,transcriber's ,note ,obvious typos and missing punctuation corrected4 ,antiquated use of #8,v' for #8,u'1 older spellings 7e4g4 opake71 inconsistent spellings 7e4g4 artist names and work titles71 and some inconsistencies in formatting of text have been retained4 ,work titles 8,tiger ,hunt0 and 8,tiger taking the ,water0 have been added to the captions of ,plates ,,xxxvi and ,,xxxvii respectively4 ,small caps in the original are represented by ,,all ,,caps4 ,italics in the original are represented by underscores surrounding the italic text4 ,superscripts in the original are represented by a caret preceding the raised character4 ,the first plate shows a lion's head breaking through an engraved tablet1 removing some of the letters in the middle4 ---------------------------------------- -------------------------------- ,illustration3 #a ,,twenty ,,engravings of ,,lions ,,tigers ,,panthers ,,leopards ,,by ,,tho ,,landseer from ,,originals by ,,stvbbs ,,rvbens ,,spilsbvry4 ,,rembrant ,,edwin ,,reydinger ,,landseer with an ,,essay on #ahbc the ,,carnivora by ,j4 ,lan ---------------------------------------- -------------------------------- ,,engravings ,,of ,,lions1 ,,tigers1 ,,panthers1 ,,leopards ,,dogs1 c4 ,,chiefly ,,after ,,the ,,designs ,,of ,,sir ,,edwin ,,landseer1 ,,by ,,his ,,brother1 ,,thomas ,,landseer4 ,,printed ,,from ,,the ,,original ,,plates ,,published ,,between #ahbc ,,and #ahbh4 ,,london3 ,,henry ,g4 ,,bohn1 ,,york ,,street1 ,,covent ,,garden4 ,,mdcccliii4 ---------------------------------------- -------------------------------- ,,list ,,of ,,plates4 ,,designer ,,engraver #a ,lion couchant1 ,frontispiece ,,edwin ,t4 ,landseer ,,landseer #b ,leopard1 after ,ridinger ,,spilsbury ,t4 ,landseer #c ,lions1 after ,rubens ,,spilsbury ,t4 ,landseer #d ,tiger1 from ,nature ,,spilsbury ,t4 ,landseer #e ,leopards1 after ,rubens ,,spilsbury ,t4 ,landseer #f ,contending ,group1 from ,nature ,,edwin ,t4 ,landseer ,,landseer #g ,lion and ,snake1 from ,nature ,,spilsbury ,t4 ,landseer #h ,senegal ,lion and ,lioness1 after ,,spilsbury ,t4 ,landseer ,ridinger #i ,lion and ,tiger1 after ,stubbs ,,spilsbury ,t4 ,landseer #aj ,tigress1 from ,nature ,t4 ,,landseer ,t4 ,landseer #aa ,lions1 after ,rubens ,,spilsbury ,t4 ,landseer #ab ,panthers1 after ,stubbs ,,spilsbury ,t4 ,landseer #ac ,panthers1 after ,stubbs ,,spilsbury ,t4 ,landseer #ad ,leopards and ,panthers1 after ,stubbs ,,spilsbury ,t4 ,landseer #ae ,lions1 after ,rubens ,,spilsbury ,t4 ,landseer #af ,lions1 after ,rubens ,,spilsbury ,t4 ,landseer #ag ,lioness and ,bitch1 from ,cross's ,,edwin ,t4 ,landseer ,menagerie ,,landseer #ah ,lion1 after ,ridinger ,,spilsbury ,t4 ,landseer #ai ,tiger and ,indian ,bullock1 from ,nature ,,edwin ,t4 ,landseer ,,landseer #bj ,senegal ,lion1 after ,ridinger ,black-maned ,lion1 after ,rembrandt ,,spilsbury ,t4 ,landseer ,lioness1 after ,ridinger #ba ,neptune1 a ,newfoundland ,dog ,,edwin ,t4 ,landseer ,,landseer #bb ,brutus1 a ,terrier ,,edwin ,t4 ,landseer ,,landseer #bc ,portrait of a ,cross of the ,dog and ,fox ,,edwin ,t4 ,landseer ,,landseer #bd ,dogs setting a ,hare ,,edwin ,t4 ,landseer ,,landseer #be ,vixen1 a ,scotch ,terrier ,,edwin ,t4 ,landseer ,,landseer #bf ,fox ,hounds of the ,hatfield ,hunt ,,edwin ,t4 ,landseer ,,landseer #bg ,proctor1 ,study of a ,blood-hound's ,head ,,edwin ,t4 ,landseer ,,landseer #bh ,bob1 a favourite ,terrier ,,edwin ,t4 ,landseer ,,landseer #bi ,the ,poacher1 8,the ,wily ,fox0 ,,edwin ,t4 ,landseer ,,landseer #cj ,alpine ,mastiff ,,edwin ,t4 ,landseer ,,landseer #ca ,old ,dog looks like a ,picture ,,edwin ,j4 ,webb ,,landseer #cb ,fight between 8,jacko ,maccacco10 a celebrated ,monkey1 ,t4 and ,mr4 ,thos4 ,cribb's ,,landseer ,t4 ,landseer well known bitch 8,puss0 #cc ,little ,billy1 a celebrated ,bull ,dog ,t4 ,,landseer ,t4 ,landseer #cd ,black ,cap1 a ,harrier's head ,g4 ,h4 ,,laporte ,t4 ,landseer #ce ,dead ,red ,deer ,,edwin ,j4 ,r4 ,scott ,,landseer #cf ,tiger ,hunt ,t4 ,,landseer ,t4 ,landseer #cg ,tiger taking the ,water ,,sir ,c4 ,t4 ,landseer ,d',,oyly1 ,bart4 #ch ,elephants returning from the ,hunt ,,sir ,c4 ,t4 ,landseer ,d',,oyly1 ,bart4 #ci ,red ,deer ,r4 ,,hills ,t4 ,landseer ---------------------------------------- -------------------------------- ,,carnivorous ,,quadrupeds4 ,,description ,,of ,,the ,,plates4 ,that there has hitherto existed no good book of ,engravings of the nobler wild animals1 to assist the progress of the student in that department of ,art1 is to be regretted4 ,the talents of ,mr4 ,,john ,,scott1 brought into action by those of ,,gilpin1 ,,cooper1 and the ,,reinagles1 have presented the public with excellent representations of the distinguished ornaments of the turf3 the sports of the field1 and the habits and manners of the canine race1 were also duly honoured3 but of the ferocious ,,tiger tribe1 and the lordly ,,lion1 we have nothing extant that would bear critical inspection1 beyond a few detached prints3--nothing like a collection of figures1 whose justness and accuracy of form1 action1 character1 and expression1 might be relied on4 ,does any reader imagine that the various ,etchings which have been performed--chiefly abroad--by ,artists of no mean ability1 may be considered as exceptions8 ,they are not exceptions3 or at best1 the number which might be so regarded is but small1 and those1 for the most part1 of dimensions not accommodated to the drawer of the cabinet1 or the shelf of the library4 ,but they are not objectionable on this ground alone4 ,speaking of them in the aggregate1 the heavier charge lies against them of being insufficient to those purposes of taste and information which are the ends of ,art4 ,even those after ,,titian and after ,,rubens 7the latter of whom has perhaps painted a greater number than any other of the old masters7 are far more deficient in form1 character1 and expression1 than is generally supposed1 or than will be easily believed1 by those who have not actually compared them with the ,lions1 ,leopards1 and ,tigers of ,nature4 ,they have been taken too much on the credit which attaches to the great names of their authors4--,nor is this intended to impugn the merits1 as historical or poetical painters1 of those distinguished ,artists1 but simply as an assertion of truth4 ,it is possible1 that as a painter of allegory1 ,,rubens might consider that strong infusion of human form1 character1 and expression1 by which his ,lions1 for example1 are distinguished1 as necessary1 or conducive1 to his allegorical purposes2 or1 it is possible that his knowledge of this animal may not have been thoroughly well-grounded1 and that he may have laboured under early prejudice of mind1 or of vision1 in this part of his education as a ,painter1 and may not have seen ,lions as they really are4 ,this is what the writer is most inclined to believe1 7though not to insist72 for even in treating the subject of ,daniel in the den of ,lions--the scene of which1 by the way1 he has not represented as a royal menagerie1 but as a wild1 rocky cavern--his animals partake of the artificial character of which we cannot bring ourselves to approve4 ,of this fact1 however1 we purpose to exhibit proof with our assertion4 ,improved versions1 to the best abilities of our ,artists1 of some of these ,lions of ,,rubens and the ,assyrian king1 will here be introduced1 which the reader1 who pleases1 may compare with the originals4 ,our second1 third1 and fourth ,plates are of the number4 ,the ,lions of ,,rubens are humanized4 ,we do not intend to discuss at length whether the ideality of allegorical painting required this3 we only state the fact3 yet the opinions which we felt at liberty to form on the subject1 we feel at liberty to utter4 ,so much in apology for using the licence of asserting that the heads of many of the ,lions of ,,rubens rather resemble those of frowning old gentlemen decorated with ,ramillies wigs2 as if ,nature's journeymen had made manes1 and not made them well4 ,there is a profusion of flowing and curling hair1 which seems rather to solicit the unguents of the perfumer1 than to have endured the torrid heats of the desert1 or the rough storms of the forest4 ,the shag of a ,lion's mane is a very different sort of thing4 ,however such dressed ,lions may be thought to accord with ,allegory1 they are demonstrably at variance with ,nature4 ,to be sure1 what might become a ,lion in the procession of the ,cardinal ,virtues1 might be rather unsuitable in his den1 or within the precincts of those wild haunts1 where he is accustomed to roam in his natural state4 ,we have often read of the fabled ,men-bulls1 or 7,minotaurs17 and we find such on the coinage of ,crete4 ,these allegorical creatures of ,,rubens1 which1 alas6 have sometimes been quoted by ,artists without half his genius1 and placed in savage conflicts1 or beside their ,britannias--are a species of ,men-lions4 ,placed among the ,saban sculptures1 they might pass for incarnations of ,sol in ,leo2 but would very ill pass for ,leo alone4 ,among the observers of this poetic improvement1 or this natural and unpoetical deficiency1 on the part of ,,rubens1 ,,titian1 ,,julio ,,romano1 and other painters1 both ancient and modern2 and of the consequent desideratum on the part of the public1 of a cabinet or library collection of the nobler wild animals in a state of ,nature1 so as to answer the purposes of reference1 while they conduced to the pleasures of ,taste1 were ,mr4 ,,edgar ,,spilsbury and ,mr4 ,,thomas ,,landseer4 ,whether or not the public 8looked up to them for light0 on that subject1 7to use the language of ,,sterne17 they thought the ,public 8deserved it20 and they therefore1 as the best practical means of eliciting that light1 first copied the general forms and attitudes of most of the wild animals that appear in this book1 from the old masters--generally speaking1 from works that are well known--and then1 went to ,nature and corrected the details4 ,they carried with them what1 in those ancient masters1 was meritorious in composition1 attitude and chiaroscuro1 and brought away1 to the best of their ability--superadding it to1 and blending it with1 the above--accuracy of detail4 ---------------------------------------- -------------------------------- ,illustration3 #b ,e4 ,spilsbury delt4 ,t4 ,landseer sculpt4 ,,leopard after ,,reydinger4 ---------------------------------------- -------------------------------- ,every artist does best1 that which he is best qualified and best disposed to do4 ,in completing the number of plates that has been found necessary for the ,work1 ,mr4 ,,edwin ,,landseer has chosen to proceed toward the same purpose1 upon a different principle4 ,he has gone1 without any introductory medium1 directly to the living animals1 and has exhibited the savage manners and habits of these quadrupeds1 according to his own ideas and observations4 ,on the distinction between ,,character and ,,expression1 we shall now deliver our opinion4 ,by the ,character of an animal1 we mean those permanencies of his look and features which he always offers to view when in a placid1 or unimpassioned state3 by his ,expression1 the variations of muscular action superinduced on character1 to which he is liable1 as the storms of passion sweep by1 and his mind becomes agitated by external circumstances acting on the ardours of his instinct4 ,the former1 seems to hold its court in the solid and massy parts3 the latter1 agitates1 ofttimes rebelliously1 the nerves and muscles4 ,character is ever present1 both in the animal countenance1 and in the 8human face divine40 ,the most violent expression does not proscribe1 or obliterate1 character4 ,individuality consists of it1 as far as concerns external appearance2 and it forms the system of vowels of the language of ,nature1 without which no ,expression could be4 ,whoever regards the faces of a flock of ,sheep1 will see in them an infinite variety of ,character1 with very little ,expression1 and that little without diversity3 and if we descend a step lower in the scale of being1 and contemplate the finny tribe1 where ,character is not wanting1 we find no ,expression at all4 ,even ,trees and inanimate objects1 possess ,character4 ,we recollect a poetical friend of ours1 now in ,italy1 saying that every tree and every rock had a face--but of this we are not so certain2 though very certain1 that there is enough of ,character in rocks and trees1 to make a poet think so4 ,character and ,expression1 in the carnivorous class of animals1 to which we here solicit attention1 are always co-existent--their proportions varying with the existing occasions--in pictorial exhibitions of such subjects4 ,no4 ,,ii4 ,there is much ,character1 and little ,expression1 in the reposing ,leopard with his sheathed claws1 which is shewn in the present engraving1 copied by ,mr4 ,,spilsbury from ,,ridinger1 and corrected from ,nature4 ,,ridinger was an artist of great power1 who studied wild animals in their sequestered haunts1 as is shewn in his grand forest back-grounds2 and who1 generally speaking1 left little or no room for others to improve1 except on some few of his inferior works4 ,the present is an interesting and beautiful animal1 yet there is a latent capability of mischief characterised in his countenance1 and we might ask1 in the language of ,job1 8,who shall dare to rouse him up80 ,no4 ,,iii4 ,,two ,,couchant ,,lions1 ,,after ,,rubens1 taken from his celebrated picture before alluded to1 of the ,prophet ,daniel incarcerated in the den4 ,the ,lions are here supposed to be miraculously held in a state of tranquillity4 ,here1 too1 is not much ,expression1 but an extraordinary grandeur of ,character1 suited to the greatness of an occasion where the ,deity himself especially interferes to seal up the voracious energies of the most terrible of his creatures1 in calm submission4 ,there is a character of royal dignity mingled with this submission1 which is very impressive1 and even sublime4 ,the writer esteems this to be a successful restoration of the ,nature that was wanting in the prints of this subject1 7which has often been engraved by ,,picart and others17 after ,,rubens4 ,the original picture it has been our ill-fortune never to have seen4 ,the shaggy manes1 and the latent terror that sits gloomily enthroned in the open eyes of the superior ,lion--suited to the darkness of the den1 and the nature of this animal's sense of vision1--are as well thought of1 as they are executed2 and are varied with much address from the closed eyes of the couching ,lion beyond1 of which also the character is most happily marked4 ,a powerful and divine spell possesses them both4 ,no4 ,,iv4 ,,the ,,tiger ,,which ,,marches ,,in ,,our ,,procession1 without an object before him to call forth emotion1 possesses a calm character1 combined with the resistless strength of that dreadful quadruped2 whose very tranquillity1 in his leisure sauntering1 when no excitement is acting on his nerves1 has an appalling effect4--,his brow is clouded1 though his claws are sheathed4 ,there is a possibility of a dreadful storm which may not be far distant1 and that is enough to stamp the ,tiger's character4 ,none shall dare to arouse his energies1 nor to encounter them when aroused4 ,no4 ,v4 ,,this ,,group ,,of ,,playful ,,leopards1 ,,after ,,rubens1 must be supposed to belong to the jocund train of ,bacchus1 since they are luxuriating at their ease1 among grapes and vine branches4 ,these ,leopards are doubtless intended to have a degree of playful expression--induced perhaps by the exhilarating juice of the grape3 and we should 8guess0 7as ,jonathan says7 that this group was studied from a litter of half-grown kittens4 ,few1 however1 except the sailors who were accustomed to gambol with the ,tiger-cub on board the ,pitt ,east-,indiaman1 would like to venture to frolic with them4 ---------------------------------------- -------------------------------- ,illustration3 #c ,e4 ,spilsbury delt4 ,t4 ,landseer sculpt4 ,,lions after ,,rubens4 ---------------------------------------- -------------------------------- ,illustration3 #d ,e4 ,spilsbury delt4 ,t4 ,landseer sculpt4 ,,tiger after ,,nature4 ---------------------------------------- -------------------------------- ,illustration3 #e ,e4 ,spilsbury delt4 ,t4 ,landseer sculpt4 ,,leopards after ,,rubens4 ---------------------------------------- -------------------------------- ,illustration3 #f ,e4 ,landseer delt4 ,t4 ,landseer sculpt4 ,,contending ,,group after ,,nature4 ---------------------------------------- -------------------------------- ,no4 ,,vi4 ,in this ,,group by ,,mr4 ,,edwin ,,landseer there is much of violent animal ,expression1 and ,character fades before it1 or rather1 is absorbed in it4 ,it tells a story of the past as well as the present1 and is pregnant with a catastrophe not difficult to anticipate from the actions and expressions of the parties engaged4 ,a ,,fawn has been seized by a ,,leopard1 who has been despoiled of his prey by a more powerful ,,tiger4 ,the ,tiger in his turn becomes the victim of an enraged ,,lion4 ,the expression of the wounded ,leopard is that of painful suffering mingled with dread4 ,together1 they amount to agony4 ,he shrieks while he submits4 ,the ,tiger is still enraged and resisting1 though astounded with the power and suddenness of the ,lion's attack4 ,he is losing his energy of resistance1 and is beginning to feel that all resistance is vain4 ,he roars with anguish2 while his expression is that of terror1 and indignation not yet subdued4 ,the ,lion1 who has just made his thundering spring1 appears conscious of having fatally seized his adversary1 and luxuriates fearlessly in his victory2 and with a powerful and just expression of carnivorous enjoyment4--,meanwhile the characters of the animals1 severally1 are faithfully and specifically represented4 ,although our main purpose be to exhibit rather a pictorial than a physiological view of the subject3 having descanted on the word ,character1 we shall probably be expected to add1 at least a word or two1 on the leading characteristics of the carnivorous class of quadrupeds4 ,the generic characters of the ,feline1 or ,cat1 kind1 are easily enumerated in the concise language of the naturalists4 ,their heads are round2 their visages short3 they have six cutting teeth1 and two canine1 in either jaw3 their tongues are aculeated1 the prickles inclining backward2 their claws sharp1 hooked1 and retractile2 their ears small and acuminated2 they have five toes on each of the fore-feet1 and four only on those behind4 ,of this genera of ,cats1 we here exhibit the four principal species1 ,lions1 ,tigers1 ,leopards1 and ,panthers1 of which the ,lion is justly placed at the head--at least1 the unanimous voice of ages has pronounced him to be the king of beasts1 and we have enthroned him accordingly in our ,title-page1 7,no4 ,i47 ,they form a tribe that is especially and properly ,carnivorous1 being the only class of quadrupeds that are exclusively flesh-eaters4 ,their jaws are very completely armed for this purpose2 their canine teeth being very long and angular1 with the edges of the angles turned toward the inside of their mouths2 so that when the animal has caused them to meet1 or cross each other in the flesh of its prey1 these formidable teeth will cut or tear a way through1 by drawing them back without opening his mouth4 ,their claws1 and the formation of their feet1 too1 are eminently conducive to their predacious and carnivorous habits4 ,they walk on their toes3 yet not so much from that habitual stealthiness of pace1 by which they advance unperceived till within a spring of their prey2 as because it is also the means of that celerity of motion which is necessary to the very existence of animals that can feed only on flesh4 ,their claws are exceedingly powerful2 and they are enabled to draw them up into sheaths between their toes1 so as to prevent their points from touching the ground2 whence they are called retractile2 and those claws are1 in consequence1 always kept sharp1 unworn1 and ready for active service4 ,the eyes of the ,feline tribe--of every face in nature a striking and important feature--vary in the different species1 and are capable of much alteration in the same animal2 as instinctive impulse1 or internal emotion1 changes the expression of his countenance2 and also from the degrees of light which act upon their pupils4 ,of ,lions the pupils of the eyes are circular1 and not of a yellow colour1 as has been stated in the most diffuse modern dissertations on the ,carnivora1 but black4 ,it is the iris of the ,lion's eye that is yellow4 ,they appear to be best suited to nocturnal1 or twilight1 vision2 and hence the ,lion rarely hunts his prey while the sun is above the horizon--perhaps never1 but when pressed by hunger in an extraordinary degree4 ,the ,tiger1 on the contrary1 will seek his prey by day as well as by night2 and during twilight the colour of his eyes is that of a blue-green flame4 ,if a stranger passes near a ,tiger in a menagerie1 the colour of the animal's eyes will sometimes alter suddenly1 from yellow-green to blue-green2 not from any alteration in the degree of light acting upon them1 but from mental excitement1 and from a certain natural facility of expansion and contraction of the eye-pupils4 ,hence a characteristic difference between the ,lion and the ,tiger4 ,the habits of the latter are diurnal1 and he disregards night-fires3 the ,lion1 on the contrary1 whose eyes are not calculated for the glare of day1 cannot bear to encounter fire-light at night4 ,yet these physical conformations are sometimes overcome by the rage of hunger2 and hence1 in ,,mr4 ,,edwin ,,landseer',s contending group1 the ,lion is represented as attacking the ,tiger although it be day4 ,,mr4 ,,bell treats learnedly1 and we believe with much originality1 of the facial-muscles of this class of quadrupeds1 in his 8,anatomy of ,expression40--,we shall offer a few extracts1 by which the reader will perceive how limited are their powers of expression of countenance1 when compared with those of human nature1 notwithstanding their superiority over all other quadrupeds4 8,the violent passions mark themselves so distinctly on the countenances both of men and of animals1 that we are apt in the first instance to consider the movements by which they are indicated1 as certain signs or characters provided by ,nature1 for the express purpose of intimating the internal emotion2 and to suppose that they are interpreted by the observer in consequence of a peculiar and instinctive faculty4 ,this view of things1 however1 so natural at first sight1 is not altogether satisfactory to philosophy2 and a more jealous observation of the facts1 seems to suggest an opposite theory1 in which instinctive agency is rejected1 and the appearances are explained from a consideration of the necessities and voluntary exertions of the animal4 ,with regard to the observer1 it has been asserted1 that it is by experience alone that he distinguishes the signs of the passions2 that we learn1 while infants1 to consider smiles as expressions of kindness1 because they are accompanied by acts of beneficence and by endearments2 and frowns as the contrary1 because we find them followed by blows2 that the expression of anger in a brute1 is only that which has been observed to precede his biting2 and that of fondness1 his fawning and licking of the hand4 ,with regard to the creature itself1 it is said1 what has been called the external signs of passion1 are merely the concomitants of those voluntary movements1 which the passions or habits suggest2 that the glare of the ,lion's eye1 for example1 is the consequence of a voluntary exertion to see his prey more clearly--his grin1 or snarl1 the natural motion of uncasing his fangs before he uses them4 ,this1 however1 is not quite true of all animals and of all expression of passion40 8,attending merely to the evidence furnished by anatomical investigation1 all that ,i shall venture to affirm is this3 that a remarkable difference is to be found between the anatomy and range of expression1 in man and in animals3 that in the former there seems to be a systematic provision for that mode of communication and that natural language1 which is to be read in the changes of the countenance3 that there is no emotion in the mind of man which has not its appropriate signs2 and that there are even muscles in the human face to which no other use can be assigned than to serve as the organs of this language3 that1 on the other hand1 there is in the lower animals no range of expression which is not fairly referable as a mere accessary to the voluntary or needful actions of the animal2 and that this accessary expression does not appear to be in any degree commensurate to the variety and extent of the animal's passions40 8,there appears to me 7continues ,,mr4 ,,bell7 to be no expression in the face of any animal lower in the scale of being than quadrupeds2 and in them the strongest and most marked expression is that of rage2 the object of which is opposition1 resistance1 and defence4 ,but on examination it will be found 7consistently with the position1 that this is merely an accessary of the motions natural to the accomplishment of the object which the animal has in view7 that the strength of the expression is in exact proportion to the strength of the principal action in the creature when thus excited4 8,the gramnivorous animals1 which seek their subsistence1 not by preying upon others1 nor by the ferocity1 contest1 and victory which supply the carnivorous with food1 have in their features no strong expression of rage4 ,their expression is chiefly confined indeed to the effect produced on the general system4 ,thus the inflamed eye and the breathing nostrils of the ,bull1 are induced only by the general excitement4 ,his only proper expression of rage1 is in the position of the head1 with the horns turned obliquely to the ground1 ready to strike3 and indeed it may be observed in general that animals which strike with the horns1 shew little indication of fear or rage1 except in the position of the head4 ,in all gramnivorous animals1 the skin of the head is closely attached to the skull1 and capable only of very limited motion3 the eye is almost uniformly mild1 and the lips unmoved by passion4 8,it is in carnivorous animals1 with whose habits and manner of life1 ferocity is instinctively connected1 as the great means of their subsistence1 that rage is distinguished by the most remarkable strength of expression4 ,the eye-ball is terrible1 and the retraction of the flesh of the lips indicates the most savage fury4 ,but the first1 is merely the exerted attention of the animal2 and the other a preparatory exposure of the canine teeth4 ,the great animals of prey--the ,lion and the ,tiger--are quite incapable of any other expression of feature1 than this particular display of ferociousness4 ,when they fawn upon their keeper1 there is no motion in their features that indicates affection40 ,in this assertion1 that the countenances of the great animals of prey are incapable of any other than ferocious expression1 we do not quite coincide with our learned physiologist4 ,when they fawn upon their keeper1 we think that indications of affection are exhibited2 and find ourselves ready to ask what else than kindly expression is that 8licking of the hand0 which our author has before mentioned4 ,if1 however1 we should grant that they may not be capable of affectionate expression toward their keeper1 we can scarcely doubt that--toward their young--if we could observe them in their wild state1 and in their moments of playful intercourse and enjoyment among each other--they are3 at least1 we think there are motions in their features that indicate affection1 as well as fear1 enquiry1 surprise1 gratitude1 pleasurable wantonness1 and some other sentiments1 or emotions4 ,this is our conviction3 at the same time1 we perceive that the range of their ferocious expression far exceeds the savage circle of their domestic charities4 ,are not even the least of these observable in the habits and manners of the domestic ,cat1 who belongs to the ,tiger genera8 ,but we have even seen a ,tiger in his den1 who looked good-natured enough to be stroked and patted3 and of the ,lion1 of whom ,,mr4 ,,griffith relates the following anecdote1 what can be said or thought8 8,hearing some noise under his cage1 the ,lion passed his paw between the bars1 and actually hauled up his keeper who was cleaning beneath2 but as soon as he perceived that he had thus ill used his master1 he instantly lay down upon his back in an attitude of complete submission40 ,or what can be said of the circumstance mentioned by ,,seneca 7of which he was personally witness71 of a ,lion1 to whom a man1 who had formerly been his keeper1 was exposed for destruction in the amphitheatre at ,rome2 and who was not only instantly recognised1 but defended and protected by the grateful beast8--,or of the story related by ,,dr4 ,,southey1 of the ,lion who had broken loose1 submitting to the ,cid1 and allowing himself to be led back peaceably to his place of confinement8 ---------------------------------------- -------------------------------- ,illustration3 #g ,e4 ,spilsbury delt4 ,t4 ,landseer sculpt4 ,,lion ,,snake after ,,nature4 ---------------------------------------- -------------------------------- ,could any painter of talent proceed to represent either of these facts1 without finding in the countenance of the ,lion1 the muscles and the means of expressing a corresponding gentleness1 or generosity1 of feeling8 ,what could be said or thought of these things8 ,why it may be said1 and will be thought1 by all those who take both sides of the argument fairly into the question--that ,,mr4 ,,bell has discovered and declared1 that the muscles of affection1 do not exist in the carnivora4 ,ergo1 that the sentiment which we so translate or acknowledge--the appearances 7that is7 with which we may find ourselves affected--can only be expression of a negative kind2 resulting from the relaxation of those muscles whose tension is necessary to the purposes1 or the expression1 of ferocity3 that 8the force of ,nature can no further go20 and that the painter--the supposed painter1 of such subjects1 who is appealed to above--in order to be in any degree successful1 must 8make a third1 by joining the former two0--that is to say1 by mingling a portion of human nature with that of the animal3 which brings us round to the practice and the probable theory of ,,rubens2 of which it affords more justification1 and of a higher kind1 than superficial reasoners can be aware of4 ,but1 when muscles of affection are mentioned1 do we talk of a positive and acknowledged certainty2 or only of a construction that has been put upon certain muscles of the face1 by those who have an hypothesis to maintain1 or who can trace affectionate expression in no other8 ,and1 are we thence to infer the exhaustion of the subject1 and non-entity of the expression8 ,no4 ,,vii4 ,,mr4 ,,spilsbury',s ,,lion1 who has turned round his head to look at a ,snake1 affords a delineated example in point4 ,here is no more1 we think1 than the latent capability of ferocity3 just so much as cannot be separated from the native character of this noble quadruped4--,the eye-ball is here1 not 8terrible20 nor is 8the most savage fury0 indicated by the retraction of the lips1 although the lower canine teeth are exposed4 ,here is a general sense of dignity2 but the leading1 present expression of the moment1 7as it strikes us17 is that of curiosity1 or excited attention2 mingled with some degree of surprise that a contemptible little ,snake should presume to roll his puny volumes in the royal presence4 ,it would appear that the ,lion has heard something hiss1 and cares a little1 to know what it may be4 ,will it be further objected that this is ,art8--,to be sure it is4 ,but we think that such ,lion-looks are to be seen in ,nature2 and that such were seen1 when the ,dog which appealed to1 and obtained1 the royal pity1 was first thrown into the ,lion's den at the ,tower4 ,we believe that this representation of the ,lion and ,snake is not taken from any old master1 but is ,,mr4 ,,spilsbury',s own design4 ,no4 ,,viii4 ,neither is there any expression of ferocity1 but of home comfort1 in these two maneless ,lions--or ,,lion and ,,lioness of ,,senegal4 ,that which is asleep1 however1 rather illustrates our definition of ,character1 and is so far out of the question4 ,the ,lioness--who is awake1 is a kind of ,belle-,sauvage4 ,entirely without ferocity1 she has some little expression of attention gently aroused by some slight cause--less important1 we should think than the distant cry of a ,chacal--a noise in the den1 perhaps1 not loud enough to make it worth while to wake her companion in order to see what's the matter4 ,but her expression of countenance1 is almost as mild as that of a kitten in a chimney corner4--,in fact1 they seem--notwithstanding their ,herculean strength--a kind of hearth-rug ,lions4#a ,footnote #a3 ,this was written before the beautiful hearth-rug ,lion introduced to us by ,mr4 ,crosse of ,leeds1 and which is equal to the finest painting4 ,after venturing to express this slight difference of opinion 7if it amount to so much7 with our distinguished anatomist of ,expression1 we return1 with becoming respect1 to his valuable ,treatise3 though as we do not propose to exhibit1 like him1 an anatomical and comparative view of the ,carnivorous and ,gramnivorous genera1 we shall confine ourselves to a short extract or two1 relating to the ,carnivora alone-- 8,it is of man alone that we can with strict propriety say the countenance is an index of the mind1 having expression corresponding with each emotion of the soul4 ,other animals have no expression but that which arises by mere accident1 the concomitant of the emotions necessary to the accomplishment of the object of the passions40-- 8,i have to remark1 as relative to painting1 7my original subject of enquiry7 that this remarkable difference between the expression in man1 and animals1 naturally leads us to investigate what are the peculiarities of mere animal expression4 8,in order to see distinctly what the peculiarities of mere animal expression are1 it seems proper to reduce the muscles of expression in animals1 to their proper classes4 ,these muscles1 as they appear in the several quadrupeds1 may be distinguished into--#a4 ,those which raise the lips from the teeth3 #b4 ,those which surround the eye-lids3 and #c4 ,those which move the nostrils40 ,he next proceeds to state that 8in the ,carnivorous animal1 the muscles of the lip are so directed as to raise the lip from the canine teeth20--and these he distinguishes by the name of 8,ringentes1 or snarling muscles40 ---------------------------------------- -------------------------------- ,illustration3 #h ,e4 ,spilsbury delt4 ,t4 ,landseer sculpt4 ,,senegal ,,lion ,,lioness after ,,reydinger4 ---------------------------------------- -------------------------------- ,illustration3 #i ,e4 ,spilsbury delt4 ,t4 ,landseer sculpt4 ,,lion ,,tiger after ,,stubbs4 ---------------------------------------- -------------------------------- ,the snarling muscles take their origin from the margin of the orbit of the eye1 and from the upper jaw1 and are inserted into that part of the upper lip from which the whiskers grow1 and which is opposite to the canine teeth2 and although they are assisted in this office by other muscles1 7the masticating and zygomatic muscles17 ,i have ventured to distinguish them particularly as the muscles of snarling4 ,this action of snarling is quite peculiar to the ferocious and carnivorous animals4 8#b4 ,muscles which surround the eye-lid4 ,in man the upper eye-lid is raised by a muscle coming from the bottom of the orbit4 ,but1 besides this muscle1 animals of prey in whom there is that peculiar and ferocious splendour of the eye1 which we distinguish in the ,tiger1 for example1 or the ,lion--have three muscles infixed in the eye-lids1 which drawing the eye-lids backward upon the peculiarly prominent eye-ball1 produce the fixed straining of the eye1 and by stretching the coats1 give a greater brilliancy to the reflection4 ,these muscles may be classed under the term ,scintillantes4 8#c4 ,the muscles of the nostril are not less distinct and peculiar1 in different classes of animals1 than those of the eyes and lips4 ,in the ,carnivorous animals1 the nose is comparatively insignificant1 provision being made in the open mouth for any occasional increase of respiration above the uniform play of the lungs40 ,taking respectful1 friendly1 and reluctant leave of ,,mr4 ,,bell1 we trust that conformity will be found between these pictorial remarks and anatomical elucidations of his1 and our engraved representations of the ,carnivora4 ,no4 ,,ix4 ,the interior of a rocky den1 where the ,,lion dares to intrude on the retired repose of a ,,royal ,,tiger1 copied by ,,mr4 ,,spilsbury from the ,sketch-book of ,,stubbs4 ,on the part of the ,tiger1 there is expressed a certain half frantic suspension of purpose4 ,his look is fierce1 though apprehensive1 and as if his mind was not made up whether to become the assailant1 or stand on the defensive4 ,he is evidently taken by surprise2 and if he does not fear1 he is thoroughly conscious 7as ,,dr4 ,,johnson said1 when he was to meet ,,lord ,,thurlow7 that 8there is something to encounter30 while the ,lion1 feeling also that he has met with his match1 is arousing his terrible energies4 ,the heroes are threatening3 the storm has gathered3 and is about to burst in fury4 ,with regard to the 8ferocious splendour of their eyes10 and the exposure of their canine teeth by means of the ,ringentes1 the reader will find here a strict accordance with ,,mr4 ,,bell',s theory4 ,no4 ,x4 ,the ,,tigress of ,,bengal1 which has been designed1 as well as etched1 by ,,mr4 ,,thomas ,,landseer1 from that at the ,exeter ',change ,menagerie1 affords also a pertinent illustration of the principles which ,,mr4 ,,bell had derived from combining study with dissection3 theory with practice4 ,the 8three muscles infixed in the eye-lids1 which1 drawing the eye-lids backward upon the peculiarly prominent eye-ball1 produce the fixed straining of the eye1 and by stretching the coats1 give a greater brilliancy to the reflection10 are here brought into action by a violent and unexpected outrage done to the maternal feelings4 ,here too is exemplified the origin1 insertion1 and physical use1 of those snarling muscles1 which are so properly named and defined by our learned anatomist4 ,we cannot but wish1 however1 that he had written also of those of the lower jaw1 which so powerfully conduce to this snarling and dreadful expression4 ,the mother has arrived at a fortunate conjuncture for her cubs1 which lie sleeping below1 in a small den or dark recess of the bank1 whither a ,serpent has stolen4 ,twisted among the jungle1 which affords an advantageous post both of attack and defence for the ,serpent--the ,tigress has reason to dread an enemy so powerful and insidious2 and1 as in the preceding ,engraving1 both parties are prepared for the encounter1 and fully aware of the importance of a first blow4 ,no4 ,,xi4 ,,these ,,rampant ,,lions1 bear the name of ,,rubens as their author4 ,,sir ,,john ,,sebright1 we believe1 has the original picture4 ,it would neither deteriorate from its intrinsic merit as a work of art1 nor from its nominal value 7we suspect71 should it turn out to be from the pencil of ,,snyders2 or a performance of ,,rubens and ,,snyders in conjunction4 ,they not unfrequently painted on the same canvas2 but the high reputation and rank of ,,rubens1 has in some measure absorbed that of his coadjutor1 except among first-rate connoisseurs--whereas1 in all that relates to the details of ,nature1 ,,snyders was the superior painter of animals3 and our reasons for thinking that he had at least a hand in this picture of the rampant ,lions1 are1 #ast1 ,the superior attention which is here paid to the details of ,nature4 #bndly1 ,that the action of the nearest of the two ,lions1 is precisely that of the same animal1 in ,,snyders' very capital picture from the fable of the ,lion liberated by the ,mouse1 now in the ,cabinet of ,,thomas ,,franklin1 ,esq4 #crdly1 ,that the study in oil of a dead ,lion1 in the collection of ,g4 ,,watson ,,taylor1 ,esq4 also believed to be from the hand of ,,snyders1 bears internal evidence of being painted1 not only from ,nature1 but from the very same individual ,lion1 with the above4 ,they are all portraits of the same animal4 ,it appears as if ,,snyders1 having obtained possession of a dead ,lion1 after making the study now belonging to ,,mr4 ,,taylor1 had put him in this rampant attitude1 and painted from him as long as he lasted4 ,but perhaps ,,rubens and ,,snyders did this in concert3 for on the other hand may be recollected a masterly sketch in oil of the heads only of these rampant ,lions1 which was exhibited at the ,british ,gallery two seasons ago1 bearing the name of ,,rubens4 ,if this name was written by ,,rubens himself1 the probability is as above stated1 that both artists painted at the same time from the same model4 ,on this point we do but sum up such evidence as is before us1 leaving the verdict to the reader4 ---------------------------------------- -------------------------------- ,illustration3 #aj ,thos4 ,landseer delt4 et sculpt4 ,,tigress after ,,nature4 ---------------------------------------- -------------------------------- ,illustration3 #aa ,e4 ,spilsbury delt4 ,t4 ,landseer sculpt4 ,,lions after ,,rubens4 ---------------------------------------- -------------------------------- ,we believe that this subject also1 has passed through the medium of an ,etching by ,,bloteling1 for it differs in some minor respects from the picture in the gallery of ,,sir ,,john ,,sebright4 ,it however affords further illustration of the theory of expression laid down by ,,mr4 ,,bell1 while it embodies the ,scriptural idea of a 8ramping and roaring ,lion seeking whom he may devour40 ,we have mentioned above1 our having been disposed1 on a certain occasion of visiting a public menagerie1 to pat and stroke a ,royal ,tiger as he lay in his den with his nose toward the spectator1 and whose looks1 though certainly far from angelic1 we could almost have called amiable3 yet this is very far from being the character of the ,tiger4 ,to stroke1 or pat1 or touch them in any way1 however1 no person should ever venture1 except their keepers2 even the tame ,tigers1 that are sometimes brought up almost without animal food by the mendicant priests of ,hindostan1 are strictly prohibited from being touched--8under the utmost rigours of religious anathema10 says ,,col4 ,,williamson1 who relates a circumstance of his having visited a ,faukeer who kept a ,tiger of this kind in the wilds of ,colgong4 ,no4 ,,xii4 ,the amiable-looking ,tiger of whom we have spoken1 lay something in the attitude and manner of the principal ,,panther1 in the present picturesque group which ,,mr4 ,,spilsbury copied from the ,sketch-book of that admirable painter and anatomist of animals1 ,,stubbs4 ,perhaps this sentiment of ours1 may be ascribed--in part at least--to the undulations of form1 glossiness of surface1 and brilliancy of colours1 of these interesting creatures1 reviving the early mental impressions which we remember to have received at the sight of shining and speckled shells1 butterflies' wings1 and other objects of pure beauty2 and in part to our having associated ideas of innocence and domesticated habits and comfort1 with the 8sympathetic mirth0 7as ,,goldsmith',s phrase is7 of sportive kittens4 ,it may not be unworthy of our best philosophy to pause here1 and observe how ,nature contrives to mingle1 and seems to insist on mingling1 sentiments and mental impressions1 which analysing man is so fond of reducing to first elements--as he calls them4 ,surely there is1 about these ,carnivorous and terrible creatures1 a saving grace--a beauty in their dreadfulness1 which is exceedingly interesting1 although it co-exist with cruelty3 for if they are cruel1 their cruelty is involuntary1 and not implacable2 and therefore1 if not pardonable1 not hateful--while the external beauty which they possess1 is of a positive nature4 ,reverting here to our own scholastic distinction1 we think that ,nature has1 in the instance of this species of quadrupeds1 mingled with similar success1 energy of character1 with a degree of mildness of expression4 ,the natural character of the ,panther is fearfully ferocious1 yet a superinduced kindly expression may be seen in this group from the pencil of ,,stubbs--a sworn disciple of ,nature--which may shew that in their home retiredness1 they have not been left destitute of the means of letting each other see that they are sociable1 friendly1 and not entirely without the means of expressing the gentler emotions4 ,men are perhaps too exclusively disposed to look at the objects around them1 as those objects immediately concern themselves3 ,,mr4 ,,stubbs1 in composing this capital group1 took a more extensive and genuine view of things2 and notwithstanding the ,panther is larger and more formidable than the ,leopard 7from which quadruped he is not always easily distinguishable71 has depicted them as scarcely less mild and gentle than the domestic ,cat4 ,the evidence of facts1 however1 when set in apposition1 affords1 in all probability1 the most efficacious and convincing means of manifesting such principles as we are here submitting1 while they exhibit the varieties of animal expression to the best advantage2 and we therefore introduce another ,,group of ,,panthers1 from the same ,sketch-book1 by ,,stubbs1 more malignant in their aspects4 ---------------------------------------- -------------------------------- ,illustration3 #ab ,e4 ,spilsbury delt4 ,t4 ,landseer sculpt4 ,,panthers after ,,stubbs4 ---------------------------------------- -------------------------------- ,illustration3 #ac ,e4 ,spilsbury delt4 ,t4 ,landseer sculpt4 ,,panthers after ,,stubbs4 ---------------------------------------- -------------------------------- ,no4 ,,xiii4 ,this is what one might call a domestic1 or family1 group2 but they seem here to be meditating prey1 and by no means so good-humoured as in the former instance1 where they might be fancied to be quietly enjoying themselves after a sufficient repast4 ,the two groups1 when viewed together1 seem very much to assist our perceptions of the capability of this animal of gentle1 as well as of savage1 expression4--,they are contrasted1 indeed1 though without the direct opposition of violent brutal action1 to calm repose3 the eye being the chief seat of the difference4 ,but neither the gentle1 nor the more ferocious and malignant-looking1 ,panthers1 or ,tigers1 will bear any comparison for commanding majesty of appearance with the regal ,lion1 whether in a calm or an excited state--as the vignette of our title-page is ready to bear witness4 ,there is good chiaroscuro in both of the above groups2 and the scene of rocky wildness in which the latter are placed1 as well as the rich colouring of the fur of the animals1 are ably indicated4 ,the reader may perhaps not be displeased to attend here for a moment1 to a short epitome of what the ,naturalists have said concerning the distinctive marks of this interesting quadruped1 the ,panther3 nor to be informed or reminded of the strong resemblance which he bears to the ,leopard4 ,,dr4 ,,shaw observes that ,,linn,,us himself has confounded the ,panther with the ,leopard2 but adds1 that 8a true distinctive mark between them1 is by no means easy to communicate either by description or even by figure40 ,he thinks that the ,leopard is the smaller of the two species of animals1 and its colour a paler yellow3 and ,,mr4 ,,griffith1 in his 8,carnivora10 says1 8,a very fine animal is now exhibiting at ,exeter ',change under the name of ,leopard1 which is much larger as well as brighter than any other ,leopard in that ,menagerie1 and should1 therefore1 according to ,,shaw1 seem to be the ,panther4 ,but ,i am informed that the animal in question was taken in ,india1 and that all those which come from ,asia1 are much brighter in colour than those from ,africa1 which is confirmed by inspection of the ,african specimens there2 and that the females have more white about them than the other sex3 and ,,mr4 ,,cross1 who has had opportunities of inspecting probably some hundreds of specimens1 insists that he has never observed any specific difference between those brought from ,asia and ,africa1 among themselves1 except that the ,asiatic are generally larger and brighter40 ,,lichtenstein1 in a note communicated to ,,major ,,smith1 describes the ,panther as resembling the ,jaguar1 in having the same number of rows of spots1 but different in having no full spots1 on the dorsal line4 ,if this be correct1 then is the existence of the ,panther established as being distinct from the ,leopard3 but ,i do not find that full spots on the dorsal line always make a specific difference of the ,jaguar4 ,when1 therefore1 it is said1 that the ,panther much resembles the ,jaguar1 it is always strongly to be suspected that the type whence the observations are taken is an ,american animal4 ,if the contrary be clearly established1 and the animal be found to have large round or oval open marks of black1 with a central spot on the sides and back1 and a tail longer than from its insertion to the ground1 it may be concluded that it is the real ,panther4 ,lastly1 that indefatigable investigator1 ,,cuvier1 says he was long in doubt whether the ,panther and ,leopard were distinct3 but a comparison of a great number of skins1 as well as observations on the numerous animals sent to the ,french ,museum1 have satisfied him that they are different2 and he accordingly describes the ,panther as having six or seven rows of rose-like spots in transverse lines1 the tail longer and the head larger than the ,jaguar1 and the ground-colour of the fur paler4 ,the ,leopard he describes as a little less than the ,panther1 though with the same proportions2 but the spots1 as much more numerous1 forming ten transverse lines4 ,the opinion of ,,cuvier is certainly deserving of the greatest attention2 but it may be observed that his enumeration of the six or seven rows of spots in the ,panther1 and of ten in the ,leopard1 is not so certainly intelligible as might be desired1 when it is considered that the spots or marks in question have really little or no parallelism4 ,notwithstanding1 therefore1 this respectable authority1 it seems very probable that the ,panther and ,leopard are one and the same species1 which branches into two varieties1 the ,asiatic and the ,african2 the former of which is brighter in colour1 and probably something larger than the latter2 and that the females of both are paler and less than the other sex4 ,,cicero1 in his letters to ,,atticus1 speaks of the ,panther of ,africa1 and the ,asiatic ,panther2 as if they were different4 ,the ancient naturalists were not a whit more successful in distinguishing these two quadrupeds1 than the moderns1 notwithstanding the opportunities which they possessed of inspecting so many4 ,,mr4 ,,griffith comments on ,,shaw1 ,,lichtenstein1 and ,,cuvier2 so did ,,cicero and ,,pliny1 on ,,aristotle4 ,hence their ,panthera1 ,pardus1 and the ,leopardus of the later ages of ,rome 7the last of which plainly indicates their supposition that a ,lion or ,lioness had been concerned in the generation of this spotted animal47 ,it is surprising to reflect on the great number of ,panthers1 which in those later ages of ,rome1 were brought from the deserts of ,africa for their public shows4 ,,scaurus exhibited an hundred and fifty of them at one time2 ,,pompey1 four hundred and ten2 and ,,augustus1 four hundred and twenty6 ,they probably thinned the province of ,mauritania almost to extirpation2 which may account for the superior abundance of these quadrupeds1 as well as of ,lions1 at present1 in ,guinea1 and the more southern parts of ,africa4 ,it would appear1 that after all that has been accomplished by the spot and row-counting philosophers1 the distinction between ,panthers and ,leopards is by no means made out2 and we take it1 that whenever ,nature means to mark a distinction of this sort1 she always does it with a firmer hand1 and more decisive line4 ---------------------------------------- -------------------------------- ,illustration3 #ad ,e4 ,spilsbury delt4 ,t4 ,landseer sculpt4 ,,leopard ,,panther after ,,stubbs4 ---------------------------------------- -------------------------------- ,no4 ,,xiv4 ,,stubbs1 who had most likely paid sufficient attention to what the naturalists had previously said on the subject--and whom no naturalist has exceeded in accuracy of observation--appears to have here sketched out the differences1 and the resemblances1 between these two animals--if two they may be termed4 ,it will be observed that the one which we esteem to be the ,,leopard--the nearer figure of the two--is somewhat smaller than the other1 and that the dark spots on her body are not clustered in roselets1 or oilettes1 as they have sometimes been called2 while on the body of the ,,panther1 they are1 and indeed everywhere1 excepting on his head and fore-legs4 ,in short1 ,,stubbs',s delineation agrees best with the definition of ,,cuvier1 whose discernment and philosophical tact are by no means inferior to that indefatigability for which he is praised by ,,griffith4 ,of this ,leopard and ,panther1 the actions and expression 7although not the character--their noses and mouths being of longer and larger proportions7 are very much those of the common domestic ,cat1 when in a playful mood4 ,something there is of burlesque clumsiness in their play--resembling ,,hercules with the distaff2 and something of that assumed look which may be observed among ,cats while frolicking with their young4 ,and these kindly and droll expressions of countenance--these 8quips and cranks1 and wanton wiles10--are doubtless very well understood among the carnivorous comedians1 notwithstanding that to some of ourselves1 they may not appear to amount to much3 yet the difference of these our engraved heads of a playful ,leopard and ,panther1 and the ocular expressions of such animals when raging with hunger1 or rendered angry by opposition1 is immense1 and could not fail1 if presented together1 to be strikingly obvious to those who are in the least studious of the physiognomical variations of the ferocious tribe4 ,let the reader compare them with the threatening ,,lion and defying ,,tiger among the rocks1 after the same master1 which we have numbered #ai4 ,horse-play is proverbially unwelcome3 ,panther-play must be worse4 ,we cannot associate the idea of the endurance of it within reach of man4 ,but where ,cats and ,kittens are occasionally permitted in the parlour1 there is comparative harmlessness4 ,and who has not witnessed with delight1 among the rat-catching carnivora in their joyous moments1 those spontaneous and electrical kindlings of various and rapid fun1 which must have made ,,heraclitus laugh1 could he have seen them1 and have been a lesson to ,,lavater4 ,no4 ,,xv4 ,a ,,lion and ,,lioness1 after ,,rubens1 where we esteem the execution--more especially of the parts which are brought into muscular action1 and the rich hairy texture of the fur--to be highly creditable to the artists concerned4 ,in these respects1 it transcends beyond all comparison the ,etching by ,,picart of the same subject4 ,we were about to say more of these things1 and to request attention more particularly to the hinder parts of the female1 but the knit brow and threatening eye of the ,lion glares upon us with its high claims1 and terrible truth1 and we cannot but perceive a broad1 pervading1 and dextrous display of light1 shade1 and expression of texture4--,now1 where there is just harmony of parts1 it is the whole which merits praise2 and this praise is of a higher kind than could possibly be bestowed with propriety on any part4 ,the ,expression of the ,lion is not here so self-possessed and majestic as in some of the examples which we have passed4 ,his magnanimity is exchanged for that dark treachery and cruel-mindedness1 which some modern authors ascribe to him4 ,nor is the ,lioness more amiable3 both seem lurking1 malicious1 and as if animated by some horrid hope4 ,,rubens seems to have let them into his ,assyrian den1 in order to let the world see from how dreadful animals ,providence was protecting its favoured minister4 ,no4 ,,xvi4 ,,rubens has here painted one ,lion as scowling1 another as if in a sort of mysterious meditation1 and a third yawning with ennui--no doubt to diversify a composition wherein he was of necessity obliged to introduce a considerable number of animals of the same kind4 ,the ,lion has been1 of all quadrupeds whatever1 the most idealised by the ,arts1 and the most variously represented4 ,the tide of opinion ran for centuries in his favour4 ,kings took their designations from him3 amongst whom have been our first ,,richard2 but of late years very reputable travellers and other authors have appeared1 who would bring down the poetic generosity1 the reputation of which the ,lion has so long enjoyed1 to the plain prose craft and cruelty of the rest of the feline race4 ,the noble disdain with which a ,lioness1 though half famished1 and 8with udders all drawn dry10--scorned to prey on a sleeping man--,must we part with the sentiment8 ,must we also disbelieve the story which has been commemorated by a large ,french engraving1 of a ,lion gently taking up in his mouth a fallen infant1 and as gently setting it down again1 to the infinite delight of its terrified mother8--,such anecdotes have pleased and flattered us2 but may possibly have gained undeserved credit because they pleased1 and have pleased because they flattered--human nature4 ---------------------------------------- -------------------------------- ,illustration3 #ae ,e4 ,spilsbury delt4 ,t4 ,landseer sculpt4 ,,lions after ,,rubens4 ---------------------------------------- -------------------------------- ,illustration3 #af ,e4 ,spilsbury delt4 ,t4 ,landseer sculpt4 ,,lions after ,,rubens4 ---------------------------------------- -------------------------------- ,illustration3 #ag ,edwin ,landseer delint4 ,t4 ,landseer sculpt4 ,,lioness ,,bitch from ,,cross',s ,,menagerie4 ---------------------------------------- -------------------------------- ,no4 ,,xvii4 ,repeated instances of ,,friendships ,,between ,,the ,,lion ,,and ,,the ,,dog1 have occurred at the ,menagerie at the ,tower1 as well as elsewhere in ,england3 and we have pleasure in adding a corroborating fact of a novel character4 ,mr4 ,,edwin ,,landseer made it the subject of a ,drawing from ,nature1 and we here present the public with an ,engraving after it1 executed by his brother1 and numbered in our collection1 #af4 ,a female whelp was accidentally found1 quite young1 and even before its eye-lids were unclosed1 in an ,african forest not far from the sea shore4 ,it was brought on board ship by some sailors1 where a smallish black bitch1 by birth quite an ignoble cur1 having recently pupped1 the experiment was successfully made1 of ascertaining whether she would suckle the young ,lioness1 who was christened ,charlotte4--,charlotte soon began to thrive1 and to play kitten frolics2 and continued to be thus nurtured1 till1 at no great length of time1 she became so much larger than her foster-parent1 and required so much food1 as to induce the necessity of weaning her4 ,but the two quadrupeds continued1 ever after1 to live together on the most friendly and affectionate terms2 constantly inhabiting the same cage1 and habitually partaking of the same messes of provision4 ,the ,lioness1 though now grown large1 having never seen any other mother1 continued through life to shew marks of daughterly obedience1 and the bitch1 of maternal regard4 ,mr4 ,,edwin ,,landseer1 as well as many others1 has frequently seen them caressing each other in their cage at the ,exeter ',change ,menagerie1 in the manner which he has represented3 the ,drawing1 which exhibits portraits both of the ,,lioness and ,,bitch1 having been done some years ago4 ,and these kitten frolics1 or the youthful disposition to indulge in them1 continued on the part of the ,lioness1 till her older and graver nurse became tired of the lion-play1 and would sometimes snarl and bark forbiddingly4 ,it was very entertaining1 and an interesting chapter in ,natural ,history1 to behold this2 for the ,bitch ever retained an ascendancy1 and much of the authority1 of a parent3 so that her foster-daughter1 though so much larger1 and so tremendously powerful1 would retire obediently to the farther corner of the cage1 waiting a favourable change of temper1 on the part of her senior1 before she renewed her playful familiarities4 ,on a principle of prudence1 however1 and because it was judged that if these inmates of the same refectory1 ever quarrelled1 it would be at a meal-time1 they were of late separately fed3 that is to say1 not at separate times1 or tables1 but1 at opposite corners of the apartment3 but the ,bitch has often been known to help herself out of ,charlotte's portion1 without fear or ceremony1 and her majesty to shew no resentment1 nor any kind of royal displeasure or hurt feeling1 at the indecorum4 ,we esteem this ,engraving to afford a fair example of the positive1 or negative1 power of the sovereign of the forest1 of physiognomically expressing the gentler emotions4 ,but it occurs to us here--and we mention it in reference to an argument maintained in an earlier part of this dissertation--that perhaps licking with the tongue may belong to the dumb language of quadrupedal expression of affection4 ,but the ,dog1 and the ,cat1 kind1 express themselves in this way2 and amongst each other1 it cannot be misunderstood--the affectionate idea being impressed at the period of their very earliest susceptibilities1 and associated--perhaps as indissolubly as the human endearments of smiles and kissing--with their youngest1 purest1 and most permanent recollections4 ,no4 ,,xviii4 ,in this plate the ideas of expeditious motion1 and quest1 are admirably depicted3--kept up from stem to stern2 he is evidently bent on destruction4--,this is he that appeared to the terrified imagination of ,,collins',s ,oriental camel-driver1 who1 in his beautiful ,eclogue1 exclaims-- 8,what1 if the ,,lion in his rage ,i meet60 ,and the determined purpose which pervades the whole frame and the mind of the sallying hero1 is seen in his resolute look1 as well as in every motion of his muscular limbs--aye1 to the very tuft at the extremity of his tail4 ,all is expressive of his plenitude of animation1 and prey is obviously his purpose4 ,none can mistake him4 ,this will probably be thought another of the instances in which the present artists have been eminently successful in the execution of their subject4 7,for the design they were indebted to the etching-needle of ,,ridinger47 ,the shag of the mane is characteristically varied from the short hair which covers the face1 body1 and limbs2 the anatomy is ably indicated2 and the chiaroscuro is vigorous4 ---------------------------------------- -------------------------------- ,illustration3 #ah ,e4 ,spilsbury delt4 ,t4 ,landseer sculpt4 ,,lion after ,,reydinger4 ---------------------------------------- -------------------------------- ,the hunters say that a dozen or fifteen dogs1 trained to the sport1 will overpower a ,lion before he can strike many blows3 but these are the limbs which 8at every blow destroy an enemy40 ,we have next to treat of the ,,royal ,,tiger ,,of ,,bengal1 beautiful1 powerful1 fierce1 and unrelenting4--,terrible1 yet admirable6 ,mr4 ,,bewick says that the ,tiger 8is the most rapacious and destructive of all carnivorous animals4 ,fierce without provocation1 and cruel without necessity1 its thirst for blood is insatiable4 ,though glutted with slaughter1 it continues its carnage2 it fears neither the sight nor the opposition of man1 whom it frequently makes its prey2 and it is even said to prefer human flesh to that of any other animal30 a fact which is confirmed by ,,colonel ,,williamson1 and ,mr4 ,,paul of ,daudpore1 the latter of whom has the reputation of having killed as many ,tigers as any hundred other men in ,india4 ,the strength of this animal is so great1 that when it has killed a ,deer1 it carries it off with much ease4 ,,wood relates a story1 on good authority1 of a ,buffalo being carried off by one2 but it had previously refreshed itself by sucking the ,buffalo's blood4 ,the latter had been hampered1 and was weakened by its struggles in a quagmire2 and the ,tiger let fall its prey1 and fled at the approach of some ,indian peasants4 ,we must suppose1 too1 this ,tiger to have been one of the largest1 and of extraordinary power1 for ,,colonel ,,williamson reports that in the public combats that are sometimes exhibited in ,india1 between ,tigers and ,buffaloes1 the latter is commonly the victor4 ,but the eagerness of its voracity is believed to transcend that of any other creature whatever4 ,if undisturbed at the commencement of its meal1 it plunges its head into the body of its reeking victim1 up to the very eyes1 in order to glut itself with the bloody enjoyment4 ,oysters are not opened and swallowed with more zest and avidity4 ,no4 ,,xix4 ,the commencement of such ,a ,,carnivorous ,,feast1 where the ,,tiger has seized and slain--not a wild ,buffalo1 but a ,,bullock1 from the tame herds of ,hindostan4 ,as the cattle descend toward the river to drink1 their crafty enemy lies in ambush among the jungle1 or creeps along cautiously and unseen2 and1 watching a favourable opportunity1 makes his murderous spring4 ,although ,,williamson corroborates ,,mr4 ,,bewick',s account of the ,tiger's fondness of human flesh1 he does not agree to that of its fearlessness4 ,on the contrary1 he thinks that on occasions where ,tigers have seemed fearless1 momentary anguish or resentment1 has been their real stimulus2 and adds1 that 8the ,tiger is1 of all beasts of prey1 the most cowardly2 its treacherous disposition induces it1 almost without exception1 to conceal itself until its prey may arrive within reach of its spring1 be its victim either bulky or diminutive4 ,size seems to occasion no deviation in the ,tiger's system of attack1 which is founded on the art of surprising4 ,we find1 accordingly1 that such as happen to keep the opposite side of a road1 by which they are somewhat beyond the first spring1 often escape injury2 the ,tiger being unwilling to be seen before he is felt4 ,hence it is rarely that a ,tiger pursues2 but1 if the situation permit1 his cunning will not fail to effect his purpose1 he will steal along the road-side among the bushes parallel with the traveller's course1 until one of the many chances which present themselves of finding him within reach1 induces to the attack4 ,often1 where the country is rather too open to allow his proceeding in this manner1 the ,tiger will take a sweep among underwood or through ravines1 in order to meet the traveller again at a spot whence he may make his spring4 8,tigers are extremely partial to such sites as command a road1 selecting one rather less frequented1 in preference to one that is much in use4 ,in the former1 they are certain of finding as much as will answer their daily wants4 ,if1 however1 the haunt be on a public road1 it is usually at some spot abounding with grass or bushes1 especially the prauss1 and in the vicinity of some ample cover supplied with water1 to which the prey can be dragged4 ,there1 in some low1 opake spot1 the sanguinary meal is consummated in gloomy silence4 8,it should be observed1 that for the most part the ,tiger chooses his station on that side of the road which is opposite to his haunt2 so that1 when he seizes his prey1 he proceeds straight forward1 without having occasion to turn1 and thus drags it across mostly at a trot4 ,if he misses his aim1 he will rarely return1 unless attacked2 but1 in a sullen manner1 either skulks through the cover2 or1 if the country be not sufficiently close to conceal his motions1 he moves on at a canter40 ---------------------------------------- -------------------------------- ,illustration3 #ai ,e4 ,landseer delt4 ,t4 ,landseer sculpt4 ,,tiger ,,indian ,,bullock after ,,nature4 ---------------------------------------- -------------------------------- ,illustration3 #bj ,,senegal ,,lion after ,,reydinger4 ,,black-,,maned ,,lion after ,,rembrandt4 ,,lioness after ,,reydinger4 ,e4 ,spilsbury delt4 ,t4 ,landseer sculpt4 ---------------------------------------- -------------------------------- ,finding the same anecdotes of ,lions and ,tigers repeated from book to book1 the present writer has in general avoided to reiterate what he conceived would in most instances prove to have been already read3 but he cannot wholly pass that in which a lady--next to the ,royal ,tiger himself--was the principal figure2 more especially as it illustrates a fact of natural history not useless for ,oriental travellers to be acquainted with--namely1 the susceptibility of the ,tiger of sudden alarm4 ,some ladies and gentlemen being on a party of pleasure1 under a shade of trees on the banks of a river in ,bengal1 were suddenly surprised at seeing a ,tiger ready to make its fatal spring4 ,one of the ladies1 with amazing presence of mind1 laid hold of an umbrella1 and unfurling it directly in the animal's face1 it instantly retired4 ,the following also confirms ,,williamson',s account of the ,tigers which are brought up tame by some of the mendicant ,indian priests who inhabit the banks of the ,ganges4 ,a beautiful young male ,tiger was brought from ,china1 some twenty years ago in the ,pitt ,east ,indiaman3 at the age of ten months it was so far domesticated1 as to admit every kind of familiarity from the people on board4 ,it seemed to be quite harmless1 and was as playful as a kitten4 ,it frequently slept with the sailors in their hammocks1 and would suffer two or three of them to repose their heads upon its back1 as upon a pillow1 whilst it lay stretched out upon the deck4 ,in return for this1 it would1 however1 now and then steal their meat4 ,having one day taken a piece of beef from the carpenter1 he followed the animal1 took the meat out of its mouth1 and beat it severely for the theft2 which punishment it suffered with all the patience of a dog4 ,it would frequently run out on the bowsprit2 climb about the ship like a cat2 and perform a number of tricks with an agility that was truly astonishing4 ,there was a ,dog on board the ship1 with which it would often play in the most diverting manner4 ,but it ought to be remembered at the time this ,tiger was taken on board the ship1 it was only a month or six weeks old2 and when arrived in this country1 it had not quite completed a year4 ,no4 ,,xx4 ,,three small ,,lions1 on a single ,plate2 forming a sort of tail-piece1 and bringing up the rear of our carnivorous procession4 ,this plate exhibits three different ,,varieties4 ,,the ,,lion ,,of ,,senegal1 nearly in profile1 reclined1 but under the influence of some slight degree of irritation2 the black-maned ,,lion of ,,africa2 and the common ,,lioness of ,,asia1 regaling herself on a dead bird4 ,the upper and lower subjects1 are after ,,ridinger4 ,the ,african ,lion1 in the middle1 is originally from ,,rembrandt1 but has passed through the medium of an indifferent ,etching by ,,picart2 and1 like the rest1 has finally been corrected by a reference to ,nature4--,we believe it was corrected from the specimen that was some few years ago presented to ,,lady ,,castlereagh2 which was exhibited at ,exeter ',change1 and of which ,,mr4 ,,edwin ,,landseer and ,,mr4 ,,thomas ,,christmas had the post-obit reversion4 ,g4 ,,norman1 ,,printer1 ,,maiden ,,lane1 ,,covent ,,garden4 ---------------------------------------- -------------------------------- ,,supplementary ,,plates4 ,,plate ,,xxi4 ,,neptune1 ,,painted ,,by ,e4 ,,landseer1 ,,engraved ,,by ,t4 ,,landseer4 ,a beautiful and highly characteristic engraving of a favourite ,newfoundland ,dog4 ,it is engraved by ,mr4 ,thomas ,landseer from a drawing by his brother ,edwin1 and highly admired as a faithful likeness of the original4 ,,plate ,,xxii4 ,,brutus1 ,,painted ,,by ,e4 ,,landseer1 ,,engraved ,,by ,t4 ,,landseer4 ,the property of ,edwin ,landseer1 ,esq4 ,good judges may at once perceive in this portrait the points that constitute a thorough good one of the breed4 ,rough1 wiry and strong1 with eyes almost concealed1 ,brutus is yet active1 vigilant and courageous1 possessing in great perfection the qualities most desirable in the terrier4 ,,plate ,,xxiii4 ,a ,,cross ,,of ,,the ,,dog ,,and ,,fox1 ,,painted ,,by ,e4 ,,landseer1 ,,engraved ,,by ,t4 ,,landseer4 ,the subject of this fine engraving had occasioned much doubt in the minds of naturalists1 but the question as to its reality was decided1 by the fact of the animal whose portrait we give1 having been produced from a tan terrier bitch and a tame dog fox4 ,,plate ,,xxiv4 ,,dogs ,,setting ,a ,,hare1 ,,painted ,,by ,e4 ,,landseer1 ,,engraved ,,by ,t4 ,,landseer4 ,two dogs having caught the side wind of a hare are making a highly characteristic point4 ,nothing can more forcibly express that mute animation which gives so highly-toned a finish to the abilities of the setting dog as this vigorous and faithful delineation of their countenances4 ,the ,pointer is placed in a very interesting attitude admirably contrasted with the well chosen position of the setter his companion2 while the hare1 the object of their attraction1 is not only judiciously placed1 but the representation is strikingly true to nature4 ,this representation of dogs setting a hare displays not only a correct knowledge of the subject but is one of those faithful delineations that cannot fail to merit the most unqualified approbation4 ,,plate ,,xxv4 ,,vixen1 ,,painted ,,by ,e4 ,,landseer1 ,,engraved ,,by ,t4 ,,landseer4 ,a thorough-bred ,scottish terrier1 a favourite portrait by ,mr4 ,edwin ,landseer who has repeated her in several of his pictures4 ,,plate ,,xxvi4 ,,fox ,,hounds ,,of ,,the ,,hatfield ,,hunt1 ,,painted ,,by ,e4 ,,landseer1 ,,engraved ,,by ,t4 ,,landseer4 ,this sketch contains portraits of five of the principal fox hounds belonging to the above ,hunt4 ,,plate ,,xxvii4 ,,proctor1 ,,painted ,,by ,e4 ,,landseer1 ,,engraved ,,by ,t4 ,,landseer4 ,study of a head of a ,blood-hound4 ,this engraving is of a very celebrated dog1 and the character of its peculiar species is well delineated4 ,,plate ,,xxviii4 ,,bob1 ,a ,,favourite ,,terrier1 ,,painted ,,by ,e4 ,,landseer1 ,,engraved ,,by ,t4 ,,landseer4 ,this engraving represents a fine wire-haired specimen of his race1 engaged in his favourite pursuit in his native wilds4 ,,plate ,,xxix4 ,,the ,,poacher1 ,,painted ,,by ,e4 ,,landseer1 ,,engraved ,,by ,t4 ,,landseer4 ,is not one of those who 8,take delight of a shiny night1 ,in the season of the year10 to pop pheasants from their perches with an air gun1 or who sets 8springes to catch woodcocks10 but it is he who 8,skulks along ,sleek at the shepherd's cost1 and plump with meals ,purloined20 8,the wily ,fox10 and a very beautiful animal ,mr4 ,landseer has made of him4 ,the description we have quoted1 finds in the picture an apt illustration4 ,,plate ,,xxx4 ,,alpine ,,mastiff1 ,,painted ,,by ,e4 ,,landseer1 ,,engraved ,,by ,t4 ,,landseer4 ,the drawing from which the present plate was engraved1 was made from a very noble ,alpine mastiff1 which at that time although not full grown1 was the largest dog in ,england4 ,,plate ,,xxxi4 ,,old ,,dog1 ,,looks ,,like ,a ,,picture1 ,,painted ,,by ,e4 ,,landseer1 ,,engraved ,,by ,j4 ,,webb4 ,an expressive picture1 which betokens the subject1 old in honour and years1 and still following his favourite pursuit4 ,,plate ,,xxxii4 ,,fight ,,between ,,jacko ,,and ,,puss1 ,,sketched ,,and ,,etched ,,by ,t4 ,,landseer4 ,the animals here so cleverly represented1 and at the spot of their actual and sanguinary contest1 were etched by ,t4 ,landseer1 from a sketch made at the time by himself4 ,,plate ,,xxxiii4 ,,little ,,billy1 ,,drawn ,,and ,,engraved ,,by ,t4 ,,landseer4 ,the spirited and faithful style in which ,mr4 ,landseer has executed this embellishment1 presents us a portrait of a species of animal which was a great favourite with our ancestors1 and was as ferocious to an enemy as faithful to a friend4 ,,plate ,,xxxiv4 ,,black ,,cap1 ,,painted ,,by ,g4 ,h4 ,,laporte1 ,,engraved ,,by ,t4 ,,landseer4 ,is a clever specimen of a perfect ,harrier's head1 ably treated4 ,,plate ,,xxxv4 ,,dead ,,red ,,deer1 ,,painted ,,by ,e4 ,,landseer1 ,,engraved ,,by ,j4 ,r4 ,,scott4 ,gives us the spoils of the chase lifeless and rigid2 the accessories to the picture are well told4 ,,plate ,,xxxvi4 ,,tiger ,,hunt1 ,,painted ,,and ,,engraved ,,by ,t4 ,,landseer4 ,tigers are hunted in ,india by ,elephants assisted by fleet horses4 ,we have in this clever picture a ,tiger couching amongst the jungle seemingly undetermined whether to spring or to make off1 the horse scared and frightened evidently has come upon him unexpectedly2 an ,elephant at a little distance is hastening towards the spot4 ,,plate ,,xxxvii4 ,,tiger ,,taking ,,the ,,water1 ,,painted ,,by ,,sir ,,charles ,d',,oyly1 ,,engraved ,,by ,t4 ,,landseer4 ,the ,tiger having been driven from the jungle and hunted over the plain1 as a last resort takes to the water4 ,he is here represented just after having entered1 his powerful paws half above the water preparing to make a stroke1 whilst his tail stiff and outstretched serves the purpose of a rudder4 ,the hunters on their elephants from the bank of the river are taking a deliberate aim at him4 ,,plate ,,xxxviii4 ,,elephants ,,returning ,,from ,,the ,,hunt1 ,,painted ,,by ,,sir ,,charles ,d',,oyly1 ,,engraved ,,by ,t4 ,,landseer4 ,the ,hunter seemingly tired of hunting on horseback has dismounted1 and is climbing up the side of an elephant who kneels1 whilst the fruit of the chase is upon the back of another1 and a third is making his way through the jungle4 ,,plate ,,xxxix4 ,,red ,,deer1 ,,painted ,,by ,r4 ,,hills1 ,,engraved ,,by ,t4 ,,landseer4 ,a very clever work of ,art upon which the great and universally acknowledged taste and talents of ,mr4 ,thomas ,landseer have been carefully bestowed4 ,both ,painter and ,engraver have done justice to the subject2 few things can be finer than the stag in the foreground1 or more effective than the brace of ,does approaching upwards1 as it were1 from a romantic and obscure retirement4 ---------------------------------------- -------------------------------- ,illustration3 #ba ,engraved by ,t4 ,landseer from a ,drawing by his ,brother ,edwin4 ,neptune1 the property of ,w4 ,e4 ,gosling ,esqr4 ---------------------------------------- -------------------------------- ,illustration3 #bb ,painted by ,e4 ,landseer ,engraved by ,t4 ,landseer4 ,,brutus4 ---------------------------------------- -------------------------------- ,illustration3 #bc ,engraved by ,t4 ,landseer from a ,sketch by his brother ,edwin4 ,portrait of a ,cross of the ,dog and ,fox1 in the possession of ,lord ,cranley4 ---------------------------------------- -------------------------------- ,illustration3 #bd ,engraved by ,t4 ,landseer from a ,drawing by his ,brother ,edwin4 ,dogs ,setting a ,hare4 ---------------------------------------- -------------------------------- ,illustration3 #be ,engd4 by ,t4 ,landseer from a ,painting by his ,brother4 ,vixen1 a ,thorough bred ,scotch ,terrier4 ---------------------------------------- -------------------------------- ,illustration3 #bf ,elliner ,lettager ,strider ,rachell ,adamant ,fox ,hounds1 of the ,hatfield ,hunt4 ,engraved by ,thos4 ,landseer from a ,painting by his ,brother ,edwin4 ---------------------------------------- -------------------------------- ,illustration3 #bg ,engd4 by ,t4 ,landseer from a ,painting by his ,brother ,edwin4 ,,procter4 ,study of a ,blood hounds ,head4 ---------------------------------------- -------------------------------- ,illustration3 #bh ,engraved by ,t4 ,landseer from a ,painting by his ,brother ,edwin4 ,bob1 a favourite ,terrier the property of ,w4 ,e4 ,gosling ,esqr4 ---------------------------------------- -------------------------------- ,illustration3 #bi ,engd4 by ,t4 ,landseer from a ,drawing by his ,brother ,edwin4 ,the ,poacher4 ---------------------------------------- -------------------------------- ,illustration3 #cj ,engd4 by ,t4 ,landseer from a ,drawing by his ,brother4 ,alpine ,mastiff4 ---------------------------------------- -------------------------------- ,illustration3 #ca ,painted by ,e4 ,landseer ,r4 ,a4 ,engraved by ,j4 ,webb4 ,,the ,,old ,,dog ,,looks ,,like ,a ,,picture4 ---------------------------------------- -------------------------------- ,illustration3 #cb ,etch'd by ,t4 ,landseer1 from a sketch made at the time by himself4 ,fight between 8,jacko ,maccacco10 a celebrated ,monkey1 and ,mr4 ,thos4 ,cribb's well known bitch 8,puss40 ---------------------------------------- -------------------------------- ,illustration3 #cc ,drawn and ,engraved by ,thomas ,landseer4 ,,little ,,billy1 ,a ,celebrated ,bull ,dog4 ---------------------------------------- -------------------------------- ,illustration3 #cd ,engd4 by ,t4 ,landseer1 from a ,painting by ,g4 ,h4 ,laporte4 ,,black ,,cap4 ---------------------------------------- -------------------------------- ,illustration3 #ce ,,dead ,,red ,,deer4 ---------------------------------------- -------------------------------- ,illustration3 #cf ,,tiger ,,hunt ---------------------------------------- -------------------------------- ,illustration3 #cg ,,tiger ,,taking ,,the ,,water ---------------------------------------- -------------------------------- ,illustration3 #ch ,,elephants ,,returning ,,from ,,the ,,hunt4 ---------------------------------------- -------------------------------- ,illustration3 #ci ,engraved by ,mr4 ,t4 ,landseer1 from a ,painting by ,mr4 ,r4 ,hills4 ,,red ,,deer4