,,complete ,,treatise ,,on ,,the ,,mare ,,and ,,foal1 ,,at ,,the ,,time ,,of ,,delivery1 ,,with ,,illustrations4 ,,also ,,on ,,cows ,,and ,,calves1 ,,with ,,stallion ,,and ,,mare1 ,,when ,,diseased ,,by ,gonorrhea 7clap7 or ,pox4 ,,also ,diarrhea and ,costiveness in ,colts4 ,,by ,,conrad ,,mitchell4 ,volksfreund ,print ,middleburg4 ,,pa4 #ahfi ,entered according to an ,act of ,congress1 in the year #ahfi1 by ,,conrad ,,mitchell1 in the ,clerk's ,office of the ,district ,court of the ,united ,states for the ,western ,district of ,pennsylvania4 ,,introduction4 ,of all the beasts of the field1 which we are told1 the ,lord formed out of the earth1 and brought them unto ,adam to see what he would call them1 none has more engaged the attention of the historian and the philosopher--none has figured more in poetry1 in war and in love1 than the horse4 ,none of the writing1 to which we could point the reader1 contains more frequent mention1 or more glowing descriptions of the power and beauty of the horse1 than the great ,book of ,books4 ,the ,bible teaches us1 that from whatever land this animal may have been originally brought into ,egypt1 that country had already become a great horse market1 even before horses were known in ,arabia1 the country with which we are apt to associate all that is most interesting of this noble beast4 ,geological researches1 however1 have discovered fossil remains of the horse in almost ever part of the world--from the tropical plains of ,india1 to the frozen regions of ,siberia--from the northern extremities of the new world1 to the southern point of ,america4 ,but among the ,hebrews1 horses were rare previous to the days of ,solomon1 who had horses brought out of ,egypt1 after his marriage with the daughter of ,pharaoh1 and so rapidly did he multiply them by purchase and by breeding1 that those kept for his own use required1 as it is written1 8four thousand stables1 and forty thousand stalls40 ,hence1 when honored by a visit from the beautiful queen of ,sheba1 bringing with her1 camels bearing spices1 and very much gold and precious stones1 it was doubtless in the contemplation of his magnificent stud of horses and chariots1 kept for the amusement of his wives and concubines1 as well as for his other vast displays of power and magnificence1 that her majesty exclaimed1 in the fulness of her admiration3 8,howbeit1 ,i believed not the words1 until ,i came and mine eyes had seen it1 and behold the half was not told unto me40 ,veterinary science has also made great progress from that time down to the present1 and in particular1 in the last half century1 the structure of the horse--injuries and diseases to which he is subject1 and the treatment of these1 have been investigated1 in this country and abroad1 with much diligence and success1 both in colleges and in societies devoted to the cultivation of veterinary knowledge1 and by practitioners1 whose education and experience render their observations worthy of great respect2 but notwithstanding all this1 there has always been1 to the present time1 one point overlooked1 which is of greater importance1 than any one that has ever been investigated4 ,i refer here to a complete treatise on the ,mare and ,foal at the time of delivery4 ,this has long been felt as a real want4 ,not a single engraving1 illustrating this subject has ever been handed to the public1 and very little has been written on the treatment of the mare and the foal at the time of delivery4 ,when the best authors come to this point1 they say1 8call in a veterinary ,surgeon40 ,but1 ,i would ask1 where is the veterinary ,surgeon to obtain his information8 ,and yet1 not only the surgeon1 but every farmer and breeder should possess a full knowledge of it4 ,the man that first enters the stable should be able to administer to the wants of the mare and the foal4 ,there is no time to be lost--no time now to obtain information1 or to proceed four or five miles for a surgeon4 ,if all is right1 in five minutes all will be well1 but if a false position is presented1 the first person that approaches the animal should be able to administer to the wants of the mare and foal4 ,if not1 there is much danger for the life of the foal1 and in a few hours much danger is to be feared for the safety of the mare4 ,i have had a very extensive practice in the veterinary business for more than nineteen years1 and found it almost universally to be the case1 that in the event of mal-presentation1 the foal had suffocated before ,i could reach the spot1 although ,i was but a very few miles distant4 ,if the foal is raised from its locality1 it must be exposed to the free atmosphere in twenty minutes or it will suffocate1 and the life of the mare will be much in danger4 ,often1 after ,i had extracted the foal1 ,i could have obtained twenty dollars for restoring its life4 ,i have frequently been urged by farmers and breeders1 to give them full instructions on this subject1 and especially1 at such times1 when a difficult case presented itself1 but ,i always found it impracticable1 as verbal instruction would soon be forgotten1 and as no work1 illustrating this subject was in existence4 ,i was induced1 therefore1 in order to benefit the farmer and breeder1 to publish a complete treatise on the mare and foal1 at the time of delivery1 illustrated by engravings4 ,i had made an effort about seven years ago1 but that little instrument1 the 8pen10 in my hand1 is what the yoke is to the ox1 and so ,i abandoned it for that time4 ,the cart-whip in my hand is a fine instrument1 but the pen is my abhorrence4 ,notwithstanding1 at the earnest request of numerous dealers in horses1 ,i was induced in the ,spring of #ahfi1 to offer this work to the public1 for the benefit of the farmer and breeder1 and in mercy to the mare and foal4 ,this work1 as the reader will discover1 embraces every particular connected with the subject upon which it treats1 with ample engravings1 illustrating the different positions in which a foal is presented--its natural delivery--false presentations1 etc41 with lucid explanations and instructions4 ,,conrad ,,mitchell4 ,new ,berlin1 ,pa41 ,july1 #ahfi4 ,illustration3 ,,plate ,i4 ,the above ,engraving represents the ,foal1 as it is folded up in the womb of the ,mare when fully developed1 in the right flank of the animal1 the chest of the ,foal toward the tail of the ,mare1 the front legs turned backwards1 and the hind legs turned forward under the body of the ,foal1 the head and neck turned back in its left side1 so that the head will rest on the first false ribs4 ,from the time of covering the ,mare1 to the time of foaling1 generally requires a period of three hundred and thirty days4 ,a few instances1 however1 came under my observation1 in which fine1 full-grown1 and healthy colts were delivered in three hundred and twelve days1 while others delayed their appearance for a period of three hundred and ninety days1 before the owner could rejoice in the valuable prize brought to his stable4 ,the full chested1 round trunked mare will develope a foal much sooner than the flat-sided1 lean and camel-backed one4 ,in nine days after the covering of the mare1 the womb will begin to close about fifteen inches from the entrance2 at the same time1 the fecund seed of the horse will change into bloody streaks1 and the balance becomes like cream on curdled milk about six hours after it is strained1 and in from forty to fifty days1 the foal will be regularly shaped1 and about the size of a small rat4 ,at the same time a membrane or skin will spread around the entrance inside of the womb1 from which a number of small cords branch out1 uniting together as they run along1 until they form one cord1 extending to the navel of the foal1 through which the blood of the mare circulates in the foal1 in order to give it nourishment4 ,at the same time another membrane or skin is formed around the foal1 in which are contained from four to six1 and even eight quarts of yellowish fluid1 which answers a twofold purpose3 first1 it prevents all friction between the foal and membrane1 and secondly1 it assists in raising the foal from its locality4 ,at the first throes of the mare1 the action of the womb will cause the membrane or skin to protrude through the entrance of the womb1 and the fluid will be forced into it1 and the weight will assist in raising the foal1 until it will be presented when the skin will break and the channel will be opened for the foal to breath4 ,illustration3 ,,plate ,,ii4 ,the above ,engraving presents the natural position of the foal in delivery4 ,the two front feet will be presented first1 and the muzzle or the nostrils will rest on the top of the legs1 and the membrane or skin around the foal1 spoken of in ,plate ,i1 will already protrude about two feet4 ,the hind legs will sink down more and more1 until they will be stretched out behind horizontally4 ,sometimes one foot will raise up too high and be forced against the inside of the entrance4 ,the hand should be introduced and the foot pushed back a few inches and then brought back into the channel4 ,sometimes the forehead will project against the upper part of the entrance1 when the hand should be introduced1 and hold should be taken back of the poll1 with a downward pressure1 the other hand to the muzzle to raise it up1 and a gentle pull should be made1 when all will be right in a few minutes4 ,the cord running to the navel of the colt should be tied about one inch from the surface of the skin1 then cut off about one inch from the string1 or if no string is at hand1 the cord should be pressed very tightly between the thumb and the two first fingers of the hand for a few minutes1 then cut off1 and it will bleed no more4 ,the colt should be drawn away a few feet1 but not toward the mare1 as she should not be disturbed4 ,the mare will lie down flat1 apparently dead1 and will remain in this situation1 five1 ten1 and even sometimes thirty minutes1 according to the severity of the operation she has undergone4 ,suddenly she will raise her head1 look about the stable1 lie down again1 and roll three or four times on her back1 but never over her back1 which is done for the purpose of loosening the membrane or lining of the womb spoken of in ,plate ,i1 when she will rise up1 go after her offspring1 lick and dry it1 after which the membrane and the afterbirth will be discharged4 ,when the colt is dry1 it should be assisted to its mother to obtain nourishment4 ,sometimes the membrane attached to the womb will remain fast1 and in this manner retain the afterbirth4 ,in this case1 bleeding from three to four quarts1 and giving following dose of medicine in one pint of flaxseed tea is recommended1 viz3 #a oz4 ,laudanum1 #a oz4 sweet ,spirits of ,niter4 ,this will correct everything in a few hours4 ,in some extreme cases1 the membrane1 the afterbirth and the fluid contained with the foal remained in the womb after a complete separation from the womb1 causing such a strong inflammation1 that some parts had began to mortify4 ,i have bled copiously1 and given one large tablespoonful of fever medicine1 composed of #d oz4 of ,nitre1 0 0 ,digitalis1 0 0 ,tartar ,emetic1 in one pint of ,linseed tea1 every three hours1 and by means of a syringe1 or bladder1 with a clean piece of elder tied in the neck1 ,i have injected into the womb from four to six quarts of ,linseed tea1 which caused a copious discharge of bloody matter from the womb1 amounting sometimes to a bucket full4 ,in extraordinary cases1 the purifying organs were overpowered and the mortified blood was carried through the whole system1 and even then the mare recovered to a certain degree1 until in about a week afterwards her hoofs came off1 caused by the mortified blood1 and she was accordingly destroyed4 ,illustration3 ,,plate ,,iii4 ,the above ,engraving represents a false presentation4 ,the two fore feet are presented1 and the head remains behind in the right flank of the mare4 ,the operator will be able to tell whether they are the front or hind feet1 by examining the knee joints4 ,now1 a bowl containing two or three quarts of very warm water1 with a large tablespoonful of very fine lard or linseed oil on the surface of the water1 should be at hand4 ,under no circumstances should a hand or arm be introduced to the mare1 unless first thoroughly warmed and greased1 otherwise they are rank poison to the mare4 ,after the arm is prepared1 the fingers and thumb should be brought to a point1 and should be introduced1 following the channel1 until the neck of the foal is reached at ,fig4 #a1 when the full right hand should grasp the neck1 the left hand being supported against the mare1 when the operator should pull with all his strength1 in order to draw the neck further up1 when the hand should pass down along the neck1 still drawing as it passes along1 until reaching ,fig4 #b1 the ear1 when he can make good progress1 until he can insert the middle finger in the eye1 at which point he is able to raise the muzzle1 ,fig4 #c1 so far1 that he may close his hand over it1 and in a minute1 all will be right in the operation4 ,but let no one suppose1 that this is accomplished in ten or fifteen minutes4 ,sometimes it may1 but in many instances1 ,i have labored for an hour1 and even two and a half hours4 ,in some cases1 the severe exertion1 and the heat of the mare1 caused my arterial circulation to force so powerfully in my arm1 that ,i was often afraid my veins would burst2 in this case ,i would withdraw my arm for a minute or two1 and then go to work again4 ,in my entire practice1 ,i have failed but in three cases1 that of two mares and one cow1 to accomplish my object4 ,i was often called1 where two1 three1 and even four men had been summoned before me1 owing to the distance ,i lived away1 and succeeded in every instance where others failed4 ,i resolved not to fail in any case1 but this determination proved disastrous to myself1 inasmuch1 as ,i became subject to palpitation of the heart1 so that ,i could not follow my business for more than twelve years4 ,illustration3 ,,plate ,,iv4 ,of the cases represented in ,plate ,,iii1 ,i had a large number2 of such as are presented in ,plate ,,iv1 only a few1 of which ,i will describe only one4 ,on the #acth of ,june1 #ahed1 ,i was called to the premises of ,mr4 ,george ,braucher1 in ,hartley township1 ,union county4 ,in this case the hand and arm must be prepared1 as already described1 and inserted to the elbow1 ,fig4 #a4 ,a great amount of force is required to raise the leg1 until the knee joint is brought up4 ,the left hand should then be warmed and greased by an assistant1 and introduced1 placing it on the knee-joint2 the right hand should then be passed down1 grasp the foot1 and turn it backwards1 when the left hand should press inward with great force1 and with the right hand bring up the foot1 keeping it turned backwards4 ,when the foot is brought up1 a rope should be attached to the lower jaw of the foal1 when an assistant should take hold of the rope and pull in a slightly downward direction2 in this way the foal will be delivered with the greatest ease4 ,sometimes one shoulder will present itself1 and the other will incline a little to the rear4 ,under such circumstances1 too much force should not be employed2 the foal should be turned sometimes from right to left1 and then again from left to right1 frequently introducing the hand1 and moving it around the foal4 ,in all cases the membrane or skin should be kept in its proper position around the foal1 as this will greatly assist the work1 and make it one of comparative ease4 ,in the above case1 the foal presented itself in the afternoon of the #abth1 and all the knowing men of the neighborhood were summoned1 and all of them labored until night1 when they were obliged to give it up and pronounce it a failure4--,the next morning a messenger was sent for me4 ,i arrived at the spot at half past ten o'clock1 in the morning1 and at twelve o'clock noon1 ,i had the object accomplished1 and we sat down to a hearty dinner4 ,in ,december #ahfh1 the mare was still alive4 ,illustration3 ,,plate ,v4 ,on the #cjth day of ,april1 #ahee1 when about ready to retire to bed after a hard day's drive1 two messengers1 ,mr4 ,b4 ,cramer1 from ,middlecreek1 and ,mr4 ,uriah ,berger1 from ,centre township1 arrived at my house together4 ,after some consideration1 ,i concluded to accompany ,mr4 ,berger1 and on arriving1 ,i found a foal1 having presented itself as represented in the preceding ,engraving4 ,before my arrival1 three men had exerted all their strength for an hour or more1 to extract it1 but having failed1 they left before my arrival4 ,in this case1 the mare is very restless1 repeatedly rising up and lying down again4 ,it will require one man to attend to the head of the mare1 and two men must take hold of the foal1 raise it up toward the tail of the mare1 and bear inwards with all their strength1 when the operator must put all his force to one of the hind feet1 and push that in at full arm's length2 the other side must be treated in the same manner4 ,but let each one bear in mind1 when the foal is moved inward1 the mare will have pain and that she will bear towards you1 so that sometimes but little is accomplished4 ,we labored faithfully from eleven o'clock until one1 when ,i took a midnight meal and departed for ,middlecreek township4 ,in some cases of the above kind1 however1 ,i had accomplished my object in much less time1 than in this one4 ,illustration3 ,,plate ,,vi4 ,on the #eth of ,may1 #ahee1 ,i was called to the premises of ,john ,deabler1 in ,beaver township1 ,snyder county1 where ,i found a foal presenting the tail1 as represented in ,plate ,,vi4 ,presentations of this kind occur but rarely4 ,in this case the operator must prepare his hand and arm as before stated1 and introduce it1 taking hold over the stifle-joint at ,fig4 #a1 then1 by a strong effort1 pull upward slipping his hand down to ,fig4 #b1 when he must draw up the knee-joint as far as possible2 then place the left hand on the knee joint1 and pass the right hand down to ,fig4 #c1 the foot1 grasp it firmly1 and bend it backward1 at the same time pulling upward1 and with left the hand bearing inward1 when the foot will yield in a moment4 ,the other side must be dealt with in the same manner4 ,illustration3 ,,plate ,,vii4 ,the above ,engraving represents the foal with the hind feet foremost4 ,they will generally be projected against the upper part of the entrance4 ,it is best to extract them in this position1 as turning them is almost impossible4 ,the head will remain so far behind1 that it cannot be reached4 ,by keeping the membrane or skin properly over the foal1 there will be but little difficulty experienced in extracting it4 ,the foal should sometimes be drawn downward toward the feet of the mare1 and then upwards towards the tail1 frequently turning it half way round1 and then back again4 ,the foal will necessarily be dead4 ,many cases of this kind will occur in a neighborhood in the course of twenty years4 ,illustration3 ,,plate ,,viii4 ,the above ,engraving represents a foal which has died from some cause or other about nine days ago1 the mare wanting the proper pains to deliver it4 ,the foal is now bloated to such an extent1 that it is in a condition to rupture the womb1 and the hand can not be passed around the foal4 ,it is an utter impossibility to extract it in the usual way4 ,the operator must procure a knife1 very straight in the blade1 from twelve to fifteen inches in length1 wrap the whole blade in a piece of muslin1 take the point of the knife in his left hand1 turning the edge downward1 put his hand in the entrance of the womb and run it down until he reaches the chest of the foal4 ,he must then introduce the right hand1 grasp the handle1 and hold it firm2 then with the left hand he will slip the muslin from the blade1 and with the first finger of the left hand find the spot where the windpipe comes out of the chest4 ,after the point of the knife is set1 the right hand must force the blade1 to its full length if possible1 through the ,diaphragm1 and then withdraw it4 ,the left hand must retain its hold upon the muslin during the entire operation1 and as the blade is withdrawn from the foal1 it must again be carefully wrapped around the knife1 the left hand seizing the point in the same manner as when it was introduced4 ,after the arm holding the knife is withdrawn1 a very nauseous gas will escape1 and in a short time the front feet may be reached1 then the head1 after which the operation will proceed as described in the foregoing pages4 ,illustration3 ,,plate ,,ix4 ,on the #bjth day of ,may1 #ahed1 ,i was called to the field of ,mr4 ,sem ,schoch1 of ,new ,berlin1 ,union county1 ,pa41 where ,i found a mare in the act of foaling1 in which the foal presented the four feet at once4 ,these cases are of rare occurrence1 and it is well for the veterinary ,surgeon1 or his life would be a brief one4 ,i never injured myself at any work to a greater extent1 than ,i did in treating these cases4 ,sometimes the hoofs will only protrude from the entrance1 leaving the whole body of the foal in a curved position the head being turned backward1 as described in the foregoing ,engraving4 ,the head should be brought forward1 but ,i always found it impossible in every case of this description1 to accomplish this4 ,a cord must be looped around the hind legs1 to avoid losing them2 then the four legs must be put back again as far as possible1 and the foal must be turned1 in order to get the head down and the back up4 ,if an effort was made to extract the foal as it is presented1 the back would come in below1 and the operation would be impossible2 but if it is properly turned1 it may be extracted in the same manner1 as those which present only the hind feet1 as already described4 ,these cases require more aid than any others that ,i have ever treated4 ,two or three men should take hold of the mare's head and neck1 to keep her down1 otherwise she will plunge about fearfully4 ,one or two men should assist the ,surgeon1 as the effort required for this operation is so great that one man is soon exhausted4 ,two and three hours are often required to accomplish the object in these cases1 but ,i have succeeded in every one of them in preserving the mare alive4 ,,the ,,cow ,,and ,,calf4 ,illustration ,the average period of gestation in the cow is #bgj days2 the shortest #abj days1 and the longest #cac days4 ,the calf is placed in the same position1 and in the same side of the cow1 as is the foal in the mare4 ,mal-presentations of calves are treated in the same manner as those of the foal1 with this advantage1 that calves will live much longer than the foal4 ,i have had cases1 where ,i extracted the calf twenty-four hours after they were raised1 and delivered them alive and sound4 ,about two weeks before calving1 the cow should have1 in addition to her ordinary food1 a half pint of rye1 evening and morning1 as that is a sure means of taking the cleaning right after the delivery of the calf4 ,should this be neglected1 she should be slopped with two quarts of wheat bran and half a teacupful of flaxseed1 twice a day4 ,if the cleaning does not come off on the third day1 it should be twisted back of the cow's shape1 until it becomes a solid cord1 when a small knife enclosed in the hand should be introduced into the womb1 and the cord cut off about fifteen inches from the entrance4 ,this is about all that will incommode the cow2 the other will pass off about the ninth day1 and the cow will be all right4 ,should the cow have inflammation in the udder1 or any other place1 she should be drenched with one lb4 of ,epsom ,salts4 ,the horns should be examined1 and if they are sometimes warm and then cold again1 a hole should be bored through them1 about two inches from the head1 and the back of the cow should be fomented with very strong salt-water2 the tail should be slit on both sides about an inch and a half4 ,in extreme cases a charge should be boiled1 and spread on the loins1 consisting of #a pint of tar1 #b oz4 ,rosin1 #b oz4 ,beeswax4 ,after the charge is spread on1 it should be covered with tow or wool4 ,calves will sometimes1 on account of the cow's milk being burned1 have a severe ,diarrhea4 ,when this is the case they should be drenched with milk from the cow1 containing one large tablespoonful of wheat flour1 and half a teaspoonful of ginger4 ,should this not be sufficient1 opium may be added to it the size of two grains of wheat4 ,,clap ,,or ,,pox4 ,illustration ,on the #gth day of ,june1 #ahec1 a ,stallion was brought under my observation1 owned by ,christian ,kerr1 of ,centre township1 then ,union county1 which had ten distinct ulcers on his penis1 varying in size from a pea to a dime4 ,these ulcers were accompanied with a discharge1 sometimes bloody1 emitting a very disagreeable odor1 that was perceptible at a distance of three or four rods4 ,the attendant of this horse1 noticed these ulcers about five days previous to the time ,i was consulted1 when the marks were very small4 ,he remarked to me1 that 8people declined to allow his horse to cover their mares1 stating1 that he was diseased with the pox40 ,and ,i actually found this to be the case4 ,i dressed the horse1 and sent him away4 ,that night ,i examined all the works veterinary ,science that ,i could command1 and found but a single one that made the least mention of the disease1 but giving neither the cause or treatment of it4 ,in less than a week1 ,i had over twenty mares to attend1 that were affected by the horse4 ,i treated the horse and mares according to the best of my judgment1 having first obtained the advice of an eminent human ,physician1 and ,i soon became perfect master of the disease1 and saved all but two mares that were placed under my care4 ,i found1 that where the disease had taken deep root and entered the system1 every effort to save the animal was in vain1 and hence1 ,i am satisfied1 that where the disease has been suffered to go unchecked1 until it became so deeply rooted as to vitiate the whole system1 it is incurable4 ,,cause4 ,mares will sometime get in season early in the spring1 when they will discharge a thin1 whitish fluid1 resembling bluish milk1 of a glutinous nature1 but very clean4 ,if the mare does not become pregnant until the latter part of ,may or the beginning of ,june1 this fluid will change into a mattery state1 and will affect the parts in the region of the womb to such an extent as to cause rawness and inflammation4 ,a mare1 that is in a condition as described above1 is very apt to communicate to the horse covering her1 the disease of ,gonorrha1 or ,clap1 especially if such horse be permitted to cover from five1 twelve and fifteen mares a day1 where another horse1 covering only once every few days will escape unharmed4 ,the reason of this is evident2 the penis of the one covering so many mares1 becomes very tender and almost transparent1 so as almost to cause the blood to shine through it4 ,another instance in which a horse is apt to become diseased1 is1 when he is suffered to cover a mare on the ninth day after she has undergone the process of foaling4 ,at this period there is still a discharge of bloody matter1 which is very apt to generate clap in an animal of the opposite sex4 ,,description ,,of ,,disease4 ,sometimes there will appear on the penis of the ,stallion1 small white blotches1 on the surface of the skin1 from the size of a pin's head to that of a grain of wheat1 which1 on the following day will be double in size4 ,on the third or fourth day1 a pea might be set in the ulcers1 which will emit an offensive odor1 and which will spread with great rapidity4 ,in the mare blotches will appear on the shape1 of a deep red color1 apparently eaten through the surface of the skin1 which will enlarge very rapidly4 ,in a day or two1 small tumors will appear1 extending from the shape in a downward direction to the hams4 ,these tumors are of different sizes1 varying from that of a pea to that of a half gallon crock4 ,they are of a very virulent nature1 very often causing a painful rawness in the entrance to the womb1 and extending from one to one and a half inches4 ,,treatment4 ,the ,stallion should be brought out to a fence1 and a mare should be placed on the other side of the fence1 distant about one rod4 ,this will cause the ,stallion to present his penis4 ,a clean crock should be in readiness1 containing two ounces of chloride of lime1 and two quarts of lukewarm water4 ,there should also be on hand a teacup1 containing a stem of nitrate of silver one fourth of an inch in length1 which should be pulverized and dissolved in tablespoonful of water4 ,another teacup should be at hand1 containing one teaspoonful of tincture of myrrh4 ,in the crock there should be a sponge the size of an ordinary apple1 with a small stick tied to it4 ,each of the cups should be provided with a small pencil1 made of soft muslin1 about the size of a quill4 ,the operator should now draw on a pair of leather gloves1 and seize the penis at the point with the left hand1 and with the right hand1 take the sponge and wash off the whole penis1 from one end to the other4 ,then stir up the cup containing the nitrate of silver1 take the pencil and anoint all the spots or marks on the penis2 then follow with the tincture of myrrh4 ,this operation should be accomplished in less than fifteen minutes1 and the application should be made twice a day4 ,the mare should be brought out with a blind bridle and collar on1 and tied with the head to a post4 ,the tail should be doubled up and a rope looped around it1 and it should be drawn on the back and the rope tied to the collar4 ,then the whole shape should be washed off with the solution of chloride of lime2 then anoint the marks with the nitrate of silver1 and also with the tincture of myrrh4 ,at each operation these preparations should be introduced about one and half inches within the shape4 ,should any tumors have made their appearance1 they must be dressed in the same manner4 ,if they are large and soft1 they should be cut open and then dressed in the same way4 ,the foregoing disease has sometimes reappeared in other animals for four years following my treatment of the above cases but by always bringing them promptly to my notice1 ,i succeeded invariably in checking it1 so that it never came to the same state as before4 ,,costiveness ,,in ,,colts4 ,sometimes colts which are foaled early in the ,spring1 owing to the dry food of the mare1 will become so costive1 that they will inevitably die1 if not relieved4 ,as a general thing1 this costiveness is confined to the rectum4 ,to relieve the colt1 it should be drenched with half a teacupful of milk from the mare1 which should contain ,barbadoes ,aloes1 the size of a grain of corn1 pulverized1 and about an equal amount of ginger1 every six hours2 at the same time an injection should be prepared1 as follows3 take one quart of wheat bran1 and pour on it three quarts of boiling water4 ,when cold draw off the liquid1 add one teacupful of sweet milk1 half a teacupful of molasses4 ,then by means of a syringe inject this composition into the rectum4 ,or1 if a syringe cannot be procured1 a bladder with a clean piece of elder tied in the neck of it may be introduced into the rectum4 ,in a few minutes after1 a finger should be inserted in the rectum1 when a small ball of excrement may be taken out1 about the size of a hickory-nut4 ,i have often taken out twelve and fourteen such balls in the course of twenty minutes4 ,after this no more medicine is needed4 ,,diarrh,a4 ,sometimes1 the mare being fed too strong on rye chop feed1 corn1 or mow-burned oats1 or being overworked1 the milk gets too strong1 causing a very severe diarrha in the colt4 ,this will so much exhaust the colt1 that it will die in a week or two4 ,,treatment4--,if occasioned by feeding rye chop1 or any of the above named causes1 discontinue the use of them1 and substitute good oats and hay1 and give the colt1 in half a teacupful of milk from the mare3 ,one tablespoonful of wheat flour1 ,opium1 the size of two grains of wheat1 ,ginger1 half a teaspoonful1 every six hours1 until it will sere4 ,should the colt have pain1 which will be exhibited by lying down and attempting to roll on its back1 and groaning incessantly1 the treatment should be changed4 ,take half a teacupful of milk from the mare1 ,one large teaspoonful of laudanum1 0 0 0 sweet spirits nitre1 0 0 0 spirits turpentine1 every three hours1 until relief is obtained4 ,or1 boil very strong mint tea1 and give two large tablespoonfuls every hour until relieved4 ,,feeble ,,colts4 ,sometimes colts are very feeble when foaled4 ,the cause may be attributed to the atmosphere1 or rather to an epidemic peculiar to some localities4 ,many are brought forth so weak1 that they are not able to rise without assistance4 ,a constant dropping of water from the navel may be perceivable1 and the colt becomes so much enfeebled that death will shortly ensue4 ,,cause4 ,sometimes after death1 on examination1 the liver was found to be decayed2 at other times the kidneys4 ,sometimes a blister will be found on one side of the lungs1 the size of a hen's egg1 and as clear as crystal1 and filled with a fluid4 ,at other times it is nothing but a general debility of the system4 ,,treatment4 ,the colt should be drenched with half a teacupful of milk from the mare1 which should contain1 teaspoonful of ,ginger1 #a tablespoonful of the best grape wine4 ,a charge should be spread on the loins which should consist of lb4 of ,tar1 #a oz4 of ,rosin1 #a oz4 of ,beeswax1 boiled into pitch1 the whole covered with tow or wool1 and the colt should be well attended to4 ,they will sometimes recover in a few days4 ,one came under my observation1 that recovered after five weeks1 and was sold for an extra price four years afterwards4 ,,cure ,,of ,,wounds4 ,horses are sometimes exposed to much danger1 and will sometimes receive the most extraordinary wounds4 ,for the last ten years ,i have used very little else1 than a solution of the chloride of ,lime4 ,it is a sure means of keeping out cold and inflammation4 ,first clean the wound from all filthy matter1 and bring it into a healthy state1 and in this manner nature will heal it as soon as the best ointment in the world4 ,take chloride of ,lime1 #b oz41 dissolve it in #b quarts of lukewarm water4 ,then wash out the wound once a day4 ,if it is deep and runs1 a syringe should be at hand in order to force the composition to every part of it in the inside4 ,should proud flesh spring up at the entrance of the wound1 pulverized blue vitriol should be applied4 ,in twenty-four hours after the application1 you can rub off from one fourth to one half inch4 ,apply it again1 until it gets below the surface of the skin1 then apply a little tincture of myrrh4 ,,hints ,,about ,,fattening ,,hogs4 ,give your hogs an abundance of charcoal4 ,if any should be foundered1 take #b ounces of ,nitre1 7salt-peter17 #a ounce of ,barbadoes ,aloes1 pulverize it very fine1 and give the one fourth part of it every six hours4 ,,hints ,,about ,,sheep4 ,keep your sheep out of clover pasture4 ,scant blue grass is the pasture for sheep4 ,salt once a week4 ,raise the floor of your fold from four to six feet above the ground1 board it only on three sides1 and simply lath it on the south side1 and your sheep will be healthy and without distemper4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,errata4--,on page eleven1 in the fifth line1 instead of 8entrance10 read 8whole40 ,,finis4