 #ij ,ac\/ics1 #eac ,acrida viridissima1 #bca ,act9urus1 #dfa ,adze1 #bcd olian ,h>p1 #eah ,aro/atics1 #dcf ,air-gun1 #gg ,aloe1 #beb ,am5tum1 #ejb ,amphidotus cordatus1 #bbd ,an*or1 #ci ,angl]-fi%1 #ia1 #daf ,an!rozoids1 #cfh ,ant-be>1 #ajj ,ant-lion1 #eb ,an?idium manicatum1 #bcg ,ants1 #cia1 #dji ,ants' ,ne/1 #bad ,aphides1 #cia ,aphrodite aculeata1 #cec ,apple-p>]1 #def ,aqu>ium1 #cic ,ar*]-fi%1 #gh ,ar*itecture1 #aei ,argus ,/>-fi%1 #hi ,armadillo1 #ahi ,arm\r1 #abj ,art1 #dgb ,artesian ,well1 #dcc ,arund9>ia ,s*omburgkii1 #bh ,ascalaphus1 #aaa ,ascidian1 #dig ,aspidomorpha excelsum1 #aih ,aug]1 #bed ,b4 ,bait$ ,traps1 #ig ,ball-&-socket ,jo9t1 #cac ,balloon1 #dcf ,bamboo1 #bh ,b& ,saw1 #bdd ,b>ea1 #adg ,b>omet]1 #ddd ,basket-ur*91 #hi ,bats1 #cii ,batt]+-ram1 #aec ,beak ( ,duck1 #ced ,beav]1 #bcc ,b$s1 #djj ,bee1 #bbj ,b]o1 #ae ,bessem] ,process1 #bii ,bicycle1 #ejc ,b9ocul> ,microscope1 #bhg ,birdlime1 #ih ,bl[-gun1 #ge ,boat1 #e ,boat-hook1 #dd ,boatman1 #ab ,boil+ ,wat]1 #dde ,bomb>di]-beetle1 #aef ,bombyx mori1 #agi ,bosjesman1 #cjh ,bot-fly1 #cif ,b[]1 #daj ,b[]-birds1 #daj ,b[s+ ( ,rope1 #cah ,bra*9us crepitans1 #aef ,bradawl1 #bdi ,brock5 ,spectre1 #bie ,br[n-tail$ ,mo?1 #ahj ,bru%es1 #cdj ,buff] ( ,tra91 #cfi ,bullet-mak+ ,ma*9e1 #aeg ,bunday1 #fi ,burdock1 #aag ,burial1 #dai ,bury+-ants1 #dbj ,bury+-beetle1 #ejg ,buttons1 #cdf ,buttresses1 #aif ,c4 ,ca*e1 #cig ,callip]s1 #bgd ,caltrops1 #aaj ,camel1 #dbd ,cam]a obscura1 #bgg ,c&le1 #cea ,c>riage ,spr+1 #cfc ,cassava ,press1 #ddg ,catapult1 #cfa ,cat*poll1 #ajd ,ca!dral1 #aff ,c5trifugal ,=ce1 #ejj ,cephalotus1 #ih ,*aff-cutt]1 #cbj ,*ameleon-fly1 #aa ,*9ese ,pap] ,lant]n1 #cgh ,*9ese ,repeat+ ,cross-b[1 #cfe ,*9ese ,/9k-pot1 #aee ,*irodota1 #dgj ,*isel1 #bcb ,*todon1 #gh ,*romatrope1 #cje ,cicada1 #bdc1 #eah ,circul> ,saw1 #bdg ,ci/]n1 #dbb ,clam ,%ell1 #bfj ,clasp1 #cdg ,climb+-spur1 #acd ,clo?-dress+ ,ma*9e1 #cci ,club1 #eb ,cnid1 #cga ,c(fee-mak+ ,ma*9e1 #cbi ,colub] natrix1 #ajf ,combs1 #cdc ,compass1 #dia ,concealm5t1 #add ,cond5s]1 #dbh ,cont\r+-glass1 #bgb ,coracle1 #bb ,cordon ,saw1 #bdd ,cork1 #cej ,corrugation1 #dhj ,cossus lignip]da1 #bcg ,crab1 #bfa ,crab-pot1 #ajc ,creep]1 #bjc ,cricket1 #chh1 #eag ,cr[-oy/]1 #cdh ,cru%+ ,in/rum5ts1 #cbj ,cuckoo-spit1 #adf ,culex pipi5s1 #i ,cupp+1 #ccj ,cuttle-bone ( ,sepia1 #aff ,cydippe1 #ae ,d4 ,daddy ,long-legs1 #ccg ,dagg]1 #eh ,dam1 #baj ,d&elion ,se$1 #dci ,decticus griseus1 #bca ,de]-trap1 #ajd ,dew1 #dbf ,diamond ,drill1 #dei ,digg+-/ick1 #bbc ,dionea muscipula1 #ig ,dipsacus fullonum1 #cci ,disguise1 #adg ,div]s1 #chb ,div+-bell1 #chc ,div+ ,dress1 #chd ,dog-fi% ,sk91 #bfe ,dome1 #eaj ,doors & ,h+es1 #agb ,drag1 #dc ,dragon-fly1 #dee ,dragon-fly ,tra*ea1 #cgf ,dra9age1 #dib ,driv]-ant1 #bja ,dros]a1 #ajj ,drum1 #ead ,dut* ,ru%1 #bfd ,e4 ,e>1 #eae ,e>-trumpet1 #eba ,e>?-worm1 #dd ,e>wig1 #bfa ,eaves1 #ahd ,e*5eis remora1 #ccc ,e*9ococcus1 #dj ,e*9us1 #cae ,e*o1 #ebe ,e*o-/one1 #ebf ,eel-pot1 #ajc ,egg-hat*+ ,ma*9e1 #cie ,eid]-duck1 #dja ,ela/ic ,spr+s1 #cfj ,elat]id1 #chg ,electric ,eel1 #dhf ,electric ,light1 #dhh ,electric ,ray1 #dhe ,electric ,t\rniquet1 #dfc ,electricity1 #dhb ,elk1 #aca ,elk-y>d1 #aca ,emp]or-mo?1 #ajd ,epeira diadema1 #hg1 #cde ,equisetum1 #bfd ,erm9e-mo?1 #ahj ,escapem5t1 #ejg ,e!r ,spray1 #dbh ,eum5es1 #caa ,eye1 #bgg ,eye ( ,spid]1 #bhh ,f4 ,fairy ,m>t91 #afi ,fall-trap1 #adj ,fan1 #daf ,fea!r ,mail1 #abe ,f5c]s1 #cag ,file1 #bfc ,filt]1 #ceb1 #dbe ,fire1 #dab ,fire-fly1 #dhi ,fire-gu>d1 #dai ,fi%-hook ,spicul1 #aag ,fi%-scales1 #ahi ,fi%-tank1 #cic ,fi%+-frog1 #ia1 #daf ,fly+ ,dragon1 #ddj ,fly+ ,frog1 #dda ,fly+ ,squirrel1 #ddj ,foot ( ,a>d-v>k1 #bbg ,foot ( ,mole1 #bbf ,foot ( ,mole-cricket1 #bbf ,=k-gr9d]s1 #cef ,=t1 #abi ,f\nta9s1 #dcj ,frog1 #dhd ,furn>ius fulig9osus1 #caj ,fur ( ,beav]1 #ahf ,g4 ,gad-fly1 #bed1 #djf ,gall]ia alve>ia1 #aea ,gall]ia-mo?1 #aea ,g>d5 ,spid]1 #hg1 #cde ,gecko1 #ccd ,geometra ,cat]pill>1 #adi ,g]anium1 #dgh ,g]ris1 #dfg ,gills ( ,fi%1 #dad ,gimlet1 #beb ,g91 #ie ,gird]1 #aic ,gl[-worm1 #cdb1 #dci ,gnat1 #i ,goat-mo?1 #bcg ,goby1 #ccd ,gold-tail$ ,mo?1 #ahj ,goose-grass1 #aaf ,gossam] ,spid]1 #dcg ,grall9a ,au/ralia1 #caj ,grasp+ ,tools1 #beh ,grass-blade1 #bej ,grass-snake1 #ajf ,grass-wrack1 #dgc ,gras%opp]1 #ccg1 #chh ,great ,gre5 ,gras%opp]1 #bca ,gr9d/one1 #cbe ,gyr9us natator1 #bb ,gyroscope1 #ejc ,h4 ,hamm] & ,anvil1 #eae ,hammock1 #djb ,h&1 #dej ,h>poon1 #ga ,he>t or ,hairy ,ur*91 #bbd ,h$gehog1 #aaj ,hem]obius1 #cig ,h5-coop1 #cic ,hippopotamus1 #ejh ,hippopotamus ,too?1 #bcd ,hirundo ,ariel1 #afi ,ho( ( ,elephant1 #cfd ,ho( ( ,horse1 #cfc ,hookah1 #cgg ,hooks1 #aae1 #cih ,hooks & ,eyes1 #cdf ,hoop-%av] ,bee1 #bcg ,h\se-fly1 #cdc1 #def ,human ,sp9e1 #cfi ,hydra1 #eab ,hydrant1 #dcj ,hym$esmia1 #aag ,hyponomeuta padella1 #ahj ,i4 ,ice1 #deg ,ice-h\se1 #agi ,i*neumon-fly1 #agd1 #bdi1 #cch ,inject+ ,syr+e1 #fe ,iris ( ,eye1 #bic ,ita ,palm-tree1 #afb ,j4 ,jan?9a communis1 #dh ,japanese ,fi%+-rod1 #dfj ,japanese ,s+le?orn1 #abd ,jaws ( ,crocodile1 #cff ,jaws ( ,pike1 #aje ,jaws ( ,%>k1 #ajf ,jaws ( ,:ale1 #cee ,k4 ,k$ge1 #da ,kite1 #ejj ,knee-jo9t1 #caf ,kris1 #bci ,l4 ,lace-w+ ,fly1 #cig ,lagopus vulg>is1 #aej ,lamp1 #dab ,lamp]n1 #cce ,lampetra fluviatilis1 #cce ,lancet1 #hc1 #bci ,lappet-mo?1 #adi ,laurel-bottle1 #ceh ,lazy-tongs1 #ded ,leaf cutt] ,bees1 #bca ,leaf-insect1 #adi ,leaf-roll]s1 #cfb ,lee*1 #cce ,ligh?\ses1 #bjg ,limna /agnalis1 #f ,limpet1 #bde1 #ccb ,load/one1 #dij ,lob/]1 #bfa1 #dig ,locu/1 #bca ,long-tail$ ,titm\se1 #dja ,lophius1 #daf ,l[-pressure ,eng9e1 #dbi ,lump-suck]1 #ccd ,m4 ,mael/rm1 #a ,magdeburg ,hemisph]es1 #cca ,magic ,lant]n1 #bid ,magnetic ,respirator1 #cef ,ma9 ,gau*e1 #gc ,mangle1 #cbd ,mangrove-tree1 #adc ,manur+1 #dib ,m>e's ,tail1 #bfd ,mason ,wasp1 #agj ,mat1 #djd ,mead[ ,or*is1 #ajj ,measure1 #bfg ,m$usa1 #cgb1 #eab ,mega*ile1 #bca ,metronome1 #ejf ,microga/] alve>ius1 #agd ,microga/] glom]atus1 #agd ,milk1 #cij ,m9es1 #ddc ,m9+1 #dcj ,mis]icorde1 #abj ,mole1 #dif ,mole-cricket1 #bbg ,mont ,c5is ,tunnel1 #bfg ,mop1 #ejb ,mort>1 #bag ,moselekatze1 #afb ,moss1 #cga ,m\nta9s1 #baf ,m\se-trap1 #ig ,movable ,gas-lamp1 #cgf ,mud-patt51 #dff ,mud ,walls1 #aha ,multiply+-glass1 #bhh ,muscles ( ,leg1 #ddi ,mussel-%ell1 #ce1 #bei ,myrapetra scutell>is1 #aha ,myrmeleo1 #eb ,myrmica ,kirbyi1 #ahd ,n4 ,nature-pr9t+1 #dge ,nautilus1 #b1 #dfd ,ne$le-gun1 #cfg ,nem]tes ,borlasii1 #ic ,n]ves1 #dhf ,net1 #he ,nor!rn ,cr[n1 #big ,norton ,tubes1 #dcc ,notonecta glauca1 #ac ,n%iego ,mb\v1 #afj ,nut-crack]s1 #cba ,nu?at*1 #bef ,o4 ,octopus1 #dfc ,odyn]us mur>ius1 #agj /rus bovis1 #bed ,ophion1 #agd ,optics1 #bgf ,or*is morio1 #ajj ,oscillation1 #ejd ,o/racion1 #abb ,orang-outan1 #afa ,ov5-bird1 #caj ,owl's ,eye1 #bhd ,p4 ,paddle-wood ,tree1 #aih ,pa9t1 #bai ,palm-leaf1 #dah ,pap]1 #dgb ,p>a*ute1 #dch ,p>asol1 #djg ,pea-%oot]1 #gd ,pelec9us1 #cch ,pelicans1 #cic ,pelopu1 #cab ,p5dulum1 #eje ,p5sile ,oriole1 #djb ,p]fume ,spray1 #dbh ,p]iw9kle1 #bde ,phantasmascope1 #cje ,philetrus socius1 #ace ,pholas dactylus1 #bjj ,phryganea1 #aib ,physa font9alis1 #h ,physalis pelagicus1 #df ,pi*iciago1 #abc ,piddock1 #bjj ,pi$ ,grall9a1 #caj ,pill ,millip$e1 #abc ,p9c]s1 #beh ,p9na pect9ata1 #ce ,p9na-%ell1 #ce ,pi/olograph1 #cfa ,pitfall1 #ej ,plane1 #bce1 #bej ,pneumatic ,peg1 #ccj ,poison1 #fb ,pol> ,be>1 #acg ,poli/es1 #dha ,polynoe1 #ga ,por*es1 #ahc ,porcup9e1 #aaj ,porcup9e ,ant-eat]1 #aaj ,por!sia auriflua1 #ahj ,por!sia *rysorrha1 #ahj ,portuguese ,man-(-w>1 #df1 #cgb ,p\*-%ell1 #h ,pressure ( ,atmosph]e1 #cbi ,pr9t+-press1 #cag ,proboscis ( ,fly1 #cgi ,procession>y ,mo?1 #ahj ,projectiles1 #gd ,propolis1 #bbj ,pseudoscope1 #bhg ,pt>migan1 #aej ,pucunha1 #gf ,puff & ,d>t1 #ge1 #cea ,pulley1 #deb ,pyramids1 #baf ,q4 ,quilt ,arm\r1 #abf ,r4 ,radius1 #aid ,ra9-cl\d1 #dbi ,ranj[s1 #aji ,rat-tail ,maggots1 #che ,rattan1 #bjd ,razor1 #bcf ,receiv] ( ,air-pump1 #eaa ,r$uvius p]sonatus1 #adf ,re$1 #eah ,rev]t$ ,spikes1 #ajb ,ribbon ,saw1 #bdd ,r+ & ,/aple1 #dae ,r+$ ,tissues1 #cgh ,robb]-crab1 #dje ,rocket1 #dfb ,rod & ,l9e1 #ij ,roll+-mill1 #cbb ,rosem>y1 #djh ,s4 ,sabella1 #bah ,saddle-back1 #cdh ,sail+ ,raft1 #e ,salad-dress+ ,bottle1 #eaa ,s&-pap]1 #bfe ,saturnia pavonia m9or1 #ajd ,saw1 #bci ,saw-fly1 #bda ,sawy]-beetle1 #bdh ,scale ,arm\r1 #abc ,scales ( ,butt]fly's ,w+s1 #ahg ,scal+-=k1 #acc ,sc>abu1 #did ,scissors1 #bbh ,screw1 #dih ,sea-anemone1 #h ,sea-basket1 #hi ,sea-m\se1 #cec ,sea-ur*91 #cae ,se$-drills1 #ccf ,sepia (fic9alis1 #afg ,s]pula1 #dd1 #ace1 #bai1 #ceb ,sewage1 #dif ,sew+1 #djf ,%>k-too? ,sword1 #ef ,%e>s1 #bbh ,%eep-fly1 #cif ,%ell ( ,tortoise1 #ahh ,%ip-worm1 #bjj ,%ort-tail$ ,manis1 #abd1 #ahh ,sialis armata1 #bge ,siamese ,l9k1 #ddh ,silkworm1 #aeh ,silkworm ,cocoon1 #agi ,sir51 #ebc ,sirex gigas1 #beb ,skidor1 #dff ,skip-jack ,beetle1 #chg ,skull1 #baj1 #eaa ,slates1 #ahh ,sl+1 #ejb ,slo?1 #cih ,slug1 #bde ,smoke-jack1 #dii ,sn[-h\se ( ,esquimaux1 #afc ,sn[-h\se ( ,seal1 #afc ,sn[-%oe1 #dfd ,spade1 #bbc ,spe>1 #eh ,spectroscope1 #big ,spid]1 #eji ,spid]-crab1 #adg ,spik$ ,def5ces1 #ajg ,spiracles ( ,fly1 #ceg ,spiral1 #dih ,spiral ,spr+1 #cga ,spiral ,tissues1 #cge ,_s-level1 #bga ,spoke%ave1 #bcf ,sp\t-hole1 #dcd ,sprat-suck]1 #ga ,spr+1 #dcj ,spr+-b[1 #adb ,spr+-gun1 #adb ,spr+-jack1 #chf ,spr+ ,solitaire1 #cga ,spr+-tails1 #chh ,spr+-trap1 #ie ,squirrel1 #def ,/ag-beetle1 #bdh ,/>-fi%1 #ccb ,/eam-bla/1 #ddc ,/eely>d1 #dej ,/]eoscope1 #bhf ,/]eotype1 #dgi ,/e?oscope1 #ebb ,/ickleback1 #bah ,/ill1 #dbe ,/++ ,jelly-fi%1 #cgb ,/++-nettle1 #fg ,/ipple1 #dgg ,/oat1 #aej ,/one-fly1 #aib ,/opp]1 #cej ,/ove1 #dac ,/ratiomys1 #aa ,/ratiomys *amleon1 #aa ,/r+1 #eae ,subt]ranean ,dwell+1 #bac ,suck]s ( ,cuttle-fi%1 #ccb ,suck]s ( ,wat]-beetle1 #ccb ,suck+ ,eggs1 #dde ,suck+-fi%1 #ccc ,suck+ ,sug>-cane1 #dde ,sumpitan1 #ge ,sundew1 #ajj ,surgical ,cradle1 #dje ,susp5sion-bridge1 #bjb ,swall[-tail$ ,butt]fly1 #dfh ,sword1 #ef ,sword-grass1 #eg ,synapta1 #dj1 #dgj ,synovia1 #ded ,t4 ,ta*9a1 #agb ,tail ( ,scorpion1 #ff ,tailor-bird1 #djf ,te>+ ,weapons1 #aab ,teazle1 #cci ,tee?1 #cbg ,telegraph1 #dhg ,t]ebella1 #bah ,t]$o1 #bjj ,t]mite1 #aec1 #ahb1 #cid ,?aumatrope1 #cjb ,?igh-bone1 #cad ,?ornback-crab1 #adg ,?r[+-/ick1 #gi ,ties1 #aid ,tig]-beetle1 #acd ,tig]-claw1 #aab ,tig]-mo?1 #djc ,tiles1 #ahg ,tillage1 #dib ,tipula1 #ccg ,toggle1 #caf ,tools1 #bbb ,tools ( ,measurem5t1 #bfg ,top1 #ejc ,torp$o1 #dhe ,tortoise1 #bbi ,t\can1 #cdf ,tra*ea ( ,animals1 #chj ,tra*ea ( ,insects1 #cgf ,trap-door ,spid]1 #age ,travell]'s ,tree1 #dbc ,tree-caddis1 #aaa ,tr5*1 #aej ,tri*iosoma lucorum1 #bdb ,tripod ,:eel-be>]1 #dfa ,triquetra1 #bai ,troglodytes calvus1 #afj ,trombone1 #ebj ,trunk-fi%1 #abb ,trypoxylon aurifrons1 #cab ,tunnel1 #afh1 #aii ,turb9e ,pump1 #dig ,turki% ,ba?1 #dbf ,turtle1 #bbi ,u4 ,ulna1 #aid ,umbrella1 #djg ,useful ,arts1 #cjh ,v4 ,vallisn]ia ,plant1 #ch ,v>ni%1 #bai ,velella1 #b ,v5us ,fly-trap1 #ig ,v]tebr ( ,snake1 #cad ,victoria ,regia1 #aif ,violet ,snail1 #dh ,voltaic ,pile1 #dhd ,w4 ,walls1 #agg ,walrus1 #da1 #acf ,w>aus1 #afb ,w>t-bit]1 #bca ,wasp1 #dgd ,wasp-comb1 #afg ,wat]-boatman1 #ac ,wat]-fall1 #dca ,wat]-gnat1 #dfg ,wat]-lily1 #chb ,wat] ,ma91 #dig ,wat]-ram1 #dcd ,wat]-snail1 #f ,wat]-spid]1 #chc ,wat]-tank1 #dbc ,wat] ,telescope1 #bia ,wat] ,turb9e1 #dfc ,wax1 #bbj ,wax-mo?1 #aea ,weav]-bird1 #afi1 #ahe ,webb$ ,feet1 #dfg ,wet-bulb ,!rmomet]1 #dbh ,:eat ,/raw1 #bg ,:eel1 #dfi ,:eel ,animalcul1 #cjf ,:elk1 #bde ,:irlwig-beetle1 #bb1 #bib ,:isp]+ ,gall]y1 #fbf ,w9d1 #ddb ,w9d[1 #aij ,woodpeck]1 #bef ,woolly ,be>1 #aaj ,wurble-fly1 #cif ,z4 ,z>abatana1 #gf ,zoetrope1 #cje ,zo/]a m>9a1 #dgc 99 99 99 99 99 ,,! ,,end4 ,,pr9t$ ,,by ,j4 ,s4 ,,virtue ,,& ,,co4 ,,limit$1 ,,city ,,road1 ,,london4 99 99 99 99 99 ,typographical errors correct$ by ! etext transcrib]3 ,bombadi]-beetle ,bomb>di]-beetle pg #add v ong aft] v long aft] pg #bfb ! ,multipy+-glass ! ,multiply+-glass pg #bij fills ! air fill ! air pg #cef cook _! flood cook _! food pg #dab ,if ! h& move t[>ds ,if ! h& move t[>ds pg #ddd protect+ ! yelk protect+ ! yolk pg #eaa