,illustration          ,,eclectic       
,,magazine ,,of ,,foreign ,,literature1 
,,science1 ,,and ,,art4      ,new       
,series4             ,,february1 #ahhe4 
,old ,series complete  ,vol4 ,,xli41    
,no4 #b4                            in  
#fc vols4          ,a ,,faithless       
,,world4      ,,by ,,frances ,,power    
,,cobbe4    ,a little somnolence seems  
to have overtaken religious controversy 
of late4 ,we are either weary of it or  
have grown so tolerant of our           
differences that we find it scarcely    
worth while to discuss them4 ,by  dint  
of rubbing against each other in the    
pages of the ,reviews1 in the  clubs1   
and at dinner parties1 the sharp angles 
of our opinions have  been smoothed     
down4 ,ideas remain in a fluid state in 
this temperate  season of sentiment1 and
 do not1 as in old days1 crystallize    
into  sects4 ,we have become almost as  
conciliatory respecting our views as    
the ,chinese whom ,huc describes as     
carrying courtesy so far as to praise   

the religion of their neighbors and     
depreciate their own4 8,you1 honored    
sir10 they were wont to say1 8are of the
 noble and lofty religion of            
,confucius4 ,i am of the poor and       
insignificant religion of ,lao-tze40    
,only now and then some fierce          
controversialist1 hailing usually from  
,india or the colonies where ,london    
amenities seem not yet to have          
penetrated1 startles us by the desperate
 earnestness wherewith he  disproves    
what we had almost forgotten that       
anybody seriously believes4    ,as a    
result of the general 8laissez croire0  
of our day1 it has come  to pass that a 
question has been mooted which1 to our  
fathers1 would  have seemed             
preposterous3 8,is it of any consequence
 what we believe1  or whether we believe
 anything8 ,suppose that by-and-by we   
all arrive  at the conclusion that      
,religion has been altogether a mistake1
 and  renounce with one accord the ideas
 of ,god and ,heaven1 having 7as ,m4    

,comte assures us7 outgrown the         
theological stage of human progress2    
what then8 ,will it make any serious    
difference to anybody80    ,hitherto1   
thinkers of ,mr4 ,bradlaugh's type have 
sung pans of welcome  for the expected  
golden years of ,atheism1 when 8faiths  
and empires0 will                       
8,gleam      ,like wrecks of a          
dissolving dream40    ,christians and   
,theists of all schools1 on the other   
hand1 have  naturally deprecated with   
horror and dread such a cataclysm of    
faith  as sure to prove a veritable     
,ragnarok of universal ruin4 ,in either 
case it has been taken for granted that 
the change from a world of  little      
faith1 like that in which we live1 to a 
world wholly destitute  of faith1 would 
be immensely great and far-reaching2 and
 that at the  downfall of religion not  
only would the thrones and temples of   
the  earth1 but every homestead in every
 land1 be shaken to its foundation4  ,it
 is certainly a step beyond any yet     

taken in the direction of  scepticism to
 question this conclusion1 and maintain 
that such a  revolution would be of     
trivial import1 since things would go on
 with  mankind almost as well without a 
,god as with one4    ,the man who1 with 
characteristic downrightness1 has       
blurted out most  openly this last doubt
 of all--the doubt whether doubt be an  
evil--is1  as my readers will have      
recognized1 ,mr4 ,justice ,stephen4 ,in 
the  concluding pages of one of his     
sledge-hammerings on the heads of his   
adversaries1 in the ,nineteenth ,century
 for last ,june1 he rung the  changes   
upon the idea 7with some reservations1  
to be presently noted7  as follows3--   
8,if human life is in the course of     
being fully        described by science1
 ,i do not see what materials           
there are for any religion1 or1 indeed1 
what would be        the use of one1 or 
why it is wanted4 ,we can get on        
very well without one1 for though the   
view of life        which science is    

opening to us gives us nothing to       
worship1 it gives us an infinite number 
of things to        enjoy4444 ,the world
 seems to me a very good world1         
if it would only last4 ,it is full of   
pleasant people        and curious      
things1 and ,i think that most men find 
no great difficulty in turning their    
minds away        from its transient    
character4 ,love1 friendship1           
ambition1 science1 literature1 art1     
politics1        commerce1 professions1 
trades1 and a thousand other            
matters1 will go equally well1 as far as
 ,i can see1        whether there is1 or
 is not1 a ,god or a future             
state40--,nineteenth ,century1 ,no4 #hh1
 p4 #iag4    ,had these noteworthy words
 been written by an obscure individual1 
small  weight would have attached to    
them4 ,we might have observed on reading
  them that the--not wise--person who   
three thousand years ago 8said in  his  
heart1 there is no ,god10 had in the    
interval plucked up courage  to say in  

the magazines that it does not signify  
whether there be one  or not4 ,but the  
dictum comes to us from a gentleman who 
happens to  be the very antithesis of   
the object of ,solomon's detestation1 a 
man  of distinguished ability and       
unsullied character1 of great knowledge 
of the world 7as revealed to successful 
lawyers71 of almost abnormal            
clear-headedness2 and lastly1 strangest 
anomaly of all6 who is the              
representative of a family in which the 
tenderest and purest type of            
,protestant piety has long been         
hereditary4 ,it is the last utterance   
of the devout 8,clapham ,school10 of    
,venn1 ,stephen1 ,hannah ,more and      
,wilberforce1 which we hear saying3 8,i 
think we could do very well  without    
religion40    ,as it is a widely        
received idea just now that the         
,evolution theory is  destined to coil  
about religion till it strangle it1 and 
as it has  become the practice with the 
scientific party to talk of religion as 

politicians twenty years ago talked of  
,turkey1 as a ,sick ,man destined  to a 
speedy dissolution1 it seems every way  
desirable that we should  pay the       
opinion of ,sir ,james ,stephen on this 
head that careful  attention to which1  
indeed1 everything from his pen has a   
claim4 ,those  amongst us who have held 
that ,religion is of priceless value    
should  bring their prepossessions in   
its favor to the bar of sober judgment1 
and fairly face this novel view of it as
 neither precious ,truth nor  yet       
disastrous ,error1 but as an unimportant
 matter of opinion which  ,science may  
be left to settle without anxiety as to 
the issue4 ,we ought  to bring our      
,treasure to assay1 and satisfy         
ourselves once for all  whether it be   
really pure gold or only a fairy        
substitute for gold1 to  be transformed 
some day into a handful of autumn leaves
 and scattered  to the winds4    ,to    
estimate the part played by ,religion in
 the past history of the  human race    

would be a gigantic undertaking         
immeasurably above my  ambition4#a ,a   
very much simpler inquiry is that which 
,i propose  to pursue3 namely1 one into 
the chief consequences which might be   
anticipated to follow the downfall of   
such ,religion1 as at present  prevails 
in civilized ,europe and ,america4 ,when
 these consequences have  been1 however 
imperfectly1 set in array we shall be in
 a position to  form some opinion       
whether we 8can do very well without    
religion40 ,let  me premise3--    #a4   
,that by the word ,religion ,i mean     
definite faith in a ,living and         
,righteous ,god2 and1 as a corollary    
therefrom1 in the survival of the  human
 soul after death4 ,in other words1 ,i  
mean by 8religion0 that  nucleus of     
simple ,theism which is common to every 
form of natural  religion1 of           
,christianity and ,judaism2 and1 of     
course1 in a measure  also to remoter   
creeds1 which will not be included in   
the present  purview4 ,further1 ,i do   

not mean ,positivism1 or ,agnosticism1  
or  ,buddhism1 exoteric or esoteric2 or 
the recognition of the 8,unknown  and   
,unknowable10 or of a 8,power not       
ourselves which makes for               
righteousness40 ,these may1 or may not1 
be fitly termed 8religions20 but  it is 
not the results of their triumph or     
extinction which we are here  concerned 
to estimate4 ,i shall even permit myself
 generally to refer to  all such phases 
of non-belief as involve denial of the  
dogmas of ,theism  above-stated as      
8,atheism20 not from discourtesy1 but   
because it would  be impossible at every
 point to distinguish them1 and because1
 for the  purposes of the present       
argument1 they are tantamount to        
,atheism4    #b4 ,that ,i absolve myself
 from weighing against the advantages of
  ,religion the evils which have        
followed its manifold corruptions4      
,those  evils1 in the case even of the  
,christian religion1 ,i recognize to    
have  been so great1 so hideous1 that   

during their prevalence it might have   
been plausibly--though even then1 ,i    
think1 not truly--contended that  they  
out-balanced its benefits4 ,but the days
 of the worst distortions  of           
,christianity have long gone by4 ,the   
,christianity of our day tends1  as it  
appears to me1 more and more to resume  
the character of the  ,religion of      
,christ1 i4e41 the religion which       
,christ believed and  lived2 and to     
reject that other and very different    
religion which  men have taught in      
,christ's name4 ,as this deep and silent
 but vast  change comes over the spirit 
of the ,christianity of modern ,europe1 
it  becomes better and better qualified 
to meet fearlessly the challenge1       
8,should we do well without religion in 
its ,christian shape80 ,but it is  not  
my task here to analyze the results of  
any one type of religion1  ,christian1  
,jewish1 or simply ,theistic2 but only  
to register those of  ,religion itself1 
as ,i have defined it above1 namely1    

faith in ,god and  in immortality4    ,i
 confess1 at starting on this inquiry1  
that the problem 8,is religion  of use1 
or can we do as well without it80 seems 
to me almost as  grotesque as the old   
story of the woman who said that we owe 
vast  obligation to the ,moon1 which    
affords us light on dark nights1        
whereas we are under no such debt to the
 ,sun1 who only shines by day1  when    
there is always light4 ,religion has    
been to us so diffused a  light that it 
is quite possible to forget how we came 
by the general  illumination1 save when 
now and then it has blazed out with     
special  brightness4 ,on the other hand1
 all the moon-like things which are     
proposed to us as substitutes for       
,religion1--friendship1 science1  art1  
commerce1 and politics1--have a very    
limited area wherein they  shine at all1
 and leave the darkness around much as  
they found it4  ,it is the special and  
unique character of ,religion to deal   
with the  whole of human nature all our 

pleasures and pains and duties and      
affections and hopes and fears1 here and
 hereafter4 ,it offers to the           
,intellect an explanation of the        
universe 7true or false we need not  now
 consider72 and1 pointing to ,heaven1 it
 responds to the most eager  of its     
questions4 ,it offers to the ,conscience
 a law claiming authority  to regulate  
every act and every word4 ,and it offers
 to the ,heart an  absolutely           
love-worthy ,being as the object of its 
adoration4 ,whether  these immense      
offers of ,religion are all genuine1 or 
all accepted by us  individually1 they  
are quite unmatched by anything which   
science1 or  art1 or politics1 or       
commerce1 or even friendship1 has to    
bestow4 ,the  relation of religion to us
 is not one-sided like theirs1 but      
universal1  ubiquitous2 not moon-like1  
appearing at intervals1 but sun-like1   
forming the source1 seen or unseen1 of  
all our light and heat1 even  of the    
warmth of our household fires4 ,strong  

or weak as may be its  influence on us  
as individuals1 it is the greatest thing
 with which  we have to do1 from the    
cradle to the grave4 ,and this holds    
good  whether we give ourselves up to it
 or reject it4 ,it is the one great     
acceptance1 or 8il gran rifiuto40       
,nothing equally great can come in  our 
way again4    ,in an estimate of the    
consequences which would follow a       
general  rejection of religion1 we are  
bound to take into view the two classes 
of men--those who are devout and those  
who are not so--who would1 of  course1  
be diversely affected by such a         
revolution of opinion4 ,as  regards the 
first1 every one will concede that the  
loss of so important  a factor in their 
lives would alter those lives radically4
 ,as regards  the second1 after noting  
the orderly and estimable conduct of    
many  of them1 the observer might1 per  
contra1 not unfairly surmise that  they 
would continue to act just as they do at
 present were religion  universally     

exploded4 ,but ere such a conclusion    
could be legitimately  drawn from the   
meritorious lives of non-religious men  
in the present  order of society1 we    
should be allowed 7it is a familiar     
remark7 to  see the behavior of a whole 
nation of ,atheists4 ,our contemporaries
 are  no more fair samples of the       
outcome of ,atheism than a little party 
of ,english youths who had lived for a  
few years in ,central ,africa  would be 
samples of ,negroes4 ,it would take     
several thousand years to  make a       
full-blooded ,atheist out of the scion  
of forty generations of  ,christians4   
,our whole mental constitutions have    
been built up on food  of religious     
ideas4 ,a man on a mountain top1 might  
as well resolve  not to breathe the     
ozone in the air1 as to live in the     
intellectual  atmosphere of ,england and
 inhale no ,christianity4    ,as1 then1 
it is impossible to forecast what would 
be the consequences  of universal       
,atheism hereafter by observing the     

conduct of individual  ,atheists to-day1
 all that can be done is to study bit by
 bit the  changes which must take place 
should this planet ever become1 as is   
threatened1 a ,faithless ,world4 ,in    
pursuing this line of inquiry it  will  
be well to remember that every ill      
result of loss of faith and  hope which 
we may now observe will be cumulative as
 a larger and  yet larger number of     
persons1 and at last the whole          
community1 reject  religion together4   
,atheists have been hitherto like       
children playing  at the mouth of a     
cavern of unknown depth4 ,they have run 
in and out1  and explored it a little   
way1 but always within sight of the     
daylight  outside1 where have stood     
their parents and friends calling on    
them to  return4 ,not till the way back 
to the sunshine has been lost will the  
darkness of that cave be fully revealed4
    ,i shall now register very briefly  
the more obvious and tangible changes   
which would follow the downfall of      

religion in ,europe and ,america1 and   
then devote my available space to a     
rather closer examination of those      
which are less manifest2 the drying up  
of those hidden rills which now         
irrigate the whole subsoil of our       
civilization4           99       99     
99       99       99    ,the first      
visible change in the ,faithless ,world1
 of course1 would be  the suppression of
 ,public and ,private ,worship and of   
,preaching2 the  secularization or      
destruction everywhere of ,cathedrals1  
,churches1 and  ,chapels2 and the       
extinction of the ,clerical ,profession4
 ,a considerable  hiatus would          
undoubtedly be thus made in the present 
order of things4  ,public ,worship and  
,preaching1 however much weariness of   
the flesh  has proverbially attended    
them1 have1 to say the least1 done much 
to  calm1 to purify1 and to elevate the 
minds of millions2 nor does it  seem    
that any multiplication of scientific   
,lectures or ,penny ,readings  would    

form a substitute for them4 ,the        
effacement from each landscape  of the  
towers and spires of the churches would 
be a somewhat painful  symbol of the    
simultaneous disappearance from human   
life of heavenly  hope and aspiration4  
,the extinction of the ,ministry of     
,religion1 though  it would be hailed   
even now by many as a great reformation1
 would be  found practically1 ,i        
apprehend1 to reduce by many perceptible
 degrees  the common moral level2 and to
 suppress many highly-aimed activities  
with which we could ill dispense4 ,the  
severity of the strictures always       
passed on the faults of clergymen       
testifies to the general expectation1   
not wholly disappointed1 that they      
should exhibit a loftier standard  of   
life than other men2 and the hortative  
and philanthropic work  accomplished by 
the forty or fifty thousand ministers of
 the various  sects and churches in     
,england alone1 must form1 after all    
deductions1  a sum of beneficence which 

it would sorely tax any conceivable     
secular  organization to replace in the 
interests of public morality4           
,probably the ,seventh ,day ,rest would 
survive every other religious           
institution in virtue of its popularity 
among the working classes1 soon  to be  
everywhere masters of legislation4 ,the 
failure of the ,tenth ,day  holiday in  
the first ,french ,revolution would also
 forestall any further  experiments in  
varying the hebdomadal interval so      
marvellously adapted  to our mental and 
physical constitution4 ,as1 however1 all
 religious  meaning of the day would be 
lost1 and all church-going stopped1     
nothing would hinder the employment of  
its hours from morning to night  as     
,easter ,monday and ,whit ,monday are   
now employed by the millions in  our    
great cities4 ,the nation would1        
therefore1 enjoy the somewhat  doubtful 
privilege of keeping fifty-six ,bank    
,holidays instead of four  in the year4 
,judicial and official oaths of all     

sorts1 and ,marriage  and ,burial rites1
 would1 of course1 be entirely          
abolished4 ,a gentleman  pronouncing the
 ,oraison ,funbre outside the           
crematorium would replace  the old      
white-robed parson telling the          
mourners2--                8,beneath the
 churchyard tree1      ,in solemn tones1
 and yet not sad1      ,of what man is1 
what man shall be40    ,another change  
more important than any of these1 in    
,protestant  countries1 would be the    
reduction of the ,bible to the rank of  
an  historical and literary curiosity4  
,nothing 7as we all recognize7 but  the 
supreme religious importance attached to
 the ,hebrew ,scriptures  could have    
forced any book into the unique position
 which the ,bible  has now held for     
three centuries in ,english and         
,scottish education4  ,even that held by
 the ,koran throughout ,islam is far    
less remarkable1  inasmuch as the latter
 7immeasurably inferior though it be7 is
 the  supreme work of the national      

literature1 whereas we have adopted the 
literature of an alien race4 ,all the   
golden fruit which the ,english         
intellect has borne from ,shakespeare   
downwards may be said to have  grown on 
this priceless ,semitic graft upon the  
,aryan stem4    ,but as nothing but its 
religious interest1 over and above its  
historical and poetical value1 could    
have given the ,bible its present  place
 amongst us1 so the rejection of        
religion must quickly lower its         
popularity by a hundred degrees4        
,notwithstanding anything which the     
,matthew ,arnolds of the future may     
plead on behalf of its glorious  poetry 
and mines of wisdom1 the youth of the   
future 8,faithless ,world0  will spare  
very little time from their scientific  
studies to read a  book brimming over   
with religious sentiments which to them 
will be  nauseous4 ,could everything    
else remain unchanged after the         
extinction  of religion in ,england1 it 
seems to me that the unravelling of this

  ,syrian thread from the very tissue of
 our minds will altogether alter  their 
texture4    ,whether the above obvious  
and tangible results of a general       
relinquishment of religion would all be 
disadvantageous may1  possibly1 be an   
open question4 ,that they would be      
trifling1 and that  things would go on  
much as they have done after they had   
taken place1  seems to me1 ,i confess1  
altogether incredible4    ,i now turn to
 those less obvious consequences of the 
expected downfall  of religion which    
would take place silently4    ,the first
 of these would be the belittling of    
life4 ,religion has been  to us hitherto
 7to rank it at its lowest71 like a     
great mountain in  a beautiful land4    
,when the clouds descend and hide the   
mountain1 the  grandeur of the scene is 
gone4 ,a stranger entering that land at 
such  a time will commend the sweetness 
of the vales and woods2 but those  who  
know it best will say1 8,ichabod6--,the 
glory has departed40 ,to do  justice to 

the eminent man whose opinion concerning
 the practical  unimportance of religion
 ,i am endeavoring to combat1 he has    
seen  clearly and frankly avowed this   
ennobling influence of religion1 and1   
as a corollary1 would1 ,i presume1 admit
 the minifying consequences of  its     
general abandonment4#b ,if the window   
which ,religion opens out  on the       
infinite expanse of ,god and ,heaven1   
immeasurably enlarges and  lightens our 
abode of clay1 the walling of it up     
cannot fail to narrow  and darken it    
beyond all telling4 ,human nature1 ever 
pulled two ways  by downward and by     
aspiring tendencies1 cannot afford to   
lose all the  aid which religious ideas 
offer to its upward flight4 ,only when  
they  disappear will men perceive how   
the two thoughts--of this world as      
,god's world1 and of ourselves as       
,immortal beings1--have1 between  them1 
lighted up in rainbow hues the dull     
plains of earth4 ,when they  fade away1 
all things1 ,nature1 ,art1 ,duty1 ,love1

 and ,death1 will seem to  grow grey and
 cold4 ,everything which casts a glamour
 over life will be  gone4    ,even from 
the point of view of ,art 7of which in  
these days perhaps too  much is made71  
life will lose poetry if it lose        
religion4 ,nothing  ever stirs our      
sympathies like it1 or like a glimpse   
into the inner  self of our brother man1
 as affected by repentance1 hope1 and   
prayer4  ,the great genius1 of ,george  
,eliot revealed this to her2 and1       
,agnostic  as she was1 she rarely failed
 to strike this resonant string of human
  nature1 as in 8,adam ,bede10 8,silas  
,marner10 and 8,janet's ,repentance40   
,french novelists who have no knowledge 
of it1 and who describe the  death of a 
man as they might do that of an ox1     
while they galvanize our  imaginations1 
rarely touch the outer hem of our       
sympathies4 ,religion  in its old       
anthropomorphic forms was the great     
inspirer of sculpture1  painting1       
poetry1 science1 and almost the creator 

of architecture4  ,phidias1 ,dante1     
,michael ,angelo1 ,raphael1 ,milton1    
,handel1 and the  builders of the       
,egyptian temples and medival           
cathedrals1 were all  filled with the   
religious spirit1 nor can we imagine    
what they would  have been without it4  
,in the purer modern types of religion1 
while  music and architecture would     
still remain in its direct service1 we  
should expect painting and sculpture to 
be less immediately concerned  with it  
than in old days1 because unable to     
touch such purely spiritual  ideas4 ,but
 the elevation1 aspiration1 and         
reverence which have their  root in     
religion must continue to inspire those 
arts likewise1 or  they will fall into  
triviality on one side 7as there seems  
danger in  ,england71 or into obscene   
materialism on the other1 as is already 
annually exemplified on the walls of the
 ,paris ,salon4    ,again1 it will not  
merely belittle life1 it will carnalize 
it to  take ,religion out of it4 ,the   

lump without the leaven will be grosser 
and heavier than we have dreamed4       
,civilization1 as we all know1 bore     
under ,imperial ,rome1 and may assume   
again any day1 the hateful type in      
which luxury and cruelty1 art and       
sensuality1 go hand in hand4 ,that it   
ever changed its character and has come 
to mean with us refinement1             
self-restraint1 chivalry1 and freedom   
from the coarser vices1 is surely  due  
to the fact that it has grown up pari   
passu with ,christianity4  ,in truth it 
needs no argument to prove that1 as the 
bestial tendencies  in us have scarcely 
been kept down while we believed        
ourselves to be  immortal souls1 they   
will have it still more their own way   
when we feel  assured we are only mortal
 bodies4    ,and the life thus belittled
 and carnalized will be a more cowardly 
life than men have been wont to lead    
while they had a ,providence over  them 
and a heaven waiting for them4 ,already1
 ,i fear1 we may see some  signs of this

 new poltroonery of reflective prudence1
 which holds that  death is the greatest
 of all evils1 and disease the next     
greatest2  and teaches men to prefer a  
8whole skin0 to honor and patriotism1   
and  health to duty4 ,writing of this   
,hygeiolatry elsewhere1 ,i have remarked
  that it has almost come to be accepted
 as a canon of morals that any  practice
 which1 in the opinion of experts1      
conduces to bodily health1  or tends to 
the cure of disease1 becomes ipso facto 
lawful2 and  that there are signs       
apparent that this principle is bearing 
fruit1  and that men and women are      
beginning to be systematically selfish  
and  self-indulgent where their health  
is concerned1 in modes not hitherto     
witnessed4 ,in public life it is        
notorious that whenever a ,bill comes   
before ,parliament concerning itself    
with sanitary matters there is          
exhibited by many of the speakers1 and  
by the journalists who discuss  it1 a   
readiness to trample on personal and    

parental rights in a way  forming a new 
feature in ,english legislation1 and    
well deserving of  the rebuke it has    
received from ,mr4 ,herbert ,spencer4   
,as to military  courage1 ,i fear it    
will also wane amongst us1 as it seemed 
to have  waned amongst the ,french      
atheistic soldiery at ,metz and ,sedan4 
,great as  are the evils of war1 those  
of a peace only maintained by the       
nations  because it had become no longer
 possible to raise troops who would     
stand fire1 would be immeasurably worse4
    ,from the general results on the    
community1 ,i now pass to consider those
  on the life of the individual which   
may be expected to follow the  collapse 
of ,religion4    ,mr4 ,mallock in his   
8,new ,republic10 made the original and 
droll remark  that even ,vice would lose
 much of its savor were there no longer 
any  morality against which it might    
sin4 ,as ,morality will probably not    
expire--though its vigor must be        
considerably reduced--by the demise  of 

its ,siamese twin1 ,religion1 it would  
seem that ,vice need not fear1  even in 
such a contingency1 the entire loss of  
the pleasures of  disobedience4         
,nevertheless 7to speak seriously71 it  
is pretty certain  that the temperature 
of all moral sentiments will fall so    
considerably  when the sun of religion  
ceases to warm them that not a few will 
perish  of cold4 ,the 8,faithless       
,world0 will pass through a moral       
,glacial  ,period1 wherein much of our  
present fauna and flora will disappear4 
,what1 for example1 can become1 in that 
frigid epoch of godlessness1  of        
,aspiration1 the sacred passion1 the    
ambition sainte to become  perfect and  
holy1 which has stirred at one time or  
other in the breast  of every son of    
,god2 the longing to attain the crowning
 heights of  truth1 goodness1 and       
purity8 ,this is surely not a sentiment 
which can  live without faith in a      
,divine ,perfection1 existing somewhere 
in the  universe1 and an ,immortal ,life

 wherein the infinite progress may be   
carried on4 ,even the man whose opinions
 on the general unimportance of         
religion ,i am venturing to question in 
these pages1 admits frankly  enough that
 it is not the heroic or saintly        
character which will be  cultivated     
after the extinction of faith4 ,among   
the changes which he  anticipates1 one  
will be that 8the respectable man of the
 world1 the  lukewarm1 nominal          
,christian1 who believed as much of his 
creed as  happened to suit him1 and led 
an easy life1 will turn out to have     
been right after all10 ,precisely so4   
,the easy life will be the ideal  life  
in the 8,faithless ,world20 and the life
 of ,aspiration1 the life  which is a   
prayer1 will be lived no more4 ,and the 
8lukewarm0 men of the  world1 in their  
8easy lives10 will be all the easier and
 more lukewarm  for leading them        
thenceforth unrebuked by any higher     
example4    ,again1 ,repentance as well 
as aspiration will disappear under the  

snows of atheism4 ,i have written before
 on this subject in this  ,,review1#c   
and will now briefly say that ,mr4      
,darwin's almost  ludicrously false     
definition of ,repentance is an         
illustration of  the inability of the   
modern scientific mind to comprehend    
spiritual  phenomena2 much less to be   
the subject of them4 ,in his ,descent of
  ,man1 this great thinker and most     
amiable man describes ,repentance  as a 
natural return1 after the satisfaction  
of selfish passions1 to  8the instinct  
of sympathy and good will to his fellows
 which is still  present and ever in    
some degree active0 in a man's mind4444 
8,and then1  a sense of dissatisfaction 
will inevitably be felt0 7,descent of   
,man1  p4 #ij74 ,thus even on the       
showing of the great philosopher of     
evolution  himself1 ,repentance 7or     
rather the 8dissatisfaction0 he         
confounds with  that awful convulsion of
 the soul7 is only to be looked for     
under  the very exceptional             

circumstances of men in whom the        
8instinct of  sympathy and good will to 
their fellows0 is ever present1 and     
moreover  reasserts itself after they   
have injured them--in flat opposition to
  ordinary human experience as noted by 
,tacitus1 ,humani generis proprium  est 
odisse quem lseris4    ,the results of  
the real spiritual phenomenon of        
,repentance 7not ,mr4  ,darwin's        
child's-play7 are so profound and       
far-reaching that it cannot  but happen 
that striking them out of human         
experience will leave  life more        
shallow4 ,no soul will survive with the 
deeper and riper  character which comes 
out of that ordeal4 ,as ,hawthorne      
illustrated it  in his exquisite parable
 of ,transformation1 men1 till they     
become  conscious of sin1 are morally   
little more than animals4 ,out of hearts
  ploughed by contrition spring flowers 
fairer than ever grow on the  hard      
ground of unbroken self-content4 ,there 
bloom in them ,sympathy  and ,charity   

for other erring mortals2 and ,patience 
under suffering  which is acknowledged  
to be merited2 and lastly1 sweetest     
blossom of  all6 tender ,gratitude for  
earthly and heavenly blessings felt to  
be  free gifts of ,divine love4 ,not a  
little1 perhaps1 of the prevalent       
disease of pessimism is owing to the    
fact that these flowers of  charity1    
patience1 and thankfulness are becoming 
more and more rare as  cultivated men   
cease to feel what old theologians used 
to call 8the  exceeding sinfulness of   
sin20 or to pass through any vivid      
experiences  of penitence and           
restoration4 ,as a necessary consequence
 they never  see the true proportions of
 good and evil1 joy and grief1 sin and  
retribution4 ,they weigh jealously human
 ,pain2 they never place human  ,guilt  
in the opposite scale4 ,there is little 
chance that any man will  ever feel how 
sinful is sin1 who has not seen it in   
the white light of  the holiness of     
,god4    ,the abrogation of ,public     

,worship was mentioned above as one of  
the  visible consequences of the general
 rejection of religion4 ,to it must     
here be added a still direr and deeper  
loss1 that of the use of ,private       
,prayer--whether for spiritual or other 
good1 either on behalf of  ourselves or 
of others2 all ,confession1 all         
,thanksgiving1 in one word  all effort  
at communion of the finite spirit with  
the ,infinite4 ,this is  not the place  
in which this subject can be treated as 
it would require  to be were the full   
consequences of such a cessation of the 
highest  function of our nature to be   
defined4 ,it may be enough now to say   
that  the ,positivists in their         
fantastic device of addresses to the    
grand  tre of ,humanity as a substitute 
for real prayer to the ,living ,god1    
have themselves testified to the        
smaller--the subjective--part of the    
value of the practice4 ,alas for our    
poor human race if ever the day  should 
arrive when to ,him who now 8heareth    

prayer10 flesh shall no  longer come6   
,with ,aspiration1 ,repentance1 and     
,prayer renounced and forgotten1 and    
the inner life made as 8easy0 as the    
outward1 we may next inquire  whether in
 the 8,faithless ,world0 the relations  
between man and man  will either remain 
what they have been1 improve or         
deteriorate8 ,i have  heard a secularist
 lecturer argue that the love of ,god   
has been a  great hindrance to the love 
of man2 and ,i believe it is the        
universal  opinion of ,agnostics and    
,comtists that the 8enthusiasm of       
,humanity0  will flourish and form the  
crowning glory of the future after      
religion  is dead4 ,it is obvious1      
indeed1 that the social virtues are     
rapidly  eclipsing in public opinion    
those which are personal and religious2 
and  if ,philanthropy is not to be      
enthroned in the 8,faithless ,world10   
there  is no chance for ,veracity1      
,piety1 or ,purity4    ,but1 not to go  
over ground which ,i have traversed     

already in this  ,,review1 it will be   
enough now to remark that ,mr4 ,justice 
,stephen1 with his usual perspicacity1  
has found out that there is here  a     
8rift within the lute10 and frankly     
tells us that we must not expect  to see
 ,christian ,charity after the departure
 of ,christianity4 ,he thinks  that     
temperance1 fortitude1 benevolence1 and 
justice will always be  honored and     
rewarded1 but--            8,if a purely
 human morality takes the place of      
,christian morals1 self-command and     
self-denial1 force        of character  
shown in postponing the present to the  
future 7qy41 selfish prudence87 will    
take the place        of self-sacrifice 
as an object of admiration4 ,love1      
friendship1 good-nature1 kindness1      
carried to the        height of sincere 
and devoted affection will always       
be the chief pleasures of life1 whether 
,christianity        is true or false2  
but ,christian charity is not the       
same as any of these or of all of them  

put together1        and ,i think1 if   
,christian theology were exploded1      
,christian charity would not survive    
it40    ,even if the same sentiment of  
charity were kept alive in a 8,faithless
  ,world10 ,i do not think its          
ministrations would be continued on the 
same  lines as hitherto4 ,the more      
kind-hearted an atheist may be 7and many
  have the kindest of hearts7 the less1 
,i fancy1 he could endure to go  about  
as a comforter among the wretched and   
dying1 bringing with him  only such cold
 consolation as may be afforded by the  
doctrine of the  8,survival of the      
,fittest40 ,every one who has tried to  
lighten the  sorrows of this sad world1 
or to reclaim the criminal and the      
vicious1  knows how immense is the      
advantage of being able to speak of     
,god's love  and pity1 and of a life    
where the bereaved shall be reunited to 
their  beloved ones4 ,it would break1 ,i
 should think1 a compassionate atheist's
  heart to go from one to another       

death-bed in cottage or workhouse or    
hospital1 meet the yearning looks of the
 dying1 and watch the anguish  of wife  
or husband or mother1 and be unable     
honestly to say3 8,this is  not the end4
 ,there is ,heaven in store40 ,but ,mr4 
,justice ,stephen speaks1  ,i apprehend1
 of another reason than this why        
,christian charity must  not be expected
 to survive ,christianity4 ,the truth is
 7though he does  not say it7 that the  
charity of ,science is not merely       
different from  the charity of          
,religion2 it is an opposite thing      
altogether4 ,its  softest word is ,v    
,victis4 ,christianity 7and like it ,i  
should hope  every possible form of     
future religion7 says1 8,the strong     
ought to bear  the burdens of the weak4 
,blessed are the merciful1 the          
unselfish1 the  tender-hearted1 the     
humble-minded40 ,science says1 8,the    
supreme law of  ,nature is the ,survival
 of the ,fittest2 and that law1 applied 
to human  morals1 means the remorseless 

crushing down of the unfit4 ,the strong 
and the gifted shall inherit the earth1 
and the weak and simple go  to the wall4
 ,blessed are the merciless1 for they   
shall obtain useful  knowledge4 ,blessed
 are the self-asserting1 for theirs is  
the kingdom of  this world1 and there is
 no world after it40    ,these ,morals  
of ,evolution are beginning gradually to
 make their way1  and to be stated 7of  
course in veiled and modest language7   
frequently  by those priests of science1
 the physiologists4 ,should they ever   
obtain  general acceptance1 and         
,darwinian morality take the place of   
the ,sermon  on the ,mount1 the old     
droit du plus fort of barbarous ages    
will be  revived with more deliberate   
oppression1 and the last state of our   
civilization will be worse than the     
first4    ,behind all these changes of  
public and general concern1 lies the    
deepest change of all for each man's own
 heart4 ,we are told that in  a         
8,faithless ,world0 we may interest     

ourselves in friendship1 and  politics1 
and commerce1 and literature1 science1  
and art1 and that 8a  man who cannot    
occupy every waking moment of a long    
life with some or  other of these things
 must be either very unfortunate in     
regard to his  health1 or circumstances1
 or else must be a poor creature40      
,but it is not necessary to be either   
unfortunate oneself or a very  8poor    
creature0 to feel that the wrongs and   
agonies of this world of  pain are      
absolutely intolerable unless we can be 
assured that they will  be righted      
hereafter2 that 8there is a ,god who    
judgeth the earth10 and  that all the   
oppressed and miserable of our race1    
aye1 and even the  tortured brutes1 are 
beheld by ,him4 ,it is1 ,i think1 on the
 contrary1  to be a 8poor creature0 to  
be able to satisfy the hunger of the    
soul  after justice1 the yearning of the
 heart for mercy1 with such pursuits  as
 money-getting1 and scientific research1
 and the writing of clever  books1 and  

painting of pretty pictures4 ,not that  
which is 8poorest0 in  us1 but that     
which is richest and noblest1 refuses to
 8occupy every  moment of a long life0  
with our own ambitions and amusements1  
or to  shut out deliberately from our   
minds the 8,riddle of the painful       
,earth40  ,a curse would be on us in our
 8lordly pleasure-house0 were we to do  
it4    ,even if it be possible to enjoy 
our own good fortune regardless of  the 
woes of others1 is it not rather a      
pitiful wreck and remnant of  merely    
selfish happiness which it is proposed  
to leave to us8 8,the  world10 we are   
told1 8is full of pleasant people and   
curious things10  and 8most men find no 
difficulty in turning their minds away  
from  its transient character40 ,even   
our enjoyment of 8pleasant people and   
curious things0 must be held1 then1 on  
the condition of reducing               
ourselves--philosophers that we are1 or 
shall be--to the humble level  of the   
hares and rabbits6--                    

8,regardless of their doom the little   
victims play40    ,surely the happiness 
of any creature1 deserving to be called 
,rational1  depends on the circumstance 
whether he can look on ,good as 8the    
final  goal of ill10 or believe ,ill to 
be the final goal of any good he has    
obtained or hopes for2--whether he walk 
on a firm1 even if it be a  thorny road1
 or tread on thin1 albeit glittering    
ice1 destined ere long  to break beneath
 his feet8 ,the faith that there is an  
,,order  tending everywhere to good1 and
 that ,,justice sooner or later  will be
 done to all1--this1 almost universal1  
faith to which the  whole literature of 
the world bears testimony1 seems to me  
no less  indispensable for our selfish  
happiness than it is for any unselfish  
satisfaction in the aspect of human life
 at large4 ,if it be finally  baulked1  
and we are compelled to relinquish it   
for ever at the bidding  of science1    
existence alike on our own account and  
that of others will  become unendurable4

    ,in all ,i have said hitherto1 ,i   
have confined myself to discussing the  
probable results of the downfall of     
religion on men in general1 and  have   
not attempted to define what they would 
be to those who have been  fervently    
religious2 and who we must suppose 7on  
the hypothesis of  such a revolution7 to
 be forcibly driven by scientific       
arguments out  of their faith in ,god   
and the life to come4 ,to such persons  
7and there  are1 alas6 many already who 
think they have been so driven1 and to  
whom  the sad result is therefore the   
same7 the loss must needs be like that  
of the darkening of the sun4 ,of all    
human sorrows the bitterest is to       
discover that we have misplaced our     
love2 labored and suffered in vain2     
thrown away our heart's devotion4 ,all  
this1 and much more1 must it be  to lose
 ,god4 ,among those who have endured it 
there are1 of course1 as  we all know1  
many who have reconciled themselves to  
the loss1 and some  tell us they are the

 happier4 ,yet1 ,i think to the very    
last hour of  life there must remain in 
every heart which has once loved ,god   
7not  merely believed in or feared ,him7
 an infinite regret if it can love ,him 
no more2 and the universe1 were it      
crowded with a million friends1 must    
seem empty when that ,friend is gone4   
,as to human ,love and ,friendship1 to  
which we are often bidden to turn  as   
the best substitutes for religion1 ,i   
feel persuaded that1 above all  other   
things they must deteriorate in a       
8,faithless ,world40 ,to apples  of     
,sodom must all their sweetness turn1   
from the hour in which men  recognize   
their transitory nature4 ,the warmer and
 more tender and  reverential the       
affection1 the more intolerable must    
become the idea of  eternal separation2 
and the more beautiful and admirable the
 character  of our friend1 the more     
maddening the belief that in a few      
years1 or  days1 he will vanish into    
nothingness4 ,sooner than endure the    

agony  of these thoughts1 ,i feel sure  
that men will check themselves from     
entering into the purer and holier      
relations of the heart4 ,affection1     
predestined to be cast adrift1 will     
throw out no more anchors1 but  will    
float on every wave of passion or       
caprice4 ,the day in which it  becomes  
impossible for men to vow that they will
 love for ever will  almost be the last 
in which they will love nobly and purely
 at all4    ,but if these things hold   
good as regard the prosperous and       
healthy1 and  those still in the noon of
 life1 what is to be said of the        
prospects  in the 8,faithless ,world10  
of the diseased1 the poverty-stricken1  
the  bereaved1 the aged8 ,there is no   
need to strain our eyes to look into    
the dark corners of the earth4 ,we all  
know 7though while we ourselves  stand  
in the sunshine we do not often feel7   
what hundreds of  thousands of our      
fellow-mortals are enduring at all      
times1 in the way  of bodily and mental 

anguish4 ,when these overtake us1 or    
when ,old ,age  creeps on1 and          
8,first our pleasures die1 and then     
,our hopes1 and then our fears10    is  
it possible to suppose it will make     
8little difference0 what we  believe as 
to the existence of some loving ,power  
in whose arms our  feebleness may find  
support2 or of another life wherein our 
winter may  be turned once more to      
spring8 ,if we live long enough1 the day
 must  come to each of us when we shall 
find our chief interest in our daily    
newspaper most often in the obituary    
columns1 till1 one after another  nearly
 all the friends of our youth and prime 
have 8gone over to the  majority10 and  
we begin to live in a world peopled with
 spectres4 ,our  talk with those who    
travel still beside us is continually   
referring to  the dead1 and our very    
jests end in a sigh for the sweet old   
laughter  which we shall never hear     
again4 ,if in these solemn years we yet 
have  faith in ,god and ,immortality1   

and as we recall one dear one after     
another1--father1 mother1 brother1      
friend1--we can say to ourselves1       
8,they are all gone into the world of   
light2 they are all safe and  rejoicing 
in the smile of ,god20 then our grief is
 only mourning2 it  is not despair4 ,our
 sad hearts are cheered and softened1   
not turned  to stone by the memories of 
the dead4 ,let us1 however1 on the other
  hand1 be driven by our new guide1     
,science1 to abandon this faith and  the
 hope of eternal reunion1 then1 indeed1 
must our old age be utterly1  utterly   
desolate4 ,o6 the mockery of saying that
 it would make 8no great  difference60  
,we have been told that in the event of 
the fall of religion1 8life  would      
remain in most particulars and to most  
people much what it  is at present40 ,it
 appears to me1 on the contrary1 that   
there is  actually nothing in life which
 would be left unchanged after such a   
catastrophe4           99       99      
99       99       99    ,but ,i have    

only conjured up the nightmare of a     
8,faithless ,world40  ,,god ,,lives2 and
 in ,his light we shall see             
light4--,contemporary  ,review4         
,,food ,,and ,,feeding4      ,when a man
 and a bear meet together casually in an
 ,american forest1  it makes a great    
deal of difference1 to the two parties  
concerned at  least1 whether the bear   
eats the man or the man eats the bear4  
,we  haven't the slightest difficulty in
 deciding afterwards which of the  two1 
in each particular case1 has been the   
eater1 and which the eaten4  ,here1 we  
say1 is the grizzly that ate the man2   
or1 here is the man  that smoked and    
dined off the hams of the grizzly4      
,basing our opinion  upon such familiar 
and well-known instances1 we are apt to 
take it for  granted far too readily    
that between eating and being eaten1    
between  the active and the passive     
voice of the verb edo1 there exists     
necessarily a profound and impassable   
native antithesis4 ,to swallow an       

oyster is1 in our own personal          
histories1 so very different a thing    
from being swallowed by a shark that we 
can hardly realise at first  the        
underlying fundamental identity of      
eating with mere coalescence4  ,and yet1
 at the very outset of the art of       
feeding1 when the nascent  animal first 
began to indulge in this very essential 
animal practice1  one may fairly say    
that no practical difference as yet     
existed between  the creature that ate  
and the creature that was eaten4 ,after 
the man  and the bear had finished their
 little meal1 if one may be frankly     
metaphorical1 it was impossible to      
decide whether the remaining being  was 
the man or the bear1 or which of the two
 had swallowed the other4  ,the dinner  
having been purely mutual1 the resulting
 animal represented  both the litigants 
equally2 just as1 in cannibal ,new      
,zealand1 the chief  who ate up his     
brother chief was held naturally to     
inherit the goods  and chattels of the  

vanquished and absorbed rival1 whom he  
had thus  literally and physically      
incorporated4    ,a jelly-speck1        
floating about at his ease in a drop of 
stagnant water  under the field of a    
microscope1 collides accidentally with  
another  jelly-speck who happens to be  
travelling in the opposite direction    
across the same miniature ocean4 ,what  
thereupon occurs8 ,one jelly-speck      
rolls itself gradually into the other1  
so that1 instead of two1  there is now  
one3 and the united body proceeds to    
float away quite  unconcernedly1 without
 waiting to trouble itself for a second 
with  the profound metaphysical         
question1 which half of it is the       
original  personality1 and which half   
the devoured and digested4 ,in these    
minute  and very simple animals there is
 absolutely no division of labor        
between part and part2 every bit of the 
jelly-like mass is alike head  and foot 
and mouth and stomach4 ,the jelly-speck 
has no permanent limbs1  but it keeps   

putting forth vague arms and legs every 
now and then from  one side or the      
other2 and with these temporary and     
ever-dissolving  members it crawls along
 merrily through its tiny drop of       
stagnant  water4 ,if two of the legs or 
arms happen to knock up casually against
  one another1 they coalesce at once1   
just like two drops of water on  a      
window-pane1 or two strings of treacle  
slowly spreading along the  surface of a
 plate4 ,when the jelly-speck meets any 
edible thing--a  bit of dead plant1 a   
wee creature like itself1 a microscopic 
egg--it  proceeds to fold its own       
substance slimily around it1 making1 as 
it were1 a temporary mouth for the      
purpose of swallowing it1 and a         
temporary stomach for the purpose of    
quietly digesting and assimilating  it  
afterwards4 ,thus what at one moment is 
a foot may at the next moment  become a 
mouth1 and at the moment after that     
again a rudimentary  stomach4 ,the      
animal has no skin and no body1 no      

outside and no inside1  no distinction  
of parts or members1 no individuality1  
no identity4  ,roll it up into one with 
another of its kind1 and it couldn't    
tell you  itself a minute afterwards    
which of the two it had really been a   
minute  before4 ,the question of        
personal identity is here considerably  
mixed4    ,but as soon as we get to     
rather larger creatures of the same     
type1  the antithesis between the eater 
and the eaten begins to assume  a more  
definite character4 ,the big jelly-bag  
approaches a good  many smaller         
jelly-bags1 microscopic plants1 and     
other appropriate  foodstuffs1 and1     
surrounding them rapidly with its       
crawling arms1  envelops them in its own
 substance1 which closes behind them and
  gradually digests them4 ,everybody    
knows1 by name at least1 that           
revolutionary and evolutionary hero1 the
 amba--the terror of  theologians1 the  
pet of professors1 and the insufferable 
bore of  the general reader4 ,well1 this

 parlous and subversive little animal   
consists of a comparatively large mass  
of soft jelly1 pushing forth  slender   
lobes1 like threads or fingers1 from its
 own substance1 and  gliding about1 by  
means of these tiny legs1 over          
water-plants and  other submerged       
surfaces4 ,but though it can literally  
turn itself  inside out1 like a glove1  
it still has some faint beginnings of a 
mouth and stomach1 for it generally     
takes in food and absorbs water  through
 a particular part of its surface1 where
 the slimy mass of its  body is         
thinnest4 ,thus the amba may be said    
really to eat and drink1  though quite  
devoid of any special organs for eating 
or drinking4    ,the particular point to
 which ,i wish to draw attention here1  
however1  is this3 that even the very   
simplest and most primitive animals do  
discriminate somehow between what is    
eatable and what isn't4 ,the  amba has  
no eyes1 no nose1 no mouth1 no tongue1  
no nerves of taste1  no special means of

 discrimination of any kind2 and yet1 so
 long as it  meets only grains of sand  
or bits of shell1 it makes no effort in 
any  way to swallow them2 but the moment
 it comes across a bit of material  fit 
for its food1 it begins at once to      
spread its clammy fingers around  the   
nutritious morsel4 ,the fact is1 every  
part of the amba's body  apparently     
possesses1 in a very vague form1 the    
first beginnings of  those senses which 
in us are specialised and confined to a 
single spot4  ,and it is because of the 
light which the amba thus incidentally  
casts upon the nature of the specialised
 senses in higher animals that  ,i have 
ventured once more to drag out of the   
private life of his native  pond that   
already too notorious and obtrusive     
rhizopod4    ,with us lordly human      
beings1 at the extreme opposite end in  
the scale  of being from the microscopic
 jelly-specks1 the art of feeding and   
the  mechanism which provides for it    
have both reached a very high state of  

advanced perfection4 ,we have slowly    
evolved a tongue and palate on the  one 
hand1 and ,french cooks and pt de foie  
gras on the other4 ,but  while everybody
 knows practically how things taste to  
us1 and which  things respectively we   
like and dislike1 comparatively few     
people ever  recognize that the sense of
 taste is not merely intended as a      
source of  gratification1 but serves a  
useful purpose in our bodily economy1 in
  informing us what we ought to eat and 
what to refuse4 ,paradoxical as it  may 
sound at first to most people1 nice     
things are1 in the main1 things  that   
are good for us1 and nasty things are   
poisonous or otherwise  injurious4 ,that
 we often practically find the exact    
contrary the case  7alas67 is due1 not  
to the provisions of nature1 but to the 
artificial  surroundings in which we    
live1 and to the cunning way in which we
  flavor up unwholesome food1 so as to  
deceive and cajole the natural  palate4 
,yet1 after all1 it is a pleasant gospel

 that what we like is  really good for  
us1 and1 when we have made some small   
allowances for  artificial conditions1  
it is in the main a true one also4      
,the sense of taste1 which in the lowest
 animals is diffused equally  over the  
whole frame1 is in ourselves and other  
higher creatures  concentrated in a     
special part of the body1 namely the    
mouth1 where the  food about to be      
swallowed is chewed and otherwise       
prepared beforehand  for the work of    
digestion4 ,now it is1 of course1 quite 
clear that  some sort of supervision    
must be exercised by the body over the  
kind  of food that is going to be put   
into it4 ,common experience teaches  us 
that prussic acid and pure opium are    
undesirable food stuffs in  large       
quantities2 that raw spirits1 petroleum1
 and red lead should be  sparingly      
partaken of by the judicious feeder2 and
 that even green  fruit1 the bitter end 
of cucumber1 and the berries of deadly  
nightshade  are unsatisfactory articles 

of diet when continuously persisted in4 
,if1 at the very outset of our digestive
 apparatus1 we hadn't a sort of         
automatic premonitory adviser upon the  
kinds of food we ought or ought  not to 
indulge in1 we should naturally commit  
considerable imprudences  in the way of 
eating and drinking--even more than we  
do at present4  ,natural selection has  
therefore provided us with a fairly     
efficient  guide in this respect in the 
sense of taste1 which is placed at the  
very threshold1 as it were1 of our      
digestive mechanism4 ,it is the duty  of
 taste to warn us against uneatable     
things1 and to recommend to our         
favorable attention eatable and         
wholesome ones2 and1 on the whole1  in  
spite of small occasional remissness1 it
 performs its duty with  creditable     
success4    ,taste1 however1 is not     
equally distributed over the whole      
surface of  the tongue alike4 ,there are
 three distinct regions or tracts1 each 
of which has to perform its own special 

office and function4 ,the tip  of the   
tongue is concerned mainly with pungent 
and acrid tastes2 the  middle portion is
 sensitive chiefly to sweets and        
bitters2 while the  back or lower       
portion confines itself almost entirely 
to the flavors of  roast meats1 butter1 
oils1 and other rich or fatty           
substances4 ,there  are very good       
reasons for this subdivision of         
faculties in the tongue1  the object    
being1 as it were1 to make each piece of
 food undergo three  separate           
examinations 7like 8smalls10 8mods10 and
 8greats0 at ,oxford71  which must be   
successively passed before it is        
admitted into full  participation in the
 human economy4 ,the first examination1 
as we shall  shortly see1 gets rid at   
once of substances which would be       
actively  and immediately destructive to
 the very tissues of the mouth and body2
  the second discriminates between      
poisonous and chemically harmless       
foodstuffs2 and the third merely decides

 the minor question whether  the        
particular food is likely to prove then 
and there wholesome or  indigestible to 
the particular person4 ,the sense of    
taste proceeds1  in fact1 upon the      
principle of gradual selection and      
elimination2  it refuses first what is  
positively destructive1 next what is    
more  remotely deleterious1 and finally 
what is only undesirable or             
over-luscious4    ,when we want to      
assure ourselves1 by means of taste1    
about an unknown  object--say a lump of 
some white stuff1 which may be crystal1 
or glass1  or alum1 or borax1 or quartz1
 or rocksalt--we put the tip of the     
tongue  against it gingerly4 ,if it     
begins to burn us1 we draw it away more 
or  less rapidly1 with an accompaniment 
in language strictly dependent  upon our
 personal habits and manners4 ,the test 
we thus occasionally  apply1 even in the
 civilised adult state1 to unknown      
bodies is one that  is being applied    
every day and all day long by children  

and savages4  ,unsophisticated humanity 
is constantly putting everything it sees
 up to  its mouth in a frank spirit of  
experimental inquiry as to its gustatory
  properties4 ,in civilised life1 we    
find everything ready labelled and      
assorted for us2 we comparatively seldom
 require to roll the contents  of a     
suspicious bottle 7in very small        
quantities7 doubtfully upon the  tongue 
in order to discover whether it is pale 
sherry or ,chili vinegar1  ,dublin stout
 or mushroom ketchup4 ,but in the savage
 state1 from which1  geologically and   
biologically speaking1 we have only just
 emerged1  bottles and labels do not    
exist4 ,primitive man1 therefore1 in his
 sweet  simplicity1 has only two modes  
open before him for deciding whether the
  things he finds are or are not        
strictly edible4 ,the first thing he    
does  is to sniff at them1 and smell    
being1 as ,mr4 ,herbert ,spencer has    
well  put it1 an anticipatory taste1    
generally gives him some idea of what   

the thing is likely to prove4 ,the      
second thing he does is to pop  it into 
his mouth1 and proceed practically to   
examine its further  characteristics4   
,strictly speaking with the tip of the  
tongue one can't really taste at  all4  
,if you put a small drop of honey or of 
oil of bitter almonds on  that part of  
the mouth1 you will find 7no doubt to   
your great surprise7  that it produces  
no effect of any sort2 you only taste it
 when it  begins slowly to diffuse      
itself1 and reaches the true tasting    
region  in the middle distance4 ,but if 
you put a little cayenne or mustard  on 
the same part1 you will find that it    
bites you immediately--the  experiment  
should be tried sparingly--while1 if you
 put it lower down  in the mouth you    
will swallow it almost without noticing 
the pungency  of the stimulant4 ,the    
reason is1 that the tip of the tongue is
 supplied  only with nerves which are   
really nerves of touch1 not nerves of   
taste  proper2 they belong to a totally 

different main branch1 and they go  to a
 different centre in the brain1 together
 with the very similar  threads which   
supply the nerves of smell for mustard  
and pepper4 ,that  is why the smell and 
taste of these pungent substances are so
 much  alike1 as everybody must have    
noticed2 a good sniff at a mustard-pot  
producing almost the same irritating    
effects as an incautious mouthful4  ,as 
a rule1 we don't accurately distinguish1
 it is true1 between these  different   
regions of taste in the mouth in        
ordinary life2 but that is  because we  
usually roll our food about             
instinctively1 without paying  much     
attention to the particular part        
affected by it4 ,indeed1 when one  is   
trying deliberate experiments in the    
subject1 in order to test the  varying  
sensitiveness of the different parts to 
different substances1  it is necessary  
to keep the tongue quite dry1 in order  
to isolate the  thing you are           
experimenting with1 and prevent its     

spreading to all  parts of the mouth    
together4 ,in actual practice this      
result is obtained  in a rather         
ludicrous manner--by blowing upon the   
tongue1 between each  experiment1 with a
 pair of bellows4 ,to such undignified  
expedients does  the pursuit of science 
lead the ardent modern psychologist4    
,these  domestic rivals of ,dr4 ,forbes 
,winslow1 the servants1 who behold the  
enthusiastic investigator alternately   
drying his tongue in this  ridiculous   
fashion1 as if he were a blacksmith's   
fire1 and then  squeezing out a single  
drop of essence of pepper1 vinegar1 or  
beef-tea  from a glass syringe upon the 
dry surface1 not unnaturally arrive at  
the conclusion that master has gone     
stark mad1 and that1 in their  private  
opinion1 it's the microscope and the    
skeleton as has done it4    ,above all  
things1 we don't want to be flayed      
alive4 ,so the kinds of  tastes         
discriminated by the tip of the tongue  
are the pungent1 like  pepper1 cayenne1 

and mustard2 the astringent1 like borax 
and alum2  the alkaline1 like soda and  
potash2 the acid1 like vinegar and green
  fruit2 and the saline1 like salt and  
ammonia4 ,almost all the bodies  likely 
to give rise to such tastes 7or1 more   
correctly1 sensations  of touch in the  
tongue7 are obviously unwholesome and   
destructive  in their character1 at     
least when taken in large quantities4   
,nobody  wishes to drink nitric acid by 
the quart4 ,the first business of this  
part of the tongue is1 therefore1 to    
warn us emphatically against  caustic   
substances and corrosive acids--against 
vitriol and kerosene1  spirits of wine  
and ether1 capsicums and burning leaves 
or roots1  such as those of the common  
,english lords-and-ladies4 ,things of   
this  sort are immediately destructive  
to the very tissues of the tongue  and  
palate2 if taken incautiously in too    
large doses1 they burn the  skin off the
 roof of the mouth2 and when swallowed  
they play havoc1  of course1 with our   

internal arrangements4 ,it is highly    
advisable1  therefore1 to have an       
immediate warning of these extremely    
dangerous  substances1 at the very      
outset of our feeding apparatus4        
,this kind of taste hardly differs from 
touch or burning4 ,the  sensibility of  
the tip of the tongue is only a very    
slight modification  of the sensibility 
possessed by the skin generally1 and    
especially by  the inner folds over all 
delicate parts of the body4 ,we all know
 that  common caustic burns us wherever 
it touches2 and it burns the tongue1    
only in a somewhat more marked manner4  
,nitric or sulphuric acid attacks  the  
fingers each after its own kind4 ,a     
mustard plaster makes us tingle  almost 
immediately2 and the action of mustard  
on the tongue hardly  differs1 except in
 being more instantaneous and more      
discriminative4  ,cantharides work in   
just the same way4 ,if you cut a red    
pepper in  two and rub it on your neck  
it will sting you just as it does when  

put into soup 7this experiment1 however1
 is best tried upon one's  younger      
brother2 if made personally1 it hardly  
repays the trouble and  annoyance74     
,even vinegar and other acids1 rubbed   
into the skin1 are  followed by a slight
 tingling2 while the effect of brandy1  
applied1  say1 to the arms1 is gently   
stimulating and pleasurable1 somewhat   
in the same way as when normally        
swallowed in conjunction with the       
habitual seltzer4 ,in short1 most things
 which give rise to distinct  tastes    
when applied to the tip of the tongue1  
give rise to fainter  sensations when   
applied to the skin generally4 ,and one 
hardly needs  to be reminded that pepper
 or vinegar placed 7accidentally as a   
rule7  on the inner surface of the      
eyelids produces a very distinct and    
unpleasant smart4    ,the fact is1 the  
liability to be chemically affected by  
pungent or  acid bodies is common to    
every part of the skin2 but it is least 
felt  where the tough outer skin is     

thickest1 and most felt where that skin 
is thinnest1 and the nerves are most    
plentifully distributed near the        
surface4 ,a mustard plaster would       
probably fail to draw at all on one's   
heel or the palm of one's hand2 while it
 is decidedly painful on one's  neck or 
chest2 and a mere speck of mustard      
inside the eyelid gives one  positive   
torture for hours together4 ,now the tip
 of the tongue is just  a part of one's 
body specially set aside for this very  
object1 provided  with an extremely thin
 skin1 and supplied with an immense     
number of  nerves1 on purpose so as to  
be easily affected by all such pungent1 
alkaline1 or spirituous substances4 ,sir
 ,wilfrid ,lawson would probably        
conclude that it was deliberately       
designed by ,providence to warn us      
against a wicked indulgence in the      
brandy and seltzer aforesaid4    ,at    
first sight it might seem as though     
there were hardly enough of such        
pungent and fiery things in existence to

 make it worth while for us to  be      
provided with a special mechanism for   
guarding against them4 ,that is  true   
enough1 no doubt1 as regards our modern 
civilized life2 though1  even now1 it is
 perhaps just as well that our children 
should have an  internal monitor 7other 
than conscience7 to dissuade them       
immediately  from indiscriminate        
indulgence in photographic chemicals1   
the contents  of stray medicine bottles1
 and the best dried ,west ,india        
chilies4 ,but  in an earlier period of  
progress1 and especially in tropical    
countries  7where the ,darwinians have  
now decided the human race made its     
first  dbut upon this or any other      
stage71 things were very different      
indeed4 ,pungent and poisonous plants   
and fruits abounded on every  side4 ,we 
have all of us in our youth been taken  
in by some too cruelly  waggish         
companion1 who insisted upon making us  
eat the bright1 glossy  leaves of the   
common ,english arum1 which without look

 pretty and juicy  enough1 but within   
are full of the concentrated essence of 
pungency  and profanity4 ,well1 there   
are hundreds of such plants1 even in    
cold  climates1 to tempt the eyes and   
poison the veins of unsuspecting cattle 
or childish humanity4 ,there is         
buttercup1 so horribly acrid that cows  
carefully avoid it in their closest     
cropped pastures2 and yet your cow  is  
not usually a too dainty animal4 ,there 
is aconite1 the deadly poison  with     
which ,dr4 ,lamson removed his          
troublesome relatives4 ,there is        
baneberry1 whose very name sufficiently 
describes its dangerous nature4  ,there 
are horseradish1 and stinging rocket1   
and biting wall-pepper1  and still      
smarter water-pepper1 and wormwood1 and 
nightshade1 and  spurge1 and hemlock1   
and half a dozen equally unpleasant     
weeds4 ,all of  these have acquired     
their pungent and poisonous properties1 
just as  nettles have acquired their    
sting1 and thistles their thorns1 in    

order  to prevent animals from browsing 
upon them and destroying them4 ,and  the
 animals in turn have acquired a very   
delicate sense of pungency  on purpose  
to warn them beforehand of the existence
 of such dangerous  and undesirable     
qualities in the plants which they might
 otherwise be  tempted incautiously to  
swallow4    ,in tropical woods1 where   
our 8hairy quadrumanous ancestor0       
7,darwinian  for the primval monkey1    
from whom we are presumably descended7  
used  playfully to disport himself1 as  
yet unconscious of his glorious  destiny
 as the remote progenitor of            
,shakespeare1 ,milton1 and the late     
,mr4 ,peace--in tropical woods1 such    
acid or pungent fruits and plants  are  
particularly common1 and correspondingly
 annoying4 ,the fact is1 our  primitive 
forefather and all the other monkeys    
are1 or were1 confirmed  fruit-eaters4  
,but to guard against their depredations
 a vast number  of tropical fruits and  
nuts have acquired disagreeable or fiery

 rinds  and shells1 which suffice to    
deter the bold aggressor4 ,it may not be
  nice to get your tongue burnt with a  
root or fruit1 but it is at least  a    
great deal better than getting poisoned2
 and1 roughly speaking1  pungency in    
external nature exactly answers to the  
rough gaudy labels  which some chemists 
paste on bottles containing poisons4 ,it
 means to  say1 8,this fruit or leaf1 if
 you eat it in any quantities1 will kill
  you40 ,that is the true explanation of
 capsicums1 pimento1 colocynth1  croton 
oil1 the upas tree1 and the vast        
majority of bitter1 acrid1  or fiery    
fruits and leaves4 ,if we had to pick up
 our own livelihood1  as our naked      
ancestors had to do1 from roots1 seeds1 
and berries1  we should far more readily
 appreciate this simple truth4 ,we      
should  know that a great many more     
plants than we now suspect are bitter or
  pungent1 and therefore poisonous4     
,even in ,england we are familiar       
enough with such defences as those      

possessed by the outer rind of the      
walnut2 but the tropical cashewnut has a
 rind so intensely acrid that  it       
blisters the lips and fingers           
instantaneously1 in the same way  as    
cantharides would do4 ,i believe that on
 the whole1 taking nature  throughout1  
more fruits and nuts are poisonous1 or  
intensely bitter1 or  very fiery1 than  
are sweet1 luscious1 and edible4        
8,but10 says that fidgety person1 the   
hypothetical objector 7whom one  always 
sets up for the express purpose of      
promptly knocking him down  again71 8if 
it be the business of the forepart of   
the tongue to warn us  against pungent  
and acrid substances1 how comes it that 
we purposely  use such things as        
mustard1 pepper1 curry-powder1 and      
vinegar80 ,well1  in themselves all     
these things are1 strictly speaking1 bad
 for us2  but in small quantities they  
act as agreeable stimulants2 and we take
  care in preparing most of them to get 
rid of the most objectionable           

properties4 ,moreover1 we use them1 not 
as foods1 but merely as  condiments4    
,one drop of oil of capsicum is enough  
to kill a man1 if  taken undiluted2 but 
in actual practice we buy it in such a  
very  diluted form that comparatively   
little harm arises from using it4       
,still1 very young children dislike all 
these violent stimulants1 even  in small
 quantities2 they won't touch mustard1  
pepper1 or vinegar1 and  they recoil at 
once from wine or spirits4 ,it is only  
by slow degrees  that we learn these    
unnatural tastes1 as our nerves get     
blunted and  our palates jaded2 and we  
all know that the old ,indian who can   
eat  nothing but dry curries1 devilled  
biscuits1 anchovy paste1 pepper-pot1    
mulligatawny soup1 ,worcestershire      
sauce1 preserved ginger1 hot pickles1   
fiery sherry1 and neat cognac1 is also a
 person with no digestion1 a            
fragmentary liver1 and very little      
chance of getting himself accepted  by  
any safe and solvent insurance office4  

,throughout1 the warning  in itself is a
 useful one2 it is we who foolishly and 
persistently  disregard it4 ,alcohol1   
for example1 tells us at once that it is
 bad  for us2 yet we manage so to dress 
it up with flavoring matters and  dilute
 it with water that we overlook the     
fiery character of the spirit  itself4  
,but that alcohol is in itself a bad    
thing 7when freely indulged  in7 has    
been so abundantly demonstrated in the  
history of mankind that  it hardly needs
 any further proof4    ,the middle      
region of the tongue is the part with   
which we experience  sensations of taste
 proper--that is to say1 of sweetness   
and  bitterness4 ,in a healthy1 natural 
state all sweet things are pleasant  to 
us1 and all bitters 7even if combined   
with sherry7 unpleasant4 ,the  reason   
for this is easy enough to understand4  
,it carries us back at  once into those 
primval tropical forests where our      
8hairy ancestor0  used to diet himself  
upon the fruits of the earth in due     

season4  ,now1 almost all edible fruits1
 roots1 and tubers contain sugar2 and   
therefore the presence of sugar is1 in  
the wild condition1 as good a  rough    
test of whether anything is good to eat 
as one could easily find4  ,in fact1 the
 argument cuts both ways3 edible fruits 
are sweet because  they are intended for
 man and other animals to eat2 and man  
and other  animals have a tongue        
pleasurably affected by sugar because   
sugary  things in nature are for them in
 the highest degree edible4 ,our early  
progenitors formed their taste upon     
oranges1 mangoes1 bananas1 and  grapes2 
upon sweet potatoes1 sugar-cane1 dates1 
and wild-honey4 ,there  is scarcely     
anything fitted for human food in the   
vegetable world 7and  our earliest      
ancestors were most undoubted           
vegetarians71 which does  not contain   
sugar in considerable quantities4 ,in   
temperate climates  7where man is but a 
recent intruder71 we have taken1 it is  
true1 to  regarding wheaten bread as the

 staff of life2 but in our native       
tropics  enormous populations still live
 almost exclusively upon plantains1     
bananas1 breadfruit1 yams1 sweet        
potatoes1 dates1 cocoanuts1 melons1     
cassava1 pineapples1 and figs4 ,our     
nerves have been adapted to the         
circumstances of our early life as a    
race in tropical forests2 and we  still 
retain a marked liking for sweets of    
every sort4 ,not content with  our      
strawberries1 raspberries1 gooseberries1
 currants1 apples1 pears1  cherries1    
plums1 and other northern fruits1 we    
ransack the world for  dates1 figs1     
raisins1 and oranges4 ,indeed1 in spite 
of our acquired  meat-eating            
propensities1 it may be fairly said that
 fruits and seeds  7including wheat1    
rice1 peas1 beans1 and other grains and 
pulse7 still  form by far the most      
important element in the foodstuffs of  
human  populations generally4    ,but   
besides the natural sweets1 we have also
 taken to producing  artificial ones4   

,has any housewife ever realised the    
alarming condition  of cookery in the   
benighted generations before the        
invention of sugar8  ,it is really      
almost too appalling to think about4 ,so
 many things that  we now look upon as  
all but necessaries--cakes1 puddings1   
made dishes1  confectionery1 preserves1 
sweet biscuits1 jellies1 cooked fruits1 
tarts1 and so forth--were then          
practically quite impossible4 ,fancy    
attempting nowadays to live a single day
 without sugar2 no tea1 no  coffee1 no  
jam1 no pudding1 no cake1 no sweets1 no 
hot toddy before one  goes to bed2 the  
bare idea of it is too terrible4 ,and   
yet that was  really the abject         
condition of all the civilised world up 
to the middle  ages4 ,horace's punch was
 sugarless and lemonless2 the gentle    
,virgil  never tasted the congenial cup 
of afternoon tea2 and ,socrates went    
from  his cradle to his grave without   
ever knowing the flavor of peppermint   
bull's eyes4 ,how the children managed  

to spend their ,saturday as1 or  their  
weekly obolus1 is a profound mystery4   
,to be sure1 people had  honey2 but     
honey is rare1 dear1 and scanty2 it can 
never have filled  one quarter the place
 that sugar fills in our modern         
affections4 ,try  for a moment to       
realise drinking honey with one's       
whiskey-and-water1  or doing the year's 
preserving with a pot of best ,narbonne1
 and you  get at once a common measure  
of the difference between the two as    
practical sweeteners4 ,nowadays1 we get 
sugar from cane and beetroot in         
abundance1 while sugar-maples and       
palm-trees of various sorts afford  a   
considerable supply to remoter          
countries4 ,but the childhood of the    
little ,greeks and ,romans must have    
been absolutely unlighted by a  single  
ray of joy from chocolate creams or     
,everton toffee4    ,the consequence of 
this excessive production of sweets in  
modern times  is1 of course1 that we    
have begun to distrust the indications  

afforded  us by the sense of taste in   
this particular as to the wholesomeness 
of various objects4 ,we can mix sugar   
with anything we like1 whether  it had  
sugar in it to begin with or otherwise2 
and by sweetening and  flavoring we can 
give a false palatableness to even the  
worst and most  indigestible rubbish1   
such as plaster-of-,paris1 largely sold 
under the  name of sugared almonds to   
the ingenuous youth of two hemispheres4 
,but in untouched nature the test rarely
 or never fails4 ,as long as  fruits are
 unripe and unfit for human food1 they  
are green and sour2  as soon as they    
ripen they become soft and sweet1 and   
usually acquire  some bright color as a 
sort of advertisement of their          
edibility4 ,in  the main1 bar the       
accidents of civilisation1 whatever is  
sweet is good  to eat--nay more1 is     
meant to be eaten2 it is only our own   
perverse  folly that makes us sometimes 
think all nice things bad for us1 and   
all  wholesome things nasty4 ,in a state

 of nature1 the exact opposite is       
really the case4 ,one may observe1 too1 
that children1 who are literally  young 
savages in more senses than one1 stand  
nearer to the primitive  feeling in this
 respect than grown-up people4 ,they    
unaffectedly like  sweets2 adults1 who  
have grown more accustomed to the       
artificial meat  diet1 don't as a rule1 
care much for puddings1 cakes1 and made 
dishes4  7,may ,i venture               
parenthetically to add1 any appearance  
to the contrary  notwithstanding1 that  
,i am not a vegetarian1 and that ,i am  
far from  desiring to bring down upon my
 devoted head the imprecation pronounced
  against the rash person who would rob 
a poor man of his beer4 ,it is  quite   
possible to believe that vegetarianism  
was the starting-point of  the race1    
without wishing to consider it also as  
the goal2 just as it  is quite possible 
to regard clothes as purely artificial  
products of  civilization1 without      
desiring personally to return to the    

charming  simplicity of the ,garden of  
,eden47    ,bitter things in nature at  
large1 on the contrary1 are almost      
invariably poisonous4 ,strychnia1 for   
example1 is intensely bitter1  and it is
 well known that life cannot be         
supported on strychnia alone  for more  
than a few hours4 ,again1 colocynth and 
aloes are far from  being wholesome food
 stuffs1 for a continuance2 and the     
bitter end of  cucumber does not conduce
 to the highest standard of good living4
 ,the  bitter matter in decaying apples 
is highly injurious when swallowed1     
which it isn't likely to be by anybody  
who ever tastes it4 ,wormwood and       
walnut-shells contain other bitter and  
poisonous principles2 absinthe1  which  
is made from one of them1 is a favorite 
slow poison with the  fashionable young 
men of ,paris1 who wish to escape       
prematurely from 8,le  monde o l'on     
s'ennuie40 ,but prussic acid is the     
commonest component in  all natural     
bitters1 being found in bitter almonds1 

apple pippins1 the  kernels of          
mango-stones1 and many other seeds and  
fruits4 ,indeed1 one  may say roughly   
that the object of nature generally is  
to prevent the  actual seeds of edible  
fruits from being eaten and digested2   
and for  this purpose1 while she stores 
the pulp with sweet juices1 she encloses
  the seed itself in hard stony         
coverings1 and makes it nasty with      
bitter  essences4 ,eat an orange pip1   
and you will promptly observe how       
effectual is this arrangement4 ,as a    
rule1 the outer rind of nuts is  bitter1
 and the inner kernel of edible fruits4 
,the tongue thus warns us  immediately  
against bitter things1 as being         
poisonous1 and prevents us1             
automatically1 from swallowing them4    
8,but how is it10 asks our objector     
again1 8that so many poisons are        
tasteless1 or even1 like sugar of lead1 
pleasant to the palate80  ,the answer is
 7you see1 we knock him down again1 as  
usual7 because  these poisons are       

themselves for the most part artificial 
products2  they do not occur in a state 
of nature1 at least in man's ordinary   
surroundings4 ,almost every poisonous   
thing that we are really liable to  meet
 with in the wild state we are warned   
against at once by the sense  of taste2 
but of course it would be absurd to     
suppose that natural  selection could   
have produced a mode of warning us      
against poisons  which have never before
 occurred in human experience4 ,one     
might just  as well expect that it      
should have rendered us dynamite-proof1 
or have  given us a skin like the hide  
of a rhinoceros to protect us against   
the  future contingency of the invention
 of rifles4    ,sweets and bitters are  
really almost the only tastes proper1   
almost  the only ones discriminated by  
this central and truly gustatory  region
 of the tongue and palate4 ,most        
so-called flavorings will be  found on  
strict examination to be nothing more   
than mixtures with  these of certain    

smells or else of pungent1 salty1 or    
alkaline  matters1 distinguished as such
 by the tip of the tongue4 ,for         
instance1  paradoxical as it sounds to  
say so1 cinnamon has really no taste at 
all1 but only a smell4 ,nobody will ever
 believe this on first hearing1  but    
nothing on earth is easier than to put  
it to the test4 ,take a small  piece of 
cinnamon1 hold your nose tightly1 rather
 high up1 between  the thumb and finger1
 and begin chewing it4 ,you will find   
that it is  absolutely tasteless2 you   
are merely chewing a perfectly insipid  
bit  of bark4 ,then let go your nose1   
and you will find immediately that it   
8tastes0 strongly1 though in reality it 
is only the perfume from it  that you   
now permit to rise into the             
smelling-chamber in the nose4 ,so1      
again1 cloves have only a pungent taste 
and a peculiar smell1 and the  same is  
the case more or less with almost all   
distinctive flavorings4  ,when you come 
to find of what they are made up1 they  

consist generally  of sweets or bitters1
 intermixed with certain ethereal       
perfumes1 or  with pungent or acid      
tastes1 or with both or several such    
together4  ,in this way1 a comparatively
 small number of original elements1     
variously combined1 suffice to make up  
the whole enormous mass of  recognisably
 different tastes and flavors4    ,the  
third and lowest part of the tongue and 
throat is the seat of  those peculiar   
tastes to which ,professor ,bain1 the   
great authority  upon this important    
philosophical subject1 has given the    
names of  relishes and disgusts4 ,it is 
here1 chiefly1 that we taste animal     
food1  fats1 butters1 oils1 and the     
richer class of vegetables and made     
dishes4 ,if we like them1 we experience 
a sensation which may be called  a      
relish1 and which induces one to keep   
rolling the morsel farther  down the    
throat1 till it passes at last beyond   
the region of our  voluntary control4   
,if we don't like them1 we get the      

sensation which  may be called a        
disgust1 and which is very different    
from the mere  unpleasantness of        
excessively pungent or bitter things4   
,it is far less  of an intellectual and 
far more of a physical and emotional    
feeling4 ,we  say1 and say rightly1 of  
such things that we find it hard to     
swallow  them2 a something within us 7of
 a very tangible nature7 seems to rise  
up bodily and protest against them4 ,as 
a very good example of this  experience1
 take one's first attempt to swallow    
cod-liver oil4 ,other  things may be    
unpleasant or unpalatable1 but things of
 this class are  in the strictest sense 
nasty and disgusting4    ,the fact is1  
the lower part of the tongue is supplied
 with nerves in  close sympathy with the
 digestion4 ,if the food which has been 
passed by  the two previous examiners is
 found here to be simple and digestible1
  it is permitted to go on unchallenged2
 if it is found to be too rich1  too    
bilious1 or too indigestible1 a protest 

is promptly entered against  it1 and if 
we are wise we will immediately desist  
from eating any more  of it4 ,it is here
 that the impartial tribunal of nature  
pronounces  definitely against roast    
goose1 mince pies1 pt de foie gras1     
sally  lunn1 muffins and crumpets1 and  
creamy puddings4 ,it is here1 too1 that 
the slightest taint in meat1 milk1 or   
butter is immediately detected2  that   
rancid pastry from the pastrycook's is  
ruthlessly exposed1 and  that the wiles 
of the fishmonger are set at naught by  
the judicious  palate4 ,it is the       
special duty1 in fact1 of this last     
examiner to  discover1 not whether food 
is positively destructive1 not whether  
it is  poisonous or deleterious in      
nature1 but merely whether it is then   
and  there digestible or undesirable4   
,as our state of health varies greatly  
from time to time1 however1 so  do the  
warnings of this last sympathetic       
adviser change and flicker4  ,sweet     
things are always sweet1 and bitter     

things always bitter2 vinegar  is always
 sour1 and ginger always hot in the     
mouth1 too1 whatever our  state of      
health or feeling2 but our taste for    
roast loin of mutton1  high game1 salmon
 cutlets1 and ,gorgonzola cheese varies 
immensely  from time to time1 with the  
passing condition of our health and     
digestion4 ,in illness1 and especially  
in sea-sickness1 one gets the  taste    
carried to the extreme3 you may eat     
grapes or suck an orange in  the chops  
of the ,channel1 but you do not feel    
warmly attached to the  steward who     
offers you a basin of greasy ox-tail1 or
 consoles you with  promises of ham     
sandwiches in half a minute4 ,under     
those too painful  conditions it is the 
very light1 fresh1 and stimulating      
things that  one can most easily        
swallow--champagne1 soda-water1         
strawberries1  peaches1 not lobster     
salad1 sardines on toast1 green         
,chartreuse1 or hot  brandy-and-water4  
,on the other hand1 in robust health1   

and when hungry  with exercise1 you can 
eat fat pork with relish on a ,scotch   
hillside1  or dine off fresh salmon     
three days running without              
inconvenience4 ,even  a ,spanish stew1  
with plenty of garlic in it1 and        
floating in olive  oil1 tastes          
positively delicious after a day's      
mountaineering in the  ,pyrenees4       
,the healthy popular belief1 still      
surviving in spite of cookery1 that  our
 likes and dislikes are the best guide  
to what is good for us1 finds  its      
justification in this fact1 that        
whatever is relished will prove on  the 
average wholesome1 and whatever rouses  
disgust will prove on the  whole        
indigestible4 ,nothing can be more      
wrong1 for example1 than to  make       
children eat fat when they don't want   
it4 ,a healthy child likes  fat1 and    
eats as much of it as he can get4 ,if a 
child shows signs of  disgust at fat1   
that proves that it is of a bilious     
temperament1 and it  ought never to be  

forced into eating it against its will4 
,most of us  are bilious in after life  
just because we were compelled to eat   
rich  food in childhood1 which we felt  
instinctively was unsuitable for us4    
,we might still be indulging with       
impunity in thick turtle1 canvas-back   
ducks1 devilled white-bait1 meringues1  
and ,nesselrode puddings1 if we  hadn't 
been so persistently overdosed in our   
earlier years with things  that we      
didn't want and knew were indigestible4 
,of course1 in our existing modern      
cookery1 very few simple and            
uncompounded tastes are still left to   
us2 everything is so mixed up  together 
that only by an effort of deliberate    
experiment can one  discover what are   
the special effects of special tastes   
upon the tongue  and palate4 ,salt is   
mixed with almost everything we eat--sal
 sapit  omnia--and pepper or cayenne is 
nearly equally common4 ,butter is put   
into the peas1 which have been          
previously adulterated by being boiled  

with mint2 and cucumber is unknown      
except in conjunction with oil  and     
vinegar4 ,this makes it comparatively   
difficult for us to realise  the        
distinctness of the elements which go to
 make up most tastes as  we actually    
experience them4 ,moreover1 a great many
 eatable objects  have hardly any taste 
of their own1 properly speaking1 but    
only a  feeling of softness or hardness1
 or glutinousness in the mouth1 mainly  
observed in the act of chewing them4    
,for example1 plain boiled rice is      
almost wholly insipid2 but even in its  
plainest form salt has usually  been    
boiled with it1 and in practice we      
generally eat it with sugar1  preserves1
 curry1 or some other strongly flavored 
condiment4 ,again1  plain boiled tapioca
 and sago 7in water7 are as nearly      
tasteless as  anything can be2 they     
merely yield a feeling of gumminess2 but
 milk1 in  which they are oftenest      
cooked1 gives them a relish 7in the     
sense here  restricted71 and sugar1     

eggs1 cinnamon1 or nutmeg are usually   
added  by way of flavoring4 ,even turbot
 has hardly any taste proper1 except  in
 the glutinous skin1 which has a faint  
relish2 the epicure values  it rather   
because of its softness1 its delicacy1  
and its light flesh4  ,gelatine by      
itself is merely very swallowable1 we   
must mix sugar1 wine1  lemon-juice1 and 
other flavorings in order to make it    
into good jelly4  ,salt1 spices1        
essences1 vanilla1 vinegar1 pickles1    
capers1 ketchups1  sauces1 chutneys1    
lime-juice1 curry1 and all the rest are 
just our  civilised expedients for      
adding the pleasure of pungency and     
acidity  to naturally insipid foods1 by 
stimulating the nerves of touch in the  
tongue1 just as sugar is our tribute to 
the pure gustatory sense1 and  oil1     
butter1 bacon1 lard1 and the various    
fats used in frying to the  sense of    
relish which forms the last element in  
our compound taste4  ,a boiled sole is  
all very well when one is just          

convalescent1 but in  robust health we  
demand the delights of egg and          
bread-crumb1 which are1  after all only 
the vehicle for the appetising grease4  
,plain boiled  macaroni may pass muster 
in the unsophisticated nursery1 but in  
the  pampered dining-room it requires   
the aid of toasted parmesan4 ,good      
modern cookery is the practical result  
of centuries of experience in  this     
direction2 the final flower of ages of  
evolution1 devoted to the  equalisation 
of flavors in all human food4 ,think of 
the generations of  fruitless experiment
 that must have passed before mankind   
discovered  that mint sauce 7itself a   
cunning compound of vinegar and sugar7  
ought  to be eaten with leg of lamb1    
that roast goose required a corrective  
in  the shape of apple1 and that while a
 pre-established harmony existed        
between salmon and lobster1 oysters were
 ordained beforehand by nature  as the  
proper1 accompaniment of boiled cod4    
,whenever ,i reflect upon  such things1 

,i become at once a good ,positivist1   
and offer up praise  in my own private  
chapel to the ,spirit of ,humanity which
 has slowly  perfected these profound   
rules of good living4--,cornhill        
,magazine4          ,,bygone            
,,celebrities ,,and ,,literary          
,,recollections4    ,,by ,,charles      
,,mackay1 ,,ll4,d4      ,,iii4          
,,napoleon ,,iii4--,,lord ,,william     
,,pitt ,,lennox4--,,archbishop          
,,whately4      ,it was during the      
unsettled times that preceded the great 
,french  ,revolution of #ahdh--;,i think
 it was in ,january of that year--that  
one  of ,mr4 ,rogers's breakfasts was   
attended by ,prince ,louis ,napoleon    
,buonaparte1 afterwards ,napoleon       
,,iii42 ,dr4 ,whately1 the ,protestant  
,archbishop of ,dublin2 ,lord ,william  
,pitt ,lennox1 the son of the ,duke  of 
,richmond 7who distinguished himself at 
the battle of ,waterloo1 and  died many 
years afterwards as ,governor-,general  
of ,canada72 and myself4  ,i was        

previously acquainted with all these    
gentlemen1 and had met  the ,prince a   
few days previously at the house of ,mr4
 ,john ,mac,gregor1  formerly ,secretary
 of the ,board of ,trade1 and member of 
,parliament for  ,glasgow4 ,the ,prince1
 who was then forty years of age1 had   
long been a  resident in ,london as an  
exile1 spoke ,english exceedingly well1 
had  thoroughly studied the working of  
the ,british constitution1 and had      
learned to respect and apparently to    
love the ,english people4 ,he was  very 
taciturn and undemonstrative2 his dull  
grey eyes seemed to have  little        
speculation in them1 and to have been   
given to him1 if such  an expression may
 be used1 to look inwards upon himself  
rather than  outwards upon the world4   
,they brightened up at rare intervals   
when  anything was said that            
particularly interested him4 ,on this   
occasion  the talk of the breakfast     
table turned a good deal upon ,french   
politics  and the probability1 more or  

less imminent1 of a revolutionary       
outbreak  in ,paris1 consequent upon the
 unwise opposition of ,louis ,philippe  
and his too obsequious minister1 ,m4    
,guizot1 to the question of the         
extension of the franchise and the      
reform of the ,french ,parliament4  ,as 
,i had within a fortnight or three weeks
 returned from ,paris1 where  ,i had    
associated with some leading liberal    
politicians1 among others  with ,branger
 the poet and the ,abb de ,lamennais1 my
 opinion upon the  situation was asked1 
,i think1 by ,mr4 ,rogers1 and whether  
,i thought  the agitation would subside4
 8,not10 ,i said1 8unless the ,king     
yields40  8,he won't yield1 ,i think10  
said the ,prince2 8he does not          
understand  the seriousness of the      
case40 ,i told the ,prince that         
,branger1 who  knew the temper and      
sympathised with the opinions of the    
people1 had  predicted the establishment
 of a ,republic1 consequent upon the    
downfall  of the monarchy1 within less  

than a twelvemonth4 ,lamennais did not  
give the ,king so long a lease of power1
 but foresaw revolution within  six     
months4 ,the ,prince remarked that 8if  
there were barricades in the  streets of
 ,paris1 such as those by which his way 
to the throne was won  in #ahcj1 the    
,king would not give orders to disperse 
the mob by force  of arms40 8,why do you
 think so80 asked ,mr4 ,rogers4 8,the   
,king is a weak  man1 a merciful man4   
,he does not like bloodshed4 ,i often   
think he was  a fool not to have had me 
shot after the affair of ,strasburg4    
,had our  cases been reversed ,i know   
that ,i would have had him shot without 
mercy10 ,i thought little of this remark
 at the time1 but in after  years1 when 
the exiled ,prince became the powerful  
emperor1 my mind  often reverted to this
 conversation1 and ,i thought that if   
,king ,louis  ,philippe had done what   
the ,prince considered he ought to have 
done--and  as he would have been fully  
justified by law1 civil and military1 as

  well as by state policy1 in doing--the
 whole course of ,european history      
would have been changed4 ,personally1   
the ,prince was highly esteemed by  all 
who knew him4 ,stern as a politician1   
and in pursuit of the great  object of  
his ambition1 as in the famous coup     
d'tat of #ahea by  which he raised      
himself at a bound from the             
comparatively humble and  uncertain     
chair of a ,president to the most       
conspicuous imperial throne  in the     
world--he was1 in private life1 of a    
singularly amiable temper4  ,he never   
forgot in his prosperity the friends or 
even the acquaintances  of his          
adversity2 never ceased to remember any 
benefit that had been  conferred upon   
him1 and not only to be grateful for it1
 but to show  his gratitude by acts of  
kindness and generosity1 if the kindness
 or  generosity could be of benefit to  
the fortunes of the persons on whom  it 
was bestowed4 ,when he sought the hand  
in marriage of a ,princess of  the      

,house of ,austria1 and the honor was   
declined for the occult and  unwhispered
 reason that he was a parvenu and an    
upstart1 and that his  throne was at the
 mercy of a revolution 7and what throne 
is not871 he  married for pure love and 
affection a noble lady of inferior rank1
 and  raised her to a throne which she  
filled for many years with more grace   
and splendor than any contemporary      
sovereign born in the purple of  royalty
 had ever exhibited1 ,queen ,victoria   
alone excepted4    ,the ,prince         
thoroughly understood the character of  
the ,french people4  ,napoleon ,i4 had  
called the ,english a nation of         
shopkeepers4 ,napoleon  ,,iii4 knew that
 the ,french were entitled in a far     
greater degree than  the ,english to    
that depreciatory epithet4 ,he knew that
 in their hearts  they did not care so  
much for liberty and fraternity as they 
did for  8equality10--that what they    
wanted in the first place was peace1 so 
that trade and industry might have a    

chance to prosper2 and secondly1  that  
,france as a nation might be the        
predominant power in ,europe4 ,for  the 
first reason1 they required a master who
 would maintain order2 for  the second  
reason1 they idolised the name of the   
first ,napoleon4 ,these  two things were
 patent to the mind of ,napoleon ,,iii41
 and formed the  keystone of his        
domestic and foreign policy4    ,when   
,london1 about three months after the   
breakfast at ,mr4 ,rogers'1 was         
threatened1 on ,april #aj1 #ahdh1 by an 
insurrectionary mob of ,chartists1      
under the guidance of a half-crazy      
,irishman1 named ,feargus ,o',connor1   
who afterwards died in a lunatic asylum1
 the ,prince volunteered to act  as a   
special constable1 for the preservation 
of the peace1 in common  with many      
thousands of respectable professional   
men1 merchants1 and  tradesmen4 ,i met  
him in ,trafalgar ,square1 armed with   
the truncheon  of a policeman4 ,on this 
occasion1 the ,duke of ,wellington1 then

  commander-in-chief of the ,british    
army1 had taken the precaution to       
station the military in sufficient      
numbers at all the chief strategical    
points of the metropolis ready1 though  
concealed from the notice of  the       
multitude1 to act on an emergency4      
,happily their services were not        
required4 ,the sovereign was popular2   
the upper and middle classes were       
unanimous2 a large section of the       
laboring classes had no sympathy with   
,chartism1 and the display of the civic 
force1 with bludgeons and staves  only1 
without firearms of any kind1 was quite 
sufficient to overawe the  rioters4 ,i  
stopped for a minute to exchange        
greetings with the ,prince1  and said ,i
 did not think from all that ,i had     
heard that the ,chartists  would resort 
to violence1 and that their march       
through the streets  would be orderly4  
,the ,prince was of the same opinion1   
and passed upon  his beat among other   
police special constables in front of   

the ,national  ,gallery4    ,as ,lord   
,william ,lennox was of the breakfast   
party1 ,i took the  opportunity to ask  
him a question with regard to a disputed
 point4  ,i had lately visited          
,brussels1 the city in which ,i had     
passed my  school-boy days1 and which   
was consequently endeared to my mind by 
many youthful associations4 ,the mother 
of ,lord ,william1 the beautiful        
,duchess of ,richmond1 had given a great
 ball on the night preceding the  battle
 of ,waterloo1 in ,june1 #ahae1 at which
 ,lord ,william1 then in his  sixteenth 
year1 was present4 ,every lover of      
poetry will remember the  splendid      
description of this ball and of the     
subsequent battle which  occurs in the  
third canto of ,byron's 8,childe        
,harold40 ,the passage is  unsurpassed  
in any language for the vigor1 the      
picturesqueness1 and the  magnificence  
of its thought and diction1 and in its  
relation to one of  the most stupendous 
events in modern history4        ,there 

was a sound of revelry by night1        
,and ,belgium's capital had gather'd    
then      ,her ,beauty and her          
,chivalry1 and bright        ,the lamps 
shone o'er fair women and brave men2    
,a thousand hearts beat happily2 and    
when      ,music arose with its         
voluptuous swell1        ,soft eyes     
look'd love to eyes which spake again1  
,and all went merry as a marriage bell2 
,but hush6 hark3 a deep sound strikes   
like a rising knell4    ,it has been    
generally asserted and believed that the
 ball was given  by the duchess in the  
grand hall of the stately ,htel de      
,ville in the  ,grande ,place1 and when 
in ,brussels ,i heard the assertion     
repeated by  many people1 though denied 
by others4 ,one old citizen1 who        
remembered  the battle well1 affirmed it
 to have been at the ,htel de ,ville1   
which  he saw brilliantly lighted up for
 the occasion1 and passed among the     
crowd of equipages that filled the      
,grande ,place1 when setting down  and  

taking up the ladies who graced the     
assembly with their presence4  ,another 
equally old and trustworthy inhabitant  
declared that to his  personal knowledge
 the ball was given in the 8,palais     
d',aes10 a large  building that adjoins 
the palace of the ,king of the          
,belgians1 and is  now used as a        
barrack2 while a third affirmed it to   
have been held  in the handsome hotel1  
adjoining the ,chamber of ,deputies1    
which was  formerly occupied by ,sir    
,charles ,bagot1 the ,british           
,ambassador to  ,brussels and the ,hague
 in #ahcj4 ,thinking there could be no  
better  authority than one who was      
present on the occasion1 one1 moreover1 
who was so nearly allied to the giver of
 the entertainment1 ,i asked  ,lord     
,william to decide the point4 ,he       
replied at once that all these          
assertions were unfounded4 ,his father1 
the ,duke1 took a large house  in a back
 street1 called the 8,rue de la         
,blanchisserie0 7street of the          

laundry71 abutting on the boulevard1    
opposite the present ,botanic  ,garden1 
and that the ball took place in the not 
extraordinarily  spacious drawing-room  
of that mansion4 ,he said1 moreover1    
that the  lines--        ,within the    
window'd niche of that high hall        
,sat ,brunswick's fated chieftain1      
conveyed an idea of magnitude which the 
so-called 8high hall0 did not  in       
reality possess4    ,archbishop ,whately
 here said3 8,if we may be permitted    
without breach of  good manners to speak
 of ,waterloo in the presence of ,prince
 ,napoleon1  ,i may remark that the     
correction of the very minor error just 
made  by ,lord ,william1 though         
exceedingly interesting is not of great 
importance4 ,though contradicted again  
and again1 the report still  circulates1
 and is still believed1 that the ,duke  
of ,wellington was  surprised on the eve
 of the battle of ,waterloo by the rapid
 march of  the emperor1 and was thus    
taken at a disadvantage40    8,i never  

believed the report10 said the ,prince1 
8though ,i have my own  views about the 
battle4 ,i visited ,waterloo in the     
winter of #ahcb1 with  what feelings you
 may imagine40    8,the truth as regards
 the alleged surprise10 said the        
,archbishop1  8appears to be1 as ,lord  
,byron explained in a note to the       
passage in  #8,childe ,harold1' that the
 ,duke had received intelligence of     
,napoleon's  march1 and at first had the
 idea of requesting the ,duchess of     
,richmond  to countermand the ball2 but1
 on reflection1 considered it desirable 
that the people of ,brussels should be  
kept in ignorance of the course  of     
events4 ,he1 therefore1 desired the     
duchess to let the ball proceed1  and   
gave commands to all the general        
officers who had been invited  to appear
 at it1 each taking care to quit the    
room at ten o'clock  quietly1 and       
without giving any notification1 except 
to each of the  under officers1 to join 
their respective divisions en route4    

,there is  no doubt that many of the    
subalterns who were not in the secret   
were  surprised at the suddenness of the
 order40    8,i heard1 when ,i visited  
the field of ,waterloo less than a month
 ago10  ,i said1 8that many of the      
officers joined the march in their      
dancing  shoes1 so little time was left 
for them to obey orders40    8,it has   
been proved to the satisfaction of every
 real inquirer into  the facts10 said   
,mr4 ,rogers1 8that as far as the duke  
himself and  his superior officers were 
concerned1 there was no surprise in the 
matter4 ,you know the daring young lady1
 who presumed on her beauty to  be      
forgiven for her impertinence1 who asked
 the ,duke point-blank at an  evening   
party whether he had not been surprised 
at ,waterloo4 #8,certainly  not6' he    
replied #8but ,i am now4'0    8,a proper
 rebuke10 said ,lord ,william1 8,i hope 
the lady felt it40    ,byron1 in the    
beautiful stanzas to which allusion has 
been made1  describes the wood of       

,soignes1 erroneously called ,soignies1 
in the  environs of ,brussels1 a portion
 of the great ,forest of ,ardennes3     
,and ,ardennes waves above them her     
green leaves1        ,dewy with         
,nature's tear-drops as they pass4      
,grieving1 if aught inanimate e'er      
grieves1        ,over the unreturning   
brave4    ,in a note to this passage he 
speaks of ,ardennes as famous in        
,boiardo's 8,orlando10 as immortal in   
,shakespeare's 8,as ,you ,like ,it40    
,whatever may have been the case with   
,boiardo1 it is all but certain  that   
,shakespeare's 8,arden0 was not the     
,ardennes near ,brussels1  but the      
forest of ,arden1 in ,warwickshire1 near
 his native town of                     
,stratford-on-,avon4 ,he frequented this
 8,arden0 in his youth1 perhaps in      
chasing the wild deer of ,sir ,thomas   
,lucy1 perhaps in love-rambles with     
,anne ,hathaway4 ,portions of this      
,english forest still remain1 containing
  in a now enclosed park--the property  

of a private gentleman--some  venerable 
oak trees1 one of which as ,i roughly   
measured it with my  walking-stick is   
upwards of thirty feet in circumference 
within a yard  of the ground4 ,this     
tree1 with several others still         
standing1 must  have been old in the    
days of ,shakespeare2 and in the shadow 
of which  he himself may have reclined  
in the happy days ere he went to ,london
  in search of fame and fortune4        
8,arden10 spelled ,ardennes in ,french1 
is a purely ,celtic word1 meaning the   
high forest1 from ,ard1 high1  and      
,airdean1 heights4 ,the ,english        
district is still called 8,arden10  and 
the small town of ,henley1 within its   
boundaries1 is described as             
,henley-in-,arden to distinguish it from
 the many other ,henleys that  exist in 
,england4    ,lord ,william ,lennox     
married the once celebrated cantatrice1 
,miss ,wood1  from whom he was divorced4
 ,he was a somewhat voluminous author of
  third-rate novels1 and a frequent     

contributor to the periodical press4    
,he died in #ahhj1 in his eighty-first  
year4    ,dr4 ,whately1 ,archbishop of  
,dublin1 was the author of a very able  
treatise on ,logic and ,rhetoric1 long  
the text-book of the schools2  and also 
of a once famous jeu d'esprit entitled  
8,historic ,doubts  concerning ,napoleon
 ,buonaparte10 in which he proved       
irrefragably by  false logic likely to  
convince idle and unthinking readers1   
that  no such person as ,napoleon       
,buonaparte ever did exist or could have
  existed4 ,in this clever little work  
he ridiculed1 under the guise of        
seeming impartiality and critical       
acumen1 the many attempts that had  been
 made1 especially by ,french writers of 
the school of ,voltaire1 to  prove that 
,jesus ,christ was a purely imaginary   
character1 as much a  myth as the gods  
of ,grecian and ,roman mythology4 ,mr4  
,greville1 in his  8,memoirs of the     
,courts of ,george ,,iii41 ,george      
,,iv41 and ,william ,,iv410  records    

that he met ,whately1 ,archbishop of    
,dublin1 at a dinner-party1  and        
describes him 8as a very ordinary man in
 appearance and  conversation1 with     
something pretentious in his talk1 and  
as telling  stories without point40     
,nevertheless he admitted him to be 8a  
very able  man40 ,my opinion of the     
,archbishop was far more favorable4 ,the
 first  thing that struck me with regard
 to him was the clear precision of  his 
reasoning1 as befitted a man who had    
written with such undoubted  authority  
on ,logic and ,rhetoric1 and the second 
his rare tolerance for  all             
conscientious differences of opinion on 
religious matters4 ,two  years          
previously ,i had sat next to him on the
 platform of the inaugural  meeting held
 by the members of ,the ,athenum at     
,manchester in support of  that         
institution4 ,several bishops had been  
invited1 and had signified  their       
intention to be present1 but all of them
 except ,dr4 ,whately had  withdrawn as 

soon as it was publicly announced that  
,mr4 ,george ,dawson1  a popular        
lecturer and ,unitarian preacher of     
advanced opinions1 was  to address the  
audience4 ,mr4 ,dawson1 who was at the  
time a very young  man1 spoke with      
considerable eloquence and power1 and   
impressed the  audience favorably1 the  
,archbishop included4 8,i think10 said  
,dr4  ,whately1 turning to me at the    
conclusion of the speech1 8that my      
reverend brethren would have taken no   
harm from being present to-night1  and  
more than one of them1 whom ,i could    
name1 would be all the better  if they  
could preach with as much power and     
spirit1 as this boy has  displayed in   
his speech40 ,on another occasion1 when 
,i was in ,dublin in  #ahdi4 ,i heard   
that several ultra-orthodox ,protestant 
clergymen in the  city had been heard to
 express regret that ,dr4 ,whately was  
so lax in  his religious belief1 and set
 so bad an example to his clergy4 ,i    
asked  in what manner1 and was told in  

reply that he had publicly spoken of    
,dr4 ,daniel ,murray1 the ,roman        
,catholic ,archbishop of ,dublin1 then  
in his  #hast year1 as 8a good man1 a   
very good man10 adding the hope that he 
himself should be found worthy to meet  
,murray in ,heaven4    ,this            
large-minded prelate died in #ahfc1 in  
his seventy-seventh year4      ,,iv4    
,,the ,,rev4 ,,henry ,,hart             
,,milman--,,the ,,rev4 ,,alexander      
,,dyce--,,thomas ,,miller4    ,it was in
 the summer of #ahdd1 a few days after  
the interment in  ,westminster ,abbey of
 ,thomas ,campbell1 the poet1 author of 
the  8,pleasures of ,hope0 and many     
other celebrated poems1 that ,i received
  an invitation to breakfast with       
,samuel ,rogers1 to meet the ,rev4 ,dr4 
,milman1 the officiating clergyman on   
that solemn occasion4 ,there were  two  
other guests besides myself2 the ,rev4  
,alexander ,dyce1 well known  as a      
commentator on ,shakespeare1 and ,mr4   
,thomas ,miller--originally a           

basket-maker--who had acquired          
considerable reputation as a poet and   
novelist and a hard-working man of      
letters4    ,dr4 ,milman was at the time
 rector of ,st4 ,margaret's--the little 
church  that stands close to            
,westminster ,abbey and interferes      
greatly with the  view of that noble    
cathedral4 ,he was afterwards ,dean of  
,st4 ,paul's1 and  was known to fame as 
the author of the successful tragedy of 
8,fazio10  of many poetical volumes of  
no great merit1 and of a 8,history of   
the  ,jews0 and a 8,history of          
,christianity10 both of which still     
retain their  reputation4    ,the       
conversation turned principally on the  
funeral of the poet1 at  which both ,mr4
 ,dyce and myself had been present4 ,the
 pall-bearers were  among the most      
distinguished men of the time1 for their
 rank1 their  talent1 and their high    
literary and political positions4 ,they 
included  ,sir ,robert ,peel1 ,lord     
,brougham1 ,lord ,campbell1 the ,duke of

 ,argyll1  the ,earl of ,strangford1 and
 the ,duke of ,buccleuch1 the last named
 the  generous nobleman--noble in nature
 as well as in rank--who had offered1   
when a lad in his teens1 to pay the     
debts of his illustrious namesake1  ,sir
 ,walter ,scott1 when the great novelist
 had fallen upon evil days  in the full 
flush of his fame and popularity4 ,a    
long procession of  authors1 sculptors1 
artists1 and other distinguished men    
followed the  coffin to the grave4 ,many
 ,polish exiles were conspicuous among  
them4 ,as  ,dr4 ,milman pronounced the  
affecting words of the burial service1  
8ashes  to ashes1 dust to dust10 a      
,polish gentleman made his way through  
the  ranks of mourners1 and drawing a   
handful of earth from a little basket   
which he carried1 exclaimed in a clear  
voice1 8,this is ,polish earth for  the 
tomb of the friend of ,poland10 and     
sprinkled it upon the coffin4  ,this    
dramatic incident recalled to my mind1  
as it no doubt did to that  of other    

spectators1 ,campbell's unwearied       
exertions in the cause of  ,poland1 and 
of the indignant lines in the           
8,pleasures of ,hope10        ,hope for 
a season bade the world farewell1       
,and ,freedom shriek'd when ,kosciusko  
fell4    ,mr4 ,rogers1 reminded1        
perhaps1 of a grievance by the presence 
at the  breakfast table of ,dr4 ,milman1
 seemed to brood over an injustice that 
he thought had been done him with       
reference to the late poet4 ,when       
,campbell1 under the pressure of some   
pecuniary difficulty1 complained  of the
 scanty rewards of literature1 and      
especially of poetry1 ,mr4  ,rogers was 
reported to have recommended him to     
endeavor to procure  employment as a    
clerk4 ,this was thought to be very     
unfeeling2 but  on this occasion ,mr4   
,rogers explained to the whole company  
that he  had been misunderstood1 and    
that he had not meant any unkindness4   
8,i  myself10 he said1 8was a clerk in  
my early days1 and never had to  depend 

upon poetry for my bread2 and ,i only   
suggested that in ,mr4  ,campbell's     
#8case1' and in that of every other     
literary man1 it would be  much better  
if the writing of poetry were an        
amusement only and not a  business40    
8,no doubt10 said ,mr4 ,dyce1 8but men  
of genius are not always the  masters of
 their own youth1 and cannot invariably 
choose their careers  or make choice of 
a profession which requires means and   
time to qualify  for it4 ,you1 for      
instance1 ,mr4 ,rogers1 when a clerk1   
were clerk to your  father1 and         
qualified yourself under his auspices   
for partnership in1  or succession to   
the management of1 his prosperous bank4 
,mr4 ,campbell  had no such chances40   
8,it is a large question10 said ,dr4    
,milman4 8,the love of literature in  a 
man of genius1 rich or poor--especially 
if poor1 is an all-absorbing  passion2  
and shapes his life1 regret it as we    
may4 ,literature has  rewards more      
pleasant than those of money1 pleasant  

though money  undoubtedly is4 ,if money 
were to be the #8be-all' and #8end-all' 
of life1  it would be better to be a    
rich cheesemonger or butcher than a poor
  author4 ,but no high-spirited1        
intelligent1 and ambitious youth could  
be  of this opinion and shape his life  
by it4 ,sensitive youths drift into     
poetry1 as prosaic and adventurous      
youths drift into the army or the       
navy40    8,the more's the pity10       
replied ,mr4 ,rogers1 8as by drifting   
into poetry  they too often drift into  
poverty and misery4 ,i trust1 however1  
you  will all understand that the idle  
and the malevolent gossips did1 and  do 
me1 gross unjustice when they say that  
,i recommended ,campbell to  accept a   
clerkship rather than continue to rely  
upon poetry4 ,i never  thought of doing 
so4 ,i merely expressed a general wish  
that every man  of genius1 not born to  
wealth1 should have a profession to rely
 upon  for his daily bread40    8,a wish
 that all men would agree in10 said ,mr4

 ,dyce1 8and that after  all had no     
particular or exclusive reference to    
,mr4 ,campbell4 ,he did  not find the   
literature which he adorned utterly     
unprofitable4 ,he  made money by his    
poetry and by his literary labor        
generally1 besides  gaining a pension of
 three hundred pounds per annum on the  
,civil ,list1  and the society of all   
the most eminent men of his time1 which 
he could  not have done as a            
cheesemonger or a butcher1 however      
successful he  might have become in     
these pursuits40    8,these are all     
truisms10 said ,mr4 ,rogers1 somewhat   
sharply1 as if  annoyed4 8,what ,i      
complain of is that the world1 the very 
ill-natured  world1 should have spread  
abroad the ridiculous story that ,i     
recommended ,mr4 ,campbell1 in his      
declining years1 to apply for a         
clerkship40    8,i think no one believes
 that you did so10 said ,dr4 ,milman1   
8or that  you could have done so4 ,your 
sympathy with men of letters is well    

known  and has been proved too often1   
not by mere words only1 but by generous 
deeds1 for such a story to obtain       
credence40    8,falsehoods10 replied    
,mr4 ,rogers1 still with a tone of      
bitterness1  8are not cripples4 ,they   
run fast1 and have more legs than a     
centipede4  ,i saw it stated in print   
the other day that ,i depreciate        
,shakespeare  and think him to have been
 over-rated4 ,i know of no other        
foundation  for the libel than that ,i  
once quoted the opinion expressed of him
 by  ,ben ,jonson1 his dearest friend   
and greatest admirer4 ,though ,ben      
,jonson  called ,shakespeare #8the ,swan
 of ,avon1'                             
,soul of the age1      ,the applause1   
delight1 and wonder of the stage1    and
 affirmed that3        ,he was not for  
an age1 but for all ,time1    he did not
 hesitate to express the wish1 in answer
 to one who boasted  that ,shakespeare  
had never blotted a line1 #8would to    
,heaven he had  blotted a thousand4'    

,ben ,jonson saw the spots on the       
glorious face of  the sun of            
,shakespeare's genius1 and was not      
accused of desecrating his  memory      
because he did so2 but because ,i quoted
 that very saying and  approved of it1  
,i have been accused of an act of       
treason against the  majesty of the     
great poet4 ,surely my offence was no   
greater than that  of ,ben ,jonson6 ,if 
there were treason in the thought1 it   
was treason  that ,i shared with him who
 had said he loved ,shakespeare with as 
much  love as was possible to feel on   
this side of idolatry40    8,i think10  
remarked ,dr4 ,milman1 8that such       
apparently malevolent  repetitions of a 
person's remarks are the results of     
careless ignorance  or easy-going       
stupidity1 rather than of positive      
ill-nature or a wilful  perversion of   
the truth40    8,it is very curious10   
said ,mr4 ,dyce1 8how very few people   
can repeat  correctly what they hear1   
and that nine people out of ten cannot  

repeat  a joke without missing the point
 or the spirit of it40    8,and what a  
widely prevalent tendency there is to   
exaggerate1  especially in numbers4 ,if 
some people see a hundred of anything1  
they  commonly represent the hundred as 
a thousand and the thousand as ten      
thousand40    8,not alone in numbers10  
interposed ,mr4 ,rogers1 8but in        
anything4 ,if ,i  quoted ,ben ,jonson's 
remark in relation to ,shakespeare once 
only1 the  rumor spreads that ,i quoted 
it frequently2 and so the gossip passes 
from mouth to mouth with continual      
accretion4 ,perhaps ,i shall go down  to
 posterity as an habitual reviler and   
depreciator of ,shakespeare40           
8,perhaps you won't go down to posterity
 at all10 said ,mr4 ,dyce1              
good-naturedly4    8,perhaps not10      
replied ,mr4 ,rogers1 8but if my name   
should happen to  reach that uncertain  
destination ,i trust ,i may be          
remembered1 as ,ben  ,jonson is1 as a   
true lover of ,shakespeare4 ,but great  

as ,shakespeare is1  ,i don't think that
 our admiration should ever be allowed  
to degenerate  into slavish adoration4  
,we ought neither to make a god of him  
nor a  fetish4 ,and ,i ask you1 ,mr4    
,dyce1 as a diligent student of his     
works and  an industrious commentator   
upon them1 whether you do not think that
  very many passages in them are        
unworthy of his genius4 ,if ,homer nods1
  why not ,shakespeare80    8,i grant   
all that10 replied ,mr4 ,dyce1 8nay     
more6 ,i assert that many of  the plays 
attributed to him were not written by   
him at all4 ,and more  even than that4  
,several of his plays were published    
surreptitiously1  and without his       
consent1 and never received his final   
corrections or  any revision whatever4  
,the faults and obscurities that are    
discoverable  even in the masterpieces  
of his genius1 were not due to him at   
all1  but to ignorant and piratical     
booksellers1 who gave them to the world 
without his authority1 and traded upon  

his name4 ,some also must be  attributed
 to the shorthand writers who took down 
the dialogue as  repeated by the actors 
on the stage4 ,it is curious to reflect 
how  indifferent ,shakespeare was to his
 dramatic fame4 ,he never seems to  have
 cared for his plays at all1 and to have
 looked at them1 to use the  slang of   
the artists of our days1 as mere        
#8pot-boilers1' compositions  that      
brought him in money1 and enabled him to
 pay his way1 but in which  he took no  
personal pride whatever40    8,his heart
 was in his two early poems--#8,venus   
and ,adonis1' and the  #8,rape of       
,lucrece1'0 said ,dr4 ,milman1 8the only
 compositions1 it should  be observed1  
that were ever published by his         
authority1 and to which he  appended his
 name4 ,his sonnets1 which some people  
admire so much--an  admiration in which 
,i do not share--were published         
surreptitiously1  without his consent1  
and probably more than one-half of them 
were not  written by him4 ,some of them 

are undoubtedly by ,marlowe1 and some by
  authors of far inferior ability4      
,shakespeare's name was popular at the  
time2 there was no law of copyright1 and
 booksellers did almost what  they      
pleased with the names and works of     
celebrated men2 and what seems          
extraordinary in our day1 the celebrated
 men made no complaint--most  probably  
because there was no redress to be      
obtained for them if they  had done so4 
,the real law of copyright only dates   
from the eighth  year of the reign of   
,queen ,anne1 #agaj1 or nearly a century
 after  ,shakespeare's death40    8,but 
authors in those early days1 even in the
 absence of a well-defined  law of      
copyright10 said ,mr4 ,miller1 8received
 payment for their works2  witness the  
receipt of ,john ,milton for five pounds
 on account of  #8,paradise ,lost'--now 
in the possession of our host--and which
 we have  all seen40    8,but that was  
long after the death of ,shakespeare10  
said ,mr4 ,dyce1 8and  it does not      

appear that ,shakespeare ever received a
 shilling for the  copyright of any of  
his works4 ,perhaps he received         
gratuities from the  ,earls of          
,southampton and ,pembroke1 and the     
other rich young men about  town1 for   
whom it is supposed that he wrote many  
of his sonnets4 ,that  he also must have
 received considerable sums for his     
representation of  his plays at the     
,globe ,theatre is evident from the     
well-ascertained  fact that he retired  
from theatrical business with a         
competent fortune  and lived the life   
for some years of a prosperous country  
gentleman40    ,as it has been asserted 
in my presence by an eminent literary   
man1 within a month of the present      
writing1 that ,samuel ,rogers           
systematically depreciated ,shakespeare1
 and that he was above all  things a    
cynic1 ,i think it right1 in justice to 
his memory1 to repeat  the conversation 
above recorded4 ,though it took place   
nearly forty  years ago1 ,i wrote down  

the heads of it in my notebook on the   
very  day when it occurred2 and by      
reperusal of it ,i have refreshed my    
memory  so as to be certain of its      
accuracy4 ,mr4 ,rogers doubtless said   
very  pungent and apparently ill-natured
 things in his time2 no professed  wit1 
such as he was1 can always1 or indeed   
very often1 refrain from  shooting a    
barbed dart either to raise a laugh and 
to strengthen an  argument1 or to       
dispense with one2 but there was no     
malevolence in the  heart1 though there 
might appear to be some on the tongue1  
of ,samuel  ,rogers4 ,to love           
literature1 and to excel in poetical    
composition1 were  unfailing passports  
to his regard1 his esteem1 and if       
necessary1 his  purse4 ,one of the      
guests of the morning on which these    
conversations  took place1 and who bore 
his part in them1 was a grateful        
recipient  and witness of his           
beneficence4 ,thomas ,miller1 who began 
life as a  journeyman basket-maker1     

working for small daily wages in the    
fens  of ,lincolnshire1 excited the     
notice of his neighbors by his poetical 
genius1 or it may have been only talent1
 and by their praises of his            
compositions1 filled his mind with the  
desire to try his literary  fortune in  
the larger sphere of ,london4 ,he       
listened to the promptings  of his      
ambition1 came to the metropolis1       
launched his little skiff on  the wide  
ocean of literary life1 and by dint of  
hard work1 indomitable  perseverance1   
unfailing hope1 and incessant struggles1
 managed to earn  a modest subsistence4 
,he speedily found that poetry failed to
 put money  in his purse1 and prudently 
resorted to prose4 ,when prose in the   
shape  of original work--principally    
fiction--just enabled him to live from  
day to day1 he took refuge in the daily 
drudgery of reviewing in the  ,literary 
,gazette1 then edited by ,mr4 ,jerdan1 a
 very bad paymaster4  ,he had not been  
long in ,london before he made the      

acquaintance or ,mr4  ,rogers1 and after
 a period of more or less intimacy1     
received from that  gentleman the good1 
though old1 and as it often happens1 the
 unwelcome  advice that he should cease 
to rely wholly upon literature for his  
daily bread4 ,as poor ,miller could not 
return to basket-making--except  as an  
employer of other basket-makers1 for    
which he had not sufficient1  or indeed 
any1 capital--and as1 moreover1 he had  
no love for any  pursuits but those of  
literature1 he resolved1 if he could    
manage it1  to establish himself as a   
bookseller and publisher4 ,mr4 ,rogers1 
to  whom he confided his wish1 approved 
of it1 and generously aided him to      
accomplish it1 by the advance without   
security of the money required  for the 
purpose4 ,the basket-maker carried on   
the business for a few  years with but  
slight success1 and once informed me    
that he had made  more money by the sale
 of note paper1 of sealing-wax1 of ink1 
and of  red-tape1 than he had made by   

the sale of his own works1 or those of  
anybody else4    ,mr4 ,rogers           
established another poet in the         
bookselling and publishing  business1   
but with far greater success than       
attended his efforts in the  case of the
 basket-maker4 ,mr4 ,edward ,moxon1 a   
clerk or shopman in the  employ of      
,messrs4 ,longman1 who wrote in his     
early manhood a little book  of sonnets 
that attracted the notice of ,mr4       
,rogers1 to whom they had  been sent by 
the author with a modest letter1 became 
by the pecuniary  aid and constant      
patronage of the 8,bard of ,memory10 one
 of the most  eminent publishers of the 
time4 ,he was known to fame as 8the     
,poet's  publisher10 and issued the     
works not only of ,mr4 ,rogers himself1 
but  of ,campbell1 ,wordsworth1         
,southey1 ,savage1 ,landor1 ,coleridge1 
and many  other poetical celebrities4   
,he also published the works of ,ben    
,jonson1  ,marlowe1 ,beaumont and       
,fletcher1 ,peele1 and other noted      

dramatists of  the ,elizabethan era4    
,the friendly assistance1 delicately and
 liberally administered in the  hour of 
need1 by ,samuel ,rogers to the         
illustrious ,richard ,brinsley          
,sheridan is fully recorded in the life 
of the latter by ,thomas ,moore2  that  
which was administered1 though under    
less pressing circumstances1  to ,thomas
 ,campbell1 has found a sympathetic     
historian in ,dr4 ,william  ,beattie4   
,rogers1 in spite of the baseless libel 
concerning ,shakespeare1  had not a     
particle of literary envy in his        
composition4 ,his dislike  to ,lord     
,byron was not literary but personal1   
and is adequately  explained--and almost
 justified--by the gross and unprovoked 
attacks  which ,byron directed against  
him4--,gentleman's ,magazine4           
,,an ,,actor ,,in ,,the ,,rebellion ,,of
 #agih4      ,,by ,,letitia             
,mc,c,l,i,n,t,o,c,k4    ,in a tiny hovel
 on the mountain-side just above the    
romantic glens  of ,banagher1 in the    

wildest part of the country             
,londonderry1 lives  ,paddy ,o',heany1  
aged a hundred and three years4 ,paddy  
is an intelligent  old man who must have
 enjoyed his existence thoroughly1 and  
taken a  vivid interest in the stirring 
scenes of his early life4 ,no clod of   
the valley is he even now1 not like many
 old people who cannot be  aroused to   
any enthusiasm about either past or     
present events4 ,being  in quest of an  
actor in the terrible scenes of '#ih1   
and having tried  several very old      
people without result1 we hoped to find 
in ,paddy a  story-teller4    8,paddy10 
said our friend ,mrs4 ,s----1 8is the   
oldest inhabitant in the  parish2 he was
 a youth of nineteen at the time of the 
,rebellion1 and  can relate graphic     
tales of adventures in which he took    
part4 ,one of  them1 the history of     
,jack ,mc,sparron1 will make your blood 
run cold2  but there1 ,i'll say no more2
 you shall judge for yourself4 ,paddy   
was  one of the ,united ,irishmen2 has  

been1 it is said1 a ,ribbonman and a    
,fenian since then1 and is now1 in all  
probability1 a ,land ,leaguer4 ,at  any 
rate1 his sympathies are with the ,land 
,league1 so that you must be  careful   
what you say if you want him to talk2   
but ,i need not give you  any hints1 you
 will know how to draw him out40        
,looking down from ,paddy's cottage door
 upon the richly wooded glens of        
,banagher1 the traveller is struck by   
the extent and beauty of the view4      
,below lies a ruined church1 a little to
 its right the glens--four dark  lines  
of wood branching off from a common     
meetingpoint1 and running  up the       
mountain in different directions1 and to
 the left the quaint  country town of   
,dungiven4 ,above the town rises the    
majestic mountain  range of             
,benbraddagh2 while yet farther to the  
left1 and like pale1  smoke-tinted      
phantoms1 are the hills of ,magilligan1 
and the shadowy  coast-line4 ,this was  
the view we saw from ,paddy's low       

doorway1 and with  a little reluctance  
we turned away from contemplating it1 to
 enter the  smoky cabin4    ,paddy was a
 fine old man with thick1 grizzled hair1
 a better-formed  profile than many of  
his class1 and a hale1 hearty voice4 ,he
 was  totally blind1 but his keen face  
was so full of intelligence that it  was
 easy to forget that he could not see4  
,his daughter1 herself a very  old      
woman1 moved his arm-chair near the     
door1 and we sat beside him  facing the 
scene above described4 ,the turf smoke1 
of which the kitchen  was full1 blew    
past us to find its outlet at the door4 
,a turf stack was  built against the end
 of the dresser just behind ,paddy's    
chair4 ,a calf  was walled off by a     
little rampart of boards from the rest  
of the room1  and the cock and hens had 
already flown to their roost directly   
above  our heads4 ,the atmosphere and   
neighborhood might have been objected to
  by squeamish people1 but in the       
pursuit of knowledge what will not one  

dare8    ,the old woman stood behind her
 fathers chair ready to jog his memory  
if  necessary4 ,a present of tobacco1   
tea1 and sugar touched the patriarch's  
heart2 he was quite willing to take the 
desired journey into the  regions of the
 past4    8,do ,i mind the time o' the  
,uniting8 ,is that what the lady wants  
to  know8 ,ay1 bravely ,i mind it4 ,i   
mind it far better nor things that      
happened yesterday4 ,i was ane o' the   
,united ,men mysel'1 an' ,i was sent    
wi' a big wheen o' the boys to keep the 
pass on the ,white ,mountain when  the  
army was expected from ,derry to destroy
 us4 ,i had my pike1 an' the  maist part
 o' the boys had guns40    8,were you   
not afraid to meet the soldiers80       
8,feared8 ,was ,i feared8 ,troth an'    
faix ,i was1 sorely feared2 but it wad  
ha' been as much as your life was worth 
to let on that you were feared4  ,i mind
 us leaning against the heather1 an' the
 big rocks an' mountains  rising up all 
roun' us1 an' the cold night an' the    

darkness comin' on1  an' feen a word was
 spoke amang us1 for we be to keep the  
pass40    8,well80    8,weel1 at long   
an' at last1 ,jack ,mc,sparron came     
running back 7he was  put to watch72    
#8an'1' says he1 #8the army's comin'    
now2 there's the  tramp o' the horses1' 
says he4 ,wi' that we to the listening1 
an' we all  heered the tramp o' the     
cavalry2 an' the company o' the ,united 
,men just  melted away like snow off a  
ditch4 ,jack an' one or two others tried
 to  keep us thegether1 but it couldna  
be done2 the boys was too feared4 ,i    
ran wi' the rest1 an' ,i never stopped  
till ,i was in my father's house        
sittin' into the chimney-corner aback o'
 my mother4 ,after that there  was      
soldiers passing we'er door nearly every
 day1 an' they said they  were marching 
to burn ,maghera to the ground40        
8,why was ,maghera to be burned to the  
ground80    8,i dinna rightly know1 but 
,i think the ,united ,men was strong in 
it4 ,but  counter-orders came that it   

was na to be destroyed1 an' then the    
army  came back to ,dungiven40    8,were
 you acquainted with ,jack ,mc,sparron80
    8,is it ,jack ,mc,sparron that was  
flogged in ,dungiven ,street8 ,ay1 ,i   
mind  that weel40    ,his withered hands
 clutched the arms of his chair as he   
bent forward1  with his sightless eyes  
fixed1 and the fire of eagerness in his 
keen  face4 ,he was gone upon a journey 
into the distant past1 and a scene of   
horror passed before his mental vision4 
8,those times were worse nor these10 he 
said2 8there were murders1 too1  in     
parts o' the country1 but there was     
another way o' working then4 ,i  told   
you that the army came over frae        
,england1 an' they took up the men  that
 was for the ,uniting1 an' there was    
short work wi' them4 ,ay1 ay1  ,i mind  
the day ,jack was flogged in ,dungiven  
,street because he wouldna  tell the    
names o' the men that was banded wi'    
him4 ,one o' them was a  meeting        
minister1 it was said2 an' there was    

farmers an' laboring men1  too4 ,for the
 whole country about ,dungiven was      
strong for the ,united  ,irishmen as    
they called them4 ,i was wi' them       
mysel'1 but ,i was never  took40        
8,there were some ,presbyterians among  
them80    8,eh80 and his hand went up to
 his ear4    8,the lady's axin' if there
 wasn't ,presbyterians wi' the ,united  
,men1  father10 said his daughter4      
8,troth1 was there1 ma'am6 it was       
allowed that there was ministers an'    
farmers an' shopkeepers o' them4 ,jack  
was a ,presbyterian himsel'40    8,how  
was he taken prisoner80    8,i dinna    
just mind1 but ,i think it was at a     
meeting they had at a house  in ,feeny4 
,the alarm was given that the soldiers  
was coming1 and all  fled an' got away  
but ,jack4 ,he was a fine boy of        
nineteen years of age1  the support o'  
his mother4 ,he was stiff in his turn1  
too1 far stiffer  nor ,i could ha' been1
 for he swore he'd die afore he'd tell  
upon his  comrades4 ,ay1 he was stiffer 

nor me40    8,true for you1 father10    
laughed the old woman1 leaning over     
,paddy's  chair2 8you'd ha' told sooner 
nor be scourged40    ,we recalled       
,paddy's nave history of his flight from
 the pass on the  ,white ,mountain and  
mentally agreed with her4 ,paddy1       
however1 was an  ,irishman pure1 while  
,jack ,mc,sparron was descended from the
 ,scottish  ,covenanters1 and had       
inherited from them the fortitude of an 
,ephraim  ,mac,briar4    8,go on1       
,paddy2 your story is most interesting40
    ,the old man smiled1 but he was     
hardly thinking of his visitors1 the    
picture brought back by memory so       
engrossed him4    8,jack wouldna' gie   
the names o' his comrades1 an' he was   
sentenced to  be flogged till he would  
tell4 ,i mind ,niel ,sweenie1 that was a
 comrade  boy o' mine1 an' me went to   
,dungiven to see the flogging4 ,we seen 
,jack in a cart an' his mother wi' him1 
an' all the way along the road  she was 
laying her commands upon him to die     

before he'd betray his  comrades4 ,the  
army was marching all round the cart1   
an' people frae  all the farmhouses an' 
cottierhouses was following4 ,then we   
got into  ,dungiven4 ,i mind the crowds 
that was looking on1 an' me an' ,niel   
among  them4    8,jack got so many      
lashes1 an' then they'd stop an' the    
officer would ax  him if he would tell  
now1 an' the old woman would call out1  
#8,dinna give  in1 ,jack4 ,die like a   
man1 my son4 ,think o' the curses o' the
 widows an'  orphans that wad follow    
you2' an' the poor boy would make       
answer1 #8,ay1  mother1 ,i'll die before
 ,i tell4'0    8,dear1 dear1 but that   
mother was the hard-hearted woman60     
interrupted  ,paddy's daughter1 glancing
 at her grandson1 who happened to pass  
the  door at that moment with a creel of
 turf on his back4    ,paddy did not    
heed her interruption2 he was embarked  
on the full tide  of recollection--the  
horrible scene lived again before him4  
8,they gave  him a great many lashes10  

he continued2 8,i dinna mind how many   
hundred  it was1 an' each time they     
stopped he was asked if he would tell1  
an'  his mother still bid him die like a
 man1 an' his answer was still the      
same4 ,at long an' at last the officer  
called out #8,stop6 would you kill  a   
game bird8' an' he was took down an' put
 in the guard-room for the  night4      
8,niel an' me was invited in to tak' a  
look at him1 an' we seen him  lying on  
his face on a table wi' an ointment     
shirt on that the soldiers  had thrown  
over him4 ,the officers gave orders that
 the whole country  was to see him if   
they liked4 ,i think they wanted to     
scare the ,united  ,men4    8,he was to 
be took to ,limavady the next day for   
the sentence to be  carried out there1  
so the whole country took a holiday     
again to see the  rear o' the flogging4 
,jack an' his mother was in the cart1   
an' the army  marchin' wi' them1 an' me 
an' ,niel an' a crowd o' neighbors      
following  along the road to ,limavady4 

8,the mother called out to us1 #8,i'm   
going wi' his living funeral1' says     
she2 #8but ,i'll gie him the same advice
 ,i did yesterday1' says she4    8,when 
we reached ,limavady he was tied up1 an'
 we were watching for the  lash to fall1
 when there was a great shout an' we    
seen a man galloping  up the street as  
hard as his horse could go1 waving      
something white  over his head4 ,it was 
a pardon come from ,dublin for ,jack    
,mc,sparron40    8,i am glad the pardon 
came1 for he was an heroic youth1 rebel 
though he  was40    8,ay10 cried the old
 man1 8he wouldna' be an informer4      
,there's few o'  his sort left in       
,ireland now1 more's the pity--more's   
the pity60    ,the fire in his voice    
told us plainly where his sympathies    
really were4  ,not1 certainly1 with     
murdered landlords1 bailiffs1 or        
non-land-league  farmers6    8,did ,jack
 live to be an old man80    8,ay1 did   
he4 ,he died it'll be sixteen year past 
next ,candlemas4 ,there's  a daughter o'

 his married on a farmer not very far   
from this4 ,the  ,mc,sparrons in this   
parish is all proud o' being his        
friends4 ,when ane  o' them shows       
himsel' a gude comrade or neighbor1 the 
people says1 #8,ay1  he's o' the blood  
of ,jack ,mc,sparron4'0      ,,tragedies
 ,,at ,,maghera4    ,mrs4 ,majilton was 
in a state of much excitement one day in
 the summer  of '#ih because parties of 
soldiers were passing her house one     
after  another4 ,her house was close to 
the high-road1 half-way between ,feeny  
and ,dungiven1 and stood in a           
comfortable little farmyard4 ,she was a 
,church ,protestant1 dreadfully afraid  
of the rebels1 and consequently  very   
glad to see the red-coats in the        
country4 ,they had been  marching past  
her house all morning1 and she had stood
 at the door  with the baby in her arms1
 wishing them 8,god speed40    ,the men 
had exchanged a cheerful greeting with  
her now and then1 and as  they went by  
she caught some of their conversation2  

the word ,maghera  was repeated over and
 over again4 ,they were marching to     
,maghera2 no  time must be lost2 they   
could not delay for refreshment or rest4
 ,the  day wore on1 and a party of      
stragglers stopped at her door1 young   
lads1  mere recruits1 who had lagged    
behind the main body1 not being able to 
endure the hardships of their forced    
march from ,londonderry as well as  the 
older men4 ,their sergeant1 a bronzed   
veteran1 asked the good woman  to give  
them a drink of water1 for the love of  
,god4    8,i have sworn at the poor     
fellows till ,i'm hoarse1 ma'am2 but    
they're  giving up1 and ,i must let them
 rest a minute40    ,mrs4 ,majilton ran 
to lay the baby in its cradle2 then she 
opened the  barrel1 filled a large bowl 
half full of oatmeal1 poured water upon 
it1  and handed it to the men1 who sat  
down in the yard1 and passed the bowl   
from one to another4    8,that's both   
meat and drink10 said they1 gratefully4 
8,our orders are to hurry on to ,maghera

 without stopping1 for we've got  to    
burn it to the ground10 said the        
sergeant4    8,god bless me1 sir1 what's
 occurring at ,maghera80    ,she knew   
that ,maghera was a country town farther
 off than ,dungiven4  ,some of her      
neighbors had been there1 but she had   
never travelled so  far herself4 ,the   
sergeant told her that news had reached 
,derry that the  rebels were in force at
 ,maghera1 and were murdering all who   
refused to  join them4 ,there were few  
newspapers in those days1 and no penny  
post2  rumor spread and perhaps         
exaggerated the evil tidings4 ,it was   
said that  a young girl combing her hair
 beside her hearth had been shot dead by
  a party of men who came to look for   
her father4 ,they looked in at the      
window1 saw her1 and murdered her out of
 revenge because her father had  escaped
 them4 8,and now10 concluded the        
sergeant1 8our orders are that  ,maghera
 is to be destroyed40    ,mrs4          
,majilton1 who knew her ,bible well1    

remembered the fate of ,sodom  and      
,gomorrah1 and of ,nineveh--that wicked 
city2 and she thought the  soldiers were
 the ,lord's instruments to execute ,his
 judgment upon  ,maghera4    ,when the  
party of recruits got as far as         
,dungiven they found that               
counter-orders had come--,maghera was   
not to be burnt after all2 but          
sufficient troops to quiet the country  
were to be sent on1 while the  remainder
 halted at ,dungiven4 ,we shall         
accompany two of the soldiers  who      
pressed forward4 ,as they neared the    
town1 scenes of desolation  met them on 
every hand--deserted houses1 smouldering
 thatch1 burnt  stackyards4 ,they were  
told that the rebels had taken to the   
mountains  when they heard the troops   
were coming4 ,the men separated2 some   
explored one road1 some another1 hoping 
to inclose the enemy in a net4    ,as   
,privates ,john ,buckley and ,tom ,green
 advanced up one of these  mountain     
roads they were appalled by the terrible

 loneliness of the  place4 ,here a      
farmhouse stood empty1 its door hanging 
off the hinges2  there were blackened   
circles where stacks of corn had been2  
again they  saw a cottage with a        
smouldering thatch1 and no sign of life 
near1  excepting a starved cat that     
prowled about the door4    ,the rebels  
had clearly passed that way2 those were 
the marks they  had left behind them4   
,at length1 where the lane seemed about 
to lose  itself in a mountain pass1 they
 came to a cottage whose door stood     
open4 ,it looked like a comfortable     
small farmer's homestead3 a pretty      
garden1 gay with common flowers1 was at 
one side of the house2 there  were      
laburnums and lilacs just out of        
blossom2 red and white roses in  full   
blossom2 tall orange lilies with        
bursting buds2 rows of peas and  beans  
and plots of cabbages4 ,the whole place 
had a civilized air1 and  reminded the  
,englishmen of their own homes4 ,the    
pretty green railing  and rustic gate2  

the orderly stackyard and offices1 gave 
an impression  of neatness1 taste1 and  
comfort unusual in that country4    ,the
 men went into the kitchen of the       
farmhouse4 ,there was no fire upon  the 
hearth4 ,the turf had burnt to ashes    
under a great black pot of  potatoes    
that hung upon the crook1 and two       
children sat disconsolately  leaning    
against each other beside the cold      
hearth4    ,buckley explored the 8room10
 and ,green the loft2 there was no trace
  of human being to be found2 the       
children were the only inmates of the   
place4    ,the eldest child1 a little   
girl of about four years old1 with      
pretty  blue eyes and curly hair1 looked
 up curiously1 but did not move4 ,her   
tiny brother was too languid to raise   
his head from her shoulder4    8,are you
 alone in the house80 asked ,green4     
8,ay10 replied the child4    8,where are
 your father and mother80    8,they are 
sleeping in the garden2 they ha' been   
there this good wee  while10 answered   

the little one1 fixing her serious eyes 
upon them4  8,come1 an' ,i'll show you  
where they are40    ,she got up1 gave   
her hand confidingly to the man1 and led
 him to the  garden1 the other soldier  
following2 and behind the cabbages they 
found  a man and woman lying in a heap1 
stiff and cold1 having evidently been   
piked to death4    8,come back to the   
house1 my little dear10 cried ,green1   
drawing the poor  innocent away from the
 cruel sight4 ,her little brother still 
sat where  they had left him1 leaning   
his sick head against the wall4 ,he was 
very  faint and weak4    8,have you     
nothing to eat80 asked the men4    8,my 
mammy has bread an' butter in the kist1 
but she has the key in her  pocket10    
replied the little girl4 ,they broke    
open the chest and found  the food2 but 
they had arrived too late to save the   
boy3 he died in  ,buckley's arms before 
they reached ,maghera4 ,green carried   
the girl  and presented her to his      
company4 ,each soldier subscribed toward

 her  maintenance1 and she grew up among
 them1 the pet and plaything of all4    
,she accompanied the regiment to        
,england at the close of the rebellion1 
and nothing further was known of her by 
her old neighbors4      ,,micky         
,o',,donnel',s ,,wake4    ,wildest of   
all the wild ,donegal coast is the      
region lying between  ,fannet           
,lighthouse and ,knockalla ,fort4 ,there
 are impassable bogs and  mountain      
fastnesses which strangers cannot       
explore1 but that are safe  resorts for 
illicit distillers1 the blue wreaths of 
smoke from whose  stills may be seen    
curling against a dark background4 ,in  
the years '#ig  and '#ih these          
fastnesses were favorite haunts of the  
,united ,irishmen4    ,fannet had a     
particularly bad name in those unsettled
 times4 ,the ,church  ,protestants were1
 of course1 loyal1 but they formed only 
a handful of  the population2 and the   
,presbyterians were1 many of them1      
banded with  the rebels4 ,the ,fannet   

landlords raised a company of yeomen1   
consisting  of the ,protestants         
aforesaid1 and placed themselves at     
their head4    ,help was at hand4 ,lord 
,cavan was sent over from ,england in   
command of  soldiers2 ,knockalla ,fort  
was garrisoned2 and the yeomanry were   
called  up to receive their arms and    
ammunition4    8,you needna be giving   
the like of us arms1 my lord10 said old 
,anthony  ,gallagher1 8for the          
,catholics will take them from us40     
,lord ,cavan was amused at the fellow's 
outspokenness1 and replied that  he had 
come over to make ,fannet so quiet that 
not one of the rebels  would venture so 
much as to speak4 ,the yeomen got their 
guns and  bayonets1 and the soldiers    
were ready to support them4 ,lord       
,cavan1 a  stern and fierce soldier1    
kept his word2 he quieted ,fannet so    
that the  ,catholics did not dare to    
speak4 ,the ,protestants had been       
reduced to an  abject state of terror   
before his arrival by the horrible      

murder of ,dr4  ,hamilton their rector1 
a zealous magistrate1 who was followed  
to the  house of a neighboring clergyman
 and shot4 ,he went to spend the night  
with a brother-rector at some distance  
from ,fannet1 and the rectory was       
surrounded by ,united ,irishmen1 who    
clamored that the ,doctor should be     
given up to them4    8,those are ,fannet
 men2 ,i know their voices10 said he4   
,the door was soon  burst open2 the     
attacking party rushed in1 found the    
family in the  garrets1 and dragged     
their captive downstairs4 ,he clung with
 both hands  to the banisters1 and one  
of the women servants took a candle and 
held  the flame to his fingers till he  
was forced to let go his hold4 ,he was  
taken to the lawn and his brains were   
blown out4    ,this atrocity had        
determined the ,government to send      
troops to ,fannet4    ,it was soon after
 this that ,anthony ,gallagher and the  
troop he served  in were at ,kerrykeel  
fair and were attacked by a party of the

 rebels4  ,the yeomen were commanded to 
draw their bayonets and beat them off1  
and  all the ,united ,men retreated and 
got away except a man called ,micky     
,o',donnel from ,ballywhoriskey1 at the 
,bottom of ,fannet4 ,he was found  dead 
on the street1 pierced through the      
heart4 ,lord ,cavan rode up at  that    
moment1 followed by men from the ,fort4 
8,take that corpse with you1  boys10    
said he1 8an' hang it in chains from the
 walls of ,knockalla  ,fort4 ,it will be
 a warning to the rest of the villains40
 ,anthony and  two soldiers were left in
 charge of the corpse1 but the villagers
  assembling in force1 there was a      
rescue1 and ,micky ,o',donnel was       
carried  off before the yeomen got back1
 attracted by the noise of shouting1 to 
protect their comrades4 ,lord ,cavan was
 in a rage when he heard what had       
happened1 and swore a round oath that   
that corpse should yet hang in  chains  
from ,knockalla ,fort as a warning to   
the rest of ,fannet2 and he  despatched 

a party to recover it4    ,it was known 
that ,micky ,o',donnel belonged to the  
,bottom of ,fannet1 so  the party set   
out along the banks of ,mulroy1 where   
they fell in with  the yeomen1 and all  
went on together4 ,but every house along
 the road  was empty1 and there were no 
men at work in the fields2 it was like a
  country of the dead4    ,along the    
wild ,atlantic shore2 among the         
bent-covered sand hills2  up to the     
miserable row of hovels called the town 
of ,shanna1 went  the soldiers2 but     
still not a human being was to be seen4 
,the whole  population had taken to the 
mountains4    ,at length they reached   
the last cabin in the village of        
,ballywhoriskey1  and there they        
discovered the dead man laid out on the 
wretched bed1  with two tallow candles  
burning at his head4    8,feen a        
crathur0 7we quote the words of ,anton  
,gallagher1 our informant1  son of the  
,anthony who was present at the         
scene7--8feen a crathur was  in the     

house but the corpse on the bed an' two 
ould women waking it4  ,the women cried 
an' lamented1 an' went on their knees to
 the officer  to lave the poor corpse   
where it was to get ,christian burial2  
an' the  gentleman thought it a pity o' 
them1 an' left the wake wantin' ,micky  
after all4 ,it was my father tould me   
the story40    8,have you got your      
father's gun and bayonet80    8,ay1     
ma'am1 in troth ,i have6 ,if you        
ladyship honors me wi' a visit  you'll  
see them hanging up over the chimney4 ,i
 wouldna part wi' them  for goold4      
,there's many a winter's night the      
,catholics coming home  frae the market 
will stop at we'er door an' cry1 8,king 
,william's men1  come out60 an' then    
it's all the mother an' me can do to    
keep the  boys from taking down their   
grandfather's gun1 an' going out to meet
  them40--,belgravia4          ,,samuel 
,,johnson      ,,by ,,edmund ,,gosse4   
,it is exactly one hundred years ago    
since ,dr4 ,johnson wrote his last      

letter to ,lucy ,porter1 in which he    
announced to her that he was very  ill1 
and that he desired her prayers4 ,less  
than a fortnight later1  on the #acth of
 ,december1 #aghd1 he was dead4 ,all    
through the year his  condition had     
given his friends more than anxiety4    
,the winter of #aghc  had been marked by
 collapse of the constitution2 to the   
ceaseless  misery of his skin was now   
added an asthma that would not suffer   
him to  recline in bed1 a dropsy that   
made his legs and feet useless through  
half of the weary day4 ,it is somewhat  
marvellous that he got through  this    
terrible winter1 the sufferings of which
 are painfully recorded in  his sad     
correspondence4 ,it is difficult to     
understand why1 just when  he wanted    
companionship most1 his friends seem all
 to have happened to  desert him4 ,of   
the quaint group of invalids in mind and
 body to whom  his house had been a     
hospital1 all were gone except ,mrs4    
,desmoulins1  who was bedridden2 and we 

may believe that their wrangling company
 had  never been so distasteful to      
himself as to his friends4 ,boswell and 
,mrs4 ,thrale1 as we know1 had more or  
less valid reasons for absence1  and    
,boswell1 at least1 was solicitous in   
inquiry4 ,we must1 however1  from       
whatever cause1 think of ,johnson1 who  
dreaded solitude1 as now  almost always 
alone1 mortified by spiritual pains no  
less acute than  his physical ones1     
torturing his wretched nights with      
,baxter's ,call  to the ,unconverted1   
and with laborious and repeated         
diagnosis of his  own bodily symptoms4  
,it is strange to think that1 although  
he was the  leading man of letters in   
,england1 and the centre of a whole     
society1  his absence from the meetings 
of his associates seems scarcely to have
  been noticed4 ,it was not until in    
,february he was relieved that he       
allowed himself to speak of the danger  
he had passed through4 ,then he         
confessed his terror to ,lucy ,porter1  

in the famous words1 8,pray for me2     
death1 my dear1 is very dreadful2 let us
 think nothing worth our care  but how  
to prepare for it20 and asked ,boswell  
to consult the venerable  physician1    
,sir ,alexander ,dick1 as to the best   
way of avoiding a relapse4    ,boswell  
felt it a duty to apply not to ,dick    
only1 but to various  leading doctors4  
,in doing so he reminded them1 with his 
extraordinary  foppishness1 of 8the     
elegant compliment0 which ,johnson had  
paid to  their profession in his ,life  
of ,garth1 the poet-physician4 ,the     
doctors1 with one accord1 and thinking  
without doubt far more of  ,johnson     
himself than of ,garth1 clustered around
 him with their advice  and their       
prescriptions1 and the great man        
certainly received for the  brief       
remainder of his days such alleviation  
as syrup of poppies and  vinegar of     
squills could give him4 ,mrs4 ,boswell1 
encouraged by a more  favorable account 
of his health1 invited him down to      

,auchinlech in  ,march4 ,he could not   
venture to accept1 but he was pleased to
 be asked1  and recovered so much of his
 wonted fire as to fancy1 in a freak of 
strange inconsistency1 that he would    
amuse himself by decorating his  ,london
 study with the heads of 8the fathers of
 ,scottish literature40  ,to ,langton1  
who--as ,johnson justly thought1 with   
unaccountable  8circumduction0--had made
 inquiries about his old friend through 
,lord ,portmore1 he expressed a hope of 
panting on to ninety1 and said  that    
8,god1 who has so wonderfully restored  
me1 can preserve me in  all seasons40   
,it is very pathetic to follow the old  
man through the  desolate and wearisome 
months3 nor can we easily understand1   
from any  of the records we possess1 why
 he was allowed to be so much alone4    
,on ,easter ,monday1 after recording    
without petulance that his great  hope  
of being able to go out on the preceding
 day had been doomed to  disappointment1
 he goes on to say1 8,i want every      

comfort4 ,my life is  very solitary and 
very cheerless4444 ,i am very weak1 and 
have not  passed the door since the     
#acth of ,december40    ,bright weather 
came in ,may1 and ,johnson went to      
,islington for a  change of air4        
,boswell came back to town1 and the sage
 was able to go  to dinner-parties day  
after day1 without at first exasperating
 his  symptoms4 ,in ,june he went to    
,oxford1 on the famous occasion when he 
told the people in the coach that       
8,demptster's sister had endeavored  to 
teach him knotting1 but that he had made
 no progress20 and at  ,oxford1 as we   
know1 he talked copiously1 and with all 
his old vivacity4  ,no doubt1 though    
,boswell does not like to confess it1   
the constant  dissipation1 intellectual 
and mildly social1 of those two summer  
months  was mischievous to the frail    
revival of his health4 ,at the dinner   
of the ,literary ,club1 ,june #bb1 every
 one noticed how ill he looked4         
,perhaps the true cause of this was a   

secret chagrin which we can now         
appreciate1 the final apostasy of ,mrs4 
,thrale from his friendship4 ,at  all   
events1 ,reynolds and ,boswell were     
sufficiently frightened to set  their   
heads together for the purpose of       
getting their old friend off  to ,italy4
 ,we are divided between satisfaction   
that the inevitable end  did not reach  
the old man sociable in the midst of    
strange faces and  foreign voices1 and  
bewildered indignation at the still     
mysterious  cabal which wrecked so      
amiable an enterprise4 ,if ,lord        
,thurlow was  shifty1 however1 other    
friends were generous4 ,dr4             
,brocklesbury1 the  physician1 pressed  
,johnson to become his guest that he    
might the  more carefully attend upon   
him4 ,from ,ashbourne1 whither he had   
been  prevailed upon to go1 he kept this
 last-mentioned friend well posted in   
the sad fluctuations of his health1 and 
we see him gradually settling  down     
again into wretchedness4 ,his mind      

recurred constantly to the  approaching 
terror4 ,to ,dr4 ,burney he writes in   
,august1 8,i struggle  hard for life4 ,i
 take physic and take air2 my friend's  
chariot is  always ready4 ,we have run  
this morning twenty-four miles1 and     
could run  forty-eight more4 ,but who   
can run the race with death80           
,reflections  of this class fill all his
 letters of that autumn2 and in ,october
 he  sums up his condition in saying to 
,heberden that 8the summer has passed   
without giving him any strength40 ,it is
 strange that still no one  seemed to   
notice what is plain to us in every line
 of his  correspondence1 that ,johnson  
was dying4 ,with himself1 however1 the  
thought of death was always present2 and
 even in discussing with ,miss  ,seward 
so frivolous a theme as the antics of a 
learned pig1 ,johnson  was suddenly     
solemnized by recollecting that the pig 
had owed its  life to its education4    
,one hardly knows whether to smile or to
 sigh  at the quaint and suggestive     

peroration3 8,the pig1 then1 has no     
cause  to complain2 protracted existence
 is a good recompense for very          
considerable degrees of torture40 ,to   
protract existence was now all          
,johnson's thought1 and he set his      
powerful will to aid him in the         
struggle4 ,his only hopes were those    
which his strength of will supplied  him
 with4 8,i will be conquered10 he said1 
8,i will not capitulate40    ,it was not
 till he reached ,london in ,november   
that he consented to  capitulate4 ,the  
terror of death was now upon him1       
indeed4 8,love me as  well as you can10 
he wrote to ,boswell2 8teach the young  
ones to love  me40 ,on the #hth of      
,november he closed the diary of his    
symptoms--his  gri ephemeris--now become
 worse than useless4 ,his suffering1    
dejection1 and restless weakness left   
his brain1 however1 unclouded1  and less
 than a week before the end he corrected
 an error in a line  from ,juvenal which
 ,dr4 ,brocklesbury had carelessly      

recited4 ,the  chronicle of the rapid   
final decline is given with great       
simplicity and  force by ,hoole in that 
narrative of the last three weeks of the
 life of  ,dr4 ,johnson which he        
contributed to the ,european ,magazine  
in #agii1  and which ,mr4 ,napier has   
reprinted in one of the many appendices 
to his  invaluable edition4 ,at last1   
exactly a year after his original attack
  of asthma1 the end came at seven      
o'clock in the evening of ,monday1 the  
#acth of ,december4    ,devoid1 as it   
is1 of all the elements of external     
romance1 there is  perhaps no record of 
the extinction of genius which attracts 
more  universal interest than this death
 of ,samuel ,johnson4 ,so much of       
frivolity or so much of cant attends    
most of us even to the tomb1 that  the  
frank terror1 expressed through a long  
life by this otherwise most  manly and  
courageous person1 has possessed a great
 fascination for  posterity4 ,the       
haunting insincerity of verse1          

particularly of  eighteenth-century     
verse1 had extracted even from ,johnson1
 in the pages  of ,the ,vanity of ,human
 ,wishes1 the usual rose-colored        
commonplace  about death being 8,kind   
,nature's signal for retreat20 but he   
completely  cleared his own mind of     
cant1 even though a little clung about  
his  singing robes4 ,boswell has given  
us an extraordinary instance of his     
habitual and dismal apprehensions in the
 celebrated conversation  in #agfi1     
which started with a discussion of      
,david ,hume's supposed  indifference to
 the idea of death4 ,not less familiar  
are the passionate  asseverations with  
which ,johnson startled ,mrs4 ,knowles  
and ,miss  ,seward in #aggh by repeating
 again and again that to exist in pain  
is  better1 far better1 than to cease to
 exist altogether4 ,these and other     
revelations of ,johnson's conversation  
have perhaps led us to exaggerate  his  
habitual terror4 ,there are1 at least1  
instances to be drawn from  less        

hackneyed sources which display his     
attitude towards eternity less          
painfully4 ,of these perhaps the most   
remarkable is that recorded in the      
,journal of a ,tour to the ,hebrides1   
when1 on a calm ,sunday afternoon1      
sailing from ,ramsay to ,skye1 ,johnson 
delivered himself of a little  homily4  
,the text was a passage from ,the       
,cypress ,grove of ,drummond  of        
,hawthornden1 which ,boswell had        
happened to quote4 ,drummond had  said  
that a man should leave life as         
cheerfully as a visitor who has         
examined an antiquary's cabinet sees the
 curtain drawn again1 and makes  way to 
admit fresh pilgrims to the show4       
,johnson stripped the conceit  to the   
skin1 as he was in the habit of doing3--
            8,yes1 sir1 if he is sure he
 is to be well after        he goes out 
of it4 ,but if he is to grow blind after
        he goes out of the show-room1   
and never to see        anything again1 
or if he does not know whither he is    

to go next1 a man will not go cheerfully
 out of a        show-room4 ,no wise man
 will be contented to die if he         
thinks he is to go into a state of      
punishment4 ,nay1        no wise man    
will be contented to die1 if he thinks  
he        is to fall into annihilation1 
for however unhappy any        man's    
existence may be1 he would rather have  
it than        not exist at all4 ,no2   
there is no rational principle        by
 which a man can die contented1 but a   
trust in the        mercy of ,god1      
through the merits of ,jesus ,christ40  
,the baldness of this statement1 the    
resolute contempt of the author  of it  
for the mere dress and ornament of      
language1 throw not a little  light upon
 the reason why1 after the lapse of a   
hundred years1 we still  listen with so 
quick an interest and so personal an    
affection to all  that is recorded of   
,johnson's speech4 ,the age in which we 
live cannot  be entirely given up to    
priggishness and the dry rot of         

sentiment1 so  long as any considerable 
company in it are wont to hang upon     
,johnson's  lips1 without being offended
 by his jocular brutality1 his strenuous
  piety1 or his unflinching enmity to   
affectation4 ,of course a class  still  
exists1 perhaps it never was more       
numerous than it now is1 whose  nerves  
and lungs can endure the strong light   
and tonic air of ,johnson's  vigorous   
genius1 and who rejoice to think that no
 one ever tamed their  tiger-cat4 ,to   
these such an anniversary as the        
present1 not needed to  remind them of  
one who is almost as real to them as any
 of their own  relations1 is yet        
valuable as giving them a landmark from 
which they  may look back and judge the 
effect that distance has upon the       
apparent  and relative size of such a   
figure4 ,this can be the only excuse1 in
 a  brief note such as this must be1 for
 dealing with facts and personages      
which are the absolute commonplaces of  
literary history4 ,we may know  our     

,boswell by heart1 and be prepared to   
pass a searching examination  in        
,rasselas and in the ,rambler1 and yet  
be ready to listen for  a moment with   
surprise to the voice which reminds us  
that a century has  passed away since   
the great pontiff of literature died4   
,how then does the noble and familiar   
figure strike us in looking  backward   
from the year #ahhd8 ,in 8constant      
repercussion from one coxcomb  to       
another10 have the sounds which he      
continued to make through a  career of  
stormy talk ceased to preserve all their
 value and importance  for us8 ,how does
 he affect our critical vision now that 
we observe in  relief against him such  
later talker-seers as ,coleridge1 ,de   
,quincey1  and ,carlyle8 ,to these      
questions it is temperament more than   
literary  acumen which will suggest the 
replies2 and the present writer has no  
intention at this particular moment of  
attempting to forestall the  general    
opinion of the age4 ,his only object in 

putting forth this brief  note is to lay
 stress on the curious importance of    
temperament in  dealing with what seems 
like a purely literary difficulty4 ,the 
personality of all other ,english       
writers1 in prose and verse1 even of    
,pope1 even of ,de ,quincey1 must       
eventually yield in interest to the     
qualities of their writing4 ,in ,dr4    
,johnson alone the writings yield to    
the personality1 and in spite of the    
wonder of foreign critics such as  ,m4  
,taine1 he remains1 and will remain1    
although practically unread1 one  of the
 most potent of ,english men of letters4
    ,must we not admit now1 at the close
 of a century1 that it is  practically  
impossible to read him8 ,among the      
lesser men that  surrounded him1 there  
are many who have outstripped him in    
literary  vitality4 ,in verse he lags   
far behind ,gray and ,collins1          
,churchill  and ,chatterton2 nay1 if the
 ,wanderer were by ,johnson and ,london 
by ,savage1 the former would possess    

more readers than the latter  now       
attracts4 ,in prose1 who shall venture  
to say that ,johnson is  the equal of   
,fielding1 ,smollett1 ,hume1 ,goldsmith1
 ,gibbon1 or ,burke8  ,we know that he  
is far less entertaining1 far less      
versatile and  brilliant1 than any one  
of these4 ,the ,discourses of his direct
  disciple ,reynolds are more often     
read1 and with more pleasure1 than      
those essays of ,the ,rambler from which
 their style was taken4 ,as a           
dramatist1 as a novelist1 ,johnson ranks
 below ,douglas ,home1 below  the       
inventor of ,peter ,wilkins4 ,for years 
he labored upon what was  not literature
 at all1 for other years on literature  
which the world  has been obliged1      
against its will1 to allow to disappear4
 ,when all  is winnowed away which has  
become1 in itself1 interesting only to  
scholars1 there remains ,the ,vanity of 
,human ,wishes1 a gnomic poem  of       
tedious morality1 singularly feeble in  
the second joint of almost  every       

recurring distich2 ,rasselas1 a conte in
 the ,french taste1  insufferable in its
 lumbering machinery and pedantic       
ethics2 the ,lives  of the ,poets1 in   
which prejudice1 ignorance1 and taste   
combine to  irritate the connoisseur and
 bewilder the student4 ,such1 with      
obvious  exaggeration1 and with wilful  
suppression of exceptional facts1 the   
surviving literary labors of ,johnson   
may be broadly described to be4  ,the   
paradox is that a ,johnsonian may admit 
all that1 and yet hold to it  that his  
hero is the principal ,englishman of    
letters throughout the  rich second half
 of the eighteenth century4 ,in this    
,johnson is unique4  ,coleridge1 for    
instance1 was much more than a writer of
 readable  works in prose and verse2 but
 let an age arrive in which the ,ancient
  ,mariner1 ,christabel1 and the        
,biographia ,literaria are no longer    
read or admired1 and ,coleridge will    
scarcely be able1 on the score  of his  
personality alone1 to retain his lofty  

position among men of  letters4 ,yet    
this is what ,johnson promises to       
succeed in continuing  to do4 ,no one   
will ever say again1 with ,byron1 that  
the ,lives of the  ,poets is 8the finest
 critical work extant10 but that does   
not make  ,johnson ever so little a less
 commanding figure to us than he was to 
,byron4    ,let us consider for one     
moment the case of the unfortunate      
tragedy  of ,irene4 ,there are very few 
of us who are capable of placing our    
hands upon our bosoms in the open sight 
of heaven and swearing that we  have    
ever read it quite through4 ,the        
,mourning ,bride still counts its       
admirers1 and even ,cato1 but not       
,irene4 ,who among the staunchest  and  
strongest ,johnsonians can tell what    
hero it was that confessed1 and  upon   
what occasion1        8,i thought       
7forgive me1 fair67 the noblest aim1    
,the strongest effort of a female soul  
,was but to choose the graces of the    
day40    without peeping furtively at   

the text8 ,nevertheless ,irene lives    
and always will live in the memory of   
men4 ,but while other dramas  exist on  
the strength of their dramatic          
qualities1 this of ,johnson's  lives on 
the personal qualities of the author    
himself4 ,it is not  the blank1 blank   
verse1 nor the heroine's reflections    
regarding the  mind of the ,divine      
,being1 nor the thrilling ,turkish      
fable1 nor the  snip-snap dialogue about
 prodigies between ,leontius and        
,demetrius1  that preserves the memory  
of this tragedy4 ,it is the anecdote of 
how  ,walmsley asked1 melted by the     
sorrows of ,irene1 8,how can you        
possibly  contrive to plunge her into   
deeper calamity80 and how ,johnson      
answered1  with a reference to his      
friend's office1 8,sir1 ,i can put her  
into the  spiritual court60 ,it is the  
eagerness which ,george ,,iii4 expressed
 to  possess the original ,,ms4 of the  
play4 ,it is the monstrous folly which  
made ,cave suppose that the ,royal      

,society would be a likely body to      
purchase the copyright of it4 ,it is the
 screams of the audience at  ,drury     
,lane when they saw ,mrs4 ,pritchard    
with the bowstring round her  neck4 ,it 
is the garb in which ,johnson insisted  
on dressing to look on  at the          
performance1 in a scarlet waistcoat1 and
 with a gold-laced hat  on his head4 ,it
 is the tragedian's unparalleled        
frankness about the  white silk         
stockings4 ,these are the things which  
we recall when ,irene  is mentioned1 and
 if the play had been performed in dumb 
show1 if it  had been a ballet1 an      
opera1 or a farce1 its place in literary
 history  would be just where it is1 no 
higher and no lower4 ,such is the       
curious  fate which attends all         
,johnson's works1 the most interesting  
of them is  not so interesting as the   
stories which cluster around its        
authorship4    ,this personal interest  
which we all feel in the sayings and    
doings of  ,johnson is founded so firmly

 on his broad humanity that we need not 
have the slightest fear of its cessation
 or diminution4 ,the habits of  thought 
and expression which were in vogue in   
the eighteenth century  may repeat      
themselves1 as some of us expect1 in the
 twentieth1 or our  children may become 
more captious1 more violent1 more       
ungraceful in  their tastes than we are 
ourselves4 ,the close of the preface to 
the  ,dictionary may cease to seem      
pathetic1 or may win more tributes of   
tears than ever4 ,the reputation of     
,johnson does not stand or fall by  the 
appetite of modern readers for the ,life
 of ,savage or even for  the ,letter to 
,lord ,chesterfield4 ,it depends on the 
impossibility of  human beings ever     
ceasing to watch with curiosity 8the    
very pulse of  the machine0 when it is  
displayed as ,johnson displayed it      
through the  fortunate indiscretions of 
his friends1 and when it is on the whole
 so  manly1 wholesome1 brave1 honest1   
and tender as it was in his4 ,there     

will always be readers and admirers of  
what ,johnson wrote4 ,let us  welcome   
them2 but let us not imagine that       
,johnson1 as a great figure  in letters1
 depends upon their suffrages4 ,the     
mighty ,samuel ,johnson1  the           
anniversary of whose death both         
hemispheres of the ,english-speaking    
race will solemnise on the #acth of this
 month1 is not the author  of this or   
that laborious contribution to prose or 
verse1 but the  convulsive invalid who  
8see-sawed0 over the ,grotius1 the      
courageous old  ,londoner who trusted   
his bones among the stormy ,hebrides1   
the autocrat  of the ,literary ,club1   
the lover of all the company of         
blue-stockings1  the unequalled talker1 
the sweet and formidable friend1 the    
truculent  boon-companion1 the          
child-like ,christian1 who1 for all his 
ghostly  terrors1 contrived at last 8to 
die contented1 trusting in the mercy of 
,god1 through the merits of ,jesus      
,christ40 ,if the completed century     

finds us with any change at all of our  
feelings regarding him1 it  is surely   
merely this1 that the passage of time is
 steadily making  his faults seem more  
superficial and accidental1 and his     
merits more  striking1 more essential1  
more pathetical and                     
pleasing4--,fortnightly  ,review4       
,,the ,,democratic ,,victory ,,in       
,,america4      ,,by ,,william ,,henry  
,,hurlburt4    ,the ,united ,states     
being1 and having been from the outset  
of their  history1 a ,democratic        
,republic1 it may well puzzle a         
,european reader  to understand why     
,american 8,republicans0 should bewail a
 8,democratic0  triumph1 or ,american   
8,democrats0 exult in the overthrow of a
  8,republican0 party4    ,yet it may   
not be impertinent to suggest that in no
 country are  the names of political    
parties or factions commonly selected by
 a  committee of philologists with an   
eye to making the national politics     
intelligible4 ,what notions of ,english 

history are conveyed by the mere  names 
of 8,whig0 and 8,tory0 or even of       
8,liberal0 and 8,conservative0 to  a    
person unfamiliar with the political    
history of ,england8 ,what light  is    
thrown on the history of ,byzantium by  
talking of the 8,blues0 and the         
8,greens10 or on the history of         
,florence by casual references to the   
8,bianchi0 and the 8,neri08    ,when one
 asks for the origin of such names1     
history is apt to give him  no better   
answer than that of the small ,african  
child who was invited  by a sympathetic 
lady to explain how she came to have six
 toes on one  of her feet--8they growed 
so60    ,this is so emphatically true of
 ,american political parties that my    
readers must pardon me if ,i take them  
back to the 8beginnings of  things0 for 
an accurate perspective of the recent   
,presidential election  in the ,united  
,states1 and of its significance4       
99       99       99       99       99  
,the existing ,constitution of the      

,american ,union was adopted in #aghi by
  the citizens of thirteen new-born     
,republics who had grown up to manhood  
in the then anomalous condition of      
subjects of the ,british ,crown         
enjoying all the privileges and         
immunities of local self-government  in 
thirteen distinct and independent       
colonies which differed among           
themselves in origin1 in social         
traditions and habits1 and in religion1 
almost as widely as ,wales differs from 
,ireland1 or ,ireland from  ,scotland4  
,these colonies had co-operated from    
time to time with the  mother country   
for the common defence against a common 
enemy1 colonial  ,france4 ,and they had 
been united under a temporary political 
bond in  the great revolutionary war of 
#aggf1 by a common spirit of resistance 
to that ,parliamentary despotism1       
tempered by corruption1 which after  the
 ,english ,revolution of #afhh and the  
establishment of the ,house of  ,hanover
 assumed to itself the place originally 

held by the ,british  ,crown in the     
allegiance of these stalwart            
8,home-,rulers0 beyond the  ,atlantic4  
,at the peace of ,versailles in #aghc   
,great ,britain found herself  compelled
 to recognize the independence of all   
and of each of these  colonies1 which   
thenceforth took their places in the    
family of nations  as separate and      
sovereign states4 ,they were recognized 
in this  capacity not in block1 but     
severally and individually1 each by its 
own territorial designation2 and from   
the moment of such recognition  each of 
them felt that it was absolutely free1  
and 8of right ought to  be free10 saving
 so far as it had bound itself to the   
then existing  confederacy of #aggh1 to 
adopt any form of government which might
 suit  the humor of its citizens1 and to
 form any alliances advantageous to  its
 own interests4 ,the ,states were1      
indeed1 at that moment bound  together  
for certain specified purposes by a     
federal compact formed  during the war  

in #aggh2 but this compact sate so      
lightly upon them  that it was not only 
impossible to compel the several ,states
 into an  exact fulfilment of           
confederate obligations1 but very       
difficult even  to induce them to get   
themselves properly represented under it
 for  legislative and executive purposes
 at the then federal capital of         
,annapolis in ,maryland4 ,a striking    
illustration of this is given in a      
private letter1 now in my possession1   
written by ,thomas ,jefferson of        
,virginia1 the author of the            
,declaration of ,independence of #aggf1 
and  eventually the founder of that     
great ,democratic party under the ,union
  of #aghi1 which now once more1 after a
 quarter of a century of extra          
constitutional experiments in           
government1 has been commissioned by    
the voters of the ,united ,states1 in   
the election to the ,presidency  of     
,governor ,cleveland of ,new ,york1 to  
restore in all its parts1 and           

re-establish on its original and        
enduring foundations1 the sway of the   
,federal ,constitution of #aghi4        
,writing from ,annapolis to a friend in 
,virginia in regard to the negotiations 
at ,paris which had secured the         
recognition of ,american ,independence1 
,mr4 ,jefferson1 in ,december #aghc1    
complains bitterly of the indifference  
of the ,states to this momentous  event4
 ,under the ninth article of the then   
existing confederate compact  of #aggh1 
the assent of nine ,states represented  
in the ,congress at  ,annapolis         
assembled was necessary to the          
ratification of any treaty  with a      
foreign power4 ,the time fixed for the  
ratification by ,congress  of the       
,treaty of ,versailles was rapidly      
running out at the date of the  letter  
to which ,i refer1 and the ,congress had
 been long in session4  8,we had        
yesterday1 for the first time1 seven    
,states10 exclaims ,mr4  ,jefferson2 and
 he goes on to express his concern lest 

the necessary  quorum of nine ,states   
should not be assembled before the      
expiration of  the term fixed for       
ratification in the treaty by which1    
after seven  years of an exhausting war1
 their independence was to be           
established6    ,i dwell on this point  
in order to emphasise the truth1 vital  
to any  intelligent appreciation of the 
great change now impending in the       
administration of public affairs in the 
,united ,states1 that the  commonwealths
 by which the ,american ,union was      
established were1  from the first1 in   
the opinion of their inhabitants1       
sufficient  each unto itself2 and this  
because each of these commonwealths was 
indeed a well-organised body politic1   
the members of which had long  managed  
their domestic affairs under one or     
another form of chartered  authority1   
after their own fashion2 and1 for the   
protection within  their own borders of 
life and of property1 had adjusted to   
their  several situations and           

necessities the maxims and principles of
 ,english  liberty defined and guarded  
by law4 ,these ,states were the         
creators1  not the creatures of that    
8more perfect ,union0 which 7the        
,confederacy  of #aggh failing7 was     
finally formed by them after all its    
features had  been discussed1 debated1  
and redebated1 not only in a ,convention
 of the  ,states assembled for that     
purpose in #aghg1 but in the several    
,states  subsequently1 with a fulness1  
vigor of thought1 and intelligence      
which1  in the opinion of others than my
 own countrymen1 make the volumes of    
,elliott's ,debates on the ,constitution
 the most valuable treasury of          
constitutional politics in existence4   
,the framers of the ,american           
,constitution of #aghi were no rude     
uninstructed settlers1 summoned from the
 axe and the plough to  improvise an    
orderly government4 ,the traditions of  
the older ,states  went back to the     
struggle between the prerogative and the

 taxpayers  of ,england under the       
,stuart kings4 ,virginia1 the 8,old     
,dominion0 of  ,elizabeth and the       
,restoration1 with her ,established     
,church1 her ,college  of ,william and  
,mary1 and her legends of the           
,cavaliers1 was in no  hurry to believe 
that her consequence could be much      
enhanced by any  merger of her          
sovereignty in that of a federal union  
with ,charles the  ,second's ,crown     
colony of ,rhode ,island1 and with the  
gallant little  community which keeps   
green on the banks of the ,delaware the 
memory  of the self-sacrificing and     
heroic ,thomas ,west4 ,the colonial     
story  of the great central ,state of   
,new ,york had made its sturdy people   
familiar with those ideas of federated  
liberty on which the fabric  of         
,netherlandish independence had been    
founded4 ,the curious in such  matters  
have found an indication of the extent  
to which the spirit of  the ,netherlands
 influenced the framers of the new      

,american republic  in the fact that    
when the style and title to be taken by 
the ,american  ,president were under    
consideration1 ,washington inclined to  
the notion  that the ,chief ,magistrate 
should be addressed and known as 8,his  
,high  ,mightiness40    ,nor were the   
citizens of the youngest of the colonies
 disposed to put  the control of their  
persons and their purses unreservedly   
into the  hands of any imperial central 
authority4    ,after the ,constitution  
of #aghi 7to take the date from the day1
 ,april  #cj1 #aghi1 on which           
,washington was inaugurated at ,new     
,york as the  first ,president of the   
,united ,states7 had been definitely    
adopted by  eleven ,states1 the two     
,states of ,north ,carolina and ,rhode  
,island still  withholding their        
ratification of the instrument1 remained
 as foreign  powers outside of the      
,union1 the former until the #bast of   
,november  #aghi1 and the latter until  
the #bith of ,may #agij4    ,a notable  

date this last6    ,never was a great   
compact more opportunely framed and     
ratified6    ,almost upon the morrow of 
these final adhesions to the 8more      
perfect  ,union10 the storm of the      
,french ,revolution broke upon the      
world1  bringing with it great          
international convulsions which affected
 every  nerve and fibre of the social1  
political1 and industrial life of       
,america1 and tested to the utmost every
 seam and joint in the fabric  of the   
new ,american ,republic4 ,the excesses  
of ,jacobinism in ,france  strengthened 
the doubts and fears of many excellent  
persons in ,america  who had small faith
 in the capacity of the people for      
self-government  on a grand scale1 and  
who accepted the ,constitution of #aghi 
not as a  final and trustworthy frame of
 polity1 but because1 while they thought
  it1 to use the language of one of the 
ablest of their number1 8frail  and     
worthless in itself10 they hoped to see 
it lead up to the eventual              

establishment of some such 8splendid    
central government0 as in our own  times
 ,mr4 ,seward1 the true founder of the  
8,republican0 party which has  just been
 defeated in the ,united ,states1 used  
to dream of and did his  best to build  
up4    ,the influence of these doubts   
and fears upon the politics of the new  
,american ,republic was fortunately met 
and countered by the genius and  the    
faith of a group of great ,american     
statesmen1 the friends and  associates  
of ,thomas ,jefferson2 and the          
fundamental divergence between  the     
controlling ideas of the two great      
parties which now occupy the  field of  
,american politics goes back to this    
closing decade of the  eighteenth       
century4 ,when the existing             
,constitution was first submitted  by   
the ,convention of #aghg to the people  
and to the ,states1 those who1  with    
,alexander ,hamilton of ,new ,york1 and 
,james ,madison of ,virginia1  advocated
 its adoption were called               

8,federalists01 and those who1 with     
,samuel ,adams of ,massachusetts1 and   
,patrick ,henry of ,virginia1 opposed   
it as threatening the rights and        
sovereignty of the ,states1 were  called
 ,anti-,federalists4 ,after its adoption
 the latter party took the  name of     
8,strict ,constructionists10 their      
object being to bind down  the          
administration of the new system to the 
closest and most rigid  interpretation  
of the powers conferred by the ,states  
upon the ,federal  ,government2 while   
their opponents were styled 8,broad     
,constructionists40  ,both parties      
happily had such confidence in the      
patriotism and wisdom  of ,washington   
that he came into power as first        
,president by a unanimous  vote1 and    
selected his first cabinet from the     
leaders of both the great  parties which
 had contended over the adoption and the
 construction of  the new ,constitution4
 ,at the first session of the first     
,congress1 in  #aghi1 ten amendments to 

the ,constitution were adopted1         
embodying a  ,bill of ,rights to secure 
the liberties of the citizens of the    
several  ,states1 and explicitly        
reserving to the several ,states        
8respectively0  or to the people1 8all  
the powers not delegated to the ,united 
,states by  the ,constitution nor       
prohibited by it to the ,states40 ,these
 amendments  ,thomas ,jefferson         
counselled the friends of ,home ,rule   
and ,state ,rights  to accept as an     
adequate guarantee of both4 ,his wise   
advice was taken1  and the great        
political party which was formed under  
the ,constitution  took1 at his         
suggestion1 the name of the 8,republican
 ,party40 ,the name  was appropriate    
enough to that party which held each    
,state of the new  ,union to be indeed  
an independent 8,republic10 and regarded
 the  8,federal0 ,government as the     
agent and protector of the 8,republican0
  independence of each ,state4    ,it   
gathered to itself a kind of passion1   

too1 in the popular heart from  the then
 very general conviction that the       
leaders1 at least1 of the  8,federalist0
 party secretly desired to see these    
8,republics0 disappear  into some form  
of centralised monarchy4    ,as the     
,french ,revolution grew more portentous
 and interesting1 and its  agents busied
 themselves with efforts to draw        
,america into the ,european  contest as 
an ally1 or rather as a dependency1 of  
,republican ,france1  the political     
antagonism of the 8,federalists0 and the
 8,republicans0  grew dangerously high  
and hot4 ,men wore ,french or ,english  
,cockades in  the streets of ,new ,york 
and ,philadelphia4 ,a distinguished     
public man  of ,massachusetts once told 
me that his earliest recollection of any
  political event took him back to a day
 on which a friend of his father1  who  
was a leading ,federalist of            
,massachusetts1 met him in the streets  
coming home from school1 and1 giving him
 a bright ,spanish dollar1 said1  8,now1

 ,jack1 run as fast as you can to your  
father's court1 and tell him  from me   
that ,robert ,spear's head has been cut 
off1 and he must give you  just such    
another dollar60 ,news came at long     
intervals then from ,europe  to         
,america1 and the tidings of the fall of
 ,robespierre had that morning  reached 
,boston4    ,under the stress of these  
emotions the 8,republicans0 took to     
denouncing  the 8,federalists0 as       
8,monocrats0 and 8,anglomen10 and the   
8,federalists0  retorted by reviling    
their opponents as 8,jacobins0 and      
8,democrats40    ,the 8,federalist0     
party held its own during the two       
,presidencies of  ,washington1 and      
elected ,john ,adams to succeed the     
8,father of his  country0 in #agif4     
,under the ,presidency of ,mr4 ,adams   
the 8,federalists0  lost their heads1   
and the 8,republicans0 in the year #ahjj
 took  possession of power under the    
first ,presidency of ,thomas ,jefferson4
  ,they had for some time been known    

commonly as 8,democratic ,republicans10 
and in the ninth ,congress which met    
under the second ,presidency of         
,jefferson in #ahje they boldly took the
 name of 8,democrats10 in the  spirit of
 good ,bishop ,willegis1 who put the    
wagoner's wheel into  his coat-of-arms1 
and like the 8,gueux10 the 8,huguenots10
 and the  8,roundheads10 extracting     
8glory out of bitterness40    ,from that
 time to this the 8,democratic0 party   
has continued to be  what ,jefferson    
made it1 the party of 8,home ,rule0 as  
opposed to  centralisation1 and of a    
strict construction of the organic law  
by which the provisions and the         
limitations of ,federal power are       
sanctioned and defined1 as against that 
plausible paternalism under  cover of   
which1 in the language of a great living
 leader of the  ,democratic party1      
,senator ,bayard of ,delaware1 8the     
general government  assumes guardianship
 and protection over the business of the
 private  citizen1 and functions of     

control over matters of domestic and    
local  interest40           99       99 
99       99       99    ,if ,i have     
enabled my readers to estimate aright   
the vital importance  attached by the   
people of the several ,states in the    
formation of  the ,constitution to the  
recognition of the rights and the       
reserved  sovereignty of the ,states1   
they will not be surprised to learn that
  when ,thomas ,jefferson established   
the ,democratic party upon this         
recognition as its fundamental principle
 he secured for the ,democratic  party  
such a profound and permanent hold upon 
the confidence and the  affections of   
the ,american people as can never be    
shaken while the  ,union remains what it
 was meant to be4 ,for forty years after
 his first  ,presidency1 no combinations
 succeeded in wresting from the         
,democrats  the control of the executive
 authority4 ,the only apparent exception
 to  this statement confirms it4 ,in the
 ,presidential election of #ahbd1 the   

electoral ticket of ,general ,jackson1  
the leading ,democratic candidate1      
received a considerable majority of the 
votes of the people2 but as  there were 
four candidates in the field1 and       
,general ,jackson did  not secure a     
majority of the votes of all the        
electoral colleges1  the choice of a    
,president went1 under the              
,constitution1 into the  lower ,house of
 ,congress1 in which the members vote   
for a ,president  not individually as   
representing the people1 but by         
delegations as  representing the        
sovereign ,states4 ,john ,quincy ,adams 
secured a majority  of the delegations2 
but such was the popular indignation    
that in the  next ,house of             
,representatives ,president ,adams found
 himself confronted  by an overwhelming 
opposition2 and at the end of his term  
of office  ,general ,jackson was made   
,president by a majority of more than   
two  to one against him4 ,jackson was   
twice elected1 and transmitted his      

power to his ,secretary of ,state1      
,martin ,van ,buren of ,new ,york1 in   
the  election of #ahcf4 ,between the    
years #ahdj and #ahfj the predominance  
of  the ,democratic party was but twice 
disturbed4 ,in #ahdj the ,democratic    
,president ,van ,buren1 being a         
candidate for re-election1 was defeated 
after a very severe struggle by ,general
 ,harrison1 the candidate of a          
conglomerate party which1 for lack of a 
better1 had taken the name  of the      
8,whig0 party1 and which represented in 
a general way the  ,anti-,democratic    
classes of the country1 and more        
particularly the  banking interests and 
the ,protectionists1 of whom more       
hereafter4 ,the  real and brilliant     
leader of this party1 ,henry ,clay of   
,kentucky1 had  been deprived of the    
presidential nomination through the     
machinations  of a nominating device    
unknown to the ,constitution1 called a  
8,presidential ,convention20 and though 
the ,whig candidate secured a  great    

majority in the electoral colleges1     
thanks to the skill with  which his     
managers played upon the financial      
distress of the country  caused by a    
great business panic in #ahcg1 yet when 
he unexpectedly  died at the end of a   
single short month after his            
inauguration1 the  ,vice-,president     
elected with him and who succeeded him1 
,mr4 ,tyler  of ,virginia1 originally a 
,democrat1 was found to be opposed to   
the  rechartering of a ,united ,states  
,bank2 and a bill passed by both ,houses
  for that purpose1 which had been      
indeed the main purpose of the leading  
,whigs in promoting the election of     
,harrison and ,tyler1 was twice vetoed  
by him4 ,this was the first lesson given
 to the ,american people of the         
potential importance of the             
,vice-,presidency in case of the death  
or  disability of the ,president4       
,curiously enough1 the same lesson1     
which  has been repeated several times  
since1 has1 in every instance1 with one 

exception1 followed upon the election of
 a ,president by ,anti-,democratic      
votes4    ,henry ,clay1 who was         
enthusiastically nominated and supported
 by the  8,whig0 party for the          
,presidency at the close of ,president  
,tyler's  administration in #ahdd1 was  
defeated by the ,democratic nominee1    
,mr4  ,polk of ,tennessee1 under whom   
the annexation of the magnificent       
,republic of ,texas to the ,united      
,states was consummated1 with its       
inevitable corollary of a war with      
,mexico1 that republic refusing to      
acknowledge the right of the people of  
,texas to sever their connection  with  
the ,mexican ,states4 ,this war led     
immediately to the cession  by ,mexico  
to the ,united ,states of ,new ,mexico1 
,california1 and the  ,northern ,pacific
 coast of the old ,spanish dominions in 
,north ,america1  and ultimately to the 
settlement of the boundary lines on the 
,pacific  between the dominions of      
,great ,britain and the ,united ,states4

 ,at the  close of ,president ,polk's   
administration1 the 8,whigs10 who had   
been  disheartened and 8demoralised0 by 
the defeat of their 8magnetic0  leader1 
,henry ,clay1 in #ahdd1 made a second   
effort to capture executive  power4 ,the
 occasion was offered to them by a      
schism in the ,democratic  party1 which 
had begun on personal grounds when      
,ex-,president ,van ,buren1  who desired
 a renomination1 was set aside in #ahdd 
for ,mr4 ,polk1 and  which was          
intensified on broader issues by the    
determination of many  ,northern        
,democrats not to permit the extension  
of slavery into the vast  and splendid  
territories acquired under ,president   
,polk4    ,it is far from being true1 as
 ,i shall presently show1 that the      
8,republican0 party1 so called1 of our  
own times1 which has just been  defeated
 under ,mr4 ,blaine1 originated the     
political action in the  ,united ,states
 which finally led to the extinction of 
slavery as an act  of war by ,president 

,lincoln4 ,the 8,republican0 party of   
our own times1  deriving its origin from
 the 8,federalists0 of the last century1
 through  the 8,whigs0 of #ahdj1 has    
been recently and not unfairly described
 by  ,mr4 ,john ,bright as the 8party of
 ,protection and ,monopoly40 ,this is so
  far true that it represents those     
tendencies to a plausible paternalism   
in government1 and to a consolidation of
 the ,federal power at the  expense of  
,home ,rule and ,state sovereignty1     
which found expression  in ,federalism  
at the beginning of our history2 which  
threatened the  secession of ,new       
,england and the establishment of an    
8,eastern ,empire0  when ,louisiana was 
purchased from ,france under ,president 
,jefferson2  which waged the 8war of the
 banks0 against ,president ,jackson2 and
 which  founded the 8,whig0 party of    
,henry ,clay upon the doctrine that the 
,federal ,government might lawfully and 
constitutionally levy taxes upon  the   
consumers of imported goods for the     

express purpose of enhancing  the       
profits of domestic manufacturers4      
,governor ,wright1 a ,democratic        
predecessor of ,governor ,cleveland in  
the executive chair of the 8,empire     
,state10 who had supported the          
renomination of ,ex-,president ,van     
,buren in #ahdd1 led1 until his sudden  
and lamented death in #ahdg1 the        
opposition of ,northern sentiment1 after
  the annexation of ,texas1 to any      
extension of slavery beyond the limits  
assigned to it by the famous 8,missouri 
,compromise0 of #ahbj4 ,the ,whig       
forerunners of ,mr4 ,blaine were        
discreetly silent on the subject1 and   
the question was thrown into the arena  
of political discussion and  agitation  
by a ,democratic ,member of ,congress   
from ,pennsylvania1 ,mr4  ,wilmot1 who1 
during the boundary negotiations with   
,mexico1 introduced  and moved the      
adoption of a 8proviso10 that 8no part  
of the territory  to be acquired should 
be open to the introduction of slavery40

    ,this 8proviso0 was obviously       
unnecessary to the exclusion of slavery 
from any 8part of the territory to be   
acquired10 for negro slavery  had been  
long before abolished in ,new ,mexico   
and in ,california under  ,mexican law2 
and the ,democratic party of the ,united
 ,states had laid it  down as a cardinal
 principle of ,democratic policy1       
involved indeed1 as  many ,democrats    
thought1 in the principle of ,home      
,rule1 that there was  8no power in     
,congress to legislate upon slavery in  
the ,territories40  ,the introduction of
 the 8proviso0 therefore led1 and could 
lead1 solely  to an immediately sterile1
 but eventually most dangerous1         
inflammation  of the public mind on the 
question of the relations of slavery1 as
 an  institution already existing within
 the ,union1 to the politics of the     
country4 ,the 8proviso0 was defeated in 
,congress2 but the discussion had       
aroused the abolitionists of the ,north 
on the one hand1 and the extreme        

pro-slavery men at the ,south on the    
other side1 into loud and angry  debate2
 and the opportunity of 8forcing an     
issue0 was seized by ,mr4  ,calhoun of  
,south ,carolina1 a man of the highest  
character and of keen  intellect1 who   
honestly believed that the ,south must  
be sooner or later  driven in           
self-defence to withdraw from the       
,union1 and who had brought  his ,state 
and himself in #ahcb1 on the question of
 the right of a ,state  to 8nullify0 a  
,federal law1 within striking distance  
of the executive  authority wielded by  
the iron hand of ,president ,jackson4   
,mr4 ,calhoun introduced into the       
,senate1 on the #aith of ,february1     
#ahdg1  a series of resolutions denying 
the right of ,congress to pass any law  
which would have the effect of          
preventing any citizen of a slave ,state
  from carrying slaves as his property  
into any territory4 ,no vote was  taken 
on these resolutions1 but they served   
,mr4 ,calhoun's purpose of  awakening   

public sentiment at the ,south to the   
threatening attitude of  the            
anti-slavery sentiment at the ,north4   
,the 8,whigs10 with whom ,mr4 ,lincoln  
then acted1 profited adroitly by  this  
excitement in both sections4 ,they      
avoided the subject of slavery          
altogether1 and nominated for the       
,presidency in #ahdh ,general ,taylor1  
a slaveholder of ,louisiana1 who had won
 a wide and well-deserved  popularity as
 a military commander in the ,mexican   
war1 and a man  of 8moderate0 views on  
all subjects4 ,with him they associated 
,mr4 ,fillmore1 a respectable citizen of
 ,new ,york4 ,the friends of            
,ex-,president ,van ,buren united in    
that ,state with the anti-slavery men   
in an independent nomination of         
,ex-,president ,van ,buren and ,mr4     
,charles  ,francis ,adams1 as the       
candidates of a new third party which   
took the  name of the 8,free ,soil0     
party4 ,this party declared that        
,congress had  no right to interfere    

with slavery in the ,states in which it 
already  existed2 that it was the duty  
of ,congress to prohibit slavery in the 
,territories2 and that ,congress had a  
constitutional right to abolish  slavery
 in the ,federal district of ,columbia1 
which is the seat of the  ,federal      
,government4 ,the result of all this was
 the election of ,taylor  and ,fillmore1
 who received #afc votes in the         
electoral colleges against  #abg cast   
for ,cass and ,butler1 the ,democratic  
candidates1 and a popular  plurality    
over those candidates of less than      
#aej1jjj in a total of  somewhat less   
than #c1jjj1jjj votes4    ,but the      
8,whig0 triumph was short-lived4 ,the   
gold discoveries in  ,california gave   
such a sudden and tremendous impetus to 
the settlement  of the new ,pacific     
empire of the ,union as 8forced the     
hand0 of the new  ,administration2 and  
,general ,taylor dying in ,july #ahdi1  
while ,congress  and the country were   
hotly contending over the social and    

political  organization of that new     
empire1 his successor1 ,mr4 ,fillmore1  
with  ,daniel ,webster as his ,secretary
 of ,state1 threw the weight of the     
,administration against the anti-slavery
 agitation and in favor of what  were   
called the 8,compromise ,measures0 of   
#ahej4 ,these measures admitted         
,california without extending to the    
,pacific the boundary line between  free
 and slave territory fixed by the       
8,missouri ,compromise0 of #ahbj1  and  
left slavery untouched in the ,federal  
district4 ,of course such a  compromise 
neither quieted the alarms of the       
slaveholding ,south nor  satisfied the  
aggressive abolitionists of the ,north4 
,but the country  accepted it1 and at   
the next ,presidential election1 in     
#aheb1 the  ,democratic candidate1      
,general ,pierce of ,new ,hampshire1 was
 elected by  an overwhelming majority1  
carrying four of the ,new ,england      
,states1  the great ,middle ,states of  
,new ,york and ,pennsylvania1 ,ohio1    

,michigan1  ,indiana1 and ,illinois at  
the ,west1 all the ,southern ,states1   
excepting  ,kentucky and ,tennessee1 and
 the new ,state on the ,pacific1        
,california4  ,he received #bed         
electoral votes against #db thrown for  
his ,whig  antagonist1 ,general ,scott1 
who had led the armies of the ,union to 
their  crowning victories in ,mexico1   
and who had been a conspicuous military 
personage in the ,united ,states ever   
since the second war of #ahab with      
,great ,britain4    ,there could        
scarcely have been a more decisive proof
 than this election  gave that the      
,democratic party of the ,united ,states
 is really the  permanent and enduring  
8party of the people10 without          
distinction of  sections2 for the       
tremendous victory won by ,general      
,pierce was  distinctly due to the      
general1 though1 as it proved1 the      
mistaken1  impression of the masses of  
the people1 that the irritating question
  of slavery in its ,federal relations  

had been taken out of the arena  of     
politics by the 8,compromise ,measures0 
of #ahej4 ,this was so clear  that the  
opponents of the ,democratic party1     
representing the shattered  elements of 
the ,whig party and the friends1 as ,mr4
 ,bright would say1  of 8,protection and
 ,monopoly10 changed front suddenly and 
concentrated  all their efforts on a    
revival and extension of the            
anti-slavery  agitation1 as being the   
only program which offered them a hope  
of  breaking down again1 even for a     
time1 the ascendency of ,democratic     
principles4 ,in this effort they were   
naturally seconded not only by the      
,northern abolitionists1 but by the     
extreme partisans of slavery at the     
,south4 ,the value of slave property had
 been enormously increased by  the      
sudden development of trade and         
manufactures all over the world1  and   
especially in ,great ,britain and the   
,united ,states1 which resulted  from   
the gold discoveries in ,california and 

,australia1 and from the  adoption1     
first in the ,united ,states under a    
great ,democratic ,secretary  of the    
,treasury1 ,robert ,j4 ,walker1 in      
#ahdf1 of a liberal tariff1 and  then1  
in ,great ,britain1 of what is not      
perhaps with perfect accuracy  called   
the 8,free ,trade0 policy of ,mr4       
,bright and ,mr4 ,cobden4 ,one  might   
almost say that the cotton manufacturers
 of ,lancashire and ,new  ,england fell 
into a conspiracy to delude the         
slaveholders of the ,south  into those  
dreams of a vast slaveholding empire    
surrounding the ,gulf  of ,mexico1 which
 began1 at the period of which ,i now   
write1 to shake  the foundations of the 
,union by fascinating the minds of      
grasping and  ambitious men in that part
 of the ,united ,states4    ,in         
,february1 #ahec1 before the            
inauguration of ,president ,pierce1  a  
,democratic ,senator1 ,mr4 ,douglas1 of 
,illinois1 who had been an  unsuccessful
 candidate for the ,presidential        

nomination in the preceding  year1 took 
the occasion presented by a bill for    
organizing a new  ,western ,territory1  
,nebraska 7which included the two now   
existing ,states  of ,nebraska and of   
,kansas71 to propose a repeal of the old
 8,missouri  ,compromise10 to which ,i  
have more than once alluded4 ,by this   
measure--a  8,federalist10 not a        
,democratic measure--adopted in #ahbj1  
it was  provided that slavery should    
never be carried into any ,territory    
north  of the fixed line of #cf #cj     
north latitude4 ,i have already         
mentioned  that ,congress refused to    
extend this line to the ,pacific during 
the  discussions which attended the     
admission of ,california in #ahej2 and  
,i am sure that no one who knew ,senator
 ,douglas will differ from me  now1 when
 ,i say that he undoubtedly hoped by    
urging the repeal of the  ,missouri     
,compromise1 which was voted by         
,congress the #beth of ,may1  #ahed1 to 
get the whole question whether slavery  

should or should not  be introduced into
 new ,territories1 and so into the new  
,states of the  ,union1 relegated from  
the domain of ,congressional action into
 that  of 8popular sovereignty40 ,it was
 not the purpose either of the small    
minority at the ,south who desired      
disunion as the first step towards  the 
founding of a 8semi-tropical empire10 or
 of the more considerable  minority at  
the ,north who preferred the risk of    
disunion to the  toleration of slavery  
under the ,american flag1 that this     
question  should be taken out of the    
domain of ,congressional action1 and the
  expectations of ,senator ,douglas were
 disappointed4 ,the repeal of the       
8,missouri ,compromise0 simply turned   
,kansas into a battle-ground4 ,it led   
rapidly up to a succession of armed     
conflicts within that ,territory        
between organised bands of ,northern and
 of ,southern 8emigrants10 which  set   
fire to the popular passions in both    
sections of the country1  8swamped0 the 

attempt of a section of the now         
disbanding 8,whig0 party  to capture    
power by organising the prejudices of   
race and of religion  into a secret     
political order of 8,native ,americans0 
or 8,know-nothings10  and gave vitality 
and success to the more serious and     
sustained efforts  of a much larger     
section of the 8,whigs10 who devoted    
themselves to  founding a new party     
which should combine the permanent      
objects 8of  ,protection and ,monopoly0 
with the temporary and immediate object 
of  restricting slavery within the      
limits of the then existing slave       
,states4 ,thanks to this section of the 
8,whigs10 the modern 8,republican       
,party0 was formed in #ahed1 which1     
after precipitating the country  into   
civil war by the election of ,president 
,lincoln 7against whom it  revolted1 as 
,i shall show1 when he had carried      
through to victory the  terrible task it
 imposed upon him71 after retarding the 
pacification  of the ,union for years by

 its policy of military 8reconstruction0
 at  the ,south1 and after inflicting   
upon the taxpayers of the ,united       
,states  burdens undreamed of by the    
original 8,whigs0 in their most         
extravagant  days of 8paternalism10 has 
now finally come to the ground under the
  candidacy of two of its most          
thoroughly representative leaders1 ,mr4 
,blaine and ,general ,logan4    ,the    
chief spirit of the new 8,republican0   
party was ,ex-,governor  ,seward1 the   
leader of the ,whigs of ,new ,york1 a   
consummate politician1  8honest         
himself10 as one of his special friends 
said of him1 8but  indifferent to       
honesty in others10 who labored with    
uncommon skill  and adroitness for six  
years to build the new organisation up  
into  ,presidential proportions1 only to
 experience the common fate of such     
party leaders in the ,united ,states1   
and to find himself set aside by  his   
own ,republican ,convention of #ahfj1 at
 ,chicago1 in favor of the then         

relatively obscure ,western candidate   
,abraham ,lincoln1 of ,illinois4    ,the
 old name 8,republican0 used by the     
party of ,jefferson was taken by  the   
new party for the express purpose of    
dissimulating1 as far as might  be1 its 
8,whig0 parentage1 and of thus          
recommending it to the widespread  and  
growing anti-slavery element among the  
,democrats of the ,north  and ,west4    
,the ,whig origin and tendencies of the 
new party1 however1  clearly appeared in
 the demand made in its first platform  
of #ahef for  8appropriations by        
,congress for the improvement of rivers 
and harbors40  ,it selected as its first
 ,presidential candidate in #ahef       
,colonel ,john  ,c4 ,fremont of         
,california1 an officer of the army who 
had married the  daughter of an eminent 
,democratic senator1 ,mr4 ,benton of    
,missouri1 and  who had acquired a kind 
of romantic popular prestige as 8the    
,pathfinder  of the ,rocky ,mountains0  
by an expedition across the continent4  

,with him  was associated as            
,vice-,presidential candidate a man of  
more political  weight and force1 ,mr4  
,dayton1 a ,whig leader1 of ,new        
,jersey1 who  afterwards rendered the   
country distinguished services as       
,minister  to ,france under ,president  
,lincoln4 ,mr4 ,buchanan of             
,pennsylvania was  nominated by the     
,democrats to succeed ,president ,pierce
 in #ahef4 ,in the  8platform0 then     
adopted the ,democratic party met the   
8,protectionist0  tendency of the new   
8,republican0 organisation by declaring 
8that  justice and sound policy forbid  
the ,federal ,government to foster one  
branch of industry to the detriment of  
another20 denounced the attempt  of the 
,whig 8,know-,nothings0 to organise a   
crusade against ,catholics  and citizens
 of alien birth2 and in the matter of   
slavery reaffirmed  8the compromise of  
#ahej10 and committed itself to 8the    
determined  conservation of the ,union  
and the non-interference of ,congress   

with  slavery in the territories or the 
district of ,columbia40    ,the new     
8,republican party0 in its 8platform0 of
 #ahef1 let me here  observe1 raised no 
question touching slavery where slavery 
then  existed1 but pronounced it to be  
8both the right and the imperative  duty
 of ,congress to prohibit in the        
,territories those twin relics of       
barbarism1 polygamy and slavery20 this  
latter attack on the ,mormons  being a  
bid for votes at the ,west and an appeal
 to the religious  prejudices of the    
,east4    ,a third remnant of the old   
8,whigs10 meeting in ,baltimore in      
,september  #ahef1 appealed to the      
country to beware of 8geographical      
parties10  adopted the nomination made  
by the ,whig 8,know-,nothings0 of       
,ex-,president  ,fillmore1 and asserted 
that in ,kansas 8civil war0 was         
8raging10 and  that the ,union was 8in  
peril40 ,the contest was conducted by   
the  ,republicans at the ,north very    
much on the lines on which the first    

,whig victory of #ahdj had been won--by 
the organisation1 that is1 of           
8,pathfinder ,clubs0 and processions1   
with brass bands1 bonfires1 and all  the
 paraphernalia of 8politics by picnic10 
and a large popular vote was  cast for  
the ,republican candidate4 ,but ,mr4    
,buchanan1 nevertheless had a  majority 
of nearly #ejj1jjj votes over ,colonel  
,fremont at the polls in a  total vote  
of about three millions1 and he was     
elected ,president by  #agd votes in the
 ,electoral ,college1 eight votes being 
cast by ,maryland  for ,mr4 ,fillmore1  
and #aad votes being cast for ,colonel  
,fremont1 if the  five votes of         
,wisconsin were properly included in    
that number--a very  grave question as  
to that point being raised by the       
undisputed fact  that the electoral     
votes of ,wisconsin1 which1 under an    
obviously wise  precept of the          
,constitution1 ought to have been cast  
on the same day  with the electoral     
votes of all the other ,states of the   

,union 7,december  #c1 #ahef71 were not 
cast until the next day 7,december #d7  
because the  electors were prevented by 
a snowstorm from reaching the capital of
 the  ,state in season to comply with   
the behest of the organic law4          
,events moved rapidly after the election
 of ,president ,buchanan4 ,in spite  of 
a great financial panic in #aheg1 the   
commerce of the ,united ,states1  under 
the salutary rgime established by       
,democratic ,secretaries of the         
,treasury1 advanced beyond all former   
precedent4 ,the net imports of the      
,united ,states increased from          
#bih1bfa1cfd dollars in #ahef1 the year 
of  ,mr4 ,buchanan's election1 to       
#cce1bcc1bcb dollars in #ahfj1 the last 
year  of his administration1 and the    
exports from #caj1ehf1ccj dollars in    
#ahef  to #cgc1ahi1bgd dollars in #ahfj4
 ,the sea going tonnage of the ,union   
ran up to that of ,great ,britain2#d and
 never had the country been so          
prosperous as during this period of     

,democratic ascendancy and relative     
fiscal freedom4    ,but while the       
managers of the new sectional           
,republican party worked  night and day 
to develop and consolidate their voting 
power at the  ,north and ,west1 and     
availed themselves skilfully of every   
exciting  incident in the history of the
 day to fan the passions of the people  
into flame1 a sharp conflict was raging 
within the ,democratic ranks  between   
the ,administration and the followers of
 ,senator ,douglas1  which the leaders  
of the disunion movement at the ,south  
carefully and  skilfully fomented1 and  
which culminated in an open secession   
from the  ,democratic ,national         
,convention at ,charleston in ,april    
#ahfj4    ,the ,convention was adjourned
 to meet at ,baltimore in ,june4 ,there 
a second secession of ,southern         
delegates occurred1 followed by  the    
nomination for the ,presidency of       
,senator ,douglas4 ,a few days  later   
the seceders1 meeting in a ,convention  

of their own1 nominated                 
,vice-,president ,breckenridge of       
,kentucky4 ,in the meantime on the #ith 
of ,may a convention of 8moderate men0  
of all shades of opinion had  assembled 
in ,baltimore1 and nominated two eminent
 members of the  disbanded ,whig party1 
,mr4 ,bell of ,tennessee and ,mr4       
,edward ,everett  of ,massachusetts1 for
 the ,presidency and the                
,vice-,presidency2 while  the now       
confident ,republicans1 gathered in     
,convention at ,chicago on  the #afth of
 ,may1 had selected not ,ex-,governor   
,seward of ,new ,york1 but  ,abraham    
,lincoln of ,illinois1 as their         
candidate4    ,of course1 with such a   
prospect of success before them as the  
,democratic disorganisation offered1 the
 managers of this ,convention  of the   
,republicans adroitly threw all         
questions but the 8burning  questions0  
of the hour as far as possible into the 
background of  their operations4 ,but   
while they declared themselves in favor 

of the  preservation of 8the ,federal   
,constitution1 the rights of the        
,states1  and the union of the ,states10
 they did not forget to record their    
desire for such an 8adjustment0 of the  
8duties on imports0 as 8should          
encourage the development of the        
industrial interests of the whole       
country10 under which rather vague      
phraseology lay concealed the  purpose  
of organising a new tariff for          
protection--a purpose which was  carried
 into effect by the ,republicans at     
,washington as soon as the  subsequent  
secession from ,congress of the         
,southern members made it  practicable4 
99       99       99       99       99  
,with the first election of ,abraham    
,lincoln in ,november #ahfj1 and  his   
inauguration in ,march1 #ahfa1 we come  
upon a sudden and complete  8solution of
 continuity0 in the political history of
 the ,united ,states4  ,of the total    
popular vote of the country1 amounting  
to #d1fhj1aic1  thrown on the #dth of   

,november1 #ahfj1 ,mr4 ,lincoln received
 but #a1hff1deb1  being thus left in a  
popular minority of no fewer than two   
million1  two hundred and thirteen      
thousand1 seven hundred and fifty-one   
votes6  ,it is impossible in the face of
 these figures to doubt that if the     
tremendous issue of peace and war       
between the two great sections of  the  
,union1 which really lay hidden in the  
ballot-boxes of the ,union on  that     
,november day1 had been never so dimly  
perceived by the ,american  people1 the 
verdict of the nation would have made an
 end that day of  the new 8,republican10
 party4 ,but neither ,mr4 ,lincoln      
himself1 nor  ,mr4 ,seward1 nor any     
considerable number of the ,republican  
voters of  the ,north and the ,west     
believed1 or could be made to believe1  
in the  reality of this issue4 ,it came 
upon them all and upon the country at   
last1 after all the agitation and all   
the warnings of years1 like 8a  thief in
 the night10 and coming upon the country

 it suspended for four  long and dismal 
years the normal action of the          
constitution1 and the  normal           
development therefore of public opinion 
through the channels of  constitutional 
politics4    ,it is juggling with       
phrases to say that from the #eth of    
,march1 #ahfa1  to the #aeth of ,april1 
#ahfe1 ,mr4 ,lincoln was1 in any true   
sense of  the words1 a ,president of the
 ,united ,states with a political party 
at his back4 ,he was to all intents and 
purposes a war dictator of  the         
,northern and ,western ,states1         
maintaining with all the resources  of  
those sections of the country the fabric
 of the ,american ,union  against the   
armed and persistent efforts of thirteen
 sovereign ,states  banded together in a
 confederacy to make an end of its      
authority and  its existence so far as  
concerned its relations with them and   
with  their inhabitants4 ,to this       
colossal task ,mr4 ,lincoln brought1 as 
,i  think the most impartial critics of 

his administration in my own  party now 
admit1 most rare and remarkable gifts of
 character and of  mind4 ,it has been   
not uncommon among those who1 since his 
death1 have  constituted themselves the 
special eulogists of this extraordinary 
man1  to represent him as struggling    
from the first1 not merely against the  
enormous difficulties arrayed in his    
path by the energy1 and wealth1  and    
determination of the seceding           
,confederacy1 but against the ill-will  
and infidelity to his trust of the      
,democratic ,president whom ,mr4        
,lincoln was elected by the ,north and  
the ,west to succeed4 ,this is not  the 
place for any vindication in this point 
of ,president ,buchanan4  ,he has had no
 lack of critics within the ranks of my 
own party4 ,but  no man who was present 
during that fateful winter of #ahfj-fa  
in  ,washington1 and who was really     
conversant with men and things there1   
will need to be told that but for       
,president ,buchanan's fidelity to his  

constitutional oath1 and to the behest  
of the party which elected him  in #ahef
 to 8uphold the ,union10 the ,civil ,war
 would probably have begun  in          
,washington itself before ,mr4 ,lincoln 
set foot within the capital4    ,on the 
day of ,mr4 ,lincoln's inauguration1 a  
day never to be forgotten  by any       
,american who witnessed the scene1 it   
was the presence by the  side of ,mr4   
,lincoln of his great ,northern         
,democratic rival1 ,senator  ,douglas1  
which more than all the bayonets of the 
troops assembled  for the protection of 
,washington by ,general ,scott1 under   
orders from  ,president ,buchanan1      
convinced the most intelligent of the   
,southern men  that the ,union was not  
to be dissolved like snow in the        
sunbeams1 and  gave all the weight of   
the ,democratic masses of the ,north and
 ,west to  the new ,president's         
deliberate declaration that the forts   
and property  of the ,united ,states    
would be 8held and occupied0 by all the 

power of  the unseceded ,states4    ,the
 one member of ,mr4 ,lincoln's ,cabinet 
who from the beginning foresaw  the     
gravity of the impending contest1 and   
who put the whole pressure  of his      
personal influence upon the new         
,president almost to the extent  of     
compelling him into asserting his       
authority by force of arms1 was  not the
 ,whig who had organised the            
8,republican0 party1 ,mr4 ,seward1  ,it 
was ,mr4 ,montgomery ,blair1 a          
8,democrat0 by training1 the son of  the
 confidential adviser of ,president     
,jackson and the brother of a           
,democratic general in the ,union armies
 who was afterwards nominated  for the  
,vice-,presidency on the same ticket    
with ,governor ,seymour of  ,new ,york  
in #ahfh by the ,democratic party4 ,mr4 
,montgomery ,blair himself  left ,mr4   
,lincoln's ,cabinet in ,july #ahfd1     
escaped the war made by the             
8,republican0 party under ,sumner and   
,stevens upon the friends of  ,president

 ,lincoln1 after the assassination of   
the ,president by a  melodramatic       
madman1 and became a trusty ally of     
,governor ,tilden of ,new  ,york1 the   
,democratic candidate who was elected to
 the ,presidency of the  ,united ,states
 in #ahgf by a popular majority of      
nearly #cjj1jjj votes in  a total poll  
of a little over #h1jjj1jjj1 and by a   
majority of one vote  in the electoral  
colleges1 only to be defrauded of his   
office by the  audacious tampering of a 
cabal of ,republican office-holders with
 the  votes of three ,southern ,states4 
,it is not my purpose1 and it would     
swell this paper beyond all  reasonable 
limits1 to sketch here1 even in outline1
 the political  annals of the quarter of
 a century which stretches now between  
the  election of ,abraham ,lincoln in   
#ahfj and the election of ,governor     
,cleveland in #ahhd4 ,i may assume my   
readers to have a general knowledge  of 
the main features of this period of     
,american history4 ,no intelligent  man 

can be familiar even with the distorted 
and partial presentation  of those      
features which has hitherto passed      
current on both sides of  the ,atlantic1
 without asking himself what the magic  
virtue can be which  has carried the    
great ,democratic party of the ,united  
,states steadily  onward through so many
 years of exclusion from executive power
 and such  storms of systematic obloquy1
 enabling it amid the passions of a     
fierce  sectional conflict to retain    
such a popular support throughout the   
,north and ,west as has persistently    
threatened the tenure of the ,federal   
authority by its all-powerful and never 
over-scrupulous opponents1  giving it   
again and again control of the popular  
branch of the ,federal  ,congress1 and  
commanding for it1 as soon as the       
restoration of the  ,union became in    
truth an accomplished fact1 an          
unquestioned majority of  the suffrages 
of the ,american people4    ,my object  
has been to indicate the true answer to 

this question by  setting forth the     
foundations on which the ,democratic    
party of the  ,united ,states was       
planted by its great leaders in the very
 dawn of our  national history4    ,no  
man ever learned by practical experience
 of the responsibilities of  power to   
appreciate the solidity of these        
foundations more thoroughly  than       
,president ,lincoln4 ,a 8,whig0 by his  
early political affiliations  and an    
active and successful politician in     
times of high party  excitement1        
,president ,lincoln was not a partisan  
by temperament1  and nothing is more    
certain than that he came during his    
practical  war-dictatorship to very     
sound conclusions as to the essentially 
ephemeral character of the political    
organisation which had lifted  him into 
that trying and dangerous post4 ,he had 
no respect at all for  professional     
8philanthropists10 and not much for     
loudly 8philanthropic0  politicians4    
,the abolitionist agitators of the      

,north instinctively  disliked and      
distrusted him4 ,the ablest of their    
number1 ,mr4 ,wendell  ,phillips1       
sneered at him as being not 8honest     
exactly1 but ,kentucky  honest40 ,it was
 no confidence in ,president ,lincoln1  
but the political  necessity of the     
moment1 which compelled the extreme     
,anti-,democratic  leaders of the       
,republican party to acquiesce in his   
renomination in  ,november #ahfd1 with a
 ,democratic ex-,senator from the       
,south1 ,andrew  ,johnson of ,tennessee1
 as his associate on the ,presidential  
ticket4  ,of this fact ,president       
,lincoln himself was well aware4 ,nor   
was he  blind to the popular and        
political significance of that          
,presidential  election of #ahfd4 ,in   
spite of all that could be done by an   
army of  ,federal office-holders larger 
than the armed force which ,mr4 ,seward 
at the outset of the civil war had      
imagined would be adequate to  8suppress
 the rebellion20 in spite of the        

combined influence of the  8,republican0
 local governments in the ,northern and 
,western ,states2  in spite of military 
force brought to bear openly upon the   
polls in  regions undisturbed by war2 in
 spite of the overshadowing fact that   
the issues of the great civil war were  
still being fought out in the  field1   
the ,democratic party of the ,north and 
,west confronted the  ,republican       
,president at the polls in ,november    
#ahfd with a popular vote  of nearly two
 millions out of four millions cast in  
those sections of  the ,republic6 ,the  
exact figures show that ,general        
,m',clellan1 whose  popularity with the 
,democratic party was based upon his    
fame as the  creator of the ,union army 
of the ,potomac and upon his expressed  
loyalty  to the principles of the       
,constitution as the ,democratic party  
holds  them1 received1 in ,november     
#ahfd1 #a1hjb1bcg votes in the ,north   
and  ,west1 or within a few thousands of
 the #a1hff1deb votes which were cast   

for ,mr4 ,lincoln himself in ,november  
#ahfj6    ,president ,lincoln had shrewd
 sense enough to see that as the        
maintenance of the authority of the     
,union had only been made possible  to  
him by the unswerving determination of  
the ,northern and ,western  ,democratic 
party that the authority of the ,union  
should be maintained  under the         
,constitution1 so the restoration of    
peace within the ,union  could only be  
achieved by accepting the ,democratic   
construction of  the position and the   
rights of all the ,states in the ,union 
under the  ,constitution1 of the seceded
 as well as of the unseceded ,states2   
and he  had patriotism enough to resolve
 that peace should be restored within   
the ,union1 no matter what became of the
 ephemeral 8,republican0 party  which   
had been called into existence and      
carried into power chiefly by  the force
 of the sectional passions which had    
found final expression in  the civil    
war4 ,he had gone beyond the            

,constitution under the war power  in   
abolishing slavery1 and he knew that in 
abolishing slavery he had  abolished the
 vital impulse to which the             
8,republican0 party owed its  existence4
 ,he knew too that the extreme          
8,republican0 partisans by whom  he was 
surrounded knew this as well as he1 and 
he was thoroughly aware  that there were
 among them men like ,thaddeus ,stevens 
of ,pennsylvania1  who were prepared and
 determined if possible to keep the     
sectional  passions which slavery had   
evoked alive and burning after slavery  
itself should have disappeared1 and to  
organise for themselves a new  lease of 
power at the expense of the peace of the
 country and of the  happiness and      
prosperity of millions of their         
fellow-countrymen4    ,at the beginning 
of the war ,president ,lincoln had met  
the challenge  thrown down to him by the
 ,confederate ,war ,department on the   
lines  indicated by a great ,democratic 
jurist1 the late ,judge ,black of       

,pennsylvania1 in his 8,opinion upon the
 ,powers of the ,president10  prepared  
at the request of ,president ,buchanan1 
in whose ,cabinet ,judge  ,black had    
successively held the posts of          
,attorney-,general and of  ,secretary of
 ,state4            ,if one of the      
,states 7wrote ,judge ,black7 should    
declare her independence1 your action   
cannot depend        upon the           
rightfulness of the cause upon which    
such        declaration is based4       
,whether the retirement of a            
,state from the ,union be the exercise  
of a right        reserved in the       
,constitution1 or a revolutionary       
movement1 it is certain that you have   
not in either        case the authority 
to recognise her independence or        
to absolve her from her ,federal        
obligations4 ,congress        or the    
other ,states in ,convention assembled  
must take        such measures as may be
 necessary and proper4 ,in        such  
an event ,i can see no course for you   

but to go        straight onward in the 
path which you have hitherto            
trodden--that is1 execute the laws to   
the extent        of the defensive means
 placed in your hands1 and        act   
generally upon the assumption that the  
present        constitutional relations 
between the ,states and the             
,federal ,government continue to exist  
until a new        order of things shall
 be established either by law or        
by force4    ,the seceding ,states      
attempted to establish 8a new order of  
things  by force10 and maintained that  
attempt for four years with such        
resolution1 pertinacity1 and courage as 
more than once brought them  within what
 an eminent ,english statesman would    
perhaps call such a  8measurable        
distance0 of success as may well explain
 the conviction  expressed in ,england  
at one period of the struggle1 that     
,jefferson  ,davis had 8established a   
nation40    ,upon the failure of the    
,confederate experiment1 ,president     

,lincoln1 in  spite of the bitter and   
threatening hostility to him of a number
 of  the most conspicuous leaders of the
 ,republican party in and out of        
,congress1 wisely and consistently      
determined to adhere to the position    
involved in ,judge ,black's opinion that
 the constitutional relations  between  
the ,states and the ,federal ,government
 could not be and had  not been shaken  
by the contest4 ,after the ,confederate 
,government had  abandoned ,richmond1 he
 visited that capital as ,president of  
the ,united  ,states1 and in words made 
pathetic and historical by the          
deplorable  and senseless crime which   
was so soon to shock the country and the
  civilised world1 proclaimed his       
intention to administer the ,government 
8with malice towards none1 with charity 
for all40 ,in his last public  speech1  
delivered on the #aath of ,april1 #ahfe1
 two days only before his               
assassination1 he spoke of the seceded  
,states as already restored to  their   

places in the ,union1 and said of them  
in his quaint and homely  fashion that1 
8finding themselves safely at home1 it  
would be  utterly immaterial whether    
they had been abroad40 ,mr4 ,gideon     
,welles  of ,connecticut1 to whom the   
portfolio of the ,navy had been given   
by ,president ,lincoln in his first     
,cabinet1 as a representative of  the   
,democratic wing of the then            
newly-organized 8,republican0 party1    
tells us that at a ,cabinet meeting held
 on the last day of ,president          
,lincoln's life1 ,april #ac1 #ahfe1 the 
,president urged all the members of  the
 ,cabinet to exert their influence to   
get all the ,state ,governments  of the 
lately seceded ,states of the ,south    
8going again before the  annual meeting 
of ,congress in ,december40 ,this meant1
 of course1 that  ,president ,lincoln   
intended and expected the lately seceded
 ,states to  send to ,washington their  
proper and constitutional quota of      
senators  and representatives freely    

elected under the local franchise in    
each of  those ,states4 ,his purpose was
 to secure the ratification by the      
seceded  ,states of the ,thirteenth     
,amendment to the ,constitution         
abolishing  slavery formally1 and then  
to accept them as in all respects       
,states  within the ,union4 ,in the     
,emancipation ,proclamation of the #bbnd
 of  ,september1 #ahfb1 which ,president
 ,lincoln had issued avowedly as a war  
measure1 he had taken pains to declare  
that his object in prosecuting  the war 
as 8,commander-in-,chief of the ,army   
and ,navy0 of the ,united  ,states1 was1
 had been1 and would be1 8practically to
 restore the  constitutional relation   
between the ,united ,states and each of 
the  ,states and the people thereof in  
which that relation was or might be     
suspended40    ,this was not at all the 
object of the unscrupulous and reckless 
leaders  who took command of the        
8,republican0 party upon the death of   
,president  ,lincoln1 and under whom    

,mr4 ,blaine first made a figure upon   
the field  of ,federal politics4    ,a  
clear line will be drawn by the         
historian between the war               
administration of the ,president who    
upheld the ,union and the dismal  epoch 
of ,southern reconstruction which       
followed--an epoch of  unconstitutional 
,congressional despotism1 mitigated only
 from time  to time by the personal     
authority of ,general ,grant4 ,the story
 of the  relations of ,general ,grant as
 ,president of the ,united ,states with 
the  party which found itself compelled 
to take advantage of his unbounded      
popularity as the surest means of       
retaining its grasp upon authority at   
,washington will one day constitute a   
most interesting and instructive        
chapter in the history of government1   
but it lies outside the scope  of this  
paper4 ,that ,general ,grant would      
gladly have co-operated with  ,president
 ,lincoln in carrying out his plan of   
re-establishing the  ,union on          

,democratic and constitutional lines may
 be inferred not only  from the fact    
which he has stated1 that the only vote 
he ever cast  before the civil war was  
for a ,democratic ,president1 but from  
the more  significant fact that he was  
so fully convinced of the readiness of  
the ,southern ,states to accept the     
results of the civil war in good  faith1
 that1 immediately after the accession  
of ,president ,johnson in  #ahfe1 he    
urged upon the ,president the importance
 of throwing a combined  army of ,union 
and of ,confederate soldiers into       
,mexico for the purpose  of expelling   
the ,french under ,bazaine1 and         
compelling ,maximilian to  abandon the  
hopeless attempt to found an empire in  
the land of the  ,montezumas which      
eventually cost that gallant but        
unfortunate prince  his life4 ,president
 ,johnson eagerly adopted ,general      
,grant's suggestion1  but the ,secretary
 of ,state ,mr4 ,seward1 opposed it1 and
 ,mr4 ,seward's  objection was fatal4   

8,it cost ,maximilian his life10        
,general ,grant  tells us1 8and gave    
,napoleon the ,third five more years of 
power in  ,france40 ,he might have added
 that it cost the people of the         
,southern  ,states ten years of the most
 odious and corrupting                  
mal-administration  recorded in modern  
history--mal-administration which1 but  
for the solid  political capacity and   
the traditional common sense and        
patriotism of  the ,americans of the    
,southern ,states1 must have reduced the
 fairest  portion of the ,north         
,american continent to a social and     
industrial  chaos without precedent in  
the annals of modern civilisation4      
,the evil influences of that dark epoch 
extended themselves in all  directions  
,north and ,south1 cropping out in      
organised official  peculations1 in     
shameless political dishonesty1 in      
reckless  speculation1 in monstrous     
lobbying1 and in incredible excesses of 
public extravagance1 based upon such a  

system of inordinate and                
unconstitutional taxation as no         
,american in his senses could have been 
brought1 before the outbreak of the     
civil war1 to believe would ever  for a 
moment be tolerated by the ,american    
people4           99       99       99  
99       99    ,it was to make an end of
 all this that the people of the ,united
 ,states  in #ahgf elected one          
,democratic ,governor of ,new ,york to  
the ,presidency4  ,defeated then of     
their will by the ,republican agents of 
reconstruction1  the people of the      
,united ,states had now at last in #ahhd
 compelled  their voice to be heard and 
to be respected4 ,with the inauguration 
of ,governor ,cleveland in ,march #ahhe1
 the ,federal ,government of the        
,united ,states will be once more       
organised upon the enduring ,democratic 
foundations of respect for ,home ,rule  
at the ,south and at the ,north1 in  the
 ,east and in the ,west1 and of a strict
 limitation of the functions  of the    

,federal ,government to the powers      
granted and prescribed to it by  the    
,constitution4    ,if ,i have done      
anything like justice in this           
necessarily hasty sketch  to the origin 
and development of the ,democratic party
 of the ,united  ,states1 my readers    
will not need to be told that its advent
 to power at  this time opens a new and 
most important chapter in the annals of 
the  ,american ,republic4 ,it involves  
much1 very much more than the transfer  
of executive power from one to another  
set of administrative officers4    ,it  
closes definitely an era of such        
political disease and corruption in  the
 ,united ,states as ,i have preferred   
rather to indicate than to dwell  upon  
here4 ,work of that sort1 in my         
judgment1 may as well be confined  to   
the domestic laundry4 ,quite enough of  
it has been done for the  edification of
 mankind at large by certain of my      
countrymen who have  hitherto found it  
more convenient to bewail the political 

profligacy of  those to whom            
8respectable ,republicans0 chose to     
surrender the control  of the           
,republican party after the murder of   
,president ,lincoln 8cried  havoc and   
let slip the dogs of faction0 than to   
co-operate resolutely  with the great   
,democratic party in making the ,union  
once more solid1  and settling it upon  
its only possible foundations--,home    
,rule and a  strict construction of the 
,constitution4    ,it is easy to draw   
dramatic pictures of the demoralisation 
of ,american  politics2 but there is    
more significance surely for thoughtful 
men  in the returns1 which show that the
 candidacy of ,mr4 ,blaine and ,mr4     
,logan has cut down the plurality of the
 ,republican party in 8moral0           
,massachusetts from more than fifty     
thousand to ten thousand votes2 in      
,illinois1 from over forty thousand to  
fifteen thousand2 in ,michigan1  from   
more than fifty thousand to barely two  
thousand2 in ,ohio1  from more than     

thirty thousand to eleven thousand4 ,it 
has made the  ,democratic ,governor of  
,new ,york ,president by an electoral   
majority of  #cg votes and a popular    
plurality of about #djj1jjj votes4 ,less
 is to be  learned of the deep and      
lasting currents of popular thought and 
feeling  in the ,united ,states from an 
elaborate study of the absurd           
abominations  of ,republican            
8,reconstruction0 at the ,south than    
from the handwriting  of fire on the    
polling-places of the ,empire ,state    
which illuminated the  ,belshazzar's    
,feast of ,mr4 ,blaine's 8millionaires0 
on the eve of the  ,presidential        
,election of #ahhd6           99        
99       99       99       99    ,in a  
certain sense1 ,president ,cleveland    
will occupy a position  not unlike that 
of ,president ,lincoln at the outset of 
his first  ,presidency4 ,but the task of
 the ,democratic chief magistrate who   
goes  to ,washington with a great       
historical party at his back1 to restore

  the well-understood metes and bounds  
of the ,federal authority over          
thirty-eight free and independent       
,states will be a less troublesome  and 
in its immediate results ought to be an 
infinitely more benign  and grateful    
task1 than that of the reluctant war    
dictator who found  himself1 against all
 his expectations1 driven by angry      
sections1 with  a mixed and             
undisciplined mob of placemen1 of       
monopolists1 and of  philanthropists    
behind him1 into cutting with the sword 
the ,gordian  knot of slavery1 at the   
risk of severing with it forever the    
golden  bands of the ,union1 and those  
8mystic chords of memory0 of which he   
spoke with such a wistful pathos in his 
inaugural address4 ,some points  of     
resemblance may be found1 too1 between  
the personal histories of  ,lincoln and 
of ,cleveland4 ,like ,mr4 ,lincoln1     
,governor ,cleveland comes  of an old   
,american stock4 ,his family name smacks
 of ,yorkshire1 and his  direct         

ancestors established themselves in     
,massachusetts nearly two  hundred years
 ago4 ,one of the family1 a ,cambridge  
man1 and a clergyman  of the ,anglican  
,church1 died at ,philadelphia under the
 roof of his  friend ,benjamin ,franklin
 twenty years before the ,american      
,revolution4  ,another1 who sat in the  
,legislature of ,connecticut1 and who   
was a  minister of the ,independents1 is
 remembered as an early advocate in     
that 8land of steady habits0 of the     
abolition of ,african slavery1 and  this
 at a time when the worthy citizens of  
,massachusetts thought it  expedient to 
keep the ,bay ,state clear of negro     
blood by ordaining in  their organic law
 that any ,african 8not a subject of our
 faithful ally  the ,emperor of         
,morocco0 who ventured twice across the 
,massachusetts  border should be on each
 occasion whipped1 imprisoned and sent  
away1  and that if this did not restrain
 his ardor1 he should upon his third    
advent be so dealt with as to put an    

effectual stop to his travels4          
,richard ,cleveland1 a grandson of the  
,connecticut abolitionist1 married  the 
daughter of an ,irish bookseller in     
,philadelphia1 ,miss ,neale1  and was   
the father of the new ,president of the 
,united ,states4 ,he  was settled as a  
,presbyterian minister in the ,new      
,jersey village of  ,caldwell1 and there
 on the #ahth of ,march1 #ahch1 ,grover 
,cleveland was  born4 ,his father left  
,new ,jersey when he was but a child1   
and went in  the service of the         
religious body to which he belonged to  
live in ,new  ,york4 ,the circumstances 
of the family were much better1 ,i need 
not say1  than those amid which the     
youth of ,lincoln1 the son of an        
emigrant  ,virginian1 was passed in the 
wilds of ,kentucky and ,southern        
,illinois4  ,but ,grover ,cleveland1    
like ,lincoln1 was early thrown upon his
 own  resources4 ,when he was a lad of  
sixteen his father died1 and he was     
left to conquer for himself the         

education he was determined to have1    
and to make his own way in the world    
with such small help as a brother  and  
an uncle could afford him1 both of them 
battling with life1 and  both of them   
counting1 not in vain1 upon the young   
student's aid in the  maintenance of his
 widowed mother and her young family4   
,his twenty-first year found the future 
,president admitted to the ,bar  in     
,buffalo1 the chief city of ,western    
,new ,york4 ,he distinguished  himself  
from the outset of his professional     
career by his indomitable  industry and 
his devotion to duty4 ,these qualities  
soon secured for  him the honorable but 
laborious post of ,assistant ,district  
,attorney4  ,he was not blinded by the  
glamor and glitter of the 8great ,civil 
,war0  to the rascalities of            
,reconstruction1 but adopted the        
,democratic  faith in politics1 though  
living in a strongly ,republican city4  
,in  #ahgj he was elected ,sheriff of   
,buffalo1 and twelve years afterwards1  

having returned meanwhile to a          
successful practice at the ,bar1 the    
best citizens of ,buffalo of all parties
 rallied to his support as the          
,democratic candidate for the           
,mayoralty1 in a contest which curiously
  prefigured1 on a smaller arena1 the   
,presidential campaign of #ahhd4  ,the  
taxpayers of ,buffalo had been          
systematically plundered by a           
,republican 8municipal ring10 just as   
the taxpayers of ,new ,york many  years 
ago were plundered by the ,democratic   
municipal ring of ,tweed  and ,sweeney1 
of which so much and such unscrupulous  
use has been made  by ,republican       
writers and speakers to vilify the      
,democratic party4  ,it has not usually 
occurred to these ingenious party       
trumpeters to  insist upon the fact that
 the 8,tweed ring0 was broken and that  
its  members were brought to            
chastisement mainly through the         
persistent  efforts of two distinguished
 ,democrats4    ,one of these was the   

late ,charles ,o',conor1 in his time the
 acknowledged  leader of the ,american  
,bar1 and a ,democratic candidate for   
the  ,presidency in opposition to the   
headlong and absurd nomination of       
,horace ,greeley1 a life-long ,whig     
,protectionist1 into which a ,democratic
  ,convention allowed itself to be      
cajoled1 despite the manly protest of   
such true ,democratic leaders as        
,senator ,bayard at ,baltimore in #ahgb4
  ,the other was ,mr4 ,samuel ,j4       
,tilden1 whose services against the     
,tweed  ring led first to his election  
by the ,democratic party as ,governor of
  ,new ,york in #ahgd1 and then to his  
election as ,president of the ,united   
,states in #ahgf1 the year of the great 
electoral fraud4    ,the task which     
these distinguished ,democrats assumed  
in ,new ,york ,mr4  ,cleveland took up  
in ,buffalo1 and carried through with   
such impartial  energy and courage that 
before the expiration of the first year 
of his  term of office as ,mayor1 he was

 invited by the ,democrats of ,new ,york
 to  enter upon the larger stewardship  
of the ,state executive4 ,he had been   
chosen mayor of ,buffalo in #ahha1 by a 
majority of #c1ejj votes4 ,he was       
chosen ,governor of ,new ,york in #ahhb 
by a majority of nearly #bjj1jjj in  a  
total poll of #hic1jjj votes4 ,his      
opponent was ,mr4 ,folger1 a leading    
,republican1 who had sat with           
distinction on the bench of the highest 
,state ,tribunal in ,new ,york1 and who 
died the other day as ,secretary  of the
 ,treasury in the ,cabinet of ,president
 ,arthur2 and it is an open  secret that
 the tremendous overthrow of the        
,republican candidate was  partially due
 to the machinations of the friends of  
,mr4 ,blaine who had  been dropped for  
cause from the ,cabinet of ,president   
,arthur with some  emphasis in ,december
 of the preceding year4 ,it was the     
calculation  of ,mr4 ,blaine that the   
defeat of the ,president's candidate in 
the  ,president's own ,state of ,new    

,york in #ahhb would materially damage  
,mr4 ,arthur's chances and strengthen   
his own of securing a ,republican       
,presidential nomination at ,chicago in 
#ahhd4 ,it was a good calculation1  but 
whether the retrospect of the           
gubernatorial campaign of #ahhb in ,new 
,york is as gratifying now to ,mr4      
,blaine as it was two years ago may     
perhaps be doubted4    ,as ,governor of 
,new ,york1 ,mr4 ,cleveland has shown   
himself what he was  as ,mayor of       
,buffalo--rigidly honest1 indefatigable1
 simple in his  personal tastes and     
habits1 disdainful of the silly state1  
and the  petty parade of official       
importance into which too many public   
servants  of the ,united ,states have   
suffered themselves to be seduced during
 the  reign of ,king ,mammon at         
,washington4 ,it has been his custom to 
walk  every morning from the ,executive 
,mansion to the ,governor's ,rooms in   
the  ,capitol at ,albany1 and to spend  
the day there1 incessantly occupied1    

but always visible to those who have had
 any real occasion to see  him4 ,it will
 be a wholesome thing to see the        
,presidential office once  more         
administered in this unostentatious     
fashion4 ,mr4 ,cleveland may  be called 
a representative of the ,young          
,democracy1 since he will go  into the  
,white ,house a bachelor1 like the last 
,democratic ,president1  ,mr4 ,buchanan1
 but a young bachelor1 the youngest     
,president indeed yet  elected4 ,in his 
fidelity to the traditions of           
,jefferson1 who rode up  to the ,capitol
 on horseback to be inaugurated1        
8hitched his horse to  a post10 took the
 oath and went about his business1 ,mr4 
,cleveland  will be supported by the new
 ,vice-,president--ex-,governor         
,hendricks  of ,indiana1 who represents 
the stanch and experienced ,democratic  
leaders who have borne the brunt of the 
intense political warfare  of the last  
quarter of a century with unwavering    
courage and signal  ability4 ,as a      

representative in ,congress1 as a       
senator of the ,united  ,states1 as     
,governor of the great ,western ,state  
of ,indiana1 and as the  ,democratic    
candidate for the ,vice-,presidency on  
the same ticket with  ,governor ,tilden 
in #ahgf1 ,mr4 ,hendricks has linked his
 name with the  best traditions1 and    
drawn to himself the general confidence 
of his  party4 ,on the #fth of          
,february1 #ahfi1 what is called a      
8concurrent  resolution0 7which may be  
passed without requiring the assent of  
the  ,president7 was introduced into the
 ,senate under the 8,reconstruction0    
legislation of #ahfh1 directing the     
,president of the ,senate to deal in  a 
particular manner with the vote of      
,georgia as 8a ,state lately in         
rebellion0 and to allow that electoral  
vote to be alluded to only if  the      
counting or omitting to count it would  
not effect the decision of  the election
 in favor of either candidate4 ,the     
candidates were ,general  ,grant and    

,governor ,seymour of ,new ,york4 ,mr4  
,hendricks1 then a ,senator  from       
,indiana1 sustained with memorable force
 and conviction the right  of ,georgia  
to her proper and unqualified voice in  
the election4 ,one  ,republican ,senator
 alone voted against the 8concurrent    
resolution10  and that ,senator1 ,mr4   
,trumbull of ,illinois1 is now a        
recognised leader  of the ,democratic   
party in the ,state which gave ,abraham 
,lincoln to the  ,presidency4 ,at the   
second election of ,grant--,horace      
,greeley having  died immediately after 
the choice of the electors--most of the 
votes  given against ,general ,grant    
were given to ,mr4 ,hendricks2 and in   
the  ,democratic ,convention of #ahgf   
,mr4 ,hendricks who was the second      
choice  of a majority of the ,convention
 after ,governor ,tilden1 was eventually
  nominated1 almost against his will1   
for the ,vice-,presidency4 ,he is  a man
 of fine presence and dignified manners1
 who will preside with  ability and tact

 over that ,upper ,house of the national
 ,legislature  which stands as the      
fortress of ,home ,rule and ,state      
,rights1 founded  upon the ideal        
constituency of ,state sovereignty1 and 
set more safely  beyond the reach of the
 gusts of popular passion than the      
hereditary  principle in ,europe4       
,the first duty of the ,president ,elect
 will be the selection of his  ,cabinet 
officers4 ,under the ,american system   
these officers do not sit  in ,congress1
 and1 with the exception of the         
,secretary of the ,treasury1  they are  
simply agents of the ,executive4 ,but it
 is customary to select  them from the  
most prominent and influential men of   
the party1 and  with reference to the   
party strength in different sections of 
the  country4 ,to recite the names of   
the men1 any one of whom would be       
accepted by public opinion in the       
,united ,states as a fitting ,cabinet   
,minister of the new ,president1 would  
really be almost to call the  roll of   

the ,democratic ,senators1 now          
thirty-six in number out of a  ,senate  
of ,seventy-six members1 and of the     
,democratic ,chairmen of  ,committees in
 the ,house1 which as newly elected will
 be ,democratic by  a majority of       
between thirty and forty votes4 ,the    
names of ,mr4 ,bayard  of ,delaware1 the
 leading candidate after ,governor      
,cleveland at ,chicago2  ,mr4 ,thurman  
of ,ohio1 long the leading ,democratic1 
with ,senator ,edmunds  as the          
,republican1 8law lord0 of the ,senate1 
and the author of an ,act  enforcing    
upon the great ,pacific railway         
corporations their obligations  to the  
,government1 which it has been left for 
a ,democratic ,executive to  carry into 
effect2 ,general ,mc,clellan2 ,mr4      
,pendleton of ,ohio1 to whom  the       
country chiefly owes whatever measure of
 reasonable ,civil ,service  reform it  
enjoys2 ,mr4 ,mc,donald of ,indiana1    
,mr4 ,lamar of ,mississippi1  ,mr4      
,hewitt and ,mr4 ,kernan of ,new ,york1 

,mr4 ,garland of ,arkansas1 ,mr4  ,beck 
of ,kentucky1 ,mr4 ,palmer of ,illinois1
 have been already discussed  in the    
open councils of the party1 and         
intelligent ,americans of all  opinions 
will admit that a ,cabinet framed of    
such materials would  deserve and       
command universal confidence4 ,there are
 many other active  and experienced     
party men whom it might be troublesome  
to replace in  one or the other ,house  
of ,congress1 but there need be no fear 
that the  new ,president will be at a   
loss to find able counsellors to aid him
 in  discharging his great trust4       
,the policy of the new ,administration  
is involved and indicated in the        
traditions of the party4 ,in our foreign
 relations the ,united ,states  under a 
,democratic ,president will ask nothing 
of ,europe except a  cordial maintenance
 of treaties1 an extension of commercial
 relations  under equitable conditions1 
a full recognition of the accepted rules
 of  international law1 a sedulous      

exemption everywhere of the persons and 
property of ,american citizens from     
unnecessary annoyance by arbitrary      
power4 ,the ,state ,department under    
,president ,cleveland may be expected   
to be administered1 not in the          
swash-bucklering and speculative fashion
  which the ,republican supporters of   
,mr4 ,blaine extolled during the late   
canvass as brilliant and enterprising1  
but in the self-respecting1             
self-contained1 and dignified spirit    
which controlled our foreign  relations 
under ex-,governor ,marcy of ,new ,york 
thirty years ago1 and  which so         
honorably distinguished the             
administration of the same  department  
under ex-,governor ,fish of ,new ,york  
from that of sundry other  high officers
 of ,state in the time of ,president    
,grant4    ,upon the ,treasury          
,department will fall the responsibility
 of dealing  wisely and firmly with the 
most important domestic issue inherent  
in  the resumption of executive power by

 the party of the ,constitution4  ,this 
can hardly be more authoritatively      
stated than it was a fortnight  ago by  
the ,vice-,president ,elect1 ,mr4       
,hendricks1 in a speech delivered  by   
him to the people at ,indianapolis after
 the election3--            ,the        
watchword of the party in this contest1 
as in the contest of eight years ago1   
has been        reform--executive1      
administrative1 and revenue             
reform2 an honest construction of the   
laws1 and        an honest              
administration of them4 ,the revenue    
now collected exceeds the wants of an   
economical        administration by     
#he1jjj1jjj4 ,because of this the       
,democrats say3 8,let there be revenue  
reform2 let        that reform consist  
in part in the reduction of             
taxation40 ,is it not patent to every   
man that there        ought to be a     
reform here8 ,the ,democratic party     
this year came before the country with a
 clear        and straightforward       

statement of the reform they            
intended to accomplish4 ,in the national
 platform they        declared that     
reform they would have4 ,it was1 first1 
that the taxation shall not exceed the  
wants of the        ,government         
economically administered2 second1 that 
taxation shall be for public purposes   
alone1 and not        for private gain  
or advantage2 third1 that in the        
adjustment care shall be taken to       
neither hurt labor        nor harm      
capital2 and fourth1 that taxation shall
        be heaviest on articles of      
luxury and lightest on        articles  
of necessity4    ,for now a quarter of a
 century the 8,party of ,protection and 
,monopoly0  has persistently            
transgressed the limits set to the      
,federal authority  by the              
,constitution1 and used the earnings of 
labor and of capital1  in the form of   
excessive taxes1 to fertilise and fatten
 private  enterprises4    ,this must    
stop4 ,and when this stops1 the         

manufacturers of ,england and  of       
,europe may make up their minds to meet 
the competing exports of the  ,united   
,states in all those markets of the     
world from which ,american  exports have
 been excluded by ,american legislation 
ever since the  ,whig-,republicans of   
#ahfa laid their grasp upon our fiscal  
policy4 ,it  cannot stop too soon4 ,the 
official returns of the exports of the  
,united  ,states show that during the   
fiscal year which ended on the #cjth of 
,june  #ahhd1 the exports of domestic   
merchandise from the ,united ,states to 
all parts of the world fell off in value
 #gi1beh1ghj1 as compared with  the     
exports for the year ending the #cjth of
 ,june1 #ahhc4 ,our exports of          
machinery fell off nearly a million     
dollars2 of general manufactures of     
iron and steel more than a million and a
 quarter of dollars4 ,there was  a good 
deal of gunpowder burned in the year    
#ahhc-d1 but the value of  our exports  
of it fell off a quarter of a million of

 dollars4 ,the value  of our exports of 
flax and hemp fell from #edg1aaa in     
#ahhb-c to #fg1gbe  in #ahhc-d2 our     
exports of agricultural implements      
declined during the  last year more than
 a million of dollars in value2 our     
exports of  cotton goods1 colored and   
uncolored1 more than twelve hundred     
thousand  dollars4 ,clearly ,protection 
does not develop the manufactures of the
  ,united ,states4 ,it 8protects0 the   
manufacturers 7which is quite a         
different thing7 against and at the     
expense of the consumers of the  ,united
 ,states1 and gives point to the ,duke  
of ,somerset's assertion that  8in no   
country has the power of capital been   
more invidiously exerted0  than in the  
,united ,states4 ,if our foreign        
manufacturing friends had any  money to 
spend on ,american politics1 they would 
have done well to throw  it into one    
pool with the contributions of ,mr4     
,blaine's two hundred  millionaires6    
,alexander ,hamilton1 the ,federalist   

,secretary of the ,treasury under       
,washington1 was the first apostle of   
,protection in ,america1 but  in        
approaching the subject he 8walked      
delicately10 like ,agag4 ,the           
,americans of #aghi established absolute
 free trade between all the  sovereign  
,states of the new ,republic2 nay more1 
during the negotiations  for peace at   
,versailles in #aghc1 the ,american     
,commissioners offered  ,great ,britain 
absolute free trade between the new     
,states 8and all  parts of the ,british 
dominions1 saving only the rights of the
 ,british  chartered companies40 ,david 
,hartley1 the philosophic writer on     
8,man10  one of the ,british            
,commissioners1 had wisdom enough to see
 the immense  importance of this offer1 
and urged the ,british ,government to   
close  with it4 ,lord ,shelburne1 ,i    
believe1 agreed with him4 ,but the king 
peremptorily refused to entertain a     
proposition which1 had it been          
accepted1 must have changed the whole   

subsequent course of the history  of the
 two countries4    ,down to #ahji no    
import duties were levied in the ,united
 ,states except  for purposes of revenue
 only4 ,high rates of duty were levied  
in #ahaf  after the war of #ahab1 not   
for 8protection10 but in order to meet  
the  exigencies of a most dangerous     
financial situation4 ,in #ahbd1 ,henry  
,clay1 backed by ,new ,england and the  
middle ,states1 carried through a       
tariff to 8protect ,american industry40 
,this was followed up by the  tariff of 
#ahbh1 known as the 8,bill of           
,abominations40 ,but the ,democratic    
sense of the country clearly saw that as
 the power to levy protective  taxes    
must be derived from the revenue power  
it is of necessity  incidental1 and that
 as the incident cannot go beyond that  
to which it  is incidental1 ,congress   
cannot constitutionally levy duties     
avowedly  for ,protection2 and the      
,democratic party has never since       
departed1 and  never can depart1 from   

this doctrine in its party action4 ,in  
#ahcc1  under ,president ,jackson1      
8,protection0 went down with            
,nullification4 ,in  #ahdf1 under       
,president ,polk1 the liberal           
,democratic tariff of ,secretary        
,walker was framed1 under which our     
exports increased from #ii1bii1gff  in  
#ahde1 to #aif1fhi1gah in #ahea1 and our
 net imports from #aja1ijg1gcd  to      
#aid1ebf1fci4 ,in #ahef1 under          
,democratic rule1 our net imports  were 
#bih1bfa1cfd1 in specie value1 and our  
exports #caj1ehf1ccj4  ,in that year the
 ,democratic ,convention declared 8the  
time has come  for the people of the    
,united ,states to declare themselves in
 favor  of progressive free trade       
throughout the world40 ,under           
,republican  ,protection1 despite the   
development of the population1 our net  
imports  fell from #egb1jhj1iai in      
#ahgd1 to #dee1djg1hcf in #ahgf1 and our
  exports from #gjd1dfc1abj 7mixed      
values1 gold and inflated currency7  to 

#fee1dfc1ifi2 and in #ahgf the          
,democratic ,convention declared1 8,we  
demand that all ,custom ,house taxation 
shall be only for revenue40 ,of  course 
trade can never be said to be free      
excepting where1 as in the  internal    
commerce of the ,united ,states1 no tax 
is levied on trade2 and  therefore so   
long as any revenue is raised by duties 
it is absurd1 as  ,senator ,sherman said
 in discussing the tariff question in   
#ahfg1 to  talk of a 8free trade        
tariff40 ,but it cannot be denied that  
under the  ,democratic ,revenue ,tariff 
of #ahdf a revenue of at least          
#adj1jjj1jjj  would easily now be       
raised1 and ,senator ,sherman1 in the   
speech to  which ,i refer1 admitted that
 8the wit of man could not possibly     
frame  a tariff0 which should produce   
that sum 8without amply protecting our  
domestic industry40 ,if this happens as 
an incident to raising such a  revenue1 
,american manufacturers will do well to 
be thankful for it4 ,had  the           

monopolists succeeded in getting ,mr4   
,blaine into the ,white ,house  to      
thwart legislative reform of tariff     
taxation for four years more1 a  worse  
thing would have overtaken them4 ,for it
 is unquestionable that  a spirit of    
resistance to protective monopolies is  
moving through the  country1 and        
especially through that nursery of      
empire1 the great  ,north-,west1 which  
will not much longer be denied4 ,the    
,democratic  ,convention at ,chicago    
wisely took note of this when it made   
,mr4 ,vilas  of ,wisconsin1 one of the  
most eloquent and popular of            
,north-,western  ,democrats1 permanent  
chairman of the body2 and ,mr4 ,vilas   
has stated  the purposes and the        
convictions of the ,north-,west with    
plainness of  speech3--            ,the 
tariff 7he says7 is a form of slavery   
not        less hateful because the whip
 is not exposed4 ,no        free people 
can or will bear it4 ,there is but one  
course4 ,the plan of protective robbery 

must be        utterly eradicated from  
every law for taxation4 ,with           
unflinching steadfastness1 but          
moderately1 without        destructive  
haste or violence1 the firm demand of   
freedom must be persistently pressed1   
until every        dollar levied in the 
name of ,government goes to the         
,treasury1 and the vast millions now    
extorted for a        class are left in 
the pockets of the people who earn      
the money4 ,resolute to defend the      
sacred rights of        property1 we    
must be resolute to redress the flagrant
        wrongs of property4    ,these   
are strong words4 ,but they are only the
 echo from the land  of the ,great      
,lakes in #ahhd of the liberal          
principles embodied by  ,jefferson in   
the ,declaration of ,independence in    
#aggf and sanctioned  by the            
,constitution of the ,united ,states in 
#aghi4 ,those principles  are the life  
of the ,democratic party4 ,the          
,democratic party can only  be opposed  

by opposing those principles4 ,it can   
only be crushed  by crushing them2 and  
it is their inextinguishable vitality   
which  guarantees the permanence of our 
indissoluble ,union of indestructible   
,states4--,nineteenth ,century4         
,,ronsard3 ,,on ,,the ,,choice ,,of     
,,his ,,tomb4      8,antres1 et vous    
fontaines40    ,,by ,j4 ,p4 ,m4         
,ye caverns1 and ye founts      ,that   
from these rocky mounts      ,well      
forth1 and fall below                   
,with glassy flow2        ,ye forests1  
and ye waves      ,whose stream these   
meadows laves2      ,ye banks and copses
 gay1                  ,hear ye my lay4 
,when ,heaven and my last sun           
,shall tell my race is run1             
,snatched from the dwelling bright      
,of common light2        ,no marble     
chiselled be1      ,that boastfulness   
may see      ,a grander pomp illume     
,my lowly tomb4        ,but may1 in     
marble's stead1      ,some tree with    
shading head      ,uplift its leafy     

screen1                  ,for ever      
green4        ,and from me1 grant1 ,o   
,earth6      ,an ivy plant its birth1   
,in close embraces bound                
,my body round3        ,and may         
enwreathing vine      ,to deck my tomb  
entwine1      ,that all around be made  
,a trellised shade4        ,thither     
shall swains1 each year1      ,on my    
feast-day draw near1      ,with lowing  
herds in view1--                  ,a    
rustic crew2        ,who1 hailing first 
the light      ,with ,eucharistic rite1 
,addressing thus the ,isle1#e           
,shall sing1 the while3--        8,how  
splendid is thy fame1     ,o tomb1 to   
own the name     ,of one1 who fills with
 verse                  ,the ,universe6 
8,who never burned with fire      ,of   
envious desire      ,for glorious ,fate 
affords                  ,to mighty     
lords2        8,nor ever taught the use 
,of love-compelling juice2      ,nor    
ancient magic art                  ,did 
e'er impart2        8,but gave our meads

 to see      ,the ,sister ,graces three 
,dance o'er the swarded plains          
,to his sweet strains4        8,because 
he made his lyre      ,such soft accords
 respire1      ,as filled us and our    
place                  ,with his own    
grace4        8,may gentle manna fall1  
,for ever1 on his pall2      ,and dews1 
exhaled in ,may1                  ,at   
close of day4        8,be turf1 and     
murmuring wave1      ,the fence around  
his grave3      ,wave1 ever flowing     
seen--                  ,turf1 ever     
green4        8,and we1 whose hearts so 
well      ,his noble fame can tell1     
,as unto ,pan1 will bear                
,honors1 each year40        ,so will    
that choir strike up2      ,pouring from
 many a cup      ,a lamb's devoted      
blood1                  ,with milky     
flood1        ,o'er me1 who then shall  
be      ,of that ,high ,city free1      
,where happy souls possess              
,their blissfulness4        ,hail       
hurtles not1 nor there      ,fall snow1 

in that mild air2      ,nor             
thunder-stroke o'erwhelms               
,those hallowed realms3        ,but     
evermore is seen      ,to reign1        
unfading green2      ,and1 ever         
blossoming1                  ,the lovely
 ,spring4        ,nor there do they     
endure      ,the lusts that kings allure
      ,their ruined neighbors' ,state   
,to dominate3        ,like brothers they
 abide2      ,and1 though on earth they 
died1      ,pursue the tasks they set   
,while living yet4        ,there1 there1
 ,alcus' lyre      ,i'll hear1 of       
wrathful fire2      ,and ,sappho's      
chords1 which fall                      
,sweeter than all4        ,how those    
blest souls1 whose ear      ,shall      
strains so chanted hear1      ,in       
gladness must abound                    
,at that sweet sound2        ,when      
,sisyphus the shock      ,forgetteth1 of
 his rock2      ,and ,tantalus by thirst
                  ,is no more curst6    
,the sole delicious ,lyre      ,fulfils 

the heart's desire2      ,and charms1   
with joy intense1                  ,the 
listening sense4                        
--,blackwood's ,magazine4               
,w,,rzburg ,,and ,,vienna3 ,,scraps     
,,from ,a ,,diary4      ,,by ,,emile    
,,de ,,laveleye4      ,,ii4    ,i arrive
 at ,vienna at #aj o'clock and alight at
 the 8,mnsch0 hotel1  a very            
old-established one1 and very           
preferable1 in my opinion1 to  those    
gigantic and sumptuous 8,ring0          
establishments where one is a mere      
number4 ,i find awaiting me a letter    
from the ,baron de ,neumann1 my         
colleague of the ,university of ,vienna1
 and a member of the ,institut de       
,droit ,international4 ,he informs me   
that the ,minister ,taaffe will await   
me at #aa o'clock1 and the ,minister for
 ,foreign ,affairs1 ,m4 de ,klnoky1  at 
#c ,p4 ,m4 ,it is always well to make   
the acquaintance of  ,ministers when    
visiting foreign countries4 ,it is the  
means of obtaining  the key to doors    

generally closed1 to consulting         
documents otherwise  inaccessible1 and  
to getting out of prison if by mistake  
you happen to  be one day thrown        
therein4    ,the ,home ,office is a     
sombre-looking palace1 situated in the  
,judenplatz1 a dark and narrow street in
 old ,vienna2 the apartments  are       
spacious1 correct but bare2 the         
furniture severe1 simple but  pure      
eighteenth century style4 ,it resembles 
the abode of an ancient  family who must
 live carefully to keep out of debt4    
,how different to  the ,government      
,offices in ,paris1 where luxury is     
displayed everywhere  in gilt           
panellings1 ,lyons velvets1 painted     
ceilings and magnificent                
staircases--as1 for instance1 at the    
,financial and ,foreign ,offices4 ,i    
prefer the simplicity of the official   
buildings of ,vienna and ,berlin4  ,the 
,state ought not to set an example of   
prodigality4 ,the ,comte ,taaffe  is in 
evening dress1 as he is going to a      

conference with the ,emperor4  ,he1     
nevertheless1 receives my letter of     
introduction from one of  his cousins   
most amiably1 and also the little note  
,i bring him from  my friend ,neumann1  
who was his professor of public law4    
,the present  policy of the ,prime      
,minister1 which gives satisfaction to  
the ,tscheks  and irritates the ,germans
 so much1 is not unjustifiable4 ,he     
reasons  thus3--,what is the best means 
to ensure the comfort and contentment of
  several persons living together in the
 same house8 ,is it not to leave  them  
perfectly free to regulate their lives  
just as they think well8  ,force them to
 live all in the same way to take their 
meals and amuse  themselves together1   
and they will be certain1 very shortly1 
to quarrel  and separate4 ,how is it    
that the ,italians of the ,canton of    
,tesino never  think of uniting with    
,italy8 ,because they are perfectly     
satisfied  to belong to ,switzerland4   
,remember that ,austria's motto is      

,viribus  unitis4 ,true union would be  
born of general contentment4 ,the sure  
way  to satisfy all is to sacrifice the 
rights of none4 8,yes10 ,i said1 8if    
unity could be made to spring from      
liberty and autonomy it would be        
indestructible40    ,count ,taaffe has  
long been in favor of federalism4 ,under
 the  ,taaffe-,potoki ,ministry1 in     
#ahfi1 he had sketched a plan of reforms
  with the object of extending the sway 
of provincial governments4#f ,in  some  
articles in the ,revue des ,deux        
,mondes1 in #ahfh-i ,i tried to show    
that this was the best solution of the  
question4 ,count ,taaffe is still       
young2 he was born in #ahcc1 ,feb4 #bd4 
,he is descended from an ,irish  family 
and is a peer of that country1 with the 
title of ,viscount ,taaffe  of ,correw  
and ,baron of ,ballymote2 but his       
ancestors left their home and  lost     
their ,irish estates on account of their
 attachment to the ,stuarts4  ,they took
 service1 then1 under the ,dukes of     

,lorraine1 and one of them              
distinguished himself at the siege of   
,vienna in #afhc4 ,count ,edward1  the  
present ,minister1 was born at ,prague4 
,his father was ,president of  the      
,supreme ,court of ,justice4 ,he himself
 commenced his career in the  ,hungarian
 ,administration under the ,baron ,bach1
 who1 seeing his great  aptitudes and   
his perseverance1 procured him rapid    
advancement4 ,taaffe  became            
successively ,vice-,governor of         
,bohemia1 ,governor of ,salzburg1  and  
finally ,governor of ,upper ,austria4   
,called to the ,ministry of the         
,interior in #ahfg1 he signed the famous
 8,ausgleich0 of ,december #ba1  which  
forms the basis of the present ,dual    
,empire4 ,after the fall of the         
,ministry1 he was appointed ,governor of
 the ,tyrol1 and held that post to      
general satisfaction for a space of     
seven years4 ,on his return to power  he
 again took up the portfolio of the     
,interior1 and was also appointed       

,president of the ,council4 ,he         
continued to pursue his federalist      
policy1  but with more success than in  
#ahfi4 ,the concessions he makes to the 
,tscheks are a subject of both grief and
 wonder in ,vienna4 ,it is said  that he
 does it to secure their votes for the  
revision of the law of  primary         
education in favor of reactionary       
clericalism4 ,those who are  of this    
opinion must forget that he has clearly 
shown his leaning to  federalism for    
more than sixteen years4    ,what is    
more astonishing is the contradiction   
between ,austria's home  and foreign    
policy4 ,at home the ,slav movement is  
encouraged4 ,all is  conceded to it1    
with the exception of the               
re-establishment of the  realm of ,st4  
,wenceslas1 the road to which is1       
however1 being prepared4  ,abroad1 on   
the contrary1 and especially beyond the 
,danube1 this  movement is opposed and  
suppressed as much as possible1 even at 
the  risk of dangerously increasing     

,russia's influence and popularity4     
,this  contradiction may be explained   
after this wise4 ,the 8,common0         
,ministry  of the ,empire is entirely   
independent of the ,ministry of         
,cis-,leithania4  ,this 8,common0       
,ministry1 presided over by the         
,chancellor1 is composed  of three      
,ministers--viz41 those of ,foreign     
,affairs1 ,finances1 and ,war2  it alone
 settles foreign policy1 and the        
,hungarian element is dominant  here4   
,count ,taaffe's principal residence is 
at ,ellisham in ,bohemia4  8,bailli0 of 
the ,order of ,malta1 he possesses the  
,golden ,fleece4 ,he is1  in fact1 in   
every respect1 an important personage4  
,in #ahfj he married  the ,countess     
,irma de ,czaky of ,keresztszegk1 by    
whom he has had a son  and five         
daughters4 ,he has1 thus1 one foot in   
,bohemia and the other in  ,hungary4    
,all unanimously admit his extraordinary
 aptitudes1 his  indefatigable energy1  
and his clever administration2 but in   

,vienna they  complain that he is too   
aristocratic1 and has too great a       
weakness for  the clergy4 ,probably a   
statue as high as the ,hradsin          
,cathedral will  be raised in his honor 
at ,prague1 if he persuades the ,emperor
 to be  crowned there4    ,at three     
o'clock ,i proceeded to see ,count      
,klnoky at the ,foreign ,office  in the 
,ballplatz4 ,it is very well situated1  
near to the ,imperial  residence1 in a  
wide street1 and in sight of the ,ring4 
,large reception  rooms1 solemn-looking 
and cold2 gilded chairs and white and   
gold  panellings1 red curtains1 polished
 floorings1 and no carpets4 ,on the     
walls1 portraits of the ,imperial       
family4 ,while waiting to be announced1 
,i think of ,metternich4 ,it was here he
 resided4 ,in #ahab ,austria decided    
the fall of ,napoleon4 ,now1 again1 she 
holds in her hands the destinies  of    
,europe2 for the balance changes as she 
moves towards the north1  the east1 or  
the west2 and ,i am about to see the    

,minister who directs  her foreign      
policy4 ,i expected to find myself in   
the presence of an  imposing-looking    
person1 with white hair1 and very stiff2
 so ,i was  agreeably surprised on being
 most affably received by a man of about
  forty1 dressed in a brown morning     
suit1 with a blue cravat4 ,an open  and 
very pleasing expression1 and eyes      
brimming over with wit4 ,all  the       
,klnoky family have this particularity1 
it appears4 ,he possesses  the quiet1   
refined1 yet simple and modest          
distinction of manner of an  ,english   
nobleman4 ,like many ,austrians of the  
upper class1 he speaks  ,french like a  
,parisian4 ,i think this is due to their
 speaking six or  seven languages       
equally well1 so that the particular    
accent of each  becomes neutralized4    
,the ,english and the ,germans1 even    
when they know  ,french thoroughly1 have
 still a foreign accent when speaking   
it2 not  so the ,austrians4 ,count      
,klnoky asks what are my plans for my   

journey4  ,when he hears that ,i intend 
studying the question of the ,eastern   
railways1 he says3    8,that is our     
great preoccupation at the present      
moment4 ,in the ,west  they pretend that
 we are anxious for conquest4 ,this is  
absurd4 ,it  would be very difficult for
 us to make any which would satisfy the 
two  parties in the ,empire1 and it is  
in fact greatly to our interest that    
peace should be maintained4 ,but we are 
dreaming of different sorts of          
conquests1 which1 as an economist1 you  
can but approve4 ,i speak of  conquests 
we are desirous of making for our       
industries1 trade1 and  civilization4   
,for this to be possible1 we want       
railways in ,servia1  ,bulgaria1        
,bosnia1 and ,macedonia2 and1 above all1
 a connection with the  ,ottoman lines4 
,engineers and diplomatists are already 
at work1 and  will soon succeed1 ,i     
hope4 ,i do not think any one will      
complain or  throw blame on us when a   
,pullman car takes him comfortably from 

,paris  to ,constantinople in three     
days4 ,we are working for the benefit of
 the  ,western world40    ,it has been  
said that speech was given to           
diplomatists to conceal  their thoughts4
 ,i believe1 though1 that when ,austrian
 statesmen deny  any ideas of conquest  
and annexation in the ,east1 they are   
expressing  the true intentions of the  
,imperial ,government4 ,the late        
,chancellor de  ,haymerl expressed      
similar opinions when ,i saw him in     
,rome in #ahgi1 and  in a letter which  
,i received from him shortly before his 
death4 ,baron  ,haymerl was better      
acquainted with the ,east and the       
,balkan ,peninsula  than any one4 ,he   
had lived there many years1 first as    
dragoman of the  ,austrian ,embassy1 and
 afterwards as a ,government envoy1 and 
he was a  perfect master of all the     
different languages of the ,east4       
,the present ,chancellor1 ,count        
,klnoky1 of ,krospatak1 is of ,hungarian
  origin1 as his name indicates2 but he 

was born at ,littowitz1 in  ,moravia1   
,december #bi1 #ahcb4 ,most of his      
landed estates are in that  province1   
amongst others ,prdlitz1 ,ottaslawitz   
and ,szabatta4 ,he has  several         
brothers1 and a very lovely sister who  
has been twice married1  first to ,count
 ,jean ,waldstein1 the widower of a     
,zichy1 who was already  #fb years of   
age1 and1 secondly1 to the ,duke of     
,sabran4 ,chancellor  ,klnoky's career  
has been very extraordinary4 ,he left   
the army in #ahgi1  with the grade of   
,colonel1 and took up diplomacy4 ,he    
obtained a post  at ,copenhagen1 where  
he appeared destined to play a very     
insignificant  part in political        
affairs4 ,shortly after1 however1 he was
 appointed to  ,st4 ,petersburg1 the    
most important of all diplomatic posts1 
and1 on  the death of ,haymerl1 he was  
called to ,vienna as ,foreign ,minister1
  and thus in three years he advanced   
from the position of a cavalry  officer1
 brilliant and elegant it is true1 but  

with no political  influence1 to be the 
arbiter of the destinies of the         
,austrian ,empire1  and consequently of 
those of ,europe4 ,how may this         
marvellously rapid  advancement1        
reminding one of the tales of the ,grand
 ,viziers in the  8,arabian ,nights10 be
 accounted for8 ,it is generally        
considered to  be due to ,andrassy's    
friendship4 ,but the real truth is very 
little  known4 ,count ,klnoky is even   
cleverer as a writer than as speaker4   
,his despatches from foreign ,courts    
were really finished models4 ,the       
,emperor1 a most indefatigable and      
conscientious worker1 reads all the     
despatches from the ,ambassadors1 and   
was much struck with those from  ,st4   
,petersburg1 noting ,klnoky as destined 
to fill high functions  in the ,state4  
,at ,st4 ,petersburg he charmed every   
one by his wit and  amiability1 and in  
spite of the distrust felt for his      
country became  persona grata at the    
,court there4 ,when he became           

,chancellor1 the  ,emperor gave him the 
rank of ,major-,general4    ,it was     
thought in the beginning that his       
friendship for ,russia might  lead him  
to come to terms with that ,power1 and  
perhaps also with  ,france1 and to break
 off the alliance with ,germany2 but    
,klnoky does  not forget that he is     
,hungarian and the friend of ,andrassy1 
and that  the pivot of ,hungarian       
policy1 since #ahff1 has been a close   
alliance  with ,berlin4 ,in the summer  
of #ahhc the ,german papers more than   
once  expressed vague doubts as to      
,austria's fidelity1 and public opinion 
at  ,vienna1 and more especially as     
,pesth1 was rather astir on the subject4
  ,klnoky's visit to ,gastein1 where the
 ,emperor ,wilhelm showed him  every    
mark of affection1 and his interview    
with ,m4 de ,bismarck1 where  everything
 was satisfactorily explained1          
completely silenced these  rumors4 ,at  
the present1 the young ,minister's      
position is exceedingly  secure4 ,he    

enjoys the ,emperor's full confidence1  
and1 apparently1 that  of the nation    
also1 for1 in the last session of the   
,trans-and  ,cis-,leithanian            
,delegations he was acclaimed by all    
parties1 even by  the ,tscheks who are  
just now dominant in ,cis-,leithania4   
,count ,klnoky  is hitherto unmarried1  
which fact1 it is said1 renders ,vienna 
mothers  despairing and husbands uneasy4
    ,i pass my evenings at the          
,salm-,lichtensteins'4 ,i had already   
the  pleasure of making the acquaintance
 of the ,altgrfin in ,florence1  and ,i 
am very glad to have an opportunity of  
meeting her husband1 a  member of       
,parliament very deeply interested in   
the ,tscheko-,german  question4 ,he     
belongs to the ,austrian ,liberal party1
 and severely  blames ,taaffe's policy1 
and the alliance that the ,feudal party1
  and especially members of his own and 
of his wife's families1 have  concluded 
with the ultra-,tscheks4 8,their aim    
is10 he says1 8to obtain  the same      

situation for ,bohemia as for ,hungary4 
,the ,emperor would go to  ,prague to   
receive the crown of ,st4 ,wenceslas4   
,an autonomous government  would be     
re-established in ,bohemia under the    
direction of a ,diet1  as in ,hungary4  
,the ,empire would become triune instead
 of dual4 ,save  for questions common to
 all1 the three ,states would be        
independent  of each other1 united only 
in the person of the ,sovereign4 ,such  
an  arrangement answered admirably in   
the ,middle ,ages1 when it was usual2   
but at the present day1 when we are     
surrounded on all sides by great  united
 ,powers1 as ,france1 ,russia1 ,prussia 
and ,italy1 it is senseless  to advocate
 it4 ,i admit of federation for small   
neutral ,states like  ,switzerland1 or  
for a large country embracing an entire 
,continent1  like the ,united ,states2  
but ,i consider that for ,austria1      
situated1 as  she is1 in the heart of   
,europe1 exposed on all sides to        
complications  and to the greed and     

envyings of her many neighbors1 it would
 be  absolute perdition4 ,my good       
friends of the ,feudal party1 supported 
by  the clergy1 hope that when autonomy 
is established in ,bohemia1 and the     
country is completely withdrawn from the
 influence of the ,liberals of  the     
,central ,parliament1 they themselves   
will be the masters there1 and  the     
former order of things will be reset on 
foot4 ,i think they make a  very great  
mistake4 ,i believe that when the       
,tscheks have attained the  end they    
have in view1 they will turn against    
their present allies4  ,they are at     
heart all democrats1 varying in shade   
from pale pink to  bright scarlet2 but  
all will band together against the      
aristocracy and  the clergy1 and will   
make common cause with the ,german      
population of  our towns1 who are almost
 all ,liberals4 ,the country inhabitants
 would  also in a great measure join    
them1 and thus the aristocracy and the  
clergy would be inevitably vanquished4  

,if necessary the ultra-,tscheks  would 
call up the memories of ,john ,huss and 
of ,ziska1 to ensure the  triumph of    
their party4    8,strange to say10 he   
continues1 8the majority of the old     
families  heading the national movement 
in ,bohemia are of ,german origin1 and  
do not even speak the language they wish
 to be made official4 ,the  ,hapsburg   
dynasty1 our capital1 our civilization1 
the initiative and  persistent          
perseverance to which ,austria owes its 
creation--are not  all these ,germanic8 
,in ,hungary1 ,german1 the language of  
our ,emperor1  is forbidden2 it is      
excluded also in ,gallicia1 in ,croatia1
 and will  soon be so also in           
,carinthia1 in ,transylvania1 and in    
,bohemia4 ,the  present policy is       
perilous in every respect4 ,it is deeply
 wounding to  the ,german element1 which
 is nothing less than the enlightened   
classes1  commerce1 money--the power1 in
 fact1 of modern times4 ,if autonomy  is
 established in ,bohemia1 it will       

deliver over the clergy and the         
aristocracy to the ,tschek democrats and
 ,hussites40    8,all that you say10 ,i 
answer1 8is perfectly clear4 ,i can     
offer but  one objection1 which is3 that
 from time to time in the affairs of    
humanity certain irresistible currents  
are to be met with4 ,they are so        
irresistible that nothing subdues them1 
and any impediment in their way  merely 
serves to increase their force4 ,the    
nationality movement is one  of these4  
,see what a prodigious reawakening6 ,one
 might almost compare  it to the        
resurrection of the dead4 ,idioms buried
 hitherto in darkness  spring forth into
 light and glory4 ,what was the ,german 
language in the  eighteenth century1    
when ,frederick boasted that he ignored 
it1 and  prided himself on writing      
,french as perfectly as ,voltaire8      
,true1 it was  ,luther's language2 yet  
it was not spoken by the upper and      
educated  classes4 ,forty years ago1    
what was the ,hungarian tongue8 ,the    

despised  dialect of the pastors of the 
,puzta4 ,german was the only language   
spoken in good society and in           
,government offices1 and1 at the ,diet1 
,latin4 ,at the present day the ,magyar 
dialect is the language of the  press1  
of the parliament1 of the theatre1 of   
science1 of academies1  of the          
university1 of poetry1 and of fiction2  
henceforth the  recognized and exclusive
 official language1 it is imposed even  
upon  the inhabitants of ,croatia or    
,transylvania1 who have no wish for it4 
,tschek is gradually securing for itself
 the same place in ,bohemia as  ,magyar 
had attained in ,hungary4 ,a similar    
phenomenon is taking place  in ,croatia1
 the dialect there1 formerly merely a   
popular patois1 now  possesses a        
university at ,agram1 poets and         
philologists1 a national  press1 and a  
theatre4 ,the ,servian tongue1 which is 
merely ,croatian  written in ,cyrillic  
characters1 has become the official1    
literary1  parliamentary1 and scientific

 language of ,servia4 ,it is in         
precisely  the same position as its     
elder brothers1 ,french and ,german1 in 
their  respective countries4 ,it is the 
same for the ,bulgarian idiom in        
,bulgaria and ,roumelia1 for the        
,romanian in ,romania1 for ,polish in   
,galicia1 for ,finn in ,finland1 and    
soon also in ,flanders1 where1 as       
elsewhere1 the literary reawakening     
precedes political claims4 ,with a      
constitutional government1 the          
nationality party is sure to triumph1   
because there is a constant struggle    
between the political opponents  as to  
which shall make the most concessions in
 order to secure votes  for themselves4 
,this has been also the case in         
,ireland4 ,tell me1 do  you think it    
possible that any ,government would be  
able to suppress so  deeply grounded1 so
 universal a movement1 whose root is in 
the very  heart of long-enslaved races1 
and which must fatally develop as what  
is called modern civilization           

progresses8 ,what is to be done1 then1  
to  quell this irresistible pressing    
forward of races all claiming their     
place in the sunshine8 ,centralize and  
compress them1 as ,schmerlng and  ,bach 
tried to do8 ,it is too late for that   
now4 ,the only thing is to  make        
compromises with these divers           
nationalities1 as ,count ,taaffe is     
trying to do1 being careful1 at the same
 time1 to protect the rights  of the    
minority4    8,but10 answers the        
,altgraf1 8in ,bohemia we ,germans are  
in a minority1  the ,tscheks could crush
 us mercilessly0    ,the following day  
,i called on ,m4 de ,v41 an influential 
,conservative  member of ,parliament4   
,he appears to me even more distressed  
than  ,count ,salm4    8,an ,austrian of
 the old school1 a sincere black and    
yellow1 ,i am1  and even1 says ,m4 de   
,v41 what you call in your extraordinary
 ,liberal  jargon1 a ,reactionist4 ,my  
attachment to the ,imperial family is   
absolute1 as being the common centre of 

all parties in the ,state4  ,i am       
attached to ,count ,taaffe1 because he  
is the representative of  ,conservative 
principles2 but ,i deplore his          
federalistic policy1 which1  if pursued1
 will certainly lead to the             
disintegration of the ,empire4  ,my     
audacity even goes so far as to declare 
that ,metternich was a  clever man4 ,our
 good friends1 the ,italians1 reproached
 him with having  said that ,italy is a 
mere geographical expression4 ,but of   
our empire1  which he made so powerful1 
and1 on the whole1 so happy1 not even   
that  will be left1 if this system of   
chopping it into pieces be followed     
much longer4 ,it will become a          
kaleidoscope instead of a ,state1 a mere
  collection of dissolving views4 ,do   
you recollect ,dante's lines8           
#8,quivi sospiri1 pianti ed alti guai   
,risonavan per l'aer senza stelle4      
,diverse lingue1 orribile favelle1      
,parole di dolore1 accenti d'ira1       
,voci alte e fioche1 e suon di man con  

elle4'    8,this is the state of things 
that is being prepared for us4 ,you     
would  hardly1 perhaps1 believe that    
this mania is now so violently raging   
that the ,germans in ,bohemia1 dreading 
the future power of the ,tscheks1  have 
requested autonomy for that portion of  
the country where they are  in a        
majority4 ,on the other hand the        
,tscheks would never suffer the         
division of their realm of ,st4         
,wenceslas1 so this is another cause of 
quarrel4 ,this struggle of races is but 
a return to barbarous ages4 ,you  are a 
,belgian and ,i an ,austrian2 could we  
not therefore agree to manage  a        
business or direct an institution       
together80 8,of course10 ,i  reply4     
8,when a certain degree of culture is   
attained1 the important  point is       
conformity of feeling rather than a     
common language1 but  at the outset1    
language is the means of arriving at    
intellectual  culture4 ,the motto of one
 of our ,flemish societies affirms this 

most energetically3 ,de taal is het volk
 7#8,language is everything  for a      
people'74 ,in my opinion1 reason and    
virtue are the important  points1 but   
without language and letters there can  
be no progress in  civilization40    ,i 
take note of a curious little incident1 
which shows how exceedingly  bitter this
 animosity of races has become4 ,the    
,tscheks of ,vienna1 who  number about  
#cj1jjj requested a grant from the town 
council to assist  them to found a      
school1 where the instruction would be  
given in their  language4 ,the ,rector  
of the ,university of that city spoke in
 favor  of this request at the meeting  
of the council4 ,the students of the    
,tschek ,university of ,prague1 apprised
 of this1 forwarded him a vote  of      
thanks2 but in what language8 ,not in   
,tschek1 the ,rector would not  have    
understood a word2 nor in ,german the   
language of the oppressors2  in ,french1
 as being a foreign idiom and neutral   
everywhere4 ,the  vote--certainly very  

justifiable--of the ,rector in favor of 
a ,tschek  school in ,vienna1 was so    
highly disapproved of by his colleagues 
that  he was forced to resign his post4 
,i go next to see ,baron von ,neumann1  
one of the pillars of our ,institute  of
 ,international ,law4 ,besides his vast 
legal knowledge he possesses  the       
precious faculty of speaking all        
,european languages with equal          
facility1 and has also at his disposal a
 treasure of quotations  from the most  
varied literature4 ,in the different    
towns in which  the ,institute has met1 
he has replied to the authorities       
appointed  to receive us in their own   
language1 and generally as fluently as a
  native4 ,baron ,neumann takes me to   
the ,university of which he is one  of  
the chief ornaments4 ,it is situated    
quite near the ,cathedral1  and is a    
very ancient building1 which will       
shortly be abandoned for  the sumptuous 
edifice in course of construction on the
 ,ring4 ,i am  introduced to ,professor 

,lorenz von ,stein1 author of the best  
work that  has ever been written on     
,socialism1 8,der ,socialismus in       
,frankreich10  and also several works on
 public law and political economy1 which
 are  very highly considered in         
,germany4 ,i am also very pleased to    
make the  acquaintance of my youthful   
colleague ,m4 ,schleinitz1 who has just 
published an important work on the      
development of landed property4  ,baron 
,neumann transmits me a letter from     
,baron ,kllay1 the ,financial           
,minister1 appointing an interview with 
me before ,i leave2 but ,i see  first   
,m4 de ,serres1 the director of the     
,austrian railways1 who will be  able to
 give me some details as to the         
connection between the ,hungarian  and  
,servian and the ,ottoman lines3 a      
question of the very first  importance  
for the future of the ,east1 and which  
,i have promised myself  to study4      
,the ,austrian ,railway ,companies'     
offices are in a palace on the ,place   

,schwarzenberg1 the finest part of the  
,ring4 ,their interior arrangements  are
 quite in keeping with the outside      
appearance4 ,immense white marble       
staircases1 spacious and comfortable    
offices1 and the furniture in  the      
reception-rooms all velvet and gold4    
,what a contrast between this  modern   
luxury and the simplicity of the        
,ministerial offices6 ,it is  the symbol
 of a serious economic revolution4      
,industry takes priority  of politics4  
,m4 de ,serres spreads out a map of the 
railway system on  the table4 8,see10 he
 says1 8this is the direct line from    
,pesth to  ,belgrade2 it crosses the    
,danube at ,peterwardein and the ,save  
at ,semlin2  it was necessary therefore 
to construct two immense bridges1 the   
piles of which have been constructed by 
the ,fives-,lille ,company4 ,the        
,belgrade-,nisch section will be very   
soon inaugurated4 ,at ,nisch there  will
 be a bifurcation of two lines1 one     
continues to ,sofia and the  other1     

branching off1 joins the                
,salonica-,nitrovitza branch at ,uskub  
or  at ,varosch4 ,the line is to run    
along the ,upper ,morava by ,lescovatz  
and  ,vraina4 ,the latter town can then 
be easily connected with ,varosch on    
the ,salonica line1 the distance between
 these two places being quite  trifling4
 ,this branch line1 which will be       
quickly terminated1 is of  capital      
importance4 ,it will be the nearest     
route to ,athens1 and even to  ,egypt   
and the extreme ,east2 and will         
ultimately1 in all probability1  beat   
not only ,marseilles but ,brindisi4 ,the
 other section of the line1  from ,nisch
 to ,sofia and ,constantinople1 presents
 great difficulties4  ,in the first     
place1 the ,pass through which the      
,nischava flows before  reaching ,pirot 
is so wild1 narrow1 and savage1 as to   
challenge the  skill of our engineers4  
,then1 after leaving ,pirot1 the line   
must rise  over some of the last heights
 of the ,balkans to reach the plain of  

,sofia2 the rocks here1 too1 are very   
bad4 ,beyond1 on the high plateau1      
there will be no difficulty1 and a line 
was half completed by the  ,turks ten   
years ago1 between ,sofia and ,sarambay 
7the terminus of their  system72 fifteen
 or sixteen months would suffice to     
finish it4 ,to be  brief1 this year we  
shall be able to go by rail all through 
,servia  as far as ,nisch4 ,a year      
later1 if no time be lost1 we shall     
reach  ,salonica1 and1 two years        
afterwards1 ,constantinople40    ,i     
thanked ,m4 de ,serres for all these    
interesting details4 8,the  completion  
of these lines10 ,i said1 8will be an   
event of capital  interest for the      
,eastern world4 ,it will be the signal  
for an economic  transformation far     
otherwise important than political      
combinations1 and  will hasten the      
accomplishment of an inevitable         
result--the development  and the        
supremacy of the dominant races4 ,your  
,austrian railways and  ,hungary will be

 the first to benefit1 but very soon the
 whole of ,europe  will share the       
advantages which will accrue from the   
civilization of  the ,balkan peninsula40
    ,i call after this on ,baron ,kllay4
 ,i am very pleased to have an          
opportunity of seeing him1 for ,i am    
told on all sides that he is  one of the
 most distinguished statesmen of the    
empire4 ,he is a pure  ,magyar1         
descended from one of ,arpad's          
companions1 who came to ,hungary        
towards the close of the ninth century4 
,they must have been a careful  and     
thrifty family1 for they have been      
successful in retaining their  fortune1 
an excellent precedent for a ,financial 
,minister6 ,when quite  young1 ,kllay   
displayed an extraordinary taste for    
learning1 and he was  anxious to know   
everything2 he worked very hard at the  
,slav and ,eastern  languages1 and      
translated ,stuart ,mill's 8,liberty0   
into ,magyar1 and for  his literary     
labor he obtained the honor of being    

nominated a member of  the ,hungarian   
,academy4    ,having failed to be       
elected deputy in #ahff1 he was         
appointed  ,consul-,general at          
,belgrade1 which post he held for eight 
years4 ,this  period was not lost to    
science1 for he spent it in collecting  
matter  for a history of ,servia4 ,in   
#ahgd he was elected deputy in the      
,hungarian  ,diet and took his place on 
the ,conservative benches1 now the      
,moderate  ,left4 ,he started a         
newspaper1 the ,kelet ,nepe 7,the       
,people of the  ,east71 in which he     
depicted the part ,hungary ought to play
 in ,eastern  ,europe4    ,it will be   
remembered that when the                
,turko-,prussian war broke out1         
followed by the occupation of ,bosnia in
 #ahgf1 the ,magyars were most  vehement
 in their manifestations of sympathy    
with the ,turks1 and  the opposition was
 most violent in attacking the          
occupation4 ,the  ,hungarians were so   
bitterly hostile to this movement1      

because they  thought it would be       
productive of an increase in the number 
of the ,slav  inhabitants in the        
,empire4 ,even the ,government party was
 so convinced  of the unpopularity of   
,andrassy's policy that they durst not  
openly  support it4 ,just at this time1 
,kllay took upon himself to defend it   
in the ,house4 ,he told his party that  
it was senseless to favor the  ,turkish 
cause4 ,he proved clearly that the      
occupation of ,bosnia was a  necessity1 
even from a ,hungarian point of view2   
because this ,state  forms a corner     
separating ,servia from ,montenegro1 and
 thus being in the  hands of            
,austria-,hungary1 prevents the         
formation of an important ,slave  ,state
 which might exercise an irresistible   
attraction on the ,croatians1  who are  
of the same race and speak the same     
language4 ,he explained  his favorite   
projects1 and spoke of the commercial   
and civilizing  mission of ,hungary in  
the ,east4 ,this attitude of a man who  

knew the  ,balkan peninsula by heart and
 had deeply studied all the questions   
referring to it1 was most irritating to 
many members of his party1 who          
continued for some little time          
,turcophile2 but the speech produced a  
profound impression on the nation in    
general1 and public opinion was         
considerably modified4 ,baron ,kllay was
 designated by ,count ,andrassy as  the 
,austrian representative in the         
,commission on ,roumelian affairs1 and1 
on his return to ,vienna1 he was        
appointed chief of a section in the     
,foreign ,office4 ,he published his     
history of ,servia in ,hungarian2 it has
  since been translated into ,german and
 ,servian1 and1 even at ,belgrade1  it  
was admitted to be the best that exists4
 ,he also published1 about  this time1  
an important pamphlet in ,german and    
,hungarian1 on the  aspirations of      
,russia in the ,east during the past    
three centuries4  ,under the ,chancellor
 ,haymerl he became ,secretary of       

,state1 and his  authority increased    
rapidly4 ,count ,szlavy1 formerly       
,hungarian ,minister1  a very capable   
man1 but with little acquaintance with  
the countries  beyond the ,danube1 was  
then ,financial ,minister2 and1 as such1
 was the  sole administrator of ,bosnia4
 ,the occupation was a total failure4   
,it  entailed immense expense1 the taxes
 were not paid into the exchequer1  it  
was said that the money was detained by 
the ,government officials  as during the
 reign of the ,turks1 and both the      
,trans-,leithanian and  ,cis-,leithanian
 ,parliaments showed signs of           
discontent4 ,szlavy resigned  his post4 
,the ,emperor very rightly thinks an    
immense deal of ,bosnia4 ,it  is his    
hobby1 his special interest4 ,during his
 reign ,venetian ,lombardy  has been    
lost1 and his kingdom1 consequently1    
diminished4 ,bosnia is a  compensation  
for this1 and possesses the great       
advantage of adjoining  ,croatia1 so    
that it could easily be absorbed into   

the empire2 whereas1  with the ,italian 
provinces1 this was totally impossible4 
,the ,emperor  then looked around him   
for the man capable of setting ,bosnian 
affairs  in order1 and at once selected 
,kllay1 who was appointed to replace    
,szlavy4    ,the first act of the new   
,minister was personally to visit the   
occupied  province of which he speaks   
all the varied dialects1 and to converse
  with the ,catholics1 ,orthodox and    
,mahommedans there4 ,he thus succeeded  
in reassuring ,turkish landholders1 in  
encouraging the peasantry to  patience1 
in reforming abuses and turning the     
thieves out of the  temple4 ,expenses   
became at once reduced and the deficit  
diminished1 but  the undertaking might  
well be compared to the cleansing of the
 ,augean  stables4 ,baron ,kllay        
employed great tact and consideration1  
coupled  with relentless firmness4 ,to  
be able to set a clock in thorough order
  it is necessary to be perfectly       
acquainted with its mechanism4 ,last    

year he was warned that a tiny cloud was
 appearing in ,montenegro4 ,a  fresh    
insurrection was dreaded4 ,he started at
 once to ascertain the  exact position  
of affairs for himself1 and he took his 
wife with  him to give his visit a      
non-official character4 ,lady ,kllay is 
as  intelligent as she is beautiful1 and
 as courageous as intelligent2  this    
latter is indeed a family quality3      
,countess ,bethlen1 she is  descended   
from the hero of ,transylvania1 ,bethlen
 ,gabor4 ,their journey  through ,bosnia
 would form the subject of a poem4      
,while on his way from  ovation to      
ovation1 he succeeded in stamping out   
the lighted wick  which was about to set
 fire to the powder4 ,since then1 it    
appears1  matters there have continued  
to improve2 at all events1 the deficit  
has disappeared1 the ,emperor is        
delighted1 and every one tells me  that 
if ,austria succeed in retaining ,bosnia
 she will certainly owe  it to ,kllay1  
and that a most important rle is        

assuredly reserved  for him in the      
future administration of the empire4 ,he
 believes in a  great destiny for       
,hungary1 but he is by no means an      
ultra-,magyar4 ,he  is prudent1         
thoughtful1 and is well aware of the    
quagmires by the way4  ,his ,eastern    
experience is of great service to him4  
,i call on him at his  offices1 in a    
little narrow street and on the second  
floor4 ,the wooden  staircase is dark   
and narrow4 ,i cannot help comparing it 
in my mind to  the magnificent palace of
 the ,railway ,company1 and ,i must     
confess my  preference for this4 ,i am  
astonished to find him so young2 he is  
but  forty-three years old4 ,the old    
empire used to be governed by old men1  
but this is no longer the case4 ,youth  
has now the upper hand1 and is          
responsible1 doubtless1 for the present 
firm and decisive policy of             
,austria-,hungary4 ,the ,hungarians hold
 the reins1 and their blood has         
preserved the ardor and decision of     

youthful people4 ,it seemed to me  that 
,i breathed in ,austria an air of       
revival4    ,baron ,kllay spoke to me   
first of the ,zadrugas1 the family      
communities  which existed everywhere in
 ,india1 as has so well been shown by   
,sir  ,henry ,maine4 8,since you        
published your book on ,primitive       
,property0  7which was1 he says1 at the 
time perfectly accurate71 8many changes 
have taken place--the patriarchal family
 living on its collective and           
unalienable domain is rapidly           
disappearing4 ,i regret this quite as   
much  as you can do1 but what can be    
done80    ,speaking of ,bosnia1 8,we are
 blamed10 he says1 8for not having yet  
settled the agrarian question there1 but
 ,ireland is sufficient proof  of the   
difficulties to be met with in solving  
such problems4 ,in ,bosnia  these are   
further complicated by the conflict     
between the ,mussulman  and our ,western
 laws4 ,one must be on the spot and     
study these vexed  questions there1     

fully to realize the hindrances to be   
met with at  every step4 ,for instance1 
the ,turkish law constitutes the ,state 
the  owner of all forests1 and ,i am    
especially desirous of retaining rights 
on these for the purpose of preserving  
them2 on the other hand1 in  accordance 
with a ,slav custom1 the villagers claim
 certain rights on  the forests4 ,if    
they merely cut the wood they needed for
 household  purposes1 only slight harm  
would be done2 but they ruthlessly cut  
down trees1 and then turn in their goats
 to eat and destroy the young  shoots1  
so that there is never any chance of the
 old trees being  replaced4 ,these      
wretched animals are the plague of the  
country4  ,wherever they manage to      
penetrate1 nothing is to be found but   
brushwood4    8,as the preservation of  
these woods is of the first necessity in
 so  mountainous a region we intend to  
pass a law to this end1 but the         
difficulty will be to enforce it4 ,it   
would almost necessitate an army  of    

keepers and constant struggles in every 
direction4 ,what is really  lacking in  
this fine country so favored by ,nature 
is a gentry who  would set an example of
 agricultural progress1 as in ,hungary4 
,i will  give you an example in proof of
 this4 ,as a boy ,i remember that a very
  heavy old-fashioned plough was used on
 our land4 ,in #ahdh1 compulsory  labor 
was abolished1 wages increased1 and we  
had to cultivate  ourselves4 ,we at once
 sent for the most perfected ,american  
iron  ploughs1 and at the present day   
these alone are employed even by the    
peasants4 ,austria has a great mission  
to fulfil in ,bosnia1 which will  in all
 probability benefit general ,europe    
even more than ourselves4 ,she  must1 by
 civilizing the country1 justify her    
occupation of it40    8,for myself10 ,i 
replied1 8,i have always maintained1 in 
opposition to  my friends the ,english  
,liberals1 that the annexation of       
,bosnia and  ,herzegovina to ,dalmatia  
was a necessity1 and ,i fully explained 

this at  a period when the question was 
not at all under discussion1#g but the  
essential point of all is the making of 
a railway and roads to connect  the     
interior with the ports on the coast4   
,the ,serayevo-,mortar line is          
absolutely a necessity40    8,i am quite
 of your opinion10 answers ,baron       
,kllay1 8ma i danari1 all  cannot be    
done in a day4 ,we have but just        
completed the ,brod-,serayevo  line1    
which takes passengers in a day from    
,vienna to the centre of  ,bosnia4 ,it  
is one of the first boons conferred by  
the occupation1 and  its consequences   
will be almost measureless40    ,i refer
 to a speech he has recently pronounced 
at the ,academy of ,pesth4  ,in it he   
develops his favorite subject1 the great
 mission ,hungary is  destined to fulfil
 in the future2 being connected with the
 ,east through  the ,magyars and with   
the ,west through her ideas and         
institutions1 she  must be a link       
between the ,eastern and ,western       

worlds4 ,this theory  provoked a        
complete overflow of attacks against    
,magyar pride from all  the ,german and 
,slav papers4 8,these ,hungarians10 they
 said1 8imagine  themselves to be the   
centre of the universe and their        
,hungaria1 the  entire world1           
,ungarischer ,globus4 ,let them return  
to their steppes1  these ,asiatics1     
these ,tartars1 these first cousins of  
the ,turks40 ,in  the midst of all this 
vehemence1 ,i am reminded of a little   
quotation  from a book of ,count ,zays1 
which most accurately paints the ardent 
patriotism of the ,hungarians at once1  
their honor and strength1 but  which    
develops a spirit of domination and     
makes them detested by other  races4    
,the quotation is as follows3 8,the     
,magyar loves his country and  his      
nationality better than humanity1 better
 than liberty1 better than  himself1    
better even than ,god and his eternal   
salvation40 ,kllay's high  intelligence 
prevents his falling into this          

exaggerated ,chauvinism4  8,no one      
understood me10 he says1 8and no one    
chose to understand4 ,i  was not talking
 politics4 ,i had no desire to do so in 
our ,academy at  a scientific and       
literary meeting4 ,i simply announced an
 undeniable  fact4 ,situated at the     
point of junction of a series of        
different races  and for the very reason
 that we speak a non-,indo-,germanic    
idiom--call  it even ,asiatic1 if you   
will--we are compelled to be acquainted 
with  all the languages of ,western     
,europe4 ,our institutions1 our         
educational  systems1 belong to the     
,western world4 ,at the same time1 by   
some  mysterious connection with our    
blood1 ,eastern dialects are very easily
  accessible and comprehensible to us4  
,i have over and over again  remarked   
that ,i can grasp much more clearly the 
meaning of an ,eastern  manuscript or   
document by translating it into ,magyar1
 than if ,i read a  ,german or ,english 
translation of it40    ,the 8,ring10 and

 how this splendid boulevard has been   
made1 is certainly  a question worthy of
 an economist's inquiries4 ,what changes
 since #ahdf6  ,at that period1 from the
 heights of the old ramparts that had   
sustained  the famous siege of #afhc1   
one could obtain a panorama of the      
entire  city1 with its extensive        
faubourgs separated from the centre by a
  dusty esplanade where the ,hungarian  
regiments1 with their tight blue        
trousers1 drilled every evening4 ,the   
,volksgarten1 where ,strauss played  his
 waltzes1 and the ,grecian temple with  
,canova's statue1 have been  left       
intact2 but a boulevard twice as wide as
 those in ,paris runs along  the entire 
length2 ample space has been reserved   
for the erection  of public monuments   
and the remainder of the land sold at   
enormous  prices4 ,the ,state and the   
town have constructed public edifices   
vying  with each other in magnificence2 
two splendid theatres1 a town hall1     
which will certainly cost fifty million 

francs2 a palace for the  university1   
two museums1 and a ,house of ,parliament
 for the ,reichsrath4  ,all around the  
,ring in addition to the buildings just 
mentioned1 are  ,archdukes' palaces1    
immense hotels1 and private residences1 
which1  from their grand proportions and
 the richness of their decorations1  are
 monuments themselves4 ,i know of       
nothing comparable to the ,ring in  any 
other capital4 ,where did ,austria find 
the necessary funds for all  these      
constructions8 ,the ,state and the town 
made a most successful  speculation3 the
 price paid to them for the ground on   
the esplanade  almost covered all their 
expenses1 but the purchasers of that    
ground  and the constructions placed    
upon it--who paid for all that8 ,the    
hundreds of millions of francs          
represented by this land and by the     
public buildings and private dwellings  
on it1 all that must spring from  the   
savings of the country4 ,this affords a 
clear proof that in spite of  the       

unfortunate wars1 the loss of ,venetian 
,lombardy and the ,krach of  #ahgc1 in  
spite also of home difficulties and the 
persistent deficit1  continuing from    
year to year1 ,austria has become much  
wealthier4  ,the ,state is a beggar1 but
 the nation has accumulated capital     
which  expands itself in all these      
splendors of the ,ring4 ,as on the banks
 of  the ,rhine1 all this is due to     
machinery4 ,as man can with his new and 
powerful tools procure nourishment and  
clothing for a less sum1 he can  devote 
a larger portion of his revenue and     
labor to his board1 his  pleasures1 to  
art and various institutions4    ,all   
that ,i succeeded in ascertaining in    
,vienna with respect to the  present    
situation of ,bosnia served to confirm  
the views ,i already  entertained as to 
that country4 ,the interests of         
civilization1 and  especially those of  
the ,southern ,slavs1 command our       
approval of this  occupation4 ,we arrive
 at this conclusion by an argument which

 appears  to me irrefutable4 ,was it1   
yes or no1 of importance that ,bosnia   
should  be freed from the ,turkish yoke8
 ,no friend of humanity in general and  
of  the ,slavs can answer this question 
otherwise than in the affirmative4  ,who
 then is to carry out this freedom8     
,russia is not to be thought of4  ,the  
forming of ,bosnia into an independent  
,state would be still worse1  for it    
would be simply delivering up the rayas 
without the slightest  defence to the   
,mussulman ,begs4 ,the most tempting    
plan seemed to be to  unite it to       
,servia1 but in that case ,bosnia would 
have been separated  from its neighbor  
,dalmatia1 and the ,servian ,government 
would have  been compelled to undertake 
the difficult task of keeping its       
ancient  enemies1 the ,mussulman        
,bosniacs1 in check4 ,the only other    
solution was  the present one4          
,austria-,hungary can neither ,magyarize
 nor ,germanize  ,bosnia4 ,she brings it
 safety1 order1 education and roads2 or1

 in  other words1 the elements of modern
 civilization4 ,is not this all the     
,slavophils can possibly desire8 ,thus  
will be formed a new nation1  which will
 grow up side by side with ,croatia and 
,dalmatia1 fortifying  these two        
countries as it develops1 and serving at
 the same time as a  connecting link    
between them4--,contemporary ,review4   
,,englishmen ,,and ,,foreigners4        
,there has always been in the minds of  
those who have amused themselves  with  
speculating upon the ultimate destiny of
 mankind a dim belief that  a good time 
is coming1 when wars shall cease1       
distinctions of race fade  away1        
frontiers be abolished1 and all nations1
 kindreds1 and languages  be united in  
the great family of humanity1 ruled by  
8the ,parliament  of ,man1 the          
,federation of the ,world40 ,i should   
not care to be the  president of that   
assembly4 ,but indeed there seems little
 likelihood  that the ,millennium will  
begin yet awhile1 or that we1 as        

,englishmen1  shall have any immediate  
cause to regret our geographical        
position4 ,as  matters stand at present1
 isolation has its obvious advantages1  
and1  judging by analogy1 we should     
neither feel more friendly towards our  
neighbors nor understand them better if 
we could shake hands with them  across  
an imaginary line1 instead of bowing    
politely to them from the  other side of
 the waves which ,britannia rules4      
,comprendre c'est pardonner4 ,perhaps   
so2 but we are a very long way  from    
understanding one another as yet4 ,the  
simple beauty of ,free  ,trade is not   
recognised2 standing armies have        
increased2 potential  armies include    
whole nations1 and ingenious persons    
continue to busy  themselves in devising
 machines for the wiping out of the     
largest  possible number of their       
fellow-creatures in the briefest        
possible  space of time4 ,in short1 it  
may safely be prophesied that the dawn  
of  universal peace will be deferred    

until there shall be a common consent   
to keep the ninth commandment1 which is 
as much as to say that we shall  none of
 us live to see the ,greek ,kalends4    
,but we are progressing towards the     
goal1 some sanguine people affirm4  ,the
 movement of the earth1 which is        
spinning through space at the  rate of  
over a thousand miles a minute1 is      
imperceptible to the atoms  that crawl  
upon its surface2 the movements of      
society are hardly to  be detected by   
its component parts1 which vanish and   
are replaced  continually4 ,what we do  
know is that we ourselves are bustling  
about  much more frequently and rapidly 
than our forefathers did4 ,we have all  
become more or less of rolling stones2  
and the moss of ignorance and  prejudice
 is being rubbed off us day by day4 ,it 
seems natural to assume  that this must 
be so2 but1 as a matter of fact1 is it  
so8 ,do ,mr4 ,cook's  excursionists     
obtain the smallest insight into the    
habits and character  of ,continental   

nations8 and do the more ambitious      
ladies and gentlemen  who would scorn to
 be 8personally conducted0 anywhere1 and
 who hastily  survey mankind from ,china
 to ,peru every year1 bring back with   
them  any notion of what a ,chinaman or 
a ,peruvian is like beyond such  as     
might have been gathered from           
photographs purchased in ,regent        
,street8 ,steam power has enabled us to 
see many races of men1 but it  has made 
it infinitely more difficult for us to  
know them4 ,there is1  or there formerly
 was1 in use among the ,genevese a queer
 kind of  carriage1 surrounded on three 
sides by leathern curtains1 in which    
the occupant sits as in a wagonette1    
contemplating only that portion  of the 
landscape which directly faces him2 and 
it is narrated that  an ,englishman once
 hired one of these conveyances1 and1   
after making  the complete circuit of   
,lake ,leman1 inquired innocently where 
it  was4 ,the modern ,english traveller 
labors under a somewhat similar         

disadvantage4 ,he spends his holidays   
abroad4 ,he rubs elbows with the        
natives in the streets2 he gazes at the 
outside of their houses and at  their   
closed doors2 but he has his back turned
 to them1 as it were1  the whole time2  
he is among them1 but he is not of them4
 ,they are not  interested in him4 ,nor 
is he ambitious of making their         
acquaintance4 ,it  is not upon them that
 he depends for society4 ,when his      
doctor orders  him to go south for the  
winter he has no change to dread or hope
 for1  except a change of scene and     
climate4 ,wherever he may go he will  be
 tolerably sure to find a more than     
sufficient assemblage of his            
fellow-countrymen1 an ,english club1 a  
rubber of whist in the afternoon  if he 
wishes for it1 lawn-tennis grounds      
innumerable1 possibly even a  pack of   
hounds2 and he will be invited to       
dinners and balls1 at which  he may     
perchance from time to time meet a stray
 foreigner or two1 just  as he might in 

,london4    ,with this state of things  
the generality of us are very well      
contented4  ,we no longer think1 as     
,lord ,chesterfield did1 that 8it is of 
much more  consequence to know the mores
 multorum hominum than the urbes20 and  
the instructions issued by that shrewd  
old gentleman to his son1 when  the     
latter was completing his education in  
foreign parts1 are simply  amazing to   
fathers who live in the latter part of  
the nineteenth  century4 8,i hope10 says
 he1 8that you will employ the evenings 
in the  best company in ,rome4 ,go to   
whatever assemblies or spectacles people
  of fashion go to4 ,endeavor to        
outshine those who shine there the most2
  get the garbo1 the gentilezza1 the    
leggiadria of the ,italians4444  ,of all
 things ,i beg of you not to herd with  
your countrymen1 but to be  always      
either with the ,romans or with the     
foreign ministers residing  at ,rome10  
and so forth4 ,fancy advising a young   
man of the present day  to 8get the     

garbo of the ,italians10 and imagining  
that he would1 or  could1 do any such   
thing6    ,lord ,chesterfield1 no doubt1
 was able to procure admission for  his 
son into 8the best company0 at ,rome and
 elsewhere2 but in the  pr-railway era  
most ,european capitals were very       
hospitably disposed  towards persons of 
less distinction4 ,provided that these  
were decent  sort of folks1 and that    
they were received by their ministers1  
no further questions were asked1 and    
every facility was afforded  them for   
acquiring the garbo of the ,italians and
 whatever other  distinctive attributes 
the ,french or ,germans may have been   
supposed  to possess4 ,it is probable   
that they did not take much advantage of
  these opportunities1 for the ,english 
are not naturally imitative2 but  at all
 events they learnt something about the 
manners and customs  of their           
entertainers4 ,most of us have seen     
letters written by our                  
grandfathers--possibly even by our      

fathers--which testify1 with that       
old-fashioned fulness of style which    
cheap postage has killed1 what  a much  
more amusing experience travel was then 
than it is now4 ,the  writers had all   
kinds of small adventures1 incidents1   
and impressions  to recount2 they jogged
 leisurely along the highroads of       
,europe in  their heavy travelling      
carriages1 keeping their eyes open as   
they went2  when they reached a famous  
city they did not set to work to        
calculate  in how few days the sights of
 that city could be seen and done with1 
but hired for themselves a house or an  
appartement1 prepared for a  long stay1 
and presented their letters of          
introduction4 ,of course they  were in a
 small minority4 ,half a century ago it 
was not everybody who  had time enough  
or money enough to leave home for an    
indefinite period4  ,but1 as far as the 
promotion of universal brotherhood is   
concerned1  the knowledge of the few may
 perhaps be as useful as the superficial

  familiarity of the many4    ,as a     
means to the above end increased        
facility of locomotion seems to  have   
failed4 ,some time-honored superstitions
 have1 it is true1 been  swept away     
thereby2 we no longer imagine that frogs
 form the staple  article of a          
,frenchman's diet1 while the ,french1 on
 their other side1  do not now accuse us
 of selling our wives at ,smithfield1   
although their  belief that we prefer   
raw to cooked meat appears to be        
ineradicable4  ,yet there are very few  
,englishmen--so few that one might      
venture to  make a list of them--who can
 be said to be at home in ,french       
society  or to be capable of following  
the drift of ,french opinion4 ,this     
last1  it must be confessed1 is not an  
easy feat1 and indeed can hardly  be    
accomplished by anything short of a     
prolonged residence in the  country4    
,foreigners naturally form their opinion
 of a nation as much  from reading as   
from personal observation1 and probably 

there is no  people so ill-represented  
by its press as the ,french4 ,any one   
who  should read for a year the         
8,times10 the 8,daily ,news10 the       
8,standard10  and 8,punch10 to say      
nothing of the weekly reviews1 would be 
able1 at  the end of that time1 to      
pronounce a fairly accurate judgment    
upon  ,english politics and ,english    
habits of thought4 ,can it be supposed  
that1 after a twelvemonth's patient     
study of the 8,journal des ,dbats10  the
 8,rpublique ,franaise10 the 8,figaro10 
and the 8,vie ,parisienne10 the         
inquiring stranger would be in an       
equally favorable position as regards   
our neighbors across the water8 ,english
 novels1 again1 may be said to  mirror  
,english life faithfully1 upon the      
whole1 but if a man should  base his    
estimate of ,french society upon a study
 of the best ,french  novelists he would
 arrive at a conclusion almost          
grotesquely unlike the  truth4    ,for  
the ,french novelist1 for all his       

so-called realism1 takes neither  his   
characters nor his scenes from everyday 
life1 his contention being  that1 were  
he to do so1 he would produce a work so 
insufferably dull  that no one would buy
 it4 ,writing1 not as we do virginibus  
puerisque1  but for readers who like the
 dots to be placed upon the i's1 he sets
  before them a succession of pictures  
from life1 drawn often with great  power
 and insight into human nature1 nearly  
always with scrupulous  exactitude of   
detail1 and asserts--what cannot be     
denied--that they are  true pictures4   
,it is a pity that they are usually     
unpleasant pictures1  and that they are 
liable to be misinterpreted by readers  
who adopt  the too common course of     
arguing from the particular to the      
general4  ,there is no occasion to      
dispute the accuracy of the scenes      
portrayed  in such books as 8,le ,nabab0
 or 8,les ,rois en ,exil10 or to doubt  
that  the author could1 if he chose1    
point to the living or dead originals   

of his chief characters and declare that
 he has maligned none of them2  but when
 we find him1 year after year dwelling  
and insisting upon what  is most ignoble
 in his fellow-creatures1 we are surely 
entitled to  accuse him of a suppressio 
veri and a suggestio falsi4 ,with the   
single exception of 8,tartarin de       
,tarascon10 which is a burlesque1 ,i do 
not remember one of ,m4 ,daudet's books1
 from 8,fromont ,jeune et ,risler  ,an10
 down to 8,sapho10 his last and         
infinitely his worst production1  which 
does not leave behind it a profound     
impression of sadness4  8,c'est la faute
 de la vie1 qui dicte10 he said once1 in
 answer to this  reproach1 as though    
life had but one side1 or as though the 
literal  truthfulness of a photograph   
conveyed all that there is to be seen in
 a  landscape4 ,but indeed some people1 
as we know1 have the misfortune to  be  
color-blind1 and to them1 no doubt1 the 
outlines of the world must  seem to be  
filled in rather with shade than with   

light4 ,one may pay  a willing homage to
 ,m4 ,daudet's genius and yet suspect   
that life1 if  he had chosen to listen1 
might have dictated to him different    
stories  from those which he has        
published1 and one may question whether 
his  sons will be much the better for   
reading 8,sapho0 even 8quand ils auront 
vingt ans40    ,the subject of ,french  
fiction1 its tendencies and its         
influences1  is too long a one to be    
more than glanced at here4 ,the wit1 the
  brilliancy1 the charm of style of     
,about1 ,octave ,feuillet1 ,cherbuliez1 
,jules ,clartie1 and others of less     
repute are familiar to most educated    
men4 ,not all of them are such          
pessimists as ,m4 ,daudet2 yet those who
  know what ordinary ,french life is    
will find only a faint reflection  of it
 in the novels of the above-named       
writers1 unless it be here and  there in
 the pages of the first4 ,it is always  
best to avoid making  statements which1 
from their very nature1 are not         

susceptible of proof2  but1 after       
associating pretty constantly with      
,french people for a  matter of twenty  
years1 ,i will take upon me to say that 
,i doubt very  much whether the         
marriage-vow is broken more frequently  
in ,france than  elsewhere4 ,that weary 
old tale of conjugal infidelity1 which  
appears  to be as essential to the      
,french novelist as the more legitimate 
love  affair and marriage at the end of 
the third volume are to his ,british    
confrre1 might1 ,i believe1 be told with
 as much or as little truth of  other   
countries4 ,there is an old story of an 
artist who sent a sketch  of some       
,indian scene to one of the illustrated 
papers1 and afterwards  complained that 
it had been tampered with before        
publication1 a group  of palms having   
been introduced into the background1    
whereas those  trees were unknown in the
 region which he had depicted4 8,that is
 very  possible1 ,mr4----10 replied the 
editor2 8but let me tell you that the   

public expects palms in an ,oriental    
landscape1 and will have them40  ,not   
being a publisher1 ,i am not in a       
position to affirm that the ,french     
public expects1 and will have1 a breach 
of the seventh commandment in  its      
novels2 but there is every reason to    
infer that such is the opinion  of      
,french authors4    ,of course it may be
 urged that1 in literature as in forms  
of  government1 people commonly get what
 they deserve1 and that a public  which 
demands the kind of nutriment alluded to
 must be an unhealthy  and immoral sort 
of public4 ,it should1 however1 be borne
 in mind that  there is a much larger   
portion of the ,french than of the      
,english public  which never reads      
novels at all4 ,whether the immense sale
 commanded by  such works as            
8,l',assommoir0 and 8,nana0 is or is not
 a sign of national  decadence is a     
question which will not be too hastily  
answered by any  one who remembers the  
various phases through which literature 

has  passed in other lands1 but none    
need hesitate to say that the effect    
produced by them upon outside opinion of
 ,france and the ,french has  been      
eminently unfavorable4 ,it is not with  
impunity that a nation can  delight1 or 
seem to delight1 in the contemplation of
 foulness4 ,france1  8ce pays de gens   
aimables1 doux1 honntes1 droits1 gais1  
superficiels1  pleins de bon cur10 to   
quote ,m4 ,renan1 who knows his         
countrymen  well and does not always    
flatter them1 is becoming more and more 
regarded as a sink of iniquity1 and     
those who watch the development of  her 
manners1 as illustrated by some of her  
most popular novelists1 are  beginning  
to ask themselves whether any good can  
come out of ,nazareth4  ,in ,england    
more especially this feeling is gaining 
ground4 ,if we are  little1 or not at   
all1 better acquainted with the ,french 
people than  we were fifty years ago1 we
 are a good deal better acquainted with 
the ,french language4 ,we read all the  

new ,french books1 particularly  the new
 ,french novels 7sometimes we have to   
keep them under lock and  key1 and      
peruse them stealthily after the other  
members of the family  have gone to     
bed71 and it is hardly surprising that  
we should take  our neighbors at what   
appears to be their own valuation4      
,englishmen1  sober1 reticent--a trifle 
,pharisaical1 it may be--cannot pardon  
writers  who take pleasure in stripping 
poor human nature of its last shred  of 
dignity and exhibiting it to the world  
under its most revolting  aspects4      
,these things are true1 the naturalistic
 school of novel  writers say4 ,what    
then8 we may return4 ,most people know  
that hideous  forms of vice exist2 but  
most people think it is safer and wiser 
not  to talk about them4 ,as for those  
who do not know1 for what conceivable   
reason should they be told8 ,and so the 
,englishman1 when he takes his  walk    
through the streets of ,paris1 feels    
that he would just as soon  have nothing

 to do with the unclean persons who1 as 
he presumes inhabit  that city4    ,the 
truth is that there has never been any  
real sympathy between these  two        
nations1 so nearly united in            
geographical position and by some       
political ties and so widely separated  
in all other respects4 ,perhaps  our one
 and only point of resemblance is our   
common inability to  adapt ourselves to 
ways that are not our ways4 ,a          
,frenchman1 wherever he  goes1 is always
 a ,frenchman1 and an ,englishman is    
always an ,englishman4  ,in this        
particular the ,americans have the      
advantage of us4 ,with their  keenness  
of observation1 their restless          
curiosity1 their desire to  pick out and
 appropriate whatever seems to them best
 in foreign lands1  the ,americans have 
fewer prejudices and fewer antipathies  
than we who  live in the ,old ,world4   
,their extreme sensitiveness does not   
often  take the form of                 
self-consciousness2 they readily pick up

 the tone of  the society that they     
frequent1 and1 although they are not as 
a rule1  first-rate linguists1 they soon
 acquire enough knowledge of a language 
to enable them to converse easily with  
the inhabitants of the country  in which
 they are sojourning4 ,moreover1 they   
are less prone than we  are to save     
themselves trouble by accepting other   
people's views1 and1  whatever their    
opinion may be worth1 are generally able
 at least to  give grounds for holding  
it4    ,in the case of our kinsmen on   
the other side of the ,atlantic we have 
of late years unquestionably made a     
great advance towards mutual            
understanding1 and1 it may be added1    
friendship4 ,possibly we are none  the  
worse friends for having disliked one   
another very cordially not  so long ago4
 ,there is a prevalent impression in    
this country that the  quarrel was      
one-sided1 that the ,americans were     
irritated 7excusably  perhaps7 by our   
recognition of the ,confederate ,states 

as belligerents1  as well as by the     
general sympathy that was felt in       
,england for the  ,southern cause1 and  
that we really never said half such     
unpleasant  things about them as they   
did about us4 ,but if they expressed    
their  aversion more loudly than we did 
it is not so certain that ours was  any 
less deep2 and in our present liberal   
and enlightened mood we can  afford to  
admit that most of us had but a poor    
opinion of our cousins1  from a social  
point of view1 twenty years back4 ,i    
happened1 towards the  close of the     
civil war1 to be in a ,german city much 
frequented both  by ,english and        
,americans1 who could hardly be induced 
to speak to one  another4 ,the ,british 
chaplain of the place--remembering1 ,i  
suppose1  that the ,americans who       
attended his services contributed       
something  towards the defrayal of the  
expenses connected therewith--took it   
into  his head one ,sunday to pray for  
the ,president of the ,united ,states1  

a custom which has since become         
universal among mixed congregations  on 
the ,continent4 ,in those days it was an
 innovation1 and an ,english  gentleman 
who was present marked his disapproval  
of it by thumping his  stick on the     
floor and saying aloud1 8,i thought this
 was an ,english  church60 after which  
he picked up his hat and walked out4 ,it
 is only  fair to his compatriots to add
 that in the very pretty quarrel which  
ensued they declined to support him3 but
 ,i doubt whether it was so much  with  
his sentiments that they were displeased
 as with his disregard for  religious   
propriety4 ,how the affair ended ,i do  
not know4 ,let us hope  that bloodshed  
was averted1 and that the irate ,briton 
was brought to  see that there could be 
no great harm in paying the same        
compliment to  the ,president of the    
,united ,states as we are accustomed to 
pay to ,jews1  ,turks1 infidels1 and    
heretics4 ,squabbles of this kind are1  
happily1  now rare4 ,the 8,alabama0     

claims were settled long ago2 ,americans
 in  large numbers visit our shores     
every year1 and are to be met with      
pretty frequently in ,london society1   
where they are kind enough to  say that 
they have a lovely time2 some are almost
 domiciled among us1  and have recorded 
in print their intimate acquaintance    
with our mode  of life in ,london and in
 the country4 ,perhaps their criticisms 
were a  trifle too subtle for us just at
 first1 but now that the subtlety has   
been discovered and proclaimed we quite 
delight in it4 ,we1 for our  parts1     
think no more of crossing the ,atlantic 
than we used to think  of crossing the  
,channel2 we partake of the boundless   
hospitality that  awaits us on the other
 side1 and do not fail to let our       
entertainers  know how pleased we are   
with them before we re-embark4 ,we used 
to add  a kindly expression of surprise 
at finding them so agreeable1 but we    
don't do this any more now4 ,if the     
perennial interchange of civilities  is 

sometimes broken by a stage aside we    
pretend not to hear it1 and it  may     
safely be asserted that we have as much 
real affection for one  another as      
commonly subsists between collaterals4  
,that1 of course1 is  saying no more    
than that we shall probably continue to 
be friends until  a cause for dispute   
arises2 but more than this cannot1      
surely1 be said  of any two nations upon
 the earth's surface1 and1 fortunately1 
there is  little prospect of a          
difference between ,england and ,america
 which may  not be peaceably settled4   
,since the war of #ahgj our eyes have   
been turned towards ,germany  with the  
interest and admiration which success   
must ever command4  ,our military system
 has been remodelled upon the ,german   
system2 we  have crowned our soldiers   
with a helmet somewhat resembling the   
,pickelhaube1 which is1 ,i believe1     
found to be quite as inconvenient  as   
that celebrated head gear1 and which is 
certainly several degrees  more         

unsightly4 ,also we have a high respect 
for ,prince ,bismarck1  considering him 
as the greatest statesman of the age1   
and drinking in  eagerly the reports of 
his utterances vouchsafed to us by ,dr4 
,busch  and others4 ,i have not1        
however1 observed as yet any sign that  
we--as  represented by our              
,government--are inclined to display    
flattery in its  sincerest form by      
adopting the ,chancellor's decisive     
method of dealing  with any little      
difficulties that may arise4    ,in     
point of consanguinity the people whom  
he has succeeded in uniting  into a     
nation are not a long way removed from  
us2 in times past they  have frequently 
been our allies2 they have1 moreover1   
given us our  reigning dynasty4         
,perhaps1 upon the whole we get on      
better with them  than with any other   
continental race4 ,many ,english        
families repair to  ,germany for        
educational purposes1 are received at   
the smaller courts1  visited by the     

high-nobly born ,herrschaft with whom   
they are brought  into contact1 and thus
 gain some idea of ,german ways4 ,it has
 been said  that a sailor is the best of
 good fellows anywhere except on board  
his own ship1 when he is apt to         
become--well1 not quite so good a       
fellow4 ,the contrary rule would appear 
to apply to the ,german1 who is a       
kindly1 pleasant1 person at home1 but   
whose demeanor when abroad leaves       
something to be desired4 ,we have all   
met him in ,italy or ,switzerland1  and 
we are all aware that his manners1 like 
,mr4 ,pumblechook's1 8is  given to      
blusterous40 ,we have suffered from the 
loud1 harsh voice with  which ,nature   
has afflicted him1 as well as from his  
deep distrust of  fresh air and his     
unceremonious method of making his way  
to the front  at railway stations4 ,but 
in their own country the ,germans show  
to  much greater advantage4 ,they are   
well-disposed towards strangers2 not  a 
few of them have the sporting           

pro-civilities which are a passport  to 
the ,british heart2 they are easily     
pleased1 and are1 in the main1  amiable1
 unassuming people4 ,it is much to their
 credit that their sober  heads were    
never turned by victories which would   
assuredly have sent a  neighboring      
nation half crazy4 ,of course there are 
,germans and ,germans1  and the         
inhabitants of the ,state which holds   
the chief rank in the  ,empire have     
never been renowned for prepossessing   
manners or for an  excess of modesty4   
,even they1 however1 have a good deal of
 the innocent  unsuspiciousness which is
 one of the charms of the ,teutonic     
character4  ,not long ago ,i chanced to 
be speaking to a ,prussian gentleman    
about  the ill-feeling which existed at 
that time between his country and       
,russia1 and which seemed likely enough 
to culminate in an outbreak of          
hostilities4 ,he assured me that the    
ill-feeling was entirely on the         
,russian side4    8,we have nothing     

against them10 he declared1 8and we want
 nothing  from them2 but they are angry 
with us1 and that is easily explained4  
,they cannot get on without us2 they are
 obliged to employ our people           
everywhere instead of their own1 and    
they are furious because they have  to  
acknowledge the superiority of the      
,german intellect40    ,i remarked that 
the superiority of the ,german intellect
 was manifest2  whereupon he shrugged   
his shoulders quickly1 and snorted in   
the  well-known ,prussian fashion1 as   
who should say1 8,could any one be such 
a fool as to doubt it80    ,i went on to
 observe that in philosophy1 science1   
and music ,germany led  mankind4 ,he    
agreed with me1 and added1 8,also in the
 art of war40    8,the ,germans10 ,i    
proceeded1 8are the best-educated people
 in the  world20 and he replied1 8,no   
doubt40    8,and they are the           
pleasantest company40    8,certainly10  
answered he1 8that is so40    8,and what
 adds so much to the attractiveness of  

their conversation10 ,i  continued1 8is 
their delicate wit and keen perception  
of irony40    ,i confess that after ,i  
had made this outrageous speech ,i shook
 in my  shoes and looked down at my     
plate4 ,i ought never to have said it1  
and  indeed ,i would not have said it if
 he had not led me on until it became   
irresistible4 ,but there was no occasion
 for alarm4 ,when ,i raised my  eyes to 
my neighbor's face ,i found it          
irradiated with smiles4 ,he laid  his   
hand on my arm quite affectionately4    
8,what you say is perfectly true10 he   
cried2 8but do you know you are  the    
very first stranger ,i have ever met who
 has had the sense to  discover it80    
,and then he explained to me that the   
,germans were absurdly considered  by   
,frenchmen and other superficial        
observers to be a rather dull-witted    
and heavy race4    ,now ,i really do not
 see how any one is to help liking a    
nation so  happily self-complacent4 ,the
 ,prussians are said to be arrogant and 

overbearing2 but ,i don't think they are
 so1 unless they are rubbed the  wrong  
way2 and what pleasure is there in      
rubbing people the wrong way8  ,when    
,victor ,hugo announces that ,france is 
supreme among nations1 when  he invites 
us to worship the light that emanates   
from the holy city of  ,paris1 and hints
 that we might do well to worship also  
the proclaimer  of that light1 we are   
half shocked and half incredulous4 ,the 
bombast  seems too exaggerated to be    
sincere2 it has the air of challenging  
and  expecting contradiction4 ,we find  
it impossible to believe that any  sane 
man can really mean much of what this   
great poet tells us that he  means4     
,french vanity--and ,victor ,hugo1      
whether at his highest or at his        
lowest1 is always essentially           
,french--is not amusing4 ,it is the kind
 of  vanity which is painful to witness1
 and which cannot but be degrading  to  
those who allow themselves to give way  
to it4 ,but in the placid  ,north       

,german self-approval there is a        
child-like element1 which is not        
unpleasing nor even wholly undignified4 
,it may provoke a smile2 but  the smile 
is a friendly one4 ,these excellent     
stout professors and  bearded warriors  
who are so thoroughly pleased with      
themselves1 and  who never suspect that 
anybody can be laughing at them1 command
 our  sympathies--perhaps because ,john 
,bull himself is not quite a stranger   
to the sensations that they experience4 
,yet1 when all is said and done1 ,john  
,bull remains ,john ,bull4 ,german      
philosophy1 ,french wit1 ,american      
acuteness1 the 8garbo of the            
,italians0--these things are not for    
him1 nor is he specially desirous  of   
assimilating them4 ,he is as ,god made  
him1 and has an impression that  worse  
types have been created4 ,at the bottom 
of his heart--though he no  longer      
speaks it out as freely as of           
yore--there still lurks the old         
contempt for 8foreigners40 ,as ,i have  

already made so bold as to say1 ,i  do  
not think that the hustle and bustle of 
the present age have brought  him any   
clearer comprehension of these          
foreigners than his forefathers         
possessed1 or that the advent of the    
universal republic has been at all      
hastened by the rise of democracy and   
the triumph of steam4 ,certainly  all   
men are human1 and all dogs are dogs2   
but you will not convert a  bulldog into
 a setter by taking him out shooting1   
nor a mastiff into  a spaniel by keeping
 them in one kennel4 ,it is doubtless   
well that  those who own a large number 
of dogs should encourage familiarity    
among  them1 and restrain them from     
delighting to bark and bite1 and it     
might  also be a good thing to induce   
them1 if possible1 to recognise each    
others respective utilities4 ,but they  
never do recognise these4 ,on the       
contrary1 they contemplate one another's
 performances with the deepest  disdain1
 and if we could see into the workings  

of their canine minds  we should very   
likely discover that each is perfectly  
satisfied with  himself1 and as         
convinced that his breed is superior to 
all others as  ,victor ,hugo is that    
,paris is the light of the world4       
,recent inventions have dealt some heavy
 blows at time and space1 but  have not 
as yet done much towards abolishing     
national distinctions of  character4    
,one result of them1 as melancholy as it
 is inevitable1 is  the slow vanishing  
of the picturesque4 ,the period of      
general dead-level  has set in2 old     
customs have fallen into abeyance and   
old costumes are  being laid aside4 ,the
 8,ranz des ,vaches0 no longer echoes   
among the  ,swiss mountains2 the        
,spanish sombrero has been discarded in 
favor  of a chimney-pot hat2 the        
,hungarian nobles reserve their         
magnificent  frippery for rare state    
occasions1 and the black coat1 deemed so
  significant a sign of the times by    
,alfred de ,musset1 is everywhere       

replacing the gay clothing of a less    
material era4 ,but1 for all that1       
mastiffs are mastiffs and spaniels      
spaniels4 ,democracy claims to be       
cosmopolitan3 perhaps some of us may    
live long enough to see what  the boast 
is worth4 ,if it be permitted to ground 
a prophecy upon the  lessons of history1
 we may say that co-operation is        
possible only so  long as interests are 
identical1 and that the mainspring of   
all human  collective action is1 and    
will be1 nothing more or less than that 
selfishness which1 as ,lord             
,beaconsfield once told us1 is another  
word  for patriotism4--,cornhill        
,magazine4          ,,french ,,duelling4
      ,,by ,h4 ,r4 ,,haweis4    ,one of 
the liveliest little duels we have      
lately heard of is that which  took     
place in ,october between the journalist
 ,m4 ,rochefort and ,captain  ,fournier4
 ,it appears that the gallant captain   
felt himself aggrieved by  some free    
expressions in the 8,intransigeant10    

challenged the editor1  and both        
belligerents went out with swords1      
whereupon ,rochefort pinked  ,fournier1 
,fournier slashed ,rochefort1 both lost 
a teaspoonful or so of  blood1 and honor
 appears to have been satisfied4    ,in 
the eyes of the average ,briton there is
 always something absurd  about a duel4 
,he either thinks of the duel in 8,the  
,rivals10 as it  is occasionally        
witnessed at ,toole's theatre1 or of    
,mark ,twain's  incomparable 8affair0   
with ,m4 ,gambetta2 but it seldom occurs
 to any one  in this country to think of
 a duel as being honorable to either    
party1  or capable of really meeting the
 requirements of two gentlemen who may  
happen to have a difference of opinion4 
,the ,englishman kicks his rival in     
,pall ,mall1 canes him in ,piccadilly1  
or pulls his nose and calls him a liar  
at his club4 ,he is then had up  for    
assault and battery1 his grievance is   
well aired in public1 he is  consoled by
 the sympathy of an enlarged circle of  

friends1 pays a small  fine1 and leaves 
the court 8without a stain upon his     
character40 ,if1 on  the other hand1 his
 rival is in the right1 the damages are 
heavy1 and  his friends say1 8,pity he  
lost his temper and made a fool of      
himself10  and there the matter ends4   
,in either case outraged justice or     
wounded  honor is attended to at the    
moderate cost of a few sovereigns1 a    
bloody  nose1 or a smashed hat4    ,we  
think on the whole it is highly         
creditable to ,england that this  should
 be so4 ,the abolition of duelling by   
public opinion is a distinct  move up in
 the scale of civilisation4    ,perhaps 
we forget how very recent that 8move up0
 is4    ,when it ceased to be the       
fashion to wear swords in the last      
century1  pistols were substituted for  
these personal encounters4 ,this made   
duelling far less amusing1 more         
dangerous1 and proportionally less      
popular4 ,the duel in ,england received 
practically its coup de grce  with the  

new ,articles of ,war of #ahdd1 which   
discredited the practice  in the army by
 offering gentlemen facilities for      
public explanation1  apology1 or        
arbitration in the presence of their    
commanding officer4  ,but previous to   
this 8the duel of satisfaction0 had     
assumed the most  preposterous forms4   
,parties agreed to draw lots for pistols
 and to  fight1 the one with a loaded1  
the other with an unloaded weapon4      
,this affair of honor 787 was always at 
short distances and  8point-blank10 and 
the loser was usually killed4 ,another  
plan was to go  into a dark room        
together and commence firing4 ,there is 
a beautiful and  pathetic story told of 
two men1 the one a 8kind0 man and the   
other a  8timid0 man1 who found         
themselves unhappily bound to fight1 and
 chose  the dark-room duel4 ,the kind   
man had to fire first1 and1 not wishing 
to  hurt his adversary1 groped his way  
to the chimney-piece and1 placing  the  
muzzle of his pistol straight up the    

chimney1 pulled the trigger1  when1 to  
his consternation1 with a frightful yell
 down came his  adversary the 8timid0   
man1 who had selected that fatal        
hiding-place4    ,another grotesque form
 was the 8medical duel10 one swallowing 
a pill  made of bread1 the other        
swallowing one made of poison4 ,when    
matters  had reached this point1 public 
opinion not unnaturally took a turn  for
 the better1 and resolved to stand by   
the old obsolete law against  duelling1 
whilst enacting new bye-laws for the    
army1 which of course  reacted          
powerfully1 with a sort of professional 
authority1 upon the  practice of        
bellicose civilians4    ,the duel was   
originally a mere trial of might1 like  
our prize fight2  it was so used by     
armies and nations1 as in the case of   
,david and  ,goliath1 or as when        
,charles ,v4 challenged ,charlemagne to 
single combat4  ,but in medival times it
 got to be also used as a test of right1
  the feeling of a judicial trial by    

ordeal entering into the struggle       
between two persons1 each claiming right
 on his side4    ,the judicial trial by 
ordeal was abandoned in the reign of    
,elizabeth1  but the practice of private
 duelling has survived in spite of      
adverse  legislation1 and is exceedingly
 popular in ,france down to the present 
day4 ,the law of civilised nations has1 
however1 always been dead  against it4  
,in #aeii the parliament of ,paris went 
so far as to declare  every duellist a  
rebel to his majesty2 nevertheless1 in  
the first  eighteen years of ,henri     
,quatre's reign no fewer than #d1jjj    
gentlemen  are said to have perished in 
duels1 and ,henri himself remarked1 when
  ,creyin challenged ,don ,philip of    
,savoy1 8,if ,i had not been the king ,i
  would have been your second40 ,our    
ambassador1 ,lord ,herbert1 at the      
court of ,louis ,,xiii41 wrote home that
 he hardly ever met a ,french  gentleman
 of repute who had not either killed his
 man or meant to do  so6 and this in    

spite of laws so severe that the two    
greatest duellists  of the age1 the     
,count de ,boutteville and the ,marquis 
de ,beuron1 were  both beheaded1 being  
taken in flagrante delicto4    ,louis   
,,xiv4 published another severe edict in
 #afgi1 and had the courage  to enforce 
it4 ,the practice was checked for a     
time1 but it received  a new impulse    
after the close of the ,napoleonic wars4
 ,the dulness of  ,louis ,philippe's    
reign and the dissoluteness of ,louis   
,napoleon's both  fostered duelling4    
,the present 8opportunist0 ,republic    
bids fair to  outbid both4 ,you can     
hardly take up a ,french newspaper      
without reading  an account of various  
duels4 ,like the suicides in ,paris1 and
 the  railway assaults in ,england1     
duels form a regular and much           
appreciated  item of ,french daily news4
    ,it is difficult to think of ,m4 de 
,girardin's shooting dead poor  ,armand 
,carell--the most brilliant young       
journalist in ,france--without          

impatience and disgust1 or to read of   
,m4 ,rochefort's exploit the other  day 
without a smile4    ,the shaking hands  
in the most cordial way with ,m4        
,rochefort1 the  compliments on his     
swordsmanship1 what time the blood      
flowed from an  ugly wound1 inflicted by
 him as he was mopping his own neck1 are
 all so  many little ,french points 7of 
honor87 which we are sure his           
challenger1  ,captain ,fournier1 was    
delighted to see noticed in the papers4 
,no doubt  every billiard-room and caf  
in ,paris gloated over the details1 and 
the  heroes1 ,rochefort and ,fournier1  
were duly fted and dined together as    
soon as their respective wounds were    
sufficiently healed4    ,meanwhile ,john
 ,bull reads the tale and grunts out    
loud1 8,the whole  thing is a brutal    
farce and the #8principals' are no      
better than a  couple of asses40        
,now1 admitting that there are some     
affronts which the law cannot and  does 
not take cognisance of1 in these days   

such affronts are very few4  ,that      
terrible avenger1 public opinion1 is in 
this nineteenth century a               
hundred-handed and a hundredfold more   
free1 powerful1 and active than  it used
 to be1 before the printing-press1 and1 
,i may add1 railways1  telegraphs1 and  
daily newspapers4 ,but of all cases to  
which duelling1  by the utmost stretch  
of honorable license1 could be          
applied--a mere  press attack is perhaps
 the least excusable4    ,here are the  
,french extolling the freedom of the    
,english press by  imitating--or trying 
to imitate--,english independence and   
the right  to speak and act and scribble
 sans gne--and it turns out that an     
honorable member in the ,senate cannot  
lose his temper1 or a journalist  write 
a smart article1 without being          
immediately requested to fight4  8,risum
 teneatis1 amici60 and this is the      
people who think themselves  fit for    
liberty1 let alone equality and         
fraternity6 7save the mark67    ,the old

 town clerk at ,ephesus in attempting to
 compose a dispute of a  rather more    
serious character some eighteen hundred 
years ago1 between  a certain ,jew and a
 ,greek tradesman1 spoke some very good 
sense when he  appealed to both         
disputants thus3 8,if ,demetrius have a 
matter against  any man the law is open1
 and there are deputies3 let them       
implead one  another40    ,next time ,m4
 ,rochefort pokes fun at ,captain       
,fournier in the  8,intransigeant10 we  
advise the captain1 instead of pinking  
that witty  but scurrilous person1 to   
try the law of libel4 ,if he wins he    
will  get money in his purse1 which is  
better than an ugly gash in his  side2  
if he loses he will go home to consider 
his ways and perchance  amend them1     
under the stimulus of a just public     
rebuke--a sadder and  perhaps a wiser   
man3 that1 indeed1 both he and          
,rochefort might easily                 
be4--,belgravia4          ,,john        
,,wycliffe3 ,,his ,,life ,,and ,,work4  

,the quincentenary of the death of ,john
 ,wycliffe occurring on the #cast  day  
of this month 7,december #ahhd71 invites
 us to review the work  with which the  
name of ,wycliffe is associated and     
identified4 8,john  ,wycliffe10 says    
,dean ,hook1 8may be justly accounted   
one of the greatest  men that our       
country has produced4 ,he is one of the 
very few who have  left the impress of  
their minds1 not only on their own age1 
but on all  time10#h ,he is also one of 
the few who are known to us only in     
their  work1 and by their work4 ,for it 
may be said that1 apart from ,wycliffe's
  work1 we know nothing of the man4 ,his
 work is his memorial3 in it he  lives4 
,wycliffe's work may be viewed in its   
relation to the  ,university--,oxford2  
to the ,crown--the national             
independence2 to the  hierarchy--the    
clergy2 and to the laity--the people4   
,according to this  method of survey and
 review1 ,wycliffe appears successively 
in history  as a student and scholastic 

disputant2 as a politician and patriot2 
as a theologian and reformer2 and as a  
,christian evangelist and  preacher of  
grace1 righteousness1 and truth4 ,these 
successive phases  of ,wycliffe's work  
correspond with the events of his life2 
and they  indicate the progress of the  
great work to which ,wycliffe had       
dedicated  his powers4 ,this1 again1    
implies that it was only step by        
step--little  by little--that           
,wycliffe's views assumed that form in  
which they were  developed and expressed
 in the later years of his life4    ,it 
is impossible to determine either the   
date of ,wycliffe's first  admission to 
,oxford or the college in which he first
 studied4 ,of his  early life at the    
university1 as of his earlier life at   
home1 we know  nothing4 ,according to   
the statements of some of his           
biographers1  ,wycliffe was born in the 
year #acbd1 in the hamlet of ,spreswell1
 near  old ,richmond1 in ,yorkshire4 ,in
 #acdj1 he went to ,oxford1 and was one 

of the first commoners received into    
,queen's college--an institution  opened
 that year for the first time4 ,after a 
short attendance in  ,queen's1 he joined
 himself to ,merton1 and became a fellow
 of that  famous ,college4 ,the         
historian ,fuller says that ,wycliffe   
was a graduate  of ,merton1 but he makes
 no mention of his having been at an    
earlier  time connected with ,queen's   
,college4 8,we can give no account10 he 
says1 8of ,wycliffe's parentage1        
birthplace1 or infancy2 only we find an 
ancient family of the ,wycliffes in the 
bishopric of ,durham1#i since by  match 
united to the ,brackenburies1 persons of
 prime quality in those  parts4 ,as for 
this our ,wycliffe1 history at the very 
first meets  with him a man1 and full   
grown1 yea1 graduate of ,merton ,college
 in  ,oxford40#aj ,of the six ,oxford   
colleges of that time1 ,merton had      
acquired for itself a splendid and      
well-deserved reputation4 8,and1        
indeed1 malice itself cannot deny that  

this college1 or little  university1    
rather1 doth equal1 if not exceed1 any  
one foundation in  ,christendom1 for the
 famous men bred therein40#aa ,roger    
,bacon 7#abhj71  ,doctor ,mirabilis2    
,john ,duns ,scotus 7#acjh71 ,doctor    
,subtilis2 ,walter  ,burley 7#accg71    
,doctor ,approbatus2 ,william of ,ocham 
7#acdg71 ,doctor  ,singularis or ,pater 
,nominalium2 and ,thomas ,bradwardine   
7#acej71  ,doctor ,profundus1--were all 
bred in ,merton ,college4 ,john         
,wycliffe  seems to have early          
entertained and cherished the ambition  
to add  his name to the number of those 
renowned doctors who as students had    
preceded him in ,merton ,college4 ,if   
this was his ambition1 he attained  to  
the object of his desire when1 by his   
contemporaries1 he was  recognised as   
,doctor ,evangelicus4 ,it would appear  
that1 at an early  period in his life1  
he had1 after much deliberation1 made   
choice of  the ,bible or the ,gospel as 
his great theme4 ,to be a 8,biblicist10 

or  ,bible student and interpreter1 was 
not considered a high or honorable      
distinction by the schoolmen--the men of
 8culture0 of that age4  ,but to think  
for himself and to choose for himself   
was a notable  characteristic of the    
young ,yorkshireman1 ,john ,wycliffe4   
,in making his  choice and in linking   
himself indissolubly to the ,word and   
8cause of  ,god10#ab he seems to have   
been much influenced by the example and 
by  the teaching of ,bradwardine4 ,but  
he made it his aim to be a proficient1  
and1 if possible1 a master in all       
attainable science and learning4  ,that 
he had been a thorough student of the   
,trivium and ,quadrivium is  proved by  
his works1 for they all bear the impress
 of the disciplined  scholastic and the 
skilful dialectician4 ,in all respects  
he was a  worthy successor of the       
distinguished band of men who had been  
his  predecessors in ,merton4 ,the      
writings of ,wycliffe show that he had  
studied very carefully the works of     

,roger ,bacon1 of ,duns ,scotus1 and of 
,william of ,ocham4 ,but the same       
writings show that he had early learned 
to call no man master--for while he     
accepts much from ,duns ,scotus1 he     
also accepts much from ,william of      
,ocham4 ,truth seems to have been the   
object of his early1 eager1 and constant
 pursuit4    ,the first notable and     
formal recognition of ,wycliffe's       
eminence within  the university1 is     
found in his appointment to be ,warden  
or ,master  of ,balliol4 ,in this       
honorable office he continued only for a
 few  years--#acfj-acfb4 ,from ,balliol 
he received nomination to the rectorship
  of the parish of ,fylingham1 in       
,lincolnshire4 ,soon after his          
appointment  to a pastoral cure1 he     
resigned his position as ,master of     
,balliol4  ,wycliffe's connection with  
the diocese of ,lincoln1 through his    
being  rector of ,fylingham1 seems to   
have had an important influence on the  
progressive development of his          

ecclesiastical and religious life4 ,a   
former ,bishop of                       
,lincoln--#abce-abed--;,grossette       
7,greathead71 was spoken  of by ,roger  
,bacon as 8the only man living0 in that 
age 8who was in  possession of all the  
sciences40 ,the writings of this great  
and good  bishop are continually quoted 
or referred to by ,wycliffe4    ,a most 
significant testimony to the standing   
influence and reputation  of ,wycliffe  
in the university was given in #acfe by 
,simon ,islip1  ,archbishop of          
,canterbury1 who appointed him ,warden  
of ,canterbury ,hall4  ,in the          
,archbishop's letter of institution1    
,wycliffe is described1 8as  one in     
whose fidelity1 circumspection1 and     
prudence his ,grace very  much confided1
 and on whom he had fixed his eyes on   
account of the  honesty of his life1 his
 laudable conversation1 and his         
knowledge of  letters40 ,the            
significance and worth of this testimony
 can hardly  be overestimated4 ,it is   

all the more significant because of the 
circumstances in which it was given1 and
 the nomination to which it  was        
designed to give effect4 ,in founding   
,canterbury ,hall1 ,islip had  appointed
 ,woodhull--a monk of ,canterbury--to be
 ,warden4 ,with him three  other monks  
and eight secular scholars were         
associated in the  government of the    
hall4 ,after a trial of four years of   
this mixed  administration1 finding that
 it did not work well1 more particularly
  because of the jealousies1            
contentions1 and collisions between the 
monks and the secular associates1       
,islip1 in the exercise of a right      
which he had reserved to himself1       
displaced the ,warden and the  three    
other monks1 and appointed ,wycliffe in 
the place of ,woodhull2  and three      
secular priests1 ,selby1 ,middleworth1  
and ,benger1 to be  associates or       
fellows in the room of the three monks4 
,this action  on the part of the        
,archbishop gave great offence to the   

monks of  ,christ ,church and to the    
whole order of the ,friars4 ,it was     
regarded  as virtually and in effect an 
act by which the ,archbishop of         
,canterbury gave the weight of his high 
position and great authority  to those  
who in ,oxford were the resolute and    
strenuous opponents  of the mendicant   
friars4 ,consequences that could not    
have been  foreseen by any concerned in 
this action flowed from it4 ,for not    
long after ,wycliffe's appointment to   
the ,wardenship of ,canterbury  ,hall1  
,archbishop ,islip died on the #bfth    
,april #acff1 and was succeeded  in     
,november by ,simon ,langham1 who had   
been monk1 prior1 and abbot  of         
,westminster4 ,by this ,archbishop1     
,wycliffe and the three secular  priests
 who had been so recently appointed to  
govern ,canterbury  ,hall were removed4 
,woodhull and his associates were       
reinstated in  the position from which  
they had been expelled by ,islip1 and1  
in  violation of the founder's will1 the

 eight secular scholars were  ejected4  
,the hall thus became virtually a       
monastic institution4  ,wycliffe's      
appeal to the papal court at ,avignon   
was of no avail4  ,after a protracted   
process and long delay1 the ,pope gave  
judgment  against him in #acgj4 ,we     
cannot better conclude this chapter in  
,wycliffe's life than by quoting the    
words of ,godwin4 ,they will  prepare us
 for what comes next in the order of    
events3--            8,from ,canterbury 
,college1 which his predecessor had     
founded1 he 7,langham7 sequestered the  
fruits of the        benefice of        
,pageham1 and otherwise molested the    
scholars there1 intending to displace   
them all and to        put in monks1    
which in the end he brought to pass4    
,john ,wycliffe was one of them that    
were so displaced1        and had       
withstood the ,archbishop in this       
business        with might and main4 ,by
 the ,pope's favor and the              
,archbishop's power1 the monks overbore 

,wycliffe and        his fellows4 ,if1  
then1 ,wycliffe were angry with ,pope1  
,archbishop1 monks1 and all1 you cannot 
marvel40#ac    ,nothwithstanding the    
very reasonable remark of ,godwin that  
we need  not wonder much if ,wycliffe1  
considering the treatment which he had  
received at the hands of the ,pope1 the 
,archbishop1 and the monks1  should be  
angry against them all1 there is no     
proof or evidence  whatever in support  
of the allegation of his adversaries1   
that his  antagonism to the friars and  
his attitude towards the ,pope proceeded
  from irritated feeling1 discontent1   
and disappointed ambition4 ,on  the     
contrary1 the absence of all such       
feelings is one of the most  remarkable 
and characteristic distinctions of his  
numerous writings4    ,wycliffe's       
nomination by ,islip to the ,wardenship 
of ,canterbury ,hall  is dated the #ith 
of ,december #acfe4 ,in that year ,pope 
,urban ,v4 revived  and urged a claim   
against ,edward ,,iii4 which had been in

 abeyance for  thirty-three years4 ,this
 was the demand that ,edward should pay 
the  feudal tribute or annual fee which 
for the crown of ,england he owed to    
,urban the ,fifth of that name1         
exercising the functions of ,bishop of  
,rome in the place of the papal         
captivity at ,avignon4 ,the ,servant of 
servants at ,avignon--moved by that     
necessity which knows no law1 or by  an 
equally lawless covetousness and        
ambition--demanded of ,edward ,,iii4  of
 ,england payment of the feudal         
tribute-money alleged to be due by  that
 monarch to the ,holy ,see4 ,the demand 
of the ,pope was for payment  of the sum
 of a thousand marks annually due1 and  
for payment of the  arrears that had    
accumulated for thirty-three years1 or  
since ,edward1  ceasing to be a minor1  
had exercised his sovereign rights as   
monarch  of ,england4 ,this papal claim 
was accompanied with an intimation to   
the ,king of ,england that1 in case of  
his failing to comply with the          

pontifical demand1 he should appear to  
answer for his non-fulfilment of  this  
duty in the presence of his feudal lord 
and sovereign1 the ,pope  of ,rome1 at  
,avignon4 ,it is difficult to say       
whether the arrogance or  the folly of  
,pope ,urban ,v41 in reviving and urging
 this claim at this  time was the       
greater of the two4 ,edward ,,iii41 even
 in his decrepitude1  and in the midst  
of the reverses which marked his        
declining years1 was  not likely to     
crouch1 like ,john1 under the           
ignominious burden laid  on him in the  
time of his adversity by the ,papacy4   
,the ,pope's claim  proved the occasion 
of uniting the ,king and the nation in a
 common  assertion and vindication of   
the national independence1 and of the   
inalienable rights and prerogatives of  
the ,english ,crown4 ,it was the        
occasion of ,wycliffe's first public    
appearance as the champion of  the royal
 supremacy and national independence    
against the usurpation  and arrogance of

 the ,court of ,rome4 ,the papal claim  
was submitted by  ,edward to the        
,parliament which met at ,westminster in
 ,may #acff4 ,after  deliberation1 the  
answer of the ,parliament--the ,lords   
and ,commons of  ,england--to the demand
 of the ,pope1 concluded with these     
weighty and  well-measured words3--     
8,forasmuch as neither ,king ,john nor  
any other king        could bring this  
realm and kingdom in such thraldom      
and subjection but by common consent of 
,parliament1        the which was not   
done2 therefore1 that which he did      
was against his oath at his coronation1 
besides many        other causes4 ,if1  
therefore1 the ,pope should attempt     
anything against the ,king1 by process  
or other        matters in deed1 the    
,king1 with all his subjects1           
should with all their force and power   
resist the        same40#ad    ,at the  
time when this resolution was come to1  
,wycliffe was ,warden  of ,canterbury   
,hall4 ,at this time1 also1 he stood in 

some very  special relation to the      
,king1 as the ,king's private secretary 
or  chaplain--8,peculiaris ,regis       
,clericus40 ,and his                    
argument--8,determinatio  de            
,dominio0--in vindication of the ,crown 
and the national independence1  consists
 mainly of a statement skilfully        
compiled by him out of what1  according 
to the report which he had heard1 had   
been spoken by the  secular lords in a  
certain meeting of council--8,quam      
audivi in quodam  consilio a ,dominis   
secularibus esse datam40 ,soon after the
 decision  of ,parliament to repudiate  
the ,pope's claim1 a monastic and       
anonymous  doctor1 writing in support of
 the papal demand1 challenged ,wycliffe 
by name--singling him out from all      
others--to refute1 if he could1  the    
argument urged by him on the part of the
 ,pope2 and to vindicate1  if he could1 
the action of the ,english ,parliament  
in refusing to pay  the feudal tribute  
demanded by ,urban the ,fifth4 ,wycliffe

 showed no  hesitation in accepting the 
challenge of this anonymous doctor4 ,and
 it  must be confessed that he conducts 
his argument with consummate skill1     
moderation1 and ability4 ,his challenger
 had laid down the position that  8every
 dominion granted on condition1 comes to
 an end on the failure of  that         
condition4 ,but our lord the ,pope      
gifted our king with the kingdom  of    
,england1 on condition that ,england    
should pay so much annually to  the     
,roman ,see4 ,now this condition in     
process of time has not been  fulfilled1
 and the ,king1 in consequence1 has lost
 long ago all rightful  dominion in     
,england40 ,wycliffe's answer is1       
briefly1 that ,england's  monarch is    
,king of ,england1 and has dominion     
there1 not by the grace of  the ,pope1  
but by the grace of ,god4 ,two other    
positions were maintained  by this      
polemical monk--namely1 that the 8civil 
power may not under  any circumstances  
deprive ecclesiastics of their lands1   

goods or  revenues2 and that in no case 
can it be lawful for an ecclesiastic to 
be compelled to appear before a secular 
judge40 ,against these claims  of       
exemption and immunity1 ,wycliffe urges 
with irresistible force the  argument1  
that as the ,king is under ,god supreme 
in his kingdom1 all  causes1 whether    
relating to persons or to property1 must
 be under his  dominion1 and subject to 
his jurisdiction4 ,wycliffe1 in         
beginning  his reply1 says3 8,inasmuch  
as ,i am the ,king's own clerk1 ,i the  
more  willingly undertake the office of 
defending and counselling that the      
,king exercises his just rule in the    
realm of ,england when he refuses to    
pay tribute to the ,roman ,pontiff40    
,wycliffe constructs his argument  out  
of what1 as reported to him1 had been   
spoken at a conference or  council of   
the barons or the lords temporal of the 
realm4 ,it is not  ,wycliffe but the    
noblemen of ,england who refute the monk
 and repudiate  the ,pope's illegitimate

 and arrogant demand4 ,an abstract of   
the  speeches of seven of the barons met
 in council is so given as to be an     
exhaustive and unanswerable argument    
against the papal claims1 8,our         
ancestors10 said the first lord1 8won   
this realm1 and held it against  all    
foes by the sword4 ,julius ,csar exacted
 tribute by force2 but force  gives no  
perpetual right4 ,let the ,pope come and
 take it by force2 ,i  am ready to stand
 up and resist him40 ,the second lord   
thus reasoned3  8,the ,pope is incapable
 of such feudal supremacy4 ,he should   
follow the  example of ,christ1 who     
refused all civil dominion2 the foxes   
have  holes1 and the birds of the air   
their nests1 but ,he had not where to   
lay ,his head4 ,let us rigidly hold the 
,pope to his spiritual duties1  boldly  
oppose all his claims to civil power40  
,in support of this the  third lord     
said3 8,the ,pope calls himself the     
,servant of the servants of  the ,most  
,high3 his only claim to tribute from   

this realm is for some  service done2   
but what is his service to this realm8  
,not spiritual  edification1 but        
draining away money to enrich himself   
and his ,court1  showing favor and      
counsel to our enemies40 ,to this the   
fourth lord  added3 8,the ,pope claims  
to be the suzerain of all estates held  
by the  ,church2 these estates1 held on 
mortmain1 amount to one-third of the    
realm4 ,there cannot be two suzerains2  
the ,pope1 therefore1 for these  estates
 is the ,king's vassal2 he has not done 
homage for them2 he may  have incurred  
forfeiture40 ,the fifth argument is more
 subtle3 8,if the  ,pope demands this   
money as the price of ,king ,john's     
absolution1 it is  flagrant simony2 it  
is an irreligious act to say1 #8,i will 
absolve you  on payment of a certain    
annual tribute4' ,but the ,king pays not
 this  tax2 it is wrung from the poor of
 the realm3 to exact it is an act of    
avarice rather than salutary punishment4
 ,if the ,pope be lord of the  realm1 he

 may at any time declare it forfeited1  
and grant away the  forfeiture40        
,following up this view of the case1 the
 sixth lord says3  8,if the realm be the
 ,pope's1 what right had he to alienate 
it8 ,he has  fraudulently sold it for a 
fifth part of its value4 ,moreover1     
,christ  alone is the suzerain2 the     
,pope being fallible1 yea1 peccable1 may
 be  in mortal sin4 ,it is better as of 
old to hold the realm immediately of    
,christ40 ,the seventh lord concluded   
the argument by a bold denial of  the   
right of ,king ,john to surrender or    
give way the sovereignty of the  realm3 
8,he could not grant away the           
sovereignty of ,england2 the whole      
thing--the deed1 the seals1 the         
signatures--is an absolute nullity40#ae 
,it cannot now be known how far         
,wycliffe's conduct in connection  with 
the claim for the payment of the feudal 
tribute influenced the  papal decision  
in his appeal2 but that decision was    
given after the  publication of         

,wycliffe's treatise1 8,de ,dominio40   
,and there can be no  doubt that from   
,may #acff1 ,wycliffe was marked at     
,avignon as a dangerous  man4 ,to be    
nearer to ,oxford he exchanged1 in      
#acfh1 the rectory of  ,fylingham for   
that of ,ludgershall in                 
,buckinghamshire1 and he became  ,doctor
 in ,divinity about the year #acgj4 ,the
 ability1 prudence1 and  courage with   
which ,wycliffe had vindicated the      
action of the ,parliament  and of the   
,crown against the papal claim1 as      
asserted and defended  by the anonymous 
monk1 recommended him as singularly     
qualified to be  one of the ,royal      
,commissioners appointed in #acgd to    
meet with the  papal ,nuncios at        
,bruges1 to negotiate a settlement of   
the questions in  dispute between       
,england and the ,papacy4 ,in this      
,commission the name  of ,wycliffe holds
 the second place1 being inserted       
immediately after  that of the ,bishop  
of ,bangor4 ,the negotiations terminated

 in a sort of  compromise1 according to 
which it was concluded 8that for the    
future  the ,pope should desist from    
making use of reservations of benefices1
  and that the ,king should no more     
confer benefices by his writ ,quare     
impedit40 ,although this was but a very 
partial and unsatisfactory  settlement  
of the matters in dispute1 yet the part 
taken by ,wycliffe in  the negotiations 
at ,bruges appears to have met with the 
approbation of  the ,king and his       
advisers4 ,for in ,november #acge1 he   
was presented by  the ,king to the      
prebend of ,aust1 in the ,collegiate    
,church of ,westbury1  in the diocese of
 ,worcester4 ,he had previously1 in     
,april #acgd1 received  from the ,crown1
 in the exercise of the patronage that  
devolved on it  during the minority of  
,lord ,henry ,ferrars1 nomination to the
 rectory of  ,lutterworth1 and had      
resigned his charge of ,ludgershall4    
,in the same year in which the treaty   
was concluded 7#acgf71 a most  elaborate

 and detailed indictment against the    
usurpations and exactions  of the       
,papacy and its minions was submitted to
 ,parliament1 and after  being          
considered1 was passed in the form of a 
petition to the ,king1  craving that    
measures of effective redress and remedy
 should be  taken against the notorious 
and intolerable evils complained of4    
,the  ,parliament which presented this  
complaint and petition to the ,king so  
commended itself to the people of       
,england that it received the singular  
designation of 8,the ,good ,parliament40
 ,although the royal answer to  the     
petition was far from being satisfactory
 or encouraging1 yet the  ,parliament   
that met in ,january #acgg presented    
another petition to the  ,king1 craving 
that the statutes against ,provisions   
passed at former  times should be put   
into effective operation1 and that      
measures should  be taken against       
certain cardinals who had violated those
 statutes1  and against those who in    

,england collected the papal revenues1  
and by  so doing oppressed and          
impoverished the ,english people4 ,so   
vividly do  the propositions of these   
two ,parliaments express and represent  
the  ideas and opinions of ,wycliffe1   
that ,dr4 ,lechler concludes that he was
  a member of both of these             
,parliaments4 ,but there is no necessity
 for  this inferential assumption4      
,wycliffe's doctrines respecting the    
kingly  sovereignty and national        
independence1 and his sentiments        
regarding  the intolerable abuses of the
 papal officials1 were by this time the 
doctrines and the sentiments of not a   
few among the lords and commons  of     
,england4 ,and without being himself a  
member of ,parliament1 ,wycliffe  had   
ample opportunity and means for using   
his influence to stimulate1  direct1 and
 guide those who in the ,national       
,assembly gave voice to the  complaint  
and claim of the ,english people as     
against the usurpation  and exactions of

 the ,papacy4 ,to this sort of influence
 on the part of  ,wycliffe1 as also to  
the weight attached to his judgment in a
 case  involving a knowledge of canon   
and civil law1 significant testimony    
was borne by the action of the first    
,parliament of ,richard ,,ii41 which    
met at ,westminster on the #acth of     
,october #acgg4 ,by this ,parliament the
  question was referred to the judgment 
of ,dr4 ,wycliffe1 8,whether the        
kingdom of ,england1 on an imminent     
necessity of its own defence may        
lawfully detain the treasure of the     
kingdom1 that it be not carried  out of 
the land1 although the lord ,pope       
required its being carried  out on the  
pain of censures1 and by virtue of the  
obedience due to  him80 ,as might be    
expected1 ,wycliffe answered that it was
 lawful1 and  demonstrated this by the  
law of ,christ1 urging at the same time 
the  common maxim of divines1 that alms 
are not required to be given but to     
those who are in need1 and by those who 

have more than they need4 8,by  which10 
says ,lewis1 8it appears that ,dr4      
,wycliffe's opinion was1 that           
,peter-pence paid to the ,pope were not 
a just due1 but only an alms1  or       
charitable gift0#af    ,the action of   
the ,english ,parliament referring this 
question to the  judgment of ,wycliffe1 
is all the more interesting and         
significant  if respect be had to the   
time and circumstances in which         
,wycliffe's  opinion was required by    
,parliament4 ,it was not only after the 
death  of ,edward ,,iii41 which occurred
 on the #bast of ,june #acgg1 but also  
after the almost tragical though        
picturesque incident in ,wycliffe's     
life1 when1 accompanied and protected by
 the ,duke of ,lancaster and  ,lord     
,henry ,percy1 he appeared in the ,ladye
 ,chapel of ,st4 ,paul's  ,cathedral on 
the #aith of ,february in the same year1
 to answer for  himself and his         
doctrines before a convention of        
ecclesiastics1  presided over by ,simon 

,sudbury1 ,archbishop of ,canterbury1   
assisted by  ,courtenay1 the ,bishop of 
,london4 ,it was1 also1 after no fewer  
than  five papal bulls1 dated at ,rome  
on the #bb;d of ,may1 had been sent     
forth  against ,wycliffe4 ,these things 
give great significancy to the action   
of ,richard ,,ii4#8s first ,parliament1 
when for its guidance it desired to     
have the opinion of ,wycliffe respecting
 the lawfulness of refusing to  comply  
with certain papal exactions4    ,the   
position and influence of ,wycliffe1 his
 standing in the ,university  and among 
the representatives and leaders of the  
people1 may be judged  of by the        
elaborate and complicated measures taken
 against him4 ,one  of the ,pope#8s     
missives was addressed to the ,king1    
another to the  ,university of ,oxford  
and no fewer than three to the          
,archbishop of  ,canterbury and the     
,bishop of ,london4 ,these documents    
were accompanied  by a schedule or      
syllabus of nineteen articles which had 

been reported  to the ,pontiff1         
8erroneous1 false1 contrary to the      
faith1 and  threatening to subvert and  
weaken the estate of the whole ,church10
 said  to be held and taught by         
,wycliffe4 ,acting on these             
instructions1 and  proceeding in the    
business with the greatest wariness1 the
 ,archbishop  summoned ,wycliffe to     
appear before a synod to be held in the 
chapel  at ,lambeth early in the year   
#acgh4ag ,on this occasion the ,duke of 
,lancaster and ,lord ,percy were not    
with him to protect him1 but he         
received effective though tumultuous and
 boisterous help from the  citizens1 who
 might be heard by the bishops shouting 
such sentences  as1 8,the ,pope#8s      
briefs ought to have no effect in the   
realm without  the ,king#8s consent20   
8,every man is master in his own house40
 ,but even  more effective help than    
that of the angry citizens was at hand4 
8,in  comes a gentleman and courtier1   
one ,lewis ,clifford1 on the very day of

  examination1 commanding them not to   
proceed to any definitive sentence      
against the said ,wycliffe40 8,never    
before were the bishops served with     
such a prohibition2 all agreed the      
messenger durst not be so stout  with   
such a mandamus in his mouth1 but       
because backed with the power  of the   
prince that employed him4 ,the bishops1 
struck with a panic-fear1  proceeded no 
further0#ah--or as a contemporary       
historian 7,walsingham7  says3 8,their  
speech became soft as oil2 and with such
 fear were they  struck1 that they      
seemed to be as a man that heareth not1 
and in whose  mouth are no reproofs40   
,wycliffe passed as safely out of       
,lambert ,chapel  as on a former        
occasion he had passed out of the ,ladye
 ,chapel of ,st4  ,paul#8s4 ,not long   
after the sudden conclusion of this     
,lambeth synod1  intimation of the      
,pope#8s death1 on the #bgth ,march     
#acgh1 was received in  ,england4 ,this 
so arrested the process against         

,wycliffe1 that no further  action was  
taken under the five elaborate bulls of 
,pope ,gregory ,,xi4  ,a new chapter in 
the life and work of ,wycliffe begins   
with the great  papal schism of #acgh4  
,till recently it was supposed that     
,wycliffe had early assumed the         
attitude towards the friars which had   
been taken by ,richard ,fitzralph1  who1
 after he had been ,chancellor of       
,oxford in #accc1 and ,archbishop of    
,armagh in #acdg1 died at ,avignon in   
#acei4 ,this supposition now appears  to
 be historically without ground2 and    
,dr4 ,lechler#8s researches tend  to    
show that ,wycliffe#8s controversy with 
the friars belonged not to  the earlier 
but to the later period of his life4    
,this view agrees with  all that we know
 of the method according to which       
,wycliffe conducted  and developed his  
great argument against the ,papacy4     
,wycliffe#8s study  of the papal claims1
 pretensions1 usurpations1 and          
exactions1 led him  to investigate the  

grounds and foundations not only of the 
political1  but also of the             
ecclesiastical and spiritual1 power and 
authority of  the ,popedom4 ,in his     
reply in #acff to the anonymous monk    
champion of the  ,papacy1 he had        
represented or reported1 with manifest  
approbation1 the  statement of one of   
the secular lords1 declaring that the   
,pope was a  man and peccable           
7peccabilis71 and that he might be in   
mortal sin1  and liable to what that    
involves4 ,after he had taken his degree
 of  ,doctor in ,divinity in #acgj or   
#acga1 he expounded and vindicated from 
the ,scriptures the doctrines which1 by 
his long study of the ,divine  ,word1 he
 had been led to receive as articles of 
faith founded on the  written ,word of  
,god4 ,these views1 derived directly and
 immediately from  ,holy ,scripture1 he 
illustrated by quotations from the early
  fathers--more particularly from the   
writings of ,ambrose1 ,jerome1          
,augustine1 and ,gregory1 the four      

fathers of the ,latin ,church4 ,from the
  time when he became ,doctor in        
,divinity1 8he began10 says a           
contemporary  opponent1 8to scatter     
forth his blasphemies40 ,and as we know1
 it was  after his return from ,bruges  
in #acgf that he began to speak of the  
,pope not merely as peccable--fallible1 
and liable to sin--but as  8,antichrist1
 the proud1 worldly priest of ,rome40   
,it has been said that the language of  
,wycliffe in his tract entitled  8,de   
,papa ,romana et ,schisma ,papae0 was   
too strong1 too vehement and  sweeping2 
and that his work was1 in tendency and  
effect1 destructive  rather than        
constructive4 ,so far is it from being  
true that his  language is that of      
passion1 or of vehemence proceeding from
 passion1  that1 on the contrary1 it is 
the language of a reflective1           
circumspect1  and keen-eyed observer of 
the evils and abuses of the papal       
system1  which he contrasted with the   
primitive and apostolic model of the    

,church4 ,when compared with the        
language of some other assailants  of   
the ,papacy1 ,wycliffe#8s fiercest      
invectives are but the calm1  measured1 
and temperate declaration of truth and  
reality1 spoken by  one who so loved the
 truth1 and was so earnest in his       
endeavors for  the reformation of the   
,church and the morals of the clergy1   
that he  avowed himself willing1 if need
 be1 to lay down his life1 if by so     
doing he could promote the attainment of
 this end4 ,if the portraiture  of the  
,papacy and of the papal dignitaries1   
officials1 and underlings1  given by    
,petrarch1 in his 8,letters to a        
,father10 be compared with the          
statements of ,wycliffe1 we shall be    
constrained to say that the ,oxford     
professor uses the language of reserve  
characteristic of the well-bred  and    
well-disciplined ,englishman who means  
to give practical effect  to his words1 
as distinguished from the language used 
by ,petrarch1  who neither intended1 nor

 had the courage1 to add deeds to his   
words4  ,historically1 ,wycliffe#8s work
 appears to have been more destructive  
than constructive4 ,but this was not    
because ,wycliffe set himself to  root  
out1 to pull down1 and to destroy1      
without1 at the same time  setting      
himself to build and to plant4 ,the     
reason why ,wycliffe#8s work  appears   
historically defective or incomplete as 
a constructive work  is that1 by the    
malice1 ingenuity1 and power of his     
adversaries1  his work in planting and  
in building--that is to say1 his work as
  constructive--was to the utmost       
impeded1 pulled down1 or rooted up4     
8,and10 says ,milton1 8had it not been  
the obstinate perverseness of  our      
prelates against the divine and         
admirable spirit of ,wycliffe1  to      
suppress him as a schismatic and        
innovator1 perhaps neither the          
,bohemian ,huss and ,jerome1 no1 nor the
 name of ,luther or of ,calvin1 had     
been ever known2 the glory of reforming 

all our neighbors had been  completely  
ours40#ai           99       99       99
       99       99    ,the last six     
years of ,wycliffe#8s                   
life--#acgh-achd--were packed full  with
 work4 ,for in these years1 besides     
developing and expounding his  ideas of 
the ,church1 the ,papacy1 and the       
hierarchy1 and prosecuting  his         
controversy with the mendicant friars1  
he trained and sent forth  evangelists1 
8poor priests0 to preach the ,gospel in 
all places of the  land2 he expounded   
and taught the doctrine of ,scripture   
concerning  the ,eucharist or the 8real 
presence0 in relation to the bread and  
the wine in the sacrament of the        
,lord#8s ,supper2 he professed and      
taught theology in ,oxford2 he preached 
and discharged the duties of  an        
evangelical pastor in ,lutterworth2 and 
with the assistance of a  few           
fellow-laborers1 who entered into his   
purpose and shared with him  in the     
desire for the evangelisation of the    

people of ,england1 he  translated the  
,scriptures out of the ,latin ,vulgate  
into the ,english  tongue4 8,his life10 
and more especially this part of it1    
8shows that  his religious views were   
progressive4 ,his ideal was the         
restoration  of the pure moral and      
religious supremacy to religion4 ,this  
was  the secret1 the vital principle1 of
 his anti-sacerdotalism2 of his         
pertinacious enmity to the whole        
hierarchical system of his day40#bj     
,hence as his views of truth became     
deeper1 wider1 and more fixed1  instead 
of attacking ,popes and prelates1 he    
assailed the ,papacy and  the hierarchy2
 and instead of attacking friars1 he    
attacked mendicancy  itself--denouncing 
it in common with the ,papacy as        
contrary to  the doctrines of the ,word 
of ,god1 and inconsistent with the order
  instituted by ,christ within the      
,church1 which is the house of          
,god1--the  pillar and ground of the    
truth4    ,when ,wycliffe appeared to   

answer for himself before the ,pope#8s  
delegates at ,lambeth1 in #acgh1 he is  
said to have presented a written        
statement explanatory of the articles   
charged against him4 ,the first         
sentence of that documentary confession 
is3 8,first of all1 ,i publicly         
protest1 as ,i have often done at other 
times1 that ,i will and purpose  from   
the bottom of my heart1 by the grace of 
,god1 to be a sincere  ,christian1 and1 
as long as ,i have breath1 to profess   
and defend the law  of ,christ so far as
 ,i am able40#ba    ,a document of a    
somewhat similar kind1 called by        
,wycliffe 8,a ,sort of  ,answer to the  
,bull sent to the ,university10 was     
presented by him to  ,parliament4    ,it
 is as a true and sincere ,christian1   
and as a faithful and laborious         
,christian pastor and evangelist1 that  
,wycliffe appears before us in the      
closing period of his truly heroic life4
 ,the written word of ,god is now  to   
him the supreme1 perfect and sufficient 

rule of faith and morals3  it is what1  
in his protestation1 he calls 8the law  
of ,christ40 ,the  watchword of his     
life--the standard test1 rule1          
directory1 and measure  of faith and    
duty--is the ,word of ,god written4 ,his
 appeal is1 first and  last1 to that    
,word--8,to the law and to the          
testimony2 if men speak not  according  
to that ,word1 there is no light in     
them20 they are but blind  guides of the
 blind4 ,he had evidently made progress 
in his study of the  writings of        
,augustine1 and had so profited by the  
study that he is bold  to say that 8,the
 dictum of ,augustine is not infallible1
 seeing that  ,augustine himself was    
liable to err0--8,locus a testimonio    
,augustini non  est infallibilis1 cum   
,augustinus sit errabilis40 ,the ,bible 
is a charter  written by ,god2 it is    
,god#8s gift to us3 8,carta a ,deo      
scripta et  nobis donata per quam       
vindicabimus regnum ,dei40 ,this is what
 a  pre-eminently illustrious poet      

denotes by the words--8,thy gift1 ,thy  
tables40 8,the law of ,christ is the    
medulla of the laws of the  ,church40   
8,every useful law of holy mother       
,church is taught1 either  explicitly or
 implicitly1 in ,scripture40 ,it is     
impossible that the  dictum or deed of  
any ,christian should become1 or be held
 to be1 of  authority equal to          
,scripture4 ,he is a mixtim theologus--a
 motley or  medley theologian--who adds 
traditions to the written ,word4 ,he is 
theologus purus who adheres to the      
,scripture4 8,spiritual rulers  are     
bound to use the sincere ,word of ,god1 
without any admixture in  their rule or 
administration4 ,to be ignorant of the  
,scriptures is to  be ignorant of       
,christ40 8,the whole of ,scripture is  
one word of ,god40  8,the whole of the  
law of ,christ is one perfect word      
proceeding from  the mouth of ,god40    
8,it is impious to mutilate or pervert  
,scripture1  or to wrest from it a      
perverse meaning40 ,the true preachers  

are ,viri  evangelici1 ,doctores        
evangelici4 ,ignorance of ,holy         
,scripture1 or  the absence of faith in 
the written ,word of ,god1 is1 he says1 
8beyond  doubt1 the chief cause of the  
existing state of things40 ,therefore   
it was his great business1 in life or by
 death1 to make known to  his           
fellow-countrymen the will of ,god      
revealed in the ,scriptures of  ,truth4 
,the highest service to which man may   
attain on earth is to  preach the law of
 ,god4 ,this is the special duty of the 
priests1 in  order that they may produce
 children of ,god--this being the end   
for  which ,christ espoused to ,himself 
the ,church40    ,next to the exclusive 
supremacy of ,scripture1 the truth which
 is set  forth with perhaps the most    
marked prominency in the teaching of    
,wycliffe1 is the truth concerning the  
,lord ,jesus ,christ as the one         
,mediator between ,god and man4 ,christ 
is not only revealed in the ,word2  he  
is ,himself the ,mediating ,word--the   

way1 and the truth1 and the life4  ,and 
what ,wycliffe says of the ,apostle     
,paul1 that he lifts the banner of  his 
,captain1 in that he glories only in the
 cross of ,christ1 admits1 as  ,dr4     
,lechler remarks1 of being justly       
applied to ,wycliffe himself2  for his  
text is the evangel1 and his theme is   
,christ4 ,like ,luther  afterwards1     
,wycliffe lived through the truth which 
he proclaimed4  ,in his case the order  
was1 first the ,word1 then ,christ4 ,in 
,luther#8s  it was1 first the ,word1    
then justification by faith4 ,the       
,german#8s  experience implied the      
logical order of the ,englishman#8s     
experience4  ,for the logic of this     
faith is the ,word of grace1 the ,christ
 of grace1  the righteousness of grace4 
,luther#8s work implies1 develops1 and  
completes the work of ,wycliffe1 so that
 it holds true that the one  without the
 other is not made perfect4    ,in the  
year #achj1 after recovery from a severe
 illness1 ,wycliffe  published a tract  

in which he formulated his charges      
against the  friars under fifty distinct
 heads1 accusing them of fifty heresies2
  and many more1 as he said1 if their   
tenets and practices be searched  out4  
8,friars10 says he1 towards the         
conclusion of this tract1 8are the      
cause1 beginning1 and maintaining of    
perturbation in ,christendom1 and  of   
all the evils of this world2 nor shall  
these errors be removed until  friars be
 brought to the freedom of the ,gospel  
and the clean religion  of ,jesus       
,christ40    ,wycliffe did not indulge  
in mere denunciation4 ,his invectives   
were  with a view to the work of        
reformation4 ,accordingly1 at the time  
when  he published the fifty charges    
against the friars he was actively      
training1 organising1 and sending out   
agents--8poor priests0 to  instruct the 
people in the knowledge of the ,gospel1 
and by so doing  undo the works of the  
friars1 and promote evangelical religion
 and  social virtue4 ,at first these    

itinerant preachers were employed in    
some places1 as in the immense diocese  
of ,lincoln1 under episcopal            
sanction4#bb ,but so effectively and    
extensively did they propagate  the     
evangelical doctrines of ,wycliffe1 that
 in ,archbishop ,courtenay#8s  mandate  
to the ,bishop of ,london in #achb1 they
 are denounced as  8unauthorised        
itinerant preachers1 who set forth      
erroneous1 yea1  heretical1 assertions  
in public sermons1 not only in churches1
 but also  in public squares1 and other 
profane places2 and who do this under   
the guise of great holiness1 but without
 having obtained any  episcopal or papal
 authorisation40 ,it was against        
,wycliffe#8s  8poor priests0 or         
itinerant preachers that the first royal
  proclamation in #achb 7statute it     
cannot be called71 at the instance  of  
,courtenay1 for the punishment of heresy
 in ,england1 was issued4  ,the         
unprecedented measures taken against the
 8poor priests0 bear  most significant  

testimony to the effect produced by     
their teachings  throughout the kingdom4
 ,it would be interesting to know how   
far1  if at all1 ,wesley#8s idea of     
itinerant preachers was founded on1 or  
proceeded from1 the idea and the        
experiment of ,wycliffe4 ,at any rate1  
these poor priests were not organised1  
nor was their action modelled1          
according to any of the guilds1         
fraternities1 or orders that had been   
formed or that had been in operation    
before the time of ,wycliffe4 ,the  idea
 was truly original1 and 8the simplicity
 of the institution was  itself a stroke
 of consummate genius40#bc    ,having   
acted out his own principles that the   
student who would attain  to the        
knowledge of the meaning of ,scripture  
must cultivate humility  of disposition 
and holiness of life1 putting away from 
him all  prejudicate opinions1 and all  
merely curious and speculative theories 
and casuistical principles of           
interpretation1 ,wycliffe opened and    

studied the ,bible with the desire      
simply to know and to do the will of    
,god4 ,it is no wonder if1 with these   
sentiments1 ,wycliffe in his later      
years1 when engaged continually in      
reading1 studying1 expounding1 and      
translating the ,scriptures1 should come
 to perceive the contrariety of  the    
papal or medival doctrine concerning the
 ,eucharist to the doctrine  of         
,scripture4    ,wycliffe#8s views       
respecting transubstantiation having    
undergone  a great change between the   
years #acgh and #acha1 he felt bound in 
conscience to make known what he now    
came to believe to be the  true doctrine
 concerning the ,eucharist4 ,for1 as he 
says in the  8,trialogus10 8,i maintain 
that among all the heresies which have  
ever  appeared in the ,church1 there was
 never one which was more cunningly     
smuggled in by hypocrites than this1 or 
which in more ways deceives  the people2
 for it plunders the people1 leads them 
astray into  idolatry1 denies the       

teaching of ,scripture1 and by this     
unbelief  provokes the ,truth ,himself  
often-times to anger40#bd ,in accordance
  with all this1 ,wycliffe in the spring
 of #acha published twelve  short theses
 or conclusions respecting the          
,eucharist and against                  
transubstantiation40#be    ,all ,oxford 
was moved by these conclusions4 ,by the 
unanimous judgment of  a court called   
and presided over by ,william de        
,bertram1 the ,chancellor1  they were   
declared to be contradictory to the     
orthodox doctrine of  the ,church1 and  
as such were prohibited from being set  
forth and  defended in the university1  
on pain of suspension from every        
function  of teaching1 of the greater   
excommunication1 and of imprisonment4   
,by  the same mandate all members of the
 university were prohibited1 on pain  of
 the greater excommunication1 from being
 present at the delivery  of these      
theses in the university4 ,when this    
mandate was served on  ,wycliffe1 he was

 in the act of expounding the doctrine  
of ,scripture  concerning the ,lord#8s  
,supper4 ,the condemnation of his       
doctrine came  upon him as a surprise2  
but he is reported to have said that    
neither  the ,chancellor nor any of his 
assessors could refute his arguments or 
alter his convictions4 ,subsequently he 
appealed from the ,chancellor to  the   
,king4 ,in the meantime1 finding himself
 8tongue-tied by authority10  he wrote a
 treatise on this subject in ,latin1#bf 
and also a tract in  ,english entitled  
8,the ,wicket10 for the use of the      
people4 ,wycliffe#8s  doctrinal system  
may be said to have attained to its     
completeness when1  rejecting the idea  
of transubstantiation1 he accepted those
 simple  and ,scriptural views of the   
,eucharist which1 apart from papalism or
  medievalism1 have in all ages         
prevailed within the ,catholic ,church--
  that is1 within the society or        
congregation of believers in ,christ1   
irrespectively of name1 place1 time1    

ceremony1 or circumstance4 ,while  this 
is so1 8it is impossible10 as ,dr4      
,lechler truly says1 8not to be         
impressed with the intellectual labor1  
the conscientiousness1 and the  force of
 will1 all equally extraordinary1 which 
,wycliffe applied to the  solution of   
this problem4 ,his attack on the dogma  
of transubstantiation  was so           
concentrated1 and delivered 7with so    
much force and skill7 from  so many     
sides1 that the scholastic conception   
was shaken to its very  foundations40#bg
 ,he anticipated in his argument against
 the medieval  dogma1 and in favor of   
the primitive and catholic faith        
concerning the  ,eucharist1 the views of
 the greatest and best of the           
,reformers1 leaving  to them little more
 to do than to gather up1 expound1      
develop1 and  apply his principles4     
,soon after the proceedings which we    
have noted were taken against           
,wycliffe1 the country was threatened   
with anarchy by what is known as  the   

,wat ,tyler and ,jack ,straw            
insurrection4 ,it is enough to say that 
,wycliffe had nothing whatever to do    
with the exciting of that reckless      
uprising4 ,all his studies1 meditations1
 and labors were designed to  promote   
righteousness and peace1 truth and      
goodwill1 order and liberty1  in        
,england and all over the earth4    ,in 
the tract1 8,a ,short ,rule of ,life1   
for each man in general1 for  priests   
and lords and laborers in special1 ,how 
each shall be saved in  his degree10    
addressing the 8laborer10 he says3--    
8,if thou art a laborer1 live in        
meekness1 and        truly and          
willingly1 so thy lord or thy master1 if
 he        be a heathen man1 by thy     
meekness1 willing and true              
service1 may not have to grudge against 
thee1 nor        slander thy ,god1 nor  
thy ,christian profession1 but          
rather be stirred to come to            
,christianity1 and serve        not     
,christian lords with grudgings1 not    

only in their        presence1 but truly
 and willingly1 and in absence2         
not only for worldly dread1 or worldly  
reward1 but        for dread of         
conscience1 and for reward in heaven4   
,for ,god that putteth thee in such     
service knoweth        what state is    
best for thee1 and will reward thee     
more than all earthly lords may if thou 
dost it truly        and willingly for  
,his ordinance4 ,and in all things      
beware of grudging against ,god and ,his
 visitation in        great labor1 in   
long or great sickness1 and other       
adversities4 ,and beware of wrath1 of   
cursing1 of        speaking evil1 of    
banning man or beast1 and ever keep     
patience1 meekness1 and charity1 both to
 ,god and man40    ,as we cannot afford 
space to give what is said to 8lords10  
whom he  counsels to          8live a   
rightful life in their own persons1 both
 in        respect to ,god and man1     
keeping the commandments of        ,god1
 doing the works of mercy1 ruling well  

their        five senses1 and doing     
reason1 and equity1 and good            
conscience to all men10--    we merely  
give here his concluding words3--       
8,and thus each man in the three states 
ought to life1        to save himself1  
and to help others2 and thus should     
life1 rest1 peace1 and love1 be among   
,christian men1        and they be      
saved1 and heathen men soon converted1  
and ,god magnified greatly in all       
nations and sects        that now       
despise ,him and ,his law1 because of   
the        false living of wicked       
,christian men40    ,these are not the  
sentiments or utterances of a man in    
fellowship with  ,john ,ball1 ,wat      
,tyler1 ,jack ,straw1 or any other such 
demagogues1 rebels1  or sowers of       
sedition4    ,the truth1 as stated by   
,milman1#bh is1 that this spasm or      
8outburst0  of 8thralled discontent0 was
 but a violent symptom of the evils     
which it was the aim and design of      
,wycliffe to uproot and remove1 by      

disseminating and inculcating everywhere
 the principles and precepts  of the    
,gospel4 ,writing in defence of the     
8poor priests0 or evangelists  whom he  
had trained and sent out1 ,wycliffe     
says3--            8,these poor priests 
destroien most1 by ,god#8s        law1  
rebelty of servants agenst lords1 and   
charge        servants to be sujet1     
though lords be tyrants4 ,for        ,st
 ,peter teacheth us1 ,be ye servants    
suget to lords        in all manner of  
dread1 not only to good lords1 and      
bonoure1 but also to tyrants1 or such as
 drawen from        ,god's school4 ,for1
 as ,st4 ,paul sieth1 each man oweth    
to be suget to higher potestates1 that  
is1 to men of        high power1 for    
there is no power but of ,god1 and      
so he that agen stondeth power1 stondeth
 agenst the        ordinance of ,god1   
but they that agenstond engetten        
to themselves damnation4 ,and therefore 
,paul biddeth        that we be suget to
 princes by need1 and not only          

for wrath but also for conscience1 and  
therefore we        paien tributes to   
princes1 for they ben ministers of      
,god40 ,but 8some men that ben out of   
charity slandren        #8poor priests' 
with this error1 that servants or       
tenants may lawfully withhold rent and  
service fro        their lords1 when    
lords be openly wicked in their         
living20 and 8they maken these false    
lesings upon        #8poor priests' to  
make lords to hate them1 and not to     
meyntane truth of ,god's law that they  
teachen openly        for worship of    
,god1 and profit of the realm1 and      
stabling the ,king's power in destroying
 of sin40#bi    ,among the victims of   
the rage of the rabble in the ,wat      
,tyler  insurrection was ,simon         
,sudbury1 the ,archbishop of            
,canterbury4 8,he  was10 says ,godwin1  
8a man admirably wise and well spoken40 
,but 8though  he were very wise1        
learned1 eloquent1 liberal1 merciful and
 for his  age and place reverend1 yet   

might it not deliver him from the rage  
of this beast with many heads--the      
multitude--than which being1 once       
incensed1 there is no brute beast more  
cruel1 more outrageous1 more            
unreasonable40#cj    ,william           
,courtenay1 ,bishop of ,london1         
succeeded ,sudbury as ,archbishop  of   
,canterbury4 ,courtenay1 a              
high-tempered1 haughty1 and resolute    
man1  lost no time in bringing the      
powers of his new and high position to  
bear against the doctrines and adherents
 of ,wycliffe4 ,his pall from  ,rome    
having been delivered to him at ,croydon
 on the #fth of ,may #achb1  he summoned
 a synod to meet in the ,grey ,friars   
7mendicants7 in ,london1  on the #agth  
of ,may1 to deliberate and determine on 
the measures to be  taken for the       
suppression of certain stranger and     
dangerous opinions  8widely prevalent   
among the nobility and commons of the   
realm40 ,during  the sittings of this   
synod a great and terrible earthquake   

shook the  place of meeting and the     
whole city4 ,many of the high           
dignitaries  and learned doctors        
assembled1 interpreting this event as a 
protest  from heaven against the        
proceedings of the council1 would fain  
have  adjourned the meeting and its     
business4 ,but the ,archbishop1 with    
ready  wit1 interpreting the omen to    
suit his own purpose1 said1 8the earth  
was throwing off its noxious vapors1    
that the ,church might appear in  her   
perfect purity10 ,with these words      
,courtenay allayed the fears of  the    
more timid members of the synod1 and the
 business went forward4  ,of four and   
twenty articles extracted from          
,wycliffe's writings1 ten  were         
condemned as heretical1 and the other   
fourteen were judged  erroneous4 ,it is 
unnecessary to say that among the       
articles condemned  as heretical were   
the doctrines of ,wycliffe concerning   
the ,eucharist1  and more particularly  
his denial of transubstantiation4 ,among

 the  condemned tenets there are some   
which ,wycliffe never held or affirmed  
in the sense put upon them by the       
8,earthquake ,council40 ,some of the    
determinations of this synod were so    
framed as to imply or insinuate  that   
,wycliffe was implicated in the         
insurrection of the previous year1  and 
that he was an enemy to temporal as well
 as to the ecclesiastical  authority--in
 other words1 that he was a traitor as  
well as heretic4 ,an  imposing          
procession1 and a sermon by a ,carmelite
 friar1 served to give  solemnity and   
publicity1 pomp and circumstance1 to the
 decrees of the  synod4    ,dr4 ,peter  
,stokes1 a ,carmelite preacher1         
furnished with the ,archbishop's        
mandate and other artillery1 was sent to
 bombard ,oxford or to take it  by      
storm4 ,but neither the scholars nor the
 ,chancellor 7,rigge7 were  disposed to 
surrender the university without a      
struggle in defence  of its rights and  
liberties4 ,the reception given to ,dr4 

,stokes was  not at all satisfactory or 
assuring to the mind of the ,archbishop 
of  ,canterbury1 who indignantly gave   
expression to his sorrow and his  anger 
in the words3 8,is1 then1 the           
,university of ,oxford such a fautor  of
 heresy that ,catholic truths cannot be 
asserted within her walls80  ,assuming  
to himself the ominous title of         
8,inquisitor of heretical  pravity      
within his whole province of            
,canterbury10 he proceeded to  deal with
 ,oxford as if it were nothing more than
 one of the outlying  parishes of his   
episcopal province4 ,the chancellor and 
several members  of the university were 
summoned to appear before him and to    
purge  themselves of the suspicion of   
heresy4 ,but ,chancellors like ,rigge1  
although courteous1 are not readily     
compliant with what seems to invade  the
 privileges and prerogatives of their   
office4 ,if ,chancellor ,rigge1  after  
his return to ,oxford from ,london1 gave
 formal effect to the  injunctions of   

the ,archbishop1 by intimating to       
,nicolas ,hereford and  ,philip         
,repington that he was under the        
necessity of suspending them  from all  
their functions as members of the       
university1 he promptly  resented the   
insolence of ,henry ,cromp1 who in a    
public lecture had  applied the epithet 
8,lollards0 to those who maintained the 
views of  ,wycliffe1 by suspending him  
from all university functions4#ca       
,against  this sentence ,cromp sought   
and found refuge in an appeal to        
,courtenay  and to the ,privy ,council4 
,hereford1 ,repington1 and ,john ,aston 
were  summoned to appear before the     
,archbishop4 ,aston was declared to be  
a teacher of heresy1 and he afterwards  
recanted4 ,repington also  recanted     
after a time1 and was promoted to great 
honors in the ,church4  ,hereford1      
having gone to ,rome to plead his case  
before the ,pope1 was  there imprisoned2
 but it would seem that some time       
afterwards he  managed to escape from   

prison1 for in #achg he is mentioned as 
the  leading itinerant preacher of the  
,lollards4 ,thus within a few months    
after ,courtenay entered on the         
discharge of the functions of his high  
office1 he had greatly intimidated the  
adherents and fellow-laborers  of       
,wycliffe in the university4 ,but       
opinion rooted in conviction is  not    
easily suppressed4 ,while the more      
prominent representatives of            
,wycliffe's adherents were either driven
 out of the country or coerced  into    
submission1 and to the recantation of   
opinions which they had held  and       
taught1 ,wycliffe himself stood firm and
 erect amidst the tempest  that raged   
around4 ,as if in calm defiance of the  
,archbishop and his  commissaries1 he   
indited a petition to the ,king and the 
,parliament1  in which he craves their  
assent to the main articles contained in
 his  writings1 and proved by           
authority--the ,word of ,god--and reason
 to be  the ,christian faith2 he prays  

that all persons now bound by vows of   
religion may have liberty to accept and 
follow the more perfect law of  ,christ2
 that tithes be bestowed according to   
their proper use1 for the  maintenance  
of the poor2 that ,christ's own doctrine
 concerning the  ,eucharist be publicly 
taught2 that neither the ,king nor the  
kingdom  obey any ,see or prelate       
further than their obedience be grounded
 on  ,scripture2 that no money be sent  
out of the realm to the ,court of ,rome 
or of ,avignon1 unless proved by        
,scripture to be due2 that no ,cardinal 
or foreigner hold preferment in         
,england2 that if a bishop or curate  be
 notoriously guilty of contempt of ,god1
 the ,king should confiscate  his       
temporalities2 that no bishop or curate 
should be enslaved to  secular office2  
and that no one should be imprisoned on 
account of  excommunication4#cb    ,this
 is ,wycliffe's petition of right to the
 ,king and to the ,parliament  of       
,england4 ,we know nothing exactly like 

this document in the history  of the    
past five hundred years4 ,in one or two 
of the claims set forth  in it1 the     
document which bears to it the greatest 
resemblance is an  anonymous petition   
addressed to ,king ,james in #afji1     
being 8,an ,humble  ,supplication for   
,toleration and ,liberty to enjoy and   
observe the  ,ordinances of ,christ     
,jesus1 in the administration of ,his   
,churches in  lieu of human             
,constitutions40 ,but compared with     
,wycliffe's petition1  that other is    
narrow and restricted in its range4     
,this of ,wycliffe is1  like his work1  
for all time4 ,in it he seems to have   
gathered up the  principles that        
governed his life1 and to have expressed
 them so that  this document may be     
regarded as a summary of principles1 a  
sort of  ,enchiridion for the use of the
 statesmen and people of ,england4      
,it is more than doubtful whether       
,wycliffe appeared before the           
,archbishop at ,oxford in #achb2 and it 

is certain that no recantation  ever    
proceeded from his lips or pen4 ,in the 
absence of any adequate  reason hitherto
 assigned for ,wycliffe's immunity or   
personal safety in  a time so perilous1 
may the reason have been that1 silenced 
in ,oxford  by the decree of the        
preceding year1 ,wycliffe left the      
university1 and1  retiring to his       
rectory of ,lutterworth1 enjoyed there  
the protection  of the ,bishop of       
,lincoln1 ,john ,bokingham8 ,within the 
very extensive  diocese of ,lincoln1 we 
know that for a time ,wycliffe's 8poor  
priests0  enjoyed the episcopal         
protection4 ,is it too much to suppose  
that ,john  ,bokingham1 who protected   
and gave episcopal sanction to          
,wycliffe's  preachers1 extended his    
protection to ,wycliffe himself8 ,this  
8,john  ,bokingham if this were the     
,bishop of ,lincoln accounted of some   
very  unlearned1 was a doctor of        
divinity of ,oxford1 a great learned man
 in  scholastical divinity1 as divers   

works of his still extant may testify1  
and for my part1 ,i think this bishop to
 be the man4 ,the year #acig1 the  ,pope
 bearing him some grudge1 translated him
 perforce from ,lincolne  unto          
,lichfield1 a bishopric not half so     
good4 ,for curst heart he would  not    
take it1 but1 as though he had rather   
have no bread than half a  loaf1 forsook
 both1 and became a monk at ,canterbury4
 ,he was one of  the first founders of  
the bridge at ,rochester40#cc ,our      
conjecture if  probable or true to fact1
 would explain not a little that has    
hitherto  perplexed the biographers of  
,wycliffe4    ,but apart from this      
conjecture and all similar guesses and  
suggestions1  perhaps the real cause of 
,wycliffe's safety was the regard       
cherished  for him by many of the       
nobility and leaders of the people1 and 
the  esteem in which he was held by the 
,king's mother--8the fair maid of       
,kent0--whose message1 conveyed by ,sir 
,lewis ,clifford1 brought the           

proceedings of the ,lambeth ,synod to an
 abrupt termination4 ,nor must the      
protecting influence of ,richard's wife1
 the ,queen--,ann of ,bohemia--be       
ignored4 ,for in his book 8,of the      
,three-fold ,love0 ,wycliffe says3 8,it 
is possible that the noble ,queen of    
,england1 the sister of ,csar1 may  have
 and use the ,gospel written in three   
languages--,bohemian1 ,german1  and     
,latin4 ,but to hereticate her on that  
account would be ,luciferian  folly40   
,but after all the circumstances of the 
case have been  considered1 we may say  
with ,fuller3 8,in my mind it amounted  
to little  less than a miracle1 that    
during this storm on his disciples1     
,wycliffe  their master should live in  
quiet4 ,strange that he was not drowned 
in so strong a stream as ran against    
him1 whose safety under ,god's          
providence is not so much to be ascribed
 to his own strength in  swimming as to 
such as held him up by the chin--the    
greatness of his  noble supporters40#cd 

,it would appear as if ,king ,richard   
himself must  be reckoned one at least  
among ,wycliffe's 8noble supporters40   
,this  seems to be implied in what      
appears to be a reference to himself1   
made in one of his last-written         
treatises1 the 8,frivolous ,citations10 
being the citations addressed by the    
,popes to those who were offensive  to  
them4 ,in that remarkable treatise the  
arguments in favor of papal  citations  
are shown to be untenable and           
sophistical1 and the assumption  of     
temporal power by the ,pope1 as         
exercised in the citation of those  not 
subject to his jurisdiction1 is shown to
 be unjustifiable4 ,from all  this the  
conclusion is1 that the ,church should  
return to primitive and  apostolic      
simplicity--the simplicity of the       
,gospel of ,christ without  the ,pope   
and his statutes4 ,in the fourth chapter
 he maintains that  three things warrant
 any one cited to refuse obedience to   
the citation3  necessary business1      

illness1 and the prohibition of the     
sovereign  of the realm3 8,primum est   
gravis necessitas1 qu videtur maxima in 
custodia ,christi ovium1 ne a lupis     
rapacibus lanientur4 ,secundum est      
infirmitas corporis1 propter quam       
deficit citato dispositio data a  domino
 ad taliter laborandum4 ,et tertium est 
preceptio regia1 quando  rex precepit1  
sicut debet1 suo legio1 ne taliter extra
 suam provinciam  superflue evagetur4   
,et omnes ist tres caus vel aliqua earum
 in  qualibet citatione hujusmodi sunt  
reperte1 et specialiter cum rex  regum  
prohibeat taliter evagari40 ,all this he
 applies to his own case1  in language  
implying that he had been cited to      
appear to answer for  himself before the
 ,pope3 8,et sic dicit1 quidam debilis  
et claudus  citatus ad hanc curiam1 quod
 prohibitio regia impedit ipsum ire1    
quia1  rex regum necessitat et vult     
efficaciter1 quod non vagat4 ,dicit     
etiam  quod domi oportet ipsum eligere  
,pontificam ,iesum ,christum1 quod est  

gravis necessitas eo1 quod cum ejus     
omissione vel negligentia non  potest   
,romanus ,pontifex vel aliquis angelus  
dispensare40#ce ,the words  seem to     
imply not only that he was cited to     
appear before the ,pope1  but that in   
declining to obey the papal summons1 he 
could plead bodily  infirmity1 the will 
of the ,king of kings1 and also the     
prohibition of  the only earthly        
sovereign to whom he owed a subject's   
duty4 ,shirley1  writing in #aheh1      
says--8,from his retreat at ,lutterworth
 they summoned  him before the papal    
court4 ,the citation did not reach him  
till  #achd40cf ,if so1 then his tract  
8,de ,citationibus ,frivolis0 was one of
  the last of the many writings that    
proceeded from his pen4    ,before we   
make the briefest possible reference to 
the last and greatest  work of          
,wycliffe--his translation of the       
,bible--we may here allude to  the      
marvellous productiveness of the mind of
 this great ,englishman of  the         

fourteenth century4 ,in this respect1 as
 in other characteristics  of his       
genius1 there is only one other name in 
,english literature that  is entitled to
 take rank and place beside ,john       
,wycliffe1 and that is  the name of     
,william ,shakespeare4 ,chaucer and     
,langland and ,gower1 the               
contemporaries of ,wycliffe1 wrote much1
 and wrote so as not only to  prove the 
previously unknown capabilities of the  
half-formed ,english  language for      
giving expression to every variety of   
poetical conception1  but these         
illustrious poets also so wrote as to be
 the forerunners and  the leaders of    
those who1 since the time when the      
,english mind was set  free by the      
,reformation1 have marched1 and continue
 to march1 as the  poets of ,england in 
splendid equipage in their proud        
procession through  the ages4 ,but the  
intellectual and literary productiveness
 of ,chaucer  and ,langland and ,gower  
comes far short of the truly            

extraordinary  productiveness of the    
genius of ,wycliffe4 ,nothing but       
ignorance of what  ,wycliffe did for the
 highest forms of thought in the        
,university1 for  the dignity and       
independence of the ,state1 for truth   
and freedom in  the ,church1 and for    
virtue and godliness among the ,english 
people1 and  through them among all the 
nations of the world1 can account for   
the  indifference to the name and memory
 of ,wycliffe1 which prevails not in    
,oxford alone1 but throughout the       
country3--          8,to the memory of  
one of the greatest of ,englishmen1     
his country has been singularly and     
painfully        ungrateful4 ,on most of
 us the dim image looks down1           
like the portrait of the first of a long
 line of        kings1 without          
personality or expression4 ,he is the   
first of the ,reformers4 ,to some he is 
the watchword        of a theological   
controversy1 invoked most loudly        
by those whom he would most have        

condemned4 ,of his        works1 the    
greatest1 #8one of the most thoughtful  
of        the middle ages1' has twice   
been printed abroad1 in        ,england 
never4#cg ,of his original ,english     
works1        nothing beyond one or two 
tracts has seen the light4        ,if   
considered only as the father of        
,english prose1        the great        
,reformer might claim more reverential  
treatment at our hands4 ,it is not by   
his translation        of the ,bible1   
remarkable as that work is1 that        
,wycliffe can be judged as a writer4 ,it
 is in his        original tracts that  
the exquisite pathos1 the keen          
delicate irony1 the manly passion of his
 short        nervous sentences1 fairly 
overmasters the weakness        of the  
unformed language1 and gives us ,english
 which        cannot be read without a  
feeling of its beauty to        this    
hour40#ch    ,the mind of ,wycliffe was 
constitutionally of large               
capacity--strong1  many-sided1 intense4 

,the strength and the luminousness of   
his  understanding1 operating through an
 emotional nature of great  tranquillity
 and depth1 found for themselves        
unimpeded expression in  the force and  
energy of a self-determining and        
resolute will4 ,his  deliberations1 not 
his passions1 prompted1 directed1 and   
controlled  his actions4 ,hence the     
decisiveness of his conclusions2 hence  
also  the heroic pertinacity with which 
he adhered to his convictions1 and1     
whether amidst compliments or curses1   
prosecuted his work4 ,for to him        
personally1 dominion signified the      
lordship of the intellect over the      
emotions1 the sovereignty of conscience 
over the intellect1 and the  monarchy of
 ,god over all4 ,the 8possessioner0 of  
rich and varied mental  endowments1 he  
put forth all to use4 ,for in all the   
departments  of learning and science1   
,john ,wycliffe was second to none whose
  names adorn the annals of ,oxford     
,university and are the glory of        

,england4 ,wycliffe's works1 when known 
in ,oxford and in this country  will not
 only vindicate what we have said1 but  
will show that if  his constitutional   
abilities were singularly great1 his    
industry  was indefatigable1 and his    
studious course splendidly progressive4 
8,proscribed and neglected as he        
afterwards became1 there was a time     
when ,wycliffe was the most popular     
writer in ,europe40#ci ,contact with    
his mind through his works1 seems to    
have had a remarkably infectious        
influence on the men of his time and on 
the following generation4 ,hence  the   
unexampled measures taken not by        
,william ,courtenay alone1 but by       
successive ,popes and by the ,council of
 ,constance 7#adae71 to suppress  the   
heresies of ,wycliffe4 ,this influence  
of contact with his spirit in  his      
writings1 shows itself very notably in  
the case of the able and  critical      
historian1 ,milman4 ,milman's own mind  
was of great capacity  and force4 ,but  

the vigor and enthusiasm of that mind   
seem to reveal  themselves more in the  
chapter on ,wycliffe than in any other  
section of  his great work4 ,there is an
 unusual glow--one might say fervor--as 
of  sympathetic appreciation1 in the    
greater part of that chapter4#dj        
,shirley's statement that 8,wycliffe is 
a very voluminous1 a proscribed1  and a 
neglected writer10 is verified by the   
catalogue which ,shirley  himself1 at   
the cost of considerable labor scattered
 over a period of  some ten or twelve   
years1 compiled1 and published in #ahfe4
 ,by compiling  and publishing this     
catalogue1 ,professor ,shirley rendered 
great service  not only to the memory of
 ,wycliffe but also to ,english         
literature4  ,bale1 ,bishop of ,ossory  
7#aefc71 the author of many most        
valuable but now  little appreciated1   
because little known1 works1 in his     
8,summarium10#da  first published in    
#aedg1 gives a list of #bdb of          
,wycliffe's writings1  with their       

titles4 ,lewis1 in #ahbj1 by some       
modifications and additions  of ,bale's 
list1 extends the number to #bhd4 ,a    
catalogue was also  prefixed by ,baber  
to his reprint of ,wycliffe's ,new      
,testament 7,purvey's  amended edition7 
in #ahaj4 ,and ,dr4 ,vaughan 7who has   
got but scrimp  justice at the hands of 
some71 in his 8,life and ,opinions of   
,wycliffe10  #ahbh and #ahca1 and in his
 8,john de ,wycliffe3 a ,monograph10    
#ahec1 gave  catalogues which had the   
effect of setting a few others to work  
in  the endeavor to determine with      
certainty the number of the genuine     
writings left by ,wycliffe4 ,this work  
was undertaken and prosecuted  with no  
little labor and critical ability by    
,professor ,shirley2 but  death at an   
early time arrested the progress of the 
work which he had  projected--the       
editing and publishing of 8,select      
,works of ,wycliffe40  ,men die1 but the
 work dies not4 ,to the third volume of 
8,select ,english  ,works of ,john      

,wycliffe10 #ahga1 edited by ,thomas    
,arnold1 there is  prefixed a 8,list of 
,,mss4 of the ,miscellaneous ,works10   
and a 8,complete  ,catalogue of the     
,english ,works ascribed to ,wycliffe1  
based on that  prepared by ,dr4         
,shirley1 but including a detailed      
comparison with  the list of ,bale and  
,lewis0#db ,of ,dr4 ,lechler's services 
in this as  in every other respect we do
 not speak3 they are inestimable4 ,the  
example set by him1 and by ,dr4         
,buddensieg of ,dresden1 and ,dr4       
,loserth  of ,czernowitz1 ought to      
stimulate ,englishmen1 and more         
especially the  graduates1 fellows1 and 
doctors of ,oxford1 to vindicate the    
,university  against the charge so      
justly and repeatedly made against it1  
of having  treated with indifference and
 neglect the name and memory of one of  
her  most illustrious sons4 ,it is      
anything but creditable to ,oxford that 
,german scholars and princes should do  
the work which ought to be done  by     

,englishmen--and of all ,englishmen by  
the men of ,oxford4 ,do these  learned  
men know that in ,english literature    
there is a short treatise  bearing the  
title 8,the ,dead ,man's ,right80#dc ,it
 is time that they  should study it1 and
 give to it such effect as only the men 
of ,oxford  can give1 in relation to the
 memory of the man who asserted and     
maintained1 in perilous and most        
hazardous times1 the rights of ,oxford  
,university against those who would     
reduce that noble institution1 that     
renowned seat of learning1 to the level 
of one of the outhouses of the  ,vatican
 ,palace or of the ,pope's privy        
chamber1 at ,avignon or at ,rome4       
,from the lists or catalogues of        
,wycliffe's works1 it is evident that   
his writing was like his mind--steadily1
 splendidly progressive4 ,to  the       
earlier period of his life belong the   
works on logic1 psychology1             
metaphysics1 and generally what may be  
called his philosophical  writings4 ,to 

the second period of his life belong his
 applied  philosophy in the form of his 
treatises on politico-ecclesiastical    
questions4 ,to the third period belong  
his works on scientific theology2  and  
to the fourth and concluding period     
belong his works on applied  theology1  
or practical and pastoral divinity4     
8,the earliest work to which1 so far as 
,i know1 a tolerably exact date  can be 
assigned1 is the fragment 8,de dominio10
 printed by ,lewis1 and  which belongs  
to the year #acff or #acfg4 ,we may     
confidently place the  whole of the     
philosophical works1 properly so called1
 before this date4  ,about the year     
#acfg was published the 8,de ,dominio   
,divino10 preluding to  the great       
8,summa ,theologi10--the first book of  
which1 8,de ,mandatis10  appears to have
 been written in #acfi2 the seventh1 the
 8,de ,ecclesia10  in #acgh2 the        
remainder at uncertain intervals during 
the next five  years4 ,the 8,trialogus0 
and its supplement belong probably to   

the last  year of the ,reformer's       
life40#dd    ,in a letter of ,archbishop
 ,arundel1 addressed to ,pope ,john     
,,xxiii4 in  #adab1 it is said of       
,wycliffe that1 8,in order to fulfil the
 measure of  his wickedness1 he invented
 the translation of the ,bible into the 
mother tongue40 ,of this1 the great and 
crowning work of ,wycliffe's  life1     
,knighton says3--            8,christ   
delivered his ,gospel to the clergy and 
doctors of the ,church1 but this ,master
 ,john ,wycliffe        translated it   
out of ,latin into ,english1 and thus   
laid it out more open to the laity1 and 
to women who        could read1 than it 
had formerly been to the most           
learned of the clergy1 even to those of 
them that had        the best           
understanding4 ,in this way the         
,gospel-pearl        is cast abroad1 and
 trodden under foot of swine1 and       
that which was before precious both to  
clergy and        laity1 is rendered1 as
 it were1 to the common jest        of  

both4 ,the jewel of the ,church is      
turned into the        sport of the     
people1 and what had hitherto been the  
choice gift of the clergy and of        
divines1 is made for        ever common 
to the laity40#de    ,it was for this   
very end that the 8,word of ,god        
written0 might be  forever common to the
 people1 as accessible to them as to the
 most  privileged orders1 that ,wycliffe
 seems at an early time in his life to  
have entertained the great idea and     
formed the purpose of giving to his     
countrymen a version of ,holy ,scripture
 in the ,english language4 ,for1        
although we cannot here enter into      
details1 it would appear from the       
careful1 learned1 and elaborate preface 
to the magnificent edition of           
,wycliffe's ,bible by ,forshall and     
,madden1#df that the progressiveness    
characteristic of ,wycliffe's views and 
work was apparent in the  translation of
 the ,bible4 ,with all deference to the 
opinions of those  who believe that     

man's works spring full-formed from the 
human brain1  like ,minerva from the    
head of ,jupiter1 there is reason for   
believing  that so early as #acef1 or   
about that time1 ,wycliffe began his    
work  of translating the ,scriptures1   
and that1 with many interruptions or    
intermissions1 he continued to prosecute
 his great enterprise till  he had the  
joyful satisfaction of seeing the       
translation of the ,new  ,testament     
completed in #achj4 ,the idea had grown 
in his mind1 and the  work grew under   
his hand4 ,he could now put a copy of   
the ,evangel into  the hands of each    
evangelist whom he sent forth4 ,up to   
this time he  could but furnish his poor
 preachers with short treatises and     
detached  portions of ,scripture4 ,but  
now he could give them the whole of the 
,new  ,testament in the language of the 
people of ,england4 ,it was a great     
gift1 and it was eagerly desired by     
multitudes who had been perishing  for  
lack of knowledge4 ,and but for the     

opposition of the hierarchy1 the  book  
and the evangelist might now have had   
free course in ,england4 ,the  work of  
translating the ,old ,testament was     
being prosecuted by ,nicolas  ,hereford1
 when he was cited to appear before the 
,archbishop4 ,two  ,,ms4 copies of      
,hereford's translation in the ,bodleian
 ,library  8end abruptly in the book of 
,baruch1 breaking off in the middle of a
  sentence4#dg ,it may thence be        
inferred that the writer was suddenly   
stopped in the execution of his work2   
nor is it unreasonable to  conjecture1  
further1 that the cause of the          
interruption was the summons  which     
,hereford received to appear before the 
synod in #achb40            8,the       
translation itself affords proof that it
 was        completed by a different    
hand1 and not improbably by             
,wycliffe himself4 ,hereford translates 
very literally1        and is usually   
careful to render the same ,latin words 
or phrases in an uniform manner4 ,he    

never introduces        textual glosses4
 ,the style subsequent to ,bar4 iii4    
#bj is entirely different4 ,it is more  
easy1 no longer        keeps to the     
order of the ,latin1 takes greater      
freedom in the choice of words1 and     
frequently admits        textual        
glosses4 ,in the course of the first    
complete        chapter the new         
translator inserts no less than         
nine such glosses4 ,he does not admit   
prologues4 ,the        translation of   
this last part of the ,old ,testament   
corresponds with that of the ,new       
,testament1 not only        in the      
general style1 but also in the rendering
 of        particular words40#dh        
,wycliffe's work was really done when   
the whole ,bible was published in  the  
,english language4 ,and although he set 
himself to improve1 correct1  and amend 
his own and ,hereford's translation1 yet
 he could now1 as at  no previous time1 
say1 8,now lettest ,thou ,thy servant   
depart in peace40  ,not long after this 

he died in peace at ,lutterworth1 in    
,leicestershire1  on the #cast of       
,december #achd4 ,and notwithstanding   
the ridicule of  all who snarl at ,mr4  
,foxe for counting him a martyr in his  
calendar1  he really lived a martyr's   
life1 and died a martyr's death3 he     
lived  and died a faithful witness of   
the truth4 ,if he was not in spirit a   
martyr1 there never was a martyr in the 
history of the ,church2 and if  his     
persecutors were not in spirit tyrants  
whose purpose was to add  ,wycliffe's   
name to the roll of martyrs1 there never
 were those who  persecuted the saints  
unto bonds1 imprisonment1 and death4    
,what else  means the decree of the     
,council of ,constance in #adae1 which  
not only  cursed his memory1 as that of 
one dying an obstinate heretic1 but     
ordered his body 7with this charitable  
caution1 8if it may be discerned  from  
the bodies of other faithful people071  
to be taken out of the  ground and      
thrown far off from any ,christian      

burial8 ,in obedience to  this          
decree--being1 as ,godwin says1 required
 by the ,council of ,sena so  to        
do#di--,richard ,fleming1 ,bishop of    
,lincoln1 ,diocesan of ,lutterworth  in 
#adbh1 sent officers to ungrave the body
 of ,wycliffe4 ,to ,lutterworth  they   
come1 take what was left out of the     
grave1 and burning it1 cast  the ashes  
into the ,swift1 a neighboring brook    
running hard by4 8,thus  hath this brook
 conveyed his ashes into ,avon1 ,avon   
into ,severn1 ,severn  into the narrow  
seas1 and these into the main ocean4    
,and thus the ashes  of ,wycliffe are   
the emblem of his doctrine1 which now is
 dispersed all  the world over40#ej     
,with ,fuller's graphic record of the   
action of the servants of ,bishop       
,fleming of ,lincoln we might conclude  
our review of the work of this  truly   
great and good man2 but we cannot       
conclude without saying that  the decree
 of the ,constance ,council and the     
action of the ,lincoln  bishop reveal at

 the same time the power of ,wycliffe's 
doctrines and  the impotence of the     
papal opposition to ,wycliffe and to    
,lollardism4  ,truth dies not3 it may be
 burned1 but1 like the sacred bush on   
the  hillside of ,horeb1 it is not      
consumed4 ,it may fall in the street2 it
  may be trodden under foot of men2 it  
may be put into the grave2 but  it is   
not dead1--it lives1 rises again1 and is
 free4 ,the bonds only  are consumed2   
and the grave-clothes and the napkin    
only are left in  the sepulchre4 ,the   
word itself liveth and abideth forever4 
,it has in  it not only an eternal      
vitality1 but also a seminal virtue4 ,it
 is the  seed of the kingdom of ,god4   
,some of the books of ,wycliffe were put
  into the hands of ,john ,hus in the   
,university of ,prague4 ,of ,hus it may 
be said that1 like the prophet1 he ate  
the books given to him4 ,he so          
appropriated them1 not in the spirit    
only1 but also in the letter1  that the 
doctrines1 and even the verbal          

expressions1 of ,wycliffe1 were         
reproduced and proclaimed by him in     
,bohemia4 ,this is demonstrated by  ,dr4
 ,loserth in his recent work1 8,wycliffe
 and ,hus40#ea    ,the story of the     
,gospel in ,bohemia is really a record  
of the work  of ,wycliffe in a foreign  
land1 where he was regarded as little   
less  than 8a fifth evangelist40 ,the   
heresies of ,wycliffe1 condemned by the 
,council of ,constance1 were the ,gospel
 for which ,john ,hus and ,jerome of    
,prague died the death of martyrs4 ,but 
not only so4            8,when ,i       
studied at ,erfurth10 says ,martin      
,luther1        8,i found in the library
 of the convent a book        entitled  
the #8,sermons of ,john ,hus4' ,i had a 
great        curiosity to know what     
doctrines that arch-heretic        had  
propagated4 ,my astonishment at the     
reading of        them was incredible4  
,i could not comprehend for what        
cause they burnt so great a man1 who    
explained the        ,scriptures with so

 much gravity and skill4 ,but as the    
very name of ,hus was held in so great  
abomination1        that ,i imagined the
 sky would fall and the sun be          
darkened if ,i made honorable mention of
 him1 ,i shut        the book with no   
little indignation4 ,this1 however1     
was my comfort1 that he had written this
 perhaps        before he fell into     
heresy1 for ,i had not yet heard        
what passed at the ,council of          
,constance40#eb    ,germany through     
,luther owes much to ,john ,wycliffe4   
,germany acknowledges  the obligation1  
and through ,lechler1 ,buddensieg1      
,loserth1 and others1  it is offering   
its tribute of gratitude to the memory  
of the earliest  of the ,reformers4     
,for1 although the fact is ignored by   
many1 the  ,reformation was but the     
exposition and developed application of 
the doctrines of ,john ,wycliffe4 ,it   
was ,shakespeare who said of the  great 
,lollard chief of ,england--,sir ,john  
,oldcastle1 the good ,lord              

,cobham--8,oldcastle died a martyr60#ec 
,but it is one of the most coldly       
severe and critical of historians who   
says3--            8,no revolution has  
ever been more gradually prepared       
than that which separated almost        
one-half of ,europe        from the     
communion of the ,roman ,see2 nor were  
,luther        and ,zwingle any more    
than occasional instruments of          
that change1 which1 had they never      
existed1 would        at no great       
distance of time have been effected     
under the names of some other           
,reformers4 ,at the        beginning of 
the sixteenth century1 the learned      
doubtfully and with caution1 the        
ignorant with zeal        and eagerness1
 were tending to depart from the faith  
and rites which authority prescribed4   
,but probably        not even ,germany  
were so far advanced on this course     
as ,england4 ,almost a hundred and fifty
 years before        ,luther1 nearly the
 same doctrines as he taught had        

been maintained by ,wycliffe1 whose     
disciples1 usually        called        
,lollards1 lasted as a numerous though  
obscure        and proscribed sect1     
till1 aided by the confluence        of 
foreign streams1 they swelled into the  
,protestant        ,church of ,england4 
,we hear indeed little of them          
during some part of the fifteenth       
century2 for they        generally      
shunned persecution1 and it is chiefly  
through records of persecution that we  
learn the        existence of heretics4 
,but immediately before the        name 
of ,luther was known1 they seem to have 
become        more numerous2 since      
several persons were burned for         
heresy1 and others abjured their errors1
 in the first        years of ,henry    
,,viii4's reign40#ed    ,corresponding  
with what is stated by ,hallam1 is the  
fact that ,john ,knox  begins his       
history of the ,reformation in ,scotland
 by giving1 in what  he calls 8,histori 
,initium10 a chapter on the history of  

,lollardism in  ,scotland3--            
8,in the scrolls of ,glasgow is found   
mention of        one whose name is not 
expressed1 that1 in the year        of  
,god #adbb1 was burnt for heresy2 but   
what were        his opinions1 or by    
what order he was condemned1        it  
appears not evidently4 ,but our         
chronicles make        mention that in  
the days of ,king ,james the ,first1    
about the year of ,god #adca1 was       
deprehended in the        ,university of
 ,st4 ,andrews1 one ,paul ,craw1 a      
,bohemian1        who was accused of    
heresy before such as then were         
called ,doctors of ,theology4 ,his      
accusation consisted        principally 
that he followed ,john ,hus and         
,wycliffe        in the opinion of the  
,sacrament1 who denied that the         
substance of bread and wine were changed
 by virtue        of any words1 or that 
confession should be made to            
priests1 or yet prayers to saints       
departed4444 ,he was        condemned to

 the fire1 in the whilk he was consumed1
        in the said city of ,saint      
,andrews1 about the time                
aforewritten40    ,proceeding with his  
narrative1 ,knox gives a picturesque    
description  of what occurred in ,court1
 when no fewer than thirty persons were 
summoned in #adid by ,robert ,blackburn1
 ,archbishop of ,glasgow1 to appear     
before the ,king and his great council4 
8,these10 he says1 8were called  the    
,lollards of ,kyle4 ,they were accused  
of the articles following1 as  we have  
received them forth of the register of  
,glasgow40 ,among the  thirty-four      
articles charged against them are many  
of the doctrines so  ably expounded and 
maintained by ,wycliffe4 8,by these     
articles1 which  ,god of ,his merciful  
providence caused the enemies of ,his   
truth to keep  in their registers1 may  
appear how mercifully ,god hath looked  
upon this  realm1 retaining within it   
some spunk of ,his light even in the    
time of  greatest darkness40 ,the       

,lollards of ,kyle1 partly through the  
clemency  of the ,king1 and partly by   
their own bold and ready-witted answers1
 so  dashed the bishop and his band out 
of countenance1 that the greatest  part 
of the accusation was turned to         
laughter4 ,for thirty years after  that 
memorable exhibition there was 8almost  
no question for matters of  religion0   
till young ,patrick ,hamilton of gentle 
blood and of heroic  spirit1 appeared on
 the scene in #aebg4 8,with him10 says  
,knox1 8our  history doth begin40#ee    
8,no friendly hand10 says ,dr4 ,shirley1
 8has left us any even the  slightest   
memorial of the life and death of the   
great ,reformer4 ,a  spare1 frail1      
emaciated frame1 a quick temper1 a      
conversation #8most  innocent1' the     
charm of every rank--such are the scanty
 but significant  fragments we glean of 
the personal portraiture of one who     
possessed1 as  few ever did1 the        
qualities which give men power over     
their fellows4  ,his enemies ascribed it

 to the magic of an ascetic habit2 the  
fact  remains engraven on every line of 
his life4#ef ,his bitterest enemies     
cannot refrain from involuntary tributes
 of admiration extorted  from them by   
the singular and unsullied excellence of
 the man whose  doctrines and doings as 
a reformer they detested4 ,like the     
8amiable  and famous ,edward1 by-named1 
not of his color1 but of his dreaded    
acts  in battle1 the ,black ,prince10#eg
 ,wycliffe was in nothing black save  in
 his dreaded doctrines and works of     
reformation4 ,apart from these1  8all   
tongues--the voice of souls0--awarded   
him the praise due to lofty  genius1    
exemplary virtue1 and personal          
godliness4 ,his heretical deeds  were   
the occasion of all the obloquy heaped  
upon his name and memory3--        8,in 
nothing art thou black save in thy      
deeds1       ,and thence this slander1  
as ,i think1 proceeds40    ,if we cannot
 as yet cherish the hope that1 besides  
erecting in ,oxford  some visible       

monument to the memory of ,wycliffe1 the
 ,university  should1 as an example to  
,cambridge and to the ,scottish         
universities1  institute a ,wycliffe    
,lectureship for the exposition of the  
works of  the great ,reformer1 it is    
surely not too much to expect that      
,oxford  should give all possible       
countenance and support to the project  
for the  printing and the publication of
 ,wycliffe's unprinted and unpublished  
writings4 ,this1 in the meantime1 is    
perhaps the best tribute that can  be   
offered to the memory of ,wycliffe4     
,for1 as ,dr4 ,shirley said1 some       
nineteen years ago1 8,the ,latin works  
of ,wycliffe are1 both historically  and
 theologically1 by far the most         
important2 from these alone can         
,wycliffe's theological position be     
understood3 and it is not1 perhaps1  too
 much to say1 that no writings so       
important for the history of  doctrine  
are still buried in manuscript40#eh     
,these neglected1 unknown1  and hitherto

 inaccessible works1 are being printed  
under competent  editorship by 8,the    
,wycliffe ,society40--,they have more   
than a mere  theological interest4 ,they
 are important in their relation to the 
thought which developed itself in the   
reformation of religion1 in the  revival
 of learning1 and in the assertion1     
maintenance1 and defence of             
constitutional liberty in ,england4     
,for from the relation of his work to   
the ,university1 to the  independence of
 the nation and the sovereignty of the  
,crown1 to the  ,church and to the      
people of ,england1 a manifold interest 
must for  ever belong to the name1 the  
life1 and the work of ,john ,wycliffe4  
,corresponding with all this is the     
manifold obligation of the  ,university1
 the ,crown1 the ,church1 and the people
 of ,england4 ,for  ,wycliffe was the   
first of those self-denying and fearless
 men to whom  we are chiefly indebted   
for the overthrow of superstition1      
ignorance1  and despotism1 and for all  

the privileges and blessings1 political 
and  religious1 which we enjoy4 ,he was 
the first of those who cheerfully       
hazarded their lives that they might    
achieve their purpose1 which was        
nothing less than the felicity of       
millions unborn--a felicity which  could
 only proceed from the knowledge and    
possession of the truth4  ,he is one of 
those 8who boldly attacked the system of
 error and  corruption1 though fortified
 by popular credulity1 and who1 having  
forced the stronghold of superstition1  
and penetrated the recesses  of its     
temple1 tore aside the veil that        
concealed the monstrous idol  which the 
world had so long ignorantly worshipped1
 dissolved the  spell by which the human
 mind was bound1 and restored it to     
liberty6  ,how criminal must those be   
who1 sitting at ease under the vines and
  fig-trees planted by the labors and   
watered with the blood of those         
patriots1 discover their disesteem of   
the invaluable privileges  which they   

inherit1 or their ignorance of the      
expense at which they  were purchased1  
by the most unworthy treatment of those 
to whom they  owe them1 misrepresent    
their actions1 calumniate their motives1
 and  load their memories with every    
species of abuse60#ei ,while we look to 
the men of ,oxford for a thorough though
 tardy and late vindication  of         
,wycliffe's name and services to the    
,university and to learning1  we expect 
from the people of ,england a more      
effective and permanent  memorial of    
,wycliffe and his work than can be      
raised by any number of  scholars or    
members of the ,university4 ,wycliffe   
lived for ,god and for  the people4 ,he 
taught the ,english people how to use   
the ,english tongue  for the expression 
of truth1 liberty1 and religion4 ,he was
 the first to  give to the people of    
,england the ,bible in the ,english     
language4 ,what a  gift was this6 ,he   
was in this the pioneer of ,tyndale1 of 
,coverdale1 and  of all those who have  

lived and labored for the diffusion of  
the ,word  of ,god among their          
fellow-men4 ,the ,british and ,foreign  
,bible ,society is  really ,wycliffe's  
monument4 ,his ,bible1 as translated    
from the ,vulgate1  was itself an       
assertion of that independence for which
 ,wycliffe lived  and died4 ,to him may 
be applied the words of ,milton--       
8,servant of ,god1 well done6 well hast 
thou fought      ,the better fight2 who 
single hast maintained      ,against    
revolted multitudes the cause      ,of  
truth2 in word mightier than they in    
arms3      ,and for the testimony of    
truth hast borne      ,universal        
reproach1 far worse to bear      ,than  
violence2 for it was all thy care       
,to stand approv'd in sight of ,god1    
though worlds      ,judged thee         
perverse40#fj                           
--,blackwood's ,magazine4               
,,curiosities ,,of ,,the ,,bank ,,of    
,,england4      ,considering the        
world-wide reputation of the ,bank of   

,england1 it is  remarkable how little  
is generally known as to its internal   
working4  ,standing in the very heart of
 the largest city in the world--a       
central  landmark of the great          
metropolis--even the busy ,londoners    
around it  have1 as a rule1 only the    
vaguest possible knowledge of what goes 
on  within its walls4 ,in truth1 its    
functions are so many1 its staff so     
enormous1 and their duties so varied1   
that many even of those who have  spent 
their lives in its service will tell you
 that1 beyond their own  immediate      
departments1 they know but little of its
 inner life4 ,its mere  history1 as     
recorded by ,mr4 ,francis1 fills two    
octavo volumes4 ,it will  be readily    
understood1 therefore1 that it would be 
idle to attempt  anything like a        
complete description of it within the   
compass of a  magazine article4 ,there  
are1 however1 many points about the     
,bank and  it's working which are       
extremely curious and interesting1 and  

some of  these we propose briefly to    
describe4    ,the ,bank of ,england     
originated in the brain of ,william     
,paterson1 a  ,scotchman--better known1 
perhaps1 as the organiser and leader of 
the ill-fated ,darien expedition4 ,it   
commenced business in #afid1 its        
charter--which was in the first instance
 granted for eleven years  only--bearing
 date the #bgth ,july of that year4     
,this charter has been  from time to    
time renewed1 the last renewal having   
taken place in  #ahdd4 ,the original    
capital of the ,bank was but one million
 two hundred  thousand pounds1 and it   
carried on its business in a single room
 in  ,mercer's ,hall1 with a staff of   
fifty-four clerks4 ,from so small a     
beginning has grown the present gigantic
 establishment1 which covers  nearly    
three acres1 and employs in town and    
country nearly nine hundred  officials4 
,upon the latest renewal of its charter1
 the ,bank was divided  into two        
distinct departments1 the ,issue and the

 ,banking4 ,in addition  to these1 the  
,bank has the management of the national
 debt4 ,the books  of the various       
government funds are here kept2 here all
 transfers are  made1 and here all      
dividends are paid4    ,in the ,banking 
department is transacted the ordinary   
business of  bankers4 ,here other banks 
keep their 8reserve10 and hence draw    
their  supplies as they require them4   
,the ,issue department is intrusted     
with the circulation of the notes of the
 ,bank1 which is regulated as  follows4 
,the ,bank in #ahdd was a creditor of   
the government to the  extent of rather 
over eleven million pounds1 and to this 
amount and  four million pounds beyond1 
for which there is in other ways        
sufficient  security1 the ,bank is      
allowed to issue notes without having   
gold in  reserve to meet them4 ,beyond  
these fifteen million pounds1 every note
  issued represents gold actually in the
 coffers of the ,bank4 ,the total  value
 of the notes in the hands of the public

 at one time averages  about twenty-five
 million pounds4 ,to these must be added
 other notes  to a very large amount in 
the hands of the ,banking department1   
which  deposits the bulk of its reserve 
of gold in the ,issue department1       
accepting notes in exchange4    ,all    
,bank of ,england notes are printed in  
the ,bank itself4 ,six  printing-presses
 are in constant operation1 the same    
machine printing  first the particulars 
of value1 signature1 c41 and then the   
number  of the note in consecutive      
order4 ,the paper used is of very       
peculiar  texture1 being at once thin1  
tough1 and crisp2 and the combination of
  these qualities1 together with the    
peculiarities of the watermark1  which  
is distributed over the whole surface of
 the paper1 forms one  of the principal 
guarantees against imitation4 ,the      
paper1 which is  manufactured           
exclusively at one particular mill1 is  
made in oblong  slips1 allowing just    
enough space for the printing of two    

notes side by  side4 ,the edges of the  
paper are left untrimmed1 but1 after    
printing1  the two notes are divided by 
a straight cut between them4 ,this      
accounts  for the fact1 which many of   
our readers will doubtless have noticed1
  that only one edge of a ,bank-note is 
smooth1 the other three being           
comparatively ragged4 ,the              
printing-presses are so constructed as  
to  register each note printed1 so that 
the machine itself indicates            
automatically how many notes have passed
 through it4 ,the average  production of
 notes is fifty thousand a day1 and     
about the same number  are presented in 
the same time for payment4    ,no note  
is ever issued a second time4 ,when once
 it finds its way back  to the ,bank to 
be exchanged for coin1 it is immediately
 cancelled2 and  the reader will        
probably be surprised to hear that the  
average life  of a ,bank-note1 or the   
time during which it is in actual       
circulation1  is not more than five or  

six days4 ,the returned notes1          
averaging1 as  we have stated1 about    
fifty thousand a day1 and representing1 
one day  with another1 about one million
 pounds in value1 are brought into what 
is known as the ,accountant's ,sorting  
,office4 ,here they are examined by     
inspectors1 who reject any which may be 
found to be counterfeit4 ,in  such a    
case1 the paying-in bank is debited with
 the amount4 ,the notes  come in from   
various banks in parcels1 each parcel   
accompanied by a  memorandum stating the
 number and amount of the notes         
contained in it4  ,this memorandum is   
marked with a certain number1 and then  
each note in  the parcel is stamped to  
correspond1 the stamping-machine        
automatically  registering how many are 
stamped1 and consequently drawing       
immediate  attention to any deficiency  
in the number of notes as compared with 
that stated in the memorandum4 ,this    
done1 the notes are sorted  according to
 number and date1 and after being       

defaced by punching out  the letters    
indicating value1 and tearing off the   
corner bearing the  signature1 are      
passed on to the 8,bank note ,library10 
where they are  packed in boxes1 and    
preserved for possible future reference 
during  a period of five years4 ,there  
are one hundred and twenty clerks       
employed in this one department2 and so 
perfect is the system of  registration1 
that if the number of a returned note be
 known1 the head  of this department1 by
 referring to his books1 can ascertain  
in a few  minutes the date when and the 
banker through whom it was presented2   
and if within the period of five years1 
can produce the note itself  for        
inspection4 ,as to the 8number0 of a    
,bank-note1 by the way1 there  is       
sometimes a little misconception1 many  
people imagining that by  quoting the   
bare figures on the face of a note they 
have done all that  is requisite for its
 identification4 ,this is not the case4 
,bank-notes  are not numbered           

consecutively ad infinitum1 but in      
series of one  to one hundred thousand1 
the different series being distinguished
 as  between themselves by the date1    
which appears in full in the body of    
the note1 and is further indicated1 to  
the initiated1 by the letter and        
numerals prefixed to the actual number4 
,thus #be_/j #ijgeh on the face of  a   
note indicates that the note in question
 is ,no4 #ijgeh of the series  printed  
on ,may #ba1 #ahhc1 which date appears  
in full in the body of  the note1       
#fi_/,n in like manner indicates that   
the note forms part of a  series printed
 on ,february #ai1 #ahhc4 ,in 8taking   
the number0 of a note1  therefore1      
either this prefix or the full date1 as 
stated in the body  of the note1 should 
always be included4    ,the 8,library0  
of cancelled notes--not to be confounded
 with the ,bank  ,library proper--is    
situated in the ,bank vaults1 and we are
 indebted to  the courtesy of the       
,bank-note ,librarian for the following 

curious and  interesting statistics     
respecting his stock4 ,the stock of paid
 notes  for five years--the period      
during which1 as before stated1 the     
notes  are preserved for reference--is  
about seventy-seven million seven       
hundred and forty-five thousand in      
number4 ,they fill thirteen thousand    
four hundred boxes1 about eighteen      
inches long1 ten wide1 and nine  deep4  
,if the notes could be placed in a pile 
one upon another1 they  would reach to a
 height of five and two-third miles4    
,joined end to end  they would form a   
ribbon twelve thousand four hundred and 
fifty-five  miles long1 or half way     
round the globe2 if laid so as to form a
  carpet1 they would very nearly cover  
,hyde ,park4 ,their original value is   
somewhat over seventeen hundred and     
fifty millions1 and their weight  is    
about ninety-one tons4 ,the immense     
extent of space necessary to            
accommodate such a mass in the ,bank    
vaults may be imagined4 ,the place1     

with its piles on piles of boxes        
reaching far away into dim distance1    
looks like some gigantic wine-cellar or 
bonded warehouse4    ,as each day adds1 
as we have seen1 about fifty thousand   
notes to the  number1 it is necessary to
 find some means of destroying those    
which  have passed their allotted term  
of preservation4 ,this is done by fire1 
about four hundred thousand notes being 
burnt at one time1 in a furnace         
specially constructed for that purpose4 
,formerly1 from some peculiarity  in the
 ink with which the notes were printed1 
the cremated notes burnt  into a solid  
blue clinker2 but the composition of the
 ink has been  altered1 and the paper   
now burns to a fine gray ash4 ,the fumes
 of the  burning paper are extremely    
dense and pungent2 and to prevent any   
nuisance arising from this cause1 the   
process of cremation is carried  out at 
dead of night1 when the city is         
comparatively deserted4 ,further1  in   
order to mitigate the density of the    

fumes1 they are made to ascend  through 
a shower of falling water1 the chimney  
shaft being fitted with  a special      
shower-bath arrangement for this        
purpose4    ,passing away from the      
necropolis of dead and buried notes1 we 
visit the  ,treasury1 whence they       
originally issued4 ,this is a           
quiet-looking room1  scarcely more      
imposing in appearance than the butler's
 pantry in a  ,west-end mansion1 but the
 modest-looking cupboards with which its
 walls  are lined1 are gorged with      
hidden treasure4 ,the possible value of 
the  contents of this room may be       
imagined from the fact that a million   
of money1 in notes of one thousand      
pounds1 forms a packet only three       
inches thick4 ,the writer has had the   
privilege of holding such a  parcel in  
his hand1 and for a quarter of a minute 
imagining himself a  millionaire--with  
an income of over thirty thousand per   
annum for life6  ,the same amount might 
occupy even less space than the above1  

for ,mr4  ,francis tells a story of a   
lost note for thirty thousand pounds1   
which1  turning up after the lapse of   
many years1 was paid by the ,bank twice 
over6 ,we are informed that notes of    
even a higher value than this have  on  
occasion been printed1 but the highest  
denomination now issued is  one thousand
 pounds4    ,in this department is kept 
a portion of the ,bank's stock of golden
  coin1 in bags of one thousand pounds  
each4 ,this amount does not require  a  
very large bag for its accommodation1   
but its weight is considerable1         
amounting to two hundred and fifty-eight
 ounces twenty pennyweights1 so  that a 
million in gold would weigh some tons4  
,in another room of this                
department--the ,weighing ,office--are  
seen the machines for detecting  light  
coin4 ,these machines are marvels of    
ingenious mechanism4 ,three or  four    
hundred sovereigns are laid in a long   
brass scoop or semi-tube1 of  such a    
diameter as to admit them comfortably1  

and self-regulating to  such an incline 
that the coins gradually slide down by  
their own weight  on to one plate of a  
little balance placed at its lower      
extremity4  ,across the face of this    
plate two little bolts make alternate   
thrusts1  one to the right1 one to the  
left1 but at slightly different levels4 
,if the coin be of full weight1 the     
balance is held in equipoise1 and  the  
right-hand bolt making its thrust1      
pushes it off the plate and down  an    
adjacent tube into the receptacle for   
full-weight coin4 ,if1 on the  other    
hand1 the coin is ever so little        
8light10 the balance naturally  rises   
with it4 ,the right-hand bolt makes its 
thrust as before1 but this  time passes 
harmlessly beneath the coin4 ,then comes
 the thrust of  the left-hand bolt1     
which1 as we have said1 is fixed at a   
fractionally  higher level1 and pushes  
the coin down a tube on the opposite    
side1  through which it falls into the  
light-coin receptacle4 ,the coins thus  

condemned are afterwards dropped into   
another machine1 which defaces  them by 
a cut half-way across their diameter1 at
 the rate of two  hundred a minute4 ,the
 weighing machines1 of which there are  
sixteen1  are actuated by a small       
atmospheric engine in one corner of the 
room1  the only manual assistance       
required being to keep them supplied    
with  coins4 ,it is said that sixty     
thousand sovereigns and half-sovereigns 
can be weighed here in a single day4    
,the weighing-machine in question  is   
the invention of ,mr4 ,cotton1 a former 
governor of the ,bank1  and among       
scientific men is regarded as one of the
 most striking  achievements of         
practical mechanics4    ,in the ,bullion
 department we find another             
weighing-machine of a  different        
character1 but in its way equally       
remarkable4 ,it is the  first of its    
kind1 having been designed specially for
 the ,bank by ,mr4  ,james ,murdoch     
,napier1 by whom it has been patented4  

,it is used for the  purpose of weighing
 bullion1 which is purchased in this    
department4  ,gold is brought in in bars
 of about eight inches long1 three wide1
 and  one inch thick4 ,a bar of gold of 
these dimensions will weigh about two   
hundred ounces1 and is worth1 if pure1  
about eight hundred pounds4  ,each bar  
when brought in is accompanied by a     
memorandum of its weight4  ,the question
 of quality is determined by the process
 of assaying2 the  weight is checked by 
means of the weighing-machine we have   
referred to4  ,this takes the form of an
 extremely massive pair of scales1      
working  on a beam of immense strength  
and solidity1 and is based1 so as to  be
 absolutely rigid1 on a solid bed of    
concrete4 ,the whole stands  about six  
feet high by three wide1 and is inclosed
 in an air-tight  plate-glass case1 a   
sash in which is raised when it is      
desired to use  the machine4 ,the two   
sides of the scale are each kept        
permanently  loaded1 the one with a     

single weight of three hundred and sixty
 ounces1  the other with a number of    
weights of various sizes to the same    
amount4  ,when it is desired to test the
 weight of a bar of gold1 weights to the
  amount stated in the corresponding    
memorandum1 less half an ounce1  are    
removed from the latter scale1 and the  
bar of gold substituted in  their place4
 ,up to this point the beam of the scale
 is kept perfectly  horizontal1 being   
maintained in that position by a        
mechanical break2  but now a stud is    
pressed1 and by means of delicate       
machinery1 actuated  by water-power1 the
 beam is released4 ,if the weight of the
 bar has been  correctly stated in the  
memorandum1 the scale which holds it    
should be  exactly half an ounce in     
excess4 ,this or any less excess of     
weight over  the three hundred and sixty
 ounces in the opposite scale is        
instantly  registered by the machine1 a 
pointer travelling round a dial until it
  indicates the proper amount4 ,the     

function of the machine1 however1 is    
limited to weighing half an ounce only4 
,if the discrepancy between the  two    
scales as loaded is greater than this1  
or if on the other hand the  bar of gold
 is more than half an ounce less than   
the amount stated in  the memorandum1 an
 electric bell rings by way of warning1 
the pointer  travels right round the    
dial1 and returns to zero4 ,so delicate 
is the  adjustment1 that the weight of  
half a penny postage stamp--somewhat    
less than half a grain--will set the    
hand in motion and be recorded on  the  
dial4    ,the stock of gold in the      
bullion vault varies from one to three  
million  pounds stirling4 ,the bars are 
laid side by side on small flat trucks  
or  barrows carrying one hundred bars   
each4 ,in a glass case in this vault  is
 seen a portion of the war indemnity    
paid by ,king ,coffee of ,ashantee1     
consisting of gold ornaments1 a little  
short of standard fineness4    ,one of  
the first reflections that strike an    

outsider permitted to  inspect the      
repository of so much treasure is1 8,can
 all this wealth  be safe80 ,these heaps
 of precious metal1 these piles of still
 more  precious notes1 are handled by   
the officials in such an easy-going1    
matter-of-course way1 that one would    
almost fancy a few thousand would       
scarcely be missed2 and that a dishonest
 person had only to walk in  and help   
himself to as many sovereigns or hundred
 pound notes as his  pockets could      
accommodate4 ,such1 however1 is very far
 from being the  case4 ,the safeguards  
against robbery1 either by force or     
fraud1 are  many and elaborate4 ,at     
night the ,bank is guarded at all       
accessible  points by an ample military 
force1 which would no doubt give a good 
account of any intruder rash enough to  
attempt to gain an entrance4  ,in the   
event of attack from without1 there are 
sliding galleries which  can be thrust  
out from the roof1 and which would      
enable a body of  sharpshooters to rake 

the streets in all directions4    ,few  
people are aware that the ,bank of      
,england contains within its walls  a   
graveyard1 but such is nevertheless the 
fact4 ,the ,gordon riots in  #aghj1     
during which the ,bank was attacked by a
 mob1 called attention to  the necessity
 for strengthening its defences4        
,competent authorities  advised that an 
adjoining church1 rejoicing in the      
appropriate name of  ,st4               
,christopher-le-,stocks1 was in a       
military sense a source of danger1  and 
accordingly an ,act of ,parliament was  
passed to enable the directors  to      
purchase the church and its             
appurtenances4 ,the old churchyard1     
tastefully laid out1 now forms what is  
known as the ,bank 8garden10 the        
handsome 8,court ,room0 or 8,bank       
,parlor0 abutting on one of its sides4  
,there is a magnificent lime-tree1 one  
of the largest in ,london1 in  the      
centre of the garden1 and tradition     
states that under this tree  a former   

clerk of the ,bank1 eight feet high1    
lies buried4 ,with  this last1 though   
not least of the curiosities of the     
,bank1 we must  bring the present       
article to a close4 ,we had intended    
briefly to  have referred to sundry     
eventful pages of its history2 but these
 we  are compelled1 by considerations of
 space1 to reserve for a future         
paper4--,chambers's ,journal4           
,,the ,,rye ,,house ,,plot4      ,,by   
,,alexander ,,charles ,,ewald4          
,towards the close of the autumn of     
#afhb1 the discontent which the         
domestic and foreign policy of the      
8,merry ,monarch0 had excited among  his
 subjects at last began to assume a     
tangible and aggressive form4  ,the aim 
of our second ,charles was nothing less 
than to overthrow the  ,english         
constitution1 to render himself free of 
parliamentary control1  to bias ,english
 justice1 to make his lieges slaves1 and
 to attain his  disloyal ends1 if need  
be1 by the aid of ,france1 whose        

pensioner he  was4 ,nor had he been at  
this time unsuccessful in his object4   
,in spite  of the hostility of the      
country party--as the opponents of the  
court  were styled--the ,duke of ,york  
was not debarred from succession to the 
throne2 for1 thanks to the eloquence of 
the brilliant ,halifax1 the  ,exclusion 
,bill had been rejected4 ,the law had   
also been turned into  a most potent    
engine of oppression by causing it to   
interpret1 not  justice1 but the wishes 
of the ,king2 only such judges were     
appointed  as would prove obedient to   
the royal will1 and only such juries    
were  summoned as might be trusted to   
carry out the royal behests4 ,the       
,anglican clergy rallied round the      
throne1 and everywhere taught the       
doctrine of passive obedience and the   
heinousness of resistance to  the divine
 right of kings4 ,a secret treaty with  
,louis of ,france had  rendered         
,charles1 by its pecuniary clauses1     
entirely independent of  his subjects4  

,the disaffection of ,london had been   
crushed by its ,lord  ,mayor being      
converted to the policy of the court1   
and by the nomination  of the sheriffs1 
not at ,guildhall1 but at ,whitehall--an
 interference  which made every         
corporation in the kingdom tremble for  
its stability4  ,for the last ten years 
the leaders of the country party had    
waged  war to the knife against this    
organised despotism on the part of the  
monarch1 yet all opposition had proved  
unavailing4 ,the unscrupulous and       
vindictive ,shaftesbury1--        ,in   
friendship false1 implacable in hate1   
,resolved to ruin or to rule the ,state1
    had led the attack1 and endeavored  
in vain to stir up the nation  against  
its sovereign2 then1 mortified at the   
failure of his efforts1  had withdrawn  
to the ,continent1 and there perished a 
victim to  disappointed revenge and     
dissatisfied ambition4 ,the amiable     
,lord  ,william ,russell had1 in his    
place in ,parliament1 openly opposed the

  court1 and warned the country of the  
dangers that would ensue should  the    
arbitrary government of ,charles be     
longer tolerated4 ,algernon  ,sydney1   
,essex1 and ,hampden had followed suit2 
but their teaching  and invective had   
been delivered to no purpose2 the power 
and the  bribes of the throne1 acting   
upon the natural servility of man1 had  
been too puissant and convincing not to 
be effectual in crushing all            
resistance4 ,victory1 therefore1 at     
present rested with the ,king1 not  with
 his opponents4    ,and now it was that 
this disaffection1 which had so long    
been futile  in its efforts at revolt1  
began to trouble the minds of men of a  
far  different character from the       
recognised chiefs of the country party4 
,at  that time there were certain       
desperadoes haunting the taverns of the 
east of ,london1 who1 after much secret 
council and drinking together1  had come
 to the conclusion that the simplest    
solution of the national  difficulty was

 to murder the ,king and his brother1   
the ,duke of ,york1  and then--but not  
till then--the throne being vacant1 to  
consider  what form of constitution     
should be adopted4 ,the leader of the   
band  was one whose name will live as   
long as the great satire of ,dryden is  
remembered4 ,anglican priest1           
,dissenting divine1 political agitator1 
spy informer1 as mischievous as he was  
treacherous1 ,robert ,ferguson  belonged
 to that class which every conspiracy   
seems to enroll2 foremost  in advice1   
last in action1 brave when there is no  
danger1 but the first  to fly and       
purchase safety by a base and           
compromising confession4 ,on  this      
occasion he was the treasurer of the    
conspirators1--        ,judas that keeps
 the rebels' pension-purse2      ,judas 
that pays the treason-writer's fee2     
,judas that well deserves his namesake's
 tree4    ,the rest of the crew call for
 no special mention4 ,among the more    
prominent we find ,josiah ,keeling1 a   

citizen and salter of ,london1  who was 
deep in the counsels of the plotters1   
and who repaid their  confidence by     
informing the ,government1 at the first 
sign of peril1 of  what had been        
discussed and planned2 ,colonel ,walcot1
 an old officer  of ,cromwell2 ,colonel 
,romsey1 a soldier of fortune who had   
fought with  distinction in ,portugal2  
,sir ,thomas ,armstrong1 8a debauched   
atheistical  bravo20 ,robert ,west1 a   
barrister in good practice2 ,thomas     
,shepherd1 a  wine merchant2 ,richard   
,rumbald1 an old officer in ,cromwell's 
army1 but  at this time a maltster2     
,richard ,goodenough1 who had been      
under-sheriff  of ,london2 ,john        
,ayloffe1 a lawyer1 the very man who1 on
 one occasion1  to show how complete was
 the vassalage of ,england to ,france1  
had placed  a wooden shoe in the chair  
of the ,speaker of the ,house of        
,commons2 and  ,ford1 ,lord ,grey of    
,wark1 who had brought himself          
conspicuously before  the public by     

debauching his wife's sister4 ,added to 
this list were  barristers1 soldiers of 
fortune1 bankrupt traders1 and the men  
who1  having nothing to lose and        
everything to gain1 look upon agitation 
and  conspiracy as a form of industry   
likely to lead to solid advantages4     
,such was the reckless band which met to
 8amend the constitution10  and 8restore
 our ,protestantism10 during the quiet  
hours of many an  autumn evening1 in the
 parlors of the ,sun ,tavern 8behind the
 ,royal  ,exchange10 the ,horseshoe     
,tavern 8on ,tower ,hill10 the ,mitre   
,tavern  8within ,aldgate10 the         
,salutation 8in ,lombard ,street10 the  
,dolphin  8behind ,bartholomew ,lane10  
and in other well-known hostels4 ,the   
only  two toasts permitted at the       
gatherings were 8,to the man who first  
draws  his sword in defence of the      
,protestant religion against ,popery and
  slavery10 and 8,to the confusion of   
the two brothers at ,whitehall40 ,in    
order to prevent their conversation     

being overheard by any inquisitive      
stranger1 the conspirators adopted a    
peculiar language which they  alone     
could understand4 ,a blunderbuss was a  
8swan's quill10 a musket  8a            
goose-quill10 pistols 8crow-quills10    
powder and bullets1 8ink and  sand20    
,charles was either 8the churchwarden at
 ,whitehall10 or 8a  blackbird20 whilst 
,james1 ,duke of ,york1 was 8a          
goldfinch40 ,the object  of these       
meetings was at last decided upon2 it   
was resolved that the  ,king and his    
brother should be assassinated1 or1 in  
the slang employed  by the plotters1 8a 
deed of bargain and sale should be      
executed to bar  both him in possession 
and him in remainder40#fa    ,this      
resolution carried1 the next question   
which came up for settlement  was how   
the design should be accomplished4 ,much
 discussion ensued1 but  after frequent 
deliberations a scheme of action was    
drawn up4 ,it was  known that the ,king1
 on his return from racing at           

,newmarket1 would  have to pass the farm
 of ,richard ,rumbald1 called the ,rye  
,house4 ,this  farm was situated in a   
prettily timbered part of               
,hertfordshire1 about  eighteen miles   
from ,london1 and derived its name from 
the ,rye1 a large  meadow adjoining the 
holding4 ,close to this paddock ran the 
by-road  from ,bishop's ,stortford to   
,hoddesdon1 which was constantly used by
  ,charles and his brother when they    
drove to or from ,newmarket4 ,thus the  
royal couple1 on such occasions1 would  
fall within easy pistol-shot of  any    
assailant secreted within the farm4 ,the
 ,rye ,house1 from the nature  of its   
situation1 also seemed to favor         
conspiracy4 ,it was an old strong       
building1 standing alone1 and           
encompassed with a moat2 towards the    
garden it was surrounded by high walls  
8so that twenty men might easily  defend
 it for some time against five hundred40
 ,from a lofty tower in  the house an   
extensive view was commanded2 8hence all

 who go or come  may be seen both ways  
for more than a mile's distance40 ,in   
approaching  the farm1 when driving from
 ,newmarket to ,london1 it was necessary
 to  cross a narrow causeway1 at the end
 of which was a toll-gate2 8which       
having entered1 you go through a yard   
and a little field1 and at the  end of  
that1 through another gate1 you pass    
into a narrow lane1 where  two coaches  
could not go abreast40 ,on the left hand
 of this lane was  a thick hedge1 whilst
 on the right stood a low1 long building
 used  for corn chambers and stables1   
with several doors and windows looking  
into the road4 8,when you are past the  
long building you go by the moat  and   
the garden wall3 that is very strong1   
and has divers holes in it1  through    
which a great many men might shoot40    
,along by the moat and  wall the road   
continued to the river ,ware1 which had 
to be crossed by  a bridge2 a little    
lower down another bridge1 spanning the 
,new ,river1  had to be traversed2 8in  

both which passes a few men may oppose  
great  numbers40 ,behind the long       
building was an outer courtyard1 into   
which a  considerable body of horse and 
foot could be drawn up unperceived from 
the road1 8whence they might easily     
issue out at the same time into  each   
end of the narrow lane40#fb    ,the ,rye
 ,house1 affording such excellent       
opportunities1 was accordingly  fixed   
upon as the rendezvous for 8those who   
were to be actors in the  fact40 ,arms  
and ammunition1 covered with oysters1   
were to be taken  up the river ,ware by 
watermen in the secret of the           
conspiracy1 and  landed at the farm2 men
 were to ride down from ,london at night
 in small  detachments1 so as to escape 
observation1 and then hide themselves in
  the outbuildings around the holding2  
the servants of the farm1 on the  day   
appointed for the 8taking off0 of the   
,king and his brother1 were to  be sent 
out of the way and despatched to market2
 whilst the anything  but hen-pecked    

maltster promised1 when the critical    
moment came1 8to  lock ,mrs4 ,rumbald   
upstairs40#fc ,so far all was           
satisfactorily arranged  as to the      
assembling of the conspirators4 ,the    
next question that had  to be determined
 was as to the execution of the infamous
 design4 ,this  was soon arranged4 ,the 
plotters had ascertained the exact hour 
the  ,king and the ,duke of ,york were  
to quit ,newmarket2 a brief calculation 
was sufficient for them therefore to    
arrive at the hour when the royal  coach
 would be driven past the road running  
under the windows of the  ,rye ,house2  
still1 to make matters more sure1 a     
couple of watchers  were to be stationed
 in the tower of the farm1 and give the 
signal  when the quarry was in view4    
,upon the approach of the coach with its
  attendant equerries1 the men          
especially selected for the immediate   
work  of assassination were to steal out
 of their cover and hide themselves     
behind the wall which ran along the     

road2 the wall was to be provided  with 
convenient loopholes1 and the           
conspirators were to stand with  their  
muskets ready4 8,when his ,majesty's    
coach should come over  against the     
wall1 three or four of those behind it  
were to shoot at the  postilion and the 
horses2 if the horses should not drop   
then1 there  were to be two men with an 
empty cart in the lane near the place1  
who  in the habit of laborers should run
 the cart athwart the lane and so  stop 
the horses4 ,besides those that were to 
shoot the postilion and  the horses1    
there were several appointed to shoot   
into the coach where  his ,majesty was  
to be1 and others to shoot at the guards
 that should  be attending the coach40  
,the fell work accomplished1 the farm   
with  its outbuildings was to be at once
 vacated1 the conspirators were to  jump
 into their saddles1 and make their way 
to ,london by the ,hackney  ,marshes as 
fast as their horses could lay to the   
ground4 ,if this plan  was adopted1 it  

was hoped 8they might get to ,london as 
soon as the news  could40#fd    ,still  
the murder of ,charles and his brother  
was only the beginning  of the end4 ,the
 death of the ,king was to be the signal
 for a general  rising4 ,the city and   
suburbs were to be divided into twenty  
districts1  with a captain and eight    
lieutenants at the head of each         
district2  the men to be armed and ready
 at an hour's notice for any raid that  
might be commanded4 ,the sum of twenty  
thousand pounds1 which had been         
subscribed by the disaffected1 was to be
 distributed among the captains  to     
expend as they thought best4 ,the night 
before the return of the ,king  from    
,newmarket1 a body composed of two      
thousand men1 drawn from these  several 
districts1 were to be secreted in empty 
houses1 8as near the  several gates of  
the city and other convenient posts as  
could be2 the  men were to be got into  
those houses and acquainted with the    
plot to  take off the ,king at ,rye     

,house2 such as refused should be clapt 
into  the cellars1 and the rest sally   
out at the most convenient hour1 and    
seize and shut up the gates4#fe    ,the 
moment the revolt had broken out the    
different captains were to  muster their
 men and march them to the several      
places of rendezvous  fixed upon2 some  
were to be stationed in ,st4 ,james's   
,square1 others  in ,covent ,garden1    
others again in ,southwark1 ,lincoln's  
,inn ,fields1  and the ,royal ,exchange1
 whilst those named at ,moorfields were 
to  take possession of the arms in the  
,artillery ,ground4 ,a large body  of   
cavalry was1 at the same time1 to be on 
the alert and scour the  streets1 so as 
to prevent the ,king's party from       
embodying or the ,horse  ,guards from   
doing their duty4 ,the bridges over the 
,thames were to be  secured1 and fagots 
taken into the narrow streets around    
,eastcheap for  purposes of             
conflagration1 if necessary4#ff ,all    
these measures appeared  comparatively  

easy of execution to the conspirators2  
one detail in  the enterprise1 however1 
seems greatly to have perplexed them4   
,as  long as the ,tower was in the hands
 of the ,king's guards1 any rise in  the
 city might prove a failure4 ,to obtain 
possession of the ,tower was  therefore 
one of the most prominent features in   
the discussions held at  the various    
hostels which the conspirators          
frequented4 ,some suggested  that fagots
 should be heaped about the gates of the
 building at dead  of night1 and then   
set on fire2 others that it should be   
bombarded  from the ,thames2 whilst a   
third proposed that men should be lodged
  in ,thames ,street1 and secretly fall 
upon the guard4 8,several ways10        
witnesses ,robert ,west1#fg 8were       
proposed to surprise and take the ,tower
  of ,london4 ,one was to send ten or   
twelve men armed with pistols1 pocket   
daggers and pocket blunderbusses into   
the ,tower under the pretence of  seeing
 the armory2 another number should go to

 see the lions1 who1 by  reason of their
 not going into the inner gate1 were not
 to have their  swords taken from them1 
that the persons who went to see the    
armory  should return into the tavern   
just within the gate1 and there eat and 
drink till the time for the attempt was 
come1 that some persons should  come in 
a mourning coach1 or some gentleman's   
coach to be borrowed for  this occasion 
under pretence of making a visit to some
 of the lords in  the ,tower2 and just  
within the gate some of the persons     
issuing out of  the tavern should kill  
one of the horses and overturn the      
coach1 so  as the gate could not be     
shut2 and the rest of the persons within
 and  those who went to see the lions   
should set upon the guards1 that upon a 
signal of the coach driving down a party
 of men 7lodged in empty houses  near   
the ,tower7 should be ready to rush out1
 and upon the noise of the  first shot  
immediately run down to the gate and    
break in2 this way1 if  at all put in   

execution1 was to be in the daytime     
about two o'clock1  because after dinner
 the officers are usually dispersed or  
engaged in  drinking1 and the soldiers  
loitering from their arms40    ,another 
suggestion was 8that several men should 
enter actions against  one another in   
,st4 ,catherine's ,court1 held for the  
,tower liberty within  the ,tower1 and  
that at the court day1 at which time    
great liberty  is allowed to all persons
 to come in1 a party of men should go as
  plaintiffs and defendants1 and        
witnesses who should come in under      
pretence of curiosity1 and being        
seconded by certain stout fellows       
working as laborers in the ,tower1      
should attempt the surprise40#fh  ,it   
would1 however1 appear that all these   
proposals1 after full  consideration1   
were deemed impracticable1 for we learn 
that no definite  decision was arrived  
at1 but the capture of the ,tower was   
left to the  chapter of accidents4 ,the 
first step1 said the plotters1 was to   

begin  the revolt2 then events1 at      
present unforeseen1 would spring up and 
favor the development of the            
insurrection4 8,only let the football be
  dropped10 said one1 8and there would  
be plenty to give it a kick40#fi    ,the
 ,king and his brother shot down1 and   
the city in the hands of the            
conspirators1 punishment was then       
swiftly to overtake those who had       
favored the past policy of ,charles4    
,the late ,lord ,mayor of ,london1  who 
had specially shown himself the creature
 of the court in willing  to yield the  
charter of the corporation1 was to be   
killed4 ,a similar  fate was to befall  
the existing ,lord ,mayor1 also guilty  
of the same  subservience2 with this    
addition1 that after death 8his skin    
should  be flayed off and stuffed and   
hung up in ,guildhall1 as one who had   
betrayed the rights and privileges of   
the city40 ,the office of chief         
magistrate of the city thus vacant1 it  
was to be filled by one ,alderman       

,cornish2 should he refuse to accept the
 dignity1 he was to be 8knocked  on the 
head40 ,certain members of the          
corporation1 who 8had behaved           
themselves like trimmers1 and neglected 
to repeal several by-laws10  were to be 
forced to appear publicly and admit the 
fact3 in the event  of their declining  
to be thus humiliated1 they also were to
 be 8knocked  on the head40 ,the civic  
authorities chastened by this process of
  correction applied to the cranium1 the
 bench was next to fall under  the ire  
of the plotters4 ,all such judges as had
 been guilty of passing  arbitrary      
judgments1 and of identifying the law   
with the royal will1  were to be brought
 to trial1 8and their skins stuffed and 
hung up in  ,westminster ,hall40 ,then  
came the turn of the ecclesiastics2 in  
the  vicious hour of mob rule the       
,church is always one of the first and  
greatest sufferers4 ,on this occasion   
8bishops1 deans1 and chapters were  to  
be wholly laid aside10 their lands      

confiscated1 and such sums as it  was   
the custom to apply to educational      
purposes were to be appropriated  8to   
public uses in ease of the people from  
taxes40 ,men who had made  themselves   
unpopular during the late ,parliament as
 greedy pensioners  of the ,crown were  
to be 8brought to trial and death1 and  
their skins  stuffed and then hung up in
 the ,parliament ,house as betrayers of 
the  people and of the trust40 ,it was  
also thought 8convenient0 that certain  
,ministers of ,state1 such as my ,lord  
,halifax1 and my ,lord ,hyde1 should  be
 8taken off40 ,to complete the          
programme1 should funds be lacking1 a   
raid was to be made upon the city       
magnates1 for1 said these advocates  of 
communism1 8there was money and plate   
enough among the bankers and            
goldsmiths40 ,this scheme of revenge and
 spoliation was to be rigidly  carried  
out2 and those to whom it was entrusted 
were to fulfil it as  they would 8obey  
the commandments40#gj    ,the           

insurrection once an accomplished fact1 
and the prerogative of the  ,crown1 with
 all its attendant evils1 overthrown1   
the reforms which had  inspired the     
movement were immediately to be put in  
force4 ,the ,house  of ,commons was no  
longer to be the creature of the throne1
 but of the  nation4 ,the people were to
 meet annually at a certain time to     
choose  members of ,parliament 8without 
any writ or particular direction to do  
so40 ,the ,parliament thus chosen was to
 assemble for a stated time2  nor was it
 to be dissolved1 prorogued1 or         
adjourned except by its own  consent4   
,parliament was to consist of an upper  
and lower ,house2 but  8only such       
nobility should be hereditary as were   
assisting in this  design2 the rest     
should only be for life1 and upon their 
death the  ,house of ,lords should be   
supplied from time to time with new ones
  out of the ,house of ,commons40 ,to   
,parliament should be entrusted 8the    
nomination1 if not the election1 of all 

judges1 sheriffs1 justices of  the      
peace1 and other greater or lesser      
offices1 civil or military40  ,acts     
passed by both ,houses of ,parliament   
should be a perpetual law1  without any 
necessity for the sanction of the       
,crown4 ,a council  selected from the   
,lords and ,commons were to act as the  
advisers of the  sovereign4 ,the militia
 were to be in the hands of the people4 
,every  county was to choose its own    
sheriffs4 ,parliament was to be held    
once  a year1 and to sit as long as it  
had anything to do4 ,all peers who had  
acted contrary to the interest of the   
people were to be degraded4 ,in  matters
 of religion complete toleration was to 
be accorded to everyone4  ,england was  
to be a free port1 and all foreigners   
who willed it should  be naturalized4   
,finally1 the only imports to be levied 
were the excise  and land taxes4#ga     
,the example set by ,london in rising   
against the despotism of the ,crown  was
 to be followed by the rest of the      

country4 ,the ,earl of ,argyll  agreed  
first for thirty thousand1 then for ten 
thousand pounds1 8to  stir the ,scots10 
who were hotly in favor of revolt1      
8though they had  nothing but their     
claws to fight with rather than endure  
what they  did40 ,in the west of        
,england1 ,bristol1 ,taunton1 and       
,exeter were full  of agents of the     
disaffected2 whilst in the north1       
,chester1 ,york1 and  ,newcastle were   
ready at a moment's notice to act in    
union with ,london4  ,in the south1     
,portsmouth was the only town as yet    
which had voted  in favor of the plot4  
,the east of ,england was quiet4 ,it was
 agreed  that upon the death of ,charles
 his illegitimate son1 the ,duke of     
,monmouth1 should be crowned king1 but  
owing to the jealousy of the  council   
appointed to curb the prerogative1 and  
to the measures of the  reformers1 it   
was said that the royal bastard would be
 more a 8,duke of  ,venice0 than an     
,english monarch4#gb    ,whilst these   

schemes were being fashioned within the 
parlors of the  8,dolphin10 the 8,rising
 ,sun10 and the rest of the ,city       
taverns1 a  very different order of men 
were at the same time deliberating how  
to pull the nation out of the slough of 
despotism into which it had  been       
plunged4 ,upon the death of             
,shaftesbury1 who had been during  the  
last years of his life the most         
prominent of the foes of the  court1    
especially of the ,duke of ,york1 and   
the most potent among the  disaffected  
in the city of ,london1 the leaders of  
the ,whig party1  aware of the danger   
which menaced them from 8froward        
sheriffs1 willing  juries1 mercenary    
judges1 and bold witnesses10 determined 
not to let  the cause which ,shaftesbury
 had advocated fall to the ground4 ,they
  held frequent meetings at different   
places of rendezvous1 and formed        
themselves into a select committee1     
which was known by the name of  the     
8,council of ,six40 ,the members of this

 council were the ,duke of  ,monmouth1  
who was intriguing for the crown1 ,lord 
,essex1 ,algernon  ,sydney1 ,lord       
,william ,russell1 ,lord ,howard1 and   
young ,hampden1 the  grandson of the    
opponent of ship-money4 ,what the       
deliberations of this  council were it  
is now difficult to ascertain1 owing to 
the prejudiced  sources from which      
information had to be derived2 the      
official accounts  of the plot1 drawn up
 at the request of the ,king by ,ford1  
,lord ,grey1  and by ,sprat1 the servile
 ,bishop of ,rochester1 are not to be   
implicitly  believed in2 nor is the     
evidence of the witnesses produced by   
the ,crown  at the trials of ,sydney and
 ,russell a whit more trustworthy4      
,there can  be no doubt1 however1 that  
consultations were frequently held among
  the ,six as to the best course to     
pursue for resisting a ,government      
which aimed at nothing less than        
arbitrary power4 ,if we are to credit   
the men who sold their testimony to the 

,crown1 and the men who  purchased life 
by turning ,king's evidence1 the aim of 
the ,council was  to organise an        
insurrection all over the country1 and  
with the help  of the discontented      
,presbyterians in ,scotland to put an   
end to the  tyranny of ,charles and his 
,popish brother4 ,what was the exact    
extent  of their designs we know not1   
but in all probability the statement by 
,lady ,william ,russell is not far from 
the truth4 8,there was10 said her       
ladyship1 8much talk about a general    
rising1 but it only amounted to  loose  
discourse1 or at most embryos that never
 came to anything40    ,nor have we1    
though the testimony is partial1 much   
reason to doubt the  assertion4         
,considering the condition of ,england  
at that time1 and the  conflicting views
 of the ,six who constituted the        
council1 it would have  been difficult  
for any decided and unanimous scheme of 
action to have  been prepared4 ,though  
the conduct of ,charles had caused much 

discontent  and distress1 yet the nation
 at large felt itself powerless to      
oppose  the evil4 ,the ,whigs were in a 
minority1 whilst the ,royalists were a  
most formidable party1 in whose hands   
were all the military and naval         
resources of the kingdom4 ,to levy war  
upon the ,merry ,monarch1 as had  forty 
years before been levied upon his       
father1 was a scheme which bore  failure
 on its very face1 and could not have   
been seriously entertained  by keen and 
cautious men like ,russell or ,sydney4  
,the ,six in all  probability contented 
themselves with merely forming estimates
 of the  strength of their followers1   
and with knitting together a confederacy
  which absolute necessity might call   
into action4 ,we must also remember     
that the members of the ,council were   
not in such harmony with each  other as 
to render it probable that they had     
fixed upon any distinct  plan of        
rebellion4 ,monmouth was in favor of a  
monarchy with himself  as monarch4      

,algernon ,sydney had no other object   
before him but the  realisation of his  
cherished idea of a republic1 and       
frankly declared  that it was           
indifferent to him whether ,james ,duke 
of ,york or ,james ,duke  of ,monmouth  
was on the throne4 ,essex was very much 
the same way of  thinking as ,sydney4   
,russell and ,hampden wished for the    
exclusion of  the ,duke of ,york1 as a  
,papist1 from the throne1 the redress of
 certain  grievances1 and the return of 
the ,constitution within its ancient    
lines2 whilst ,howard1 the falsest and  
most mercenary of men1 was  ready to    
vote for any change of government which 
could be harmlessly  effected1 and by   
which his own interests would not be    
forgotten4 ,many  years after the       
execution of her husband1 ,lady ,william
 ,russell said1  with reference to these
 men and the measures they proposed1    
that she  was convinced it was but talk1
 8and 'tis possible that talk going so  
far as to consider if a remedy to       

suppress evils might be sought1 how  it 
could be found40    ,to return to the   
,rye ,house plotters4 ,we are told by   
those given to  speculation and         
organisation that in all calculations a 
large allowance  should be made for that
 which upsets most plans--the           
unforeseen4 ,on  this occasion the      
conspirators were so sanguine of their  
scheme as  never to imagine it might be 
put to nought by pure accident4 ,the    
farm  had been engaged1 the men         
instructed1 the necessary hiding-places 
prepared1 and all things were ready for 
the murderous deed4 ,suddenly  the      
unforeseen occurred1 and all the careful
 measures of the would-be  regicides    
were rendered abortive4 ,owing to his   
house having caught  fire1 ,charles was 
obliged to leave ,newmarket eight days  
earlier than  he had intended1 and thus1
 thanks to this happy conflagration1    
passed  unscathed by the ,rye ,house1   
then completely deserted2 his ,majesty  
was  comfortably ensconced at           

,whitehall1 toying with his mistresses  
and  sorting their bonbons1 whilst his  
enemies1 unconscious of his escape1     
were congratulating themselves that in  
another week their work would be  done1 
and their victim fall an easy prey to   
their designs4    ,and now the result   
ensued which invariably attends upon    
treason which  has failed and which     
fears detection4 ,it was an age when    
plots were  freely concocted against the
 ,crown and those in supreme authority1 
yet1  often as conspiracies were entered
 into1 there were always witnesses      
ready to come forward and swear away the
 lives of their former  accomplices1 to 
divulge what they had pledged themselves
 to keep  secret1 and if need be to     
follow in every detail the example of   
the  biggest scoundrel of the           
seventeenth century1 ,doctor ,titus     
,oates of  ,salamanca4 ,among the minor 
persons engaged in the ,rye ,house plot 
was1 as we have said1 ,josiah ,keeling2 
he was now fearful of the fate  which   

might befall him should the authorities 
at ,whitehall get wind  of the past     
deliberations1 and accordingly with that
 prudence which  characterised him he   
was determined to be first in the field 
to make  a clean breast of all that had 
been planned and suggested4 ,first he   
went to ,lord ,dartmouth1 of the ,privy 
,council1 and told his tale1 and  then  
was referred by that statesman to his   
colleague1 ,mr4 ,secretary  ,jenkins4   
,jenkins took down the deposition of the
 man1 but said that  unless the evidence
 was supported by another witness1 no   
investigation  of the matter could be   
proceeded with4 ,keeling was1 however1  
equal to  the occasion1 and induced his 
brother ,john1 a turner in ,blackfriars1
  to corroborate his statements4 ,the   
plot now authenticated by the two       
requisite witnesses1 the ,secretary of  
,state thought it his duty to           
communicate the affair to the rest of   
the advisers of the ,crown4 ,it         
appears1 however1 that a few days after 

his confession the conscience  of the   
younger brother1 ,john ,keeling1 pricked
 him1 and he secretly  availed himself  
of the first opportunity to inform      
,richard ,goodenough  that the plot had 
been discovered by the ,government1 and 
advised all  who had been engaged in it 
to fly beyond sea4    ,this news coming 
to the ears of ,colonel ,romsey and     
,robert ,west1 who  were bosom friends1 
the two1 unconscious of the revelations 
of the  ,keelings1 thought it now       
prudent to save their own skins by      
informing  ministers of all that had    
occurred1 and1 indeed1 to make their    
story  the more palatable to the        
,government1 of a little more than had  
occurred4 ,accordingly they wended their
 way to ,whitehall1 and there  told how 
the house at ,rye had been offered them 
by ,rumbald1 the  maltster2 how at this 
house forty men well armed and mounted1 
commanded  in two divisions by ,romsey  
and ,walcot1 were to assemble2 and how  
on the  return of the ,king from        

,newmarket1 ,romsey with his division   
was to stop  the coach1 and murder      
,charles and his brother1 whilst ,walcot
 was to  busy himself in engaging with  
the guards4 ,so far the narrative of the
  informers tallied with the confessions
 of the ,keelings4 ,but ,romsey  and    
,west1 aware how hateful ,lord ,william 
,russell1 ,algernon ,sydney1  and the   
rest of the cabal were to the           
,government1 by their open  opposition  
to the home and foreign policy of the   
court1 essayed to  give the impression  
that the ,council of ,six were also     
implicated in  the detestable designs of
 the ,rye ,house plotters4#gc ,when     
unscrupulous  men in supreme power are  
anxious to gratify their animosity1 any 
evidence calculated to bring foes within
 reach is acceptable4 ,the hints  of    
,romsey and ,west were sufficient for   
the purpose1 and orders were  instantly 
issued by the ,secretaries of ,state for
 the arrest of the  ,six4 ,the first    
victim was ,lord ,william1 who was at   

once taken before  the council for      
examination2 but as he denied all the   
charges brought  against him1 he was    
forthwith sent to the ,tower4 ,algernon 
,sydney next  followed4 ,he had been    
seized whilst at his lodgings1 and all  
his papers  sealed and secured by a     
messenger4 ,once before the council1 he 
answered  a few questions1 8respectfully
 and without deceit10 but his           
examination  was brief1 for on his      
refusal to reply to certain queries put 
to him1  he also was despatched to the  
,tower4 ,monmouth1 having received      
timely  warning1 had placed the ,north  
,sea between him and the court4 ,ford1  
,lord  ,grey1 had been brought before   
the council1 had been examined and sent 
to the ,tower1 but managing to bribe his
 guards1 had escaped4 ,lord ,essex  and 
,hampden were imprisoned3 shortly after 
his confinement1 ,essex1 who  was       
subject to constitutional melancholy1   
committed suicide by cutting  his       
throat4 ,lord ,howard was still at      

large1 protesting that there was  no    
plot1 and that he had never heard of    
any4 ,orders were1 however1  issued for 
his arrest1 and when the officers came  
to his house1 they  found him secreted  
up the chimney in one of his rooms4 ,as 
,keeling had  informed against the ,rye 
,house plotters1 so ,lord ,howard now   
informed  against the ,six4 ,weeping at 
the fact that he was a prisoner1 he     
promised to reveal all2 his revelations 
were considered so satisfactory  that   
within a few days after their being     
taken down by the council1  both ,lord  
,william ,russell and ,algernon ,sydney 
were put upon their trial  for high     
treason4    ,russell was the first to   
stand at the bar4 ,it appears that one  
evening  he had been present at the     
house of ,thomas ,shepherd in ,abchurch 
,lane1  where the ,rye ,house           
conspirators were occasionally in the   
habit of  meeting and discussing their  
plans4 ,he had gone thither to taste    
some wine4 8,it was the greatest        

accident in the world ,i was there10    
said ,russell at his trial1 8and when ,i
 saw that company was there ,i  would   
have been gone again4 ,i came there to  
speak with ,mr4 ,shepherd1  for ,i was  
just come to town40 ,his excuse was     
raised in vain4 ,romsey1  ,shepherd1 and
 ,howard were playing into the hands of 
the ,crown1 and  each did his best by   
hard swearing and false testimony to    
make the  prisoner's conviction certain4
 ,the gallant colonel asserted that he  
had  seen his lordship at the house of  
,shepherd1 where discourse was being    
held by the cabal of conspirators as to 
surprising the ,king's guards  and      
creating an insurrection throughout the 
country4 ,thomas ,shepherd  next        
followed1 and gave very much the same   
evidence as ,romsey--that  his house in 
,abchurch ,lane was let as a place of   
rendezvous for the  disaffected2 that   
the substance of the discourse of those 
who met  there was how to surprise the  
guards and organise a rising2 that two  

meetings were held at his house1 and    
that he believed the prisoner  attended 
both1 but that he was certainly at the  
meeting when they  talked of seizing the
 guards4 ,then ,lord ,howard was called 
as a witness4  ,he said that he was one 
of the ,six1 and had attended the       
meetings at  the house of ,shepherd2 at 
such meetings it had been agreed to     
begin  the insurrection in the country  
before raising the city1 and there had  
also been some talk of dealing with the 
discontented ,scotch2 at these          
deliberations no question was put or    
vote collected1 and he of course        
concluded by the presence of ,lord      
,william that the prisoner gave his     
consent like the rest to the designs of 
the cabal4    ,in his defence ,russell  
denied that he ever had any intention   
against  the life of the ,king2 he was  
ignorant of the proceedings of the ,rye 
,house plotters1 and his mixing with the
 conspirators on the sole  occasion he  
had visited ,shepherd at ,abchurch ,lane

 was purely due to  accident4 ,he had   
gone thither about some wine4 ,he did   
not admit that  he had listened to any  
talk as to the possibility of creating  
an  insurrection2 but even had he made  
such an admission1 talk of that  nature 
could not be construed into treason1 for
 by a special statute  7the old statute 
of treasons7 passed in the reign of     
,edward ,,iii41  8a design to levy war  
is not treason20 besides1 such talk had 
not  been acted upon2 they had met to   
consult1 but they acted nothing in      
pursuance of that consulting4 ,the      
attorney-general held a different  view1
 and asserted it had often been         
determined that to prepare forces  to   
fight against the ,king was a design    
within the statute of ,edward  ,,iii4 to
 kill the ,king4 ,the presiding judge1  
as a creature of the court1  was1 of    
course1 of the same opinion2 he summed  
up the evidence1 deeming  it unfavorable
 to the prisoner2 and the jury1 basing  
their verdict upon  the tone of the     

bench1 brought in a sentence of guilty  
of high treason4  ,in spite of every    
effort that affection could inspire and 
interest  advocate1 ,lord ,william      
,russell ended his days on the scaffold4
 8,that  which is most certain in the   
affair is10 writes ,charles ,james ,fox 
in  his history of ,james ,,ii41 8that  
,russell had committed no overt act     
indicating the imagining the ,king's    
death even according to the most        
strained construction of the statute of 
,edward ,,iii42 much less was  any such 
act legally proved against him2 and the 
conspiring to levy  war was not treason1
 except by a recent statute of ,charles 
,,ii41 the  prosecutions upon which were
 expressly limited to a certain time    
which  in these cases had elapsed2 so   
that it is impossible not to assent to  
the opinion of those who have ever      
stigmatised the condemnation and        
execution of ,russell as a most flagrant
 violation of law and justice40    ,the 
same measure was now meted out to       

,algernon ,sydney as had been  dealt to 
,russell4 ,in the eyes of the bench1    
conspiring to levy war and  conspiring  
against the ,king's life were considered
 one and the same  thing4 ,it was in    
vain that ,sydney asserted that he had  
not conspired  to the death of the      
,king1 that he had not levied war1 and  
that he had  not written anything to    
stir up the people against the ,king4   
,it was  in vain that even the ,rye     
,house plotters had to confess they knew
  nothing of him1 and had never seen him
 at the different meetings4  ,canting   
,nadab1 however--as ,dryden1 in his     
immortal satire1 calls ,lord            
,howard--was there1 ready to swear away 
a colleague's life or do any  other     
dirty trick provided his own skin and   
estate were not forfeited  for past     
misdeeds2 his evidence was the chief    
trump card on which the  court relied to
 score the game4 ,accordingly his       
lordship began his  testimony by        
relating what had passed at the meetings

 of the ,six1 as  to the best means for 
defending the public interest from      
invasion1  and the advisability of the  
rising breaking out first in the country
  instead of in the city4 ,he also      
stated that it was the special province 
of ,algernon ,sydney to deal with the   
malcontent ,scots1 and had carried  out 
this task through the agency of one     
,aaron ,smith1 who had gone north  and  
been provided with funds for the        
purpose4 ,this assertion1 though        
,howard candidly said he only spoke from
 hearsay1 was deemed sufficient  by the 
advisers of the ,crown to place         
,sydney's head in jeopardy4 ,as  the    
law1 however1 demanded that in all      
trials for high treason there  should be
 two witnesses against the prisoner     
before sentence could  be passed1 and as
 no other witness had the baseness to   
act the part so  well played by ,lord   
,howard1 it was necessary for the court 
to resort  to some expedient which would
 sufficiently answer its purpose of     

convicting ,sydney4 ,the ,court was     
equal to the emergency4 ,search was     
made among ,sydney's papers1 and it was 
discovered that he had written  a       
treatise--his famous discourse on       
,government--which particularly         
discussed the paramount authority of the
 people and the legality of  resisting  
an oppressive ,government4 ,a few       
isolated passages of the work  were read
 here and there1 the extracts given were
 garbled1 and1 thanks  to the coloring  
of the prosecution1 the case against the
 prisoner  looked black indeed4         
,entering upon his defence1 ,sydney1    
like ,russell1  denied that he had ever 
conspired to the death of ,charles2 nor 
was he a  friend of ,monmouth1 with whom
 he had spoken but three times in his   
life3 he objected to the evidence of    
,howard1 which was based upon  hearsay1 
but if such testimony were true1 he was 
but one witness1  and the law required  
two4 ,as for regarding a mangled portion
 of his  treatise as a second witness1  

it was iniquitous4 8,should a man10 he  
cried1 8be indicted for treason for     
scraps of papers1 innocent in           
themselves1 but when pieced and patched 
with ,lord ,howard's story1  made a     
contrivance to kill the ,king8 ,let them
 not pick out extracts1  but read the   
work as a whole4 ,if they took          
,scripture to pieces1 they  could make  
all the penmen of the ,scripture        
blasphemous4 ,they might  accuse ,david 
of saying there is no ,god2 the         
evangelists of saying that  ,christ was 
a blasphemer and seducer1 and of the    
apostles that they  were drunk40 ,then  
he ended by denying that he had any     
connection with  the malcontents in     
,scotland4 8,i have not sent myself10 he
 said1 8nor  written a letter into      
,scotland ever since #afei2 nor do ,i   
know one man  in ,scotland to whom ,i   
can write1 or from whom ,i ever received
 one40  ,he refuted the charges brought 
against him in vain4 ,the notorious     
,jeffries was now the presiding judge1  

and never was summing up from the  bench
 more culpably partial or more          
flagrantly at variance with the  clauses
 of the judicial oath4 8,i look upon the
 meetings of the ,six10  said ,jeffries 
to the jury1 8and the meetings of the   
,rye ,house plotters  as having one and 
the same end in view2 ,i place implicit 
faith in the  evidence of ,howard2 ,i   
deny that it is necessary that there    
shall be  two witnesses to convict a    
prisoner of high treason2 and as for the
  treatise of ,sydney1 ,i declare it is 
sufficient to condemn the author as     
being guilty of compassing and imagining
 the death of the ,king40 ,upon  the    
jury retiring to consider their verdict1
 ,jeffries sternly informed  them that  
he had explained the law1 and that they 
were bound to accept  his interpretation
 of it4 ,thus left without any option in
 the matter1  the jury returned at the  
end of half an hour into court1 and     
brought  in a verdict of guilty4 ,after 
a brief confinement4 ,algernon ,sydney  

was  beheaded on ,tower ,hill1 ,dec4 #g1
 #afhc4    ,thus ended one of the most  
iniquitous and unjust trials that the   
annals  of justice ever had to record4  
8,the proceedings in the case of        
,algernon  ,sydney10 writes ,fox1 8were 
most detestable4 ,the production of     
papers  containing speculative opinions 
upon government and liberty1 written    
long before1 and perhaps never intended 
to be published1 together  with the use 
made of those papers in considering them
 as a substitute  for the second witness
 to the overt act1 exhibited such a     
compound of  wickedness and nonsense as 
is hardly to be paralleled in the       
history  of judicial tyranny4 ,but the  
validity of pretences was little        
attended  to at that time in the case of
 a person whom the court had devoted  to
 destruction2 and upon evidence such as 
has been stated was this  great and     
excellent man condemned to die40 ,upon  
the accession of 8the  ,deliverer0 to   
the throne1 an ,act was passed annulling

 and making void  the attainder of      
,algernon ,sydney on account of its     
having been obtained  8without          
sufficient legal evidence of any treason
 committed by him10  and 8by a partial  
and unjust construction of the statute  
declaring  what was his treason40 ,the  
fate of the ,rye ,house conspirators was
 very  various4 ,some fled never to     
return1 and were outlawed like ,ferguson
  and ,goodenough2 others confessed1 and
 were pardoned like ,romsey2  whilst a  
third offered in vain to purchase life  
by turning informers1  as was the case  
with ,walcot and ,armstrong4 ,two years 
later those who  had been outlawed1 and 
were living in exile1 again tried their 
hand at  insurrection by aiding         
,monmouth in his revolt4--,gentleman's  
,magazine4          ,,mr4 ,,arnold',s   
,,lay ,,sermon4      ,mr4 ,arnold's lay 
sermon to 8the sacrificed classes0 at   
,whitechapel  contrasts doubly with the 
pulpit sermons which we too often hear4 
,it  is real where these sermons are    

unreal1 and frankly unreal where these  
sermons are real4 ,it does honestly warn
 the people to whom it was  addressed1  
of the special danger to which 8the     
sacrificed classes0 are  exposed1       
whenever they in their turn get the     
upper-hand1 the danger of  simply       
turning the tables on the great         
possessing and aspiring classes4  8,if  
the sacrificed classes10 he said1 8under
 the influence of hatred1  cupidity1    
desire of change1 destroy1 in order to  
possess and enjoy in  their turn1 their 
work1 too1 will be idolatrous1 and the  
old work will  continue to stand for the
 present1 or at any rate their new work 
will  not take its place40 ,it must be  
work done in a new spirit1 not in the   
spirit of hatred or cupidity1 or        
eagerness to enjoy and appropriate  the 
privileges of others1 which can alone   
stand the test of time and  judgment4   
,so far1 ,mr4 ,arnold was much more real
 than too many of our  clerical         
preachers4 ,he warned his hearers       

against a temptation which  he knew     
would be stirring constantly in their   
hearts1 and not against  abstract       
temptations which he had no reason to   
think would have any  special           
significance to any of his audience4    
,on the other hand1 if he were more real
 in what was addressed to his           
particular audience than                
pulpit-preachers often are1 he resorted 
once  more1 with his usual hardened     
indifference to the meaning of words    
and the principles of true literature1  
to that practice of debasing  the       
coinage of religious language1 and using
 great sayings in a new  and washed-out 
sense of his own1 of which              
pulpit-preachers are seldom  guilty4    
,this practice of ,mr4 ,arnold's is the 
only great set-off against  the         
brilliant services he has rendered to   
,english literature1 but  it is one     
which we should not find it easy to     
condemn too strongly4  ,every one knows 
how1 in various books of his1 ,mr4      

,arnold has tried  to 8verify0 the      
teaching of the ,bible1 while depriving 
the name of  ,god of all personal       
meaning2 to verify the ,gospel of       
,christ1 while  denying that ,christ had
 any message to us from a world beyond  
our own2  and even1--wildest enterprise 
of all1--so to rationalise the strictly 
theological language of ,st4 ,john as to
 rob it of all its theological          
significance4 ,well1 we do not charge   
this offence on ,mr4 ,arnold as in  any 
sense whatever an attempt to play       
fast-and-loose with words2 for he  has  
again and again confessed to all the    
world1 with the explicitness  and vigor 
which are natural to him1 the precise   
drift of his  enterprise4 ,but we do    
charge it on ,mr4 ,arnold as in the     
highest  possible sense a great literary
 misdemeanor1 that he has lent his  high
 authority to the attempt to give to a  
great literature a pallid1  faded1 and  
artificial complexion1 though1 with his 
view of it1 his  duty obviously was to  

declare boldly that that literature     
teaches  what is1 in his opinion1 false 
and superstitious1 and deserves our     
admiration only as representing a       
singularly grand1 though obsolete1      
stage in man's development4 ,mr4 ,arnold
 is as frank and honest as the  day4    
,but frank and honest as he is1 his     
authority is not the less lent  to a    
non-natural rendering of ,scripture     
infinitely more intolerable  than that  
non-natural interpretation of the       
,thirty-nine ,articles  which once      
brought down the wrath of the world of  
,protestants on the  author of 8,tract  
#ij40 ,in this ,whitechapel lecture ,mr4
 ,arnold tells his  hearers that in the 
8preternatural and miraculous aspect0   
which the  popular ,christianity assumes
 ,christianity is not solid or          
verifiable1  but that there is another  
aspect of ,christianity which is solid  
and  verifiable1 which aspect of it     
makes no appeal to a preternatural  i4  
e41 supernatural world at all4 ,then he 

goes on1 after eulogising  ,mr4 ,watts's
 pictures1--of one of which a great     
mosaic has been set up  in ,whitechapel 
as a memorial of ,mr4 ,barnett's noble  
work there1--to  remark that good as it 
is to bring home to 8the less refined   
classes0  the significance of ,art and  
,beauty1 it is none the less true that  
8whosoever drinketh of this water shall 
thirst again10 and to suggest1  of      
course1 by implication1 that there is a 
living water springing up to            
everlasting life1 of which he who drinks
 shall never thirst4 ,then he  proceeds 
thus3--            8,no doubt the social
 sympathies1 the feeling for            
,beauty1 the pleasure of ,art1 if left  
merely by        themselves1 if         
untouched by what is the deepest        
thing in human life--religion--are apt  
to become        ineffectual and        
superficial4 ,the art which ,mr4        
,barnett has done his best to make known
 to the        people here1 the art of  
men like ,mr4 ,watts1 the art           

manifested in works such as that which  
has just now        been unveiled upon  
the walls of ,st4 ,jude's ,church1      
has a deep and powerful connection with 
religion4 ,you        have seen the     
mosaic1 and have read1 perhaps1 the     
scroll which is attached to it4 ,there  
is the        figure of ,time1 a strong 
young man1 full of hope1        energy1 
daring1 and adventure1 moving on to take
        possession of life2 and opposite
 to him there is        that beautiful  
figure of ,death1 representing the      
breakings-off1 the cuttings short1 the  
baffling        disappointments1 the    
heart-piercing separations from         
which the fullest life and the most     
fiery energy        cannot exempt us4   
,look at that strong and bold young     
man1 that mournful figure must go hand  
in hand with        him for ever4 ,and  
those two figures1 let us admit if      
you like1 belong to ,art4 ,but who is   
that third figure        whose scale    
weighs deserts1 and who carries a sword 

of fire8 ,we are told again by the text 
printed on the        scroll1 #8,the    
,eternal the scroll1 however1 has #8the 
,lord' is a ,god of ,judgment2 blessed  
are they that        wait for him4' ,it 
is the figure of ,judgment1 and that    
figure1 ,i say1 belongs to religion4    
,the text which        explains the     
figure is taken from one of the ,hebrew 
,prophets2 but an even more striking    
text is furnished        us from that   
saying of the ,founder of ,christianity 
when he was about to leave the world1   
and to leave        behind him his      
,disciples1 who1 so long as he lived1   
had him always to cling to1 and to do   
all their        thinking for them4 ,he 
told them that when he was gone         
they should find a new source of thought
 and feeling        opening itself      
within them1 and that this new source   
of thought and feeling should be a      
comforter to them1        and that it   
should convince1 he said1 the world of  
many things4 ,amongst other things1 he  

said1 it should        convince the     
world that ,judgment comes1 and that the
        ,prince of this world is judged4
 ,that is a text which        we shall  
do well to lay to heart1 considering it 
with        and alongside that text from
 the ,prophet4 ,more and        more it 
is becoming manifest that the ,prince of
 this        world is really judged1    
that that ,prince who is the            
perpetual ideal of selfishly possessing 
and enjoying1        and of the worlds  
fashioned under the inspiration of      
this ideal1 is judged4 ,one world and   
another have        gone to pieces      
because they were fashioned under the   
inspiration of this ideal1 and that is a
 consoling        and edifying thought40
    ,now1 when we know1 as ,mr4 ,arnold 
wishes us all to know1 that to him  8the
 ,eternal0 means nothing more than that 
8stream of tendency1  not ourselves1    
which makes for righteousness10 that    
8,judgment0  means nothing but the      
ultimate defeat which may await those   

who set  themselves against this stream 
of tendency1 if the stream of tendency  
be really as potent and as lasting as   
the ,jews believed ,god to be1 we  do   
not think that the consoling character  
of this text will be keenly  felt by    
impartial minds4 ,further1 we should    
remember that according to  ,mr4        
,arnold1 when ,christ told his disciples
 that the ,comforter should  8reprove   
the world of sin1 and of righteousness1 
and of judgment2 of  sin because they   
believed not on me1 of righteousness    
because ,i go  to the ,father1 and ye   
see me no more2 of judgment because the 
prince  of this world is judged10 we    
should understand this as importing1  to
 those at least who agree with ,mr4     
,arnold1 only that1 for some  unknown   
reason1 a new wave of feeling would     
follow ,christ's death1  which would    
give mankind a new sense of their       
unworthiness1 a new  vision of ,christ's
 holiness1 and a new confidence in the  
power of that  8stream of tendency1 not 

ourselves1 which makes for              
righteousness10  in which ,christ's own 
personality would then be merged2 and   
further1  that this powerful stream of  
tendency would probably sweep away all  
institutions not tending to             
righteousness but opposing an obstacle  
to that tendency4 ,well1 all we can say 
is that1 in watering-down in  this way  
the language of the ,bible1 ,mr4        
,arnold1 if he is doing nothing  else1  
is doing what lies in his power to      
extinguish the distinctive  significance
 of a great literature4 ,the whole power
 of that literature  depends from       
beginning to end on the faith in a      
,divine ,being who holds  the universe  
in his hand1 whose will nothing can     
resist1 who inspires  the good1 who     
punishes the evil1 who judges kingdoms  
as he judges the  hearts of men1 and    
whose mind manifested in ,christ        
promised to ,christ's  disciples that   
which his power alone availed to fulfil4
 ,to substitute  for a faith such as    

this1 a belief--to our minds the wildest
 in the  world1 and the least           
verifiable--that 8a stream of tendency0 
effects  all that the prophets ascribed 
to ,god1 or1 at least so much of it as  
ever will be effected at all1 and that  
,christ1 by virtue merely of his        
complete identification with this stream
 of tendency1 is accomplishing          
posthumously1 without help from either  
,father1 ,son1 or ,spirit1 all that  he 
could have expected to accomplish       
through the personal agency of  ,god1 is
 to extract the kernel from the shell1  
and to ask us to accept  the empty husk 
for the living grain4 ,we are not       
reproaching ,mr4 ,arnold  for his       
scepticism4 ,we are reproaching him as a
 literary man for trying  to give       
currency in a debased form to language  
of which the whole power  depends on its
 being used honestly in the original    
sense4 8,the ,eternal0  means one thing 
when it means the everlasting and       
supreme thought  and will and life2 it  

is an expression utterly blank and dead 
when  it means nothing but a select     
8stream of tendency0 which is assumed1  
for no particular reason1 to be         
constant1 permanent1 and victorious4    
8,living water0 means one thing when it 
means the living stream of ,god's       
influence2 it has no salvation in it at 
all when it means only that  which is   
the purest of the many tendencies in    
human life4 ,the shadow  of judgment    
means one thing when it is cast by the  
will of the supreme  righteousness2 it  
has no solemnity in it when it expresses
 only the  sanguine anticipation of     
human virtue4 ,there is no reason on    
earth  why ,mr4 ,arnold should not      
water-down the teaching of the ,bible to
 his  own view of its residual meaning2 
but then1 in the name of sincere        
literature1 let him find his own        
language for it1 and not dress up  this 
feeble and superficial hopefulness of   
the nineteenth century in  words which  
are undoubtedly stamped with an ardor   

and a peace for  which his teaching can 
give us no sort of justification4       
8,solidity and  verification10 indeed6  
,never was there a doctrine with less   
bottom in  it and less pretence of      
verification than his2 but be that as it
 may1  he must know1 as well as we know1
 that his doctrine is as different  from
 the doctrine of the ,bible as the      
shadow is different from the  substance4
 ,has ,mr4 ,arnold lately read ,dr4     
,newman's great ,oxford sermon  on      
8,unreal ,words08 ,if not1 we wish he   
would refer to it again1 and  remember  
the warning addressed to those who 8use 
great words and  imitate the sentences  
of others10 and who 8fancy that those   
whom they  imitate had as little meaning
 as themselves10 or 8perhaps contrive to
  think that they themselves have a     
meaning adequate to their words40 ,it   
is to us impossible to believe that ,mr4
 ,arnold should have indulged  such an  
illusion4 ,he knows too well the        
difference between the great  faith     

which spoke in prophet and apostle1 and 
the feeble faith which  absorbs a drop  
or two of grateful moisture from a      
8stream of tendency0  on the banks of   
which it weakly lingers4 ,mr4 ,arnold is
 really putting  ,literature1--of which 
he is so great a master1--to shame1 when
 he  travesties the language of the     
prophets1 and the evangelists1 and of   
our ,lord himself1 by using it to       
express the dwarfed convictions and     
withered hopes of modern rationalists   
who love to repeat the great  words of  
the ,bible1 after they have given up the
 strong meaning of them  as fanatical   
superstitions4 ,mr4 ,arnold's readings  
of ,scriptures are the  spiritual       
assignats of ,english                   
faith4--,spectator4          ,,authors  
,,as ,,suppressors ,,of ,,their ,,books4
      ,,by ,w4 ,h4 ,,olding1 ,,ll4,b4   
,alike in the annals of forgery--,state 
forgery of 8real0 evidence--and  in the 
annals of the ,british drama1 8,the     
,golden ,rump0 has a history  very well 

known4 ,it was a farce1 the             
representation of which was  made the   
excuse for the passing of the ,act      
whereunder the licensing  of theatrical 
performances was established4 ,at the   
same time it  was a farce which those in
 power had directly induced its author  
to compose4 ,that there was no one to   
imagine or tolerate a play  sufficiently
 rampant to justify the proposal to     
fetter1 which ,party  ,government       
imagined it well to execute--that this  
was believed1  becomes a testimony to   
the potency of customary                
self-regulation4 ,now  conversely1 and  
carrying the analogy to all branches of 
literature1 it  may be asserted that the
 suppression of books by authors        
themselves  is likely to be             
comparatively frequent just in those    
countries in  which the ,state does not 
much concern itself with suppression by 
its  authority4 ,if this analogy have   
force it must1 to ,englishmen1 be       
peculiarly gratifying--though the       

elements of restraint have prevailed  in
 our history to an extent far beyond    
general belief--at a time when  ,dr4    
,reusch's excellent ,index of books     
prohibited by the authority of  ,pope1  
,archbishop1 or ,continental ,university
 is extracting from the  competent      
critics of all countries the homage     
which untiring assiduity1  monumental   
learning1 and rich moderation compel4   
,however1 into the measurement of this  
comparative frequency1 causes           
essentially enter4 ,these1 in ,england1 
as in other realms1 have  abounded4     
,now1 of all the motives which have led 
authors to consign  their compositions  
to the flames1 one of the most frequent1
 if one of  the least seductive1 has    
been the ridicule and elaborate         
discouragement  with which parents have 
received the knowledge of their         
offspring's  first essays4 ,the feeling 
which prompts this is not one to be     
altogether blamed3 it has its partial   
justification even in  the distaste with

 which the recipient children lay open  
their  treasure-house to those who in   
days of feebleness have guarded  them4  
,for there is1 as ,tom ,tulliver felt1 a
 8family repulsion which  spoils the    
most sacred relations of our lives10 and
 which is only  broken down by some     
community of art levelling with the     
sense of a  universality wherein all    
distinction of discipleship is lost1 or 
else  by dire circumstance shattering   
into shapelessness beyond disguise4     
,this1 perhaps1 rather than quicker     
sensitiveness1 is why it is that  young 
,mozart met response1 but the little    
,burney girl did not4 ,only  to         
,susanna1 her sister1 would ,fanny      
breathe her secret1 and anxious  was she
 because her mother gained sufficient   
inkling to induce her  periodically to  
tell the evils of a scribbling turn of  
mind4 ,but1 as  with ,petrarch centuries
 before1 some time in her fifteenth year
 the  promptings of obedience gained the
 day4 8,she resolved10 says ,charlotte1 

her niece and editor1 8to make an auto  
da f of all her manuscripts1  and1 if   
possible1 to throw away her pen4        
,seizing1 therefore1 an  opportunity    
when ,dr4 and ,mrs4 ,burney were from   
home1 she made over to  a bonfire in a  
paved play-court the whole stock of her 
compositions1  while faithful ,susanna  
stood by1 weeping at the conflagration4 
,among  the works thus immolated was one
 tale of considerable length1 the       
#8,history of ,caroline ,evelyn1' the   
mother of #8,evelina4'0    ,as if       
further to justify the halting or       
rebuking posture which at first  is apt 
to prove provocative of indignation1    
remarkable diffidence in  maturer life  
has pushed its way into sight where     
early publications have  been due to    
parental sympathy4 ,the historian of    
,greece1 ,connop  ,thirlwall1 ,bishop of
 ,st4 ,david's1 was taught ,latin at the
 age of  three3 at four could 8read     
,greek with an ease and fluency which   
astonished all who heard him10 and at   

seven began the composition  of didactic
 homilies4 ,now to this precocity was   
allied a taste for  verse1 especially as
 shown in ,dryden and in ,pope2 and the 
result was  the issue of a work1 edited 
and prefaced by the father1 entitled    
8,primiti3 or ,essays and ,poems on     
,various ,subjects1 ,religious1 ,moral  
and ,entertaining2 by ,connop           
,thirlwall1 eleven years of age40 ,but  
not  only did these effusions lead to no
 riper verse1 but it is understood  the 
,bishop disliked the little book1 and by
 no means enjoyed seeing  copies of it4 
,that he went to the length of ,thomas  
,lovell ,beddoes we  are not prepared to
 say4 ,he1 when a freshman at ,oxford1  
first owned  himself an author by       
sending to the press the                
8,improvisatore40 8,of this  little     
memento of his weakness1 as he used to  
consider it10 says his  biographer1     
8,beddoes soon became thoroughly        
ashamed1 and long before he  left       
,oxford he suppressed the traces of its 

existence1 carrying the war  of         
extermination into the bookshelves of   
his acquaintance1 where1 as he  chuckled
 to record1 it was his wont to leave    
intact its externals 7some  gay binding 
perhaps of his own selection71 but      
thoroughly eviscerated1  every copy on  
which he could lay his hands40          
,gymnasiarch as well as poet1 it was    
natural that ,pehr ,henrik ,ling1  the  
,swede1 should do whatever he did with  
energy4 ,still1 the burning  of eleven  
volumes by the time the age of          
twenty-one was reached must  be allowed 
to show as much vigor and striving after
 excellence in  the language of the gods
 as in what has been humorously termed  
8the  language of nudges40 ,indeed1 the 
author of the epic 8,asar0 does not     
seem to have thrown any work into       
general circulation until he arrived  at
 thirty1 and then only on the pressure  
offered by some friends1  without his   
knowledge1 having got up a subscription 
for the publication  of one of his      

poems1 when1 says he1 8,i could not     
honorably refuse40 ,yet  there must have
 been much of interest in these now     
perished volumes1  for not only had     
their author1 early as school-days1     
experienced  something of the bitterness
 of life--of a political life1 which was
  shared by the people--in being driven 
from ,wexio because he would not  betray
 innocent youngsters who had been       
comrades1 but in the wandering  outcast 
career which for some years following he
 had strange and drear  experience1     
which1 acting on a nature poetic and    
passionate1 can hardly  but have        
expressed itself now in soothing verse1 
now in melancholy1  but ever in rich and
 true4 ,it could at least be wished1 if 
but for the  purpose of forwarding that 
life-resulting interchange of matter    
which  men of science assure us         
ceaselessly proceeds1 that some of those
 who  compose under feeble inspiration1 
or under inspiration which has lost  its
 fire with lapse of time and change of  

circumstance1 and which1  though a      
spiritless yeast1 tempts to use as a    
ferment1 would be as  little sparing in 
their sacrifices1 so that it should not 
be held up as  a thing for boast1 as we 
perceive it of late to have been in the 
case  of the ,rev4 ,dr4 ,tiffany1 that  
some five hundred pages of sermons have 
been delivered to the irrevocable pyre4 
,there is the semblance of a common     
motive inducing men to destroy their    
early work1 and give over the labor of  
their hands to consumption  on approach 
of death4 ,but in the latter case there 
is usually more  concentration and      
intensity of purpose4 ,the purpose      
unquestionably may  have this added     
intensity merely in meanness2 but there 
is also scope  for more valorous        
self-judgment4 ,the argument is clearly 
seized by  ,dugald ,stewart thus3--     
,it is but seldom that a philosopher who
 has been        occupied from his youth
 with moral or political                
inquiries succeeds completely to his    

wish in        stating to others the    
grounds upon which his own              
opinions are founded2 and hence it is   
that the        known principles of an  
individual who has approved        to   
the public his candor1 his liberality1  
and his        judgment1 are entitled to
 a weight and an authority              
independent of the evidence which he is 
able1        upon any particular        
occasion1 to produce in their           
support4 ,a secret consciousness of this
 circumstance1        and an            
apprehension that by not doing justice  
to        an important argument the     
progress of truth may        be rather  
retarded than advanced1 have probably   
induced many authors to withhold from   
the world the        unfinished results 
of their most valuable labors1          
and to content themselves with giving   
the general        sanction of their    
suffrages to truths which they          
regarded as peculiarly interesting to   
the human race4    ,this finely balanced

 observation--kind1 penetrating1 lacking
 warmth1  that it may appear more       
general1 more forcible--was made apropos
 of  ,adam ,smith4 ,it appears from a   
letter to ,hume that as early as #aggc  
,smith1 who died in #agij1 had          
determined that the bulk of the literary
  papers about him should never be      
published4 ,and he would in after-life  
seem carefully to have separated1 as he 
esteemed it worthy or not1  whatever    
work he did4 ,among the papers destined 
to destruction one  may guess--for      
though ,smith1 to the end a slow        
composer1 had the  habit of dictating to
 a secretary as he paced his room1 the  
contents  of his portfolios were not    
certainly known to any--were the        
lectures  on rhetoric which he read at  
,edinburgh in #agdh1 and those on       
natural  religion and jurisprudence     
which formed part of his course at      
,glasgow4  ,but his anxiety to blot out 
the trace of even these1 which he was   
too  conscientious not at one time to   

have deemed sound1 so increased as his  
last painful illness drew the threads of
 life out of his willing hand1  that    
,dr4 ,hutton says he not only entreated 
the friends to whom he had  entrusted   
the disposal of his ,,mss41 to destroy  
them with some small  specified         
exceptions1 in the event of his death2  
but at the last could  not rest         
satisfied till he learnt that the       
volumes were in ashes2 and  to that     
state1 to his marked relief1 they were  
accordingly reduced some  few days      
before his death4    ,this anxiety of   
,smith's1 who had justly confidence in  
his executors1  has frequently been     
entertained very reasonably indeed with 
regard  to reminiscences1 the spicy     
character of which often requires the   
publication to be long posthumous1 but  
tempts the graceless to make  it not so4
 ,rochefoucauld's 8,mmoires10 which     
have1 however1 more of  the chronicle   
and less of the journal than is         
generally relished1 were  certainly     

delayed1 as the event turned out1 long  
enough after his  death1 in appearing in
 any tolerable form4 ,but it had been   
like not to  be so4 ,while he was still 
living he found that at the shop of     
,widow  ,barthelin1 relict of a printer 
of ,rouen1 his work had been secretly   
put to press by the orders of the ,comte
 de ,brienne4 ,the ,count had  furtively
 made a copy from the manuscript        
borrowed from ,arnaud  d',andilly1 to   
whom ,rochefoucauld had submitted it for
 the purposes of                        
correction--8,particulirement pour la   
puret de la langue40 ,measures  as      
furtive were necessary to recover it4   
,the ,duke accordingly pounced  on the  
printer1 gave ,widow ,barthelin         
twenty-five pistoles1 carried  off the  
whole of the edition1 and stored it in a
 garret of the ,htel  de ,liancourt at  
,paris4 ,we doubt if it is generally    
known that this  edition1 wherein the   
widow had shown few signs of care1 was  
entitled1  8,relation des guerres       

civiles de ,france1 depuis aot #afdi    
jusqu'  la fin de #afeb40 ,in curious   
contrast is the fact that sometimes a   
relative destroys what the author has   
shown no vigilant scrupulousness  in    
suppressing4 ,it was perhaps esteemed by
 the 8very devout lady of  the family of
 ,st4 ,john10 who was mother to the     
notable ,rochester1 on  whose death     
,bishop ,burnet has so improvingly      
written1 that the final  scenes of her  
son made it unsuitable that any of his  
papers should be  kept--especially the  
history of the intrigues of the court of
 ,charles  ,,ii4 reported by            
,bolingbroke to have been written by him
 in a series of  letters to his friend  
,henry ,saville4    ,nor let it be      
supposed that this would have been so   
adverse to the  desires of ,rochester   
himself4 ,the late ,james ,thompson1    
author of the  8,city of ,dreadful      
,night10 destroyed before his death all 
that he had  written previous to #aheg1 
though he has been very virulent against

 a  sample king who of malice prepense  
with gross ingratitude thus treated  the
 donor of a priceless if imaginary      
gift3--        ,a writer brought him    
truth2      ,and first he imprisoned the
 youth2      ,and then he bestowed a    
free pyre      ,that the works might    
have plenty of fire1      ,and also to  
cure the pain      ,of the headache     
called thought in the brain4    ,pierius
 ,valerianus tells us that ,antonius    
,marosticus1 when held in high  esteem  
and loved of all men1 enjoying the      
dainties of life at the court  of some  
,cardinal1 and dallying with existence  
which he had rooted hopes  would        
henceforth be peaceful1 was carried off 
within three days by  a sudden epidemic4
 ,the doleful deed1 ,pierius says1 was  
made more  distressful by the fact that 
sanitary considerations required the    
cremation of all the dead man's books   
with the dead man's body4 ,how far  the 
sense of tragedy may lie in this        
melancholy incident1 the death  of      

,shelley helps one to appreciate4 ,his  
corpse was washed ashore near  the ,via 
,reggio1 four miles from that of his    
friend ,williams1 which lay  close to   
the tower of ,migliarino1 at the ,bocca 
,lericcio4 ,the attitude  was memorable4
 ,his right hand was clasped in his     
heart4 ,bent back and  thrust away1 as  
if in haste1 was in a side pocket the   
last volume  of the poet ,keats4 ,it had
 been lent by ,leigh ,hunt1 who had told
 the  borrower to keep it till he should
 return it by his own hands4 ,this      
impossible1 and ,hunt refusing to       
receive it through others1 it was  burnt
 with the body amid frankincense and    
myrrh4    ,it was fit that the pathetic 
in death should spring from a cause so  
troublous in life4 ,again and again was 
,shelley wounded by the forced          
suppression of his work4 ,doubtless     
merit is not extreme in the two-act     
tragedy of 8dipus ,tyrannus1 or         
,swellfoot the ,tyrant40 ,but its fate  
was  as subtle and sure as that of dipus

 himself4 ,written abroad1 it was       
transmitted to ,england1 printed and    
published anonymously1 and stifled  at  
the very dawn of its existence by the   
8,society for the ,suppression  of      
,vice10 who threatened a prosecution    
upon it1 if not immediately  withdrawn4 
,the friend who had taken the pains of  
bringing it out did  not deem it worth  
the cost1 to pocket and nerve1 of a     
contest1 and it  was laid aside--only to
 be revived in ,mrs4 ,shelley's second  
edition4  ,it is said1 indeed1 that but 
seven copies are extant1 one of which   
,mr4 ,buxton ,forman1 the industrious   
and intelligent editor to whom the  best
 students of ,shelley feel themselves   
the most beholden1 secured1  by search  
through the vast stores of ,mr4 ,lacy1  
the dramatic publisher  of the          
,strand--one of the very last plays in  
the very last boxes--a  mere paper      
pamphlet1 devoid of a wrapper1 carried  
away at the cost of a  six-pence1       
proving to be the treasure4 ,and far was

 the dipus from  being the sole cause of
 trouble in respect of the works of its 
author4  ,posthumous ,poems of ,shelley 
were suppressed on the application of   
,sir  ,timothy1 his father4 ,the        
,posthumous ,letters1 which excellent   
forgers  had contrived to manufacture   
from articles written after the decease 
of the poet1 exercising an amount of    
ingenuity described as 8most            
extraordinary10 and receiving the reward
 of the labor of their hands  from ,sir 
,percy ,shelley1 or from ,mr4 ,moxon1   
were called in on the  discovery of the 
fraud4 8,laon and ,cythna0 was cancelled
 to make way for  the 8,revolt of       
,islam40 8,queen ,mab10 which had been  
written when ,shelley  was eighteen1    
though completed only when in his       
twenty-first year1 was  surreptitiously 
published while its author was in       
,italy--copies having  been distributed 
among his friends--and though adjudged  
by the ,court  of ,chancery1 from which 
an injunction was sought for restraint  

of this  irregular edition1 to be       
disentitled to privilege on the futile  
score  of an immorality shocking to the 
,british constitution1 it and its notes 
were1 so late as #ahdj1 the subject of  
prosecutions and convictions to  all who
 openly1 being men of fair fame1        
ventured to publish it1 as ,mr4  ,moxon 
experienced4    ,the poets1 indeed1 of  
,shelley's time were peculiarly         
unfortunate4 ,it  is a sound enough     
deduction of law that what is evil--is  
filthy1 or  blasphemous1 or             
scandalous--cannot be for the benefit of
 the public  to learn of1 nor therefore 
an object of the law1 which is built on 
the needs of society1 to extend its     
protection to--a protection which  has  
in view the advantages of private       
individuals only as members of  society4
 ,but in this refusal of the active     
bestowment of privilege  the guardian of
 public morals in an individual man1 in 
no sense a  representative of his       
country--a judge of the old ,court of   

,chancery4  ,now in active suppression1 
in punishment for enticing the public to
  things contaminating and none the less
 subtle because presented in            
intellectual form1 there is indeed the  
benefit of the presence of a  judge1 but
 the issue is with a jury4 ,and the     
unfortunate interval1  or breach1       
through which public morals are so      
roughly assailable is  measured 7usually
 at least7 by the sum of the differences
  between a publication disentitled to  
privilege or worthy of punishment1  and 
the judgment of an individual or the    
opinion of the country4 ,in  this vast  
moral interval1 to say nothing of the   
interval of time  which rapidity in     
administration1 on the one hand1 and    
slowness in  administration on the      
other1 scarcely ever fail to involve1   
there is an  enticement to the          
indifferent part of the population1 or  
to that bold  and heroic part which     
dares to set up its private and         
painfully honest  judgment against the  

judgment of a ,chancery judge--to trade 
upon the  bruited knowledge of a        
suspected well of evil1 unchecked by    
unpalatable  astringency in consumption 
of the draught4 ,with the narrowness of 
men  like ,lords ,eldon and             
,ellenborough1 and the rebellious       
attitude held by  a nation consciously  
approaching to the dawn of an age of a  
freedom  of thought greater because more
 nobly and wit-wisely sanctioned1 this  
breach was disastrously great1 and      
beckoned the way to a flood of          
mischances directly or affectively      
extensive4    ,now1 a highly curious    
result of the working of these doctrines
 was  seen in cases in which--not as    
with ,shelley1 nor as with ,byron1 who  
vainly sought in ,february #ahbb to     
suppress the edition of 8,cain0 which   
the pirate1 ,benbow1 had printed1 and   
who in the same year saw his  8,vision0 
first refused by the publishers of the  
,row1 then given to  ,john ,hunt1 then  
placed by ,john and his brother in the  

first number of  the ,liberal1 and then 
made the subject of a true bill returned
 by a  ,middlesex grand jury on an      
indictment preferred by the             
8,constitutional  ,association0--in     
cases in which1 ,i say1 the authors1    
from change of  opinion1 were opposed to
 any publication of their earlier works4
 ,the  most prominent instance of this  
occurs1 of course1 in the 8,wat ,tyler0 
of ,laureate ,southey4 ,in the height of
 his pantisocratic schemes1 and  full of
 ,socialist feelings1 ,southey had      
written this dramatic poem1  and placed 
the manuscript in the hands of his      
brother-in-law1 ,robert  ,lovell2 he    
took it to ,mr4 ,ridgway1 the ,london   
publisher4 ,when ,southey  visited the  
,metropolis shortly afterwards1 the year
 was #agid1 ,mr4  ,ridgway was in       
,newgate4 ,thither ,southey went1 and   
either found  incarcerated in the same  
apartment with his publisher1 or took   
with  him1 the ,rev4 ,mr4 ,winterbottom1
 a dissenting minister4 ,it was agreed  

that 8,wat ,tyler0 should be published  
anonymously4 ,the piece1 however1       
appears to have been forgotten1 and     
wholly to have escaped the memory  of   
both publisher and ,southey4 ,but it had
 crept--so ,cottle1 ,hone1 and  ,browne 
may best be reconciled--into the hands  
of ,mr4 ,winterbottom1  who taking it   
with him1 when years had passed1 while  
on a visit to  friends at ,worcester1   
beguiled some dull hour by reading the  
piece for  the amusement of the company1
 who were well pleased to pamper their  
dislike to ,southey by chuckling at his 
ratting in political opinions4  ,but    
generosity clearly demanded that this   
pleasant spirit of carping  should have 
a sphere extended far beyond a          
,worcestershire company4 ,so  thought   
two of the guests1 who1 obtaining the   
manuscript1 with great  devotion        
sacrificed the long hours of night by   
transcribing it1 being  careful the     
while to preserve the privacy which     
attends the most highly  charitable     

actions4 ,through their hands the       
transcription reached the  publisher1   
and no sooner had his edition appeared  
than ,southey became  naturally anxious 
to lay the ghost of his former beliefs4 
,for that  purpose1 with the advice of  
his friends1 he applied for an          
injunction4  ,lord ,eldon refused to    
grant it1 on the plea that 8a person    
cannot  recover damages upon a work     
which in its nature is calculated to do 
injury to the public40 ,the decision of 
the ,court encouraged the vendors  to   
redouble their efforts1 and not fewer   
than #fj1jjj copies are said  to have   
been sold during the excitement the case
 created4 ,as for poor  ,southey1 he    
defended himself as best he could in the
 ,courier1 and  underwent the further   
suspense of seeing a prosecution urged  
against  him by turbulent spirits in the
 legislature--,lord ,brougham first1 and
  ,mr4 ,william ,smith after4 ,the      
ridicule was all the more increased by  
the  fact that ,southey had recently    

published in the ,quarterly ,review an  
article in most striking contrast4 ,and 
it is noticeable that in his  ,american 
,quarterly ,review ,dr4 ,orestes ,a4    
,brownson printed opinions  destructive 
of his early views1 which had also been 
in sympathy with  ,socialistic and      
transcendental movements1 as well as    
with ,unitarianism1  and threw cold     
water upon1 and indeed endeavored in his
 own country  altogether to suppress1   
the work by which in this country he is 
best  known1 8,charles ,elwood2 or1 the 
,infidel ,converted40    ,certainly few 
authors have had better justification   
for a change of  opinion than ,adrian   
,beverland4 ,in a work quite unfit for  
general  reading1 which purported to be 
issued 8,eleutheropoli1 in ,horto       
,hesperidum1 typis ,adami1 ,ev1 ,terr   
filii1 #afgh10 he had maintained  with  
nasty nicety that view of original sin  
which ,henri ,corneille  ,agrippa in his
 8,declamatio de originali ,peccato0 had
 nearly as  undisguisedly maintained    

before him4 ,for this performance he was
 cast  into prison at ,leyden1 and would
 have fared badly enough had he not     
found means of escape4 ,his work1       
however1 was sufficiently thought  of to
 provoke from ,leonard ,ryssenius a     
8justa detestatio libelli               
sceleratissimi10 just as a previous work
 had called from ,allard  ,uchtman a    
8,vox clamantis in deserto1 ad sacrorum 
ministros1 adversus  ,beverlandum40     
,passing these by1 ,beverland himself   
was contented to  write stinging libels 
against the ,leyden magistrates and     
professors1  and then to flee to        
,london1 where he engaged himself       
principally  in collecting odious       
pictures4 ,but after a time came a      
measure of  repentance1 and though no   
excessive purity can be claimed for an  
8,admonition0 published by ,bateman1 of 
,london1 in #afig1 yet the preface  or  
8advertisement0 does certainly contain a
 strong condemnation of his  8,peccatum 
originale40 ,fifteen years after1 he    

died in a state of deep  poverty1 a     
madman--impressed with the horrible idea
 that he was pursued  by two hundred men
 allied by oath to slay him4    ,a state
 more interesting that either stanch    
advocacy or loud  condemnation of a     
position once relied on is that of      
hesitation4 ,it  is one peculiarly      
unlikely to express itself1 because the 
tendency of  hesitation is to refrain2  
or if expressing itself to arrest       
attention1  because subtile or feeble   
qualifications refer their interest to  
the  themes they hedge and do not centre
 in themselves4 ,but when a mind  throws
 itself with force into a posture of    
racked doubt1 and bids  us be aware that
 the struggle1 not the issue1 is of     
utter worth1 or  when with yet greater  
fervor of expectancy a revelation1 we   
know not  whence1 we know not whither1  
is awaited with every nerve             
full-strained1  the world more surely   
than by either other mood becomes a     
gallery  rocked with hearkening         

spectators4 ,i think there is something 
of this  earnest hesitation in a career 
it is not difficult1 at this distance   
of time1 to futilize--,lord ,herbert of 
,cherbury's4 ,there is a very  human    
weakness in his self-debate upon the    
publication of the 8,de  ,veritate10 but
 there is a very human need--and1       
moreover1 a need made  personal 7as are 
all needs71 though founded in           
philanthropy4 ,truly the  more sacred   
experience is--unless it can reach to   
that intensity and  presentness which   
thrills all who stand enclosed in the   
thin line of  its horizon--the more     
clearly it is desecrated by the common  
tread1 and  seems a thing to mock at4   
,so is it with the scene which ,herbert 
himself  describes4            ,being   
thus doubtful in my chamber1 one fair   
day in        the summer1 my casement   
being open towards the sun1        the  
sun shining clear1 and no wind stirring1
 ,i took        my work1 8,de           
,veritate10 in my hand1 and kneeling on 

my knees1 devoutly said these words3 8,o
 ,thou eternal        ,god1 ,author of  
the light which now shines upon me1     
and ,giver of all inward illuminations1 
,i do beseech        ,thee1 give me some
 sign from heaven2 if not1 ,i shall     
suppress it40 ,i had no sooner spoken   
these words1        but a loud1 though  
yet gentle noise1 came from             
heaven 7for it was like nothing on      
earth71 which did        so comfort and 
cheer me1 that ,i took my petition      
as granted1 and that ,i had the sign ,i 
demanded2        whereupon also ,i      
resolved to print my book4    ,an aspect
 of mind combining both resolution and  
diffidence1 which has  lead to the      
obliteration of literary work1 is       
reliance on a friend's  counsel4 ,an    
amusing example of this is related in   
the ecclesiastical  history of          
,nicephorus ,callistus concerning       
,marsilius ,ficinus4 ,this  gentleman   
had translated ,plato into ,latin1 and  
came to his learned  friend ,musurus    

,candiotus to know his opinion of it4   
,candiotus1 after  perusing some few    
leaves1 perceived that it would not     
satisfy the  expectation of the learned1
 and was even of opinion that it was so 
slubbered over as to resemble the       
original 7as ,cicero the younger did    
his father7 in nothing but in name4 ,he 
accordingly took up a sponge1  dipped it
 in an ink-pot1 and blotted out the     
first page4 ,this done1  he turns to    
,ficinus4 8,thou seest10 quoth he 8how  
,i have corrected the  first page2 if   
thou wilt1 ,i will correct the rest in  
like sort40 ,now  ,ficinus was fully as 
mild in temper as slender in            
scholarship4 8,no  reason10 says he1    
8that ,plato should be disgraced through
 my default2  refine away40 ,and        
according to his words was it done4     
,it would appear from ,scaliger that    
even had not ,ficinus commenced his     
out-sponged work afresh1 literature     
would not have lamentably lost4  ,far1  
indeed1 would this have been from true1 

had the influence of a  friend prevailed
 to wipe from among the works of ,gray  
8,the ,progress of  ,poetry10 and 8,the 
,bard40 ,i will not deny of its setting 
the sentence in  which ,walpole         
communicates the likelihood of such a   
fate4            ,one quality ,i may    
safely arrogate to myself3 ,i am        
not afraid to praise4 ,many are such    
timid judges        of composition1 that
 they hesitate to wait for the          
public opinion4 ,show them a manuscript1
 though they        highly approve it in
 their hearts1 they are afraid to       
commit themselves by speaking out4      
,several excellent        works have    
perished from this cause2 a writer of   
real talents being often a mere         
sensitive plant with        regard to   
his own productions4 ,some cavils of    
,mason        7how inferior a poet and  
judge67 had almost induced        ,gray 
to destroy his two beautiful and sublime
 odes4        ,we should not only       
praise1 but hasten to praise4    ,in    

modern days the function of ,mason is   
more generally filled by  adverse public
 critics4 ,the case of the late ,edward 
,fitzgerald1 who  by an unfavorable     
review was induced to withdraw from     
circulation his  8,six ,dramas of       
,calderon10 and probably altogether to  
withhold from the  public his rendering 
of 8,la ,vida es ,sueo10 and 8,el ,mgico
 ,prodigioso10  is until the present    
unhappily in point4    ,more melancholy 
still are those episodes of literary    
history which  present the wearied      
author consigning with forced smile and 
show of  acquiescence--8coactus         
volo0--the products of his craft to an  
untimely  end4 ,english history does not
 lack its instances of these heroic     
souls in motley1 these ,herculeses with 
their distaffs4 ,there is ,john         
,selden1 and there is ,reginald ,pecock3
 let us bare the mishaps of these       
representatives4    ,in the time of     
,james ,i41 the clergy were pleased to  
advance to  the utmost the doctrine of  

the divine right of tithes--a divinity  
entailed in a pedigree of patriarchal   
ages1 ,jewish priesthood1 and           
,christian priesthood4 ,upon so         
venerable a claim so cogently revived1  
lawyers yet looked with jealousy4 ,for  
they saw in every claim by  divine      
right1 where royal and sub-royal patrons
 were unconcerned1 a  limitation of     
human rights1 with their correlative    
human duties very  apt to be regulated  
by positive law4 ,selden1 partaking of  
the legal  spirit--coincident this once 
with the historic--produced his         
8,history  of ,tithes10 a plain         
narrative1 margented with copious       
authorities1  which established         
abundantly the duty of paying           
tenths--but established  on the         
distasteful ground of human authority4  
,james1 who patronised  divinity partly 
to show the ardor with which he in his  
one turn could  venerate1 partly for the
 reflected strength wherewith it        
encircled  himself1 partly from conceit 

and cowardice1 and partly from better   
motives1 summoned the author to appear  
before him in ,december #afah1 at  his  
palace at ,theobalds4 ,introduced by    
,ben ,jonson and ,edward ,hayward1      
,selden maintained the test of two      
conferences at ,theobalds1 and one at   
,whitehall with the monarch in person2  
but this in nowise prevented his  being 
called1 on ,january #bh1 #afah1 before  
seven members of the ,high  ,commission 
,court in whose presence he was induced 
to make and sign this  declaration4     
,my good ,lords1 ,i most humbly         
acknowledge the error        which ,i   
have committed in publishing 8,the      
,history of        ,tithes10 and        
especially in that ,i have at all1 by   
showing any interpretation of ,holy     
,scriptures1 by        meddling with    
councils1 fathers1 or canons1 or by     
what else soever occurs in it1 offered  
any occasion        of argument against 
any right of maintenance1 jure          
divino1 of the minister of the ,gospel2 

beseeching        your ,lordships to    
receive this ingenuous and        humble
 acknowledgment1 together with the      
unfeigned        protestation of my     
grief1 for that through it ,i have      
so incurred both his ,majesty's and your
 ,lordships'        displeasure         
conceived against me in behalf of the   
,church of ,england4    ,beside this    
forced submission1 the authority which  
had exacted it  prohibited the book4    
,further1 ,selden was forbidden to      
publish anything  in his own defence1   
while public invitation--pluckily       
used--was given  to any who should      
choose to attack either him or his      
history with all  the virulence of      
pocket and party polemics4 ,nor was this
 all1 but  ,selden stooped at the       
bidding of the king to uphold opinions1 
no doubt  on three small points1 which  
he had seemed to impugn in his greater  
work4 ,it is pleasant to add that he    
circulated among his friends in         
manuscript answers to the attacks which 

were published against him4    ,the fall
 of ,pecock was more abject1 and less   
relieved4 ,about #addi he  had          
written--not printed1 of course--8,the  
,repressor40 ,he had in design  to      
defend the clergy from the aspersions1  
as he conceived them1 of  the           
8,bible-man0 or ,lollards4 ,with this   
view he vindicated the use of  images1  
the going on pilgrimages1 and the       
retention of the various  ranks of the  
hierarchy in their full directive       
authority4 ,in #adej he  remained in    
sufficient esteem--though indeed his    
treatise was not much  circulated for   
four or five years--to be transferred to
 the see of  ,chichester4 ,from that    
time1 however1 his good fortune deserted
 him4  ,the ,duke of ,york conceived it 
well to cover his strides towards the   
crown1 with the redress of grievances2  
and the disgrace of ,pecock's  patrons1 
the ,duke of ,suffolk and the ,bishop of
 ,norwich1 together with  the personal  
dislike the king contracted towards him1

 made ,chichester  a safe object of     
attack4 ,while all things were thus     
working for the  good man's evil1 the   
council met at ,westminster in the      
autumn of #adeg1  whence by general     
acclamation ,pecock was expelled4 ,he   
was cited to  appear before ,archbishop 
,bourchier on ,november #aa1 and the    
character of  his offence became more   
definitised4 ,he had held cheap the     
authority  of the old doctors1 he had   
denied that the ,apostles' ,creed was   
made  by the ,apostles1 and at the same 
time he had magnified the office of     
reason--rather than singly of the       
,scriptures1 or rather than singly  of  
the ,church--as an ultimate test4       
,accordingly1 to this citation he       
appeared1 armed with nine of his books1 
into which it must be confessed  were   
introduced some newly conceived passages
 and some erasures4 ,a  committee of    
,bishops1 to whom the matter was then   
referred1 reported  adversely2 and after
 further disputation the archbishop     

offered ,pecock  his choice of making a 
public abjuration of his errors1 or of  
being  first degraded1 and then         
delivered over to the secular arm 8as   
the  food of fire1 and fuel for the     
burning40 ,he chose the abjuration3 a   
preliminary confession was forthwith    
made1 a written confession was  added at
 ,lambeth on the #crd of ,december1 and 
on the next day1 ,sunday1  arrayed in   
his episcopal habit1 in the presence of 
#bj1jjj persons1  he knelt at the feet  
of the ,archbishop of ,canterbury1 the  
,bishops of  ,london1 ,rochester1       
,durham1 and of his 8own pure and free  
will1 and  without any man's coercion or
 dread10 made his recantation4 ,in this 
he had declared that he presumed of his 
own natural wit to prefer the  judgment 
of reason before the ,testaments and the
 authority of the  ,church2 had         
published many perilous doctrines and   
books containing  enumerated heresies2  
and now considered himself grievously to
 have  sinned and wickedly to have      

deceived the people of ,god1 but        
returned to  the unity of the mother    
,holy ,church and renounced both the    
rehearsed  heresies and all other       
8spices10 or kinds of heresy1 and       
exhorted all  men not to trust in his   
books1 neither to keep or read them in  
any  wise1 but to bring them in haste to
 the ,primate or his agents2 in  that he
 publicly assented that his books should
 be deputed unto the  fire1 and openly  
be burnt as an example and terror to all
 others4 ,the  recantation ended1 a fire
 was kindled at the ,cross4 ,with his   
own hands  ,pecock delivered three      
folios and eleven quartos of his own    
composition  to the executioner1 who    
took and threw them in the flames1 while
 the  ,bishop exclaimed aloud 8,my pride
 and presumption have brought upon me   
these troubles and these reproaches40   
,little could he then think that  in    
some future day ,england would1 at      
public cost1 republish the chief  of the
 books his own lips had condemned4      

,but the punishment of ,pecock did not  
end here4 ,it was perhaps not much  to  
him that the ,university of ,oxford     
7which has consistently shown a  spirit 
of illiberality1 or at least a burning  
disposition1 throughout  its eras almost
 down to the present age7 should in     
solemn procession1  its ,chancellor at  
its head1 march to a place where four   
roads met--the  ,quatre-voix or         
,carfax--and there burn to ashes every  
copy of his works  on which hands could 
be laid4 ,but1 deprived of his          
bishopric1 it was  necessary that       
directions should be given for his      
personal fare4 ,these  came to the      
,abbot of ,thorney1 to whose            
,cambridgeshire ,abbey the cleric  was  
sent4 ,he was to live for ever in one   
closed chamber1 so contrived  that he   
might hear ,mass2 to be attended by one 
sad man to make his  bed2 to be         
forbidden all books but a breviary1 a   
mass-book1 a psalter1  a legend1 and a  
,bible2 to be refused any thing to write

 with or on2  but to be allowed a       
sufficiency of food and fire4 ,and in   
this dolorous  state there is all reason
 to suppose his closing days were       
spent4#gd    ,it is recorded of ,st4    
,briccius1 that when a boy he saw the   
devil behind  the altar1 noting the     
misdemeanors of people on a piece of    
parchment4  ,this seems to have stirred 
in him a desire for parchment that he in
  turn might write2 but so firmly did   
the devil by his teeth stick to  the    
stolen goods1 that on the achievement of
 mastery by his juvenile  but saintly   
competitor1 the horny1 wicked head was  
knocked against  the wall1 at which     
painful juncture ,st4 ,martin1 ever     
valorous1 so  conjured the devil that he
 caused him willy nilly to blot out what
  he had written4 ,what then1 one       
wonders1 was the devil's code of which  
the people's acts were breaches4 ,what  
his diabolic1 though discarded          
standard8 ,the prescience of ,st4       
,briccius or ,st4 ,martin would         

doubtless  be required to tell4 ,but it 
is plain he too is fabled as possessed  
with desire to bend the will of men in  
obedience to some crystallized          
tradition1 some extraneous rule4 ,and   
yet1 what is this principle of          
tradition1 this authority-binding1 which
 in this form and that defeats  equally 
,fanny ,burney or ,gray1 ,shelley1      
,southey1 or ,selden8 ,it is  something 
which1 no matter what its ineptness to  
the circumstances  of the present1      
cannot yield2 which is made up of the   
circumstances  of the past1 and has in  
its whole as much as in every shred the 
inevitability of the past1 which pushes 
by informed private judgment  and       
reason--perhaps on the wiser plea that1 
ourselves a product of  the past1 the   
accumulated and sifted wisdom of that   
past1 the residue  of eclecticism on    
eclecticism1 must be most appropriate to
 guide2 or  else perhaps on the more    
foolish1 that makes a creed osseous in  
one  infinitely remote exercise of one  

man's inspired thoughts4 ,as if1 in  the
 latter alternative1 the very strength  
was not the very weakness of  the       
argument which reduces after all        
everything to single and perhaps        
sullied private judgment2 and as if in  
the former the very strength was  not   
again the very weakness of the argument 
which cuts off arbitrarily  as the last 
point of systematized knowledge 7more   
often not at the  last7 its own method  
of history4 ,for does it not result that
 if it  be truly said1 there is nothing 
new under the sun1 there must in all    
cases be selection1 and if selection be 
thus the real principle of  action1 why 
is some portion of accessible knowledge1
 some portion  even of received         
knowledge1 to be cast without the bounds
 of usable  materials1 as though to     
prohibit us too perchance1 from         
strengthening  that uniformity or       
preponderance in independent selections 
to which  tradition owes its strength8  
,thirlwall may act as ,pecock1 and      

,beddoes  as ,fitzgerald--but both the  
virtue of action and the virtue of      
restraint are lost4    ,herodotus1 if we
 may believe ,blakesley and ,professor  
,sayce1 though the  8,father of         
,history10 by no means illustrates      
tradition at its best4  ,different1     
however1 would it be1 could we make up  
our minds1 backed  by the later         
authority of ,canon ,rawlinson to side  
in this perennial  contest with ,henri  
,estienne4 ,this scholar in preparing an
 edition  of that ancient traveller took
 occasion to maintain that his author   
was the reporter of things fabulous to  
an extent far less than was  generally  
supposed4 ,hearing that of this defence1
 which was written  in ,latin1 it was   
proposed to make a translation into     
,french1 he  determined1 as an old      
critic says1 to become now a traditore1 
as he  had formerly early been a        
traduttore1 and to render his own work4 
,but if this was his original purpose1  
he immediately lost sight of it4  ,he   

took up1 in fact1 his argument          
thus3--,from the unlikelihood of an     
event it is unreasonable to conclude    
against it3 ,herodotus may have         
reported things true1 in presenting     
unlikely tales1 otherwise1 we must      
banish a prodigious amount of           
incontestable but absurd matter1 though 
much of this character has occurred of  
late1 especially in popery1 as ,i       
proceed to instance in anecdotes which  
objectors may style apocryphal1  fables 
they will call malicious1 and chronicles
 they are certain to  brand as          
scandalous4 ,now1 this was clearly of   
intolerable bearing4  ,and according to 
,tollius1 its upshot was that ,estienne 
was burnt in  effigy at ,paris2 though1 
having fled to the mountains of         
,auvergne1  and being in the thick of   
winter1 he was enabled to chuckle at his
  joke that he never was so cold as when
 he was being burnt1 a joke the         
authenticity of which late commentators 
might perhaps have less readily         

impeached had they remembered that      
,antonio de ,dominis had used it1 as  he
 too for writing an unappreciated book  
was consumed in effigy at  ,rome1 while 
he lay shivering with the cold of a     
,november at sea and a  fugitive's fears
 at heart4 ,certain it is that at       
,geneva ,estienne met  with repulse4    
,for the archives of that state show    
that late in #aeff1 on  his first       
applying for a license to expose for    
sale his 8,apologie pour  ,herodote10 he
 was directed to amend 8certains        
feulletz o il y a des  propos vilains et
 parlans trop videmment des princes en  
mal0 and that  after these amendments   
were duly made he deliberately          
encouraged the  suppression of his work1
 by taking advantage of an imperfect    
piratical  edition1 appearing at ,lyons1
 to add without license the famous      
8,avertissement0 with its tables or     
indexes1 which drew down upon him       
imprisonment1 followed quickly by       
enlargement coupled with conspicuous    

deprivation of the ,eucharist on one    
occasion--if that be the meaning of     
8pour punition1 priv de la cne1 pour une
 fois40    ,with consequences more      
radical1 but with either far more       
boldness or  far less wit1 ,camille     
,desmoulins upwards of two centuries    
after courted  the suppression1 not     
indeed of a book1 but of life4 ,it was  
full four  years since he had learnt    
that the parliament of ,toulouse had    
hurried  to the flames his 8,la ,libre  
,france10 when entering the ,jacobin    
,club1  just two days after the         
publication of the fifth number of his  
,vieux  ,cordelier1 he heard the        
question being for the third time put1  
whether  he should be expelled4 ,his    
presence quelling in no measure the     
rising  anger1 ,robespierre1 desirous to
 stay the wrath of the ,jacobins by     
sacrificing the work to save the author1
 spoke4 8,camille10 said he with        
dryness1 and that air of patronage which
 the simulation of a tempered  passion  

carries1 8is a spoilt child2 he had a   
good disposition2 bad  company has led  
him astray40 8,we must10 urged he1      
concluding1 8deal  vigorously with these
 numbers1 which even ,brissot would not 
have dared  to acknowledge1 but we must 
keep ,desmoulins among us4 ,i demand1   
for  example's sake1 that these numbers 
be burnt before this society40 ,but     
with what surprise did the echo of this 
speech1 proceeding clearly1  and        
accompanied with indignant flash of eye1
 greet him--8,bravo1  ,robespierre2 but 
,i will answer with ,rousseau1 ,to burn 
is not to  answer40 ,strange retort6    
,had pride so dulled perception1 or     
surprise  with one stroke slain         
confidence in all8 ,no wonder that not  
less the  change of time than the terms1
 the very measuredness of the answering 
words bidding ,camille learn that he was
 treated with indulgence1 and           
disclosing that his mode of             
justification would be held to show that
  the worst import of his writings was  

designed1 left in him a sense  that his 
present non-expulsion1 even the         
restoration of the title of             
8,cordelier10 had no security4 ,the lull
 was false1 ,desmoulins was lost4       
,concession to honest criticism was     
received with not more tact by          
,richelieu than by ,desmoulins4 ,it is  
true that in the ,cardinal's case  the  
upshot1 perilous as it seemed to one of 
the grand supports of  dramatic         
literature1 was merely ludicrous--but it
 may also be true that  that was because
 the appeal was indeed through the      
intellect1 but to  the passive1 not the 
active powers of man4 ,the ,cardinal was
 dramatist1  and had carried politics   
into comedy by making the characters    
called  ,france1 ,spain1 or names of    
other ,states develop the fortunes of   
8,europe40 ,anxious to get the          
countenance of the ,academy1 which his  
energies had lately organized1 he sent  
the piece to them1 that any  errors in  
the rules of the style or poetry might  

be corrected4 ,the  ,academy fulfilled  
their task1 criticising so severely that
 scarcely a  line was left unaltered4   
,the ,cardinal--but ,i may as well adopt
 the tale  as ,nol d',argonne tells it4 
,the ,cardinal1 to whom it was brought  
back in this        condition1 was so   
enraged1 that he tore it on the         
spot1 and threw it in pieces into the   
hearth4 ,this        was in summer1 and 
fortunately there was no fire in        
the hearth4 ,the ,cardinal went to bed2 
but he felt        the tenderness of a  
father for his dear ,europe2 he         
regretted having used it so cruelly2 and
 calling up        his secretary1 he    
ordered him to collect with care        
the papers from the chimney1 and to go  
and look        whether he could find   
any paste in the house--adding          
that in all probability he would find   
some starch        with the women who   
took charge of his linen4 ,the          
secretary went to their apartment2 and  
having found        what he wanted1 he  

spent the greater part of the           
night with the ,cardinal in trying to   
paste together        the dismembered   
comedy4 ,next morning he had it         
recopied in his presence1 and changed   
almost every        one of the          
corrections of the ,academy1 affecting1 
at the same time1 to retain a few of the
 least        important4 ,he sent it    
back to them the same day by            
,boisrobert1 and told them they would   
perceive how        much he had profited
 by their criticisms2 but as        all 
men were liable to err1 he had not      
thought it        necessary to follow   
them implicitly4 ,the ,academy1 who     
had learned the vexation of the         
,cardinal1 took care        not to      
retouch the piece1 and returned it to   
him with        their unanimous         
approbation4    ,it seems a pity that   
after so much care and tenderness the   
play should  have been produced along   
with 8,the ,cid10 and that the audience1
 less  manageable than the ,academy1 on 

the announcement that 8,europe0 would be
  repeated the next day1 murmured their 
wish for ,corneille's piece4 ,but  the  
influence he sought to throw upon the   
fortunes of the ,cid there can  be no   
need to recount to ,englishmen4 ,only it
 is clear that ,richelieu  was more like
 ,cicero than ,virgil1 the former of    
whom indeed affected  to be desirous of 
burning some productions1 but was easily
 diverted by  pleasant flattery2 but the
 latter of whom1 after having bestowed  
the  labor of twelve years on his       
immortal poem1 was genuinely conscious  
of  imperfections which so few beside   
himself could have perceived1 that  in  
his last moments he ordered it to be    
committed to the flames1 a  fate evaded 
only by disregard of his solemn         
testamentary injunction4  ,it is equally
 clear that ,richelieu had not the plea 
of neglect and  undeserved disfavor felt
 in its extreme by ,william ,collins4   
,for his  odes1 first published in      
#agdg1 crept slowly into notice1 were   

spoken  of indifferently by his         
acquaintance ,dr4 ,johnson1 and met with
 feeble  praise from ,gray4 ,the while  
the author was sensible of their beauty1
  and so deeply felt the coldness with  
which they were received1 that  he      
obtained from his publisher the unsold  
copies and burnt them with  his own     
hand4 8,if then his highly finished     
productions brought back  but           
disappointment10 hypothesises ,mr4      
,thomas ,miller1 8how thankful he  must 
have felt that he had not committed     
himself further by sending  into the    
world such works as his own fine taste  
condemned6 ,we believe  that when he had
 completed his 0,ode on the ,passions10 
he knew he had  produced a poem which   
ought to live forever1 for we cannot    
conceive  that the mind which erected so
 imperishable a fabric could have a     
doubt  of its durability40 ,alas6 an    
immortality which sees no origin in     
prsenti--how burdensome it is to        
bear4#ge    ,it was the conviction of   

8,messieurs de ,port ,royal0 that in the
 denial  of self was a tower of moral   
strength2 and in this denial of self    
they included a true abnegation of the  
glories of authorship4 8,if  any work   
for ,god were well done10 said ,st4     
,cyran1 8it was the ,divine  ,grace     
which had effectually co-operated to its
 performance1 and the  human instrument 
was nothing1 and less than nothing40    
,with this there  was not one of his    
colleagues unwilling practically to show
 that he  agreed--,pascal least of all4 
,what greater instance of literary      
modesty  can be alleged than the        
destruction by him of his treatise on   
geometry1  upon his learning that       
,arnauld had prepared the volume given  
to the  world in #affg as 8,elements0 of
 that subject and his seeing its fitness
  for the ,port ,royal schools8 ,with   
most it would be much easier to apply   
the system of ,naugerius1 who loving    
,catullus1 but hating ,martial1 set     
apart one day that every year he might  

sacrifice by fire a copy of the  works  
of one epigrammatist to the manes of the
 other4 ,it is only fair  to add that   
,naugerius1 who died while on an embassy
 to ,francis ,i4 in  #aebi1 destroyed   
shortly before his death a history of   
his native city1  ,venice1 carried      
forward from #adhf1 which he had himself
 compiled1 and  submitted to the same   
effective purging a considerable        
proportion of  his own poetic           
compositions4    ,at this point ,i      
conclude4 ,i perceive indeed that there 
remains  scattered through literature   
unused material of interest1 and even   
that motives to self-suppression of     
several entire classes have been  here  
unexemplified4 ,but of this we might    
feel confident1 that the more  and more 
this subject were opened up1 personal as
 it appears to the  authors themselves1 
the more and more would one be struck   
with the duty  of the ,state1 and no    
less than of the ,state of professed    
critics and  of friends of the hearth1  

not only not to discourage the          
expressions  of genius if even somewhat 
errant1 but where there is the true     
appeal--then1 as ,walpole says1 to      
hasten to praise4--,gentleman's         
,magazine4          ,,how ,,should ,,we 
,,dress8    ,,the ,,new ,,german        
,,theories ,,on ,,clothing4      ,,by   
,,dora ,,de ,,blaqui,,re4    ,some      
allusion has already been made to the   
medical theories respecting  clothing   
that have emanated recently from a      
celebrated ,german  professor1 ,dr4     
,gustav ,jaeger1 of the ,royal          
,polytechnic ,school at  ,stuttgart4    
,his investigations into the subject    
commenced in the year  #ahgb1 and       
appeared to have been fairly exhaustive 
in the way of  scientific experiment and
 personal experience1 with the result   
that  ,dr4 ,jaeger considers he has     
discovered that the health of the world 
in  general is much prejudiced by the   
materials1 as well as the forms1 in     
general use4 ,in ,germany his views seem

 to have met with very extensive        
acceptance2 they have revolutionised the
 trade of ,stuttgart1 where ,dr4        
,jaeger practises his profession2 and   
many of the leading men--such as  ,count
 von ,moltke and others--have adopted   
his clothing2 and it seems  probable    
that his principles will be applied to  
the ,german army1 with  the view of     
promoting the health of the troops4 ,in 
,italy the first  physicians have       
declared in favor of it1 and so         
universally does the  demand appear to  
have arisen on the ,continent1 that the 
present writer  found ,dr4 ,jaeger's    
garments commonly exposed for sale in   
,switzerland1  at ,berne1 ,lucerne1 and 
,vevey1 and other smaller towns4    ,the
 stall for ,dr4 ,jaeger's clothing has  
formed an attraction at the             
8,healtheries0 this season1 and1 by the 
formation of a limited company1  who    
have opened a dept in ,fore ,street for 
its sale1 those who desire  to look into
 the subject1 and form their own        

opinions1 will be able to  do so in     
,england4    ,dr4 ,jaeger's reform is   
not a difficult one1 and consists of the
  fundamental doctrine that1 as we are  
animals1 we should wear  animal         
clothing4 ,the physical 8reasons why0   
are--first1 that their  non-conducting  
qualities are a guarantee that the      
temperature of the  body shall be in a  
great measure preserved1 while on the   
other hand the  shape and arrangement of
 their constituent hairs provide for the
 escape  of moisture by capillary       
attraction2 and their adaptation to both
 these  ends is greater than that of any
 vegetable fabric4    ,in ,england we   
have for many years acted instinctively 
on these  conditions1 and we have       
adopted woollen1 in the shape of        
flannel1 for  use in cricket1 boating1  
tennis1 and in any athletic exercises   
likely  to cause profuse perspiration1  
as being the safest covering to ensure  
us against cold and the sudden and      
dangerous chills which are likely to    

follow overheating in a climate like    
ours4 ,our action has been the  result  
of observation and experience1 which1   
however1 according to ,dr4  ,jaeger1    
might have been carried still further   
and applied more widely  still4 ,for    
this profuse perspiration is simply an  
intensification of  the daily action of 
the skin1 which only ceases with life   
itself4 ,if  this action be imperfect or
 repressed1 fat and water accumulate in 
the tissues1 lowering their powers1 and 
the flesh1 which should feel  elastic   
and firm1 is flabby1 causing many       
disorders in the general  economy of the
 body4    ,besides water and fat1 the   
skin excretes carbonic acid1 and the    
different decomposed products of        
fat--such as lactic1 formic1 and        
butyric acids--to which the sour odor of
 perspiration is due4 ,much  carbonic   
acid is dissolved in the perspiration1  
and escapes with it4  ,thus1 it is not  
difficult to see that the kind of       
covering which acts  as the best        

conductor of moisture and its           
impurities1 and at the same  time is a  
bad conductor of heat1 and prevents its 
escape1 is that which  we must adopt as 
the healthiest and the cleanest4    ,the
 power of absorption by vegetable life1 
of the poisonous emanations  from animal
 life1 is well known1 and this process  
is not limited1  it would appear1 to    
living plants1 but is continued by      
vegetable  fibres--such as linen and    
cotton--with this difference1 that the  
living plant assimilates these          
emanations and the dead fibre does  not1
 but exhales them again when wetted or  
warmed4 ,thus our clothes1  in          
consequence of their vegetable          
character1 attract and retain these     
noxious principles which should by      
rights be immediately thrown off4       
,animal materials1 such as wool1 are    
made by nature--according to ,dr4       
,jaeger--to protect animal life1 and    
will neither attract noxious  emanations
 nor prevent their evaporation from the 

body4 ,this is shown1  he observes1 by  
the sense of smell and by the           
unpleasantness noticed in  cotton and   
linen underclothing1 linings1 and       
apparel which have been  long worn4     
,there are many people to whom these    
considerations have a vital and         
especial interest4 ,certain skins       
perspire much more freely than others4  
,this peculiarity occurs in persons of  
rheumatic and consumptive  tendencies1  
even when quite free from actual        
disease4 ,women in middle  age1 also1   
and all in whom the circulatory system  
is weakened from any  cause1 have this  
tendency4 ,but the people to whom1 in   
addition1 the  ,jaeger system appeals   
the most are certainly those who are    
corpulent1  or show any tendency to     
become so4 ,and as this point will      
probably  interest many readers1 ,i will
 give a brief notice of what ,dr4       
,jaeger  says on the subject4    ,to be 
in what we ,english people call 8good   
condition0 there must be a  correct     

proportion of the most important bodily 
constituents--viz41  albumen1 fat1 and  
water4 ,the first is the foundation of  
nerve1 muscle1  blood1 etc41 and in fact
 sustains the existence of the body4    
,relatively  to albumen1 water and fat  
may be viewed as auxiliaries1 although  
they  are indispensable in themselves4  
,a proper condition of body requires    
that these three constituents shall be  
present in certain proportions1  while  
the richer the body is in albumen the   
sounder it will be1 and  the fitter for 
work4 ,on the other hand1 any excess of 
fat or water  will lessen its energies1 
and its power of repelling the action of
  influences likely to promote disease4 
,of the evils of the increase of fat    
most people who suffer from it are  only
 too conscious4 ,but besides the more   
visible ones1 they are usually          
poor-blooded1 and consequently lacking  
in vital energy1 while the fat          
diminishes the necessary space for the  
circulation of the blood and the        

respiratory organs4 ,the first of these 
evils shows itself in flushing  of the  
face when the circulation is quickened  
by exertion1 and in the  difficulty felt
 in the return of the blood from the    
lower parts of the  body to the heart1  
which causes lassitude in the legs1 and 
a tendency  to varicose veins2 while1 if
 the circulation of water in the system 
be also impeded1 dropsical swellings in 
the legs will ensue4 ,the  limitation of
 space due to fat hinders also the free 
play of the lungs1  and the obese are   
disabled from exceptional exertion which
 necessitates  fuller breathing than    
usual4    ,thus every one wishing to    
preserve health and working capacity1   
must  keep strict watch on the deposit  
of fat going on in the body2 and all    
such symptoms must be taken as evincing 
a wrong system of living2  and in order 
to stay its further accumulation and get
 rid of what is  superfluous1 recourse  
must be had to augmented action of the  
skin4    ,the increased percentage of   

water and fat in the system renders it  
also  more liable to disease1 more      
sensitive to cold1 and disposed to chest
  affections in the winter4 ,in         
addition1 the working powers of the mind
  are sensibly lessened4 ,dr4 ,jaeger   
has discovered that their presence  in  
excess can be tested by the specific    
gravity and the rapidity of  the nervous
 action3 and he has constructed an      
air-tight chamber where  experiments may
 be conducted on the former1 and a      
stop-watch tests the  rapidity of the   
latter4    ,not less interesting is ,dr4
 ,jaeger's theory of the source of the  
emotions1 which he places in the albumen
 in the bodily tissues1  emanating in   
the form of subtile essences1 which are 
opposed to each  other in the effect    
they produce1 and which may be          
distinguished  as 8salutary0 and        
8noxious40 ,as a rule1 the sanitary     
principle is  fragrant1 the noxious     
tainted and offensive4 ,the odor may be 
most  readily perceived in the hair of  

the head1 and is more evident in the    
adult than the child4 ,if the subject of
 the test be in a cheerful mood1  the   
scent will be agreeable and sweet2 but  
if sorrowful1 depressed1 or  in pain1   
the scent will be disagreeable4 ,this   
odor may be noticed in  the anguish of  
fever1 under the influence of terror1   
and exhales from  the mouth and nose1   
and1 as ,dr4 ,jaeger has proved by      
experiment1 from  the brain as well4    
,these things ,dr4 ,jaeger considers    
that the experience of many readers     
will confirm1 and that they have great  
practical importance in  connection with
 his system4 ,the ,german names given to
 these odorous  substances are ,lust und
 ,unlust ,stoffe1 substances of pleasure
 and  dislike4 ,the former are thought  
by the ,doctor to be the healing powers 
of the body1 which heighten all the     
vital actions and its powers of         
resistance against contagion of all     
kinds4 ,sheep's wool in particular      
attracts these substances of pleasure1  

while the plant fibre favors  the       
accumulation of the substances of       
dislike1 with all their evil            
consequences4 ,this last fact1 which the
 ,german scientific medical world       
considers ,dr4 ,jaeger has proved1 is   
supposed to be of the greatest          
importance1 as showing how to raise the 
resistibility of the human body  against
 contagious disease4 ,the observations  
made extend to diphtheria1  cholera1    
typhus1 smallpox1 measles1              
whooping-cough1 and influenza4    ,i    
have endeavored thus far to divest the  
subject1 as far as possible1  of        
scientific matter1 so that the principle
 may be easily understood by  those who 
have made no previous study of these or 
any kindred subjects1  relating to the  
hygiene and sanitary management of the  
body4 ,i will now  turn to the more     
practical considerations of the         
materials and shapes  of the clothing   
recommended4    ,dr4 ,jaeger advocates  
the use of nothing but wool1 both for   

clothing and  also for the bed and      
bedding4 ,no half-measures will answer2 
even the  linings of coats and dresses  
must be of wool1 and men's collars1 and 
even women's stay-laces1 must be of the 
same4 ,the material which1 after  much  
consideration1 he has selected1 is what 
is called 8stockingette  web10 which is 
merely woollen yarn woven in an elastic 
manner1 like  jerseys and stockings1 and
 the woollen and merino under-shirts and
  drawers1 now in common use4 ,the      
somewhat clumsy name 8stockingette0     
owes its origin to the fact that there  
was no technical name for that  kind of 
elastic weaving which is applied to     
stockings1 and which was  called into   
existence as a 8piece0 material by the  
fashion of wearing  jerseys1 three or   
four years ago4 ,dr4 ,jaeger considers  
this weaving  porous and supple and more
 durable than flannel2 while they feel  
more  comfortable on the skin1 and      
areless liable to shrink than flannel1  
when in the hands of the washerwomen4   

,no admixture of vegetable fibre should 
be admitted1 and the practice  of       
wearing a woollen shirt under a cotton  
or linen one1 ,dr4 ,jaeger  considers   
enervating and weakening4 ,clothing     
should fit quite tightly  to the skin1  
so as to allow of the least possible    
movement of air  between it and the     
body2 the second great rule being that  
it should  be twice as thick along the  
middle line of the trunk1 from the neck 
downwards1 as at the sides or back4     
,another point for consideration  is the
 number of garments to be worn one over 
the other4 ,on this  question ,dr4      
,jaeger is of opinion that the clothing 
for men and boys  should simply consist 
of a woollen shirt1 woollen socks or    
stockings1  cloth trousers fitting as   
closely as may be1 and a cloth coat4    
,the  coat sleeves and linings should be
 of woollen1 and these1 as well as  the 
trouser legs1 when the latter do not fit
 tightly1 must be closed  against upward
 draughts by webbings sewn into them1   

and fitting tightly  round the arms and 
ankles4 ,no drawers are required1 no    
waistcoat1 and  no overcoat2 not even in
 the winter time1 except when driving4  
,men's  coats must fit tightly up to the
 neck1 and compactly to the figure1  and
 all others must be laid aside as       
unsanitary4 ,the coat must also be      
double-breasted1 and like all the rest  
of the materials recommended1  must be  
undyed1 of the natural color1 or treated
 with uninjurious  fast dyes4 ,the same 
rule applies to the trousers1 which must
 fasten so  as to continue the middle   
line of extra warmth4 ,this rule has    
special  application to those who desire
 to melt away superfluous fat1 or those 
who are subject to disorders of the     
stomach or digestive organs4    ,the    
feet are to be covered with woollen     
socks1 with a special division  for each
 toe2 or else one for the great toe1    
while the upper part of  the boot must  
be of felt1 and the lower part of felt  
or porous leather2  the boot being kept 

thoroughly porous1 so that the feet may 
be as  cleanly and pure as the hands4   
,the usual starched linen collar is     
substituted by one made of unstiffened  
white cashmere1 or one of the  wool in  
its natural hue4 ,these collars can be  
obtained in every shape  and style1     
stand up and turn-downs1 and they are   
considered as the most  comfortable that
 could possibly be devised1 as well as  
preventions of  throat disorders4 ,the  
hat should be of felt1 and no linings of
 leather  nor linen are admissible4     
,instead of these a strip of felt should
  be used1 or else the hat should be    
quite without lining1 like a  ,turkish  
fez4 ,the shellac used in stiffening    
hats is said to have an  injurious      
effect1 and those who are bald or       
threatened with baldness1  or those who 
suffer from headaches1 are especially   
advised to try the  unstiffened sanitary
 hat and its woollen lining4    ,the    
clothing recommended for women is not   
very different1 so far  as shirts and   

drawers are concerned1 to that advised  
for men4 ,the  night-dresses are the    
same1 except a slight trimming of lace  
at the  neck4 ,the union1 or            
8combination0 garment1 a pair of woollen
 stays1  a petticoat of knitted undyed  
wool1 and another1 if desired of woven  
stockingette1 constitute all the        
clothing needed1 in addition to  the    
outward dress1 made of pure wool also1  
high to the neck1 and  having a double  
lining over the chest1 as advised in the
 case of  men4 ,the lace collars for use
 are also of woollen yak lace1 and the  
pocket-handkerchief is of fine cashmere1
 either white or of a handsome  dark    
red4 ,this last1 ,dr4 ,jaeger declares1 
is a very effective agent in  the cure  
of the colds and catarrhs of winter4    
,against such 8cherished finery0 as silk
 dresses1 white starched  petticoats1   
linen stays1 cotton and silk stockings1 
and white or  colored cotton starched   
dresses1 ,dr4 ,jaeger protests2 and says
 he  fears he shall be considered a     

disturber of the peace of households1   
when he remembers the delight women take
 in interminable washings and           
starchings4 ,but he takes courage1      
seeing that his own wife has not only   
become used to the new order of things1 
but declares she would not  willingly   
revert to the statu quo ante1 and that  
women1 if possible1  need the advantages
 offered by woollen clothing more than  
men4    ,the last of ,dr4 ,jaeger's     
plans ,i shall consider is the          
substitution of  woollen materials for  
linen and cotton in our beds4 ,the bed  
itself must  be free from vegetable     
fibre1 the mattress filled with hair or 
wool1  and the covering of both should  
be woollen2 for this reason feathers of 
course cannot be used1 although they are
 all an animal substance4 ,the  linen or
 cotton sheets are replaced by sheets   
made of the finest white  cashmere1 or1 
if preferred1 by woollen blankets or    
camel-hair rugs2 and  a special form of 
dress1 having a hood1 is given1 to      

enable the wearer  to sleep with the    
window open without fear of taking cold4
 ,this last  he regards as an important 
part of the sanitary rules of his       
system4  ,the covering meant for        
travellers to sleep in has also a hood1 
and  the skirt is long enough to contain
 two square pockets for the feet4       
,covered in this way1 the traveller may 
defy damp beds1 and all the  general    
discomfort of foreign hotels4    ,in    
reward for our adoption of his 8normal0 
system of clothing1 ,dr4  ,jaeger       
promises us--not indeed complete        
immunity from disease1 but  health equal
 to the animal creation that spend their
 lives in an  artificial state4 ,we     
shall have flesh thoroughly hardened1   
and  tendencies to corpulence will be   
reduced4 ,in a word1 the physical and   
mental working powers will show a great 
and general improvement1 the  nervous   
action will be accelerated1 and the body
 will have resumed its  8normal10 or    
true condition4    ,of course1 so       

thorough an innovation so completely in 
contradiction  to received ideas1 to    
vast trade interests1 and to the        
opinions of  the world in general1 will 
be much discussed and strenuously       
opposed4  ,dr4 ,jaeger says that he has 
been reproached with 8riding an         
excellent  theory to death20 but his    
only ruling principle through life has  
been  to 8examine everything1 and retain
 the best20 and this is the principle   
we recommend the public to apply in the 
honest testing of his new               
system4--,good ,words4          ,,the   
,,man ,,in ,,blue4      ,,by ,r4        
,,davey4    ,i am a professor of music1 
and was born so long ago as the last    
century1 at ,salsberg1 in ,germany4 ,my 
father was a merchant of that  city2    
fanatico per la musica1 as the ,italians
 say1 music mad4 ,knowing  that each of 
his children would inherit a fair       
fortune1 he permitted us  to somewhat   
neglect our other studies1 so that we   
might dedicate more  time to his beloved

 science4 ,my two sisters played        
remarkably well on  the spinet1 and sang
 finely4 ,karl1 my only brother1 was the
 flautist  of the family1 and ,i devoted
 myself to the violin4 ,at sixteen years
 of  age ,i believed myself an adept on 
this difficult instrument4 ,my violin   
was my constant companion4 ,nothing gave
 me more pleasure than to take  my dear 
8,fortunato10 for so ,i called it1 into 
the woods1 and there1 by  the murmuring 
brook1 beneath the rustling trees1      
improvise new airs and  vary old ones1  
to my heart's content4    ,so greatly   
did my father delight in displaying the 
talents of his  children1 that he       
organized every ,thursday afternoon an  
amateur  concert1 at which at least a   
quarter of the town assisted--to listen 
to1 admire1 or criticise1 about as much 
music as could possibly be  crowded into
 a three hours' performance4 ,one fine  
,thursday afternoon  in autumn1 just as 
the first of our pieces was concluded1 a
 very  singular-looking individual      

entered the concert-room4 ,he was as    
thin  and pale as an unearthly          
apparition1 and entirely dressed in     
shabby  garments of light blue corduroy4
 ,his well-worn knee-breeches were      
blue1 his jacket was blue1 his vest was 
blue1 and the huge cravat that  fastened
 his great flapping shirt-collar was    
also blue4 ,his face was  the most      
melancholy in expression it is possible 
to imagine4 ,he had a  big1 hooked nose1
 thin lantern jaws1 and the only        
redeeming feature  which he possessed1  
his dark and intelligent eyes1 were     
hidden by a  pair of goggle spectacles4 
,his hair was bright red and uncut1 and 
his  beard seemed as if it had never    
been trimmed since it first began to    
grow4    ,he did not attempt to         
apologize for his intrusion into our    
company1  but without looking to the    
right or to the left made straight for  
a vacant seat1 and taking it1 prepared  
to listen to the music with  marked     
attention4 ,it was my turn to play1 but 

,i was so confused1 so  utterly by the  
appearance of this strange personage1   
that when ,i  struck my violin with the 
bow my hand trembled so much that ,i    
could  not produce a sound4 ,i tried    
again and again1 and was about to give  
it up in despair when the ,man in ,blue 
rose from his seat and came  directly to
 me4 8,young man10 said he1 8you have a 
more difficult  instrument there than   
you think2 hand it to me1 ,i will play  
in your  stead40 ,i mechanically gave   
him 8,fortunato40 ,presently he began4  
,never in all my life had ,i before     
heard such playing4 ,the instrument     
seemed to have within its wooden frame a
 divine soul1 capable of  expressing    
every possible emotion--joy1 grief1     
passionate agony1 and  triumphant       
jubilee4 ,we were all amazed and        
delighted1 and at the  termination of   
his concerto such a burst of            
enthusiastic applause  greeted the      
singular performer that he seemed quite 
overcome and  confused4 ,however1 he    

bowed his acknowledgments1 though in the
 most  grotesque fashion4    ,it        
happened that we were on the eve of a   
grand annual musical festival1  at which
 some of the greatest musicians of      
,germany had declared their  intention  
of being present4 ,my father1 naturally 
concluding that our  guest was some     
celebrated maestro1 who had arrived     
incognito1 hastened  to thank him for   
the favor he had conferred upon us1 and 
also to offer  him the hospitality of   
his house during his stay in our town4  
,the ,man  in ,blue at first refused1   
then hesitated1 and finally accepted my 
father's pressing invitation4    ,for   
one week we surrounded him with every   
attention1 and he1 by his  gentle       
manners and genius1 soon won our        
affection and respect4 ,but all  our    
attempts to find out who he was and     
whence he came proved vain2 he  took no 
notice of our discreet hints1 and not   
one of us dared to ask  the question    
point-blank4 ,he set himself to work to 

teach me a great  many things about the 
violin of which ,i was previously       
ignorant1 and to  this curious man ,i   
owe many of my greatest triumphs4 8,my  
son10 he would  say1 8love music2 music 
is the food of the soul--the only       
possession we  have on earth which we   
shall retain in ,heaven40    ,if a      
stranger happened to pay us a visit1 our
 new friend would  immediately take     
refuge in the garden4 ,he liked to be   
alone with ,karl1  myself1 and his      
violin4 ,one day a merchant named       
,krebbs arrived on  business which he   
had to transact with my father1 and as  
he entered he  stumbled against the ,man
 in ,blue1 who was making good his      
escape4 ,the  poor violinist1 on        
perceiving merchant ,krebbs1 became as  
pale as death1  tottered to a seat in   
the garden1 and covered with confusion1 
hid his  face in his hands4    8,well1  
,i am sure10 said ,krebbs to my father1 
8you are an odd man to  take in that    
creature4 ,why1 ,i thought he was in    

prison1 or drowned1 or  run over40      
8,you know him then80 asked my father1  
with ill-disguised curiosity4    8,know 
him--of course ,i do4 ,why1 his name is 
,bze2 he is a carpenter  by trade4 ,but1
 bless you1 he's as mad as a ,march     
hare4 ,some time  ago our church-organ  
was struck by lightning4 ,bze came      
forward at  once1 and proposed to mend  
it1 provided the parish furnished him   
the  materials4 ,as he was known for a  
good musician and a clever workman1  our
 cur granted his request4 ,to work went 
he2 night and day he labored  for at    
least six weeks4 ,at last the organ was 
mended1 ,bze struck a  chord or so1 and 
it appeared better than ever4 ,the day  
arrived for  the first public hearing of
 the renovated instrument2 the          
mayor--all  the village1 in short1 was  
present2 and ,bze himself did not fail  
to  appear1 attired as usual in blue4   
,blue is his color4 ,he made some vow   
or other1 years ago1 to the ,virgin1    
never to wear any other but her         

colors--blue and white4 ,i tell you he  
is crazy4 ,but to return to the  organ4 
,when our old organist began to play    
upon it1 not a sound would  it          
produce--except when he pulled the new  
stop out4 ,off went the organ1  whoo    
whee1 and then it set to squeaking and  
whistling like mad4 ,the  girls began to
 laugh1 the mayor to swear1 and the cur 
grew furious4  ,bze is a fool--,bze is  
an idiot--he has ruined the organ6 cried
 every  one1 and soon amid the derision 
of the congregation1 your friend left   
the church4 ,strange to say1 since that 
day we have never again seen the        
creature2 but our organ is completely   
spoilt1 and remains dumb40    ,thus     
spoke merchant ,krebbs4 ,i would hear no
 more1 but hurried out to  console my   
poor friend4 ,i found him beneath an    
apple-tree1 sitting  all forlorn1 his   
face turned towards the sinking sun4    
8,ah6 my young  friend10 he said1 8do   
you see yon little cloud which obscures 
the  splendor of the sun8 ,so the words 

of a foolish man may tarnish the fame   
of a genius40    8,but10 ,i replied1    
8see1 the little cloud has vanished     
already1 and the  light of the sun is   
but the brighter for the contrast40     
,he smiled4 8,the cloud that hangs over 
my tarnished name will have to  pass    
away soon1 or it will be too late4 ,that
 organ which ,i constructed  has a soul 
within it4 ,all my life ,i have labored 
to know how to lodge  my ideal of music 
within the compass of a single          
instrument4 ,i have  done this4 ,the    
soul is there4 ,but ,i know not how to  
play upon the  organ1 and they1 in their
 blind rage1 will not allow me to       
explain to  them4 ,oh1 if ,i could1     
before ,i die1 but find ,sebastian      
,bach6 ,he would  call to life the soul 
of music that lies sleeping in my organ1
 and  prove to the world that ,bze is   
neither mad nor an impostor40    ,my    
father took no notice of what merchant  
,krebbs had said1 and when he  joined us
 in the garden he entreated ,bze to play

 for him in the open  air4 ,the ,man in 
,blue played for us a number of national
 and simple  melodies in such a pathetic
 manner that several times ,i saw tears 
in  my father's eyes2 at last he said1  
as the musician finished1 8,friend1     
though your organ is a failure1 your    
violin is truly heavenly4 ,stay  with me
 yet a while40    8,my organ is not a   
failure2 it is the triumph of my life40 
8,but no one can play on it40    8,one  
day some one will1 and then----0        
8,well1 we will say no more about it4   
,come1 the supper is ready40 ,and he    
led the way in4    ,the next morning the
 ,man in ,blue was gone4 ,we were sorry 
for his  disappearance2 but soon forgot 
all about it in our anxiety over the    
festival which was near at hand4 ,glck  
had promised to come1 and we  were      
anxious to know with whom he would stay4
 ,then ,bach arrived1 and  soon came    
,graun--illustrious ,graun--whose       
nobility of mind inspired his  lovely   
melodies1 and with him those inseparable

 geniuses1 ,frch and  ,hass4 ,and       
,hamburg sent us ,gasman and ,teliman4  
,those who have never even  heard the   
name of these great composers are yet   
familiar with their  melodies4 ,many of 
the popular tunes now so much admired ,i
 have heard in  my youth fresh from the 
minds of their original composers1 free 
from  the twirls and shakes clumsily    
added to them to disguise their true    
origin4    ,these illustrious persons   
were as simple and unostentatious in    
manners  as it is possible to be4 ,they 
assembled in the ,hall of ,st4 ,cecilia1
 and  ,i had the privilege of assisting 
at their rehearsals4 ,i often passed    
hours listening to their long discourses
 on harmony1 on keys1 scales1  and      
chords4 ,one night ,glck played1 for the
 first time1 a portion of  his          
8,iphigenia20 and on another1 ,bach     
enchanted us by a performance of  his   
delightful preludes4 ,bach1 somehow or  
other1 took a fancy to me4 ,he  had     
observed the marked attention with which

 ,i listened to the remarks  of the     
different composers1 and to their music4
 ,he asked me my name1  and who my      
father was2 and ,i in answer1 growing   
bold1 not only related  all that        
concerned myself1 but also the story of 
my ,friend in ,blue4    8,an organ that 
no one can play upon60 exclaimed this   
great composer2  8well1 that is         
singular40    8,but ,i am sure you can40
    8,why80    8,because ,i am certain  
that the man that made the organ is a   
great  musician1 although he cannot play
 upon it himself4 ,he plays upon the    
violin40    8,as well as ,i do80 asked  
,graun4    ,i hesitated1 and hung my    
head3 ,i did not dare say 8yes10 and yet
 ,i  would not say 8no04    8,speak up1 
my boy2 say the truth always1 and shame 
the devil40    8,he plays better than   
you1 sir1 ,i think2 but then he plays   
out in the  woods1 and music sounds     
better there than in a close room40     
8,true1 it does40    8,my masters10 said
 ,i at last1 after some hesitation1     

8will any one of  you1 in your charity1 
try the organ--the village is not       
distant--and  thus justify the poor     
man80    8,i will myself10 answered     
,bach1 8on ,sunday4 ,but say nothing    
about it to  any one4 ,only to your     
friend1 if you can find him1 in order to
 induce  him to be present in the church
 on that morning40    ,with heartfelt   
thanks ,i gave the illustrious composer 
my promise to  obey in every particular 
his injunctions4    ,on leaving the ,st4
 ,cecilia ,hall that evening 7it was    
,friday7 almost the  first person ,i met
 was1 to my surprise1 the ,man in ,blue4
 ,hidden in the  courtyard of the ,hall1
 he had been listening to the music1 and
 was in  a state of nervous enthusiasm  
which quite alarmed me4 ,i hesitated to 
inform him what ,bach intended to do1   
but at last ,i did so2 he received  the 
news in a manner that ,i little         
expected4 ,he made no demonstration  of 
joy1 but followed me in silence until we
 were in a lonely part of  the town--a  

little square in the centre of which    
grew three or four old  trees4 ,here he 
paused1 and sinking on his knees1 prayed
 earnestly4 ,the  moon shone down upon  
his uplifted face1 and it seemed almost 
beautiful1  so great was the expression 
it bore of devotion and intellect4 ,when
 he  had finished his prayer he embraced
 me in silence1 and we parted4          
,sunday arrived1 and at an early hour ,i
 started for the church of the  village4
 ,as ,i traversed the little field in   
front of it1 ,i beheld  advancing from  
the opposite side several of the        
professors1 and  amongst them ,bach4    
,by-and-by1 as it got noised about that 
some of the  celebrities were in the    
church1 it filled to excess4 ,presently1
 ,bach  mounted the organ-loft4 ,how my 
heart beat6 ,mass began4 ,at the        
8,kyrie10  for the first time1 the      
instrument gave forth sounds1 but sounds
 of  such heavenly sweetness that the   
congregation was thrilled as if by the  
music of the angels4 ,as the ,mass      

advanced the more marvellous became  the
 harmony4 ,the 8,agnus0 was so plaintive
 that ,i saw tears in the eyes  of      
,glck1 who stood by me2 and the         
8,sanctus0 sounded so triumphantly  that
 it required but little imagination to  
believe that the cherubim  and seraphim 
were present singing their jubilant song
 of praise3    8,holy1 holy1 is the     
,lord ,god of ,sabaoth40    ,and the    
,man in ,blue1 where was he8    ,by the 
altar1 with his face turned towards his 
organ4 ,his whole  countenance was      
radiant1 his eyes were bright1 and a    
look ecstatic and  serene passed over   
his features4 ,but how ethereal he      
looked6    ,when ,mass was over the     
congregation passed round the porch to  
see the  great composers4 8,long live   
,bach60 8,hail to ,glck60 they cried as 
they  recognized these popular men4     
,but ,bach held aloof4 8,lead me10 he   
said1 8to that man of genius who has  so
 wonderfully improved the king of       
instruments40    8,master10 ,i answered1

 8he is in the church40 ,and we         
re-entered the  sacred edifice together1
 followed by ,graun4 ,i led them to the 
,man in  ,blue4 ,but what a change had  
come over him6 ,the pallor of death was 
on  his brow2 he had sunk back on a     
bench1 and when he perceived us vainly  
strove to rise4 8,ah6 excuse me1 my     
masters4 ,i receive you very badly2  but
 ,i am not well--the joy has killed me4 
,i am dying1 gentlemen1 of  joy40       
,they raised him between them4 ,i ran   
for the priest1 and to the doors1  which
 ,i shut to prevent the entrance of any 
intruders4    8,master1 whilst ,i       
confess1 play to me10 he said to ,bach4 
,bach1 seeing that mortal aid was       
useless1 left us1 and went up to  the   
organ4 ,solemnly he played4 ,he played1 
as he afterwards said1 as  he never     
played before or since4 ,the priest     
arrived1 and ,graun and ,i  knelt down  
whilst the ,man in ,blue received the   
last ,sacraments4 ,this  pious act      
accomplished1 we went nearer to him4 ,he

 took my hand1 and  ,graun rested the   
head of ,bze upon his breast4 ,solemnly 
the music stole  through the silent     
church2 solemnly the sunlight streamed  
through the  stained windows1 and the   
,angel of ,death stood within the temple
 of ,god4    8,i am very happy10        
murmured the dying man1 8since ,bach    
plays to me on  my organ1 and ,graun    
permits me to rest upon his bosom40     
,to me he said1 8,god bless thee1 my    
child--tell them ,i was not mad1 nor  an
 impostor4 ,my organ had a soul40       
,graun stooped and kissed his pale brow1
 and with an exquisite look of          
gratitude the ,man in ,blue died1 and   
the ,angel of ,death winged his way  to 
heaven1 bearing the poor carpenter's    
soul to ,god4--,merry ,england4         
,,literary ,,notices4            ,,true1
 ,,and ,,other ,,stories4 ,by ,george   
,parsons ,lathrop4          ,new ,york3 
,funk  ,wagnalls4          ,,noble      
,,blood4 ,a ,novel4 ,by ,julian         
,hawthorne1          author of          

8,sebastian ,strome10 8,garth10         
8,bressant10 etc4          ,new ,york3  
,d4 ,appleton  ,co4          ,,prince   
,,saroni',s ,,wife ,,and ,,the          
,,pearl-,,shell ,,necklace4          ,by
 ,julian ,hawthorne4 ,new ,york3 ,funk  
,wagnalls4          ,,dr4 ,,grattan4 ,a 
,novel4 ,by ,william ,a4 ,hammond1      
author of 8,lal40 ,new ,york3 ,d4       
,appleton  ,co4          ,,the          
,,old-,,fashioned ,,fairy ,,book4 ,by   
,mrs4 ,burton ,harrison4                
,illustrated by ,rosina ,emmet4         
,new ,york3 ,charles ,scribner's ,sons4 
,,katherine4 ,a ,novel4 ,by ,susa ,b4   
,vance4          ,philadelphia3 ,j4 ,b4 
,lippincott  ,co4          ,,white      
,,feathers4 ,by ,g4 ,i4 ,cervus4        
,philadelphia3 ,j4 ,b4 ,lippincott  ,co4
    ,mr4 ,lathrop1 whose little         
collection of stories heads this list of
  recent fiction1 is a young ,american  
author who is well and favorably  known 
as a writer of subtlety and penetration 
in the delineation  of character1 as    

well as marked by a notable             
picturesqueness of  presentation4 ,the  
volume before us1 though by no means    
representative  of his best1 has much of
 his characteristic quality1 both on its
  serious and comic sides4 8,true0 is a 
tale of ,north ,carolina life1 the      
scene being laid1 for the most part1    
near ,pamlico ,sound4 ,it has the  merit
 of being thoroughly an ,american story1
 though the basis for the  plot is laid 
in the separation of two ,english lovers
 in the early days  of ,american        
colonization1 the lady going with her   
father to the new  world1 her lover     
being at the last moment forced to      
remain in ,england1  never again to     
rejoin his sweetheart4 ,from this       
separation and the  chance meeting1     
after two hundred years1 of a descendant
 of the young  ,englishman with         
representatives of his sweetheart's     
line1 ,mr4 ,lathrop  weaves a tale of   
uncommon interest1 and of much dramatic 
power4 ,he  has struck perhaps the      

richest vein of romance that ,american  
history  affords1 and the literary      
skill1 and yet simplicity1 with which he
  improves his opportunity1 are worthy  
of high commendation4 ,the other        
stories in the volume1 8,major          
,barrington's ,marriage10 8,bad         
,peppers10  8,the ,three ,bridges10 and 
8,in ,each ,other's ,shoes10 are good1  
each in its  own way1 and afford a      
pleasant variety of excellent reading4  
,mr4 ,julian ,hawthorne's story of      
8,noble ,blood0 is a pleasant yet       
subtile  and quaint story1 the scene of 
which is laid in ,ireland4 ,a young     
artist  becomes acquainted with a very  
beautiful woman whose ambition is to    
link her own with noble blood4 ,the hero
 of the story1 who loves his new        
friend1 who1 though of ,irish birth and 
family1 is descended from an  ,italian  
merchant1 discovers through a singular  
chain of circumstances  that the lady is
 the descendant of the noblest blood in 
,venice1 her  so-called merchant        

forefather having been a great ,venetian
 noble1 who  was compelled to fly from  
his own land to escape the consequences 
of an  act of mad revenge4 ,this strange
 revelation satisfies ,miss ,cadogna's  
desire for noble blood1 and she contents
 herself with her plain lover4  ,out of 
this simple yet quaint and dramatic     
material ,mr4 ,hawthorne has  woven a   
singularly interesting little romance1  
in which the graver  elements are       
touched up by little flashes and strokes
 of humor4 ,it is  a piece of good      
literary work and will add to the       
author's reputation1  though it is by no
 means up to the author's best level4   
,as good as the foregoing novel is there
 is much stronger and subtler  work in  
8,prince ,saroni's ,wife0 and the       
8,pearl-,shell ,necklace10 two  short   
stories that well illustrate ,mr4       
,hawthorne's peculiar power4  ,each is  
of a tragical cast1 and the latter      
especially has at times a  dramatic     
intensity that becomes almost painful4  

,mr4 ,hawthorne1 as did  his father1    
embodies his most tragical conceptions  
in such simple and  direct language1    
that the spell wrought upon the reader  
does not pass  with the reading1 but    
remains long after the book has been    
laid aside4  ,there is a psychological  
value1 too1 in ,mr4 ,hawthorne's work1  
which  rewards a close study of his     
characters4 ,one feels that he is not a 
mere story-teller1 but1 as well1 an     
acute analyzer and a close student  of  
human nature in some of its most        
perplexing phases4 8,prince ,saroni's   
,wife0 is the tale of an ,italian       
prince1 and 8,the ,pearl-,shell         
,necklace0  is a story of ,american     
life4 ,both of them are well worth the  
reading1  and told with a clear-cut     
strength and directness which mark the  
writer  as a literary artist as well as 
a man of genius4    ,dr4 ,hammond's     
second novel1 8,dr4 ,grattan10 is not   
equal to his first  in power1 freshness1
 and dramatic sense1 qualities which    

partly  redeemed the crudeness and      
extravagance of the latter book4 8,lal0 
was  in many ways a notable work1 and   
though the work of a prentice hand  in  
the art of novel-writing1 had plenty of 
strength and vigor in it4  ,in 8,dr4    
,grattan0 one must confess to a feeling 
of disappointment1 as  the story is a   
trifle dull1 and none of the characters 
have any of the  vraisemblance of flesh 
and blood1 except a few of the village  
loafers  and loungers1 who haunt the    
village store of the ,adirondack town1  
where  the scene of the story is placed4
 ,dr4 ,grattan1 the hero of the book1 is
  a middle aged country physician1 who  
has one fair daughter1 and who is       
pictured to us as a noble specimen of a 
man1 in his physical1 mental1  and moral
 attributes4 ,mr4 ,lamar and his        
daughter ,louise are personages  of a   
singular cast4 ,the father is a         
monomaniac1 though a gentleman and  a   
millionaire1 and the daughter a superb  
and glorious woman1 endowed  with all   

the noblest qualities of her sex4 ,the  
main animus of the book  is apparently  
to show that a middle-aged country      
physician may have a  justifiable taste 
for novel-writing1 to while away the    
intervals of  medical practice2 and that
 he1 if well-preserved and good-looking1
 even  if encumbered with a pretty      
daughter herself marriageable1 may win  
the  superb and glorious woman before   
mentioned for a second wife4 ,both of   
these points the author establishes to  
his own satisfaction4 ,there is  enough 
material to make a very good story1 but 
we do not think ,dr4  ,hammond handles  
it with as much skill and deftness as   
might be woven  into it4 ,the style is  
slipshod and careless1 and such as one  
might  fancy would be the instinctive   
method of an author who had rattled off 
the matter at race-horse speed very much
 as a woman would reel off a  skein of  
worsted4 ,one or two unpleasant faults  
are specially noticeable  in a minor    
way4 ,one among them may be mentioned as

 a disposition to  sneer at novelists1  
who1 whatever their faults of conception
 as to the  function of the novelist1   
rank deservedly high as master-artists  
in  style and finish of method4 ,the    
questionable taste of such criticism1   
under the circumstances1 is very much   
such as would call forth  condemnation  
for ,howells or ,james if they had the  
audacity to practice  medicine to the   
infinite peril of their fellow-beings1  
and then  satirize a skilful and        
experienced physician whose ability was 
widely  recognized4 ,ne sutor ultra     
crepidem1 or1 if he will insist1 let not
  the shoemaker use his last to measure 
the art of ,apelles or ,praxiteles4     
,mrs4 ,burton ,harrison's               
8,old-,fashioned ,fairy ,book0 is a     
collection  of fresh and charming fairy 
stories and middle-age myths happily    
adapted to the taste and comprehension  
of young people4 ,this lady has         
discovered in the various examples of   
literary work1 she has given the        

public1 fine artistic taste and         
facility4 ,the present little volume  is
 a charming present for lads and        
lassies1 and the stories told are  not  
such as the youngster finds in the      
ordinary book of fairy stories4  ,they  
are derived from out-of-the way sources1
 and though some of them  are rather    
grim for young people1 they are on the  
whole sufficiently  healthy and cheerful
 for their purpose4 ,the chief          
recommendation of  these selections is  
that they do not belong to the class of 
hackneyed  and conventional tales mostly
 utilized for fairy book-making4 ,the   
illustrations by ,miss ,rosina ,emmet   
are spirited2 graceful and  appropriate4
    ,the last two novels mentioned in   
our list may be dismissed with a few    
words as belonging to the eminently     
proper and virtuous school of  fiction1 
which demands that there shall be a     
certain fixed proportion  of such       
haranguing as would be ordinarily heard 
in a ,sunday-school1  whatever other    

elements may be introduced to meet the  
tastes of the  novel-reading class4 ,the
 excellent moral advice so freely       
scattered  throughout these novels we   
cordially commend as worthy to be       
pondered  and inwardly digested1 but    
probably the average novel-reader would 
wish  for it in a different place4 ,yet 
there are novels and novels1 just as    
there are people and people1 and it may 
be that there is a public for  just such
 productions as the above4 ,it is with  
unqualified pleasure  that we commend   
these two volumes1 8,white ,feathers0   
and 8,katherine10 as  quite gorgeous    
specimens of bookbinding and cover      
designing in a cheap  fashion4          
,,egypt ,,and ,,babylon4 ,,from ,,sacred
 ,,and ,,profane ,,sources4          ,by
 ,george ,rawlinson1 ,m4,a41            
,camden ,professor of ,ancient ,history1
 ,oxford4          ,new ,york3 ,charles 
,scribner's ,sons4    ,this contribution
 to ancient history is a useful         
companion to ,prof4  ,sayce's 8,ancient 

,empires of the ,east10 recently        
published by the same  house4 ,it is the
 work of one of the most noted of       
,english scholars1 and  he has brought  
all the latest researches to bear on the
 study of the  two great empires of     
,egypt and ,babylonia1 with whom the    
,jewish people  had most to do4 ,the    
method of ,prof4 ,rawlinson is to make  
the ,biblical  references to these two  
mighty nations the text or foundation of
 his  studies2 and then to turn on the  
somewhat obscure and contradictory      
accounts of the ,sacred ,records the    
fulness of light brought out of         
archological and linguistic research4   
,the result is very happy1 and  the     
,biblical student of the ,old ,testament
 will find in this book a  guide of the 
greatest value in clearly grasping the  
accounts of the  ,biblical writers4     
,,the ,,hundred ,,greatest ,,men3       
,,portraits ,,of ,,the ,,hundred        
,,greatest ,,men ,,in ,,history1        
,,reproduced ,,from ,,fine ,,and ,,rare 

,,steel-,,engravings1          ,,with   
,,general ,,introduction ,,by ,,ralph   
,,waldo ,,emerson2          ,,and ,,to  
,,book ,i4 ,,by ,,matthew ,,arnold2 ,,to
 ,,book ,,ii4 ,,by ,h4          ,,taine2
 ,,to ,,book ,,iii4 ,,by ,,prof4 ,,max  
,m,,ller ,,and ,,ernest                 
,,renan2 ,,to ,,book ,,iv4 ,,by         
,,president ,,noah ,,porter2 ,,to       
,,book ,v4 ,,by ,,very ,,rev4 ,,dean    
,,stanley2 ,,to ,,book ,,vi4 ,,by       
,,prof4 ,h4 ,,helmholtz2 ,,to ,,book    
,,vii4 ,,by ,j4 ,a4 ,,froude2           
,,and ,,to ,,book ,,viii4 ,,by ,,prof4  
,,john ,,fiske4          ,new ,york3 ,d4
 ,appleton  ,co4    ,the editor of this 
collection of pen portraits of the      
hundred  greatest men1 informs us that  
the project is one side of an attempt   
to view the history of the world as     
natural history4 ,in this way he        
conceives biography as the physiology of
 history just as archology  is its      
anatomy4 ,with this thought in mind ,dr4
 ,william ,wood has been  for fifteen   

years a collector of engraved portraits 
and antiquities  regarding them as      
historic documents4 ,out of this mass of
 material  he has given us the          
illustrations of the book1 which consist
 of the  portraits of the great men1 the
 primates of their race1 while to       
illustrate the portraits we have short1 
and1 it need hardly be said1  meagre    
accounts of the men themselves1 with a  
brief tabulation of  their work1 and a  
condensed estimate of their place in the
 world's  progress4 ,the principal      
literary value of the book1 we think1 is
 to  be found in the prefaces or        
introductions to each department1 with  
the general introduction by ,ralph      
,waldo ,emerson4 ,all of these are      
written in a scholarly and able style1  
and will be read with as much  or even  
more interest than the biographical     
sketches themselves4  ,after all1 we    
fancy the value of the work to most     
readers will be  accepted as pertaining 
to the portraits1 which are reproduced  

in  a very artistic manner from old and 
rare engravings4 ,these are of  great   
interest4 ,in the biographical          
statements nothing but the barest       
outline1 not quite as much1 in fact1 as 
may be found in our best  cyclopdias1 is
 attempted4 ,the book is very handsomely
 printed and  manufactured1 and is one  
of the best specimens of book-making    
which  we have recently seen4           
,,eve',s ,,daughters2 ,,or1             
,,common-,,sense ,,for ,,maid1 ,,wife   
,,and ,,mother4          ,by ,marian    
,harland1 author of 8,common-,sense in  
the ,household40          ,new ,york3   
,charles ,scribner's ,sons4    ,the     
author of this book is widely known1 and
 her words respected in a  line of      
subjects peculiarly affecting the       
interests of her own sex4 ,in  the new  
volume under notice she talks familiarly
 to her sex about those  matters where  
women need sound counsel more than      
elsewhere4 ,it is in  the relations of  
wife and mother that her advice is the  

most urgent and  important4 ,at a time  
when there is growing up among women of 
the better  class such a cruelly        
perverse view of the duties and         
responsibility of  their own sex1       
especially in relation to marriage and  
child-bearing1  the words of a wise1    
earnest and thoughtful woman are        
peculiarly  needed4 ,miss ,harland      
speaks plainly1 yet delicately1 on such 
subjects1  and if her injunctions could 
be widely heeded the world would be     
better  off4 ,it is a work to be        
specially and cordially recommended to  
young  women everywhere4            ,a  
,,review ,,of ,,the ,,holy ,,bible1     
,,containing ,,the ,,old          ,,and 
,,new ,,testaments4 ,by ,edward ,b4     
,latch4          ,philadelphia3 ,j4 ,b4 
,lippincott  ,co4    ,the author of this
 book1 for we suppose he can be called  
an author who  rearranges and classifies
 the text of the ,bible with a view to  
bringing  out better the inner meaning  
and purpose of the text1 we are led to  

judge is not a theologian by profession4
 ,but this does not commend his  work   
any the less4 ,the unprofessional       
enthusiast1 believing either that  he   
has some inner illumination1 or         
convinced that he is working on the     
lines of a finer and higher logic than  
is given to other men1 is well          
justified in encroaching on a field     
which by ordinary consent is given  up  
to professional scholars4 ,mr4 ,latch is
 evidently profoundly sure  that he has 
found esoteric meanings in the great    
,biblical cryptogram1  which reveal     
themselves clearly once the clew is     
given4 ,the clew in  this case is a     
study of the ,bible1 taking the         
interpretations of ,st4  ,paul as a     
starting-point and assuming a number of 
bases1 according to  which these        
interpretations are classed4 ,the whole 
attempt is curious  and interesting1 and
 is likely to prove edifying to students
 of the  ,sacred ,scriptures4 ,mr4      
,latch works out a curious historic     

psychology in  the sacred records1 and  
his comments and glosses are highly     
ingenious  if not convincing4 ,of one   
thing we are sure4 ,the author is       
convinced  that his mission is to make  
the purpose of the ,bible clearer1 more 
consecutive and conclusive for the      
theology worked out of it by that  great
 codifier and lawgiver of ,christian    
theology1 ,st4 ,paul4 ,this  modern     
coadjutor of the great apostle is       
saturated with the ,pauline  theology1  
and yet some of his views are fresh and 
original1 though  never at variance with
 those of his master1 from whom he      
drinks at  the fountainhead4 ,the quaint
 and ingenious interpretations which we 
find scattered through these pages will 
repay reading1 even when we  think his  
glosses forced and eccentric4 ,to find a
 man in this age of  the world1 after   
the raging of eighteen hundred years of 
exhaustive  religious and dogmatic      
controversy1 who fancies that he has    
something  new and startling to say on  

the problems propounded in the ,bible1  
is a  refreshing fact which should not  
go without brief comment4               
,,the ,,elements ,,of ,,moral ,,science1
 ,,theoretical ,,and ,,practical4       
,by ,noah ,porter1 ,d4,d41 ,,ll4,d41    
,president of ,yale ,college4           
,new ,york3 ,charles ,scribner's ,sons4 
,the remarkable ,president of ,yale     
,college1 whose name is treasured  up in
 the hearts of thousands of the alumni  
of ,yale as one of the  wisest1 most    
genial1 and lovable of the many         
distinguished instructors  associated   
with the history of the college1 gives  
us in this study of  ethics the ripe and
 mellowed fruit of his thought and work4
 ,for many  years ,president ,porter was
 the professor of mental and moral      
philosophy  before he assumed the       
headship of the college4 ,the substance 
of the  book before us was originally   
given in the shape of lectures before   
the senior classes4 ,we are told that   
the book is not designed for  a         

scientific treatise1 but to meet the    
wants of those students and  readers    
who1 though somewhat mature in their    
philosophical thinking and  disciplined 
in their mental habits1 still require   
expanded definitions  and abundant      
illustrations involving more or less of 
repetition4  ,dr4 ,porter has in his own
 line of investigation great clearness  
of  statement1 and the power1 perhaps   
growing out of the needs of the         
class-room1 of familiarizing and        
simplifying abstruse reasonings4  ,we   
find this strikingly illustrated in the 
book before us4 ,it is  masterly in its 
lucidity of reasoning1 and in its       
applications often so  practical as to  
make us feel that the object of the     
author is not  merely to lay bare the   
scientific theory of ethics1 but to     
bring  its principles home to the heart 
and sympathy of his readers4 ,as a      
dialectical exposition the cut-and-dried
 philosopher who revels in the  abstract
 formulas of ,kant1 ,hegel1             

,schopenhauer and others may find       
occasion to criticise ,dr4 ,porter's    
methods4 ,but to the general reader  the
 speculations of ,dr4 ,porter will prove
 none the less interesting  because he  
brings them down to the sympathies and  
interests of men4          ,,foreign    
,,literary ,,notes4      ,dr4           
,stratmann1 the compiler of the         
excellent 8,dictionary of the ,old      
,english ,language10 has died at        
,cologne at the age of sixty-two4       
,the engagement is announced of ,mr4 ,g4
 ,e4 ,buckle1 the editor of the  ,times1
 to ,miss ,alice ,payn1 the third       
daughter of the distinguished  novelist 
and editor of the ,cornhill ,magazine4  
,there is the unusual number of three   
vacancies at this moment in the  ranks  
of the ,french 8,immortals40 ,two of the
 seats1 however1 are as  good as filled 
by ,m4 ,joseph ,bertrand and ,m4 ,victor
 ,duruy4 ,for the  third there are      
several candidates1 of whom ,m4 ,ludovic
 ,halvy is first  favorite4 ,it was     

believed that ,m4 ,alphonse ,daudet was 
standing1 but he  has authorized the    
,figaro to say that he never has offered
 himself1  and never will offer himself 
to the ,academy4      ,a new novel by   
,georg ,ebers1 upon which he has been at
 work for two  years1 is to be published
 at ,christmas4 ,the subject is taken   
from the  last struggles of ,paganism   
against ,christendom1 and the scene is  
laid  in ,egypt4      ,the new and      
enlarged edition 7the third7 of ,hermann
 ,grimm's 8,essays10  includes articles 
on ,lord ,byron and ,leigh ,hunt1       
,frederick the ,great and  ,macaulay1   
and ,ralph ,waldo ,emerson4      ,henrik
 ,ibsen's 8,vildanden0 to which all     
,scandinavia has been looking  forward  
for months past1 proves on the whole a  
disappointment to his  admirers4 ,it is 
a five-act social satire1 full of strong
 scenes and  pregnant sayings1 and      
containing at least two masterly        
characters2 but  there is no shirking   
the fact that as a drama it is          

ill-digested and  formless4 ,nor is the 
apologue of 8,the ,wild ,duck10 from    
which it takes  its name1 by any means  
so luminous or of such general          
application as  is commonly the case    
with this great satirist's inventions4  
,it will  certainly not add to the fame 
of the author of 8,a ,doll's ,house0 and
  8,ghosts40 ,bjrnsen1 too1 in his new  
novel1 8,det ,flager10 is not at his    
best4 ,it is an earnest and well-meant  
protest against false delicacy  in      
education2 but unfortunately it proves  
its author to be distinctly  deficient  
in true delicacy4 ,the youngest of the  
three great ,norwegian  poets1          
,alexander ,kielland1 has not yet issued
 his promised novel  8,fortuna10 but it 
is to be hoped that he may redeem the   
credit of a  season which has as yet    
proved by no means the annus mirabilis  
that  was anticipated4                  
,,miscellany4      ,,women ,,as         
,,cashiers4--,the movement in favor of  
employing women  in all kinds of work   

that was formerly done by men only is   
one that  should be carried on with     
caution2 for women and girls have       
sometimes  been put into situations for 
which their sex is unfit--the           
,government  clerkships in ,america for 
instance--and the result has been a     
reaction  against their employment in   
capacities where they are really useful4
  ,but of all the posts to which women's
 aptitudes are the least open to        
question1 that of cashier must be cited 
first4 ,women are excellent             
money-keepers4 ,while male cashiers form
 a grievously large percentage  among   
the prisoners brought to trial for      
embezzlement1 women and girls  being    
seldom exposed to the same temptations  
as men in the matter of  dissipation1   
betting1 gambling1 or speculation1 have 
very rarely been  known to              
misappropriate moneys entrusted to them4
 ,an honest woman  is very honest2 8an  
honest man is too often10 as ,lord      
,palmerston  bitterly said1 8one who has

 never been tempted40 ,a man once       
applied  to an ,italian banker for a    
cashiership1 and was asked to state his 
qualifications4 8,i have been ten years 
in prison10 he said1 8and so  shall not 
mind being locked up in a room by       
myself1 and having my  pockets searched 
when ,i go out and come in40 ,the banker
 admired his  impudence1 took him at his
 word and used to say that he made a    
splendid  cashier4 ,we are not affirming
 that antecedents like this rogue's are 
required to fit a man for a post of     
trust2 but we do maintain that it  is   
very difficult to find a thoroughly     
trustworthy male cashier1 even  among   
applicants provided with a mass of      
testimonials2 whereas careful1  honest1 
and well-educated women1 in whom full   
confidence can be placed1  exist in     
great numbers4--,graphic4    ,,the      
,,house ,,of ,,lords3 ,,can ,,it ,,be   
,,reformed8--,we look to a second       
,chamber to improve the work of the     
first1 not simply to foil it4 ,we  do   

not expect to have to do the work over  
again1 as has been the case  with nearly
 every measure submitted to the ordeal  
of passing the ,house  of ,lords4 ,why  
is this8 ,how comes it to happen with a 
,house in which1  without doubt1 there  
are men of acknowledged capacity--men   
fully coming  up to the idea of what an 
assembly of notables should be--there is
 this  constantly recurring1 mischievous
 meddling8 ,how is it that beneficent   
legislation has almost invariably had to
 be wrung from them1 and that  an       
inordinate waste of time1 coupled with  
an utterly unnecessary and  irritating  
friction1 has been the result8 ,an      
answer to these questions  is to be     
found in the fact that the members of   
the ,house of ,lords feel  themselves   
entitled to legislate according to their
 own sweet will1 and  without reference 
to the wishes or wants of the people of 
this country4  ,they look upon all      
political and social questions from the 
point of  view of their own order--an   

order which at the best must be regarded
  as exclusive and privileged4 ,this    
tendency is a perfectly natural one1    
and they are to be no more blamed for   
exhibiting it than any other  class1    
whether rich or poor1 professional or   
commercial1 for looking at  matters from
 their own point of view4 ,we must      
condemn the system which  not only      
enables the ,lords to do this1 but gives
 effect to their views  by according to 
them privileges for which practically   
the country gets  no return4 ,we have no
 right to expect a ,peer to place       
himself outside  his surroundings3 we   
have a right to demand that the needs of
 the many  shall be preferred to the    
interests of the few4 ,observe the      
tendency  of those interests1 and note  
one result1 at least1 which is in itself
  productive of ill4 ,the tendency among
 the ,peers towards the principles  of  
,conservatism increases every year4     
,even ,peers who in the ,house of       
,commons were apparently sound ,liberals

 rarely maintained their strictly       
,liberal attitude2 and where the        
original possessor of the title proves  
true to his early faith1 it is rarely   
that his successor walks in  his steps4 
,the consequence is that the            
,conservative majority in the  ,house of
 ,lords has for many years gone on      
steadily increasing1 and the  addition  
of fresh recruits does little to stem   
the tide2 one result  of which is that a
 ,liberal ,ministry comes into power    
very heavily  handicapped2 it has this  
hostile majority always to contend with1
  and has to shape its measures1 not so 
much with an eye to the wants  of the   
people1 as to the possibility of        
mollifying this majority4 ,it  further  
throws the burden of legislative work on
 the ,house of ,commons  unduly1 because
 a ,liberal ,ministry knows full well   
that it will  require the force of a    
large majority in the ,lower ,house to  
induce  the ,upper ,house even to       
consider its measures4 ,much of the     

difficulty  experienced in the ,house of
 ,commons1 by the ,government as well as
 by  private ,members1 in getting their 
measures passed1 is due to that  ,house 
being overworked2 the reason of this    
being that the other ,house  does not   
get its fair share of work1 owing to its
 attitude towards  all ,liberal         
legislation4 ,i am far from saying that 
,conservatives1 or  ,conservative       
,peers1 have no sympathy with their     
fellow-countrymen4  ,but their feeling  
towards the masses is that of desiring  
to act for  them rather than of wishing 
to get them to act for themselves2 in   
other words they show a tendency to     
maintain the power of beneficial        
legislation in their own hands1 and not 
to entrust it to those who are  likely  
to feel its effects the most4 ,it is    
this want of confidence  rather than a  
lack of sympathy which is so            
unfortunate4 ,it makes the  ,peers      
anxious to retain power in their own    
interests2 and thus their  action in the

 ,house of ,lords is taken without the  
slightest sense of  responsibility1 or  
without the slightest pretence of       
representing the  views and wishes of   
the people at large4 ,what1 then1 is the
 remedy for  all this8 ,clearly1 to make
 the second ,chamber truly a            
representative  one--representative of  
the great interests of the people1 of   
the ,state1  of the empire4--,british   
,quarterly4      ,a ,,revolving         
,,library4--,the idea of applying the   
principle of  revolution to simplify    
religious duties seems to have          
originated in the  feeling that since   
only the learned could acquire merit by 
continually  reciting portions of       
,buddha's works1 the ignorant and hard  
working were  rather unfairly weighted  
in life's heavenward race4 ,thus it came
 to be  accounted sufficient that a man 
should turn over each of the numerous   
rolled manuscripts containing the       
precious precepts1 and considering  the 
multitude of these voluminous writings1 

the substitution of this  simple process
 must have been very consolatory4 ,max  
,mller has told us  how the original    
documents of the ,buddhist canon were   
first found  in the monasteries of      
,nepaul1 and soon afterwards further    
documents  were discovered in ,thibet   
and ,mongolia1 the ,thibetan canon      
consisting  of two collections1 together
 comprising #ccc volumes folio4 ,another
  collection of the ,wisdom of ,buddha  
was brought from ,ceylon1 covering      
#ad1jjj palm leaves1 and written partly 
in ,singalese and partly in  ,burmese   
characters4 ,nice light reading6 ,from  
turning over these  manuscripts by hand1
 to the simple process of arranging them
 in a huge  cylindrical bookcase1 and   
turning that bodily1 was a very simple  
and  ingenious transition2 and thus the 
first circulating library came into     
existence6--,contemporary ,review4      
,a ,,child',s ,,metaphors4--,the early  
use of names by children  seems to      
illustrate the play of fancy almost as  

much as the activity  of thought4 ,in   
sooth1 have not thought and imagination 
this in common1  that they both combine 
elements of experience in new ways1 and 
both  trace out the similarities of     
things8 ,the poet's simile is not so    
far removed from the scientific         
discoverer's new idea4 ,goethe the  poet
 readily became ,goethe the             
morphologist1 detecting analogies in    
structures which to the common eye were 
utterly unlike4 ,the sweet              
attractiveness of baby-speech is due in 
no small measure to its highly          
pictorial and metaphorical character4   
,like the primitive language  of the    
race1 that of the child is continually  
used as a vehicle for  poetical         
comparison4 ,the child and the poet have
 this in common1 that  their minds are  
not fettered by all the associations and
 habits of  mind which lead us prosaic  
persons to separate things by absolutely
  insuperable barriers4 ,in their case  
imagination darts swiftly1 like  a      

dragon-fly1 from object to object1 ever 
discovering beneath a                   
surface-dissimilarity some unobtrusive  
likeness4 ,a child is apt to  puzzle its
 elders by these swift movements of its 
mind4 ,it requires a  certain poetic    
element in a parent to follow the lead  
of the daring  child-fancy1 and it is   
probable that many a fine perception of 
analogy  by children has been quite     
thrown away on the dull and prejudiced  
minds  of their seniors4 ,to give an    
example of this metaphorical use of     
words  by the child3 ,c4 when eighteen  
months old was one day watching his     
sister as she dipped her crust into her 
tea4 ,he was evidently surprised  by the
 rare sight1 and after looking a moment 
or two1 exclaimed 8,ba60  7bath71       
laughing with delight1 and trying1 as   
was his wont when deeply  interested in 
a spectacle1 to push his mother's face  
round so that  she too might admire it4 
,the boy delighted in such figurative   
use of  words1 now employing them as    

genuine similes1 as when he said of a   
dog  panting after a run1 8,dat bow-wow 
like puff-puff0 and of the first real   
ship he saw sailing1 8,dat ship go      
majory daw0 7i4e4 like marjory-daw  in  
the nursery rhyme74 ,like many a poet he
 has had his recurring or  standing     
metaphors4 ,thus1 as we have seen1      
8ship0 was the figurative  expression   
for all objects having a pyramidal form4
 ,a pretty example  of his love of      
metaphor was his habit of calling the   
needle in a small  compass of his       
father's 8bir0 7bird74 ,it needs a      
baby-mind to detect  the faint          
resemblance to the bird form and the    
bird movement here4 ,the  same tendency 
of the child-mind to view things        
metaphorically or by  the aid of        
analogies to what is already familiar1  
shows itself in the  habit of           
personifying natural objects4 ,it has   
been said by a living  philosopher that 
children do not attribute life1 thought1
 and purpose  to inanimate things2 but  

observation of their use of words is1 ,i
 think1  decidedly against this view4   
,c4 had a way from a very early date of 
looking at natural objects as though by 
their actions they specially  aimed at  
affecting his well-being4 ,thus he would
 show all the signs of  kingly          
displeasure when his serenity of mind   
was disturbed by noises4  ,when1 for    
example1 he was taken to the seaside    
7about when twenty  months old71 he     
greatly disappointed his parent1        
expectant of childish  wonder in his    
eyes by merely muttering 8,water make   
noise40 ,again1 he  happened one day in 
the last week of his second year to be  
in the  garden with his father while it 
was thundering4 ,on hearing the sound he
  said with an evident tone of          
annoyance1 8,tonna m ,ninghi noi10 i4e4 
thunder makes noise for ,c41 and he     
instantly added1 8,notty tonna60        
7naughty thunder74 ,he was falling into 
that habit of mind against  which       
philosophers have often warned us1      

making man the measure of  the universe4
 ,the idea that the solemn roar of      
thunder was specially  designed to      
disturb the peace of mind of so         
diminutive a person seems  no doubt     
absurd enough2 yet how many of us are   
altogether free from  the same narrow1  
vain1 egoistic way of looking out into  
the vast and  boundless                 
cosmos8--,english ,illustrated          
,magazine4    ,,has ,,england ,a        
,,school ,,of ,,musical                 
,,composition8--,we suppose the         
question must be answered in the        
affirmative2 but with the knowledgment  
that the insularity of ,england reduces 
the idea to a minimum4 ,our  insular    
position is a natural obstacle to the   
complete development  of our music4 ,we 
pursue music with all activity1 but that
 of itself  is but the physique1 as it  
were1 of vitality4 ,it is an evident    
truth  that1 besides that the artistic  
and intellectual development of this    
great human art necessitates a wide area

 for its growth1 its vital or  emotional
 being demands a more southern country  
than ,england4 ,central  ,europe is the 
seat of music's history4 ,our           
aspirations1 intelligent  activity1 and 
association with the ,continent1 lead to
 our reflecting  the workmanship of     
southern art in our serious             
compositions2 this is  not a struggle1  
as that to find vitality1 but an        
achievement4 ,this  stage of imitation  
greatly characterizes modern ,english   
music effort4  ,even ,arthur ,sullivan1 
our modern land ,dibdin1 shows the      
intellectual  side of his genius in     
imitation4 ,the great mass of our modern
 melody  is too conscious of structure  
to be true1 too sentimental to be real4 
,these are relative descriptions1 but   
the whole condition of ,english  music  
is relative4 ,the musical faculty--the  
spontaneous creation of  music is       
national--is natural1 yet is not equally
 developed4 ,individual  instances of   
its truthful1 vital1 genuine 7whatever  

expression  signifies relationship to   
southern developments7 existence in our 
history are so rare and isolated1 that  
we might surely wonder how  they came to
 be1 and the influence of their example 
on us has had  proportionately small    
consequences4 ,but the typical ,english 
activity  and work--which is quite      
another thing--goes on4 ,we may         
certainly  allow a national style of    
,english ,church music in the past1 but 
must  remember that religion was its    
raison d'tre--a wider development of    
music was absent4 ,thus1 in asking      
ourselves if we have or have not a      
school of ,english music--taking        
8school0 to mean the mould of music's   
expression determined by the            
circumstances and men of the time--we   
must  acknowledge that1 though we       
doubtless have something of the sort1 it
 is  only in the slightest degree       
perceptible4--,musical ,opinion4        
,,booty ,,in ,,war4--,charles1 as soon  
as he had finished conquering           

,lorraine1 gathered his host at         
,besanon1 and marched to ,granson on the
  ,neuchtel ,lake4 ,here a garrison of  
#ejj ,swiss was betrayed to him2 he     
hanged or drowned every man of them1    
including the monks who came as         
chaplains4 ,justly enraged1 the         
,federation gathered its whole strength1
  and with #bd1jjj men fell upon        
,charles unawares and defeated him      
utterly4 ,the booty was something       
fabulous2 ,burgundy1 taking taxes from  
all the rich ,netherland towns1 was then
 the richest ,power in ,europe4  ,the   
spoil was valued at a quarter of a      
million4 ,you may calculate what  that  
would be worth now4 ,the big            
diamonds--one is now in the ,pope's     
tiara1 another was long the glory of the
 ,french regalia--were among  the       
valuables4 ,the ,duke's throne was      
valued at #aa1jjj gulden2 all his       
plate1 his silver bedstead1 his         
wonderfully illuminated prayer-book1    
were taken1 besides #a1jjj1jjj gulden in

 his treasure chest1 #aj1jjj  horses1   
and a proportionate quantity of all     
kinds of stores4 ,no wonder  the ,swiss 
never recovered ,granson2 there were    
long and bitter quarrels  about the     
division of the booty1 and the coming in
 of so much wealth  amongst a simple    
people demoralised them sadly1 and led  
the way to  their becoming the chief    
mercenaries of ,europe4--,good ,words4  
,,sir ,,henry ,,bessemer4--,among his   
early contrivances may be  noted a      
method by which basso-relievos were     
copied on cardboard1 and  also a machine
 for producing bronze-dust at a low     
price4 ,knowing well  the inefficiency  
of the ,patent ,laws1 ,bessemer was     
careful to conduct  his operations as   
secretly as possible1 and the           
manufacture of gold  bronze powder is   
still invested with much of the mystery 
of medival  alchemy4 ,after inventing a 
system for improving the ,government    
stamps  on deeds and other documents1 so
 as to render forgery impossible1       

saving the country several millions 7for
 which he received no reward  or        
acknowledgment whatever from the        
,government71 he submitted to the       
authorities at ,woolwich a novel form of
 projectile4 ,on its rejection  in      
,england he exhibited it to the emperors
 of ,france and ,austria1 who           
acknowledged its value1 and gave the    
inventor every assistance for its       
improvement4 ,it was incidentally       
remarked1 however1 that some stronger   
metal than any then in use would be     
necessary for the construction of  the  
guns1 to enable them to resist so heavy 
a charge4 ,it is said that  this remark 
first led ,bessemer to turn his         
attention to the improvement  of the    
method of smelting iron4 ,he established
 and maintained at his  own expense a   
foundry in the north of ,london1 where  
he continued for  several years to      
expend nearly the whole of his private  
fortune4 ,at  length1 in #ahef1 at the  
,cheltenham meeting of the ,british     

,association1  the scientific world was 
startled1 and almost a panic created at 
,birmingham1 by the announcement of the 
discovery of the process1 since  known  
as the ,bessemer process1 which was to  
effect a revolution in  the metal       
industry4 ,the invention1 however1      
remained incomplete till  the year      
#ahei1 when it first began to be adopted
 by the ,sheffield and  ,birmingham     
manufacturers4 ,recent                  
improvements--more particularly the     
,gilchrist-,thomas process--have since  
greatly increased its value and         
removed1 or at least diminished1 its    
earlier defects4 ,bessemer steel  is now
 used for every purpose in 8hardware10  
and has almost entirely  supplanted     
wrought iron4 ,for rails it has proved  
invaluable4 ,then its  extreme tenacity 
and toughness render it most suitable   
for the purposes  of ship-building and  
boiler construction4 ,it has been       
adopted by ,krupp  in ,prussia1 and     
,elpstrand in ,sweden1 for the          

manufacture of their  celebrated        
ordnance2 and even ,sir ,william        
,armstrong1 in designing his  coiled    
steel guns1 resorted to the ,bessemer   
metal4 ,mr4 ,w4 ,d4 ,allen1  of         
,sheffield1 who was the first to adopt  
the process practically and             
commercially1 declared recently that he 
had made every conceivable  article with
 the metal1 from an intermediate crank  
shaft to a corkscrew  or table-knife4   
,in #ahgh a ,commission of the          
,admiralty adopted ,bessemer  steel as  
the most serviceable material for       
anchors4 ,the inventions of  ,sir ,henry
 ,bessemer are embodied in no less than 
#aad patents1 and the  drawings of these
 alone1 all from his own pencil1 fill   
seven volumes4  ,some of these refer to 
the casting of printing types1 and      
various  improvements in the management 
of a type foundry2 to railway brakes2 to
  the improved manufacture of glass2 the
 silvering of glass2 to improved        
apparatus in sugar refining2 and to     

producing ornamental surfaces on        
leather and textile fabrics4 ,in #ahge  
he invented the ,bessemer saloon        
steamer for preventing sea-sickness4 ,a 
company was formed1 he himself          
subscribing #be1jjj towards the capital1
 but unfortunately it failed4  ,the     
institute of ,civil ,engineers was the  
first body to recognise  the merits of  
,mr4 ,bessemer's work1 and in #aheh     
conferred upon him  the ,telford gold   
medal4 ,the interposition of the        
,british ,government  prevented him     
receiving from the ,emperor ,napoleon   
,,iii4 the ,grand ,cross  of the ,legion
 of ,honor4 ,from the ,emperor of       
,austria he received the  ,cross of a   
,knight ,commander of ,francis ,joseph4 
,in #ahga1 he was elected  ,president of
 the ,iron and ,steel ,institute1 and in
 the following year  was awarded the    
,albert ,gold ,medal by the ,society of 
,arts4 ,in #ahgi he  was elected a      
,fellow of the ,royal ,society1 and a   
few months afterwards  was knighted at  

,windsor4--,science4      ,transcriber's
 ,notes3    ,underscores 80 before and  
after a word or phrase indicate italics 
in the original text4    ,the carat     
character 80 is used to designate a     
superscript4    ,small capitals have    
been converted to ,,solid capitals4     
,old or antiquated spellings have been  
preserved4    ,typographical errors have
 been silently corrected but other      
variations      in spelling and         
punctuation remain unaltered4           
,,footnotes3    #a ,the best summary of 
the benefits which the ,christian       
religion has  historically wrought for  
mankind is1 ,i think1 to be found in    
that  eloquent book 8,gesta ,christi10  
by the great ,american philanthropist1  
,mr4 ,charles ,brace4    ,the author has
 made no attempt to delineate the       
shadowy side of the  glowing picture1   
the evils of superstition and           
persecution wherewith  men have marred  
those benefits4    #b ,he says3 8,the   
leading doctrines of theology are noble 

and  glorious20 and he acknowledges that
 people who were able to accept them    
are 8ennobled by their creed40 ,they are
 8carried above and beyond the  petty   
side of life2 and if the virtue of      
propositions depended1 not  upon the    
evidence by which they may be supported1
 but their intrinsic  beauty and        
utility1 they might vindicate their     
creed against all  others0 7p4 #iag74   
,to some of us the notion of 8noble and 
glorious0  fictions is difficult to     
accept4 ,the highest thought of our poor
  minds1 whatever it be1 has surely as  
such some presumption in favor  of its  
truth4    #c 8,agnostic ,morality10     
,,contemporary ,,review1 ,june1 #ahhc4  
#d ,british tonnage increased from      
#d1bgb1ifb in #ahej to #e1gaj1ifh in    
#ahfj2 ,american tonnage from #c1dhe1bff
 in #ahej to #e1big1agg in #ahfj4  ,on  
the #cjth of ,june1 #ahhc1 twenty years 
after the civil war1 ,american  tonnage 
stood at #d1bce1dhg6    #e 8,the poet   
doubtless here refers to his ,priory of 

,st4  ,cosme-en-l',isle2 of which1      
,duperron1 in his funeral oration on    
,ronsard1  has said3 #8,this ,priory is 
placed in a very agreeable situation on 
the  banks of the river ,loire1         
surrounded by thickets1 streams1 and all
  the natural beauties which embellish  
,touraine1 of which it is1 as it  were1 
the eye and the charm4' ,ronsard1 in    
fact1 returned thither to               
die40--,sainte-,beuve1 #8,posie         
,franaise au ,,xvie4 ,sicle' 7,paris1   
#ahfi71  p4 #cjg4    #f ,i give a brief 
sketch of this in my book1 8,la ,prusse 
et l',autriche  depuis ,sadowa10 vol4   
i41 p4 #bfe4    #g 8,it is absolutely   
necessary for ,dalmatia to become       
connected  with ,bosnia4 ,as a          
,montenegrin guide one day remarked to  
,miss ,muir  ,mackenzie1 #8,dalmatia    
without ,bosnia1 is like a face without 
a head1  and ,bosnia without ,dalmatia  
is a head without a face4' ,there being 
no  communication between the ,dalmatian
 ports and the inland villages1  the    

former with their fine names are but    
unimportant little towns  stripped of   
all their former splendor4 ,for         
instance1 ,ragusa1 formerly  an         
independent ,republic1 has a population 
of #f1jjj inhabitants2 ,zara  #i1jjj2   
,zebeniko #f1jjj2 and ,cattaro1 situated
 in the most lovely bay in  ,europe1 and
 with a natural basin sufficiently      
spacious to accommodate  the navy of all
 ,europe1 has but #b1jgh inhabitants4   
,in several of  these impoverished      
cities1 beggars have taken up their     
abode in the  ancient palaces of the    
princes of commerce1 and the lion of    
,st4 ,mark  overlooks these buildings   
falling into ruins4 ,this coast1 which  
has  the misfortune to adjoin a ,turkish
 province1 will never regain its  former
 position until good roads and railways 
have been constructed  between its      
splendid ports and the fertile inland   
territory1 whose  productiveness is at  
present essentially hampered by the     
vilest  imaginable administration40--,la

 ,prusse et l',autriche depuis ,sadowa1 
ii4 p4 #aea4 #ahfh4    #h ,lives of the 
,archbishops1 iii1 #gf4    #i ,camden's 
,britannia4    #aj ,church ,history1    
,book ,,iv4 ,i4    #aa ,ibid41 ,book    
,,iii4 century xiii4    #ab ,causa      
,dei--the title of ,bradwardine's great 
work4    #ac ,a ,catalogue of the       
,bishops of ,england1 by ,francis       
,godwin1 now  ,bishop of ,landaff3      
#afae4    #ad ,cotton's ,abridgment of  
,records1 p4 #ajb1 quoted by ,lewis1 in 
his  ,life of ,wycliffe1 p4 #ai4    #ae 
,see ,milman's ,latin ,christianity1    
,book ,,xiii4 chap4 vi1 and the         
document itself as given in the         
,appendix 7,no4 #cj7 to the ,life of    
,wycliffe1 by ,lewis4    #af ,see       
,lewis's ,life of ,wycliffe1 p4 #ee1 and
 ,foxe's ,acts and  ,monuments1 vol4 i4 
p4 #ehd4    #ag ,the date of this       
meeting has not been determined with    
certainty4    #ah ,fuller#8s ,church    
,history1 ,book ,,iv4 cent4 xiv4    #ai 
,milton#8s ,speech for the ,liberty of  

,unlicensed ,printing4    #bj ,milman#8s
 ,latin ,christianity1 ,book ,,xiii4    
chap4 iv4    #ba ,see the ,document     
itself in ,lewis#8s ,life of ,wycliffe1 
pp4 #ei-fg4    #bb ,shirley#8s          
,introduction to ,fasciculi ,zizaniorum1
 p4 #di4    #bc ,wycliffe#8s ,place in  
,history1 by ,professor ,burrows1 p4    
#aja4    #bd ,trialogus1 iv4 cap4 ii41  
,oxford1 p4 #bdh4    #be ,see these as  
given by ,lewis--,conclusiones ,j4      
,wiclefi de ,sacramento  ,altaris1      
,appendix ,no4 #ai1 p4 #cah1 ed4 #ahbj4 
#bf ,confessio ,magistri ,johannes      
,wycclyff4 ,see ,appendix ,no4 #ba in   
,lewis4 ,of this confession the         
concluding words are--8,credo1 quod     
finaliter veritas vincet eos40    #bg   
,lechler#8s ,john ,wycliffe and his     
,precursors1 vol4 ii4 p4 #aic4    #bh   
,latin ,christianity1 ,book ,,xiii4     
chap4 vi4    #bi 8,how ,servants and    
,lords shall keep their degrees40 ,see  
,lewis1 pp4  #bbd1 #bbe4    #cj         
,godwin's ,catalogue of the ,bishops of 

,england1 #afae4    #ca ,cromp became   
some time after this a zealous preacher 
of the  doctrines maintained by         
,wycliffe4    #cb ,see ,milman4 ,see    
also the ,petition itself in ,select    
,english ,works  of ,john ,wycliffe1    
vol4 iii4 edited by ,thomas ,arnold4    
#cc ,godwin's ,catalogue of the ,bishops
 of ,england4    #cd ,fuller's ,church  
,history1 ,book ,,iv4 cent4 xiv4    #ce 
,wycliffe's ,latin ,works1 edited for   
the ,wycliffe ,society by ,dr4          
,buddensieg1 vol4 ii4 pp4 #eee1 #eef4   
#cf ,introduction to ,fasc4 ,zizan41 p4 
#dd4    #cg ,in so far as the printing  
of this work is concerned1 the reproach 
of ,england was wiped off by the        
,clarendon ,press in #ahfi2 but it was a
  ,german1 ,dr4 ,lechler1 who edited    
this great work1 the 8,trialogus40      
#ch ,shirley1 ,introduction to ,fasc4   
,zizan41 p4 #dg4    #ci ,shirley's      
,catalogue of the ,original ,works of   
,john ,wycliffe4  ,preface1 p4 #f1      
,oxford3 #ahfe4    #dj ,milman's ,latin 

,christianity1 ,book ,,xiii4 chap4 vi4  
#da ,illustrium ,majoris ,britanni      
,scriptorum ,summarium in ,quasdam      
,centurias ,divisum4    #db ,select     
,english ,works of ,john ,wycliffe4     
,introduction1 vol4 iii4    #dc ,this is
 the first of 8the most rare and refined
 works0 that  collectively make #8,the  
,phnix ,nest1' published in #aeic4      
,reprinted in  vol4 ii4 of              
#8,heliconia1' edited by ,t4 ,park1     
#ahae4 ,the preface bears a  marked     
resemblance to the famous epilogue to #b
 ,henry ,,iv4    #dd ,shirley3 ,preface 
to a ,catalogue of the ,original ,works 
of ,john  ,wycliffe4 ,the 8,trialogus0  
must have been written1 some have it1   
between  #achb and #achd4 ,this is shown
 by ,vaughan and ,lechler4    #de       
,knighton1 quoted by ,dr4 ,buddensieg4  
#df ,the ,holy ,bible1 containing the   
,old and ,new ,testaments1 with the     
,apocryphal ,books1 in the earliest     
,english versions1 made from the ,latin 
,vulgate1 by ,john ,wycliffe and his    

followers4 ,edited by the ,rev4 ,josiah 
,forshall and ,sir ,frederick ,madden4  
,in four volumes4 ,oxford--at the       
,university ,press3 #ahej4    #dg ,bar4 
iii4 #bj4 ,the last words are 8in place 
of them4 ,the young4440  rendered in the
 ,geneva version--8,other men are come  
up in their steads4  ,when they were    
young they saw the light40    #dh       
,forshall and ,madden's edition of      
,wycliffe's ,bible4 ,preface1  pp4 #ag1 
#ah4    #di ,godwin's ,catalogue of the 
,bishops of ,england4    #ej ,fuller1   
,book ,,iv4 cent4 xv4    #ea ,wycliffe  
and ,hus4 ,from the ,german of ,dr4     
,johann ,loserth1 ,professor  of        
,history at the ,university of          
,czernowitz4 #ahhd4    #eb ,luther's    
,preface to the ,letters of ,hus4    #ec
 ,see ,epilogue to ,henry ,,iv4 ,part   
,,ii4    #ed ,hallam's ,constitutional  
,history of ,england1 chap4 ii4 #eg1    
#eh1  #fth ed4    #ee ,knox's ,history  
of the ,reformation in ,scotland1 being 
volume first  of his ,works1 collected  

and edited by ,david ,laing4 ,edinburgh1
 #ahdf4    #ef ,shirley's ,introduction 
to ,fasc4 ,zizan41 pp4 #de1 #df4    #eg 
,speed's ,chronicle1 p4 #fgb--;ed4      
#afcb4    #eh ,preface to ,a ,catalogue 
of the ,original ,works of ,john        
,wycliffe3  #ahfe4    #ei ,m',crie's    
,life of ,john ,knox1 ,period ,i4    #fj
 ,milton1 ,paradise ,lost1 ,book ,,vi4  
#fa ,a ,true ,account of the ,rye ,house
 ,plot1 by ,thomas ,sprat1 ,bishop of   
,rochester1 #afhe4    #fb ,state papers1
 ,charles ,,ii41 ,june #afhc--8;,a      
,particular ,account of  the ,situation 
of the ,rye ,house40    #fc ,rye ,house 
,papers4 ,examination of ,robert ,west  
of the ,middle  ,temple4 ,a special     
collection among the ,state ,papers4 ,it
 may be  remembered that when this      
collection was examined an original     
treatise  of ,milton was discovered     
among the documents--a find which led to
  ,macaulay's essay on ,milton4    #fd  
,rye ,house ,papers4 ,examination of    
,josiah ,keeling and ,robert ,west4     

#fe ,ibid4    #ff ,rye ,house ,papers4  
,examination of ,josiah ,keeling and    
,robert ,west4    #fg ,ibid4    #fh ,rye
 ,house ,papers4 ,examination of ,josiah
 ,keeling and ,robert ,west4    #fi     
,ibid4 ,examination of ,thomas          
,shepherd4    #gj ,rye ,house ,papers4  
,examination of ,robert ,west and       
,josiah ,keeling4    #ga ,rye ,house    
,papers4 ,examination of ,robert ,west  
and ,zachary ,bourn4    #gb ,rye ,house 
,papers4 ,examination of ,lord ,howard1 
,alexander ,gordon1  and ,robert ,west4 
#gc ,rye ,house ,papers4 ,examination of
 ,col4 ,romsey and ,robert ,west4    #gd
 ,he was in fact a 8recluse0 in the     
ancient and proper sense of  the term4  
,for in the ,bishop's time it still     
remained customary1 after  an imposing  
ceremony1 literally to seal and shut up 
by the hands of  a bishop those--men or 
women--who elected to be recluses1 in a 
small  chamber built for the purpose    
close to the wall of some church with   
an opening inwards that the immured     

tenant might hear the service and       
receive necessary subsistence4 ,we are  
told1 for example1 by ,st4 ,foix  that  
,agnes de ,rochier1 the beautiful       
daughter of a rich tradesman1  commenced
 such a life at the church of ,st4      
,opportune1 in ,paris1 on the  #eth of  
,october1 #adjc1 and though then of only
 eighteen years1 lived in  this hermetic
 state till the ripe enough age of      
eighty4    #ge ,it was observed by      
,scott of ,amwell1 a critic of the      
verbal school1  but not without his     
soundness1 and junior to ,collins by    
nine years1  that the ,oriental         
,eclogues1 which appeared in #agdb1 were
 8always  possessed of considerable     
reputation10 till ,johnson 8having      
hinted  that ,collins1 once in          
conversation with a friend1 happened to 
term  them his ,irish ,eclogues1 those  
who form opinions not from their own    
reason or their own feelings1 but from  
the hints of others10 caught the  hint  
and circulated it4 8,that ,collins10 he 

adds1 8ever supposed his  eclogues      
destitute of merit there is no reason to
 believe2 but it is  very probable1 when
 his judgment was improved by           
experience1 he might  discover and be   
hurt by their faults1 among which may   
possibly be found  some few instances of
 inconsistence or absurdity40