,,henley',s ,,twentieth ,,century ,,recipes1 ,,formulas ,,and ,,processes ,,containing ,,ten ,,thousand ,,selected ,,household ,,and ,,workshop ,,formulas1 ,,recipes1 ,,processes ,,and ,,money-,,saving ,,methods ,,for ,,the ,,practical ,,use ,,of ,,manufacturers1 ,,mechanics1 ,,housekeepers ,,and ,,home ,,workers ,,edited ,,by ,,gardner ,d4 ,,hiscox1 ,m4,e4 ,,author ,,of 8,,mechanical ,,movements1 ,,powers ,,and ,,devices10 8,,compressed ,,air10 8,,gas1 ,,gasoline ,,and ,,oil ,,engines10 ,,etc41 ,,etc4 ,illustration #aiad ,,edition1 ,,revised ,,and ,,enlarged ,,new ,,york ,,the ,,norman ,w4 ,,henley ,,publishing ,,company #acb ,,nassau ,,street #aiad ,,copyright1 #aiad ,,and #aiac1 ,,by ,,the ,,norman ,w4 ,,henley ,,publishing ,,company ,,copyright1 #aiab ,,and #aijg1 ,,by ,,the ,,norman ,w4 ,,henley ,,publishing ,,company ,also1 ,entered at ,stationers' ,hall ,court1 ,london1 ,england ,all rights reserved ,,the ,,trow ,,press1 ,,new ,,york ,,preface ,in compiling this book of formulas1 recipes and processes1 the ,editor has endeavored to meet the practical requirements of the home and workshop--the mechanic1 the manufacturer1 the artisan1 the housewife1 and the general home worker4 ,in addition to exercising the utmost care in selecting his materials from competent sources1 the ,editor has also modified formulas which were obviously ill adapted for his needs1 but were valuable if altered4 ,processes of questionable merit he has discarded4 ,by adhering to this plan the ,editor trusts that he has succeeded in preparing a repository of useful knowledge representing the experience of experts in every branch of practical achievement4 ,much of the matter has been specially translated for this work from foreign technological periodicals and books4 ,in this way the ,editor has embodied much practical information otherwise inaccessible to most ,english-speaking people4 ,each recipe is to be regarded as a basis of experiment1 to be modified to suit the particular purpose in hand1 or the peculiar conditions which may affect the experimenter4 ,chemicals are not always of uniform relative purity and strength2 heat or cold may markedly influence the result obtained1 and lack of skill in the handling of utensils and instruments may sometimes cause failure4 ,inasmuch as a particular formula may not always be applicable1 the ,editor has thought it advisable to give as many recipes as his space would allow under each heading4 ,in some instances a series of formulas is given which apparently differ but slightly in their ingredients4 ,this has been done on the principle that one or more may be chosen for the purpose in hand4 ,recognizing the fact that works of a similar character are not unknown1 the ,editor has endeavored to present in these pages the most modern methods and formulas4 ,naturally1 old recipes and so-called trade secrets which have proven their value by long use are also included1 particularly where no noteworthy advance has been made2 but the primary aim has been to modernize and bring the entire work up to the present date4 ,,the ,,editor4 ,,january1 #aiad4 ,,partial ,,list ,,of ,,authorities ,,consulted ,apothecary1 ,the4 ,berliner ,drog4 ,zeitung4 ,brass ,world4 ,british ,journal of ,photography4 ,chemical ,news4 ,chemiker ,zeitung ,repertorium4 ,chemisch ,technische ,fabrikant4 ,chemische ,zeitung4 ,chemist-,druggist4 ,comptes ,rendus4 ,cooley's ,receipts4 ,cosmos4 ,dekorationsmaler1 ,der4 ,deutsche ,drog4 ,zeitung4 ,deutsche ,goldschmiede ,zeitung4 ,deutsche ,handwerk4 ,deutsche ,maler ,zeitung4 ,deutsche ,topfer und ,ziefler ,zeitung4 ,dingler's ,polytechnic ,journal4 ,drogisten ,zeitung4 ,druggists' ,circular4 ,english ,mechanic4 ,farben ,zeitung4 ,gummi ,zeitung4 ,journal der ,goldschmiedekunst4 ,journal of ,applied ,microscopy4 ,journal of the ,franklin ,institute4 ,journal ,society of ,chemical ,industry4 ,journal ,suisse d',horlogerie4 ,keramische ,rundschau4 ,la ,nature4 ,la ,science en ,famille4 ,la ,vie ,scientifique4 ,lack und ,farben ,industrie4 ,legierungen4 ,le ,genie ,civil4 ,le ,praticien4 ,leipziger ,farber und ,zeugdrucker ,zeitung4 ,maler ,zeitung4 ,metallarbeiter4 ,mining and ,scientific ,press4 ,neueste ,erfindungen und ,erfahrungen4 ,nouvelles ,scientifiques4 ,oils1 ,colors1 and ,drysalteries4 ,papier-,zeitung4 ,parfumer1 ,der4 ,pharmaceutische ,zeitung4 ,pharmaceutische ,centralhalle4 ,pharmaceutische ,era4 ,pharmaceutische ,journal4 ,pharmaceutische ,journal ,formulary4 ,photo ,times4 ,polytech4 ,centralblatt4 ,polyt4 ,notizblatt4 ,popular ,science ,news4 ,pottery ,gazette4 ,practical ,druggist4 ,revue ,chronometrique4 ,revue de la ,droguerie4 ,revue des ,produits ,chimiques4 ,revue ,industrielle4 ,science1 ,arts and ,nature4 ,science ,pratique4 ,seifensieder ,zeitung1 ,der4 ,seifenfabrikant1 ,der4 ,spatula4 ,stein der ,weisen1 ,der4 ,sudd4 ,apoth4 ,zeitung4 ,technisches ,centralblatt4 ,technische ,rundschau4 ,uhland's ,technische ,rundschau4 ,verzinnen ,verzinken ,vernickeln1 ,das4 ,werkmeister ,zeitung4 ,wiener ,drogisten ,zeitung4 ,wiener ,gewerbe ,zeitung4 ,zeitschrift fr die ,gesammte ,kohlensaure ,industrie4 #i ,,henley',s ,,book ,,of ,,recipes ,,abrasion ,,remedy3 ,see ,cosmetics and ,ointments4 ,,absinthe3 ,see ,wines and ,liquors4 ,acid-,proofing ,an ,acid-,proof ,table ,top4-- #a4 ,copper sulphate #a part ,potassium chlorate #a part ,water #h parts ,boil until salts are dissolved4 #b4 ,aniline hydrochlorate #c parts ,water #bj parts ,or1 if more readily procurable3 ,aniline #f parts ,hydrochloric acid #i parts ,water #ej parts ,by the use of a brush two coats of solution ,no4 #a are applied while hot2 the second coat as soon as the first is dry4 ,then two coats of solution ,no4 #b1 and the wood allowed to dry thoroughly4 ,later1 a coat of raw linseed oil is to be applied1 using a cloth instead of a brush1 in order to get a thinner coat of the oil4 ,a writer in the ,journal of ,applied ,microscopy states that he has used this method upon some old laboratory tables which had been finished in the usual way1 the wood having been filled oiled1 and varnished4 ,after scraping off the varnish down to the wood1 the solutions were applied1 and the result was very satisfactory4 ,after some experimentations the formula was modified without materially affecting the cost1 and apparently increasing the resistance of the wood to the action of strong acids and alkalies4 ,the modified formula follows3 #a4 ,iron sulphate #d parts ,copper sulphate #d parts ,potassium permanganate #h parts ,water1 q4 s4 #ajj parts #b4 ,aniline #ab parts ,hydrochloric acid #ah parts ,water1 q4 s4 #ajj parts ,or3 ,aniline hydrochlorate #ae parts ,water1 q4 s4 #ajj parts ,solution ,no4 #b has not been changed1 except to arrange the parts per hundred4 ,the method of application is the same1 except that after solution ,no4 #a has dried the excess of the solution which has dried upon the surface of the wood is thoroughly rubbed off before the application of solution ,no4 #b4 ,the black color does not appear at once1 but usually requires a few hours before becoming ebony black4 ,the linseed oil may be diluted with turpentine without disadvantage1 and after a few applications the surface will take on a dull and not displeasing polish4 ,the table tops are easily cleaned by washing with water or suds after a course of work is completed1 and the application of another coat of oil puts them in excellent order for another course of work4 ,strong acids or alkalies when spilled1 if soon wiped off1 have scarcely a perceptible effect4 ,a slate or tile top is expensive not only in its original cost1 but also as a destroyer of glassware4 ,wood tops when painted1 oiled1 or paraffined have objectionable features1 the latter especially in warm weather4 ,old table tops1 after the paint or oil is scraped off down to the wood1 take the above finish nearly as well as the new wood4 ,to ,make ,wood ,acid- and ,chlorine-,proof4--,take #f pounds of wood tar and #ab pounds rosin1 and melt them together in an iron kettle1 after which stir in #h pounds finely powdered brick dust4 ,the damaged parts must be cleaned perfectly and dried1 whereupon they may be painted over with the warm preparation or filled up and drawn off1 leaving the film on the inside4 ,protecting ,cement ,against ,acid4--,a paint to protect cement against acid is obtained by mixing pure asbestos1 very finely powdered1 with a thick solution of #aj sodium silicate4 ,the sodium silicate must be as alkaline as possible4 ,the asbestos is first rubbed with a small quantity of the silicate1 until a cake is obtained and then kept in well-closed vessels4 ,for use this cake is simply thinned with a solution of the silicate1 which furnishes a paint two or three applications of which protect the walls of reservoirs1 etc41 against any acid solid or liquid4 ,this mass may also be employed for making a coating of sandstone4 ,to ,make ,corks ,impermeable and ,acid-,proof4--,choose your corks carefully4 ,then plunge them into a solution of gelatin or common glue1 #ae parts1 in #bd parts of glycerine and #ejj parts of water1 heated to #dd or #dh ,c4 7#aab-abj ,f471 and keep them there for several hours4 ,on removing the corks1 which should be weighted down in the solution1 dry them in the shade until they are free from all surplus moisture4 ,they are now perfectly tight1 retaining at the same time the greater portion of their elasticity and suppleness4 ,to render them acid-proof1 they should be treated with a mixture of vaseline1 #b parts1 and paraffine #g parts1 heated to about #aje ,f4 ,this second operation may be avoided by adding to the gelatin solution a little ammonium dichromate and afterwards exposing the corks to the light4 ,lining for ,acid ,receptacles4--,plates are formed of #a part of brown slate1 #b of powdered glass1 and #a of ,portland cement1 the whole worked up with silicate of soda1 molded and dried4 ,make a cement composed of ground slate and silicate of soda and smear the surface for the lining2 then1 while it is still plastic1 apply the plates prepared as above described4 ,instead of these plates1 slabs of glass or porcelain or similar substances may be employed with the same cement4 ,,acacia1 ,,mucilage ,,of3 ,see ,adhesives under ,mucilages4 ,,acid-,,proof ,,glass3 ,see ,glass4 ,,acid-,,resisting ,,paint3 ,see ,paint4 ,,acids1 ,,soldering3 ,see ,solders4 ,,acid ,,stains ,,from ,,the ,,skin1 ,,to ,,remove3 ,see ,cleaning ,preparations and ,methods4 ,,acid ,,test ,,for ,,vinegar3 ,see ,vinegar4 ,adhesives ,,glues3 ,manufacture of ,glue4--,i4--,the usual process of removing the phosphate of lime from bones for glue-making purposes by means of dilute hydrochloric acid has the disadvantage that the acid cannot be regenerated4 ,attempts to use sulphurous acid instead have so far proved unsuccessful1 as1 even with the large quantities used1 the process is very slow4 ,according to a ,german invention this difficulty with sulphurous acid can be avoided by using it in aqueous solution under pressure4 ,the solution of the lime goes on very rapidly1 it is claimed1 and no troublesome precipitation of calcium sulphite takes place4 ,both phosphate of lime and sulphurous acid are regenerated from the lyes by simple distillation4 ,,ii4--,bones may be treated with successive quantities of combined sulphurous acid and water1 from which the heat of combination has been previously dissipated1 the solution being removed after each treatment1 before the bone salts dissolved therein precipitate1 and before the temperature rises above #gd ,f4--,u4 ,s4 ,pat4 #ghc1ghd4 ,,iii4--,a patent relating to the process for treating animal sinews1 preparatory for the glue factory1 has been granted to ,florsheim1 ,chicago1 and consists in immersing animal sinews successively in petroleum or benzine to remove the outer fleshy animal skin2 in a hardening or preserving bath1 as boric acid1 or alum or copper sulphate2 and in an alkaline bath to remove fatty matter from the fibrous part of the sinews4 ,the sinews are afterwards tanned and disintegrated4 ,test for ,glue4--,the more water the glue takes up1 swelling it1 the better it is4 ,four ounces of the glue to be examined are soaked for about #ab hours in a cool place in #d pounds of cold water4 ,if the glue has dissolved after this time1 it is of bad quality and of little value2 but if it is coherent1 gelatinous1 and weighing double1 it is good2 if it weighs up to #af ounces1 it is very good2 if as much as #bj ounces1 it may be called excellent4 ,to ,prevent ,glue from ,cracking4--,to prevent glue from cracking1 which frequently occurs when glued articles are #aa exposed to the heat of a stove1 a little chloride of potassium is added4 ,this prevents the glue from becoming dry enough to crack4 ,glue thus treated will adhere to glass1 metals1 etc41 and may also be used for pasting on labels4 ,preventing the ,putrefaction of ,strong ,glues4--,the fatty matter always existing in small quantity in sheets of ordinary glue affects the adhesive properties and facilitates the development of bacteria1 and consequently putrefaction and decomposition4 ,these inconveniences are remedied by adding a small quantity of caustic soda to the dissolved glue4 ,the soda prevents decomposition absolutely2 with the fatty matter it forms a hard soap which renders it harmless4 ,liquid ,glues4-- ,i4--,glue #c ounces ,gelatin #c ounces ,acetic acid #d ounces ,water #b ounces ,alum #cj grains ,heat together for #f hours1 skim1 and add3 ,,ii4--,alcohol #a fluid ounce ,brown glue1 ,no4 #b4 #b pounds ,sodium carbonate #aa ounces ,water #c #a_/b pints ,oil of clove #afj minims ,dissolve the soda in the water1 pour the solution over the dry glue1 let stand over night or till thoroughly soaked and swelled1 then heat carefully on a water bath until dissolved4 ,when nearly cold stir in the oil of cloves4 ,by using white glue1 a finer article1 fit for fancy work1 may be made4 ,,iii4--,dissolve by heating #fj parts of borax in #dbj parts of water1 add #dhj parts dextrin 7pale yellow7 and #ej parts of glucose and heat carefully with continued stirring1 to complete solution2 replace the evaporated water and pour through flannel4 ,the glue made in this way remains clear quite a long time1 and possesses great adhesive power2 it also dries very quickly1 but upon careless and extended heating above #ij ,c4 7#aid ,f471 it is apt to turn brown and brittle4 ,,iv4--,pour #ej parts of warm 7not hot7 water over #ej parts of ,cologne glue and allow to soak over night4 ,next day the swelled glue is dissolved with moderate heat1 and if still too thick1 a little more water is added4 ,when this is done1 add from #b #a_/b to #c parts of crude nitric acid1 stir well1 and fill the liquid glue in well-corked bottles4 ,this is a good liquid steam glue4 ,v4--,soak #a pound of good glue in a quart of water for a few hours1 then melt the glue by heating it1 together with the unabsorbed water1 then stir in #a_/d pound dry white lead1 and when that is well mixed pour in #d fluidounces of alcohol and continue the boiling #e minutes longer4 ,,vi4--,soak #a pound of good glue in #a #a_/b pints of cold water for #e hours1 then add #c ounces of zinc sulphate and #b fluidounces of hydrochloric acid1 and keep the mixture heated for #aj or #ab hours at #age to #aij ,f4 ,the glue remains liquid and may be used for sticking a variety of materials4 ,,vii4--,a very inexpensive liquid glue may be prepared by first soaking and then dissolving gelatin in twice its own weight of water at a very gentle heat2 then add glacial acetic acid in weight equal to the weight of the dry gelatin4 ,it should be remembered1 however1 that all acid glues are not generally applicable4 ,,viii4--,glue #bjj parts ,dilute acetic acid #djj parts ,dissolve by the aid of heat and add3 ,alcohol #be parts ,alum #e parts ,,ix4--,glue #e parts ,calcium chloride #a part ,water #a part ,x4--,sugar of lead #a #a_/b drachms ,alum #a #a_/b drachms ,gum arabic #b #a_/b drachms ,wheat flour #a av4 lb4 ,water1 q4 s4 ,dissolve the gum in #b quarts of warm water2 when cold mix in the flour1 and add the sugar of lead and alum dissolved in water2 heat the whole over a slow fire until it shows signs of ebullition4 ,let it cool1 and add enough gum water to bring it to the proper consistence4 ,,xi4--,dilute #a part of official phosphoric acid with #b parts of water and neutralize the solution with carbonate of ammonium4 ,add to the liquid an equal quantity of water1 warm it on a water bath1 and dissolve in it sufficient glue to form a thick syrupy liquid4 ,keep in well-stoppered bottles4 ,,xii4--,dissolve #c parts of glue in small pieces in #ab to #ae of saccharate of lime4 ,by heating1 the glue dissolves rapidly and remains liquid1 when cold1 without loss of adhesive power4 ,any desirable consistence can be secured by varying the amount of saccharate of lime4 ,thick glue retains its muddy color1 while a thin solution becomes clear on standing4 ,the saccharate of lime is prepared by #ab dissolving #a part of sugar in #c parts of water1 and after adding #a_/d part of the weight of the sugar of slaked lime1 heating the whole from #adi to #ahe ,f41 allowing it to macerate for several days1 shaking it frequently4 ,the solution1 which has the properties of mucilage1 is then decanted from the sediment4 ,,xiii4--,in a solution of borax in water soak a good quantity of glue until it has thoroughly imbibed the liquid4 ,pour off the surplus solution and then put on the water bath and melt the glue4 ,cool down until the glue begins to set1 then add1 drop by drop1 with agitation1 enough acetic acid to check the tendency to solidification4 ,if1 after becoming quite cold1 there is still a tendency to solidification1 add a few drops more of the acid4 ,the liquid should be of the consistence of ordinary mucilage at all times4 ,,xiv4--,gelatin #ajj parts ,cabinetmakers' glue #ajj parts ,alcohol #be parts ,alum #b parts ,acetic acid1 #bj per cent #hjj parts ,soak the gelatin and glue with the acetic acid and heat on a water bath until fluid2 then add the alum and alcohol4 ,,xv4--,glue #aj parts ,water #ae parts ,sodium salicylate #a part ,,xvi4--,soak #e parts of ,cologne glue in an aqueous calcium chloride solution 7#a3d7 and heat on the water bath until dissolved1 replacing the evaporating water2 or slack #ajj parts of lime with #aej parts of hot water1 dissolve #fj parts of sugar in #ahj parts of water1 and add #ae parts of the slacked lime to the solution1 heating the whole to #ge ,c4 7#afg ,f474 ,place aside for a few days1 shaking from time to time4 ,in the clear sugar-lime solution collected by decanting soak #fj parts of glue and assist the solution by moderate heating4 ,,xvii4--,molasses1 #ajj parts1 dissolved in #cjj parts of water1 #be parts of quicklime 7slaked to powder71 being then stirred in and the mixture heated to #afg ,f4 on a water bath1 with frequent stirrings4 ,after settling for a few days a large portion of the lime will have dissolved1 and the clear1 white1 thick solution1 when decanted1 behaves like rubber solution and makes a highly adherent coating4 ,,xviii4--,dissolve bone glue1 #bej parts1 by heating in #a1jjj parts of water1 and add to the solution barium peroxide #aj parts1 sulphuric acid 7#ff ,b47 #e parts1 and water #ae parts4 ,heat for #dh hours on the water bath to #hj ,c4 7#agf ,f474 ,thus a syrupy liquid is obtained1 which is allowed to settle and is then decanted4 ,this glue has no unpleasant odor1 and does not mold4 ,,xix4--,a glue possessing the adhesive qualities of ordinary joiners' glue1 but constituting a pale yellow liquid which is ready for use without requiring heating and possesses great resistance to dampness1 is produced by treating dry casein with a diluted borax solution or with enough ammonia solution to cause a faintly alkaline reaction4 ,the preparation may be employed alone or mixed with liquid starch in any proportion4 ,glue for ,celluloid4--,i4--,two parts shellac1 #c parts spirits of camphor1 and #d parts strong alcohol dissolved in a warm place1 give an excellent gluing agent to fix wood1 tin1 and other bodies to celluloid4 ,the glue must be kept well corked up4 ,,ii4--,a collodion solution may be used1 or an alcoholic solution of fine celluloid shavings4 ,glue to ,form ,paper ,pads4-- ,i4--,glue #c #a_/b ounces ,glycerine #h ounces ,water1 a sufficient quantity4 ,pour upon the glue more than enough water to cover it and let stand for several hours1 then decant the greater portion of the water2 apply heat until the glue is dissolved1 and add the glycerin4 ,if the mixture is too thick1 add more water4 ,,ii4--,glue #f ounces ,alum #cj grains ,acetic acid #a_/b ounce ,alcohol #a #a_/b ounces ,water #f #a_/b ounces ,mix all but the alcohol1 digest on a water bath till the glue is dissolved1 allow to cool and add the alcohol4 ,,iii4--,glue #e ounces ,water #a ounce ,calcium chloride #a ounce ,dissolve the calcium chloride in the water1 add the glue1 macerate until it is thoroughly softened1 and then heat until completely dissolved4 ,,iv4--,glue #bj ounces ,glycerine #e ounces ,syrupy glucose #a ounce ,tannin #ej grains ,cover the glue with cold water1 and let stand over night4 ,in the morning pour off superfluous water1 throw the glue on muslin1 and manipulate so as to get rid of as much moisture as possible1 then put in a water bath and melt4 ,add the #ac glycerine and syrup1 and stir well in4 ,finally1 dissolve the tannin in the smallest quantity of water possible and add4 ,this mixture must be used hot4 ,v4--,glue #ae ounces ,glycerine #e ounces ,linseed oil #b ounces ,sugar #a ounce ,soak the glue as before1 melt1 add the sugar and glycerine1 continuing the heat1 and finally add the oil gradually under constant stirring4 ,this must be used hot4 ,glue for ,tablets4-- ,i4--,glue #c #a_/b ounces ,glycerine #h ounces ,water1 a sufficient quantity4 ,pour upon the glue more than enough water to cover it and let stand for several hours1 then decant the greater portion of the water2 apply heat until the glue is dissolved1 and add the glycerine4 ,if the mixture is too thick1 add more water4 ,,ii4--,glue #f ounces ,alum #cj grains ,acetic acid #a_/b ounce ,alcohol #a #a_/b ounces ,water #f #a_/b ounces ,mix all but the alcohol1 digest on a water bath till the glue is dissolved1 allow to cool and add the alcohol4 ,,iii4--,glue #e ounces ,water #a ounce ,calcium chloride #a ounce ,dissolve the calcium chloride in the water1 add the glue1 macerate until it is thoroughly softened1 and then apply heat until completely dissolved4 ,,iv4--,glue1 #a pound2 glycerine1 #d ounces2 glucose syrup1 #b tablespoonfuls2 tannin1 #a_/aj ounce4 ,use warm1 and give an hour to dry and set on the pads4 ,this can be colored with any aniline dye4 ,marine ,glue4--,marine glue is a product consisting of shellac and caoutchouc1 which is mixed differently according to the use for which it is required4 ,the quantity of benzol used as solvent governs the hardness or softness of the glue4 ,i4--,one part ,par caoutchouc is dissolved in #ab parts benzol2 #bj parts powdered shellac are added to the solution1 and the mixture is carefully heated4 ,,ii4--,stronger glue is obtained by dissolving #aj parts good crude caoutchouc in #abj parts benzine or naphtha which solution is poured slowly and in a fine stream into #bj parts asphaltum melted in a kettle1 stirring constantly and heating4 ,pour the finished glue1 after the solvent has almost evaporated and the mass has become quite uniform1 into flat molds1 in which it solidifies into very hard tablets of dark brown or black color4 ,for use1 these glue tablets are first soaked in boiling water and then heated over a free flame until the marine glue has become thinly liquid4 ,the pieces to be glued are also warmed and a very durable union is obtained4 ,,iii4--,cut caoutchouc into small pieces and dissolve in coal naphtha by heat and agitation4 ,add to this solution powdered shellac1 and heat the whole1 constantly stirring until combination takes place1 then pour it on metal plates to form sheets4 ,when used it must be heated to #bdh ,f41 and applied with a brush4 ,water-,proof ,glues4--,i4--,the glue is put in water till it is soft1 and subsequently melted in linseed oil at moderate heat4 ,this glue is affected neither by water nor by vapors4 ,,ii4--,dissolve a small quantity of sandarac and mastic in a little alcohol1 and add a little turpentine4 ,the solution is boiled in a kettle over the fire1 and an equal quantity of a strong hot solution of glue and isinglass is added4 ,then filter through a cloth while hot4 ,,iii4--,water-proof glue may also be produced by the simple addition of bichromate of potassium to the liquid glue solution1 and subsequent exposure to the air4 ,,iv4--,mix glue as usual1 and then add linseed oil in the proportion of #a part oil to #h parts glue4 ,if it is desired that the mixture remain liquid1 #a_/b ounce of nitric acid should be added to every pound of glue4 ,this will also prevent the glue from souring4 ,v4--,in #a1jjj parts of rectified alcohol dissolve #fj parts of sandarac and as much mastic whereupon add #fj parts of white oil of turpentine4 ,next1 prepare a rather strong glue solution and add about the like quantity of isinglass1 heating the solution until it commences to boil2 then slowly add the hot glue solution till a thin paste forms1 which can still be filtered through a cloth4 ,heat the solution before use and employ like ordinary glue4 ,a connection effected with this glue is not dissolved by cold water and even resists hot water for a long time4 ,,vi4--,soak #a1jjj parts of ,cologne glue in cold water for #ab hours and in another vessel for the same length of time #aej parts of isinglass in a mixture of lamp spirit and water4 ,then dissolve both masses together on the water bath in a suitable vessel1 thinning1 if necessary1 with some hot water4 ,next add #ajj #ad parts of linseed oil varnish and filter hot through linen4 ,,vii4--,ordinary glue is kept in water until it swells up without losing its shape4 ,thus softened it is placed in an iron crucible without adding water2 then add linseed oil according to the quantity of the glue and leave this mixture to boil over a slow fire until a gelatinous mass results4 ,such glue unites materials in a very durable manner4 ,it adheres firmly and hardens quickly4 ,its chief advantage1 however1 consists in that it neither absorbs water nor allows it to pass through1 whereby the connecting places are often destroyed4 ,a little borax will prevent putrefaction4 ,,viii4--,bichromate of potassium #dj parts 7by weight72 gelatin glue1 #ee parts2 alum1 #e parts4 ,dissolve the glue in a little water and add the bichromate of potassium and the alum4 ,,ix4--,this preparation permits an absolutely permanent gluing of pieces of cardboard1 even when they are moistened by water4 ,melt together equal parts of good pitch and gutta-percha2 of this take #i parts1 and add to it #c parts of boiled linseed oil and #a #a_/b parts of litharge4 ,place this over the fire and stir it till all the ingredients are intimately mixed4 ,the mixture may be diluted with a little benzine or oil of turpentine1 and must be warm when used4 ,glue to ,fasten ,linoleum on ,iron ,stairs4--,i4--,use a mixture of glue1 isinglass1 and dextrin which1 dissolved in water and heated1 is given an admixture of turpentine4 ,the strips pasted down must be weighted with boards and brick on top until the adhesive agent has hardened4 ,,ii4--,soak #c parts of glue in #h parts water1 add #a_/b part hydrochloric acid and #c_/d part zinc vitriol and let this mixture boil several hours4 ,coat the floor and the back of the linoleum with this4 ,press the linoleum down uniformly and firmly and weight it for some time4 ,glue for ,attaching ,gloss to ,precious ,metals4--,sandarac varnish1 #ae parts2 marine glue1 #e parts2 drying oil1 #e parts2 white lead1 #e parts2 ,spanish white1 #e parts2 turpentine1 #e parts4 ,triturate all to form a rather homogeneous paste4 ,this glue becomes very hard and resisting4 ,elastic ,glue4--,although elastic glue is less durable than rubber1 and will not stand much heat1 yet it is cheaper than rubber1 and is not1 like rubber affected by oil colors4 ,hence it is largely used for printing rollers and stamps4 ,for stamps1 good glue is soaked for #bd hours in soft water4 ,the water is poured off1 and the swollen glue is melted and mixed with glycerine and a little salicylic acid and cast into molds4 ,the durability is increased by painting the mass with a solution of tannin1 or1 better1 of bichromate of potassium4 ,printing rollers require greater firmness and elasticity4 ,the mass for them once consisted solely of glue and vinegar1 and their manufacture was very difficult4 ,the use of glycerine has remedied this1 and gives great elasticity without adhesiveness1 and has removed the liability of moldiness4 ,swollen glue1 which has been superficially dried1 is fused with glycerine and cast into oil molds4 ,similar mixtures are used for casting plaster ornaments1 etc41 and give very sharp casts4 ,a mass consisting of glue and glycerine is poured over the model in a box4 ,when the mold is removed1 it is painted with plaster outside and with boiled oil inside1 and can then be used many times for making reproductions of the model4 ,glue for ,paper and ,metal4--,a glue which will keep well and adhere tightly is obtained by diluting #a1jjj parts by weight of potato starch in #a1bjj parts by weight of water and adding #ej parts by weight of pure nitric acid4 ,the mixture is kept in a hot place for #dh hours1 taking care to stir frequently4 ,it is afterwards boiled to a thick and transparent consistency1 diluted with water if there is occasion1 and then there are added in the form of a screened powder1 #b parts of sal ammoniac and #a part of sulphur flowers4 ,glue for ,attaching ,cloth ,strips to ,iron4--,soak #ejj parts of ,cologne glue in the evening with clean cold water in a clean vessel2 in the morning pour off the water1 place the softened glue without admixture of water into a clean copper or enamel receptacle1 which is put on a moderate low fire 7charcoal or steam apparatus74 ,during the dissolution the mass must be continually stirred with a wooden trowel or spatula4 ,if the glue is too thick1 it is thinned with diluted spirit1 but not with water4 ,as soon as the glue has reached the boiling point1 about #ej parts of linseed oil varnish 7boiled oil7 is added to the mass with constant stirring4 ,when the latter has been stirred up well1 add #ej parts of powdered colophony and shake it into the mass with stirring1 subsequently removing the glue from the fire4 ,in order to increase the binding qualities and to guard against moisture1 it is well still to add about #ej parts of isinglass1 which has been previously cut #ae into narrow strips and placed1 well beaten1 in a vessel1 into which enough spirit of wine has been poured to cover all4 ,when dissolved1 the last-named mass is added to the boiling glue with constant stirring4 ,the adhesive agent is now ready for use and is employed hot1 it being advisable to warm the iron also4 ,apply glue only to a surface equivalent to a single strip at a time4 ,the strips are pressed down with a stiff brush or a wad of cloth4 ,glue for ,leather or ,cardboard4--,to attach leather to cardboard dissolve good glue 7softened by spelling in water7 with a little turpentine and enough water in an ordinary glue pot1 and then having made a thick paste with starch in the proportion of #b parts by weight1 of starch powder for every #a part1 by weight1 of dry glue1 mix the compounds and allow the mixture to become cold before application to the cardboard4 ,for ,wood1 ,glass1 ,cardboard1 and all ,articles of a ,metallic or ,mineral ,character4--,take boiled linseed oil #bj parts1 ,flemish glue #bj parts1 hydrated lime #ae parts1 powdered turpentine #e parts1 alum #e parts acetic acid #e parts4 ,dissolve the glue with the acetic acid1 add the alum1 then the hydrated lime1 and finally the turpentine and the boiled linseed oil4 ,triturate all well until it forms a homogeneous paste and keep in well-closed flasks4 ,use like any other glue4 ,glue for ,uniting ,metals with ,fabrics4--,cologne glue of good quality is soaked and boiled down to the consistency of that used by cabinetmakers4 ,then add1 with constant stirring1 sifted wood ashes until a moderately thick1 homogeneous mass results4 ,use hot and press the pieces well together during the drying4 ,for tinfoil1 about #b per cent of boracic acid should be added instead of the wood ashes4 ,glue or ,paste for ,making ,paper ,boxes4-- ,chloral hydrate #e parts ,gelatin1 white #h parts ,gum arabic #b parts ,boiling water #cj parts ,mix the chloral1 gelatin1 and gum arabic in a porcelain container1 pour the boiling water over the mixture and let stand for #a day1 giving it a vigorous stirring several times during the day4 ,in cold weather this is apt to get hard and stiff1 but this may be obviated by standing the container in warm water for a few minutes4 ,this paste adheres to any surface whatever4 ,natural ,glue for ,cementing ,porcelain1 ,crystal ,glass1 etc4--,the large shell snails which are found in vineyards have at the extremity of their body a small1 whitish bladder filled with a substance of greasy and gelatinous aspect4 ,if this substance extracted from the bladder is applied on the fragments of porcelain or any body whatever1 which are juxtaposed by being made to touch at all parts1 they acquire such adhesion that if one strives to separate them by a blow1 they are more liable to break at another place than the cemented seam4 ,it is necessary to give this glue sufficient time to dry perfectly1 so as to permit it to acquire the highest degree of strength and tenacity4 ,belt ,glue4--,a glue for belts can be prepared as follows3 ,soak #ej parts of gelatin in water1 pour off the excess of water1 and heat on the water bath4 ,with good stirring add1 first1 #e parts1 by weight1 of glycerine1 then #aj parts1 by weight1 of turpentine1 and #e parts1 by weight1 of linseed oil varnish and thin with water as required4 ,the ends of the belts to be glued are cut off obliquely and warmed2 then the hot glue is applied1 and the united parts are subjected to strong pressure1 allowing them to dry thus for #bd hours before the belts are used4 ,chromium ,glue for ,wood1 ,paper1 and ,cloth4--,i4--7a7 ,one-half pound strong glue 7any glue if color is immaterial1 white fish glue otherwise72 soak #ab hours in #ab fluidounces of cold water4 7b7 ,one-quarter pound gelatin2 soak #b hours in #ab fluidounces cold water4 7c7 ,two ounces bichromate of potassium dissolved in #h fluidounces boiling water4 ,dissolve 7a7 after soaking1 in a glue pot1 and add 7b74 ,after 7a7 and 7b7 are mixed and dissolved1 stir in 7c74 ,this glue is exceedingly strong1 and if the article cemented be exposed to strong sunlight for #a hour1 the glue becomes perfectly waterproof4 ,of course1 it is understood that the exposure to sunlight is to be made after the glue is thoroughly dry4 ,the one objectionable feature of this cement is its color1 which is a yellow-brown4 ,by substituting chrome alum in place of the bichromate1 an olive color is obtained4 ,,ii4--,use a moderately strong gelatin solution 7containing #e to #aj per cent of dry gelatin71 to which about #a part of acid chromate of potassium in solution is added to every #e parts of gelatin4 ,this mixture has the property of becoming insoluble by water through the action of sunlight under partial reduction of the chromic acid4 #af ,fireproof ,glue4-- ,raw linseed oil #h parts ,glue or gelatin #a part ,quicklime #b parts ,soak the glue or gelatin in the oil for #aj to #ab hours1 and then melt it by gently heating the oil1 and when perfectly fluid stir in the quicklime until the whole mass is homogeneous1 then spread out in layers to dry gradually1 out of the sun's rays4 ,for use1 reheat the glue in a glue pot in the ordinary way of melting glue4 ,,cements4 ,under this heading will be found only cements for causing one substance to adhere to another4 ,cements used primarily as fillers1 such as dental cements1 will be found under ,cements1 ,putties1 etc4 ,cutlers' ,cements for ,fixing ,knife ,blades into ,handles4-- ,i4--,rosin #d pounds ,beeswax #a pound ,plaster of ,paris or brickdust #a pound ,,ii4--,pitch #e pounds ,wood ashes #a pound ,tallow #a pound ,,iii4--,rosin1 #ab2 sulphur flowers1 #c2 iron filings1 #e4 ,melt together1 fill the handle while hot1 and insert the instrument4 ,,iv4--,plaster of ,paris is ordinarily used for fastening loose handles4 ,it is made into a moderately thick paste with water run into the hole in the head of the pestle1 the handle inserted and held in place till the cement hardens4 ,some add sand to the paste1 and claim to get better results4 ,v4--,boil together #a part of caustic soda1 #c parts of rosin1 and #e parts of water till homogeneous and add #d parts of plaster of ,paris4 ,the paste sets in half an hour and is but little affected by water4 ,,vi4--,equal quantities of gutta percha and shellac are melted together and well stirred4 ,this is best done in an iron capsule placed on a sandbath and heated over a gas furnace or on the top of a stove4 ,the combination possesses both hardness and toughness1 qualities that make it particularly desirable in mending mortars and pestles4 ,in using1 the articles to be cemented should be warmed to about the melting point of the mixture and retained in proper position until cool1 when they are ready for use4 ,,vii4--,rosin #fjj parts by weight ,sulphur #aej parts by weight ,iron filings #bej parts by weight ,pour the mixture1 hot1 into the opening of the heated handle and shove in the knife likewise heated4 ,,viii4--,melt sufficient black rosin1 and incorporate thoroughly with it one-fifth its weight of very fine silver sand4 ,make the pestle hot1 pour in a little of the mixture1 then force the handle well home1 and set aside for a day before using4 ,,ix4--,make a smooth1 moderately soft paste with litharge and glycerine2 fill the hole in the pestle with the cement1 and firmly press the handle in place1 keeping it under pressure for three or four days4 ,cements for ,stone4--,i4--,an excellent cement for broken marble consists of #d parts of gypsum and #a part of finely powdered gum arabic4 ,mix intimately4 ,then with a cold solution of borax make into a mortarlike mass4 ,smear on each face of the parts to be joined1 and fasten the bits of marble together4 ,in the course of a few days the cement becomes very hard and holds very tenaciously4 ,the object mended should not be touched for several days4 ,in mending colored marbles the cement may be given the hue of the marble by adding the color to the borax solution4 ,,ii4--,a cement which dries instantaneously1 qualifying it for all sorts of repairing and only presenting the disadvantage of having to be freshly prepared each time1 notwithstanding any subsequent heating1 may be made as follows3 ,in a metal vessel or iron spoon melt #d to #e parts of rosin 7or preferably mastic7 and #a part of beeswax4 ,this mixture must be applied rapidly1 it being of advantage slightly to heat the surfaces to be united1 which naturally must have been previously well cleaned4 ,,iii4--,slaked lime1 #aj parts2 chalk1 #ae parts2 kaolin1 #e parts2 mix1 and immediately before use stir with a corresponding amount of potash water glass4 ,,iv4--,cement on ,marble ,slabs4--,the whole marble slab is thoroughly warmed and laid face down upon a neatly cleaned planing bench upon which a woolen cloth is spread so as not to injure the polish of the slab4 ,next apply to the slab very hot1 weak glue and quickly sift hot plaster of ,paris on the glue in a thin even layer1 stirring the plaster rapidly into the applied glue by means of a strong spatula1 so that a uniform glue-plaster coating is formed on the warm slab4 ,before this has time to harden tip the respective piece of furniture on the slab4 ,the frame1 likewise warmed1 will adhere very firmly to the slab after two days4 ,besides1 this process has the advantage of great cleanliness4 #ag ,v4--,the following is a recipe used by marble workers1 and which probably can be used to advantage3 ,flour of sulphur1 #a part2 hydrochlorate of ammonia1 #b parts2 iron filings1 #af parts4 ,the above substances must be reduced to a powder1 and securely preserved in closely stoppered vessels4 ,when the cement is to be employed1 take #bj parts very fine iron filings and #a part of the above powder2 mix them together with enough water to form a manageable paste4 ,this paste solidifies in #bj days and becomes as hard as iron4 ,a recipe for another cement useful for joining small pieces of marble or alabaster is as follows3 ,add #a_/b pint of vinegar to #a_/b pint skimmed milk2 mix the curd with the whites of #e eggs1 well beaten1 and sufficient powdered quicklime sifted in with constant stirring so as to form a paste4 ,it resists water and a moderate degree of heat4 ,,vi4--,cement for ,iron and ,marble4--,for fastening iron to marble or stone a good cement is made as follows3 ,thirty parts plaster of ,paris1 #aj parts iron filings1 #a_/b part sal ammoniac mixed with vinegar to a fluid paste fresh for use4 ,cement for ,sandstones4--,one part sulphur and #a part rosin are melted separately2 the melted masses are mixed and #c parts litharge and #b parts ground glass stirred in4 ,the latter ingredients must be perfectly dry1 and have been well pulverized and mixed previously4 ,equally good cement is obtained by melting together #a part pitch and #a_/aj part wax1 and mixing with #b parts brickdust4 ,the stones to be cemented1 or between the joints of which the putty is to be poured1 must be perfectly dry4 ,if practicable1 they should be warmed a little1 and the surfaces to which the putty is to adhere painted with oil varnish once or twice4 ,the above two formul are of especial value in case the stones are very much exposed to the heat of the sun in summer1 as well as to cold1 rain1 and snow in winter4 ,experience has shown that in these instances the above-mentioned cements give better satisfaction than the other brands of cement4 ,cements for ,attaching ,objects to ,glass4-- ,rosin #a part ,yellow wax #b parts ,melt together4 ,to ,attach ,copper to ,glass4--,boil #a part of caustic soda and #c parts of colophony in #e parts of water and mix with the like quantity of plaster of ,paris4 ,this cement is not attacked by water1 heat1 and petroleum4 ,if1 in place of the plaster of ,paris1 zinc white1 white lead1 or slaked lime is used1 the cement hardens more slowly4 ,to ,fasten ,brass upon ,glass4--,boil together #a part of caustic soda1 #c parts of rosin1 #c parts of gypsum1 and #e parts of water4 ,the cement made in this way hardens in about half an hour1 hence it must be applied quickly4 ,during the preparation it should be stirred constantly4 ,all the ingredients used must be in a finely powdered state4 ,uniting ,glass with ,horn4--7#a7 ,a solution of #b parts of gelatin in #bj parts water is evaporated up to one-sixth of its volume and #a_/c mastic dissolved in #a_/b spirit added and some zinc white stirred in4 ,the putty is applied warm2 it dries easily and can be kept a long time4 7#b7 ,mix gold size with the equal volume of water glass4 ,to ,cement ,glass to ,iron4-- ,i4--,rosin #e ounces ,yellow wax #a ounce ,venetian red #a ounce ,melt the wax and rosin on a water bath and add1 under constant stirring1 the ,venetian red previously well dried4 ,stir until nearly cool1 so as to prevent the ,venetian red from settling to the bottom4 ,,ii4--,portland cement #b ounces ,prepared chalk #a ounce ,fine sand #a ounce ,solution of sodium silicate enough to form a semi-liquid paste4 ,,iii4--,litharge #b parts ,white lead #a part ,work into a pasty condition by using #c parts boiled linseed oil1 #a part copal varnish4 ,celluloid ,cements4--,i4--,to mend broken draughting triangles and other celluloid articles1 use #c parts alcohol and #d parts ether mixed together and applied to the fracture with a brush until the edges become warm4 ,the edges are then stuck together1 and left to dry for at least #bd hours4 ,,ii4--,camphor1 #a part2 alcohol1 #d parts4 ,dissolve and add equal quantity 7by weight7 of shellac to this solution4 ,,iii4--,if firmness is desired in putting celluloid on wood1 tin1 etc41 the following gluing agent is recommended1 viz43 ,a compound of #b parts shellac1 #c parts spirit of camphor1 and #d parts strong alcohol4 #ah ,,iv4--,shellac #b ounces ,spirits of camphor #b ounces ,alcohol1 #ij per cent #f to #h ounces ,v4--,make a moderately strong glue or solution of gelatin4 ,in a dark place or a dark room mix with the above a small amount of concentrated solution of potassium dichromate4 ,coat the back of the label1 which must be clean1 with a thin layer of the mixture4 ,strongly press the label against the bottle and keep the two in close contact by tying with twine or otherwise4 ,expose to sunlight for some hours2 this causes the cement to be insoluble even in hot water4 ,,vi4--,lime av4 oz4 #a ,white of egg av4 oz4 #b #a_/b ,plaster of ,paris av4 oz4 #e #a_/b ,water fl4 oz4 #a ,reduce the lime to a fine powder2 mix it with the white of egg by trituration1 forming a uniform paste4 ,dilute with water1 rapidly incorporate the plaster of ,paris1 and use the cement immediately4 ,the surfaces to be cemented must first be moistened with water so that the cement will readily adhere4 ,the pieces must be firmly pressed together and kept in this position for about #ab hours4 ,cementing ,celluloid and ,hard-,rubber ,articles4--,i4--,celluloid articles can be mended by making a mixture composed of #c parts of alcohol and #d parts of ether4 ,this mixture should be kept in a well-corked bottle1 and when celluloid articles are to be mended1 the broken surfaces are painted over with the alcohol and ether mixture until the surfaces soften3 then press together and bind and allow to dry for at least #bd hours4 ,,ii4--,dissolve #a part of gum camphor in #d parts of alcohol2 dissolve an equal weight of shellac in such strong camphor solution4 ,the cement is applied warm and the parts united must not be disturbed until the cement is hard4 ,hard-rubber articles are never mended to form a strong joint4 ,,iii4--,melt together equal parts of gutta percha and real asphaltum4 ,the cement is applied hot1 and the broken surfaces pressed together and held in place while cooling4 ,sign-,letter ,cements4-- ,i4--,copal varnish #ae parts ,drying oil #e parts ,turpentine 7spirits7 #c parts ,oil of turpentine #b parts ,liquefied glue #e parts ,melt all together on a water bath until well mixed1 and then add #aj parts slaked lime4 ,,ii4--,mix #ajj parts finely powdered white litharge with #ej parts dry white lead1 knead together #c parts linseed oil varnish and #a part copal varnish into a firm dough4 ,coat the side to be attached with this1 removing the superfluous cement4 ,it will dry quickly and become very hard4 ,,iii4--,copal varnish #ae parts ,linseed-oil varnish #e parts ,raw turpentine #c parts ,oil of turpentine #b parts ,carpenters' glue1 dissolved in water #e parts ,precipitated chalk #aj parts ,,iv4--,mastic gum #a part ,litharge1 lead #b parts ,white lead #a part ,linseed oil #c parts ,melt together to a homogeneous mass4 ,apply hot4 ,to make a thorough and reliable job1 the letters should be heated to at least the temperature of the cement4 ,to ,fix ,gold ,letters1 etc41 upon ,glass4--,i4--,the glass must be entirely clean and polished1 and the medium is prepared in the following manner3 ,one ounce fish glue or isinglass is dissolved in water so that the latter covers the glue4 ,when this is dissolved a quart of rectified spirit of wine is added1 and enough water is poured in to make up one-quarter the whole4 ,the substance must be kept well corked4 ,,ii4--,take #a_/b quart of the best rum and #a_/d ounce fish glue1 which is dissolved in the former at a moderate degree of heat4 ,then add #a_/b quart distilled water1 and filter through a piece of old linen4 ,the glass is laid upon a perfectly level table and is covered with this substance to the thickness of #a_/h inch1 using a clean brush4 ,seize the gold leaf with a pointed object and place it smoothly upon the prepared mass1 and it will be attracted by the glass at once4 ,after #e minutes hold the glass slightly slanting so that the superfluous mass can run off1 and leave the plate in this position for #bd hours1 when it will be perfectly dry4 ,now trace the letters or the design on a piece of paper1 and perforate the lines with a thick needle1 making the holes #a_/af inch apart4 ,then place the perforated paper upon the surface of the glass1 and stamp the tracery on with powdered chalk4 ,the paper pattern is then carefully removed1 and the accurate design will remain upon the gold4 ,the outlines are now filled out with an oily gold mass1 mixed with a little chrome orange and diluted with boiled oil or turpentine4 ,when all is dry the superfluous gold is washed off #ai with water by means of a common rag4 ,the back of the glass is then painted with a suitable color4 ,attaching ,enamel ,letters to ,glass4--,to affix enamel letters to glass1 first clean the surface of the glass perfectly1 leaving no grease or sticky substance of any kind adhering to the surface4 ,then with a piece of soap sketch the outlines of the design4 ,make the proper division of the guide lines1 and strike off accurately the position each letter is to occupy4 ,then to the back of the letters apply a cement made as follows3 ,white lead ground in oil1 #b parts2 dry white lead1 #c parts4 ,mix to a soft putty consistency with good copal varnish4 ,with a small knife or spatula apply the cement to the back of the letters1 observing especial care in getting the mixture well and uniformly laid around the inside edges of the letter4 ,in attaching the letters to the glass make sure to expel the air from beneath the characters1 and to do this1 work them up and down and sidewise4 ,if the weather be at all warm1 support the letters while drying by pressing tiny beads of sealing wax against the glass1 close to the under side or bottom of the letters4 ,with a putty knife1 keenly sharpened on one edge1 next remove all the surplus cement4 ,give the letters a hard1 firm pressure against the glass around all edges to securely guard against the disruptive attacks of moisture4 ,the seepage of moisture beneath the surface of the letters is the main cause of their early detachment from the glass4 ,the removal of the letters from the glass may be effected by applying turpentine to the top of the characters1 allowing it to soak down and through the cement4 ,oxalic acid applied in the same way will usually slick the letters off in a trice4 ,cement for ,porcelain ,letters4--,slake #ae parts of fresh quicklime in #bj parts of water4 ,melt #ej parts of caoutchouc and #ej parts of linseed-oil varnish together1 and bring the mixture to a boil4 ,while boiling1 pour the liquid on the slaked lime1 little by little1 under constant stirring4 ,pass the mixture1 while still hot1 through muslin1 to remove any possible lumps1 and let cool4 ,it takes the cement #b days to set completely1 but when dry it makes a joint that will resist a great deal of strain4 ,by thinning the mixture down with oil of turpentine1 a brilliant1 powerfully adhesive varnish is obtained4 ,water-,glass ,cements4--,i4--,water glass 7sodium of potassium silicate71 which is frequently recommended for cementing glass1 does not1 as is often asserted1 form a vitreous connection between the joined surfaces2 and1 in fact1 some of the commercial varieties will not even dry1 but merely form a thick paste1 which has a strong affinity for moisture4 ,good #cj ,b4 water glass is1 however1 suitable for mending articles that are exposed to heat1 and is best applied to surfaces that have been gently warmed2 when the pieces are put together they should be pressed warmly1 to expel any superfluous cement1 and then heated strongly4 ,to repair cracked glasses or bottles through which water will leak1 water glasses may be used1 the application being effected in the following easy manner3 ,the vessel is warmed to induce rarefaction of the internal air1 after which the mouth is closed1 either by a cork in the case of bottles1 or by a piece of parchment or bladder if a wide-mouthed vessel is under treatment4 ,while still hot1 the outside of the crack is covered with a little glass1 and the vessel set aside to cool1 whereupon the difference between the pressure of the external and internal air will force the cement into the fissure and close it completely4 ,all that is then necessary is to take off the cover and leave the vessel to warm for a few hours4 ,subsequently rinse it out with lime water1 followed by clean water1 and it will then hold any liquid1 acids and alkaline fluids alone excepted4 ,,ii4--,when water glass is brought into contact with calcium chloride1 a calcium silicate is at once formed which is insoluble in water4 ,it seems possible that this reaction may be used in binding together masses of sand1 etc4 ,the process indicated has long been used in the preservation of stone which has become 8weathered40 ,the stone is first brushed with the water glass and afterwards with a solution of calcium chloride4 ,the conditions here are of course different4 ,calcium chloride must not be confounded with the so-called 8chloride of lime0 which is a mixture of calcium hypochlorite and other bodies4 ,to ,fasten ,paper ,tickets to ,glass4--,to attach paper tickets to glass1 the employment of water glass is efficacious4 ,care should be taken to spread this product on the glass and not on the paper1 and then to apply the paper dry1 which should be done immediately4 ,when the solution is dry the paper cannot be #bj detached4 ,the silicate should be somewhat diluted4 ,it is spread on the glass with a rag or a small sponge4 ,,jewelers' ,,cements4 ,jewelers and goldsmiths require1 for the cementing of genuine and colored gems1 as well as for the placing of colored folio under certain stones1 very adhesive gluing agents1 which must1 however1 be colorless4 ,in this respect these are distinguished chiefly by the so-called diamond cement and the regular jewelers' cement4 ,diamond cement is much esteemed by jewelers for cementing precious stones and corals1 but may also be employed with advantage for laying colored fluxes of glass on white glass4 ,the diamond cement is of such a nature as to be able to remain for some time in contact with water without becoming soft4 ,it adheres best between glass or between precious stones4 ,it is composed as follows3 ,isinglass #h parts1 gum ammoniac #a part1 galbanum #a part1 spirit of wine #d parts4 ,soak the isinglass in water with admixture of a little spirit of wine and add the solution of the gums in the remainder of the spirit of wine4 ,before use1 heat the diamond cement a little so as to soften it4 ,jewelers' cement is used for similar purposes as is the diamond cement1 and is prepared from3 ,isinglass 7dry7 #aj parts1 mastic varnish #e parts4 ,dissolve the isinglass in very little water1 adding some strong spirit of wine4 ,the mastic varnish is prepared by pouring a mixture of highly rectified spirit of wine and benzine over finely powdered mastic and dissolving it in the smallest possible quantity of liquid4 ,the two solutions of isinglass and mastic are intimately ground together in a porcelain dish4 ,armenian ,cement4--,the celebrated 8,armenian0 cement1 so called formerly used by ,turkish and ,oriental jewelers generally1 for setting precious stones1 8facing diamonds10 rubies1 etc41 is made as follows3 ,mastic gum #aj parts ,isinglass 7fish glue7 #bj parts ,gum ammoniac #e parts ,alcohol absolute #fj parts ,alcohol1 #ej per cent #ce parts ,water #ajj parts ,dissolve the mastic in the absolute alcohol2 dissolve1 by the aid of gentle heat1 on the water bath1 the isinglass in the water1 and add #aj parts of the dilute alcohol4 ,now dissolve the ammoniacum in the residue of the dilute alcohol4 ,add the first solution to the second1 mix thoroughly by agitation and then add the solution of gum ammoniac and stir well in4 ,finally put on the water bath1 and keeping at a moderate heat1 evaporate the whole down to #age parts4 ,cement for ,enameled ,dials4--,the following is a good cement for enameled dials1 plates1 or other pieces3 ,grind into a fine powder #b #a_/b parts of dammar rosin and #b #a_/b parts of copal1 using colorless pieces if possible4 ,next add #b parts of ,venetian turpentine and enough spirit of wine so that the whole forms a thick paste4 ,to this grind #c parts of the finest zinc white4 ,the mass now has the consistency of prepared oil paint4 ,to remove the yellow tinge of the cement add a trifle of ,berlin blue to the zinc white4 ,finally1 the whole is heated until the spirit of wine is driven off and a molten mass remains1 which is allowed to cool and is kept for use4 ,heat the parts to be cemented4 ,watch-,lid ,cement4--,the hardest cement for fixing on watch lids is shellac4 ,if the lids are exceedingly thin the engraving will always press through4 ,before cementing it on the inside of the lid1 in order not to injure the polish1 it is coated with chalk dissolved in alcohol1 which is first allowed to dry4 ,next melt the shellac on the stick1 heat the watch lid and put it on4 ,after the engraving has been done1 simply force the lid off and remove the remaining shellac from the latter by light tapping4 ,if this does not remove it completely lay the lid in alcohol1 leaving it therein until all the shellac has dissolved4 ,all that remains to be done now is to wash out the watch lid4 ,jewelers' ,glue ,cement4--,dissolve on a water bath #ej parts of fish glue in a little #ie-per-cent alcohol1 adding #d parts1 by weight1 of gum ammoniac4 ,on the other hand1 dissolve #b parts1 by weight1 of mastic in #aj parts1 by weight1 of alcohol4 ,mix these two solutions and preserve in a well-corked flask4 ,for use it suffices to soften it on the water bath4 ,casein ,cements4-- ,i4--,borax #e parts ,water #ie parts ,casein1 sufficient quantity4 ,dissolve the borax in water and incorporate enough casein to produce a mass of the proper consistency4 ,,ii4--,the casein is made feebly alkaline by means of soda or potash lye and #ba then subjected for about #bd hours to a temperature of #adj ,f4 ,next follow the customary admixture1 such as lime and water glass1 and finally1 to accomplish a quicker resinification1 substances containing tannin are added4 ,for tannic admixtures to the partially disintegrated casein1 slight quantities--about #a per cent--of gallic acid1 cutch1 or quercitannic acid are employed4 ,the feebly alkaline casein cement containing tannic acid is used in the well-known manner for the gluing together of wood4 ,for ,metals4--,make a paste with #af ounces casein1 #bj ounces slaked lime1 and #bj ounces of sand1 in water4 ,for ,glass4--,i4--,dissolve casein in a concentrated solution of borax4 ,,ii4--,make a paste of casein and water glass4 ,pasteboard and ,paper ,cement4--,i4--,let pure glue swell in cold water2 pour and press off the excess2 put on the water bath and melt4 ,paper or other material cemented with this is then immediately1 before the cement dries1 submitted to the action of formaldehyde and dried4 ,the cement resists the action of water1 even hot4 ,,ii4--,melt together equal parts of good pitch and gutta percha4 ,to #i parts of this mass add #c parts of boiled linseed oil and #a_/e part litharge4 ,the heat is kept up until1 with constant stirring1 an intimate union of all the ingredients has taken place4 ,the mixture is diluted with a little benzine or oil of turpentine and applied while still warm4 ,the cement is waterproof4 ,,iii4--,the ,national ,druggist says that experience with pasting or cementing parchment paper seems to show that about the best agent is casein cement1 made by dissolving casein in a saturated aqueous solution of borax4 ,,iv4--,the following is recommended for paper boxes3 ,chloral hydrate #e parts ,gelatin1 white #h parts ,gum arabic #b parts ,boiling water #cj parts ,mix the chloral1 gelatin1 and gum arabic in a porcelain container1 pour the boiling water over the mixture and let stand for #a day1 giving it a vigorous stirring several times during the day4 ,in cold weather this is apt to get hard and stiff1 but this may be obviated by standing the container in warm water for a few minutes4 ,this paste adheres to any surface whatever4 ,waterproof ,cements for ,glass1 ,stoneware1 and ,metal4--,i4--,make a paste of sulphur1 sal ammoniac1 iron filings1 and boiled oil4 ,,ii4--,mix together dry3 ,whiting1 #f pounds2 plaster of ,paris1 #c pounds2 sand1 #c pounds2 litharge1 #c pounds2 rosin1 #a pound4 ,make to a paste with copal varnish4 ,,iii4--,make a paste of boiled oil1 #f pounds2 copal1 #f pounds2 litharge1 #b pounds2 white lead1 #a pound4 ,,iv4--,make a paste with boiled oil1 #c pounds2 brickdust #b pounds2 dry slaked lime1 #a pound4 ,v4--,dissolve #ic ounces of alum and #ic ounces of sugar of lead in water to concentration4 ,dissolve separately #aeb ounces of gum arabic in #be gallons of water1 and then stir in #fb #a_/b pounds of flour4 ,then heat to a uniform paste with the metallic salts1 but take care not to boil the mass4 ,,vi4--,for ,iron and ,marble to ,stand in ,heat4--,in #c pounds of water dissolve first1 #a pound water glass and then #a pound of borax4 ,with the solution make #b pounds of clay and #a pound of barytes1 first mixed dry1 to a paste4 ,,vii4--,glue to ,resist ,boiling ,water4--,dissolve separately in water #ee pounds of glue and a mixture of #dj pounds of bichromate and #e pounds of alum4 ,mix as wanted4 ,,viii4 7,chinese ,glue74--,dissolve shellac in #aj times its weight of ammonia4 ,,ix4--,make a paste of #dj ounces of dry slaked lime #aj ounces of alum1 and #ej ounces of white of egg4 ,x4--,alcohol #a1jjj parts ,sandarac #fj parts ,mastic #fj parts ,turpentine oil #fj parts ,dissolve the gums in the alcohol and add the oil and stir in4 ,now prepare a solution of equal parts of glue and isinglass1 by soaking #abe parts of each in cold water until it becomes saturated1 pouring and pressing off the residue1 and melting on the water bath4 ,this should produce a volume of glue nearly equal to that of the solution of gums4 ,the latter should1 in the meantime1 have been cautiously raised to the boiling point on the water bath1 and then mixed with the hot glue solution4 ,it is said that articles united with this substance will stand the strain of cold water for an unlimited time1 and it takes hot water even a long time to affect it4 #bb ,,xi4--,burgundy pitch #f parts ,gutta percha #a part ,pumice stone1 in fine powder #c parts ,melt the gutta percha very carefully add the pumice stone1 and lastly the pitch1 and stir until homogeneous4 ,use while still hot4 ,this cement will withstand water and dilute mineral acids4 ,,leather ,,and ,,rubber ,,cements4 ,i4--,use a melted mixture of gutta percha and genuine asphalt1 applied hot4 ,the hard-rubber goods must be kept pressed together until the cement has cooled4 ,,ii4--,a cement which is effective for cementing rubber to iron and which is especially valuable for fastening rubber bands to bandsaw wheels is made as follows3 ,powdered shellac1 #a part2 strong water of ammonia1 #aj parts4 ,put the shellac in the ammonia water and set it away in a tightly closed jar for #c or #d weeks4 ,by that time the mixture will become a perfectly liquid transparent mass and is then ready for use4 ,when applied to rubber the ammonia softens it1 but it quickly evaporates1 leaving the rubber in the same condition as before4 ,the shellac clings to the iron and thus forms a firm bond between the iron and the rubber4 ,,iii4--,gutta percha white #a drachm ,carbon disulphide #a ounce ,dissolve1 filter1 and add3 ,india rubber #ae grains ,dissolve4 ,cement for ,metal on ,hard ,rubber4--,i4--,soak good ,cologne glue and boil down so as to give it the consistency of joiners' glue1 and add with constant stirring1 enough sifted wood ashes until a homogeneous1 moderately thick mass results4 ,use warm and fit the pieces well together while drying4 ,how to ,unite ,rubber and ,leather4--,,ii4--,roughen both surfaces1 the leather and the rubber1 with a sharp glass edge2 apply to both a diluted solution of gutta percha in carbon bisulphide and let this solution soak into the material4 ,then press upon each surface a skin of gutta percha #a_/aj of an inch in thickness between rolls4 ,the two surfaces are now united in a press1 which should be warm but not hot4 ,this method should answer in all cases in which it is applicable4 ,the other prescription covers cases in which a press cannot be used4 ,cut #cj parts of rubber into small pieces1 and dissolve it in #adj parts of carbon bisulphide1 the vessel being placed on a water bath of #cj ,c4 7#hf ,f474 ,further1 melt #aj parts of rubber with #ae of colophony1 and add #ce parts of oil of turpentine4 ,when the rubber has been completely dissolved1 the two liquids may be mixed4 ,the resulting cement must be kept well corked4 ,to ,fasten ,rubber to ,wood4--,i4--,make a cement by macerating virgin gum rubber1 or as pure rubber as can be had1 cut in small pieces1 in just enough naphtha or gasoline to cover it4 ,let it stand in a very tightly corked or sealed jar for #ad days1 or a sufficient time to become dissolved1 shaking the mixture daily4 ,,ii4--,dissolve pulverized gum shellac1 #a ounce1 in #i #a_/b ounces of strong ammonia4 ,this of course must be kept tightly corked4 ,it will not be as elastic as the first preparation4 ,,iii4--,fuse together shellac and gutta percha in equal weights4 ,,iv4--,india rubber #h ounces ,gutta percha #d ounces ,isinglass #b ounces ,bisulphide of carbon #cb ounces ,v4--,india rubber #e ounces ,gum mastic #a ounce ,chloroform #c ounces ,,vi4--,gutta percha #af ounces ,india rubber #d ounces ,pitch #d ounces ,shellac #a ounce ,linseed oil #a ounce ,amalgamate by heat4 ,,vii4--,mix #a ounce of oil of turpentine with #aj ounces of bisulphide of carbon in which as much gutta percha as possible has been dissolved4 ,,viii4--,amalgamate by heat3 ,gutta percha #ajj ounces ,venice turpentine #hj ounces ,shellac #h ounces ,india rubber #b ounces ,liquid storax #aj ounces ,,ix4--,amalgamate by heat3 ,india rubber #ajj ounces ,rosin #ae ounces ,shellac #aj ounces ,then dissolve in bisulphide of carbon4 ,x4--,make the following solutions separately and mix3 7a7 ,india rubber #e ounces ,chloroform #adj ounces 7b7 ,india rubber #e ounces ,rosin #b ounces ,venice turpentine #a ounce ,oil of turpentine #bj ounces #bc ,cement for ,patching ,rubber ,boots and ,shoes4-- ,i4--,india rubber1 finely chopped #ajj parts ,rosin #ae parts ,shellac #aj parts ,carbon disulphide1 q4 s4 to dissolve4 ,this will not only unite leather to leather1 india rubber1 etc41 but will unite rubber to almost any substance4 ,,ii4--,caoutchouc1 finely cut #d parts ,india rubber1 finely cut #a part ,carbon disulphide #cb parts ,dissolve the caoutchouc in the carbon disulphide1 add the rubber1 let macerate a few days1 then mash with a palette knife to a smooth paste4 ,the vessel in which the solution is made in both instances above must be kept tightly closed1 and should have frequent agitations4 ,,iii4--,take #ajj parts of crude rubber or caoutchouc1 cut it up in small bits1 and dissolve it in sufficient carbon bisulphide1 add to it #ae parts of rosin and #aj parts of gum lac4 ,the user must not overlook the great inflammability and exceedingly volatile nature of the carbon bisulphide4 ,tire ,cements4-- ,i4--,india rubber #ae grams ,chloroform #b ounces ,mastic #a_/b ounce ,mix the india rubber and chloroform together1 and when dissolved1 the mastic is added in powder4 ,it is then allowed to stand a week or two before using4 ,,ii4--,the following is recommended as very good for cementing pneumatic tires to bicycle wheels3 ,shellac #a ounce ,gutta percha #a ounce ,sulphur #de grains ,red lead #de grains ,melt together the shellac and gutta percha1 then add1 with constant stirring1 the sulphur and red lead4 ,use while hot4 ,,iii4--,raw gutta percha #af ounces ,carbon bisulphide #gb ounces ,eau de ,cologne #b #b_/c ounces ,this cement is the subject of an ,english patent and is recommended for patching cycle and motor tires1 insulating electric wires1 etc4 ,,iv4--,a good thick shellac varnish with which a small amount of castor oil has been mixed will be found a very excellent bicycle rim cement4 ,the formula recommended by ,edel is as follows3 ,shellac #a pound ,alcohol #a pint ,mix and dissolve1 then add3 ,castor oil #a_/b ounce ,the castor oil prevents the cement from becoming hard and brittle4 ,a cement used to fasten bicycle tires may be made by melting together at a gentle heat equal parts of gutta percha and asphalt4 ,apply hot4 ,sometimes a small quantity each of sulphur and red lead is added 7about #a part of each to #bj parts of cement74 ,cements for ,leather4-- ,i4--,gutta percha #bj parts ,syrian asphalt1 powdered #bj parts ,carbon disulphide #ej parts ,oil of turpentine #aj parts ,the gutta percha1 shredded fine1 is dissolved in the carbon disulphide and turpentine oil4 ,to the solution add the asphalt and set away for several days1 or until the asphalt is dissolved4 ,the cement should have the consistency of honey4 ,if the preparation is thinner than this let it stand1 open1 for a few days4 ,articles to be patched should first be washed with benzine4 ,,ii4--,glue #a ounce ,starch paste #b ounces ,turpentine #a drachm ,water1 a sufficient quantity4 ,dissolve the glue in sufficient water with heat2 mix the starch paste with water2 add the turpentine1 and finally mix with the glue while hot4 ,,iii4--,soak for one day #a pound of common glue in enough water to cover1 and #a pound of isinglass in ale droppings4 ,then mix together and heat gently until boiling4 ,at this point add a little pure tannin and keep boiling for an hour4 ,if the glue and isinglass when mixed are too thick1 add water4 ,this cement should be used warm and the jointed leather pressed tightly together for #ab hours4 ,,iv4--,a waterproof cement for leather caoutchouc1 or balata1 is prepared by dissolving gutta percha1 caoutchouc1 benzoin1 gum lac1 mastic1 etc41 in some convenient solvent like carbon disulphide1 chloroform1 ether1 or alcohol4 ,the best solvent1 however1 in the case of gutta percha1 is carbon disulphide and ether for mastic4 ,the most favorable proportions are as follows3 ,gutta percha1 #bjj to #cjj parts to #ajj parts of the solvent1 and #ge to #he parts of mastic to #ajj parts of ether4 ,from #e to #h parts of the former solution are mixed with #a #bd part of the latter1 and the mixture is then boiled on the water bath1 or in a vessel fitted with a water jacket4 ,v4--,make a solution of #bjj to #cjj parts of caoutchouc1 gutta percha1 india rubber1 benzoin1 or similar gum1 in #a1jjj parts of carbon disulphide1 chloroform1 ether1 or alcohol1 and of this add #e to #h parts to a solution of mastic 7#ge to #abe parts7 in ether #ajj parts1 of equal volume and boil together4 ,use hot water as the boiling agent1 or boil very cautiously on the water bath4 ,,vi4--,forty parts of aluminum acetate1 #aj ,b41 #aj parts of glue1 #aj parts of rye flour4 ,these materials are either to be simultaneously mixed and boiled1 or else the glue is to be dissolved in the aluminum acetate1 and the flour stirred into the solution4 ,this is an excellent cement for leather1 and is used in so-called art work with leather1 and with leather articles which are made of several pieces4 ,it is to be applied warm4 ,rubber ,cement for ,cloth4--,the following formulas have been recommended3 ,i4--,caoutchouc1 #e parts2 chloroform1 #c parts4 ,dissolve and add gum mastic 7powder7 #a part4 ,,ii4--,gutta percha1 #af parts2 india rubber1 #d parts2 pitch1 #b parts2 shellac1 #a part2 linseed oil1 #b parts4 ,reduce the solids to small pieces1 melt together with the oil and mix well4 ,,iii4--,the following cement for mending rubber shoes and tires will answer similar purposes3 ,caoutchouc in shavings #aj parts by weight ,rosin #d parts by weight ,gum turpentine #dj parts by weight ,oil turpentine1 enough4 ,melt together first the caoutchouc and rosin1 then add the gum turpentine1 and when all is liquefied1 add enough of oil of turpentine to preserve it liquid4 ,a second solution is prepared by dissolving together3 ,caoutchouc #aj parts by weight ,chloroform #bhj parts by weight ,for use these two solutions are mixed4 ,wash the hole in the rubber shoe over with the cement1 then a piece of linen dipped in it is placed over it2 as soon as the linen adheres to the sole1 the cement is then applied as thickly as required4 ,,cements ,,for ,,metals ,,and ,,for ,,attaching ,,various ,,substances ,,to ,,metals3 ,cements for ,iron4--,i4--,to make a good cement for iron on iron1 make a thick paste1 with water1 of powdered iron1 #fj parts2 sal ammoniac1 #b parts1 and sulphur flowers1 #a part4 ,use while fresh4 ,,ii4--,sulphur flowers1 #f parts2 dry white lead #f parts1 and powdered borax1 #a part4 ,mix by sifting and keep as a dry powder in a closed tin box4 ,to use1 make into a thin paste with strong sulphuric acid and press together immediately4 ,this cement will harden in #e days4 ,,iii4--,graphite #ej pounds ,whiting #ae pounds ,litharge #ae pounds ,make to a paste with a boiled oil4 ,,iv4--,make a paste of white lead and asbestos4 ,v4--,make a paste of litharge and glycerine4 ,red lead may be added4 ,this also does for stone4 ,,vi4--,make a paste of boiled oil of equal parts of white lead1 pipe clay1 and black oxide of manganese4 ,,vii4--,make iron filings to a paste with water glass4 ,,viii4--,sal ammoniac #d ounces ,sulphur #b ounces ,iron filings #cb ounces ,make as much as is to be used at once to a paste with a little water4 ,this remark applies to both the following dry recipes3 ,,ix4--,iron filings #afj ounces ,lime #hj ounces ,red lead #af ounces ,alum #h ounces ,sal ammoniac #b ounces ,x4--,clay #aj ounces ,iron filings #d ounces ,salt #a ounce ,borax #a ounce ,black oxide of manganese #b ounces ,,xi4--,mix3 ,iron filings #ahj ounces ,lime #de ounces ,salt #h ounces ,,xii4--,mix3 ,iron filings #adj ounces ,hydraulic lime #bj ounces ,sand #be ounces ,sal ammoniac #c ounces ,either of these last two mixtures is made into a paste with strong vinegar just before use4 ,,xiii4--,mix equal weights of zinc oxide and black oxide of manganese into a paste with water glass4 ,,xiv4--,copal varnish1 #ae parts2 hydrated lime1 #aj parts2 glue de nerfs 7of sinews71 #e parts2 fat drying oil1 #e parts2 #be powdered turpentine1 #c parts2 essence of turpentine1 #b parts4 ,dissolve the glue de nerfs on the water bath1 add all the other substances1 and triturate intimately4 ,,xv4--,copal varnish1 #ae parts2 powdered turpentine1 #c parts2 essence of turpentine1 #b parts2 powdered fish glue1 #c parts2 iron filings1 #c parts2 ocher1 #aj parts4 ,,xvi4--,to make a cement for cast iron1 take #af ounces cast-iron borings2 #b ounces sal ammoniac1 and #a ounce sulphur4 ,mix well and keep dry4 ,when ready to use take #a part of this powder to #bj parts of cast-iron borings and mix thoroughly into a stiff paste1 adding a little water4 ,,xvii4--,litharge #b parts ,boiled linseed oil #b parts ,white lead #a part ,copal #a part ,heat together until of a uniform consistence and apply warm4 ,,xviii4--,a cement for iron which is said to be perfectly waterproof and fireproof is made by working up a mixture of equal weights of red lead and litharge with glycerine till the mass is perfectly homogeneous and has the consistency of a glazier's putty4 ,this cement is said to answer well1 even for very large iron vessels1 and to be unsurpassable for stopping up cracks in large iron pans of steam pipes4 ,cement for ,metal1 ,glass1 and ,porcelain4--,a soft alloy is prepared by mixing from #cj to #cf parts of copper precipitated in the form of a fine brown powder1 with sulphuric acid of a specific gravity of #a4he in a cast-iron or porcelain mortar and incorporating by stirring with #ge parts of mercury1 the acid being afterwards removed by washing with water4 ,in from #aj to #ad hours the amalgam becomes harder than tin1 but when heated to #fib ,f41 it can be kneaded like wax4 ,in this condition it is applied to the surface to be cemented1 and will fix them firmly together on cooling4 ,dissolve #a drachm of gum mastic in #c drachms of spirits of wine4 ,in a separate vessel containing water soak #c drachms of isinglass4 ,when thoroughly soaked take it out of the water and put it into #e drachms of spirits of wine4 ,take a piece of gum ammoniacum the size of a large pea and grind it up finely with a little spirits of wine and isinglass until it has dissolved4 ,then mix the whole together with sufficient heat4 ,it will be found most convenient to place the vessel on a hot-water bath4 ,keep this cement in a bottle closely stoppered1 and when it is to be used1 place it in hot water until dissolved4 ,cements for ,fastening ,porcelain to ,metal4--,i4--,mix equal parts of alcohol 7#ie per cent7 and water1 and make a paste by incorporating the liquid with #cjj parts of finely pulverized chalk and #bej parts of starch4 ,,ii4--,mix finely powdered burned lime1 #cjj parts1 with powdered starch1 #bej parts1 and moisten the mixture with a compound of equal parts of water and alcohol of #ie per cent until a paste results4 ,,iii4--,cement or plaster can be used if the surfaces are sufficiently large2 cement is the better article when the object may be exposed to moisture or subjected to much pressure4 ,a process which can be recommended consists in mingling equal weights of chalk1 brickdust1 clay1 and ,romain cement4 ,these materials1 pulverized and sifted are incorporated with linseed oil in the proportion of half a kilo of oil to #c kilos of the mingled powder4 ,the ,romain or ,romanic cement is so designated from the district in ,france where the calcareous stone from which it is prepared is found in considerable quantity4 ,although its adhesive qualities are unquestioned1 there are undoubtedly ,american cements equally as good4 ,,iv4--,acetate of lead1 #df #a_/b parts by weight2 alum1 #df #a_/b parts by weight2 gum arabic1 #gf parts by weight2 flour1 #ejj parts by weight2 water1 #b1jjj parts by weight4 ,dissolve the acetate of lead and the alum in a little water2 on the other hand dissolve the gum arabic in water by pouring1 for instance1 the #b liters of boiling water on the gum arabic reduced to powder4 ,when the gum has dissolved1 add the flour1 put all on the fire1 and stir well with a piece of wood2 then add the solution of acetate of lead and the alum2 agitate well so as to prevent any lumps from forming2 retire from the fire before allowing to boil4 ,this glue is used cold1 does not peel off1 and is excellent to make wood1 glass1 cardboard1 etc4 adhere to metals4 ,cement for ,leather and ,iron4--,to face a cast-iron pulley with leather apply acetic acid to the face of the pulley with a brush1 which will roughen it by rusting1 and then when dry apply a cement made of #a pound of fish glue and #a_/b pound of common glue1 melted in a mixture of alcohol and water4 ,the leather should then be placed on the pulley and dried under pressure4 #bf ,amber ,cements4--,i4--,to solder together two pieces of yellow amber1 slightly heat the parts to be united and moisten them with a solution of caustic soda2 then bring the two pieces together quickly4 ,,ii4--,dissolve in a closed bottle #ge parts of cut-up caoutchouc in #fj parts of chloroform4 ,add #ae parts of mastic and let the mixture stand in the cold until all has dissolved4 ,,iii4--,moisten the pieces to be joined with caustic potash and press them together when warm4 ,the union is so perfect that no trace of the juncture is visible4 ,a concentrated alcoholic solution of the rosin over the amber1 soluble in alcohol1 is also employed for this purpose4 ,another medium is a solution of hard and very finely powdered copal in pure sulphuric ether4 ,coat both fractures1 previously well cleaned1 with this solution and endeavor to combine them intimately by tying or pressing4 ,,iv4--,in #cj parts by weight of copal dissolve #cj parts by weight of alumina by means of a water bath4 ,bathe the surface to be cemented with this gelatinous liquid1 but very slightly4 ,unite the fractures and press them together firmly until the mixture is dry4 ,acid-,proof ,cements for ,stoneware and ,glass4--,i4--,mix with the aid of heat equal weights of pitch1 rosin1 and plaster of ,paris4 ,,ii4--,mix silicate of soda to a paste with ground glass4 ,,iii4--,mix boiled oil to a paste with china clay4 ,,iv4--,mix coal tar to a paste with pipe clay4 ,v4--,mix boiled oil to a paste with quicklime4 ,,vi4--,mix with the aid of heat3 ,sulphur1 #ajj pounds2 tallow1 #b pounds2 rosin1 #b pounds4 ,thicken with ground glass4 ,,vii4--,mix with the aid of heat3 ,rosin1 #b pounds2 sulphur1 #b pounds2 brickdust1 #d pounds4 ,,viii4--,mix with the aid of heat #b pounds of india rubber and #d pounds of oiled oil4 ,thicken with #ab pounds of pipe clay4 ,,ix4--,fuse #ajj pounds of india rubber with #g pounds of tallow4 ,then make to a paste with dry slaked lime and finally add #bj pounds of red lead4 ,x4--,mix with the aid of heat3 ,rosin1 #bd pounds2 red ocher1 #h pounds2 boiled oil1 #b pounds2 plaster of ,paris1 #d pounds4 ,acid-,proof ,cement for ,wood1 ,metals1 etc4-- ,i4--,powdered asbestos #b parts ,ground baryta #a part ,sodium water-glass solution #b parts ,mix4 ,,ii4--,to withstand hot nitric acid the following is used3 ,sodium water-glass solution #b parts ,sand #a part ,asbestos #a part ,mix4 ,,iii4--,asbestos #b parts ,sulphate of barium #c parts ,silicate of sodium #b parts ,by mixing these ingredients a cement strong enough to resist the strongest nitric acid will be obtained4 ,,iv4--,if hot acids are dealt with1 the following mixture will be found to possess still more resistant powers3 ,silicate of sodium 7#ej ,baum7 #b parts ,fine sand #a part ,asbestos #a part ,both these cements take a few hours to set4 ,if the cement is wanted to set at once1 use silicate of potassium1 instead of silicate of sodium4 ,this mixture will be instantly effective and possesses the same power of resistance as the other4 ,directions for ,repairing ,broken ,glass1 ,porcelain1 ,bric--,brac4--,broken glass1 china1 bric--brac1 and picture frames1 not to name casts1 require each a different cement--in fact1 several different cements4 ,glass may be beautifully mended to look at1 but seldom so as to be safely used4 ,for clear glass the best cement is isinglass dissolved in gin4 ,put #b ounces of isinglass in a clean1 wide-mouthed bottle1 add half a pint of gin1 and set in the sun until dissolved4 ,shake well every day1 and before using strain through double lawn1 squeezing very gently4 ,spread a white cloth over the mending table and supply it with plenty of clean linen rags1 strong rubber bands1 and narrow white tape1 also a basin of tepid water and a clean soft towel4 ,wash the broken glass very clean1 especially along the break1 but take care not to chip it further4 ,wet both broken edges well with the glue1 using a camel's-hair pencil4 ,fit the break to a nicety1 then slip on rubber bands length- and cross-wise1 every way they will hold4 ,if they will not hold true as upon a stemmed #bg thing1 a vase or jug or scent bottle1 string half a dozen bands of the same size and strength upon a bit of tape1 and tie the tape about neck or base before beginning the gluing4 ,after the parts are joined slip another tape through the same bands and tie it above the fracture2 thus with all their strength the bands pull the break together4 ,the bands can be used thus on casts of china--in fact1 to hold anything mendable4 ,in glass mending the greater the pressure the better--if only it stops short of the breaking point4 ,properly made the isinglass cement is as clear as water4 ,when the pieces fit true one on the other the break should be hardly visible1 if the pressure has been great enough to force out the tiny bubbles1 which otherwise refract the light and make the line of cleavage distressingly apparent4 ,mended glass may be used to hold dry things--as rose leaves1 sachets1 violet powder1 even candies and fruits4 ,but it will not bear to have any sort of liquid left standing in it1 nor to be washed beyond a quick rinsing in tepid water4 ,in wiping always use a very soft towel1 and pat the vessel dry with due regard to its infirmities4 ,mend a lamp loose in the collar with sifted plaster of ,paris mixed to a very soft paste with beaten white of egg4 ,have everything ready before wetting up the plaster1 and work quickly so it may set in place4 ,with several lamps to mend wet enough plaster for one at a time4 ,it takes less than #e minutes to set1 and is utterly worthless if one tries working it over4 ,metal work apart from the glass needs the soldering iron4 ,dust the break well with powdered rosin1 tie the parts firmly together1 lay the stick of solder above the break1 and fetch the iron down on it lightly but firmly4 ,when the solder cools1 remove the melted rosin with a cloth dipped in alcohol4 ,since breakables have so unhappy a knack of fracturing themselves in such fashion they cannot possibly stand upright1 one needs a sand box4 ,it is only a box of handy size with #h inches of clean1 coarse sand in the bottom4 ,along with it there should be some small leaden weights1 with rings cast in them1 running from an ounce to a quarter pound4 ,two of each weight are needed4 ,in use1 tapes are tied to the rings1 and the pair of weights swung outside the edges of the box1 so as to press in place the upper part of a broken thing to which the tapes have been fastened4 ,set broken platters on edge in the sand box with the break up4 ,the sand will hold them firm1 and the broken bit can be slapped on4 ,it is the same with plates and saucers4 ,none of these commonly requires weighting4 ,but very fine pieces where an invisible seam is wanted should be held firm until partly set1 then have the pair of heaviest weights accurately balanced across the broken piece4 ,the weights are also very useful to prop and stay topheavy articles and balance them so they shall not get out of kilter4 ,a cup broken1 as is so common with cups1 can have the tape passed around it1 crossing inside the handle1 then be set firmly in the sand1 face down1 and be held by the hanging weights pulling one against the other4 ,the most dependable cement for china is pure white lead1 ground in linseed oil1 so thick it will barely spread smoothly with a knife4 ,given time enough to harden 7some #c months71 it makes a seam practically indestructible4 ,the objection to it is that it always shows in a staring white line4 ,a better cement for fine china is white of egg and plaster4 ,sift the plaster three times and tie a generous pinch of it loosely in mosquito netting4 ,then beat the egg until it will stick to the plaster4 ,have the broken edge very clean1 cover both with the beaten egg1 dust well with the plaster1 fit together at once1 tie1 using rubber bands if possible1 wrap loosely in very soft tissue paper1 and bury head and ears in the sand box1 taking care that the break lies so that the sand will hold it together4 ,leave in the box #bd hours4 ,after a week the superfluous plaster may be gently scraped away4 ,general ,formulas for ,cements for ,repairing ,porcelain1 ,glassware1 ,crockery1 ,plaster1 and ,meerschaum4--,i4--,an excellent cement for joining broken crockery and similar small articles can be made by melting #d or #e parts of rosin 7or1 better still1 gum mastic7 with #a part of beeswax in an iron spoon or similar vessel4 ,apply while hot4 ,it will not stand great heat4 ,,ii4--,an excellent cement for porcelain and stoneware is obtained by mixing #bj parts of fish glue with an equal weight of crystallizable acetic acid and evaporate the mixture carefully to a syrupy consistency so that it forms a gelatinous mass on cooling4 ,for use the cement thus obtained is made liquid again by heating and applied to the fracture with a brush4 ,the pieces should now be pressed firmly together1 by winding a twine tightly around them1 until the cement has hardened4 ,,iii4--,for luting vessels made of glass1 #bh porcelain1 etc41 which are to be used to hold strong acids1 a mixture of asbestos powder1 water glass1 and an indifferent powder 7permanent white1 sand1 etc47 is recommended4 ,to begin with1 asbestos powder is made into a pulp with three or four times the quantity 7weight7 of a solution of soda water glass 7of #cj ,b474 ,the same is exceedingly fat and plastic1 but is not very well suited for working1 as it shrinks too much and cracks when drying4 ,by an addition of fine writing sand of the same weight as the asbestos used1 the mass can be made less fat1 so as to obviate shrinking1 without detracting from the plasticity4 ,small vessels were molded from it and dried in the air1 to be tested afterwards4 ,put in water1 the hardened mass becomes soft again and falls apart4 ,brought into contact1 however1 with very strong mineral acids1 it becomes even firmer and withstands the liquid perfectly4 ,concentrated nitric acid was kept in such small vessels without the mass being visibly attacked or anything penetrating it4 ,the action of the acid manifestly has the effect that silicic acid is set free from the water glass in excess1 which clogs up the pores entirely and contributes to the lutation4 ,later on1 the mass cannot be dissolved by pure water any more4 ,the mass is also highly fireproof4 ,one of the molded bodies can be kept glowing in a ,bunsen gas flame for about half a day after treatment with acid1 without slagging in the least4 ,for many purposes it ought to be welcome to have such a mass at hand4 ,it cannot be kept ready for use1 however1 as it hardens a few hours after being prepared2 if potash water glass is used1 instead of the soda composition1 this induration takes place still more quickly4 ,,iv4--,cement for ,glass1 ,porcelain1 etc4-- ,isinglass 7fish glue7 #ej parts ,gum ammoniac #d parts ,gum mastic #b parts ,alcohol1 #ie per cent #aj parts ,water1 q4 s4 ,soak the isinglass in cold water over night1 or until it has become swollen and soft throughout4 ,in the morning throw off any superfluous fluid and throw the isinglass on a clean towel or other coarse cloth1 and hang it up in such a way that any free residual water will drain away4 ,upon doing this thoroughly depends1 in a great measure1 the strength of the cement4 ,when the gelatin has become thoroughly drained put it into a flask or other container1 place it in the water bath and heat carefully until it becomes fluid1 being careful not to let it come to a boil1 as this injures its adhesive properties 7the same may be said in regard to glues and gelatins of all kinds74 ,dissolve the gums in the alcohol and add the solution to the gelatin after removing the same from the water bath1 and letting it cool down to about #afj ,f4 ,stir well together or mix by agitation4 ,the following precautions must be observed3 #a4 ,both surfaces to be joined must be absolutely clean1 free from dust1 dirt1 grease1 etc4 #b4 ,where the cement is one that requires the application of heat before use1 the objects to be united should also be heated to a point at least as high as the melting point of the cement4 ,otherwise1 the cement on application is chilled and consequently fails to make a lasting joint4 #c4 ,the thinner the layer of cement the stronger the joint2 avoid1 therefore1 using too much of the binding material4 ,cover both surfaces to be united1 coapt them exactly1 and press together as closely as possible4 ,in this manner the thinnest possible layer is secured4 #d4 ,bind the parts securely together1 and let remain without loosening or attempting to use the article for #b or #c days or longer4 ,a liquid cement acquires its full strength only after evaporation of the fluids used as solvents1 and this can occur only from the infinitesimal line of exposed surface4 ,v4--,liquid ,porcelain ,cement4--,fish glue1 #bj parts2 glass acetic acid1 #bj parts2 heat together until the mass gelatinizes on cooling4 ,,vi4--,take #a ounce of ,russian isinglass1 cut in small pieces1 and bruise well2 then add #f ounces of warm water1 and leave it in a warm place for from #bd to #dh hours4 ,evaporate the resulting solution to about #c ounces4 ,next dissolve #a_/b ounce of mastic in #d ounces of alcohol1 and add the mastic solution to the isinglass in small quantities at a time1 continuing the heat and stirring well4 ,while still hot strain the liquid through muslin4 ,,vii4--,for optical glasses1 ,canada balsam is employed1 the two pieces being firmly pressed together4 ,after a while1 especially by humidity1 punctures will form1 and the glass is separated by a mist of varying reflexes1 while in certain climates the heat will melt the balsam4 ,for all other glass articles which require only simple treatment1 such as knobs of covers1 plates1 etc41 silicate of potash is excellent4 ,,viii4--,glass ,cement4--,dissolve in #aej parts of acetic acid of #if per cent1 #ajj #bi parts of gelatin by the use of heat1 and add ammonium bichromate1 #e parts4 ,this glue must be kept away from the light4 ,,ix4--,white glue #aj parts ,potassium bichromate #b parts ,water #ajj parts ,the glue is dissolved in a portion of the water by the aid of heat1 the bichromate in the remainder1 and the liquids mixed1 the mixing being done in a feebly lighted place1 and the mixture is then kept in the dark4 ,it is applied in feeble light1 being reliquefied by gentle heat1 and the glass1 the fractured pieces being tightly clamped together1 is then exposed to a strong light for some time4 ,by this exposure the cement becomes insoluble4 ,this is waterproof cement for glass4 ,x4--,diamond ,glass ,cement4--,dissolve #ajj parts of fish glue in #aej parts of #ij per cent alcohol and add1 with constant stirring1 #bjj parts of powdered rosin4 ,this cement must be preserved in absolutely tight bottles1 as it solidifies very quickly4 ,,xi4--,to unite objects of crystal dissolve #h parts of caoutchouc and #ajj parts of gum mastic in #fjj parts of chloroform4 ,set aside1 hermetically closed1 for #h days2 then apply with a brush1 cold4 ,,xii4--,to make a transparent cement for glass1 digest together for a week in the cold #a ounce of india rubber1 #fg ounces of chloroform1 and #dj ounces of mastic4 ,,xiii4--,a mixture of traumaticin1 a solution of caoutchouc in chloroform1 and a concentrated solution of water glass make a capital cement for uniting articles of glass4 ,not only is the joint very strong1 but it is transparent4 ,neither changes of temperature nor moisture affect the cement4 ,,xiv4--,a transparent cement for porcelain is prepared by dissolving #ge parts of india rubber1 cut into small pieces1 in a bottle containing #fj parts chloroform2 to this add #ae parts green mastic4 ,let the bottle stand in the cold until the ingredients have become thoroughly dissolved4 ,,xv4--,some preparations resist the action of heat and moisture a short time1 but generally yield very quickly4 ,the following cement for glass has proven most resistant to liquids and heat3 ,silver litharge #a1jjj parts ,white lead #ej parts ,boiled linseed oil #c parts ,copal varnish #a part ,mix the lead and litharge thoroughly1 and the oil and copal in the same manner1 and preserve separately4 ,when needed for use1 mix in the proportions indicated 7#aej parts of the powder to #d parts of the liquid7 and knead well together4 ,apply to the edges of the glass1 bind the broken parts together1 and let stand for from #bd to #dh hours4 ,,xvi4--,to reunite plaster articles dissolve small pieces of celluloid in ether2 in a quarter of an hour decant1 and use the pasty deposit which remains for smearing the edges of the articles4 ,it dries rapidly and is insoluble in water4 ,,xvii4--,to ,mend ,wedgwood ,mortars4--,it is easy enough to mend mortars so that they may be used for making emulsions and other light work which does not tax their strength too much4 ,but a mended mortar will hardly be able to stand the force required for powdering hard substances4 ,a good cement for mending mortars is the following3 a4--,glass flour elutriated #aj parts ,fluorspar1 powdered and elutriated #bj parts ,silicate of soda #fj parts ,both glass and fluorspar must be in the finest possible condition1 which is best done by shaking each in fine powder1 with water allowing the coarser particles to deposit1 and then to pour off the remainder1 which holds the finest particles in suspension4 ,the mixture must be made very rapidly by quick stirring1 and when thoroughly mixed must be at once applied4 ,this is said to yield an excellent cement4 b4--,freshly burnt plaster of ,paris #e parts ,freshly burnt lime #a part ,white of egg1 sufficient4 ,reduce the first two ingredients to a very fine powder and mix them well2 moisten the two surfaces to be united with a small quantity of white of egg to make them adhesive2 then mix the powder very rapidly with the white of egg and apply the mixture to the broken surfaces4 ,if they are large1 two persons should do this1 each applying the cement to one portion4 ,the pieces are then firmly pressed together and left undisturbed for several days4 ,the less cement is used the better will the articles hold together4 c4--,if there is no objection to dark-colored cement1 the very best that can be used is probably marine glue4 ,this is made thus3 ,ten parts of caoutchouc or india rubber are dissolved in #abj parts of benzine or petroleum naphtha1 with #cj the aid of a gentle heat4 ,when the solution is complete1 which sometimes requires from #aj to #ad days1 #bj parts of asphalt are melted in an iron vessel and the caoutchouc solution is poured in very slowly in a fine stream and under continued heating1 until the mass has become homogeneous and nearly all the solvent has been driven off4 ,it is then poured out and cast into greased tin molds4 ,it forms dark brown or black cakes1 which are very hard to break4 ,this cement requires considerable heat to melt it2 and to prevent it from being burnt it is best to heat a capsule containing a piece of it first on a water bath until the cake softens and begins to be liquid4 ,it is then carefully wiped dry and heated over a naked flame1 under constant stirring1 up to about #cjj ,f4 ,the edges of the article to be mended should1 if possible1 also be heated to at least #bab ,f41 so as to permit the cement to be applied at leisure and with care4 ,the thinner the cement is applied the better it binds4 ,meerschaum ,cements4--,i4--,if the material is genuine 7natural7 meerschaum a lasting joint can be made between the parts by proceeding as follows3 ,clean a clove or two of garlic 7the fresher the better7 by removing all the outside hull of skin2 throw into a little mortar and mash to a paste4 ,rub this paste over each surface to be united and join quickly4 ,bring the parts as closely together as possible and fasten in this position4 ,have ready some boiling fresh milk2 place the article in it and continue the boiling for #cj minutes4 ,remove and let cool slowly4 ,if properly done1 this makes a joint that will stand any ordinary treatment1 and is nearly invisible4 ,for composition1 use a cement made of quicklime1 rubbed to a thick cream with egg albumen4 ,,ii4--,mix very fine meerschaum shavings with albumen or dissolve casein in water glass1 stir finely powdered magnesia into the mass1 and use the cement at once4 ,this hardens quickly4 ,asbestos ,cement4--,ground asbestos may be made into a cement which will stand a high degree of heat by simply mixing it with a solution of sodium silicate4 ,by subsequent treatment with a solution of calcium chloride the mass may be made insoluble1 silicate of calcium being formed4 ,a cement said to stand a high degree of heat and to be suitable for cementing glass1 porcelain1 or other vessels intended to hold corrosive acids1 is this one3 ,i4--,asbestos #b parts ,barium sulphate #c parts ,sodium silicate #b parts ,by mixing these ingredients a cement strong enough to resist the strongest nitric acid will be obtained4 ,if hot acids are dealt with1 the following mixture will be found to possess still more resistant powers3 ,,ii4--,sodium silicate #b parts ,fine sand #a part ,asbestos powder #a part ,both these cements take a few hours to set4 ,if the cement is wanted to set at once1 use potassium silicate instead of sodium silicate4 ,this mixture will be instantly effective1 and possesses the same power of resistance as the other4 ,parisian ,cement4--,mix #a part of finely ground glass powder1 obtained by levigation1 with #c parts of finely powdered zinc oxide rendered perfectly free from carbonic acid by calcination4 ,besides prepare a solution of #a part1 by weight1 of borax in a very small quantity of hot water and mix this with #ej parts of a highly concentrated zinc chloride solution of #a4e to #a4f specific gravity4 ,as is well known the mixture of this powder with the liquid into a soft uniform paste is accomplished only immediately before use4 ,the induration to a stonelike mass takes place within a few minutes1 the admixture of borax retarding the solidification somewhat4 ,the pure white color of the powder may be tinted with ocher1 manganese1 etc41 according to the shade desired4 ,strong ,cement4--,pour over well-washed and cleaned casein #ab #a_/b parts of boiled linseed oil and the same amount of castor oil4 ,boil4 ,stir actively and add a small amount of a saturated aqueous solution of alum2 remove from the fire and set aside4 ,after a while a milky looking fluid will separate and rise4 ,this should be poured off4 ,to the residue add #abj parts of rock candy syrup and #f parts of dextrin4 ,a ,cheap and ,excellent ,cement4--,a cheap and excellent cement1 insoluble after drying in water1 petroleum1 oils1 carbon disulphide1 etc41 very hard when dry and of very considerable tensile strength1 is composed of casein and some tannic-acid compound1 as1 for instance1 calcium tannate1 and is prepared as follows3 ,first1 a tannin solution is prepared either by dissolving a tannin salt1 or by extraction from vegetable sources 7as barks from certain trees1 etc471 to which #ca is added clear lime water 7obtained by filtering milk of lime1 or by letting the milk stand until the lime subsides7 until no further precipitation occurs1 and red litmus paper plunged in the fluid is turned blue4 ,the liquid is now separated from its precipitate1 either by decantation or otherwise1 and the precipitate is dried4 ,in operating with large quantities of the substance1 this is done by passing a stream of atmospheric air through the same4 ,the lime tannate obtained thus is then mixed with casein in proportions running from #a3a up to #a3aj1 and the mixture1 thoroughly dried1 is milled into the consistency of the finest powder4 ,this powder has now only to be mixed with water to be ready for use1 the consistency of the preparation depending upon the use to which it is to be put4 ,universal ,cement4--,take gum arabic1 #ajj parts1 by weight2 starch1 #ge parts1 by weight2 white sugar1 #ba parts1 by weight2 camphor1 #d parts1 by weight4 ,dissolve the gum arabic in a little water2 also dissolve the starch in a little water4 ,mix and add the sugar and camphor4 ,boil on the water bath until a paste is formed which1 on coating1 will thicken4 ,cement for ,ivory4--,melt together equal parts of gutta percha and ordinary pitch4 ,the pieces to be united have to be warmed4 ,cement for ,belts4--,mix #ej parts1 by weight1 of fish glue with equal parts of whey and acetic acid4 ,then add #ej parts1 by weight1 of garlic in paste form and boil the whole on the water bath4 ,at the same time make a solution of #ajj parts1 by weight1 of gelatin in the same quantity of whey1 and mix both liquids4 ,to the whole add1 finally1 #ej parts1 by weight1 of #ij-per-cent alcohol and1 after filtration1 a cement is obtained which can be readily applied with a brush and possesses extraordinary binding qualities4 ,cement for ,chemical ,apparatus4--,melt together #bj parts of gutta percha1 #aj parts of yellow wax1 and #cj parts of shellac4 ,size ,over ,portland ,cement4--,the best size to use on ,portland cement molding for wall paper would ordinarily be glue and alum size put on thin and warm1 made in proportion of #a_/b pound of glue and same weight of alum dissolved in separate pails1 then poured together4 ,aquarium ,cements4-- ,i4--,litharge #c ounces ,fine white sand #c ounces ,plaster of ,paris #c ounces ,rosin1 in fine powder #a ounce ,linseed oil1 enough4 ,drier1 enough4 ,mix the first three ingredients1 add sufficient linseed oil to make a homogeneous paste1 and then add a small quantity of drier4 ,this should stand a few hours before it is used4 ,it is said that glass joined to iron with this cement will break before it will come loose4 ,,ii4--,litharge #a ounce ,fine white sand #a ounce ,plaster of ,paris #a ounce ,manganese borate #bj grains ,rosin1 in fine powder #c #a_/b pounds ,linseed varnish oil1 enough4 ,,iii4--,take equal parts of flowers of sulphur1 ammonium chloride1 and iron filings1 and mix thoroughly with boiled linseed oil4 ,finally1 add enough white lead to form a thin paste4 ,,iv4--,powdered graphite #f parts ,slaked lime #c parts ,barium sulphate #h parts ,linseed varnish oil #g parts ,v4--,simply mix equal parts of white and red lead with a little kettle-boiled linseed oil4 ,substitute for ,cement on ,grinder ,disks4--,a good substitute in place of glue or various kinds of cement for fastening emery cloth to the disks of grinders of the ,gardner type is to heat or warm the disk and apply a thin coating of beeswax2 then put the emery cloth in place and allow to set and cool under pressure4 ,knockenplombe4--,if #a part of thymol be mixed with #b parts of iodoform we obtain a substance that retains its fluidity down to #gb ,c4 7#afa4f ,f474 ,if the temperature be carried down to #fj ,c4 7#adj ,f47 it suddenly becomes solid and hard4 ,if1 in its liquid condition1 this substance be mixed intimately with an equal quantity of calcined bone1 it forms a cement that can be molded or kneaded into any shape1 that1 at the temperature of the body 7#ih ,f471 becomes as hard as stone1 a fact that suggests many useful purposes to which the mixture may be put4 ,cement for ,general ,use4--,take gum arabic1 #ajj parts1 by weight2 starch1 #ge #cb parts by weight2 white sugar1 #ba parts1 by weight2 camphor1 #d parts1 by weight4 ,dissolve the gum arabic in a little water4 ,on the other hand1 dissolve the starch also in some water4 ,when this is done add the sugar and the camphor and put in a water bath4 ,boil until a paste is formed1 which must be rather thin1 because it will thicken on cooling4 ,strong ,cement4--,pour over well-washed and cleaned casein #ab #a_/b parts of boiled linseed oil and the same amount of castor oil1 put on the fire and bring to a boil2 stir actively and add a small amount of a saturated aqueous solution of alum2 remove from the fire and set aside4 ,after standing a while a milky-looking fluid will separate at the bottom and rise to the top4 ,this should be poured off and to the residue add #abj parts of rock-candy syrup and #f parts of dextrine4 ,syndeticon4--,i4--,slake #ajj parts of burnt lime with #ej parts of water1 pour off the supernatant water2 next1 dissolve #fj parts of lump sugar in #afj parts of water1 add to the solution #ae parts of the slaked lime1 heat to #gj or #hj ,c4 7#aeh to #agf ,f471 and set aside1 shaking frequently4 ,finally dissolve #ej to #fj parts of genuine ,cologne glue in #bej parts of the clear solution4 ,,ii4--,a solution of #aj parts gum arabic and #cj parts of sugar in #ajj parts of soda water glass4 ,,iii4--,a hot solution of #ej parts of ,cologne glue in #fj parts of a #bj-per-cent aqueous calcium-chloride solution4 ,,iv4--,a solution of #ej parts of ,cologne glue in #fj parts of acetic acid4 ,v4--,soak isinglass 7fish bladder7 in acetic acid of #gj per cent until it swells up1 then rub it up1 adding a little water during the process4 8,shio ,liao40--,under this name the ,chinese manufacture an excellent cement which takes the place of glue1 and with which gypsum1 marble1 porcelain1 stone1 and stoneware can be cemented4 ,it consists of the following parts 7by weight73 ,slaked powdered lime1 #ed parts2 powdered alum1 #f parts2 and fresh1 well-strained blood1 #dj parts4 ,these materials are stirred thoroughly until an intimately bound mass of the consistency of a more or less stiff salve is obtained4 ,in paste form this mass is used as cement2 in a liquid state it is employed for painting all sorts of articles which are to be rendered waterproof and durable4 ,cardboard covers1 which are coated with it two or three times1 become as hard as wood4 ,the ,chinese paint their houses with 8shio liao0 and glaze their barrels with it1 in which they transport oil and other greasy substances4 ,,lutes4 ,lutes always consist of a menstruum and dissolved or suspended solids1 and they must not be attacked by the gases and liquids coming in contact with them4 ,in some cases the constituents of the lute react to form a more strongly adhering mass4 ,the conditions of application are1 in brief3 7a7 ,heating the composition to make it plastic until firmly fixed in place4 7b7 ,heating the surfaces4 7c7 ,applying the lute with water or a volatile solvent1 which is allowed to volatilize4 7d7 ,moistening the surfaces with water1 oil1 etc4 7the menstruum of the lute itself74 7e7 ,applying the lute in workable condition and the setting taking place by chemical reactions4 7f7 ,setting by hydration4 7g7 ,setting by oxidation4 ,these principles will be found to cover nearly all cases4 ,joints should not be ill-fitting1 depending upon the lute to do what the pipes or other parts of the apparatus should do4 ,in most cases one part of the fitting should overlap the other1 so as to make a small amount of the lute effective and to keep the parts of the apparatus rigid1 as a luted joint is not supposed to be a particularly strong one1 but rather one quickly applied1 effective while in place and easily removed4 ,very moderate amounts of the lute should be used1 as large amounts are likely to develop cracks1 be rubbed off1 etc4 ,a classification may be given as follows3 7#a7 ,plaster of ,paris4 7#b7 ,hydraulic cement4 7#c7 ,clay4 7#d7 ,lime4 7#e7 ,asphalt and pitch4 7#f7 ,rosin4 7#g7 ,rubber4 7#h7 ,linseed oil4 7#i7 ,casein and albumen4 7#aj7 ,silicates of soda and oxychloride cements4 7#aa7 ,flour and starch4 7#ab7 ,miscellaneous1 including core compounds4 ,i4 ,plaster of ,paris is1 of course1 often used alone as a paste2 which quickly #cc solidifies1 for gas and wood distillation retorts1 etc41 and similar places where quickness of setting is requisite4 ,it is more often1 however1 used with some fibrous material to give it greater strength4 ,asbestos is the most commonly used material of these1 as it will stand a high temperature4 ,when that is not so important1 straw1 plush trimmings1 hair1 etc41 are used as binders1 while broken stone1 glass1 and various mineral substances are used as fillers1 but they do not add anything to the strength4 ,these lutes seem to be particularly suitable for oil vapors and hydrocarbon gases4 ,formulas3 7#a7 ,plaster and water4 7#b7 ,plaster 7wet7 and asbestos4 7#c7 ,plaster 7wet7 and straw4 7#d7 ,plaster 7wet7 and plush trimmings4 7#e7 ,plaster 7wet7 and hair4 7#f7 ,plaster 7wet7 and broken stone1 etc4 ,,ii4 ,hydraulic ,cement4--,cement is used either alone or with sand1 asbestos1 etc4 ,these lutes are suitable for nitric acid4 ,when used with substances such as rosin or sulphur1 cement is probably employed because it is in such a fine state of division and used as a filler and not because of any powers of setting by hydration4 ,formulas3 7#a7 ,cement--neat4 7#b7 ,cement and asbestos4 7#c7 ,cement and sand4 ,,iii4 ,clay4--,this most frequently enters into the composition of lutes as a filler1 but even then the very finely divided condition of certain grades renders it valuable1 as it gives body to a liquid1 such as linseed oil1 which1 unless stiffened1 would be pervious to a gas1 the clay in all cases being neutral4 ,thus1 for luting pipes carrying chlorine1 a stiff paste of clay and molasses has been suggested by ,theo4 ,kller in ,die ,surrogate1 but it soon gives way4 ,formulas3 7#a7 ,clay and linseed oil4 7#b7 ,same1 using fire clay4 7#c7 ,clay and molasses4 7#a7 ,is suitable for steam1 etc42 7#b7 for chlorine1 and 7#c7 for oil vapors4 ,,iv4 ,lime is used in the old lute known as putty1 which consists of caustic lime and linseed oil4 ,frequently the lime is replaced by chalk and china clay1 but the lime should be1 in part at least1 caustic1 so as to form a certain amount of lime soap4 ,lime is also used in silicate and casein compositions1 which are very strong and useful1 but will be described elsewhere4 ,formulas3 7#a7 ,lime and boiled oil to stiff mass4 7#b7 ,clay1 etc41 boiled oil to stiff mass4 ,v4 ,asphalt and ,pitch4--,these substances are used in lutes somewhat interchangeably4 ,as a rule1 pitch makes the stronger lutes4 ,tar is sometimes used1 but1 because of the light oils and1 frequently1 water contained1 it is not so good as either of the others4 ,asphalt dissolved in benzol is very useful for uniting glass for photographic1 microscopical1 and other uses4 ,also for coating wood1 concrete1 etc41 where the melted asphalt would be too thick to cover well4 ,benzol is the cheapest solvent that is satisfactory for this purpose1 as the only one that is cheaper would be a petroleum naphtha1 which does not dissolve all the constituents of the asphalt4 ,for waterproofing wood1 brick1 concrete1 etc41 melted asphalt alone is much used1 but when a little paraffine is added1 it improves its waterproofing qualities1 and in particular cases boiled oil is also added to advantage4 ,formulas3 #a4 ,refined lake asphalt4 #b4 ,asphalt #d parts ,paraffine #a part #c4 ,asphalt #aj parts ,paraffine #b parts ,boiled oil #a part ,any of these may be thinned with hot benzol or toluol4 ,toluol is less volatile than benzol and about as cheap1 if not cheaper1 the straw-colored grades being about #bd cents per gallon4 ,examples of so-called 8stone cement0 are3 #d4 ,pitch #h parts ,rosin #f parts ,wax #a part ,plaster #a_/d to #a_/b part #e4 ,pitch #h parts ,rosin #g parts ,sulphur #b parts ,stone powder #a part ,these compositions are used to unite slate slabs and stoneware for domestic1 engineering1 and chemical purposes4 ,various rosin and pitch mixtures are used for these purposes1 and the proportions of these two ingredients are determined by the consistency desired4 ,sulphur and stone powder are added to prevent the formation of cracks1 sulphur acting chemically and stone powder mechanically4 #cd ,where the lute would come in contact with acid or vapors of the same1 limestone should not be the powder used1 otherwise it is about the best4 ,wax is a useful ingredient to keep the composition from getting brittle with age4 ,a class of lutes under this general grouping that are much used are so-called 8marine glues0 7q4 v474 ,they must be tough and elastic4 ,when used for calking on a vessel they must expand and contract with the temperature and not crack or come loose4 ,formulas3 #f4 ,pitch #c parts ,shellac #b parts ,pure crude rubber #a part #g4 ,pitch #a part ,shellac #a part ,rubber substitute #a part ,these are used by melting over a burner4 ,,vi4 ,rosin1 ,shellac1 and ,wax4--,a strong cement1 used as a stone cement1 is3 #a4 ,rosin #h parts ,wax #a part ,turpentine #a part ,it has little or no body1 and is used in thin layers4 ,for nitric and hydrochloric acid vapors3 #b4 ,rosin #a part ,sulphur #a part ,fire clay #b parts ,sulphur gives great hardness and permanency to rosin lutes1 but this composition is somewhat brittle4 ,good waterproof lutes of this class are3 #c4 ,rosin #a part ,wax #a part ,powdered stone #b parts #d4 ,shellac #e parts ,wax #a part ,turpentine #a part ,chalk1 etc4 #h to #aj parts ,for a soft air-tight paste for ground-glass surfaces3 #e4 ,wax #a part ,vaseline #a part #f4 ,a strong cement1 without body1 for metals 7other than copper or alloys of same71 porcelain1 and glass is made by letting #a part of finely powdered shellac stand with #aj parts of ammonia water until solution is effected4 ,,vii4 ,rubber4--,because of its toughness1 elasticity1 and resistance to alterative influences1 rubber is a very useful constituent in lutes1 but its price makes its use very limited4 ,leather ,cement4 #a4 ,asphalt #a part ,rosin #a part ,gutta percha #d parts ,carbon disulphide #bj parts ,to stand acid vapors3 #b4 ,rubber #a part ,linseed oil #c parts ,fire clay #c parts #c4 ,plain ,rubber ,cement4--,cut the crude rubber in small pieces and then add the solvent4 ,carbon disulphide is the best1 benzol good and much cheaper1 but gasoline is probably most extensively used because of its cheapness4 #d4 ,to make corks and wood impervious to steam and water1 soak them in a rubber solution as above2 if it is desired to protect them from oil vapors1 use glue composition4 7,see ,section ,,ix47 ,,viii4 ,linseed ,oil4--,this is one of the most generally useful substances we have for luting purposes1 if absorbed by a porous substance that is inert4 ,formulas3 #a4 ,china clay of general utility for aqueous vapors4 ,linseed oil of general utility for aqueous vapors4 #b4 ,lime forming the well-known putty4 ,linseed oil forming the well-known putty4 #c4 ,red or white lead and linseed oil4 ,these mixtures become very strong when set and are best diluted with powdered glass1 clay1 or graphite4 ,there are almost an endless number of lutes using metallic oxides and linseed oil4 ,a very good one1 not getting as hard as those containing lead1 is3 #d4 ,oxide of iron and linseed oil4 ,,ix4 ,casein1 ,albumen1 and ,glue4--,these1 if properly made1 become very tough and tenacious2 they stand moderate heat and oil vapors1 but not acid vapors4 #a4 ,finely powdered casein #ab parts ,slaked lime 7fresh7 #ej parts ,fine sand #ej parts ,water to thick mush4 ,a very strong cement which stands moderate heat is the following3 #b4 ,casein in very fine powder #a part ,rubbed up with silicate of soda #c parts ,a strong lute for general purposes1 #ce which must be used promptly when made3 #c4 ,white of egg made into a paste with slaked lime4 ,a composition for soaking corks1 wood1 packing1 etc41 to render them impervious to oil vapors1 is3 ,gelatine or good glue #b parts ,glycerine #a_/b to #a part ,water #f parts ,oil of wintergreen1 etc41 to keep from spoiling4 ,x4 ,silicate of ,oxychloride ,cements4--,for oil vapors1 standing the highest heat3 #a4 ,a stiff paste of silicate of soda and asbestos4 ,gaskets for superheated steam1 retorts1 furnaces1 etc43 #b4 ,silicate of soda and powdered glass2 dry the mixture and heat4 ,not so strong1 however1 as the following3 #c4 ,silicate of soda #ej parts ,asbestos #ae parts ,slaked lime #aj parts ,metal ,cement3 #d4 ,silicate of soda #a part ,oxides of metal1 such as zinc oxide2 litharge1 iron oxide1 singly or mixed #a part ,very hard and extra strong compositions3 #e4 ,zinc oxide #b parts ,zinc chloride #a part ,water to make a paste4 #f4 ,magnesium oxide #b parts ,magnesium chloride #a part ,water to make a paste4 ,,xi4 ,flour and ,starch ,compositions4-- #a4 ,the well-known flaxseed poultice sets very tough1 but does not stand water or condensed steam4 #b4 ,flour and molasses1 made by making a stiff composition of the two4 ,this is an excellent lute to have at hand at all times for emergency use1 etc4 #c4 ,stiff paste of flour and strong zinc-chloride solution forms a more impervious lute1 and is more permanent as a cement4 ,this is good for most purposes1 at ordinary temperature1 where it would not be in contact with nitric-acid vapors or condensing steam4 #d4 ,a mixture of dextrine and fine sand makes a good composition1 mainly used as core compound4 ,,xii4 ,miscellaneous4-- #a4 ,litharge4 ,glycerine4 ,mixed to form a stiff paste1 sets and becomes very hard and strong1 and is very useful for inserting glass tubes1 etc41 in iron or brass4 ,for a high heat3 #b4 ,alumina #a part ,sand #d parts ,slaked lime #a part ,borax #a_/b part ,water sufficient4 ,a class of mixtures that can be classified only according to their intended use are core compounds4 ,i4--,dextrine1 about #a part ,sand1 about #aj parts ,with enough water to form a paste4 ,,ii4--,powdered anthracite coal1 with molasses to form a stiff paste4 ,,iii4--,rosin1 partly saponified by soda lye #a part ,flour #b parts ,sand 7with sufficient water7 #d parts 7,these proportions are approximate and the amount of sand can be increased for some purposes47 ,,iv4--,glue1 powdered #a part ,flour #d parts ,sand 7with sufficient water7 #f parts ,for some purposes the following mixture is used4 ,it does not seem to be a gasket or a core compound3 ,v4--,oats 7or wheat7 ground #be parts ,glue1 powdered #f parts ,sal ammoniac #a part ,paper read by ,samuel ,s4 ,sadtler before the ,franklin ,institute4 ,,pastes3 ,dextrine ,pastes4-- ,i4--,borax1 powdered #fj parts ,dextrine1 light yellow #dhj parts ,glucose #ej parts ,water #dbj parts ,by the aid of heat1 dissolve the borax in the water and add the dextrine and glucose4 ,continue the heat1 but do not let the mixture boil1 and stir constantly until a homogeneous solution is obtained1 from time to time renewing the water lost by evaporation with hot water4 ,finally1 bring up to full weight 7#a1jjj parts7 by the addition of hot water1 then strain through flannel4 ,prepared in this manner the paste remains bright and clear for a long time4 ,it has extraordinary adhesive properties and dries very rapidly4 ,if care is not taken to keep the cooking temperature below the boiling point of water1 the paste is apt to become brown and to be very brittle on drying4 #cf ,,ii4--,dissolve in hot water a sufficient quantity of dextrine to bring it to the consistency of honey4 ,this forms a strong adhesive paste that will keep a long time unchanged1 if the water is not allowed to evaporate4 ,sheets of paper may be prepared for extempore labels by coating one side with the paste and allowing it to dry2 by slightly wetting the gummed side1 the label will adhere to glass4 ,this paste is very useful in the office or laboratory4 ,,iii4--,pour over #a1jjj parts of dextrine #dej parts of soft water and stir the mixture for #aj minutes4 ,after the dextrine has absorbed the water1 put the mixture over the fire1 or1 preferably1 on a water bath1 and heat1 with lively stirring for #e minutes1 or until it forms a light milk-like liquid1 on the surface of which little bubbles begin to form and the liquid is apparently beginning to boil4 ,do not allow it to come to a boil4 ,remove from the fire and set in a bucket of cold water to cool off4 ,when cold add to every #a1jjj parts of the solution #ea parts glycerine and as much salicylic acid as will stand on the tip of a knife blade4 ,if the solution is too thick1 thin it with water that has been boiled and cooled off again4 ,do not add any more glycerine or the solution will never set4 ,,iv4--,soften #age parts of thick dextrine with cold water and #bej parts of boiling water added4 ,boil for #e minutes and then add #cj parts of dilute acetic acid1 #cj parts glycerine1 and a drop or two of clove oil4 ,v4--,powder coarsely #djj parts dextrine and dissolve in #fjj parts of water4 ,add #bj parts glycerine and #aj parts glucose and heat to #ij ,c4 7#aie ,f474 ,,vi4--,stir #djj parts of dextrine with water and thin the mass with #bjj parts more water1 #bj parts glucose1 and #aj parts aluminum sulphate4 ,heat the whole to #ij ,c4 7#aie ,f47 in the water bath until the whole mass becomes clear and liquid4 ,,vii4--,warm #b parts of dextrine1 #e parts of water1 #a part of acetic acid1 #a part of alcohol together1 with occasional stirring until a complete solution is attained4 ,,viii4--,dissolve by the aid of heat #ajj parts of builders' glue in #bjj parts of water add #b parts of bleached shellac dissolved previously in #ej parts of alcohol4 ,dissolve by the aid of heat #ej parts of dextrine in #ej parts of water1 and mix the two solutions by stirring the second slowly into the first4 ,strain the mixture through a cloth into a shallow dish and let it harden4 ,when needed cut off a piece of sufficient size and warm until it becomes liquid and if necessary or advisable thin with water4 ,,ix4--,stir up #aj parts of dextrine with sufficient water to make a thick broth4 ,then1 over a light fire1 heat and add #be parts of sodium water glass4 ,x4--,dissolve #e parts of dextrine in water and add #a part of alum4 ,fastening ,cork to ,metal4--,in fastening cork to iron and brass1 even when these are lacquered1 a good sealing wax containing shellac will be found to serve the purpose nicely4 ,wax prepared with rosin is not suitable4 ,the cork surface is painted with the melted sealing wax4 ,the surface of the metal is heated with a spirit flame entirely free from soot1 until the sealing wax melts when pressed upon the metallic surface4 ,the wax is held in the flame until it burns1 and it is then applied to the hot surface of the metal4 ,the cork surface painted with sealing wax is now held in the flame1 and as soon as the wax begins to melt the cork is pressed firmly on the metallic surface bearing the wax4 ,to ,paste ,celluloid on ,wood1 ,tin1 or ,leather4--,to attach celluloid to wood1 tin1 or leather1 a mixture of #a part of shellac1 #a part of spirit of camphor1 #c to #d parts of alcohol and spirit of camphor 7#ij7 is well adapted1 in which #a part of camphor is dissolved without heating in #g parts of spirit of wine of #j4hcb specific gravity1 adding #b parts of water4 ,to ,paste ,paper ,signs on ,metal or ,cloth4--,a piece of gutta percha of the same size as the label is laid under the latter and the whole is heated4 ,if the heating cannot be accomplished by means of a spirit lamp the label should be ironed down under a protective cloth or paper in the same manner as woolen goods are pressed4 ,this method is also very useful for attaching paper labels to minerals4 ,paste for ,fastening ,leather1 ,oilcloth1 or ,similar ,stuff to ,table or ,desk ,tops1 etc4--,use the same paste for leather as for oilcloth or other goods1 but moisten the leather before applying the paste4 ,prepare the paste as follows3 ,mix #b #a_/d pounds of good wheat flour with #b tablespoonfuls of pulverized gum arabic or powdered rosin and #b tablespoonfuls of pulverized alum in a clean dish with water enough to make a uniformly thick batter2 set it over a slow fire and stir continuously until the paste is uniform and free from lumps4 ,when the mass has become so stout that the wooden spoon or stick will stand in it #cg upright1 it is taken from the fire and placed in another dish and covered so that no skin will form on top4 ,when cold1 the table or desk top1 etc41 is covered with a thin coat of the paste1 the cloth1 etc41 carefully laid on and smoothed from the center toward the edges with a rolling pin4 ,the trimming of edges is accomplished when the paste has dried4 ,to smooth out the leather after pasting1 a woolen cloth is of the best service4 ,to ,paste ,paper on ,smooth ,iron4--,over a water bath dissolve #bjj parts1 by weight1 of gelatine in #aej parts1 by weight1 of water2 while stirring add #ej parts1 by weight1 of acetic acid1 #ej parts alcohol1 and #ej parts1 by weight1 of pulverized alum4 ,the spot upon which it is desired to attach the paper must first be rubbed with a bit of fine emery paper4 ,paste for ,affixing ,cloth to ,metal4-- ,starch #bj parts ,sugar #aj parts ,zinc chloride #a part ,water #ajj parts ,mix the ingredients and stir until a perfectly smooth liquid results entirely free from lumps1 then warm gradually until the liquid thickens4 ,to ,fix ,paper upon ,polished ,metal4--,dissolve #djj parts1 by weight1 of dextrine in #fjj parts1 by weight1 of water2 add to this #aj parts1 by weight1 of glucose1 and heat almost to boiling4 ,albumen ,paste4--,fresh egg albumen is recommended as a paste for affixing labels on bottles4 ,it is said that labels put on with this substance1 and well dried at the time1 will not loosen even when bottles are put into water and left there for some time4 ,albumen1 dry1 is almost proof against mold or ferments4 ,as to cost1 it is but little if any higher than gum arabic1 the white of one egg being sufficient to attach at least #ajj medium-sized labels4 ,paste for ,parchment ,paper4--,the best agent is made by dissolving casein in a saturated aqueous solution of borax4 ,medical ,paste4--,as an adhesive agent for medicinal purposes ,professor ,reihl1 of ,leipsic1 recommends the viscous substance contained in the white mistletoe4 ,it is largely present in the berries and the bark of the plant2 it is called viscin1 and can be produced at one-tenth the price of caoutchouc4 ,solutions in benzine may be used like those of caoutchouc without causing any irritation if applied mixed with medicinal remedies to the skin4 ,paste ,that ,will ,not ,mold4--,mix good white flour with cold water into a thick paste4 ,be sure to stir out all the lumps2 then add boiling water1 stirring all the time until thoroughly cooked4 ,to #f quarts of this add #a_/b pound light brown sugar and #a_/d ounce corrosive sublimate1 dissolved in a little hot water4 ,when the paste is cool add #a drachm oil of lavender4 ,this paste will keep for a long time4 ,pasting ,wood and ,cardboard on ,metal4--,in a little water dissolve #ej parts of lead acetate and #e parts of alum4 ,in another receptacle dissolve #ge parts of gum arabic in #b1jjj parts of water4 ,into this gum-arabic solution pour #ejj parts of flour1 stirring constantly1 and heat gradually to the boiling point4 ,mingle the solution first prepared with the second solution4 ,it should be kept in mind that1 owing to the lead acetate1 this preparation is poisonous4 ,agar ,agar ,paste4--,the agar agar is broken up small1 wetted with water1 and exposed in an earthenware vessel to the action of ozone pumped under pressure into the vessel from the ozonizing apparatus4 ,about an hour of this bleaches the agar agar and makes it freely soluble in boiling water1 when solutions far more concentrated than has hitherto been possible can be prepared4 ,on cooling1 the solutions assume a milky appearance1 but form no lumps and are readily reliquefied by heating4 ,if the solution is completely evaporated1 as of course happens when the adhesive is allowed to dry after use1 it leaves a firmly holding mass which is insoluble in cold water4 ,among the uses to which the preparation can be applied are the dressing of textile fabrics and paper sizing1 and the production of photographic papers1 as well as the ordinary uses of an adhesive4 ,strongly ,adhesive ,paste4--,four parts glue are soaked a few hours in #ae parts cold water1 and moderately heated till the solution becomes perfectly clear1 when #fe parts boiling water are added1 while stirring4 ,in another vessel #cj parts boiled starch are previously stirred together with #bj parts cold water1 so that a thin1 milky liquid without lumps results4 ,the boiling glue solution is poured into this while stirring constantly1 and the whole is kept boiling another #aj minutes4 ,paste for ,tissue ,paper4-- 7a7 ,pulverized gum arabic #b ounces ,white sugar #d drachms ,boiling water #c fluidounces #ch 7b7 ,common laundry starch #a #a_/b ounces ,cold water #c fluidounces ,make into a batter and pour into ,boiling water #cb fluidounces ,mix 7a7 with 7b71 and keep in a wide-mouthed bottle4 ,waterproof and ,acidproof ,pastes4-- ,i4--,chromic acid #b #a_/b parts ,stronger ammonia #ae parts ,sulphuric acid #a_/b part ,cuprammonium solution #cj parts ,fine white paper #d parts ,,ii4--,isinglass1 a sufficient quantity ,acetic acid #a part ,water #g parts ,dissolve sufficient isinglass in the mixture of acetic acid and water to make a thin mucilage4 ,one of the solutions is applied to the surface of one sheet of paper and the other to the other sheet1 and they are then pressed together4 ,,iii4--,a fair knotting varnish free from surplus oil is by far the best adhesive for fixing labels1 especially on metal surfaces4 ,it dries instantly1 insuring a speedy job and immediate packing1 if needful1 without fear of derangement4 ,it has great tenacity1 and is not only absolutely damp-proof itself1 but is actually repellent of moisture1 to which all water pastes are subject4 ,it costs more1 but the additional expense is often infinitesimal compared with the pleasure of a satisfactory result4 ,balkan ,paste4-- ,pale glue #d ounces ,white loaf sugar #b ounces ,powdered starch #a ounce ,white dextrine #a_/d pound ,pure glycerine #c ounces ,carbolic acid #a_/d ounce ,boiling water #cb ounces ,cut up the glue and steep it in #a_/b pint boiling water2 when softened melt in a saucepan2 add sugar1 starch1 and dextrine1 and lastly the glycerine1 in which carbolic acid has been mixed2 add remainder of water1 and boil until it thickens4 ,pour into jars or bottles4 ,permanent ,paste4-- ,i4--,wheat flour #a pound ,water1 cold #a quart ,nitric acid #d fluidrachms ,boric acid #dj grains ,oil of cloves #bj minims ,mix the flour1 boric acid1 and water1 then strain the mixture2 add the nitric acid1 apply heat with constant stirring until the mixture thickens2 when nearly cold add the oil of cloves4 ,this paste will have a pleasant smell1 will not attract flies1 and can be thinned by the addition of cold water as needed4 ,,ii4--,dissolve #d ounces alum in #d quarts hot water4 ,when cool add as much flour as will make it of the usual consistency2 then stir into it #a_/b ounce powdered rosin2 next add a little water in which a dozen cloves have been steeped2 then boil it until thick as mush1 stirring from the bottom all the time4 ,thin with warm water for use4 ,preservatives for ,paste4--,various antiseptics are employed for the preservation of flour paste1 mucilage1 etc4 ,boric and salicylic acids1 oil of cloves1 oil of sassafras1 and solution of formaldehyde are among those which have given best service4 ,a durable starch paste is produced by adding some borax to the water used in making it4 ,a paste from #aj parts 7weight7 starch to #ajj parts 7weight7 water with #a per cent borax added will keep many weeks1 while without this addition it will sour after six days4 ,in the case of a gluing material prepared from starch paste and joiners' glue1 borax has also demonstrated its preserving qualities4 ,the solution is made by mixing #aj parts 7weight7 starch into a paste with water and adding #aj parts 7weight7 glue soaked in water to the hot solution2 the addition of #a_/aj part 7weight7 of borax to the solution will cause it to keep for weeks4 ,it is equal to the best glue1 but should be warmed and stirred before use4 ,board-,sizing4--,a cheap sizing for rough1 weather-beaten boards may be made by dissolving shellac in sal soda and adding some heavy-bodied pigment4 ,this size will stick to grease spots4 ,linseed oil may be added if desired4 ,limewater and linseed oil make a good heavy sizing1 but hard to spread4 ,they are usually used half and half1 though these proportions may be varied somewhat4 ,rice ,paste4--,mix the rice flour with cold water1 and boil it over a gentle fire until it thickens4 ,this paste is quite white and becomes transparent on drying4 ,it is very adherent and of great use for many purposes4 ,casein ,paste4--,a solution of tannin1 prepared from a bark or from commercial tannin1 is precipitated with limewater1 the lime being added until the solution just turns red litmus paper blue4 ,the supernatant liquid is then decanted1 #ci and the precipitate is dried without artificial heat4 ,the resulting calcium tannate is then mixed1 according to the purpose for which the adhesive is intended1 with from #a to #aj times its weight of dry casein by grinding in a mill4 ,the adhesive compound is soluble in water1 petroleum1 oils1 and carbon bisulphide4 ,it is very strong1 and is applied in the form of a paste with water4 ,,pastes ,,for ,,paperhangers4 ,i4--,use a cheap grade of rye or wheat flour1 mix thoroughly with cold water to about the consistency of dough1 or a little thinner1 being careful to remove all lumps2 stir in a tablespoonful of powdered alum to a quart of flour1 then pour in boiling water1 stirring rapidly until the flour is thoroughly cooked4 ,let this cool before using1 and thin with cold water4 ,,ii4--,venetian ,paste4-- 7a7 #d ounces white or fish glue #h fluidounces cold water 7b7 #b fluidounces ,venice turpentine 7c7 #a pound rye flour #af fluidounces 7#a pint7 cold water 7d7 #fd fluidounces 7#a_/b gallon7 boiling water ,soak the #d ounces of glue in the cold water for #d hours2 dissolve on a water bath 7glue pot71 and while hot stir in the ,venice turpentine4 ,make up 7c7 into a batter free from lumps and pour into 7d74 ,stir briskly1 and finally add the glue solution4 ,this makes a very strong paste1 and it will adhere to a painted surface1 owing to the ,venice turpentine in its composition4 ,,iii4--,strong ,adhesive ,paste4-- 7a7 #d pounds rye flour #a_/b gallon cold water 7b7 #a #a_/b gallons boiling water 7c7 #b ounces pulverized rosin ,make 7a7 into a batter free from lumps2 then pour into 7b74 ,boil if necessary1 and while hot stir in the pulverized rosin a little at a time4 ,this paste is exceedingly strong1 and will stick heavy wall paper or thin leather4 ,if the paste be too thick1 thin with a little hot water2 never thin paste with cold water4 ,,iv4--,flour ,paste4-- 7a7 #b pounds wheat flour #cb fluidounces 7#a quart7 cold water 7b7 #a ounce alum #d fluidounces hot water 7c7 #if fluidounces 7#a_/b gallon7 boiling water ,work the wheat flour into a batter free from lumps with the cold water4 ,dissolve the alum as designated in 7b74 ,now stir in 7a7 and 7c7 and1 if necessary1 continue boiling until the paste thickens into a semitransparent mucilage1 after which stir in solution 7b74 ,the above makes a very fine paste for wall paper4 ,v4--,elastic or ,pliable ,paste4-- 7a7 #d ounces common starch #b ounces white dextrine #aj fluidounces cold water 7b7 #a ounce borax #c fluidounces glycerine #fd fluidounces 7#a_/b gallon7 boiling water ,beat to a batter the ingredients of 7a74 ,dissolve the borax in the boiling water2 then add the glycerine1 after which pour 7a7 into solution 7b74 ,stir until it becomes translucent4 ,this paste will not crack1 and1 being very pliable1 is used for paper1 cloth1 leather1 and other material where flexibility is required4 ,,vi4--,a paste with which wall paper can be attached to wood or masonry1 adhering to it firmly in spite of dampness1 is prepared1 as usual1 of rye flour1 to which1 however1 are added1 after the boiling1 #h #a_/c parts1 by weight1 of good linseed-oil varnish and #h #a_/c parts1 by weight1 of turpentine to every #ejj parts1 by weight4 ,,vii4--,paste for ,wall ,paper4--,soak #ah pounds of bolus 7bole7 in water1 after it has been beaten into small fragments1 and pour off the supernatant water4 ,boil #aj ounces of glue into glue water1 mix it well with the softened bolus and #b pounds plaster of ,paris and strain through a sieve by means of a brush4 ,thin the mass with water to the consistency of a thin paste4 ,the paste is now ready for use4 ,it is not only much cheaper than other varieties1 but has the advantage over them of adhering better to whitewashed walls1 and especially such as have been repeatedly coated over the old coatings which were not thoroughly removed4 ,for hanging fine wall paper this paste is less commendable1 as it forms a white color1 with which the paper might easily become soiled if great care is not exercised in applying it4 ,if the fine wall paper is mounted on ground paper1 however1 it can be recommended for pasting the ground paper on the wall4 ,,label ,,pastes3 ,pastes to ,affix ,labels to ,tin4--,labels separate from tin because the paste becomes too dry4 ,some moisture is presumably always present2 but more is required to cause continued adhesion in the case of tin than where the container is of #dj glass4 ,paste may be kept moist by the addition of calcium chloride1 which is strongly hygroscopic1 or of glycerine4 ,the following formulas for pastes of the type indicated were proposed by ,leo ,eliel3 ,i4--,tragacanth #a ounce ,acacia #d ounces ,thymol #ad grains ,glycerine #d ounces ,water1 sufficient to make #b pints ,dissolve the gums in #a pint of water1 strain1 and add the glycerine1 in which the thymol is suspended2 shake well and add sufficient water to make #b pints4 ,this separates on standing1 but a single shake mixes it sufficiently for use4 ,,ii4--,rye flour #h ounces ,powdered acacia #a ounce ,glycerine #b ounces ,oil of cloves #dj drops ,rub the rye flour and acacia to a smooth paste with #h ounces of cold water2 strain through cheese cloth1 and pour into #a pint of boiling water1 and continue the heat until as thick as desired4 ,when nearly cold add the glycerine and oil of cloves4 ,,iii4--,rye flour #e parts ,venice turpentine #a part ,liquid glue1 a sufficient quantity ,rub up the flour with the turpentine and then add sufficient freshly prepared glue 7glue or gelatine dissolved in water7 to make a stiff paste4 ,this paste dries slowly4 ,,iv4--,dextrine #b parts ,acetic acid #a part ,water #e parts ,alcohol1 #ie per cent4 #a part ,dissolve the dextrine and acetic acid in water by heating together in the water bath1 and to the solution add the alcohol4 ,v4--,dextrine #c pounds ,borax #b ounces ,glucose #e drachms ,water #c pints #b ounces ,dissolve the borax in the water by warming1 then add the dextrine and glucose1 and continue to heat gently until dissolved4 ,another variety is made by dissolving a cheap ,ghatti gum in limewater1 but it keeps badly4 ,,vi4--,add tartaric acid to thick flour paste4 ,the paste is to be boiled until quite thick1 and the acid1 previously dissolved in a little water1 is added1 the proportion being about #b ounces to the pint of paste4 ,,vii4--,gum arabic1 #ej parts2 glycerine1 #aj parts2 water1 #cj parts2 liq4 ,stibii chlorat41 #b parts4 ,,viii4--,boil rye flour and strong glue water into a mass to which are added1 for #a1jjj parts1 good linseed-oil varnish #cj parts and oil of turpentine #cj parts4 ,this mixture furnishes a gluing agent which1 it is claimed1 even renders the labels proof against being loosened by moisture4 ,,ix4--,pour #adj parts of distilled cold water over #ajj parts of gum arabic in a wide-necked bottle and dissolve by frequent shaking4 ,to the solution1 which is ready after standing for about #c days1 add #aj parts of glycerine2 later1 #bj parts of diluted acetic acid1 and finally #f parts of aluminum sulphate1 then straining it through a fine-hair sieve4 ,x4--,good glue is said to be obtained by dissolving #a part of powdered sugar in #d parts of soda water glass4 ,,xi4--,a glue for bottle labels is prepared by dissolving borax in water2 soak glue in this solution and dissolve the glue by boiling4 ,carefully drop as much acetic acid into the solution as will allow it to remain thin on cooling4 ,labels affixed with this agent adhere firmly and do not become moldy in damp cellars4 ,,xii4--,dissolve some isinglass in acetic acid and brush the labels over with it4 ,there will be no cause to complain of their coming off1 nor of striking through the paper4 ,take a wide-mouthed bottle1 fill about two-thirds with commercial acetic acid1 and put in as much isinglass as the liquid will hold1 and set aside in a warm place until completely dissolved4 ,when cold it should form a jelly4 ,to use it place the bottle in hot water4 ,the cork should be well-fitting and smeared with vaseline or melted paraffine4 ,how to ,paste ,labels on ,tin4--,brush over the entire back of the label with a flour paste1 fold the label loosely by sticking both ends together without creasing the center1 and throw to one side until this process has been gone through with the whole lot4 ,then unfold each label and place it on the can in the regular manner4 ,the paste ought not to be thicker than maple syrup4 ,when of this consistency it soaks through the label and makes it pliable and in a condition to be easily rubbed into position4 ,if the paste is too thick it dries quickly1 and does not soak through the label sufficiently4 ,after the labels have been placed upon the cans the latter must be #da kept apart until dry4 ,in putting the paste upon the labels in the first place1 follow the method of placing the dry labels over one another1 back sides up1 with the edge of each just protruding over the edge of the one beneath it1 so that the fingers may easily grasp the label after the pasting has been done4 ,druggists' ,label ,paste4--,this paste1 when carefully made1 is an admirable one for label use1 and a very little will go a long way3 ,wheat flour #d ounces ,nitric acid #a drachm ,boric acid #aj grains ,oil of cloves #e drops ,carbolic acid #a_/b drachm ,stir flour and water together1 mixing thoroughly1 and add the other ingredients4 ,after the stuff is well mixed1 heat it1 watching very carefully and removing the instant it stiffens4 ,to ,attach ,glass ,labels to ,bottles4--,melt together #a part of rosin and #b parts of yellow wax1 and use while warm4 ,photographic ,mountants 7see also ,photography74--,owing to the nature of the different papers used for printing photographs1 it is a matter of extreme importance to use a mountant that shall not set up decomposition in the coating of the print4 ,for example1 a mountant that exhibits acidity or alkalinity is injurious with most varieties of paper2 and in photography the following formulas for pastes1 mucilages1 etc41 have therefore been selected with regard to their absolute immunity from setting up decomposition in the print or changing its tone in any way4 ,one of the usual mountants is rice starch or else rice water4 ,the latter is boiled to a thick jelly1 strained1 and the strained mass used as an agglutinant for attaching photographic prints to the mounts4 ,there is nothing of an injurious nature whatever in this mountant1 neither is there in a mucilage made with gum dragon4 ,this gum 7also called gum tragacanth7 is usually in the form of curls 7i4e41 leaf gum71 which take a long time to properly dissolve in water--several weeks1 in fact--but during the past few years there has been put on the market a powdered gum dragon which does not occupy so many days in dissolving4 ,to make a mucilage from gum dragon a very large volume of water is required4 ,for example1 #a ounce of the gum1 either leaf or powder1 will swell up and convert #a gallon of water into a thickish mucilage in the course of #b or #c weeks4 ,only cold water must be used1 and before using the mucilage1 all whitish lumps 7which are particles of undissolved gum7 should be picked out or else the mucilage strained4 ,the time of solution can be considerably shortened 7to a few hours7 by acidifying the water in which the gum is placed with a little sulphuric or oxalic acid2 but as the resultant mucilage would contain traces of their presence1 such acids are not permissible when the gum-dragon mucilage is to be used for mounting photographs4 ,glycerine and gum arabic make a very good adhesive of a fluid nature suited to mounting photographs2 and although glycerine is hygroscopic by itself1 such tendency to absorb moisture is checked by the reverse nature of the gum arabic2 consequently an ideal fluid mucilage is produced4 ,the proportions of the several ingredients are these3 ,gum arabic1 genuine 7gum acacia1 not ,bassora gum7 #d ounces ,boiling water #ab ounces ,glycerine1 pure #a ounce ,first dissolve the gum in the water1 and then stir in the glycerine1 and allow all dbris from the gum to deposit before using4 ,the following adhesive compound is also one that is free from chemical reactions1 and is suited for photographic purposes3 ,water #b pints ,gum dragon1 powdered #a ounce ,gum arabic1 genuine #d ounces ,glycerine #d ounces ,mix the gum arabic with half the water1 and in the remainder of the water dissolve the gum dragon4 ,when both solids are dissolved1 mix them together1 and then stir in the glycerine4 ,the following paste will be found a useful mountant3 ,gum arabic1 genuine #a ounce ,rice starch #a ounce ,white sugar #d ounces ,water1 q4 s4 ,dissolve the gum in just sufficient water to completely dissolve it1 then add the sugar1 and when that has completely dissolved stir in the starch paste1 and then boil the mixture until the starch is properly cooked4 ,a very strong1 stiff paste for fastening cardboard mounts to frames1 wood1 and other materials is prepared by making a bowl of starch paste in the usual way1 and then adding #a ounce of ,venice turpentine per pound of paste1 and #db boiling and stirring the mixture until the thick turpentine has become well incorporated4 ,venice turpentine stirred into flour paste and boiled will also be found a very adhesive cement for fastening cardboard1 strawboard1 leatherette1 and skiver leather to wood or metal2 but owing to the resinous nature of the ,venice turpentine1 such pastes are not suitable for mounting photographic prints4 ,the following half-dozen compounds are suitable mountants to use with silver prints3 ,alcohol1 absolute #aj ounces ,gelatine1 good #a ounce ,glycerine #a_/b to #a ounce ,soak the gelatine in water for an hour or two until it is completely softened2 take the gelatine out of the water1 and allow it to drain1 and put it into a bottle and pour alcohol over it2 add the glycerine 7if the gelatine is soft1 use only #a_/b ounce2 if the gelatine is hard1 use #a ounce of the glycerine71 then melt the gelatine by standing the bottle in a vessel of hot water1 and shake up very well4 ,for use1 remelt by heat4 ,the alcohol prevents the prints from stretching or cockling1 as they are apt to1 under the influence of the gelatine4 ,in the following compound1 however1 only sufficient alcohol is used to serve as an antiseptic1 and prevent the agglutinant from decomposing3 ,dissolve #d ounces of photographic gelatine in #af ounces of water 7first soaking the gelatine therein for an hour or two until it is completely softened71 then remove the gelatine from the water1 allow it to drain1 and put it into the bottle1 and pour the alcohol over it1 and put in the glycerine 7if the gelatine is soft1 use only #a_/b ounce2 if the gelatine is hard1 use #a ounce of the glycerine71 then melt the gelatine by standing the bottle in a vessel of hot water1 and shake up well and mix thoroughly4 ,for use1 remelt by heat4 ,the alcohol prevents the print from stretching or cockling up under the influence of the gelatine4 ,the following paste agglutinant is one that is very permanent and useful for all purposes required in a photographic studio3 ,take #e pints of water1 #aj ounces of arrowroot1 #a ounce of gelatine1 and a #a_/b pint 7#aj fluidounces7 of alcohol1 and proceed to combine them as follows3 ,make arrowroot into a thick cream with a little of the water1 and in the remainder of the water soak the gelatine for a few hours1 after which melt the gelatine in the water by heating it1 add the arrowroot paste1 and bring the mixture to the boil and allow to boil for #d or #e minutes1 then allow to cool1 and mix in the alcohol1 adding a few drops of oil of cloves4 ,perhaps one of the most useful compounds for photographic purposes is that prepared as follows3 ,soak #d ounces of hard gelatine in #ae ounces of water for a few hours1 then melt the gelatine by heating it in a glue pot until the solution is quite clear and free from lumps1 stir in #fe fluidounces of cold water so that it is free from lumps1 and pour in the boiling-hot solution of gelatine and continue stirring1 and if the starch is not completely cooked1 boil up the mixture for a few minutes until it 8blows10 being careful to keep it well stirred so as not to burn2 when cold add a few drops of carbolic acid or some essential oil as an antiseptic to prevent the compound from decomposing or becoming sour4 ,a useful photographic mucilage1 which is very liquid1 is obtained by mixing equal bulks of gum-arabic and gum-dragon mucilages of the same consistence4 ,the mixture of these mucilages will be considerably thinner than either of them when alone4 ,as an agglutinant for general use in the studio1 the following is recommended3 ,dissolve #b ounces of gum arabic in #e ounces of water1 and for every #bej parts of the mucilage add #bj parts of a solution of sulphate of aluminum1 prepared by dissolving #a part of the sulphate in #bj parts of water 7common alum should not be used1 only the pure aluminum sulphate1 because common alum is a mixture of sulphates1 and usually contaminated with iron salts74 ,the addition of the sulphate solution to the gum mucilage renders the latter less hygroscopic1 and practically waterproof1 besides being very adhesive to any materials1 particularly those exhibiting a smooth surface4 ,,mucilages3 ,for ,affixing ,labels to ,glass and ,other ,objects4--,i4--,the mucilage is made by simply pouring over the gum enough water to a little more than cover it1 and then1 as the gum swells1 adding more water from time to time in small portions1 until the mucilage is brought to such consistency that it may be easily spread with the brush4 ,the mucilage keeps fairly well without the addition of any antiseptic4 ,,ii4--,tragacanth #a ounce ,acacia #d ounces ,thymol #ad grains ,glycerine #d ounces ,water1 sufficient to make #b pints #dc ,dissolve the gums in #a pint of water1 strain and add the glycerine1 in which the thymol is suspended2 shake well and add sufficient water to make #b pints4 ,this separates on standing1 but a single shake mixes it sufficiently for use4 ,,iii4--,rye flour #h ounces ,powdered acacia #a ounce ,glycerine #b ounces ,oil of cloves #dj drops ,water1 a sufficient quantity4 ,rub the rye flour and the acacia to a smooth paste with #h ounces of cold water2 strain through cheese cloth1 and pour into #a pint of boiling water and continue the heat until as thick as desired4 ,when nearly cold add the glycerine and oil of cloves4 ,,iv4--,one part1 by weight1 of tragacanth1 when mixed with #ie-per-cent alcohol to form #d fluidounces1 forms a liquid in which a portion of the tragacanth is dissolved and the remainder suspended2 this remains permanently fluid1 never deteriorates1 and can be used in place of the present mucilage2 #d to #h minims to each ounce of mixture is sufficient to suspend any of the insoluble substances usually given in mixtures4 ,v4--,to #bej parts of gum-arabic mucilage add #bj parts of water and #b parts of sulphate of alumina and heat until dissolved4 ,,vi4--,dissolve #a_/b pound gum tragacanth1 powdered1 #a_/d pound gum arabic1 powdered1 cold water to the desired consistency1 and add #dj drops carbolic acid4 ,mucilage of ,acacia4--,put the gum1 which should be of the best kind1 in a flask the size of which should be large enough to contain the mucilage with about one-fifth of its space to spare 7i4 e41 the product should fill it about four-fifths full74 ,now tare1 and wash the gum with distilled water1 letting the latter drain away as much as possible before proceeding further4 ,add the requisite quantity of distilled water slowly1 which1 however1 should first have added to it about #aj per cent of limewater4 ,now cork the flask1 and lay it1 without shaking1 horizontally in a cool place and let it remain quietly for about #c hours1 then give it a half turn to the right without disturbing its horizontal position4 ,repeat this operation three or four times during the day1 and keep it up until the gum is completely dissolved 7which will not be until the fourth day probably71 then strain through a thin cloth previously wet with distilled water1 avoiding1 in so doing1 the formation of foam or bubbles4 ,this precaution should also be observed in decantation of the percolate into smaller bottles provided with paraffine corks4 ,the small amount of limewater1 as will be understood1 is added to the solvent water in order to prevent the action of free acid4 ,commercial ,mucilage4--,dissolve #a_/b pound white glue in equal parts water and strong vinegar1 and add #a_/d as much alcohol and #a_/b ounce alum dissolved in a little water4 ,to proceed1 first get good glue and soak in cold water until it swells and softens4 ,use pale vinegar4 ,pour off the cold water1 then melt the glue to a thick paste in hot water1 and add the vinegar hot4 ,when a little cool add the alcohol and alum water4 ,to ,render ,gum ,arabic ,more ,adhesive4--,i4--,add crystallized aluminum sulphate in the proportion of #b dissolved in #bj parts of water to #bej parts of concentrated gum solution 7#ge parts of gum in #age parts of water74 ,,ii4--,add to #bej parts of concentrated gum solution 7#b parts of gum in #e parts of water7 #b parts of crystallized aluminum sulphate dissolved in #bj parts of water4 ,this mixture glues even unsized paper1 pasteboard on pasteboard1 wood on wood1 glass1 porcelain1 and other substances on which labels frequently do not adhere well4 ,envelope ,gum4--,the gum used by the ,united ,states ,government on postage stamps is probably one of the best that could be used not only for envelopes but for labels as well4 ,it will stick to almost any surface4 ,its composition is said to be the following3 ,gum arabic #a part ,starch #a part ,sugar #d parts ,water1 sufficient to give the desired consistency4 ,the gum arabic is first dissolved in some water1 the sugar added1 then the starch1 after which the mixture is boiled for a few minutes in order to dissolve the starch1 after which it is thinned down to the desired consistency4 ,cheaper envelope gums can be made by substituting dextrine for the gum arabic1 glucose for the sugar1 and adding boric acid to preserve and help stiffen it4 ,mucilage to ,make ,wood and ,pasteboard ,adhere to ,metals4--,dissolve #ej parts1 by weight1 of lead acetate together with #e parts1 by weight1 of alum in a little water4 ,make a separate solution of #ge parts1 by weight1 of gum arabic in #b1jjj parts1 by weight1 of water1 stir in this #ejj #dd parts1 by weight1 of flour1 and heat slowly to boiling1 stirring the while4 ,let it cool somewhat1 and mix with it the solution containing the lead acetate and alum1 stirring them well together4 ,preservation of ,gum ,solution4--,put a small piece of camphor in the mucilage bottle4 ,camphor vapors are generated which kill all the bacterial germs that have entered the bottle4 ,the gum maintains its adhesiveness to the last drop4 ,,adulterants ,,in ,,foods3 ,see ,foods4 ,,adurol ,,developer3 ,see ,photography4 ,,sco-,,quinine3 ,see ,horse ,chestnut4 ,,agar ,,agar ,,paste3 ,see ,adhesives4 ,,agate1 ,,buttons ,,of ,,artificial4 ,prepare a mixture or frit of #cc parts of quartz sand1 #fe parts calcium phosphate1 and #b parts of potash4 ,the frit1 which has been reduced by heat to the fusing point1 is finely ground1 intimately mingled with a small quantity of kaolin and pressed in molds which yield button-shaped masses4 ,these masses1 after having been fired1 are given a transparent glaze by any of the well-known processes4 ,,agate 7,,imitation73 ,see ,gems1 ,artificial4 ,,aging ,,of ,,silk3 ,see ,silk4 ,,aging1 ,,silver ,,and ,,gold3 ,see ,plating4 ,,air ,,bath4 ,this air bath is employed in cases in which1 upon drying or heating substances1 acid vapors arise because the walls of the bath are not attacked by them4 ,for the production of the drying apparatus take a flask with the bottom burst off or a bell jar tubulated above4 ,this is placed either upon a sand bath or upon asbestos paper1 previously laid upon a piece of sheet iron4 ,the sand bath or the sheet iron is put on a tripod1 so that it can be heated by means of a burner placed underneath4 ,the substance to be dried is placed in a glass or porcelain dish1 which is put under the bell jar1 and if desired the drying dish may be hung on the tripod4 ,for regulating the temperature the tubulure of the jar is closed with a pierced cork1 through whose aperture the thermometer is thrust4 ,in order to permit the vapors to escape1 the cork is grooved lengthwise along the periphery4 ,,air ,,bubbles ,,in ,,gelatine3 ,see ,gelatine4 ,,air1 ,,exclusion ,,of1 ,,from ,,solutions3 ,see ,photography4 ,,air-,,purifying4 ,ozonatine is a fragrant air-purifying preparation consisting of dextrogyrate turpentine oil scented with slight quantities of fragrant oils4 ,,alabaster ,,cleaning3 ,see ,cleaning ,preparations and ,methods4 ,,albata ,,metal3 ,see ,alloys4 ,,albumen ,,in ,,urine1 ,,detection ,,of4 ,patein 7,pharm4 ,zeit47 recommends the following test for albumen in urine3 ,dissolve #bej grams of citric acid in a sufficient quantity of water1 add enough ammonia to neutralize1 then #ej grams of alcohol1 and finally enough water to make #a liter4 ,to the acid 7or acidulated7 urine1 one-tenth its volume of the ammonium-citrate solution made as above is added1 and the whole heated in the usual manner4 ,the appearance of the faintest turbidity is said to indicate with positive certainty the presence of albumen4 ,,albumen ,,paper3 ,see ,photography4 ,,albumen ,,paste3 ,see ,adhesives4 ,alcohol ,after the manuscript of this book was ready for the press1 ,congress passed the bill which has since become a law1 whereby the prohibitive tax on industrial or denatured alcohol is removed4 ,so important is this legislative measure that the ,editor has deemed it wise to insert an article on the sources of alcohol and the manufacture of alcohol from farm products4 ,because the first portion of the book was in type when this step was decided upon1 the ,editor was compelled to relegate to a later page a monograph which should properly have appeared here4 ,the reader will find the matter on alcohol referred to under the heading #de 8,spirit02 likewise methods of denaturing and a list of denaturants4 ,,alcohol1 ,,dilution ,,of3 ,see ,tables4 ,alcohol1 ,tests for ,absolute4--,the committee for the compilation of the ,german ,arzneibuch established the following tests for the determination of absolute alcohol3 ,absolute alcohol is a clear1 colorless1 volatile1 readily imflammable liquid which burns with a faintly luminous flame4 ,absolute alcohol has a peculiar odor1 a burning taste1 and does not affect litmus paper4 ,boiling point1 #gh4ej4 ,specific gravity1 #j4gie to #j4gig4 ,one hundred parts contain #ii4g to #ii4d parts1 by volume1 or #ii4f to #ii4j parts1 by weight1 of alcohol4 ,absolute alcohol should have no foreign smell and should mix with water without cloudiness4 ,after the admixture of #e drops of silver-nitrate solution1 #aj cubic centimeters of absolute alcohol should not become turbid or colored even on heating4 ,a mixture of #aj cubic centimeters of absolute alcohol and #j4b cubic centimeter of potash lye evaporated down to #a cubic centimeter should not exhibit an odor of fusel oil after supersaturation with dilute sulphuric acid4 ,five cubic centimeters of sulphuric acid1 carefully covered1 in a test tube1 with a stratum of #e cubic centimeters of absolute alcohol1 should not form a rose-colored zone at the surface of contact1 even on standing for some time4 ,the red color of a mixture of #aj cubic centimeters of absolute alcohol and #a cubic centimeter of potassium-permanganate solution should not pass into yellow before #bj minutes4 ,absolute alcohol should not be dyed by hydrogen sulphide water or by aqueous ammonia4 ,five cubic centimeters of absolute alcohol should not leave behind a weighable residue after evaporation on water bath4 ,absolute ,alcohol4--,if gelatine be suspended in ordinary alcohol it will absorb the water1 but as it is insoluble in alcohol1 that substance will remain behind1 and thus nearly absolute alcohol will be obtained without distillation4 ,perfumed ,denaturized ,alcohol4-- ,east ,india lemon oil #a1bej parts ,mirbane oil #a1jjj parts ,cassia oil #ej parts ,clove oil #ge parts ,lemon oil #ajj parts ,amyl acetate #ejj parts ,spirit 7#ie per cent7 #g1jjj parts ,dissolve the oils in the spirit and add the amyl acetate4 ,the mixture serves for destroying the bad odor of denaturized spirit in distilling4 ,use #ej parts of the perfume per #a1jjj parts of spirit4 ,solid ,alcohol4--,i4--,heat #a1jjj parts of denaturized alcohol 7#ij per cent7 in a flask of double the capacity on the water bath to about #adj ,f41 and then mix with #bh to #cj parts of well-dried1 rasped ,venetian soap and #b parts of gum lac4 ,after repeated shaking1 complete dissolution will take place4 ,the solution is put1 while still warm1 into metallic vessels1 closing them up at once and allowing the mixture to cool therein4 ,the admixture of gum lac effects a better preservation and also prevents the evaporation of the alcohol4 ,on lighting the solid spirit the soap remains behind4 ,,ii4--,smaragdine is a trade name for solidified alcohol4 ,it consists of alcohol and gun cotton1 colored with malachite green4 ,it appears in the market in the form of small cubes4 ,alcohol in ,fermented ,beers4--,experience has shown that #a_/d pound of sugar to #a gallon of water yields about #b per cent of proof spirit1 or about #a per cent of absolute alcohol4 ,beyond this amount it is not safe to go1 if the legal limit is to be observed1 yet a ginger beer brewed with #a_/d pound per gallon of sugar would be a very wishy-washy compound1 and there is little doubt that a much larger quantity is generally used4 ,the more sugar that is used--up to #a #a_/b or #a #a_/d pounds per gallon--the better the drink will be and the more customers will relish it2 but it will be as 8strong0 as lager and contain perhaps #e per cent of alcohol1 which will make it anything but a 8temperance0 drink4 ,any maker who is using as much as even #a_/b pound of sugar per gallon is bound to get more spirit than the law allows4 ,meanwhile it is scarcely accurate to term ginger beers1 etc41 non-alcoholic4 ,alcohol ,deodorizer4-- ,alcohol #afj ounces ,powdered quicklime #cjj grains ,powdered alum #aej grains ,spirit of nitrous ether #a #a_/d drachms ,mix the lime and alum intimately by trituration2 add the alcohol and shake well2 then add the spirit of nitrous ether2 set aside for #g days and filter through animal charcoal4 ,denaturized ,alcohol4--,there are two general classes or degrees of denaturizing1 viz41 the 8complete0 and the 8incomplete10 according to the purpose for #df which the alcohol so denaturized is to be ultimately used4 ,i4--,complete denaturization by the ,german system is accomplished by the addition to every #ajj liters 7equal to #bf #a_/b gallons7 of spirits3 7a7 ,two and one-half liters of the 8standard0 denaturizer1 made of #d parts of wood alcohol1 #a part of pyridine 7a nitrogenous base obtained by distilling bone oil or coal tar71 with the addition of #ej grams to each liter of oil of lavender or rosemary4 7b7 ,one and one-fourth liters of the above 8standard0 and #b liters of benzol with every #ajj liters of alcohol4 ,,ii4--,incomplete denaturization--i4 e41 sufficient to prevent alcohol from being drunk1 but not to disqualify it from use for various special purposes1 for which the wholly denaturized spirits would be unavailable--is accomplished by several methods as follows1 the quantity and nature of each substance given being the prescribed dose for each #ajj liters 7#bf #a_/b gallons7 of spirits3 7c7 ,five liters of wood alcohol or #a_/b liter of pyridine4 7d7 ,twenty liters of solution of shellac1 containing #a part gum to #b parts alcohol of #ij-per-cent purity4 ,alcohol for the manufacture of celluloid and pegamoid is denaturized4 7e7 ,by the addition of #a kilogram of camphor or #b liters oil of turpentine or #a_/b liter benzol to each #ajj liters of spirits4 ,alcohol to be used in the manufacture of ethers1 aldehyde1 agaricin1 white lead1 bromo-silver gelatines1 photographic papers and plates1 electrode plates1 collodion1 salicylic acid and salts1 aniline chemistry1 and a great number of other purposes1 is denaturized by the addition of-- 7f7 ,ten liters sulphuric ether1 or #a part of benzol1 or #a_/b part oil of turpentine1 or #j4jbe part of animal oil4 ,for the manufacture of varnishes and inks alcohol is denaturized by the addition of oil of turpentine or animal oil1 and for the production of soda soaps by the addition of #a kilogram of castor oil4 ,alcohol for the production of lanolin is prepared by adding #e liters of benzine to each hectoliter of spirits4 ,,ale4 ,the ale of the modern brewer is manufactured in several varieties1 which are determined by the wants of the consumer and the particular market for which it is intended4 ,thus1 the finer kinds of ,burton1 ,east ,india1 ,bavarian1 and other like ales1 having undergone a thorough fermentation1 contain only a small quantity of undecomposed sugar and gum1 varying from #a to #e per cent4 ,some of these are highly 8hopped0 or 8bittered10 the further to promote their preservation during transit and change of temperature4 ,mild or sweet ales1 on the contrary1 are less accentuated by lengthened fermentation1 and abound in saccharine and gummy matter4 ,they are1 therefore1 more nutritious1 though less intoxicating1 than those previously referred to4 ,in brewing the finer kinds of ales1 pale malt and the best hops of the current season's growth are always employed2 and when it is desired to produce a liquor possessing little color1 very great attention is paid to their selection4 ,with the same object1 the boiling is conducted with more than the usual precautions1 and the fermentation is carried on at a somewhat lower temperature than that commonly allowed for other varieties of beer4 ,for ordinary ale1 intended for immediate use1 the malt may be all pale2 but1 if the liquor be brewed for keeping1 and in warm weather1 when a slight color is not objectionable1 one-fifth1 or even one-fourth of amber malt may be advantageously employed4 ,from #d #a_/b to #f pounds of hops is the quantity commonly used to the one-fourth of malt1 for ordinary ales2 and #g pounds to #aj pounds for 8keeping0 ales4 ,the proportions1 however1 must greatly depend on the intended quality and description of the brewing and the period that will be allowed for its maturation4 ,the stronger varieties of ale usually contain from #f to #h per cent of 8absolute alcohol02 ordinary strong ale1 #d #a_/b to #f per cent2 mild ale1 #c to #d percent2 and table ale1 #a to #a #a_/b per cent 7each by volume72 together with some undecomposed saccharine1 gummy1 and extractive matter1 the bitter and narcotic principles of the hop1 some acetic acid formed by the oxidation of the alcohol1 and very small and variable quantities of mineral and saline matter4 ,ordinary ale-wort 7preferably pale71 sufficient to produce #a barrel1 is slowly boiled with about #c handfuls of hops1 and #ab to #ad pounds of crushed groats1 until the whole of the soluble matter of the latter is extracted4 ,the resulting liquor1 after being run through a coarse strainer and become lukewarm1 is fermented with #b or #c pints of yeast2 and1 as soon as the fermentation is at its height1 is either closely bunged up for draft or is at once put into strong stoneware bottles1 which are then well corked and wired4 ,white ale is said to be very nutritious1 though apt to prove laxative to those #dg unaccustomed to its use4 ,it is drunk in a state of effervescence or lively fermentation2 the glass or cup containing it being kept in constant motion1 when removed from the mouth1 until the whole is consumed1 in order that the thicker portion may not subside to the bottom4 ,,ale1 ,,ginger3 ,see ,beverages4 ,,alfenide ,,metal3 ,see ,alloys4 ,,alkali1 ,,how ,,to ,,detect3 ,see ,soaps4 ,,alkaloids1 ,,antidotes ,,to3 ,see ,atropine4 ,alloys ,no general rules can be given for alloying metals4 ,alloys differing greatly in fusibility are commonly made by adding the more fusible ones1 either in the melted state or in small portions at a time1 to the other melted or heated to the lowest possible temperature at which a perfect union will take place between them4 ,the mixture is usually effected under a flux1 or some material that will promote liquefaction and prevent volatilization and unnecessary exposure to the air4 ,thus1 in melting lead and tin together for solder1 rosin or tallow is thrown upon the surface is rubbed with sal ammoniac2 and in combining some metals1 powdered charcoal is used for the same purpose4 ,mercury or quicksilver combines with many metals in the cold1 forming ,,amalgams1 or easily fusible alloys 7q4 v474 ,alloys generally possess characteristics unshared by their component metals4 ,thus1 copper and zinc form brass1 which has a different density1 hardness1 and color from either of its constituents4 ,whether the metals tend to unite in atomic proportions or in any definite ratio is still undetermined4 ,the evidence afforded by the natural alloys of gold and silver1 and by the phenomena accompanying the cooling of several alloys from the state of fusion1 goes far to prove that such is the case 7,rudberg74 ,the subject is1 however1 one of considerable difficulty1 as metals and metallic compounds are generally soluble in each other1 and unite by simple fusion and contact4 ,that they do not combine indifferently with each other1 but exercise a species of elective affinity not dissimilar to other bodies1 is clearly shown by the homogeneity and superior quality of many alloys in which the constituent metals are in atomic proportion4 ,the variation of the specific gravity and melting points of alloys from the mean of those of their component metals also affords strong evidence of a chemical change having taken place4 ,thus1 alloys generally melt at lower temperatures than their separate metals4 ,they also usually possess more tenacity and hardness than the mean of their constituents4 ,matthiessen found that when weights are suspended to spirals of hard-drawn wire made of copper1 gold1 or platinum1 they become nearly straightened when stretched by a moderate weight2 but wires of equal dimensions composed of copper-tin 7#ab per cent of tin71 silver-platinum 7#cf per cent of platinum71 and gold-copper 7#hd per cent of copper7 scarcely undergo any permanent change in form when subjected to tension by the same weight4 ,the same chemist gives the following approximate results upon the tenacity of certain metals and wires hard-drawn through the same gauge 7,no4 #bc73 ,pounds ,copper1 breaking strain #be-cj ,tin1 breaking strain under #g ,lead1 breaking strain under #g ,tin-lead 7#bj lead7 about #g ,tin-copper 7#ab copper7 about #g ,copper-tin 7#ab tin7 about #hj-ij ,gold 7#ab tin7 #bj-be ,gold-copper 7#h4d copper7 #gj-ge ,silver 7#h4d copper7 #de-ej ,platinum 7#h4d copper7 #de-ej ,silver-platinum 7#cj platinum7 #ge-hj ,on the other hand1 the malleability1 ductility1 and power of resisting oxygen of alloys is generally diminished4 ,the alloy formed of two brittle metals is always brittle2 that of a brittle and a ductile metal1 generally so2 and even two ductile metals sometimes unite to form a brittle compound4 ,the alloys formed of metals having different fusing points are usually malleable while cold and brittle while hot4 ,the action of the air on alloys is generally less than on their simple metals1 unless the former are heated4 ,a mixture of #a part of tin and #c parts of lead is scarcely acted on at common temperatures2 but at a red heat it readily takes fire1 and continues to burn for some time like a piece of bad turf4 ,in like manner1 a mixture of tin and zinc1 when strongly heated1 decomposes both moist air and steam with rapidity4 ,the specific gravity of alloys is rarely #dh the arithmetical mean of that of their constituents1 as commonly taught2 and in many cases considerable condensation or expansion occurs4 ,when there is a strong affinity between two metals1 the density of their alloy is generally greater than the calculated mean2 and vice versa1 as may be seen in the following table3 ,,alloys ,,having ,a ,,density ,greater than the ,mean of their ,constituents3 ,copper and bismuth1 ,copper and palladium1 ,copper and tin1 ,copper and zinc1 ,gold and antimony1 ,gold and bismuth1 ,gold and cobalt1 ,gold and tin1 ,gold and zinc1 ,lead and antimony1 ,palladium and bismuth1 ,silver and antimony1 ,silver and bismuth1 ,silver and lead1 ,silver and tin1 ,silver and zinc4 ,less than the ,mean of their ,constituents3 ,gold and copper1 ,gold and iridium1 ,gold and iron1 ,gold and lead1 ,gold and nickel1 ,gold and silver1 ,iron and antimony1 ,iron and bismuth1 ,iron and lead1 ,nickel and arsenic1 ,silver and copper1 ,tin and antimony1 ,tin and lead1 ,tin and palladium1 ,zinc and antimony4 ,compounding ,alloys4--,considerable experience is necessary to insure success in compounding alloys1 especially when the metals employed vary greatly in fusibility and volatility4 ,the following are rules supplied by an experienced workman3 #a4 ,melt the least fusible1 oxidizable1 and volatile first1 and then add the others heated to their point of fusion or near it4 ,thus1 if it is desired to make an alloy of exactly #a part of copper and #c of zinc1 it will be impossible to do so by putting proportions of the metals in a crucible and exposing the whole to heat4 ,much of the zinc would fly off in vapor before the copper was melted4 ,first1 melt the copper and add the zinc1 which has been melted in another crucible4 ,the zinc should be in excess1 as some of it will be lost anyway4 #b4 ,some alloys1 as copper and zinc1 copper and arsenic1 may be formed by exposing heated plates of the least fusible metal to the vapor of the other4 ,in making brass in the large way1 thin plates of copper are dissolved1 as it were1 in melted zinc until the proper proportions have been obtained4 #c4 ,the surface of all oxidizable metals should be covered with some protecting agent1 as tallow for very fusible ones1 rosin for lead and tin1 charcoal for zinc1 copper1 etc4 #d4 ,stir the metal before casting and if possible1 when casting1 with a whitewood stick2 this is much better for the purpose than an iron rod4 #e4 ,if possible1 add a small portion of old alloy to the new4 ,if the alloy is required to make sharp castings and strength is not a very great object1 the proportion of old alloy to the new should be increased4 ,in all cases a new or thoroughly well-cleansed crucible should be used4 ,to obtain metals and metallic alloys from their compounds1 such as oxides1 sulphides1 chlorides1 etc41 a process lately patented makes use of the reducing qualities of aluminum or its alloys with magnesium4 ,the finely powdered material 7e4 g41 chromic oxide7 is placed in a crucible mixed with aluminum oxide4 ,the mixture is set afire by means of a soldering pipe or a burning magnesium wire1 and the desired reaction takes place4 ,for igniting1 one may also employ with advantage a special priming cartridge consisting of pulverized aluminum to which a little magnesium may be mixed1 and peroxide of magnesia1 which is shaped into balls and lighted with a magnesium wire4 ,by suitable additions to the pulverized mixture1 alloys containing aluminum1 magnetism1 chromium1 manganese1 copper1 iron1 boron1 silicic acid1 etc41 are obtained4 ,,aluminum ,,alloys4 ,m4 ,h4 ,pecheux has contributed to the ,comptes ,rendus1 from time to time1 the results of his investigations into the alloys of aluminum with soft metals1 and the following constitutes a brief summary of his observations3 ,lead4--,when aluminum is melted and lead is added in proportion greater than #aj per cent1 the metals separate on cooling into three layers--lead1 aluminum1 and between them an alloy containing from #ij to #ig per cent of aluminum4 #di ,the alloys with #ic1 #ie1 and #ih per cent have densities of #b4gde1 #b4fgd1 and #b4fjj respectively1 and melting points near that of aluminum4 ,their color is like that of aluminum1 but they are less lustrous4 ,all are malleable1 easily cut1 softer than aluminum1 and have a granular fracture4 ,on remelting they become somewhat richer in lead1 through a tendency to liquation4 ,they do not oxidize in moist air1 nor at their melting points4 ,they are attacked in the cold by hydrochloric and by strong sulphuric acid1 with evolution of hydrogen1 and by strong nitric acid when hot2 strong solution of potassium hydroxide also attacks them4 ,they are without action on distilled water1 whether cold or hot4 ,zinc4--,well-defined alloys were obtained1 corresponding to the formulas ,zn#c;,al1 ,zn#b;,al1 ,zn,al1 ,zn,al#b1 ,zn,al#c1 ,zn,al#d1 ,zn,al#f1 ,zn,al#aj1 ,zn,al#ab4 ,their melting points and densities all lie between those of zinc and aluminum1 and those containing most zinc are the hardest4 ,they are all dissolved by cold hydrochloric acid and by hot dilute nitric acid4 ,cold concentrated nitric acid attacks the first three1 and cold dilute acid the first five4 ,the ,zn#c;,al1 ,zn,al#f1 ,zn,al#aj1 and ,zn,al#ab are only slightly affected by cold potassium-hydroxide solution2 the others are strongly attacked1 potassium zincate and aluminate probably being formed4 ,tin4--,a filed rod of tin-aluminum alloy plunged in cold water gives off for some minutes bubbles of gas1 composed of hydrogen and oxygen in explosive proportions4 ,an unfiled rod1 or a filed rod of either aluminum or tin1 is without action1 though the unfiled rod of alloy will act on boiling water4 ,the filed rod of alloy1 in faintly acid solution of copper or zinc sulphate1 becomes covered with a deposit of copper or zinc1 while bubbles of oxygen are given off4 ,m4 ,pecheux believes that the metals are truly alloyed only at the surface1 and that filing lays bare an almost infinitely numerous series of junctions of the two metals1 which1 heated by the filing1 act as thermocouples4 ,bismuth4--,by the method used for lead1 bismuth alloys were obtained containing #ge1 #he1 #hh1 and #id per cent of aluminum1 with densities #b4hf1 #b4gi1 #b4gh1 and #b4gd respectively4 ,they were sonorous1 brittle1 finely grained1 and homogeneous1 silver-white1 and with melting points between those of their constituents1 but nearer that of aluminum4 ,they are not oxidized in air at the temperature of casting1 but are readily attacked by acids1 concentrated or dilute1 and by potassium-hydroxide solution4 ,the filed alloys behave like those of tin1 but still more markedly4 ,magnesium4--,these were obtained with #ff1 #fh1 #gc1 #gg1 and #he per cent of aluminum1 and densities #b4bd1 #b4dg1 #b4cb1 #b4cg1 #b4dg4 ,they are brittle1 with large granular fracture1 silver-white1 file well1 take a good polish1 and have melting points near that of aluminum4 ,being viscous when melted1 they are difficult to cast1 and when slowly cooled form a gray1 spongy mass which cannot be remelted4 ,they do not oxidize in air at the ordinary temperatures1 but burn readily at a bright-red heat4 ,they are attacked violently by acids and by potassium-hydroxide solution1 decompose hydrogen peroxide1 and slowly decompose water even in the cold4 ,tin1 ,bismuth1 and ,magnesium4--,the action of water on these alloys just referred to has been recently demonstrated on a larger scale1 #e to #f cubic centimeters of hydrogen having been obtained in #bj minutes from #b cubic centimeters of the filed tin alloy4 ,the bismuth alloy yielded more hydrogen than the tin alloy1 and the magnesium alloy more than the bismuth alloy4 ,the oxygen of the decomposed water unites with the aluminum4 ,larger quantities of hydrogen are obtained from copper-sulphate solution1 apart from the decomposition of this solution by precipitation of copper at the expense of the metal alloyed with the aluminum4 ,the alloys of aluminum with zinc and lead do not decompose pure water1 but do decompose the water of copper-sulphate solution1 and1 more slowly1 that of zinc-sulphate solution4 ,aluminum is a metal whose properties are very materially influenced by a proportionately small addition of copper4 ,alloys of #ii per cent aluminum and #a per cent of copper are hard1 brittle1 and bluish in color2 #ie per cent of aluminum and #e per cent of copper give an alloy which can be hammered1 but with #aj percent of copper the metal can no longer be worked4 ,with #hj per cent and upward of copper are obtained alloys of a beautiful yellow color1 and these mixtures1 containing from #e to #aj percent of aluminum and from #ij to #ie per cent of copper1 are the genuine aluminum bronzes4 ,the #aj-per-cent alloys are of a pure golden-yellow color2 with #e per cent of aluminum they are reddish yellow1 like gold heavily alloyed with copper1 and a #b-per-cent admixture is of an almost pure copper red4 #ej ,as the proportion of copper increases1 the brittleness is diminished1 and alloys containing #aj per cent and less of aluminum can be used for industrial purposes1 the best consisting of #ij per cent of copper and #aj of aluminum4 ,the hardness of this alloy approaches that of the general bronzes1 whence its name4 ,it can be stretched out into thin sheets between rollers1 worked under the hammer1 and shaped as desired by beating or pressure1 in powerful stamping presses4 ,on account of its hardness it takes a fine polish1 and its peculiar greenish-gold color resembles that of gold alloyed with copper and silver together4 ,alloys with a still greater proportion of copper approach this metal more and more nearly in their character2 the color of an alloy1 for instance1 composed of #ie per cent of copper and #e per cent of aluminum1 can be distinguished from pure gold only by direct comparison1 and the metal is very hard1 and also very malleable4 ,electrical ,conductivity of ,aluminum ,alloys4--,during three years' exposure to the atmosphere1 copper-aluminum alloys in one test gradually diminished in conductivity in proportion to the amount of copper they contained4 ,the nickel-copper aluminum alloys1 which show such remarkably increased tensile strength as compared with good commercial aluminum1 considerably diminished in total conductivity4 ,on the other hand1 the manganese-copper aluminum alloys suffered comparatively little diminution in total conductivity1 and one of them retained comparatively high tensile strength4 ,it was thought that an examination of the structure of these alloys by aid of microphotography might throw some light on the great difference which exists between some of their physical properties4 ,for instance1 a nickel-copper aluminum alloy has #a4f times the tensile strength of ordinary commercial aluminum4 ,under a magnification of #hjj diameters practically no structure could be discovered4 ,considering the remarkable crystalline structure exhibited by ordinary commercial aluminum near the surface of an ingot1 when allowed to solidify at an ordinary rate1 the want of structure in these alloys must be attributed to the process of drawing down4 ,the inference is that the great difference which exists between their tensile strengths and other qualities is not due to variation in structure4 ,colored ,alloys of ,aluminum4--,a purple scintillating composition is produced by an alloyage of #gh parts of gold and #bb parts aluminum4 ,with platinum a gold-colored alloy is obtained2 with palladium a copper-colored one2 and with cobalt and nickel one of a yellow color4 ,easily fusible metals of the color of aluminum give white alloys4 ,metal difficult of fusion1 such as iridium1 osmium1 titanium1 etc41 appear in abnormal tones of color through such alloyages4 ,aluminum-,brass4--,aluminum1 #a per cent2 specific gravity1 #h4ce2 tensile strength1 #dj4 ,aluminum1 #c per cent2 specific gravity1 #h4cc2 tensile strength1 #fe4 ,the last named is harder than the first4 ,aluminum-,copper4--,minikin is principally aluminum with a small percentage of copper and nickel4 ,it is alloyed by mixing the aluminum and copper1 then adding the nickel4 ,it resembles palladium and is very strong4 ,aluminum-,silver4--,i4--,silver1 #c per cent2 aluminum1 #ig per cent4 ,a handsome color4 ,,ii4--,a silver aluminum that is easily worked into various articles contains about one-fourth silver and three-fourths of aluminum4 ,aluminum-,tin4--,bourbon metal is composed of equal parts of aluminum and tin2 it solders readily4 ,aluminum-,tungsten4--,a new metal alloy consisting of aluminum and tungsten is used of late in ,france in the construction of conveyances1 especially carriages1 bicycles1 and motor vehicles4 ,the ,french call it partinium2 the composition of the new alloy varies according to the purposes for which it is used4 ,it is considerably cheaper than aluminum1 almost as light1 and has a greater resistance4 ,the strength is stated at #cb to #cg kilograms per square millimeter4 ,aluminum-,zinc4--,zinc1 #c per cent2 aluminum1 #ig per cent4 ,very ductile1 white1 and harder than aluminum4 ,,amalgams3 ,see ,fusible ,alloys4 ,anti-,friction ,bearing or ,babbitt ,metals4--,these alloys are usually supported by bearings of brass1 into which it is poured after they have been tinned1 and heated and put together with an exact model of the axle1 or other working piece1 plastic clay being previously applied1 in the usual manner1 as a lute or outer mold4 ,soft gun metal is also excellent1 and is much used for bearings4 ,they all become less heated in working than the #ea harder metals1 and less grease or oil is consequently required when they are used4 ,i4--,an anti-friction metal of excellent quality and one that has been used with success is made as follows3 #ag parts zinc2 #a part copper2 #a #a_/b parts antimony2 prepared in the following way3 ,melt the copper in a small crucible1 then add the antimony1 and lastly the zinc1 care being taken not to burn the zinc4 ,burning can be prevented by allowing the copper and antimony to cool slightly before adding the zinc4 ,this metal is preferably cast into the shape desired and is not used as a lining metal because it requires too great a heat to pour4 ,it machines nicely and takes a fine polish on bearing surfaces4 ,it has the appearance of aluminum when finished4 ,use a lubricating oil made from any good grade of machine oil to which #c parts of kerosene have been added4 ,,ii4--,copper1 #f parts2 tin1 #ab parts2 lead1 #aej parts2 antimony1 #cj parts2 wrought iron1 #a part2 cast iron1 #a part4 ,for certain purposes the composition is modified as follows3 ,copper1 #af parts2 tin1 #dj parts2 lead1 #abj parts2 antimony1 #bd parts2 wrought iron1 #a part2 cast iron1 #a part4 ,in both cases the wrought iron is cut up in small pieces1 and in this state it will melt readily in fused copper and cast iron4 ,after the mixture has been well stirred1 the tin1 lead1 and antimony are added2 these are previously melted in separate crucibles1 and when mingled the whole mass is again stirred thoroughly4 ,the product may then be run into ingots1 to be employed when needed4 ,when run into the molds the surface should be well skimmed1 for in this state it oxidizes rapidly4 ,the proportions may be varied without materially affecting the results4 ,,iii4--,from tin1 #af to #bj parts2 antimony1 #b parts2 lead1 #a part2 fused together1 and then blended with copper1 #hj parts4 ,used where there is much friction or high velocity4 ,,iv4--,zinc1 #f parts2 tin1 #a part2 copper1 #bj parts4 ,used when the metal is exposed to violent shocks4 ,v4--,lead1 #a part2 tin1 #b parts2 zinc1 #d parts2 copper1 #fh parts4 ,used when the metal is exposed to heat4 ,,vi4--,tin1 #dh to #ej parts2 antimony1 #e parts2 copper1 #a part4 ,,vii4--7,fenton's47 ,tin1 with some zinc1 and a little copper4 ,,viii4--7,ordinary47 ,tin1 or hard pewter1 with or without a small portion of antimony or copper4 ,without the last it is apt to spread out under the weight of heavy machinery4 ,used for the bearings of locomotives1 etc4 ,the following two compositions are for motor and dynamo shafts3 #ajj pounds tin2 #aj pounds copper2 #aj pounds antimony4 #hc #a_/b pounds tin2 #h #a_/d pounds antimony2 #h #a_/d pounds copper4 ,,ix4--,lead1 #ge parts2 antimony1 #bc parts2 tin1 #b parts4 ,x4--,magnolia ,metal4--,this is composed of #dj parts of lead1 #g #a_/b parts of antimony1 #b #a_/b of tin1 #a_/h of bismuth1 #a_/h of aluminum1 and #a_/d of graphite4 ,it is used as an anti-friction metal1 and takes its name from its manufacturer's mark1 a magnolia flower4 ,,argentan3 ,see ,german ,silver1 under this title4 ,,bell ,,metal4 ,the composition of bell metal varies considerably1 as may be seen below3 ,i4--7,standard47 ,copper1 #gh parts2 tin1 #bb parts2 fused together and cast4 ,the most sonorous of all the alloys of copper and tin4 ,it is easily fusible1 and has a fine compact grain1 and a vitreous conchoidal and yellowish-red fracture4 ,according to ,klaproth1 the finest-toned ,indian gongs have this composition4 ,,ii4--7,founder's ,standard47 ,copper1 #gg parts2 tin1 #ba parts2 antimony1 #b parts4 ,slightly paler and inferior to ,no4 ,i4 ,,iii4--,copper1 #hj parts2 tin1 #bj parts4 ,very deep-toned and sonorous4 ,used in ,china and ,india for the larger gongs1 tam-tams1 etc4 ,,iv4--,copper1 #gh to #hj parts2 tin1 #bb to #bj parts4 ,usual composition of ,chinese cymbals1 tam-tams1 etc4 ,v4--,copper1 #ge 7 #c7 parts2 tin1 #be 7 #a7 part4 ,somewhat brittle4 ,in fracture1 semivitreous and bluish-red4 ,used for church and other large bells4 ,,vi4--,copper1 #hj parts2 tin1 #aj #a_/d parts2 zinc1 #e #a_/b parts2 lead1 #d #a_/d parts4 ,english bell metal1 according to ,thomson4 ,inferior to the last2 the lead being apt to form isolated drops1 to the injury of the uniformity of the alloy4 ,,vii4--,copper1 #fh parts2 tin1 #cb parts4 ,brittle2 fracture conchoidal and ash-gray4 ,best proportions for house bells1 hand bells1 etc42 for which1 however1 #b of copper and #a of tin is commonly substituted by the founders4 ,,viii4--,copper1 #gb parts2 tin1 #bf #a_/b parts2 iron1 #a #a_/b parts4 ,used by the ,paris houses for the bells of small clocks4 ,,ix4--,copper1 #gb parts2 tin1 #bf parts2 zinc1 #b parts4 ,used1 like the last1 for very small bells4 ,x4--,copper1 #gj parts2 tin1 #bf parts2 #eb zinc1 #b parts4 ,used for the bells of repeating watches4 ,,xi4--,melt together copper1 #ajj parts2 tin1 #be parts4 ,after being cast into the required object1 it should be made red-hot1 and then plunged immediately into cold water in order to impart to it the requisite degree of sonorousness4 ,for cymbals and gongs4 ,,xii4--,melt together copper1 #hj parts2 tin1 #bj parts4 ,when cold it has to be hammered out with frequent annealing4 ,,xiii4--,copper1 #gh parts2 tin1 #bb parts2 ,this is superior to the former1 and it can be rolled out4 ,for tam-tams and gongs4 ,,xiv4--,melt together copper1 #gb parts2 tin1 #bf to #ef parts2 iron #a_/dd part4 ,used in making the bells of ornamental ,french clocks4 ,castings in bell metal are all more or less brittle2 and1 when recent1 have a color varying from a dark ash-gray to grayish-white1 which is darkest in the more cuprous varieties1 in which it turns somewhat on the yellowish-red or bluish-red4 ,the larger the proportion of copper in the alloy1 the deeper and graver the tone of the bells formed of it4 ,the addition of tin1 iron1 or zinc1 causes them to give out their tones sharper4 ,bismuth and lead are also often used to modify the tone1 which each metal affects differently4 ,the addition of antimony and bismuth is frequently made by the founder to give a more crystalline grain to the alloy4 ,all these conditions are1 however1 prejudicial to the sonorousness of bells1 and of very doubtful utility4 ,rapid refrigeration increases the sonorousness of all these alloys4 ,hence ,m4 ,d',arcet recommends that the 8pieces0 be heated to a cherry-red after they are cast1 and after having been suddenly plunged into cold water1 that they be submitted to well-regulated pressure by skillful hammering1 until they assume their proper form2 after which they are to be again heated and allowed to cool slowly in the air4 ,this is the method adopted by the ,chinese with their gongs1 etc41 a casing of sheet iron being employed by them to support and protect the pieces during the exposure to heat4 ,in a general way1 however1 bells are formed and completed by simple casting4 ,this is necessarily the case with all very large bells4 ,where the quality of their tones is the chief object sought after1 the greatest care should be taken to use commercially pure copper4 ,the presence of a very little lead or any similar metal greatly lessens the sonorousness of this alloy2 while that of silver increases it4 ,the specific gravity of a large bell is seldom uniform through its whole substance2 nor can the specific gravity from any given portion of its constituent metals be exactly calculated owing to the many interfering circumstances4 ,the nearer this uniformity is approached1 or1 in other words1 chemical combination is complete1 the more durable and finer-toned will be the bell4 ,in general1 it is found necessary to take about one-tenth more metal than the weight of the intended bell1 or bells1 in order to allow for waste and scorification during the operations of fusing and casting4 ,,bismuth ,,alloys4 ,bismuth possesses the unusual quality of expanding in cooling4 ,it is1 therefore1 introduced in many alloys to reduce or check shrinkage in the mold4 ,for delicate castings1 and for taking impressions from dies1 medals1 etc41 various bismuth alloys are in use1 whose composition corresponds to the following figures3 ,i ,,ii ,,iii ,,iv ,bismuth #f #e #b #h ,tin #c #b #a #c ,lead #ac #c #a #e ,v4--,clich ,metal4--,this alloy is composed of tin1 #dh parts2 lead1 #cb4e2 bismuth1 #i2 and antimony1 #aj4e4 ,it is especially well adapted to dabbing rollers for printing cotton goods1 and as it possesses a considerable degree of hardness1 it wears well4 ,,vi4--,for filling out defective places in metallic castings1 an alloy of bismuth #a part1 antimony #c1 lead #h1 can be advantageously used4 ,,vii4--,for ,cementing ,glass4--,most of the cements in ordinary use are dissolved1 or at least softened1 by petroleum4 ,an alloy of lead #c parts1 tin #b1 bismuth #b4e1 melting at #bab ,f41 is not affected by petroleum1 and is therefore very useful for cementing lamps made of metal and glass combined4 ,,lipowitz',s ,,bismuth ,,alloy3 ,see ,cadmium ,alloys4 ,,brass4 ,in general brass is composed of two-thirds copper and one-third zinc1 but a little lead or tin is sometimes advantageous1 as the following3 ,i4--,red copper1 #ff parts2 zinc1 #cd parts2 lead1 #a part4 ,,ii4--,copper1 #ff parts2 zinc1 #cb parts2 tin1 #a part2 lead1 #a part4 ,,iii4--,copper1 #fd4e parts2 zinc1 #cc4e parts2 lead1 #a4e parts2 tin1 #j4e part4 ,brass-,aluminum4--,a small addition of aluminum to brass 7#a4e to #h per cent7 #ec greatly increases its hardness and elasticity1 and this alloy is also easily worked for any purpose4 ,brass containing #h per cent of aluminum has the valuable property of being but slightly affected by acids or gases4 ,a larger percentage of aluminum makes the brass brittle4 ,it is to be noted that aluminum brass decreases very materially in volume in casting1 and the casts must be cooled slowly or they will be brittle4 ,it is an alloy easily made1 and its low price1 combined with its excellent qualities1 would seem to make it in many cases an advantageous substitute for the expensive phosphorous bronze4 ,bristol ,brass 7,prince's ,metal74--,this alloy1 which possesses properties similar to those of ,french brass1 is prepared in the following proportions3 ,i ,,ii ,,iii ,copper #ge4g #fg4b #fj4h ,zinc #bd4c #cb4h #ci4b ,particular care is required to prevent the zinc from evaporating during the fusing1 and for this purpose it is customary to put only half of it into the first melting1 and to add the remainder when the first mass is liquefied4 ,brass-,iron 7,aich's ,metal74--,this is a variety of brass with an admixture of iron1 which gives it a considerable degree of tenacity4 ,it is especially adapted for purposes which require a hard and1 at the same time1 tenacious metal4 ,analyses of the various kinds of this metal show considerable variation in the proportions4 ,even the amount of iron1 to which the hardening effect must be attributed1 may vary within wide limits without materially modifying the tenacity which is the essential characteristic of this alloy4 ,i4--,the best variety of ,aich's metal consists of copper1 #fj parts2 zinc1 #ch4b2 iron1 #a4h4 ,the predominating quality of this alloy is its hardness1 which is claimed to be not inferior to that of certain kinds of steel4 ,it has a beautiful golden-yellow color1 and is said not to oxidize easily1 a valuable property for articles exposed to the action of air and water4 ,,ii4--,copper1 #fj4b parts2 zinc1 #ch4b2 iron1 #a4f4 ,the permissible variations in the content of iron are from #j4d to #c per cent4 ,sterro metal may properly be considered in connection with ,aich's metal1 since its constituents are the same and its properties very similar4 ,the principal difference between the two metals is that sterro metal contains a much larger amount of iron4 ,the composition of this alloy varies considerably with different manufacturers4 ,,iii4--,two varieties of excellent quality are the product of the ,rosthorn factory1 in ,lower ,austria--copper1 #ee4cc parts2 zinc1 #da4hj2 iron1 #d4ff4 ,also ,,iv4--,english sterro metal 7,gedge's alloy for ship sheathing71 copper1 #fj parts2 zinc1 #ch4abe2 iron1 #a4e4 ,the great value of this alloy lies in its strength1 which is equaled only by that of the best steel4 ,as an illustration of this1 a wrought-iron pipe broke with a pressure of #bfg atmospheres1 while a similar pipe of sterro metal withstood the enormous pressure of #gfc atmospheres without cracking4 ,besides its remarkable strength1 it possesses a high degree of elasticity1 and is1 therefore1 particularly suitable for purposes which require the combination of these two qualities1 such as the construction of hydraulic cylinders4 ,it is well known that these cylinders1 at a certain pressure1 begin to sweat1 that is1 the interior pressure is so great that the water permeates through the pores of the steel4 ,with a sterro metal cylinder1 the pressure can be considerably increased without any moisture being perceptible on the outside of the cylinder4 ,sterro metal can be made even more hard and dense1 if required for special purposes1 but this is effected rather by mechanical manipulation than by any change in the chemical composition4 ,if rolled or hammered in heat1 its strength is increased1 and it acquires1 in addition1 an exceedingly high degree of tenacity4 ,special care must be taken1 however1 in hammering not to overheat the metal1 as in this case it would become brittle and might crack under the hammer4 ,sterro metal is especially suitable for all the purposes for which the so-called red metal has been in the past almost exclusively used4 ,axle bearings1 for example1 made of sterro metal have such excellent qualities that many machine factories are now using this material entirely for the purpose4 ,cast ,brass4--,the various articles of bronze1 so called1 statuettes1 clock cases1 etc41 made in ,france1 where this industry has attained great perfection and extensive proportions1 are not1 in many cases1 genuine bronze1 but fine cast brass4 ,following are the compositions of a few mixtures of metals most frequently used by ,french manufacturers3 ,copper ,zinc ,tin ,lead ,i #fc4gj #cc4ee #b4ej #j4be ,,ii #fd4de #cb4dd #j4be #b4hf ,,iii #gj4ij #bd4je #b4jj #c4je ,,iv #gb4dc #bb4ge #a4hg #b4ie #ed ,their special advantage is that they can be readily cast1 worked with file and chisel1 and easily gilded4 ,to ,cast ,yellow ,brass4--,if good1 clean1 yellow brass sand castings are desired1 the brass should not contain over #cj per cent of zinc4 ,this will assure an alloy of good color and one which will run free and clean4 ,tin or lead may be added without affecting the property of casting clean4 ,a mixture of #g pounds of copper1 #c pounds of spelter1 #d ounces of tin1 and #c ounces of lead makes a good casting alloy and one which will cut free and is strong4 ,if a stronger alloy be desired1 more tin may be added1 but #d ounces is usually sufficient4 ,if the alloy be too hard1 reduce the proportion of tin4 ,leaf ,brass4--,this alloy is also called ,dutch gold1 or imitation gold leaf4 ,it is made of copper1 #gg4ge to #hd4e parts2 zinc1 #ae4e to #bb4be4 ,its color is pale or bright yellow or greenish1 according to the proportions of the metals4 ,it has an unusual degree of ductility4 ,malleable ,brass4--,this metal is affected less by sea water than pure copper1 and was formerly much used for ship sheathing1 and for making nails and rivets which were to come in contact with sea water4 ,at the present day it has lost much of its importance1 since all the larger ships are made of steel4 ,it is usually composed of copper1 #fj to #fb parts2 and zinc1 #dj to #ch parts4 ,it is sometimes called yellow metal1 or ,mntz metal 7called after its inventor71 and is prepared with certain precautions1 directed toward obtaining as fine a grain as possible1 experience having shown that only a fine-grained alloy of uniform density can resist the action of the sea water evenly4 ,a metal of uneven density will wear in holes4 ,to obtain as uniform a grain as possible1 small samples taken from the fused mass are cooled quickly and examined as to fracture4 ,if they do not show the desired uniform grain1 some zinc is added to the mass4 ,after it has permeated the whole mass1 a fresh sample is taken and tested1 this being continued until the desired result is reached4 ,it is scarcely necessary to remark that considerable experience is required to tell the correct composition of the alloy from the fracture4 ,the mass is finally poured into molds and rolled cold4 ,malleable brass can be worked warm1 like iron1 being ductile in heat1 a valuable quality4 ,experiments with malleable brass show that all alloys containing up to #eh4cc per cent of copper and up to #da4fg per cent of zinc are malleable4 ,there is1 in addition1 a second group of such alloys1 with #fa4ed per cent of copper and #ch4df per cent of zinc1 which are also malleable in heat4 ,the preparation of these alloys requires considerable experience1 and is best accomplished by melting the metals together in the usual manner1 and heating the fused mass as strongly as possible4 ,it must be covered with a layer of charcoal dust to prevent oxidation of the zinc4 ,the mass becomes thinly fluid1 and an intimate mixture of the constituents is effected4 ,small pieces of the same alloy are thrown into the liquid mass until it no longer shows a reflecting surface1 when it is cast into ingots in iron molds4 ,the ingots are plunged into water while still red-hot1 and acquire by this treatment a very high degree of ductility4 ,the alloy1 properly prepared1 has a fibrous fracture and a reddish-yellow color4 ,sheet ,brass 7,for ,sheet and ,wire74--,in the preparation of brass for the manufacture of wire1 an especially pure quality of copper must be used2 without this1 all efforts to produce a suitable quality of brass will be in vain4 ,that pure copper is indispensable to the manufacture of good1 ductile brass may be seen from the great difference in the composition of the various kinds1 all of which answer their purpose1 but contain widely varying quantities of copper and zinc4 ,the following table shows the composition of some excellent qualities of brass suitable for making sheet and wire3 ,brass ,sheet--,source ,copper ,zinc ,lead ,tin ,jemappes #fd4f #cc4g #a4d #j4b ,stolberg #fd4h #cb4h #b4j #j4d ,romilly #gj4a #bi4bf #j4ch #j4ag ,rosthorn 7,vienna7 #fh4a #ca4i -- -- ,rosthorn 7,vienna7 #ga4e #bh4e -- -- ,rosthorn 7,vienna7 #ga4a #bg4f #a4c -- ,iserlohn ,romilly #gj4a #bi4i -- -- ,ldenscheid #gb4gc #bg4bg -- -- 7,brittle7 #fc4ff #cc4jb #b4eb -- ,hegermhl #gj4af #bg4de #j4gi #j4bj ,oker #fh4ih #bi4ed #j4ig -- ,brass ,wire-- ,england #gj4bi #bi4bf #j4bh #j4ag ,augsburg #ga4hi #bg4fc #j4he -- ,neustadt #gj4af #bg4de #j4b #j4gi ,neustadt #ga4cf #bh4ae -- -- ,neustadt #ga4e #bh4e -- -- ,neustadt #ga4j #bg4f -- -- 7,good quality7 #fe4d #cd4f -- -- 7,brittle7 #fe4e #cb4d #b4a -- ,for wire and sheet #fg4j #cb4j #j4e #j4e #ee ,as the above figures show1 the percentage of zinc in the different kinds of brass lies between #bg and #cd4 ,recently1 alloys containing a somewhat larger quantity of zinc have been used1 it having been found that the toughness and ductility of the brass are increased thereby1 without injury to its tenacity4 ,alloys containing up to #cg per cent of zinc possess a high degree of ductility in the cold1 and are well adapted for wire and sheet4 ,gilders' ,sheet ,brass4--,copper1 #a part2 zinc1 #a part2 tin1 #a_/aj part2 lead1 #a_/aj part4 ,very readily fusible and very dense4 ,white ,brass4--,birmingham platina is an alloy of a pure white1 almost silver-white color1 remaining unaffected by tolerably long exposure to the atmosphere4 ,unfortunately this alloy is so brittle that it can rarely be shaped except by casting4 ,it is used only in the manufacture of buttons4 ,the alloy is poured into molds giving rather sharp impressions and allowing the design on the button 7letters or coat of arms7 to stand out prominently with careful stamping4 ,the composition of this alloy1 also known by the name of platinum lead1 is as follows3 ,i ,,ii ,copper #df4e #d ,zinc #ec4e #af ,,iii4--,zinc1 #hj parts2 copper1 #aj parts2 iron1 #aj parts4 ,,britannia ,,metal4 ,britannia metal is an alloy consisting principally of tin and antimony4 ,many varieties contain only these two metals1 and may be considered simply as tin hardened with antimony1 while others contain1 in addition1 certain quantities of copper1 sometimes lead1 and occasionally1 though rarely on account of its cost1 bismuth4 ,britannia metal is always of a silvery-white color1 with a bluish tinge1 and its hardness makes it capable of taking a high polish1 which is not lost through exposure to the air4 ,ninety per cent of tin and #aj per cent of antimony gives a composition which is the best for many purposes1 especially for casting1 as it fills out the molds well1 and is readily fusible4 ,in some cases1 where articles made from it are to be subjected to constant wear1 a harder alloy is required4 ,in the proportions given above1 the metal is indeed much harder than tin1 but would still soon give way under usage4 ,a table is appended1 giving the composition of some of the varieties of ,britannia metal and their special names4 ,tin ,antimony,copper ,zinc ,lead ,english #ha4ij #af4be #a4hd -- -- ,english #ij4fb #g4ha #a4df -- -- ,english #ij4a #f4c #c4a #j4e -- ,english #he4d #i4ff #j4ha #c4jf -- ,pewter #ha4b #e4g #a4fj -- #aa4e ,pewter #hi4c #g4f #a4h -- #a4h ,tutania #ia4d -- #j4g #j4c #g4f ,queen's metal #hh4e #g4a #c4e #j4i -- ,german #gb4j #bd4j #d4j -- -- ,german #hd4j #i4j #b4j #e4j -- ,german 7for casting7 #bj4j #fd4j #aj4j #f4j -- ,malleable 7for casting7#dh4j -- #c4j #dh4j #a4j ,britannia metal is prepared by melting the copper alone first1 then adding a part of the tin and the whole of the antimony4 ,the heat can then be quickly moderated1 as the melting point of the new alloy is much lower than that of copper4 ,finally1 the rest of the tin is added1 and the mixture stirred constantly for some time to make it thoroughly homogeneous4 ,an alloy which bears a resemblance to ,britannia metal is ,ashberry metal1 for which there are two formulas4 ,i ,,ii ,copper #b #c ,tin #h #gi ,antimony #ad #ae ,zinc #a #b ,nickel #b #a ,,bronzes4 ,the composition of bronze must be effected immediately before the casting1 for bronze cannot be kept in store ready prepared4 ,in forming the alloy1 the refractory compound1 copper1 is first melted separately1 the other metals1 tin1 zinc1 etc41 previously heated1 being then added2 the whole is then stirred and the casting carried out without loss of time4 ,the process of forming the alloy must be effected quickly1 so that there may be no loss of zinc1 tin1 or lead through oxidation1 and also no interruption to the flow of metal1 as metal added after an interval of time will not combine perfectly with the metal already poured in4 ,it is important1 therefore1 to ascertain the specific weights of the metals1 for the heavier metal will naturally tend to sink to the bottom and the lighter to collect at the top4 ,only in this way1 and by vigorous stirring1 can the complete blending of the two metals be secured4 ,in adding the zinc1 great care #ef must be taken that the latter sinks at once to the level of the copper1 otherwise a considerable portion will be volatilized before reaching the copper4 ,when the castings are made1 they must be cooled as quickly as possible1 for the components of bronze have a tendency to form separate alloys of various composition1 thus producing the so-called tin spots4 ,this is much more likely to occur with a slow than with a sudden cooling of the mass4 ,annealing ,bronze4--,this process is more particularly employed in the preparation of alloys used in the manufacture of cymbals1 gongs1 bells1 etc4 ,the alloy is naturally brittle1 and acquires the properties essential to the purpose for which it is intended only after casting4 ,the instruments are plunged into cold water while red-hot1 hammered1 reheated1 and slowly cooled1 when they become soft and sonorous4 ,the alloy of copper and tin has the peculiar property that1 whereas steel becomes hard through cooling1 this mixture1 when cooled suddenly1 becomes noticeably soft and more malleable4 ,the alloy is heated to a dark-red heat1 or1 in the case of thin articles1 to the melting point of lead1 and then plunged in cold water4 ,the alloy may be hammered without splitting or breaking4 ,aluminum ,bronze4--,this is prepared by melting the finest copper in a crucible1 and adding the aluminum4 ,the copper is cooled thereby to the thickly fluid point1 but at the moment of the combination of the two metals1 so much heat is released that the alloy becomes white hot and thinly fluid4 ,aluminum bronze thus prepared is usually brittle1 and acquires its best qualities only after having been remelted several times4 ,it may be remarked that1 in order to obtain a bronze of the best quality1 only the very purest copper must be used2 with an inferior quality of copper1 all labor is wasted4 ,aluminum bronze is not affected by exposure to the air2 and its beautiful color makes it very suitable for manufacturing various ornamental articles1 including clock cases1 door knobs1 etc4 ,aluminum bronze wire is almost as strong as good steel wire1 and castings made from it are almost as hard as steely iron2 its resistance to bending or sagging is great4 ,i4--,a good formula is #ij to #ie per cent of aluminum and #e to #aj per cent of copper1 of golden color1 which keeps well in the air1 without soon becoming dull and changing color like pure copper and its alloys with tin and zinc 7bronze1 brass1 etc474 ,it can be cast excellently1 can be filed well and turned1 possesses an extraordinary hardness and firmness1 and attains a high degree of polish2 it is malleable and forgeable4 ,on the latter quality are founded applications which were formerly never thought of1 viz43 forged works of art for decorative purposes4 ,an alloy of #ie parts aluminum and #e parts copper is used here4 ,the technical working of bronze is not materially different from that of iron4 ,the metal1 especially in a hot condition1 is worked like iron on the anvil1 with hammer and chisel1 only that the temperature to be maintained in forging lies between dark and light cherry red4 ,if the articles are not forged in one piece and the putting together of the separate parts becomes necessary1 riveting or soldering has to be resorted to4 ,besides forging1 aluminum bronze is well suited for embossing1 which is not surprising considering the high percentage of copper4 ,after finishing the pieces1 the metal can be toned in manifold ways by treatment with acid4 ,,ii4--,copper1 #hi to #ih per cent2 aluminum and nickel1 #a to #b per cent4 ,aluminum and nickel change in the opposite way1 that is to say1 in increasing the percentage of nickel the amount of aluminum is decreased by the equal quantity4 ,it should be borne in mind that the best ratio is aluminum1 #i4e per cent2 nickel1 #a to #a4e per cent at most4 ,in preparing the alloy a deoxidizing agent is added1 viz41 phosphorus to #j4e per cent2 magnesium to #a4e per cent4 ,the phosphorus should always be added in the form of phosphorous copper or phosphor aluminum of exactly determined percentage4 ,it is first added to the copper1 then the aluminum and the nickel1 and finally the magnesium1 the last named at the moment of liquidity1 are admixed4 ,,iii4--,a gold bronze1 containing #c to #e per cent aluminum2 specific gravity1 #h4cg to #h4ae4 ,handsome golden color4 ,this alloy oxidizes less on heating than copper and iron1 and is therefore especially adapted for locomotive fireboxes and spindles1 etc4 ,,iv4--,a steel bronze containing on an average #h4e per cent aluminum 7including #a per cent silicium72 specific gravity1 #g4g4 ,very ductile and tough1 but slightly elastic2 hence its use is excluded where1 with large demands upon tension and pressure1 no permanent change of form must ensue4 ,this is changed by working1 such as rolling1 drawing1 etc4 #eg ,especially useful where infrangibility is desired1 as in machinery1 ordnance1 etc4 ,at high temperature this bronze loses its elasticity again4 ,v4--,this contains #h4e per cent aluminum and #a #a_/b to #b per cent silicium4 ,its use is advisable in cases where the metal is to possess a good elasticity1 even in the cast state1 and to retain it after being worked in red heat4 ,,vi4--,an acid bronze1 containing #aj per cent aluminum2 specific gravity1 #g4fe4 ,especially serviceable to resist oxidation and the action of acids4 ,,vii4--,diamond bronze1 containing #aj per cent aluminum and #b per cent silicium4 ,specific gravity1 #g4c4 ,very hard2 of great firmness1 but brittle4 ,art ,bronzes4 7,see also ,aluminum ,bronzes and ,japanese ,bronzes under this title47--,i4--,copper1 #hd parts2 zinc1 #aa parts2 tin1 #e parts4 ,,ii4--,copper1 #ij parts2 zinc1 #f parts2 tin1 #b parts2 lead1 #b parts4 ,,iii4--,copper1 #fe parts2 zinc1 #cj parts2 tin1 #e parts4 ,,iv4--,copper1 #ij parts2 tin1 #e parts2 zinc1 #d parts2 lead1 #a part4 ,v4--,copper1 #he parts2 zinc1 #aj parts2 tin1 #c parts2 lead1 #b parts4 ,,vi4--,copper1 #gb parts2 zinc1 #bc parts2 tin1 #c parts2 lead1 #b parts4 ,statuary ,bronze4--,many of the antique statues were made of genuine bronze1 which has advantages for this purpose1 but has been superseded in modern times by mixtures of metals containing1 besides copper and tin--the constituents of real bronze--a quantity of zinc1 the alloy thus formed being really an intermediate product between bronze and brass4 ,the reason for the use of such mixtures lies partly in the comparative cheapness of their production as compared with genuine bronze1 and partly in the purpose for which the metal is to be used4 ,a thoroughly good statuary bronze must become thinly fluid in fusing1 fill the molds out sharply1 allow of being easily worked with the file1 and must take on the beautiful green coating called patina1 after being exposed to the air for a short time4 ,genuine bronze1 however strongly heated1 does not become thin enough to fill out the molds well1 and it is also difficult to obtain homogeneous castings from it4 ,brass alone is also too thickly fluid1 and not hard enough for the required fine chiseling or chasing of the finished object4 ,alloys containing zinc and tin1 in addition to copper1 can be prepared in such a manner that they will become very thinly fluid1 and will give fine castings which can easily be worked with the file and chisel4 ,the best proportions seem to be from #aj to #ah per cent of zinc and from #b to #d per cent of tin4 ,in point of hardness1 statuary bronze holds an intermediate position between genuine bronze and brass1 being harder and tougher than the latter1 but not so much so as the former4 ,since statuary bronze is used principally for artistic purposes1 much depends upon the color4 ,this can be varied from pale yellow to orange yellow by slightly varying the content of tin or zinc1 which must1 of course1 still be kept between the limits given above4 ,too much tin makes the alloy brittle and difficult to chisel2 with too much zinc1 on the other hand1 the warm tone of color is lost1 and the bronze does not acquire a fine patina4 ,the best proportions for statuary bronze are very definitely known at the present day2 yet it sometimes happens that large castings have not the right character4 ,they are either defective in color1 or they do not take on a fine patina1 or they are difficult to chisel4 ,these phenomena may be due to the use of impure metals--containing oxides1 iron1 lead1 etc4--or to improper treatment of the alloy in melting4 ,with the most careful work possible1 there is a considerable loss in melting--#c per cent at the very least1 and sometimes as much as #aj4 ,this is due to the large proportion of zinc1 and it is evident that1 in consequence of it1 the nature of the alloy will be different from what might be expected from the quantities of metals used in its manufacture4 ,it has been remarked that slight variations in composition quickly change the color of the alloy4 ,the following table gives a series of alloys of different colors1 suitable for statuary bronze3 ,copper ,zinc ,tin ,color ,i #hd4db #aa4bh #d4cj ,reddish yellow ,,ii #hd4jj #aa4jj #e4jj ,orange red ,,iii #hc4je #ac4jc #c4ib ,orange red ,,iv #hc4jj #ab4jj #e4jj ,orange red ,v #ha4je #ae4cb #c4fc ,orange yellow ,,vi #ha4jj #ae4jj #d4jj ,orange yellow ,,vii #gh4ji #ah4dg #c4dd ,orange yellow ,,viii #gc4eh #bc4bg #c4ae ,orange yellow ,,ix #gc4jj #bc4jj #d4jj ,pale orange ,x #gj4cf #bf4hh #b4gf ,pale yellow ,,xi #gj4jj #bg4jj #c4jj ,pale yellow ,,xii #fe4ie #ca4ef #b4di ,pale yellow #eh ,perhaps the most satisfactory bronze metal is the alloy used in ,france for more than a century4 ,it contains #ia4fj per cent of copper1 #e4cc per cent of zinc1 #a4gj per cent of tin1 and #a4cg per cent of lead4 ,somewhat more zinc is taken for articles to be gilded4 ,bismuth ,bronze4--,copper1 #eb parts2 nickel1 #cj parts2 zinc1 #ab parts2 lead1 #e parts2 bismuth1 #a part4 ,for metallic mirrors1 lamp reflectors1 etc4 ,gun ,bronze4--,see ,phosphor ,bronze under this title4 ,japanese ,bronzes4--,the formulas given below contain a large percentage of lead1 which greatly improves the patina4 ,the ingredients and the ratio of their parts for several sorts of modern ,japanese bronze follow3 ,i4--,copper1 #ha4fb per cent2 tin1 #d4fa per cent2 lead1 #aj4ba per cent4 ,,ii4--,copper1 #gf4fj per cent2 tin1 #d4ch per cent2 lead1 #aa4hh per cent2 zinc1 #f4ec per cent4 ,,iii4--,copper1 #hh4ee per cent2 tin1 #b4db per cent2 lead1 #d4gb per cent2 zinc1 #c4bj per cent4 ,sometimes a little antimony is added just before casting1 and such a composition would be represented more nearly by this formula3 ,,iv4--,copper1 #fh4be per cent2 tin1 #e4dg per cent2 zinc1 #h4hh per cent2 lead1 #ag4jf per cent2 antimony1 #j4cd per cent4 ,for imitation ,japanese bronze1 see ,plating under ,bronzing4 ,machine ,bronze4--,i4--,copper1 #hi per cent2 tin1 #aa per cent4 ,,ii4--,copper1 #hj per cent2 tin1 #af per cent4 ,phosphor ,bronze4--,phosphor bronze is bronze containing varying amounts of phosphorus1 from a few hundredths of #a per cent to #a or #b per cent4 ,bronze containing simply copper and tin is very liable to be defective from the presence of oxygen1 sulphur1 or occluded gases4 ,oxygen causes the metal to be spongy and weak4 ,sulphur and occluded gases cause porosity4 ,oxygen gets into the metal by absorption from the air4 ,it can be eliminated by adding to the metal something which combines with the oxygen and then fluxes off4 ,such deoxidizers are zinc1 antimony1 aluminum1 manganese1 silicon1 and phosphorus4 ,sulphur and occluded gases can be eliminated by melting the metal1 exposing it to the air1 and letting it thus absorb some oxygen1 which then burns the sulphur and gas4 ,the oxygen can then be removed by adding one of the above-mentioned deoxidizers4 ,the important use of phosphorus in bronze is1 therefore1 to remove oxygen and also indirectly to destroy occluded gas and sulphur4 ,a bronze is sometimes made with an extra high percentage of phosphorus1 namely1 #f per cent4 ,this alloy is made so as to have phosphorus in convenient form for use1 and the process of manufacture is as follows3 ,ninety pounds of copper are melted under charcoal in a ,no4 #gj crucible1 which holds about #bjj pounds of metal when full2 #aa pounds of tin are added and the metal is allowed to become hot4 ,the crucible is then removed from the furnace and #g pounds of phosphorus are introduced in the following manner3 ,a #c-;gallon stone jar1 half full of dilute solution of blue vitriol1 is weighed4 ,then the weights are increased #g pounds1 and phosphorus in sticks about #d inches long is added till the scales balance again4 ,the phosphorus is left in this solution half an hour or longer1 the phosphorus being given a coating of copper1 so that it may be dried and exposed to the air without igniting4 ,have ready a pan about #cj inches square and #f inches deep1 containing about #b inches of water4 ,over the water is a wire netting1 which is laid loose on ledges or supports along the inner sides of the pan4 ,on the netting is blotting paper1 and on this the phosphorus is laid to dry when taken out of the blue-vitriol solution4 ,the pan also has a lid which can be put down in case of ignition of the phosphorus4 ,the phosphorus is now ready for introduction into the metal4 ,this is done by means of a cup-shaped instrument called a retort or phosphorizer4 ,one man holds the retort on the rim of the crucible in a horizontal position4 ,a second man takes about three pieces of phosphorus and throws them into the retort4 ,the first man then immediately plunges the mouth of the retort below the surface of the metal before the phosphorus has a chance to fall or flow out4 ,of course the phosphorus immediately melts and also begins to volatilize4 ,as the phosphorus comes in contact with the metal1 it combines with it4 ,this process is continued till all the #g pounds of phosphorus has been put into the metal4 ,the metal is then poured into slabs about #c inches by #d inches by #a inch thick4 ,the metal is so hard that a greater thickness would make it difficult to break it up4 ,when finished1 the metal contains1 by analysis1 #f per cent of phosphorus4 ,when phosphorus is to be added to metal1 a little of this hardener is employed4 ,copper is a soft1 ductile metal1 with its melting point at about #b1jjj ,f4 #ei ,molten copper has the marked property of absorbing various gases4 ,it is for this reason that it is so difficult to make sound castings of clear copper4 ,molten copper combines readily with the oxygen of the air1 forming oxide of copper1 which dissolves in the copper and mixes homogeneously with it4 ,a casting made from such metal would be very spongy4 ,the bad effect of oxygen is intended to be overcome by adding zinc to the extent of #a per cent or more4 ,this result can be much more effectively attained by the use of aluminum1 manganese1 or phosphorus4 ,the action of these substances is to combine with the oxygen1 and as the product formed separates and goes to the surface1 the metal is left in a sound condition4 ,aluminum and manganese deoxidize copper and bronze very effectively1 and the oxide formed goes to the surface as a scum4 ,when a casting is made from such metal1 the oxide or scum1 instead of freeing itself from the casting perfectly1 generally remains in the top part of the casting mixed with the metal1 as a fractured surface will show4 ,phosphorus deoxidizes copper1 and the oxide formed leaves the metal in the form of a gas1 so that a casting made from such metal shows a clean fracture throughout1 although the metal is not so dense as when aluminum or manganese is used4 ,copper also has the property of absorbing or occluding carbon monoxide4 ,but the carbonic oxide thus absorbed is in a different condition from the oxygen absorbed4 ,when oxygen is absorbed by copper1 the oxygen combines chemically with the copper and loses its own identity as a gas4 ,but when coal gas is absorbed by the copper1 it keeps its own physical identity and simply exists in the copper in a state of solution4 ,all natural waters1 such as lake water1 river water1 spring water1 etc41 contain air in solution or occlusion4 ,when such water is cooled and frozen1 just at the time of changing from the liquid to the solid state1 the dissolved gas separates and forms air bubbles1 which remain entangled in the ice4 ,the carbonic oxide which is dissolved or occluded in copper acts in exactly the same way4 ,hydrogen acts in exactly the same manner as carbonic oxide4 ,sulphur also has a bad effect upon copper and bronze4 ,sulphur combines with copper and other metals1 forming sulphide of copper1 etc4 ,when molten copper or bronze containing sulphur comes in contact with air it absorbs some oxygen1 and this in turn combines with the sulphur present1 forming sulphur dioxide1 which is a gas which remains occluded in the metal4 ,tin is a soft1 white metal1 melting at #ddj ,f4 ,toward gases it acts something like copper1 but not in so marked a degree4 ,although copper and tin are both soft1 yet when mixed they make a harder metal4 ,when bronze cools from the molten state1 the copper and the copper-tin alloy tend to crystallize by themselves4 ,the quicker the cooling occurs the less separation will there be1 and also the fracture will be more homogeneous in appearance4 ,gun bronze contains copper and tin in the proportion of #i or #aj parts of copper to #a of tin4 ,this is the metal used when an ordinary bronze casting is wanted4 ,a harder bronze is copper and tin in the ratio of #f to #a4 ,this is often used as a bearing metal4 ,when either of these metals is to be turned in the machine shop1 they should contain about #c per cent of lead1 which will make them work very much better1 but it also decreases their tensile strength4 ,bearing metal now generally contains about #aj per cent of lead1 with copper and tin in varying ratios4 ,the large percentage of lead is put in that the metal may wear away slower4 ,lead1 although a metal having properties similar to tin1 acts entirely different toward copper4 ,copper and tin have a good deal of affinity for each other1 but copper and lead show no attraction at all for each other4 ,copper and tin mix in all proportions1 but copper and lead mix only to a very limited extent4 ,about #c per cent of lead can be mixed with copper4 ,with bronze about #ae per cent to #bj per cent of lead can be mixed4 ,in bearing bronze the lead keeps its own physical properties1 so that the constituent lead melts long before the metal attains a red heat4 ,it sometimes happens when a bearing runs warm that the lead actually sweats out and forms pimples on the metal4 ,or1 sometimes1 in remelting a bearing bronze casting the lead may be seen to drop out while the metal is warming up4 ,all of these metals1 however1 should contain something to flux or deoxidize them1 such as zinc1 manganese1 aluminum1 silicon1 antimony1 or phosphorus4 ,the phosphor bronze bearing metal in vogue has the following composition3 ,copper1 #gi4g per cent2 tin1 #aj per cent2 lead1 #aj percent2 and phosphorus1 #j4c per cent4 ,melt #adj pounds of copper in a ,no4 #gj pot1 covering with charcoal4 ,when copper is all melted1 add #ag #a_/b pounds of tin to #ag #a_/b pounds of lead1 and allow the metal to become sufficiently warm1 but #fj not any hotter than is needed4 ,then add #aj pounds of 8hardener0 7made as previously described7 and stir well4 ,remove from furnace1 skim off the charcoal1 cool the metal with gates to as low a temperature as is consistent with getting a good casting1 stir well again1 and pour4 ,the molds for this kind of work are faced with plumbago4 ,there are several firms that make phosphor-bronze bearings with a composition similar to the above one1 and most of them1 or perhaps all1 make it by melting the metals and then charging with phosphorus to the extent of #j4g to #a per cent4 ,but some metal from all brands contains occluded gas4 ,so that after such metal is cast 7in about two minutes or so7 the metal will ooze or sweat out through the gate1 and such a casting will be found to be porous4 ,but not one such experience with metal made as described above has yet been found4 ,this practical point should be heeded1 viz41 that pig phosphor bronze should be brought to the specifications that the metal should have shrunk in the ingot mold in cooling1 as shown by the concave surface of the upper side1 and that it should make a casting in a sand mold without rising in the gate after being poured4 ,in bearing metal1 occluded gas is very objectionable1 because the gas1 in trying to free itself1 shoves the very hard copper-tin compound 7which has a low melting point and remains liquid after the copper has begun to set7 into spots1 and thus causes hard spots in the metal4 ,phosphorus is very dangerous to handle1 and there is great risk from fire with it1 so that many would not care to handle the phosphorus itself4 ,but phosphor copper containing #e per cent of phosphorus1 and phosphor tin containing #b to #g per cent of phosphorus1 and several other such alloys can be obtained in the market4 ,it may be suggested to those who wish to make phosphor bronze1 but do not want to handle phosphorus itself1 to make it by using the proper amounts of one of these high phosphorus alloys4 ,in using phosphorus it is only necessary to use enough to thoroughly deoxidize the metal1 say #j4c per cent4 ,more than this will make the metal harder1 but not any sounder4 ,phosphor bronze is not a special kind of alloy1 but any bronze can be made into phosphor bronze2 it is1 in fact1 simply a deoxidized bronze1 produced under treatment with phosphorus compounds4 ,although the effect of phosphorus in improving the quality of bronze has been known for more than fifty years1 it is only of late that the mode for preparing phosphor bronze has been perfected4 ,it is now manufactured in many localities4 ,besides its action in reducing the oxides dissolved in the alloy1 the phosphorus exerts another very material influence upon the properties of the bronze4 ,the ordinary bronzes consist of mixtures in which the copper is really the only crystallized constituent1 since the tin crystallizes with great difficulty4 ,as a consequence of this dissimilarity in the nature of the two metals1 the alloy is not so solid as it would be if both were crystallized4 ,the phosphorus causes the tin to crystallize1 and the result is a more homogeneous mixture of the two metals4 ,if enough phosphorus is added1 so that its presence can be detected in the finished bronze1 the latter may be considered an alloy of crystallized phosphor tin with copper4 ,if the content of phosphor is still more increased1 a part of the copper combines with the phosphorus1 and the bronze then contains1 besides copper and tin1 compounds of crystallized copper phosphide with phosphide of tin4 ,the strength and tenacity of the bronze are not lessened by a larger amount of phosphorus1 and its hardness is considerably increased4 ,most phosphor bronzes are equal in this respect to the best steel1 and some even surpass it in general properties4 ,the phosphorus is added to the bronze in the form of copper phosphide or phosphide of tin1 the two being sometimes used together4 ,they must be specially prepared for this purpose1 and the best methods will be here given4 ,copper phosphide is prepared by heating a mixture of #d parts of superphosphate of lime1 #b parts of granulated copper1 and #a part of finely pulverized coal in a crucible at a temperature not too high4 ,the melted copper phosphide1 containing #ad per cent of phosphorus1 separates on the bottom of the crucible4 ,tin phosphide is prepared as follows3 ,place a bar of zinc in an aqueous solution of tin chloride4 ,the tin will be separated in the form of a sponge-like mass4 ,collect it1 and put it into a crucible1 upon the bottom of which sticks of phosphorus have been placed4 ,press the tin tightly into the crucible1 and expose to a gentle heat4 ,continue the heating until flames of burning phosphorus are no longer observed on the crucible4 ,the pure tin phosphide1 in the form of a coarsely crystalline mass1 tin-white in color1 will be found on the bottom of the crucible4 ,to prepare the phosphor bronze1 the #fa alloy to be treated is melted in the usual way1 and small pieces of the copper phosphide and tin phosphide are added4 ,phosphor bronze1 properly prepared1 has nearly the same melting point as that of ordinary bronze4 ,in cooling1 however1 it has the peculiarity of passing directly from the liquid to the solid state1 without first becoming thickly fluid4 ,in a melted state it retains a perfectly bright surface1 while ordinary bronze in this condition is always covered with a thin film of oxide4 ,if phosphor bronze is kept for a long time at the melting point1 there is not any loss of tin1 but the amount of phosphorus is slightly diminished4 ,the most valuable properties of phosphor bronze are its extraordinary tenacity and strength4 ,it can be rolled1 hammered1 and stretched cold1 and its strength is nearly double that of the best ordinary bronze4 ,it is principally used in cases where great strength and power of resistance to outward influences are required1 as1 for instance1 in objects which are to be exposed to the action of sea water4 ,phosphor bronze containing about #d per cent of tin is excellently well adapted for sheet bronze4 ,with not more than #e per cent of tin1 it can be used1 forged1 for firearms4 ,seven to #aj per cent of tin gives the greatest hardness1 and such bronze is especially suited to the manufacture of axle bearings1 cylinders for steam fire engines1 cogwheels1 and1 in general1 for parts of machines where great strength and hardness are required4 ,phosphor bronze1 if exposed to the air1 soon becomes covered with a beautiful1 closely adhering patina1 and is therefore well adapted to purposes of art4 ,the amount of phosphorus added varies from #j4be to #b4e per cent1 according to the purpose of the bronze4 ,the composition of a number of kinds of phosphor bronze is given below3 ,copper ,tin ,zinc ,lead,iron,phosp- horus ,i4 #he4ee #i4he #c4gg #j4fbtrs4 #j4je ,,ii4 -- #d-ae -- #d-ae -- #j4e-c ,,iii4 -- #d-ae #h-bj #d-ae -- 4#be-b ,,iv4 #gg4heaa4jj #g4fe -- -- -- ,v4 #gb4ej #h4jjag4jj -- -- -- ,,vi4 #gc4ej #f4jjai4jj -- -- -- ,,vii4 #gd4ejaa4jjaa4jj -- -- -- ,,viii4 #hc4ej #h4jj #c4jj -- -- -- ,,ix4 #ij4cd #h4ij -- -- -- #j4gf ,x4 #ij4hf #h4ef -- -- -- #j4aif ,,xi4 #id4ga #d4ci -- -- -- #j4jec ,i for axle bearings1 ,,ii and ,,iii for harder and softer axle bearings1 ,,iv to ,,viii for railroad purposes1 ,,iv especially for valves of locomotives1 ,v and ,,vi axle bearings for wagons1 ,,vii for connecting rods1 ,,viii for piston rods in hydraulic presses4 ,steel ,bronze4--,copper1 #fj2 ferromanganese 7containing #gj to #hj per cent manganese71 #dj2 zinc1 #ae4 ,silicon ,bronze4--,silicon1 similarly to phosphorus1 acts as a deoxidizing agent1 and the bronzes produced under its influence are very ductile and elastic1 do not rust1 and are very strong4 ,on account of these qualities silicon bronze is much used for telegraph and telephone wires4 ,the process of manufacture is similar to that of phosphor bronze2 the silicon is used in the form of copper silicide4 ,some good silicon bronzes are as follows3 ,i ,,ii ,copper #ig4ab #ig4cg ,tin #a4ad #a4cb ,zinc #a4aj #a4bg ,silicon #j4je #j4jg ,sun ,bronze4--,the alloy called sun bronze contains #aj parts of aluminum1 #cj to #ej parts of copper1 and #dj to #fj parts of cobalt4 ,the mixture known by the name of metalline has #be per cent of aluminum1 #cj of copper1 #aj of iron1 and #ce of cobalt4 ,these alloys melt at a point approaching the melting point of copper1 are tenacious1 ductile1 and very hard4 ,tobin ,bronze4--,this alloy is nearly similar in composition and properties to ,delta metal4 ,i ,,ii ,,iii ,,iv ,copper #fa4bjc #ei4jj #fa4bj #hb4fg ,zinc #bg4ddj #ch4dj #cg4ad #c4bc ,tin #j4ijf #b4af #j4ij #ab4dj ,iron #j4ahj #j4aa #j4ah #j4aj ,lead #j4cei #j4ca #j4ce #b4ad ,silver -- -- -- #j4jg ,phosphorus -- -- -- #j4jje ,the alloy marked ,,iv is sometimes called deoxidized bronze4 ,violet-colored bronze is #ej parts copper and #ej parts antimony4 ,,cadmium ,,alloys3 ,see also ,fusible ,alloys4 ,lipowitz's ,alloy4--,i4--,this alloy is composed of cadmium1 #c parts2 tin1 #d2 bismuth1 #ae2 and lead1 #h4 ,the simplest method of preparation is to heat the metals1 in small pieces1 in a crucible1 stirring constantly1 as soon as fusion #fb begins1 with a stick of hard wood4 ,the stirring is important1 in order to prevent the metals1 whose specific gravity varies considerably1 from being deposited in layers4 ,the alloy softens at #adj ,f4 and melts completely at #aeh ,f4 ,the color is silvery white1 with a luster like polished silver1 and the metal can be bent1 hammered1 and turned4 ,these properties would make it valuable for many purposes where a beautiful appearance is of special importance1 but on account of the considerable amount of cadmium and bismuth which it contains1 it is rather expensive1 and therefore limited in use4 ,casts of small animals1 insects1 lizards1 etc41 have been prepared from it1 which were equal in sharpness to the best galvanoplastic work4 ,plaster of ,paris is poured over the animal to be cast1 and after sharp drying1 the animal is removed and the mold filled up with ,lipowitz's metal4 ,the mold is placed in a vessel of water1 and by heating to the boiling point the metal is melted and deposited in the finest impressions of the mold4 ,this alloy is most excellent for soldering tin1 lead1 ,britannia metal1 and nickel1 being especially adapted to the last two metals on account of its silver-white color4 ,but here again its costliness prevents its general use1 and cheaper alloys possessing the same properties have been sought4 ,in cases where the silver-white color and the low melting point are not of the first importance1 the alloys given below may very well be used in the place of it4 ,,ii4--,cadmium alloy 7melting point1 #agj ,f473 ,cadmium1 #b parts2 tin1 #c2 lead1 #aa2 bismuth1 #af4 ,,iii4--,cadmium alloy 7melting point1 #afg ,f473 ,cadmium1 #aj parts2 tin1 #c2 lead1 #h2 bismuth1 #h4 ,cadmium alloys 7melting point1 #bjc ,f473 ,,iv ,v ,,vi ,cadmium #a #a #a parts ,tin #b #c #a parts ,bismuth #c #e #b parts ,,vii4--,a very fusible alloy1 melting at #aej ,f41 is composed of tin1 #a or #b parts2 lead1 #b or #c2 bismuth1 #d or #ae2 cadmium1 #a or #b4 ,,viii4--,wood's alloy melts between #adj and #afa4e ,f4 ,it is composed of lead1 #d parts2 tin1 #b2 bismuth1 #e to #h2 cadmium1 #a to #b4 ,in color it resembles platinum1 and is malleable to a certain extent4 ,,ix4--,cadmium alloy 7melting point1 #agi4e ,f473 ,cadmium1 #a part2 lead1 #f parts2 bismuth1 #g4 ,this1 like the preceding1 can be used for soldering in hot water4 ,x4--,cadmium alloy 7melting point1 #cjj ,f473 ,cadmium1 #b parts2 tin1 #d2 lead1 #b4 ,this is an excellent soft solder1 with a melting point about #hf degrees below that of lead and tin alone4 ,cadmium ,alloys with ,gold1 ,silver1 and ,copper4--,i4--,gold1 #gej parts2 silver1 #aff parts2 cadmium1 #hd parts4 ,a malleable and ductile alloy of green color4 ,,ii4--,gold1 #gej parts2 silver1 #abe parts2 and cadmium1 #abe parts4 ,malleable and ductile alloy of yellowish-green hue4 ,,iii4--,gold1 #gdf parts2 silver1 #aad parts2 copper1 #ig parts2 and cadmium1 #dc parts4 ,likewise a malleable and ductile alloy of a peculiar green shade4 ,all these alloys are suitable for plating4 ,as regards their production1 each must be carefully melted together from its ingredients in a covered crucible lined with coal dust1 or in a graphite crucible4 ,next1 the alloy has to be remelted in a graphite crucible with charcoal 7or rosin powder7 and borax4 ,if1 in spite thereof1 a considerable portion of the cadmium should have evaporated1 the alloy must be re-fused once more with an addition of cadmium4 ,,alloys ,,for ,,casting ,,coins1 ,,medallions1 ,,etc4 ,alloys which fulfill the requirements of the medalist1 and capable1 therefore1 of reproducing all details1 are the following3 ,i ,,ii ,tin #c #f parts ,lead #ac #h parts ,bismuth #f #ad parts ,,iii4--,a soft alloy suitable to take impressions of woodcuts1 coins1 metals1 engravings1 etc41 and which must melt at a low degree of heat1 is made out of bismuth1 #c parts2 tin1 #a #a_/b parts2 lead1 #b #a_/b parts2 and worn-out type1 #a part4 ,acid-proof ,alloy4--,this alloy is characterized by its power of resisting the action of acids1 and is therefore especially adapted to making cocks1 pipes1 etc41 which are to come in contact with acid fluids4 ,it is composed of copper1 zinc1 lead1 tin1 iron1 nickel1 cobalt1 and antimony1 in the following proportions3 ,copper #gd4ge parts ,zinc #j4fa parts ,lead #af4ce parts ,tin #j4ia parts ,iron #j4dc parts ,nickel or ,cobalt #j4bd parts ,antimony #f4gh parts #fc ,albata ,metal4--,copper1 #dj parts2 zinc1 #cb parts2 and nickel1 #h parts4 ,alfenide ,metal4--,copper1 #fj parts2 zinc1 #cj2 nickel1 #aj2 traces of iron4 ,bath ,metal4--,this alloy is used especially in ,england for the manufacture of teapots1 and is very popular owing to the fine white color it possesses4 ,it takes a high polish1 and articles made from this alloy acquire in the course of time1 upon only being rubbed with a white cloth1 a permanent silver luster4 ,the composition of ,bath metal is copper1 #ee parts2 zinc1 #de parts4 ,baudoin ,metal4--,this is composed of #gb parts of copper1 #af4f of nickel1 #a4h of cobalt1 #a of zinc2 #a_/b per cent of aluminum may be added4 ,,casting ,,copper3 ,macht's ,yellow ,metal4--,i4--,this alloy consists of #cc parts of copper and #be of zinc4 ,it has a dark golden-yellow color1 great tenacity1 and can be forged at a red heat1 properties which make it especially suitable for fine castings4 ,,ii4--,yellow4--,copper1 #fg to #gj parts2 zinc1 #cc to #cj parts4 ,,iii4--,red4--,copper1 #hb parts2 zinc1 #ah parts4 ,copper ,arsenic4--,arsenic imparts to copper a very fine white color1 and makes it very hard and brittle4 ,before ,german silver was known1 these alloys were sometimes used for the manufacture of such cast articles as were not to come in contact with iron4 ,when exposed to the air1 they soon lose their whiteness and take on a brownish shade4 ,on account of this1 as well as the poisonous character of the arsenic1 they are very little used at the present time4 ,alloys of copper and arsenic are best prepared by pressing firmly into a crucible a mixture of #gj parts of copper and #cj of arsenic 7the copper to be used in the form of fine shavings7 and fusing this mixture in a furnace with a good draught1 under a cover of glass4 ,copper ,iron4--,the alloys of copper and iron are little used in the industries of the present day1 but it would seem that in earlier times they were frequently prepared for the purpose of giving a considerable degree of hardness to copper2 for in antique casts1 consisting principally of copper1 we regularly find large quantities of iron1 which leads to the supposition that they were added intentionally4 ,these alloys1 when of a certain composition1 have considerable strength and hardness4 ,with an increase in the quantity of the iron the hardness increases1 but the solidity is lessened4 ,a copper and iron alloy of considerable strength1 and at the same time very hard1 is made of copper1 #ff parts2 iron1 #cd4 ,these alloys acquire1 on exposure to air1 an ugly color inclining toward black1 and are therefore not adapted for articles of art4 ,copper ,nickel4--,a4 ,morrell1 of ,new ,york1 has obtained a patent on a nickel-copper alloy which he claims is valuable on account of its noncorrosive qualities1 therefore making it desirable for ships1 boiler tubes1 and other uses where the metal comes much in contact with water4 ,the process of making the metal is by smelting ore containing sulphide of nickel and copper1 and besemerizing the resultant matter4 ,this is calcined in order to obtain the nickel and copper in the form of oxides4 ,the latter are reduced in reverberating furnace with carbon1 or the like1 so as to produce an alloy which preferably contains #b parts of nickel and #a part of copper4 ,delta ,metal4--,an alloy widely used for making parts of machinery1 and also for artistic purposes1 is the so-called ,delta metal4 ,this is a variety of brass hardened with iron2 some manufacturers add small quantities of tin and lead2 also1 in some cases1 nickel4 ,the following analysis of ,delta metal 7from the factory at ,dsseldorf7 will show its usual composition3 ,i ,,ii ,,iii ,,iv ,v ,copper #ee4id #ee4hj #ee4hbed4bbeh4fe ,zinc #da4fa #dj4jg #da4dadb4bech4ie ,lead #j4gb #a4hb #j4gf #a4aj #j4fg ,iron #j4hg #a4bh #j4hf #j4ii #a4fb ,manganese #j4ha #j4if #a4ch #a4ji -- ,nickel traces4traces4 #j4jf #j4af #j4aa ,phosphorus #j4jac #j4jaatraces4 #j4jb -- ,i is cast1 ,,ii hammered1 ,,iii rolled1 and ,,iv hot-stamped metal4 ,delta metal is produced by heating zinc very strongly in crucibles 7to about #afjj ,f471 and adding ferromanganese or 8spiegeleisen10 producing an alloy of #ie per cent zinc and #e per cent of iron4 ,copper and brass and a very small amount of copper phosphate are also added4 #fd ,gong ,metal4--,a sonorous metal for cymbals1 gongs1 and tam-tams consists of #ajj parts of copper with #be parts tin4 ,ignite the piece after it is cast and plunge it into cold water immediately4 ,production of ,minargent4--,this alloy consists of copper1 #ejj parts2 nickel1 #cej2 tungsten1 #be1 and aluminum1 #e4 ,the metal obtained possesses a handsome white color and greatly resembles silver4 ,minofor4--,the so-called ,minofor metal is composed of copper1 tin1 antimony1 zinc1 and iron in the following proportions3 ,i ,,ii ,copper #c4bf #d ,tin #fg4ec #ff ,antimony #ag4jj #bj ,zinc #h4id #i ,iron -- #a ,minargent and ,minofor are sometimes used in ,england for purposes in which the ordinary ,britannia metal1 #b parts tin and #a part antimony1 might equally well be employed2 the latter surpasses both of them in beauty of color1 but they are1 on the other hand1 harder4 ,retz ,alloy4--,this alloy1 which resists the corrosive action of alkalies and acids1 is composed of #ae parts of copper1 #b4cd of tin1 #a4hb of lead1 and #a of antimony4 ,it can be utilized in the manufacture of receivers1 for which porcelain and ebonite are usually employed4 ,ruoltz ,metal4--,this comprises #bj parts of silver1 #ej of copper1 #cj of nickel4 ,these proportions may1 however1 vary4 ,tissier's ,metal4--,this alloy contains arsenic1 is of a beautiful tombac red color1 and very hard4 ,its composition varies a great deal1 but the peculiar alloy which gives the name is composed of copper1 #ig parts2 zinc1 #b parts2 arsenic1 #a or #b4 ,it may be considered a brass with a very high percentage of copper1 and hardened by the addition of arsenic4 ,it is sometimes used for axle bearings1 but other alloys are equally suitable for this purpose1 and are to be preferred on account of the absence of arsenic1 which is always dangerous4 ,,file ,,alloys4--,many copper-tin alloys are employed for the making of files which1 in distinction from the steel files1 are designated composition files4 ,such alloys have the following compositions3 ,geneva ,composition ,files4-- ,i ,,ii ,copper #fd4d #fb ,tin #ah4j #bj ,zinc #aj4j #aj ,lead #g4f #h ,vogel's ,composition ,files4-- ,,iii ,,iv ,v ,copper #eg4j #fa4e #gc4j ,tin #bh4e #ca4j #ai4j ,zinc #gh4j -- #h4j ,lead #g4j #h4e #h4j ,,vi4--,another alloy for composition files is copper1 #h parts2 tin1 #b2 zinc1 #a1 and lead1 #a--;fused under a cover of borax4 ,,easily ,,fusible ,,or ,,plastic ,,alloys4 7,these have a fusing point usually below #cjj ,f47 7,see also ,solders47 ,i4 ,rose's ,alloy4--,bismuth1 #b parts2 lead1 #a part2 tin1 #a part4 ,melting point1 #bjj ,f4 ,,ii4 ,darcet ,alloy4--,this is composed of #h parts of bismuth1 #e of lead1 and #c of tin4 ,it melts at #agf ,f4 ,to impart greater fusibility1 #a_/af part of mercury is added2 the fusing is then lowered to #adi ,f4 ,,iii4--,newton alloy melts at #bab ,f41 and is composed of #e parts of bismuth1 #b of lead1 and #c of tin4 ,,iv4--,wood's ,metal4-- ,tin #b parts ,lead #d parts ,bismuth #e to #h parts ,this silvery1 fine-grained alloy fuses between #aea and #afb ,f41 and is excellently adapted to soldering4 ,v4--,bismuth1 #g parts2 lead1 #f parts2 cadmium1 #a part4 ,melting point1 #ahj ,f4 ,,vi4--,bismuth1 #g to #h parts2 lead1 #d2 tin1 #b2 cadmium1 #a to #b4 ,melting point1 #adi to #afj ,f4 ,other easily fusible alloys3 ,,vii ,,viii ,,ix ,lead #a #b #c ,tin #a #b #c ,bismuth #a #a #a ,melting ,point #beh ,f4 #bhc #caa ,fusible ,alloys for ,electric ,installations4--,these alloys are employed in electric installations as current interrupters4 ,serving as conductors on a short length of circuit1 they melt as soon as the current becomes too strong4 ,following is the composition of some of these alloys4 ,fusing temperature ,lead ,tin ,bismuth ,cadmium ,i #bjc ,f4 #bej #ejj #ejj -- ,,ii #aic ,f4 #cig -- #ecb #ga ,,iii #afh ,f4 #cdd #id #ejj #fb ,,iv #aec ,f4 #bfj #adh #ebb #gj ,v #aej ,f4 #bdi #adb #eja #ajh ,,vi #ade ,f4 #bfg #acf #ejj #ajj #fe ,these alloys are prepared by melting the lead in a stearine bath and adding successively1 and during the cooling1 first1 the cadmium2 second1 the bismuth2 third1 the tin4 ,it is absolutely necessary to proceed in this manner1 since these metals fuse at temperatures ranging from #hej ,f4 7for lead71 to #eea ,f4 7for tin74 ,fusible ,safety ,alloys for ,steam ,boilers4-- ,melting ,atmos4 ,bismuth,lead,zinc point pressure ,i4 #h #e #c #bab ,f4 #a ,,ii4 #h #h #d #bce ,f4 #a4e ,,iii4 #h #h #c #bec ,f4 #b ,,iv4 #h #aj #h #bff ,f4 #b4e ,v4 #h #ab #h #bgj ,f4 #c ,,vi4 #h #af #ad #bhj ,f4 #c4e ,,vii4 #h #af #ab #bhe ,f4 #d ,,viii4 #h #bb #bd #cji ,f4 #e ,,ix4 #h #cb #cf #cbj ,f4 #f ,x4 #h #cb #bh #ccj ,f4 #g ,,xi4 #h #cj #bd #cdj ,f4 #h ,lipowitz ,metal4--,this amalgam is prepared as follows3 ,melt in a dish1 cadmium1 #c parts1 by weight2 tin1 #d parts2 bismuth1 #ae parts2 and lead1 #h parts1 adding to the alloy1 while still in fusion1 #b parts of quicksilver previously heated to about #bab ,f4 ,the amalgamation proceeds easily and smoothly4 ,the liquid mass in the dish1 which should be taken from the fire immediately upon the introduction of the mercury1 is stirred until the contents solidify4 ,while ,lipowitz alloy softens already at #adj ,f4 and fuses perfectly at #aeh1 the amalgam has a still lower fusing point1 which lies around #adc #c_/e ,f4 ,this amalgam is excellently adapted for the production of impressions of various objects of nature1 direct impressions of leaves1 and other delicate parts of plants having been made with its aid which1 in point of sharpness1 are equal to the best plaster casts and have a very pleasing appearance4 ,the amalgam has a silver-white color and a fine gloss4 ,it is perfectly constant to atmospheric influences4 ,this amalgam has also been used with good success for the making of small statuettes and busts1 which are hollow and can be readily gilt or bronzed by electro-deposition4 ,the production of small statues is successfully carried out by making a hollow gypsum mold of the articles to be cast and heating the mold evenly to about #adj ,f4 ,a corresponding quantity of the molten amalgam is then poured in and the mold moved rapidly to and fro1 so that the alloy is thrown against the sides all over4 ,the shaking should be continued until it is certain that the amalgam has solidified4 ,when the mold has cooled off it is taken apart and the seams removed by means of a sharp knife4 ,if the operation is carried on correctly1 a chasing of the cast mass becomes unnecessary1 since the alloy fills out the finest depressions of the mold with the greatest sharpness4 ,amalgam for ,plaster4--,tin1 #a part2 bismuth1 #a part2 mercury1 #a part4 ,melt the bismuth and the tin together1 and when the two metals are in fusion add the mercury while stirring4 ,for use1 rub up the amalgam with a little white of egg and brush like a varnish on the plaster articles4 ,plastic ,metal ,composition4--,i4 ,copper oxide is reduced by means of hydrogen or copper sulphate by boiling a solution of the same in water with some zinc filings in order to obtain entirely pure copper4 ,of the copper powder obtained in this manner1 #bj1 #cj1 or #cf parts1 by weight1 according to the degree of hardness desired for the composition 7the greater the quantity of copper used the harder will the composition become71 are thoroughly moistened in a cast-iron or porcelain mortar with sulphuric acid of #a4he specific gravity2 #gj parts1 by weight1 of mercury are then added to this paste1 the whole being constantly stirred4 ,when all the copper has been thoroughly amalgamated with the mercury1 the sulphuric acid is washed out again with boiling water1 and in #ab hours after it has become cold the composition will be so hard that it can be polished4 ,it is impervious to the action of dilute acids1 alcohol1 ether1 and boiling water4 ,it contains the same specific gravity1 alike in the soft or the hard condition4 ,when used as a cement1 it can at any time be rendered soft and plastic in the following manner3 ,if applied while hot and plastic to the deoxidized surfaces of two pieces of metal1 these latter will unite so firmly that in about #aj or #ab hours the metal may be subjected to any mechanical process4 ,the properties of this composition render it very useful for various purposes1 and it forms a most effective cement for fine metal articles which cannot be soldered in fire4 ,,ii4--,bismuth1 #e4e parts2 lead1 #c2 tin1 #a4e4 ,,iii4 ,alloy d',homburg4--,bismuth1 #ff #c parts2 lead1 #c2 tin1 #c4 ,this alloy is fusible at #bea ,f41 and is of a silvery white4 ,it is employed for reproductions of medals4 ,,iv4 ,alloy ,valentine ,rose4--,bismuth1 #d to #f parts2 lead1 #b parts2 tin1 #b to #c parts4 ,this alloy fuses at #bab to #bej ,f4 ,v4 ,alloy ,rose pre4--,bismuth1 #b parts2 lead1 #b2 tin1 #b4 ,this alloy fuses at #aii ,f4 ,the remainder are plastic alloys for reproducing cuts1 medals1 coins1 etc43 ,,vi4--,bismuth1 #d parts2 lead1 #b parts2 tin1 #a part4 ,,vii4--,bismuth1 #c parts2 lead1 #c parts2 tin1 #b parts4 ,,viii4--,bismuth1 #d parts2 lead1 #b parts2 tin1 #b parts4 ,,ix4--,bismuth1 #e parts2 lead1 #b parts2 tin1 #c parts4 ,x4--,bismuth1 #b parts2 lead1 #b parts2 tin1 #b parts4 ,quick-,water4--,that the amalgam may easily take hold of bronze objects and remain there1 it is customary to cover the perfectly cleansed and shining article with a thin coat of mercury1 which is usually accomplished by dipping it into a so-called quick-water bath4 ,in the form of minute globules the mercury immediately separates itself from the solution and clings to the bronze object1 which thereupon presents the appearance of being plated with silver4 ,after it has been well rinsed in clean water1 the amalgam may be evenly and without difficulty applied with the scratch brush4 ,this quick-water 7in reality a solution of mercurous nitrate71 is made in the simplest manner by taking #aj parts of mercury and pouring over it #aa parts of nitric acid of a specific gravity equal to #a4cc2 now let it stand until every part of the mercury is dissolved2 then1 while stirring vigorously1 add #edj parts of water4 ,this solution must be kept in closed flasks or bottles to prevent impurities1 such as dust1 etc41 from falling into it4 ,the preparatory work on the object to be gilded consists mainly in cleansing it from every trace of oxidation4 ,first1 it must be well annealed by placing it in a bed of glowing coal1 care being exercised that the heating be uniform4 ,when cooled1 this piece is plunged into a highly diluted sulphuric-acid bath in order to dissolve in a measure the oxide4 ,next it is dipped in a #cf nitric-acid bath1 of a specific gravity equal to #a4cc1 and brushed off with a long brush2 it is now dipped into nitric acid into which a little lampblack and table salt have been thrown4 ,it is now ready for washing in clean water and drying in unsoiled sawdust4 ,it is of the greatest importance that the surface to be gilded should appear of a pale yellow tint all over4 ,if it be too smooth the gold will not take hold easily1 and if it be too dull it will require too much gold to cover it4 ,,gold ,,alloys3 ,colored ,gold ,alloys4--,the alloys of gold with copper have a reddish tinge2 those of gold with silver are whiter1 and an alloy of gold1 silver1 and copper together is distinguished by a greenish tone4 ,manufacturers of gold ware make use of these different colors1 one piece being frequently composed of several pieces of varying color4 ,below are given some of these alloys1 with their colors3 ,gold ,silver,copper,steel,cadmium ,i4 #b4f #a4j -- -- -- ,,ii4 #ge4j #af4f -- -- #h4d ,,iii4 #gd4f #aa4d #i4g -- #d4c ,,iv4 #ge4j #ab4f -- -- #ab4e ,v4 #a4j #b4j -- -- -- ,,vi4 #d4j #c4j #a4j -- -- ,,vii4 #ad4g #g4j #f4j -- -- ,,viii4 #ad4g #i4j #d4j -- -- ,,ix4 #c4j #a4j #a4j -- -- ,x4 #aj4j #a4j #d4j -- -- ,,xi4 #a4j -- #a4j -- -- ,,xii4 #a4j -- #b4j -- -- ,,xiii4 #cj4j #c4j -- #b4j -- ,,xiv4 #d4j -- -- #a4j -- ,,xv4 #bi4j #aa4j -- -- -- ,,xvi4 #a4c -- -- #a4j -- ,nos4 ,i1 ,,ii1 ,,iii1 and ,,iv are green gold2 ,no4 ,v is pale yellow2 ,nos4 ,,vi1 ,,vii1 and ,,viii bright yellow2 ,nos4 ,,ix and ,x pale red2 ,nos4 ,,xi and ,,xii bright red2 ,nos4 ,,xiii1 ,,xiv1 and ,,xv gray2 while ,no4 ,,xvi exhibits a bluish tint4 ,the finished gold ware1 before being put upon the market1 is subjected to a special treatment1 consisting either in the simple pickling or in the so-called coloring1 which operation is conducted especially with alloys of low degree of fineness1 the object being to give the layers a superficial layer of pure gold4 ,the presence of silver considerably modifies the color of gold1 and the jeweler makes use of this property to obtain alloys of various shades4 ,the following proportions are to be observed1 viz43 #fg ,gold ,silver ,copper ,color of ,gold per per per #a1jjj #a1jjj #a1jjj ,i4 ,green #gej #bej -- ,,ii4 ,dead leaves #gjj #cjj -- ,,iii4 ,sea green #fjj #djj -- ,,iv4 ,pink #gej #bjj #ej ,v4 ,english yellow #gej #abe #abe ,,vi4 ,english white #gej #aej #ajj ,,vii4 ,whiter #gej #agj #hj ,,viii4 ,less white #gej #aij #fj ,,ix4 ,red #gej -- #bej ,other colored gold alloys are the following3 ,x4 ,blue4--,fine gold1 #ge2 iron1 #be4 ,,xi4 ,dark ,gray4--,fine gold1 #id2 iron1 #f4 ,,xii4 ,pale ,gray4--,fine gold1 #aia2 iron1 #i4 ,,xiii4 ,cassel ,yellow4--,fine gold1 #ge2 fine silver1 #ab #a_/b2 rose copper1 #ab #a_/b4 ,the above figures are understood to be by weight4 ,the gold solders1 known in ,france under the names of soudures au quart 7#ac #a_/b carat71 au tiers 7#ab carat71 and au deux 7#i carat71 are composed of #c1 #b1 or #a part of gold respectively1 with #a part of an alloy consisting of two-thirds silver and one-third copper4 ,gold also forms with aluminum a series of alloys of greatly varying coloration1 the most curious of them1 composed of #bb parts of aluminum for #hh parts of gold1 possessing a pretty purple shade4 ,but all these alloys1 of a highly crystalline base1 are very brittle and cannot be worked1 for which reason their handsome colorings have not yet been capable of being utilized4 ,enameling ,alloys4--,i4 ,transparent4--,this alloy should possess the property of transmitting rays of light so as to give the highest possible effect to the enamel4 ,the alloy of gold for transparent green should be pale2 a red or copper alloy does not do for green enamel1 the copper has a tendency to darken the color and thus take away a part of its brilliancy4 ,the following alloy for transparent green possesses about the nearest print1 in color1 to the enamel--which should represent1 as near as possible1 the color and brilliancy of the emerald--that can be arrived at3 ozs4 dwts4 grs4 ,fine gold #j #ah #h ,fine silver #j #a #f ,fine copper #j #j #aj ,no borax must be used in the melting of this alloy1 it being of a more fusible nature than the ordinary alloy1 and will not take so high a heat in enameling4 ,,ii4 ,red ,enamel4--,the enamel which forms this color being of a higher fusing point1 if proper care be not taken1 the gold will melt first1 and the work become ruined4 ,in the preparation of red enamel1 the coloring matter is usually an oxide of gold1 and this so raises the temperature at which it melts that1 in order to prevent any mishap1 the gold to be enameled on should be what is called a #bb-;carat red1 that is1 it should contain a preponderance of copper in the alloying mixture so as to raise the fusing point of the gold4 ,the formula is3 ozs4 dwts4 grs4 ,fine gold #j #ah #h ,fine silver #j #j #aj ,fine copper #j #a #f ,gold-leaf ,alloys4--,all gold made into leaf is more or less alloyed4 ,the gold used by the goldbeater is alloyed according to the variety of color required4 ,fine gold is commonly supposed to be incapable of being reduced to thin leaves4 ,this1 however1 is not the case1 although its use for ordinary purposes is undesirable on account of its greater cost4 ,it also adheres by contact of one leaf with another1 thus causing spoiled material and wasted labor2 but for work exposed to the weather it is much preferable1 as it is more durable and does not tarnish or change color4 ,the following is a list of the principal classes of leaf recognized and ordinarily prepared by beaters with the proportion of alloy they contain3 ,gold ,silver ,copper grs4 grs4 grs4 ,i4 ,red gold #def-dfj -- #bj-bd ,,ii4 ,pale red #dfd -- #af ,,iii4 ,extra deep #def #ab #ab ,,iv4 ,deep #ddd #bd #ab ,v4 ,citron #ddj #cj #aj ,,vi4 ,yellow #djh #gb -- ,,vii4 ,pale yellow #chd #if -- ,,viii4 ,lemon #cfj #abj -- ,,ix4 ,green or pale #cab #afh -- ,x4 ,white #bdj #bdj -- ,gold-,plate ,alloys4--,gold1 #ib parts2 copper1 #h parts4 ,,ii4--,gold1 #hd parts2 copper1 #af parts4 ,,iii4--,gold1 #ge parts2 copper1 #be parts4 ,,imitation ,,gold4 ,i4--,one hundred parts1 by weight1 of copper of the purest quality2 #ad of zinc or tin2 #f of magnesia2 #c_/f of sal ammoniac1 limestone1 and cream of tartar4 ,the copper is first melted1 then the magnesia1 sal ammoniac1 limestone1 and cream of tartar in powder are added separately and gradually4 ,the whole mass is kept stirred for a half hour1 the zinc or tin being dropped in piece by piece1 the #fh stirring being kept up till they melt4 ,finally the crucible is covered and the mass is kept in fusion #ce minutes and1 the same being removed1 the metal is poured into molds1 and is then ready for use4 ,the alloy thus made is said to be fine-grained1 malleable1 takes a high polish1 and does not easily oxidize4 ,,ii4--,an invention1 patented in ,germany1 covers a metallic alloy1 to take the place of gold1 which1 even if exposed for some time to the action of ammoniacal and acid vapors1 does not oxidize or lose its gold color4 ,it can be rolled and worked like gold and has the appearance of genuine gold without containing the slightest admixture of that metal4 ,the alloy consists of copper and antimony in the approximate ratio of #ajj to #f1 and is produced by adding to molten copper1 as soon as it has reached a certain degree of heat1 the said percentage of antimony4 ,when the antimony has likewise melted and entered into intimate union with the copper1 some charcoal ashes1 magnesium1 and lime spar are added to the mass when the latter is still in the crucible4 ,,iii4 ,aluminum ,gold4--,this alloy1 called ,nuremberg gold1 is used for making cheap gold ware1 and is excellent for this purpose1 as its color is exactly that of pure gold1 and does not change in the air4 ,articles made of ,nuremberg gold need no gilding1 and retain their color under the hardest usage2 even the fracture of this alloy shows the pure gold color4 ,the composition is usually #ij parts of copper1 #b4e of gold1 and #g4e of aluminum4 ,,iv4--,imitation gold1 capable of being worked and drawn into wire1 consists of #iej parts copper1 #de aluminum1 and #b to #e of silver4 ,v4--,chrysochalk is similar in composition to ,mannheim gold3 ,i ,,ii ,copper #ij4e #eh4fh ,zinc #g4i #dj4bb ,lead #a4f #a4ij ,in color it resembles gold1 but quickly loses its beauty if exposed to the air1 on account of the oxidation of the copper4 ,it can1 however1 be kept bright for a long time by a coating of colorless varnish1 which excludes the air and prevents oxidation4 ,chrysochalk is used for most of the ordinary imitations of gold4 ,cheap watch chains and jewelry are manufactured from it1 and it is widely used by the manufacturers of imitation bronze ornaments4 ,mannheim ,gold or ,similor4--,mannheim gold is composed of copper1 zinc1 and tin1 in proportions about as follows3 ,i ,,ii ,copper #hc4g #hi4h ,zinc #i4c #i4i ,tin #g4j #j4f ,it has a fine yellow color1 and was formerly much used in making buttons and pressed articles resembling gold4 ,later alloys1 however1 surpass it in color1 and it has fallen somewhat into disuse4 ,one variety of ,mannheim gold1 so called1 contains #a4dj parts of brass 7composition #c ,cu#b #a ,zn7 to #aj of copper and #j4a of zinc4 ,mosaic ,gold4--,this is an alloy composed--with slight deviations--of #ajj parts of copper and #ej to #ee of zinc4 ,it has a beautiful color1 closely resembling that of gold1 and is distinguished by a very fine grain1 which makes it especially suitable for the manufacture of castings which are afterwards to be gilded4 ,the best method of obtaining a thoroughly homogeneous mixture of the two metals is first to put into the crucible one-half of the zinc to be used1 place the cover upon it1 and fuse the mixture under a cover of borax at as low a temperature as possible4 ,have ready the other half of the zinc1 cut into small pieces and heated almost to melting1 and when the contents of the crucible are liquid throw it in1 a small portion at a time1 stirring constantly to effect as intimate a mixture of the metals as possible4 ,orede or ,orode 7,french ,gold74--,the so-called ,french gold1 when polished1 so closely resembles genuine gold in color that it can scarcely be distinguished from it4 ,besides its beautiful color1 it has the valuable properties of being very ductile and tenacious1 so that it can easily be stamped into any desired shape2 it also takes a high polish4 ,it is frequently used for the manufacture of spoons1 forks1 etc41 but is unsuitable for this purpose on account of the large amount of copper contained in it1 rendering it injurious to health4 ,the directions for preparing this alloy vary greatly4 ,the products of some ,paris factories show the following composition3 ,i ,,ii ,,iii ,copper #ij #hj4e #hf4ba ,zinc #aj #ad4e #ca4eb ,tin -- -- #j4dh ,iron -- -- #j4bd ,a special receipt for orede is the following3 ,,iv4--,melt #ajj parts of copper and add1 with constant stirring1 #f parts of magnesia1 #c4f of sal ammoniac1 #a4h of lime1 and #i of crude tartar4 ,stir again #fi thoroughly1 and add #ag parts of granulated zinc1 and after mixing it with the copper by vigorous stirring keep the alloy liquid for one hour4 ,then carefully remove the scum and pour off the alloy4 ,pinchbeck4--,this was first manufactured in ,england4 ,its dark gold color is the best imitation of gold alloyed with copper4 ,being very ductile1 it can easily be rolled out into thin plates1 which can be given any desired shape by stamping4 ,it does not readily oxidize1 and thus fulfills all the requirements for making cheap jewelry1 which is its principal use4 ,copper #hh4h #ic4f ,zinc #aa4b #f4d ,or ,copper #b4a #a4bh ,zinc -- #j4g ,brass #a4j #j4g ,palladium ,gold4--,alloys of gold1 copper1 silver1 and palladium have a brownish-red color and are nearly as hard as iron4 ,they are sometimes 7although rarely7 used for the bearings for the axles of the wheels of fine watches1 as they invite little friction and do not rust in the air4 ,the composition used in the ,swiss and ,english watch factories consists usually of gold #ah parts1 copper #ac parts1 silver #aa1 and palladium #f4 ,talmi ,gold4--,the name of talmi gold was first applied to articles of jewelry1 chains1 earrings1 bracelets1 etc41 brought from ,paris1 and distinguished by beautiful workmanship1 a low price1 and great durability4 ,later1 when this alloy had acquired a considerable reputation1 articles were introduced under the same name1 but which were really made of other metals1 and which retained their beautiful gold color only as long as they were not used4 ,the fine varieties of talmi gold are manufactured from brass1 copper1 or tombac1 covered with a thin plate of gold1 combined with the base by rolling1 under strong pressure4 ,the plates are then rolled out by passing through rollers1 and the coating not only acquires considerable density1 but adheres so closely to the base that the metal will keep its beautiful appearance for years4 ,of late1 many articles of talmi gold have been introduced whose gold coating is produced by electroplating1 and is in many cases so thin that hard rubbing will bring through the color of the base4 ,such articles1 of course1 are not durable4 ,in genuine talmi gold1 the coating1 even though it may be thin1 adheres very closely to the base1 for the reason that the two metals are actually welded by the rolling1 and also because alloyed gold is always used1 which is much harder than pure gold4 ,the pure gold of electroplating is very soft4 ,the composition of some varieties of talmi gold are here given4 ,it will be seen that the content of gold varies greatly1 and the durability of the alloy will1 of course1 correspond to this4 ,the alloys ,i1 ,,ii1 ,,iii are genuine ,paris talmi gold2 ,,iv1 ,v1 and ,,vi are electroplated imitations2 and ,,vii is an alloy of a wrong composition1 to which the gold does not adhere firmly3 ,copper ,zinc ,tin ,iron ,gold ,i4 #hi4i #i4c -- -- #a4c ,,ii4 #ij4h #h4c -- -- #j4i ,,iii4 #ij4j #h4i -- -- #j4i ,,iv4 #ij4g #hi4j -- -- #j4e #hh4b #aa4d ,v4 #hg4e #ab4d -- -- #j4c #hc4a #ag4j ,,vi4 #ic4e #f4f -- -- #j4je #hd4e #ae4h ,,vii4 #hf4j #ab4j #a4a #j4c -- ,japanese ,alloys4--,in ,japan some specialties in metallic alloys are in use of which the composition is as follows3 ,shadke consists of copper with from #a to #aj per cent of gold4 ,articles made from this alloy are laid in a pickle of blue vitriol1 alum1 and verdigris1 until they acquire a bluish-black color4 ,gui-shi-bu-ichi is an alloy of copper containing #cj to #ej per cent of silver4 ,it possesses a peculiar gray shade4 ,mokume consists of several compositions4 ,thus1 about #cj gold foils 7genuine7 are welded together with shadke1 copper1 silver1 and gui-shi-bu-ichi and pierced4 ,the pierced holes are1 after firmly hammering together the plates1 filled up with the above-named pickle4 ,the finest ,japanese brass consists of #aj parts copper and #h parts zinc1 and is called siachu4 ,the bell metal kara kane is composed of copper #aj parts1 tin #aj parts1 iron #j4e part1 and zinc #a4e parts4 ,the copper is first fused1 then the remaining metals are added in rotation4 ,,german ,,silver ,,or ,,argentan4 ,the composition of this alloy varies considerably1 but from the adjoined figures an average may be found1 which will represent1 approximately1 the normal composition3 ,copper #ej to #ff parts ,zinc #ai to #ca parts ,nickel #ac to #ah parts ,the properties of the different kinds1 such as their color1 ductility1 fusibility1 #gj etc41 vary with the proportions of the single metals4 ,for making spoons1 forks1 cups1 candlesticks1 etc41 the most suitable proportions are #ej parts of copper1 #be of zinc1 and #be of nickel4 ,this metal has a beautiful blue-white color1 and does not tarnish easily4 ,german silver is sometimes so brittle that a spoon1 if allowed to fall upon the floor1 will break2 this1 of course1 indicates faulty composition4 ,but the following table will show how the character of the alloy changes with the varying percentage of the metals composing it3 ,copper ,zinc ,nickel ,quality ,i4 #h #c4e #d ,finest quality4 ,,ii4 #h #c4e #f ,beautiful1 but refractory4 ,,iii4 #h #f4e #c ,ordinary1 readily fusible4 ,,iv4 #eb #bf4j #bb ,first quality4 ,v4 #ei #cj4j #aa ,second quality4 ,,vi4 #fc #ca4j #f ,third quality4 ,the following analyses give further particulars in regard to different kinds of ,german silver3 ,for sheet ,copper ,zinc ,nickel ,lead ,iron 7,french7 #ej4j #ca4c #ah4g -- -- 7,french7 #ej4j #cj4j #bj4j -- -- 7,french7 #eh4c #be4j #af4g -- -- ,vienna #ej4j #be4j #be4j -- -- ,vienna #ee4f #bb4j #bb4j -- -- ,vienna #fj4j #bj4j #bj4j -- -- ,berlin #ed4j #bh4j #ah4j -- -- ,berlin #ee4e #bi4a #ag4e -- -- ,english #fc4cd #ag4ja #ai4ac -- -- ,english #fb4dj #bb4ae #ae4je -- -- ,english #fb4fc #bf4je #aj4he -- -- ,english #eg4dj #be4 #ac4j -- #c4j ,chinese #bf4c #cf4h #cf4h -- -- ,chinese #dc4h #dj4f #ae4f -- -- ,chinese #de4g #cf4i #ag4i -- -- ,chinese #dj4d #be4d #ca4f -- #b4f ,castings #dh4e #bd4c #bd4c #b4i -- ,castings #ed4e #ba4h #ba4h #a4i -- ,castings #eh4c #ai4d #ai4d #b4i -- ,castings #eg4h #bg4a #ad4c #j4h -- ,castings #eg4 #bj4j #bj4j #c4j -- ,in some kinds of ,german silver are found varying quantities of iron1 manganese1 tin1 and very frequently lead1 added for the purpose of changing the properties of the alloy or cheapening the cost of production4 ,but all these metals have a detrimental rather than a beneficial effect upon the general character of the alloy1 and especially lessen its power of resistance to the action of dilute acids1 one of its most valuable properties4 ,lead makes it more fusible2 tin acts somewhat as in bronze1 making it denser and more resonant1 and enabling it to take a higher polish4 ,with iron or manganese the alloy is whiter1 but it becomes at the same time more refractory and its tendency toward brittleness is increased4 ,,substitutes ,,for ,,german ,,silver4 ,there are many formulas for alloys which claim to be substitutes for ,german silver2 but no one of them has yet become an article of general commerce4 ,it will be sufficient to note these materials briefly1 giving the composition of the most important4 ,nickel ,bronze4--,this is prepared by fusing together very highly purified nickel 7#ii4e per cent7 with copper1 tin1 and zinc4 ,a bronze is produced containing #bj per cent of nickel1 light-colored and very hard4 ,bismuth ,bronze4-- ,i ,,ii ,,iii ,,iv ,copper #be4j #de4j #fi4j #dg4j ,nickel #bd4j #cb4e #aj4j #cj4i ,antimony #ej4j -- -- -- ,bismuth #a4j #a4j #a4j #j4a ,tin -- #af4j #ae4j #a4j ,zinc -- #ba4e #bj4j #ba4j ,aluminum -- -- #a4j -- ,i is hard and very lustrous1 suitable for lamp reflectors and axle bearings2 ,,ii is hard1 resonant1 and not affected by sea water1 for parts of ships1 pipes1 telegraph wires1 and piano strings2 ,,iii and ,,iv are for cups1 spoons1 etc4 ,manganese ,argentan4-- ,copper #eb to #ej parts ,nickel #ag to #ae parts ,zinc #e to #aj parts ,manganese #a to #e parts ,copper1 with #ae per cent phosphorus4 #c to #e parts ,readily cast for objects of art4 ,aphtite4-- ,iron #ff parts ,nickel #bc parts ,tungsten #d parts ,copper #e parts ,arguzoid4-- ,copper #ee4gh parts ,zinc #bc4aih parts ,nickel #ac4djf parts ,tin #d4jce parts ,lead #c4edd parts ,silver white1 almost ductile1 suited for artistic purposes4 #ga ,ferro-,argentan4-- ,copper #gj4j parts ,nickel #bj4j parts ,zinc #e4e parts ,cadmium #d4e parts ,resembles silver2 worked like ,german silver4 ,silver ,bronze4--,manganese1 #ah per cent2 aluminum1 #a4b per cent2 silicium1 #e per cent2 zinc1 #ac per cent2 copper1 #fg4e per cent4 ,the electric resistance of silver bronze is greater than that of ,german silver1 hence it ought to be highly suitable for rheostats4 ,instrument ,alloys4--,the following are suitable for physical and optical instruments1 metallic mirrors1 telescopes1 etc43 ,i4--,copper1 #fb parts2 tin1 #cc parts2 lead1 #e parts4 ,,ii4--,copper1 #hj2 antimony1 #aa2 lead1 #i4 ,,iii4--,copper1 #aj2 tin1 #aj2 antimony1 #aj2 lead1 #dj4 ,,iv4--,copper1 #cj2 tin1 #ej2 silver1 #b2 arsenic1 #a4 ,v4--,copper1 #ff2 tin1 #cc4 ,,vi4--,copper1 #fd2 tin1 #bf4 ,,vii4--,steel1 #ij2 nickel1 #aj4 ,,viii4--,platinum1 #fj2 copper1 #dj4 ,,ix4--,platinum1 #de2 steel1 #ee4 ,x4--,platinum1 #ee2 iron1 #de4 ,,xi4--,platinum1 #ae2 steel1 #he4 ,,xii4--,platinum1 #bj2 copper1 #gi2 arsenic1 #a4 ,,xiii4--,platinum1 #fb2 iron1 #bh2 gold1 #aj4 ,,xiv4--,gold1 #dh2 zinc1 #eb4 ,,xv4--,steel1 #ej2 rhodium1 #ej4 ,,xvi4--,platinum1 #ab2 iridium1 #hh4 ,,xvii4--,copper1 #hi4e2 tin1 #h4e2 zinc1 #b4 ,,lead ,,alloys4 ,the following alloys1 principally lead1 are used for various purposes3 ,bibra ,alloy4--,this contains #h parts of bismuth1 #i of tin1 and #ch to #dj of lead4 ,metallic ,coffins4--,tin1 #dj parts2 lead1 #de parts2 copper1 #ae parts4 ,plates for ,engraving4--,i4--,lead1 #hd parts2 antimony1 #af parts4 ,,ii4--,lead1 #hf parts2 antimony1 #ad parts4 ,,iii4--,lead1 #hg parts2 antimony1 #ab parts2 copper1 #a part4 ,,iv4--,lead1 #ha parts2 antimony1 #ad parts2 tin1 #e parts4 ,v4--,lead1 #gc parts2 antimony1 #ag parts2 zinc1 #aj parts4 ,,vi4--,tin1 #ec parts2 lead1 #dc parts2 antimony1 #d parts4 ,hard lead is made of lead1 #hd parts2 antimony1 #af parts4 ,sheet ,metal ,alloy4-- ,tin #ce parts ,lead #bej parts ,copper #b4e parts ,zinc #j4e part ,this alloy has a fine white color1 and can be readily rolled into thin sheets4 ,for that reason it is well adapted for lining tea chests and for the production of tobacco and chocolate wrappers4 ,the copper and zinc are used in the form of fine shavings4 ,the alloy should be immediately cast into thin plates1 which can then be passed through rolls4 ,,magnetic ,,alloys4 ,alloys which can be magnetized most strongly are composed of copper1 manganese1 and aluminum1 the quantities of manganese and aluminum being proportional to their atomic weights 7#ee4j to #bg4a1 or about #b to #a74 ,the maximum magnetization increases rapidly with increase of manganese1 but alloys containing much manganese are exceedingly brittle and cannot be wrought4 ,the highest practicable proportion of manganese at present is #bd per cent4 ,these magnetic alloys were studied by ,hensler1 ,haupt1 and ,starck1 and ,gumlich has recently examined them at the ,physikalisch--technische ,reichsanstalt1 with very remarkable and interesting results4 ,the two alloys examined were composed as follows3 ,alloy ,i4--,copper1 #fa4e per cent2 manganese1 #bc4e per cent2 aluminum1 #ae per cent2 lead1 #j4a per cent1 with traces of iron and silicon4 ,alloy ,,ii4--,copper1 #fg4g per cent2 manganese1 #bj4e per cent2 aluminum1 #aj4g per cent2 lead1 #a4b per cent1 with traces of iron and silicon4 ,alloy ,,ii could be worked without difficulty1 but alloy ,i was so brittle that it broke under the hammer4 ,a bar #g inches long and #a_/d inch thick was obtained by grinding4 ,this broke in two during the measurements1 but1 fortunately1 without invalidating them4 ,such a material is evidently unsuited to practical uses4 ,the behavior of magnetic alloys at high temperatures is very peculiar4 ,alloy ,i is indifferent to temperature changes1 which scarcely affect its magnetic properties1 but the behavior of alloy ,,ii is very different4 ,prolonged heating to #bcj ,f4 produces a great increase in its capability of magnetization1 which1 after #edd hours' heating1 rises from #a4i to #c4b kilogauss1 #gb approaching the strength of alloy ,i4 ,but when alloy ,,ii is heated to #cbi ,f41 its capability of magnetization fails again and the material suffers permanent injury1 which can be partly1 but not wholly1 cured by prolonged heating4 ,another singular phenomenon was exhibited by both of these alloys4 ,when a bar of iron is magnetized by an electric current1 it acquires its full magnetic strength almost instantaneously on the closure of the circuit4 ,the magnetic alloys1 on the contrary1 do not attain their full magnetization for several minutes4 ,in some of the experiments a gradual increase was observed even after the current had been flowing five minutes4 ,in magnetic strength alloy ,i proved far superior to alloy ,,ii1 which contained smaller proportions of manganese and aluminum4 ,alloy ,i showed magnetic strengths up to #d4e kilogauss1 while the highest magnetization obtained with alloy ,,ii was only #a4i kilogauss4 ,but even alloy ,,ii may be called strongly magnetic1 for its maximum magnetization is about one-tenth that of good wrought iron 7#ah to #bj kilogauss71 or one-sixth that of cast iron 7#aj to #ab kilogauss74 ,alloy ,i is nearly equal in magnetic properties to nickel1 which can be magnetized up to about #e kilogauss4 ,,manganese ,,alloys3 ,manganese bronze is a bronze deprived of its oxide by an admixture of manganese4 ,the manganese is used as copper manganese containing #aj to #cj per cent manganese and added to the bronze to the amount of #j4e to #b per cent4 ,manganese ,copper4--,the alloys of copper with manganese have a beautiful silvery color1 considerable ductility1 great hardness and tenacity1 and are more readily fusible than ordinary bronze4 ,a special characteristic is that they exactly fill out the molds1 without the formation of blowholes1 and present no difficulties in casting4 ,cupromanganese is suitable for many purposes for which nothing else but bronze can advantageously be used1 and the cost of its production is no greater than that of genuine bronze4 ,in preparing the alloy1 the copper is used in the form of fine grains1 obtained by pouring melted copper into cold water4 ,these copper grains are mixed with the dry oxide of manganese1 and the mixture put into a crucible holding about #ff pounds4 ,enough space must be left in the crucible to allow a thick cover of charcoal1 as the manganese oxidizes easily4 ,the crucible is placed in a well-drawing wind furnace and subjected to a strong white heat4 ,the oxide of manganese is completely reduced to manganese1 which at once combines with the copper to form an alloy4 ,in order to prevent1 as far as possible1 the access of air to the fusing mass1 it is advisable to cover the crucible with a lid which has an aperture in the center for the escape of the carbonic oxide formed during the reduction4 ,when the reduction is complete and the metals fused1 the lid is removed and the contents of the crucible stirred with an iron rod1 in order to make the alloy as homogeneous as possible4 ,by repeated remelting of the cupromanganese a considerable quantity of the manganese is reconverted into oxide2 it is1 therefore1 advisable to make the casts directly from the crucible4 ,when poured out1 the alloy rapidly solidifies1 and resembles in appearance good ,german silver4 ,another reason for avoiding remelting is that the crucible is strongly attacked by the cupromanganese1 and can be used but a few times4 ,the best kinds of cupromanganese contain between #aj and #cj per cent of manganese4 ,they have a beautiful white color1 are hard1 tougher than copper1 and can be worked under the hammer or with rolls4 ,some varieties of cupromanganese which are especially valuable for technical purposes are given below3 ,i ,,ii ,,iii ,,iv ,copper #ge #fj #fe #fj ,manganese #be #be #bj #bj ,zinc -- #ae #e -- ,tin -- -- -- #aj ,nickel -- -- #aj #aj ,manganin4--,this is an alloy of copper1 nickel1 and manganese for electric resistances4 ,,mirror ,,alloys3 ,amalgams for ,mirrors4--,i4--,tin1 #gj parts2 mercury1 #cj parts4 ,,ii4--,for curved mirrors4 ,tin1 #a part2 lead1 #a part2 bismuth1 #a part2 mercury1 #i parts4 ,,iii4--,for glass balls4 ,tin1 #hj parts2 mercury1 #bj parts4 ,,iv4--,metallic cement4 ,copper1 #cj parts2 mercury1 #gj parts4 ,v4--,mirror metal4--,copper1 #ajj parts2 tin1 #ej parts2 ,chinese copper1 #h parts2 lead1 #a part2 antimony1 #a part4 ,reflector ,metals4--,i4--7,cooper's47 ,copper1 #ce parts2 platinum1 #f2 zinc1 #b2 tin1 #af4e2 arsenic1 #a4 ,on account of the hardness of this alloy1 it takes a very high polish2 it is impervious to the effects of the weather1 and is therefore remarkably #gc well adapted to the manufacture of mirrors for fine optical instruments4 ,,ii4--7,duppler's47 ,zinc1 #bj parts2 silver1 #hj parts4 ,,iii4--,copper1 #ff4bb parts2 tin1 #cc4aa parts2 arsenic1 #j4fg part4 ,,iv4--,copper1 #fd parts2 tin1 #cb parts2 arsenic1 #d parts4 ,v4--,copper1 #hb4ah parts2 lead1 #i4bb parts2 antimony1 #h4fj parts4 ,,vi4--7,little's47 ,copper1 #fi4ja parts2 tin1 #cj4hb parts2 zinc1 #b4dd parts2 arsenic1 #a4hc parts4 ,speculum ,metal4--,alloys consisting of #b parts of copper and #a of tin can be very brilliantly polished1 and will serve for mirrors4 ,good speculum metal should have a very fine-grained fracture1 should be white and very hard1 the highest degree of polish depending upon these qualities4 ,a composition to meet these requirements must contain at least #ce to #cf per cent of copper4 ,attempts have frequently been made to increase the hardness of speculum metal by additions of nickel1 antimony1 and arsenic4 ,with the exception of nickel1 these substances have the effect of causing the metal to lose its high luster easily1 any considerable quantity of arsenic in particular having this effect4 ,the real speculum metal seems to be a combination of the formula ,cu#d,sn1 composed of copper #fh4ba per cent1 tin #ca4g4 ,an alloy of this nature is sometimes separated from ordnance bronze by incorrect treatment1 causing the so-called tin spots2 but this has not the pure white color which distinguishes the speculum metal containing #ca4e per cent of tin4 ,by increasing the percentage of copper the color gradually shades into yellow2 with a larger amount of tin into blue4 ,it is dangerous to increase the tin too much1 as this changes the other properties of the alloy1 and it becomes too brittle to be worked4 ,below is a table showing different compositions of speculum metal4 ,the standard alloy is undoubtedly the best4 ,copper ,tin ,zinc ,arsenic ,silver ,standard alloy #fh4ba #ca4g -- -- -- ,otto's alloy #fh4e #ca4e -- -- -- ,richardson's alloy #fe4c #cj4j #j4g #b4 #b4 ,sollit's alloy #fd4f #ca4c #d4a ,nickel -- ,chinese speculum metal #hj4hc -- -- #h4e ,antimony ,old ,roman #fc4ci #ai4je -- #ag4bi ,lead ,,palladium ,,alloys4 ,i4--,an alloy of palladium #bd parts1 gold #hj1 is white1 hard as steel1 unchangeable in the air1 and can1 like the other alloys of palladium1 be used for dental purposes4 ,,ii4--,palladium #f parts1 gold #ah1 silver #aa1 and copper #ac1 gives a reddish-brown1 hard1 and very fine-grained alloy1 suitable for the bearings of pivots in clock works4 ,the alloys of most of the other platinum metals1 so called1 are little used on account of their rarity and costliness4 ,iridium and rhodium give great hardness to steel1 but the commercial rhodium and iridium steel1 so called1 frequently contains not a trace of either4 ,the alloy of iridium with osmium has great hardness and resistance and is recommended for pivots1 fine instruments1 and points of ship compasses4 ,palladium ,silver4--,this alloy1 composed of #i parts of palladium and #a of silver1 is used almost exclusively for dental purposes1 and is well suited to the manufacture of artificial teeth1 as it does not oxidize4 ,an alloy even more frequently used than this consists of platinum #aj parts1 palladium #h1 and gold #f4 ,palladium ,bearing ,metal4--,this alloy is extremely hard1 and is used instead of jewel bearings in watches4 ,it is composed of palladium #bd parts1 gold #gb1 silver #dd1 copper #ib4 ,,platinum ,,alloys4 ,platinum has usually been alloyed with silver in goldsmith's work1 #b parts silver to #a of platinum being taken to form the favorite 8platinum silver40 ,the object has been to produce an alloy having a white appearance1 which can be polished1 and at the same time has a low melting point4 ,in addition to this platinum alloy the following are well known3 ,i4--,a mixture of #g parts platinum with #c parts iridium4 ,this gives to platinum the hardness of steel1 which can be still further increased by taking #d parts of iridium4 ,,ii4--,an alloy of #i parts platinum and #a part iridium is used by the ,french in the manufacture of measuring instruments of great resisting power4 ,compounds of copper1 nickel1 cadmium1 and tungsten are also used in the construction of parts of watches2 the latter acquire considerable hardness without becoming magnetic or rusting like steel4 ,,iii4--,for this purpose a compound of #gd #fb4ge parts platinum1 #ah parts copper1 #a4be parts cadmium1 and #ah parts nickel is much recommended4 ,,iv4--,very ductile platinum-copper alloys have also been made1 e4 g41 the so-called ,cooper gold1 consisting of #c parts platinum and #ac parts copper1 which is almost equal to #ah-;carat gold in regard to color1 finish1 and ductility4 ,if #d per cent of platinum is taken1 these latter alloys acquire a rose-red color1 while a golden-yellow color can be produced by further adding from #a to #b per cent 7in all #e to #f per cent7 of platinum4 ,the last-named alloy is extensively used for ornaments1 likewise alloy ,v4 ,v4--,ten parts platinum1 #fj parts nickel1 and #bbj parts brass1 or #b parts platinum1 #a part nickel and silver respectively1 #b parts brass1 and #e parts copper2 this also gives a golden-yellow color4 ,,vi4--,for table utensils a favorite alloy is composed of #a part platinum1 #ajj parts nickel1 and #aj parts tin4 ,articles made of the latter alloy are impervious to atmospheric action and keep their polish for a long time4 ,pure white platinum alloys have for some time been used in dental work1 and they have also proved serviceable for jewelry4 ,,vii4--,a mixture of #cj parts platinum1 #aj parts gold1 and #c parts silver1 or #g parts platinum1 #b parts gold1 and #c parts silver4 ,,viii4--,for enameled articles3 ,platinum1 #ce parts2 silver1 #fe parts4 ,first fuse the silver1 then add the platinum in the spongy form4 ,a good solder for this is platinum #hj parts1 copper #bj parts4 ,,ix4--,for pens3 ,platinum1 #d parts2 silver1 #c parts2 copper1 #a part4 ,platinum ,gold4--,small quantities of platinum change the characteristics of gold in many respects4 ,with a small percentage the color is noticeably lighter than that of pure gold1 and the alloys are extremely elastic2 alloys containing more than #bj per cent of platinum1 however1 almost entirely lose their elasticity4 ,the melting point of the platinum-gold alloy is high1 and alloys containing #gj per cent of platinum can be fused only in the flame of oxyhydrogen gas1 like platinum itself4 ,alloys with a smaller percentage of platinum can be prepared in furnaces1 but require the strongest white heat4 ,in order to avoid the chance of an imperfect alloy from too low a temperature1 it is always safer to fuse them with the oxyhydrogen flame4 ,the alloys of platinum and gold have a somewhat limited application4 ,those which contain from #e to #aj per cent of platinum are used for sheet and wire in the manufacture of artificial teeth4 ,platinum-,gold ,alloys for ,dental ,purposes4-- ,i ,,ii ,,iii ,platinum #f #ad #aj ,gold #b #d #f ,silver #a #f -- ,palladium -- -- #h ,platinum ,silver4--,an addition of platinum to silver makes it harder1 but also more brittle1 and changes the white color to gray4 ,an alloy which contains only a very small percentage of platinum is noticeably darker in color than pure silver4 ,such alloys are prepared under the name of platine au titre1 containing between #ag and #ce per cent of platinum4 ,they are almost exclusively used for dental purposes4 ,imitation ,platinum4--,i4--,brass1 #ajj parts2 zinc1 #fe parts4 ,,ii4--,brass1 #abj parts2 zinc1 #ge parts4 ,,iii4--,copper1 #e parts2 nickel1 #d parts2 zinc1 #a #a_/b parts2 antimony1 #a part2 lead1 #a part2 iron1 #a part2 tin1 #a part4 ,cooper's ,pen ,metal4--,this alloy is especially well adapted to the manufacture of pens1 on account of its great hardness1 elasticity1 and power of resistance to atmospheric influences1 and would certainly have superseded steel if it were possible to produce it more cheaply than is the case4 ,the compositions most frequently used for pen metal are copper #a part1 platinum #d1 and silver #c2 or1 copper #ba1 platinum #ej1 and silver #cf4 ,pens have been manufactured1 consisting of several sections1 each of a different alloy1 suited to the special purpose of the part4 ,thus1 for instance1 the sides of the pen are made of the elastic composition just described2 the upper part is of an alloy of silver and platinum2 and the point is made either of minute cut rubies or of an extremely hard alloy of osmium and iridium1 joined to the body of the pen by melting in the flame of the oxyhydrogen blowpipe4 ,the price of such pens1 made of expensive materials and at the cost of great labor1 is of course exceedingly high1 but their excellent qualities repay the extra expense4 ,they are not in the least affected by any kind of ink1 are most durable1 and can be used constantly for years without showing any signs of wear4 ,the great hardness and resistance to the atmosphere of ,cooper's alloys make them very suitable for manufacturing #ge mathematical instruments where great precision is required4 ,it can scarcely be calculated how long a chronometer1 for instance1 whose wheels are constructed of this alloy1 will run before showing any irregularities due to wear4 ,in the construction of such instruments1 the price of the material is not to be taken into account1 since the cost of the labor in their manufacture so far exceeds this4 ,,pewter4 ,this is an alloy of tin and lead only1 or of tin with antimony and copper4 ,the first is properly called pewter4 ,three varieties are known in trade3 ,i 7,plate ,pewter74--,from tin1 #gi per cent2 antimony1 #g per cent2 bismuth and copper1 of each #b per cent2 fused together4 ,used to make plates1 teapots1 etc4 ,takes a fine polish4 ,,ii 7,triple ,pewter74--,from tin1 #gi per cent2 antimony1 #ae per cent2 lead1 #f per cent2 as the last4 ,used for minor articles1 syringes1 toys1 etc4 ,,iii 7,ley ,pewter74--,from tin1 #hj per cent2 lead1 #bj per cent4 ,used for measures1 inkstands1 etc4 ,according to the report of a ,french commission1 pewter containing more than #ah parts of lead to #hb parts of tin is unsafe for measures for wine and similar liquors1 and1 indeed1 for any other utensils exposed to contact with food or beverages4 ,the legal specific gravity of pewter in ,france is #g4gfd2 if it be greater1 it contains an excess of lead1 and is liable to prove poisonous4 ,the proportions of these metals may be approximately determined from the specific gravity2 but correctly only by an assay for the purpose4 ,,silver ,,alloys3 ,aluminum ,silver4--,aluminum and silver form beautiful white alloys which are considerably harder than pure aluminum1 and take a very high polish4 ,they have the advantage over copper alloys of being unchanged by exposure to the air1 and of retaining their white color4 ,the properties of aluminum and silver alloys vary considerably according to the percentage of aluminum4 ,i4--,an alloy of #ajj parts of aluminum and #e parts of silver is very similar to pure aluminum1 but is harder and takes a finer polish4 ,,ii4--,one hundred and sixty-nine parts of aluminum and #e of silver make an elastic alloy1 recommended for watch springs and dessert knives4 ,,iii4--,an alloy of equal parts of silver and aluminum is as hard as bronze4 ,,iv4--,five parts of aluminum and #a part of silver make an alloy that is easily worked4 ,v4--,also aluminum1 #c parts1 and silver1 #a part4 ,,vi4 ,tiers-,argent4--,this alloy is prepared chiefly in ,paris1 and used for the manufacture of various utensils4 ,as indicated by its name 7one-third silver71 it consists of #cc4cc parts of silver and #ff4ff parts of aluminum4 ,its advantages over silver consist in its lower price and greater hardness2 it can also be stamped and engraved more easily than the alloys of copper and silver4 ,,vii4--,this is a hard alloy which has been found very useful for the operating levers of certain machines1 such as the spacing lever of a typewriter4 ,the metal now generally used for this purpose by the various typewriter companies is 8aluminum silver10 or 8silver metal40 ,the proportions are given as follows3 ,copper #eg4jj ,nickel #bj4jj ,zinc #bj4jj ,aluminum #c4jj ,this alloy when used on typewriting machines is nickel-plated for the sake of the first appearance1 but so far as corrosion is concerned1 nickeling is unnecessary4 ,the alloy is stiff and strong and cannot be bent to any extent without breaking1 especially if the percentage of aluminum is increased to #c4e per cent2 it casts free from pinholes and blowholes2 the liquid metal completely fills the mold1 giving sharp1 clean castings1 true to pattern2 its cost is not greater than brass2 its color is silver white1 and its hardness makes it susceptible to a high polish4 ,arsenic4--,alloys which contain small quantities of arsenic are very ductile1 have a beautiful white color1 and were formerly used in ,england in the manufacture of tableware4 ,they are not1 however1 suitable for this purpose1 on account of the poisonous character of the arsenic4 ,they are composed usually of #di parts of silver1 #di of copper1 and #b of arsenic4 ,china ,silver4--,copper1 #fe4bd per cent2 tin1 #ai4eb per cent2 nickel1 #ac4jj per cent2 silver1 #b4je per cent4 ,copper-,silver4--,when silver is alloyed with copper only one proportion is known which will give a uniform casting4 ,the proportion is #gb per cent silver to #bh per cent copper4 ,with more silver than #gb per cent the center of a cast bar will be #gf richer than the outside1 which chills first2 while with a less percentage than #gb per cent the center of the bar will be poorer and the outside richer than the average4 ,this characteristic of silver-copper alloys is known to metallurgists as 8segregation40 ,when nickel is added to the silver and copper1 several good alloys may be formed1 as the following ,french compositions3 ,i ,,ii ,,iii ,silver #cc #dj #bj ,copper #cg-db #cj-dj #de-ee ,nickel #be-cj #bj-cj #be-ce ,the whitening of alloys of silver and copper is best accomplished by annealing the alloy until it turns black on the surface4 ,cool in a mixture of #bj parts1 by weight1 of concentrated sulphuric acid to #a1jjj parts of distilled water and leave therein for some time4 ,in place of the sulphuric acid1 #dj parts of potassium bisulphate may be used per #a1jjj parts of liquid4 ,repeat the process if necessary4 ,copper1 ,silver1 and ,cadmium ,alloys4--,cadmium added to silver alloys gives great flexibility and ductility1 without affecting the white color2 these properties are valuable in the manufacture of silver-plated ware and wire4 ,the proportions of the metals vary in these alloys4 ,some of the most important varieties are given below4 ,silver ,copper ,cadmium ,i4 #ihj #ae #e ,,ii4 #iej #ae #ce ,,iii4 #ijj #ah #hb ,,iv4 #hfj #bj #ahj ,v4 #fff #be #cji ,,vi4 #ffg #ej #bhd ,,vii4 #ejj #ej #dej ,in preparing these alloys1 the great volatility of cadmium must be taken into account4 ,it is customary to prepare first the alloy of silver and copper1 and add the cadmium1 which1 as in the case of the alloys of silver and zinc1 must be wrapped in paper4 ,after putting it in1 the mass is quickly stirred1 and the alloy poured immediately into the molds4 ,this is the surest way to prevent the volatilization of the cadmium4 ,silver1 ,copper1 ,nickel1 and ,zinc ,alloys4--,these alloys1 from the metals contained in them1 may be characterized as argentan or ,german silver with a certain percentage of silver4 ,they have been used for making small coins1 as in the older coins of ,switzerland4 ,being quite hard1 they have the advantage of wearing well1 but soon lose their beautiful white color and take on a disagreeable shade of yellow1 like poor brass4 ,the silver contained in them can be regained only by a laborious process1 which is a great drawback to their use in coinage4 ,the composition of the ,swiss fractional coins is as follows3 #bj centimes #aj centimes #e centimes ,silver #ae #aj #e ,copper #ej #ee #fj ,nickel #be #be #be ,zinc #aj #aj #aj ,mousset's ,alloy4--,copper1 #ei4jf2 silver1 #bg4ef2 zinc1 #i4eg2 nickel1 #c4db4 ,this alloy is yellowish with a reddish tinge1 but white on the fractured surface4 ,it ranks next after ,argent-,ruolz1 which also contains sometimes certain quantities of zinc1 and in this case may be classed together with the alloy just described4 ,the following alloys can be rolled into sheet or drawn into wire3 ,i ,,ii ,,iii ,silver #cc4c #cd #dj4j ,copper #da4h #db #dd4f ,nickel #h4f #h #d4f ,zinc #af4c #af #aj4h ,japanese 7,gray7 ,silver4--,an alloy is prepared in ,japan which consists of equal parts of copper and silver1 and which is given a beautiful gray color by boiling in a solution of alum1 to which copper sulphate and verdigris are added4 ,the so-called 8mokum10 also a ,japanese alloy1 is prepared by placing thin plates of gold1 silver1 copper1 and the alloy just described over each other and stretching them under the hammer4 ,the cross sections of the thin plates obtained in this way show the colors of the different metals1 which give them a peculiar striped appearance4 ,mokum is principally used for decorations upon gold and silver articles4 ,silver-,zinc4--,silver and zinc have great affinity for each other1 and alloys of these two metals are therefore easily made4 ,the required quantity of zinc1 wrapped in paper1 is thrown into the melted and strongly heated silver1 the mass is thoroughly stirred with an iron rod1 and at once poured out into molds4 ,alloys of silver and zinc can be obtained which are both ductile and flexible4 ,an alloy consisting of #b parts of zinc and #a of silver closely resembles silver in color1 and is quite ductile4 ,with a larger proportion of zinc the alloy becomes brittle4 ,in preparing the alloy1 a somewhat larger quantity of zinc must be taken than the #gg finished alloy is intended to contain1 as a small amount always volatilizes4 ,imitation ,silver ,alloys4--,there are a number of alloys1 composed of different metals1 which resemble silver1 and may be briefly mentioned here4 ,i4--,warne's metal is composed of tin #aj parts1 bismuth #g1 and cobalt #c4 ,it is white1 fine-grained1 but quite difficult to fuse4 ,,ii4--,tonca's metal contains copper #e parts1 nickel #d1 tin #a1 lead #a1 iron #a1 zinc #a1 antimony #a4 ,it is hard1 difficult to fuse1 not very ductile1 and cannot be recommended4 ,,iii4--,trabuk metal contains tin #hg4e1 nickel #e4e1 antimony #e1 bismuth #e4 ,,iv4--,tourun-,leonard's metal is composed of #ejj parts of tin and #fd of bell metal4 ,v4--,silveroid is an alloy of copper1 nickel1 tin1 zinc1 and lead4 ,,vi4--,minargent4 ,copper1 #ajj parts2 nickel1 #gj parts2 tungsten1 #e parts2 aluminum1 #a part4 ,,vii4--,nickel1 #bc parts2 aluminum1 #e parts2 copper1 #e parts2 iron1 #fe parts2 tungsten1 #d parts4 ,,viii4--,argasoid4 ,tin1 #d4jce2 lead1 #c4edd2 copper1 #ee4ghj2 nickel1 #ac4djf2 zinc1 #bc4aih2 iron1 trace4 ,,solders3 ,see ,solders4 ,,steel ,,alloys3 ,see also ,steel4 ,for ,locomotive ,cylinders4--,this mixture consists of #bj per cent steel castings1 old steel springs1 etc42 #bj per cent ,no4 #b coke iron1 and #fj per cent scrap4 ,from this it is stated a good solid metal can be obtained1 the castings being free from honeycombing1 and finishing better than the ordinary cast-iron mixture1 over which it has the advantage of #bd per cent greater strength4 ,its constituents are3 ,silicon1 #a4ea2 manganese1 #j4cc2 phosphorus1 #j4fe2 sulphur1 #j4jfh2 combined carbon1 #j4fb2 graphite1 #b4de4 ,nickel steel is composed of nickel #cf per cent1 steel #fd per cent4 ,tungsten steel is crucible steel with #e to #ab per cent tungsten4 ,,stereotype ,,metal4 ,lead #b parts ,tin #c parts ,bismuth #e parts ,the melting point of this alloy is #aif ,f4 ,the alloy is rather costly because of the amount of bismuth which it contains4 ,the following mixtures are cheaper3 ,i ,,ii ,,iii ,,iv ,tin #a #c #a #b ,lead #a #e #a4e #b ,bismuth #b #h #c #e ,antimony -- -- -- #a ,,tin ,,alloys3 ,alloys for ,dentists' ,molds and ,dies4--,i4--,very hard4 ,tin1 #af parts2 antimony1 #a part2 zinc1 #a part4 ,,ii4--,softer than the former4 ,tin1 #h parts2 zinc1 #a part2 antimony1 #a part4 ,,iii4--,very hard4 ,tin1 #ab parts2 antimony1 #b parts2 copper1 #a part4 ,cadmium ,alloy1 about the ,hardness of ,zinc4--,tin1 #aj parts2 antimony1 #a part2 cadmium1 #a part4 ,tin-,lead4--,tin is one of those metals which is not at all susceptible to the action of acids1 while lead1 on the other hand1 is very easily attacked by them4 ,in such alloys1 consequently1 used for cooking utensils1 the amount of lead must be limited1 and should properly not exceed #aj or #ae per cent2 but cases have been known in which the so-called tin contained a third part1 by weight1 of lead4 ,alloys containing from #aj to #ae per cent of lead have a beautiful white color1 are considerably harder than pure tin1 and much cheaper4 ,many alloys of tin and lead are very lustrous1 and are used for stage jewelry and mirrors for reflecting the light of lamps1 etc4 ,an especially brilliant alloy is called 8,fahlun brilliants40 ,it is used for stage jewelry1 and consists of #bi parts of tin and #ai of lead4 ,it is poured into molds faceted in the same way as diamonds1 and when seen by artificial light1 the effect is that of diamonds4 ,other alloys of tin and lead are employed in the manufacture of toys4 ,these must fill the molds well1 and must also be cheap1 and therefore as much as #ej per cent of lead is used4 ,toys can also be made from type metal1 which is even cheaper than the alloys of tin and lead1 but has the disadvantage of readily breaking if the articles are sharply bent4 ,the alloys of tin and lead give very good castings1 if sharp iron or brass molds are used4 ,lead #ai parts ,tin #bi parts ,this alloy is very bright and possesses a permanent sheen4 ,it is well adapted for the making of artificial gems for stage use4 ,it is customary in carrying out the process to start with two parts of tin and one part of lead4 ,tin is added until a sample drop which is allowed to fall upon an iron plate forms a mirror4 ,the artificial gems are produced by #gh dipping into the molten alloy pieces of glass cut to the proper shape4 ,the tin coating of metal which adheres to the glass cools rapidly and adheres tenaciously4 ,outwardly these artificial gems appear rough and gray1 but inwardly they are highly reflective and quite deceptive when seen in artificial light4 ,if the reflective surfaces be coated with red1 blue1 or green aniline1 various colored effects can be obtained4 ,instead of fragile glass the gems may be produced by means of well-polished pieces of steel or bronze4 ,other ,tin-,lead ,alloys4--,percentage of lead and specific gravity4 ,p4 ,c4 ,s4 ,g4 #j #g4bij #a #g4caf #b #g4cdb #c #g4cfi #d #g4cif #e #g4dbc #f #g4dej #g #g4dgg #h #g4eje #i #g4ecc #aj #g4efb #aa #g4eij #ab #g4fai #ac #g4fdh #ad #g4fgg #ae #g4gjf #af #g4gce #ag #g4gfd #ah #g4gid #ai #g4hbd #bj #g4hed #ba #g4hhe #bb #g4iaf #bc #g4idg #bd #g4igh #be #h4jji #bf #h4jda #bg #h4jgc #bh #h4aje #bi #h4acg #cj #h4afi #ca #h4bjb #cb #h4bce #cc #h4bfh #cd #h4cjb #ce #h4ccf #cf #h4cgi #cg #h4dje #ch #h4ddj #ci #h4dgf #dj #h4eab #da #h4edh #db #h4ehd #dc #h4fba #dd #h4feh #de #h4fie #df #h4gcb #dg #h4ggj #dh #h4hjh #di #h4hdf #ej #h4hhd #fj #i4bii #gj #i4gcf #hj #aj4bbe #ij #aj4gfg #ajj #aa4cgj ,tin ,statuettes1 ,buttons1 etc4-- ,i4--,tin #d parts ,lead #c parts ,this is a very soft solder which sharply reproduces all details4 ,another easily fusible alloy but somewhat harder1 is the following3 ,,ii4--,tin4 #h parts ,lead #f parts ,antimony #j4e part ,miscellaneous ,tin ,alloys4--,i4--,alger ,metal4--,tin1 #ij parts2 antimony1 #aj parts4 ,this alloy is suitable as a protector4 ,,ii4 ,argentine ,metal4--,tin1 #he4e per cent2 antimony1 #ad4e per cent4 ,,iii4--,ashberry metal is composed of #gh to #hb parts of tin1 #af to #bj of antimony1 #b to #c of copper4 ,,iv4 ,quen's ,metal4--,tin1 #i parts2 lead1 #a part2 antimony1 #a part2 bismuth1 #a part4 ,type ,metal4--,an alloy which is to serve for type metal must be readily cast1 fill out the molds sharply1 and be as hard as possible4 ,it is difficult to satisfy all these requirements1 but an alloy of antimony and lead answers the purpose best4 ,at the present day there are a great many formulas for type metal in which other metals besides lead and antimony are used1 either to make the alloy more readily fusible1 as in the case of additions of bismuth1 or to give it greater power of resistance1 the latter being of especial importance for types that are subjected to constant use4 ,copper and iron have been recommended for this purpose1 but the fusibility of the alloys is greatly impaired by these1 and the manufacture of the types is consequently more difficult than with an alloy of lead and antimony alone4 ,in the following table some alloys suitable for casting type are given3 ,lead ,antimony ,copper ,bismuth ,zinc ,tin ,nickel ,i #c #a -- -- -- -- -- ,,ii #e #a -- -- -- -- -- ,,iii #aj #a -- -- -- -- -- ,,iv #aj #b -- #a -- -- -- ,v #gj #ah #b -- -- #aj -- ,,vi #fj #bj -- -- -- #bj -- ,,vii #ee #be -- -- -- #bj -- ,,viii #ee #cj -- -- -- #ae -- ,,ix #ajj #cj #h #b -- #bj #h ,x #f -- #d -- #ij -- -- ,the ,french and ,english types contain a certain amount of tin1 as shown by the following analyses3 ,english ,types ,french ,types ,i ,,ii ,,iii ,lead #fi4b #fa4c #ee4j #ee ,antimony #ai4e #ah4h #bb4g #cj ,tin #i4a #bj4b #bb4a #ae ,copper #a4g -- -- -- ,ledebur gives the composition of type metal as follows3 ,i ,,ii ,,iii ,,iv ,lead #ge #fj #hj #hb ,antimony #bc #be #bj #ad4h ,tin #bb #ae -- #c4b ,,watchmakers' ,,alloys3 ,see ,watchmakers' ,formulas4 ,,white ,,metals4 ,the so-called white metals are employed almost exclusively for bearings4 7,see ,anti-friction ,metals under ,alloys47 ,in the technology of mechanics an accurate distinction is made between the different kinds of metals for bearings2 and they may be classed in two groups1 red brass and white metal4 ,the #gi red-brass bearings are characterized by great hardness and power of resistance1 and are principally used for bearings of heavily loaded and rapidly revolving axles4 ,for the axles of large and heavy flywheels1 revolving at great speed1 bearings of red brass are preferable to white metal1 though more expensive4 ,in recent years many machinists have found it advantageous to substitute for the soft alloys generally in use for bearings a metal almost as hard as the axle itself4 ,phosphor bronze 7q4 v47 is frequently employed for this purpose1 as it can easily be made as hard as wrought or cast steel4 ,in this case the metal is used in a thin layer1 and serves only1 as it were1 to fill out the small interstices caused by wear on the axle and bearing1 the latter being usually made of some rather easily fusible alloy of lead and tin4 ,such bearings are very durable1 but expensive1 and can only be used for large machines4 ,for small machines1 running gently and uniformly1 white-metal bearings are preferred1 and do excellent work1 if the axle is not too heavily loaded4 ,for axles which have a high rate of revolution1 bearings made of quite hard metals are chosen1 and with proper care--which1 indeed1 must be given to bearings of any material--they will last for a long time without needing repair4 ,,white ,,metal ,,for ,,bearing4 ,tin ,antimony ,zinc ,iron ,lead ,copper ,i ,german1 light loads #he4jj #aj4jj -- -- -- -- -- -- #e4jj ,,ii ,german1 light loads #hb4jj #aa4jj -- -- -- -- -- -- #g4jj ,,iii ,german1 light loads #hj4jj #ab4jj -- -- -- -- -- -- #h4jj ,,iv ,german1 light loads #gf4jj #ag4jj -- -- -- -- -- -- #g4jj ,v ,german1 light loads #c4jj #a4jj #e4jj -- -- #c4jj #a4jj ,,vi ,german1 heavy loads #ij4jj #h4jj -- -- -- -- -- -- #b4jj ,,vii ,german1 heavy loads #hf4ha #g4fb -- -- -- -- -- -- #e4eg ,,viii ,english1 heavy loads #ag4dg -- -- #gf4ad -- -- -- -- #e4fb ,,ix ,english1 medium loads #gf4gj #ae4ej -- -- -- -- -- -- #g4hj ,x ,english1 medium loads #gb4jj #bf4jj -- -- -- -- -- -- #b4jj ,,xi ,for mills #ae4jj -- -- #dj4jj -- -- #db4jj #c4jj ,,xii ,for mills -- -- #a4jj #e4jj -- -- #e4jj -- -- ,,xiii ,for mills -- -- #a4jj #aj4jj -- -- #b4jj -- -- ,,xiv ,heavy axles #gb4gj #ah4bj -- -- -- -- -- -- #i4aj ,,xv ,heavy axles #ch4jj #f4jj #dg4jj -- -- #d4jj #a4jj ,,xvi ,rapidly revolving axles #ag4jj #gg4jj -- -- -- -- -- -- #f4jj ,,xvii ,very hard metal #ee4jj -- -- -- -- #gj4jj -- -- #b4ej ,,xviii ,very hard metal #ab4jj #hb4jj #b4jj -- -- -- -- #d4jj ,,xix ,cheap metal #b4jj #b4jj #hh4jj -- -- -- -- #h4jj ,,xx ,cheap metal #a4ej #a4ej #ij4jj -- -- -- -- #g4jj ,other white bearing metals are3 ,,xxi4--,tin1 #h4e2 antimony1 #aj2 copper1 #e parts4 ,,xxii4--,tin1 #db2 antimony1 #af2 lead1 #db parts4 ,,xxiii4--,tin1 #gb2 antimony1 #bf2 copper1 #b parts4 ,,xxiv4--,tin1 #ha2 antimony1 #ab4e2 copper1 #f4e parts4 ,white ,metals ,based on ,copper4-- ,i4--,copper1 #fe parts2 arsenic1 #ee parts4 ,,ii4--,copper1 #fd parts2 arsenic1 #ej parts4 ,,iii4--,copper1 #aj parts2 zinc1 #bj parts2 nickel1 #cj parts4 ,,iv4--,nickel1 #gj parts2 copper1 #cj parts2 zinc1 #bj parts4 ,v4--,nickel1 #fj parts2 copper1 #cj parts2 zinc1 #cj parts4 ,,vi4--,copper1 #h parts2 nickel1 #d parts2 zinc1 #d parts4 ,,vii4--,copper1 #aj parts2 nickel1 #e parts2 zinc1 #e parts4 ,,viii4--,copper1 #h parts2 nickel1 #c parts2 zinc1 #d parts4 ,,ix4--,copper1 #ej parts2 nickel1 #be parts2 zinc1 #be parts4 ,x4--,copper1 #ee parts2 nickel1 #bd parts2 zinc1 #ba parts4 ,,xi4--,copper1 #ee parts2 nickel1 #bd parts2 zinc1 #af parts2 iron1 #b parts2 tin1 #c parts4 ,,ix1 ,x1 and ,,xi are suitable for tableware4 ,,xii4--,copper1 #fg parts1 and arsenic1 #ec parts4 ,,xiii4--,copper1 #fc parts1 and arsenic1 #eg parts4 ,,xii and ,,xiii are bright gray1 unaffected by the temperature of boiling water2 they are fusible at red heat4 ,white ,metals ,based on ,platinum4-- ,i4--,platinum1 #a part2 copper1 #d parts2 or platinum1 #a #a_/b parts2 copper1 #c #a_/b parts4 ,,ii4--,platinum1 #aj parts2 tin1 #ij parts2 or platinum1 #h parts2 tin1 #ib parts4 ,,iii4--,platinum1 #g parts2 copper1 #ac parts2 tin1 #hj parts4 ,,iv4--,platinum1 #b parts2 steel1 #ih parts4 ,v4--,platinum1 #b4e parts2 steel1 #ig4e parts4 ,,iv and ,v are for gun metal4 ,miscellaneous ,white-,metal ,alloys4-- ,i4--,for lining cross-head slides3 ,lead1 #fe parts2 antimony1 #be parts2 copper1 #aj parts4 ,some object to white metal containing lead or zinc4 ,it has been found1 however1 that lead and zinc have properties of great use in these alloys4 ,,ii4--,tin1 #he parts2 antimony1 #g #a_/b parts2 copper1 #g #a_/b parts4 ,,iii4--,tin1 #ij parts2 copper1 #c parts2 antimony1 #g parts4 #hj ,,zinc ,,alloys3 ,bidery ,metal4--,this is sometimes composed of #ca parts of zinc1 #b parts of copper1 and #b parts of lead2 the whole is melted on a layer of rosin or wax to avoid oxidation4 ,this metal is very resistive2 it does not oxidize in air or moisture4 ,it takes its name from the town of ,bider1 near ,hyderabad 7,india71 where it was prepared for the first time industrially for the manufacture of different utensils4 ,other compositions of ,indian ,bidery metal 7frequently imitated in ,england7 are about as follows3 ,p4,c4 ,p4,c4 ,p4,c4 ,copper #c4e #aa4d #af ,zinc #ic4d #hd4c #aab ,tin -- #a4d #b ,lead #c4a #b4i #d ,erhardt recommends the following as being both ductile and hard3 ,zinc #hi to #ic ,tin #i to #f ,lead #b to #d ,copper #b to #d ,the tin is first melted1 and the lead1 zinc1 and copper added successively4 ,zinc-,nickel4--,zinc1 #ij parts2 nickel1 #aj parts4 ,used in powder form for painting and cloth printing purposes4 ,platine for ,dress ,buttons4--,copper1 #dc parts2 zinc1 #eg parts4 ,,unclassified ,,alloys3 ,alloys for ,drawing ,colors on ,steel4--,alloys of various composition are successfully used for drawing colors on steel4 ,to draw to a straw color use #b parts of lead and #a part of tin1 and melt in an iron ladle4 ,hold the steel piece to be drawn in the alloy as it melts and it will turn to straw color4 ,this mixture melts at a temperature of about #dcg ,f4 ,for darker yellow use #i parts of lead to #d parts of tin1 which melts at #deh ,f4 ,for purple1 use #c parts of lead to #a part of tin1 the melting temperature being #dhb ,f4 ,for violet1 use #i parts of lead to #b parts of tin1 which melts at #did ,f4 ,lead without any alloy will draw steel to a dark blue4 ,the above apply to steel only since iron requires a somewhat greater heat and is more or less uncertain in handling4 ,alloy for ,pattern ,letters and ,figures4--,a good alloy for casting pattern letters and figures and similar small parts of brass1 iron1 or plaster molds1 is made of lead #hj parts1 and antimony #bj parts4 ,a better alloy will be lead #gj parts1 antimony and bismuth each #ae parts4 ,to insure perfect work the molds should be quite hot by placing them over a ,bunsen burner4 ,alloy for ,caliper and ,gage-,rod ,castings4--,a mixture of #cj parts zinc to #gj parts aluminum gives a light and durable alloy for gage rods and caliper legs2 the gage rods must be steel tipped1 for the alloy is soft and wears away too rapidly for gage points4 ,alloys for ,small ,casting ,molds4--,tin1 #ge parts1 and lead1 #bb parts2 or #ge parts of zinc and #be parts of tin2 or #cj parts of tin and #gj parts of lead2 or #fj parts of lead and #dj parts of bismuth4 ,,alloys ,,for ,,metal ,,foil3 ,see ,metal ,foil4 ,,almond ,,cold ,,cream3 ,see ,cosmetics4 ,,almond ,,liqueurs3 ,see ,wines and ,liquors4 ,,altars1 ,,to ,,clean3 ,see ,cleaning ,preparations and ,methods4 ,,alum3 ,burnt ,alum4--,i4--,heat the alum in a porcelain dish or other suitable vessel till it liquefies1 then raise and continue the heat1 not allowing it to exceed #djj1 till aqueous vapor ceases to be disengaged1 and the salt has lost #dg per cent of its weight4 ,reduce the residue to powder1 and preserve it in a well-stoppered bottle4--,cooley4 ,,ii4--,heat ordinary alum 7alumina alum7 with constant stirring in an iron pan in which it will first melt quietly1 and then commence to form blisters4 ,continue heating until a dry white mass of a loose character remains1 which is powdered and kept in well-closed glasses4 ,,alum ,,bath3 ,see ,photography4 ,aluminum and its ,treatment ,,how ,,to ,,color ,,aluminum3 ,blanching of ,aluminum4--,aluminum is one of the metals most inalterable by air2 nevertheless1 the objects of aluminum tarnish quickly enough without being #ha altered4 ,they may be restored to their mat whiteness in the following manner3 ,immerse the aluminum articles in a boiling bath of caustic potash2 next plunge them quickly into nitric acid1 rinse and let dry4 ,it must be understood that this method is applicable only to pieces entirely of aluminum4 ,decolorized ,aluminum4--,gray or unsightly aluminum may be restored to its white color by washing with a mixture of #cj parts of borax dissolved in #a1jjj parts of water1 with a few drops of ammonia added4 ,mat ,aluminum4--,in order to impart to aluminum the appearance of mat silver1 plunge the article into a hot bath composed of a #aj-per-cent solution of caustic soda saturated with kitchen salt4 ,leave it in the bath for #ae to #bj seconds1 then wash and brush2 put back into the bath for half a minute1 wash anew and dry in sawdust4 ,to ,blacken ,aluminum4--,i4--,the surface of the sheet to be colored is polished with very fine emery powder or finest emery cloth4 ,after polishing pour a thin layer of olive oil over the surface and heat slowly over an alcohol flame4 ,large sheets must1 of course1 be heated in the drying oven4 ,after a short while pour on oil again1 in order to obtain absolute uniformity of the coating1 and heat the plate once more4 ,under the action of the heat the plate turns first brown1 then black1 according to the degrees of heat4 ,when the desired coloration has been attained1 the plate is polished over again1 after cooling1 with a woolen rag or soft leather4 ,,ii4--,white arsenic #a ounce ,sulphate of iron #a ounce ,hydrochloric acid #ab ounces ,water #ab ounces ,when the arsenic and iron are dissolved by the acid add the water4 ,the aluminum to be blackened should be well cleaned with fine emery powder and washed before immersing in the blackening solution4 ,when the deposit of black is deep enough dry off with fine sawdust and lacquer4 ,decorating ,aluminum4--,a process for decorating aluminum1 patented in ,germany1 prescribes that the objects be first corroded1 which is usually done with caustic soda lye1 or1 better still1 by a new method which consists in heating #c parts of sulphuric acid with #a part of water to #adj to #aeh ,f41 in an enameled vessel4 ,into this liquid dip the aluminum articles1 rinsing them off clean and then drying them well4 ,the corroded articles are now placed in a bath consisting of #a1jjj parts of alcohol 7#ij per cent71 #a4ej parts of antimony1 #bej parts of chemically pure hydrochloric acid1 #ajj parts of manganous nitrate1 and #bj parts of purified and finely elutriated graphite4 ,in this bath1 which is heated to #hf-ie ,f41 the objects are left until fumes develop around them1 which takes place in a few seconds4 ,now they are put over a coal fire or similar arrangement until the alcohol is burned up and there is no more smoke4 ,after they are somewhat cooled off1 they are laid into cold water and worked with a brush1 then rinsed with water and well dried4 ,the pieces are now provided with a gray metallic coating1 consisting mainly of antimony1 manganese1 and graphite4 ,this metallic layer renders them capable of receiving a lacquer which is best prepared from #a1jjj parts of alcohol 7#ij per cent71 #ej parts of sandarac1 #ajj parts of shellac1 and #ajj parts of nigrosine 7black aniline color74 ,then the articles are quickly but thoroughly rinsed off1 dried in warmed air for a few minutes1 and baked in ovens or over a moderate coal fire until they do not smoke any more and no more gloss can be seen4 ,finally they are rubbed with a cotton rag saturated with thin linseed-oil varnish1 and the objects thus treated now appear dull black1 like velvet4 ,the covering withstands all action of the weather1 so that cooking vessels coated with this varnish on the outside can be placed on the fire without injury to the coating4 ,if the articles are engraved1 the aluminum appears almost glossy white under the black layer at the engraved places4 ,when the pieces have been provided with the gray metallic coating1 colored lacquer may also be applied with the brush4 ,in this manner paintings1 etc41 may be done on aluminum1 while not possible on unprepared aluminum surfaces1 which will not retain them4 ,making ,castings in ,aluminum4--,the method adopted in preparing molds and cores for aluminum work is necessarily somewhat the same as for brass1 but there are particular points which need attention to insure successful work4 ,both in the sand and the making of the molds there are some small differences which make considerable variation in the results1 and the temperature at which the metal is poured is a consideration of some importance4 ,in selecting the sand1 which should #hb not have been previously used1 that of a fine grain should be chosen1 but it should not have any excess of aluminous matter1 or it will not permit of the free escape of gases and air1 this being an important matter4 ,besides this1 the sand must be used as dry as possible consistent with its holding against the flow of the metal1 and having only moderate compression in ramming4 ,in making the molds it is necessary to remember that aluminum has a large contraction in cooling1 and also that at certain temperatures it is very weak and tears readily1 while all metals shrink away from the mold when this is wholly outside the casting1 but they shrink on to cores or portions of the mold partly inclosed by metal4 ,thus1 if casting a plate or bar of metal1 it will shrink away from the mold in all directions2 but if casting a square frame1 it shrinks away from the outside only1 while it shrinks on to the central part or core4 ,with brass1 or iron1 or such metals1 this is not of much importance1 but with some others1 including aluminum1 it is of great importance1 because if the core or inclosed sand will not give somewhat with the contraction of the metal1 torn or fractured castings will be the result4 ,both for outside and inside molds1 and with cores used with aluminum1 the sand should be compressed as little as possible1 and hard ramming must in every case be avoided1 particularly where the metal surrounds the sand4 ,the molds must be very freely vented1 and not only at the joint of the mold1 but by using the vent wire freely through the body of the mold itself2 in fact1 for brass the venting would be considered excessive4 ,with aluminum it is1 however1 necessary to get the air off as rapidly as possible1 because the metal soon gets sluggish in the mold1 and unless it runs up quickly it runs faint at the edges4 ,the ingates should be wide and of fair area1 but need careful making to prevent their drawing where they enter the casting1 the method of doing this being known to most molders4 ,if it is considered desirable to use a specially made-up facing sand for the molds where the metal is of some thickness1 the use of a little pea or bean meal will be all that is necessary4 ,to use this1 first dry as much sand as may be required and pass through a #bj-mesh sieve1 and to each bushel of the fine sand rub in about #d quarts of meal1 afterwards again passing through the sieve to insure regular mixing4 ,this sand should then be damped as required1 being careful that all parts are equally moist1 rubbing on a board being a good way to get it tough1 and in good condition1 with the minimum of moisture4 ,the molds should not be sleeked with tools1 but they may be dusted over with plumbago or steatite1 smoothing with a camel's-hair brush1 in cases in which a very smooth face is required on the castings4 ,preferably1 however1 the use of the brush even should be avoided4 ,patterns for aluminum should be kept smooth and well varnished4 ,in melting the metal it is necessary to use a plumbago crucible which is clean and which has not been used for other metals4 ,clay or silica crucibles are not good for this metal1 especially silica1 on account of the metal absorbing silicon and becoming hard under some conditions of melting4 ,a steady fire is necessary1 and the fuel should reach only about halfway up the crucible1 as it is not desirable to overheat the crucible or metal4 ,the metal absorbs heat for some time and then fuses with some rapidity1 hence the desirability of a steady heat2 and as the metal should be poured when of a claret color under the film of oxide which forms on the surface1 too rapid a heating is not advisable4 ,the molding should always be well in advance of the pouring1 because the metal should be used as soon as it is ready2 for not only is waste caused1 but the metal loses condition if kept in a molten state for long periods4 ,the metal should be poured rapidly1 but steadily1 and when cast up there should not be a large head of metal left on top of the runner4 ,in fact1 it is rather a disadvantage to leave a large head1 as this tends to draw rather than to feed the casting4 ,with properly prepared molds1 and careful melting1 fluxes are not required1 but ground cryolite--a fluoride of sodium and aluminum--is sometimes used to increase the fluidity of the metal4 ,in using this1 a few ounces according to the bulk of metal to be treated is put into the molten metal before it is taken from the furnace1 and well stirred in1 and as soon as the reaction apparently ceases the pot is lifted and the metal at once skimmed and poured4 ,the use of sodium in any form with aluminum is very undesirable1 however1 and should be avoided1 and the same remark applies to tin1 but there is no objection to alloying with zinc1 when the metal thus produced is sold as an alloy4 ,aluminum also casts very well in molds of plaster of ,paris and crushed bath brick when such molds are perfectly dry #hc and well vented1 smoothness being secured by brushing over with dry steatite or plumbago4 ,when casting in metal molds1 these should be well brushed out with steatite or plumbago1 and made fairly hot before pouring1 as in cold molds the metal curdles and becomes sluggish1 with the result that the castings run up faint4 ,to ,increase the ,toughness1 ,density1 and ,tenacity of ,aluminum4--,for the purpose of improving aluminum1 without increasing its specific gravity1 the aluminum is mixed with #d to #g per cent of phosphorus1 whereby the density1 tenacity1 and especially the toughness are said to be enhanced4 ,,working ,,of ,,sheet ,,aluminum3 ,the great secret1 if there is any1 in working aluminum1 either pure or alloyed1 consists in the proper lubricant and the shape of the tool4 ,another great disadvantage in the proper working of the metal is that1 when a manufacturer desires to make up an article1 he will procure the pure metal in order to make his samples1 which1 of course1 is harder to work than the alloy4 ,but the different grades of aluminum sheet which are on the market are so numerous for different classes of work that it might be advisable to consider them for a moment before passing to the method of working them4 ,the pure metal1 to begin with1 can be purchased of all degrees of hardness1 from the annealed1 or what is known as the 8dead soft0 stock1 to the pure aluminum hard rolled4 ,then comes a harder grade of alloys1 running from 8dead soft0 metal1 which will draw up hard1 to the same metal hard rolled2 and1 still again1 another set of alloys which1 perhaps1 are a little harder still when hard rolled1 and will1 when starting with the 8dead soft10 spin up into a utensil which1 when finished1 will probably be as stiff as brass4 ,these latter alloys are finding a large sale for replacing brass used in all classes of manufactured articles4 ,to start with lathe work on aluminum1 probably more difficulty has been found here1 especially in working pure metal1 and more complaints are heard from this source than from any other4 ,as stated before1 however1 these difficulties can all be readily overcome1 if the proper tools and the proper lubricants are used1 as automatic screw machines are now made so that they can be operated when working aluminum just as readily as when they are working brass1 and in some cases more readily4 ,to start with the question of the tool1 this should be made as what is known as a 8shearing tool10 that is1 instead of a short1 stubby point1 such as would be used in turning brass1 the point should be lengthened out and a lot of clearance provided on the inside of the tool1 so as to give the chips of the metal a good chance to free themselves and not cause a clogging around the point of the tool--a similar tool1 for instance1 to what would be used for turning wood4 ,the best lubricant to be used would be coal oil or water1 and plenty of it4 ,the latter is almost as good as coal oil if enough of it is used1 and with either of these lubricants and a tool properly made1 there should be no difficulty whatsoever in the rapid working of aluminum1 either on the lathe or on automatic screw machines4 ,to go from the lathe to the drawing press1 the same tools here would be used in drawing up shapes of aluminum as are used for drawing up brass or other metals2 the only precaution necessary in this instance being to use a proper lubricant1 which in this case is a cheap grade of vaseline1 or in some cases lard oil1 but in the majority of instances better results will be secured by the use of vaseline4 ,aluminum is probably susceptible of deeper drawing with less occasion to anneal than any of the other commercial metals4 ,it requires but one-third or one-fourth of as much annealing as brass or copper4 ,for instance1 an article which is now manufactured in brass1 requiring1 say1 three or four operations before the article is finished1 would probably have to be annealed after every operation4 ,with aluminum1 however1 if the proper grade is used1 it is generally possible to perform these three operations without annealing the metal at all1 and at the same time to produce a finished article which1 to all intents and purposes1 is as stiff as an article made of sheet brass4 ,too much stress cannot be laid on the fact of starting with the proper grade of metal1 for either through ignorance or by not observing this point is the foundation of the majority of the complaints that aluminum 8has been tried and found wanting40 ,if1 however1 it should be found necessary to anneal aluminum1 this can be readily accomplished by heating it in an ordinary muffle1 being careful that the temperature shall not be too high--about #fej or #gjj ,f4 ,the best test as to when the metal has reached the proper temperature is to take a soft pine stick and draw it across the #hd metal4 ,if it chars the stick and leaves a black mark on the metal1 it is sufficiently annealed and is in a proper condition to proceed with further operation4 ,next taking up the question of spinning aluminum1 success again depends particularly on starting with the proper metal4 ,the most satisfactory speed for articles from #e to #h inches in diameter is about #b1fjj revolutions a minute1 and for larger or smaller diameters the speed should be so regulated as to give the same velocity at the circumference4 ,aluminum is a very easy metal to spin and no difficulty should be found at all in spinning the proper grades of sheets4 ,several factories that are using large quantities of aluminum now1 both for spinning and stamping1 are paying their men by the piece the same amount that they formerly paid on brass and tin work1 and it is stated that the men working on this basis make anywhere from #aj to #bj per cent more wages by working aluminum4 ,after aluminum has been manufactured into the shape of an article1 the next process is the finishing of it4 ,the best polish can be obtained by first cutting down the metal with an ordinary rag buff on which use tripoli1 and then finish it with a dry red rouge which comes in the lump form1 or that which is known as 8,white ,diamond ,rouge40 ,one point1 however1 that it is necessary to observe carefully is that both the tripoli and the rouge should be procured ground as fine as it is possible to grind them2 for1 if this is not done1 the metal will have little fine scratches all over it1 and will not appear as bright and as handsome as it otherwise would4 ,if it is desired to put on a frosted appearance1 this can either be done by scratch brushing or sand blasting4 ,a brass wire scratch brush1 made of crimped wire of ,no4 #cb to ,no4 #cf ,b4 ,s4 gage1 with three or four rows of bristles1 will probably give the best results4 ,this work of scratch brushing can be somewhat lessened1 however1 if1 before applying the scratch brush to the surface of the aluminum1 the article is first cut down by the use of a porpoise-hide wheel and fine ,connecticut sand1 placing the sand between the surface of the aluminum and the wheel1 so that the skin and the irregularities on the surface are removed1 and then putting the article on a buffing wheel before attempting to scratch brush it4 ,this method1 however1 is probably more advantageous in the treating of aluminum castings than for articles manufactured out of the sheet metal1 as in the majority of cases it is simply necessary before scratch brushing to cut down the article with tripoli1 and then polish it with rouge as already described1 before putting on the scratch brush2 in this way the brush seems to take hold quicker and better1 and to produce a more uniform polish4 ,an effect similar to the scratch-brush finish can be got by sand blasting1 and by first sand blasting and then scratch brushing the sheets1 a good finish is obtained with very much less labor than by scratch brushing alone4 ,another very pretty frosted effect is procured by first sand blasting and then treated as hereinafter described by 8dipping0 and 8frosting10 and many variations in the finish of aluminum can be got by varying the treatment1 either by cutting down with tripoli and polishing1 scratch brushing1 sand blasting1 dipping1 and frosting1 and by combinations of those treatments4 ,a very pretty mottled effect is secured on aluminum by first polishing and then scratch brushing and then holding the aluminum against a soft pine wheel1 run at a high rate of speed on a lathe1 and by careful manipulation1 quite regular forms of a mottled appearance can be obtained4 ,the dipping and frosting of aluminum sheet is probably the cheapest way of producing a nice finish4 ,first remove all grease and dirt from the article by dipping in benzine1 then dip into water in order that the benzine adhering to the article may be removed1 so as not to affect the strength of the solution into which it is next dipped4 ,after they have been taken out of the water and well shaken1 the articles should be plunged in a strong solution of caustic soda or caustic potash1 and left there a sufficient length of time until the aluminum starts to turn black4 ,then they should be removed1 dipped in water again1 and then into a solution of concentrated nitric and sulphuric acid1 composed of #bd parts of nitric acid to #a part of sulphuric acid4 ,after being removed1 the article should be washed thoroughly in water and dried in hot sawdust in the usual way4 ,this finish can also be varied somewhat by making the solution of caustic soda of varying degrees of strength1 or by adding a small amount of common salt to the solution4 ,in burnishing the metal use a bloodstone or a steel burnisher4 ,in burnishing use a mixture of melted vaseline and coal oil1 or a solution composed of #b tablespoonfuls of ground borax dissolved in about a quart of hot water1 with a few #he drops of ammonia added4 ,in engraving1 which adds materially to the appearance of finished castings1 book covers1 picture frames1 and similar articles made of sheet1 probably the best lubricant to use on an engraver's tool in order to obtain a clean cut1 which is bright1 is naphtha or coal oil1 or a mixture of coal oil and vaseline4 ,the naphtha1 however1 is preferred1 owing to the fact that it does not destroy the satin finish in the neighborhood of the cut1 as the other lubricants are very apt to do4 ,there is1 however1 as much skill required in using and making a tool in order to give a bright1 clean cut as there is in the choice of the lubricant to be used4 ,the tool should be made somewhat on the same plan as the lathe tools already outlined4 ,that is1 they should be brought to a sharp point and be 8cut back0 rather far1 so as to give plenty of clearance4 ,there has been one class of work in aluminum that has been developed lately and only to a certain extent1 in which there are great possibilities1 and that is in drop forging the metal4 ,some very superior bicycle parts have been manufactured by drop forging4 ,this can be accomplished probably more readily with aluminum than with other metals1 for the reason that it is not necessary with all the alloys to work them hot2 consequently1 they can be worked and handled more rapidly4 ,,aluminum1 ,,to ,,clean3 ,see ,cleaning ,preparations and ,methods4 ,,aluminum ,,alloys3 ,see ,alloys4 ,,aluminum ,,bronze3 ,see ,alloys under ,bronzes4 ,,aluminum ,,castings3 ,see ,casting4 ,,aluminum ,,paper3 ,see ,paper4 ,,aluminum ,,plating3 ,see ,plating4 ,,aluminum ,,polishes3 ,see ,polishes4 ,amalgams ,see also ,easily ,fusible ,alloys under ,alloys4 ,the name amalgam is given to alloys of metals containing mercury4 ,the term comes to us from the alchemists4 ,it signifies softening1 because an excess of mercury dissolves a large number of metals4 ,preparation of ,amalgams4--,mercury forms amalgams with most metals4 ,it unites directly and readily1 either cold or hot1 with potassium1 sodium1 barium1 strontium1 calcium1 magnesium1 zinc1 cadmium1 tin1 antimony1 lead1 bismuth1 silver1 and gold2 directly1 but more difficultly1 with aluminum1 copper1 and palladium4 ,this combination takes place oftenest at the ordinary temperature2 certain metals1 however1 like aluminum and antimony1 combine only when heated in presence of quicksilver4 ,quicksilver has no direct action on metals of high fusing points3 manganese1 iron1 nickel1 cobalt1 uranium1 platinum1 and their congeners4 ,still1 amalgams of these metals can be obtained of butyrous consistency1 either by electrolysis of their saline solutions1 employing quicksilver as the negative electrode1 or by the action of an alkaline amalgam 7potassium or sodium71 on their concentrated and neutral saline solutions4 ,these same refractory metals are also amalgamated superficially when immersed in the amalgam of sodium or of ammonium in presence of water4 ,processes for preparing amalgams by double decomposition between an alkaline amalgam and a metallic salt1 or by electrolysis of saline solutions1 with employment of mercury as the negative electrode1 apply a fortiori to metals capable of combining directly with the quicksilver4 ,the latter of these methods is especially utilized for the preparation of alkaline earthy metals by electrolytic decomposition of the solutions of their salts or hydrated oxides with quicksilver as a cathode4 ,general ,properties of ,amalgams4--,amalgams are liquid when the quicksilver is in great excess2 solid1 but readily fusible1 when the alloyed metal predominates4 ,they have a metallic luster1 and a metallic structure which renders them brittle4 ,they even form crystallized metallic combinations of constant proportions1 dissolved in an excess of quicksilver1 when the excess is separated by compression in a chamois skin1 or by filtration in a glass funnel of slender stem1 terminating with an orifice almost capillary4 ,according as the fusing heat of a metal is less or greater than its combination heat with quicksilver1 the amalgamation of this metal produces an elevation or a lowering of temperature4 ,thus #hf potassium1 sodium1 and cadmium1 in alloy with quicksilver1 disengage heat2 while zinc1 antimony1 tin1 bismuth1 lead1 and silver combine with mercury with absorption of heat4 ,the amalgamation of #afb parts of quicksilver with #ba parts of lead1 #ab parts of tin or of antimony1 and #bh4e parts of bismuth1 lowers the temperature of the mixture #gi ,f4 ,amalgams formed with disengagement of heat are electro-negative with reference to the metals alloyed with the quicksilver4 ,the products with absorption of heat are electro-negative with reference to the metals combined with the quicksilver2 consequently1 in a battery of elements of pure cadmium and amalgamated cadmium1 the cadmium will be the negative pole2 in case of zinc and amalgamated zinc1 the zinc will be the positive pole4 ,heat decomposes all amalgams1 vaporizing the mercury and leaving the metal alloys as a residue4 ,water is decomposed by the amalgams of potassium and sodium1 because the heat of formation of these amalgams1 although considerable1 is even less than the heat disengaged by potassium and sodium1 on decomposing water4 ,the alkaline amalgams may1 therefore1 serve as a source of nascent hydrogen in presence of water1 giving rise to an action less energetic1 and often more advantageous1 than that of the alkaline metals alone4 ,thus is caused the frequent employment of sodium amalgam for hydrogenizing a large number of bodies4 ,as a consequence of their action on water1 the alkaline amalgams are changed by moist air1 with production of free alkali or alkaline carbonate4 ,applications of ,potassium ,amalgams4--,i4--,they furnish a process for preparing potassium by the decomposition of potash by the electric current1 by employing quicksilver as the cathode1 and vaporizing the quicksilver of the amalgam formed by heating this in a current of dry hydrogen4 ,,ii4--,they can serve for the preparation of the amalgams of the metals1 other than those of the alkaline group1 by decomposing the salts of these metals1 with formation of a salt of potash and of the amalgam of the metal corresponding to the original salt4 ,,iii4--,they can be employed as a source of nascent hydrogen in presence of water for hydrogenizing many substances4 ,applications of ,sodium ,amalgams4--,these are nearly the same as those of the potassium amalgams1 but the sodium amalgams are employed almost exclusively1 because sodium is easier to handle than potassium1 and is cheaper4 ,these employments are the following3 ,i4--,sodium amalgam furnishes a process for the preparation of sodium when soda is decomposed by means of the electric current1 employing quicksilver as the cathode1 and afterwards vaporizing the quicksilver of the amalgam formed by heating this in a current of dry hydrogen4 ,,ii4--,amalgams of sodium serve for the preparation of amalgams of the other metals1 particularly alkaline earthy metals and metals of high fusing points1 by decomposing the salts of these metals1 with formation of a salt of soda and of the amalgam of the metal corresponding to the original salt4 ,,iii4--,they serve for amalgamating superficially the metals of high fusing point1 called 8refractory10 such as iron and platinum1 when a well-cleaned plate of these metals is immersed in sodium amalgam in presence of water4 ,,iv4--,an amalgam of #b or #c per cent of sodium is employed in the processes of extraction of gold by amalgamation4 ,it has the property of rendering quicksilver more brilliant1 and consequently more energetic1 by acting as a deoxidant on the pellicle of oxide formed on its surface in presence of certain ores1 which1 by keeping it separated from the particles of gold1 destroy its activity4 ,sodium amalgam of #c per cent is utilized with success for the amalgamated plates employed in crushers and other apparatus for treating the ores of gold4 ,if a few drops of this amalgam are spread on a plate of copper1 of tin1 or of zinc1 a brilliant coating of an amalgam of tin1 copper1 or zinc is immediately formed4 ,v4--,amalgams of from #b to #h per cent of sodium serve frequently in laboratories for reducing or hydrogenizing organic combinations1 without running the risk of a partial destruction of these compounds by too intense action1 as may occur by employing free sodium instead of its amalgam4 ,applications of ,barium ,amalgams4--,these can1 by distillation1 furnish barium4 ,it is one of the processes for preparing this metal1 which1 when thus obtained1 almost always retains a little sodium4 ,applications of ,strontium ,amalgams4--,these amalgams1 washed and dried rapidly immediately after their preparation1 and then heated to a nascent red #hg in a current of dry hydrogen1 yield a fused mass of strontium4 ,applications of ,cadmium ,amalgams4--,amalgams of cadmium1 formed of equal weights of cadmium and quicksilver1 have much power of cohesion and are quite malleable2 the case is the same with an amalgam formed of #a part of cadmium and #b parts of quicksilver4 ,they are used as dental cements for plugging teeth2 for the same purpose an amalgam of #b parts of quicksilver1 #a part of cadmium1 and #b parts of tin may be used4 ,applications of ,zinc ,amalgams4--,the principal employment of zinc amalgams is their use as a cathode or negative electrode in the batteries of ,munson1 ,daniels1 and ,lechanch4 ,this combination is designed to render the zinc non-attackable by the exciting liquid of the battery with open circuit4 ,the action of the mercury is to prevent the zinc from forming a large number of small voltaic elements when foreign bodies are mingled with the metal2 in a word1 the giving to ordinary zinc the properties of pure zinc1 and consequently of causing a great saving in expense4 ,for amalgamating a zinc plate it is plunged for a few seconds into water in which there is one-sixteenth in volume of sulphuric acid1 then rubbing with a copper-wire brush which has been dipped in the quicksilver4 ,the mercury takes more readily on the zinc when1 after the zinc has been cleaned with water sharpened with sulphuric acid1 it is moistened with a solution of corrosive sublimate1 which is reduced and furnishes a first very thin coat of amalgam1 on which the quicksilver is immediately fixed by simple immersion without rubbing4 ,the zinc of a battery may be amalgamated by putting at the bottom of the compartment containing each element1 a little quicksilver in such a way that the zinc touches the liquid4 ,the amalgamation is effected under the influence of the current1 but this process applies only on condition that the zinc alone touches the bottom of the vessel containing the quicksilver4 ,applications of ,manganese ,amalgams4--,these may serve for the preparation of manganese4 ,for this purpose it is sufficient to distill in a current of pure hydrogen4 ,the manganese remains in the form of a grayish powder4 ,applications of ,tin ,amalgams4--,i4--,tinning of glass4 ,this operation is accomplished in the following manner3 ,on a cast-iron table1 quite horizontal1 a sheet of tin of the dimensions of the glass is spread out and covered with a layer of quicksilver1 #e or #f millimeters in thickness4 ,the glass is made to slide on the sheet of tin in such a way as to drive off the excess of quicksilver2 when the two surfaces are covered without interposition of air1 weights are placed on the glass4 ,in a few days1 the glass may be removed1 having been covered with an adhering pellicle of amalgam of #d parts of tin and #a part of quicksilver4 7,see also ,mirrors47 ,,ii4--,an amalgam consisting of #b parts of zinc and #a part tin may be used for covering the cushions of frictional electric machines4 ,this amalgam is prepared by first melting the zinc and tin in a crucible and adding the quicksilver previously heated4 ,,iii4--,mention has been made of the cadmium amalgam employed for plugging teeth1 an amalgam of #b parts of quicksilver1 #b parts of tin1 and #a part of cadmium4 ,for the same purpose an amalgam of tin1 silver1 and gold is employed4 7,see also ,cements1 ,dental47 ,applications of ,copper ,amalgams4--,i4--,an amalgam of #cj per cent of copper has been employed for filling teeth4 ,this use has been abandoned on account of the inconvenience occasioned by the great changeableness of the product4 ,,ii4--,the amalgam of #cj per cent of copper1 designated by the name of 8metallic mastic10 is an excellent cement for repairing objects and utensils of porcelain4 ,for this employment1 the broken surfaces are heated to #ffb ,f41 and a little of the amalgam1 previously heated to the consistency of melted wax1 is applied4 ,,iii4--,copper amalgam1 of #cj to #de per cent of copper1 rendered plastic by heating and grinding1 may serve for obtaining with slight compression copies of delicate objects1 which may1 after hardening of the amalgam1 be reproduced1 either in wax or by galvanic process4 ,,iv4--,according to ,debray1 when a medal1 obtained with an amalgam of #de per cent of copper1 by compression in the soft state1 in molds of gutta percha1 is heated progressively to redness in an atmosphere of hydrogen1 the quicksilver is volatilized gradually1 and the particles of copper come together without fusion in such a way as to produce a faithful reproduction1 formed exclusively of metallic copper1 of the original medal4 ,v4--,in the metallurgy of gold1 the crushers are furnished with amalgamated plates of copper for retaining the gold4 ,the preparation of these plates1 #hh which are at least #j4abh inches in thickness1 is delicate1 requiring about two weeks4 ,they are freed from greasy matter by rubbing with ashes1 or1 better1 with a little sand and caustic soda1 or if more rapid action is desired1 with a cloth dipped in dilute nitric acid2 they are washed with water1 then with a solution of potassium cyanide1 and finally brushed with a mixture of sal ammoniac and a little quicksilver1 until the surface is completely amalgamated4 ,they are finally made to absorb as much quicksilver as possible4 ,but the plates thus treated are useful for only a few days when they are sufficiently covered with a layer of gold amalgam2 in the meantime they occasion loss of time and of gold4 ,so it is preferable to cover them artificially with a little gold amalgam1 which is prepared by dissolving gold in quicksilver4 ,sometimes the amalgam of gold is replaced by an amalgam of silver1 which is readily poured and more economical4 ,another method giving better results consists in silvering copper slabs by electroplating and covering them with a layer of silver4 ,then it is only necessary to apply a little quicksilver1 which adheres quite rapidly1 so that they are ready for use almost immediately1 and are quite active at the outset4 ,these amalgamation slabs ought to be cleaned before each operation4 ,potassium cyanide removes fatty matter1 and sal ammoniac the oxides of the low metals4 ,applications of ,lead ,amalgams4--,these meet with an interesting employment for the autogenous soldering of lead4 ,after the surfaces to be soldered have been well cleaned1 a layer of lead amalgam is applied4 ,it is afterwards sufficient to pass along the line of junction a soldering iron heated to redness1 in order that the heat should cause the volatilization of the quicksilver1 and that the lead1 liberated in a state of fine division1 should be melted and cause the adherence of the two surfaces4 ,the only precaution necessary is to avoid breathing the mercurial vapor1 which is quite poisonous4 ,applications of ,bismuth ,amalgams4--,the amalgam formed of #a per cent of bismuth and #d parts of quicksilver will cause the strong adherence of glass4 ,it is employed with advantage in the tinning of glass globes4 ,for this operation it is poured into a dry hot receiver1 and then passed over the whole surface of the glass2 it solidifies on cooling4 ,for the purpose of economizing the bismuth1 the price of which is high1 the preceding amalgam is replaced by another composed of #b parts of quicksilver1 #a part of bismuth1 #a part of lead1 and #a part of tin4 ,the bismuth1 broken into small fragments1 is added to the tin and lead1 previously melted in the crucible1 and when the mixture of the three metals becomes fluid1 the quicksilver is poured in1 while stirring with an iron rod4 ,the impurities floating on the surface are removed1 and when the temperature is sufficiently lowered this amalgam is slowly poured into the vessels to be tinned1 which have been previously well cleaned and slightly heated4 ,m4 ,ditte recommends for the same employment1 as a very strong adherent to the glass1 an amalgam obtained by dissolving hot #b parts of bismuth and #a part of lead in a solution of #a part of tin in #aj parts of quicksilver4 ,by causing a quantity of this amalgam to move around the inside of a receiver1 clean1 dry1 and slightly heated1 the surface will be covered with a thin1 brilliant layer1 which hardens quite rapidly4 ,for the injection of anatomical pieces an amalgam formed of #aj parts of quicksilver1 #ej parts of bismuth1 #ca parts of lead1 and #ah parts of tin1 fusible at #gg4e and solidifiable at #fj ,c41 is made use of2 or1 again1 an amalgam composed of #i parts of ,darcet alloy and #a part of quicksilver fusible at #abg #a_/b ,f41 and pasty at a still lower temperature4 ,this last amalgam may also be used for filling carious teeth4 ,the ,darcet alloy1 as known1 contains #b parts of bismuth1 #a part of lead1 and #a part of tin1 and melts at #aii #a_/b ,f4 ,the addition of #a part of quicksilver lowers the fusing point to #ajd ,f4 ,applications of ,silver ,amalgams4--,i4--,in the silvering of mirrors by the ,petitjean method1 which has almost universally replaced tinning1 the property of silver in readily amalgamating is taken advantage of1 by substituting the glass after silvering to the action of a dilute solution of double cyanide of mercury and potassium in such a manner as to form an amalgam of white and brilliant silver adhering strongly to the glass4 ,to facilitate the operation and utilize all the silver1 while economizing the double cyanide1 ,m4 ,lenoir has recommended the following3 ,sprinkle the glass at the time when it is covered with the mercurial solution with very fine zinc powder1 which precipitates the quicksilver and regulates the amalgamation4 ,,ii4--,the metallurgy of silver also takes advantage of the property of this #hi metal in combining cold with quicksilver2 this for the treatment of poor silver ores4 ,in the ,saxon or ,freiburg process for treating silver ores1 recourse is had to quicksilver in the case of amalgam in amalgamating casks1 in which the ore1 after grinding1 is shaken with disks of iron1 and with mercury and water4 ,the amalgam1 collected and filtered under strong pressure1 contains from #cj to #cc per cent of silver4 ,it is distilled either in cylindrical retorts of cast iron1 furnished with an exit tube immersed in the water for condensing the mercurial vapors1 or on plates of iron1 arranged over each other along a vertical iron stem1 supported by a tripod at the bottom of a tank filled with water1 and covered with an iron receiver1 which is itself surrounded with ignited charcoal4 ,it should be remarked that the last portions of quicksilver in a silver amalgam submitted to distillation are volatilized only under the action of a high and prolonged temperature4 ,applications of ,gold ,amalgams4--,i4--,gilding with quicksilver4 ,this process of gilding1 much employed formerly1 is now but little used4 ,it can be applied only to metals slightly fusible and capable of amalgamation1 like silver1 copper1 bronze1 and brass4 ,iron can also be gilded by this method1 provided it is previously covered with a coating of copper4 ,to perform this gilding the surface is well cleaned1 and the gold amalgam1 consisting of #b parts of gold and #a part of quicksilver1 prepared as mentioned before1 is applied4 ,the piece is afterwards heated to about the red1 so as to volatilize the mercury4 ,the gold remains1 superficially alloyed with the metal1 and forms an extremely solid layer of deadened gold1 which can be afterwards polished4 ,the volatilization should be effected under a chimney having strong draught1 in order to avoid the poisonous action of the mercurial vapors4 ,,ii4--,the amalgamation of gold finds its principal applications in the treatment of auriferous ores4 ,the extraction of small spangles of gold scattered in gold-bearing sands is based on the ready dissolution of gold in quicksilver1 and on the formation of an amalgam of solid gold by compression and filtering through a chamois skin1 in a state more or less liquid4 ,the spangles of gold are shaken with about their weight of quicksilver1 collected in the cavities of sluices and mixed with a small quantity of sand4 ,the gold is dissolved and the sand remains4 ,the amalgam thus obtained is compressed in a chamois skin1 so as to separate the excess of mercury which passes through the pores of the skin2 or1 yet again1 it is filtered through a glass funnel having a very slender stem1 with almost capillary termination4 ,in both cases an amalgam of solid gold remains1 which is submitted to the action of heat in a crucible or cast-iron retort1 communicating with a bent-iron tube1 of which the extremity1 surrounded with a cloth immersed in water1 is arranged above a receiver half full of water4 ,the quicksilver is vaporized and condensed in the water4 ,the gold remains in the retort4 ,the property of gold of combining readily with quicksilver is also used in many kinds of amalgamating apparatus for extraction and in the metallurgy of gold4 ,in various operations it is essential to keep the quicksilver active by preserving its limpidity4 ,for this purpose potassium cyanide and ammonium chloride are especially employed2 sometimes wood ashes1 carbonate of soda1 hyposulphite of soda1 nitrate of potash1 cupric sulphate1 sea salt1 and lime2 the latter for precipitating the soluble sulphates proceeding from the decomposition of pyrites4 ,the amalgamation of gold is favored by a temperature of #ch to #de ,c4 7#ajj to #aac ,f471 and still more by the employment of quicksilver in the nascent state4 ,this last property is the base of the ,designol process1 which consists in treating auriferous or auro-argentiferous ores1 first ground with sea salt1 in revolving cylinders of cast iron1 with iron and mercury bichloride1 in such a way that the mercury precipitated collects the gold and eventually the silver more efficaciously4 ,gold ,amalgam4--,eight parts of gold and #a of mercury are formed into an amalgam for plating by rendering the gold into thin plates1 making it red hot1 and then putting it into the mercury while the latter is also heated to ebullition4 ,the gold immediately disappears in combination with the mercury1 after which the mixture may be turned into water to cool4 ,it is then ready for use4 ,zinc ,amalgam for ,electric ,batteries4--,dissolve #b parts of mercury in #a part of aqua regia4 ,this accomplished1 add #e parts of hydrochloric acid4 ,this solution is made warm4 ,it suffices to dip the zinc to be amalgamated into this liquid only for a few seconds4 #ij ,amalgam for ,cementing ,glass1 ,porcelain1 ,etc4--,take tin #b parts1 and cadmium #a part4 ,fuse in an iron spoon or some vessel of the same material4 ,when the two materials are in fusion add a little mercury1 previously heated4 ,place all in an iron crucible and boil1 agitating the mass with a pestle4 ,this amalgam is soft and can be kneaded between the fingers4 ,it may be employed for luting glass or porcelain vessels1 as well as for filling teeth4 ,it hardens in a short while4 ,amalgam for ,silvering ,glass ,balls4--,lead1 #be parts2 tin1 #be parts2 bismuth1 #be parts2 mercury1 #be parts2 or1 lead1 #bj parts2 tin1 #bj parts2 bismuth1 #bj parts2 mercury1 #dj parts4 ,melt the lead and the tin1 then add the bismuth2 skim several times and add the mercury1 stirring the composition vigorously4 7,see also ,mirror-,silvering74 ,copper ,amalgam4--,copper amalgam1 or so-called ,viennese metal cement1 crystallizes with the greatest readiness and acquires such hardness on solidifying that it can be polished like gold4 ,the amalgam may also be worked under the hammer or between rollers2 it can also be stamped1 and retains its metallic luster for a long time in the air4 ,in air containing hydrogen sulphide1 however1 it quickly tarnishes and turns black4 ,a very special property of copper amalgam consists in that it becomes very soft when laid in water1 and attains such pliancy that it can be employed for modeling the most delicate objects4 ,after a few hours the amalgam congeals again into a very fine-grained1 rather malleable mass4 ,an important application of copper amalgam is that for cementing metals4 ,all that is necessary for this purpose is to heat the metals1 which must be bright1 to #hj-ij ,c4 7#agf-aid ,f471 to apply the amalgam and to press the metal pieces together4 ,they will cohere as firmly as though soldered together4 ,copper amalgam may be prepared in the following manner3 ,place strips of zinc in a solution of blue vitriol and agitate the solution thoroughly4 ,the copper thus obtained in the form of a very fine powder is washed and1 while still moist1 treated in a mortar with a solution of mercury nitrate4 ,the copper powder thereby amalgamates more readily with the quicksilver4 ,next1 hot water is poured over the copper1 the mortar is kept hot1 and the mercury added4 ,knead with the pestle of the mortar until the copper1 pulverulent in the beginning1 has united with the mercury into a very plastic mass4 ,the longer the kneading is continued the more uniform will be the mass4 ,as soon as the amalgam has acquired the suitable character--for its production #c parts of copper and #g parts of mercury are used--the water is poured off and the amalgam still soft is given the shape in which it is to be kept4 ,for cementing purposes1 the amalgam is rolled out into small cylinders1 whose diameter is about #j4af to #j4b inches1 with a length of a few inches4 ,in order to produce with this amalgam impressions of castings1 which are made after woodcuts1 the amalgam is rolled out hot into a thin plate and pressed firmly onto the likewise heated plaster cast4 ,after the amalgam has hardened the thin plate of it may be reinforced by pouring on molten type metal4 ,silver ,amalgam4--,silver amalgam can easily be made with the help of finely powdered silver4 ,the mercury need only be heated to #bej to #cjj ,c4 7#dhb to #egb ,f472 silver powder is then sprinkled on it1 and mixed with it by stirring4 ,the vessel is heated for several minutes and then allowed to cool1 the excess of mercury being removed from the granulated crystalline amalgam by pressing in a leather bag4 ,silver amalgam can also easily be made by dissolving silver in nitric acid1 evaporating the solution till the excess of free acid is eliminated1 diluting with distilled water1 and adding mercury to the fluid in the proportion of #d parts1 by weight1 of mercury to #a of the silver originally used4 ,the mercury precipitates the silver in a metallic state1 and immediately forms an amalgam with it2 the fluid standing above after a time contains no more silver1 but consists of a solution of mercury nitrate mixed with whatever copper was contained in the dissolved silver in the form of copper nitrate4 ,the absence of a white precipitate1 if a few drops of hydrochloric acid are added to a sample of the fluid in a test tube1 shows that all the silver has been eliminated from the solution and is present in the form of amalgam4 ,amalgam for the ,rubber of ,electric ,machines4--,mercury1 #ajj parts2 zinc1 #ej parts2 tin1 #ej parts4 ,this amalgam reduced to powder and incorporated with grease can be applied to the rubber of electric machines4 ,,amalgam ,,gold ,,plating3 ,see ,gilding under ,plating4 ,,amber3 ,imitation ,amber4--,melt carefully together pine rosin1 #a2 lacca in tabulis1 #b2 white colophony1 #ae parts4 #ia ,,amber ,,cement3 ,see ,adhesives under ,cements4 ,,amber ,,varnish3 ,see ,varnishes4 ,,ambrosia ,,powder3 ,see ,salts 7,effervescent74 ,,amidol ,,developer3 ,see ,photography4 ,,amethyst 7,,imitation73 ,see ,gems1 ,artificial4 ,,ammon-,,carbonite3 ,see ,explosives4 ,ammonia ,household ,ammonia4--7,see also ,household ,formulas47--,household ammonia is simply diluted ammonia water to which borax and soap have been added4 ,to make it cloudy add potassium nitrate or methylated spirit4 ,the following are good formulas3 ,i4--,ammonia water #af parts ,yellow soap #fd parts ,potassium nitrate #a part ,soft water1 sufficient to make #bjj parts ,shave up the soap and dissolve it in the water by heating1 add the potassium nitrate and dissolve4 ,cool1 strain1 skim off any suds or bubbles1 add the ammonia1 mix1 and bottle at once4 ,,ii4--,yellow soap #aj grains ,borax #a drachm ,lavender water #bj minims ,stronger ammonia water #f ounces ,water1 enough to make #bj ounces ,dissolve the soap and borax in #e ounces of boiling water2 when cold add the lavender water and ammonia1 and make up to a pint with water4 ,,iii4--,methylated spirit #a gallon ,soft water #a gallon ,stronger ammonia water #a gallon ,,iv4--,ammonia water #e pints ,distilled water #e pints ,soap #ajj grains ,olive oil #e drachms ,cut the soap in shavings1 boil with the oil and water1 cool1 add the ammonia water1 and bottle4 ,for use in laundries1 baths1 and for general household purposes add one tablespoonful to one gallon of water4 ,v4--,the best quality3 ,alcohol1 #id per cent #d ounces ,soft water #d gallons ,oil of rosemary #d drachms ,oil of citronella #c drachms ,dissolve the oils in the alcohol and add to the water4 ,to the mixture add #d ounces of talc 7or fuller's earth will answer71 mix thoroughly1 strain through canvas1 and to the colate add #a1 #b1 or #c gallons of ammonia water1 according to the strength desired1 in which has been dissolved #a1 #b1 or #c ounces of white curd1 or soft soap4 ,liquor ,ammonii ,anisatus4-- ,oil of anise1 by weight #a part ,alcohol1 by weight #bd parts ,water of ammonia1 by weight #e parts ,dissolve the oil in the alcohol and add the water of ammonia4 ,it should be a clear1 yellowish liquid4 ,violet ,color for ,ammonia4--,a purple-blue color may be given to ammonia water by adding an aqueous solution of litmus4 ,the shade1 when pale enough1 will probably meet all views as to a violet color4 ,perfumed ,ammonia ,water4--,the following are typical formulas3 ,i4--,stronger water of ammonia #f ounces ,lavender water #a ounce ,soft soap #aj grains ,water1 enough to make #af ounces ,,ii4--,soft soap #a ounce ,borax #b drachms ,cologne water #a_/b ounce ,stronger water of ammonia #e #a_/b ounces ,water1 enough to make #ab ounces ,rub up the soap and borax with water until dissolved1 strain and add the other ingredients4 ,the perfumes may be varied to suit the price4 ,,ammonia ,,for ,,fixing ,,prints3 ,see ,photography4 ,,angostura ,,bitters3 ,see ,wines and ,liquors4 ,,aniline3 ,see ,dyes4 ,,aniline ,,in ,,pigments1 ,,tests ,,for3 ,see ,pigments4 ,,aniline ,,stains1 ,,to ,,remove3 ,see ,cleaning ,preparations and ,methods4 #ib ,,anise ,,cordial3 ,see ,wines and ,liquors4 ,,ankara3 ,see ,butter4 ,,annealing ,,of ,,steel1 ,,tools1 ,,wire1 ,,and ,,springs3 ,see ,steel4 ,,anodynes3 ,see ,pain ,killers4 ,,ant ,,destroyers3 ,see ,insecticides4 ,antidotes for ,poisons ,,poison1 ,,symptoms ,,and ,,antidotes4 ,when a person has taken poison the first thing to do is to compel the patient to vomit1 and for that purpose give any emetic that can be most readily and quickly obtained1 and which is prompt and energetic1 but safe in its action4 ,for this purpose there is1 perhaps1 nothing better than a large teaspoonful of ground mustard in a tumblerful of warm water1 and it has the advantage of being almost always at hand4 ,if the dry mustard is not to be had use mixed mustard from the mustard pot4 ,its operation may generally be facilitated by the addition of a like quantity of common table salt4 ,if the mustard is not at hand1 give two or three teaspoonfuls of powdered alum in syrup or molasses1 and give freely of warm water to drink2 or give #aj to #bj grains of sulphate of zinc 7white vitriol71 or #bj to #cj grains of ipecac1 with #a or #b grains of tartar emetic1 in a large cup of warm water1 and repeat every ten minutes until three or four doses are given1 unless free vomiting is sooner produced4 ,after vomiting has taken place large draughts of warm water should be given1 so that the vomiting will continue until the poisonous substances have been thoroughly evacuated1 and then suitable antidotes should be given4 ,if vomiting cannot be produced the stomach pump should be used4 ,when it is known what particular kind of poison has been swallowed1 then the proper antidote for that poison should be given2 but when this cannot be ascertained1 as is often the case1 give freely of equal parts of calcined magnesia1 pulverized charcoal1 and sesquioxide of iron1 in a sufficient quantity of water4 ,this is a very harmless mixture and is likely to be of great benefit1 as the ingredients1 though very simple1 are antidotes for the most common and active poisons4 ,in case this mixture cannot be obtained1 the stomach should be soothed and protected by the free administration of demulcent1 mucilaginous1 or oleaginous drinks1 such as the whites of eggs1 milk1 mucilage of gum arabic1 or slippery-elm bark1 flaxseed tea1 starch1 wheat flour1 or arrowroot mixed in water1 linseed or olive oil1 or melted butter or lard4 ,subsequently the bowels should be moved by some gentle laxative1 as a tablespoonful or two of castor oil1 or a teaspoonful of calcined magnesia2 and pain or other evidence of inflammation must be relieved by the administration of a few drops of laudanum1 and the repeated application of hot poultices1 fomentations1 and mustard plasters4 ,the following are the names of the substances that may give rise to poisoning1 most commonly used1 and their antidotes3 ,mineral ,acids--,sulphuric ,acid 7,oil of ,vitriol71 ,nitric ,acid 7,aqua ,fortis71 ,muriatic ,acid 7,spirits of ,salts74--,symptoms3 ,acid1 burning taste in the mouth1 acute pain in the throat1 stomach1 and bowels2 frequent vomiting1 generally bloody2 mouth and lips excoriated1 shriveled1 white or yellow2 hiccough1 copious stools1 more or less bloody1 with great tenderness in the abdomen2 difficult breathing1 irregular pulse1 excessive thirst1 while drink increases the pain and rarely remains in the stomach2 frequent but vain efforts to urinate2 cold sweats1 altered countenance2 convulsions1 generally preceding death4 ,nitric acid causes yellow stains2 sulphuric acid1 black ones4 ,treatment3 ,mix calcined magnesia in milk or water to the consistence of cream1 and give freely to drink a glassful every couple of minutes1 if it can be swallowed4 ,common soap 7hard or soft71 chalk1 whiting1 or even mortar from the wall mixed in water may be given1 until magnesia can be obtained4 ,promote vomiting by tickling the throat1 if necessary1 and when the poison is got rid of1 flaxseed or slippery-elm tea1 gruel1 or other mild drinks4 ,the inflammation which always follows needs good treatment to save the patient's life4 ,vegetable ,acids--,acetic1 ,citric1 ,oxalic1 ,tartaric4--,symptoms3 ,intense burning pain of mouth1 throat1 and stomach2 vomiting blood which is highly acid1 violent purging1 collapse1 stupor1 death4 ,oxalic acid is frequently taken in #ic mistake for ,epsom salts1 to which in shops it often bears a strong resemblance4 ,treatment3 ,give chalk or magnesia in a large quantity of water1 or large draughts of limewater4 ,if these are not at hand1 scrape the wall or ceiling1 and give the scrapings mixed with water4 ,prussic or ,hydrocyanic ,acid--,laurel ,water1 ,cyanide of ,potassium1 ,bitter ,almond ,oil1 ,etc4--,symptoms3 ,in large doses almost invariably instantaneously fatal2 when not immediately fatal1 sudden loss of sense and control of the voluntary muscles4 ,the odor of the poison generally noticeable on the breath4 ,treatment3 ,chlorine1 in the form of chlorine water1 in doses of from #a to #d fluidrachms1 diluted4 ,weak solution of chloride lime of soda2 water of ammonia 7spirits of hartshorn71 largely diluted1 may be given1 and the vapor of it cautiously inhaled4 ,cold affusion1 and chloroform in half to teaspoonful doses in glycerine or mucilage1 repeated every few minutes1 until the symptoms are ameliorated4 ,artificial respiration4 ,aconite--,monkshood1 ,wolfsbane4--,symptoms3 ,numbness and tingling in the mouth and throat1 and afterwards in other portions of the body1 with sore throat1 pain over the stomach1 and vomiting2 dimness of vision1 dizziness1 great prostration1 loss of sensibility1 and delirium4 ,treatment3 ,an emetic and then brandy in tablespoonful doses1 in ice water1 every half hour2 spirits of ammonia in half-teaspoonful doses in like manner2 the cold douche over the head and chest1 warmth to the extremities1 etc4 ,alkalis and ,their ,salts--,concentrated ,lye1 ,wood-ash ,lye1 ,caustic ,potash1 ,ammonia1 ,hartshorn4--,symptoms3 ,caustic1 acrid taste1 excessive heat in the throat1 stomach1 and intestines2 vomiting of bloody matter1 cold sweats1 hiccough1 purging of bloody stools4 ,treatment3 ,the common vegetable acids4 ,common vinegar1 being always at hand1 is most frequently used4 ,the fixed oils1 as castor1 flaxseed1 almond1 and olive oils form soaps with the alkalis and thus also destroy their caustic effect4 ,they should be given in large quantity4 ,antimony and ,its ,preparations--,tartar ,emetic1 ,antimonial ,wine1 ,kerme's ,mineral4--,symptoms3 ,faintness and nausea1 soon followed by painful and continued vomiting1 severe diarrhea1 constriction and burning sensation in the throat1 cramps1 or spasmodic twitchings1 with symptoms of nervous derangement1 and great prostration of strength1 often terminating in death4 ,treatment3 ,if vomiting has not been produced1 it should be effected by tickling the fauces1 and administering copious draughts of warm water4 ,astringent infusions1 such as of gall1 oak bark1 ,peruvian bark1 act as antidotes1 and should be given promptly4 ,powdered yellow bark may be used until the infusion is prepared1 or very strong green tea should be given4 ,to stop the vomiting1 should it continue1 blister over the stomach by applying a cloth wet with strong spirits of hartshorn1 and then sprinkle on one-eighth to one-fourth of a grain of morphia4 ,arsenic and ,its ,preparations--,ratsbane1 ,fowler's ,solution1 ,etc4--,symptoms3 ,generally within an hour pain and heat are felt in the stomach1 soon followed by vomiting1 with a burning dryness of the throat and great thirst2 the matters vomited are generally colored either green yellow1 or brown1 and are sometimes bloody4 ,diarrhea or dysentery ensues1 while the pulse becomes small and rapid1 yet irregular4 ,breathing much oppressed2 difficulty in vomiting may occur1 while cramps1 convulsions1 or even paralysis often precede death1 which sometimes takes place within five or six hours after arsenic has been taken4 ,treatment3 ,give a prompt emetic1 and then hydrate of peroxide of iron 7recently prepared7 in tablespoonful doses every #aj or #ae minutes until the urgent symptoms are relieved4 ,in the absence of this1 or while it is being prepared1 give large draughts of new milk and raw eggs1 limewater and oil1 melted butter1 magnesia in a large quantity of water1 or even if nothing else is at hand1 flour and water1 always1 however1 giving an emetic the first thing1 or causing vomiting by tickling the throat with a feather1 etc4 ,the inflammation of the stomach which follows must be treated by blisters1 hot fomentations1 mucilaginous drinks1 and the like4 ,belladonna1 or ,deadly ,nightshade4--,symptoms3 ,dryness of the mouth and throat1 great thirst1 difficulty of swallowing1 nausea1 dimness1 confusion or loss of vision1 great enlargement of the pupils1 dizziness1 delirium1 and coma4 ,treatment3 ,there is no known antidote4 ,give a prompt emetic and then reliance must be placed on continual stimulation with brandy1 whisky1 etc41 and to necessary artificial respiration4 ,opium and its preparations1 as morphia1 laudanum1 etc41 are thought by some to #id counteract the effect of belladonna1 and may be given in small and repeated doses1 as also strong black coffee and green tea4 ,blue ,vitriol1 or ,blue ,stone4--,see ,copper4 ,cantharides 7,spanish or ,blistering ,fly7 and ,modern ,potato ,bug4--,symptoms3 ,sickening odor of the breath1 sour taste1 with burning heat in the throat1 stomach1 and bowels2 frequent vomiting1 often bloody2 copious bloody stools1 great pain in the stomach1 with burning sensation in the bladder and difficulty to urinate followed with terrible convulsions1 delirium1 and death4 ,treatment3 ,excite vomiting by drinking plentifully of sweet oil or other wholesome oils1 sugar and water1 milk1 or slippery-elm tea2 give injections of castor oil and starch1 or warm milk4 ,the inflammatory symptoms which generally follow must be treated by a physician4 ,camphorated oil or camphorated spirits should be rubbed over the bowels1 stomach1 and thighs4 ,caustic ,potash4--,see ,alkalis under this title4 ,cobalt1 or ,fly ,powder4--,symptoms3 ,heat and pain in the throat and stomach1 violent retching and vomiting1 cold and clammy skin1 small and feeble pulse1 hurried and difficult breathing1 diarrhea1 etc4 ,treatment3 ,an emetic1 followed by the free administration of milk1 eggs1 wheat flour and water1 and mucilaginous drinks4 ,copper--,blue ,vitriol1 ,verdigris or ,pickles or ,food ,cooked in ,copper ,vessels4--,symptoms3 ,general inflammation of the alimentary canal1 suppression of urine2 hiccough1 a disagreeable metallic taste1 vomiting1 violent colic1 excessive thirst1 sense of tightness of the throat1 anxiety2 faintness1 giddiness1 and cramps and convulsions generally precede death4 ,treatment3 ,large doses of simple syrup as warm as can be swallowed1 until the stomach rejects the amount it contains4 ,the whites of eggs and large quantities of milk4 ,hydrated peroxide of iron4 ,creosote--,carbolic ,acid4--,symptoms3 ,burning pain1 acrid1 pungent taste1 thirst1 vomiting1 purging1 etc4 ,treatment3 ,an emetic and the free administration of albumen1 as the whites of eggs1 or1 in the absence of these1 milk1 or flour and water4 ,corrosive ,sublimate4--,see ,mercury under this title4 ,deadly ,nightshade4--,see ,belladonna under this title4 ,foxglove1 or ,digitalis4--,symptoms3 ,loss of strength1 feeble1 fluttering pulse1 faintness1 nausea and vomiting and stupor2 cold perspiration1 dilated pupils1 sighing1 irregular breathing1 and sometimes convulsions4 ,treatment3 ,after vomiting1 give brandy and ammonia in frequently repeated doses1 apply warmth to the extremities1 and if necessary resort to artificial respiration4 ,gases--,carbonic ,acid1 ,chlorine1 ,cyanogen1 ,hydrosulphuric ,acid1 ,etc4--,symptoms3 ,great drowsiness1 difficult respiration1 features swollen1 face blue as in strangulation4 ,treatment3 ,artificial respiration1 cold douche1 friction with stimulating substances to the surface of the body4 ,inhalation of steam containing preparations of ammonia4 ,cupping from nape of neck4 ,internal use of chloroform4 ,hellebore1 or ,indian ,poke4--,symptoms3 ,violent vomiting and purging1 bloody stools1 great anxiety1 tremors1 vertigo1 fainting1 sinking of the pulse1 cold sweats1 and convulsions4 ,treatment3 ,excite speedy vomiting by large draughts of warm water1 molasses and water1 tickling the throat with the finger or a feather1 and emetics2 give oily and mucilaginous drinks1 oily purgatives1 and clysters1 acids1 strong coffee1 camphor1 and opium4 ,hemlock 7,conium74--,symptoms3 ,dryness of the throat1 tremors1 dizziness1 difficulty of swallowing1 prostration1 and faintness1 limbs powerless or paralyzed1 pupils dilated1 pulse rapid and feeble2 insensibility and convulsions sometimes precede death4 ,treatment3 ,empty the stomach and give brandy in tablespoonful doses1 with half teaspoonful of spirits of ammonia1 frequently repeated1 and if much pain and vomiting1 give bromide of ammonium in #e-;grain doses every half hour4 ,artificial respiration may be required4 ,henbane1 or ,hyoscyamus4--,symptoms3 ,muscular twitching1 inability to articulate plainly1 dimness of vision and stupor2 later1 vomiting and purging1 small intermittent pulse1 convulsive movement of the extremities1 and coma4 ,treatment3 ,similar to opium poisoning1 which see4 ,iodine4--,symptoms3 ,burning pain in throat1 lacerating pain in the stomach1 fruitless effort to vomit1 excessive tenderness of the epigastrium4 ,treatment3 #ie ,free emesis1 prompt administration of starch1 wheat flour1 or arrowroot1 beaten up in water4 ,lead--,acetate of ,lead1 ,sugar of ,lead1 ,dry ,white ,lead1 ,red ,lead1 ,litharge1 or ,pickles1 ,wine1 or ,vinegar ,sweetened by ,lead4--,symptoms3 ,when taken in large doses1 a sweet but astringent metallic taste exists1 with constriction in the throat1 pain in the region of the stomach1 painful1 obstinate1 and frequently bloody vomitings1 hiccough1 convulsions or spasms1 and death4 ,when taken in small but long-continued doses it produces colic1 called painters' colic2 great pain1 obstinate constipation1 and in extreme cases paralytic symptoms1 especially wrist-drop1 with a blue line along the edge of the gums4 ,treatment3 ,to counteract the poison give alum in water #a #a_/b ounce to a quart2 or1 better still1 ,epsom salts or ,glauber's salts1 an ounce of either in a quart of water2 or dilute sulphuric acid1 a teaspoonful to a quart of water4 ,if a large quantity of sugar of lead has been recently taken1 empty the stomach by an emetic of sulphate of zinc 7#a drachm in a quart of water71 giving one-fourth to commence1 and repeating smaller doses until free vomiting is produced2 castor oil should be given to clear the bowels and injections of oil and starch freely administered4 ,if the body is cold use the warm bath4 ,meadow ,saffron4--,see ,belladonna4 ,laudanum4--,see ,opium4 ,lobelia--,indian ,poke4--,symptoms3 ,excessive vomiting and purging1 pains in the bowels1 contraction of the pupils1 delirium1 coma1 and convulsions4 ,treatment3 ,mustard over the stomach1 and brandy and ammonia4 ,mercury--,corrosive ,sublimate 7bug poisons frequently contain this poison71 ,red ,precipitate1 ,chinese or ,english ,vermilion4--,symptoms3 ,acrid1 metallic taste in the mouth1 immediate constriction and burning in the throat1 with anxiety and tearing pains in both stomach and bowels1 sickness1 and vomiting of various-colored fluids1 and sometimes bloody and profuse diarrhea1 with difficulty and pain in urinating2 pulse quick1 small1 and hard2 faint sensations1 great debility1 difficult breathing1 cramps1 cold sweats1 syncope1 and convulsions4 ,treatment3 ,if vomiting does not already exist1 emetics must be given immediately--white of eggs in continuous large doses1 and infusion of catechu afterwards1 sweet milk1 mixtures of flour and water in successive cupfuls1 and to check excessive salivation put a half ounce of chlorate of potash in a tumbler of water1 and use freely as a gargle1 and swallow a tablespoonful every hour or two4 ,morphine4--,see ,opium4 ,nitrate of ,silver 7,lunar ,caustic74--,symptoms3 ,intense pain and vomiting1 and purging of blood1 mucus1 and shreds of mucous membranes2 and if these stand they become dark4 ,treatment3 ,give freely of a solution of common salt in water1 which decomposes the poison1 and afterwards flaxseed or slippery-elm-bark tea1 and after a while a dose of castor oil4 ,opium and ,all ,its ,compounds--,morphine1 ,laudanum1 ,paregoric1 ,etc4--,symptoms3 ,giddiness1 drowsiness1 increasing to stupor1 and insensibility2 pulse usually1 at first1 quick and irregular1 and breathing hurried1 and afterwards pulse slow and feeble1 and respiration slow and noisy2 the pupils are contracted and the eyes and face congested1 and later1 as death approaches1 the extremities become cold1 the surface is covered with cold1 clammy perspiration1 and the sphincters relax4 ,the effects of opium and its preparations1 in poisonous doses1 appear in from a half to two hours from its administration4 ,treatment3 ,empty the stomach immediately with an emetic or with the stomach pump4 ,then give very strong coffee without milk2 put mustard plasters on the wrists and ankles2 douche the head and chest with cold water1 and if the patient is cold and sinking1 give brandy1 or whisky and ammonia4 ,belladonna is thought by many to counteract the poisonous effects of opium1 and may be given in doses of half to a teaspoonful of the tincture1 or #b grains of the extract1 every #bj minutes1 until some effect is observed in causing the pupils to expand4 ,use warmth and friction1 and if possible prevent sleep for some hours1 for which purpose the patient should be walked about between two persons4 ,finally1 as a last resort1 use artificial respiration1 persistence in which will sometimes be rewarded with success in apparently hopeless cases4 ,electricity should also be tried4 ,cooley advises as follows3 ,vomiting must be induced as soon as possible1 by means of a strong emetic and tickling the fauces4 ,if this does not succeed1 the stomach pump should be applied4 ,the emetic may consist of a half drachm of sulphate of zinc dissolved in a half pint of warm water1 of which one-third should #if be taken at once1 and the remainder at the rate of a wineglassful every #e or #aj minutes1 until vomiting commences4 ,when there is much drowsiness or stupor #a or #b fluidrachms of tincture of capsicum will be found a useful addition2 or one of the formulas for emetic draughts may be taken instead4 ,infusion of galls1 cinchona1 or oak bark should be freely administered before the emetic1 and water soured with vinegar and lemon juice1 after the stomach has been well cleared out4 ,to rouse the system spirit and water or strong coffee may be given4 ,to keep the sufferer awake1 rough friction should be applied to the skin1 an upright posture preserved1 and walking exercise enforced1 if necessary4 ,when this is ineffectual cold water may be dashed over the chest1 head1 and spine1 or mild shocks of electricity may be had recourse to4 ,to allow the sufferer to sleep is to abandon him to destruction4 ,bleeding may be subsequently necessary in plethoric habits1 or in threatened congestion4 ,the costiveness that accompanies convalescence may be best met by aromatic aperients2 and the general tone of the habit restored by stimulating tonics and the shower bath4 ,the smallest fatal dose of opium in the case of an adult within our recollection was #d #a_/b grains4 ,children are much more susceptible to the action of opium than of other medicines1 and hence the dose of it for them must be diminished considerably below that indicated by the common method of calculation depending on the age4 ,oxalic ,acid4--,see ,acids4 ,phosphorus--,found in ,lucifer ,matches and ,some ,rat ,poisons4--,symptoms3 ,symptoms of irritant poisoning2 pain in the stomach and bowels2 vomiting1 diarrhea2 tenderness and tension of the abdomen4 ,treatment3 ,an emetic is to be promptly given2 copious draughts containing magnesia in suspension2 mucilaginous drinks4 ,general treatment for inflammatory symptoms4 ,poisonous ,mushrooms4--,symptoms3 ,nausea1 heat and pains in the stomach and bowels2 vomiting and purging1 thirst1 convulsions1 and faintings2 pulse small and frequent1 dilated pupil and stupor1 cold sweats and death4 ,treatment3 ,the stomach and bowels are to be cleared by an emetic of ground mustard or sulphate of zinc1 followed by frequent doses of ,glauber's or of ,epsom salts1 and large stimulating clysters4 ,after the poison is evacuated1 either may be given with small quantities of brandy and water4 ,but if inflammatory symptoms manifest themselves such stimuli should be avoided1 and these symptoms appropriately treated4 ,a hypodermic injection of #a_/fb grain of atropine is the latest discovered antidote4 ,potash4--,see ,alkali4 ,prussic or ,hydrocyanic ,acid4--,see ,acids4 ,poison ,ivy4--,symptoms3 ,contact with1 and with many persons the near approach to1 the vine gives rise to violent erysipelatous inflammation1 especially of the face and hands1 attended with itching1 redness1 burning1 and swelling1 with watery blisters4 ,treatment3 ,give saline laxatives1 and apply weak sugar of lead and laudanum1 or limewater and sweet oil1 or bathe the parts freely with spirits of niter4 ,anointing with oil will prevent poisoning from it4 ,saltpeter 7,nitrate of ,potash74--,symptoms3 ,only poisonous in large quantities1 and then causes nausea1 painful vomiting1 purging1 convulsions1 faintness1 feeble pulse1 cold feet and hands1 with tearing pains in stomach and bowels4 ,treatment3 ,treat as is directed for arsenic1 for there is no antidote known1 and emptying the stomach and bowels with mild drinks must be relied on4 ,savine4--,symptoms3 ,sharp pains in the bowels1 hot skin1 rapid pulse1 violent vomiting and sometimes purging1 with great prostration4 ,treatment3 ,mustard and hot fomentations over the stomach and bowels and ice allowed in the stomach only until the inflammation ceases4 ,if prostration comes on1 food and stimulants must be given by injection4 ,stramonium1 ,thorn ,apple1 or ,jamestown ,weed4--,symptoms3 ,vertigo1 headache1 perversion of vision1 slight delirium1 sense of suffocation1 disposition to sleep1 bowels relaxed1 and all secretions augmented4 ,treatment3 ,same as for belladonna4 ,snake ,bites1 ,cure for4--,the ,inspector of ,police in the ,bengal ,government reports that of #ici cases in which ammonia was freely administered1 #bjg victims have recovered1 and in the cured instances the remedy was not administered till about #c #a_/b hours after the attack2 on the average of the fatal cases the corresponding duration of time was #d #a_/b hours4 ,strychnine or ,nux ,vomica4--,the characteristic symptom is the special influence exerted upon the nervous system1 #ig which is manifested by a general contraction of all the muscles of the body1 with rigidity of the spinal column4 ,a profound calm soon succeeds1 which is followed by a new tetanic seizure1 longer than the first1 during which the respiration is suspended4 ,these symptoms then cease1 the breathing becomes easy1 and there is stupor1 followed by another general contraction4 ,in fatal cases these attacks are renewed1 at intervals1 with increasing violence1 until death ensues4 ,one phenomenon which is found only in poisonings by substances containing strychnine is that touching any part of the body1 or even threatening to do so1 instantly produces the tetanic spasm4 ,antidote3 ,the stomach should be immediately cleared by means of an emetic1 tickling the fauces1 etc4 ,to counteract the asphyxia from tetanus1 etc41 artificial respiration should be practiced with diligence and care4 8,if the poison has been applied externally1 we ought immediately to cauterize the part1 and apply a ligature tightly above the wound4 ,if the poison has been swallowed for some time we should give a purgative clyster1 and administer draughts containing sulphuric ether or oil of turpentine1 which in most cases produce a salutary effect4 ,lastly1 injections of chlorine and decoction of tannin are of value40 ,according to ,ch4 ,gunther the greatest reliance may be placed on full doses of opium1 assisted by venesection1 in cases of poisoning by strychnia or nux vomica4 ,his plan is to administer this drug in the form of solution or mixture1 in combination with a saline aperient4 ,another treatment is to give1 if obtainable1 #a ounce or more of bone charcoal mixed with water1 and follow with an active emetic2 then to give chloroform in teaspoonful doses1 in flour and water or glycerine1 every few minutes while the spasms last1 and afterwards brandy and stimulants1 and warmth of the extremities if necessary4 ,recoveries have followed the free and prompt administration of oils or melted butter or lard4 ,in all cases empty the stomach if possible4 ,sulphate of ,zinc--,white ,vitriol4--,see ,zinc4 ,tin--,chloride of ,tin1 ,solution of ,tin 7used by dyers71 ,oxide of ,tin1 or ,putty ,powder4--,symptoms3 ,vomiting1 pains in the stomach1 anxiety1 restlessness1 frequent pulse1 delirium1 etc4 ,treatment3 ,empty the stomach1 and give whites of eggs in water1 milk in large quantities1 or flour beaten up in water1 with magnesia or chalk4 ,tartar ,emetic4--,see ,antimony4 ,tobacco4--,symptoms3 ,vertigo1 stupor1 fainting1 nausea1 vomiting1 sudden nervous debility1 cold sweat1 tremors1 and at times fatal prostration4 ,treatment3 ,after the stomach is empty apply mustard to the abdomen and to the extremities1 and give strong coffee1 with brandy and other stimulants1 with warmth to the extremities4 ,zinc--,oxide of ,zinc1 ,sulphate of ,zinc1 ,white ,vitriol1 ,acetate of ,zinc4--,symptoms3 ,violent vomiting1 astringent taste1 burning pain in the stomach1 pale countenance1 cold extremities1 dull eyes1 fluttering pulse4 ,death seldom ensues1 in consequence of the emetic effect4 ,treatment3 ,the vomiting may be relieved by copious draughts of warm water4 ,carbonate of soda1 administered in solution1 will decompose the sulphate of zinc4 ,milk and albumen will also act as antidotes4 ,general principles to be observed in the subsequent treatment4 ,woorara4--,symptoms3 ,when taken into the stomach it is inert2 when absorbed through a wound it causes sudden stupor and insensibility1 frothing at the mouth1 and speedy death4 ,treatment3 ,suck the wound immediately1 or cut it out and tie a cord around the limb between the wound and the heart4 ,apply iodine1 or iodide of potassium1 and give it internally1 and try artificial respiration4 ,,antiferments4 ,the following are tried and useful formulas3 ,i4--,sulphite 7not sulphate7 of lime1 in fine powder1 #a part2 marble dust1 ground oyster shells1 or chalk1 #g parts2 mix1 and pack tight1 so as to exclude the air4 ,,ii4--,sulphite 7not sulphate7 of potassa1 #a part2 new black-mustard seed 7ground in a pepper mill71 #g parts2 mix1 and pack so as to exclude air and moisture perfectly4 ,dose 7of either71 #a_/b ounce to #a #a_/b ounces per hogshead4 ,,iii4--,mustard seed1 #ad pounds2 cloves and capsicum1 of each1 #a #a_/d pounds2 mix1 and grind them to powder in a pepper mill4 ,dose1 #a_/d to #a_/b pound per hogshead4 ,a portion of any one of these compounds added to cider1 or the like1 soon allays fermentation1 when excessive1 or when it has been renewed4 ,the first formula is preferred when there is a tendency to acidity4 ,the second and third may be advantageously used for wine and beer1 as #ih well as for cider4 ,the third compound greatly improves the flavor and the apparent strength of the liquor1 and also improves its keeping qualities4 ,anchovy ,preparations ,extemporaneous ,anchovy ,sauce4-- ,anchovies1 chopped small #c or #d ,butter #c ounces ,water #b ounces ,vinegar #a ounce ,flour #a ounce ,mix1 place over the fire1 and stir until the mixture thickens4 ,then rub through a coarse sieve4 ,essence of ,anchovies4--,remove the bones from #a pound of anchovies1 reduce the remaining portions of the fish to a pulp in a ,wedgewood mortar1 and pass through a clean hair or brass sieve4 ,boil the bones and other portions which will not pass through the sieve in #a pint of water for #ae minutes1 and strain4 ,to the strained liquor add #b #a_/b ounces of salt and #b #a_/b ounces of flour1 and the pulped anchovies4 ,let the whole simmer over the fire for three or four minutes2 remove from the fire1 and when the mixture has cooled a little add #d ounces of strong vinegar4 ,the product 7nearly #c pounds7 may be then bottled1 and the corks tied over with bladder1 and either waxed or capsuled4 ,anchovy ,paste4-- ,anchovies #g pounds ,water #i pints ,salt #a pound ,flour #a pound ,capsicum #a_/d ounce ,grated lemon peel #a ,mushroom catsup #d ounces ,anchovy ,butter4-- ,anchovies1 boned and beaten to a paste #a part ,butter #b parts ,spice enough ,,antifouling ,,compositions3 ,see ,paints4 ,,antifreezing ,,solution3 ,see ,freezing ,preventives4 ,,antifriction ,,metal3 ,see ,alloys1 under ,phosphor ,bronze and ,antifriction ,metals4 ,,antiques1 ,,to ,,preserve4 ,the best process for the preservation of antique metallic articles consists in a retransformation of the metallic oxides into metal by the electrolytic method4 ,for this purpose a zinc strip is wound around the article and the latter is laid in a soda-lye solution of #e per cent1 or suspended as the negative pole of a small battery in a potassium cyanide solution of #b per cent4 ,where this method does not seem practicable it is advisable to edulcorate the objects in running water1 in which operation fragile or easily destroyed articles may be protected by winding with gauze2 next1 they should be carefully dried1 first in the air1 then with moderate heat1 and finally protected from further destruction by immersion in melted paraffine4 ,a dry place is required for storing the articles1 since paraffine is not perfectly impermeable to water in the shape of steam4 ,,antirust ,,compositions3 ,see ,rust ,preventives4 ,antiseptics ,antiseptic ,powders4-- ,i4--,borax #c ounces ,dried alum #c ounces ,thymol #bb grains ,eucalyptol #bj drops ,menthol #a #a_/b grains ,phenol #ae grains ,oil of gaultheria #d drops ,carmine to give a pink tint4 ,,ii4--,alum1 powdered #ej parts by weight ,borax1 powdered #ej parts by weight ,carbolic acid1 crystals #e parts by weight ,oil of eucalyptus #e parts by weight ,oil of wintergreen #e parts by weight ,menthol #e parts by weight ,thymol #e parts by weight ,,iii4--,boracic acid #aj ounces ,sodium biborate #d ounces ,alum #a ounce ,zinc sulphocarbolate #a ounce ,thymic acid #a drachm4 ,mix thoroughly4 ,for an antiseptic wash dissolve #a or #b drachms in a quart of warm water4 ,,iv4--,ektogan is a new dusting powder which is a mixture of zinc hydroxide and dioxide4 ,it is equivalent to about #h per cent of active oxygen4 ,it is a yellowish-white odorless and tasteless powder1 insoluble in water4 ,it is used externally in wounds and in skin diseases as a moist dressing mixed with citric1 tartaric1 or #ii tannic acid1 which causes the liberation of oxygen4 ,with iodides it liberates iodine4 ,it is stated to be strongly antiseptic2 it is used in the form of a powder1 a gauze1 and a plaster4 ,antiseptic ,pencils4-- ,i4--,tannin q4 s4 ,alcohol1 q4 s #a part ,ether1 q4 s #c parts ,make into a mass1 using as an excipient the alcohol and ether previously mixed4 ,roll into pencils of the desired length and thickness4 ,then coat with collodion1 roll in pure silver leaf1 and finally coat with the following solution of gelatine and set aside to dry3 ,gelatine #a drachm ,water #a pint ,dissolve by the aid of a gentle heat4 ,when wanted for use1 shave away a portion of the covering1 dip the pencil into tepid water and apply4 ,,ii4--,pencils for stopping bleeding are prepared by mixing3 ,purified alum #dhj parts by weight ,borax #bd parts by weight ,oxide zinc #b #a_/b parts by weight ,thymol #h parts by weight ,formalin #d parts by weight ,melting carefully in a water bath1 adding some perfume1 and forming mixture into pencils or cones4 ,a very convenient way to form into pencils where no mold need be made is to take a small glass tube1 roll a piece of oil paper around the tube1 remove the glass tube1 crimp the paper tube thus formed on one end and stand it on end or in a bottle1 and pour the melted solution in it and leave until cool1 then remove the paper4 ,antiseptic ,paste 7,poison7 for ,organic ,specimens4-- 7a7 ,wheat flour #af ounces ,beat to a batter with cold water #af fluidounces ,then pour into boiling water #cb fluidounces 7b7 ,pulverized gum arabic #b ounces ,dissolve in boiling water #d fluidounces 7c7 ,pulverized alum #b ounces ,dissolve in boiling water #d fluidounces 7d7 ,acetate of lead #b ounces ,dissolve in boiling water #d fluidounces 7e7 ,corrosive sublimate #aj grains ,mix 7a7 and 7b7 while hot and continue to simmer2 meanwhile stir in 7c7 and mix thoroughly2 then add 7d74 ,stir briskly1 and pour in the dry corrosive sublimate4 ,this paste is very poisonous4 ,it is used for anatomical work and for pasting organic tissue1 labels on skeletons1 etc4 ,mouth ,antiseptics4--,i4--,thymic acid1 #be centigrams 7#c #a_/d grains73 benzoic acid1 #c grams 7#de grains72 essence of peppermint1 #ge centigrams 7#aj minims72 tincture of eucalyptus1 #ae grams 7#d #a_/b drachms72 alcohol1 #ajj grams 7#c ounces74 ,put sufficient in a glass of water to render latter milky4 ,,ii4--,tannin1 #ab grams 7#c drachms72 menthol1 #h grams 7#b drachms72 thymol1 #a gram 7#ae grains72 tincture benzoin1 #f grams 7#ij minims72 alcohol1 #ajj grams 7#c ounces74 ,ten drops in a half-glassful of tepid water4 ,see also ,dentifrices for ,mouth ,washes4 ,antiseptic ,paste4--,difficulty is often experienced in applying an antiseptic dressing to moist surfaces1 such as the lips after operation for harelip4 ,a paste for this purpose is described by its originator1 ,socin4 ,the composition is3 ,zinc oxide1 #ej parts2 zinc chloride1 #e parts2 distilled water1 #ej parts4 ,the paste is applied to the wound1 previously dried by means of a brush or spatula1 allowed to dry on1 and to remain in place five or six days4 ,it may then be removed and a fresh application made4 ,potassium bicarbonate #cb4j grams ,sodium benzoate #cb4j grams ,sodium borate #h4j grams ,thymol #j4b gram ,eucalyptol #b4j c4 cent4 ,oil of peppermint #j4b c4 cent4 ,oil of wintergreen #j4d c4 cent4 ,tincture of cudbear #ae4j c4 cent4 ,alcohol4 #fj4j c4 cent4 ,glycerine #bej4j c4 cent4 ,water1 enough to make #a1jjj4j c4 centimeters ,dissolve the salts in #fej cubic centimeters of water1 and the thymol1 eucalyptol1 and oils in the alcohol4 ,mix the alcoholic solution with the glycerine and add the aqueous liquid1 then the tincture of cudbear1 and lastly enough water to make #a1jjj cubic centimeters4 ,allow to stand a few days1 then filter1 adding a little magnesium carbonate to the filter1 if necessary1 to get a brilliant filtrate4 ,this is from the ,formulary of the ,bournemouth ,pharmaceutical ,association1 as reported in the ,canadian ,pharmaceutical ,association3 #ajj ,alkaline ,glycerine of ,thymol4-- ,sodium bicarbonate #ajj grains ,sodium biborate #bjj grains ,sodium benzoate #hj grains ,sodium salicylate #dj grains ,menthol #b grains ,pumilio pine oil #d minims ,wintergreen oil #b minims ,thymol #d grains ,eucalyptol #ab minims ,compound ,solution of ,thymol4-- ,a ,benzoic acid #fd grains ,borax #fd grains ,boric acid #abh grains ,distilled water #f ounces ,dissolve4 ,b ,thymol #bj grains ,menthol #f grains ,eucalyptol #d minims ,oil of wintergreen #d minims ,oil of peppermint #b minims ,oil of thyme #a minim ,alcohol 7#ij per cent7 #c ounces ,dissolve4 ,mix solutions ,a and ,b1 make up to #bj fluidounces with distilled water1 and filter4 ,oil of ,cinnamon as an ,antiseptic4--,oil of cinnamon in a #i-per-cent emulsion1 when used upon the hands1 completely sterilizes them4 ,a #g- to #h-per-cent emulsion is equal to a #a-per-cent solution of corrosive sublimate and is certainly far more agreeable to use4 ,oil of thyme in an #aa-per-cent solution is equal to a #g-per-cent solution of cinnamon oil4 ,green ,coloring for ,antiseptic ,solutions4--,the safest coloring substance for use in a preparation intended either for internal administration or for application to the skin is the coloring matter of leaves1 chlorophyll4 ,a tincture of spinach or of grass made by macerating #b ounces of the freshly cut leaves in a pint of alcohol for five days will be found to give good results4 ,if the pure coloring substance is wanted the solvent should be evaporated off4 ,antiseptic ,bromine ,solution4-- ,bromine #a ounce ,sodium chloride #h ounces ,water #h pints ,dissolve the sodium chloride in the water and add the bromine4 ,this solution is to be diluted1 when applied to broken skin surfaces1 #a part with #ae parts of water4 ,substitute for ,rubber ,gloves4--,murphy has found that a #d-1 #f-1 or #h-per-cent solution of gutta-percha in benzine1 when applied to the hands of the surgeon or the skin of the patient1 will seal these surfaces with an insoluble1 impervious1 and practically imperceptible coating--a coating that will not allow the secretions of the skin to escape1 and will not admit secretions1 blood1 or pus into the crevices of the skin4 ,at the same time it does not impair the sense of touch nor the pliability of the skin4 ,a similar solution in acetone also meets most of the requirements4 ,murphy's routine method of hand preparation is as follows3 ,first1 five to seven minutes' scrubbing with spirits of green soap and running hot water2 second1 three minutes' washing with alcohol2 third1 when the hands are thoroughly dried1 the gutta-percha solution is poured over the hands and forearms1 care being taken to fill in around and beneath the nails4 ,the hands must be kept exposed to the air with the fingers separated until thoroughly dry4 ,the coating is very thin and can be recognized only by its glazed appearance4 ,it will resist soap and water1 but is easily removed by washing in benzine4 ,the hands can be washed in bichloride or any of the antiseptic solutions without interfering with the coating or affecting the skin4 ,if the operations be many1 or prolonged1 the coating wears away from the tips of the fingers1 but is easily renewed4 ,for the remaining portion of the hands one application is sufficient for a whole morning's work4 ,the #d-per-cent solution of rubber wears better on the tips of the fingers1 in handling instruments1 sponges1 and tissues than the acetone solution4 ,for the abdomen the acetone solution has the advantage1 and it dries in three to four seconds after its application1 while the benzine solution takes from three to four and a half minutes to make a dry1 firm coating4 ,the preparation of the patient's skin consists in five minutes' scrubbing with spirits of green soap1 washing with ether1 followed by alcohol4 ,the surface is then swabbed over thoroughly with the benzine or acetone solution4 ,the gutta-percha solution is prepared by dissolving the pure gutta-percha chips in sterile benzine or acetone4 ,these solutions do not stand boiling1 as this impairs the adhesiveness and elasticity of the coating4 ,,antiseptics ,,for ,,caged ,,birds3 ,see ,veterinary ,formulas4 #aja ,,apollinaris3 ,see ,waters4 ,,apple ,,syrup3 ,see ,essences and ,extracts4 ,,aqua ,,fortis ,,for ,,bright ,,luster3 ,see ,castings4 ,,aqua ,,fortis ,,for ,,the ,,touchstone3 ,see ,gold4 ,,aquarium ,,cements3 ,see ,adhesives4 ,,aquarium ,,putty3 ,see ,putty4 ,,argentan3 ,see ,alloys4 ,,armenian ,,cement3 ,see ,adhesives under ,jewelers' ,cements4 ,,arms1 ,,oil ,,for3 ,see ,lubricants4 ,,arnica ,,salve3 ,see ,ointments4 ,,arsenic ,,alloys3 ,see ,alloys4 ,,asbestos ,,cement3 ,see ,adhesives4 ,,asbestos ,,fabric3 ,see ,fireproofing4 ,,asphalt ,,as ,,an ,,ingredient ,,of ,,india ,,rubber3 ,see ,rubber4 ,,asphalt ,,in ,,painting3 ,see ,paint4 ,,asphalt ,,varnishes3 ,see ,varnishes4 ,,assaying3 ,see ,gold4 ,,asthma ,,cures4--,asthma ,papers4--,i4--,impregnate bibulous paper with the following3 ,extract of stramonium1 #aj2 potassium nitrate1 #ag2 sugar1 #bj2 warm water1 #bjj parts4 ,dry4 ,,ii4--,blotting or gray filter paper1 #abj2 potassium nitrate1 #fj2 powdered belladonna leaves1 #e2 powdered stramonium leaves1 #e2 powdered digitalis leaves1 #e2 powdered lobelia1 #e2 myrrh1 #aj2 olibanum1 #aj2 phellandrium fruits1 #e parts4 ,stramonium ,candle4--,powdered stramonium leaves1 #abj2 potassium nitrate1 #gb2 ,peruvian balsam1 #c2 powdered sugar1 #a2 powdered tragacanth1 #d parts4 7,water1 q4 s4 to mass2 roll into suitable shapes and dry47 ,cleary's ,asthma ,fumigating ,powder4--,powdered stramonium1 #ae2 powdered belladonna leaves1 #ae2 powdered opium1 #b2 potassium nitrate1 #e4 ,asthma ,fumigating ,powders4--,i4--,powdered stramonium leaves1 #d2 powdered aniseed1 #b2 potassium nitrate1 #b parts4 ,,ii4--,powdered stramonium1 #cj2 potassium nitrate1 #e2 powdered tea1 #ae2 powdered eucalyptus leaves1 #ae2 powdered ,indian hemp1 #ae2 powdered lobelia1 #ae2 powdered aniseed1 #b2 distilled water1 #de parts4 7,all the herbal ingredients in coarse powder2 moisten with the water in which the potassium nitrate has been previously dissolved1 and dry47 ,schiffmann's ,asthma ,powder4--,potassium nitrate1 #be2 stramonium1 #gj2 belladonna leaves1 #e parts4 ,neumeyer's ,asthma ,powder4--,potassium nitrate1 #f parts2 sugar1 #d2 stramonium1 #f2 powdered lobelia1 #a4 ,fischer's ,asthma ,powder4--,stramonium1 #e parts2 potassium nitrate1 #a2 powdered ,achillea millefolium leaves1 #a4 ,vorlaender's ,asthma ,powder4--,stramonium1 #aej2 lobelia1 #hj2 arnica flowers1 #hj2 potassium nitrate1 #cj2 potassium iodide1 #c2 naphthol1 #a1ajj parts4 ,asthma ,cigarettes4--,i4--,belladonna leaves1 #e parts2 stramonium leaves1 #e parts2 digitalis leaves1 #e parts2 sage leaves1 #e parts2 potassium nitrate1 #ge parts2 tincture of benzoin1 #dj parts2 boiling water1 #a1jjj parts4 ,extract the leaves with the boiling water1 filter1 and in the filtrate dissolve the salts4 ,immerse in the fluid sheets of bibulous paper 7,swedish filter paper will answer7 and let remain for #bd hours4 ,at the end of this time remove1 dry1 cut into pieces about #b #c_/d by #d inches1 and roll into cigarettes4 ,,ii4--,sodium arseniate1 #c grains2 extract of belladonna1 #h grains2 extract of stramonium1 #h grains4 ,dissolve the arseniate of sodium in a small quantity of water1 and rub it with the two extracts4 ,then soak up the whole mixture with fine blotting paper1 which is dried and cut into #bd equal parts4 ,each part is rolled up in a piece of cigarette paper4 ,four or five inhalations are generally sufficient as a dose4 ,,asthma ,,in ,,canaries3 ,see ,veterinary ,formulas4 ,,astringent ,,for ,,horses3 ,see ,veterinary ,formulas4 ,,atomic ,,weights3 ,see ,weights and ,measures4 #ajb ,,atropine1 ,,antidote ,,to4 ,the usual physiological antidotes to the mydriatic alkaloids from belladonna1 stramonium1 and hyoscyamus are morphine or eserine4 ,strong tea1 coffee1 or brandy are usually administered as stimulants4 ,chief reliance has usually been placed upon a stomach siphon and plenty of water to wash out the contents of the stomach4 ,the best antidote ever reported was that of muscarine extracted by alcohol from the mushroom1 ,amanita muscaria1 but the difficulty of securing the same has caused it to be overlooked and almost forgotten4 ,experiments with this antidote showed it to be an almost perfect opposite of atropine in its effects upon the animal body and that it neutralized poisonous doses4 ,,aqua ,,aromatica4-- ,cort4 cinnam4 chinens #c parts ,flor4 lavandul #e parts ,fol4 ,menth4 pip4 #e parts ,fol4 rosmarini #e parts ,fol4 salvi #aj parts ,fruct4 fniculi #c parts ,spiritus #gj parts ,aqua #cjj parts ,macerate the drugs in the mixed alcohol and water for #bd hours and distill #bjj parts4 ,,aqua ,,regia4--,aqua regia consists in principle of #b parts of hydrochloric acid and #a part of nitric acid4 ,but this quantity varies according to the shop where it is used for gilding or jewelry1 and sometimes the proportion is brought to #d parts of hydrochloric acid to #a of nitric acid4 ,,automobiles1 ,,antifreezing ,,solution ,,for3 ,see ,freezing ,preventives4 ,,axle ,,grease3 ,see ,lubricants4 ,,babbitt ,,metal3 ,see ,alloys4 ,baking ,powders ,i4--,tartaric acid1 #c parts2 sodium bicarbonate1 #a part2 starch1 #j4ge part4 ,of this baking powder the required amount for #ejj parts of flour is about #bj parts for rich cake1 and #ae parts for lean cake4 ,the substances employed must be dry1 each having been previously sifted by itself1 so that no coarse pieces are present2 the starch is mixed with the sodium bicarbonate before the acid is added4 ,when large quantities are prepared the mixing is done by machine2 smaller quantities are best mixed together in a spacious mortar1 and then passed repeatedly through a sieve4 ,instead of starch1 flour may be used1 but starch is preferable1 because it interferes with the action of the acid on the alkali4 ,,ii4--,a formula proposed by ,crampton1 of the ,united ,states ,department of ,agriculture1 as the result of an investigation of the leading baking powders of the market1 is3 ,potassium bitartrate #b parts ,sodium bicarbonate #a part ,cornstarch #a part ,the addition of the starch serves the double purpose of a 8filler0 to increase the weight of the powder and as a preservative4 ,a mixture of the chemicals alone does not keep well4 ,the stability of the preparation is increased by drying each ingredient separately by exposure to a gentle heat1 mixing at once1 and immediately placing in bottles or cans and excluding access of air and consequently of moisture4 ,this is not a cheap powder2 but it is the best that can be made1 as to healthfulness4 ,,iii4--,sodium acid phosphate #bj parts ,calcium acid phosphate #bj parts ,sodium bicarbonate #be parts ,starch #ce parts ,caution as to drying the ingredients and keeping them dry must be observed4 ,even the mixing should be done in a room free from excessive humidity4 ,,iv4--,alum ,baking ,powder4-- ,ammonium alum1 anhydrous #ae parts ,sodium bicarbonate #ah parts ,cornstarch1 q4 s4 to make #ajj parts4 ,mix4 ,the available carbon dioxide yielded is #g #a_/b per cent or #h per cent4 ,,balance ,,spring3 ,see ,watchmakers' ,formulas4 ,,baldness3 ,see ,hair ,preparations4 ,,ball ,,blue3 ,see ,laundry ,preparations4 ,,balsams3 ,see also ,ointments4 #ajc ,wild-,cherry ,balsam4-- ,wild-cherry bark #a ounce ,licorice root #a ounce ,ipecac #a ounce ,bloodroot #a drachm ,sassafras #a drachm ,compound tincture of opium #a fluidounce ,fluid extract of cubeb #d fluidrachms ,moisten the ground drugs with the fluid extract and tincture and enough menstruum consisting of #be per cent alcohol1 and after six or eight hours pack in a percolator1 and pour on menstruum until percolation begins4 ,then cork the orifice1 cover the percolator1 and allow to macerate for #bd hours4 ,then percolate to #aj fluidounces1 pouring back the first portion of percolate until it comes through clear4 ,in the percolate dissolve #a_/b ounce of ammonium chloride and #a_/b pound of sugar by cold percolation1 adding simple syrup to make #af fluidounces4 ,finally add #a fluidrachm of chloroform4 ,balsam ,spray ,solution4-- ,oil of ,scotch pine #cj minims ,oil of eucalyptus #a drachm ,oil of cinnamon #cj minims ,menthol crystals q4 s4 ,fluid extract of balm-of-,gilead buds #a drachm ,tincture of benzoin1 enough to make #d ounces ,this formula can1 of course1 be modified to suit your requirements4 ,the oils of eucalyptus and cinnamon can be omitted and such quantities of tincture of tolu and tincture of myrrh incorporated as may be desired4 ,birch ,balsam4-- ,parts by weight ,alcohol #cj1jjj ,birch juice #c1jjj ,glycerine #a1jjj ,bergamot oil #ij ,vanillin #aj ,geranium oil #ej ,water #ad1jjj ,,balsam ,,stains1 ,,to ,,remove3 ,see ,cleaning ,preparations and ,methods4 ,,banana ,,bronzing ,,solution3 ,see ,plating4 ,,banana ,,syrup3 ,see ,essences and ,extracts4 ,,banana ,,trick1 ,,the ,,burning3 ,see ,pyrotechnics4 ,,banjo ,,sour3 ,see ,beverages under ,lemonade4 ,,bar ,,polishes3 ,see ,polishes4 ,,barbers'-,,itch ,,cure3 ,see ,ointments4 ,,barbers' ,,powder3 ,see ,cosmetics4 ,,barometers 7,,paper73 ,see ,hygrometers and ,hygroscopes4 ,,bath1 ,,air3 ,see ,air ,bath4 ,,bath ,,metal3 ,see ,alloys4 ,,bath ,,powder3 ,see ,cosmetics4 ,,bath ,,tablets1 ,,effervescent4 ,tartaric acid #aj parts ,sodium bicarbonate #i parts ,rice flour #f parts ,a few spoonfuls of this1 when stirred into a bathtubful of water1 causes a copious liberation of carbon dioxide1 which is refreshing4 ,this mixture can be made into tablets by compression1 moistening1 if necessary1 with alcohol4 ,water1 of course1 cannot be used in making them1 as its presence causes the decomposition referred to4 ,perfume may be added to this powder1 essential oils being a good form4 ,oil of lavender would be a suitable addition1 in the proportion of a fluidrachm or more to the pound of powder4 ,a better but more expensive perfume may be obtained by mixing #a part of oil of rose geranium with #f parts of oil of lavender4 ,a perfume still more desirable may be had by adding a mixture of the oils from which ,cologne water is made4 ,for an ordinary quality the following will suffice3 ,oil of lavender #d fluidrachms ,oil of rosemary #d fluidrachms ,oil of bergamot #a fluidounce ,oil of lemon #b fluidounces ,oil of clove #cj minims ,for the first quality the following may be taken3 ,oil of neroli #f fluidrachms ,oil of rosemary #c fluidrachms ,oil of bergamot #c fluidrachms ,oil of cedrat #g fluidrachms ,oil of orange peel #g fluidrachms ,a fluidrachm or more of either of these mixtures may be used to the pound1 as in the case of lavender4 ,these mixtures may also be used in the preparation of a bath powder #ajd 7non-effervescent7 made by mixing equal parts of powdered soap and powdered borax4 ,,bath-,,tub ,,enamel3 ,see ,varnishes4 ,,bath-,,tub ,,paints3 ,see ,paint4 ,,battery ,,fillers ,,and ,,solutions4 ,i4--,in the so-called dry batteries the exciting substance is a paste instead of a fluid2 moisture is necessary to cause the reaction4 ,these pastes are generally secret preparations4 ,one of the earlier 8dry0 batteries is that of ,gassner4 ,the apparatus consists of a containing vessel of zinc1 which forms the positive element2 the negative one is a cylinder of carbon1 and the space between is filled with a paste1 the recipe for which is3 ,oxide of zinc #a part ,sal ammoniac #a part ,plaster #c parts ,chloride of zinc #a part ,water #b parts ,the usual form of chloride-of-silver battery consists of a sealed cell containing a zinc electrode1 the two being generally separated by some form of porous septum4 ,around the platinum or silver electrode is cast a quantity of silver chloride4 ,this is melted and generally poured into molds surrounding the metallic electrode4 ,the exciting fluid is either a solution of ammonium chloride1 caustic potassa1 or soda1 or zinc sulphate4 ,as ordinarily constructed1 these cells contain a paste of the electrolyte1 and are sealed up hermetically in glass or hard-rubber receptacles4 ,,ii4--,the following formula is said to yield a serviceable filling for dry batteries3 ,charcoal #c ounces ,graphite #a ounce ,manganese dioxide #c ounces ,calcium hydrate #a ounce ,arsenic acid #a ounce ,glucose mixed with dextrine or starch #a ounce ,intimately mix1 and then work into a paste of proper consistency with a saturated solution of sodium and ammonium chlorides containing one-tenth of its volume of a mercury-bichloride solution and an equal volume of hydrochloric acid4 ,add the fluid gradually1 and well work up the mass4 ,,iii4--,calcium chloride1 crystallized #cj parts ,calcium chloride1 granulated #cj parts ,ammonium sulphate #ae parts ,zinc sulphate #be parts ,solutions for ,batteries4--,the almost exclusively employed solution of sal ammoniac 7ammonium chloride7 presents the drawback that the zinc rods1 glasses1 etc41 after a short use1 become covered with a fine1 yellow1 very difficultly soluble1 basic zinc salt1 whereby the generation of the electric current is impaired1 and finally arrested altogether4 ,this evil may be remedied by an admixture of cane sugar4 ,for a battery of ordinary size about #bj to #be grams of sugar1 dissolved in warm water1 is sufficient per #ej to #fj grams of sal ammoniac4 ,after prolonged use only large crystals 7of a zinc saccharate7 form1 which1 however1 become attached only to the zinc rod in a few places1 having very little disadvantageous effect upon the action of the batteries and being easy to remove1 owing to their ready solubility4 ,,baudoin ,,metal3 ,see ,alloys4 ,,bay ,,rum4 ,i4--,oil of bay #a drachm ,alcohol #ah ounces ,water #ah ounces ,mix and filter through magnesia4 ,,ii4--,bay-leaf otto #a_/b ounce ,magnesium carbonate #a_/b ounce ,jamaica rum #b pints ,alcohol #c pints ,water #c pints ,triturate the otto with the magnesium carbonate1 gradually adding the other ingredients1 previously mixed1 and filter4 ,if the rum employed contains sufficient sugar or mucilaginous matter to cause any stickiness to be felt on the skin1 rectification will be necessary4 ,,bear ,,fat3 ,see ,fats4 ,,bearing ,,lubricant3 ,see ,lubricants4 ,,bearing ,,metal3 ,see ,babbitt ,metal1 ,bearing ,metal1 and ,phosphor ,bronze1 under ,alloys4 ,,bedbug ,,destroyers3 ,see ,insecticides4 ,,beef1 ,,iron1 ,,and ,,wine4 ,extract of beef #eab grains ,detannated sherry wine #bf ounces ,alcohol #d ounces ,citrate of iron and ammonia #bef grains ,simple sirup #ab ounces #aje ,tincture of orange #b ounces ,tincture of cardamom co4 #a ounce ,citric acid #aj grains ,water1 enough to make #d pints ,let stand #bd hours1 agitate frequently1 and filter4 ,see that the orange is fresh4 ,,beef ,,peptonoids3 ,see ,peptonoids4 ,,beef ,,preservatives3 ,see ,foods4 ,,beef ,,tea3 ,see ,beverages4 ,,beers1 ,,alcohol ,,in3 ,see ,alcohol4 ,,beer1 ,,ginger1 ,,hop-,,bitter1 ,,scotch1 ,,and ,,spruce3 ,see ,beverages4 ,,beer1 ,,restoration ,,of ,,spoiled4 ,i4--,powdered chalk is poured into the cask and allowed to remain in the beer until completely precipitated4 ,,ii4--,the liquor of boiled raisins may be poured into the beer1 with the result that the sour taste of the beer is disguised4 ,,iii4--,a small quantity of a solution of potash will remove the sour taste of beer4 ,too much potash must not be added2 otherwise the stomach will suffer4 ,beer thus restored will not keep long4 ,,iv4--,if the beer is not completely spoiled it may be restored by the addition of coarsely powdered charcoal4 ,v4--,if the addition of any of the above-mentioned substances should affect the taste of the beer1 a little powdered zingiber may be used to advantage4 ,syrup or molasses may also be employed4 ,,bees1 ,,foul ,,brood ,,in4 8,foul brood0 is a contagious disease to which bees are subject4 ,it is caused by bacteria and its presence may be known by the bees becoming languid4 ,dark1 stringy1 and elastic masses are found in the bottom of the cells1 while the caps are sunken or irregularly punctured4 ,frequently the disease is said to be accompanied by a peculiar offensive odor4 ,prompt removal of diseased colonies1 their transfer to clean and thoroughly disinfected hives1 and feeding on antiseptically treated honey or syrup are the means taken for the prevention and cure of the disease4 ,the antiseptics used are salicylic acid1 carbolic acid1 or formic acid4 ,spraying the brood with any one of these remedies in a solution and feeding with a honey or syrup medicated with them will usually be all that is required by way of treatment4 ,it is also said that access to salt water is important for the health of bees4 ,,beetle ,,powder3 ,see ,insecticides4 ,,bell ,,metal3 ,see ,alloys4 ,,belladonna1 ,,antidotes ,,to3 ,see ,antidotes and ,atropine4 ,,belt ,,pastes ,,for ,,increasing ,,adhesion4 ,i4--,tallow #ej parts ,caster oil1 crude #bj parts ,fish oil #bj parts ,colophony #aj parts ,melt on a moderate fire and stir until the mass cools4 ,,ii4--,melt #bej parts of gum elastic with #bej parts of oil of turpentine in an iron1 well-closed crucible at #abb ,f4 7caution67 and mix well with #bjj parts of colophony4 ,after further melting add #bjj parts of yellow wax and stir carefully4 ,melt in #gej parts of heated train oil1 #bej parts of tallow1 and to this add1 with constant stirring1 the first mixture when the latter is still warm1 and let cool slowly with stirring4 ,this grease is intended for cotton belts4 ,,iii4--,gutta-percha #dj parts ,rosin #aj parts ,asphalt #ae parts ,petroleum #fj parts ,heat in a glass vessel on the water bath for a few hours1 until a uniform solution is obtained4 ,let cool and add #ae parts of carbon disulphide and allow the mixture to stand1 shaking it frequently4 ,directions for ,use4--,the leather belts to be cemented should first be roughened at the joints1 and after the cement has been applied they should be subjected to a strong pressure between warm rollers1 whereupon they will adhere together with much tenacity4 ,preservation of ,belts4--,in a well-covered iron vessel heat at a temperature of #ej ,c4 7#aeb ,f47 #a part by weight of caoutchouc1 cut in small pieces1 with #a part by weight of rectified turpentine4 ,when the caoutchouc is dissolved add #j4h part of colophony1 stir until this is dissolved1 and add to the mixture #j4a part of yellow wax4 ,into another vessel of suitable size pour #c parts of fish oil1 add #a part of tallow1 and heat the mixture until the tallow is melted2 then pour on the contents of the first vessel1 constantly stirring--an operation to be continued until the matter is cooled and congealed4 ,this grease is to be rubbed #ajf on the inside of the belts from time to time1 while they are in use4 ,the belts run easily and do not slip4 ,the grease may also serve for improving old belts4 ,for this purpose the grease should be rubbed on both sides in a warm place4 ,a first layer is allowed to soak in1 and another applied4 ,to ,make a ,belt ,pull4--,hold a piece of tar soap on the inside of the belt while it is running4 ,,belt ,,cement3 ,see ,adhesives4 ,,belt ,,glue3 ,see ,adhesives4 ,,belt ,,lubricant3 ,see ,lubricants4 ,b,n,,dictine3 ,see ,wines and ,liquors4 ,benzine ,benzine1 to ,color ,green4--,probably the simplest and cheapest as well as the best method of coloring benzine green is to dissolve in it sufficient oil soluble aniline green of the desired tint to give the required shade4 ,purification of ,benzine4--,ill-smelling benzine1 mixed with about #a to #b per cent of its weight of free fatty acid1 will dissolve therein4 ,one-fourth per cent of tannin is added and all is mixed well4 ,enough potash or soda lye1 or even lime milk1 is added until the fatty acids are saponified1 and the tannic acid is neutralized1 shaking repeatedly4 ,after a while the milky liquid separates into two layers1 viz41 a salty1 soapy1 mud-sediment and clear1 colorless1 and almost odorless benzine above4 ,this benzine1 filtered1 may be employed for many technical purposes1 but gives an excellent1 pure product upon a second distillation4 ,fatty acid from tallow1 olive oil1 or other fats may be used1 but care should be taken that they have as slight an odor of rancid fat as possible4 ,the so-called elaine or olein--more correctly oleic acid--of the candle factories may likewise be employed1 but it should first be agitated with a #a_/aj-per-cent soda solution to get rid of the bad-smelling fatty acids1 especially the butyric acid4 ,the ,prevention of the ,inflammability of ,benzine4--,a mixture of #i volumes tetrachloride and #a volume of benzine is practicably inflammable4 ,the flame is soon extinguished by itself4 ,substitute for ,benzine as a ,cleansing ,agent4-- ,i4--,chloroform #ge parts ,ether #ge parts ,alcohol #fjj parts ,decoction of quillaya bark #bb1ejj parts ,mix4 ,,ii4--,acetic ether1 technically pure #aj parts ,amyl acetate #aj parts ,ammonia water #aj parts ,alcohol dilute #gj parts ,mix4 ,,iii4--,acetone #a part ,ammonia water #a part ,alcohol dilute #a part ,mix4 ,deodorizing ,benzine4-- ,i4--,benzine #bj ounces ,oil of lavender #a fluidrachm ,potassium dichromate #a ounce ,sulphuric acid #a fluidounce ,water #bj fluidounces ,dissolve the dichromate in the water1 add the acid and1 when the solution is cold1 the benzine4 ,shake every hour during the day1 allow to stand all night1 decant the benzine1 wash with a pint of water and again decant1 then add the oil of lavender4 ,,ii4--,first add to the benzine #a to #b per cent of oleic acid1 which dissolves4 ,then about a quarter of #a per cent of tannin is incorporated by shaking4 ,a sufficient quantity of caustic potassa solution1 or milk of lime1 to combine with the acids is then well shaken into the mixture1 and the whole allowed to stand4 ,the benzine rises to the top of the watery fluid1 sufficiently deodorized and decolorized for practical purposes4 ,,iii4--,to #a1gej parts of water add #bej parts of sulphuric acid1 and when it has cooled down add #cj parts of potassium permanganate and let dissolve4 ,add this solution to #d1ejj parts of benzine1 stir well together1 and set aside for #bd hours4 ,now decant the benzine and to it add a solution of #g #a_/b parts of potassium permanganate and #ae parts of sodium hydrate in #a1jjj parts of water1 and agitate the substances well together4 ,let stand until the benzine separates1 then draw off4 ,,iv4--,dissolve #c parts of litharge and #ah parts of sodium hydrate in #dj parts of water4 ,add this to #bjj-bej parts of benzine and agitate well together for two minutes1 then let settle and draw off the benzine4 ,rinse the latter by agitating #ajg it with plenty of clear water1 let settle1 draw off the benzine1 and1 if necessary1 repeat the operation4 ,,benzine1 ,,cleaning ,,with3 ,see ,cleaning ,preparations and ,methods1 under ,miscellaneous ,methods4 ,,benzoic ,,acid ,,in ,,food3 ,see ,food4 ,,benzoin ,,soap3 ,see ,soap4 ,,benzoparal3 ,a neutral1 bland1 oily preparation of benzoin1 useful for applying various antiseptics by the aid of an atomizer1 nebulizer1 or vaporizer4 ,can be used plain or in combination with other easily dissolved medicinals4 ,paraffine1 liquid #af ounces ,gum benzoin #a ounce ,digest on a sand bath for a half hour and filter4 ,beverages ,,ginger ,,ale ,,and ,,ginger ,,beer3 ,old-,fashioned ,ginger ,beer4-- ,lemons1 large and sound #f only ,ginger1 bruised #c ounces ,sugar #f cups ,yeast1 compressed #a_/d cake ,boiling water #d gallons ,water enough ,slice the lemons into a large earthenware vessel1 removing the seed4 ,add the ginger1 sugar1 and water4 ,when the mixture has cooled to lukewarmness1 add the yeast1 first diffused in a little water4 ,cover the vessel with a piece of cheese cloth1 and let the beer stand #bd hours4 ,at the end of that time strain and bottle it4 ,cork securely1 but not so tightly that the bottles would break before the corks would fly out1 and keep in a cool place4 ,ginger ,beer4--,honey gives the beverage a peculiar softness and1 from not having fermented with yeast1 is the less violent in its action when opened4 ,ingredients3 ,white sugar1 #a_/d pound2 honey1 #a_/d pound2 bruised ginger1 #e ounces2 juice of sufficient lemons to suit the taste2 water1 #d #a_/b gallons4 ,boil the ginger in #c quarts of the water for half an hour1 then add the ginger1 lemon juice1 and honey1 with the remainder of the water2 then strain through a cloth2 when cold1 add the quarter of the white of an egg and a teaspoonful of essence of lemon4 ,let the whole stand for four days before bottling4 ,this quantity will make a hundred bottles4 ,ginger ,beer without ,yeast4-- ,ginger1 bruised #a #a_/b pounds ,sugar #bj pounds ,lemons #a dozen ,honey #a pound ,water enough ,boil the ginger in #c gallons of water for half an hour2 add the sugar1 the lemons 7bruised and sliced71 the honey1 and #ag gallons of water4 ,strain and1 after three or four days1 bottle4 ,package ,pop4-- ,cream of tartar #c ounces ,ginger1 bruised #a ounce ,sugar #bd ounces ,citric acid #b drachms ,put up in a package1 and direct that it be shaken in #a #a_/b gallons of boiling water1 strained when cooled1 fermented with #a ounce of yeast1 and bottled4 ,ginger-,ale ,extract4-- ,i4--,jamaica ginger1 coarse powder #d ounces ,mace1 powder #a_/b ounce ,canada snakeroot1 coarse powder #fj grains ,oil of lemon #a fluidrachm ,alcohol #ab fluidounces ,water #d fluidounces ,magnesium carbonate or purified talcum #a av4 ounce ,mix the first four ingredients1 and make #af fluidounces of tincture with the alcohol and water1 by percolation4 ,dissolve the oil of lemon in a small quantity of alcohol1 rub with magnesia or talcum1 add gradually with constant trituration the tincture1 and filter4 ,the extract may be fortified by adding #d avoirdupois ounces of powdered grains of paradise to the ginger1 etc41 of the above before extraction with alcohol and water4 ,,ii4--,capsicum1 coarse powder #h ounces ,water #f pints ,essence of ginger #h fluidounces ,diluted alcohol #g fluidounces ,vanilla extract #b fluidounces ,oil of lemon #bj drops ,caramel #a fluidounce ,boil the capsicum with water for three hours1 occasionally replacing the water lost by evaporation2 filter1 concentrate the filtrate on a hot water bath to the consistency of a thin extract1 add the remaining ingredients1 and filter4 #ajh ,,iii4--,jamaica ginger1 ground #ab ounces ,lemon peel1 fresh1 cut fine #b ounces ,capsicum1 powder #a ounce ,calcined magnesia #a ounce ,alcohol sufficient ,water sufficient ,extract the mixed ginger and capsicum by percolation so as to obtain #af fluidounces of water1 set the mixture aside for #bd hours1 shaking vigorously from time to time1 then filter1 and pass through the filter enough of a mixture of #b volumes of alcohol and #a of water to make the filtrate measure #cb fluidounces4 ,in the latter macerate the lemon peel for #g days1 and again filter4 ,ginger ,beer4-- ,brown sugar #b pounds ,boiling water #b gallons ,cream of tartar #a ounce ,bruised ginger root #b ounces ,infuse the ginger in the boiling water1 add the sugar and cream of tartar2 when lukewarm strain2 then add half pint good yeast4 ,let it stand all night1 then bottle2 one lemon and the white of an egg may be added to fine it4 ,lemon ,beer4-- ,boiling water #a gallon ,lemon1 sliced #a ,ginger1 bruised #a ounce ,yeast #a teacupful ,sugar #a pound ,let it stand #ab to #bj hours1 and it is ready to be bottled4 ,hop ,beer4-- ,water #e quarts ,hops #f ounces ,boil #c hours1 strain the liquor1 add3 ,water #e quarts ,bruised ginger #d ounces and boil a little longer1 strain1 and add #d pounds of sugar1 and when milk-warm1 #a pint of yeast4 ,let it ferment2 in #bd hours it is ready for bottling4 nanthic ,ether as a ,flavoring for ,ginger ,ale4--,a fruity1 vinous bouquet and delightful flavor are produced by the presence of nanthic ether or brandy flavor in ginger ale4 ,this ether throws off a rich1 pungent1 vinous odor1 and gives a smoothness very agreeable to any liquor or beverage of which it forms a part4 ,it is a favorite with 8brandy sophisticators40 ,add a few drops of the ether 7previously dissolved in eight times its bulk of ,cologne spirit7 to the ginger-ale syrup just before bottling4 ,soluble ,extract of ,ginger ,ale4--,of the following three formulas the first is intended for soda-fountain use1 the second is a 8cheap0 extract for the bottlers who want a one-ounce-to-the-gallon extract1 and the third is a bottlers' extract to be used in the proportion of three ounces to a gallon of syrup4 ,this latter is a most satisfactory extract and has been sold with most creditable results1 both as to clearness of the finished ginger ale and delicacy of flavor4 ,it will be noted that in these formulas oleoresin of ginger is used in addition to the powdered root4 ,those who do not mind the additional expense might use one-fourth of the same quantity of volatile oil of ginger instead4 ,this should develop an excellent flavor1 since the oil is approximately sixteen times as strong as the oleoresin1 and has the additional advantage of being free from resinous extractive4 ,the following are the formulas3 ,i4--7,to be used in the proportion of #d ounces of extract to #a gallon of syrup47 ,jamaica ginger1 in fine powder #h pounds ,capsicum1 in fine powder #f ounces ,alcohol1 a sufficient quantity4 ,mix the powders intimately1 moisten them with a sufficient quantity of alcohol1 and set aside for #d hours4 ,pack in a cylindrical percolator and percolate with alcohol until #aj pints of percolate have resulted4 ,place the percolate in a bottle of the capacity of #af pints1 and add to it #b fluidrachms of oleoresin of ginger2 shake1 add #b #a_/b pounds of finely powdered pumice stone1 and agitate thoroughly at intervals of one-half hour for #ab hours4 ,then add #ad pints of water in quantities of #a pint at each addition1 shaking briskly meanwhile4 ,this part of the operation is most important4 ,set the mixture aside for #bd hours1 agitating it strongly every hour or so during that period4 ,then take ,oil of lemon #a #a_/b fluidounces ,oil of rose 7or geranium7 #c fluidrachms ,oil of bergamot #b fluidrachms #aji ,oil of cinnamon #c fluidrachms ,magnesium carbonate #c fluidounces ,rub the oils with the magnesia in a large mortar and add #i ounces of the clear portion of the ginger mixture to which have been previously added #b ounces of alcohol1 and continue trituration1 rinsing out the mortar with the ginger mixture4 ,pass the ginger mixture through a double filter and add through the filter the mixture of oils and magnesia2 finally pass enough water through the filter to make the resulting product measure #bd pints1 or #c gallons4 ,if the operator should desire an extract of more or less pungency1 he may obtain his desired effect by increasing or decreasing the quantity of powdered capsicum in the formula4 ,,ii4--7,to be used in the proportion of #a ounce to #a gallon of syrup47 ,ginger1 in moderately fine powder #f pounds ,capsicum1 in fine powder #b #a_/b pounds ,alcohol1 a sufficient quantity4 ,mix1 moisten the powder with #c pints of alcohol1 and set aside in a suitable vessel for #d hours4 ,then pack the powder firmly in a cylindrical percolator1 and percolate until #f pints of extract are obtained4 ,set this mixture aside and label ,percolate ,no4 #a1 and continue the percolation with #a #a_/b pints of alcohol mixed with #a #a_/b pints of water4 ,set the resultant tincture aside1 and label ,percolate ,no4 #b4 ,take oleoresin ginger #e fluid ounces and add to ,percolate ,no4 #a4 ,then take3 ,oil of lemon #a #a_/b fluidounces ,oil of cinnamon #a fluidounce ,oil of geranium #a_/b fluidounce ,magnesium carbonate #h ounces ,triturate the oils with the magnesia1 add gradually ,percolate ,no4 #b1 and set aside4 ,then place ,percolate ,no4 #a in a large bottle1 add #c #a_/d pounds of finely powdered pumice stone1 and shake at intervals of half an hour for six hours4 ,this being completed1 add the mixture of oils1 and later #aj pints of water1 in quantities of #a_/b a pint at a time1 shaking vigorously after each solution4 ,let the mixture stand for #bd hours1 shaking it at intervals1 and then pass it through a double filter4 ,finally add enough water through the filter to make the product measure #bd pints1 or #c gallons4 ,,iii4--7,to be used in proportion of #c ounces to #a gallon of syrup47 ,ginger1 in moderately fine powder #h pounds ,capsicum1 in moderately fine powder #b pounds ,alcohol1 q4 s4 ,mix1 moisten with alcohol1 and set aside as in the preceding formula2 then percolate with alcohol until #aj pints of extract are obtained4 ,to this add oleoresin of ginger #c drachms1 and place in a large bottle4 ,add #b #a_/b pounds of powdered pumice stone1 and shake as directed for formula ,no4 #a4 ,then add #ad pints of water1 in quantities of #a pint at a time1 shaking vigorously after each addition4 ,set the mixture aside for #bd hours1 shaking at intervals4 ,then take3 ,oil of lemon #a #a_/b fluidounces ,oil of geranium #a_/b fluidounce ,oil of cinnamon #c fluidrachms ,magnesia carbonate #c ounces ,rub these in a mortar with the magnesia1 and add #i ounces of the clear portion of the ginger mixture mixed with #b ounces of alcohol1 rubbing the mixture until it becomes smooth4 ,prepare a double filter1 and filter the ginger mixture1 adding through the filter the mixture of oils and magnesia4 ,finally add enough water through the filter to make the final product measure #bd pints1 or #c gallons4 ,if these formulas are properly manipulated the extracts should keep for a reasonable length of time without a precipitate4 ,if1 however1 a precipitate occur after the extract has stood for a week1 it should be refiltered4 ,,lemonades3 ,lemonade ,preparations for the ,sick4--,i4--,strawberry ,lemonade3 ,citric acid1 #f parts2 water1 #ajj parts2 sugar1 #dej parts2 strawberry syrup1 #fjj parts2 cherry syrup1 #cjj parts2 claret1 #dej parts2 aromatic tincture1 ad lib4 ,,ii4--,lemonade ,powder3 ,sodium bicarbonate1 #fe2 tartaric acid1 #fj2 sugar1 #abe2 lemon oil1 #ab drops4 ,,iii4--,lemonade juice3 ,sugar syrup1 #bjj2 tartaric acid1 #ae2 distilled water1 #ajj2 lemon oil1 #c2 tincture of vanilla1 #f drops4 ,,iv4--,lemonade ,lozenges3 ,tartaric acid1 #aj2 sugar1 #cj2 gum arabic1 #b2 powdered starch1 #j4e2 lemon oil1 #f drops2 tincture of vanilla1 #be drops2 and sufficient diluted spirit of wine so that #cj lozenges can be made with it4 ,lemonade for ,diabetics4--,the following is said to be useful for assuaging the thirst of diabetics3 #aaj ,citric acid #a part ,glycerine #ej parts ,cognac #ej parts ,distilled water #ejj parts ,hot ,lemonade4--,take #b large1 fresh lemons1 and wash them clean with cold water4 ,roll them until soft2 then divide each into halves1 and use a lemon-squeezer or reamer to express the juice into a small pitcher4 ,remove all the seeds from the juice1 to which add #d or more tablespoonfuls of white sugar1 according to taste4 ,a pint of boiling water is now added1 and the mixture stirred until the sugar is dissolved4 ,the beverage is very effective in producing perspiration1 and should be drunk while hot4 ,the same formula may be used for making cold lemonade1 by substituting ice water for the hot water1 and adding a piece of lemon peel4 ,if desired1 a weaker lemonade may be made by using more water4 ,lemonades1 ,lemon and ,sour ,drinks for ,soda-,water ,fountains4--,plain ,lemonade4--,juice of #a lemon2 pulverized sugar1 #b teaspoonfuls2 filtered water1 sufficient2 shaved ice1 sufficient4 ,mix and shake well4 ,garnish with fruit1 and serve with both spoon and straws4 ,huyler's ,lemonade4--,juice of #a lemon2 simple syrup1 #b ounces2 soda water1 sufficient4 ,dress with sliced pineapple1 and serve with straws4 ,in mixing1 do not shake1 but stir with a spoon4 ,pineapple ,lemonade4--,juice of #a lemon2 pineapple syrup1 #b ounces2 soda water1 sufficient4 ,dress with fruit4 ,serve with straws4 ,seltzer ,lemonade4--,juice of #a lemon2 pulverized sugar1 #b teaspoonfuls4 ,fill with seltzer4 ,dress with sliced lemon4 ,apollinaris ,lemonade4--,the same as seltzer1 substituting apollinaris water for seltzer4 ,limeade4--,juice of #a lime2 pulverized sugar1 #b teaspoonfuls2 water1 sufficient4 ,where fresh limes are not obtainable1 use bottled lime juice4 ,orangeade4--,juice of #a orange2 pulverized sugar1 #b teaspoonfuls2 water1 sufficient2 shaved ice1 sufficient4 ,dress with sliced orange and cherries4 ,serve with straws4 ,seltzer and ,lemon4--,juice of #a lemon2 seltzer1 sufficient4 ,serve in a small glass4 ,claret ,lemonade4--,juice of #a lemon2 pulverized sugar1 #c teaspoonfuls4 ,make lemonade1 pour into a glass containing shaved ice until the glass lacks about one inch of being full4 ,pour in sufficient claret to fill the glass4 ,dress with cherries and sliced pineapple4 ,claret ,punch4--,juice of #a lemon2 pulverized sugar1 #c teaspoonfuls2 claret wine1 #b ounces2 shaved ice1 sufficient4 ,serve in small glass4 ,dress with sliced lemon1 and fruit in season4 ,bright red cherries and plums make attractive garnishings4 ,raspberry ,lemonade4--,i4--,juice of #a lemon2 #c teaspoonfuls powdered sugar2 #a tablespoonful raspberry juice2 shaved ice2 plain water2 shake4 ,,ii4--,juice of #a lemon2 #b teaspoonfuls powdered sugar2 #a_/b ounce raspberry syrup2 shaved ice2 water2 shake4 ,banjo ,sour4--,pare a lemon1 cut it in two1 add a large tablespoonful of sugar1 then thoroughly muddle it2 add the white of an egg2 an ounce of sloe gin2 #c or #d dashes of abricotine2 shake well2 strain into a goblet or fizz glass1 and fill balance with soda2 decorate with a slice of pineapple and cherry4 ,orgeat ,punch4--,orgeat syrup1 #ab drachms2 brandy1 #a ounce2 juice of #a lemon4 ,granola4--,orange syrup1 #a ounce2 grape syrup1 #a ounce2 juice of #a_/b lemon2 shaved ice1 q4 s4 ,serve with straws4 ,dress with sliced lemon or pineapple4 ,american ,lemonade4--,one ounce orange syrup2 #a ounce lemon syrup2 #a teaspoonful powdered sugar2 #a dash acid-phosphate solution2 #a_/c glass shaved ice4 ,fill with coarse stream4 ,add slice of orange1 and run two straws through it4 ,old-,fashioned ,lemonade4--,put in a freezer and freeze almost hard1 then add the fruits1 and freeze very hard4 ,serve in a silver sherbet cup4 8,ping ,pong0 ,frapp4--,grape juice1 unfermented1 #a quart2 port wine 7,california71 #a_/b pint2 lemon syrup1 #ab ounces2 pineapple syrup1 #b ounces2 orange syrup1 #d ounces2 ,bndictine cordial1 #d ounces2 sugar1 #a pound4 ,dissolve sugar in grape juice and put in wine2 add the syrup and cordial2 serve from a punch bowl1 with ladle1 into #ab-ounce narrow lemonade glass and fill with solid stream2 garnish with slice of orange and pineapple1 and serve with straw4 ,orange ,frapp4--,glass half full of fine ice2 tablespoonful powdered sugar2 #a_/b ounce orange syrup2 #b dashes lemon syrup2 dash prepared raspberry2 #a_/d ounce #aaa acid-phosphate solution4 ,fill with soda and stir well2 strain into a mineral glass and serve4 ,hot ,lemonades4-- ,i4--,lemon essence #d fluidrachms ,solution of citric acid #a fluidounce ,syrup1 enough to make #cb fluidounces ,in serving1 draw #b #a_/b fluidounces of the syrup into an #h-ounce mug1 fill with hot water1 and serve with a spoon4 ,,ii4--,lemon #a ,alcohol #a fluidounce ,solution of citric acid #b fluidrachms ,sugar #bj av4 ounces ,water #bj fluidounces ,white of #a egg ,grate the peel of the lemon1 macerate with the alcohol for a day2 express2 also express the lemon1 mix the two1 add the sugar and water1 dissolve by agitation1 and add the solution of citric acid and the white of egg1 the latter first beaten to a froth4 ,serve like the preceding4 ,egg ,lemonade4--,i4--,break #a egg into a soda glass1 add #a #a_/d ounces lemon syrup1 a drachm of lemon juice1 and a little shaved ice2 then draw carbonated water to fill the glass1 stirring well4 ,,ii4--,shaved ice #a_/b tumblerful ,powdered sugar #d tablespoonfuls ,juice of #a lemon ,yolk of #a egg ,shake well1 and add carbonated water to fill the glass4 ,,hot ,,soda-,,water ,,drinks3 ,chocolate4--,i4--,this may be prepared in two ways1 from the powdered cocoa or from a syrup4 ,to prepare the cocoa for use1 dry mix with an equal quantity of pulverized sugar and use a heaping teaspoonful to a mug4 ,to prepare a syrup1 take #ab ounces of cocoa1 #e pints of water1 and #d pounds of sugar4 ,reduce the cocoa to a smooth paste with a little warm water4 ,put on the fire4 ,when the water becomes hot add the paste1 and then allow to boil for #c or #d minutes2 remove from fire and add the sugar2 stir carefully while heating1 to prevent scorching2 when cold add #c drachms of vanilla2 #a_/b to #c_/d ounce will suffice for a cup of chocolate2 top off with whipped cream4 ,,ii4--,baker's fountain chocolate #a pound ,syrup #a gallon ,extract vanilla enough ,shave the chocolate into a gallon porcelained evaporating dish and melt with a gentle heat1 stirring with a thin-bladed spatula4 ,when melted remove from the fire and add #a ounce of cold water1 mixing well4 ,add gradually #a gallon of hot syrup and strain2 flavor to suit4 ,use #a ounce to a mug4 ,,iii4--,hot ,egg ,chocolate4--,break a fresh egg into a soda tumbler2 add #a #a_/b ounces chocolate syrup and #a ounce cream2 shake thoroughly1 add hot soda slowly into the shaker1 stirring meanwhile2 strain carefully into mug2 top off with whipped cream and serve4 ,,iv4--,hot ,chocolate and ,milk4-- ,chocolate syrup #a ounce ,hot milk #d ounces ,stir well1 fill mug with hot soda and serve4 ,v4--,hot ,egg ,chocolate4--,one egg1 #a #a_/d ounces chocolate syrup1 #a teaspoonful sweet cream2 shake1 strain1 add #a cup hot soda1 and #a tablespoonful whipped cream4 ,coffee4--,i4--,make an extract by macerating #a pound of the best ,mocha and ,java with #h ounces of water for #bj minutes1 then add hot water enough to percolate #a pint4 ,one or #b drachms of this extract will make a delicious cup of coffee4 ,serve either with or without cream1 and let customer sweeten to taste4 ,,ii4--,pack #a_/b pound of pulverized coffee in a percolator4 ,percolate with #b quarts of boiling water1 letting it run through twice4 ,add to this #b quarts of milk2 keep hot in an urn and draw as a finished drink4 ,add a lump of sugar and top off with whipped cream4 ,,iii4--,coffee syrup may be made by adding boiling water from the apparatus to #a pound of coffee1 placed in a suitable filter or coffeepot1 until #b quarts of the infusion are obtained4 ,add to this #c pounds of sugar4 ,in dispensing1 first put sufficient cream in the cup1 add the coffee1 then sweeten1 if necessary1 and mix with the stream from the draught tube4 ,,iv4--,mocha coffee 7ground fine7 #d ounces ,java coffee 7ground fine7 #d ounces ,granulated sugar #f pounds ,hot water q4 s4 ,percolate the coffee with hot water until the percolate measures #gb ounces4 ,dissolve the sugar in the percolate by agitation without heat and strain4 ,hot ,egg ,orangeade4--,one egg2 juice #aab of #a_/b orange2 #b teaspoonfuls powdered sugar4 ,shake1 strain1 add #a cup of hot water4 ,stir1 serve with nutmeg4 ,hot ,egg ,bouillon4--,one-half ounce liquid extract beef2 #a egg2 salt and pepper2 hot water to fill #h-ounce mug4 ,stir extract1 egg1 and seasoning together2 add water1 still stirring2 strain and serve4 ,hot ,celery ,punch4--,one-quarter ounce of clam juice2 #a_/d ounce beef extract2 #a ounce of cream2 #d dashes of celery essence4 ,stir while adding hot water1 and serve with spices4 ,chicken ,bouillon4--,two ounces concentrated chicken2 #a_/b ounce sweet cream and spice4 ,stir while adding hot water4 ,ginger4-- ,fluid extract of ginger #b #a_/b ounces ,sugar #dj ounces ,water1 to #b #a_/b pints ,take #aj ounces of the sugar and mix with the fluid extract of ginger2 heat on the water bath until the alcohol is evaporated4 ,then mix with #bj ounces of water and shake till dissolved4 ,filter and add the balance of the water and the sugar4 ,dissolve by agitation4 ,cocoa ,syrup4-- ,i4--,cocoa1 light1 soluble #d ounces ,granulated sugar #b pounds ,boiling hot water #a quart ,extract vanilla #a ounce ,dissolve the cocoa in the hot water1 by stirring1 then add the sugar and dissolve4 ,strain1 and when cold add the vanilla extract4 ,,ii4--,cocoa syrup #b ounces ,cream #a ounce ,turn on the hot water stream and stir while filling4 ,top off with whipped cream4 ,hot ,soda ,toddy4-- ,lemon juice #b fluidrachms ,lemon syrup #a fluidounce ,aromatic bitters #a fluidrachm ,hot water1 enough to fill an #h-ounce mug4 ,sprinkle with nutmeg or cinnamon4 ,hot ,orange ,phosphate4-- ,orange syrup #a fluidounce ,solution of acid phosphate #a fluidrachm ,hot water1 enough to fill an #h-ounce mug4 ,it is prepared more acceptably by mixing the juice of half an orange with acid phosphate1 sugar1 and hot water4 ,pepsin ,phosphate4--,one teaspoonful of liquid pepsin2 #b dashes of acid phosphate2 #a ounce of lemon syrup2 #a cup hot water4 ,cream ,beef ,tea4--,use #a teaspoonful of liquid beef extract in a mug of hot water1 season with salt and pepper1 then stir in a tablespoonful of rich cream4 ,put a teaspoonful of whipped cream on top and serve with flakes4 ,cherry ,phosphate4--,cherry-phosphate syrup1 #a #a_/b ounces2 hot water to make #h ounces4 ,cherry-phosphate syrup is made as follows3 ,cherry juice1 #c pints2 sugar1 #f pounds2 water1 #a pint2 acid phosphate1 #d ounces4 ,bring to a boil1 and when cool add the acid phosphate4 ,celery ,clam ,punch4--,clam juice1 #b drachms2 beef extract1 #a drachm2 cream1 #a ounce2 essence of celery1 #e drops2 hot water to make #h ounces4 ,claret ,punch4--,claret wine1 #b ounces2 sugar1 #c teaspoonfuls2 juice of #a_/b lemon2 hot water to make #h ounces4 ,ginger4--,extract of ginger1 #b drachms2 sugar1 #b drachms2 lemon juice1 #b dashes2 hot water to make #h ounces4 ,lemon ,juice1 ,plain4--,fresh lemon juice1 #b #a_/b drachms2 lemon syrup1 #a ounce2 hot water1 q4 s4 to make #h ounces4 ,lime ,juice4--,lime juice1 #c_/d drachm2 lemon syrup1 #a ounce2 hot water to make #h ounces4 ,mix4 ,eberle remarks that lemon juice or lime juice enters into many combinations4 ,in plain soda it may be combined with ginger and other flavors1 as1 for instance1 chocolate and coffee4 ,lemonade4--,juice of #a lemon2 powdered sugar1 #b teaspoonfuls2 hot water to make #h ounces4 ,a small piece of fresh lemon peel twisted over the cup lends an added flavor4 ,hot ,malt4--,extract of malt1 #a ounce2 cherry syrup1 #a ounce2 hot water1 sufficient to make #h ounces4 ,mix4 ,malted ,milk4--,horlick's malted milk1 #b tablespoonfuls2 hot water1 quantity sufficient to make #h ounces2 flavoring to suit4 ,mix4 ,essence of coffee1 chocolate1 etc41 and many of the fruit syrups go well with malted milk4 ,hot ,malted ,milk ,coffee 7or ,chocolate74--,malted milk1 #b teaspoonfuls2 coffee 7or chocolate7 syrup1 #a ounce2 hot water1 quantity sufficient to make #h ounces4 ,hot ,beef ,tea4--,i4--,best beef extract1 #a tablespoonful2 sweet cream1 #a ounce2 hot #aac water1 #g ounces2 pepper1 salt1 etc41 quantity sufficient4 ,mix4 ,,ii4--,extract beef bouillon1 #a teaspoonful2 extract aromatic soup herbs 7see ,condiments71 #aj drops2 hot soda1 #a cupful4 ,mix4 ,,iii4--,extract of beef #a teaspoonful ,hot water q4 s4 ,pepper1 salt1 and celery salt4 ,mix4 ,hot ,bouillon4-- ,beef extract #a ounce ,hot water1 q4 s4 to make #h ounces ,pepper1 salt1 etc4 q4 s4 ,mix4 ,clam ,bouillon4-- ,i4--,clam juice #ab drachms ,cream #b ounces ,hot water1 q4 s4 to make #h ounces ,mix4 ,,ii4--,extract clam bouillon #b ounces ,prepared milk #b drachms ,extract of aromatic soup herbs #e drops ,extract white pepper #e drops ,hot soda #a cupful ,mix4 ,,iii4--,clam juice may be served with hot water1 salt and pepper added4 ,adding butter makes this bouillon a broth4 ,it may also be served with milk or cream1 lemon juice1 tomato catsup1 etc4 ,hot oyster juice may be served in the same way4 ,hot ,tea4-- ,i4--,tea syrup sufficient ,hot water1 q4 s4 to make #a cupful ,,ii4--,loaf sugar #d cubes ,extract of ,oolong tea1 about #a dessertsp'ful ,prepared milk1 about #a dessertsp'ful ,hot soda #a cupful ,whipped cream #a tablespoonful ,mix the tea extract1 sugar1 and prepared milk1 pour on water1 and dissolve4 ,top off with whipped cream4 ,hot ,egg ,drinks4--,i4--,one-half to #a ounce liquid extract of beef1 #a egg1 salt and pepper to season1 hot water to fill an #h-ounce mug4 ,stir the extract1 egg1 and seasoning together with a spoon1 to get well mixed1 add the water1 stirring briskly meanwhile2 then strain1 and serve4 ,or shake the egg and extract in a shaker1 add the water1 and mix by pouring back and forth several times1 from shaker to mug4 ,,ii4--,hot ,egg ,chocolate4--,one to #a #a_/b ounces chocolate syrup1 #a egg1 #a_/b ounce cream1 hot water sufficient to fill an #h-ounce mug4 ,mix the syrup1 egg1 and cream together in an egg-shaker2 shake as in making cold drinks2 add the hot water1 and mix all by pouring back and forth several times1 from shaker to mug4 ,or1 prepare by beating the egg with a spoon1 add the syrup and cream1 mix all quickly with the spoon1 and add hot water1 stirring constantly1 and strain4 ,,iii4--,hot ,egg ,coffee4--,one egg1 #a dessertspoonful extract of coffee1 #a teaspoonful sweet cream1 #a ounce syrup4 ,shake well1 strain1 and add #a cupful hot water and top with whipped cream4 ,,iv4--,hot ,egg ,lemonade4--,one egg1 juice of #a lemon1 #c teaspoonfuls powdered sugar4 ,beat the egg with lemon juice and sugar thoroughly4 ,mix while adding the water4 ,serve grated nutmeg and cinnamon4 ,the amount of lemon juice and sugar may be varied to suit different tastes4 ,v4--,hot ,egg ,milk4--,two teaspoonfuls sugar1 #a ounce cream1 #a egg1 hot milk to fill an #h-ounce mug4 ,prepare as in hot egg chocolate1 top with whipped cream1 and sprinkle with nutmeg4 ,if there are no facilities for keeping hot milk1 use about #b ounces of cream1 and fill mug with hot water4 ,,vi4--,hot ,egg ,nogg4--,plain syrup1 #c_/d ounce2 brandy1 #a_/b ounce2 ,angostura bitters1 #c drops2 #a egg4 ,put in shaker and beat well4 ,strain in #aj-ounce mug1 and fill with hot milk2 finish with whipped cream and nutmeg4 ,,vii4--,hot ,egg ,phosphate4--,two ounces lemon syrup1 #a egg1 #a_/b ounce solution of acid phosphate4 ,mix in a glass1 and shake together thoroughly2 pour into another glass1 heated previously1 and slowly draw full of hot water2 season with nutmeg4 ,,viii4--,hot ,egg ,phosphate4--,break fresh egg into shaker and add #a_/b ounce pineapple syrup1 #a_/b ounce orange syrup1 #a dash phosphate4 ,shake1 without ice1 and pour into bouillon cup4 ,draw cupful of hot water1 sprinkle a touch of cinnamon1 and serve with wafers4 ,,fancy ,,soda ,,drinks3 ,coffee ,cream ,soda4--,serve in a #ab-ounce glass4 ,draw #a #a_/b ounces of syrup and #a ounce of cream4 ,into the shaker draw #h ounces of carbonated water1 pour into the glass sufficient to fill it to within #aad #a inch of the top2 pour from glass to shaker and back1 once or twice1 to mix thoroughly2 give the drink a rich1 creamy appearance1 and make it cream sufficiently to fill the glass4 ,iced ,coffee4--,serve in a #aj-ounce glass4 ,draw #a ounce into glass1 fill nearly full with ice-cold milk1 and mix by stirring4 ,egg ,malted ,milk ,coffee4--,prepare same as malted milk coffee1 with the exception of adding the egg before shaking1 and top off with a little nutmeg1 if desired4 ,this drink is sometimes called coffee light lunch4 ,coffee ,frapp4--,serve in a #ab-ounce glass4 ,coffee syrup1 #a #a_/b ounces2 white of #a egg2 #a to #a #a_/b ounces of pure1 rich1 sweet cream2 a small portion of fine shaved ice2 shake thoroughly to beat the white of the egg light1 and then remove the glass1 leaving the contents in the shaker4 ,now fill the shaker two-thirds full1 using the fine stream only4 ,draw as quickly as possible that the drink may be nice and light4 ,now pour into glass and back1 and then strain into a clean glass4 ,serve at once1 and without straws4 ,this should be drunk at once1 else it will settle1 and lose its lightness and richness4 ,coffee ,nogg4-- ,coffee syrup #b ounces ,brandy #d drachms ,cream #b ounces ,one egg4 ,coffee ,cocktail4-- ,coffee syrup #a ounce ,one egg4 ,port wine #a ounce ,brandy #b drachms ,shake1 strain into a small glass1 and add soda4 ,mace on top4 ,chocolate and ,milk4-- ,chocolate syrup #b ounces ,sweet milk1 sufficient4 ,fill a glass half full of shaved ice1 put in the syrup1 and add milk until the glass is almost full4 ,shake well1 and serve without straining4 ,put whipped cream on top and serve with straws4 ,chocolate ,frapp4-- ,frozen whipped cream1 sufficient4 ,shaved ice1 sufficient4 ,fill a glass half full of frozen whipped cream1 fill with shaved ice nearly to the top1 and pour in chocolate syrup4 ,other syrups may be used1 if desired4 ,royal ,frapp4--,this drink consists of #c parts black coffee and #a part of brandy1 frozen in a cooler1 and served while in a semifrozen state4 ,mint ,julep4--,one-half tumbler shaved ice1 teaspoonful powdered sugar1 dash lemon juice1 #b or #c sprigs of fresh mint4 ,crush the mint against side of the glass to get the flavor4 ,then add claret syrup1 #a_/b ounce2 raspberry syrup1 #a #a_/b ounces2 and draw carbonated water nearly to fill glass4 ,insert bunch of mint and fill glass1 leaving full of shaved ice4 ,serve with straws1 and decorate with fruits of the season4 ,grape ,glac4--,beat thoroughly the whites of #d eggs and stir in #a pound of powdered sugar1 then add #a pint grape juice1 #a pint water1 and #a pound more of powdered sugar4 ,stir well until sugar is dissolved1 and serve from a pitcher or glass dish1 with ladle4 8,golf ,goblet40--,serve in a #ab-ounce glass2 fill two-thirds full of cracked ice1 add #a_/b ounce pineapple juice1 #a teaspoonful lemon juice1 #a teaspoonful raspberry vinegar4 ,put spoon in glass1 and fill to within one-half inch of top with carbonated water2 add shaved ice1 heaping full4 ,put strawberry or cherry on top1 and stick slice of orange down side of glass4 ,serve with spoon and straws4 ,goldenade4--,shaved ice1 #a_/b tumblerful2 powdered sugar2 juice of #a lemon2 yolk of #a egg4 ,shake well1 add soda water from large stream1 turn from tumbler to shaker1 and vice versa1 several times1 and strain through julep strainer into a #ab-ounce tumbler4 ,lunar ,blend4--,take two mixing glasses1 break an egg1 putting the yolk in one glass1 the white into the other2 into the glass with the yolk add #a ounce cherry syrup and some cracked ice2 shake1 add small quantity soda1 and strain into a #ab-ounce glass4 ,into the other mixing glass add #a ounce plain sweet cream1 and beat with bar spoons until well whipped2 add #a_/b ounce lemon syrup1 then transfer it into the shaker1 and add soda from fine stream only1 and float on top of the one containing the yolk and sherry4 ,serve with two straws4 ,egg ,chocolate4-- ,chocolate syrup #b ounces ,cream #d ounces ,white of one egg4 #aae ,egg ,crme de ,menthe4-- ,mint syrup #ab drachms ,cream #c ounces ,white of one egg4 ,whisky #d drachms ,egg ,sherbet4-- ,sherry syrup #d drachms ,pineapple syrup #d drachms ,raspberry syrup #d drachms ,one egg4 ,cream4 ,egg ,claret4-- ,claret syrup #b ounces ,cream #c ounces ,one egg4 ,royal ,mist4-- ,orange syrup #a ounce ,catawba syrup #a ounce ,cream #b ounces ,one egg4 ,banana ,cream4-- ,banana syrup #ab drachms ,cream #d ounces ,one egg4 ,egg ,coffee4-- ,coffee syrup #b ounces ,cream #c ounces ,one egg4 ,shaved ice4 ,cocoa ,mint4-- ,chocolate syrup #a ounce ,peppermint syrup #a ounce ,white of one egg4 ,cream #b ounces ,the peppermint syrup is made as follows3 ,oil of peppermint #cj minims ,syrup simplex #a gallon ,soda foam #a ounce ,egg ,lemonade4-- ,juice of one lemon4 ,pulverized sugar #c teasp'fuls ,one egg4 ,water1 q4 s4 ,shake well1 using plenty of ice1 and serve in a small glass4 ,nadjy4-- ,raspberry juice #a ounce ,pineapple syrup #a ounce ,one egg4 ,cream #b ounces ,siberian ,flip4-- ,orange syrup #a ounce ,pineapple syrup #a ounce ,one egg4 ,cream #b ounces ,egg ,orgeat4-- ,orgeat syrup #ab drachms ,cream #c ounces ,one egg4 ,normona4-- ,peach syrup #a ounce ,grape syrup #a ounce ,cream #c ounces ,brandy #b drachms ,one egg4 ,silver ,fizz4-- ,catawba syrup #b ounces ,holland gin #b drachms ,lemon juice #h dashes ,white of one egg4 ,golden ,fizz4-- ,claret syrup #b ounces ,holland gin #a_/d ounce ,lemon juice #h dashes ,yolk of one egg4 ,rose ,cream4-- ,rose syrup #ab drachms ,cream #d ounces ,white of one egg4 ,violet ,cream4-- ,violet syrup #ab drachms ,cream #d ounces ,white of one egg4 ,rose ,mint4-- ,rose syrup #f drachms ,mint syrup #f drachms ,cream #c ounces ,white of one egg4 ,currant ,cream4-- ,red-currant syrup #b ounces ,cream #c ounces ,one egg4 ,quince ,flip4-- ,quince syrup #b ounces ,cream #c ounces ,one egg4 ,shaved ice4 ,coffee ,nogg4-- ,coffee syrup #b ounces ,brandy #d drachms ,cream #b ounces ,one egg4 ,egg ,sour4-- ,juice of one lemon4 ,simple syrup #ab drachms ,one egg4 ,shake1 strain1 and fill with soda4 ,mace on top4 #aaf ,lemon ,sour4-- ,lemon syrup #ab drachms ,juice of one lemon4 ,one egg4 ,raspberry ,sour4-- ,raspberry syrup #ab drachms ,one egg4 ,juice of one lemon4 ,yama4-- ,one egg4 ,cream #b ounces ,sugar #b teaspoonfuls ,jamaica rum #a_/b ounce ,shake well1 put into cup1 and add hot water4 ,serve with whipped cream1 and sprinkle mace on top4 ,prairie ,oyster4-- ,cider vinegar #b ounces ,one egg4 ,put vinegar into glass1 and break into it the egg4 ,season with salt and pepper4 ,serve without mixing4 ,fruit ,frapp4-- ,granulated gelatin #a ounce ,juice of six lemons4 ,beaten whites of two eggs4 ,water #e quarts ,syrup #a quart ,maraschino cherries #h ounces ,sliced peach #d ounces ,sliced pineapple #d ounces ,whole strawberries #d ounces ,sliced orange #d ounces ,dissolve the gelatin in #a quart boiling hot water2 add the syrup and the balance of the water2 add the whites of the eggs and lemon juice4 ,,koumiss4 ,the original koumiss is the ,russian1 made from mare's milk1 while that produced in this country and other parts of ,europe is usually1 probably always1 made from cow's milk4 ,for this reason there is a difference in the preparation which may or may not be of consequence4 ,it has been asserted that the ferment used in ,russia differs from ordinary yeast1 but this has not been established4 ,in an article on this subject1 contributed by ,d4 ,h4 ,davies to the ,pharmaceutical ,journal and ,transactions1 it is pointed out that mare's milk contains less casein and fatty matter than cow's milk1 and he states that it is 8therefore far more easy of digestion40 ,he thinks that cow's milk yields a better preparation when diluted with water to reduce the percentage of casein1 etc4 ,he proposes the following formula3 ,fresh milk #ab ounces ,water #d ounces ,brown sugar #aej grains ,compressed yeast #bd grains ,milk sugar #c drachms ,dissolve the milk sugar in the water1 add to the milk1 rub the yeast and brown sugar down in a mortar with a little of the mixture1 then strain into the other portion4 ,strong bottles are very essential1 champagne bottles being frequently used1 and the corks should fit tightly2 in fact1 it is almost necessary to use a bottling machine for the purpose1 and once the cork is properly fixed it should be wired down4 ,many failures have resulted because the corks did not fit properly1 the result being that the carbon dioxide escaped as formed and left a worthless preparation4 ,it is further necessary to keep the preparation at a moderate temperature1 and to be sure that the article is properly finished the operator should gently shake the bottles each day for about #aj minutes to prevent the clotting of the casein4 ,it is well to take the precaution of rolling a cloth around the bottle during the shaking process1 as the amount of gas generated is great1 and should the bottle be weak it might explode4 ,kogelman says that if #a volume of buttermilk be mixed with #a or #b volumes of sweet milk1 in a short time lively fermentation sets in1 and in about #c days the work is completed4 ,this1 according to the author1 produces a wine-scented fluid1 rich in alcohol1 carbon dioxide1 lactic acid1 and casein1 which1 according to all investigations yet made1 is identical with koumiss4 ,the following practical hints are given for the production of a good article3 ,the sweet milk used should not be entirely freed from cream2 the bottles should be of strong glass2 the fermenting milk must be industriously shaken by the operator at least #c times a day1 and then the cork put in firmly1 so that the fluid will become well charged with carbon-dioxide gas2 the bottles must be daily opened and at least twice each day brought nearly to a horizontal position1 in order to allow the carbon dioxide to escape and air to enter2 otherwise fermentation rapidly ceases4 ,if a drink is desired strong in carbonic acid1 the bottles1 toward the end of fermentation1 should be placed with the necks down4 ,in order to ferment a fresh quantity of milk1 simply add #a_/c of its volume of either actively fermenting or freshly fermented milk4 ,the temperature should be from #ej to #fj ,f41 about #fj being the most favorable4 #aag ,here are some miscellaneous formulas3 ,i4--,fill a quart champagne bottle up to the neck with pure milk2 add #b tablespoonfuls of white sugar1 after dissolving the same in a little water over a hot fire2 add also a quarter of a #b-;cent cake of compressed yeast4 ,then tie the cork in the bottle securely1 and shake the mixture well2 place it in a room of the temperature of #ej to #ie ,f4 for #f hours1 and finally in the ice box over night4 ,handle wrapped in a towel as protection if the bottle should burst4 ,be sure that the milk is pure1 that the bottle is sound1 that the yeast is fresh1 to open the mixture in the morning with great care1 on account of its effervescent properties2 and be sure not to drink it at all if there is any curdle or thickening part resembling cheese1 as this indicates that the fermentation has been prolonged beyond the proper time4 ,,ii4--,dilute the milk with #a_/f part of hot water1 and while still tepid add #a_/h of very sour 7but otherwise good7 buttermilk4 ,put it into a wide jug1 cover with a clean cloth1 and let stand in a warmish place 7about #ge ,f47 for #bd hours2 stir up well1 and leave for another #bd hours4 ,then beat thoroughly together1 and pour from jug to jug till perfectly smooth and creamy4 ,it is now 8still0 koumiss1 and may be drunk at once4 ,to make it sparkling1 which is generally preferred1 put it into champagne or soda-water bottles2 do not quite fill them1 secure the corks well1 and lay them in a cool cellar4 ,it will then keep for #f or #h weeks1 though it becomes increasingly acid4 ,to mature some for drinking quickly1 it is as well to keep a bottle or two to start with in some warmer place1 and from time to time shake vigorously4 ,with this treatment it should1 in about #c days1 become sufficiently effervescent to spurt freely through a champagne tap1 which must be used for drawing it off as required4 ,later on1 when very frothy and acid it is more pleasant to drink if a little sweetened water 7or milk and water7 is first put into the glass4 ,shake the bottle1 and hold it inverted well into the tumbler before turning the tap4 ,having made one lot of koumiss as above you can use some of that instead of buttermilk as a ferment for a second lot1 and so on #e or #f times in succession2 after which it will be found advisable to begin again as at first4 ,mare's milk is the best for koumiss2 then ass's milk4 ,cow's milk may be made more like them by adding a little sugar of milk 7or even loaf sugar7 with the hot water before fermenting4 ,but perhaps the chief drawback to cow's milk is that the cream separates permanently1 whereas that of mare's milk will remix4 ,hence use partially skimmed milk2 for if there is much cream it only forms little lumps of butter1 which are apt to clog the tap1 or are left behind in the bottle4 ,kwass4--,kwass is a popular drink among the ,russian population of ,kunzews1 prepared as follows3 ,in a big kettle put from #ac to #ae quarts of water1 and bring to a boil1 and when in active ebullition pour in #ejj grams of malt4 ,let boil for #bj minutes1 remove from the fire1 let cool down1 and strain off4 ,the liquid is now put into a clean keg or barrel1 #cj grams 7about an ounce7 of best compressed yeast added along with about #fjj grams 7#bj ounces7 of sugar1 and the cask is put in a warm place to ferment4 ,as soon as bubbles of carbonic gas are detected on the surface of the liquid1 it is a signal that the latter is ready for bottling4 ,in each of the bottles1 which should be strong and clean1 put one big raisin1 fill1 cork1 and wire down4 ,the bottles should be placed on the side1 and in the coolest place available--best1 on ice4 ,the liquor is ready for drinking in from #b to #c days1 and is said to be most palatable4 8,braga40--,braga is a liquid of milky turbidity1 resembling caf au lait in color1 and forming a considerable precipitate if left alone4 ,when shaken it sparkles and a little gas escapes4 ,its taste is more or less acid1 possessing a pleasant flavor4 ,about #ce parts of crushed millet1 to which a little wheat flour is added1 are placed in a large kettle4 ,on this about #djj parts of water are poured4 ,the mixture is stirred well and boiled for #c hours4 ,after settling for #a hour the lost water is renewed and the boiling continued for another #aj hours4 ,a viscous mass remains in the kettle1 which substance is spread upon large tables to cool4 ,after it is perfectly cool1 it is stirred with water in a wooden trough and left to ferment for #h hours4 ,this pulp is sifted1 mixed with a little water1 and after an hour the braga is ready for sale4 ,the taste is a little sweetish at first1 but becomes more and more sourish in time4 ,fermentation begins only in the trough4 ,,winter ,,beverages3 ,campchello4--,thoroughly beat the yolks of #ab fresh eggs with #b #a_/d pounds finely powdered1 refined sugar1 the juice #aah of #c lemons and #b oranges1 and #c bottles of ,grves or other white wine1 over the fire1 until rising4 ,remove1 and slowly beat #a bottle of ,jamaica rum with it4 ,egg ,wine4--,vigorously beat #d whole eggs and the yolks of #d with #a_/b pound of fine sugar2 next add #b quarts of white wine and beat over a moderate fire until rising4 ,bavaroise au ,cognac4--,beat up the yolks of #h eggs in #a quart of good milk over the fire1 until boiling1 then quickly add #e ounces of sugar and #a_/h quart of fine cognac4 ,bavaroise au ,caf4--,heat #a pint of strong coffee and #a pint of milk1 #e ounces of sugar1 and the yolks of #h eggs1 until boiling1 then add #a_/af quart of ,jamaica rum4 ,carbonated ,pineapple ,champagne4-- ,plain syrup1 #db #aj gallons ,essence of pineapple #h drachms ,tincture of lemon #e ounces ,carbonate of magnesia #a ounce ,liquid saffron #b #a_/b ounces ,citric-acid solution #cj ounces ,caramel #b #a_/b ounces ,filter before adding the citric-acid solution and limejuice4 ,use #b ounces to each bottle4 ,a ,german ,drink4--,to #ajj parts of water add from #aj to #ae parts of sugar1 dissolve and add to the syrup thus formed an aqueous extract of #j4h parts of green or black tea4 ,add fresh beer or brewers' yeast1 put in a warm place and let ferment4 ,when fermentation has progressed to a certain point the liquid is cleared1 and then bottled1 corked1 and the corks tied down4 ,the drink is said to be very pleasant4 ,limejuice ,cordial4--,limejuice cordial that will keep good for any length of time may be made as follows3 ,sugar1 #f pounds2 water1 #d pints2 citric acid1 #d ounces2 boric acid1 #a_/b ounce4 ,dissolve by the aid of a gentle heat1 and when cold add refined limejuice1 #fj ounces2 tincture of lemon peel1 #d ounces2 water to make up to #b gallons1 and color with caramel4 ,summer ,drink4-- ,chopped ice #b tablespoonfuls ,chocolate syrup #b tablespoonfuls ,whipped cream #c tablespoonfuls ,milk #a_/b cup ,carbonated water #a_/d cup ,shake or stir well before drinking4 ,a tablespoonful of vanilla ice cream is a desirable addition4 ,a plainer drink is made by combining the syrup1 #c_/d cup of milk1 and the ice1 and shaking well4 ,american ,champagne4--,good cider 7crab-apple cider is the best71 #g gallons2 best fourth-proof brandy1 #a quart2 genuine champagne wine1 #e pints2 milk1 #a gallon2 bitartrate of potassa1 #b ounces4 ,mix1 let stand a short time2 bottle while fermenting4 ,an excellent imitation4 ,british ,champagne4--,loaf sugar1 #ef pounds2 brown sugar 7pale71 #dh pounds2 water 7warm71 #de gallons2 white tartar1 #d ounces2 mix1 and at a proper temperature add yeast1 #a quart2 and afterwards sweet cider1 #e gallons2 bruised wild cherries1 #ad or #ae ounces2 pale spirits1 #a gallon2 orris powder1 #a_/b ounce4 ,bottle while fermenting4 ,champagne ,cider4--,good pale cider1 #a hogshead2 spirits1 #c gallons2 sugar1 #bj pounds2 mix1 and let it stand one fortnight2 then fine with skimmed milk1 #a_/b gallon2 this will be very pale1 and a similar article1 when properly bottled and labeled1 opens so briskly that even good judges have mistaken it for genuine champagne4 ,,beer3 ,scotch ,beer4--,add #a peck malt to #d gallons of boiling water and let it mash for #h hours1 and then strain1 and in the strained liquor boil3 ,hops #d ounces ,coriander seeds #a ounce ,honey #a pound ,orange peel #b ounces ,bruised ginger #a ounce ,boil for half an hour1 then strain and ferment in the usual way4 ,hop ,bitter ,beer4-- ,coriander seeds #b ounces ,orange peel #d ounces ,ginger #a ounce ,gentian root #a_/b ounce ,boil in #e gallons of water for half an hour1 then strain and put into the liquor #d ounces hops and #c pounds of sugar1 and simmer for #ae minutes1 then add sufficient yeast1 and bottle when ready4 ,sarsaparilla ,beer4--,i4--,compound extract of sarsaparilla1 #a #a_/b ounces2 hot water1 #a pint2 dissolve1 and when cold1 add of good pale or ,east ,india ale1 #g pints4 ,,ii4--,sarsaparilla 7sliced71 #a pound2 guaiacum bark 7bruised small71 #a_/d pound2 guaiacum wood 7rasped7 and licorice root 7sliced71 of each1 #b ounces2 aniseed 7bruised71 #a #a_/b ounces2 mezereon #aai root-bark1 #a ounce2 cloves 7cut small71 #a_/d ounce2 moist sugar1 #c #a_/b pounds2 hot water 7not boiling71 #i quarts2 mix in a clean stone jar1 and keep it in a moderately warm room 7shaking it twice or thrice daily7 until active fermentation sets in1 then let it repose for about a week1 when it will be ready for use4 ,this is said to be superior to the other preparations of sarsaparilla as an alterative or purifier of the blood1 particularly in old affections4 ,that usually made has generally only #a_/b of the above quantity of sugar1 for which molasses is often substituted2 but in either case it will not keep well2 whereas1 with proper caution1 the products of the above formulas may be kept for #a or even #b years4 ,no yeast must be used4 ,dose3 ,a small tumblerful #c or #d times a day1 or oftener4 ,spruce ,beer4--,i4--,sugar1 #a pound2 essence of spruce1 #a_/b ounce2 boiling water1 #a gallon2 mix well1 and when nearly cold add of yeast #a_/b wineglassful2 and the next day bottle like ginger beer4 ,,ii4--,essence of spruce1 #a_/b pint2 pimento and ginger 7bruised71 of each1 #e ounces2 hops1 #a_/b pound2 water1 #c gallons2 boil the whole for #aj minutes1 then add of moist sugar1 #ab pounds 7or good molasses1 #ad pounds72 warm water1 #aa gallons2 mix well1 and1 when only lukewarm1 further add of yeast1 #a pint2 after the liquid has fermented for about #bd hours1 bottle it4 ,this is diuretic and antiscorbutic4 ,it is regarded as an agreeable summer drink1 and often found useful during long sea voyages4 ,when made with lump sugar it is called ,white ,spruce ,beer2 when with moist sugar or treacle1 ,brown ,spruce ,beer4 ,an inferior sort is made by using less sugar or more water4 ,treacle ,beer4--,i4--,from treacle or molasses1 #c_/d to #b pounds per gallon 7according to the desired strength72 hops1 #a_/d to #c_/d ounce2 yeast1 a tablespoonful2 water1 q4 s42 treated as below4 ,,ii4--,hops1 #a #a_/b pounds2 corianders1 #a ounce2 capsicum pods 7cut small71 #a_/b ounce2 water1 #h gallons2 boil for #aj or #ae minutes1 and strain the liquor through a coarse sieve into a barrel containing treacle1 #bh pounds2 then throw back the hops1 etc41 into the copper and reboil them1 for #aj minutes1 with a second #h gallons of water1 which must be strained into the barrel1 as before2 next 8rummage0 the whole well with a stout stick1 add of cold water #ba gallons 7sufficient to make the whole measure #cg gallons71 and1 again after mixing1 stir in #a_/b pint of good fresh yeast2 lastly1 let it remain for #bd hours in a moderately warm place1 after which it may be put into the cellar1 and in #b or #c days bottled or tapped on draught4 ,in a week it will be fit to drink4 ,for a stronger beer1 #cf pounds1 or even half a hundredweight of molasses may be used4 ,it will then keep good for a twelvemonth4 ,this is a wholesome drink1 but apt to prove laxative when taken in large quantities4 ,weiss ,beer4--,this differs from the ordinary lager beer in that it contains wheat malt4 ,the proportions are #b_/c wheat to #a_/c barley malt1 #a pound hops being used with a peck of the combined malt to each #bj gallons of water4 ,a good deal depends on the yeast1 which must be of a special kind1 the best grades being imported from ,germany4 ,yellow ,coloring for ,beverages4--,the coloring agents employed are fustic1 saffron1 turmeric1 quercitron1 and the various aniline dyes4 ,here are some formulas3 ,i4--,saffron #a ounce ,deodorized alcohol #d fluidounces ,distilled water #d fluidounces ,mix alcohol and water1 and then add the saffron4 ,allow the mixture to stand in a warm place for several days1 shaking occasionally2 then filter4 ,the tincture thus prepared has a deep orange color1 and when diluted or used in small quantities gives a beautiful yellow tint to syrups1 etc4 ,,ii4--,ground fustic wood #a #a_/b ounces ,deodorized alcohol #d fluidounces ,distilled water #d fluidounces ,this color may be made in the same manner as the liquid saffron1 and is a fine coloring for many purposes4 ,,iii4--,turmeric powder #b ounces ,alcohol1 dilute #af ounces ,macerate for several days1 agitating frequently1 and filter4 ,for some beverages the addition of this tincture is not to be recommended1 as it possesses a very spicy taste4 ,the nonpoisonous aniline dyes recommended for coloring confectionery1 beverages1 liquors1 essences1 etc41 yellow are those known as acid yellow ,r and tropolin #jjj 7orange ,i74 ,,bicycle-,,tire ,,cement3 ,see ,adhesives1 under ,rubber ,cements4 ,,bicycle ,,varnishes3 ,see ,varnishes4 #abj ,,bidery ,,metal3 ,see ,alloys4 ,,billiard ,,balls3 ,see ,ivory and ,casein4 ,,birch ,,balsam3 ,see ,balsam4 ,,birch ,,water3 ,see ,hair ,preparations4 ,,bird ,,diseases ,,and ,,their ,,remedies3 ,see ,veterinary ,formulas4 ,,bird ,,foods3 ,see also ,veterinary ,formulas4 ,mixed ,birdseed4-- ,canary seed #f parts ,rape seed #b parts ,maw seed #a part ,millet seed #b parts ,mocking-,bird ,food4-- ,cayenne pepper #b ounces ,rape seed #h ounces ,hemp seed #af ounces ,corn meal #b ounces ,rice #b ounces ,cracker #h ounces ,lard oil #b ounces ,mix the solids1 grinding to a coarse powder1 and incorporate the oil4 ,food for ,redbirds4-- ,sunflower seed #h ounces ,hemp seed #af ounces ,canary seed #aj ounces ,wheat #h ounces ,rice #f ounces ,mix and grind to coarse powder4 ,,bird ,,lime3 ,see ,lime4 ,,bird ,,paste3 ,see ,canary-,bird ,paste4 ,,bischoff3 ,see ,wines and ,liquors4 ,,biscuit1 ,,dog3 ,see ,dog ,biscuit4 ,,bismuth ,,alloys3 ,see ,alloys4 ,,bismuth1 ,,purification ,,of3 ,see ,gold4 ,,bitters3 ,see ,wines and ,liquors4 ,,bitter ,,water3 ,see ,waters4 ,,blacking ,,for ,,harness3 ,see ,leather4 ,,blacking ,,for ,,shoes3 ,see ,shoedressings4 ,,blacking1 ,,stove3 ,see ,stove ,blackings and ,polishes4 ,,blackberry ,,cordial ,,and ,,blackberry ,,mixture ,,as ,a ,,cholera ,,remedy3 ,see ,cholera ,remedy4 ,,blackboard ,,paint ,,and ,,varnish3 ,see ,paint and ,varnish4 ,,blackhead ,,remedies3 ,see ,cosmetics4 ,,blanket ,,washing3 ,see ,household ,formulas4 ,,blasting ,,powder3 ,see ,explosives4 ,bleaching ,linen4--,mix common bleaching powder in the proportion of #a pound to a gallon of water2 stir it occasionally for #c days1 let it settle1 and pour it off clear4 ,then make a lye of #a pound of soda to #a gallon of boiling water1 in which soak the linen for #ab hours1 and boil it half an hour2 next soak it in the bleaching liquor1 made as above2 and lastly1 wash it in the usual manner4 ,discolored linen or muslin may be restored by putting a portion of bleaching liquor into the tub wherein the articles are soaking4 ,straw4--,i4--,dip the straw in a solution of oxygenated muriatic acid1 saturated with potash4 7,oxygenated muriate of lime is much cheaper47 ,the straw is thus rendered very white1 and its flexibility is increased4 ,,ii4--,straw is bleached by simply exposing it in a closed chamber to the fumes of burning sulphur4 ,an old flour barrel is the apparatus most used for the purpose by milliners1 a flat stone being laid on the ground1 the sulphur ignited thereon1 and the barrel containing the goods to be bleached turned over it4 ,the goods should be previously washed in pure water4 ,wool1 ,silk1 or ,straw4--,mix together #d pounds of oxalic acid1 #d pounds of table salt1 water #ej gallons4 ,the goods are laid in this mixture for #a hour2 they are then generally well bleached1 and only require to be thoroughly rinsed and worked4 ,for bleaching straw it is best to soak the goods in caustic soda1 and afterwards to make use of chloride of lime or ,javelle water4 ,the excess of #aba chlorine is afterwards removed by hyposulphite of soda4 ,feathers4--,place the feathers from #c to #d hours in a tepid dilute solution of bichromate of potassa1 to which1 cautiously1 some nitric acid has been added 7a small quantity only74 ,to remove a greenish hue induced by this solution1 place them in a dilute solution of sulphuric acid1 in water1 whereby the feathers become perfectly white and bleached4 ,bleaching ,solution4--,aluminum hypochloride1 or ,wilson's bleaching liquid1 is produced by adding to a clear solution of lime chloride a solution of aluminum sulphate 7alumina1 alum7 as long as a precipitate keeps forming4 ,by mutual decomposition aluminum chloride results1 which remains in solution1 and lime sulphate 7gypsum71 which separates out in the form of an insoluble salt4 ,,blight ,,remedies4 ,i4--,soft soap #dj parts ,amyl alcohol #ej parts ,methylated spirit #bj parts ,water #a1jjj parts ,,ii4--,soft soap #cj parts ,sulphureted potash #b parts ,amyl alcohol #cb parts ,water #a1jjj parts ,,iii4--,soft soap #ae parts ,sulphureted potash #bi parts ,water #a1jjj parts ,,bleaching ,,solutions ,,for ,,the ,,laundry3 ,see ,laundry ,preparations4 ,,bleaching ,,solution ,,for ,,photographs3 ,see ,photography4 ,,bleeding1 ,,local3 ,see ,styptics4 ,,blister ,,cure3 ,see ,turpentine4 ,,blisters1 ,,for ,,horses3 ,see ,veterinary ,formulas4 ,,block1 ,,hollow ,,concrete ,,building3 ,see ,stone1 ,artificial4 ,,block ,,for ,,soldering3 ,see ,soldering4 ,,blotting ,,paper3 ,see ,paper4 ,,blue ,,from ,,green ,,at ,,night1 ,,to ,,distinguish3 ,to distinguish blue from green at night1 use either the light of a magnesium wire for this purpose or take a number of ,swedish 7parlor7 matches1 light them1 and as soon as they flash up1 observe the #b colors1 when the difference can be easily told4 ,,blue 7,,ball73 ,see ,dyes4 ,,bluing3 ,see ,laundry ,preparations4 ,,bluing ,,of ,,steel3 ,see ,steel4 ,,blue ,,prints1 ,,to ,,make ,,changes ,,and ,,corrections ,,on3 ,use a solution of sodium carbonate and water1 with a little red ink mixed in4 ,this gives a very pleasing pink color to the changes which1 at the same time1 is very noticeable4 ,the amount of sodium carbonate used depends upon the surface of the blue-print paper1 as some coarse-grained papers will look better if less soda is used and vice versa4 ,however1 the amount of powdered soda held on a small coin dissolved in a bottle of water gives good results4 ,,blue-,,print ,,paper ,,making3 ,see ,photography4 ,,blue ,,prints1 ,,to ,,turn ,,brown3 ,see ,photography1 under ,toning4 ,,boil ,,remedy4 ,take a piece of soft linen or borated gauze1 rub some vaseline upon one side of it1 quickly pour upon it some chloroform1 apply it to the unopened boil or carbuncle1 and place a bandage over all4 ,it smarts a little at first1 but this is soon succeeded by a pleasing1 cool sensation4 ,the patient is given a bottle of the remedy1 and directed to change the cloth often4 ,in from #b hours to #a day the boil 7no matter how indurated7 softens and opens4 ,boiler ,compounds ,there are three chemicals which are known to attack boiler scale4 ,these are caustic soda1 soda ash1 and tannic-acid compounds1 the last being derived from sumac1 catechu1 and the exhausted bark liquor from tanneries4 ,caustic soda in large excess is injurious to boiler fittings1 gaskets1 valves1 #abb etc4 ,that it is injurious1 in reasonable excess1 to the boiler tubes themselves is yet to be proved4 ,foaming and priming may be caused through excess of caustic soda or soda ash1 as is well known by every practical engineer4 ,tannic acid is to be condemned and the use of its salts is not to be recommended4 ,it may unite with the organic matter1 present in the form of albuminoids1 and with calcium and magnesium carbonates4 ,that it removes scale is an assured fact2 that it removes iron with the scale is also assured1 as tannic acid corrodes an iron surface rapidly4 ,compounds of vegetable origin are widely advertised1 but they often contain dextrine and gum1 both of which are dangerous1 as they coat the tubes with a compact scale1 not permitting the water to reach the iron4 ,molasses is acid and should not be used in the boiler4 ,starch substances generally should be avoided4 ,kerosene must be dangerous1 as it is very volatile and must soon leave the boiler and pass over and through the engine4 ,there are two materials the use of which in boilers is not prohibited through action upon the metal itself or on account of price4 ,these are soda ash and caustic soda4 ,sodium triphosphate and sodium fluoride have both been used with success1 but their cost is several hundred per cent greater than soda ash4 ,if prescribed as per analysis1 in slight excess1 there should be no injurious results through the use of caustic soda and soda ash4 ,it would be practicable to manufacture an intimate mixture of caustic soda and carbonate of soda1 containing enough of each to soften the average water of a given district4 ,there is a great deal of fraud in connection with boiler compounds generally4 ,the better class of venders advertise to prepare a special compound for special water4 ,this is expensive1 save on a large scale1 in reference to a particular water1 for it would mean a score or more of tanks with men to make up the mixtures4 ,the less honest of the boiler-compound guild consign each sample of water to the sewer and send the regular goods4 ,others have a stock analysis which is sent to customers of a given locality1 whether it contains iron1 lime1 or magnesium sulphates or carbonates4 ,any expense for softening water in excess of #c cents per #a1jjj gallons is for the privilege of using a ready-made softener4 ,every superintendent in charge of a plant should insist that the compound used be pronounced by competent authority free from injurious materials1 and that it be adapted to the water in use4 ,boiler compounds should contain only such ingredients as will neutralize the scale-forming salts present4 ,they should be used only by prescription1 so many gallons per #a1jjj gallons of feed water4 ,a properly proportioned mixture of soda ought to answer the demands of all plants depending upon that method of softening water in limestone and shale regions4 ,the honest boiler compounds are1 however1 useful for small isolated plants1 because of the simplicity of their action4 ,for plants of from #ge to #aej horse power two #bd-;hour settling tanks will answer the purpose of a softening system4 ,each of these1 capable of holding a day's supply1 provided with a soda tank in common1 and with sludge valves1 has paddles for stirring the contents4 ,large plants are operated on this principle1 serving boilers of many thousand horse power4 ,such a system has an advantage over a continuous system1 in that the exact amount of chemical solutions required for softening the particular water can be applied4 ,for some variations of such a system1 several companies have secured patents4 ,the fundamental principles1 however1 have been used for many years and are not patentable4 ,prevention of ,boiler ,scale4--,the lime contained in the feed water1 either as bicarbonate or as sulphate1 is precipitated in the shape of a light mud1 but the walls of the boiler remain perfectly bright without being attacked in any manner4 ,while under ordinary atmospheric pressure calcium chromate in solution is precipitated by soda or ,glauber's salt as calcium carbonate or as calcium sulphate2 the latter is separated under higher pressure by chromates as calcium chromate4 ,an excess of chromates or chromic acid does not exercise any deleterious action upon the metal1 nor upon the materials used for packing4 ,by the slight admixture of chromates1 two pounds are sufficient for a small boiler for weeks2 no injurious ingredients are carried in by the wet steam1 the injection water1 on the contrary1 having been found to be chemically pure4 ,protecting ,boiler ,plates from ,scale4-- ,i4--,for a #e-;horse-power boiler1 fed with water which contains calcic sulphate1 take catechu1 #b pounds2 dextrine1 #a pound2 crystallized soda1 #b pounds2 potash1 #a_/b pound2 cane sugar1 #a_/b pound2 alum1 #a_/b pound2 gum arabic1 #a_/b pound4 #abc ,,ii4--,for a boiler of the same size1 fed with water which contains lime3 ,turmeric1 #b pounds2 dextrine1 #a pound2 sodium bicarbonate1 #b pounds2 potash1 #a_/b pound2 alum1 #a_/b pound2 molasses1 #a_/b pound4 ,,iii4--,for a boiler of the same size1 fed with water which contains iron3 ,gamboge1 #b pounds2 soda1 #b pounds2 dextrine1 #a pound2 potash1 #a_/b pound2 sugar1 #a_/b pound2 alum1 #a_/b pound2 gum arabic1 #a_/b pound4 ,,iv4--,for a boiler of the same size1 fed with sea water3 ,catechu1 #b pounds2 ,glauber's salt1 #b pounds2 dextrine1 #b pounds2 alum1 #a_/b pound2 gum arabic1 #a_/b pound4 ,when these preparations are used add #a quart of water1 and in ordinary cases charge the boiler every month2 but if the incrustation is very bad1 charge every two weeks4 ,v4--,place within the boiler of #ajj horse power #a bucketful of washing soda2 put in #b gallons of kerosene oil 7after closing the blow-off cock71 and fill the boiler with water4 ,feed in at least #a quart of kerosene oil every day through a sight-feed oil cup attached to the feed pipe near the boiler--i4 e41 between the heater and the boiler--so that the oil is not entrapped within the heater4 ,if it is inconvenient to open the boiler1 then dissolve the washing soda in hot water and feed it in with the pump or through a tallow cock 7attached between the ejector and the valve in the suction pipe7 when the ejector is working4 ,,vi4--,a paint for protecting boiler plates from scale1 and patented in ,germany1 is composed of #aj pounds each of train oil1 horse fat1 paraffine1 and of finely ground zinc white4 ,to this mixture is added #dj pounds of graphite and #aj pounds of soot made together into a paste with #a #a_/b gallons of water1 and about a pound of carbolic acid4 ,the horse fat and the zinc oxide make a soap difficult to fuse1 which adheres strongly to the plates1 and binds the graphite and the soot4 ,the paraffine prevents the water from penetrating the coats4 ,the scale which forms on this application can be detached1 it is said1 with a wooden mallet1 without injuring the paint4 ,,vii4--,m4 ,e4 ,asselin1 of ,paris1 recommends the use of glycerine as a preventive4 ,it increases the solubility of combinations of lime1 and especially of the sulphate4 ,it forms with these combinations soluble compounds4 ,when the quantity of lime becomes so great that it can no longer be dissolved1 nor form soluble combinations1 it is deposited in a gelatinous substance1 which never adheres to the surface of the iron plates4 ,the gelatinous substances thus formed are not carried with the steam into the cylinder of the engine4 ,m4 ,asselin advises the employment of #a pound of glycerine for every #cjj pounds or #djj pounds of coal burnt4 ,prevention of ,electrolysis4--,in order to prevent the eating away of the sheets and tubes by electrolytic action1 it has long been the practice of marine engineers to suspend slabs of zinc in their boilers4 ,the zinc1 being more susceptible to the electrolytic action than the iron1 is eaten away1 while the iron remains unimpaired4 ,the use of zinc in this way has been found also to reduce the trouble from boiler scale4 ,whether it be due to the formation of hydrogen bubbles between the heating surfaces and incipient scale1 to the presence in the water of the zinc salts resulting from the dissolution of the zinc1 or to whatever cause1 it appears to be a general conclusion among those who have used it that the zinc helps the scale1 as well as the corrosion4 ,nobody has ever claimed for it that it prevented the attachment of scale altogether1 but the consensus of opinion is that it 8helps some40 ,,boiler ,,pressure4 ,it hardly pays to reduce pressure on boilers1 except in very extreme cases1 but if it can be done by throttling before the steam reaches the cylinder of the engine it would be an advantage1 because this retains the heat units due to the higher pressure in the steam1 and the throttling has a slight superheating effect4 ,as a matter of fact1 tests go to show that for light loads and high pressure a throttling engine may do better than an automatic cut-off4 ,the ideal arrangement is to throttle the steam for light loads2 for heavier loads1 allow the variable cut-off to come into play4 ,this practice has been carried into effect by the design of ,mr4 ,e4 ,j4 ,armstrong1 in which he arranges the shaft governor so that there is negative lead up to nearly one-quarter cut-off1 after which the lead becomes positive1 and this has the effect of throttling the steam for the earlier loads and undoubtedly gives better economy1 in addition to making the engine run more quietly4 ,,bone ,,black3 ,bone or ,ivory ,black4--,all bones 7and ivory is bone in a sense7 consist of a framework of crystallized matter or bone earth1 in the interstices of which organic matter is embedded4 ,hence if #abd bones are heated red-hot in a closed vessel1 the organic matter is destroyed1 leaving carbon1 in a finely divided state1 lodged in the bony framework4 ,if the heat is applied gradually the bone retains its shape1 but is quite black and of much less weight than at first4 ,this bone black or animal charcoal is a substance which has great power of absorbing coloring matter from liquids1 so that it is largely used for bleaching such liquids4 ,for example1 in the vast industry of beet-sugar manufacture the solutions first made are very dark in color1 but after filtration through animal charcoal will give colorless crystals on evaporation4 ,chemical trades require such large quantities of bone charcoal that its production is a large industry in itself4 ,as in breaking up the charred bones a considerable amount of waste is produced1 in the form of dust and small grains which cannot be used for bleaching purposes1 this waste should be worked up into a pigment4 ,this is done by dissolving out the mineral with hydrochloric acid1 and then rinsing and drying the carbon4 ,the mineral basis of bones consists mainly of the phosphates of lime and magnesia1 salts soluble in not too dilute hydrochloric acid4 ,a vat is half filled with the above-mentioned waste1 which is then just covered with a mixture of equal volumes of commercial hydrochloric acid and water4 ,as the mineral matter also contains carbonates1 a lively effervescence at once ensues1 and small quantities of hydrofluoric acid are also formed from the decomposition of calcium fluoride in the bones4 ,now hydrofluoric acid is a very dangerous substance1 as air containing even traces of it is very injurious to the lungs4 ,hence the addition of hydrochloric acid should be done in the open air1 and the vat should be left by itself until the evolution of fumes ceases4 ,a plug is then pulled out at the bottom and the carbon is thoroughly drained4 ,it is then stirred up with water and again drained1 when it has fully settled to the bottom4 ,this rinsing with clear water is repeated till all the hydrochloric acid is washed away and only pure carbon remains in the vat4 ,as for pigment-making purposes it is essential that the carbon should be as finely divided as possible1 it is as well to grind the washed carbon in an ordinary color mill4 ,very little power is required for this purpose1 as when once the bone earth is removed the carbon particles have little cohesion4 ,the properly ground mass forms a deep-black mud1 which can be left to dry or be dried by artificial heat4 ,when dry1 the purified bone black is of a pure black and makes a most excellent pigment4 ,bone black is put upon the market under all sorts of names1 such as ivory black1 ebur ustum1 ,frankfort black1 neutral black1 etc4 ,all these consist of finely ground bone black purified from mineral matter4 ,if leather scraps or dried blood are to be worked up1 iron tubes are employed1 closed at one end1 and with a well-fitting lid with a small hole in it at the other4 ,as these bodies give off large volumes of combustible gas during the charring1 it is a good plan to lead the vapors from the hole by a bent tube so that they can be burnt and help to supply the heat required and so save fuel4 ,leather or blood gives a charcoal which hardly requires treatment with hydrochloric acid1 for the amount of mineral salts present is so small that its removal appears superfluous4 ,,bones1 ,a ,,test ,,for ,,broken4 ,place a stethoscope on one side of the supposed fracture1 and a tuning fork on the other4 ,when the latter is vibrated1 and there is no breakage1 the sound will be heard distinctly through bone and stethoscope4 ,should any doubt exist1 comparison should be made with the same bone on the other side of the body4 ,this test shows the difference in the power of conducting sound possessed by bone and soft tissue4 ,,bone ,,bleaches3 ,see ,ivory4 ,,bone ,,fat3 ,see ,fats4 ,,bone ,,fat1 ,,purification ,,and ,,bleaching ,,of3 ,see ,soap4 ,,bone ,,polishes3 ,see ,polishes4 ,,bone ,,fertilizers3 ,see ,fertilizers4 ,,bones1 ,,treatment ,,of1 ,,in ,,manufacturing ,,glue3 ,see ,adhesives4 ,,bone1 ,,uniting ,,glass ,,with3 ,see ,adhesives4 ,,books1 ,,their ,,handling ,,and ,,preservation3 ,the ,preservation of ,books in ,hot ,climates4--,books in hot climates quickly deteriorate unless carefully guarded4 ,there are three destructive agencies3 7#a7 damp1 7#b7 a small black insect1 7#c7 cockroaches4 #abe 7#a7 ,books which are kept in a damp atmosphere deteriorate on account of molds and fungi that grow rapidly when the conditions are favorable4 ,books are best kept on open1 airy1 well-lighted shelves4 ,when there has been a prolonged spell of moist weather their covers should be wiped1 and they should be placed in the sun or before a fire for a few hours4 ,damp also causes the bindings and leaves of some books to separate4 7#b7 ,a small black insect1 one-eighth of an inch long and a sixteenth of an inch broad1 somewhat resembling a beetle1 is very destructive1 and books will be found1 if left untouched1 after a few months to have numerous holes in the covers and leaves4 ,if this insect be allowed plenty of time for its ravages it will make so many holes that bindings originally strong can be easily torn to pieces4 ,all damage may be prevented by coating the covers of books with the varnish described under 7#c74 ,when books are found to contain the insects they should be well wrapped and placed in the sun before varnishing4 7#c7 ,the appearance of a fine binding may be destroyed in a single night by cockroaches4 ,the lettering of the binding may1 in two or three days1 be completely obliterated4 ,the following varnishes have been found to prevent effectually the ravages of cockroaches and of all insects that feed upon books3 ,i4--,dammar resin #b ounces ,mastic #b ounces ,canada balsam #a ounce ,creosote #a_/b ounce ,spirit of wine #bj fl4 ounces ,macerate with occasional shaking for a few days if wanted at once1 but for a longer time when possible1 as a better varnish will result after a maceration of several months4 ,,ii4--,corrosive sublimate1 #a ounce2 carbolic acid1 #a ounce2 methylated or rum spirit1 #a quart4 ,where it is necessary to keep books or paper of any description in boxes1 cupboards1 or closed bookcases1 some naphthalene balls or camphor should be always present with them4 ,if camphor be used it is best to wrap it in paper1 otherwise it volatilizes more quickly than is necessary4 ,in dry weather the doors of closed bookcases should be left open occasionally1 as a damp1 still atmosphere is most favorable for deterioration4 ,how to ,open a ,book4--,never force the back of the book4 ,hold the book with its back on a smooth or covered table2 let the front board down1 then the other1 holding the leaves in one hand while you open a few leaves at the back1 then a few at the front1 and so on1 alternately opening back and front1 gently pressing open the sections till you reach the center of the volume4 ,do this two or three times and you will obtain the best results4 ,open the volume violently or carelessly in any one place and you will probably break the back or cause a start in the leaves4 ,,book ,,disinfectant3 ,see ,disinfectants4 ,,books1 ,,to ,,remove ,,finger-,,marks ,,from3 ,see ,cleaning ,preparations and ,methods4 ,,bookbinders' ,,varnish3 ,see ,varnishes4 ,,bookworms3 ,see ,insecticides4 ,,boot ,,dressings3 ,see ,shoe ,dressings4 ,,boot ,,lubricant3 ,see ,lubricant4 ,,boots1 ,,waterproofing3 ,see ,waterproofing4 ,,borax ,,for ,,sprinkling4 ,i4--,sprinkling borax is not only cheaper1 but also dissolves less in soldering than pure borax4 ,the borax is heated in a metal vessel until it has lost its water of crystallization and mixed with calcined cooking salt and potash--borax1 #h parts2 cooking salt1 #c parts2 potash1 #c parts4 ,next it is pounded in a mortar into a fine powder1 constituting the sprinkling borax4 ,,ii4--,another kind of sprinkling borax is prepared by substituting glass-gall for the potash4 ,glass-gall is the froth floating on the melted glass1 which can be skimmed off4 ,the borax is either dusted on in powder form from a sprinkling box or stirred with water before use into a thin paste4 ,,borax ,,and ,,boric ,,acid ,,in ,,food3 ,see ,food4 ,,bordeaux ,,mixture3 ,see ,insecticides4 ,,borotonic3 ,see ,dentifrices4 #abf ,,bottle-,,cap ,,lacquer3 ,see ,lacquer4 ,,bottle ,,cleaners3 ,see ,cleaning ,preparations and ,methods1 under ,miscellaneous ,methods4 ,,bottle ,,stoppers3 ,see ,stoppers4 ,,bottle ,,varnish3 ,see ,varnishes4 ,,bottle ,,wax3 ,see ,photography4 ,,bouillon3 ,see ,beverages4 ,,bourbon ,,metals3 ,see ,alloys4 ,,bowls ,,of ,,fire ,,trick3 ,see ,pyrotechnics4 ,,box ,,glue3 ,see ,adhesives4 ,,braga3 ,see ,beverages4 ,,bran1 ,,sawdust ,,in4 ,for the detection of sawdust in bran use a solution of #a part of phloroglucin in #ae parts of alcohol1 #ae parts of water1 and #aj parts of syrupy phosphoric acid4 ,place #b parts of the solution in a small porcelain dish1 add a knifepointful of the bran and heat moderately4 ,sawdust is dyed red while bran parts only seldom acquire a faint red color4 ,by a microscopic examination of the reddish parts1 sawdust will be readily recognized4 ,bottles ,magic ,bottles4-- ,the mystery of the 8wonderful bottle10 from which can be poured in succession port wine1 sherry1 claret1 water1 champagne1 or ink1 at the will of the operator1 is easily explained4 ,the materials consist of an ordinary dark-colored pint wine bottle1 seven wine glasses of different patterns1 and the chemicals described below3 ,solution ,a3 ,a mixture of tincture of ferric chloride1 drachms vi2 hydrochloric acid1 drachms ii4 ,solution ,b3 ,saturated solution of ammonium sulphocyanide1 drachm i4 ,solution ,c3 ,strong solution of ferric chloride1 drachm i4 ,solution ,d3 ,a weak solution of ammonium sulphocyanide4 ,solution ,e3 ,concentrated solution of lead acetate4 ,solution ,f3 ,solution of ammonium sulphide1 drachm i2 or pyrogallic acid1 drachm i4 ,package ,g3 ,pulverized potassium bicarbonate1 drachm iss4 ,having poured two teaspoonfuls of solution ,a into the wine bottle1 treat the wine glasses with the different solutions1 noting and remembering into which glasses the several solutions are placed4 ,into ,no4 #a wine glass pour one or two drops of solution ,b2 into ,no4 #b glass pour one or two drops of solution ,c2 into ,no4 #c one or two drops of ,solution ,d2 leave ,no4 #d glass empty2 into ,no4 #e glass pour a few drops of ,solution ,e2 into ,no4 #f glass place a few grains of ,package ,g2 into ,no4 #g glass pour a little of solution ,f4 ,request some one to bring you some cold drinking water1 and to guarantee that it is pure show that your wine bottle is 7practically7 empty4 ,fill it up from the carafe1 and having asked the audience whether you shall produce wine or water1 milk or ink1 etc41 you may obtain any of these by pouring a little of the water from the bottle into the prepared glass4 ,thus ,no4 #a glass gives a port-wine color2 ,no4 #b gives a sherry color2 ,no4 #c gives a claret color2 ,no4 #d is left empty to prove that the solution in the bottle is colorless2 ,no4 #e produces milk2 ,no4 #f1 effervescing champagne2 ,no4 #g1 ink4 ,bottle-,capping ,mixtures4-- ,i4--,soak #g pounds of good gelatin in #aj ounces of glycerine and #fj ounces of water1 and heat over a water bath until dissolved1 and add any desired color4 ,pigments may be used1 and various tints can be obtained by the use of aniline colors4 ,the resulting compound should be stored in jars4 ,to apply liquefy the mass and dip the cork and portion of the neck of the bottle into the liquid2 it sets very quickly4 ,,ii4--,gelatin #a ounce ,gum arabic #a ounce ,boric acid #bj grains ,starch #a ounce ,water #af fluidounces ,mix the gelatin1 gum arabic1 and boric acid with #ad fluidounces of cold water1 stir occasionally until the gum is dissolved1 heat the mixture to boiling1 remove the scum1 and strain4 ,also mix the starch intimately with the remainder of the water1 and stir this mixture into the hot gelatin mixture until a uniform product results4 ,as noted above1 the composition may be tinted with any suitable dye4 ,before using1 it must be softened by the application of heat4 #abg ,,iii4--,shellac #c ounces ,venice turpentine #a #a_/b ounces ,boric acid #gb grains ,powdered talcum #c ounces ,ether #f fluidrams ,alcohol #ab #a_/b fluidounces ,dissolve the shellac1 turpentine1 and boric acid in the mixed alcohol and ether1 color with a spirit-soluble dye1 and add the talcum4 ,during use the mixture must be agitated frequently4 ,show ,bottles4-- ,i4--,place in a cylindrical bottle the following liquids in the order named3 ,first1 sulphuric acid1 tinted blue with indigo2 second1 chloroform2 third1 glycerine1 slightly tinted with caramel2 fourth1 castor oil1 colored with alkanet root2 fifth1 #dj-per-cent alcohol1 slightly tinted with aniline green2 sixth1 cod-liver oil1 containing #a per cent of oil of turpentine4 ,the liquids are held in place by force of gravity1 and alternate with fluids which are not miscible1 so that the strata of layers are clearly defined and do not mingle by diffusion4 ,,ii4--,chromic acid #a drachm ,commercial 8muriatic0 acid #b ounces ,nitric acid #b ounces ,water1 enough to make #c gallons ,the color is magenta4 ,the following makes a fine pink for show carboys3 ,,iii4--,cobalt oxide #b parts ,nitric acid1 c4 p4 #a part ,hydrochloric acid #a part ,mix and dissolve1 and to the solution add3 ,strongest water of ammonia #f parts ,sulphuric acid #a part ,water1 distilled1 q4 s4 to make #djj parts ,this should be left standing in a dark1 cool place for at least a month before putting in the window4 ,,iv4--,green4--,copper sulphate1 #cjj parts1 by weight2 hydrochloric acid1 #dej parts1 by weight2 distilled water1 to #d1ejj parts1 by weight4 ,v4--,blue4--,copper sulphate1 #dhj parts1 by weight2 sulphuric acid1 #fj parts1 by weight2 distilled water1 to #dej parts1 by weight4 ,,vi4--,yellowish ,brown4--,potassium dichromate1 #abj parts1 by weight2 nitric acid1 #aej parts1 by weight2 distilled water1 to #d1ejj parts1 by weight4 ,,vii4--,yellow4--,potassium dichromate1 #cj parts1 by weight2 sodium bicarbonate1 #bbe parts1 by weight2 distilled water1 to #d1ejj parts1 by weight4 ,,viii4--,red4--,liquid ferric chloride1 officinal1 #fj parts1 by weight2 concentrated ammonium-acetate solution1 #abj parts1 by weight2 acetic acid1 #cj per cent1 #cj parts1 by weight2 distilled water1 to #i1jjj parts1 by weight4 ,,ix4--,crimson4--,potassium iodide1 #g4e parts1 by weight2 iodine1 #g4e parts1 by weight2 hydrochloric acid1 #fj parts1 by weight2 distilled water1 to #d1ejj parts1 by weight4 ,all the solutions ,,iv to ,,ix should be filtered4 ,if distilled water be used these solutions should keep for five to ten years4 ,in order to prevent them from freezing1 either add #aj per cent of alcohol1 or reduce the quantity of water by #aj per cent4 ,a ,cheap and ,excellent ,warming ,bottle4--,mix sodium acetate and sodium hyposulphate in the proportion of #a part of the former to #i parts of the latter1 and with the mixture fill an earthenware bottle about three-quarters full4 ,close the vessel well with a cork and place it either in hot water or in the oven1 and let remain until the salts within melt4 ,for at least a half day the jug will radiate its heat1 and need only be well shaken from time to time to renew its heat-giving energy4 ,bottle ,deodorizer4--,powdered black mustard seed is successfully employed4 ,pour a little of it with some lukewarm water into the receptacle1 rinsing it afterwards with water4 ,if necessary1 repeat the process4 ,,brandy ,,and ,,brandy ,,bitters ,see ,wines and ,liquors4 ,brass ,formulas for the making of ,brass will be found under ,alloys4 ,colors for ,polished ,brass4--,the brass objects are put into boiling solutions composed of different salts1 and the intensity of the shade obtained is dependent upon the duration of the immersion4 ,with a solution composed of ,sulphate of copper #abj grains ,hydrochlorate of ammonia #cj grains ,water #a quart greenish shades are obtained4 ,with the following solution all the shades of brown from orange brown to cinnamon are obtained3 #abh ,chlorate of potash #aej grains ,sulphate of copper #aej grains ,water #a quart ,the following solution gives the brass first a rosy tint and then colors it violet and blue3 ,sulphate of copper #dce grains ,hyposulphite of soda #cjj grains ,cream of tartar #aej grains ,water #a pint ,upon adding to the last solution ,ammoniacal sulphate of iron #cjj grains ,hyposulphite of soda #cjj grains there are obtained1 according to the duration of the immersion1 yellowish1 orange1 rosy1 then bluish shades4 ,upon polarizing the ebullition the blue tint gives way to yellow1 and finally to a pretty gray4 ,silver1 under the same circumstances1 becomes very beautifully colored4 ,after a long ebullition in the following solution we obtain a yellow-brown shade1 and then a remarkable fire red3 ,chlorate of potash #ge grains ,carbonate of nickel #cj grains ,salt of nickel #ge grains ,water #af ounces ,the following solution gives a beautiful1 dark-brown color3 ,chlorate of potash #ge grains ,salt of nickel #aej grains ,water #aj ounces ,the following gives1 in the first place1 a red1 which passes to blue1 then to pale lilac1 and finally to white3 ,orpiment #ge grains ,crystallized sal sod #aej grains ,water #aj ounces ,the following gives a yellow brown3 ,salt of nickel #ge grains ,sulphate of copper #ge grains ,chlorate of potash #ge grains ,water #aj ounces ,on mixing the following solutions1 sulphur separates and the brass becomes covered with iridescent crystallizations3 ,i4--,cream of tartar #ge grains ,sulphate of copper #ge grains ,water #aj ounces ,,ii4--,hyposulphite of soda #bbe grains ,water #e ounces ,upon leaving the brass objects immersed in the following mixture contained in corked vessels they at length acquire a very beautiful blue color3 ,hepar of sulphur #ae grains ,ammonia #ge grains ,water #d ounces ,miscellaneous ,coloring of ,brass4--,yellow to bright red3 ,dissolve #b parts native copper carbonate with #a part caustic soda in #aj parts water4 ,dip for a few minutes into the liquor1 the various shades desired being obtained according to the length of time of the immersion4 ,green3 ,dissolve #a part copper acetate 7verdigris71 #a part blue vitriol1 and #a part alum in #aj parts of water and boil the articles therein4 ,black3 ,for optical articles1 photographic apparatus1 plates1 rings1 screws1 etc41 dissolve #de parts of malachite 7native copper carbonate7 in #a1jjj parts of sal ammoniac4 ,for use clean and remove the grease from the article by pickling and dip it into the bath until the coating is strong enough4 ,the bath operates better and quicker if heated4 ,should the oxidation be a failure it should be removed by dipping into the brass pickle4 ,a verdigris color on brass is produced by treating the articles with dilute acids1 acetic acid1 or sulphuric acid1 and drying4 ,brown in all varieties of shades is obtained by immersing the metal in solutions of nitrates or ferric chloride after it has been corroded with dilute nitric acid1 cleaned with sand and water1 and dried4 ,the strength of the solutions governs the deepness of the resulting color4 ,violet is caused by immersing the thoroughly cleaned objects in a solution of ammonium chloride4 ,chocolate color results if red ferric oxide is strewn on and burned off1 followed by polishing with a small quantity of galena4 ,olive green is produced by blackening the surface with a solution of iron in hydrochloric acid1 polishing with galena1 and coating hot with a lacquer composed of #a part varnish1 #d parts cincuma1 and #a part gamboge4 ,a steel-blue coloring is obtained by means of a dilute boiling solution of chloride of arsenic1 and a blue one by a treatment with strong hyposulphite of soda4 ,another formula for bluing brass is3 ,dissolve #aj parts of antimony chloride in #bjj parts of water1 and add #cj parts of pure hydrochloric acid4 ,dip the article until it is well blued1 then wash and dry in sawdust4 ,black is much used for optical brass articles and is produced by coating with a solution of platinum or auric chloride mixed with nitrate of tin4 ,coloring ,unpolished ,brass4--,a yellow color of handsome effect is obtained on #abi unpolished brass by means of antimony-chloride solution4 ,this is produced by finely powdering gray antimony and boiling it with hydrochloric acid4 ,with formation of hydrogen sulphide a solution of antimony results1 which must not be diluted with water1 since a white precipitate of antimony oxychloride is immediately formed upon admixture of water4 ,for dilution1 completely saturated cooking-salt solution is employed1 using for #a part of antimony chloride #b parts of salt solution4 ,coloring ,fluid for ,brass4--,caustic soda1 #cc parts2 water1 #bd parts2 hydrated carbonate of copper1 #e4e parts4 ,dissolve the salt in water and dip the metal in the solution obtained4 ,the intensity of the color will be proportional to the time of immersion4 ,after removing the object from the liquid1 rinse with water and dry in sawdust4 ,black ,color on ,brass4--,a black or oxidized surface on brass is produced by a solution of carbonate of copper in ammonia4 ,the work is immersed and allowed to remain until the required tint is observed4 ,the carbonate of copper is best used in a plastic condition1 as it is then much more easily dissolved4 ,plastic carbonate of copper may be mixed as follows3 ,make a solution of blue vitriol 7sulphate of copper7 in hot water1 and add a strong solution of common washing soda to it as long as any precipitate forms4 ,the precipitate is allowed to settle1 and the clear liquid is poured off4 ,hot water is added1 and the mass stirred and again allowed to settle4 ,this operation is repeated six or eight times to remove the impurities4 ,after the water has been removed during the last pouring1 and nothing is left but an emulsion of the thick plastic carbonate in a small quantity of water1 liquid ammonia is added until everything is dissolved and a clear1 deep-blue liquid is produced4 ,if too strong1 water may be added1 but a strong solution is better than a weak one4 ,if it is desired to make the solution from commercial plastic carbonate of copper the following directions may be followed3 ,dissolve #a pound of the plastic carbonate of copper in #b gallons of strong ammonia4 ,this gives the required strength of solution4 ,the brass which it is desired to blacken is first boiled in a strong potash solution to remove grease and oil1 then well rinsed and dipped in the copper solution1 which has previously been heated to from #aej to #age ,f4 ,this solution1 if heated too hot1 gives off all the ammonia4 ,the brass is left in the solution until the required tint is produced4 ,the color produced is uniform1 black1 and tenacious4 ,the brass is rinsed and dried in sawdust4 ,a great variety of effects may be produced by first finishing the brass before blackening1 as the oxidizing process does not injure the texture of the metal4 ,a satisfactory finish is produced by first rendering the surface of the brass matt1 either by scratch-brush or similar methods1 as the black finish thus produced by the copper solution is dead--one of the most pleasing effects of an oxidized surface4 ,various effects may also be produced by coloring the entire article and then buffing the exposed portions4 ,the best results in the use of this solution are obtained by the use of the so-called red metals--i4 e41 those in which the copper predominates4 ,the reason for this is obvious4 ,ordinary sheet brass consists of about #b parts of copper and #a part of zinc1 so that the large quantity of the latter somewhat hinders the production of a deep-black surface4 ,yellow brass is colored black by the solution1 but it is well to use some metal having a reddish tint1 indicating the presence of a large amount of copper4 ,the varieties of sheet brass known as gilding or bronze work well4 ,copper also gives excellent results4 ,where the best results are desired on yellow brass a very light electroplate of copper before the oxidizing works well and gives an excellent black4 ,with the usual articles made of yellow brass this is rarely done1 but the oxidation carried out directly4 ,black ,finish for ,brass4--,i4--,a handsome black finish may be put on brass by the following process3 ,dissolve in #a1jjj parts of ammonia water #de parts of natural malachite1 and in the solution put the object to be blackened1 after first having carefully and thoroughly cleaned the same4 ,after letting it stand a short time gradually warm the mixture1 examining the article from time to time to ascertain if the color is deep enough4 ,rinse and let dry4 ,,ii4--,the blacking of brass may be accomplished by immersing it in the following solution and then heating over a ,bunsen burner or a spirit flame3 ,add a saturated solution of ammonium carbonate to a saturated copper-sulphate solution1 until the precipitate resulting in the beginning has almost entirely dissolved4 ,the immersion and heating are repeated until the brass turns dark2 then it is brushed and dipped in negative varnish or dull varnish4 #acj ,to ,give a ,brown ,color to ,brass4--,i4--,in #a1jjj parts of rain or distilled water dissolve #e parts each of verdigris 7copper acetate7 and ammonium chloride4 ,let the solution stand #d hours1 then add #a1ejj parts of water4 ,remove the brass to be browned from its attachment to the fixtures and make the surface perfectly bright and smooth and free from grease4 ,place it over a charcoal fire and heat until it 8sizzes0 when touched with the dampened finger4 ,the solution is then painted over the surface with a brush or swabbed on with a rag4 ,if one swabbing does not produce a sufficient depth of color1 repeat the heating and the application of the liquid until a fine durable brown is produced4 ,for door plates1 knobs1 and ornamental fixtures generally1 this is one of the handsomest as well as the most durable surfaces1 and is easily applied4 ,,ii4--,a very handsome brown may be produced on brass castings by immersing the thoroughly cleaned and dried articles in a warm solution of #ae parts of sodium hydrate and #e parts of cupric carbonate in #ajj parts of water4 ,the metal turns dark yellow1 light brown1 and finally dark brown1 with a greenish shimmer1 and1 when the desired shade is reached1 is taken out of the bath1 rinsed1 and dried4 ,,iii4--,paint the cleaned and dried surface uniformly with a dilute solution of ammonium sulphide4 ,when this coating is dry1 it is rubbed over1 and then painted with a dilute ammoniacal solution of arsenic sulphide1 until the required depth of color is attained4 ,if the results are not satisfactory the painting can be repeated after washing over with ammonia4 ,prolonged immersion in the second solution produces a grayish-green film1 which looks well1 and acquires luster when polished with a cloth4 ,refinishing ,gas ,fixtures4--,gas fixtures which have become dirty or tarnished from use may be improved in appearance by painting with bronze paint and then1 if a still better finish is required1 varnishing after the paint is thoroughly dry with some light-colored varnish that will give a hard and brilliant coating4 ,if the bronze paint is made up with ordinary varnish it is liable to become discolored from acid which may be present in the varnish4 ,one method proposed for obviating this is to mix the varnish with about five times its volume of spirit of turpentine1 add to the mixture dried slaked lime in the proportion of about #dj grains to the pint1 agitate well1 repeating the agitation several times1 and finally allowing the suspended matter to settle and decanting the clear liquid4 ,the object of this is to neutralize any acid which may be present4 ,to determine how effectively this has been done the varnish may be chemically tested4 ,steel ,blue and ,old ,silver on ,brass4--,for the former dissolve #ajj parts of carbonic carbonate in #gej parts of ammonia and dilute this solution with distilled water1 whereupon the cleaned articles are dipped into the liquid by means of a brass wire4 ,after two to three minutes take them out1 rinse in clean water1 and dry in sawdust4 ,old silver on brass is produced as follows3 ,the articles are first silvered and next painted with a thin paste consisting of graphite1 #f parts2 pulverized hematite1 #a part2 and turpentine4 ,use a soft brush and dry well2 then brush off the powder4 ,oxidized silver is obtained by dipping the silvered goods into a heated solution of liver of sulphur1 #e parts2 ammonia carbonate1 #aj parts2 and water1 #aj1jjj parts4 ,only substantially silvered objects are suited for oxidation1 as a weak silvering is taken off by this solution4 ,unsatisfactory coloring is removed with potassium-cyanide solution4 ,it is advisable to lay the articles in hydrogen sulphide-ammonia solution diluted with water1wherein they acquire a blue to a deep-black shade4 ,tombac ,color on ,brass4--,this is produced by immersion in a mixture of copper carbonate1 #aj parts2 caustic soda1 #cj parts2 water1 #bjj parts4 ,this layer will only endure wiping with a cloth1 not vigorous scouring with sand4 ,graining of ,brass4--,brass parts of timepieces are frequently provided with a dead grained surface4 ,for this purpose they are fastened with flat-headed pins on cork disks and brushed with a paste of water and finest powdered pumice stone4 ,next they are thoroughly washed and placed in a solution of #aj quarts of water1 #cj grains of mercuric nitrate1 and #fj grains of sulphuric acid4 ,in this amalgamating solution the objects become at once covered with a layer of mercury1 which forms an amalgam with the copper1 while the zinc passes into solution4 ,after the articles have again been washed they are treated with graining powder1 which consists of silver powder1 tartar1 and cooking salt4 ,these substances must be pure1 dry1 and very finely pulverized4 ,the mixing is done with moderate heat4 ,according #aca to whether a coarser or finer grain is desired1 more cooking salt or more tartar must be contained in the powder4 ,the ordinary proportions are3 ,silver powder #bh #bh #bh parts ,tartar #bhc #aaj-adj #he parts ,cooking salt #ijj #cgj #ijj parts ,this powder is moistened with water and applied to the object4 ,place the article with the cork support in a flat dish and rub on the paste with a stiff brush while turning the dish incessantly4 ,gradually fresh portions of graining powder are put on until the desired grain is obtained4 ,these turn out the rounder the more the dish and brush are turned4 ,when the right grain is attained1 rinse off with water1 and treat the object with a scratch brush1 with employment of a decoction of saponaria4 ,the brushes must be moved around in a circle in brushing with the pumice stone1 as well as in rubbing on the graining powder and in using the scratch brush4 ,the required silver powder is produced by precipitating a diluted solution of silver nitrate with some strips of sheet copper4 ,the precipitated silver powder is washed out on a paper filter and dried at moderate heat4 ,the ,dead1 or ,matt1 ,dip for ,brass4--,the dead dip is used to impart a satiny or crystalline finish to the surface4 ,the bright dip gives a smooth1 shiny1 and perfectly even surface1 but the dead dip is the most pleasing of any dip finish1 and can be used as a base for many secondary finishes4 ,the dead dip is a mixture of oil of vitriol 7sulphuric acid7 and aqua fortis 7nitric acid7 in which there is enough sulphate of zinc 7white vitriol7 to saturate the solution4 ,it is in the presence of the sulphate of zinc that the essential difference between the bright and the dead dip exists4 ,without it the dead or matt surface cannot be obtained4 ,the method generally practiced is to add the sulphate of zinc to the mixed acids 7sulphuric and nitric71 so that some remains undissolved in the bottom of the vessel4 ,it is found that the sulphate of zinc occurs in small crystals having the appearance of very coarse granulated sugar4 ,these crystals readily settle to the bottom of the vessel and do not do the work of matting properly4 ,if they are finely pulverized the dip is slightly improved1 but it is impossible to pulverize such material to a fineness that will do the desired work4 ,the use of sulphate of zinc1 then1 leaves much to be desired4 ,the most modern method of making up the dead dip is to produce the sulphate of zinc directly in the solution and in the precipitated form4 ,it is well known that the most finely divided materials are those which are produced by precipitation1 and in the dead dip it is very important that the sulphate of zinc shall be finely divided so that it will not immediately settle to the bottom4 ,therefore it should be precipitated so that when it is mixed with the acids it will not settle immediately4 ,the method of making the sulphate of zinc directly in the solution is as follows3 ,take #a gallon of yellow aqua fortis 7#ch ,f47 and place in a stone crock which is surrounded with cold water4 ,the cold water is to keep the heat1 formed by the reaction1 from evaporating the acid4 ,add metallic zinc in small pieces until the acid will dissolve no more4 ,the zinc may be in any convenient form--sheet clippings1 lumps1 granulated1 etc41 that may be added little by little4 ,if all is added at once it will boil over4 ,when the acid will dissolve no more zinc it will be found that some of the acid has evaporated by the heat1 and it will be necessary to add enough fresh acid to make up to the original gallon4 ,when this is done add #a gallon of strong oil of vitriol4 ,the mixture should be stirred with a wooden paddle while the oil of vitriol is being added4 ,as the sulphuric acid is being added the solution begins to grow milky1 and finally the whole has the consistency of thick cream4 ,this is caused by the sulphuric acid 7oil of vitriol7 precipitating out the sulphate of zinc4 ,thus the very finely divided precipitate of sulphate of zinc is formed4 ,if one desires to use known quantities of acid and zinc the following amounts may be taken3 ,oil of vitriol1 #a gallon2 aqua fortis 7#ch ,f471 #a gallon2 metallic zinc1 #f ounces4 ,in dissolving the zinc in the aqua fortis it is necessary to be sure that none remains undissolved in the bottom4 ,the dead or matt dip is used hot1 and1 therefore1 is kept in a stone crock surrounded with hot water4 ,the articles to be matted are polished and cleaned1 and the dip thoroughly stirred with a wooden paddle1 so as to bring up the sulphate of zinc which has settled4 ,dip the work in the solution and allow it to remain until the matt is obtained4 ,this is a point which can be learned only by experience4 ,when the brass article is first introduced there is a rapid action on the surface1 but in a few seconds this slows down4 ,remove the article and rinse and immediately dip into the usual bright dip4 ,this #acb is necessary for the reason that the dead dip produces a dark coating upon the surface1 which1 were it left on1 would not show the real effect or the color of the metal4 ,the bright dip1 however1 removes this and exposes the true dead surface4 ,the usual rule for making up the dead dip is to use equal parts of oil of vitriol and aqua fortis2 but these may be altered to suit the case4 ,more oil of vitriol gives a finer matt1 while a larger quantity of aqua fortis will give a coarser matt4 ,when the dip becomes old it is unnecessary to add more zinc1 as a little goes into the solution each time anything is dipped4 ,after a while1 however1 the solution becomes loaded with copper salts1 and should be thrown away4 ,a new dip does not work well1 and will not give good results when used at once4 ,it is usual to allow it to remain over night1 when it will be found to be in a better working condition in the morning4 ,a new dip will frequently refuse to work1 and the addition of a little water will often start it4 ,the water must be used sparingly1 however1 and only when necessary4 ,water1 as a usual thing1 spoils a dead dip1 and must be avoided4 ,after a while it may be necessary to add a little more aqua fortis1 and this may be introduced as desired4 ,much care is needed in working the dead dip1 and it requires constant watching and experience4 ,the chief difficulty in working the dead dip is to match a given article4 ,the only way that it can be done is to 8cut and try10 and add aqua fortis or oil of vitriol as the case requires4 ,the dead or matt dip can be obtained only upon brass or ,german silver2 in other words1 only on alloys which contain zinc4 ,the best results are obtained upon yellow brass high in zinc4 ,to ,improve ,deadened ,brass ,parts4--,clock parts matted with oilstone and oil1 such as the hour wheels1 minute wheels1 etc41 obtain1 by mere grinding1 a somewhat dull appearance1 with a sensitive surface which readily takes spots4 ,this may be improved by preparing the following powder1 rubbing a little of it on a buff stick1 and treating the deadened parts1 which have been cleansed with benzine1 by rubbing with slight pressure on cork4 ,this imparts to the articles a handsome1 permanent1 metallic matt luster4 ,the smoothing powder consists of #b parts of jewelers' red and #h parts of lime carbonate1 levigated in water1 and well dried4 ,jewelers' red alone may be employed1 but this requires some practice and care1 especially in the treatment of wheels1 because rays are liable to form from the teeth toward the center4 ,pickle for ,brass4--,stir #aj parts 7by weight7 of shining soot or snuff1 #aj parts of cooking salt1 and #aj parts of red tartar with #bej parts of nitric acid1 and afterwards add #bej parts of sulphuric acid2 or else mix #g parts of aqua fortis 7nitric acid7 with #aj parts of ,english sulphuric acid4 ,for the mixing ratio of the acid1 the kind and alloy of the metal should be the guidance1 and it is best found out by practical trials4 ,the better the alloy and the less the percentage of zinc or lead1 the handsomer will be the color4 ,genuine bronze1 for instance1 acquires a golden shade4 ,in order to give brass the appearance of handsome gilding it is often coated with gold varnish by applying same thinly with a brush or sponge and immediately heating the metal over a coal fire4 ,pickling ,brass to ,look ,like ,gold4--,to pickle brass so as to make it resemble gold allow a mixture of #f parts of chemically pure nitric acid and #a part of ,english sulphuric acid to act for some hours upon the surface of the brass2 then wash with a warm solution1 #bj parts of tartar in #ej parts of water1 and rub off neatly with dry sawdust4 ,then coat the article with the proper varnish4 ,pickle for ,dipping ,brass4--,to improve the appearance of brass1 tombac1 and copper goods1 they are usually dipped4 ,for this purpose they are first immersed in diluted oil of vitriol 7brown sulphuric acid71 proportion1 #a to #aj2 next in a mixture of #aj parts of red tartar2 #aj parts of cooking salt2 #bej parts of ,english sulphuric acid1 as well as #bej parts of aqua fortis 7only for a moment71 rinsing off well in water and drying in sawdust4 ,for obtaining a handsome matt gold color #a_/bj part of zinc vitriol 7zinc sulphate7 is still added to the pickle4 ,restoration of ,brass ,articles4--,the brass articles are first freed from adhering dirt by the use of hot soda lye2 if bronzed they are dipped in a highly dilute solution of sulphuric acid and rinsed in clean water4 ,next they are yellowed in a mixture of nitric acid1 #ge parts2 sulphuric acid1 #ajj parts2 shining lampblack1 #b parts2 cooking salt1 #a part2 then rinsed and polished and1 to prevent oxidation1 coated with a colorless spirit varnish1 a celluloid varnish being best for this purpose4 ,tempering ,brass4--,if hammered too brittle brass can be tempered and made #acc of a more even hardness throughout by warming it1 as in tempering steel2 but the heat must not be nearly so great4 ,brass1 heated to the blue heat of steel1 is almost soft again4 ,to soften brass1 heat it nearly to a dull red and allow it to cool1 or1 if time is an object1 it may be cooled by plunging into water4 ,drawing ,temper from ,brass4--,brass is rendered hard by hammering or rolling1 therefore when a brass object requires to be tempered the material must be prepared before the article is shaped4 ,temper may be drawn from brass by heating it to a cherry red and then simply plunging it into water1 the same as though steel were to be tempered4 ,,brass1 ,,fastening ,,porcelain ,,to3 ,see ,adhesives4 ,,brass ,,polishes3 ,see ,polishes4 ,,brass ,,solders3 ,see ,solders4 ,,brass ,,bronzing3 ,see ,plating4 ,,brass ,,cleaners3 ,see ,cleaning ,preparations and ,methods4 ,,brass ,,platinizing3 ,see ,plating4 ,,brass1 ,,sand ,,holes ,,in3 ,see ,castings4 ,,brassing3 ,see ,plating4 ,,bread1 ,,dog3 ,see ,dog ,biscuit4 ,,breath ,,perfumes3 ,see also ,dentifrices4 ,remedies for ,fetid ,breath4--,fetid breath may be due to the expelled air 7i4 e41 to disease of the respirational tract71 to gases thrown off from the digestive tract1 or to a diseased mouth4 ,in the first two cases medication must be directed to the causative diseases1 with the last1 antisepsis principally and the neutralization of the saliva1 also the removal of all residual food of dental caries4 ,i4--,potassium permanganate #a part ,distilled water #aj parts ,mix and dissolve4 ,add from #e to #h drops of this solution to a glass of water and with it gargle the mouth4 ,,ii4--,infusion of salvia #bej parts ,glycerine #cj parts ,tincture of myrrh #ab parts ,tincture of lavender #ab parts ,labarraque's solution #cj parts ,mix4 ,rinse the mouth frequently with this mixture4 ,,iii4--,decoction of chamomile #cj parts ,glycerine #hj parts ,chlorinated water #ae parts ,mix4 ,use as a gargle and mouth wash4 ,,iv4--,peppermint water #ejj parts ,cherry-laurel water #fj parts ,borax #be parts ,mix and dissolve4 ,use as gargle and mouth wash4 ,v4--,thymol #c parts ,spirit of cochlearia #cjj parts ,tincture of rhatany #ajj parts ,oil of peppermint #ae parts ,oil of cloves #aj parts ,mix4 ,gargle and wash mouth well with #aj drops in a glass of water4 ,,vi4--,salol #e parts ,alcohol #a1jjj parts ,tincture of white canella #cj parts ,oil of peppermint #a part ,mix4 ,use as a dentifrice4 ,,vii4--,hydrogen peroxide #be parts ,distilled water #ajj parts ,mix4 ,gargle the mouth twice daily with #b tablespoonfuls of the mixture in a glass of water4 ,,viii4--,sodium bicarbonate #b parts ,distilled water #gj parts ,spirit of cochlearia #cj parts ,mix a half-teaspoonful in a wineglassful of water4 ,wash mouth two or three times daily4 ,,brick ,,stain4 ,to stain brick flat the color of brownstone1 add black to ,venetian red until the desired shade is obtained4 ,if color ground in oil is used1 thin with turpentine1 using a little japan as a drier4 ,if necessary to get the desired shade add yellow ocher to the mixture of red and black4 ,if the work is part old and part new1 rub the wall down1 using a brick #acd for a rubber1 until the surface is uniform1 and keep it well wet while rubbing with cement water1 made by stirring ,portland cement into water until the water looks the color of the cement4 ,this operation fills the pores of the brick and makes a smooth1 uniform surface to paint on4 ,tinge the wash with a little dry ,venetian red and lampblack4 ,this will help bring the brick to a uniform color1 so that an even color can be obtained with one coat of stain4 ,,bricks3 ,see ,ceramics4 ,,bricks ,,of ,,sand-,,lime3 ,see ,stone1 ,artificial4 ,,brick ,,polishes3 ,see ,polishes4 ,,brick ,,walls1 ,,to ,,clean3 ,see ,cleaning ,preparations and ,methods and ,household ,formulas4 ,,brick ,,waterproofing3 ,see ,waterproofing4 ,,brickmakers' ,,notes3 ,see ,ceramics4 ,,bridge ,,paint3 ,see ,paint4 ,,brilliantine3 ,see ,hair ,preparations4 ,,brimstone 7,,burning73 ,see ,pyrotechnics4 ,,briony ,,roots3 ,,their ,,preservation3 ,see ,roots4 ,,britannia ,,metal3 ,see ,alloys4 ,,britannia ,,metal1 ,,to ,,clean3 ,see ,cleaning ,preparations and ,methods4 ,,britannia1 ,,silverplating3 ,see ,plating4 ,,bromine1 ,,antiseptic3 ,see ,antiseptics4 ,,bromoform4 ,bromoform is insoluble in dilute alcohol1 but may be dissolved by the aid of glycerine4 ,the following formula has been devised3 ,bromoform #a part ,alcohol #b parts ,compound tincture of cardamon #b parts ,glycerine #a #a_/b parts ,some other formulas are3 ,syrup of ,bromoform4--,bromoform1 #e parts2 alcohol 7#ie per cent71 #de parts2 glycerine1 #aej parts2 syrup1 #hjj parts4 ,mix in the order given and place the container in warm water until the syrup becomes perfectly clear4 ,emulsion of ,bromoform4--,add #c parts of bromoform to #bj parts of expressed oil of almond2 emulsify this mixture in the usual manner with #b parts of powdered tragacanth1 #d parts of powdered acacia1 and sufficient water1 using for the completed emulsion a total of #abj parts of water1 and add1 finally1 #d parts of cherry-laurel water4 ,bromoform ,rum4--,bromoform1 #a4b parts2 chloroform1 #j4h parts2 rum1 sufficient to make #abj parts4 ,claimed to be an effective remedy in the treatment of whooping cough4 ,,bronzes3 ,see ,alloys4 ,,bronze ,,casting3 ,see ,casting4 ,,bronze1 ,,imitation3 ,see ,plaster4 ,,bronze ,,polishes3 ,see ,polishes4 ,,bronze1 ,,renovation ,,of3 ,see ,cleaning ,compounds4 ,bronze ,powders1 ,liquid ,bronzes1 ,bronze ,substitutes1 and ,bronzing ,,bronze ,,powders4 ,gold bronze is a mixture of equal parts of oxide of tin and sulphur1 which are heated for some time in an earthen retort4 ,silver bronze is a mixture of equal parts of bismuth1 tin1 and mercury1 which are fused in a crucible1 adding the mercury only when the tin and the bismuth are in fusion4 ,next reduce to a very fine powder4 ,to apply these bronzes1 white of egg1 gum arabic1 or varnish is used4 ,it is preferable to apply them dry upon one of the above-named mediums serving as size1 than to mix them with the liquids themselves1 for in the latter case their luster is impaired4 ,simple ,coloring of ,bronze ,powder4--,in order to impart different colors to #ace bronze powders1 such as pale yellow1 dark yellow to copper red1 the powder is heated with constant stirring in flat iron pans until through the oxidation of the copper--the bronzes consist of the brass powder of an alloy from which the so-called ,dutch gold is produced--the desired shade of color is reached4 ,as a rule a very small quantity of fat1 wax1 or even paraffine is added in this operation4 ,the bronze powders are employed to produce coatings or certain finishes on metals themselves or to give articles of wood1 stone1 pasteboard1 etc41 a metallic appearance4 ,general ,directions for ,bronzing4--,the choice of bronze powders is determined by the degree of brilliancy to be obtained4 ,the powder is mixed with strong gum water or isinglass1 and laid on with a brush or pencil1 almost but not absolutely dry4 ,a piece of soft leather1 wrapped around the finger1 is dipped into the powder and rubbed over the work2 when all this has been covered with the bronze it must be left to dry1 and the loose powder is then cleared away with a hair pencil4 ,,liquid ,,bronzes4 ,liquid ,bronzes4--,i4--,for the production of liquid bronze1 acid-free varnish should be used1 as bronze ground with ordinary varnish will form verdigris4 ,for the deacidification of dammar rosin pour #a1jjj parts of petroleum benzine over #cej parts of finely ground dammar rosin1 and dissolve by repeated shaking4 ,next add to the solution #bej parts of a #aj-per-cent aqueous solution of caustic soda and shake up well for #aj minutes4 ,after standing for a short time two strata will have formed1 the upper one consisting of benzine-rosin solution and the lower1 aqueous one containing the resinic acid dissolved as soda salts4 ,pour off the benzine layers and agitate again assiduously with #bej parts of the #aj-per-cent caustic-soda solution4 ,now set aside for a complete classification and separation of the two liquids4 ,the dammar solution siphoned off will be perfectly free from acid4 ,to obtain gold-bronze varnish add to the deacidified dammar solution about #bej parts of bronze or brocade per liter4 ,,ii4--,or else carefully mix #ajj parts of finely ground dammar rosin with #cj parts of calcined soda and heat to fusion1 in which state it is maintained #b or #c hours with frequent stirring4 ,let cool1 grind the turbid mass obtained1 and pour a little coal benzine or petroleum benzine over it in a flask4 ,by repeated shaking of the flask the soluble portion of the molten mass is dissolved2 filter after allowing to settle2 into the filtrate put #cjj to #djj parts of bronze powder of any desired shade1 the brocades being especially well adapted for this purpose4 ,if the metallic powder remains distributed over the mass for a long time it is of the right consistency2 if it deposits quickly it is too thin and a part of the solvent must be evaporated before stirring in the bronze powder4 ,,iii4--,a liquid bronze1 which1 while it contains no metallic constituent1 yet possesses a metallic luster and a bronze appearance1 and answers excellently for many purposes1 is made as follows3 ,dissolve by the aid of gentle heat #aj parts of aniline red and #e parts of aniline purple in #ajj parts of alcohol4 ,when solution is complete1 add #e parts of benzoic acid1 raise the heat1 and let boil from #e to #aj minutes1 or until the greenish color of the mixture passes over to a clear bronze brown4 ,for 8marbling0 or bronzing paper articles1 this answers particularly well4 ,incombustible ,bronze ,tincture4--,finely pulverize #e parts1 by weight1 of prime ,dammar rosin and #a4e parts of ammonia soda4 ,heat gently1 and stir frequently1 until no more carbonic acid bubbles up4 ,cool and pulverize again4 ,put the powder into a glass carboy1 and pour over it #ej parts of carbon tetrachloride2 let this stand for #b days1 stirring frequently4 ,then filter4 ,ten parts of the fluid are mixed with #e parts of metallic bronze of any desired shade1 and put into bottles4 ,shake well before using4 ,general ,formulas for ,bronzing ,preparations4--,i4--,take #bdj parts subacetate of copper1 #abj parts oxide of zinc in powder form1 #fj parts borax1 #fj parts saltpeter1 and #c4e parts corrosive sublimate4 ,prepare a paste from it with oil1 stir together1 and continue working with boiled linseed oil and turpentine4 ,,ii4--,dissolve #abj parts sulphate of copper and add #abj parts chipping of tin2 stir well and gather the precipitating copper4 ,after complete drying1 grind very finely in boiled linseed oil and turpentine4 ,,iii4--,melt in a crucible #fj parts sulphur and #fj parts stannic acid2 stir with a clay tube until the mixture takes on the appearance of ,dutch gold and pour out4 ,when cold mix the color with boiled linseed oil and turpentine1 adding a small quantity of drier4 ,these three bronzes must be covered with a pale1 resistant #acf lacquer1 otherwise they will soon tarnish in rooms where gas is burned4 ,florentine ,bronzes4--,i4--,to produce a ,florentine bronzing1 apply to the articles1 which must have previously been dipped1 a varnish composed of cherry gum lac dissolved in alcohol4 ,this varnish is put on with a brush1 and after that the bronzed piece is passed through the stove4 ,,ii4--,if the article is of brass it must be given a coat of copper by means of the battery4 ,next dip a brush in olive oil and brush the piece uniformly2 let dry for #e or #f hours and place in sawdust4 ,then heat the article on a moderate charcoal dust fire4 ,preparation of ,french ,bronze4--,french bronze may be prepared by reducing to a powder hematite1 #e parts1 and plumbago1 #h parts1 and mixing into a paste with spirit of wine4 ,apply the composition with a soft brush to the article to be bronzed and set it aside for some hours4 ,by polishing with a tolerably hard brush the article will assume the beautiful appearance of real bronze4 ,the desired tint may be regulated by the proportions of the ingredients4 ,how to ,bronze ,metals4--,prepare a solution of #a #a_/b ounces of sodium hyposulphite in #a pint of water and add to the same a solution of #a #a_/b ounces of lead acetate dissolved in #a pint of water4 ,if1 instead of lead acetate1 an equal weight of sulphuric acid 7#a #a_/b ounces7 is added to the sodium hyposulphite and the process carried on as before1 the brass becomes coated with a very beautiful red1 which changes to green1 and finally a splendid brown with a green and red iridescence4 ,this last is a very durable coating and may be especially recommended4 ,it is very difficult to obtain exact shades by this process without some experience4 ,the thorough cleansing of all articles from grease by boiling in potash is absolutely necessary to success4 ,by substituting other metal salts for the lead acetate many changes in tints and quality of the coatings can also be effected4 ,when this mixture is heated to a temperature a little below the boiling point it precipitates sulphide of lead in a state of fine division4 ,if some metal is present some of the lead is precipitated on the surface and1 according to the thickness of the layer1 different colors are produced4 ,to produce an even color the articles must be evenly heated4 ,by immersion of brass articles for #e minutes the same may be coated with colors varying from gold to copper red1 then to carmine1 dark red1 and from light blue to blue white1 and at last a reddish white1 depending on the time the metal remains in the solution and the temperature used4 ,iron objects treated in this solution take a steel-blue color1 zinc a brown color4 ,in the case of copper objects a golden yellow cannot be obtained4 ,new ,bronzing ,liquid4--,dissolve #aj parts of fuchsine and #e parts of aniline purple in #ajj parts of alcohol 7#ie per cent7 and add to the solution #e parts of benzoic acid4 ,boil the whole for #aj minutes until the color turns bronze brown4 ,this liquid can be applied to all metals and dries quickly4 ,a ,bronze for ,brass4--,immerse the articles1 freed from dirt and grease1 in a cold solution of #aj parts of potassium permanganate1 #ej parts of iron sulphate1 #e parts of hydrochloric acid in #a1jjj parts of water4 ,let remain #cj seconds1 then withdraw1 rinse1 and let dry in fine1 soft sawdust4 ,if the articles have become too dark1 or if a reddish-brown color be desired1 immerse for about #a minute in a warm 7#adj ,f47 solution of chromic acid1 #aj parts2 hydrochloric acid1 #aj parts2 potassium permanganate1 #aj parts2 iron sulphate1 #ej parts2 water1 #a1jjj parts4 ,treat as before4 ,if the latter solution alone be used the product will be a brighter dark-yellow or reddish-brown color4 ,by heating in a drying oven the tone of the colors is improved4 ,to ,bronze ,copper4--,this process is analogous to the one practiced at the ,mint of ,paris for bronzing medals4 ,spread on the copper object a solution composed of3 ,acetate or chlorhydrate of ammonia #cj parts ,sea salt #aj parts ,cream of tartar #aj parts ,acetate of copper #aj parts ,diluted acetic acid #ajj parts ,let dry for #bd to #dh hours at an ordinary temperature4 ,the surface of the metal will become covered with a series of varying tints4 ,brush with a waxed brush4 ,the green portions soaked with chlorhydrate of ammonia will assume a blue coloring1 and those treated with carbonate will be thick and darkened4 ,bronzing and ,patinizing of ,small ,zinc ,articles4--,coatings of bronze tones and patina shades may be produced on zinc by means of various liquids1 but the #acg articles1 before being worked upon1 should be rubbed down with very fine glass or emery paper1 to make them not only perfectly metallic1 but also somewhat rough1 as a consequence of which the bronze or patina coatings will adhere much better4 ,the best bronze or patina effects on bronze are obtained by electroplating the article with a fairly thick deposit of brass rich in copper and then treating it like genuine bronze4 ,the solutions used1 however1 must always be highly diluted1 otherwise they may eat entirely through the thin metallic coating4 ,bronzing of ,zinc4--,mix thoroughly #cj parts of sal ammoniac1 #aj parts of oxalate of potash1 and #a1jjj parts of vinegar4 ,apply with a brush or a rag several times1 until the desired tint is produced4 ,bronze ,gilding on ,smooth ,moldings4--,a perfect substitute for dead gilding cannot be obtained by bronzing1 because of the radically different reflection of the light1 for the matt gilding presents to the light a perfectly smooth surface1 while in bronzing every little scale of bronze reflects the light in a different direction4 ,in consequence of this diffusion of light1 all bronzing1 even the best executed1 is somewhat darker and dimmer than leaf gilding4 ,this dimness1 it is true1 extends over the whole surface1 and therefore is not perceptible to the layman1 and cannot be called an evil1 as the genuine leaf gold is so spotted that a bronzed surface is cleaner than a gilt one4 ,the following process is the best known at present3 ,choose only the best bronze1 which is first prepared thick with pure spirit4 ,next add a quantity of water and stir again4 ,after the precipitation1 which occurs promptly1 the water is poured off and renewed repeatedly by fresh water4 ,when the spirit has been washed out again in this manner1 the remaining deposit1 i4 e41 the bronze1 is thinned with clean1 good gold size4 ,the bronze must be thin enough just to cover4 ,the moldings are coated twice1 the second time commencing at the opposite end4 ,under no circumstances should the dry1 dead gilding give off color when grasping it firmly4 ,if it does that1 either the size is inferior or the solution too weak or the mixture too thick4 ,incombustible ,bronze ,tincture4--,five parts of prime dammar rosin and #a4e parts of ammonia soda1 very finely pulverized4 ,heat gently1 with frequent stirring1 until the evolution of carbonic acid ceases4 ,then take from the fire1 and when cool pulverize again4 ,put the powder into a glass carboy1 and pour over it #ej parts of carbon tetrachloride2 let this stand for #b days1 stirring frequently1 then filter4 ,ten parts of the fluid are to be mixed with each #e parts of metallic bronze of any desired shade1 and put into bottles4 ,shake the tincture well before using4 ,bronzing ,engraved ,ornaments4--,take bronze and stir with it pale copal varnish diluted one-half with turpentine4 ,with this paint the ornaments neatly4 ,in #a_/b hour the bronze will have dried4 ,the places from which the bronze is to be removed1 i4 e41 where the bronze has overrun the polished surface1 are dabbed with a small rag soaked with kerosene1 taking care that it is not too wet1 so as to prevent the kerosene from running into the ornament4 ,after a short while the bronze will have dissolved and can be wiped off with a soft rag4 ,if this does not remove it entirely1 dab and wipe again4 ,finally finish wiping with an especially soft1 clean rag4 ,kerosene does not attack polish on wood4 ,the bronze must become dull and yet adhere firmly1 under which condition it has a hardened color4 ,if it does not become dull the varnish is too strong and should be diluted with turpentine4 ,durable ,bronze on ,banners4--,to render bronzes durable on banners1 etc41 the ground must be primed with gum arabic and a little glycerine4 ,then apply the bronze solution1 prepared with dammar and one-tenth varnish4 ,instead of gum arabic with glycerine1 gelatine glue may also be employed as an underlay4 ,,bronze ,,substitutes4 ,the following recipe is used in making imitation gold bronzes3 ,sandarac #ej parts ,mastic #aj parts ,venice turpentine #e parts ,alcohol #ace parts ,in the above dissolve3 ,metanil yellow and gold orange #j4d parts and add ,aluminum1 finely powdered #bj parts and shake4 ,if a deeper shade is desired it is well to use ethyl orange and gold orange in the same proportion1 instead of the dyes4 ,for the production of imitation copper bronze take the above-mentioned rosin mixture and dissolve therein only gold #ach orange #j4h parts1 and add aluminum #bj parts1 whereby a handsome copper color is produced4 ,metanil yellow #j4d parts without gold orange gives with the same amount of lacquer a greenish tone of bronze4 ,the pigments must not be made use of in larger quantities1 because the luster of the bronze is materially affected4 ,only pigments of certain properties1 such as solubility in alcohol1 relative constancy to reductive agents1 are suitable2 unsuitable are1 for instance1 naphthol yellow1 phenylene-diamin1 etc4 ,likewise only a lacquer of certain composition is fit for use1 other lacquers of commerce1 such as zapon 7celluloid7 lacquer being unsuitable4 ,the bronzes prepared in this manner excel in luster and color effect2 the cost is very low4 ,they are suitable for bronzing low-priced articles1 as tinware1 toys1 etc4 ,under the action of sun and moisture the articles lose some of their luster1 but objects kept indoors such as figures of plaster of ,paris1 inkstands1 wooden boxes1 etc41 retain their brilliancy for years4 ,some use powdered aluminum and yellow organic dyestuffs1 such as gold orange4 ,these are employed together with a varnish of certain composition1 which imparts the necessary gloss to the mixture4 ,,bronze ,,coloring3 ,to ,color ,bronze4--,bronze articles acquire handsome tempering colors by heating4 ,in order to impart an old appearance to new objects of bronze1 they may be heated over a flame and rubbed with a woolen rag dipped in finely powdered graphite1 until the desired shade is attained4 ,or else a paste is applied on the article1 consisting of graphite #e parts and bloodstone #ae parts1 with a sufficient quantity of alcohol4 ,after #bd hours brush off the dry powder4 ,a hot solution composed of sal ammoniac #d parts1 sorrel salt #a part1 vinegar #bjj parts1 may also be brushed on4 ,another way is to dip the pieces into a boiling solution of cupric acetate #bj parts1 and sal ammoniac #aj parts1 dissolved in #fj to #ajj parts of vinegar4 ,patent bronzes 7products colored by means of aniline dyes7 have hitherto been used in the manufacture of toys and de luxe or fancy paper1 but makers of wall or stained paper have recently given their attention to these products4 ,wall--or moir--paper prepared with these dyes furnishes covers or prints of silken gloss with a peculiar double-color effect in which the metallic brilliancy characteristic of bronze combines with the shades of the tar pigments used4 ,very beautiful reliefs1 giving rise to the most charming play of colors in perpendicular or laterally reflected light1 are produced by pressing the paper lengths or web painted with aniline-bronze dyes4 ,the brass brocade and tin bronzes serve as bases for the aniline dyes2 of the tar pigments only basic aniline dyes soluble in alcohol are used4 ,in coloring the pulverized bronze care must be taken that the latter is as free as possible from organic fats4 ,tar dyes should be dissolved in as concentrated a form as possible in alcohol and stirred with the bronze1 the pigment being then fixed on the vehicle with an alcoholic solution of tannin4 ,the patent bronze is then dried by allowing the alcohol to evaporate4 ,this method of coloring is purely mechanical1 as the tar dyes do not combine with the metallic bronze1 as is the case with pigments in which hydrate of alumina is used4 ,a coating of aniline bronze of this kind is therefore very sensitive to moisture1 unless spread over the paper surface with a suitable protective binding medium1 or protected by a transparent coat of varnish1 which of course must not interfere with the special color effect4 ,pickle for ,bronzes4--,sulphuric acid1 #a1jjj parts2 nitric acid1 #ejj parts2 soot1 #aj parts2 sea salt1 #e parts4 ,imitation ,japanese ,bronze4--,when the copper or coppered article is perfectly dry and the copper or copper coating made brilliant1 which is produced by rubbing with a soft brush1 put graphite over the piece to be bronzed so that the copper is simply dyed4 ,wipe off the raised portions with a damp cloth1 so that the copper makes its appearance4 ,next put on a thin coat of ,japanese varnish2 wipe the relief again and let dry4 ,apply #a or #b coats after the first is perfectly dry4 ,handsome smoked hues may be obtained by holding the bronze either over the dust of lighted peat or powdered rosin thrown on lighted coal1 so as to obtain a smoke which will change the color of the varnish employed4 ,the varnish must be liquid enough to be worked easily1 for this style of bronzing is only applicable to brass4 ,green ,bronze on ,iron4--,abietate of silver1 #a part2 essence of lavender1 #ai parts4 ,dissolve the abietate of silver in the essence of lavender4 ,after the articles have been well pickled apply the abietate-of-silver solution with a brush2 next place the objects in a stove and let the temperature attain about #aej ,c4 ,blue ,bronze4--,blue bronze is #aci produced by the wet process by coloring white bronze 7silver composition7 with aniline blue4 ,a blue-bronze color can be produced in the ordinary way from white-bronze color1 the product of pure ,english tin1 and with an alum solution consisting of #bj parts of alum in #d1ejj parts of water boiled for #e hours and washed clean and dried4 ,the bronze prepared in this manner is placed in a porcelain dish1 mixed with a solution of #ae parts of aniline blue in #a1ejj parts of alcohol1 stirring the bronze powder and liquid until the alcohol has evaporated entirely and the bronze color becomes dry4 ,this manipulation must be repeated #f or #h times1 until the desired blue shade is reached4 ,when the bronze is dark enough it is washed out in warm water1 and before entirely dry #a tablespoonful of petroleum is poured on #b pounds of bronze1 which is intimately mixed and spread out into a thin layer1 exposed to the air1 whereby the smell is caused to disappear in a few days4 ,bronzing with ,soluble ,glass4--,to bronze wood1 porcelain1 glass1 and metal by means of a water-glass solution1 coat the article with potash water-glass of #cj ,b4 and sprinkle on the respective bronze powder4 ,brown ,oxidation on ,bronze4--,genuine bronze can be beautifully oxidized by painting it with a solution of #d parts of sal ammoniac and #a part of oxalium 7oxalate of potash7 in #bjj parts of vinegar1 allowing it to dry1 and repeating the operation several times4 ,these articles1 protected against rain1 soon lose the unpleasant glaring metallic luster and assume instead a soft brown tint1 which bronze articles otherwise acquire only after several years' exposure to the atmosphere4 ,a beautiful bronze color which will remain unaffected by heat can be imparted to bronze articles by the following process3 ,the object is first washed in a solution of #a part of crystallized verdigris and #b parts of sal ammoniac in #bfj parts of water1 and then dried before an open fire till the green color begins to disappear4 ,the operation is repeated #aj to #bj times1 but with a solution of #a part of verdigris crystals and #b parts of sal ammoniac in #fjj parts of water4 ,the color of the article1 olive green at first1 gradually turns to brown1 which will remain unaltered even when exposed to strong heat4 ,,bronze ,,powders3 ,see also ,plating for general methods of bronzing1 and ,varnishes4 ,gold and ,silver ,bronze ,powders4--,genuine gold bronze is produced from the waste and parings obtained in gold beating4 ,the parings1 etc41 are ground with honey or a gum solution1 upon a glass plate or under hard granite stones1 into a very fine powder1 which is repeatedly washed out with water and dried4 ,there are various shades of gold bronze1 viz41 red1 reddish1 deep yellow1 pale yellow1 as well as greenish4 ,these tints are caused by the various percentages of gold or the various mixtures of the gold with silver and copper4 ,by the use of various salt solutions or acidulated substances other shades can be imparted to bronze4 ,in water containing sulphuric acid1 nitric acid1 or hydrochloric acid1 it turns a bright yellow2 by treatment with a solution of crystallized verdigris or blue vitriol in water it assumes more of a reddish hue2 other tints are obtained with the aid of cooking salt1 tartar1 green vitriol1 or saltpeter in water4 ,gold bronze is also obtained by dissolving gold in aqua regia and mixing with a solution of green vitriol in water1 whereupon the gold falls down as a metallic powder which may be treated in different ways4 ,the green vitriol1 however1 must be dissolved in boiling water and mixed in a glass1 drop by drop1 with sulphuric acid and stirred until the basic iron sulphate separating in flakes has redissolved4 ,another way of producing gold bronze is by dissolving gold in aqua regia and evaporating the solution in a porcelain dish4 ,when it is almost dry add a little pure hydrochloric acid and repeat this to drive out all the free chlorine and to produce a pure hydrochlorate of gold4 ,the gold salt is dissolved in distilled water1 taking #a_/b liter per ducat 7#c #a_/b grams fine gold72 into this solution drop1 while stirring by means of a glass rod1 an #h solution 7by ,beaum7 of antimony chloride1 as long as a precipitate forms4 ,this deposit is gold bronze1 which1 dried after removal of all liquids1 is chiefly employed in painting1 for bronzing1 and for china and glass decoration4 ,metallic gold powder is1 furthermore1 obtained by dissolving pure and alloyed gold in aqua regia and precipitating it again by an electro-positive metal1 such as iron or zinc1 which is placed in the liquid in the form of rods4 ,the gold is completely separated thereby4 ,the rods must be perfectly clean and polished bright4 ,the color of the gold bronze depends upon the proportions of the gold4 ,in order to further increase the brilliancy the dried substance may still be ground4 #adj ,mosaic ,gold4--,mosaic gold1 generally a compound of tin1 #fd4fc parts1 and sulphur1 #ce4cg parts1 is odorless and tasteless1 and dissolves only in chlorine solution1 aqua regia1 and boiling potash lye4 ,it is employed principally for bronzing plaster-of-,paris figures1 copper1 and brass1 by mixing it with #f parts of bone ashes1 rubbing it on wet1 or applying it with varnish or white of egg in the preparation of gold paper or for gilding cardboard and wood4 ,mosaic gold of golden-yellow color is produced by heating #f parts of sulphur and #af parts of tin amalgam with equal parts of mercury and #d parts of sulphur2 #h parts of precipitate from stannic muriate 7stannic acid7 and #d parts of sulphur also give a handsome mosaic gold4 ,the handsomest1 purest1 and most gold-like mosaic gold is obtained by melting #ab parts of pure tin1 free from lead1 and mixing with #f parts of mercury to an amalgam4 ,this is mixed with #g parts of flowers of sulphur and #f parts of sal ammoniac1 whereupon the mass is subjected for several hours to a heat which at first does not attain redness1 but eventually when no more fumes are generated is increased to dark-red heat4 ,this operation is conducted either in a glass retort or in an earthenware crucible4 ,the sal ammoniac escapes first on heating1 next vermilion sublimates and some stannic chloride1 while the mosaic gold remains on the bottom1 the upper layer1 consisting of lustrous1 golden1 delicately translucent leaflets1 being the handsomest mosaic gold4 ,genuine ,silver ,bronze4--,this is obtained by the finely ground waste from beating leaf silver or by dissolving silver in aqua fortis4 ,this solution is then diluted with water and brightly scoured copper plates are put in1 whereby the silver precipitates as a metallic powder4 ,imitation ,silver ,bronze4--,this is obtained through the waste in beating imitation leaf silver1 which1 finely ground1 is then washed and dried4 ,in order to increase the luster it is ground again in a dry condition4 ,mosaic ,silver4--,mosaic silver is an amalgam of equal parts of mercury1 bismuth1 and tin4 ,one may also melt #ej parts of good tin in a crucible1 and as soon as it becomes liquid add #ej parts of bismuth1 stirring all with an iron wire until the bismuth is fused as well4 ,as soon as this occurs the crucible must be removed from the fire2 then stir in1 as long as the contents are still liquid1 #be parts of mercury and mix the whole mass evenly until it can be ground on a stone slab4 ,,bronze ,,varnishes3 ,see ,varnishes4 ,,bronzing ,,solutions ,,for ,,paints3 ,see ,paints4 ,,bronzing ,,of ,,wood3 ,see ,wood4 ,,brooches1 ,,photographs ,,on3 ,see ,photography4 ,,brown ,,ointment3 ,see ,ointments4 ,,browning ,,of ,,steel3 ,see ,plating4 ,,brownstone1 ,,imitation3 ,see ,brick ,stain4 ,,brunette ,,powder3 ,see ,cosmetics4 ,brushes ,,how ,,to ,,take ,,care ,,of ,,paint ,,and ,,varnish ,,brushes4 ,it is a good plan to fill the varnish brush before putting it in the keeper4 ,whitewash or kalsomine brushes should not be put into newly slaked lime or hot kalsomine4 ,cement-set brushes should never be put in any alcohol mixture1 such as shelacs and spirit stains4 ,varnish brushes should be selected with a view to their possessing the following qualities3 #ast1 excellence of material2 #b;d1 excellence of make1 which includes fullness of hair or bristles and permanency of binding2 #c;d1 life and spring1 or elasticity sufficient to enable the varnisher to spread the varnish without reducing it with turpentine2 and #dth1 springing1 when in use1 to a true chisel edge4 ,temperature for ,brushes4--,the bristles of every brush are held in place by the handle4 ,it passes through the shank of the brush and is kiln-dried to fit perfectly4 ,if it shrinks1 however1 its outward tension is lost and the bristles loosened4 ,for this reason the first principle in brush care is to keep the tool1 when it is new or not soaking1 in a cool place1 out of hot rooms1 and any temperature that would tend to shrink the wood of the handle4 ,cleaning ,paint ,brushes4--,no new brush should be dipped in the paint and put to work without first being #ada cleaned4 ,by working it with a brisk movement back and forth through the hand most of the dust and loose hairs will be taken out4 ,a paint brush1 when thus thoroughly dry cleaned1 should be placed in water for a few minutes1 not long enough to soak or swell it1 but only until wet through1 and then swung and shaken dry4 ,it is then ready to dip in the paint1 and although some of the hairs may still be loose1 most of them will come out in the first few minutes' working and can be easily picked from the surface4 ,cleaning ,varnish ,brushes4--,varnish brushes1 and brushes used in varnish stain1 buggy paint1 and all color in varnish require different handling than paint brushes4 ,they should be more thoroughly dry cleaned1 in order that all loose hairs may be worked out4 ,after working them through the hand it is a good thing to pass the brush back and forth over a sheet of sandpaper4 ,this rough surface will pull out the loose bristles and smooth down the rough ends of the chisel point4 ,the brush should then be washed by working it for a few minutes in clean turpentine and swinging it dry4 ,it should never be put in water4 ,for carriage work and fine varnishing the brush should be broken in on the rubbing coat in order to work out all the dust particles before it is used on the finishing coats4 ,setting the ,paint-,brush ,bristles4--,for the first #b or #c days new brushes require special care while at rest4 ,they should be dipped in raw oil or the paint itself and smoothed out carefully1 then laid on their sides over night4 ,the chisel-pointed brushes should be set at an incline1 the handle supported just enough to allow the brush to lie along the point4 ,this is done to prevent twisting of the bristles1 and to keep the shape of the brush4 ,it is necessary to do this only #b or #c times before the shape becomes set4 ,paint ,brushes at ,rest4--,an important principle in brush care is never to leave the brush on end while at rest4 ,even for temporary rest during a job the brush should never stand on end4 ,at night it should always be placed in a 8brush-keeper0--a water-tight box1 or a paint keg1 with nails driven through the sides on which the brushes can be suspended in water4 ,holes are bored in the handles so the brush will hang free of the bottom1 but with the bristles entirely under water4 ,before placing them in water the brushes should be wiped so as not to be too full of paint1 but not cleaned4 ,varnish ,brushes at ,rest4--,varnish brushes should be kept at rest in turpentine and varnish1 or better1 in some of the varnish that the brush is used for4 ,they should preferably not be kept in turpentine1 as that makes the brush 8lousy0--roughening the bristles4 ,washing ,brushes4--,all brushes should be washed in benzine or turpentine and shaken dry--not whipped--when it is desired to change from one color to another1 or from one varnish to another4 ,to ,restore ,brushes4--,a good remedy to restore lettering brushes which have lost their elasticity and do not keep a point1 is as follows3 ,put the pencil in oil and brush it several times over a hot iron in such a manner that the hairs touch the iron from each side2 then dip the pencil quickly in cold water4 ,a ,removable ,binding4--,the bristle bunch of brushes is bound with rope so as to keep them together for use4 ,instead of the twine1 a covering of rubber may be employed1 which is easily slipped over the bristles and can be conveniently removed again4 ,the cleaning of the brush is much facilitated thereby1 and the breadth of the stripe to be drawn with the brush can be accurately regulated1 according to how far the covering is slipped over the brush4 ,see also ,cleaning ,preparations and ,methods4 ,,bubbles ,,in ,,gelatin3 ,see ,gelatin4 ,,bubble 7,,soap7 ,,liquid3 ,see ,soap ,bubble ,liquid4 ,,bubbles4 ,bubbles of air often adhere to molds immersed in depositing solutions4 ,they may be prevented by previously dipping the object into spirits of wine1 or be removed by the aid of a soft brush1 or by directing a powerful current of the liquid against them by means of a vulcanized india-rubber bladder1 with a long and curved glass tube attached to it2 but the liquid should be free from sediment4 ,,bug ,,killers3 ,see ,insecticides4 ,,bunions3 ,see ,corn ,cures4 #adb ,,burns3 ,see also ,ointments and ,turpentine4 ,mixture for ,burns4--,i4--,a mixture of castor oil with the white of egg is recommended for burns4 ,the eggs are broken into a bowl and the castor oil slowly poured in while the eggs are beaten4 ,enough oil is added to make a thick1 creamy paste1 which is applied to the burn4 ,the applications are repeated often enough to prevent their becoming dry or sticky4 ,leave the surface uncovered4 ,,ii4--,put #bg parts1 by measure1 of menthol into #dd parts1 by measure1 of witch hazel 7distillate7 and apply freely4 ,a good plan is to bandage the parts and wet the wrappings with this mixture4 ,,iii4--,a very efficacious remedy for burns is a solution of cooking salt in water4 ,it is best to immerse fingers1 hands1 and arms in the solution1 which must be tolerably strong4 ,for burns in the face and other parts of the body1 salt water poultices are applied4 ,butter 7,see also ,foods47 ,butter ,color4--,orlean1 #hj parts1 by weight2 curcuma root 7turmeric71 #hj parts1 by weight2 olive oil1 #bdj parts1 by weight2 saffron1 #a part1 by weight2 alcohol1 #e parts1 by weight4 ,the orlean and turmeric are macerated with olive oil and expressed4 ,the weight of the filtered liquid is made up again to #bdj parts1 by weight1 with olive oil1 next the filtered saffron-alcohol extract is added1 and the alcohol is expelled again by heating the mixture4 ,artificial ,butter4--,i4--,carefully washed beef suet furnishes a basis for the manufactures of an edible substitute for natural butter4 ,the thoroughly washed and finely chopped suet is rendered in a steam-heated tank2 #a1jjj parts of fat1 #cjj parts of water1 #a part of potassium carbonate1 and #b stomachs of pigs or sheep1 are taken4 ,the temperature of the mixture is raised to #aac ,f4 ,after #b hours1 under the influence of the pepsin in the stomachs1 the membranes are dissolved and the fat is melted and rises to the top of the mixture4 ,after the addition of a little salt the melted fat is drawn off1 stood to cool so as to allow the stearine and palmitin to separate1 and then pressed in bags in a hydraulic press4 ,forty to #ej per cent of solid stearine remains1 while #ej to #fj per cent of fluid oleopalmitin 7so-called 8oleomargarine07 is pressed out4 ,the 8oleo oil0 is then mixed with #aj per cent of its weight of milk and a little butter color and churned4 ,the product is then worked1 salted1 and constituted the 8oleomargarine10 or butter substitute4 ,leaf lard can be worked in the same way as beef suet1 and will yield an oleopalmitin suitable for churning up into a butter substitute4 ,,ii4--,fat from freshly slaughtered cattle after thorough washing is placed in clean water and surrounded with ice1 where it is allowed to remain until all animal heat has been removed4 ,it is then cut into small pieces by machinery and cooked at a temperature of about #aej ,f4 7#fe4f ,c47 until the fat in liquid form has separated from the tissue1 then settled until it is perfectly clear4 ,then it is drawn into the graining vats and allowed to stand for a day1 when it is ready for the presses4 ,the pressing extracts the stearine1 leaving a product commercially known as oleo oil which1 when churned with cream or milk1 or both1 and with usually a proportion of creamery butter1 the whole being properly salted1 gives the new food product1 oleomargarine4 ,,iii4--,in making butterine use neutral lard1 which is made from selected leaf lard in a very similar manner to oleo oil1 excepting that no stearine is extracted4 ,this neutral lard is cured in salt brine for from #dh to #gj hours at an ice-water temperature4 ,it is then taken and1 with the desired proportion of oleo oil and fine butter1 is churned with cream and milk1 producing an article which when properly salted and packed is ready for the market4 ,in both cases coloring matter is used1 which is the same as that used by dairymen to color their butter4 ,at certain seasons of the year--viz41 in cold weather1 a small quantity of sesame oil or salad oil made from cottonseed oil is used to soften the texture of the product4 ,,iv4--8,ankara0 is a substance which in general appearance resembles a good article of butter1 being rather firmer at ordinary temperatures than that substance1 approaching the consistency of cocoa butter4 ,it is quite odorless1 but in taste it resembles that of a fair article of butter and1 what is more1 its behavior under heat is very similar to that of butter--it browns and forms a sort of spume like that of fat4 ,ankara consists of a base of cocoa butter1 carrying about #aj per cent of milk1 colored with yolk of egg4 ,while not derived from milk1 on the one hand1 nor does it come from a single vegetable or animal fat on the other1 #adc ankara may be considered as belonging to the category of the margarines4 ,ankara is obtained in the market in the form of cakes or tablets of #b pounds in weight4 ,v4--,fresh butter1 #aej parts1 by weight2 animal fat1 #hj parts1 by weight2 sunflower oil1 #dj parts1 by weight2 cocoanut oil1 #cj parts1 by weight4 ,,vi4--,fresh butter1 #ajj parts1 by weight2 animal fat1 #ajj parts1 by weight2 sunflower oil1 #hj parts1 by weight2 cocoanut oil1 #bj parts1 by weight4 ,,vii4--,fresh butter1 #ej parts1 by weight2 animal fat1 #aej parts1 by weight2 sunflower oil1 #hj parts1 by weight2 cocoanut oil1 #bj parts1 by weight4 ,it is seen that these three varieties contain respectively #ej1 #cc1 and about #af per cent of cow's butter4 ,the appearance of the mixture is nearly perfect4 ,formulas ,v to ,,vii are for a ,russian artificial butter called 8,perepusk40 ,to ,impart the ,aroma and ,taste of ,natural ,butter to ,margarine4--,in order to give margarine the aroma and flavor of cow butter1 add to it a fatty acid product1 which is obtained by saponification of butter1 decomposition of the soap1 and distillation in the vacuum at about #adj ,f4 ,the addition of the product is made upon emulsification of the fats with milk4 ,the margarine will keep for months4 ,harmless ,butter ,color4--,alum1 pulverized finely1 #cj parts2 extract of turmeric1 #a part4 ,with the extract dampen the powder as evenly as possible1 then spread out and dry over some hot surface4 ,when dry1 again pulverize thoroughly4 ,protect the product from the light4 ,as much of the powder as will lie on the point of a penknife is added to a churnful of milk1 or cream1 before churning1 and it gives a beautiful golden color1 entirely harmless4 ,to make the extract of turmeric add #a part of powdered turmeric to #e parts of alcohol1 and let macerate together for fully a week4 ,to ,sweeten ,rancid ,butter4--,i4--,wash the butter first with fresh milk and afterwards with spring water1 carefully working out the residual water4 ,,ii4--,add #be to #cj drops of lime chloride to every #b pounds of butter1 work the mass up thoroughly1 then wash in plenty of fresh1 cold water1 and work out the residual water4 ,,iii4--,melt the butter in a water bath1 along with some freshly burned animal charcoal1 coarsely powdered and carefully sifted to free it from dust4 ,after this has remained in contact for a few minutes1 the butter is strained through a clean flannel4 ,if the rancid odor is not completely removed1 complete the process4 ,an ,english ,margarine4--,a mixture of edible fats of suitable consistency1 e4 g41 oleo oil1 #e parts2 neutral lard1 #g parts2 and butter1 #a part2 is mixed with albuminous 8batter10 #d parts1 with the addition of #a part of salt as a preservative4 ,if the albuminous constituent be composed of the whites and yolks of eggs beaten to a foam the product will have the consistency and color of butter4 ,the molten fats are added to the egg batter and the whole is stirred at a temperature sufficient to produce coagulation of the albumen 7#aej-bjj ,f474 ,the mass is then cooled gradually with continuous stirring1 and the salt is worked in4 ,olive-,oil ,paste4--,if an ounce of peeled garlic be rubbed up into a pulp1 in a clean ,wedgwood mortar1 and to this be added from #c to #d ounces of good olive oil1 with constant rubbing up with the pestle1 the oil becomes converted into a pasty mass1 like butter4 ,it is possible that the mucilage obtainable from other bulbs of the ,lilium tribe would prove equally efficient in conferring semi-solidity on the oil1 without imparting any strong smell4 ,the above composition is largely used by the ,spanish peasantry1 instead of butter1 which runs liquid in the ,spanish summer4 ,it is known as 8aleoli40 ,the more easily solidified portion of olive oil is stearine1 and this may be cheaply prepared from mutton fat4 ,if added1 in certain proportions1 to olive oil1 it would certainly raise its melting point4 ,,buttermilk1 ,,artificial4 ,buttermilk powder1 #aj parts2 vinegar1 #a part2 syrup of buckthorn1 #a part4 ,dissolve the powder in the water and add the vinegar and syrup4 ,the powder is prepared as follows3 ,sodium chloride1 #ej parts2 milk sugar1 #ajj parts2 potassium nitrate1 #e parts2 alum1 #e parts4 ,mix4 ,,butter1 ,,artificial3 ,,tests ,,for3 ,see ,foods4 ,,butter ,,colorant3 ,see ,foods4 ,,buttons ,,of ,,artificial ,,agate3 ,see ,agate4 ,,cadmium ,,alloys3 ,see ,alloys4 #add ,,calcium ,,carbide3 ,preservation and ,use of ,calcium ,carbide4--,calcium carbide is readily attacked by the air and the moisture contained in the generators and consequently decomposes during the storing1 with formation of acetylene gas4 ,aside from the loss1 this decomposition is also attended with dangers4 ,one of the oldest methods of preservation is the saturation of the carbide with petroleum4 ,in using such carbide a layer of petroleum forms on the surface of the water in the generator1 which prevents the water from evaporating1 thus limiting the subsequent generation of acetylene from the remaining carbide4 ,instead of petroleum many other substances have been proposed which answer the purpose equally well1 e4 g41 toluol1 oils1 solid bodies1 which previously have to be liquefied1 such as stearine1 paraffine1 rosin1 etc4 ,of a different nature is a medium offered by ,ltang of ,paris4 ,he employs sugar or saccharine bodies to which he adds1 if necessary1 a little petroleum1 turpentine1 vaseline1 or varnish of any kind1 as well as chalk1 limestone1 talc1 sulphur1 or sand4 ,the carbide is coated with this mixture4 ,the saccharine substances dissolve in the generating water1 and also have a dissolving action on the slaked lime1 which is formed by the decomposition of the carbide which admits of its easy removal4 ,according to another process carbide is put on the market in such a shape that1 without weighing1 merely by counting or measuring one is in a position to use equivalent quantities for every charge4 ,gearing casts molten carbide in the shape of bars1 and pours a layer of gelatin1 glue1 and water soluble varnish over the carbide bars4 ,others make shells containing a certain quantity of reduced carbide4 ,for this ordinary and varnished pasteboard1 wax paper1 tinfoil1 thin sheet zinc1 and similar substances may be used which ward off atmospheric moisture1 thus protecting the carbide from premature decomposition4 ,before use1 the cartridge-like shell is pierced or cut open1 so that the water can get at the contents4 ,the more or less reduced carbide is filled in the shell1 either without any admixture or united into a compact mass by a binding agent1 such as colophony1 pitch1 tar1 sand1 etc4 ,deodorization of ,calcium ,carbide4--,calcium carbide is known to possess a very unpleasant odor because it constantly develops small quantities of impure acetylene in contact with the moisture of the air4 ,le ,roy1 of ,rouen1 proposes for portable--especially bicycle--lamps1 in which the evil is more noticeable than in large plants1 simply to pour some petroleum over the carbide and to pour off the remainder not absorbed4 ,the petroleum1 to which it is well to add some nitro-benzol 7mirbane essence71 prevents the access of air to the carbide1 but permits a very satisfactory generation of gas on admission of water4 ,,calcium ,,sulphide 7,,luminous73 ,see ,paints4 ,,calfskin3 ,see ,leather4 ,,camera ,,renovation3 ,see ,photography4 ,,camphor ,,preparations3 ,fragrant ,naphthalene ,camphor4-- ,naphthalene white1 in scales #c1jjj parts ,camphor #a1jjj parts ,melt on the steam bath and add to the hot mass3 ,coumarin #b parts ,mirbane oil #aj parts ,cast in plates or compressed tablets4 ,the preparation is employed as a moth preventive4 ,powdered ,camphor in ,permanent ,form4--,i4--,powder the camphor in the usual manner1 with the addition of a little alcohol4 ,when it is nearly reduced to the proper degree of fineness add a few drops of fluid petrolatum and immediately triturate again4 ,in this manner a powder as fine as flour is obtained1 which does not cake together4 ,this powdered camphor may be used for all purposes except for solution in alcohol1 as it will impart to the latter a faint opalescence1 owing to the insolubility of the petrolatum4 ,,ii4--,take equal parts of strong ether and alcohol to reduce the camphor to powder4 ,it is claimed for this method that it only takes one-half of the time required when alcohol alone is used1 and that the camphor dries more quickly4 ,before sifting add #a per cent of white vaseline and #e per cent of sugar of milk4 ,triturate fairly dry1 spread out in the air1 say #ae minutes1 then pass through a moderately fine wire sieve1 using a stubby shaving brush to assist in working it through4 #ade ,camphor ,pomade-- ,oil of bitter almonds #a drachm ,oil of cloves #bj drops ,camphor #a #a_/b ounces ,white wax #d ounces ,lard1 prepared #a pound ,melt the wax and lard together1 then add the camphor in saturated solution in spirit2 put in the oils when nearly cold4 ,camphor ,ice4-- ,i4--,white wax #af parts ,benzoated suet #dh parts ,camphor1 powdered #h parts ,essential oil1 to perfume4 ,melt the wax and suet together4 ,when nearly cold1 add the camphor and perfume1 mix well1 and pour into molds4 ,,ii4--,oil of almond #af parts ,white wax #d parts ,spermaceti #d parts ,paraffine #h parts ,camphor1 powdered #a part ,perfume1 quantity sufficient4 ,dissolve the camphor in the oil by the aid of a gentle heat4 ,melt the solids together1 remove1 and let cool1 but before the mixture begins to set add the camphorated oil and the perfume1 mix1 and pour into molds4 ,,iii4--,stearine 7stearic acid7 #h pounds ,lard #aj pounds ,white wax #e pounds ,spermaceti #e pounds ,melt on a water bath in an earthen or porcelain dish2 strain into a similar vessel2 add a solution of #b ounces powdered borax in #a pound of glycerine1 previously warmed1 to the melted substance when at the point of cooling2 stir well2 add camphor1 #b pounds1 powdered by means of alcohol1 #c ounces2 stir well and pour into molds4 ,,camphor ,,substitutes ,,in ,,the ,,preparation ,,of ,,celluloid3 ,see ,celluloid4 ,,camphor ,,and ,,rhubarb ,,as ,a ,,remedy ,,for ,,cholera3 ,see ,cholera ,remedies4 ,,can ,,varnish3 ,see ,varnishes4 ,,canary-,,bird ,,paste4 ,the following is a formula much used by ,german canary-bird raisers3 ,sweet almonds1 blanched #af parts ,pea meal #cb parts ,butter1 fresh 7unsalted7 #c parts ,honey1 quantity sufficient to make a stiff paste4 ,the ingredients are worked into a stiff paste1 which is pressed through a colander or large sieve to granulate the mass4 ,some add to every #e pounds1 #aj or #ae grains of saffron and the yolks of #b eggs4 ,,canary ,,birds ,,and ,,their ,,diseases3 ,see ,veterinary ,formulas4 ,,candles3 ,coloring ,ceresine ,candles for the ,christmas ,tree4--,for coloring these candles only dye stuffs soluble in oil can be employed4 ,blue3 #bc-bd lavender blue1 pale or dark1 #ajj-abj parts per #e1jjj parts of ceresine4 ,violet3 #bf fast violet ,r1 #aej parts per #e1jjj parts of ceresine4 ,silver gray3 #bi silver gray1 #aej parts per #e1jjj parts of ceresine4 ,yellow and orange3 #cj wax yellow1 medium1 #bjj parts per #e1jjj parts of ceresine2 #fa old gold1 #bjj parts per #e1jjj parts of ceresine4 ,pink and red3 #bg peach-pink1 or #bi chamois1 about #ajj parts per #e1jjj parts of ceresine4 ,green3 #af-ag brilliant green1 #cc ,may green1 #da ,may green1 #bjj-bej parts per #e1jjj parts of ceresine4 ,the above-named colors should be ground in oil and the ceresine tinted with them afterwards4 ,manufacture of ,composite ,paraffine ,candles4--,three parts of hydroxy-stearic acid are dissolved in #a part of a suitable solvent 7e4 g41 stearic acid71 and the solution is mixed with paraffine wax to form a stock for the manufacture of composite candles4 ,transparent ,candles4--,the following are two recipes given in a ,german patent specification4 ,the figures denote parts by weight3 ,i4--,paraffine wax1 #gj2 stearine1 #ae2 petroleum1 #ae4 ,,ii4--,paraffine wax1 #ij2 stearine1 #e2 petroleum1 #e4 ,recipe ,i of course gives candles more transparent than does recipe ,,ii4 ,the #ae per cent may be regarded as the extreme limit consistent with proper solidity of the candles4 ,to ,prevent the ,trickling of ,burning ,candles4--,dip the candles in the following mixture3 ,magnesium sulphate #ae parts ,dextrin #ae parts ,water #ajj parts ,the solution dries quickly and does not affect the burning of the candle4 #adf ,candle ,coloring4--,candles are colored either throughout or they sometimes consist of a white body that is covered with a colored layer of paraffine wax4 ,according to the material from which candles are made 7stearine1 paraffine1 or ozokerite71 the process of coloring varies4 ,stearine1 owing to its acid character1 dissolves the coal-tar colors much more readily than do the perfectly neutral paraffine and ozokerite waxes4 ,for coloring stearine the necessary quantity of the color is added to the melted mass and well stirred in2 if the solution effected happens to be incomplete1 a small addition of alcohol will prove an effective remedy4 ,it is also an advantage to dissolve the colors previously in alcohol and add the concentrated solution to the melted stearine4 ,the alcohol soon evaporates1 and has no injurious effect on the quality of the stearine4 ,for a number of years there have been on the market so-called 8fat colors10 formed by making concentrated solutions of the color1 and also special preparations of the colors in stearine4 ,they are more easily applied1 and are1 therefore1 preferred to the powdered aniline colors1 which are apt to cause trouble by being accidentally distributed in soluble particles1 where they are not wanted4 ,since paraffine and ozokerite dissolve comparatively little1 they will not become colored1 and so must be colored indirectly4 ,one way is to dissolve the color in oleic acid or in stearine acid and add the solution to the wax to be colored4 ,turpentine may be employed for the same purpose4 ,concerning the colors suitable for candles1 there are the eosine colors previously mentioned1 and also chroline yellow1 auramine1 taniline blue1 tartrazine1 brilliant green1 etc4 ,the latter1 however1 bleaches so rapidly that it can hardly be recommended4 ,an interesting phenomenon is the change some colors undergo in a warm temperature2 for instance1 some blues turn red at a moderate degree of heat 7#abj ,f47 and return to blue only when completely cooled off2 this will be noticed while the candle mixture is being melted previous to molding into candles4 ,,candles 7,,fumigating73 ,see ,fumigants4 ,,candy ,,colors ,,and ,,flavors3 ,see ,confectionery4 ,,candy3 ,see ,confectionery4 ,,canvas ,,waterproofing3 ,see ,waterproofing4 ,,caoutchouc3 ,see ,rubber4 ,,caoutchouc ,,solution ,,for ,,paints3 ,see ,paint4 ,,capping ,,mixtures ,,for ,,bottles3 ,see ,bottle-,capping ,mixtures4 ,,capsule ,,varnish3 ,see ,varnishes4 ,,caramel3 ,cloudless ,caramel ,coloring4--,i4--,when it is perfectly understood that in the manufacture of caramel1 sugar is to be deprived of the one molecule of its water of constitution1 it will be apparent that heat must not be carried on to the point of carbonization4 ,cloudy caramel is due to the fact that part of the sugar has been dissociated and reduced to carbon1 which is insoluble in water4 ,hence the cloudiness4 ,caramel may be made on a small scale in the following manner3 ,place #d or #e ounces of granulated sugar in a shallow porcelain-lined evaporating dish and apply either a direct heat or that of an oil bath1 continuing the heat until caramelization takes place or until tumescence ceases and the mass has assumed a dark-brown color4 ,then carefully add sufficient water to bring the viscid mass to the consistence of a heavy syrup4 ,extreme care must be taken and the face and hands protected during the addition of the water1 owing to the intensity of the heat of the mass1 and consequent sputtering4 ,,ii4--,the ordinary sugar coloring material is made from sugar or glucose by heating it1 while being constantly stirred1 up to a temperature of about #dje ,f4 ,a metal pan capable of holding nearly ten times as much as the sugar used1 is necessary so as to retain the mass in its swollen condition4 ,as soon as it froths up so as nearly to fill the pan1 an action which occurs suddenly1 the fire must instantly be extinguished or removed4 ,the finished product will be insoluble if more than about #ae per cent of its weight is driven off by the heat4 ,,caramel ,,in ,,food3 ,see ,food4 ,,caramels3 ,see ,confectionery4 #adg ,,carbolic ,,acid4 ,perfumed ,carbolic ,acid4-- ,i4--,carbolic acid 7cryst47 #a ounce ,alcohol #a ounce ,oil bergamot #aj minims ,oil eucalyptus #aj minims ,oil citronella #c minims ,tincture cudbear #aj minims ,water1 to make #aj ounces ,set aside for several days1 and then filter through fuller's earth4 ,,ii4--,carbolic acid 7cryst47 #d drachms ,cologne water #d drachms ,dilute acetic acid #i ounces ,keep in a cool place for a few days1 and filter4 ,treatment of ,carbolic-,acid ,burns4--,thoroughly wash the hands with alcohol1 and the burning and tingling will almost immediately cease4 ,unless employed immediately1 however1 the alcohol has no effect4 ,when the time elapsed since the burning is too great for alcohol to be of value1 brush the burns with a saturated solution of picric acid in water4 ,decolorization of ,carbolic ,acid4--,to decolorize the acid the following simple method is recommended4 ,for purifying carbolic acid which has already become quite brown-red on account of having been kept in a tin vessel1 the receptacle is exposed for a short time to a temperature of #be ,c4 7#gg ,f471 thus causing only a part of the contents to melt4 ,in this state the acid is put into glass funnels and left to stand for #aj to #ab days in a room which is likewise kept at the above temperature4 ,clear white crystals form from the drippings1 which remained unchanged1 protected from air and light1 while by repeating the same process more clear crystals are obtained from the solidified dark colored mother lye4 ,in this manner #ge to #hj per cent of clear product is obtained altogether4 ,disguising ,odor of ,carbolic ,acid4--,any stronger smelling substance will disguise the odor of carbolic acid1 to an extent at least1 but it is a difficult odor to disguise on account of its persistence4 ,camphor and some of the volatile oils1 such as peppermint1 cajeput1 caraway1 clove1 and wintergreen may be used4 ,to ,restore ,reddened ,carbolic ,acid4--,demont's method consists in melting the acid on the water bath1 adding #ab per cent of alcohol of #ie per cent1 letting cool down and1 after the greater part of the substance has crystallized out1 decanting the liquid residue4 ,the crystals obtained in this manner are snowy white1 and on being melted yield a nearly colorless liquid4 ,the alcohol may be recovered by redistillation at a low temperature4 ,this is a rather costly procedure4 ,,carbolic ,,soap3 ,see ,soap4 ,,carbolineum3 ,see also ,paints and ,wood4 ,preparation of ,carbolineum4--,i4--,melt together #ej parts of ,american rosin 7,f7 and #aej parts of pale paraffine oil 7yellow oil71 and add1 with stirring1 #bj parts of rosin oil 7rectified74 ,,ii4--,sixty parts1 by weight1 of black coal tar oil of a specific gravity higher than #a4aj2 #be parts1 by weight1 of creosote oil2 #be parts1 by weight1 of beechwood tar oil of a higher specific weight than #j4i4 ,mix together and heat to about #cdg ,f41 or until the fumes given off begin to deposit soot4 ,the resulting carbolineum is brown1 and of somewhat thick consistency2 when cool it is ready for use and is packed in casks4 ,this improved carbolineum is applied to wood or masonry with a brush2 the surfaces treated dry quickly1 very soon loose the odor of the carbolineum1 and are effectively protected from dampness and formation of fungi4 ,,carbon ,,printing3 ,see ,photography4 ,,carbon ,,process ,,in ,,photography3 ,see ,photography4 ,,carbonyle3 ,see ,wood4 ,,carbuncle ,,remedies3 ,see ,boil ,remedy4 ,,cards 7,,playing71 ,,to ,,clean3 ,see ,cleaning ,preparations and ,methods4 ,,cardboard1 ,,waterproof ,,glue ,,for3 ,see ,adhesives under ,cements and ,waterproof ,glues4 ,,cardboard1 ,,waterproofing3 ,see ,waterproofing4 ,,carminatives3 ,see ,pain ,killers4 ,,carpet ,,preservation3 ,see ,household ,formulas4 ,,carpet ,,soap3 ,see ,soap4 #adh ,,carriage-,,top ,,dressing3 ,see ,leather4 ,,carron ,,oil3 ,see ,cosmetics4 ,,case ,,hardening3 ,see ,steel4 ,casein ,dried ,casein1 its ,manufacture and ,uses4--,for the production of casein1 skimmed milk or buttermilk is used1 articles of slight value1 as they cannot be employed for feeding hogs or for making cheese1 except of a very inferior sort1 of little or no alimentive qualities4 ,this milk is heated to from #gj to #ij ,c4 7#age-aie ,f471 and sulphuric or hydrochloric acid is added until it no longer causes precipitation4 ,the precipitate is washed to free it from residual lactose1 redissolved in a sodium carbonate solution1 and again precipitated1 this time by lactic acid4 ,it is again washed1 dried1 and pulverized4 ,it takes #h gallons of skimmed milk to make #a pound of dry casein4 ,in the manufacture of fancy papers1 or papers that are made to imitate the appearance of various cloths1 laces1 and silks1 casein is very widely used4 ,it is also largely used in waterproofing tissues1 for preparation of waterproof products1 and various articles prepared from agglomeration of cork 7packing boards1 etc474 ,with lime water casein makes a glue that resists heat1 steam1 etc4 ,it also enters into the manufacture of the various articles made from artificial ivory 7billiard balls1 combs1 toilet boxes1 etc471 imitation of celluloid1 meerschaum1 etc41 and is finding new uses every day4 ,casein1 as known1 may act the part of an acid and combine with bases to form caseinates or caseates2 among these compounds1 caseinates of potash1 of soda1 and of ammonia are the only ones soluble in water2 all the others are insoluble and may be readily prepared by double decomposition4 ,thus1 for example1 to obtain caseinate of alumina it is sufficient to add to a solution of casein in caustic soda1 a solution of sulphate of alumina2 an insoluble precipitate of casein1 or caseinate of alumina1 is instantly formed4 ,this precipitate ought to be freed from the sulphate of soda 7formed by double decomposition71 by means of prolonged washing4 ,pure1 ordinary cellulose may be incorporated with it by this process1 producing a new compound1 cheaper than pure cellulose1 although possessing the same properties1 and capable of replacing it in all its applications4 ,according to the results desired1 in transparency1 color1 hardness1 etc41 the most suitable caseinate should be selected4 ,thus1 if a translucent compound is to be obtained1 the caseinate of alumina yields the best4 ,if a white compound is desired1 the caseinate of zinc1 or of magnesia1 should be chosen2 and for colored products the caseinates of iron1 copper1 and nickel will give varied tints4 ,the process employed for the new products1 with a base of celluloid and caseinate1 is as follows3 ,on one hand casein is dissolved in a solution of caustic soda 7#ajj parts of water for #aj to #be parts of soda71 and this liquid is filtered to separate the matters not dissolved and the impurities4 ,on the other hand1 a salt of the base of which the caseinate is desired is dissolved1 and the solution filtered4 ,it is well not to operate on too concentrated a solution4 ,the two solutions are mixed in a receptacle provided with a mechanical stirrer1 in order to obtain the insoluble caseinate precipitate in as finely divided a state as possible4 ,this precipitate should be washed thoroughly1 so as to free it from the soda salt formed by double decomposition1 but on account of its gummy or pasty state1 this washing presents certain difficulties1 and should be done carefully4 ,after the washing the mass is freed from the greater part of water contained1 by draining1 followed by drying1 or energetic pressing2 then it is washed in alcohol1 dried or pressed again1 and is ready to be incorporated in the plastic mass of the celluloid4 ,for the latter immersion and washing it has been found that an addition of #a to #e per cent of borax is advantageous1 for it renders the mass more plastic1 and facilitates the operation of mixing4 ,this may be conducted in a mixing apparatus2 but1 in practice1 it is found preferable to effect it with a rolling mill1 operating as follows3 ,the nitro-cellulose is introduced in the plastic state1 and moistened with a solution of camphor in alcohol 7#dj to #ej parts of camphor in #ej to #gj of alcohol for #ajj of nitro-cellulose7 as it is practiced in celluloid factories4 ,this plastic mass of nitro-cellulose is placed in a rolling mill1 the cylinders of which are slightly heated at the same time as the caseinate1 prepared as above2 then the whole mass is worked by the cylinders until the mixture of the two #adi is perfectly homogeneous1 and the final mass is sufficiently hard to be drawn out in leaves in the same way as practiced for pure celluloid4 ,these leaves are placed in hydraulic presses1 where they are compressed1 first hot1 then cold1 and the block thus formed is afterwards cut into leaves of the thickness desired4 ,these leaves are dried in an apparatus in the same way as ordinary celluloid4 ,the product resembles celluloid1 and has all its properties4 ,at #ij to #ajj ,c4 7#aid to #bab ,f471 it becomes quite plastic1 and is easily molded4 ,it may be sawed1 filed1 turned1 and carved without difficulty1 and takes on a superb polish4 ,it burns less readily than celluloid1 and its combustibility diminishes in proportion as the percentage of caseinate increases2 finally1 the cost price is less than that of celluloid1 and by using a large proportion of caseinate1 products may be manufactured at an extremely low cost4 ,phosphate of ,casein and its ,production4--,the process is designed to produce a strongly acid compound of phosphoric acid and casein1 practically stable and not hydroscopic1 which may be employed as an acid ingredient in bakers' yeast and for other purposes4 ,the phosphoric acid may be obtained by any convenient method2 for example1 by decomposing dicalcic or monocalcic phosphate with sulphuric acid4 ,the commercial phosphoric acid may also be employed4 ,the casein may be precipitated from the skimmed milk by means of a suitable acid1 and should be washed with cold water to remove impurities4 ,a caseinate may also be employed1 such as a compound of casein and an alkali or an alkaline earth4 ,the new compound is produced in the following way3 ,a sufficient quantity of phosphoric acid is incorporated with the casein or a caseinate in such a way as to insure sufficient acidity in the resulting compound4 ,the employment of #bc to #be parts by weight of phosphoric acid with #ge to #gg parts of casein constitutes a good proportion4 ,an aqueous solution of phosphoric acid is made1 and the casein introduced in the proportion of #be to #ej per cent of the weight of the phosphoric acid present4 ,the mixture is then heated till the curdled form of the casein disappears1 and it assumes a uniform fluid form4 ,then the mixture is concentrated to a syrupy consistency4 ,the remainder of the casein or of the caseinate is added and mixed with the solution until it is intimately incorporated and the mass becomes uniform4 ,the compound is dried in a current of hot air1 or in any other way that will not discolor it1 and it is ground to a fine powder4 ,the intimate union of the phosphoric acid and casein during the gradual concentration of the mixture and during the grinding and drying1 removes the hydroscopic property of the phosphoric acid1 and produces a dry and stable product1 which may be regarded as a hyperphosphate of casein4 ,when it is mixed with water1 it swells and dissolves slowly4 ,when this compound is mingled with its equivalent of sodium bicarbonate it yields about #ag per cent of gas4 ,,casein ,,cements3 ,see ,adhesives4 ,,casein ,,varnish3 ,see ,varnishes4 ,,casks3 ,to ,render ,shrunken ,wooden ,casks ,watertight4--,when a wooden receptacle has dried up it naturally cannot hold the water poured into it for the purpose of swelling it1 and the pouring has to be repeated many times before the desired end is reached4 ,a much quicker way is to stuff the receptacle full of straw or bad hay1 laying a stone on top and then filling the vessel with water4 ,although the water runs off again1 the moistened straw remains behind and greatly assists the swelling up of the wood4 ,,cassius1 ,,purple ,,of3 ,see ,gold4 ,,casket ,,trimmings3 ,see ,castings4 ,,casts 7,,plaster71 ,,preservation ,,of3 ,see ,plaster4 ,,casts1 ,,repairing ,,of ,,broken3 ,see ,adhesives and ,lutes4 ,,casts ,,from ,,wax ,,models3 ,see ,modeling4 ,casting ,castings ,out of ,various ,metals4--,until recent years metal castings were all made in sand molds2 that is1 the patterns were used for the impressions in the sand1 the same as iron castings are produced to-day4 ,nearly all of the softer metals are now cast in brass1 copper1 zinc1 or iron molds1 and only the silver #aej and ,german silver articles1 like wire real bronze1 are cast the old way1 in sand4 ,aluminum can be readily cast in iron molds1 especially if the molds have been previously heated to nearly the same temperature as the molten aluminum1 and after the molds are full the metal is cooled gradually and the casting taken out as soon as cooled enough to prevent breaking from the shrinkage4 ,large bicycle frames have been successfully cast in this manner4 ,the ,french bronzes1 which are imitations1 are cast in copper or brass molds4 ,the material used is principally zinc and tin1 and an unlimited number of castings can be made in the mold1 but if a real bronze piece is to be produced it must be out of copper and the mold made in sand4 ,to make the castings hollow1 with sand1 a core is required4 ,this fills the inside of the figure so that the molten copper runs around it1 and as the core is made out of sand1 the same can be afterwards washed out4 ,if the casting is to be hollow and is to be cast in a metal mold1 then the process is very simple4 ,the mold is filled with molten metal1 and when the operator thinks the desired thickness has cooled next to the walls1 he pours out the balance4 ,an experienced man can make hollow castings in this way1 and make the walls of any thickness4 ,casket hardware trimmings1 which are so extensively used on coffins1 especially the handles1 are nearly all cast out of tin and antimony1 and in brass molds4 ,the metal used is brittle1 and requires strengthening at the weak portions1 and this is mostly done with wood filling or with iron rods1 which are secured in the molds before the metal is poured in4 ,aluminum castings1 which one has procured at the foundries1 are usually alloyed with zinc4 ,this has a close affinity with aluminum1 and alloys readily2 but this mixture is a detriment and causes much trouble afterwards4 ,while this alloy assists the molder to produce his castings easily1 on the other hand it will not polish well and will corrode in a short time4 ,those difficulties may be avoided if pure aluminum is used4 ,plaster of ,paris molds are the easiest made for pieces where only a few castings are wanted4 ,the only difficulty is that it requires a few days to dry the plaster thoroughly1 and that is absolutely necessary to use them successfully4 ,not only can the softer metals be run into plaster molds1 but gold and silver can be run into them4 ,a plaster mold should be well smoked over a gaslight1 or until well covered with a layer of soot1 and the metal should be poured in as cool a state as it will run4 ,to ,prevent the ,adhesion of ,modeling ,sand to ,castings4--,use a mixture of finely ground coke and graphite4 ,although the former material is highly porous1 possessing this quality even as a fine powder1 and the fine pulverization is a difficult operation1 still the invention attains its purpose of producing an absolutely smooth surface4 ,this is accomplished by mixing both substances intimately and adding melted rosin1 whereupon the whole mass is exposed to heat1 so that the rosin decomposes1 its carbon residue filling up the finest pores of the coke4 ,the rosin1 in melting1 carries the fine graphite particles along into the pores4 ,after cooling the mass is first ground in edge mills1 then again in a suitable manner and sifted4 ,surprising results are obtained with this material4 ,it is advisable to take proportionately little graphite1 as the different co-efficients of expansion of the two substances may easily exercise a disturbing action4 ,one-fifth of graphite1 in respect to the whole mass1 gives the best results1 but it is advisable to add plenty of rosin4 ,the liquid mixture must1 before burning1 possess the consistency of mortar4 ,sand ,holes in ,cast-,brass ,work4--,cast-brass work1 when it presents numerous and deep sand holes1 should be well dipped into the dipping acid before being polished1 in order thoroughly to clean these objectionable cavities2 and the polishing should be pushed to an extent sufficient to obliterate the smaller sand holes1 if possible1 as this class of work looks very unsightly1 when plated and finished1 if pitted all over with minute hollows4 ,the larger holes cannot1 without considerable labor1 be obliterated2 indeed1 it not infrequently happens that in endeavoring to work out such cavities they become enlarged1 as they often extend deep into the body of the metal4 ,an experienced hand knows how far he dare go in polishing work of this awkward character4 ,black ,wash for ,casting ,molds4--,gumlac1 #a part2 wood spirit1 #b parts2 lampblack1 in sufficient quantity to color4 ,how to ,make a ,plaster ,cast of a ,coin or ,medal4--,the most exact observance of any written or printed directions is no guarantee of success4 ,practice alone can give expertness in this work4 #aea ,the composition of the mold is of the most varied1 but the materials most generally used are plaster of ,paris and brick dust1 in the proportion of #b parts of the first to #a of the second1 stirred in water1 with the addition of a little sal ammoniac4 ,the best quality of plaster for this purpose is the so-called alabaster1 and the brick dust should be as finely powdered as possible4 ,the addition of clay1 dried and very finely powdered1 is recommended4 ,with very delicate objects the proportion of plaster may be slightly increased4 ,the dry material should be thoroughly mixed before the addition of water4 ,as the geometrically exact contour of the coin or medal is often the cause of breaking of the edges1 the operator sometimes uses wax to make the edges appear half round and it also allows the casting to be more easily removed from the second half of the mold4 ,each half of the mold should be about the thickness of the finger4 ,the keys1 so called1 of every plaster casting must not be forgotten4 ,in the first casting some little half-spherical cavities should be scooped out1 which will appear in the second half-round knobs1 and which1 by engaging with the depressions1 will ensure exactness in the finished mold4 ,after the plaster has set1 cut a canal for the flow of the molten casting material1 then dry the mold thoroughly in an oven strongly heated4 ,the halves are now ready to be bound together with a light wire4 ,when bound heat the mold gradually and slowly and let the mouth of the canal remain underneath while the heating is in progress1 in order to prevent the possible entry of dirt or foreign matter4 ,the heating should be continued as long as there is a suspicion of remaining moisture4 ,when finally assured of this fact1 take out the mold1 open it1 and blow it out1 to make sure of absolute cleanness4 ,close and bind again and place on a hearth of fine1 hot sand4 ,the mold should still be glowing when the casting is made4 ,the ladle should contain plenty of metal1 so as to hold the heat while the casting is being made4 ,the presence of a little zinc in the metal ensures a sharp casting4 ,finally1 to ensure success1 it is always better to provide two molds in case of accident4 ,even the most practiced metal molders take this precaution1 especially when casting delicate objects4 ,how to ,make ,castings of ,insects4--,the object--a dead beetle1 for example--is first arranged in a natural position1 and the feet are connected with an oval rim of wax4 ,it is then fixed in the center of a paper or wooden box by means of pieces of fine wire1 so that it is perfectly free1 and thicker wires are run from the sides of the box to the object1 which subsequently serve to form air channels in the mold by their removal4 ,a wooden stick1 tapering toward the bottom1 is placed upon the back of the insect to produce a runner for casting4 ,the box is then filled up with a paste with #c parts of plaster of ,paris and #a of brick dust1 made up with a solution of alum and sal ammoniac4 ,it is also well first to brush the object with this paste to prevent the formation of air bubbles4 ,after the mold thus formed has set1 the object is removed from the interior by first reducing it to ashes4 ,it is1 therefore1 allowed to dry1 very slowly at first1 by leaving in the shade at a normal temperature 7as in ,india this is much higher than in our zone1 it will be necessary to place the mold in a moderately warm place71 and afterwards heating gradually to a red heat4 ,this incinerates the object1 and melts the waxen base upon which it is placed4 ,the latter escapes1 and is burned as it does so1 and the object1 reduced to fine ashes1 is removed through the wire holes as suggested above4 ,the casting is then made in the ordinary manner4 ,casting of ,soft ,metal ,castings4--,i4--,it is often difficult to form flat back or half castings out of the softer metals so that they will run full1 owing mostly to the thin edges and frail connections4 ,instead of using solid metal backs for the molds it is better to use cardboard1 or heavy1 smooth paper1 fastened to a wooden board fitted to the back of the other half of the mold4 ,by this means very thin castings may be produced that would be more difficult with a solid metal back4 ,,ii4--,to obtain a full casting in brass molds for soft metal two important points should be observed4 ,one is to have the deep recesses vented so the air will escape1 and the other is to have the mold properly blued4 ,the bluing is best done by dipping the mold in sulphuric acid1 then placing it on a gas stove until the mold is a dark color4 ,unless this bluing is done it will be impossible to obtain a sharp casting4 ,drosses4--,all the softer grades of metal throw off considerable dross1 which is usually skimmed off2 especially with tin and its composition4 ,should much of this gather on the top of the molten #aeb metal1 the drosses should all be saved1 and melted down when there is enough for a kettle full4 ,dross may be remelted five or six times before all the good metal is out4 ,fuel4--,where a good soft coal can be had at a low price1 as in the middle ,west1 this is perhaps the cheapest and easiest fuel to use2 and1 besides1 it has some advantages over gas1 which is so much used in the ,east4 ,a soft-coal fire can be regulated to keep the metal at an even temperature1 and it is especially handy to keep the metal in a molten state during the noon hour4 ,this refers particularly to the gas furnaces that are operated from the power plant in the shop2 when this power shuts down during the noon hour the metal becomes chilled1 and much time is lost by the remelting after one o'clock1 or at the beginning in the morning4 ,molds4--,i4--,brass molds for the casting of soft metal ornaments out of britannia1 pewter1 spelter1 etc41 should be made out of brass that contains enough zinc to produce a light-colored brass4 ,while this hard brass is more difficult for the mold maker to cut1 the superiority over the dark red copper-colored brass is that it will stand more heat and rougher usage and thereby offset the extra labor of cutting the hard brass4 ,the mold should be heavy enough to retain sufficient heat while the worker is removing a finished casting from the mold so that the next pouring will come full4 ,if the mold is too light it cools more quickly1 and consequently the castings are chilled and will not run full4 ,where the molds are heavy enough they will admit the use of a swab and water after each pouring4 ,this chills the casting so that it can be removed easily with the plyers4 ,,ii4--,molds for the use of soft metal castings may be made out of soft metal4 ,this is done with articles that are not numerous1 or not often used2 and may be looked upon as temporary4 ,the molds are made in part the same as when of brass1 and out of tin that contains as much hardening as possible4 ,the hardening consists of antimony and copper4 ,this metal mold must be painted over several times with ,spanish red1 which tends to prevent the metal from melting4 ,the metal must not be used too hot1 otherwise it will melt the mold4 ,by a little careful manipulation many pieces can be cast with these molds4 ,,iii4--,new iron or brass molds must be blued before they can be used for casting purposes4 ,this is done by placing the mold face downward on a charcoal fire1 or by swabbing with sulphuric acid1 then placing over a gas flame or charcoal fire until the mold is perfectly oxidized4 ,,iv4--,a good substantial mold for small castings of soft metal is made of brass4 ,the expense of making the cast mold is considerable1 however1 and1 on that account1 some manufacturers are making their molds by electro-deposition4 ,this produces a much cheaper mold1 which can be made very quickly4 ,the electro-deposited mold1 however1 is very frail in comparison with a brass casting1 and consequently must be handled very carefully to keep its shape4 ,the electro-deposited ones are made out of copper1 and the backs filled in with a softer metal4 ,the handles are secured with screws4 ,plaster ,molds4--,castings of any metal can be done in a plaster mold1 provided the mold has dried1 at a moderate heat1 for several days4 ,smoke the mold well with a brand of rosin to insure a full cast4 ,where there are only one or two ornaments or figures to cast1 it may be done in a mold made out of dental plaster4 ,after the mold is made and set enough so that it can be taken apart1 it should be placed in a warm place and left to dry for a day or two4 ,when ready to use the inside should be well smoked over a gaslight2 the mold should be well warmed and the metal must not be too hot4 ,very good castings may be obtained this way2 the only objection being the length of time needed for a thorough drying of the mold4 ,temperature of ,metal4--,metals for casting purposes should not be overheated4 ,if any of the softer metals show blue colors after cooling it is an indication that the metal is too hot4 ,the metal should be heated enough so that it can be poured1 and the finished casting have a bright1 clean appearance4 ,the mold may be very warm1 then the metal need not be so hot for bright1 clean castings4 ,some of the metals will not stand reheating too often1 as this will cause them to run sluggish4 ,britannia metal should not be skimmed or stirred too much1 otherwise there will be too much loss in the dross4 ,,casting ,,in ,,wax3 ,see ,modeling4 ,,castings1 ,,to ,,soften ,,iron3 ,see ,iron4 #aec ,,castor ,,oil3 ,purifying ,rancid ,castor ,oil4--,to clean rancid castor oil mix #ajj parts of the oil at #ie ,f4 with a mixture of #a part of alcohol 7#if per cent7 and #a part of sulphuric acid4 ,allow to settle for #bd hours and then carefully decant from the precipitate4 ,now wash with warm water1 boiling for #a_/b hour2 allow to settle for #bd hours in well closed vessels1 after which time the purified oil may be taken off4 ,how to ,pour ,out ,castor ,oil4--,any one who has tried to pour castor oil from a square1 #e-;gallon can1 when it is full1 knows how difficult it is to avoid a mess4 ,this1 however1 may be avoided by having a hole punched in the cap which screws onto the can1 and a tube1 #b inches long and #c_/d of an inch in diameter1 soldered on4 ,with a wire nail a hole is punched in the top of the can between the screw cap and the edge of the can4 ,this will admit air while pouring4 ,resting the can on a table1 with the screw-cap tube to the rear1 the can is carefully tilted forward with one hand and the shop bottle held in the other4 ,in this way the bottle may be filled without spilling any of the oil and that1 too1 without a funnel4 ,it is preferable to rest the can on a table when pouring from a #a- or #b-;gallon square varnish can1 when filling shop bottles4 ,with the opening to the rear1 the can is likewise tilted forward slowly so as to allow the surface of the liquid to become 8at rest40 ,even mobile liquids1 such as spirits of turpentine1 may be poured into shop bottles without a funnel4 ,of course1 the main thing is that the can be lowered slowly1 otherwise the first portion may spurt out over the bottle4 ,with #e-;gallon round cans it is possible to fill shop bottles in the same manner by resting the can on a box or counter4 ,when a funnel is used for non-greasy liquids1 the funnel may be slightly raised with the thumb and little finger from the neck of the bottle1 while holding the bottle by the neck between the middle and ring fingers1 to allow egress of air4 ,tasteless ,castor ,oil4-- ,i4--,pure castor oil #a pint ,cologne spirit #c fluidounces ,oil of wintergreen #dj minims ,oil of sassafras #bj minims ,oil of anise #ae minims ,saccharine #e grains ,hot water1 a sufficient quantity4 ,place the castor oil in a gallon bottle4 ,add a pint of hot water and shake vigorously for about #ae minutes4 ,then pour the mixture into a vessel with a stopcock at its base1 and allow the mixture to stand for #ab hours4 ,draw off the oil1 excepting the last portion1 which must be rejected4 ,dissolve the essential oils and saccharine in the cologne spirit and add to the washed castor oil4 ,,ii4--,first prepare an aromatic solution of saccharine as follows3 ,refined saccharine #be parts ,vanillin #e parts ,absolute alcohol #iej parts ,oil of cinnamon #bj parts ,dissolve the saccharine and vanillin in the alcohol1 then add the cinnamon oil1 agitate well and filter4 ,of this liquid add #bj parts to #ihj parts of castor oil and mix by agitation4 ,castor oil1 like cod-liver oil1 may be rendered nearly tasteless1 it is claimed1 by treating it as follows3 ,into a matrass of suitable size put #ej parts of freshly roasted coffee1 ground as fine as possible1 and #be parts of purified and freshly prepared bone or ivory black4 ,pour over the mass #a1jjj parts of the oil to be deodorized and rendered tasteless1 and mix4 ,cork the container tightly1 put on a water bath1 and raise the temperature to about #adj ,f4 ,keep at this heat from #ae to #bj minutes1 then let cool down1 slowly1 to #ij1 at which temperature let stand for #c hours4 ,finally filter1 and put up in small1 well-stoppered bottles4 ,,iii4--,vanillin #c grains ,garantose #d grains ,ol4 menth4 pip4 #h minims ,alcoholis #c drachms ,ol4 ricinus #ab ounces ,ol4 oliv 7imported71 quantity sufficient #a pint ,m4 ft4 sol4 ,mix vanillin1 garantose1 ol4 menth4 pip4 with alcohol and add castor oil and olive oil4 ,dose3 ,one drachm to #b fluidounces4 ,,iv4--,the following keeps well3 ,castor oil #bd parts ,glycerine #bd parts ,tincture of orange peel #h parts ,tincture of senega #b parts ,cinnamon water enough to make #ajj parts ,mix and make an emulsion4 ,dose is #a tablespoonful4 ,v4--,one part of common cooking molasses to #b of castor oil is the best #aed disguise for the taste of the oil that can be used4 ,,vi4--,castor oil #a #a_/b ounces ,powdered acacia #b drachms ,sugar #b drachms ,peppermint water #d ounces ,triturate the sugar and acacia1 adding the oil gradually2 when these have been thoroughly incorporated add the peppermint water in small portions1 triturating the mixture until an emulsion is formed4 ,,vii4--,this formula for an emulsion is said to yield a fairly satisfactory product3 ,castor oil #ejj c4c4 ,mucilage of acacia #abe c4c4 ,spirit of gaultheria #aj grams ,sugar #a gram ,sodium bicarbonate #a gram ,,viii4--,castor oil #a ounce ,compound tincture of cardamom #d drachms ,oil of wintergreen #c drops ,powdered acacia #c drachms ,sugar #b drachms ,cinnamon water enough to make #d ounces4 ,,ix4--,castor oil #ab ounces ,vanillin #c grains ,saccharine #d grains ,oil of peppermint #h minims ,alcohol #c drachms ,olive oil enough to make #a pint4 ,in any case1 use only a fresh oil4 ,how to ,take ,castor ,oil4--,the disgust for castor oil is due to the odor1 not to the taste4 ,if the patient grips the nostrils firmly before pouring out the dose1 drinks the oil complacently1 and then thoroughly cleanses the mouth1 lips1 larynx1 etc41 with water1 removing the last vestige of the oil before removing the fingers1 he will not get the least taste from the oil1 which is bland and tasteless4 ,it all depends upon preventing any oil from entering the nose during the time while there is any oil present4 ,castor-,oil ,chocolate ,lozenges4-- ,cacao1 free from oil #bej parts ,castor oil #bej parts ,sugar1 pulverized #ejj parts ,vanillin sugar #e parts ,mix the chocolate and oil and heat in the water1 both under constant stirring4 ,have the sugar well dried and add1 stirring constantly1 to the molten mass4 ,continue the heat for #cj minutes1 then pour out and divide into lozenges in the usual way4 ,,cat ,,diseases ,,and ,,their ,,remedies3 ,see ,insecticides and ,veterinary ,formulas4 ,,catatypy4 ,it is a well-known fact that the reactions of the compounds of silver1 platinum1 and chromium in photographic processes are generally voluntary ones and that the light really acts only as an accelerator1 that is to say the chemical properties of the preparations also change in the dark1 though a longer time is required4 ,when these preparations are exposed to the light under a negative1 the modification of their chemical properties is accelerated in such a way that1 through the gradations of the tone-values in the negative1 the positive print is formed4 ,now it has been found that we also have such accelerators in material substances that can be used in the light1 the process being termed catalysis4 ,it is remarkable that these substances1 called catalyzers1 apparently do not take part in the process1 but bring about merely by their presence1 decomposition or combination of other bodies during or upon contact4 ,hence1 catalysis may be defined1 in short1 as the act of changing or accelerating the speed of a chemical reaction by means of agents which appear to remain stable4 ,professor ,ostwald and ,dr4 ,o4 ,gros1 of the ,leipsic ,university1 have given the name of 8catatypy0 to the new copying process4 ,the use of light is entirely done away with1 except that for the sake of convenience the manipulations are executed in the light4 ,all that is necessary is to bring paper and negative into contact1 no matter whether in the light or in the dark4 ,hence the negative 7if necessary a positive may also be employed7 need not even be transparent1 for the ascending and descending action of the tone values in the positive picture is produced only by the quantity in the varying density of the silver powder contained in the negative4 ,hence no photographic 7light7 picture1 but a catatypic picture 7produced by contact7 is created1 but the final result is the same4 ,catatypy is carried out as follows3 ,pour dioxide of hydrogen over the negative1 which can be done without any damage to the latter1 and lay a piece of paper on 7sized or unsized1 rough or smooth1 according to the effect desired72 by a contact lasting a few seconds the paper receives the picture1 dioxide of hydrogen being destroyed4 ,from a single application several prints can be made4 ,the acquired picture--still #aee invisible--may now in the further course of the process1 have a reducing or oxydizing action4 ,as picture-producing bodies1 the large group of iron salts are above all eminently adapted1 but other substances1 such as chromium1 manganese1 etc41 as well as pigments with glue solutions may also be employed4 ,the development takes place as follows3 ,when the paper which has been in contact with the negative is drawn through a solution of ferrous oxide1 the protoxide is transformed into oxide by the peroxide1 hence a yellow positive picture1 consisting of iron oxide1 results1 which can be readily changed into other compounds1 so that the most varying tones of color can be obtained4 ,with the use of pigments1 in conjunction with a glue solution1 the action is as follows3 ,in the places where the picture is1 the layer with the pigments becomes insoluble and all other dye stuffs can be washed off with water4 ,the chemical inks and reductions1 as well as color pigments1 of which the pictures consist1 have been carefully tested and are composed of such as are known to possess unlimited durability4 ,after a short contact1 simply immerse the picture in the respective solution1 wash out1 and a permanent picture is obtained4 ,,caterpillar ,,destroyers3 ,see ,insecticides4 ,,catgut3 ,preparation of ,catgut ,sutures4--,the catgut is stretched tightly over a glass plate tanned in #e per cent watery extract of quebracho1 washed for a short time in water1 subjected to the action of a #d per cent formalin solution for #bd to #dh hours1 washed in running water for #bd hours1 boiled in water for #aj to #ae minutes1 and stored in a mixture of absolute alcohol with #e per cent glycerine and #d per cent carbolic acid4 ,in experiments on dogs1 this suture material in aseptic wounds remained intact for #fe days1 and was absorbed after #hc days4 ,in infected wounds it was absorbed after #cb days4 ,,catsup 7,,adulterated73 ,see ,foods4 ,,cattle ,,dips ,,and ,,applications3 ,see ,disinfectants and ,insecticides4 ,,ceiling ,,cleaners3 ,see ,cleaning ,preparations and ,methods1 and also ,household ,formulas4 ,,celery ,,compound4 ,celery 7seed ground7 #be parts ,coca leaves 7ground7 #be parts ,black haw 7ground7 #be parts ,hyoscyamus leaves 7ground7 #ab #a_/b parts ,podophyllum 7powdered7 #aj parts ,orange peel 7ground7 #f parts ,sugar 7granulated7 #ajj parts ,alcohol #aej parts ,water1 q4 s4 ad4 #djj parts ,mix the alcohol with #aej parts of water and macerate drugs for #bd hours2 pack in percolator and pour on menstruum till #cdj parts is obtained2 dissolve sugar in it and strain4 ,,cells1 ,,solutions ,,and ,,fillers ,,for ,,battery3 ,see ,battery ,solutions and ,fillers4 ,,cellars1 ,,waterproof3 ,see ,household ,formulas4 ,,celloidin ,,paper3 ,see ,paper4 ,celluloid ,new ,celluloid4--,m4 ,ortmann has ascertained that turpentine produced by the ,pinus larix1 generally denominated ,venice turpentine1 in combination with acetone 7dimethyl ketone71 yields the best results2 but other turpentines1 such as the ,american from the ,pinus australis1 the ,canada turpentine from the ,pinus balsamea1 the ,french turpentine from the ,pinus maritima1 and ketones1 such as the ketone of methyl-ethyl1 the ketone of dinaphthyl1 the ketone of methyl-oxynaphthyl1 and the ketone of dioxy-naphthyl1 may be employed4 ,to put this process in practice1 #a1jjj parts of pyroxyline is prepared in the usual manner1 and mixed with #fe parts of turpentine1 or #bej parts of ketone and #bej parts of ether2 #ejj parts or #gej parts of methyl alcohol is added1 and a colorant1 such as desired4 ,instead of turpentine1 rosins derived from it may be employed4 ,if the employment of camphor is desired to a certain extent1 it may be added to the mixture4 ,the whole is shaken and left at rest for about #ab hours4 ,it is then passed between hot rollers1 and finally pressed1 cut1 and dried1 like ordinary celluloid4 #aef ,the product thus obtained is without odor1 when camphor is not employed2 and in appearance and properties it cannot be distinguished from ordinary celluloid1 while the expense of production is considerably reduced4 ,formol ,albumen for ,preparation of ,celluloid4--,formol has the property of forming combinations with most albuminoid substances4 ,these are not identical with reference to plasticity1 and the use which may be derived from them for the manufacture of plastic substances4 ,this difference explains why albumen should not be confounded with gelatin or casein4 ,with this in view1 the ,socit ,anonyme l',oyonnaxienne has originated the following processes3 ,i4--,the albumen may be that of the egg or that of the blood1 which are readily found in trade4 ,the formolizing may be effected in the moist state or in the dry state4 ,the dry or moist albumen is brought into contact with the solution of commercial formol diluted to #e or #aj per cent for an hour4 ,care must be taken to pulverize the albumen1 if it is dry4 ,the formol penetrates rapidly into the albuminoid matter1 and is filtered or decanted and washed with water until all the formol in excess has completely disappeared2 this it is easy to ascertain by means of aniline water1 which produces a turbid white as long as a trace of formic aldehyde remains4 ,the formol albumen is afterwards dried at low temperature by submitting it to the action of a current of dry air at a temperature not exceeding #ajg ,f4 ,thus obtained1 the product appears as a transparent corneous substance4 ,on pulverizing1 it becomes opaque and loses its transparency4 ,it is completely insoluble in water1 but swells in this liquid4 ,,ii4--,the formol albumen is reduced to a perfectly homogeneous powder1 and mixed intimately with the plastic matter before rolling4 ,this cannot be considered an adequate means for effecting the mixture4 ,it is necessary to introduce the formol albumen1 in the course of the moistening1 either by making an emulsion with camphor alcohol1 or by mixing it thoroughly with nitro-cellulose1 or by making simultaneously a thorough mixture of the three substances4 ,when the mixture is accomplished1 the paste is rolled according to the usual operation4 ,the quantity of formol albumen to add is variable1 being diminished according to the quantity of camphor4 ,instead of adding the desiccated formol albumen1 it may previously be swollen in water in order to render it more malleable4 ,instead of simple water1 alkalinized or acidified water may be taken for this purpose1 or even alcoholized water4 ,the albumen1 then1 should be pressed between paper or cloth1 in order to remove the excess of moisture4 ,plastic ,substances of ,nitro-,cellulose ,base4--,to manufacture plastic substances the ,compagnie ,franaise du ,celluloid commences by submitting casein to a special operation4 ,it is soaked with a solution of acetate of urea in alcohol2 for #ajj parts of casein #e parts of acetate of urea and #ej parts of alcohol are employed4 ,the mass swells1 and in #dh hours the casein is thoroughly penetrated4 ,it is then ready to be incorporated with the camphored nitro-cellulose4 ,the nitro-cellulose1 having received the addition of camphor1 is soaked in the alcohol1 and the mass is well mixed4 ,the casein prepared as described is introduced into the mass4 ,the whole is mixed and left at rest for #b days4 ,the plastic pulp thus obtained is rolled1 cut1 and dried like ordinary cellulose1 and by the same processes and apparatus4 ,the pulp may also be converted into tubes and other forms1 like ordinary celluloid4 ,it is advisable to subject the improved plastic pulp to a treatment with formaldehyde for the purpose of rendering insoluble the casein incorporated in the celluloid4 ,the plastic product of nitro-cellulose base1 thus obtained1 presents in employment the same general properties as ordinary celluloid4 ,it may be applied to the various manufacturing processes in use for the preparation of articles of all kinds1 and its cost price diminishes more or less according to the proportion of casein associated with the ordinary celluloid4 ,in this plastic product various colorants may be incorporated1 and the appearance of shell1 pearl1 wood1 marble1 or ivory may also be imparted4 ,improved ,celluloid4--,this product is obtained by mingling with celluloid1 under suitable conditions1 gelatin or strong glue of gelatin base4 ,it is clear that the replacement of part of the celluloid by the gelatin1 of which the cost is much less1 lowers materially the cost of the final product4 ,the result is obtained without detriment to the qualities of the objects4 ,these are said to be of superior properties1 having more firmness than those of celluloid4 ,and the new material #aeg is worked more readily than the celluloid employed alone4 ,the new product may be prepared in open air or in a closed vessel under pressure4 ,when operated in the air1 the gelatin is first immersed cold 7in any form1 and in a state more or less pure7 in alcohol marking about #adj ,f41 with the addition of a certain quantity 7for example1 #e to #aj per cent7 of crystallizable acetic acid4 ,in a few hours the material has swollen considerably1 and it is then introduced in alcohol of about #ij per cent1 and at the same time the celluloid pulp 7camphor and gun cotton71 taking care to add a little acetone4 ,the proportion of celluloid in the mixture may be #ej to #ge per cent of the weight of the gelatin1 more or less1 according to the result desired4 ,after heating the mixture slightly1 it is worked1 cold1 by the rollers ordinarily employed for celluloid and other similar pastes1 or by any other suitable methods4 ,the preparation in a closed vessel does not differ from that which has been described1 except for the introduction of the mixture of gelatin1 celluloid1 alcohol1 and acetone1 at the moment when the heating is to be accomplished in an autoclave heated with steam1 capable of supporting a pressure of #b to #e pounds1 and furnished with a mechanical agitator4 ,this method of proceeding abridges the operation considerably2 the paste comes from the autoclave well mingled1 and is then submitted to the action of rollers4 ,there is but little work in distilling the alcohol and acetic acid in the autoclave4 ,these may be recovered1 and on account of their evaporation the mass presents the desired consistency when it reaches the rollers4 ,whichever of the two methods of preparation may be employed1 the substance may be rolled as in the ordinary process1 if a boiler with agitator is made use of2 the mass may be produced in any form4 ,preparation of ,uninflammable ,celluloid4--,the operation of this process by ,woodward is the following3 ,in a receiver of glass or porcelain1 liquefied fish glue and gum arabic are introduced and allowed to swell for #bd hours in a very dry position1 allowing the air to circulate freely4 ,the receiver is not covered4 ,afterwards it is heated on a water bath1 and the contents stirred 7for example1 by means of a porcelain spatula7 until the gum is completely liquefied4 ,the heating of the mass should not exceed #gg ,f4 ,then the gelatin is added in such a way that there are no solid pieces4 ,the receiver is removed from the water bath and colza oil added1 while agitating anew4 ,when the mixture is complete it is left to repose for #bd hours4 ,before cooling1 the mixture is passed through a sieve in order to retain the pieces which may not have been dissolved4 ,after swelling1 and the dissolution and purification by means of the sieve1 it is allowed to rest still in the same position1 with access of air4 ,the films formed while cooling may be removed4 ,the treatment of celluloid necessitates employing a solution completely colorless and clear4 ,the celluloid to be treated while it is still in the pasty state should be in a receiver of glass1 porcelain1 or similar material4 ,the mass containing the fish glue is poured in1 drop by drop1 while stirring carefully1 taking care to pour it in the middle of the celluloid and to increase the surface of contact4 ,when the mixture is complete1 the celluloid is ready to be employed and does not produce flame when exposed4 ,the solution of fish glue may be prepared by allowing #bjj parts of it to swell for #dh hours in #a1jjj parts of cold distilled water4 ,it is then passed through the sieve1 and the pieces which may remain are broken up1 in order to mingle them thoroughly with the water4 ,ten parts of kitchen salt are then added1 and the whole mass passed through the sieve4 ,this product may be utilized for the preparation of photographic films or for those used for cinematographs1 or for replacing hard caoutchouc for the insulation of electric conductors1 and for the preparation of plastic objects4 ,substitute for ,camphor in the ,preparation of ,celluloid and ,applicable to ,other ,purposes4--,in this process commercial oil of turpentine1 after being rectified by distillation over caustic soda1 is subjected to the action of gaseous chlorhydric acid1 in order to produce the solid monochlorhydrate of turpentine4 ,after having1 by means of the press1 extracted the liquid monochlorhydrate1 and after several washings with cold water1 the solid matter is desiccated and introduced into an autoclave apparatus capable of resisting a pressure of #f atmospheres4 ,fifty per cent of caustic soda1 calculated on the weight of the monochlorhydrate1 and mingled with an equal quantity of alcohol1 is added in the form of a thick solution4 ,the apparatus is closed and heated for several hours at the #aeh temperature of #bhd to #cjb ,f4 ,the material is washed several times for freeing it from the mingled sodium chloride and sodium hydrate1 and the camphor resulting from this operation is treated in the following manner3 ,in an autoclave constructed for the purpose1 camphene and water strongly mixed with sulphuric acid are introduced and heated so as to attain #i pounds of pressure4 ,then an electric current is applied1 capable of producing the decomposition of water4 ,the mass is constantly stirred1 either mechanically or more simply by allowing a little of the steam to escape by a tap4 ,in an hour1 at least1 the material is drawn from the apparatus1 washed and dried1 sublimed according to need1 and is then suitable for replacing camphor in its industrial employments1 for the camphene is converted entirely or in greater part into camphor1 either right-hand camphor1 or a product optically inactive1 according to the origin of the oil of turpentine made use of4 ,in the electrolytic oxidation of the camphene1 instead of using acidulated water1 whatever is capable of furnishing1 under the influence of the electric current1 the oxygen necessary for the reaction1 such as oxygenized water1 barium bioxide1 and the permanganates1 may be employed4 ,plastic and ,elastic ,composition4--,formaldehyde has the property1 as known1 of removing from gelatin its solubility and its fusibility1 but it has also another property1 prejudicial in certain applications1 of rendering the composition hard and friable4 ,in order to remedy this prejudicial action ,m4 ,deborda adds to the gelatin treated by means of formaldehyde1 oil of turpentine1 or a mixture of oil of turpentine and ,german turpentine or ,venice turpentine4 ,the addition removes from the composition its friability and hardness1 imparting to it great softness and elasticity4 ,the effect is accomplished by a slight proportion1 #e to #aj per cent4 ,production of ,substances ,resembling ,celluloid4--,most of the substitutes for camphor in the preparation of celluloid are attended with inconveniences limiting their employment and sometimes causing their rejection4 ,thus1 in one case the celluloid does not allow of the preparation of transparent bodies2 in another it occasions too much softness in the products manufactured2 and in still another it does not allow of pressing1 folding1 or other operations1 because the mass is too brittle2 in still others combinations are produced which in time are affected unfavorably by the coloring substances employed4 ,callenberg has found that the halogenous derivatives of etherized oils1 principally oil of turpentine1 and especially the solid chloride of turpentine1 which is of a snowy and brilliant white1 and of agreeable odor1 are suitable for yielding1 either alone or mixed with camphor or one of its substitutes1 and combined by ordinary means with nitrated cellulose1 or other ethers of cellulose1 treated with acetic ether1 a celluloidic product1 which1 it is said1 is not inferior to ordinary celluloid and has the advantage of reduced cost4 ,elastic ,substitute for ,celluloid4--,acetic cellulose1 like nitro-cellulose1 can be converted into an elastic corneous compound4 ,the substances particularly suitable for the operation are organic substances containing one or more hydroxy1 aldehydic1 amide1 or ketonic groups1 as well as the acid amides4 ,probably a bond is formed when these combinations act on the acetate of cellulose1 but the bond cannot well be defined1 considering the complex nature of the molecule of cellulose4 ,according to the mode of preparation1 the substances obtained form a hard mass1 more or less flexible4 ,in the soft state1 copies of engraved designs can be reproduced in their finest details4 ,when hardened1 they can be cut and polished4 ,in certain respects they resemble celluloid1 without its inflammability1 and they can be employed in the same manner4 ,they can be produced by the following methods--the ,lederer process3 ,i4--,melt together #a part of acetate of cellulose and #a #a_/b parts of phenol at about the temperature of #ajd to #abb ,f4 ,when a clear solution is obtained place the mass of reaction on plates of glass or metal slightly heated and allow it to cool gradually4 ,after a rest of several days the mass1 which at the outset is similar to caoutchouc1 is hard and forms flexible plates1 which can be worked like celluloid4 ,,ii4--,compress an intimate mixture of equal parts of acetic cellulose and hydrate of chloride or of aniline1 at a temperature of #abb to #adj ,f41 and proceed as in the previous case4 ,in the same way a ketone may be employed1 as acetophenone1 or an acid amide1 as acetamide4 ,,iii4--,a transparent1 celluloid-like substance which is useful for the #aei production of plates1 tubes1 and other articles1 but especially as an underlay for sensitive films in photography1 is produced by dissolving #a4h parts1 by weight1 of nitro-cellulose in #af parts of glacial acetic acid1 with heating and stirring and addition of #e parts of gelatin4 ,after this has swelled up1 add #g4e parts1 by weight1 of alcohol 7#if per cent71 stirring constantly4 ,the syrupy product may be pressed into molds or poured1 after further dilution with the said solvents in the stated proportion1 upon glass plates to form thin layers4 ,the dried articles are well washed with water1 which may contain a trace of soda lye1 and dried again4 ,photographic foundations produced in this manner do not change1 nor attack the layers sensitive to light1 nor do they become electric1 and in developing they remain flat4 ,,iv4--,viscose is the name of a new product of the class of substances like celluloid1 pegamoid1 etc41 substances having most varied and valuable applications4 ,it is obtained directly from cellulose by mascerating this substance in a #a per cent dilution of hydrochloric acid4 ,the maceration is allowed to continue for several hours1 and at its close the liquid is decanted and the residue is pressed off and washed thoroughly4 ,the mass 7of which we will suppose there is #ajj grams7 is then treated with a #bj per cent aqueous solution of sodium hydrate1 which dissolves it4 ,the solution is allowed to stand for #c days in a tightly closed vessel2 #ajj grams carbon disulphide are then added1 the vessel closed and allowed to stand for #ab hours longer1 when it is ready for purification4 ,viscose thus formed is soluble in water1 cold or tepid1 and yields a solution of a pale brownish color1 from which it is precipitated by alcohol and sodium chloride1 which purifies it1 but at the expense of much of its solubility4 ,a solution of the precipitated article is colorless1 or of a slightly pale yellow4 ,under the action of heat1 long continued1 viscose is decomposed1 yielding cellulose1 caustic soda1 and carbon disulphide4 ,see also ,casein for ,celluloid ,substitutes4 ,celluloid of ,reduced ,inflammability4--,i4--,a practicable method consists in incorporating silica1 which does not harm the essential properties of the celluloid4 ,the material is divided by the usual methods1 and dissolved by means of the usual solvents1 to which silica has been added1 either in the state of amylic1 ethylic1 or methylic silicate1 or in the state of any ether derivative of silicic acid4 ,the suitable proportions vary according to the degree of inflammability desired1 and according to the proportion of silica in the ether derivative employed2 but sufficient freedom from inflammability for practical purposes is attained by the following proportions3 ,fifty-five to #fe parts in volume of the solvent of the celluloid1 and #ce to #de parts of the derivative of silicic acid4 ,when the ether derivative is in the solid form1 such1 for instance1 as ethyl disilicate1 it is brought to the liquid state by means of any of the solvents4 ,the union of the solvent and of the derivative is accomplished by mixing the two liquids and shaking out the air as much as possible4 ,the incorporation of this mixture with the celluloid1 previously divided or reduced to the state of chips1 is effected by pouring the mixture on the chips1 or inversely1 shaking or stirring as free from the air as possible4 ,the usual methods are employed for the desiccation of the mass4 ,a good result is obtained by drying very slowly1 preferably at a temperature not above #aj ,c4 7#ej ,f474 ,the resulting residue is a new product scarcely distinguished from ordinary celluloid1 except that the inherent inflammability is considerably reduced4 ,it is not important to employ any individual silicate or derivative4 ,a mixture of the silicates or derivatives mentioned will accomplish the same results4 ,,ii4--,any ignited body is extinguished in a gaseous medium which is unsuitable for combustion2 the attempt has therefore been made to find products capable of producing an uninflammable gas2 and products have been selected that yield chlorine1 and others producing bromine2 it is also necessary that these bodies should be soluble in a solvent of celluloid2 therefore1 among chlorated products1 ferric chloride has been taken2 this is soluble in the ether-alcohol mixture4 ,this is the process3 ,an ether-alcohol solution of celluloid is made2 then an ether-alcohol solution of ferric perchloride4 ,the two solutions are mingled1 and a clear1 syrupy liquid of yellow color1 yielding no precipitate1 is obtained4 ,the liquid is poured into a cup or any suitable vessel2 it is left for spontaneous evaporation1 and a substance of shell-color is produced1 which1 after washing and drying1 effects the desired result4 ,the celluloid thus treated loses none of its properties in pliability and transparency1 and is not only uninflammable1 but also incombustible4 #afj ,of bromated compounds1 calcium bromide has been selected1 which produces nearly the same result2 the product obtained fuses in the flame2 outside1 it is extinguished1 without the power of ignition4 ,it may be objected that ferric perchloride and calcium bromide1 being soluble in water1 may present to the celluloid a surface capable of being affected by moist air2 but the mass of celluloid1 not being liable to penetration by water1 fixes the chlorinated or brominated product4 ,still1 as the celluloid undergoes a slight decomposition1 on exposure to the light1 allowing small quantities of camphor to evaporate1 the surface of the perchlorinated celluloid may be fixed by immersion in albuminous water1 after previous treatment with a solution of oxalic acid1 if a light yellow product is desired4 ,for preventing the calcium bromide from eventually oozing on the surface of the celluloid1 by reason of its deliquescence1 it may be fixed by immersing the celluloid in water acidulated with sulphuric acid4 ,for industrial products1 such as toilet articles1 celluloid with ferric perchloride may be employed4 ,another method of preparing an uninflammable celluloid1 based on the principle above mentioned1 consists in mixing bromide of camphor with cotton powder1 adding castor oil to soften the product1 in order that it may be less brittle4 ,the latter product is not incombustible1 but it is uninflammable1 and its facility of preparation reduces at least one-half the apparatus ordinarily made use of in the manufacture of celluloid4 ,the manufacture of this product is not at all dangerous1 for the camphor bromide is strictly uninflammable1 and may be melted without any danger of dissolving the gun cotton4 ,,iii4--,dissolve #be parts of ordinary celluloidin in #bej parts of acetone and add a solution of #ej parts of magnesium chloride in #aej parts of alcohol1 until a paste results1 which occurs with a proportion of about #ajj parts of the former solution to #bj parts of the latter solution4 ,this paste is carefully mixed and worked through1 then dried1 and gives an absolutely incombustible material4 ,,iv4--,glass-like plates which are impervious to acids1 salts1 and alkalies1 flexible1 odorless1 and infrangible1 and still possess a transparency similar to ordinary glass1 are said to be obtained by dissolving #d to #h per cent of collodion wool 7soluble pyroxylin7 in #a per cent of ether or alcohol and mixing the solution with #b to #d per cent of castor oil1 or a similar non-resinifying oil1 and with #d to #f per cent of ,canada balsam4 ,the inflammability of these plates is claimed to be much less than with others of collodion1 and may be almost entirely obviated by admixture of magnesium chloride4 ,an addition of zinc white produces the appearance of ivory4 ,solvents for ,celluloid4--,celluloid dissolves in acetone1 sulphuric ether1 alcohol1 oil of turpentine1 benzine1 amyl acetate1 etc41 alone1 or in various combinations of these agents4 ,the following are some proportions for solutions of celluloid3 ,i4--,celluloid #e parts ,amyl acetate #aj parts ,acetone #af parts ,sulphuric ether #af parts ,,ii4--,celluloid #aj parts ,sulphuric ether #cj parts ,acetone #cj parts ,amyl acetate #cj parts ,camphor #c parts ,,iii4--,celluloid #e parts ,alcohol #ej parts ,camphor #e parts ,,iv4--,celluloid #e parts ,amyl acetate #ej parts ,v4--,celluloid #e parts ,amyl acetate #be parts ,acetone #be parts ,softening and ,cementing ,celluloid4--,if celluloid is to be warmed only sufficiently to be able to bend it1 a bath in boiling water will answer4 ,in steam at #abj ,c4 7#bdh ,f471 however1 it becomes so soft that it may be easily kneaded like dough1 so that one may even imbed in it metal1 wood1 or any similar material4 ,if it be intended to soften it to solubility1 the celluloid must then be scraped fine and macerated in #ij per cent alcohol1 whereupon it takes on the character of cement and may be used to join broken pieces of celluloid together4 ,solutions of celluloid may be prepared3 #a4 ,with #e parts1 by weight1 of celluloid in #af parts1 by weight1 each of amyl acetate1 acetone1 and sulphuric ether4 #b4 ,with #aj parts1 by weight1 of celluloid in #cj parts1 by weight1 each of sulphuric ether1 acetone1 amyl acetate1 and #d parts1 by weight1 camphor4 #c4 ,with #e parts1 by weight1 celluloid in #ej parts1 by weight1 alcohol and #e parts1 by weight1 camphor4 #d4 ,with #e parts1 by weight1 celluloid in #ej parts1 by weight1 amyl acetate4 #e4 ,with #e parts1 by weight1 celluloid in #be parts1 by weight1 amyl acetate and #be parts1 by weight1 acetone4 #afa ,it is often desirable to soften celluloid so that it will not break when hammered4 ,dipping it in water warmed to #dj ,c4 7#ajd ,f47 will suffice for this4 ,mending ,celluloid4--,celluloid dishes which show cracks are easily repaired by brushing the surface repeatedly with alcohol1 #c parts1 and ether1 #d parts1 until the mass turns soft and can be readily squeezed together4 ,the pressure must be maintained for about one day4 ,by putting only #a part of ether in #c parts of alcohol and adding a little shellac1 a cement for celluloid is obtained1 which1 applied warm1 produces quicker results4 ,another very useful gluing agent for celluloid receptacles is concentrated acetic acid4 ,the celluloid fragments dabbed with it stick together almost instantaneously4 ,see also ,adhesives for ,methods of ,mending ,celluloid4 ,printing on ,celluloid4--,printing on celluloid may be done in the usual way4 ,make ready the form so as to be perfectly level on the impression--that is1 uniform to impressional touch on the face4 ,the tympan should be hard4 ,bring up the form squarely1 allowing for about a #c- or #d-sheet cardboard to be withdrawn from the tympan when about to proceed with printing on the celluloid2 this is to allow for the thickness of the sheet of celluloid4 ,use live but dry and well-seasoned rollers4 ,special inks of different colors are made for this kind of presswork2 in black a good card-job quality will be found about right1 if a few drops of copal varnish are mixed with the ink before beginning to print4 ,colored ,celluloid4-- ,black3 ,first dip into pure water1 then into a solution of nitrate of silver2 let dry in the light4 ,yellow3 ,first immerse in a solution of nitrate of lead1 then in a concentrated solution of chromate of potash4 ,brown3 ,dip into a solution of permanganate of potash made strongly alkaline by the addition of soda4 ,blue3 ,dip into a solution of indigo neutralized by the addition of soda4 ,red3 ,first dip into a diluted bath of nitric acid2 then into an ammoniacal solution of carmine4 ,green3 ,dip into a solution of verdigris4 ,aniline colors may also be employed but they are less permanent4 ,bleaching ,celluloid4--,if the celluloid has become discolored throughout1 its whiteness can hardly be restored1 but if merely superficially discolored1 wipe with a woolen rag wet with absolute alcohol and ether mixed in equal proportions4 ,this dissolves and removes a minute superficial layer and lays bare a new surface4 ,to restore the polish rub briskly first with a woolen cloth and finish with silk or fine chamois4 ,a little jeweler's rouge or putzpomade greatly facilitates matters4 ,ink marks may be removed in the same manner4 ,printer's ink may be removed from celluloid by rubbing first with oil of turpentine and afterwards with alcohol and ether4 ,process of ,impregnating ,fabrics with ,celluloid4--,the fabric is first saturated with a dilute celluloid solution of the consistency of olive oil1 which solution penetrates deeply into the tissue2 dry quickly in a heating chamber and saturate with a more concentrated celluloid solution1 about as viscous as molasses4 ,if oil be added to the celluloid solution1 the quantity should be small in the first solution1 e4 g41 #a to #b per cent1 in the following ones #e to #h per cent1 while the outer layer contains very little or no oil4 ,a fabric impregnated in this manner possesses a very flexible surface1 because the outer layer may be very thin1 while the interior consists of many flexible fibers surrounded by celluloid4 ,,celluloid ,,cements ,,and ,,glues3 ,see ,adhesives4 ,,celluloid ,,lacquer3 ,see ,lacquer4 ,,celluloid ,,putty3 ,see ,cements4 ,cements 7,see also ,putties47 ,for ,adhesive ,cements intended for repairing broken articles1 see ,adhesives4 ,putty for ,celluloid4--,to fasten celluloid to wood1 tin1 etc41 use a compound of #b parts shellac1 #c parts spirit of camphor1 and #d parts strong alcohol4 ,plumbers' ,cement4--,a plumbers' cement consists of #a part black rosin1 melted1 and #b parts of brickdust1 thoroughly powdered and dried4 ,cement for ,steam and ,water ,pipes4--,a cement for pipe joints is made as follows3 ,ten pounds fine yellow ocher2 #d pounds #afb ground litharge2 #d pounds whiting1 and #a_/b pound of hemp1 cut up fine4 ,mix together thoroughly with linseed oil to about the consistency of putty4 ,gutter ,cement4--,stir sand and fine lime into boiled paint skins while hot and thick4 ,use hot4 ,cement for ,pipe ,joints4--,a good cement for making tight joints in pumps1 pipes1 etc41 is made of a mixture of #ae parts of slaked lime1 #cj parts of graphite1 and #dj parts of barium sulphate4 ,the ingredients are powdered1 well mixed together1 and stirred up with #ae parts of boiled oil4 ,a stiffer preparation can be made by increasing the proportions of graphite and barium sulphate to #cj and #dj parts respectively1 and omitting the lime4 ,another cement for the same purpose consists of #ae parts of chalk and #ej of graphite1 ground1 washed1 mixed1 and reground to fine powder4 ,to this mixture is added #bj parts of ground litharge1 and the whole mixed to a stiff paste with about #ae parts of boiled oil4 ,this last preparation possesses the advantage of remaining plastic for a long time when stored in a cool place4 ,finally1 a good and simple mixture for tightening screw connections is made from powdered shellac dissolved in #aj per cent ammonia4 ,the mucinous mass is painted over the screw threads1 after the latter have been thoroughly cleaned1 and the fitting is screwed home4 ,the ammonia soon volatilizes1 leaving behind a mass which hardens quickly1 makes a tight joint1 and is impervious to hot and cold water4 ,protection for ,cement ,work4--,a coating of soluble glass will impart to cement surfaces exposed to ammonia not only a protective covering1 but also increased solidness4 ,cemented surfaces can be protected from the action of the weather by repeated coats of a green vitriol solution consisting of #a part of green vitriol and #c parts of water4 ,two coatings of #e per cent soap water are said to render the cement waterproof2 after drying and rubbing with a cloth or brush1 this coating will become glossy like oil paint4 ,this application is especially recommended for sick rooms1 since the walls can be readily cleaned by washing with soapy water4 ,the coating is rendered more and more waterproof thereby4 ,the green vitriol solution is likewise commendable for application on old and new plastering1 since it produces thereon waterproof coatings4 ,from old plastering the loose particles have first to be removed by washing4 ,puncture ,cement4--,a patented preparation for automatically repairing punctures in bicycle tires consists of glycerine holding gelatinous silica or aluminum hydrate in suspension4 ,three volumes of glycerine are mixed with #a volume of liquid water glass1 and an acid is stirred in4 ,the resulting jelly is diluted with #c additional volumes of glycerine1 and from #d to #f ounces of this fluid are placed in each tire4 ,in case of puncture1 the internal pressure of the air forces the fluid into the hole1 which it closes4 ,to ,fix ,iron in ,stone4--,of the quickly hardening cements1 lead and sulphur1 the latter is popularly employed4 ,it can be rendered still more suitable for purposes of pouring by the admixture of ,portland cement1 which is stirred into the molten sulphur in the ratio of #a to #c parts by weight4 ,the strength of the latter is increased by this addition1 since the formation of so coarse a crystalline structure as that of solidifying pure sulphur is disturbed by the powder added4 ,white ,portland ,cement4--,mix together feldspar1 #dj-ajj parts1 by weight2 kaolin1 #ajj parts2 limestone1 #gjj parts2 magnesite1 #bj-dj parts2 and sodium chloride1 #b4e-e parts1 all as pure as possible1 and heat to #adcj to #aejj ,c4 7#bfjf to #bgcb ,f471 until the whole has become sintered together1 and forms a nice1 white cement-like mass4 ,cement for ,closing ,cracks in ,stoves4--,make a putty of reduced iron 7iron by hydrogen7 and a solution of sodium or potassium silicate1 and force it into the crack4 ,if the crack be a very narrow one1 make the iron and silicate into paste instead of putty4 ,this material grows firmer and harder the longer the mended article is used4 ,cement for ,waterpipe4--,i4--,mix together #aa parts1 by weight1 ,portland cement2 #d parts1 by weight1 lead white2 #a part1 by weight1 litharge2 and make to a paste with boiled oil in which #c per cent of its weight of colophony has been dissolved4 ,,ii4--,mix #a part1 by weight1 torn-up wadding2 #a part1 by weight1 of quicklime1 and #c parts1 by weight1 of boiled oil4 ,this cement must be used as soon as made4 ,cement for ,pallet ,stones4--,place small pieces of shellac around the stone when in position and subject it to heat4 ,often the lac spreads unevenly or swells up2 and this1 in addition to being unsightly1 is apt to displace the stone4 ,this can be avoided as follows3 ,the pallets are #afc held in long sliding tongs4 ,take a piece of shellac1 heat it and roll it into a cylinder between the fingers2 again heat the extremity and draw it out into a fine thread4 ,this thread will break off1 leaving a point at the end of the lac4 ,now heat the tongs at a little distance from the pallets1 testing the degree of heat by touching the tongs with the shellac4 ,when it melts easily1 lightly touch the two sides of the notch with it2 a very thin layer can thus be spread over them1 and the pallet stone can then be placed in position and held until cold enough4 ,the tongs will not lose the heat suddenly1 so that the stone can easily be raised or lowered as required4 ,the projecting particles of cement can be removed by a brass wire filed to an angle and forming a scraper4 ,to cement a ruby pin1 or the like1 one may also use shellac dissolved in spirit1 applied in the consistency of syrup1 and liquefied again by means of a hot pincette1 by seizing the stone with it4 ,,dental ,,cements3 ,fairthorne's ,cement4--,powdered glass1 #e parts2 powdered borax1 #d parts2 silicic acid1 #h parts2 zinc oxide1 #bjj parts4 ,powder very finely and mix2 then tint with a small quantity of golden ocher or manganese4 ,the compound1 mixed before use with concentrated syrupy zinc-chloride solution1 soon becomes as hard as marble and constitutes a very durable tooth cement4 ,huebner's ,cement4--,zinc oxide1 #ejj4j parts2 powdered manganese1 #a4e parts2 yellow ocher1 powdered1 #a4e-d4j parts2 powdered borax1 #aj4j parts2 powdered glass1 #ajj4j parts4 ,as a binding liquid it is well to use acid-free zinc chloride1 which can be prepared by dissolving pure zinc1 free from iron1 in concentrated1 pure1 hydrochloric acid1 in such a manner that zinc is always in excess4 ,when no more hydrogen is evolved the zinc in excess is still left in the solution for some time4 ,the latter is filtered and boiled down to the consistency of syrup4 ,commercial zinc oxide cannot be employed without previous treatment1 because it is too loose2 the denser it is the better is it adapted for dental cements1 and the harder the latter will be4 ,for this reason it is well1 in order to obtain a dense product1 to stir the commercial pure zinc oxide into a stiff paste with water to which #b per cent of nitric acid has been added2 the paste is dried and heated for some time at white heat in a ,hessian crucible4 ,after cooling1 the zinc oxide1 thus obtained1 is very finely powdered and kept in hermetically sealed vessels1 so that it cannot absorb carbonic acid4 ,the dental cement prepared with such zinc oxide turns very hard and solidifies with the concentrated zinc-chloride solution in a few minutes4 ,phosphate ,cement4--,concentrate pure phosphoric acid till semi-solid1 and mix aluminum phosphate with it by heating4 ,for use1 mix with zinc oxide to the consistency of putty4 ,the cement is said to set in #b minutes4 ,zinc ,amalgam1 or ,dentists' ,zinc4--,this consists of pure zinc filings combined with twice their weight of mercury1 a gentle heat being employed to render the union more complete4 ,it is best applied as soon as made4 ,its color is gray1 and it is said to be effective and durable4 ,sorel's ,cement4--,mix zinc oxide with half its bulk of fine sand1 add a solution of zinc chloride of #a4bfj specific gravity1 and rub the whole thoroughly together in a mortar4 ,the mixture must be applied at once1 as it hardens very quickly4 ,metallic ,cement4--,pure tin1 with a small proportion of cadmium and sufficient mercury1 forms the most lasting and1 for all practical purposes1 the least objectionable amalgam4 ,melt #b parts of tin with #a of cadmium1 run it into ingots1 and reduce it to filings4 ,form these into a fluid amalgam with mercury1 and squeeze out the excess of the latter through leather4 ,work up the solid residue in the hand1 and press it into the tooth4 ,or melt some beeswax in a pipkin1 throw in #e parts of cadmium1 and when melted add #g or #h parts of tin in small pieces4 ,pour the melted metals into an iron or wooden box1 and shake them until cold1 so as to obtain the alloy in a powder4 ,this is mixed with #b #a_/b to #c times its weight of mercury in the palm of the hand1 and used as above described4 ,,cement ,,colors3 ,see ,stone4 ,,cement1 ,,mordant ,,for3 ,see ,mordants4 ,,cement1 ,,paints ,,for3 ,see ,paint4 ,,cement1 ,,protection ,,of1 ,,against ,,acid3 ,see ,acid-,proofing4 #afd ,,chain ,,of ,,fire3 ,see ,pyrotechnics4 ,,chains 7,,watch71 ,,to ,,clean3 ,see ,cleaning ,preparations and ,methods4 ,,chalk ,,for ,,tailors4 ,knead together ordinary pipe clay1 moistened with ultramarine blue for blue1 finely ground ocher for yellow1 etc41 until they are uniformly mixed1 roll out into thin sheets1 cut and press into wooden or metallic molds1 well oiled to prevent sticking1 and allow to dry slowly at ordinary temperature or at a very gentle heat4 ,,chapped ,,hands3 ,see ,cosmetics4 ,,charta ,,sinapis3 ,see ,mustard ,paper4 ,,chartreuse3 ,see ,wines and ,liquors4 ,ceramics ,,ground ,,ceramics--,,laying ,,oil ,,for3 ,see ,oil4 ,notes for ,potters1 ,glass-1 and ,brick-makers4--,it is of the highest importance in selecting oxides1 minerals1 etc41 for manufacturing different articles1 for potters' use1 to secure pure goods1 especially in the purchase of the following3 ,lead1 manganese1 oxide of zinc1 borax1 whiting1 oxide of iron1 and oxide of cobalt4 ,the different ingredients comprising any given color or glaze should be thoroughly mixed before being calcined1 otherwise the mass will be of a streaky or variegated kind4 ,calcination requires care1 especially in the manufacture of enamel colors4 ,over-firing1 particularly of colors or enamels composed in part of lead1 borax1 antimony1 or litharge1 causes a dullness of shade1 or film1 that reduces their value for decorative purposes1 where clearness and brilliancy are of the first importance4 ,to arrest the unsightly defect of 8crazing10 the following have been the most successful methods employed1 in the order given3 ,i4--,flux made of #aj parts tincal2 #d parts oxide of zinc2 #a part soda4 ,,ii4--,a calcination of #e parts oxide of zinc2 #a part pearl ash4 ,,iii4--,addition of raw oxide of zinc1 #f pounds to each hundredweight of glaze4 ,to glazed brick and tile makers1 whose chief difficulty appears to be the production of a slip to suit the contraction of their clay1 and adhere strongly to either a clay or a burnt brick or tile1 the following method may be recommended3 ,mix together3 ,ball clay #aj parts ,cornwall stone #aj parts ,china clay #g parts ,flint #f #a_/b parts ,to be mixed and lawned one week before use4 ,to ,cut ,pottery4--,pottery or any soft or even hard stone substance can be cut without chipping by a disk of soft iron1 the edge of which has been charged with emery1 diamond1 or other grinding powder1 that can be obtained at any tool agency4 ,the cutting has to be done with a liberal supply of water fed continually to the revolving disk and the substance to be cut4 ,,brick ,,and ,,tilemakers' ,,glazed ,,bricks3 ,white4--,when the brick or tile leaves the press1 with a very soft brush cover the part to be glazed with ,no4 #a ,slip2 afterwards dip the face in the same mixture4 ,no4 #a ,slip4-- ,same clay as brick #i parts ,flint #a part ,ball clay #e parts ,china #d parts ,allow the brick to remain slowly drying for #h to #aj hours1 then when moist dip in the white body4 ,white ,body4-- ,china clay #bd parts ,ball clay #h parts ,feldspar #h parts ,flint #d parts ,the brick should now be dried slowly but thoroughly1 and when perfectly dry dip the face in clean cold water1 and immediately afterwards in glaze4 ,hard ,glaze4-- ,feldspar #ah parts ,cornwall stone #c #a_/b parts ,whiting #a #a_/b parts ,oxide of zinc #a #a_/b parts ,plaster of ,paris #c_/d part #afe ,soft ,glaze4-- ,white lead #ac parts ,feldspar #bj parts ,oxide of zinc #c parts ,plaster of ,paris #a part ,flint glass #ac parts ,cornwall stone #c #a_/b parts ,paris white #a #a_/d parts ,where clay is used that will stand a very high fire1 the white lead and glass may be left out4 ,a wire brush should now be used to remove all superfluous glaze1 etc41 from the sides and ends of the brick1 which is then ready for the kiln4 ,in placing1 set the bricks face to face1 about an inch space being left between the two glazed faces4 ,all the mixtures1 after being mixed with water to the consistency of cream1 must be passed #b or #c times through a very fine lawn4 ,the kiln must not be opened till perfectly cold4 ,process for ,colored ,glazes4--,use color1 #a part1 to white body1 #g parts4 ,use color1 #a part1 to glaze1 #i parts4 ,preparation of ,colors4--,the specified ingredients should all be obtained finely ground1 and after being mixed in the proportions given should1 in a saggar or some clay vessel1 be fired in the brick kiln and afterwards ground for use4 ,in firing the ingredients the highest heat attainable is necessary4 ,turquoise4-- ,oxide of zinc #h parts ,oxide of cobalt #a #a_/d parts ,grass ,green4-- ,oxide of chrome #f parts ,flint #a part ,oxide of copper #a_/b part ,royal ,blue4-- ,pure alumina #bj parts ,oxide of zinc #h parts ,oxide of cobalt #d parts ,mazarine ,blue4-- ,oxide of cobalt #aj parts ,paris white #i parts ,sulphate barytes #a part ,red ,brown4-- ,oxide of zinc #dj parts ,crocus of martis #f parts ,oxide of chrome #f parts ,red lead #e parts ,boracic acid #e parts ,red oxide of iron #a part ,orange4-- ,pure alumina #e parts ,oxide of zinc #b parts ,bichromate of potash #a part ,iron scale #a_/b part ,claret ,brown4-- ,bichromate of potash #b parts ,flint #b parts ,oxide of zinc #a part ,iron scale #a part ,blue ,green4-- ,oxide of chrome #f parts ,flint #b parts ,oxide of cobalt #c_/d part ,sky ,blue4-- ,flint #i parts ,oxide of zinc #ac parts ,cobalt #b #a_/b parts ,phosphate soda #a part ,chrome ,green4-- ,oxide of chrome #c parts ,oxide of copper #a part ,carbonate of cobalt #a part ,oxide of cobalt #b parts ,olive4-- ,oxide of chrome #c parts ,oxide of zinc #b parts ,flint #e parts ,oxide of cobalt #a part ,blood ,red4-- ,oxide of zinc #cj parts ,crocus martis #g parts ,oxide of chrome #g parts ,litharge #e parts ,borax #e parts ,red oxide of iron #b parts ,black4-- ,chromate of iron #bd parts ,oxide of nickel #b parts ,oxide of tin #b parts ,oxide of cobalt #e parts ,imperial ,blue4-- ,oxide of cobalt #aj parts ,black color #a #a_/b parts ,paris white #g #a_/b parts ,flint #b #a_/b parts ,carbonate of soda #a part ,mahogany4-- ,chromate of iron #cj parts ,oxide of manganese #bj parts ,oxide of zinc #ab parts ,oxide of tin #d parts ,crocus martis #b parts ,gordon ,green4-- ,oxide of chrome #ab parts ,paris white #h parts ,bichromate of potash #d #a_/b parts ,oxide of cobalt #c_/d part ,violet4-- ,oxide of cobalt #b #a_/b parts ,oxide of manganese #d parts ,oxide of zinc #h parts ,cornwall stone #h parts #aff ,lavender4-- ,calcined oxide of zinc #e parts ,carbonate of cobalt #c_/d part ,oxide of nickel #a_/d part ,paris white #a part ,brown4-- ,manganese #d parts ,oxide of chrome #b parts ,oxide of zinc #d parts ,sulphate barytes #b parts ,dove4-- ,oxide of nickel #g parts ,oxide of cobalt #b parts ,oxide of chrome #a part ,oxide of flint #ah parts ,paris white #c parts ,yellow ,green4-- ,flint #f parts ,paris white #d parts ,bichromate of potash #d #a_/b parts ,red lead #b parts ,fluorspar #b parts ,plaster of ,paris #a #a_/b parts ,oxide of copper #a_/b part ,,bodies ,,requiring ,,no ,,stain3 ,ivory4-- ,cane marl #af parts ,ball clay #ab parts ,feldspar #h parts ,china clay #f parts ,flint #d parts ,cream4-- ,ball clay #bb parts ,china clay #e #a_/b parts ,flint #e parts ,feldspar #c #a_/b parts ,cane marl #ab parts ,black4-- ,ball clay #abj parts ,ground ocher #abj parts ,ground manganese #ce parts ,buff4-- ,ball clay #ab parts ,china clay #aj parts ,feldspar #h parts ,bull fire clay #af parts ,yellow ocher #c parts ,drab4-- ,cane marl #cj parts ,ball clay #aj parts ,stone #g parts ,feldspar #d parts ,brown4-- ,red marl #ej parts ,china clay #g parts ,ground manganese #f parts ,feldspar #c parts ,in making mazarine blue glazed bricks use the white body and stain the glaze only4 ,mazarine blue #a part ,glaze #g parts ,for royal blue use #a part stain to #f parts white body1 and glaze unstained4 ,blood-,red ,stain4--,numerous brick manufacturers possess beds of clay from which good and sound bricks or tiles can be made1 the only drawback being that the clay does not burn a good color4 ,in many cases this arises from the fact that the clay contains more or less sulphur or other impurity1 which spoils the external appearance of the finished article4 ,the following stain will convert clay of any color into a rich1 deep red1 mixed in proportions of stain1 #a part1 to clay1 #fj parts4 ,stain4-- ,crocus martis #bj parts ,yellow ocher #d parts ,sulphate of iron #aj parts ,red oxide of iron #b parts ,a still cheaper method is to put a slip or external coating upon the goods4 ,the slip being quite opaque1 effectively hides the natural color of the brick or tile upon which it may be used4 ,the process is to mix3 ,blood-red stain #a part ,good red clay #f parts ,add water until the mixture becomes about the consistency of cream1 then with a sponge force the liquid two or three times through a very fine brass wire lawn1 ,no4 #hj1 and dip the goods in the liquid as soon as they are pressed or molded4 ,blue ,paviors4--,blue paving bricks may be produced with almost any kind of clay that will stand a fair amount of heat1 by adopting the same methods as in the former case of blood-red bricks1 that is1 the clay may be stained throughout1 or an outside coating may be applied4 ,stain for ,blue ,paviors4-- ,ground ironstone #bj parts ,chromate of iron #e parts ,manganese #f parts ,oxide of nickel #a part ,use #a part clay and #a part stain for coating1 and #ej or #fj parts clay and #a part stain for staining through4 ,fire blue paviors very hard4 ,buff ,terra-,cotta ,slip4-- ,buff fire clay #af parts ,china clay #f parts #afg ,yellow ocher #c parts ,ball clay #aj parts ,flint #d parts ,add water to the materials after mixing well1 pass through the fine lawn1 and dip the goods when soft in the liquid4 ,transparent ,glaze4-- ,ground flint glass #d parts ,ground white lead #d parts ,ground oxide of zinc #a_/d part ,this glaze is suitable for bricks or tiles made of very good red clay1 the natural color of the clay showing through the glaze4 ,the goods must first be fired sufficiently hard to make them durable1 afterwards glazed1 and fired again4 ,the glaze being comparatively soft will fuse at about half the heat required for the first burning4 ,the glaze may be stained1 if desired1 with any of the colors given in glazed-brick recipes1 in the following proportions3 ,stain1 #a part2 glaze1 #a part4 ,,special ,,recipes ,,for ,,pottery ,,and ,,brick ,,and ,,tile ,,works3 ,vitrifiable ,bodies4--,the following mixtures will flux only at a very high heat4 ,they require no glaze when a proper heat is attained1 and they are admirably adapted for stoneware glazes4 ,i4--,cornwall stone #bj parts ,feldspar #ab parts ,china clay #c parts ,whiting #b parts ,plaster of ,paris #a #a_/b parts ,,ii4--,feldspar #cj parts ,flint #i parts ,stone #h parts ,china clay #c parts ,,iii4--,feldspar #bj parts ,stone #e parts ,oxide of zinc #c parts ,whiting #b parts ,plaster of ,paris #a part ,soda crystals1 dissolved #a part ,special ,glazes for ,bricks or ,pottery at ,one ,burning4--,to run these glazes intense heat is required4 ,i4--,cornwall stone #dj parts ,flint #g parts ,paris white #d parts ,ball clay #ae parts ,oxide of zinc #f parts ,white lead #ae parts ,,ii4--,feldspar #bj parts ,cornwall stone #e parts ,oxide of zinc #c parts ,flint #c parts ,lynn sand #a #a_/b parts ,sulphate barytes #a #a_/b parts ,,iii4--,feldspar #be parts ,cornwall stone #f parts ,oxide of zinc #b parts ,china clay #b parts ,,iv4--,cornwall stone #aah parts ,feldspar #dj parts ,paris white #bh parts ,flint #d parts ,v4--,feldspar #af parts ,china clay #d parts ,stone #d parts ,oxide of zinc #b parts ,plaster of ,paris #a part ,,vi4--,feldspar #aj parts ,stone #e parts ,flint #b parts ,plaster #a_/b part ,the following glaze is excellent for bricks in the biscuit and pottery1 which require an easy firing3 ,white4-- ,white lead #bj parts ,stone #i parts ,flint #i parts ,borax #d parts ,oxide of zinc #b parts ,feldspar #c parts ,these materials should be procured finely ground1 and after being thoroughly mixed should be placed in a fire-clay crucible1 and be fired for #e or #f hours1 sharply1 or until the material runs down into a liquid1 then with a pair of iron tongs draw the crucible from the kiln and pour the liquid into a bucket of cold water1 grind the flux to an extremely fine powder1 and spread a coating upon the plate to be enameled1 previously brushing a little gum thereon4 ,the plate must then be fired until a sufficient heat is attained to run or fuse the powder4 ,,pottery ,,bodies ,,and ,,glazes3 ,ordinary4-- ,i4--,china clay #b #a_/b parts ,stone #a #a_/b parts ,bone #c parts ,,ii4--,china clay #e parts ,stone #b #a_/b parts ,bone #g parts ,barytes #c parts ,,iii4--,chain clay #e parts ,stone #c parts ,flint #a_/d part ,barytes #h parts ,superior4-- ,i4--,china clay #ce parts ,cornwall stone #bc parts ,bone #dj parts ,flint #b parts #afh ,,ii4--,china clay #ce parts ,cornwall stone #h parts ,bone #ej parts ,flint #c parts ,blue clay #d parts ,,iii4--,china clay #h parts ,cornwall stone #dj parts ,bone #bi parts ,flint #e parts ,blue clay #ah parts ,,iv4--,china clay #cb parts ,cornwall stone #bc parts ,bone #cd parts ,flint #f parts ,blue clay #e parts ,v4--,china clay #g parts ,stone #dj parts ,bone #bh parts ,flint #e parts ,blue clay #bj parts ,finest ,china ,bodies4-- ,i4--,china clay #bj parts ,bone #fj parts ,feldspar #bj parts ,,ii4--,china clay #cj parts ,bone #dj parts ,feldspar #cj parts ,,iii4--,china clay #be parts ,stone #aj parts ,bone #de parts ,feldspar #bj parts ,,iv4--,china clay #cj parts ,stone #ae parts ,bone #ce parts ,feldspar #bj parts ,earthenware ,bodies4-- ,i4--,ball clay #ac parts ,china clay #i #a_/b parts ,flint #e #a_/b parts ,cornwall stone #d parts ,,ii4--,ball clay #ab #a_/b parts ,china clay #h parts ,flint #e #a_/b parts ,cornwall stone #b #a_/b parts ,one pint of cobalt stain to #a ton of glaze4 ,,iii4--,ball clay #ac #a_/d parts ,china clay #aa parts ,flint #d parts ,cornwall stone #e parts ,feldspar #d parts ,stain as required4 ,,iv4--,ball clay #ah #a_/b parts ,china clay #ac #a_/b parts ,flint #h #a_/b parts ,stone #d parts ,blue stain1 #b pints to ton4 ,v4--,ball clay #ae parts ,china clay #ab parts ,flint #f parts ,stone #d parts ,feldspar #d parts ,blue stain1 #b pints to ton4 ,,vi4 7,parian74-- ,stone #aa parts ,feldspar #aj parts ,china clay #h parts ,,colored ,,bodies3 ,ivory ,body4-- ,ball clay #bb parts ,china #e #a_/b parts ,flint #e parts ,stone #c #a_/b parts ,dark ,drab ,body4-- ,cane marl #cj parts ,ball clay #aj parts ,cornwall stone #g parts ,feldspar #d parts ,black ,body4-- ,ball clay #abj parts ,ocher #abj parts ,manganese #ce parts ,cobalt carbonate #b parts ,grind the three last mentioned ingredients first4 ,caledonia ,body4-- ,yellow clay #cb parts ,china clay #aj parts ,flint #d parts ,brown ,body4-- ,red clay #ej parts ,common clay #g #a_/b parts ,manganese #a part ,flint #a part ,jasper ,body4-- ,cawk clay #aj parts ,blue clay #aj parts ,bone #e parts ,flint #b parts ,cobalt #a_/d part ,stone ,body4-- ,stone #dh parts ,blue clay #be parts ,china clay #bd parts ,cobalt #aj parts ,egyptian ,black4-- ,blue clay #bce parts ,calcined ocher #bbe parts ,manganese #de parts ,china clay #ae parts ,ironstone ,body4-- ,stone #bjj parts ,cornwall clay #aej parts #afi ,blue clay #bjj parts ,flint #ajj parts ,calx #a part ,cream ,body4-- ,blue clay #a #a_/b parts ,brown clay #a #a_/b parts ,black clay #a part ,cornish clay #a part ,common ball clay #a_/d part ,buff color #a_/d part ,light ,drab4-- ,cane marl #cj parts ,ball clay #bd parts ,feldspar #g parts ,sage ,body4-- ,cane marl #ae parts ,ball clay #ae parts ,china clay #e parts ,stained with turquoise stain4 ,,colored ,,glazes ,,for ,,pottery3 ,blue4-- ,white glaze #ajj parts ,oxide of cobalt #c parts ,red lead #aj parts ,flowing blue #c parts ,enamel blue #c parts ,grind4 ,pink4-- ,white glaze #ajj parts ,red lead #h parts ,marone pink ,u4 ,g4 #h parts ,enamel red #c parts ,grind4 ,buff4-- ,white glaze #ajj parts ,red lead #aj parts ,buff color #h parts ,grind4 ,ivory4-- ,white glaze #ajj parts ,red lead #h parts ,enamel amber #h parts ,yellow underglaze #b parts ,grind4 ,turquoise4-- ,white glaze #ajj parts ,red lead #aj parts ,carbonate of soda #e parts ,enamel blue #d parts ,malachite1 #aaj #d parts ,grind4 ,yellow4-- ,i4--,white glaze #ajj parts ,red lead #aj parts ,oxide of uranium #h parts ,grind4 ,,ii4--,dried flint #e parts ,cornwall stone #ae parts ,litharge #ej parts ,yellow underglaze #d parts ,grind4 ,green4-- ,i4--,oxide of copper #h parts ,flint of glass #c parts ,flint #a part ,red lead #f parts ,grind1 then take3 ,of above #a part ,white glaze #f parts ,or stronger as required4 ,,ii4--,red lead #fj parts ,stone #bd parts ,flint #ab parts ,flint glass #ab parts ,china clay #c parts ,calcined oxide of copper #ad parts ,oxide of cobalt #a_/d part ,grind only4 ,green ,glaze1 ,best4-- ,,iii4--,stone #hj parts ,flint #h parts ,soda crystals #d parts ,borax #c #a_/b parts ,niter #b parts ,whiting #b parts ,oxide of cobalt #a_/d part ,glost fire1 then take3 ,above frit #fj parts ,red lead #eg parts ,calcined oxide of copper #e #a_/d parts ,black4-- ,red lead #bd parts ,raddle #d parts ,manganese #d parts ,flint #b parts ,oxide of cobalt #b parts ,carbonate of cobalt #b parts ,glost fire4 ,,white ,,glazes3 ,china4--,frit3 ,i4--,stone #f parts ,niter #b parts ,borax #ab parts ,flint #d parts ,pearl ash #b parts ,to mill3 ,frit #bd parts ,stone #ae #a_/b parts ,flint #f #a_/b parts ,white lead #ca parts #agj ,,ii4--,frit3 ,stone #bd parts ,borax #ec parts ,lynn sand #dj parts ,feldspar #cb parts ,paris white #af parts ,to mill3 ,frit #ij parts ,stone #cj parts ,white lead #ij parts ,flint #d parts ,glass #b parts ,,iii4--,frit3 ,stone #ej parts ,borax #dj parts ,flint #cj parts ,flint glass #cj parts ,pearl barytes #aj parts ,to mill3 ,frit #afj parts ,red lead #cj parts ,enamel blue #a_/b part ,flint glass #b parts ,,iv4--,frit3 ,borax #ajj parts ,china clay #ee parts ,whiting #fj parts ,feldspar #ge parts ,to mill3 ,frit #bjj parts ,china clay #af parts ,white clay #c #a_/b parts ,stone #c parts ,flint #b parts ,v4--,frit3 ,stone #dj parts ,flint #be parts ,niter #aj parts ,borax #bj parts ,white lead #aj parts ,flint glass #dj parts ,to mill3 ,frit #ade parts ,stone #ef parts ,borax #af parts ,flint #ae parts ,red lead #fj parts ,flint glass #h parts ,earthenware4--,frit3 ,i4--,flint #ajh parts ,china clay #de parts ,paris white #fj parts ,borax #hj parts ,soda crystals #cj parts ,to mill3 ,frit #bgj parts ,flint #bj parts ,paris white #ae parts ,stone #hj parts ,white lead #fe parts ,,ii4--,frit3 ,flint #fb parts ,china clay #cj parts ,paris white #ch parts ,boracic acid #dh parts ,soda crystals #bf parts ,to mill3 ,frit #bcj parts ,stone #afj parts ,flint #fj parts ,lead #abj parts ,,iii4--,frit3 ,stone #ef parts ,paris white #ee parts ,flint #fj parts ,china clay #bj parts ,borax #abj parts ,soda crystals #ae parts ,to mill3 ,frit #bab parts ,stone #acj parts ,flint #ej parts ,lead #aaj parts ,stain as required4 ,,iv4--,frit3 ,stone #ajj parts ,flint #dd parts ,paris white #df parts ,borax #gj parts ,niter #aj parts ,to mill3 ,frit #bjj parts ,stone #fj parts ,lead #hj parts ,pearl ,white ,glaze4--,frit3 ,flint #ej parts ,stone #ajj parts ,paris white #bj parts ,borax #fj parts ,soda crystals #bj parts ,to mill3 ,frit #agh pounds ,lead #ee pounds ,stain #c ounces ,opaque ,glaze4--,frit3 ,borax #gd parts ,stone #id parts ,flint #cj parts ,china clay #bb parts ,pearl ash #e #a_/b parts ,to mill3 ,frit #age parts ,lead #df parts #aga ,flint #aj parts ,oxide of tin #ab parts ,flint glass #ab parts ,glaze for ,granite4--,frit3 ,i4--,stone #ajj parts ,flint #hj parts ,china clay #cj parts ,paris white #cj parts ,feldspar #dj parts ,soda crystals #dj parts ,borax #hj parts ,to mill3 ,frit #cfj parts ,flint #ej parts ,stone #ej parts ,lead #hj parts ,,ii4--,frit3 ,borax #ajj parts ,stone #ej parts ,flint #ej parts ,paris white #dj parts ,china clay #bj parts ,to mill3 ,frit #baj parts ,stone #ajd parts ,flint #fd parts ,lead #ie parts ,raw ,glazes4--,white3 ,i4--,white lead #afj parts ,borax #cb parts ,stone #dh parts ,flint #eb parts ,stain with blue and grind4 ,,ii4--,white lead #hj parts ,litharge #fj parts ,boracic acid #dj parts ,stone #de parts ,flint #ej parts ,treat as foregoing4 ,,iii4--,white lead #ajj parts ,borax #d parts ,flint #aa parts ,cornwall stone #ej parts ,,iv4--,red lead #hj parts ,litharge #fj parts ,tincal #dj parts ,stone #dj parts ,flint #eb parts ,,rockingham ,,glazes4 ,i4--,litharge #ej parts ,stone #g #a_/b parts ,red marl #c parts ,oxide of manganese #e parts ,red oxide of iron #a part ,,ii4--,white lead #cj parts ,stone #c parts ,flint #i parts ,red marl #c parts ,manganese #e parts ,,iii4--,red lead #bj parts ,stone #c parts ,flint #b parts ,china clay #b parts ,manganese #c parts ,red oxide of iron #a part ,stoneware ,bodies4-- ,ball clay #ad parts ,china clay #aj parts ,stone #h parts ,ball clay #h parts ,china clay #e parts ,flint #c parts ,stone #d parts ,ball clay #ad parts ,china clay #aa parts ,flint #d parts ,stone #e parts ,feldspar #d parts ,cane marl #af parts ,china clay #aj parts ,stone #i parts ,flint #e parts ,glazes4--,hard glaze3 ,stone #aj parts ,flint #e parts ,whiting #a #a_/b parts ,red lead #aj parts ,hard glaze3 ,feldspar #be parts ,flint #e parts ,red lead #ae parts ,plaster #a part ,softer3 ,white lead #ac parts ,flint glass #aj parts ,feldspar #ah parts ,stone #c parts ,whiting #a #a_/b parts ,best3 ,feldspar #bj parts ,flint glass #ad parts ,white lead #ad parts ,stone #c parts ,oxide of zinc #c parts ,whiting #a #a_/b parts ,plaster #a part ,rockingham ,bodies4-- ,ball clay #bj parts ,china clay #ac parts ,flint #g parts ,stone #a part ,cane marl #bb parts ,china clay #ae parts ,flint #h parts ,feldspar #a part #agb ,glazes4-- ,i4--,red lead #fj parts ,stone #h parts ,red clay #c parts ,best manganese #e parts ,,ii4--,white lead #fj parts ,feldspar #f parts ,flint #af parts ,red clay #f parts ,manganese #ab parts ,,iii4--,red lead #ajj parts ,stone #ae parts ,flint #aj parts ,china clay #aj parts ,manganese #dj parts ,crocus martis #b parts ,,iv4--,litharge #ajj parts ,feldspar #ad parts ,china clay #bj parts ,manganese #dj parts ,oxide of iron #b parts ,jet4--,procure some first-class red marl1 add water1 and1 by passing through a fine lawn1 make it into a slip1 and dip the ware therein4 ,when fired use the following3 ,glaze4-- ,stone #fj parts ,flint #cj parts ,paris white #g #a_/b parts ,red lead #adj parts ,one part mazarine blue stain to #aj parts glaze4 ,mazarine ,blue ,stain4-- ,oxide of cobalt #aj parts ,paris white #i parts ,sulphate barytes #a part ,calcine4 ,another ,process ,body4-- ,ball clay #af parts ,china clay #ab parts ,flint clay #i parts ,stone clay #f parts ,black stain #g parts ,glaze4-- ,litharge #gj parts ,paris white #c parts ,flint #ab parts ,stone #cj parts ,black stain #bj parts ,black ,stain4-- ,chromate of iron #ab parts ,oxide of nickel #b parts ,oxide of tin #b parts ,carbonate of cobalt #e parts ,oxide of manganese #b parts ,calcine and grind4 ,blue ,stains4-- ,i4--,oxide of cobalt #b #a_/b parts ,oxide of zinc #g #a_/b parts ,stone #g #a_/b parts ,fire this very hard4 ,,ii4--,zinc #f pounds ,flint #d pounds ,china clay #d pounds ,oxide of cobalt #e ounces ,hard fire4 ,,iii4--,whiting #c #c_/d parts ,flint #c #c_/d parts ,oxide of cobalt #b #a_/b parts ,glost fire4 ,turquoise ,stain4-- ,prepared cobalt #a #a_/b parts ,oxide of zinc #f parts ,china clay #f parts ,carbonate of soda4 #a part ,hard fire4 ,,materials3 ,tin ,ash4-- ,old lead #d parts ,grain tin #b parts ,melt in an iron ladle1 and pour out in water1 then spread on a dish1 and calcine in glost oven with plenty of air4 ,oxide of ,tin4-- ,granulated tin #e pounds ,niter #a_/b pound ,put on saucers and fire in glost oven4 ,oxide of ,chrome is made by mixing powdered bichromate of potash with sulphur as follows3 ,potash #f parts ,flowers of sulphur #a part ,put in saggar1 inside kiln1 so that fumes are carried away1 and place #d or #e pieces of red-hot iron on the top so as to ignite it4 ,leave about #ab hours1 then pound very fine1 and put in saggar again4 ,calcine in hard place of biscuit oven4 ,wash this until the water is quite clear1 and dry for use4 ,production of ,luster ,colors on ,porcelain and ,glazed ,pottery4--,the luster colors are readily decomposed by acids and atmospheric influences1 because they do not contain1 in consequence of the low baking temperature1 enough silicic acid to form resistive compounds4 ,in order to attain this1 ,g4 ,alefeld has patented a process according to which such compounds are added to the luster preparations as leave behind after the burning an acid which transforms the luster preparation into more resisting #agc compounds4 ,in this connection the admixture of such bodies has been found advantageous1 as they form phosphides with the metallic oxides of the lusters after the burning4 ,these phosphides are especially fitted for the production of saturated resisting compounds1 not only on account of their insolubility in water1 but also on account of their colorings4 ,similarly titanic1 molybdic1 tungstic1 and vanadic compounds may be produced4 ,the metallic phosphates produced by the burning give a luster coating which1 as regards gloss1 is not inferior to the non-saturated metallic oxides1 while it materially excels them in power of resistance4 ,since the lusters to be applied are used dissolved in essential oils1 it is necessary to make the admixture of phosphoric substance also in a form soluble in essential oils4 ,for the production of this admixture the respective chlorides1 preeminently phosphoric chloride1 are suitable4 ,they are mixed with oil of lavender in the ratio of #a to #e1 and the resulting reaction product is added to the commercial metallic oxide luster1 singly or in conjunction with precious metal preparations 7glossy gold1 silver1 platinum1 etc47 in the approximate proportion of #e to #a4 ,then proceed as usual4 ,instead of the chlorides1 nitrates and acetates1 as well as any readily destructible organic compounds1 may also be employed1 which are entered into fusing rosin or rosinous liquids4 ,metallic ,luster on ,pottery4--,according to a process patented in ,germany1 a mixture is prepared from various natural or artificial varieties of ocher1 to which #be-ej per cent of finely powdered more or less metalliferous or sulphurous coal is added4 ,the mass treated in this manner is brought together in saggars with finely divided organic substances1 such as sawdust1 shavings1 wood-wool1 cut straw1 etc41 and subjected to feeble red heat4 ,after the heating the material is taken out4 ,the glazings now exhibit that thin but stable metallic color which is governed by the substances used4 ,besides coal1 salts and oxides of silver1 cobalt1 cadmium1 chrome iron1 nickel1 manganese1 copper1 or zinc may be employed4 ,the color-giving layer is removed by washing or brushing1 while the desired color is burned in and remains4 ,in this manner handsome shades can be produced4 ,metallic ,glazes on ,enamels4--,the formulas used by the ,arabs and their ,italian successors are partly disclosed in manuscripts in the ,british and ,south ,kensington ,museums2 two are given below3 ,arab ,italian ,copper sulphide #bf4hg #bd4gd ,silver sulphide #a4ae #a4jc ,mercury sulphide -- #bd4gd ,red ocher #ga4ih #di4di ,these were ground with vinegar and applied with the brush to the already baked enamel4 ,a great variety of iridescent and metallic tones can be obtained by one or the other1 or a mixture of the following formulas3 ,i ,,ii ,,iii ,,iv ,v ,,vi ,copper carbonate #cj -- -- #bh -- #ie ,copper oxalate -- -- -- -- #e -- ,copper sulphide -- #bj -- -- -- -- ,silver carbonate -- #c -- #b #a #e ,bismuth subnitrate -- #ab -- -- #aj -- ,stannous oxide -- -- #be -- -- -- ,red ocher #gj #he #ee #gj #hd -- ,silver chloride and yellow ocher may be respectively substituted for silver carbonate and red ocher4 ,the ingredients1 ground with a little gum tragacanth and water1 are applied with a brush to enamels melting about #ahad ,f41 and are furnaced at #abjb ,f4 in a reducing atmosphere4 ,after cooling the ferruginous deposit is rubbed off1 and the colors thus brought out4 ,sulphur1 free or combined1 is not necessary1 cinnabar has no action1 ocher may be dispensed with1 and any organic gummy matter may be used instead of vinegar1 and broom is not needed in the furnace4 ,the intensity and tone of the iridescence depend on the duration of the reduction1 and the nature of the enamel4 ,enamels containing a coloring base--copper1 iron1 antimony1 nickel--especially in presence of tin1 give the best results4 ,to ,toughen ,china4--,to toughen china or glass place the new article in cold water1 bring to boil gradually1 boil for #d hours1 and leave standing in the water till cool4 ,glass or china toughened in this way will never crack with hot water4 ,how to ,tell ,pottery and ,porcelain4--,the following simple test will serve3 ,hold the piece up to the light1 and if it can be seen through--that is1 if it is translucent--it is porcelain4 ,pottery is opaque1 and not so hard and white as porcelain4 ,the main differences in the manufacture of stoneware1 earthenware1 and porcelain are due to the ingredients used1 to the way they are mixed1 and to the degree of heat to which they are #agd subjected in firing4 ,most of the old ,english wares found in this country are pottery or semichina1 although the term china is commonly applied to them all4 ,cheese ,manufacture4--,the process of cheese making is one which is eminently interesting and scientific1 and which1 in every gradation1 depends on principles which chemistry has developed and illustrated4 ,when a vegetable or mineral acid is added to milk1 and heat applied1 a coagulum is formed1 which1 when separated from the liquid portion1 constitutes cheese4 ,neutral salts1 earthy and metallic salts1 sugar1 and gum arabic1 as well as some other substances1 also produce the same effect2 but that which answers the purpose best1 and which is almost exclusively used by dairy farmers1 is rennet1 or the mucous membrane of the last stomach of the calf4 ,alkalies dissolve this curd at a boiling heat1 and acids again precipitate it4 ,the solubility of casein in milk is occasioned by the presence of the phosphates and other salts of the alkalies4 ,in fresh milk these substances may be readily detected by the property it possesses of restoring the color of reddened litmus paper4 ,the addition of an acid neutralizes the alkali1 and so precipitates the curd in an insoluble state4 ,the philosophy of cheese making is thus expounded by ,liebig3 8,the acid indispensable to the coagulation of milk is not added to the milk in the preparation of cheese1 but it is formed in the milk at the expense of the milk-sugar present4 ,a small quantity of water is left in contact with a small quantity of a calf's stomach for a few hours1 or for a night2 the water absorbs so minute a portion of the mucous membrane as to be scarcely ponderable2 this is mixed with milk2 its state of transformation is communicated 7and this is a most important circumstance7 not to the cheese1 but to the milk-sugar1 the elements of which transpose themselves into lactic acid1 which neutralizes the alkalies1 and thus causes the separation of the cheese4 ,by means of litmus paper the process may be followed and observed through all its stages2 the alkaline reaction of the milk ceases as soon as the coagulation begins4 ,if the cheese is not immediately separated from the whey1 the formation of lactic acid continues1 the fluid turns acid1 and the cheese itself passes into a state of decomposition4 8,when cheese-curd is kept in a cool place a series of transformation takes place1 in consequence of which it assumes entirely new properties2 it gradually becomes semi-transparent1 and more or less soft1 throughout the whole mass2 it exhibits a feebly acid reaction1 and develops the characteristic caseous odor4 ,fresh cheese is very sparingly soluble in water1 but after having been left to itself for two or three years it becomes 7especially if all the fat be previously removed7 almost completely soluble in cold water1 forming with it a solution which1 like milk1 is coagulated by the addition of the acetic or any mineral acid4 ,the cheese1 which whilst fresh is insoluble1 returns during the maturation1 or ripening1 as it is called1 to a state similar to that in which it originally existed in the milk4 ,in those ,english1 ,dutch1 and ,swiss cheeses which are nearly inodorous1 and in the superior kinds of ,french cheese1 the casein of the milk is present in its unaltered state4 8,the odor and flavor of the cheese is due to the decomposition of the butter2 the non-volatile acids1 the margaric and oleic acids1 and the volatile butyric acid1 capric and caproic acids are liberated in consequence of the decomposition of glycerine4 ,butyric acid imparts to cheese its characteristic caseous odor1 and the differences in its pungency or aromatic flavor depend upon the proportion of free butyric1 capric1 and caproic acids present4 ,in the cheese of certain dairies and districts1 valerianic acid has been detected along with the other acids just referred to4 ,messrs ,jljenjo and ,laskowski found this acid in the cheese of ,limbourg1 and ,m4 ,bolard in that of ,roquefort4 8,the transition of the insoluble into soluble casein depends upon the decomposition of the phosphate of lime by the margaric acid of the butter2 margarate of lime is formed1 whilst the phosphoric acid combines with the casein1 forming a compound soluble in water4 8,the bad smell of inferior kinds of cheese1 especially those called meager or poor cheeses1 is caused by certain fetid products containing sulphur1 and which are formed by the decomposition or putrefaction of the casein4 ,the alteration which the butter undergoes 7that is1 in becoming rancid71 or which occurs in the milk-sugar still present1 being transmitted to the casein1 changes both the composition of the latter substance and its nutritive qualities4 8,the principal conditions for the preparation of the superior kinds of cheese #age 7other obvious circumstances being of course duly regarded7 are a careful removal of the whey1 which holds the milk-sugar in solution1 and a low temperature during the maturation or ripening of the cheese40 ,cheese differs vastly in quality and flavor according to the method employed in its manufacture and the richness of the milk of which it is made4 ,much depends upon the quantity of cream it contains1 and1 consequently1 when a superior quality of cheese is desired cream is frequently added to the curd4 ,this plan is adopted in the manufacture of ,stilton cheese and others of a like description4 ,the addition of a pound or two of butter to the curd for a middling size cheese also vastly improves the quality of the product4 ,to insure the richness of the milk1 not only should the cows be properly fed1 but certain breeds chosen4 ,those of ,alderney1 ,cheddar1 ,cheshire1 etc41 have been widely preferred4 ,the materials employed in making cheese are milk and rennet4 ,rennet is used either fresh or salted and dried2 generally in the latter state4 ,the milk may be of any kind1 according to the quality of the cheese required4 ,cows' milk is that generally employed1 but occasionally ewes' milk is used2 and sometimes1 though more rarely1 that from goats4 ,in preparing his cheese the dairy farmer puts the greater portion of the milk into a large tub1 to which he adds the remainder1 sufficiently heated to raise the temperature to that of new milk4 ,the whole is then whisked together1 the rennet or rennet liquor added1 and the tub covered over4 ,it is now allowed to stand until completely 8turned10 when the curd is gently struck down several times with the skimming dish1 after which it is allowed to subside4 ,the vat1 covered with cheese cloth1 is next placed on a 8horse0 or 8ladder0 over the tub1 and filled with curd by means of the skimmer1 care being taken to allow as little as possible of the oily particles or butter to run back with the whey4 ,the curd is pressed down with the hands1 and more added as it sinks4 ,this process is repeated until the curd rises to about two inches above the edge4 ,the newly formed cheese1 thus partially separated from the whey1 is now placed in a clean tub1 and a proper quantity of salt1 as well as of annotta1 added when that coloring is used1 after which a board is placed over and under it1 and pressure applied for about #b or #c hours4 ,the cheese is next turned out and surrounded by a fresh cheese cloth1 and then again submitted to pressure in the cheese press for #h or #aj hours1 after which it is commonly removed from the press1 salted all over1 and again pressed for #ae to #bj hours4 ,the quality of the cheese especially depends on this part of the process1 as if any of the whey is left in the cheese it rapidly becomes bad-flavored4 ,before placing it in the press the last time the common practice is to pare the edges smooth and sightly4 ,it now only remains to wash the outside of the cheese in warm whey or water1 to wipe it dry1 and to color it with annotta or reddle1 as is usually done4 ,the storing of the newly made cheese is the next point that engages the attention of the maker and wholesale dealer4 ,the same principles which influence the maturation or ripening of fermented liquors also operate here4 ,a cool cellar1 neither damp nor dry1 and which is uninfluenced by change of weather or season1 is commonly regarded as the best for the purpose4 ,if possible1 the temperature should on no account be permitted to exceed #ej or #eb ,f4 at any portion of the year4 ,an average of about #de ,f4 is preferable when it can be procured4 ,a place exposed to sudden changes of temperature is as unfit for storing cheese as it is for storing beer4 8,the quality of ,roquefort cheese1 which is prepared from sheep's milk1 and is very excellent1 depends exclusively upon the places where the cheeses are kept after pressing and during maturation4 ,these are cellars1 communicating with mountain grottoes and caverns which are kept constantly cool1 at about #da to #db ,f41 by currents of air from clefts in the mountains4 ,the value of these cellars as storehouses varies with their property of maintaining an equable and low temperature40 ,it will thus be seen that very slight differences in the materials1 in the preparation1 or in storing of the cheese1 materially influence the quality and flavor of this article4 ,the richness of the milk2 the addition to or subtraction of cream from the milk2 the separation of the curd from the whey with or without compression2 the salting of the curd2 the collection of the curd1 either whole or broken1 before pressing2 the addition of coloring matter1 as annotta or saffron1 or of flavoring2 the place and method of storing2 and the length of time allowed for maturation1 all tend to alter the taste and odor of the cheese in some or other particular1 and that in a way readily #agf perceptible to the palate of the connoisseur4 ,no other alimentary substance appears to be so seriously affected by slight variations in the quality of the materials from which it is made1 or by such apparently trifling differences in the methods of preparing4 ,the varieties of cheese met with in commerce are very numerous1 and differ greatly from each other in richness1 color1 and flavor4 ,these are commonly distinguished by names indicative of the places in which they have been manufactured1 or of the quality of the materials from which they have been prepared4 ,thus we have ,dutch1 ,gloucester1 ,stilton1 skimmed milk1 raw milk1 cream1 and other cheeses2 names which explain themselves4 ,the following are the principal varieties3 ,american ,factory4--,same as ,cheddar4 ,brickbat4--,named from its form2 made1 in ,wiltshire1 of new milk and cream4 ,brie4--,a soft1 white1 cream cheese of ,french origin4 ,cheddar4--,a fine1 spongy kind of cheese1 the eyes or vesicles of which contain a rich oil2 made up into round1 thick cheeses of considerable size 7#aej to #bjj pounds74 ,cheshire4--,from new milk1 without skimming1 the morning's milk being mixed with that of the preceding evening's1 previously warmed1 so that the whole may be brought to the heat of new milk4 ,to this the rennet is added1 in less quantity than is commonly used for other kinds of cheese4 ,on this point much of the flavor and mildness of the cheese is said to depend4 ,a piece of dried rennet1 of the size of a half-dollar put into a pint of water over night1 and allowed to stand until the next morning1 is sufficient for #ah or #bj gallons of milk2 in large1 round1 thick cheeses 7#ajj to #bjj pounds each74 ,they are generally solid1 homogeneous1 and dry1 and friable rather than viscid4 ,cottenham4--,a rich kind of cheese1 in flavor and consistence not unlike ,stilton1 from which1 however1 it differs in shape1 being flatter and broader than the latter4 ,cream4--,from the 8strippings0 7the last of the milk drawn from the cow at each milking71 from a mixture of milk and cream1 or from raw cream only1 according to the quality desired4 ,it is usually made in small oblong1 square1 or rounded cakes1 a general pressure only 7that of a #b- or #d-pound weight7 being applied to press out the whey4 ,after #ab hours it is placed upon a board or wooden trencher1 and turned every day until dry4 ,it ripens in about #c weeks4 ,a little salt is generally added1 and frequently a little powdered lump sugar4 ,damson4--,prepared from damsons boiled with a little water1 the pulp passed through a sieve1 and then boiled with about one-fourth the weight of sugar1 until the mixture solidifies on cooling2 it is next poured into small tin molds previously dusted out with sugar4 ,cherry cheese1 gooseberry cheese1 plum cheese1 etc41 are prepared in the same way1 using the respective kinds of fruit4 ,they are all very agreeable candies or confections4 ,derbyshire4--,a small1 white1 rich variety1 very similar to ,dunlop cheese4 ,dunlop4--,rich1 white1 and buttery2 in round forms1 weighing from #cj to #fj pounds4 ,dutch 7,holland74--,of a globular form1 #e to #ad pounds each4 ,those from ,edam are very highly salted2 those from ,gouda less so4 ,emmenthaler4--,same as ,gruyre4 ,gloucester4--,single ,gloucester1 from milk deprived of part of its cream2 double ,gloucester1 from milk retaining the whole of the cream4 ,mild tasted1 semi-buttery consistence1 without being friable2 in large1 round1 flattish forms4 ,green or ,sage4--,from milk mixed with the juice of an infusion or decoction of sage leaves1 to which marigold flowers and parsley are frequently added4 ,gruyre4--,a fine kind of cheese made in ,switzerland1 and largely consumed on the ,continent4 ,it is firm and dry1 and exhibits numerous cells of considerable magnitude4 ,holland4--,same as ,dutch4 ,leguminous4--,the ,chinese prepare an actual cheese from peas1 called tao-foo1 which they sell in the streets of ,canton4 ,the paste from steeped ground peas is boiled1 which causes the starch to dissolve with the casein2 after straining the liquid it is coagulated by a solution of gypsum2 this coagulum is worked up like sour milk1 salted1 and pressed into molds4 ,limburger4--,a strong variety of cheese1 soft and well ripened4 ,lincoln4--,from new milk and cream2 in pieces about #b inches thick4 ,soft1 and will not keep over #b or #c months4 #agg ,neufchtel4--,a much-esteemed variety of ,swiss cheese2 made of cream1 and weighs about #e or #f ounces4 ,norfolk4--,dyed yellow with annotta or saffron2 good1 but not superior2 in cheeses of #cj to #ej pounds4 ,parmesan4--,from the curd of skimmed milk1 hardened by a gentle heat4 ,the rennet is added at about #abj1 and an hour afterwards the curdling milk is set on a slow fire until heated to about #aej ,f41 during which the curd separates in small lumps4 ,a few pinches of saffron are then thrown in4 ,about a fortnight after making the outer crust is cut off1 and the new surface varnished with linseed oil1 and one side colored red4 ,roquefort4--,from ewes' milk2 the best prepared in ,france4 ,it greatly resembles ,stilton1 but is scarcely of equal richness or quality1 and possesses a peculiar pungency and flavor4 ,roquefort1 ,imitation4--,the gluten of wheat is kneaded with a little salt and a small portion of a solution of starch1 and made up into cheeses4 ,it is said that this mixture soon acquires the taste1 smell1 and unctuosity of cheese1 and when kept a certain time is not to be distinguished from the celebrated ,roquefort cheese1 of which it possesses all the peculiar pungency4 ,by slightly varying the process other kinds of cheese may be imitated4 ,sage4--,same as green cheese4 ,slipcoat or ,soft4--,a very rich1 white cheese1 somewhat resembling butter2 for present use only4 ,stilton4--,the richest and finest cheese made in ,england4 ,from raw milk to which cream taken from other milk is added2 in cheeses generally twice as high as they are broad4 ,like wine1 this cheese is vastly improved by age1 and is therefore seldom eaten before it is #b years old4 ,a spurious appearance of age is sometimes given to it by placing it in a warm1 damp cellar1 or by surrounding it with masses of fermenting straw or dung4 ,suffolk4--,from skimmed milk2 in round1 flat forms1 from #bd to #cj pounds each4 ,very hard and horny4 ,swiss4--,the principal cheeses made in ,switzerland are the ,gruyre1 the ,neufchtel1 and the ,schabzieger or green cheese4 ,the latter is flavored with melitot4 ,westphalian4--,made in small balls or rolls of about #a pound each4 ,it derives its peculiar flavor from the curd being allowed to become partially putrid before being pressed4 ,in small balls or rolls of about #a pound each4 ,wiltshire4--,resembles ,cheshire or ,gloucester4 ,the outside is painted with reddle or red ocher or whey4 ,york4--,from cream4 ,it will not keep4 ,we give below the composition of some of the principal varieties of cheese3 ,double ,cheddar ,gloucester ,skim ,water #cf4fd #ce4fa #dc4fd ,casein #bc4ch #ba4gf #de4fd ,fatty matter #ce4dd #ch4af #e4gf ,mineral matter #d4ed #d4dg #d4if #ajj4jj #ajj4jj #ajj4jj ,stilton ,cotherstone ,water #cb4ah #ch4bh ,butter #cg4cf #cj4hi ,casein #bd4ca #bc4ic ,milk1 sugar1 and extractive matters #b4bb #c4gj ,mineral matter #c4ic #c4bj #ajj4jj #ajj4jj ,gruyre ,ordinary 7,swiss7 ,dutch ,water #dj4jj #cf4aj ,casein #ca4ej #bi4dj ,fatty matter #bd4jj #bg4ej ,salts #c4jj 4#ij ,nonnitrogenous organic matter and loss4 #a4ej #f4aj #ajj4jj #ajj4jj ,when a whole cheese is cut1 and the consumption small1 it is generally found to become unpleasantly dry1 and to lose flavor before it is consumed4 ,this is best prevented by cutting a sufficient quantity for a few days' consumption from the cheese1 and keeping the remainder in a cool place1 rather damp than dry1 spreading a thin film of butter over the fresh surface1 and covering it with a cloth or pan to keep off the dirt4 ,this removes the objection existing in small families against purchasing a whole cheese at a time4 ,the common practice of buying small quantities of cheese should be avoided1 as not only a higher price is paid for any given quality1 but there is little likelihood of obtaining exactly the same flavor twice running4 ,should cheese become too dry to be #agh agreeable1 it may be used for stewing1 or for making grated cheese1 or ,welsh rarebits4 ,goats' ,milk ,cheese4--,goats' milk cheese is made as follows3 ,warm #bj quarts of milk and coagulate it with rennet1 either the powder or extract4 ,separate the curds from the whey in a colander4 ,after a few days the dry curd may be shaped into larger or smaller cheeses1 the former only salted1 the latter containing salt and caraway seed4 ,the cheeses must be turned every day1 and sprinkled with salt1 and any mold removed4 ,after a few days they may be put away on shelves to ripen1 and left for several weeks4 ,pure goat's milk cheese should be firm and solid all the way through4 ,twenty quarts of milk will make about #d pounds of cheese4 ,,cheese ,,colorant3 ,see ,food4 ,,chemical ,,gardens3 ,see ,gardens1 ,chemical4 ,,cherry ,,balsam3 ,see ,balsam4 ,,cherry ,,cordial3 ,see ,wines and ,liquors4 ,chewing ,gums ,manufacture4--,the making of chewing gum is by no means the simple operation which it seems to be4 ,much experience in manipulation is necessary to succeed1 and the published formulas can at best serve as a guide rather than as something to be absolutely and blindly followed4 ,thus1 if the mass is either too hard or soft1 change the proportions until it is right2 often it will be found that different purchases of the same article will vary in their characteristics when worked up4 ,but given a basis1 the manufacturer can flavor and alter to suit himself4 ,the most successful manufacturers attribute their success to the employment of the most approved machinery and the greatest attention to details4 ,the working formulas and the processes of these manufacturers are guarded as trade secrets1 and aside from publishing general formulas1 little information can be given4 ,chicle gum is purified by boiling with water and separating the foreign matter4 ,flavorings1 pepsin1 sugar1 etc41 are worked in under pressure by suitable machinery4 ,formula3 ,i4--,gum chicle #a pound ,sugar #b pounds ,glucose #a pound ,caramel butter #a pound ,first mash and soften the gum at a gentle heat4 ,place the sugar and glucose in a small copper pan2 add enough water to dissolve the sugar2 set on a fire and cook to #bdd ,f42 lift off the fire2 add the caramel butter and lastly the gum2 mix well into a smooth paste2 roll out on a smooth marble1 dusting with finely powdered sugar1 run through sizing machine to the proper thickness1 cut into strips1 and again into thin slices4 ,,ii4--,chicle #f ounces ,paraffine #b ounces ,balsam of ,tolu #b drachms ,balsam of ,peru #a drachm ,sugar #bj ounces ,glucose #h ounces ,water #f ounces ,flavoring1 enough4 ,triturate the chicle and balsams in water1 take out and add the paraffine1 first heated4 ,boil the sugar1 glucose1 and water together to what is known to confectioners as 8crack0 heat1 pour the syrup over the oil slab and turn into it the gum mixture1 which will make it tough and plastic4 ,add any desired flavor4 ,,iii4--,gum chicle4 #abb parts ,paraffine #db parts ,balsam of ,tolu4 #d parts ,sugar #chd parts ,water #dh parts ,dissolve the sugar in the water by the aid of heat and pour the resultant syrup on an oiled slab4 ,melt the gum1 balsam1 and paraffine together and pour on top of the syrup1 and work the whole up together4 ,,iv4--,gum chicle #bdj parts ,white wax #fd parts ,sugar #fdj parts ,glucose #abh parts ,water #aib parts ,balsam of ,peru #d parts ,flavoring matter1 enough4 ,proceed as indicated in ,,ii4 ,v4--,balsam of ,tolu #d parts ,benzoin #a part ,white wax #a part ,paraffine #a part ,powdered sugar #a part ,melt together1 mix well1 and roll into sticks of the usual dimensions4 ,mix1 and1 when sufficiently cool1 roll out into sticks or any other desirable form4 #agi ,spruce ,chewing ,gum4-- ,spruce gum #bj parts ,chicle #bj parts ,sugar1 powdered #fj parts ,melt the gums separately1 mix while hot1 and immediately add the sugar1 a small portion at a time1 kneading it thoroughly on a hot slab4 ,when completely incorporated remove to a cold slab1 previously dusted with powdered sugar1 roll out at once into sheets1 and cut into sticks4 ,any desired flavor or color may be added to or incorporated with the sugar4 ,,chicken-,,coop ,,application3 ,see ,insecticides4 ,,chicken ,,diseases ,,and ,,their ,,remedies3 ,see ,veterinary ,formulas4 ,,chicory1 ,,tests ,,for3 ,see ,foods4 ,,chilblains3 ,see ,ointments4 ,,chilblain ,,soap3 ,see ,soap4 ,,children1 ,,doses ,,for3 ,see ,doses4 ,,chills1 ,,bitters ,,for3 ,see ,wines and ,liquors4 ,,china ,,cements3 ,see ,adhesives and ,lutes4 ,,china3 ,see ,ceramics4 ,,china1 ,,to ,,remove ,,burned ,,letters ,,from3 ,see ,cleaning ,preparations and ,methods1 under ,miscellaneous ,methods4 ,,china ,,repairing3 ,see ,porcelain4 ,,china ,,riveting4 ,china riveting is best left to practical men1 but it can be done with a drill made from a splinter of a diamond fixed on a handle4 ,if this is not to be had1 get a small three-cornered file1 harden it by placing it in the fire till red hot1 and then plunging it in cold water4 ,next grind the point on a grindstone and finish on an oilstone4 ,with the point pick out the place to be bored1 taking care to do it gently for fear of breaking the article4 ,in a little while a piece will break off1 then the hole can easily be made by working the point round4 ,the wire may then be passed through and fastened4 ,a good cement may be made from #a ounce of grated cheese1 #a_/b ounce of finely powdered quicklime1 and white of egg sufficient to make a paste4 ,the less cement applied the better1 using a feather to spread it over the broken edge4 ,,chlorides1 ,,platt',s3 ,see ,disinfectants4 ,,chlorine-,,proofing3 ,see ,acid-,proofing4 ,,chocolate4 ,prepare #a1jjj parts of finished cacao and #cj parts of fresh cacao oil1 in a warmed1 polished1 iron mortar1 into a liquid substance1 add to it #hjj parts of finely powdered sugar1 and1 after a good consistency has been reached1 #fj parts of powdered iron lactate and #fj parts of sugar syrup1 finely rubbed together4 ,scent with #dj parts of vanilla sugar4 ,of this mass weigh out tablets of #abe parts into the molds4 ,coating ,tablets with ,chocolate4--,if a chocolate which is free from sugar be placed in a dish over a water bath1 it will melt into a fluid of proper consistence for coating tablets4 ,no water must be added4 ,the coating is formed by dipping the tablets4 ,when they are sufficiently hardened they are laid on oiled paper to dry4 ,,chocolate ,,castor-,,oil ,,lozenges3 ,see ,castor ,oil4 ,,chocolate ,,cordial3 ,see ,wines and ,liquors4 ,,chocolate ,,extracts3 ,see ,essences and ,extracts4 ,,chocolate ,,soda ,,water3 ,see ,beverages4 ,,choking ,,in ,,cattle3 ,see ,veterinary ,formulas4 ,,cholera ,,remedies3 ,sun ,cholera ,mixture4-- ,tincture of opium #a part ,tincture of capsicum #a part ,tincture of rhubarb #a part ,spirit of camphor #a part ,spirit of peppermint #a part ,squibb's ,diarrhea ,mixture4-- ,tincture opium #dj parts ,tincture capsicum #dj parts ,spirit camphor #dj parts ,chloroform #ae parts ,alcohol #fe parts #ahj ,aromatic ,rhubarb4-- ,cinnamon1 ground #h parts ,rhubarb #h parts ,calumba #d parts ,saffron #a part ,powdered opium #b parts ,oil peppermint #e parts ,alcohol1 q4 s4 ad4 #ajj parts ,macerate the ground drugs with #ge parts alcohol in a closely covered percolator for several days1 then allow percolation to proceed1 using sufficient alcohol to obtain #ie parts of percolate4 ,in percolate dissolve the oil of peppermint4 ,rhubarb and ,camphor4-- ,tincture capsicum #b ounces ,tincture opium #b ounces ,tincture camphor #c ounces ,tincture catechu #d ounces ,tincture rhubarb #d ounces ,spirit peppermint #d ounces ,blackberry ,mixture4-- ,fluid extract blackberry root #b pints ,fluid ginger1 soluble #e #a_/c ounces ,fluid catechu #e #a_/c ounces ,fluid opium for tincture #afj minims ,brandy #h ounces ,sugar #d pounds ,essence cloves #bef minims ,essence cinnamon #bef minims ,chloroform #abh minims ,alcohol 7#be per cent71 q4 s4 ad4 #a gallon ,,chowchow3 ,see ,condiments4 ,,chrome ,,yellow1 ,,test ,,for3 ,see ,pigments4 ,,chromium ,,glue3 ,see ,adhesives4 ,,chromo ,,making4 ,the production of chromo pictures requires a little skill4 ,practice is necessary4 ,the glass plate to be used should be washed off with warm water1 and then laid in a #aj per cent solution of nitric acid4 ,after one hour1 wash with clean1 cold water1 dry with a towel1 and polish the plate with good alcohol on the inside--hollow side--until no finger marks or streaks are visible4 ,this is best ascertained by breathing on the glass2 the breath should show an even blue surface on the glass4 ,coat the unmounted photograph to be colored with benzine by means of wadding1 but without pressure1 so that the retouching of the picture is not disturbed4 ,place #b tablets of ordinary kitchen gelatin in #h #c_/d ounces of distilled or pure rain water1 soak for an hour1 and then heat until the gelatin has completely dissolved4 ,pour this warm solution over the polished side of the glass1 so that the liquid is evenly distributed4 ,the best way is to pour the solution on the upper right-hand corner1 allowing it to flow into the left-hand corner1 from there to the left below and right below1 finally letting the superfluous liquid run off4 ,take the photograph1 which has been previously slightly moistened on the back1 lay it with the picture side on the gelatin-covered plate1 centering it nicely1 and squeeze out the excess gelatin solution gently1 preferably by means of a rubber squeegee4 ,care must be taken1 however1 not to displace the picture in this manipulation1 as it is easily spoiled4 ,the solution must never be allowed to boil1 since this would render the gelatin brittle and would result in the picture1 after having been finished1 cracking off from the glass in a short time4 ,when the picture has been attached to the glass plate without blisters 7which is best observed from the back71 the edge of the glass is cleansed of gelatin1 preferably by means of a small sponge and lukewarm water1 and the plate is allowed to dry over night4 ,when the picture and the gelatin are perfectly dry1 coat the back of the picture a few times with castor oil until it is perfectly transparent2 carefully remove the oil without rubbing1 and proceed with the painting1 which is best accomplished with good1 not over-thick oil colors4 ,the coloring must be observed from the glass side1 and for this reason the small details1 such as eyes1 lips1 beard1 and hair1 should first be sketched in4 ,when the first coat is dry the dress and the flesh tints are painted4 ,the whole surface may be painted over1 and it is not necessary to paint shadows1 as these are already present in the picture1 and consequently show the color through in varying strength4 ,when the coloring has dried1 a second glass plate should be laid on for protection1 pasting the two edges together with narrow strips of linen4 ,cider ,to ,make ,cider4--,pick the apples off the tree by hand4 ,every apple before going into the press should be carefully #aha wiped4 ,as soon as a charge of apples is ground1 remove the pomace and put in a cask with a false bottom and a strainer beneath it1 and a vessel to catch the drainage from pomace4 ,as fast as the juice runs from the press place it in clean1 sweet1 open tubs or casks with the heads out and provide with a faucet1 put in about two inches above bottom4 ,the juice should be closely watched and as soon as the least sign of fermentation appears 7bubbles on top1 etc47 it should be run off into casks prepared for this purpose and placed in a moderately cool room4 ,the barrels should be entirely filled1 or as near to the bunghole as possible4 ,after fermentation is well under way the spume or foam should be scraped off with a spoon several times a day4 ,when fermentation has ceased the cider is racked off into clean casks1 filled to the bunghole1 and the bung driven in tightly4 ,it is now ready for use or for bottling4 ,champagne ,cider4--,i4--,to convert ordinary cider into champagne cider1 proceed as follows3 ,to #ajj gallons of good cider add #c gallons of strained honey 7or #bd pounds of white sugar will answer71 stir in well1 tightly bung1 and let alone for a week4 ,clarify the cider by adding a half gallon of skimmed milk1 or #d ounces of gelatin dissolved in sufficient hot water and add #d gallons of proof spirit4 ,let stand #c days longer1 then syphon off1 bottle1 cork1 and tie or wire down4 ,bunging the cask tightly is done in order to induce a slow fermentation1 and thus retain in the cider as much carbonic acid as possible4 ,,ii4--,put #aj gallons of old and clean cider in a strong and iron-bound cask1 pitched within 7a sound beer cask is the very thing71 and add and stir in well #dj ounces of simple syrup4 ,add #e ounces of tartaric acid1 let dissolve1 then add #g #a_/b ounces sodium bicarbonate in powder4 ,have the bung ready and the moment the soda is added put it in and drive it home4 ,the cider will be ready for use in a few hours4 ,cider ,preservative4--,i4--,the addition of #aed grains of bismuth subnitrate to #bb gallons of cider prevents1 or materially retards1 the hardening of the beverage on exposure to air2 moreover1 the bismuth salt renders alcoholic fermentation more complete4 ,,ii4--,calcium sulphite 7sulphite of lime7 is largely used to prevent fermentation in cider4 ,about #a_/h to #a_/d of an ounce of the sulphite is required for #a gallon of cider4 ,it should first be dissolved in a small quantity of cider1 then added to the bulk1 and the whole agitated until thoroughly mixed4 ,the barrel should then be bunged and allowed to stand for several days1 until the action of the sulphite is exerted4 ,it will preserve the sweetness of cider perfectly1 but care should be taken not to add too much1 as that would impart a slight sulphurous taste4 ,artificial ,ciders4--,to #be gallons of soft water add #b pounds of tartaric acid1 #be or #cj pounds of sugar1 and a pint of yeast2 put in a warm place1 and let ferment for #ae days1 then add the flavoring matter to suit taste4 ,the various fruit ethers are for sale at any wholesale drug house4 ,bottling ,sweet ,cider4--,champagne quarts are generally used for bottling cider1 as they are strong and will stand pressure1 besides being a convenient size for consumers4 ,in making cider champagne the liquor should be clarified and bottled in the sweet condition1 that is to say1 before the greater part of the sugar which it contains has been converted into alcohol by fermentation4 ,the fermentation continues1 to a certain extent1 in the bottle1 transforming more of the sugar into alcohol1 and the carbonic acid1 being unable to escape1 is dissolved in the cider and produces the sparkling4 ,the greater the quantity of sugar contained in the liquor1 when it is bottled1 the more complete is its carbonation by the carbonic-acid gas1 and consequently the more sparkling it is when poured out4 ,but this is true only within certain limits1 for if the production of sugar is too high the fermentation will be arrested4 ,to make the most sparkling cider the liquor is allowed to stand for three1 four1 five1 or six weeks1 during which fermentation proceeds4 ,the time varies according to the nature of the apples1 and also to the temperature2 when it is very warm the first fermentation is usually completed in #g days4 ,before bottling1 the liquid must be fined1 and this is best done with catechu dissolved in cold cider1 #b ounces of catechu to the barrel of cider4 ,this is well stirred and left to settle for a few days4 ,the cider at this stage is still sweet1 and it is a point of considerable nicety not to carry the first fermentation too far4 ,the bottle should not be quite filled1 so as to allow more freedom for the carbonic-acid gas which forms4 ,when the bottles have been filled1 #ahb corked1 and wired down1 they should be placed in a good cellar1 which should be dry1 or else the cider will taste of the cork4 ,the bottles should not be laid for four or five weeks1 or breakage will ensue4 ,when they are being laid they should be placed on laths of wood or on dry sand2 they should never be allowed on cold or damp floors4 ,should the cider be relatively poor in sugar1 or if it has been fermented too far1 about #a ounce of powdered loaf sugar can be added to each bottle1 or else a measure of sugar syrup before pouring in the cider4 ,imitation ,cider4-- ,i4--,a formula for an imitation cider is as follows3 ,rain water #ajj gallons ,honey1 unstrained #f gallons ,catechu1 powdered #c ounces ,alum1 powdered #e ounces ,yeast 7brewer's preferably7 #b pints ,mix and put in a warm place to ferment4 ,let ferment for about #ae days2 then add the following1 stirring well in3 ,bitter almonds1 crushed #h ounces ,cloves #h ounces ,let stand #bd hours1 add two or three gallons of good whiskey1 and rack off into clean casks4 ,bung tightly1 let stand #dh hours1 then bottle4 ,if a higher color is desired use caramel sufficient to produce the correct tinge4 ,if honey is not obtainable1 use sugar-house molasses instead1 but honey is preferable4 ,,ii4--,the following1 when properly prepared1 makes a passable substitute for cider1 and a very pleasant drink3 ,catechu1 powdered #c parts ,alum1 powdered #e parts ,honey #fdj parts ,water #ab1hjj parts ,yeast #cb parts ,dissolve the catechu1 alum1 and honey in the water1 add the yeast1 and put in some warm place to ferment4 ,the container should be filled to the square opening1 made by sawing out five or six inches of the center of a stave1 and the spume skimmed off daily as it arises4 ,in cooler weather from #b weeks to #ah days will be required for thorough fermentation4 ,in warmer weather from #ab to #ac days will be sufficient4 ,when fermentation is complete add the following solution3 ,oil of bitter almonds #a part ,oil of clover #a part ,caramel #cb parts ,alcohol #aib parts ,the alcohol may be replaced by twice its volume of good bourbon whiskey4 ,a much cheaper1 but correspondingly poor substitute for the above may be made as follows3 ,twenty-five gallons of soft water1 #b pounds tartaric acid1 #be pounds of brown sugar1 and #a pint of yeast are allowed to stand in a warm place1 in a clean cask with the bung out1 for #bd hours4 ,then bung up the cask1 after adding #c gallons of whiskey1 and let stand for #dh hours1 after which the liquor is ready for use4 ,,cider ,,vinegar3 ,see ,vinegar4 ,cigars ,cigar ,sizes and ,colors4--,cigars are named according to their color and shape4 ,a dead-black cigar1 for instance1 is an 8,oscuro10 a very dark-brown one is a 8,colorado10 a medium brown is a 8,colorado ,claro10 and a yellowish light brown is a 8,claro40 ,most smokers know the names of the shades from 8,claro0 to 8,colorado10 and that is as far as most of them need to know4 ,as to the shapes1 a 8,napoleon0 is the biggest of all cigars--being #g inches long2 a 8,perfecto0 swells in the middle and tapers down to a very small head at the lighting end2 a 8,panatela0 is a thin1 straight1 up-and-down cigar without the graceful curve of the 8,perfecto02 a 8,conchas0 is very short and fat1 and a 8,londres0 is shaped like a 8,perfecto0 except that it does not taper to so small a head at the lighting end4 ,a 8,reina ,victoria0 is a 8,londres0 that comes packed in a ribbon-tied bundle of #ej pieces1 instead of in the usual four layers of #ac1 #ab1 #ac and #ab4 ,how to ,keep ,cigars4--,cigars kept in a case are influenced every time the case is opened4 ,whatever of taint there may be in the atmosphere rushes into the case1 and is finally taken up by the cigars4 ,even though the cigars have the appearance of freshness1 it is not the original freshness in which they were received from the factory4 ,they have been dry1 or comparatively so1 and have absorbed more moisture than has been put in the case1 and it matters not what that moisture may be1 it can never restore the flavor that was lost during the drying-out process4 ,after all1 it is a comparatively simple matter to take good care of cigars4 ,all that is necessary is a comparatively air-tight1 zinc-lined chest4 ,this should be #ahc behind the counter in a place where the temperature is even4 ,when a customer calls for a cigar the dealer takes the box out of the chest1 serves his customer1 and then puts the box back again4 ,the box being opened for a moment the cigars are not perceptibly affected4 ,the cigars in the close1 heavy chest are always safe from atmospheric influences1 as the boxes are closed1 and the chest is open but a moment1 while the dealer is taking out a box from which to serve his customer4 ,some of the best dealers have either a large chest or a cool vault in which they keep their stock1 taking out from time to time whatever they need for use4 ,some have a number of small chests1 in which they keep different brands1 so as to avoid opening and closing one particular chest so often4 ,it may be said that it is only the higher priced cigars that need special care in handling1 although the cheaper grades are not to be handled carelessly4 ,the ,havana cigars are more susceptible to change1 for there is a delicacy of flavor to be preserved that is never present in the cheaper grades of cigars4 ,every dealer must1 of course1 make a display in his show case1 but he need not serve his patrons with these cigars4 ,the shrinkage in value of the cigars in the case is merely a business proposition of profit and loss4 ,cigar ,flavoring4--,i4--,macerate #b ounces of cinnamon and #d ounces of tonka beans1 ground fine1 in #a quart of rum4 ,,ii4--,moisten ordinary cigars with a strong tincture of cascarilla1 to which a little gum benzoin and storax may be added4 ,some persons add a small quantity of camphor or oil of cloves or cassia4 ,,iii4--,tincture of valerian #d drachms ,butyric aldehyde #d drachms ,nitrous ether #a drachm ,tincture vanilla #b drachms ,alcohol #e ounces ,water enough to make #af ounces ,,iv4--,extract vanilla #d ounces ,alcohol #a_/b gallon ,jamaica rum #a_/b gallon ,tincture valerian #h ounces ,caraway seed #b ounces ,english valerian root #b ounces ,bitter orange peel #b ounces ,tonka beans #d drachms ,myrrh #af ounces ,soak the myrrh for #c days in #f quarts of water1 add the alcohol1 tincture valerian1 and extract of vanilla1 and after grinding the other ingredients to a coarse powder1 put all together in a jug and macerate for #b weeks1 occasionally shaking2 lastly1 strain4 ,v4--,into a bottle filled with #a_/b pint of ,french brandy put #a #a_/d ounces of cascarilla bark and #a #a_/d ounces of vanilla previously ground with #a_/b pound of sugar2 carefully close up the flask and distil in a warm place4 ,after #c days pour off the liquid1 and add #a_/d pint of mastic extract4 ,the finished cigars are moistened with this liquid1 packed in boxes1 and preserved from air by a well-closed lid4 ,they are said to acquire a pleasant flavor and mild strength through this treatment4 ,cigar ,spots4--,the speckled appearance of certain wrappers is due to the work of a species of fungus that attacks the growing tobacco4 ,in a certain district of ,sumatra1 which produces an exceptionally fine tobacco for wrappers1 the leaves of the plant are commonly speckled in this way4 ,several patents have been obtained for methods of spotting tobacco leaves artificially4 ,a ,st4 ,louis firm uses a solution composed of3 ,sodium carbonate #c parts ,calx chlorinata #a part ,hot water #h parts ,dissolve the washing soda in the hot water1 add the chlorinated lime1 and heat the mixture to a boiling temperature for #c minutes4 ,when cool1 decant into earthenware or stoneware jugs1 cork tightly1 and keep in a cool place4 ,the corks of jugs not intended for immediate use should be covered with a piece of bladder or strong parchment paper1 and tightly tied down to prevent the escape of gas1 and consequent weakening of the bleaching power of the fluid4 ,the prepared liquor is sprinkled on the tobacco1 the latter being then exposed to light and air1 when1 it is said1 the disagreeable odor produced soon disappears4 ,,cinchona3 ,see ,wines and ,liquors4 ,,cinnamon ,,essence3 ,see ,essences and ,extracts4 ,,cinnamon ,,oil ,,as ,,an ,,antiseptic3 ,see ,antiseptics4 ,,citrate ,,of ,,magnesium3 ,see ,magnesium ,citrate4 ,,claret ,,lemonade ,,and ,,claret ,,punch3 ,see ,beverages1 under ,lemonades4 #ahd ,,clarification ,,of ,,gelatin ,,and ,,glue3 ,see ,gelatin4 ,,clarifying4 ,clarification is the process by which any solid particles suspended in a liquid are either caused to coalesce together or to adhere to the medium used for clarifying1 that they may be removed by filtration 7which would previously have been impossible71 so as to render the liquid clear4 ,one of the best agents for this purpose is albumen4 ,when clarifying vegetable extracts1 the albumen which is naturally present in most plants accomplishes this purpose easily1 provided the vegetable matter is extracted in the cold1 so as to get as much albumen as possible in solution4 ,egg albumen may also be used4 ,the effect of albumen may be increased by the addition of cellulose1 in the form of a fine magma of filtering paper4 ,this has the further advantage that the subsequent filtration is much facilitated4 ,suspended particles of gum or pectin may be removed by cautious precipitation with tannin1 of which only an exceedingly small amount is usually necessary4 ,it combines with the gelatinous substances better with the aid of heat than in the cold4 ,there must be no excess of tannin used4 ,another method of clarifying liquids turbid from particles of gum1 albumen1 pectin1 etc41 is to add to them a definite quantity of alcohol4 ,this causes the former substances to separate in more or less large flakes4 ,the quantity of alcohol required varies greatly according to the nature of the liquid4 ,it should be determined in each case by an experiment on a small scale4 ,resinous or waxy substances1 such as are occasionally met with in honey1 etc41 may be removed by the addition of bole1 pulped filtering paper1 and heating to boiling4 ,in each case the clarifying process may be hastened by making the separating particles specifically heavier2 that is1 by incorporating some heavier substance1 such as talcum1 etc41 which may cause the flocculi to sink more rapidly1 and to form a compact sediment4 ,clarifying powder for alcoholic liquids3 ,egg albumen1 dry #dj parts ,sugar of milk #dj parts ,starch #bj parts ,reduce them to very fine powder1 and mix thoroughly4 ,for clarifying liquors1 wines1 essences1 etc41 take for every quart of liquid #ge grains of the above mixture1 shake repeatedly in the course of a few days1 the mixture being kept in a warm room1 then filter4 ,powdered talcum renders the same service1 and has the additional advantage of being entirely insoluble4 ,however1 the above mixture acts more energetically4 ,,clay3 ,claying ,mixture for ,forges4--,twenty parts fire clay2 #bj parts cast-iron turnings2 #a part common salt2 #a_/b part sal ammoniac2 all by measure4 ,the materials should be thoroughly mixed dry and then wet down to the consistency of common mortar1 constantly stirring the mass as the wetting proceeds4 ,a rough mold shaped to fit the tuyre opening1 a trowel1 and a few minutes' time are all that are needed to complete the successful claying of the forge4 ,this mixture dries hard and when glazed by the fire will last4 ,plastic ,modeling ,clay4--,a permanently plastic clay can be obtained by first mixing it with glycerine1 turpentine1 or similar bodies1 and then adding vaseline or petroleum residues rich in vaseline4 ,the proportion of clay to the vaseline varies according to the desired consistency of the product1 the admixture of vaseline varying from #aj to #ej per cent4 ,it is obvious that the hardness of the material decreases with the amount of vaseline added1 so that the one richest in vaseline will be the softest4 ,by the use of various varieties of clay and the suitable choice of admixtures1 the plasticity1 as well as the color of the mass1 may be varied4 ,cleaning ,preparations and ,methods 7,see also ,soaps1 ,polishes1 and ,household ,formulas74 ,,to ,,remove ,,stains ,,from ,,the ,,hands3 ,removal of ,aniline-,dye ,stains from the ,skin4--,rub the stained skin with a pinch of slightly moistened red crystals of chromic trioxide until a distinct sensation of warmth announces the destruction of the dye stuff by oxidation and an incipient irritation of the skin4 ,then rinse with soap and water4 ,a single application usually suffices to remove #ahe the stain4 ,it is hardly necessary to call attention to the poisonousness and strong caustic action of chromic trioxide2 but only moderate caution is required to avoid evil effects4 ,pyrogallic-,acid ,stains on the ,fingers 7see also ,photography74--,pyro stains may be prevented fairly well by rubbing in a little wool fat before beginning work4 ,a very effective way of eliminating developer stains is to dip the finger tips occasionally during development into the clearing bath4 ,it is best to use the clearing bath1 with ample friction1 before resorting to soap1 as the latter seems to have a fixing effect upon the stain4 ,lemon peel is useful for removing pyro stains1 and so are the ammonium persulphate reducer and the thiocarbamide clearer4 ,to ,clean ,very ,soiled ,hands4--,in the morning wash in warm water1 using a stiff brush1 and apply glycerine4 ,repeat the application two or three times during the day1 washing and brushing an hour or so afterwards1 or apply a warm solution of soda or potash1 and wash in warm water1 using a stiff brush as before4 ,finally1 rub the hands with pumice or infusorial earth4 ,there are soaps made especially for this purpose1 similar to those for use on woodwork1 etc41 in which infusorial earth or similar matter is incorporated4 ,to ,remove ,nitric-,acid ,stains4--,one plan to avoid stains is to use rubber finger stalls1 or rubber gloves4 ,nitric-acid stains can be removed from the hands by painting the stains with a solution of permanganate of potash1 and washing off the permanganate with a #e per cent solution of hydrochloric 7muriatic7 acid4 ,after this wash the hands with pure castile soap4 ,any soap that roughens the skin should be avoided at all times4 ,castile soap is the best to keep the skin in good condition4 ,,cleaning ,,gilded ,,articles3 ,to ,clean ,gilt ,frames and ,gilded ,surfaces ,generally4--,dip a soft brush in alcohol to which a few drops of ammonia water has been added1 and with it go over the surface4 ,do not rub--at least1 not roughly1 or harshly4 ,in the course of five minutes the dirt will have become soft1 and easy of removal4 ,then go over the surface again gently with the same or a similar brush dipped in rain water4 ,now lay the damp article in the sunlight to dry4 ,if there is no sunlight1 place it near a warm 7but not hot7 stove1 and let dry completely4 ,in order to avoid streaks1 take care that the position of the article1 during the drying1 is not exactly vertical4 ,to ,clean ,fire-,gilt ,articles4--,fire-gilt articles are cleaned1 according to their condition1 with water1 diluted hydrochloric acid1 ammonia1 or potash solution4 ,if hydrochloric acid is employed thorough dilution with water is especially necessary4 ,the acidity should hardly be noticeable on the tongue4 ,to clean gilt articles1 such as gold moldings1 etc41 when they have become tarnished or covered with flyspecks1 etc41 rub them slowly with an onion cut in half and dipped in rectified alcohol1 and wash off lightly with a moist soft sponge after about #b hours4 ,cleaning ,gilded and ,polychromed ,work on ,altars4--,to clean bright gold a fine little sponge is used which is moistened but lightly with tartaric acid and passed over the gilding4 ,next go over the gilt work with a small sponge saturated with alcohol to remove all dirt4 ,for matt gilding1 use only a white flannel dipped in lye1 and carefully wipe off the dead gold with this1 drying next with a fine linen rag4 ,to clean polychromed work sponge with a lye of rain water1 #a1jjj parts1 and calcined potash1 #fh parts1 and immediately wash off with a clean sponge and water1 so that the lye does not attack the paint too much4 ,,spot ,,and ,,stain ,,removers3 ,to ,remove ,aniline ,stains4-- ,i4--,sodium nitrate #g grains ,diluted sulphuric acid #ae grains ,water #a ounce ,let the mixture stand a day or two before using4 ,apply to the spot with a sponge1 and rinse the goods with plenty of water4 ,,ii4--,an excellent medium for the removal of aniline stains1 which are often very stubborn1 has been found to be liquid opodeldoc4 ,after its use the stains are said to disappear at once and entirely4 ,cleansing ,fluids4--,a spot remover is made as follows3 ,i4--,saponine #g parts ,water #acj parts ,alcohol #gj parts ,benzine #a1ghh parts ,oil mirbane #e parts ,,ii4--,benzene 7benzol7 #hi parts ,ascetic ether #aj parts ,pear oil #a part ,this yields an effective grease eradicator1 of an agreeable odor4 #ahf ,,iii4--,to ,remove ,stains of ,sulphate of copper1 or of salts of mercury1 silver1 or gold from the hands1 etc41 wash them first with a dilute solution either of ammonia1 iodide1 bromide1 or cyanide of potassium1 and then with plenty of water2 if the stains are old ones they should first be rubbed with the strongest acetic acid and then treated as above4 ,removal of ,picric-,acid ,stains4--,i4--,recent stains of picric acid may be removed readily if the stain is covered with a layer of magnesium carbonate1 the carbonate moistened with a little water to form a paste1 and the paste then rubbed over the spot4 ,,ii4--,apply a solution of ,boric acid #d parts ,sodium benzoate #a part ,water #ajj parts ,,iii4--,dr4 ,prieur1 of ,besanon1 recommends lithium carbonate for the removal of picric-acid stains from the skin or from linen4 ,the method of using it is simply to lay a small pinch on the stain1 and moisten the latter with water4 ,fresh stains disappear almost instantly1 and old ones in a minute or two4 ,to ,remove ,finger ,marks from ,books1 etc4--,i4--,pour benzol 7not benzine or gasoline1 but ,merck's 8c4 p40 crystallizable7 on calcined magnesia until it becomes a crumbling mass1 and apply this to the spot1 rubbing it in lightly1 with the tip of the finger4 ,when the benzol evaporates1 brush off4 ,any dirt that remains can be removed by using a piece of soft rubber4 ,,ii4--,if the foregoing fails 7which it sometimes1 though rarely1 does71 try the following3 ,make a hot solution of sodium hydrate in distilled water1 of strength of from #c per cent to #e per cent1 according to the age1 etc41 of the stain4 ,have prepared some bits of heavy blotting paper somewhat larger than the spot to be removed2 also1 a blotting pad1 or several pieces of heavy blotting paper4 ,lay the soiled page face downward on the blotting pad1 then1 saturating one of the bits of blotter with the hot sodium hydrate solution1 put it on the stain and go over it with a hot smoothing iron4 ,if one application does not remove all the grease or stain1 repeat the operation4 ,then saturate another bit of blotting paper with a #d per cent or #e per cent solution of hydrochloric acid in distilled water1 apply it to the place1 and pass the iron over it to neutralize the strong alkali4 ,this process will instantly restore any faded writing or printing1 and make the paper bright and fresh again4 ,glycerine as a ,detergent4--,for certain kinds of obstinate spots 7such as coffee and chocolate1 for instance7 there is no better detergent than glycerine1 especially for fabrics with delicate colors4 ,apply the glycerine to the spot1 with a sponge or otherwise1 let stand a minute or so1 then wash off with water or alcohol4 ,hot glycerine is even more efficient than cold4 ,,cleaning ,,skins ,,and ,,leather3 ,see also ,leather4 ,to ,clean ,colored ,leather4--,pour carbon bisulphide on non-vulcanized gutta-percha1 and allow it to stand about #bd hours4 ,after shaking actively add more gutta-percha gradually until the solution becomes of gelatinous consistency4 ,this mixture is applied in suitable quantity to oil-stained1 colored leather and allowed to dry two or three hours4 ,the subsequent operation consists merely in removing the coat of gutta-percha from the surface of the leather--that is1 rubbing it with the fingers1 and rolling it off the surface4 ,the color is not injured in the least by the sulphuret of carbon2 only those leathers on which a dressing containing starch has been used look a little lighter in color1 but the better class of leathers are not so dressed4 ,the dry gutta-percha can be redissolved in sulphuret of carbon and used over again4 ,to ,clean ,skins ,used for ,polishing ,purposes4--,first beat them thoroughly to get rid of dust1 then go over the surface on both sides with a piece of good white soap and lay them in warm water in which has been put a little soda4 ,let them lie here for #b hours1 then wash them in plenty of tepid water1 rubbing them vigorously until perfectly clean4 ,this bath should also be made alkaline with soda4 ,the skins are finally rinsed in warm water1 and dried quickly4 ,cold water must be avoided at all stages of the cleansing process1 as it has a tendency to shrink and harden the skins4 ,the best way to clean a chamois skin is to wash and rinse it out in clean water immediately after use1 but this practice is apt to be neglected so that the skin becomes saturated with dirt and grime4 ,to clean it1 first thoroughly soak in clean1 soft water4 ,then1 after soaping it and rolling it into a compact wad1 beat with a small round stick--a buggy spoke1 say--turning the wad over repeatedly1 and keeping it well wet and soaped4 ,this should suffice to loosen the dirt4 ,then rinse in clean water until the skin #ahg is clean4 ,as wringing by hand is apt to injure the chamois skin1 it is advisable to use a small clothes wringer4 ,before using the skin again rinse it in clear water to which a little pulverized alum has been added4 ,,straw-,,hat ,,renovation3 ,to ,renovate ,straw ,hats4--,i4--,hats made of natural 7uncolored7 straw1 which have become soiled by wear1 may be cleaned by thoroughly sponging with a weak solution of tartaric acid in water1 followed by water alone4 ,the hat after being so treated should be fastened by the rim to a board by means of pins1 so that it will keep its shape in drying4 ,,ii4--,sponge the straw with a solution of ,by weight ,sodium hyposulphite #aj parts ,glycerine #e parts ,alcohol #aj parts ,water #ge parts ,lay aside in a damp place for #bd hours and then apply ,by weight ,citric acid #b parts ,alcohol #aj parts ,water #ij parts ,press with a moderately hot iron1 after stiffening with weak gum water1 if necessary4 ,,iii4--,if the hat has become much darkened in tint by wear the fumes of burning sulphur may be employed4 ,the material should be first cleaned by thoroughly sponging with an aqueous solution of potassium carbonate1 followed by a similar application of water1 and it is then suspended over the sulphur fumes4 ,these are generated by placing in a metal or earthen dish1 so mounted as to keep the heat from setting fire to anything beneath1 some brimstone 7roll sulphur71 and sprinkling over it some live coals to start combustion4 ,the operation is conducted in a deep box or barrel1 the dish of burning sulphur being placed at the bottom1 and the article to be bleached being suspended from a string stretched across the top4 ,a cover not fitting so tightly as to exclude all air is placed over it1 and the apparatus allowed to stand for a few hours4 ,hats so treated will require to be stiffened by the application of a little gum water1 and pressed on a block with a hot iron to bring them back into shape4 ,waterproof ,stiffening for ,straw ,hats4--,if a waterproof stiffening is required use one of the varnishes for which formulas follow3 ,i4--,copal #dej parts ,sandarac #ge parts ,venice turpentine #dj parts ,castor oil #e parts ,alcohol #hjj parts ,,ii4--,shellac #ejj parts ,sandarac #age parts ,venice turpentine #ej parts ,castor oil #ae parts ,alcohol #b1jjj parts ,,iii4--,shellac #gej parts ,rosin #aej parts ,venice turpentine #aej parts ,castor oil #bj parts ,alcohol #b1ejj parts ,how to ,clean a ,panama ,hat4--,scrub with castile soap and warm water1 a nail brush being used as an aid to get the dirt away4 ,the hat is then placed in the hot sun to dry and in the course of two or three hours is ready for use4 ,it will not only be as clean as when new1 but it will retain its shape admirably4 ,the cleaned hat will be a trifle stiff at first1 but will soon grow supple under wear4 ,a little glycerine added to the rinsing water entirely prevents the stiffness and brittleness acquired by some hats in drying1 while a little ammonia in the washing water materially assists in the scrubbing process4 ,ivory1 or1 in fact1 any good white soap1 will answer as well as castile for the purpose4 ,it is well to rinse a second time1 adding the glycerine to the water used the second time4 ,immerse the hat completely in the rinse water1 moving it about to get rid of traces of the dirty water4 ,when the hat has been thoroughly rinsed1 press out the surplus water1 using a ,turkish bath towel for the purpose1 and let it rest on the towel when drying4 ,,paint1 ,,varnish1 ,,and ,,enamel ,,removers3 ,to ,remove ,old ,oil1 ,paint1 or ,varnish ,coats4--,i4--,apply a mixture of about #e parts of potassium silicate 7water glass1 #cf per cent71 about #a part of soda lye 7#dj per cent71 and #a part of ammonia4 ,the composition dissolves the old varnish coat1 as well as the paint1 down to the bottom4 ,the varnish coatings which are to be removed may be brushed off or left for days in a hardened state4 ,upon being thoroughly moistened with water the old varnish may be readily washed off1 the lacquer as well as the oil paint coming off completely4 ,the ammonia otherwise employed dissolves the varnish1 but not the paint4 #ahh ,,ii4--,apply a mixture of #a part oil of turpentine and #b parts of ammonia4 ,this is effective1 even if the coatings withstand the strongest lye4 ,the two liquids are shaken in a bottle until they mix like milk4 ,the mixture is applied to the coating with a little oakum2 after a few minutes the old paint can be wiped off4 ,to ,clean ,brushes and ,vessels of ,dry ,paint 7see also ,brushes and ,paints74--,the cleaning of the brushes and vessels in which the varnish or oil paint had dried is usually done by boiling with soda solution4 ,this frequently spoils the brushes or cracks the vessels if of glass2 besides1 the process is rather slow and dirty4 ,a much more suitable remedy is amyl acetate1 which is a liquid with a pleasant odor of fruit drops1 used mainly for dissolving and cementing celluloid4 ,if amyl acetate is poured over a paint brush the varnish or hardened paint dissolves almost immediately and the brush is again rendered serviceable at once4 ,if necessary1 the process is repeated4 ,for cleaning vessels shake the liquid about in them1 which softens the paint so that it can be readily removed with paper4 ,in this manner much labor can be saved4 ,the amyl acetate can be easily removed from the brushes1 etc41 by alcohol or oil of turpentine4 ,varnish and ,paint ,remover4--,dissolve #bj parts of caustic soda 7#ih per cent7 in #ajj parts of water1 mix the solution with #bj parts of mineral oil1 and stir in a kettle provided with a mechanical stirrer1 until the emulsion is complete4 ,now add1 with stirring1 #bj parts of sawdust and pass the whole through a paint mill to obtain a uniform intermixture4 ,apply the paste moist4 ,to ,remove ,varnish from ,metal4--,to remove old varnish from metals1 it suffices to dip the articles in equal parts of ammonia and alcohol 7#ie per cent74 ,to ,remove ,water ,stains from ,varnished ,furniture4--,pour olive oil into a dish and scrape a little white wax into it4 ,this mixture should be heated until the wax melts and rubbed sparingly on the stains4 ,finally1 rub the surface with a linen rag until it is restored to brilliancy4 ,to ,remove ,paint1 ,varnish1 etc41 from ,wood4--,varnish1 paint1 etc41 no matter how old and hard1 may be softened in a few minutes so that they can be easily scraped off1 by applying the following mixture3 ,water glass #e parts ,soda lye1 #dj ,b4 7#bg per cent7 #a part ,ammonia water #a part ,mix4 ,removing ,varnish1 etc4--,a patent has been taken out in ,england for a liquid for removing varnish1 lacquer1 tar1 and paint4 ,the composition is made by mixing #d ounces of benzol1 #c ounces of fusel oil1 and #a ounce of alcohol4 ,it is stated by the inventor that this mixture1 if applied to a painted or varnished surface1 will make the surface quite clean in less than #aj minutes1 and that a paint-soaked brush 8as hard as iron0 can be made as soft and pliable as new by simply soaking for an hour or so in the mixture4 ,to ,remove ,enamel and ,tin ,solder4--,pour enough of oil of vitriol 7concentrated sulphuric acid7 over powdered fluorspar in an earthen or lead vessel1 so as just to cover the parts whereby hydrofluoric acid is generated4 ,for use1 dip the article suspended on a wire into the liquid until the enamel or the tin is eaten away or dissolved1 which does not injure the articles in any way4 ,if heated1 the liquid acts more rapidly4 ,the work should always be conducted in the open air1 and care should be taken not to inhale the fumes1 which are highly injurious to the health1 and not to get any liquid on the skin1 as hydrofluoric acid is one of the most dangerous poisons4 ,hydrofluoric acid must be kept in earthen or leaden vessels1 as it destroys glass4 ,removing ,paint and ,varnish from ,wood4--,the following compound is given as one which will clean paint or varnish from wood or stone without injuring the material3 ,flour or wood pulp #che parts ,hydrochloric acid #dej parts ,bleaching powder #afj parts ,turpentine #e parts ,this mixture is applied to the surface and left on for some time4 ,it is then brushed off1 and brings the paint away with it4 ,it keeps moist quite long enough to be easily removed after it has acted4 ,paste for ,removing ,old ,paint or ,varnish ,coats4-- ,i4--,sodium hydrate #e parts ,soluble soda glass #c parts ,flour paste #f parts ,water #d parts ,,ii4--,soap #aj parts ,potassium hydrate #g parts ,potassium silicate #b parts #ahi ,to ,remove ,old ,enamel4--,lay the articles horizontally in a vessel containing a concentrated solution of alum and boil them4 ,the solution should be just sufficient to cover the pieces4 ,in #bj or #be minutes the old enamel will fall into dust1 and the article can be polished with emery4 ,if narrow and deep vessels are used the operation will require more time4 ,,ink ,,eradicators3 ,two-,solution ,ink ,remover4-- ,i4--7a7 ,citric acid #a part ,concentrated solution of borax #b parts ,distilled water #af parts ,dissolve the acid in the water1 add the borax solution1 and mix by agitation4 7b7 ,chloride of lime #c parts ,water #af parts ,concentrated borax solution #b part ,add the chloride of lime to the water1 shake well and set aside for a week1 then decant the clear liquid and to it add the borax solution4 ,for use1 saturate the spot with solution 7a71 apply a blotter to take off the excess of liquid1 then apply solution 7b74 ,when the stain has disappeared1 apply the blotter and wet the spot with clean water2 finally dry between two sheets of blotting paper4 ,,ii4--7a7 ,mix1 in equal parts1 potassium chloride1 potassium hypochlorite1 and oil of peppermint4 7b7 ,sodium chloride1 hydrochloric acid and water1 in equal parts4 ,wet the spot with 7a71 let dry1 then brush it over lightly with 7b71 and rinse in clear water4 ,a good single mixture which will answer for most inks is made by mixing citric acid and alum in equal parts4 ,if desired to vend in a liquid form add an equal part of water4 ,in use1 the powder is spread well over the spot and 7if on cloth or woven fabrics7 well rubbed in with the fingers4 ,a few drops of water are then added1 and also rubbed in4 ,a final rinsing with water completes the process4 ,ink ,erasers4--,i4--,inks made with nutgalls and copperas can be removed by using a moderately concentrated solution of oxalic acid1 followed by use of pure water and frequent drying with clean blotting paper4 ,most other black inks are erased by use of a weak solution of chlorinated lime1 followed by dilute acetic acid and water1 with frequent drying with blotters4 ,malachite green ink is bleached by ammonia water2 silver inks by potassium cyanide or sodium hyposulphite4 ,some aniline colors are easily removed by alcohol1 and nearly all by chlorinated lime1 followed by diluted acetic acid or vinegar4 ,in all cases apply the substances with camel's-hair brushes or feathers1 and allow them to remain no longer than necessary1 after which rinse well with water and dry with blotting paper4 ,,ii4--,citric acid #a part ,water1 distilled #aj parts ,concentrated solution of borax #b parts ,dissolve the citric acid in the water and add the borax4 ,apply to the paper with a delicate camel's-hair pencil1 removing any excess of water with a blotter4 ,a mixture of oxalic1 citric1 and tartaric acids1 in equal parts1 dissolved in just enough water to give a clean solution1 acts energetically on most inks4 ,erasing ,powder or ,pounce4--,alum1 #a part2 amber1 #a part2 sulphur1 #a part2 saltpeter1 #a part4 ,mix well together and keep in a glass bottle4 ,if a little of this powder is placed on an ink spot or fresh writing1 rubbing very lightly with a clean linen rag1 the spot or the writing will disappear at once4 ,removing ,ink ,stains4--,i4--,the material requiring treatment should first be soaked in clean1 warm water1 the superfluous moisture removed1 and the fabric spread over a clean cloth4 ,now allow a few minims of liquor ammoni fortis1 specific gravity #j4hia1 to drop on the ink spot1 then saturate a tiny tuft of absorbent cotton-wool with acidum phosphoricum dilutum1 ,b4 ,p41 and apply repeatedly and with firm pressure over the stain2 repeat the procedure two or three times1 and finally rinse well in warm water1 afterwards drying in the sun1 when every trace of ink will have vanished4 ,this method is equally reliable for old and fresh ink stains1 is rapid in action1 and will not injure the most delicate fabric4 ,,ii4--,to remove ink spots the fabric is soaked in warm water1 then it is squeezed out and spread upon a clean piece of linen4 ,now apply a few drops of liquid ammonia of a specific gravity of #j4hia to the spot1 and dab it next with a wad of cotton which has been saturated with dilute phosphoric acid4 ,after repeating the process several times and drying the piece in the sun1 the ink spot will have disappeared without leaving the slightest trace4 #aij ,,iii4--,ink spots may be removed by the following mixture3 ,oxalic acid #aj parts ,stannic chloride #b parts ,acetic acid #e parts ,water to make #ejj parts ,mix4 ,,iv4--,the customary method of cleansing ink spots is to use oxalic acid4 ,thick blotting paper is soaked in a concentrated solution and dried4 ,it is then laid immediately on the blot1 and in many instances will take the latter out without leaving a trace behind4 ,in more stubborn cases the cloth is dipped in boiling water and rubbed with crystals of oxalic acid1 after which it is soaked in a weak solution of chloride of lime--say #a ounce to a quart of water4 ,under such circumstances the linen should be thoroughly rinsed in several waters afterwards4 ,oxalic acid is undesirable for certain fabrics because it removes the color4 ,v4--,here is a more harmless method3 ,equal parts of cream of tartar and citric acid1 powdered fine1 and mixed together4 ,this forms the 8salts of lemon0 sold by druggists4 ,procure a hot dinner plate1 lay the part stained in the plate1 and moisten with hot water2 next rub in the above powder with the bowl of a spoon until the stains disappear2 then rinse in clean water and dry4 ,to ,remove ,red 7,aniline7 ,ink4--,stains of red anilines1 except eosine1 are at once removed by moistening with alcohol of #id per cent1 acidulated with acetic acid4 ,eosine does not disappear so easily4 ,the amount of acetic acid to be used is ascertained by adding it1 drop by drop1 to the alcohol1 testing the mixture from time to time1 until when dropped on the stain1 the latter at once disappears4 ,,cleaning ,,of ,,walls1 ,,ceilings1 ,,and ,,wall ,,paper3 ,see also ,household ,formulas4 ,to ,renovate ,brick ,walls4--,dissolve glue in water in the proportion of #a ounce of glue to every gallon of water2 add1 while hot1 a piece of alum the size of a hen's egg1 #a_/b pound ,venetian red1 and #a pound ,spanish brown4 ,add more water if too dark2 more red and brown if too light4 ,cleaning ,painted ,doors1 ,walls1 etc4--,the following recipe is designed for painted objects that are much soiled4 ,simmer gently on the fire1 stirring constantly1 #cj parts1 by weight1 of pulverized borax1 and #dej parts of brown soap of good quality1 cut in small pieces1 in #c1jjj parts of water4 ,the liquid is applied by means of flannel and rinsed off at once with pure water4 ,to ,remove ,aniline ,stains from ,ceilings1 etc4--,in renewing ceilings1 the old aniline color stains are often very annoying1 as they penetrate the new coating4 ,painting over with shellac or oil paint will bring relief1 but other drawbacks appear4 ,a very practical remedy is to place a tin vessel on the floor of the room1 and to burn a quantity of sulphur in it after the doors and windows of the room have been closed4 ,the sulphur vapors destroy the aniline stains1 which disappear entirely4 ,old ,ceilings4--,in dealing with old ceilings the distemper must be washed off down to the plaster face1 all cracks raked out and stopped with putty 7plaster of ,paris and distemper mixed71 and the whole rubbed smooth with pumice stone and water2 stained parts should be painted with oil color1 and the whole distempered4 ,if old ceilings are in bad condition it is desirable that they should be lined with paper1 which should have a coat of weak size before being distempered4 ,oil ,stains on ,wall ,paper4--,make a medium thick paste of pipe clay and water1 applying it carefully flat upon the oil stain1 but avoiding all friction4 ,the paste is allowed to remain #aj to #ab hours1 after which time it is very carefully removed with a soft rag4 ,in many cases a repeated action will be necessary until the purpose desired is fully reached4 ,finally1 however1 this will be obtained without blurring or destroying the design of the wall paper1 unless it be of the cheapest variety4 ,in the case of a light1 delicate paper1 the paste should be composed of magnesia and benzine4 ,to ,clean ,painted ,walls4--,a simple method is to put a little aqua ammonia in moderately warm water1 dampen a flannel with it1 and gently wipe over the painted surface4 ,no scrubbing is necessary4 ,treatment of ,whitewashed ,walls4--,it is suggested that whitewashed walls which it is desired to paper1 with a view to preventing peeling1 should be treated with water1 after which the scraper should be vigorously used4 ,if the whitewash has been thoroughly soaked it can easily be removed with the scraper4 ,care should be taken that every part of the wall is well scraped4 #aia ,cleaning ,wall ,paper4--,i4--,to clean wall paper the dust should first be removed by lightly brushing1 preferably with a feather duster1 and the surface then gently rubbed with slices of moderately stale bread1 the discolored surface of the bread being removed from time to time1 so as to expose a fresh portion for use4 ,care should be taken to avoid scratching the paper with the crust of the bread1 and the rubbing should be in one direction1 the surface being systematically gone over1 as in painting1 to avoid the production of streaks4 ,,ii4--,mix #d ounces of powdered pumice with #a quart of flour1 and with the aid of water make a stiff dough4 ,form the dough into rolls #b inches in diameter and #f inches long2 sew each roll separately in a cotton cloth1 then boil for #dj or #ej minutes1 so as to render the mass firm4 ,allow to stand for several hours1 remove the crust1 and they are ready for use4 ,,iii4--,bread will clean paper2 but unless it is properly used the job will be a very tedious one4 ,select a 8tin0 loaf at least two days old4 ,cut off the crust at one end1 and rub down the paper1 commencing at the top4 ,do not rub the bread backwards and forwards1 but in single strokes4 ,when the end gets dirty take a very sharp knife and pare off a thin layer2 then proceed as before4 ,it is well to make sure that the walls are quite dry before using the bread1 or it may smear the pattern4 ,if the room is furnished it will1 of course1 be necessary to place cloths around the room to catch the crumbs4 ,,iv4--,a preparation for cleansing wall paper that often proves much more effectual than ordinary bread1 especially when the paper is very dirty1 is made by mixing #b_/c dough and #a_/c plaster of ,paris4 ,this should be made a day before it is needed for use1 and should be very gently baked4 ,if there are any grease spots they should be removed by holding a hot flatiron against a piece of blotting paper placed over them4 ,if this fails1 a little fuller's earth or pipe clay should be made into a paste with water1 and this should then be carefully plastered over the grease spots and allowed to remain till quite dry1 when it will be found to have absorbed the grease4 ,v4--,mix together #a pound each of rye flour and white flour into a dough1 which is partially cooked and the crust removed4 ,to this #a ounce common salt and #a_/b ounce of powdered naphthaline are added1 and finally #a ounce of corn meal1 and #a_/h ounce of burnt umber4 ,the composition is formed into a mass1 of the proper size to be grasped in the hand1 and in use it should be drawn in one direction over the surface to be cleaned4 ,,vi4--,procure a soft1 flat sponge1 being careful that there are no hard or gritty places in it1 then get a bucket of new1 clean1 dry1 wheat bran4 ,hold the sponge flat side up1 and put a handful of bran on it1 then quickly turn against the wall1 and rub the wall gently and carefully with it2 then repeat the operation4 ,hold a large pan or spread down a drip cloth to catch the bran as it falls1 but never use the same bran twice4 ,still another way is to use ,canton flannel in strips a foot wide and about #c yards long4 ,roll a strip around a stick #a inch thick and #aj inches long1 so as to have the ends of the stick covered1 with the nap of the cloth outside4 ,as the cloth gets soiled1 unroll the soiled part and roll it up with the soiled face inside4 ,in this way one can change places on the cloth when soiled and use the whole face of the cloth4 ,to take out a grease spot requires care4 ,first1 take several thicknesses of brown wrapping paper and make a pad1 place it against the grease spot1 and hold a hot flatiron against it to draw out the grease1 which will soak into the brown paper4 ,be careful to have enough layers of brown paper to keep the iron from scorching or discoloring the wall paper4 ,if the first application does not take out nearly all the grease1 repeat with clean brown paper or a blotting pad4 ,then take an ounce vial of washed sulphuric ether and a soft1 fine1 clean sponge and sponge the spot carefully until all the grease disappears4 ,do not wipe the place with the sponge and ether1 but dab the sponge carefully against the place4 ,a small quantity of ether is advised1 as it is very inflammable4 ,,clothes ,,and ,,fabric ,,cleaners3 ,soaps for ,clothing and ,fabrics4--,when the fabric is washable and the color fast1 ordinary soap and water are sufficient for removing grease and the ordinarily attendant dirt2 but special soaps are made which may possibly be more effectual4 ,i4--,powdered borax #cj parts ,extract of soap bark #cj parts ,ox gall 7fresh7 #abj parts ,castile soap #dej parts ,first make the soap-bark extract by boiling the crushed bark in water until it has assumed a dark color1 then strain the liquid into an evaporating dish1 and #aib by the aid of heat evaporate it to a solid extract2 then powder and mix it with the borax and the ox gall4 ,melt the castile soap by adding a small quantity of water and warming1 then add the other ingredients and mix well4 ,about #ajj parts of soap bark make #bj parts of extract4 ,,ii4--,castile soap #b pounds ,potassium carbonate #a_/b pound ,camphor #a_/b ounce ,alcohol #a_/b ounce ,ammonia water #a_/b ounce ,hot water1 #a_/b pint1 or sufficient4 ,dissolve the potassium carbonate in the water1 add the soap previously reduced to thin shavings1 keep warm over a water bath1 stirring occasionally1 until dissolved1 adding more water if necessary1 and finally1 when of a consistence to become semisolid on cooling1 remove from the fire4 ,when nearly ready to set1 stir in the camphor1 previously dissolved in the alcohol and the ammonia4 ,the soap will apparently be quite as efficacious without the camphor and ammonia4 ,if a paste is desired1 a potash soap should be used instead of the castile in the foregoing formula1 and a portion or all of the water omitted4 ,soaps made from potash remain soft1 while soda soaps harden on the evaporation of the water which they contain when first made4 ,a liquid preparation may be obtained1 of course1 by the addition of sufficient water1 and some more alcohol would probably improve it4 ,clothes-,cleaning ,fluids3 ,see also ,household ,formulas4 ,i4--,borax #a ounce ,castile soap #a ounce ,sodium carbonate #c drachms ,ammonia water #e ounces ,alcohol #d ounces ,acetone #d ounces ,hot water to make #d pints ,dissolve the borax1 sodium bicarbonate1 and soap in the hot water1 mix the acetone and alcohol together1 unite the two solutions1 and then add the ammonia water4 ,the addition of a couple of ounces of rose water will render it somewhat fragrant4 ,,ii4--,a strong decoction of soap bark1 preserved by the addition of alcohol1 forms a good liquid cleanser for fabrics of the more delicate sort4 ,,iii4--,chloroform #ae parts ,ether #ae parts ,alcohol #abj parts ,decoction of quillaia bark of #cj #d1ejj parts ,,iv4--,acetic ether #aj parts ,amyl acetate #aj parts ,liquid ammonia #aj parts ,dilute alcohol #gj parts ,v4--,another good non-inflammable spot remover consists of equal parts of acetone1 ammonia1 and diluted alcohol4 ,for use in large quantities carbon tetrachloride is suggested4 ,,vi4--,castile soap #d av4 ounces ,water1 boiling #cb fluidounces ,dissolve and add3 ,water #a gallon ,ammonia #h fluidounces ,ether #b fluidounces ,alcohol #d fluidounces ,to ,remove ,spots from ,tracing ,cloth4--,it is best to use benzine1 which is applied by means of a cotton rag4 ,the benzine also takes off lead-pencil marks1 but does not attack ,india and other inks4 ,the places treated with benzine should subsequently be rubbed with a little talcum1 otherwise it would not be possible to use the pen on them4 ,removal of ,paint from ,clothing4--,before paint becomes 8dry0 it can be removed from cloth by the liberal application of turpentine or benzine4 ,if the spot is not large1 it may be immersed in the liquid2 otherwise1 a thick1 folded1 absorbent cloth should be placed under the fabric which has been spotted1 and the liquid sponged on freely enough that it may soak through1 carrying the greasy matter with it4 ,some skill in manipulation is requisite to avoid simply spreading the stain and leaving a 8ring0 to show how far it has extended4 ,when benzine is used the operator must be careful to apply it only in the absence of light or fire1 on account of the extremely inflammable character of the vapor4 ,varnish stains1 when fresh1 are treated in the same way1 but the action of the solvent may possibly not be so complete on account of the gum rosins present4 ,when either paint or varnish has dried1 its removal becomes more difficult4 ,in such case soaking in strong ammonia water may answer4 ,an emulsion1 formed by shaking together #b parts of ammonia water and #a of spirits of turpentine1 has been recommended4 ,to ,remove ,vaseline ,stains from ,clothing4--,moisten the spots with a mixture of #a part of aniline oil1 #a of #aic powdered soap1 and #aj of water4 ,after allowing the cloth to lie for #e or #aj minutes1 wash with water4 ,to ,remove ,grease ,spots from ,plush4--,place fresh bread rolls in the oven1 break them apart as soon as they have become very hot1 and rub the spots with the crumbs1 continuing the work by using new rolls until all traces of fat have disappeared from the fabric4 ,purified benzine1 which does not alter even the most delicate colors1 is also useful for this purpose4 ,to ,remove ,iron ,rust from ,muslin and ,linen4--,wet with lemon juice and salt and expose to the sun4 ,if one application does not remove the spots1 a second rarely fails to do so4 ,keroclean4--,this non-inflammable cleanser removes grease spots from delicate fabrics without injury1 cleans all kinds of jewelry and tableware by removing fats and tarnish1 kills moths1 insects1 and household pests by suffocation and extermination1 and cleans ironware by removing rust1 brassware by removing grease1 copperware by removing verdigris4 ,it is as clear as water and will stand any fire test4 ,kerosene4 #a ounce ,carbon tetrachloride 7commercial74 #c ounces ,oil of citronella #b drachms ,mix1 and filter if necessary4 ,if a strong odor of carbon bisulphide is detected in the carbon tetrachloride first shake with powdered charcoal and filter4 ,to ,clean ,gold and ,silver ,lace4--,i4--,alkaline liquids sometimes used for cleaning gold lace are unsuitable1 for they generally corrode or change the color of the silk4 ,a solution of soap also interferes with certain colors1 and should therefore not be employed4 ,alcohol is an effectual remedy for restoring the luster of gold1 and it may be used without any danger to the silk1 but where the gold is worn off1 and the base metal exposed1 it is not so successful in accomplishing its purpose1 as by removing the tarnish the base metal becomes more distinguishable from the fine gold4 ,,ii4--,to clean silver lace take alabaster in very fine powder1 lay the lace upon a cloth1 and with a soft brush take up some of the powder1 and rub both sides with it till it becomes bright and clean1 afterwards polish with another brush until all remnants of the powder are removed1 and it exhibits a lustrous surface4 ,,iii4--,silver laces are put in curdled milk for #bd hours4 ,a piece of ,venetian soap1 or any other good soap1 is scraped and stirred into #b quarts of rain water4 ,to this a quantity of honey and fresh ox gall is added1 and the whole is stirred for some time4 ,if it becomes too thick1 more water is added4 ,this mass is allowed to stand for half a day1 and the wet laces are painted with it4 ,wrap a wet cloth around the roller of a mangle1 wind the laces over this1 put another wet cloth on top1 and press1 wetting and repeating the application several times4 ,next1 dip the laces in a clear solution of equal parts of sugar and gum arabic1 pass them again through the mangle1 between two clean pieces of cloth1 and hang them up to dry thoroughly1 attaching a weight to the lower end4 ,,iv4--,soak gold laces over night in cheap white wine and then proceed as with silver laces4 ,if the gold is worn off1 put #gga grains of shellac1 #ca grains of dragon's blood1 #ca grains of turmeric in strong alcohol and pour off the ruby-colored fluid4 ,dip a fine hair pencil in this1 paint the pieces to be renewed1 and hold a hot flatiron a few inches above them1 so that only the laces receive the heat4 ,v4--,silver embroideries may also be cleaned by dusting them with ,vienna lime1 and brushing off with a velvet brush4 ,for gildings the stuff is dipped in a solution of gold chloride1 and this is reduced by means of hydrogen in another vessel4 ,for silvering1 one of the following two processes may be employed3 7a7 ,painting with a solution of #a part of phosphorus in #ae parts bisulphide of carbon and dipping in a solution of nitrate of silver2 7b7 dipping for #b hours in a solution of nitrate of silver1 mixed with ammonia1 then exposing to a current of pure hydrogen4 ,to ,remove ,silver ,stains from ,white ,fabrics4--,moisten the fabric for two or three minutes with a solution of #e parts of bromine and #ejj parts of water4 ,then rinse in clear water4 ,if a yellowish stain remains1 immerse in a solution of #aej parts of sodium hyposulphite in #ejj parts of water1 and again rinse in clear water4 ,rust-,spot ,remover4--,dissolve potassium bioxalate1 #bjj parts1 in distilled water1 #h1hjj parts2 add glycerine1 #a1jjj parts1 and filter4 ,moisten the rust or ink spots with this solution2 let the linen1 etc41 lie for #c hours1 rubbing the moistened spots frequently1 and then wash well with water4 #aid ,to ,clean ,quilts4--,quilts are cleaned by first washing them in lukewarm soapsuds1 then laying them in cold1 soft 7rain7 water over night4 ,the next day they are pressed as dry as possible and hung up2 the ends1 in which the moisture remains for a long time1 must be wrung out from time to time4 ,it is very essential to beat the drying quilts frequently with a smooth stick or board4 ,this will have the effect of swelling up the wadding1 and preventing it from felting4 ,furthermore1 the quilts should be repeatedly turned during the drying from right to left and also from top to bottom4 ,in this manner streaks are avoided4 ,removal of ,peruvian-,balsam ,stains4--,the fabric is spread out1 a piece of filter paper being placed beneath the stain1 and the latter is then copiously moistened with chloroform1 applied by means of a tuft of cotton wool4 ,rubbing is to be avoided4 ,solution for ,removing ,nitrate of ,silver ,spots4-- ,bichloride of mercury #e parts ,ammonium chloride #e parts ,distilled water #dj parts ,apply the mixture to the spots with a cloth1 then rub4 ,this removes1 almost instantaneously1 even old stains on linen1 cotton1 or wool4 ,stains on the skin thus treated become whitish yellow and soon disappear4 ,cleaning ,tracings4--,tracing cloth can be very quickly and easily cleaned1 and pencil marks removed by the use of benzine1 which is applied with a cotton swab4 ,it may be rubbed freely over the tracing without injury to lines drawn in ink1 or even in water color1 but the pencil marks and dirt will quickly disappear4 ,the benzine evaporates almost immediately1 leaving the tracing unharmed4 ,the surface1 however1 has been softened and must be rubbed down with talc1 or some similar substance1 before drawing any more ink lines4 ,the glaze may be restored to tracing cloth after using the eraser by rubbing the roughened surface with a piece of hard wax from an old phonograph cylinder4 ,the surface thus produced is superior to that of the original glaze1 as it is absolutely oil- and water-proof4 ,rags for ,cleaning and ,polishing4--,immerse flannel rags in a solution of #bj parts of dextrine and #cj parts of oxalic acid in #bj parts of logwood decoction2 gently wring them out1 and sift over them a mixture of finely powdered tripoli and pumice stone4 ,pile the moist rags one upon another1 placing a layer of the powder between each two4 ,then press1 separate1 and dry4 ,cleaning ,powder4-- ,bole #ejj parts ,magnesium carbonate #ej parts ,mix and make into a paste with a small quantity of benzine or water2 apply to stains made by fats or oils on the clothing and when dry remove with a brush4 ,,cleaning ,,painted ,,and ,,varnished ,,surfaces3 ,cleaning and ,preserving ,polished ,woodwork4--,rub down all the polished work with a very weak alcoholic solution of shellac 7#a to #bj or even #a to #cj7 and linseed oil1 spread on a linen cloth4 ,the rubbing should be firm and hard4 ,spots on the polished surface1 made by alcohol1 tinctures1 water1 etc41 should be removed as far as possible and as soon as possible after they are made1 by the use of boiled linseed oil4 ,afterwards they should be rubbed with the shellac and linseed oil solution on a soft linen rag4 ,if the spots are due to acids go over them with a little dilute ammonia water4 ,ink spots may be removed with dilute or 7if necessary7 concentrated hydrochloric acid1 following its use with dilute ammonia water4 ,in extreme cases it may be necessary to use the scraper or sandpaper1 or both4 ,oak as a general thing is not polished1 but has a matt surface which can be washed with water and soap4 ,first all stains and spots should be gone over with a sponge or a soft brush and very weak ammonia water4 ,the carved work should be freed of dust1 etc41 by the use of a stiff brush1 and finally washed with dilute ammonia water4 ,when dry it should be gone over very thinly and evenly with brunoline applied with a soft pencil4 ,if it is desired to give an especially handsome finish1 after the surface is entirely dry1 give it a preliminary coat of brunoline and follow this on the day after with a second4 ,brunoline may be purchased of any dealer in paints4 ,to make it1 put #gj parts of linseed oil in a very capacious vessel 7on account of the foam that ensues7 and add to it #bj parts of powdered litharge1 #bj parts of powdered minium1 and #aj parts of lead acetate1 also powdered4 ,boil until the oil is completely oxidized1 stirring constantly4 ,when completely oxidized the oil is no longer red1 but is of a dark brown color4 ,when it acquires #aie this color1 remove from the fire1 and add #afj parts of turpentine oil1 and stir well4 ,this brunoline serves splendidly for polishing furniture or other polished wood4 ,to ,clean ,lacquered ,goods4--,papier-mach and lacquered goods may be cleaned perfectly by rubbing thoroughly with a paste made of wheat flour and olive oil4 ,apply with a bit of soft flannel or old linen1 rubbing hard2 wipe off and polish by rubbing with an old silk handkerchief4 ,polish for ,varnished ,work4--,to renovate varnished work make a polish of #a quart good vinegar1 #b ounces butter of antimony1 #b ounces alcohol1 and #a quart oil4 ,shake well before using4 ,to ,clean ,paintings4--,to clean an oil painting1 take it out of its frame1 lay a piece of cloth moistened with rain water on it1 and leave it for a while to take up the dirt from the picture4 ,several applications may be required to secure a perfect result4 ,then wipe the picture very gently with a tuft of cotton wool damped with absolutely pure linseed oil4 ,gold frames may be cleaned with a freshly cut onion2 they should be wiped with a soft sponge wet with rain water a few hours after the application of the onion1 and finally wiped with a soft rag4 ,removing and ,preventing ,match ,marks4--,the unsightly marks made on a painted surface by striking matches on it can sometimes be removed by scrubbing with soapsuds and a stiff brush4 ,to prevent match marks dip a bit of flannel in alboline 7liquid vaseline71 and with it go over the surface1 rubbing it hard4 ,a second rubbing with a dry bit of flannel completes the job4 ,a man may 8strike0 a match there all day1 and neither get a light nor make a mark4 ,,glove ,,cleaners3 ,powder for ,cleaning ,gloves4-- ,i4--,white bole or pipe clay #fj4j parts ,orris root 7powdered7 #cj4j parts ,powdered grain soap #g4e parts ,powdered borax #ae4j parts ,ammonium chloride #b4e parts ,mix the above ingredients4 ,moisten the gloves with a damp cloth1 rub on the powder1 and brush off after drying4 ,,ii4--,four pounds powdered pipe clay1 #b pounds powdered white soap1 #a ounce lemon oil1 thoroughly rubbed together4 ,to use1 make powder into a thin cream with water and rub on the gloves while on the hands4 ,this is a cheaply produced compound1 and does its work effectually4 ,soaps and ,pastes for ,cleaning ,gloves4-- ,i4--,soft soap4 #a ounce ,water4 #d ounces ,oil of lemon #a_/b drachm ,precipitated chalk1 a sufficient quantity4 ,dissolve the soap in the water1 add the oil1 and make into a stiff paste with a sufficient quantity of chalk4 ,,ii4--,white hard soap4 #a part ,talcum4 #a part ,water #d parts ,shave the soap into ribbons1 dissolve in the water by the aid of heat1 and incorporate the talcum4 ,,iii4--,curd soap #a av4 ounce ,water #d fluidounces ,oil of lemon4 #a_/b fluidrachm ,french chalk1 a sufficient quantity4 ,shred the soap and melt it in the water by heat1 add the oil of lemon1 and make into a stiff paste with ,french chalk4 ,,iv4--,white castile soap1 old and dry #ae parts ,water #ae parts ,solution of chlorinated soda #af parts ,ammonia water #a part ,cut or shave up the soap1 add the water1 and heat on the water bath to a smooth paste4 ,remove1 let cool1 and add the other ingredients and mix thoroughly4 ,v4--,castile soap1 white1 old1 and dry #ajj parts ,water #ge parts ,tincture of quillaia #aj parts ,ether1 sulphuric #aj parts ,ammonia water1 ,,ff #e parts ,benzine1 deodorized #ge parts ,melt the soap1 previously finely shaved1 in the water1 bring to a boil and remove from the fire4 ,let cool down1 then add the other ingredients1 incorporating them thoroughly4 ,this should be put up in collapsible tubes or tightly closed metallic boxes4 ,this is also useful for clothing4 ,liquid ,cloth and ,glove ,cleaner4-- ,gasoline4 #a gallon ,chloroform4 #a ounce ,carbon disulphide #a ounce #aif ,essential oil almond #e drops ,oil bergamot #a drachm ,oil cloves #e drops ,mix4 ,to be applied with a sponge or soft cloth4 ,,stone ,,cleaning3 ,cleaning and ,polishing ,marble4--,i4--,marble that has become dirty by ordinary use or exposure may be cleaned by a simple bath of soap and water4 ,if this does not remove stains1 a weak solution of oxalic acid should be applied with a sponge or rag1 washing quickly and thoroughly with water to minimize injury to the surface4 ,rubbing well after this with chalk moistened with water will1 in a measure1 restore the luster4 ,another method of finishing is to apply a solution of white wax in turpentine 7about #a in #aj71 rubbing thoroughly with a piece of flannel or soft leather4 ,if the marble has been much exposed1 so that its luster has been seriously impaired1 it may be necessary to repolish it in a more thorough manner4 ,this may be accomplished by rubbing it first with sand1 beginning with a moderately coarse-grained article and changing this twice for finer kinds1 after which tripoli or pumice is used4 ,the final polish is given by the so-called putty powder4 ,a plate of iron is generally used in applying the coarse sand2 with the fine sand a leaden plate is used2 and the pumice is employed in the form of a smooth-surfaced piece of convenient size4 ,for the final polishing coarse linen or bagging is used1 wedged tightly into an iron planing tool4 ,during all these applications water is allowed to trickle over the face of the stone4 ,the putty powder referred to is binoxide of tin1 obtained by treating metallic tin with nitric acid1 which converts the metal into hydrated metastannic acid4 ,this1 when heated1 becomes anhydrous4 ,in this condition it is known as putty powder4 ,in practice putty powder is mixed with alum1 sulphur1 and other substances1 the mixture used being dependent upon the nature of the stone to be polished4 ,according to ,warwick1 colored marble should not be treated with soap and water1 but only with the solution of beeswax above mentioned4 ,,ii4--,take #b parts of sodium bicarbonate1 #a part of powdered pumice stone1 and #a part of finely pulverized chalk4 ,pass through a fine sieve to screen out all particles capable of scratching the marble1 and add sufficient water to form a pasty mass4 ,rub the marble with it vigorously1 and end the cleaning with soap and water4 ,,iii4--,ox gall #a part ,saturated solution of sodium carbonate #d parts ,oil of turpentine #a part ,pipe clay enough to form a paste4 ,,iv4--,sodium carbonate #b ounces ,chlorinated lime4 #a ounce ,water #ad ounces ,mix well and apply the magma to the marble with a cloth1 rubbing well in1 and finally rubbing dry4 ,it may be necessary to repeat this operation4 ,v4--,wash the surface with a mixture of finely powdered pumice stone and vinegar1 and leave it for several hours2 then brush it hard and wash it clean4 ,when dry1 rub with whiting and wash leather4 ,,vi4--,soft soap4 #d parts ,whiting #d parts ,sodium bicarbonate #a part ,copper sulphate #b parts ,mix thoroughly and rub over the marble with a piece of flannel1 and leave it on for #bd hours1 then wash it off with clean water1 and polish the marble with a piece of flannel or an old piece of felt4 ,,vii4--,a strong solution of oxalic acid effectually takes out ink stains4 ,in handling it the poisonous nature of this acid should not be forgotten4 ,,viii4--,iron mold or ink spots may be taken out in the following manner3 ,take #a_/b ounce of butter of antimony and #a ounce of oxalic acid and dissolve them in #a pint of rain water2 add enough flour to bring the mixture to a proper consistency4 ,lay it evenly on the stained part with a brush1 and1 after it has remained for a few days1 wash it off and repeat the process if the stain is not wholly removed4 ,,ix4--,to remove oil stains apply common clay saturated with benzine4 ,if the grease has remained in long the polish will be injured1 but the stain will be removed4 ,x4--,the following method for removing rust from iron depends upon the solubility of the sulphide of iron in a solution of cyanide of potassium4 ,clay is made into a thin paste with ammonium sulphide1 and the rust spot smeared with the mixture1 care being taken that the spot is only just covered4 ,after ten minutes this paste is washed off and replaced by one consisting of white bole mixed with a solution of potassium cyanide 7#a to #d71 which is in its turn #aig washed off after about #b #a_/b hours4 ,should a reddish spot remain after washing off the first paste1 a second layer may be applied for about #e minutes4 ,,xi4--,soft soap #d ounces ,whiting #d ounces ,sodium carbonate #a ounce ,water1 a sufficient quantity4 ,make into a thin paste1 apply on the soiled surface1 and wash off after #bd hours4 ,,xii4--,in a spacious tub place a tall vessel upside down4 ,on this set the article to be cleaned so that it will not stand in the water1 which would loosen the cemented parts4 ,into this tub pour a few inches of cold water--hot water renders marble dull--take a soft brush and a piece of ,venetian soap1 dip the former in the water and rub on the latter carefully1 brushing off the article from top to bottom4 ,when in this manner dust and dirt have been dissolved1 wash off all soap particles by means of a watering pot and cold water1 dab the object with a clean sponge1 which absorbs the moisture1 place it upon a cloth and carefully dry with a very clean1 soft cloth1 rubbing gently4 ,this treatment will restore the former gloss to the marble4 ,,xiii4--,mix and shake thoroughly in a bottle equal quantities of sulphuric acid and lemon juice4 ,moisten the spots and rub them lightly with a linen cloth and they will disappear4 ,,xiv4--,ink spots are treated with acid oxalate of potassium2 blood stains by brushing with alabaster dust and distilled water1 then bleaching with chlorine solution4 ,alizarine ink and aniline ink spots can be moderated by laying on rags saturated with ,javelle water1 chlorine water1 or chloride of lime paste4 ,old oil stains can only be effaced by placing the whole piece of marble for hours in benzine4 ,fresh oil or grease spots are obliterated by repeated applications of a little damp1 white clay and subsequent brushing with soap water or weak soda solution4 ,for many other spots an application of benzine and magnesia is useful4 ,,xv4--,marble slabs keep well and do not lose their fresh color if they are cleaned with hot water only1 without the addition of soap1 which is injurious to the color4 ,care must be taken that no liquid dries on the marble4 ,if spots of wine1 coffee1 beer1 etc41 have already appeared1 they are cleaned with diluted spirit of sal ammoniac1 highly diluted oxalic acid1 ,javelle water1 ox gall1 or1 take a quantity of newly slaked lime1 mix it with water into a paste-like consistency1 apply the paste uniformly on the spot with a brush1 and leave the coating alone for two to three days before it is washed off4 ,if the spots are not removed by a single application1 repeat the latter4 ,in using ,javelle water #a or #b drops should be carefully poured on each spot1 rinsing off with water4 ,to ,remove ,grease ,spots from ,marble4--,if the spots are fresh1 rub them over with a piece of cloth that has been dipped into pulverized china clay1 repeating the operation several times1 and then brush with soap and water4 ,when the spots are old brush with distilled water and finest ,french plaster energetically1 then bleach with chloride of lime that is put on a piece of white cloth4 ,if the piece of marble is small enough to permit it1 soak it for a few hours in refined benzine4 ,preparation for ,cleaning ,marble1 ,furniture1 and ,metals1 ,especially ,copper4--,this preparation is claimed to give very quickly perfect brilliancy1 persisting without soiling either the hand or the articles1 and without leaving any odor of copper4 ,the following is the composition for #ajj parts of the product3 ,wax1 #b4d parts2 oil of turpentine1 #i4d parts2 acetic acid1 #db parts2 citric acid1 #db parts2 white soap1 #db parts4 ,removing ,oil ,stains from ,marble4--,saturate fuller's earth with a solution of equal parts of soap liniment1 ammonia1 and water2 apply to the greasy part of the marble2 keep there for some hours1 pressed down with a smoothing iron sufficiently hot to warm the mass1 and as it evaporates occasionally renew the solution4 ,when wiped off dry the stain will have nearly disappeared4 ,some days later1 when more oil works toward the surface repeat the operation4 ,a few such treatments should suffice4 ,cleaning ,terra ,cotta4--,after having carefully removed all dust1 paint the terra cotta1 by means of a brush1 with a mixture of slightly gummed water and finely powdered terra cotta4 ,renovation of ,polished and ,varnished ,surfaces of ,wood1 ,stone1 etc4--,this is composed of the following ingredients1 though the proportions may be varied3 ,cereal flour or wood pulp1 #ch #a_/b parts2 hydrochloric acid1 #de parts2 chloride of lime1 #af parts2 turpentine1 #a_/b part4 ,after mixing the ingredients thoroughly in order to form a homogeneous paste1 the object to be treated is smeared with it and allowed to stand for some time4 ,the paste on the surface is then removed by passing over it quickly a piece of soft #aih leather or a brush1 which will remove dirt1 grease1 and other deleterious substances4 ,by rubbing gently with a cloth or piece of leather a polished surface will be imparted to wood1 and objects of metal will be rendered lustrous4 ,the addition of chloride of lime tends to keep the paste moist1 thus allowing the ready removal of the paste without damaging the varnish or polish1 while the turpentine serves as a disinfectant and renders the odor less disagreeable during the operation4 ,the preparation is rapid in its action1 and does not affect the varnished or polished surfaces of wood or marble4 ,while energetic in its cleansing action on brass and other metallic objects1 it is attended with no corrosive effect4 ,nitrate of ,silver ,spots4--,to remove these spots from white marble1 they should be painted with ,javelle water1 and after having been washed1 passed over a concentrated solution of thiosulphate of soda 7hyposulphite74 ,to ,remove ,oil-,paint ,spots from ,sandstones4--,this may be done by washing the spots with pure turpentine oil1 then covering the place with white argillaceous earth 7pipe clay71 leaving it to dry1 and finally rubbing with sharp soda lye1 using a brush4 ,caustic ammonia also removes oil-paint spots from sandstones4 ,,rust ,,removers3 ,to ,remove ,rust from ,iron or ,steel ,utensils4-- ,i4--,apply the following solution by means of a brush1 after having removed any grease by rubbing with a clean1 dry cloth3 #ajj parts of stannic chloride are dissolved in #a1jjj parts of water2 this solution is added to one containing #b parts tartaric acid dissolved in #a1jjj parts of water1 and finally #bj cubic centimeters indigo solution1 diluted with #b1jjj parts of water1 are added4 ,after allowing the solution to act upon the stain for a few seconds1 it is rubbed clean1 first with a moist cloth1 then with a dry cloth2 to restore the polish use is made of silver sand and jewelers' rouge4 ,,ii4--,when the rust is recent it is removed by rubbing the metal with a cork charged with oil4 ,in this manner a perfect polish is obtained4 ,to take off old rust1 mix equal parts of fine tripoli and flowers of sulphur1 mingling this mixture with olive oil1 so as to form a paste4 ,rub the iron with this preparation by means of a skin4 ,,iii4--,the rusty piece is connected with a piece of zinc and placed in water containing a little sulphuric acid4 ,after the articles have been in the liquid for several days or a week1 the rust will have completely disappeared4 ,the length of time will depend upon the depth to which the rust has penetrated4 ,a little sulphuric acid may be added from time to time1 but the chief point is that the zinc always has good electric contact with the iron4 ,to insure this an iron wire may be firmly wound around the iron object and connected with the zinc4 ,the iron is not attacked in the least1 as long as the zinc is kept in good electric contact with it4 ,when the articles are taken from the liquid they assume a dark gray or black color and are then washed and oiled4 ,,iv4--,the rust on iron and steel objects1 especially large pieces1 is readily removed by rubbing the pieces with oil of tartar1 or with very fine emery and a little oil1 or by putting powdered alum in strong vinegar and rubbing with this alumed vinegar4 ,v4--,take cyanide of calcium1 #be parts2 white soap1 powdered1 #be parts2 ,spanish white1 #ej parts2 and water1 #bjj parts4 ,triturate all well and rub the piece with this paste4 ,the effect will be quicker if before using this paste the rusty object has been soaked for #e to #aj minutes in a solution of cyanide of potassium in the ratio of #a part of cyanide to #b parts of water4 ,,vi4--,to remove rust from polished steel cyanide of potassium is excellent4 ,if possible1 soak the instrument to be cleaned in a solution of cyanide of potassium in the proportion of #a ounce of cyanide to #d ounces of water4 ,allow this to act till all loose rust is removed1 and then polish with cyanide soap4 ,the latter is made as follows3 ,potassium cyanide1 precipitated chalk1 white castile soap4 ,make a saturated solution of the cyanide and add chalk sufficient to make a creamy paste4 ,add the soap cut in fine shavings and thoroughly incorporate in a mortar4 ,when the mixture is stiff cease to add the soap4 ,it should be remembered that potassium cyanide is a virulent poison4 ,,vii4--,apply turpentine or kerosene oil1 and after letting it stand over night1 clean with finest emery cloth4 ,,viii4--,to free articles of iron and steel from rust and imbedded grains of sand the articles are treated with fluorhydric acid 7about #b per cent7 #a to #b hours1 whereby the impurities but not the metal are dissolved4 ,this is followed by a washing with lime milk1 to neutralize any fluorhydric acid remaining4 #aii ,to ,remove ,rust from ,nickel4--,first grease the articles well2 then1 after a few days1 rub them with a rag charged with ammonia4 ,if the rust spots persist1 add a few drops of hydrochloric acid to the ammonia1 rub and wipe off at once4 ,next rinse with water1 dry1 and polish with tripoli4 ,removal of ,rust4--,to take off the rust from small articles which glass or emery paper would bite too deeply1 the ink-erasing rubber used in business offices may be employed4 ,by beveling it1 or cutting it to a point as needful1 it can be introduced into the smallest cavities and windings1 and a perfect cleaning be effected4 ,to ,remove ,rust from ,instruments4--,i4--,lay the instruments over night in a saturated solution of chloride of tin4 ,the rust spots will disappear through reduction4 ,upon withdrawal from the solution the instruments are rinsed with water1 placed in a hot soda-soap solution1 and dried4 ,cleaning with absolute alcohol and polishing chalk may also follow4 ,,ii4--,make a solution of #a part of kerosene in #bjj parts of benzine or carbon tetrachloride1 and dip the instruments1 which have been dried by leaving them in heated air1 in this1 moving their parts1 if movable1 as in forceps and scissors1 about under the liquid1 so that it may enter all the crevices4 ,next lay the instruments on a plate in a dry room1 so that the benzine can evaporate4 ,needles are simply thrown in the paraffine solution1 and taken out with tongs or tweezers1 after which they are allowed to dry on a plate4 ,,iii4--,pour olive oil on the rust spots and leave for several days2 then rub with emery or tripoli1 without wiping off the oil as far as possible1 or always bringing it back on the spot4 ,afterwards remove the emery and the oil with a rag1 rub again with emery soaked with vinegar1 and finally with fine plumbago on a piece of chamois skin4 ,to ,preserve ,steel from ,rust4--,to preserve steel from rust dissolve #a part caoutchouc and #af parts turpentine with a gentle heat1 then add #h parts boiled oil1 and mix by bringing them to the heat of boiling water4 ,apply to the steel with a brush1 the same as varnish4 ,it can be removed again with a cloth soaked in turpentine4 ,,metal ,,cleaning3 ,cleaning and ,preserving ,medals1 ,coins1 and ,small ,iron ,articles4--,the coating of silver chloride may be reduced with molten potassium cyanide4 ,then boil the article in water1 displace the water with alcohol1 and dry in a drying closet4 ,when dry brush with a soft brush and cover with 8zaponlack0 7any good transparent lacquer or varnish will answer74 ,instead of potassium cyanide alone1 a mixture of that and potassium carbonate may be used4 ,after treatment in this way1 delicate objects of silver become less brittle4 ,another way is to put the article in molten sodium carbonate and remove the silver carbonate thus formed1 by acetic acid of #ej per cent strength4 ,this process produces the finest possible polish4 ,the potassium-cyanide process may be used with all small iron objects4 ,for larger ones molten potassium rhodanide is recommended4 ,this converts the iron oxide into iron sulphide that is easily washed off and leaves the surface of a fine black color4 ,old coins may be cleansed by first immersing them in strong nitric acid and then washing them in clean water4 ,wipe them dry before putting away4 ,to ,clean ,old ,medals4--,immerse in lemon juice until the coating of oxide has completely disappeared2 #bd hours is generally sufficient1 but a longer time is not harmful4 ,steel ,cleaner4--,smear the object with oil1 preferably petroleum1 and allow some days for penetration of the surface of the metal4 ,then rub vigorously with a piece of flannel or willow wood4 ,or1 with a paste composed of olive oil1 sulphur flowers1 and tripoli1 or of rotten stone and oil4 ,finally1 a coating may be employed1 made of #aj parts of potassium cyanide and #a part of cream of tartar2 or #be parts of potassium cyanide1 with the addition of #ee parts of carbonate of lime and #bj parts of white soap4 ,restoring ,tarnished ,gold4-- ,sodium bicarbonate #bj ounces ,chlorinated lime #a ounce ,common salt #a ounce ,water #af ounces ,mix well and apply with a soft brush4 ,a very small quantity of the solution is sufficient1 and it may be used either cold or lukewarm4 ,plain articles may be brightened by putting a drop or two of the liquid upon them and lightly brushing the surface with fine tissue paper4 #bjj ,cleaning ,copper4-- ,i4--,use ,armenian bole mixed into a paste with oleic acid4 ,,ii4--,rotten stone #a part ,iron subcarbonate #c parts ,lard oil1 a sufficient quantity4 ,,iii4--,iron oxide #aj parts ,pumice stone #cb parts ,oleic acid1 a sufficient quantity4 ,,iv4--,soap1 cut fine #af parts ,precipitated chalk #b parts ,jewelers' rouge #a part ,cream of tartar #a part ,magnesium carbonate #a part ,water1 a sufficient quantity4 ,dissolve the soap in the smallest quantity of water that will effect solution over a water bath4 ,add the other ingredients to the solution while still hot1 stirring constantly4 ,to ,remove ,hard ,grease1 ,paint1 etc41 from ,machinery4--,to remove grease1 paint1 etc41 from machinery add half a pound of caustic soda to #b gallons of water and boil the parts to be cleaned in the fluid4 ,it is possible to use it several times before its strength is exhausted4 ,solutions for ,cleaning ,metals4-- ,i4--,water #bj parts ,alum #b parts ,tripoli #b parts ,nitric acid #a part ,,ii4--,water #dj parts ,oxalic acid #b parts ,tripoli #g parts ,to ,cleanse ,nickel4--,i4--,fifty parts of rectified alcohol2 #a part of sulphuric acid2 #a part of nitric acid4 ,plunge the piece in the bath for #aj to #ae seconds1 rinse it off in cold water1 and dip it next into rectified alcohol4 ,dry with a fine linen rag or with sawdust4 ,,ii4--,stearine oil #a part ,ammonia water #be parts ,benzine #ej parts ,alcohol #ge parts ,rub up the stearine with the ammonia1 add the benzine and then the alcohol1 and agitate until homogeneous4 ,put in wide-mouthed vessels and close carefully4 ,to ,clean ,petroleum ,lamp ,burners4--,dissolve in a quart of soft water an ounce or an ounce and a half of washing soda1 using an old half-gallon tomato can4 ,into this put the burner after removing the wick1 set it on the stove1 and let it boil strongly for #e or #f minutes1 then take out1 rinse under the tap1 and dry4 ,every particle of carbonaceous matter will thus be got rid of1 and the burner be as clean and serviceable as new4 ,this ought to be done at least every month1 but the light would be better if it were done every #b weeks4 ,gold-,ware ,cleaner4-- ,acetic acid #b parts ,sulphuric acid #b parts ,oxalic acid #a part ,jewelers' rouge #b parts ,distilled water #bjj parts ,mix the acids and water and stir in the rouge1 after first rubbing it up with a portion of the liquid4 ,with a clean cloth1 wet with this mixture1 go well over the article4 ,rinse off with hot water and dry4 ,silverware ,cleaner4--,make a thin paste of levigated 7not precipitated7 chalk and sodium hyposulphite1 in equal parts1 rubbed up in distilled water4 ,apply this paste to the surface1 rubbing well with a soft brush4 ,rinse in clear water and dry in sawdust4 ,some authorities advise the cleaner to let the paste dry on the ware1 and then to rub off and rinse with hot water4 ,silver-,coin ,cleaner4--,make a bath of #aj parts of sulphuric acid and #ij parts of water1 and let the coin lie in this until the crust of silver sulphide is dissolved4 ,from #e to #aj minutes usually suffice4 ,rinse in running water1 then rub with a soft brush and castile soap1 rinse again1 dry with a soft cloth1 and then carefully rub with chamois4 ,cleaning ,silver-,plated ,ware4--,into a wide-mouthed bottle provided with a good cork put the following mixture3 ,cream of tartar #b parts ,levigated chalk #b parts ,alum #a part ,powder the alum and rub up with the other ingredients1 and cork tightly4 ,when required for use wet sufficient of the powder and with soft linen rags rub the article1 being careful not to use much pressure1 as otherwise the thin layer of plating may be cut through4 ,rinse in hot suds1 and afterwards in clear water1 and dry in sawdust4 ,when badly blackened with silver sulphide1 if small1 the article may be dipped for an instant in hydrochloric acid and immediately rinsed in running water4 ,larger articles may be treated as coins are--immersed for #b or #c minutes in a #aj per cent aqueous solution of sulphuric acid1 or the surface may be rapidly wiped #bja with a swab carrying nitric acid and instantly rinsed in running water4 ,cleaning ,gilt ,bronze ,ware4--,if greasy1 wash carefully in suds1 or1 better1 dip into a hot solution of caustic potash1 and then wash in suds with a soft rag1 and rinse in running water4 ,if not then clean and bright1 dip into the following mixture3 ,nitric acid #aj parts ,aluminum sulphate #a part ,water #dj parts ,mix4 ,rinse in running water4 ,britannia ,metal ,cleaner4--,rub first with jewelers' rouge made into a paste with oil2 wash in suds1 rinse1 dry1 and finish with chamois or wash leather4 ,to ,remove ,ink ,stains on ,silver4--,silver articles in domestic use1 and especially silver or plated inkstands1 frequently become badly stained with ink4 ,these stains cannot be removed by ordinary processes1 but readily yield to a paste of chloride of lime and water4 ,javelle water may be also used4 ,removing ,egg ,stains4--,a pinch of table salt taken between the thumb and finger and rubbed on the spot with the end of the finger will usually remove the darkest egg stain from silver4 ,to ,clean ,silver ,ornaments4--,make a strong solution of soft soap and water1 and in this boil the articles for a few minutes--five will usually be enough4 ,take out1 pour the soap solution into a basin1 and as soon as the liquid has cooled down sufficiently to be borne by the hand1 with a soft brush scrub the articles with it4 ,rinse in boiling water and place on a porous substance 7a bit of tiling1 a brick1 or unglazed earthenware7 to dry4 ,finally give a light rubbing with a chamois4 ,articles thus treated look as bright as new4 ,solvent for ,iron ,rust4--,articles attacked by rust may be conveniently cleaned by dipping them into a well-saturated solution of stannic chloride4 ,the length of time of the action must be regulated according to the thickness of the rust4 ,as a rule #ab to #bd hours will suffice1 but it is essential to prevent an excess of acid in the bath1 as this is liable to attack the iron itself4 ,after the objects have been removed from the bath they must be rinsed with water1 and subsequently with ammonia1 and then quickly dried4 ,greasing with vaseline seems to prevent new formation of rust4 ,objects treated in this manner are said to resemble dead silver4 ,professor ,weber proposed a diluted alkali1 and it has been found that after employing this remedy the dirt layer is loosened and the green platina reappears4 ,potash has been found to be an efficacious remedy1 even in the case of statues that had apparently turned completely black4 ,to ,clean ,polished ,parts of ,machines4--,put in a flask #a1jjj parts of petroleum2 add #bj parts of paraffine1 shaved fine2 cork the bottle and stand aside for a couple of days1 giving it an occasional shake4 ,the mixture is now ready for use4 ,to use1 shake the bottle1 pour a little of the liquid upon a woolen rag and rub evenly over the part to be cleaned2 or apply with a brush4 ,set the article aside and1 next day1 rub it well with a dry1 woolen rag4 ,every particle of rust1 resinified grease1 etc41 will disappear provided the article has not been neglected too long4 ,in this case a further application of the oil will be necessary4 ,if too great pressure has not been made1 or the rubbing continued too long1 the residual oil finally leaves the surface protected by a delicate layer of paraffine that will prevent rusting for a long time4 ,to ,clean ,articles of ,nickel4--,lay them for a few seconds in alcohol containing #b per cent of sulphuric acid2 remove1 wash in running water1 rinse in alcohol1 and rub dry with a linen cloth4 ,this process gives a brilliant polish and is especially useful with plated articles on the plating of which the usual polishing materials act very destructively4 ,the yellowest and brownest nickeled articles are restored to pristine brilliancy by leaving them in the alcohol and acid for #ae seconds4 ,five seconds suffice ordinarily4 ,how to ,renovate ,bronzes4--,for gilt work1 first remove all grease1 dirt1 wax1 etc41 with a solution in water of potassium or sodium hydrate1 then dry1 and with a soft rag apply the following3 ,sodium carbonate #g parts ,spanish whiting #ae parts ,alcohol1 #he per cent #ej parts ,water #abe parts ,go over every part carefully1 using a brush to get into the minute crevices4 ,when this dries on1 brush off with a fine linen cloth or a supple chamois skin4 ,or the following plan may be used3 ,remove grease1 etc41 as directed above1 dry and go over the spots where the gilt surface is discolored with a brush dipped in a solution of two parts of alum in #bej parts of water and #fe parts of nitric acid4 ,as soon as the gilding reappears or the #bjb surface becomes bright1 wash off1 and dry in the direct sunlight4 ,still another cleaner is made of nitric acid1 #cj parts2 aluminum sulphate1 #d parts2 distilled or rain water1 #abe parts4 ,clean of grease1 etc41 as above1 and apply the solution with a camel's-hair pencil4 ,rinse off and dry in sawdust4 ,finally1 some articles are best cleaned by immersing in hot soap suds and rubbing with a soft brush4 ,rinse in clear1 hot water1 using a soft brush to get the residual suds out of crevices4 ,let dry1 then finish by rubbing the gilt spots or places with a soft1 linen rag1 or a bit of chamois4 ,there are some bronzes gilt with imitation gold and varnished4 ,where the work is well done and the gilding has not been on too long1 they will deceive even the practiced eye4 ,the deception1 however1 may easily be detected by touching a spot on the gilt surface with a glass rod dipped in a solution of corrosive sublimate4 ,if the gilding is true no discoloration will occur1 but if false a brown spot will be produced4 ,to ,clean a ,gas ,stove4--,an easy method of removing grease spots consists in immersing the separable parts for several hours in a warm lye1 heated to about #gj ,c4 7#aeh ,f471 said lye to be made of #i parts of caustic soda and #ahj parts of water4 ,these pieces1 together with the fixed parts of the stove1 may be well brushed with this lye and afterwards rinsed in clean1 warm water4 ,the grease will be dissolved1 and the stove restored almost to its original state4 ,cleaning ,copper ,sinks4--,make rotten stone into a stiff paste with soft soap and water4 ,rub on with a woolen rag1 and polish with dry whiting and rotten stone4 ,finish with a leather and dry whiting4 ,many of the substances and mixtures used to clean brass will effectively clean copper4 ,oxalic acid is said to be the best medium for cleaning copper1 but after using it the surface of the copper must be well washed1 dried1 and then rubbed with sweet oil and tripoli1 or some other polishing agent4 ,otherwise the metal will soon tarnish again4 ,treatment of ,cast-,iron ,grave ,crosses4--,the rust must first be thoroughly removed with a steel-wire brush4 ,when this is done apply one or two coats of red lead or graphite paint4 ,after this priming has become hard1 paint with double-burnt lampblack and equal parts of oil of turpentine and varnish4 ,this coating is followed by one of lampblack ground with coach varnish4 ,now paint the single portions with 8mixtion0 7gilding oil7 and gild as usual4 ,such crosses look better when they are not altogether black4 ,ornaments may be very well treated in colors with oil paint and then varnished4 ,the crosses treated in this manner are preserved for many years1 but it is essential to use good exterior or coach varnish for varnishing1 and not the so-called black varnish1 which is mostly composed of asphalt or tar4 ,cleaning ,inferior ,gold ,articles4--,the brown film which forms on low-quality gold articles is removed by coating with fuming hydrochloric acid1 whereupon they are brushed off with ,vienna lime and petroleum4 ,finally1 clean the objects with benzine1 rinse again in pure benzine1 and dry in sawdust4 ,to ,clean ,bronze4--,clean the bronze with soft soap2 next wash it in plenty of water2 wipe1 let dry1 and apply light encaustic mixture composed of spirit of turpentine in which a small quantity of yellow wax has been dissolved4 ,the encaustic is spread by means of a linen or woolen wad4 ,for gilt bronze1 add #a spoonful of alkali to #c spoonfuls of water and rub the article with this by means of a ball of wadding4 ,next wipe with a clean chamois1 similar to that employed in silvering4 ,how to ,clean ,brass and ,steel4--,to clean brasses quickly and economically1 rub them with vinegar and salt or with oxalic acid4 ,wash immediately after the rubbing1 and polish with tripoli and sweet oil4 ,unless the acid is washed off the article will tarnish quickly4 ,copper kettles and saucepans1 brass andirons1 fenders1 and candlesticks and trays are best cleaned with vinegar and salt4 ,cooking vessels in constant use need only to be well washed afterwards4 ,things for show--even pots and pans--need the oil polishing1 which gives a deep1 rich1 yellow luster1 good for six months4 ,oxalic acid and salt should be employed for furniture brasses--if it touches the wood it only improves the tone4 ,wipe the brasses well with a wet cloth1 and polish thoroughly with oil and tripoli4 ,sometimes powdered rotten stone does better than the tripoli4 ,rub1 after using1 either with a dry cloth or leather1 until there is no trace of oil4 ,the brass to be cleaned must be freed completely from grease1 caked dirt1 and grime4 ,wash with strong ammonia suds and rinse dry before beginning with the acid and salt4 ,the best treatment for wrought steel is to wash it very clean with a stiff brush #bjc and ammonia soapsuds1 rinse well1 dry by heat1 oil plentifully with sweet oil1 and dust thickly with powdered quicklime4 ,let the lime stay on #b days1 then brush it off with a clean1 very stiff brush4 ,polish with a softer brush1 and rub with cloths until the luster comes out4 ,by leaving the lime on1 iron and steel may be kept from rust almost indefinitely4 ,before wetting any sort of bric-a-brac1 and especially bronzes1 remove all the dust possible4 ,after dusting1 wash well in strong white soapsuds and ammonia1 rinse clean1 polish with just a suspicion of oil and rotten stone1 and rub off afterwards every trace of the oil4 ,never let acid touch a bronze surface1 unless to eat and pit it for antique effects4 ,composition for ,cleaning ,copper1 ,nickel1 and other ,metals4--,wool grease1 #df parts1 by weight2 fire clay1 #cj parts1 by weight2 paraffine1 #e parts1 by weight2 ,canova wax1 #e parts1 by weight2 cocoanut oil1 #aj parts1 by weight2 oil of mirbane1 #a part1 by weight4 ,after mixing these different ingredients1 which constitute a paste1 this is molded in order to give a cylindrical form1 and introduced into a case so that it can be used like a stick of cosmetic4 ,putz ,pomade4--,i4--,oxalic acid1 #a part2 caput mortuum1 #ae parts 7or1 if white pomade is desired1 tripoli1 #ab parts72 powdered pumice stone1 best grade1 #bj parts2 palm oil1 #fj parts2 petroleum or oleine1 #d parts4 ,perfume with mirbane oil4 ,,ii4--,oxalic acid #a part ,peroxide of iron 7jewelers' rouge7 #ae parts ,rotten stone #bj parts ,palm oil #fj parts ,petrolatum #e parts ,pulverize the acid and the rotten stone and mix thoroughly with the rouge4 ,sift to remove all grit1 then make into a paste with the oil and petrolatum4 ,a little nitro-benzol may be added to scent the mixture4 ,,iii4--,oleine #dj parts ,ceresine #e parts ,tripoli #dj parts ,light mineral oil 7#j4hgj7 #bj parts ,melt the oleine1 ceresine1 and mineral oil together1 and stir in the tripoli2 next1 grind evenly in a paint mill4 ,to ,clean ,gummed ,parts of ,machinery4--,boil about #aj to #ae parts of caustic soda or #ajj parts of soda in #a1jjj parts of water1 immerse the parts to be cleaned in this for some time1 or1 better1 boil them with it4 ,then rinse and dry4 ,for small shops this mode of cleaning is doubtless the best4 ,to ,remove ,silver ,plating4--,i4--,put sulphuric acid #ajj parts and potassium nitrate 7saltpeter7 #aj parts in a vessel of stoneware or porcelain1 heated on the water bath4 ,when the silver has left the copper1 rinse the objects several times4 ,this silver stripping bath may be used several times1 if it is kept in a well-closed bottle4 ,when it is saturated with silver1 decant the liquid1 boil it to dryness1 then add the residue to the deposit1 and melt in the crucible to obtain the metal4 ,,ii4--,stripping silvered articles of the silvering may be accomplished by the following mixture3 ,sulphuric acid1 #fj ,b41 #c parts2 nitric acid1 #dj ,b41 #a part2 heat the mixture to about #aff ,f41 and immerse the articles by means of a copper wire4 ,in a few seconds the acid mixture will have done the work4 ,a thorough rinsing off is1 of course1 necessary4 ,to ,clean ,zinc ,articles4--,in order to clean articles of zinc1 stir rye bran into a paste with boiling water1 and add a handful of silver sand and a little vitriol4 ,rub the article with this paste1 rinse with water1 dry1 and polish with a cloth4 ,to ,remove ,rust from ,nickel4--,smear the rusted parts well with grease 7ordinary animal fat will do71 and allow the article to stand several days4 ,if the rust is not thick the grease and rust may be rubbed off with a cloth dipped in ammonia4 ,if the rust is very deep1 apply a diluted solution of hydrochloric acid1 taking care that the acid does not touch the metal1 and the rust may be easily rubbed off4 ,then wash the article and polish in the usual way4 ,compound for ,cleaning ,brass4--,to make a brass cleaning compound use oxalic acid1 #a ounce2 rotten stone1 #f ounces2 enough whale oil and spirits of turpentine of equal parts1 to mix1 and make a paste4 ,to ,clean ,gilt ,objects4--,i4--,into an ordinary drinking glass pour about #bj drops of ammonia1 immerse the piece to be cleaned repeatedly in this1 and brush with a soft brush4 ,treat the article with pure water1 then with alcohol1 and wipe with a soft rag4 ,,ii4--,boil common alum in soft1 pure water1 and immerse the article in the solution1 or rub the spot with it1 and dry with sawdust4 ,,iii4--,for cleaning picture frames1 #bjd moldings1 and1 in fact1 all kinds of gilded work1 the best medium is liquor potass1 diluted with about #e volumes of water4 ,dilute alcohol is also excellent4 ,methylated wood spirit1 if the odor is not objectionable1 answers admirably4 ,to ,scale ,cast ,iron4--,to remove the scale from cast iron use a solution of #a part vitriol and #b parts water2 after mixing1 apply to the scale with a cloth rolled in the form of a brush1 using enough to wet the surface well4 ,after #h or #aj hours wash off with water1 when the hard1 scaly surface will be completely removed4 ,cleaning ,funnels and ,measures4--,funnels and measures used for measuring varnishes1 oils1 etc41 may be cleaned by soaking them in a strong solution of lye or pearlash4 ,another mixture for the same purpose consists of pearlash with quicklime in aqueous solution4 ,the measures are allowed to soak in the solution for a short time1 when the resinous matter of the paint or varnish is easily removed4 ,a thin coating of petroleum lubricating oils may be removed1 it is said1 by the use of naphtha or petroleum benzine4 ,to ,clean ,aluminum4--,i4--,aluminum articles are very hard to clean so they will have a bright1 new appearance4 ,this is especially the case with the matted or frosted pieces4 ,to restore the pieces to brilliancy place them for some time in water that has been slightly acidulated with sulphuric acid4 ,,ii4--,wash the aluminum with coal-oil1 gasoline or benzine1 then put it in a concentrated solution of caustic potash1 and after washing it with plenty of water1 dip it in the bath composed of #b_/c nitric acid and #a_/c water4 ,next1 subject it to a bath of concentrated nitric acid1 and finally to a mixture of rum and olive oil4 ,to render aluminum capable of being worked like pure copper1 #b_/c of oil of turpentine and #a_/c stearic acid are used4 ,for polishing by hand1 take a solution of #cj parts of borax and #a1jjj parts of water1 to which a few drops of spirits of ammonia have been added4 ,how to ,clean ,tarnished ,silver4--,i4--,if the articles are only slightly tarnished1 mix #c parts of best washed and purified chalk and #a part of white soap1 adding water1 till a thin paste is formed1 which should be rubbed on the silver with a dry brush1 till the articles are quite bright4 ,as a substitute1 whiting1 mixed with caustic ammonia to form a paste1 may be used4 ,this mixture is very effective1 but it irritates the eyes and nose4 ,,ii4--,an efficacious preparation is obtained by mixing beech-wood ashes1 #b parts2 ,venetian soap1 #d_/ajj part2 cooking salt1 #b parts2 rain water1 #h parts4 ,brush the silver with this lye1 using a somewhat stiff brush4 ,,iii4--,a solution of crystallized potassium permanganate has been recommended4 ,,iv4--,a grayish violet film which silverware acquires from perspiration1 can be readily removed by means of ammonia4 ,v4--,to remove spots from silver lay it for #d hours in soapmakers' lye1 then throw on fine powdered gypsum1 moisten the latter with vinegar to cause it to adhere1 dry near the fire1 and wipe off4 ,next rub the spot with dry bran4 ,this not only causes it to disappear1 but gives extraordinary gloss to the silver4 ,,vi4--,cleaning with the usual fine powders is attended with some difficulty and inconvenience4 ,an excellent result is obtained without injury to the silver by employing a saturated solution of hyposulphite of soda1 which is put on with a brush or rag4 ,the article is then washed with plenty of water4 ,,vii4--,never use soap on silverware1 as it dulls the luster1 giving the article more the appearance of pewter than silver4 ,when it wants cleaning1 rub it with a piece of soft leather and prepared chalk1 made into a paste with pure water1 entirely free from grit4 ,to ,clean ,dull ,gold4--,i4--,take #hj parts1 by weight1 of chloride of lime1 and rub it up with gradual addition of water in a porcelain mortar into a thin1 even paste1 which is put into a solution of #hj parts1 by weight1 of bicarbonate of soda1 and #bj parts1 by weight1 of salt1 in #c1jjj parts1 by weight1 of water4 ,shake it1 and let stand a few days before using4 ,if the preparation is to be kept for any length of time the bottle should be placed1 well corked1 in the cellar4 ,for use1 lay the tarnished articles in a dish1 pour the liquid1 which has previously been well shaken1 over them so as just to cover them1 and leave them therein for a few days4 ,,ii4--,bicarbonate of soda4 #ca parts ,chloride of lime #ae4e parts ,cooking salt #ae parts ,water #bdj parts ,grind the chloride of lime with a little water to a thin paste1 in a porcelain vessel1 and add the remaining chemicals4 ,wash the objects with the aid of a soft brush with the solution1 rinse several times in water1 and dry in fine sawdust4 #bje ,cleaning ,bronze ,objects4--,employ powdered chicory mixed with water1 so as to obtain a paste1 which is applied with a brush4 ,after the brushing1 rinse off and dry in the sun or near a stove4 ,cleaning ,gilded ,bronzes4--,i4--,commence by removing the spots of grease and wax with a little potash or soda dissolved in water4 ,let dry1 and apply the following mixture with a rag3 ,carbonate of soda1 #g parts2 whiting1 #ae parts2 alcohol 7#he71 #ej parts2 water1 #abe parts4 ,when this coating is dry pass a fine linen cloth or a piece of supple skin over it4 ,the hollow parts are cleaned with a brush4 ,,ii4--,after removing the grease spots1 let dry and pass over all the damaged parts a pencil dipped in the following mixture3 ,alum1 #b parts2 nitric acid1 #fe2 water1 #bej parts4 ,when the gilding becomes bright1 wipe1 and dry in the sun or near a fire4 ,,iii4--,wash in hot water containing a little soda1 dry1 and pass over the gilding a pencil soaked in a liquid made of #cj parts nitric acid1 #d parts of aluminum phosphate1 and #abe parts of pure water4 ,dry in sawdust4 ,,iv4--,immerse the objects in boiling soap water1 and facilitate the action of the soap by rubbing with a soft brush2 put the objects in hot water1 brush them carefully1 and let them dry in the air2 when they are quite dry rub the shining parts only with an old linen cloth or a soft leather1 without touching the others4 ,stripping ,gilt ,articles4--,degilding or stripping gilt articles may be done by attaching the object to the positive pole of a battery and immersing it in a solution composed of #a pound of cyanide dissolved in about #a gallon of water4 ,desilvering may be effected in the same manner4 ,to ,clean ,tarnished ,zinc4--,apply with a rag a mixture of #a part sulphuric acid with #ab parts of water4 ,rinse the zinc with clear water4 ,cleaning ,pewter ,articles4--,pour hot lye of wood ashes upon the tin1 throw on sand1 and rub with a hard1 woolen rag1 hat felt1 or whisk until all particles of dirt have been dissolved4 ,to polish pewter plates it is well to have the turner make similar wooden forms fitting the plates1 and to rub them clean this way4 ,next they are rinsed with clean water and placed on a table with a clean linen cover on which they are left to dry without being touched1 otherwise spots will appear4 ,this scouring is not necessary so often if the pewter is rubbed with wheat bran after use and cleaned perfectly4 ,new pewter is polished with a paste of whiting and brandy1 rubbing the dishes with it until the mass becomes dry4 ,to ,clean ,files4--,files which have become clogged with tin or lead are cleaned by dipping for a few seconds into concentrated nitric acid4 ,to remove iron filings from the file cuts1 a bath of blue vitriol is employed4 ,after the files have been rinsed in water they are likewise dipped in nitric acid4 ,file-ridges closed up by zinc are cleaned by immersing the files in diluted sulphuric acid4 ,such as have become filled with copper or brass are also treated with nitric acid1 but here the process has to be repeated several times4 ,the files should always be rinsed in water after the treatment1 brushed with a stiff brush1 and dried in sawdust or by pouring alcohol over them1 and letting it burn off on the file4 ,scale ,pan ,cleaner4--,about the quickest cleaner for brass scale pans is a solution of potassium bichromate in dilute sulphuric acid1 using about #a part of chromate1 in powder1 to #c parts of acid and #f parts of water4 ,in this imbibe a cloth wrapped around a stick 7to protect the hands71 and with it rub the pans4 ,do this at tap or hydrant1 so that no time is lost in placing the pan in running water after having rubbed it with the acid solution4 ,for pans not very badly soiled rubbing with ammonia water and rinsing is sufficient4 ,tarnish on ,electro-,plate ,goods4--,this tarnish can be removed by dipping the article for from #a to #ae minutes--that is1 until the tarnish shall have been removed--in a pickle of the following composition3 ,rain water #b gallons and potassium cyanide #a_/b pound4 ,dissolve together1 and fill into a stone jug or jar1 and close tightly4 ,the article1 after having been immersed1 must be taken out and thoroughly rinsed in several waters1 then dried with fine1 clean sawdust4 ,tarnish on jewelry can be speedily removed by this process2 but if the cyanide is not completely removed it will corrode the goods4 ,,oil-1 ,,grease-1 ,,paint-,,spot ,,eradicators3 ,grease- and ,paint-,spot ,eradicators4-- ,i4--,benzol #ejj parts ,benzine #ejj parts ,soap1 best white1 shaved #e parts ,water1 warm1 sufficient4 #bjf ,dissolve the soap in the warm water1 using from #ej to #fj parts4 ,mix the benzol and benzine1 and add the soap solution1 a little at a time1 shaking up well after each addition4 ,if the mixture is slow in emulsifying1 add at one time from #ej to #ajj parts of warm water1 and shake violently4 ,set the emulsion aside for a few days1 or until it separates1 then decant the superfluous water1 and pour the residual pasty mass1 after stirring it up well1 into suitable boxes4 ,,ii4--,soap spirit #ajj parts ,ammonia solution1 #aj per cent #be parts ,acetic ether #ae parts ,,iii4--,extract of quillaia #a part ,borax #a part ,ox gall1 fresh #f parts ,tallow soap #ae parts ,triturate the quillaia and borax together1 incorporate the ox gall1 and1 finally1 add the tallow soap and mix thoroughly by kneading4 ,the product is a plastic mass1 which may be rolled into sticks or put up into boxes4 ,removing ,oil ,spots from ,leather4--,to remove oil stains from leather1 dab the spot carefully with spirits of sal ammoniac1 and after allowing it to act for a while1 wash with clean water4 ,this treatment may have to be repeated a few times1 taking care1 however1 not to injure the color of the leather4 ,sometimes the spot may be removed very simply by spreading the place rather thickly with butter and letting this act for a few hours4 ,next scrape off the butter with the point of a knife1 and rinse the stain with soap and lukewarm water4 ,to ,clean ,linoleum4--,rust spots and other stains can be removed from linoleum by rubbing with steel chips4 ,to ,remove ,putty1 ,grease1 etc41 from ,plate ,glass4--,to remove all kinds of greasy materials from glass1 and to leave the latter bright and clean1 use a paste made of benzine and burnt magnesia of such consistence that when the mass is pressed between the fingers a drop of benzine will exude4 ,with this mixture and a wad of cotton1 go over the entire surface of the glass1 rubbing it well4 ,one rubbing is usually sufficient4 ,after drying1 any of the substance left in the corners1 etc41 is easily removed by brushing with a suitable brush4 ,the same preparation is very useful for cleaning mirrors and removing grease stains from books1 papers1 etc4 ,removing ,spots from ,furniture4--,white spots on polished tables are removed in the following manner3 ,coat the spot with oil and pour on a rag a few drops of 8mixtura balsamica oleosa10 which can be bought in every drug store1 and rub on the spot1 which will disappear immediately4 ,to ,remove ,spots from ,drawings1 etc4--,place soapstone1 fine meerschaum shavings1 amianthus1 or powdered magnesia on the spot1 and1 if necessary1 lay on white filtering paper1 saturating it with peroxide of hydrogen4 ,allow this to act for a few hours1 and remove the application with a brush4 ,if necessary1 repeat the operation4 ,in this manner black coffee spots were removed from a valuable diagram without erasure by knife or rubber4 ,,watchmakers' ,,and ,,jewelers' ,,cleaning ,,preparations3 ,to ,clean the ,tops of ,clocks in ,repairing4--,sprinkle whiting on the top4 ,pour good vinegar over this and rub vigorously4 ,rinse in clean water and dry slowly in the sun or at the fire4 ,a good polish will be obtained4 ,to ,clean ,watch ,chains4--,gold or silver watch chains can be cleaned with a very excellent result1 no matter whether they be matt or polished1 by laying them for a few seconds in pure aqua ammonia2 they are then rinsed in alcohol1 and finally shaken in clean sawdust1 free from sand4 ,imitation gold and plated chains are first cleaned in benzine1 then rinsed in alcohol1 and afterwards shaken in dry sawdust4 ,ordinary chains are first dipped in the following pickle3 ,pure nitric acid is mixed with concentrated sulphuric acid in the proportion of #aj parts of the former to #b parts of the latter2 a little table salt is added4 ,the chains are boiled in this mixture1 then rinsed several times in water1 afterwards in alcohol1 and finally dried in sawdust4 ,cleaning ,brass ,mountings on ,clock ,cases1 etc4--,the brass mountings are first cleaned of dirt by dipping them for a short time into boiling soda lye1 and next are pickled1 still warm1 if possible1 in a mixture consisting of nitric acid1 #fj parts2 sulphuric acid1 #dj parts2 cooking salt1 #a part2 and shining soot 7lampblack71 #a_/b part1 whereby they acquire a handsome golden-yellow coloring4 ,the pickling mixture1 however1 must not be employed immediately after pouring together the acids1 which causes a strong generation of heat1 but should settle for at least #bjg #a day4 ,this makes the articles handsomer and more uniform4 ,after the dipping the objects are rinsed in plenty of clean water and dried on a hot1 iron plate1 and at the same time warmed for lacquering4 ,since the pieces would be lacquered too thick and unevenly in pure gold varnish1 this is diluted with alcohol1 #a part of gold varnish sufficing for #aj parts of alcohol4 ,into this liquid dip the mountings previously warmed and dry them again on the hot plate4 ,gilt ,zinc ,clocks4--,it frequently happens that clocks of gilt zinc become covered with green spots4 ,to remove such spots the following process is used3 ,soak a small wad of cotton in alkali and rub it on the spot4 ,the green color will disappear at once1 but the gilding being gone1 a black spot will remain4 ,wipe off well to remove all traces of the alkali4 ,to replace the gilding1 put on1 by means of liquid gum arabic1 a little bronze powder of the color of the gilding4 ,the powdered bronze is applied dry with the aid of a brush or cotton wad4 ,when the gilding of the clock has become black or dull from age1 it may be revived by immersion in a bath of cyanide of potassium1 but frequently it suffices to wash it with a soft brush in soap and water1 in which a little carbonate of soda has been dissolved4 ,brush the piece in the lather1 rinse in clean water1 and dry in rather hot sawdust4 ,the piece should be dried well inside and outside1 as moisture will cause it to turn black4 ,to ,clean ,gummed ,up ,springs4--,dissolve caustic soda in warm water1 place the spring in the solution and leave it there for about one half hour4 ,any oil still adhering may now easily be taken off with a hard brush2 next1 dry the spring with a clean cloth4 ,in this manner gummed up parts of tower clocks1 locks1 etc41 may be quickly and thoroughly cleaned1 and oil paint may be removed from metal or wood4 ,the lye is sharp1 but free from danger1 nor are the steel parts attacked by it4 ,to ,clean ,soldered ,watch ,cases4--,gold1 silver1 and other metallic watch cases which in soldering have been exposed to heat1 are laid in diluted sulphuric acid 7#a part acid to #aj to #ae parts water71 to free them from oxide4 ,heating the acid accelerates the cleaning process4 ,the articles are then well rinsed in water and dried4 ,gold cases are next brushed with powdered tripoli moistened with oil1 to remove the pale spots caused by the heat and boiling1 and to restore the original color4 ,after that they are cleaned with soap water and finally polished with rouge4 ,silver cases are polished after boiling1 with a scratch brush dipped in beer4 ,a ,simple ,way to ,clean a ,clock4--,take a bit of cotton the size of a hen's egg1 dip it in kerosene and place it on the floor of the clock1 in the corner2 shut the door of the clock1 and wait #c or #d days4 ,the clock will be like a new one--and if you look inside you will find the cotton batting black with dust4 ,the fumes of the oil loosen the particles of dust1 and they fall1 thus cleaning the clock4 ,to ,restore the ,color of a ,gold or ,gilt ,dial4--,dip the dial for a few seconds in the following mixture3 ,half an ounce of cyanide of potassium is dissolved in a quart of hot water1 and #b ounces of strong ammonia1 mixed with #a_/b an ounce of alcohol1 are added to the solution4 ,on removal from this bath1 the dial should immediately be immersed in warm water1 then brushed with soap1 rinsed1 and dried in hot boxwood dust4 ,or it may simply be immersed in dilute nitric acid2 but in this case any painted figures will be destroyed4 ,a ,bath for ,cleaning ,clocks4--,in an enameled iron or terra-cotta vessel pour #b1jjj parts of water1 add #ej parts of scraped ,marseilles soap1 #hj to #ajj parts of whiting1 and a small cup of spirits of ammonia4 ,to hasten the process of solution1 warm1 but do not allow to boil4 ,if the clock is very dirty or much oxidized1 immerse the pieces in the bath while warm1 and as long as necessary4 ,take them out with a skimmer or strainer1 and pour over them some benzine1 letting the liquid fall into an empty vessel4 ,this being decanted and bottled can be used indefinitely for rinsing4 ,if the bath has too much alkali or is used when too hot1 it may affect the polish and render it dull4 ,this may be obviated by trying different strengths of the alkali4 ,pieces of blued steel are not injured by the alkali1 even when pure4 ,to ,remove a ,figure or ,name from a ,dial4--,oil of spike lavender may be employed for erasing a letter or number4 ,enamel powder made into a paste with water1 oil1 or turpentine is also used for this purpose4 ,it should be previously levigated so as to obtain several degrees of fineness4 ,the powder used for repolishing the surface1 where an impression has been removed1 must be extremely fine4 ,it is applied with a piece of #bjh pegwood or ivory4 ,the best method is to employ diamond powder4 ,take a little of the powder1 make into a paste with fine oil1 on the end of a copper polisher the surface of which has been freshly filed and slightly rounded4 ,the marks will rapidly disappear when rubbed with this4 ,the surface is left a little dull2 it may be rendered bright by rubbing with the same powder mixed with a greater quantity of oil1 and applied with a stick of pegwood4 ,watchmakers will do well to try on disused dials several degrees of fineness of the diamond powder4 ,cleaning ,pearls4--,pearls turn yellow in the course of time by absorbing perspiration on account of being worn in the hair1 at the throat1 and on the arms4 ,there are several ways of rendering them white again4 ,i4--,the best process is said to be to put the pearls into a bag with wheat bran and to heat the bag over a coal fire1 with constant motion4 ,,ii4--,another method is to bring #h parts each of well-calcined1 finely powdered lime and wood charcoal1 which has been strained through a gauze sieve1 to a boil with #ejj parts of pure rain water1 suspend the pearls over the steam of the boiling water until they are warmed through1 and then boil them in the liquid for #e minutes1 turning frequently4 ,let them cool in the liquid1 take them out1 and wash off well with clean water4 ,,iii4--,place the pearls in a piece of fine linen1 throw salt on them1 and tie them up4 ,next rinse the tied-up pearls in lukewarm water until all the salt has been extracted1 and dry them at an ordinary temperature4 ,,iv4--,the pearls may also be boiled about #a_/d hour in cow's milk into which a little cheese or soap has been scraped2 take them out1 rinse off in fresh water1 and dry them with a clean1 white cloth4 ,v4--,another method is to have the pearls1 strung on a silk thread or wrapped up in thin gauze1 mixed in a loaf of bread of barley flour and to have the loaf baked well in an oven1 but not too brown4 ,when cool remove the pearls4 ,,vi4--,hang the pearls for a couple of minutes in hot1 strong1 wine vinegar or highly diluted sulphuric acid1 remove1 and rinse them in water4 ,do not leave them too long in the acid1 otherwise they will be injured by it4 ,,glass ,,cleaning3 ,cleaning ,preparation for ,glass with ,metal ,decorations4--,mix #a1jjj parts of denaturized spirit 7#if per cent7 with #aej parts1 by weight1 of ammonia2 #bj parts of acetic ether2 #ae parts of ethylic ether2 #bjj parts of ,vienna lime2 #iej parts of bolus2 and #eej parts of oleine4 ,with this mixture both glass and metal can be quickly and thoroughly cleaned4 ,it is particularly recommended for show windows ornamented with metal4 ,paste for ,cleaning ,glass4-- ,prepared chalk #f pounds ,powdered ,french chalk #a #a_/b pounds ,phosphate calcium #b #a_/d pounds ,quillaia bark #b #a_/d pounds ,carbonate ammonia #ah ounces ,rose pink #f ounces ,mix the ingredients1 in fine powder1 and sift through muslin4 ,then mix with soft water to the consistency of cream1 and apply to the glass by means of a soft rag or sponge2 allow it to dry on1 wipe off with a cloth1 and polish with chamois4 ,cleaning ,optical ,lenses4--,for this purpose a ,german contemporary recommends vegetable pith4 ,the medulla of rushes1 elders1 or sunflowers is cut out1 the pieces are dried and pasted singly alongside of one another upon a piece of cork1 whereby a brush-like apparatus is obtained1 which is passed over the surface of the lens4 ,for very small lenses pointed pieces of elder pith are employed4 ,to dip dirty and greasy lenses into oil of turpentine or ether and rub them with a linen rag1 as has been proposed1 seems hazardous1 because the ,canada balsam with which the lenses are cemented might dissolve4 ,to ,remove ,glue from ,glass4--,if glue has simply dried upon the glass hot water ought to remove it4 ,if1 however1 the spots are due to size 7the gelatinous wash used by painters7 when dried they become very refractory and recourse must be had to chemical means for their removal4 ,the commonest size being a solution of gelatin1 alum1 and rosin dissolved in a solution of soda and combined with starch1 hot solutions of caustic soda or of potash may be used4 ,if that fails to remove them1 try diluted hydrochloric1 sulphuric1 or any of the stronger acids4 ,if the spots still remain some abrasive powder 7flour of emery7 must be used and the glass repolished with jewelers' rouge applied by means of a chamois skin4 ,owing to the varied nature of sizes used the above are only suggestions4 ,cleaning ,window ,panes4--,take diluted nitric acid about as strong as strong #bji vinegar and pass it over the glass pane1 leave it to act a minute and throw on pulverized whiting1 but just enough to give off a hissing sound4 ,now rub both with the hand over the whole pane and polish with a dry rag4 ,rinse off with clean water and a little alcohol and polish dry and clear4 ,repeat the process on the other side4 ,the nitric acid removes all impurities which have remained on the glass at the factory1 and even with inferior panes a good appearance is obtained4 ,to ,clean ,store ,windows4--,for cleaning the large panes of glass of store windows1 and also ordinary show cases1 a semiliquid paste may be employed1 made of calcined magnesia and purified benzine4 ,the glass should be rubbed with a cotton rag until it is brilliant4 ,cleaning ,lamp ,globes4--,pour #b spoonfuls of a slightly heated solution of potash into the globe1 moisten the whole surface with it1 and rub the stains with a fine linen rag2 rinse the globe with clean water and carefully dry it with a fine1 soft cloth4 ,to ,clean ,mirrors4--,rub the mirror with a ball of soft paper slightly dampened with methylated spirits1 then with a duster on which a little whiting has been sprinkled1 and finally polish with clean paper or a wash leather4 ,this treatment will make the glass beautifully bright4 ,to ,clean ,milk ,glass4--,to remove oil spots from milk glass panes and lamp globes1 knead burnt magnesia with benzine to a plastic mass1 which must be kept in a tight-closing bottle4 ,a little of this substance rubbed on the spot with a linen rag will make it disappear4 ,to ,remove ,oil-,paint ,spots from ,glass4--,if the window panes have been bespattered with oil paint in painting walls1 the spots are1 of course1 easily removed while wet4 ,when they have become dry the operation is more difficult and alcohol and turpentine in equal parts1 or spirit of sal ammoniac should be used to soften the paint4 ,after that go over it with chalk4 ,polishing with salt will also remove paint spots4 ,the salt grates somewhat1 but it is not hard enough to cause scratches in the glass2 a subsequent polishing with chalk is also advisable1 as the drying of the salt might injure the glass4 ,for scratching off soft paint spots sheet zinc must be used1 as it cannot damage the glass on account of its softness4 ,in the case of silicate paints 7the so-called weather-proof coatings7 the panes must be especially protected1 because these paints destroy the polish of the glass4 ,rubbing the spots with brown soap is also a good way of removing the spots1 but care must be taken in rinsing off that the window frames are not acted upon4 ,removing ,silver ,stains4--,the following solution will remove silver stains from the hands1 and also from woolen1 linen1 or cotton goods3 ,mercuric chloride #a part ,ammonia muriate #a part ,water #h parts ,the compound is poisonous4 ,,miscellaneous ,,cleaning ,,methods ,,and ,,processes3 ,universal ,cleaner4-- ,green soap #bj to #be parts ,boiling water #gej parts ,liquid ammonia1 caustic #cj to #dj parts ,acetic ether #bj to #cj parts ,mix4 ,to ,clean ,playing ,cards4--,slightly soiled playing cards may be made clean by rubbing them with a soft rag dipped in a solution of camphor4 ,very little of the latter is necessary4 ,to ,remove ,vegetable ,growth from ,buildings4--,to remove moss and lichen from stone and masonry1 apply water in which #a per cent of carbolic acid has been dissolved4 ,after a few hours the plants can be washed off with water4 ,solid ,cleansing ,compound4--,the basis of most of the solid grease eradicators is benzine and the simplest form is a benzine jelly made by shaking #c ounces of tincture of quillaia 7soap bark7 with enough benzine to make #af fluidounces4 ,benzine may also be solidified by the use of a soap with addition of an excess of alkali4 ,formulas in which soaps are used in this way follow3 ,i4--,cocoanut-oil soap4 #b av4 ounces ,ammonia water #c fluidounces ,solution of potassium #a #a_/b fluidounces ,water enough to make #ab fluidounces ,dissolve the soap with the aid of heat in #d fluidounces of water1 add the ammonia and potassa and the remainder of the water4 ,if the benzine is added in small portions1 and thoroughly agitated1 #b #a_/b fluidounces of the above will be found sufficient to solidify #cb fluidounces of benzine4 #baj ,,ii4--,castile soap1 white #c #a_/b av4 ounces ,water1 boiling #c #a_/b fluidounces ,water of ammonia #e fluidrachms ,benzine enough to make #af fluidounces ,dissolve the soap in the water1 and when cold1 add the other ingredients4 ,to ,clean ,oily ,bottles4--,use #b heaped tablespoonfuls 7for every quart of capacity7 of fine sawdust or wheat bran1 and shake well to cover the interior surface thoroughly2 let stand a few minutes and then add about a gill of cold water4 ,if the bottle be then rotated in a horizontal position1 it will usually be found clean after a single treatment4 ,in the case of drying oils1 especially when old1 the bottles should be moistened inside with a little ether1 and left standing a few hours before the introduction of sawdust4 ,this method is claimed to be more rapid and convenient than the customary one of using strips of paper1 soap solution1 etc4 ,cork ,cleaner4--,wash in #aj per cent solution of hydrochloric acid1 then immerse in a solution of sodium hyposulphite and hydrochloric acid4 ,finally the corks are washed with a solution of soda and pure water4 ,corks containing oil or fat cannot be cleaned by this method4 ,to ,clean ,sponges4--,rinse well first in very weak1 warm1 caustic-soda lye1 then with clean water1 and finally leave the sponges in a solution of bromine in water until clean4 ,they will whiten sooner if exposed to the sun in the bromine water4 ,then repeat the rinsings in weak lye and clean water1 using the latter till all smell of bromine has disappeared4 ,dry quickly and in the sun if possible4 ,,clearing ,,baths3 ,see ,photography4 ,,clich ,,metals3 ,see ,alloys4 ,,clock-,,dial ,,lettering3 ,see ,watchmakers' ,formulas4 ,,clock-,,hand ,,coloring3 ,see ,metals4 ,,clock ,,oil3 ,see ,oil4 ,,clock ,,repairing3 ,see ,watchmaking4 ,,clockmakers' ,,cleaning ,,processes3 ,see ,cleaning ,preparations and ,methods4 ,,cloth ,,to ,,iron1 ,,glueing3 ,see ,adhesives4 ,,clothes ,,cleaners3 ,see ,cleaning ,preparations and ,methods2 also1 ,household ,formulas4 ,,cloths ,,for ,,polishing3 ,see ,polishes4 ,,cloth1 ,,waterproofing3 ,see ,waterproofing4 ,,clothing1 ,,care ,,of3 ,see ,household ,formulas4 ,,coach ,,varnish3 ,see ,varnishes4 ,,coals1 ,,to ,,eat ,,burning3 ,see ,pyrotechnics4 ,,coal ,,oil3 ,see ,oil4 ,,cobaltizing3 ,see ,plating4 ,,cocoas3 ,see ,beverages4 ,,cocoa ,,cordial3 ,see ,wines and ,liquors4 ,,cocoanut ,,cake3 ,see ,household ,formulas and ,recipes4 ,,cochineal ,,insect ,,remedy3 ,see ,insecticides4 ,,cod-,,liver ,,oil ,,and ,,its ,,emulsion3 ,see ,oil1 ,cod-,liver4 ,,coffee1 ,,substitutes ,,for4 ,i4--,acorn4--,from acorns deprived of their shells1 husked1 dried1 and roasted4 ,,ii4--,bean4--,horse beans roasted along with a little honey or sugar4 ,,iii4--,beet ,root4--,from the yellow beet root1 sliced1 dried in a kiln or oven1 and ground with a little coffee4 ,,iv4--,dandelion4--,from dandelion roots1 sliced1 dried1 roasted1 and ground with a little caramel4 ,all the above are roasted1 before grinding them1 with a little fat or lard4 ,those which are larger than coffee berries are cut into small slices before being roasted4 ,they possess none of the exhilarating properties or medicinal virtues of the genuine coffee4 ,v4--,chicory4--,this is a common adulterant4 ,the roasted root is prepared by cutting the full-grown root into slices1 and exposing it to heat in iron cylinders1 along with about #a #a_/b per cent or #b per cent of lard1 in a similar way to that adopted for coffee4 ,when ground to powder in a mill it constitutes the #baa chicory coffee so generally employed both as a substitute for coffee and as an adulterant4 ,the addition of #a part of good1 fresh1 roasted chicory to #aj or #ab parts of coffee forms a mixture which yields a beverage of a fuller flavor1 and of a deeper color than that furnished by an equal quantity of pure or unmixed coffee4 ,in this way a less quantity of coffee may be used1 but it should be remembered that the article substituted for it does not possess in any degree the peculiar exciting1 soothing1 and hunger-staying properties of that valuable product4 ,the use1 however1 of a larger proportion of chicory than that just named imparts to the beverage an insipid flavor1 intermediate between that of treacle and licorice2 while the continual use of roasted chicory1 or highly chicorized coffee1 seldom fails to weaken the powers of digestion and derange the bowels4 ,,coffee ,,cordial3 ,see ,wines and ,liquors4 ,,coffee ,,extracts3 ,see ,essences and ,extracts4 ,,coffee ,,syrups3 ,see ,syrups4 ,,coffee ,,for ,,the ,,soda ,,fountain3 ,see ,beverages4 ,,coil ,,spring3 ,see ,steel4 ,,coin ,,cleaning3 ,see ,cleaning ,preparations and ,methods4 ,,coins1 ,,impressions ,,of3 ,see ,matrix ,mass4 ,,coin ,,metal3 ,see ,alloys4 ,,colas3 ,see ,veterinary ,formulas4 ,cold and ,cough ,mixtures ,cough ,syrup4--,the simplest form of cough syrup of good keeping quality is syrup of wild cherry containing ammonium chloride in the dose of #b #a_/b grains to each teaspoonful4 ,most of the other compounds contain ingredients that are prone to undergo fermentation4 ,i4--,ipecacuanha wine #a fluidounce ,spirit of anise #a fluidrachm ,syrup #af fluidounces ,syrup of squill #h fluidounces ,tincture of ,tolu #d fluidrachms ,distilled water enough to make #cj fluidounces ,,ii4--,heroin #f grains ,aromatic sulphuric acid #a #a_/b fluidounces ,concentrated acid infusion of roses #d fluidounces ,distilled water #e fluidounces ,glycerine #e fluidounces ,oxymel of squill #aj fluidounces ,,iii4--,glycerine #b fluidounces ,fluid extract of wild cherry #d fluidounces ,oxymel #aj fluidounces ,syrup #aj fluidounces ,cochineal1 a sufficient quantity4 ,benzoic-,acid ,pastilles4-- ,benzoic acid #aje parts ,rhatany extract #ebe parts ,tragacanth #ce parts ,sugar #adj parts ,the materials1 in the shape of powders1 are mixed well and sufficient fruit paste added to bring the mass up to #d1ejj parts4 ,roll out and divide into lozenges weighing #bj grains each4 ,cough ,balsam with ,iceland ,moss4-- ,solution of morphine acetate #ab parts ,sulphuric acid1 dilute #ab parts ,cherry-laurel water #ab parts ,orange-flower water1 triple #bd parts ,syrup1 simple #abh parts ,glycerine #dh parts ,tincture of saffron #h parts ,decoction of ,iceland moss #aab parts ,mix4 ,dose3 ,one teaspoonful4 ,balsamic ,cough ,syrup4-- ,balsam of ,peru #b drachms ,tincture of ,tolu #d drachms ,camphorated tincture of opium #d ounces ,powdered extract licorice #a ounce ,syrup squill #d ounces ,syrup dextrine 7glucose7 sufficient to make #af ounces ,add the balsam of ,peru to the tinctures1 and in a mortar rub up the extract of licorice with the syrups4 ,mix together and direct to be taken in teaspoonful doses4 ,whooping-,cough ,remedies4--,the following mixture is a spray to be used #bab in the sick room in cases of whooping cough3 ,thymol #a4j ,tincture of eucalyptus #cj4j ,tincture of benzoin #cj4j ,alcohol #ajj4j ,water enough to make #ajjj4j ,mix4 ,pour some of the mixture on a cloth and hold to mouth so that the mixture is inhaled1 thereby giving relief4 ,expectorant ,mixtures4-- ,i4--,ammon4 chloride #a drachm ,potass4 chlorate #cj grains ,paregoric #b fluidrachms ,syrup of ipecac #b fluidrachms ,syrup wild cherry enough to make #b fluidounces ,dose3 ,one teaspoonful4 ,,ii4--,potass4 chlorate #a drachm ,tincture guaiac #c #a_/b drachms ,tincture rhubarb #a #a_/b drachms ,syrup wild cherry enough to make #c fluidounces ,dose3 ,one teaspoonful4 ,eucalyptus ,bonbons for ,coughs4-- ,eucalyptus oil #e parts ,tartaric acid #ae parts ,extract of malt #bd parts ,cacao #ajj parts ,peppermint oil #a4d parts ,bonbon mass #b1bjc parts ,mix and make into bonbons weighing #cj grains each4 ,,cold ,,cream3 ,see ,cosmetics4 ,,colic ,,in ,,cattle3 ,see ,veterinary ,formulas4 ,,collodion4 ,turpentine #e parts ,ether and alcohol #aj parts ,collodion #id parts ,castor oil #a part ,dissolve the turpentine in the ether and alcohol mixture 7in equal parts7 and filter1 then add to the mixture of collodion and castor oil4 ,this makes a good elastic collodion4 ,see also ,court ,plaster1 ,liquid4 ,,cologne3 ,see ,perfumes4 ,,cologne ,,for ,,headaches3 ,see ,headaches4 ,,colors3 ,see ,dyes and ,pigments4 ,,colors1 ,,fusible ,,enamel3 ,see ,enameling4 ,,colors ,,for ,,paints3 ,see ,paint4 ,,color ,,photography3 ,see ,photography4 ,,colors ,,for ,,syrups3 ,see ,syrups4 ,,concrete3 ,see ,stone1 ,artificial4 ,condiments ,chowchow4-- ,curry powder #d ounces ,mustard powder #f ounces ,ginger #c ounces ,turmeric #b ounces ,cayenne #b drachms ,black pepper powder #b drachms ,coriander #a drachm ,allspice #a drachm ,mace #cj grains ,thyme #cj grains ,savory #cj grains ,celery seed #b drachms ,cider vinegar #b gallons ,mix all the powders with the vinegar1 and steep the mixture over a very gentle fire for #c hours4 ,the pickles are to be parboiled with salt1 and drained1 and the spiced vinegar1 prepared as above1 is to be poured over them while it is still warm4 ,the chowchow keeps best in small jars1 tightly covered4 ,essence of ,extract of ,soup ,herbs4--,thyme1 #d ounces2 winter savory1 #d ounces2 sweet marjoram1 #d ounces2 sweet basil1 #d ounces2 grated lemon peel1 #a ounce2 eschalots1 #b ounces2 bruised celery seed1 #a ounce2 alcohol 7#ej per cent71 #fd ounces4 ,mix the vegetables1 properly bruised1 add the alcohol1 close the container and set aside in a moderately warm place to digest for #ae days4 ,filter and press out4 ,preserve in #d-ounce bottles1 well corked4 ,tomato ,bouillon ,extract4--,tomatoes1 #a quart2 arrowroot1 #b ounces2 extract of beef1 #a ounce2 bay leaves1 #a ounce2 cloves1 #b ounces2 red pepper1 #d drachms2 ,worcestershire sauce1 quantity sufficient to flavor4 ,mix4 ,mock ,turtle ,extract4--,extract of beef1 #b ounces2 concentrated chicken1 #b ounces2 clam juice1 #h ounces2 tincture of black pepper1 #a ounce2 extract of celery1 #c drachms2 extract of orange peel1 soluble1 #a drachm2 hot water enough to make #b quarts4 #bac ,,relishes3 ,digestive ,relish4-- ,i4--,two ounces ,jamaica ginger2 #b ounces black peppercorns2 #a ounce mustard seed2 #a ounce coriander fruit 7seed72 #a ounce pimento 7allspice72 #a_/b ounce mace2 #a_/b ounce cloves2 #a_/b ounce nutmegs2 #a_/b ounce chili pods2 #c drachms cardamom seeds2 #d ounces garlic2 #d ounces eschalots2 #d pints malt vinegar4 ,bruise spices1 garlic1 etc41 and boil in vinegar for #ae minutes and strain4 ,to this add #b #a_/b pints mushroom ketchup2 #a #a_/b pints ,india soy4 ,again simmer for #ae minutes and strain through muslin4 ,,ii4--,one pound soy2 #ej ounces best vinegar2 #d ounces ketchup2 #d ounces garlic2 #d ounces eschalots2 #d ounces capsicum2 #a_/b ounce cloves2 #a_/b ounce mace2 #a_/d ounce cinnamon2 #a drachm cardamom seeds4 ,boil well and strain4 ,lincolnshire ,relish4--,two ounces garlic2 #b ounces ,jamaica ginger2 #c ounces black peppercorns2 #c_/d ounce cayenne pepper2 #a_/d ounce ossein2 #c_/d ounce nutmeg2 #b ounces salt2 #a #a_/b pints ,india soy4 ,enough malt vinegar to make #a gallon4 ,bruise spices1 garlic1 etc41 and simmer in #a_/b a gallon of vinegar for #bj minutes1 strain and add soy and sufficient vinegar to make #a gallon1 then boil for #e minutes4 ,keep in bulk as long as possible4 ,curry ,powder4-- ,i4--,coriander seed #f drachms ,turmeric #e scruples ,fresh ginger #d #a_/b drachms ,cumin seed #ah grains ,black pepper #ed grains ,poppy seed #id grains ,garlic #b heads ,cinnamon #a scruple ,cardamom #e seeds ,cloves #h only ,chillies #a or #b pods ,grated cocoanut #a_/b nut ,,ii4--,coriander seed #a_/d pound ,turmeric #a_/d pound ,cinnamon seed #b ounces ,cayenne #a_/b ounce ,mustard #a ounce ,ground ginger #a ounce ,allspice #a_/b ounce ,fenugreek seed #b ounces ,,table ,,sauces3 ,worcestershire ,sauce4-- ,pimento #b drachms ,clove #a drachm ,black pepper #a drachm ,ginger #a drachm ,curry powder #a ounce ,capsicum #a drachm ,mustard #b ounces ,shallots1 bruised #b ounces ,salt #b ounces ,brown sugar #h ounces ,tamarinds #d ounces ,sherry wine #a pint ,wine vinegar #b pints ,the spices must be freshly bruised4 ,the ingredients are to simmer together with the vinegar for an hour1 adding more of the vinegar as it is lost by evaporation2 then add the wine1 and if desired some caramel coloring4 ,set aside for a week1 strain1 and bottle4 ,table ,sauce4--,brown sugar1 #af parts2 tamarinds1 #af parts2 onions1 #d parts2 powdered ginger1 #d parts2 salt1 #d parts2 garlic1 #b parts2 cayenne1 #b parts2 soy1 #b parts2 ripe apples1 #fd parts2 mustard powder1 #b parts2 curry powder1 #a part2 vinegar1 quantity sufficient4 ,pare and core the apples1 boil them in sufficient vinegar with the tamarinds and raisins until soft1 then pulp through a fine sieve4 ,pound the onions and garlic in a mortar and add the pulp to that of the apples4 ,then add the other ingredients and vinegar1 #fj parts2 heat to boiling1 cool1 and add sherry wine1 #aj parts1 and enough vinegar to make the sauce just pourable4 ,if a sweet sauce is desired add sufficient treacle before the final boiling4 ,epicure's ,sauce4--,eight ounces tamarinds2 #ab ounces sultana raisins2 #b ounces garlic2 #d ounces eschalots2 #d ounces horse-radish root2 #b ounces black pepper2 #a_/b ounce chili pods2 #c ounces raw ,jamaica ginger2 #a #a_/b pounds golden syrup2 #a pound burnt sugar 7caramel72 #a ounce powdered cloves2 #a pint ,india soy2 #a gallon malt vinegar4 ,bruise roots1 spices1 etc41 and boil in vinegar for #ae minutes1 then strain4 ,to the strained liquor add golden syrup1 soy1 and burnt sugar1 then simmer for #aj minutes4 ,piccalilli ,sauce4--,one drachm chili pods2 #a #a_/b ounces black peppercorns2 #a_/b ounce pimento2 #c_/d ounce garlic2 #a_/b gallon malt vinegar4 ,bruise spices and garlic1 boil in the vinegar for #aj minutes1 and strain4 ,one ounce ground ,jamaica ginger2 #a ounce turmeric2 #b ounces flower of mustard2 #b ounces powdered natal arrowroot2 #h ounces strong acetic acid4 ,rub powders in a mortar with acetic acid and add to above1 then boil for #e minutes1 or until it thickens4 ,,flavoring ,,spices4 ,i4--,five ounces powdered cinnamon bark2 #b #a_/b ounces powdered cloves2 #b #a_/b #bad ounces powdered nutmegs2 #a #a_/d ounces powdered caraway seeds2 #a #a_/d ounces powdered coriander seeds2 #a ounce powdered ,jamaica ginger2 #a_/b ounce powdered allspice4 ,let all be dry and in fine powder4 ,mix and pass through a sieve4 ,,ii4--,pickling ,spice4--,ten pounds small ,jamaica ginger2 #b #a_/b pounds black peppercorns2 #a #a_/b pounds white peppercorns2 #a #a_/b pounds allspice2 #c_/d pound long pepper2 #a #a_/d pounds mustard seed2 #a_/b pound chili pods4 ,cut up ginger and long pepper into small pieces1 and mix all the other ingredients intimately4 ,one ounce to each pint of boiling vinegar is sufficient1 but it may be made stronger if desired hot4 ,essence of ,savory ,spices4--,two and one-half ounces black peppercorns2 #a ounce pimento2 #c_/d ounce nutmeg2 #a_/b ounce mace2 #a_/b ounce cloves2 #a_/d ounce cinnamon bark2 #a_/d ounce caraway seeds2 #bj grains cayenne pepper2 #ae ounces spirit of wine2 #e ounces distilled water4 ,bruise all the spices and having mixed spirit and water1 digest in mixture #ad days1 shaking frequently1 then filter4 ,,mustard3 ,the ,prepared ,mustards of ,commerce4--,the mustard1 i4 e41 the flower or powdered seed1 used in preparing the different condiments1 is derived from three varieties of ,brassica 7,crucifer7--,brassica alba ,l41 ,brassica nigra1 and ,brassica juncea4 ,the first yields the 8white0 seed of commerce1 which produces a mild mustard2 the second the 8black0 seed1 yielding the more pungent powder2 and the latter a very pungent and oily mustard1 much employed by ,russians4 ,the pungency of the condiment is also affected by the method of preparing the paste1 excessive heat destroying the sharpness completely4 ,the pungency is further controlled and tempered1 in the cold processes1 by the addition of wheat or rye flour1 which also has the advantage of serving as a binder of the mustard4 ,the mustard flour is prepared by first decorticating the seed1 then grinding to a fine powder1 the expression of the fixed oil from which completes the process4 ,this oil1 unlike the volatile1 is of a mild1 pleasant taste1 and of a greenish color1 which1 it is said1 makes it valuable in the sophistication and imitation of 8olive0 oils1 refined1 cottonseed1 or peanut oil being thus converted into huile vierge de ,lucca1 ,florence1 or some other noted brand of olive oil4 ,it is also extensively used for illuminating purposes1 especially in southern ,russia4 ,the flavors1 other than that of the mustard itself1 of the various preparations are imparted by the judicious use of spices--cinnamon1 nutmeg1 cloves1 pimento1 etc4--aromatic herbs1 such as thyme1 sage1 chervil1 parsley1 mint1 marjoram1 tarragon1 etc41 and finally chives1 onions1 shallots1 leeks1 garlic1 etc4 ,in preparing the mustards on a large scale1 the mustard flower and wheat or rye flour are mixed and ground to a smooth paste with vinegar1 must 7unfermented grape juice71 wine1 or whatever is used in the preparation1 a mill similar to a drug or paint mill being used for the purpose4 ,this dough immediately becomes spongy1 and in this condition1 technically called 8cake10 is used as the basis of the various mustards of commerce4 ,mustard ,cakes4--,in the mixture1 the amount of flour used depends on the pungency of the mustard flower1 and the flavor desired to be imparted to the finished product4 ,the cakes are broadly divided into the yellow and the brown4 ,a general formula for the yellow cake is3 ,yellow mustard1 from #bj to #cj per cent2 salt1 from #a to #c per cent2 spices1 from #a_/d to #a_/b of #a per cent2 wheat flour1 from #h to #ab per cent4 ,vinegar1 must1 or wine1 complete the mixture4 ,the brown cake is made with black mustard1 and contains about the following proportions3 ,black mustard1 from #bj to #cj per cent2 salt1 from #a to #c per cent2 spices1 from #a_/d to #a_/b of #a per cent2 wheat or rye flour1 from #aj to #ae per cent4 ,the variations are so wide1 however1 that it is impossible to give exact proportions4 ,in the manufacture of table mustards1 in fact1 as in every other kind of manufacture1 excellence is attained only by practice and the exercise of sound judgment and taste by the manufacturer4 ,moutarde des ,jesuittes4--,twelve sardels and #bhj capers are crushed into a paste and stirred into #c pints of boiling wine vinegar4 ,add #d ounces of brown cake and #h ounces of yellow cake and mix well4 ,kirschner ,wine ,mustard4--,reduce #cj quarts of freshly expressed grape juice to half that quantity1 by boiling over a moderate fire1 on a water bath4 ,dissolve in the boiling liquid #e pounds of sugar1 and pour the syrup through a colander containing #b or #c large horse-radishes cut #bae into very thin slices and laid on a coarse towel spread over the bottom and sides of the colander4 ,to the colate add the following1 all in a state of fine powder3 ,cardamom seeds #b #a_/b drachms ,nutmeg #b #a_/b drachms ,cloves #d #a_/b drachms ,cinnamon #a ounce ,ginger #a ounce ,brown mustard cake #f pounds ,yellow mustard cake #i pounds ,grind all together to a perfectly smooth paste1 and strain several times through muslin4 ,duesseldorff ,mustard4-- ,brown mustard cake #aj ounces ,yellow mustard cake #dh ounces ,boiling water #if ounces ,wine vinegar #fd ounces ,cinnamon #e drachms ,cloves #ae drachms ,sugar #fd ounces ,wine1 good white #fd ounces ,mix after the general directions given above4 ,german ,table ,mustard4-- ,laurel leaves #h ounces ,cinnamon #e drachms ,cardamom seeds #b drachms ,sugar #fd ounces ,wine vinegar #if ounces ,brown cake #aj ounces ,yellow cake #dh ounces ,mix after general directions as given above4 ,krems ,mustard1 ,sweet4-- ,yellow cake #aj pounds ,brown cake #bj pounds ,fresh grape juice #f pints ,mix and boil down to the proper consistency4 ,krems ,mustard1 ,sour4-- ,brown mustard flour #cj parts ,yellow mustard flour #aj parts ,grape juice1 fresh #h parts ,mix and boil down to a paste and then stir in #h parts of wine vinegar4 ,tarragon ,mustard4-- ,brown mustard flour #dj parts ,yellow mustard flour #bj parts ,vinegar #f parts ,tarragon vinegar #f parts ,boil the mustard in the vinegar and add the tarragon vinegar4 ,tarragon ,mustard1 ,sharp4--,this is prepared by adding to every #ajj pounds of the above #ba ounces of white pepper1 #e ounces of pimento1 and #b #a_/b ounces of cloves1 mixing thoroughly by grinding together in a mill1 then put in a warm spot and let stand for #aj days or #b weeks4 ,finally strain4 ,moutarde aux ,epices4-- ,mustard flour1 yellow #aj pounds ,mustard flour1 brown #dj pounds ,tarragon #a pound ,basil1 herb #e ounces ,laurel leaves #ab drachms ,white pepper #c ounces ,cloves #ab drachms ,mace #b drachms ,vinegar #a gallon ,mix the herbs and macerate them in the vinegar to exhaustion1 then add to the mustards1 and grind together4 ,set aside for a week or ten days1 then strain through muslin4 ,in all the foregoing formulas where the amount of salt is not specified1 it is to be added according to the taste or discretion of the manufacturer4 ,mustard ,vinegar4-- ,celery1 chopped fine #cb parts ,tarragon1 the fresh herb #f parts ,cloves1 coarsely powdered #f parts ,onions1 chopped fine #f parts ,lemon peel1 fresh1 chopped fine #c parts ,white-wine vinegar #ege parts ,white wine #eae parts ,mustard seed1 crushed #ajj parts ,mix and macerate together for a week or #aj days in a warm place1 then strain off4 ,ravigotte ,mustard4-- ,parsley #b parts ,chervil #b parts ,chives #b parts ,cloves #a part ,garlic #a part ,thyme #a part ,tarragon #a part ,salt #h parts ,olive oil #d parts ,white-wine vinegar #abh parts ,mustard flower1 sufficient ,cut or bruise the plants and spices1 and macerate them in the vinegar for #ae or #bj days4 ,strain the liquid through a cloth and add the salt4 ,rub up mustard with the olive oil in a vessel set in ice1 adding a little of the spiced vinegar from time to time1 until the whole is incorporated and the complete mixture makes #chd parts4 #baf ,,condiments1 ,,tests ,,for ,,adulterated3 ,see ,foods4 ,,condition ,,powders ,,for ,,cattle3 ,see ,veterinary ,formulas4 ,,conductivity ,,of ,,aluminum ,,alloys3 ,see ,alloys4 ,confectionery ,cream ,bonbons for ,hoarseness4--,stir into #ejj parts of cream #ejj parts of white sugar4 ,put in a pan and cook1 with continuous stirring1 until it becomes brown and viscid4 ,now put in a baking tin and smooth out1 as neatly as possible1 to the thickness of1 say1 twice that of the back of a table knife and let it harden4 ,before it gets completely hard draw lines with a knife across the surface in such manner that when it is quite hard it will break along them1 easily1 into bits the size of a lozenge4 ,nut ,candy ,sticks4--,cook to #cbj ,f4 #h pounds best sugar in #b pints water1 with #d pounds glucose added4 ,pour out on an oiled slab and add #e pounds almonds1 previously blanched1 cut in small pieces1 and dried in the drying room4 ,mix up well together to incorporate the nuts thoroughly with the sugar4 ,when it has cooled enough to be handled1 form into a round mass on the slab and spin out in long1 thin sticks4 ,fig ,squares4--,place #e pounds of sugar and #e pounds of glucose in a copper pan1 with water enough to dissolve the sugar4 ,set on the fire1 and when it starts to boil add #e pounds of ground figs4 ,stir and cook to #bdj on the thermometer4 ,set off the fire1 and then add #e pounds of fine cocoanuts2 mix well and pour out on greased marble1 roll smooth1 and cut like caramels4 ,caramels4--,heat #aj pounds sugar and #h pounds glucose in a copper kettle until dissolved4 ,add cream to the mixture1 at intervals1 until #b #a_/b quarts are used4 ,add #b #a_/d pounds caramel butter and #ab ounces paraffine wax to the mixture4 ,cook to a rather stiff ball1 add nuts1 pour out between iron bars and1 when cool enough1 cut into strips4 ,for the white ones flavor with vanilla1 and add #b pounds melted chocolate liquor for the chocolate caramel when nearly cooked4 ,candy ,orange ,drops4--,it is comparatively easy to make a hard candy1 but to put the material into 8drop0 form apparently requires experience and a machine4 ,to make the candy itself1 put1 say1 a pint of water into a suitable pan or kettle1 heat to boiling1 and add gradually to it #b pounds or more of sugar1 stirring well so as to avoid the risk of burning the sugar4 ,continue boiling the syrup so formed until a little of it poured on a cold slab forms a mass of the required hardness4 ,if the candy is to be of orange flavor1 a little fresh oil of orange is added just before the mass is ready to set and the taste is improved according to the general view at least by adding1 also1 say1 #b drachms of citric acid dissolved in a very little water4 ,as a coloring an infusion of safflower or tincture of turmeric is used4 ,to make such a mass into tablets1 it is necessary only to pour out on a well-greased slab1 turning the edges back if inclined to run1 until the candy is firm1 and then scoring with a knife so that it can easily be broken into pieces when cold4 ,to make 8drops0 a suitable mold is necessary4 ,experiment as to the sufficiency of the boiling in making candy may be saved and greater certainty of a good result secured by the use of a chemical thermometer4 ,as the syrup is boiled and the water evaporates the temperature of the liquid rises4 ,when it reaches #bbj ,f41 the sugar is then in a condition to yield the 8thread0 form2 at #bdj 8soft ball0 is formed2 at #bde1 8hard ball02 at #beb1 8crack02 and at #bij1 8hard crack40 ,by simply suspending the thermometer in the liquid and observing it from time to time1 one may know exactly when to end the boiling4 ,gum ,drops4--,grind #be pounds of ,arabian or ,senegal gum1 place it in a copper pan or in a steam jacket kettle1 and pour #c gallons of boiling water over it2 stir it up well4 ,now set the pan with the gum into another pan containing boiling water and stir the gum slowly until dissolved1 then strain it through a ,no4 #dj sieve4 ,cook #ai pounds of sugar with sufficient water1 #b pounds of glucose1 and a teaspoonful of cream of tartar to a stiff ball1 pour it over the gum1 mix well1 set the pan on the kettle with the hot water1 and let it steam for #a #a_/b hours1 taking care that the water in the kettle does not run dry2 then open the door of the stove and cover the fire with ashes1 and let the gum settle for nearly an hour1 then remove the scum which has settled on top1 flavor and run out with the #bag funnel dropper into the starch impressions1 and place the trays in the drying room for #b days1 or until dry2 then take the drops out of the starch1 clean them off well and place them in crystal pans1 one or two layers4 ,cook sugar and water to #cd #a_/b on the syrup gauge and pour over the drops lukewarm4 ,let stand in a moderately warm place over night1 then drain the syrup off1 and about an hour afterwards knock the gum drops out on a clean table1 pick them apart1 and place on trays until dry1 when they are ready for sale4 ,a ,good ,summer ,taffy4--,place in a kettle #d pounds of sugar1 #c pounds of glucose1 and #a #a_/b pints of water2 when it boils drop in a piece of butter half the size of an egg and about #b ounces of paraffine wax4 ,cook to #bfb1 pour on a slab1 and when cool enough1 pull1 flavor1 and color if you wish4 ,pull until light1 then spin out on the table in strips about #c inches wide and cut into #d- or #d #a_/b-;inch lengths4 ,then wrap in wax paper for the counter4 ,this taffy keeps long without being grained by the heat4 ,chewing ,candy4--,place #bj pounds of sugar in a copper pan1 add #bj pounds of glucose1 and enough water to easily dissolve the sugar4 ,set on the fire or cook in the steam pan in #b quarts of water4 ,have a pound of egg albumen soaked in #b quarts of water4 ,beat this like eggs into a very stiff froth1 add gradually the sugar and glucose2 when well beaten up1 add #e pounds of powdered sugar1 and beat at very little heat either in the steam beater or on a pan of boiling water until light1 and does not stick to the back of the hand1 flavor with vanilla1 and put in trays dusted with fine sugar4 ,when cold it may be cut1 or else it may be stretched out on a sugar-dusted table1 cut1 and wrapped in wax paper4 ,this chewing candy has to be kept in a very dry place1 or else it will run and get sticky4 ,montpelier ,cough ,drops4-- ,brown sugar #aj pounds ,tartaric acid #b ounces ,cream of tartar #a_/b ounce ,water #a #a_/b quarts ,anise-seed flavoring1 quantity sufficient ,melt the sugar in the water1 and when at a sharp boil add the cream of tartar4 ,cover the pan for #e minutes4 ,remove the lid and let the sugar boil up to crack degree4 ,turn out the batch on an oiled slab1 and when cool enough to handle mold in the acid and flavoring4 ,pass it through the acid drop rollers1 and when the drops are chipped up1 and before sifting1 rub some icing with them4 ,medicated ,cough ,drops4-- ,light-brown sugar #ad pounds ,tartaric acid #a #a_/b ounces ,cream of tartar #a_/b ounce ,water #b quarts ,anise-seed1 cayenne1 clove1 and peppermint flavoring1 a few drops of each4 ,proceed as before prescribed1 but when sufficiently cool pass the batch through the acid tablet rollers and dust with sugar4 ,horehound ,candy4-- ,dutch crushed sugar #aj pounds ,dried horehound leaves #b ounces ,cream of tartar #c_/d ounce ,water #b quarts ,anise-seed flavoring1 quantity sufficient4 ,pour the water on the leaves and let it gently simmer till reduced to #c pints2 then strain the infusion through muslin1 and add the liquid to the sugar4 ,put the pan containing the syrup on the fire1 and when at a sharp boil add the cream of tartar4 ,put the lid on the pan for #e minutes2 then remove it1 and let the sugar boil to stiff boil degree4 ,take the pan off the fire and rub portions of the sugar against the side until it produces a creamy appearance2 then add the flavoring4 ,stir all well1 and pour into square tin frames1 previously well oiled4 ,menthol ,cough ,drops4-- ,gelatin #a ounce ,glycerine 7by weight7 #b #a_/b ounces ,orange-flower water #b #a_/b ounces ,menthol #e grains ,rectified spirits #a drachm ,soak the gelatin in the water for #b hours1 then heat on a water bath until dissolved1 and add #a #a_/b ounces of glycerine4 ,dissolve the menthol in the spirit1 mix with the remainder of the glycerine1 add to the glyco-gelatin mass1 and pour into an oiled tin tray 7such as the lid of a biscuit box74 ,when the mass is cold divide into #aj dozen pastilles4 ,menthol pastilles are said to be an excellent remedy for tickling cough as well as laryngitis4 ,they should be freshly prepared1 and cut oblong1 so that the patient may take half of one1 or less1 as may be necessary4 ,violet ,flavor for ,candy4--,violet flavors1 like violet perfumes1 are very complex mixtures1 and their imitation is a #bah correspondingly difficult undertaking4 ,the basis is vanilla 7or vanillin71 rose1 and orris1 with a very little of some pungent oil to bring up the flavor4 ,the following will give a basis upon which a satisfactory flavor may be built3 ,oil of orris #a drachm ,oil of rose #a drachm ,vanillin #b drachms ,cumarin #cj grains ,oil of clove #cj minims ,alcohol #aa ounces ,water #e ounces ,make a solution1 adding the water last4 ,,confectionery ,,colors4--,the following are excellent and entirely harmless coloring agents for the purposes named3 ,red4--,cochineal syrup prepared as follows3 ,cochineal1 in coarse powder #f parts ,potassium carbonate #b parts ,distilled water #ae parts ,alcohol #ab parts ,simple syrup enough to make #ejj parts ,rub up the potassium carbonate and the cochineal together1 adding the water and alcohol1 little by little1 under constant trituration4 ,set aside over night1 then add the syrup and filter4 ,pink4-- ,carmine #a part ,liquor potass #f parts ,rose water1 enough to make #dh parts ,mix4 ,should the color be too high1 dilute with water until the requisite tint is acquired4 ,orange4--,tincture of red sandalwood1 #a part2 ethereal tincture of orlean1 quantity sufficient4 ,add the tincture of orlean to the sandalwood tincture until the desired shade of orange is obtained4 ,a red added to any of the yellows gives an orange color4 ,the aniline colors made by the 8,aktiengesellschaft fr ,anilin-,fabrikation10 of ,berlin1 are absolutely non-toxic1 and can be used for the purposes recommended1 i4 e41 the coloration of syrups1 cakes1 candies1 etc41 with perfect confidence in their innocuity4 ,pastille ,yellow4-- ,citron yellow ,,ii #g parts ,grape sugar1 first quality #a part ,white dextrine #b parts ,sap-,blue ,paste4-- ,dark blue #c parts ,grape sugar #a part ,water #f parts ,sugar-,black ,paste4-- ,carbon black #c parts ,grape sugar #a part ,water #f parts ,cinnabar ,red499-- ,scarlet #fe parts ,white dextrine #cj parts ,potato flour #e parts ,bluish ,rose499-- ,grenadine #fe parts ,white dextrine #cj parts ,potato flour #e parts ,yellowish ,rose4-- ,rosa ,,ii #fj parts ,citron yellow #e parts ,white dextrine #cj parts ,potato flour #e parts ,violet4-- ,red violet #fe parts ,white dextrine #cj parts ,potato flour #e parts ,carmine ,green4-- ,woodruff 7,waldmeister7 green #ee parts ,rosa ,,ii #e parts ,dextrine #ce parts ,potato flour #e parts ,to the colors marked with an asterisk 7997 add1 for every #d pounds1 #d #a_/b ounces1 a grain and a half each of potassium iodide and sodium nitrate4 ,colors given in form of powders should be dissolved in hot water for use4 ,yellow4--,various shades of yellow may be obtained by the maceration of ,besiello saffron1 or turmeric1 or grains d',avignon in alcohol until a strong tincture is obtained4 ,dilute with water until the desired shade is obtained4 ,an aqueous solution of quercitrine also gives an excellent yellow4 ,blue4-- ,indigo carmine #a part ,water #b parts ,mix4 ,indigo carmine is a beautiful1 powerful1 and harmless agent4 ,it may usually be bought commercially1 but if it cannot be readily obtained1 proceed as follows3 ,into a capsule put #cj grains of indigo in powder1 place on a water bath1 and heat to dryness4 ,when entirely dry put #bai into a large porcelain mortar 7the substance swells enormously under subsequent treatment--hence the necessity for a large1 or comparatively large1 mortar7 and cautiously add1 drop by drop1 #abj grains1 by weight1 of sulphuric acid1 ,c4 ,p41 stirring continuously during the addition4 ,cover the swollen mass closely1 and set aside for #bd hours4 ,now add #c fluidounces of distilled water1 a few drops at a time1 rubbing or stirring continuously4 ,transfer the liquid thus obtained to a tall1 narrow1 glass cylinder or beaker1 cover and let stand for #d days1 giving the liquid an occasional stirring4 ,make a strong solution of sodium carbonate or bicarbonate1 and at the end of the time named cautiously neutralize the liquid1 adding the carbonate a little at a time1 stirring the indigo solution and testing it after each addition1 as the least excess of alkali will cause the indigo to separate out1 and fall in a doughy mass4 ,stop when the test shows the near approach of neutrality1 as the slight remaining acidity will not affect the taste or the properties of the liquid4 ,filter1 and evaporate in the water bath to dryness4 ,the resultant matter is sulphindigotate of potassium1 or the 8indigo carmine0 of commerce4 ,tincture of indigo may also be used as a harmless blue4 ,green4--,the addition of the solution indigo carmine to an infusion of any of the matters given under 8yellow0 will produce a green color4 ,tincture of crocus and glycerine in equal parts1 with the addition of indigo-carmine solution1 also gives a fine green4 ,a solution of commercial chlorophyll gives grass-green1 in shades varying according to the concentration of the solution4 ,voice and ,throat ,lozenges4-- ,catechu #aia grains ,tannic acid #bgc grains ,tartaric acid #bgc grains ,capsicin #cj minims ,black-currant paste #g ounces ,refined sugar1 ,mucilage of acacia1 of each a sufficient quantity4 ,mix to produce #g pounds of lozenges4 ,,constipation ,,in ,,birds3 ,see ,veterinary ,formulas4 ,,cooking ,,table3 ,see ,tables4 ,,cooling ,,screen3 ,see ,refrigeration4 ,copper ,annealing ,copper4-- ,copper is almost universally annealed in muffles1 in which it is raised to the desired temperature1 and subsequently allowed to cool either in the air or in water4 ,a muffle is nothing more or less than a reverberatory furnace4 ,it is necessary to watch the copper carefully1 so that when it has reached the right temperature it may be drawn from the muffle and allowed to cool4 ,this is important1 for if the copper is heated too high1 or is left in the muffle at the ordinary temperature of annealing too long1 it is burnt1 as the workmen say4 ,copper that has been burnt is yellow1 coarsely granular1 and exceedingly brittle--even more brittle at a red heat than when cold4 ,in the case of coarse wire it is found that only the surface is burnt1 while the interior is damaged less4 ,this causes the exterior to split loose from the interior when bent or rolled1 thus giving the appearance of a brittle copper tube with a copper wire snugly fitted into it4 ,cracks a half inch in depth have been observed on the surface of an ingot on its first pass through the rolls1 all due to this exterior burning4 ,it is apparent that copper that has been thus overheated in the muffle is entirely unfit for rolling4 ,it is found that the purer forms of copper are less liable to be harmed by overheating than samples containing even a small amount of impurities4 ,even the ordinary heating in a muffle will often suffice to burn in this manner the surface of some specimens of copper1 rendering them unfit for further working4 ,copper that has been thus ruined is of use only to be refined again4 ,as may be inferred only the highest grades of refined copper are used for drawing or for rolling4 ,this is not because the lower grades1 when refined1 cannot stand sufficiently high tests1 but because methods of working are not adequate to prevent these grades of copper from experiencing the deterioration due to overheating4 ,the process of refining copper consists in an oxidizing action followed by a reducing action which1 since it is performed by the aid of gases generated by stirring the melted copper with a pole1 is called poling4 ,the object of the oxidation is to oxidize and either volatilize or turn to slag all the impurities contained in the copper4 ,this procedure is materially aided by the fact that the #bbj suboxide of copper is freely soluble in metallic copper and thus penetrates to all parts of the copper1 and parting with its oxygen1 oxidizes the impurities4 ,the object of the reducing part of the refining process is to change the excess of the suboxide of copper to metallic copper4 ,copper containing even less than #a per cent of the suboxide of copper shows decreased malleability and ductility1 and is both cold-short and red-short4 ,if the copper to be refined contains any impurities1 such as arsenic or antimony1 it is well not to remove too much of the oxygen in the refining process4 ,if this is done1 overpoled copper is produced4 ,in this condition it is brittle1 granular1 of a shining yellow color1 and more red-short than cold-short4 ,when the refining has been properly done1 and neither too much nor too little oxygen is present1 the copper is in the condition of 8tough pitch10 and is in a fit state to be worked4 ,copper is said to be 8tough pitch0 when it requires frequent bending to break it1 and when1 after it is broken1 the color is pale red1 the fracture has a silky luster1 and is fibrous like a tuft of silk4 ,on hammering a piece to a thin plate it should show no cracks at the edge4 ,at tough pitch copper offers the highest degree of malleability and ductility of which a given specimen is capable4 ,this is the condition in which refined copper is 7or should be7 placed on the market1 and if it could be worked without changing this tough pitch1 any specimen of copper that could be brought to this condition would be suitable for rolling or drawing4 ,but tough pitch is changed if oxygen is either added or taken from refined copper4 ,by far the more important of these is the removal of oxygen1 especially from those specimens that contain more than a mere trace of impurities4 ,this is shown by the absolutely worthless condition of overpoled copper4 ,the addition of carbon also plays a very important part in the production of overpoled copper4 ,that the addition of oxygen to refined copper is not so damaging is shown by the fact that at present nearly all the copper that is worked is considerably oxidized at some stage of the process1 and not especially to its detriment4 ,burnt copper is nothing more or less than copper in the overpoled condition4 ,this is brought about by the action of reducing gases in the muffle4 ,by this means the small amount of oxygen necessary to give the copper its tough pitch is removed4 ,this oxygen is combined with impurities in the copper1 and thus renders them inert4 ,for example1 the oxide of arsenic or antimony is incapable of combining more than mechanically with the copper1 but when its oxygen is removed the arsenic or antimony is left free to combine with the copper4 ,this forms a brittle alloy1 and one that corresponds almost exactly in its properties with overpoled copper4 ,to be sure overpoled copper is supposed to contain carbon1 but that this is not the essential ruling principle in case of annealing is shown by the fact that pure copper does not undergo this change under conditions that ruin impure copper1 and also by the fact that the same state may be produced by annealing in pure hydrogen and thus removing the oxygen that renders the arsenic or antimony inert4 ,no attempt is made to deny the well-known fact that carbon does combine with copper to the extent of #j4b per cent and cause it to become exceedingly brittle4 ,it is simply claimed that this is probably not what occurs in the production of so-called burnt copper during annealing4 ,the amount of impurities capable of rendering copper easily burnt is exceedingly small4 ,this may be better appreciated when it is considered that from #j4ja to #j4b per cent expresses the amount of oxygen necessary to render the impurities inert4 ,the removal of this very small amount of oxygen1 which is often so small as to be almost within the limits of the errors of analysis1 will suffice to render copper overpoled and ruin it for any use4 ,there are methods of avoiding the numerous accidents that may occur in the annealing of copper1 due to a change of pitch4 ,as already pointed out1 the quality of refined copper is lowered if oxygen be either added to or taken from it4 ,it is quite apparent1 therefore1 that a really good method of annealing copper will prevent any change in the state of oxidation4 ,it is necessary to prevent access to the heated copper both of atmospheric air1 which would oxidize it1 and of the reducing gases used in heating the muffle1 which would take oxygen away from it4 ,obviously the only way of accomplishing this is to inclose the copper when heated and till cool in an atmosphere that can neither oxidize nor deoxidize copper4 ,by so doing copper may be heated to the melting point and allowed to cool again without suffering as regards its pitch4 ,there are comparatively few gases that can be used for this purpose1 but1 fortunately1 one which is exceedingly cheap and universally #bba prevalent fulfills all requirements1 viz41 steam4 ,in order to apply the principles enunciated it is necessary only to anneal copper in the ordinary annealing pots such as are used for iron1 care being taken to inclose the copper while heating and while cooling in an atmosphere of steam4 ,this will effectually exclude air and prevent the ingress of gases used in heating the annealer4 ,twenty-four hours may be used in the process1 as in the annealing of iron wire1 with no detriment to the wire4 ,this may seem incredible to those manufacturers who have tried to anneal copper wire after the manner of annealing iron wire4 ,by this method perfectly bright annealed wire may be produced4 ,such a process of annealing copper offers many advantages4 ,it allows the use of a grade of copper that has hitherto been worked only at a great disadvantage1 owing to its tendency to get out of pitch4 ,it allows the use of annealers such as are ordinarily employed for annealing iron1 and thus cheapens the annealing considerably as compared with the present use of muffles4 ,there is no chance of producing the overpoled condition from the action of reducing gases used in heating the muffles4 ,there is no chance of producing the underpoled condition due to the absorption of suboxide of copper4 ,none of the metal is lost as scale1 and the saving that is thus effected amounts to a considerable percentage of the total value of the copper4 ,the expense and time of cleaning are wholly saved4 ,incidentally bright annealed copper is produced by a process which is applicable to copper of any shape1 size1 or condition--a product that has hitherto been obtained only by processes 7mostly secret7 which are too cumbersome and too expensive for extensive use2 and1 as is the case with at least one process1 with the danger of producing the overpoled condition1 often in only a small section of the wire1 but thus ruining the whole piece4 ,,copper ,,coloring3 ,blacking ,copper4--,to give a copper article a black covering1 clean it with emery paper1 heat gently in a ,bunsen or a spirit flame1 immerse for #aj seconds in solution of copper filings in dilute nitric acid1 and heat again4 ,red ,coloring of ,copper4--,a fine red color may be given to copper by gradually heating it in an air bath4 ,prolonged heating at a comparatively low temperature1 or rapid heating at a high temperature1 produces the same result4 ,as soon as the desired color is attained the metal should be rapidly cooled by quenching in water4 ,the metal thus colored may be varnished4 ,to ,dye ,copper ,parts ,violet and ,orange4--,polished copper acquires an orange-like color leaning to gold1 when dipped for a few seconds into a solution of crystallized copper acetate4 ,a handsome violet is obtained by placing the metal for a few minutes in a solution of antimony chloride and rubbing it afterwards with a piece of wood covered with cotton4 ,during this operation the copper must be heated to a degree bearable to the hand4 ,a crystalline appearance is produced by boiling the article in copper sulphate4 ,pickle for ,copper4--,take nitric acid1 #ajj parts2 kitchen salt1 #b parts2 calcined soot1 #b parts2 or nitric acid1 #aj parts2 sulphuric acid1 #aj parts2 hydrochloric acid1 #a part4 ,as these bleaching baths attack the copper quickly1 the objects must be left in only for a few seconds1 washing them afterwards in plenty of water1 and drying in sawdust1 bran1 or spent tan4 ,preparations of ,copper ,water4--,i4--,water1 #a1jjj parts2 oxalic acid1 #cj parts2 spirit of wine1 #ajj parts2 essence of turpentine1 #ej parts2 fine tripoli1 #ajj parts4 ,,ii4--,water1 #a1jjj parts2 oxalic acid1 #cj parts2 alcohol1 #ej parts2 essence of turpentine1 #dj parts2 fine tripoli1 #ej parts4 ,,iii4--,sulphuric acid1 #cjj parts2 sulphate of alumina1 #hj parts2 water1 #ebj parts4 ,tempered ,copper4--,objects made of copper may be satisfactorily tempered by subjecting them to a certain degree of heat for a determined period of time and bestrewing them with powdered sulphur during the heating4 ,while hot the objects are plunged into a bath of blue vitriol2 after the bath they may be heated again4 ,,copper ,,alloys3 ,see ,alloys4 ,,copper ,,cleaning3 ,see ,cleaning ,preparations and ,methods4 ,,copper ,,etching3 ,see ,etching4 ,,copper ,,in ,,food3 ,see ,food4 ,,copper ,,lacquers3 ,see ,lacquers4 #bbb ,,copper ,,paper3 ,see ,paper1 ,metallic4 ,,copper ,,patinizing ,,and ,,plating3 ,see ,plating4 ,,copper ,,polishes3 ,see ,polishes4 ,,copper1 ,,separation ,,of ,,gold ,,from3 ,see ,gold4 ,,copper ,,solder3 ,see ,solders4 ,,copper ,,varnishes3 ,see ,varnishes4 ,,copying ,,printed ,,pictures4 ,the so-called 8metallic0 paper used for steam-engine indicator cards has a smooth surface1 chemically prepared so that black lines can be drawn upon it with pencils made of brass1 copper1 silver1 aluminum1 or any of the softer metals4 ,when used on the indicator it receives the faint line drawn by a brass point at one end of the pencil arm1 and its special advantage over ordinary paper is that the metallic pencil slides over its surface with very little friction1 and keeps its point much longer than a graphite pencil4 ,this paper can be used as a transfer paper for copying engravings or sketches1 or anything printed or written in ink or drawn in pencil4 ,the best copies can be obtained by following the directions below3 ,lay the metallic transfer paper1 face up1 upon at least a dozen sheets of blank paper1 and lay the print face down upon it4 ,on the back of the print place a sheet of heavy paper1 or thin cardboard1 and run the rubbing tool over this protecting sheet4 ,in this manner it is comparatively easy to prevent slipping1 and prints #h or #aj inches on a side may be copied satisfactorily4 ,line drawings printed from relief plates1 or pictures with sharp contrast of black and white1 without any half-tones1 give the best copies4 ,very few half-tones can be transferred satisfactorily2 almost all give streaked1 indistinct copies1 and many of the results are worthless4 ,the transfer taken off as described is a reverse of the original print4 ,if the question of right and left is not important this reversal will seldom be objectionable1 for it is easy to read backward what few letters generally occur4 ,however1 if desired1 the paper may be held up to the light and examined from the back1 or placed before a mirror and viewed by means of its reflected image1 when the true relations of right and left will be seen4 ,moreover1 if sufficiently important1 an exact counterpart of the original may be taken from the reversed copy by laying another sheet face downward upon it1 and rubbing on the back of the fresh sheet just as was done in making the reversed copy4 ,the impression thus produced will be fainter than the first1 but almost always it can be made dark enough to show a distinct outline which may afterwards be retouched with a lead pencil4 ,for indicator cards the paper is prepared by coating one surface with a suitable compound1 usually zinc oxide mixed with a little starch and enough glue to make it adhere4 ,after drying it is passed between calendar rolls under great pressure4 ,the various brands manufactured for the trade1 though perhaps equally good for indicator diagrams1 are not equally well suited for copying4 ,if paper of firmer texture could be prepared with the same surface finish1 probably much larger copies could be produced4 ,other kinds of paper1 notably the heavy plate papers used for some of the best trade catalogues1 possess this transfer property to a slight degree1 though they will not receive marks from a metallic pencil4 ,the latter feature would seem to recommend them for transfer purposes1 making them less likely to become soiled by contact with metallic objects1 but so far no kind has been found which will remove enough ink to give copies anywhere near as dark as the indicator paper4 ,fairly good transfers can be made from almost any common printers' ink1 but some inks copy much better than others1 and some yield only the faintest impressions4 ,the length of time since a picture was printed does not seem to determine its copying quality4 ,some very old prints can be copied better than new ones2 in fact1 it was by accidental transfer to an indicator card from a book nearly a hundred years old that the peculiar property of this 8metallic0 paper was discovered4 ,copying ,process on ,wood4--,if wood surfaces are exposed to direct sunlight the wood will exhibit1 after #b weeks action1 a browning of dark tone in the exposed places4 ,certain parts of the surface being covered up during the entire exposure to the sun1 they retain their original shade and are set off clearly and sharply against the parts browned by the sunlight4 ,based on this property of the #bbc wood is a sun-copying process on wood4 ,the method is used for producing tarsia in imitation on wood4 ,a pierced stencil of tin1 wood1 or paper is laid on a freshly planed plate of wood1 pasting it on in places to avoid shifting1 and put into a common copying frame4 ,to prevent the wood from warping a stretcher is employed1 whereupon expose to the sun for from #h to #ad days4 ,after the brown shade has appeared the design obtained is partly fixed by polishing or by a coating of varnish1 lacquer1 or wax4 ,best suited for such works are the pine woods1 especially the #e-year fir and the cembra pine1 which1 after the exposure1 show a yellowish brown tone of handsome golden gloss1 that stands out boldly1 especially after subsequent polishing1 and cannot be replaced by any stain or by pyrography4 ,the design is sharper and clearer than that produced by painting4 ,in short1 the total effect is pleasing4 ,how to ,reproduce ,old ,prints4--,prepare a bath as follows3 ,sulphuric acid1 #c to #e parts 7according to the antiquity of print1 thickness of paper1 etc472 alcohol1 #c to #e parts2 water1 #ajj parts4 ,in this soak the print from #e to #ae minutes 7the time depending on age1 etc41 as above71 remove1 spread face downward on a glass or ebonite plate1 and wash thoroughly in a gentle stream of running water4 ,if the paper is heavy1 reverse the sides1 and let the water flow over the face of the print4 ,remove carefully and place on a heavy sheet of blotting paper1 cover with another1 and press out every drop of water possible4 ,where a wringing machine is convenient and sufficiently wide1 passing the blotters and print through the rollers is better than mere pressing with the hands4 ,the print1 still moist1 is then laid face upward on a heavy glass plate 7a marble slab or a lithographers' stone answers equally well71 and smoothed out4 ,with a very soft sponge go over the surface with a thin coating of gum-arabic water4 ,the print is now ready for inking1 which is done exactly as in lithographing1 with a roller and printers' or lithographers' ink1 cut with oil of turpentine4 ,suitable paper is then laid on and rolled with a dry roller4 ,this gives a reverse image of the print1 which is then applied to a zinc plate or a lithographers' stone1 and as many prints as desired pulled off in the usual lithographing method4 ,when carefully done and the right kind of paper used1 it is said that the imitation of the original is perfect in every detail4 ,to ,copy ,old ,letters1 ,manuscripts1 etc4--,if written in the commercial ink of the period from #ahfj to #ahfd1 which was almost universally an iron and tannin or gallic-acid ink1 the following process may succeed3 ,make a thin solution of glucose1 or honey1 in water1 and with this wet the paper in the usually observed way in copying recent documents in the letter book1 put in the press1 and screw down tightly4 ,let it remain in the press somewhat longer than in copying recent documents4 ,when removed1 before attempting to separate the papers1 expose to the fumes of strong water of ammonia1 copy side downward4 ,,cordage3 ,see also ,ropes4 ,strong ,twine4--,an extraordinarily strong pack thread or cord1 stronger even than the so-called 8,zuckerschnur10 may be obtained by laying the thread of fibers in a strong solution of alum1 and then carefully drying them4 ,preservation of ,fishing ,nets4--,the following recipe for the preservation of fishing nets is also applicable to ropes1 etc41 in contact with water4 ,some have been subjected to long test4 ,for #dj parts of cord1 hemp1 or cotton1 #c parts of kutch1 #a part of blue vitriol1 #a_/b part of potassium chromate1 and #b #a_/b parts of wood tar are required4 ,the kutch is boiled with #aej parts of water until dissolved1 and then the blue vitriol is added4 ,next1 the net is entered and the tar added4 ,the whole should be stirred well1 and the cordage must boil #e to #h minutes4 ,now take out the netting1 lay it in another vessel1 cover up well1 and leave alone for #ab hours4 ,after that it is dried well1 spread out in a clean place1 and coated with linseed oil4 ,not before #f hours have elapsed should it be folded together and put into the water4 ,the treatment with linseed oil may be omitted4 ,,cordage ,,lubricant3 ,see ,lubricants4 ,,cordage ,,waterproofing3 ,see ,waterproofing4 ,,cordials3 ,see ,wines and ,liquors4 ,,corks3 ,impervious ,corks4--,corks which have been steeped in petrolatum are said to be an excellent substitute for glass stoppers4 ,acid in no way affects them and chemical fumes do not cause decay in them1 neither do they become fixed by a blow or long disuse4 #bbd ,non-,porous ,corks4--,for benzine1 turpentine1 and varnish cans1 immerse the corks in hot melted paraffine4 ,keep them under about #e minutes2 hold them down with a piece of wire screen cut to fit the dish in which you melt the paraffine4 ,when taken out lay them on a screen till cool4 ,cheap corks can in this way be made gas- and air-tight1 and can be cut and bored with ease4 ,substitute for ,cork4--,wood pulp or other ligneous material may be treated to imitate cork4 ,for the success of the composition it is necessary that the constituents be mingled and treated under special conditions4 ,the volumetric proportions in which these constituents combine with the best results are the following3 ,wood pulp1 #c parts2 cornstalk pith1 #a part2 gelatin1 #a part2 glycerine1 #a part2 water1 #d parts2 #bj per cent formic-aldehyde solution1 #a part2 but the proportions may be varied4 ,after disintegrating the ligneous substances1 and while these are in a moist and hot condition they are mingled with the solution of gelatin1 glycerine1 and water4 ,the mass is stirred thoroughly so as to obtain a homogeneous mixture4 ,the excess of moisture is removed4 ,as a last operation the formic aldehyde is introduced1 and the mass is left to coagulate in this solution4 ,the formic aldehyde renders the product insoluble in nearly all liquids4 ,so it is in this last operation that it is necessary to be careful in producing the composition properly4 ,when the operation is terminated the substance is submitted to pressure during its coagulation1 either by molding it at once into a desired form1 or into a mass which is afterwards converted into the finished product4 ,,corks1 ,,to ,,clean3 ,see ,cleaning ,preparations and ,methods1 under ,miscellaneous ,methods4 ,,cork ,,to ,,metal1 ,,fastening3 ,see ,adhesives1 under ,pastes4 ,,cork ,,as ,a ,,preservative3 ,see ,preserving4 ,,corks1 ,,waterproofing3 ,see ,waterproofing4 ,,corn ,,cures3 ,i4--,salicylic-,acid ,corn ,cure4--,extract cannabis indica1 #a part1 by measure2 salicylic acid1 #aj parts1 by measure2 oil of turpentine1 #e parts1 by measure2 acetic acid1 glacial1 #b parts1 by measure2 cocaine1 alkaloidal1 #b parts1 by measure2 collodion1 elastic1 sufficient to make #ajj parts4 ,apply a thin coating every night1 putting each layer directly on the preceding one4 ,after a few applications1 the mass drops off1 bringing the indurated portion1 and frequently the whole of the corn1 off with it4 ,,ii4--,compound ,salicylated ,collodion ,corn ,cure4--,salicylic acid1 #aa parts1 by weight2 extract of ,indian hemp1 #b parts1 by weight2 alcohol1 #aj parts1 by weight2 flexible collodion1 ,u4 ,s4 ,p41 a sufficient quantity to make #ajj parts1 by weight4 ,the extract is dissolved in the alcohol and the acid in about #ej parts1 by weight1 of collodion1 the solutions mixed1 and the liquid made up to the required amount4 ,the ,indian hemp is presumably intended to prevent pain2 whether it serves this or any other useful purpose seems a matter of doubt4 ,the acid is frequently used without this addition4 ,,iii4--,extract of cannabis indica1 #ij grains2 salicylic acid1 #a ounce2 alcohol1 #a ounce2 collodion enough to make #aj ounces4 ,soften the extract with the alcohol1 then add the collodion1 and lastly the acid4 ,,iv4--,resorcin1 #a part1 by weight2 salicylic acid1 #a part1 by weight2 lactic acid1 #a part1 by weight2 collodion elasticum1 #aj parts1 by weight4 ,paint the corn daily for #e or #f days with the above solution and take a foot bath in very hot water4 ,the corn will readily come off4 ,corn ,plaster4--,yellow wax1 #bd parts1 by weight2 ,venice turpentine1 #c parts1 by weight2 rosin1 #b parts1 by weight2 salicylic acid1 #b parts1 by weight2 balsam of ,peru1 #b parts1 by weight2 lanolin1 #d parts1 by weight4 ,corn ,cure4--,melt soap plaster1 #he parts1 by weight1 and yellow wax1 #e parts by weight1 in a vapor bath1 and stir finely ground salicylic acid1 #aj parts1 by weight1 into it4 ,removal of ,corns4--,the liquid used by chiropodists with pumice stone for the removal of corns and callosities is usually nothing more than a solution of potassa or concentrated lye1 the pumice stone being dipped into the solution by the operator just before using4 ,treatment of ,bunions4--,wear right and left stockings and shoes1 the inner edges of the sole of which are perfectly straight4 ,the bunion is bathed night and morning in a #d per cent solution of carbolic acid for a few minutes1 followed by plain water4 ,if1 after several weeks1 the bursa is still distended with fluid1 it is aspirated4 ,if the bunion is due to flatfoot1 the arch of the foot must be restored by a plate4 ,when the joints are enlarged because of gout or #bbe rheumatism1 the constitutional conditions must be treated4 ,in other cases1 osteotomy and tenotomy are required4 ,the ,treatment of ,corns4--,any corn may be speedily and permanently cured4 ,the treatment is of three kinds--preventive1 palliative1 and curative4 ,i4--,the preventive treatment lies in adopting such measures as will secure freedom from pressure and friction for the parts most liable to corns4 ,to this end a well-fitting shoe is essential4 ,the shoes should be of well-seasoned leather1 soft and elastic1 and should be cut to a proper model4 ,,ii4--,the palliative treatment is generally carried out with chemical substances4 ,the best method1 is1 briefly1 as follows3 ,a ring of glycerine jelly is painted around the circumference of the corn1 to form a raised rampart4 ,a piece of salicylic plaster mull is then cut to the size and shape of the central depression1 and applied to the surface of the corn4 ,this is then covered with a layer of glycerine jelly1 and before it sets a pad of cotton wool is applied to the surface4 ,this process is repeated as often as is necessary1 until the horny layer separates and is cast off4 ,if the point of a sharp1 thin-bladed knife be introduced at the groove which runs around the margin of the corn1 and be made to penetrate toward its central axis1 by the exercise of a little manual dexterity the horny part of the corn can be easily made to separate from the parts beneath4 ,,iii4--,any method of treatment to be curative must secure the removal of the entire corn1 together with the underlying bursa4 ,it is mainly in connection with the latter structure that complications1 which alone make a corn a matter of serious import1 are likely to arise4 ,freeland confidently advises the full and complete excision of corns1 on the basis of his experience in upward of #fj cases4 ,every precaution having been taken to render the operation aseptic1 a spot is selected for the injection of the ansthetic solution4 ,the skin is rendered insensitive with ethyl chloride1 and #e minims of a #d per cent solution of cocaine is injected into the subcutaneous tissue beneath the corn4 ,after a wait of a few minutes the superficial parts of the site of the incision are rendered insensitive with ethyl chloride4 ,ansthesia is now complete4 ,two semielliptical incisions meeting at their extremities are made through the skin abound the circumference of the growth1 care being taken that they penetrate well into the subcutaneous tissue4 ,seizing the parts included in the incision with a pair of dissecting forceps1 a wedge-shaped piece of tissue--including the corn1 a layer of skin and subcutaneous tissue1 and the bursa if present--is dissected out4 ,the oozing is pretty free1 and it is sometimes necessary to torsion a small vessel2 but the hemorrhage is never severe4 ,the edges of the wound are brought together by one or two fine sutures2 an antiseptic dressing is applied1 and the wound is left to heal--primary union in a few days being the rule4 ,the rapidity of the healing is often phenomenal4 ,there is produced a scar tissue at the site of the corn1 but this leads to no untoward results4 ,cosmetics ,,cold ,,cream4 ,i4--,oil of almonds #dbe parts ,lanolin #ahe parts ,white wax #fb parts ,spermaceti #fb parts ,borax #d4e parts ,rose water #cjj part ,melt together the first four ingredients1 then incorporate the solution of borax in the rose water4 ,,ii4--,tragacanth #abe parts ,boric acid #ajj parts ,glycerine #adj parts ,expressed oil of almonds #ej parts ,glyconine #ej parts ,oil of lavender #j4e parts ,water enough to make #a1jjj parts ,mix the tragacanth and the boric acid with the glycerine2 add the almond oil1 lavender oil1 and egg glycerite1 which have been previously well incorporated1 and1 lastly1 add the water in divided portions until a clear jelly of the desired consistency is obtained4 ,,iii4--,oil of almonds #bf ounces ,castor oil 7odorless7 #f ounces ,lard 7benzoated7 #h ounces ,white wax #h ounces ,rose water 7in winter less1 in summer more1 than quantity named7 #ab ounces ,orange-flower water #h ounces ,oil of rose #ae minims ,extract of jasmine #f drachms ,extract of cassia #d drachms ,borax #b ounces ,glycerine #d ounces #bbf ,melt the oil of sweet almonds1 wax1 and lard together1 and stir in the castor oil2 make a solution of the borax in the glycerine and rose and orange-flower waters2 add this solution1 a little at a time1 to the melted fat1 stirring constantly to insure thorough incorporation2 finally add the oil of rose dissolved in the extracts1 and beat the ointment until cold4 ,,iv4--,spermaceti 7pure71 #a_/d ounce2 white wax 7pure71 #a_/d ounce2 almond oil1 #a_/d pound2 butter of cocoa1 #a_/d pound2 lanolin1 #b ounces4 ,melt and stir in #a drachm of balsam of ,peru4 ,after settling1 pour off the clear portion and add #b fluidrachms of orange-flower water and stir briskly until it concretes4 ,camphorated ,cold ,cream4-- ,oil of sweet almonds #h fluidounces ,white wax #a ounce ,spermaceti #a ounce ,camphor #a ounce ,rose water #e fluidounces ,borax 7in fine powder7 #d drachms ,oil of rose #aj drops ,melt the wax and spermaceti1 add the oil of sweet almonds1 in which the camphor has been dissolved with very gentle heat2 then gradually add the rose water1 in which the borax has previously been dissolved1 beating or agitating constantly with a wooden spatula until cold4 ,lastly add the oil of rose4 ,petrolatum ,cold ,cream4-- ,petrolatum 7white7 #g ounces ,paraffine #a_/b ounce ,lanolin #b ounces ,water #c ounces ,oil of rose #c drops ,alcohol #a drachm ,a small quantity of borax may be added1 if desirable1 and the perfume may be varied to suit the taste4 ,,lip ,,salves3 ,pomades for the ,lips4--,lip pomatum which is said always to retain a handsome red color and never to grow rancid is prepared as follows3 ,i4--,paraffine #hj4j parts ,vaseline #hj4j parts ,anchusine #j4e parts ,bergamot oil #a4j part ,lemon peel #a4j part ,,ii4--,vaseline ,pomade4-- ,vaseline oil1 white #a1jjj parts ,wax1 white #cjj part ,geranium oil1 ,african4 #dj parts ,lemon oil4 #bj parts ,,iii4--,rose ,pomade4-- ,almond oil #a1jjj parts ,wax1 white #cjj parts ,alkannin #c parts ,geranium oil #bj parts ,,iv4--,yellow ,pomade4-- ,vaseline oil1 white4 #a1jjj parts ,wax1 white #bjj parts ,spermaceti #bjj parts ,saffron surrogate4 #aj parts ,clove oil4 #bj parts ,v4--,white ,pomade4-- ,vaseline oil1 white #a1jjj parts ,wax1 white4 #cjj parts ,bitter almond oil1 genuine4 #aj parts ,lemon oil #b parts ,,vi4--,paraffine #di4j parts ,vaseline4 #di4j parts ,oil of lemon4 #j4ge parts ,oil of violet #j4ge parts ,carmine1 quantity sufficient4 ,lipol4--,for treating sore1 rough1 or inflamed lips1 apply the following night and morning1 rubbing in well with the finger tips3 ,camphor1 #a_/b ounce2 menthol1 #a_/b ounce2 eucalyptol1 #a drachm2 petrolatum 7white71 #a pound2 paraffine1 #a_/b pound2 alkanet root1 #a_/b ounce2 oil of bitter almonds1 #ae drops2 oil of cloves1 #aj drops2 oil of cassia1 #e drops4 ,digest the root in the melted paraffine and petrolatum1 strain1 add the other ingredients and pour into lip jars1 hot4 ,,manicure ,,preparations3 ,powdered ,nail ,polishes4-- ,i4--,tin oxide #h drachms ,carmine #a_/d drachm ,rose oil4 #f drops ,neroli oil4 #e drops ,,ii4--,cinnabar4 #a drachm ,infusorial earth4 #h drachms ,,iii4--,putty powder 7fine74 #d drachms ,carmine4 #b grains ,oil of rose4 #a drop ,,iv4--,white castile soap4 #a part ,hot water #af parts ,zinc chloride solution1 #aj per cent1 quantity sufficient4 ,dissolve the soap in the water and to the solution add the zinc-chloride solution until no further precipitation occurs4 ,let stand over night2 pour off the supernatant fluid1 wash the precipitate #bbg well with water1 and dry at the ordinary temperature4 ,carmine may be added if desired4 ,polishing ,pastes for the ,nails4-- ,i4--,talcum4 #e drachms ,stannous oxide4 #c drachms ,powdered tragacanth #e grains ,glycerine #a drachm ,rose water1 quantity sufficient4 ,solution of carmine sufficient to tint4 ,make paste4 ,for softening the nails1 curing hangnails1 etc41 an ointment is sometimes used consisting of white petrolatum1 #h parts2 powdered castile soap1 #a part2 and perfume to suit4 ,,ii4--,eosine #aj grains ,white wax #a_/b drachm ,spermaceti #a_/b drachm ,soft paraffine #a ounce ,alcohol1 a sufficient quantity4 ,dissolve the eosine in as little alcohol as will suffice1 melt the other ingredients together1 add the solution1 and stir until cool4 ,nail-,cleaning ,washes4-- ,i4--,tartaric acid #a drachm ,tincture of myrrh #a drachm ,cologne water #b drachms ,water #c ounces ,dissolve the acid in the water2 mix the tincture of myrrh and cologne1 and add to the acid solution4 ,dip the nails in this solution1 wipe1 and polish with chamois skin4 ,,ii4--,oxalic acid #cj grains ,rose water #a ounce ,nail ,varnish4-- ,paraffine wax #fj grains ,chloroform #b ounces ,oil of rose #c drops ,,pomades3 ,i4--,beef-,marrow ,pomade4-- ,vaseline oil1 yellow #bj1jjj parts ,ceresine1 yellow #c1jjj parts ,beef marrow #b1jjj parts ,saffron substitute #ae parts ,lemon oil #ej parts ,bergamot oil #bj parts ,clove oil #e parts ,lavender oil4 #aj parts ,,ii4--,china ,pomade4-- ,vaseline oil1 yellow #bj1jjj parts ,ceresine1 yellow #e1jjj parts ,brilliant1 brown #ab parts ,peru balsam #ej parts ,lemon oil #e parts ,bergamot oil #e parts ,clove oil #e parts ,lavender oil #e parts ,,iii4--,crystalline ,honey ,pomade4--,nut oil1 #abe drachms2 spermaceti1 #ae drachms2 gamboge1 #b drachms2 vervain oil1 #aj drops2 cinnamon oil1 #bj drops2 bergamot oil1 #cj drops2 rose oil1 #c drops4 ,the spermaceti is melted in the nut oil on a water bath and digested with the gamboge for #bj minutes2 it is next strained1 scented1 and poured into cans which are standing in water4 ,the cooling must take place very slowly4 ,instead of gamboge1 butter color may be used4 ,any desired scent mixture may be employed4 ,,iv4--,herb ,pomade4-- ,vaseline oil1 yellow #bj1jjj parts ,ceresine1 yellow #e1jjj parts ,chlorophyll #bj parts ,lemon oil #ej parts ,clove oil #bj parts ,geranium oil1 ,african #ab parts ,curled mint oil4 #d parts ,v4--,rose ,pomade4-- ,vaseline oil1 white #bj1jjj parts ,ceresine1 white #e1jjj parts ,alkannin #ae parts ,geranium oil1 ,african #ej parts ,palmarosa oil #cj parts ,lemon oil #bj parts ,,vi4--,strawberry ,pomade4--,when the strawberry season is on1 and berries are plenty and cheap1 the following is timely3 ,strawberries1 ripe and fresh #d parts ,lard1 sweet and fresh #be parts ,tallow1 fresh #e parts ,alkanet tincture1 quantity sufficient4 ,essential oil1 quantity sufficient to perfume4 ,melt lard and tallow together on the water bath at the temperature of boiling water4 ,have the strawberries arranged on a straining cloth4 ,add the alkanet tincture to the melted grease1 stir in1 and then pour the mixture over the berries4 ,stir the strained fats until the mass #bbh begins to set1 then add the perfume and stir in4 ,a little artificial essence of strawberries may be added4 ,the odor usually employed is rose1 about #a drop to every #b pounds4 ,,vii4--,stick ,pomade4-- ,tallow #ejj parts ,ceresine #aej parts ,wax1 yellow #ej parts ,rosin1 light #bjj parts ,paraffine oil 7thick7 #cjj parts ,oil of cassia4 #e parts ,oil of bergamot #e parts ,oil of clove #b parts ,,viii4--,vaseline ,pomade4--,melt #bej parts of freshly rendered lard and #be parts of white wax at moderate heat and mix well with #bjj parts of vaseline4 ,add #ae parts of bergamot oil1 #c parts of lavender oil1 #b parts of geranium oil1 and #b parts of lemon oil1 mixing well4 ,,ix4--,witch-,hazel ,jelly4-- ,oil of sweet almonds #bef parts ,extract of witch-hazel fluid #aj parts ,glycerine #cb parts oft soap #bj parts ,tincture of musk1 quantity sufficient to perfume4 ,mix in a large mortar the glycerine and soft soap and stir until incorporated4 ,add and rub in the witch-hazel1 and then add the oil1 slowly1 letting it fall in a very thin1 small stream1 under constant agitation2 add the perfume1 keeping up the agitation until complete incorporation is attained4 ,ten drops of musk to a quart of jelly is sufficient4 ,any other perfume may be used4 ,colors for ,pomade4--,pomade may be colored red by infusing alkanet in the grease2 yellow may be obtained by using annotto in the same way2 an oil-soluble chlorophyll will give a green color by admixture4 ,in coloring grease by means of alkanet or annotto it is best to tie the drug up in a piece of coarse cloth1 place in a small portion of the grease1 heat gently1 squeezing well with a rod from time to time2 and then adding this strongly colored grease to the remainder4 ,this procedure obviates exposing the entire mass to heat1 and neither decantation nor straining is needed4 ,brocq's ,pomade for ,itching4-- ,acid phenic #a part ,acid salicylic #b parts ,acid tartaric #c parts ,glycerole of starch #fj to #ajj parts ,mix and make a pomade4 ,white ,cosmetique4-- ,jasmine pomade #b ounces ,tuberose pomade #b ounces ,white wax #b ounces ,refined suet #d ounces ,rose oil #ae minims ,melt the wax and suet over a water bath1 then add the pomades1 and finally the otto4 ,glycerine and ,cucumber ,jelly4-- ,gelatin #afj to #bdj grains ,boric acid #bdj grains ,glycerine #f fluidounces ,water #aj fluidounces ,perfume to suit4 ,the perfume must be one that mixes without opalescence1 otherwise it mars the beauty of the preparation4 ,orange-flower water or rose water could be substituted for the water if desired1 or another perfume consisting of ,spirit of vanillin 7#ae grains per ounce7 #b fluidrachms ,spirit of coumarin 7#ae grains per ounce7 #b fluidrachms ,spirit of bitter almonds 7#a_/h7 #h minims to the quantities given above would prove agreeable4 ,cucumber ,pomade4-- ,cucumber pomade #b ounces ,powdered white soap #a_/b ounce ,powdered borax #b drachms ,cherry-laurel water #c ounces ,rectified spirit #c ounces ,distilled water to make #dh ounces ,rub the pomade with the soap and borax until intimately mixed1 then add the distilled water 7which may be warmed to blood heat71 ounce by ounce1 to form a smooth and uniform cream4 ,when #dj ounces of water have been so incorporated1 dissolve any essential oils desired as perfume in the spirit1 and add the cherry-laurel water1 making up to #dh ounces with plain water4 ,,rouges ,,and ,,paints3 ,grease ,paints4--,theatrical face paints are sold in sticks1 and there are many varieties of color4 ,yellows are obtained with ocher2 browns with burnt umber2 and blue is made with ultramarine4 ,these colors should in each case be levigated finely along with their own weight #bbi of equal parts of precipitated chalk and oxide of zinc and diluted with the same to the tint required1 then made into sticks with mutton suet 7or vaseline or paraffine1 equal parts7 well perfumed4 ,by blending these colors1 other tints may thus be obtained4 ,white ,grease ,paints4-- ,i4--,prepared chalk #d av4 ounces ,zinc oxide #d av4 ounces ,bismuth subnitrate #d av4 ounces ,asbestos powder #d av4 ounces ,sweet almond oil1 about #b #a_/b fluidounces ,camphor #dj grains ,oil peppermint #c fluidrachms ,esobouquet extract #c fluidrachms ,sufficient almond oil should be used to form a mass of proper consistence4 ,,ii4--,zinc oxide4 #h parts ,bismuth subnitrate #h parts ,aluminum oxychloride #h parts ,almond oil1 quantity sufficient1 or #e-f parts4 ,perfume1 quantity sufficient4 ,mix the zinc1 bismuth1 and aluminum oxychloride thoroughly2 make into a paste with the oil4 ,any perfume may be added1 but that generally used is composed of #a drachm of essence of bouquet1 #ab grains of camphor1 and #ab minims of oil of peppermint for every #c #a_/b ounces of paste4 ,bright ,red4-- ,zinc oxide #aj parts ,bismuth subnitrate #aj parts ,aluminum oxychloride #aj parts ,almond oil1 quantity sufficient4 ,mix the zinc1 bismuth1 and aluminum salts1 and to every #d ounces of the mixture add #b #a_/d grains of eosine dissolved in a drachm of essence of bouquet1 #ab minims oil of peppermint1 and #ab grains of camphor4 ,make the whole into a paste with almond oil4 ,red4-- ,cacao butter #d av4 ounces ,white wax #d av4 ounces ,olive oil #b fluidounces ,oil of rose #h drops ,oil of bergamot #c drops ,oil of neroli #b drops ,tincture musk #b drops ,carmine #ij grains ,ammonia water #c fluidrachms ,deep1 or ,bordeaux1 ,red4-- ,zinc oxide #cj parts ,bismuth subnitrate #cj parts ,aluminum oxychloride #cj parts ,carmine #a part ,ammonia water #e parts ,essence bouquet #c parts ,peppermint1 camphor1 etc41 quantity sufficient4 ,mix the zinc1 bismuth1 and aluminum salts4 ,dissolve the carmine in the ammonia and add solution to the mixture4 ,add #bd grains of camphor1 and #bd minims of oil of peppermint dissolved in the essence bouquet1 and make the whole into a paste with oil of sweet almonds4 ,vermilion4-- ,vermilion #ah parts ,tincture of saffron #ab parts ,orris root1 powdered #cj parts ,chalk1 precipitated #abj parts ,zinc oxide #abj parts ,camphor #b parts ,essence bouquet #i parts ,oil of peppermint #b parts ,almond oil1 quantity sufficient4 ,mix as before4 ,pink4-- ,zinc carbonate #bej parts ,bismuth subnitrate #bej parts ,asbestos #bej parts ,expressed oil of almonds #ajj parts ,camphor #ee parts ,oil of peppermint #ee parts ,perfume #be parts ,eosine #a part ,dark ,red4--,like the preceding1 but colored with a solution of carmine4 ,rouge4-- ,zinc oxide4 #b #a_/b ounces ,bismuth subnitrate #b #a_/b ounces ,aluminum plumbate #b #a_/b ounces ,eosine #a drachm ,essence bouquet #b drachms ,camphor #f drachms ,oil of peppermint #bj minims ,almond oil1 quantity sufficient4 ,dissolve the eosine in the essence bouquet1 and mix with the camphor and peppermint2 add the powder and make into a paste with almond oil4 ,black ,grease ,paints4-- ,i4--,soot #b av4 ounces ,sweet almond oil #b fluidounces ,cacao butter #f av4 ounces ,perfume1 sufficient4 #bcj ,the soot should be derived from burning camphor and repeatedly washed with alcohol4 ,it should be triturated to a smooth mixture with the oil2 then add to the melted cacao butter2 add the perfume1 and form into sticks4 ,brown or other colors may be obtained by adding appropriate pigments1 such as finely levigated burned umber1 sienna1 ocher1 jeweler's rouge1 etc41 to the foregoing base instead of lampblack4 ,,ii4--,best lampblack #a drachm ,cacao butter #c drachms ,olive oil #c drachms ,oil of neroli #b drops ,melt the cacao butter and oil1 add the lampblack1 and stir constantly as the mixture cools1 adding the perfume toward the end4 ,,iii4--,lampblack #a part ,cacao butter #f parts ,oil neroli1 sufficient4 ,melt the cacao butter and the lampblack1 and while cooling make an intimate mixture1 adding the perfume toward the last4 ,,iv4--,lampblack4 #a part ,expressed oil of almonds #a part ,oil cocoanut #a part ,perfume1 sufficient4 ,beat the lampblack into a stiff paste with glycerine4 ,apply with a sponge2 if necessary1 mix a little water with it when using4 ,v4--,beat the finest lampblack into a stiff paste with glycerine and apply with a sponge2 if necessary1 add a little water to the mixture when using4 ,or you can make a grease paint as follows3 ,drop black1 #b drachms2 almond oil1 #b drachms2 cocoanut oil1 #f drachms2 oil of lemon1 #e minims2 oil of neroli1 #a minim4 ,mix4 ,fatty ,face ,powders4--,these have a small percentage of fat mixed with them in order to make the powder adhere to the skin4 ,dissolve #a drachm anhydrous lanolin in #b drachms of ether in a mortar4 ,add #c drachms of light magnesia4 ,mix well1 dry1 and then add the following3 ,french chalk1 #b ounces2 powdered starch1 #a #a_/b ounces2 boric acid1 #a drachm2 perfume1 a sufficient quantity4 ,a good perfume is coumarin1 #b grains1 and attar of rose1 #b minims4 ,nose ,putty4--,i4--,mix #a ounce wheat flour with #b drachms of powdered tragacanth and tint with carmine4 ,take as much of the powder as necessary1 knead into a stiff paste with a little water and apply to the nose1 having previously painted it with spirit gum4 ,,ii4--,white wax1 #h parts2 rosin1 white1 #h parts2 mutton suet1 #d parts2 color to suit4 ,melt together4 ,rose ,powder4--,as a base take #bjj parts of powdered iris root1 add #fjj parts of rose petals1 #ajj parts of sandalwood1 #ajj parts of patchouli1 #c parts of oil of geranium1 and #b parts of true rose oil4 ,rouge ,tablets4--,there are two distinct classes of these tablets3 those in which the coloring matter is carmine1 and those in which the aniline colors are used4 ,the best are those prepared with carmine1 or ammonium carminate1 to speak more correctly4 ,the following is an excellent formula3 ,ammonium carminate #aj parts ,talc1 in powder #be parts ,dextrin #h parts ,simple syrup1 sufficient4 ,perfume1 to taste1 sufficient4 ,mix the talc and dextrin and add the perfume1 preferably in the shape of an essential oil 7attar of rose1 synthetic oil of jasmine1 or violet1 etc471 using #f to #h drops to every #d ounces of other ingredients4 ,incorporate the ammonium carminate and add just enough simple syrup to make a mass easily rolled out4 ,cut into tablets of the desired size4 ,the ammonium carminate is made by adding #a part of carmine to #b #a_/b parts of strong ammonia water4 ,mix in a vial1 cork tightly1 and set aside until a solution is formed1 shaking occasionally4 ,the ammonium carminate is made by dissolving carmine in ammonia water to saturation4 ,rouge ,palettes4--,to prepare rouge palettes rub up together3 ,carmine #i parts ,french chalk #ej parts ,almond oil #ab parts ,add enough tragacanth mucilage to make the mass adhere and spread the whole evenly on the porcelain palette4 ,liquid ,rouge4-- ,i4--,carmine #d parts ,stronger ammonia water #d parts ,essence of rose #af parts ,rose water to make4 #ejj parts ,mix4 ,a very delightful violet odor1 if this is preferred1 is obtained by using ionone in place of rose essence4 ,a cheaper preparation may be made as follows3 #bca ,,ii4--,eosine #a part ,distilled water #bj parts ,glycerine #e parts ,cologne water #ge parts ,alcohol #ajj parts ,mix4 ,rub together with #aj parts of almond oil and add sufficient mucilage of tragacanth to make the mass adhere to the porcelain palette4 ,,iii4--,carmine #a part ,stronger ammonia water #a part ,attar of rose #d parts ,rose water #abe parts ,mix4 ,any other color may be used in place of rose1 violet 7ionone71 for instance1 or heliotrope4 ,a cheaper preparation may be made by substituting eosine for the carmine1 as follows3 ,,iv4--,eosine #a part ,distilled water #bj parts ,glycerine #e parts ,cologne water #ge parts ,alcohol #ajj parts ,mix4 ,peach ,tint4-- a4--,buffalo eosine #d drachms ,distilled water #af fluidounces ,mix4 b4--,pure hydrochloric acid #b #a_/b drachms ,distilled water #fd fluidounces ,mix4 ,pour a into b1 shake1 and set aside for a few hours2 then pour off the clear portion and collect the precipitate on a filter4 ,wash with the same amount of b and immediately throw the precipitate into a glass measure1 stirring in with a glass rod sufficient of b to measure #af ounces in all4 ,pass through a hair sieve to get out any filtering paper4 ,to every #af ounces add #h ounces of glycerine4 ,theater ,rouge4--,base3 ,cornstarch #d drachms ,powdered white talcum #f drachms ,mix4 a4--,carminoline #aj grains ,base #f drachms ,water #d drachms ,dissolve the carminoline in the water1 mix with the base and dry4 b4--,geranium red #aj grains ,base #f drachms ,water #d drachms ,mix as above and dry4 ,,skin ,,foods4 ,wrinkles on the face yield to a wash consisting of #ej parts milk of almonds 7made with rose water7 and #d parts aluminum sulphate4 ,use morning and night4 ,rough skin is to be washed constantly in ,vichy water4 ,besides this1 rough places are to have the following application twice daily--either a few drops of3 ,i4--,rose water #ajj parts ,glycerine #be parts ,tannin #c_/d part ,mix4 ,or use3 ,,ii4--,orange-flower water #ajj parts ,glycerine #aj parts ,borax #b parts ,mix4 ,sig43 ,apply twice daily4 8,beauty ,cream40--,this formula gives the skin a beautiful1 smooth1 and fresh appearance1 and1 at the same time1 serves to protect and preserve it3 ,alum1 powdered #aj grams ,whites of #b eggs ,boric acid #c grams ,tincture of benzoin #dj drops ,olive oil #dj drops ,mucilage of acacia #e drops ,rice flour1 quantity sufficient4 ,perfume1 quantity sufficient4 ,mix the alum and the white of eggs1 without any addition of water whatever1 in an earthen vessel1 and dissolve the alum by the aid of very gentle heat 7derived from a lamp1 or gaslight1 regulated to a very small flame71 and constant1 even1 stirring4 ,this must continue until the aqueous content of the albumen is completely driven off4 ,care must be taken to avoid coagulation of the albumen 7which occurs very easily1 as all know74 ,let the mass obtained in this manner get completely cold1 then throw into a ,wedgwood mortar1 add the boric acid1 tincture of benzoin1 oil1 mucilage 7instead of which a solution of fine gelatin may be used71 etc41 and rub up together1 thickening it with the addition of sufficient rice flour to give the desired consistence1 and perfuming at will4 ,instead of olive oil any pure fat1 or fatty oil1 may be used1 even vaseline or glycerine4 ,face ,bleach or ,beautifier4-- ,syrupy lactic acid #dj ounces ,glycerine #hj ounces ,distilled water #e gallons ,mix4 ,gradually add ,tincture of benzoin #c ounces ,color by adding #bcb ,carmine ,no4 #dj #dj grains ,glycerine #a ounce ,ammonia solution #a_/b ounce ,water to #c ounces ,heat this to drive off the ammonia1 and mix all4 ,shake1 set aside2 then filter1 and add ,solution of ionone #a drachm ,add a few drachms of kaolin and filter until bright4 ,,blackhead ,,remedies4 ,i4--,lactic acid #a drachm ,boric acid #a drachm ,ceresine #a drachm ,paraffine oil #f drachms ,hydrous wool fat #a #a_/b ounces ,castor oil #f drachms ,,ii4--,unna advises hydrogen dioxide in the treatment of blackheads1 his prescription being3 ,hydrogen dioxide #bj to #dj parts ,hydrous wool fat #aj parts ,petrolatum #cj parts ,,iii4--,thymol #a part ,boric acid #b parts ,tincture of witch-hazel #ah parts ,rose water sufficient to make #bjj parts ,mix4 ,apply to the face night and morning with a sponge1 first washing the face with hot water and castile soap1 and drying it with a coarse towel1 using force enough to start the dried secretions4 ,an excellent plan is to steam the face by holding it over a basin of hot water1 keeping the head covered with a cloth4 ,,iv4--,ichthyol #a drachm ,zinc oxide #b drachms ,starch #b drachms ,petrolatum #c drachms ,this paste should be applied at night4 ,the face should first be thoroughly steamed or washed in water as hot as can be comfortably borne4 ,all pustules should then be opened and blackheads emptied with as little violence as possible4 ,after careful drying the paste should be thoroughly rubbed into the affected areas4 ,in the morning1 after removing the paste with a bland soap1 bathe with cool water and dry with little friction4 ,,hand ,,creams ,,and ,,lotions3 ,chapped ,skin4-- ,i4--,glycerine #h parts ,bay rum #d parts ,ammonia water #d parts ,rose water #d parts ,mix the bay rum and glycerine1 add the ammonia water1 and finally the rose water4 ,it is especially efficacious after shaving4 ,,ii4--,as glycerine is bad for the skin of many people1 here is a recipe which will be found more generally satisfactory as it contains less glycerine3 ,bay rum1 #c ounces2 glycerine1 #a ounce2 carbolic acid1 #a_/b drachm 7#cj drops74 ,wash the hands well and apply while hands are soft1 preferably just before going to bed4 ,rub in thoroughly4 ,this rarely fails to cure the worst 8chaps0 in two nights4 ,,iii4--,a sure remedy for chapped hands consists in keeping them carefully dry and greasing them now and then with an anhydrous fat 7not cold cream74 ,the best substances for the purpose are unguentum cereum or oleum olivarum4 ,if the skin of the hands is already cracked the following preparation will heal it3 ,finely ground zinc oxide1 #e4j parts2 bismuth oxychloride1 #b4j parts2 with fat oil1 #ab4j parts2 next add glycerine1 #e4j parts2 lanolin1 #cj4j parts2 and scent with rose water1 #aj4j parts4 ,,iv4--,wax salve 7olive oil #g parts1 and yellow wax #c parts71 or pure olive oil4 ,hand-,cleaning ,paste4--,cleaning pastes are composed of soap and grit1 either with or without some free alkali4 ,any soap may be used1 but a white soap is preferred4 ,castile soap does not make as firm a paste as soap made from animal fats1 and the latter also lather better4 ,for grit1 anything may be used1 from powdered pumice to fine sand4 ,a good paste may be made by dissolving soap in the least possible quantity of hot water1 and as it cools and sets stirring in the grit4 ,a good formula is3 ,white soap #b #a_/b pounds ,fine sand #a pound ,water #e #a_/b pints ,lotion for the ,hands4-- ,boric acid #a drachm ,glycerine #f drachms ,dissolve by heat and mix with ,lanolin #f drachms ,vaseline #a ounce ,add any perfume desired4 ,the borated glycerine should be cooled before mixing it with the lanolin4 ,cosmetic ,jelly4-- ,tragacanth 7white ribbon7 #fj grains ,rose water #ad ounces ,macerate for two days and strain forcibly through coarse muslin or cheese #bcc cloth4 ,add glycerine and alcohol1 of each #a ounce4 ,perfume to suit4 ,use immediately after bathing1 rubbing in well until dry4 ,perspiring ,hands4--,i4--,take rectified eau de cologne1 #ej parts 7by weight72 belladonna dye1 #h parts2 glycerine1 #c parts2 rub gently twice or three times a day with half a tablespoonful of this mixture4 ,one may also employ chalk1 carbonate of magnesia1 rice starch1 hot and cold baths of the hands 7as hot and as cold as can be borne71 during #f minutes1 followed by a solution of #d parts of tannin in #cb of glycerine4 ,,ii4--,rub the hands several times per day with the following mixture3 ,by weight ,rose water #abe parts ,borax #aj parts ,glycerine #h parts ,hand ,bleach4--,lanolin1 #cj parts2 glycerine1 #bj parts2 borax1 #aj parts2 eucalyptol1 #b parts2 essential oil of almonds1 #a part4 ,after rubbing the hands with this mixture1 cover them with gloves during the night4 ,for the removal of developing stains1 see ,photography4 ,,massage ,,creams3 ,massage ,application4-- ,white potash soap1 shaved #bj parts ,glycerine #cj parts ,water #cj parts ,alcohol 7#ij per cent7 #aj parts ,dissolve the soap by heating it with the glycerine and water1 mixed4 ,add the alcohol1 and for every #cj ounces of the solution add #e or #f drops of the mistura oleoso balsamica1 ,german ,pharmacopia4 ,filter while hot4 ,medicated ,massage ,balls4--,they are the balls of paraffine wax molded with a smooth or rough surface with menthol1 camphor1 oil of wintergreen1 oil of peppermint1 etc41 added before shaping4 ,specially useful in headaches1 neuralgias1 and rheumatic affections1 and many other afflictions of the skin and bones4 ,the method of using them is to roll the ball over the affected part by the aid of the palm of the hand with pressure4 ,continue until relief is obtained or a sensation of warmth4 ,the only external method for the treatment of all kinds of headaches is the menthol medicated massage ball4 ,this may be made with smooth or corrugated surfaces4 ,keep wrapped in foil in cool places4 ,casein ,massage ,cream4--,the basis of the modern massage cream is casein4 ,casein is now produced very cheaply in the powdered form1 and by treatment with glycerine and perfumes it is possible to turn out a satisfactory cream4 ,the following formula is suggested3 ,skimmed milk #a gallon ,water of ammonia #a ounce ,acetic acid #a ounce ,oil of rose geranium #a drachm ,oil of bitter almond #a drachm ,oil of anise #b drachms ,cold cream 7see below71 enough4 ,carmine enough to color4 ,add the water of ammonia to the milk and let it stand #bd hours4 ,then add the acetic acid and let it stand another #bd hours4 ,then strain through cheese cloth and add the oils4 ,work this thoroughly in a ,wedgwood mortar1 adding enough carmine to color it a delicate pink4 ,to the product thus obtained add an equal amount of cold cream made by the formula herewith given3 ,white wax #d ounces ,spermaceti #d ounces ,white petrolatum #ab ounces ,rose water #ad ounces ,borax #hj grains ,melt the wax1 spermaceti1 and petrolatum together over a water bath2 dissolve the borax in the rose water and add to the melted mass at one time4 ,agitate violently4 ,presumably the borax solution should be of the same temperature as the melted mass4 ,massage ,skin ,foods4-- ,this preparation is used in massage for removing wrinkles3 ,i4--,white wax #a_/b ounce ,spermaceti #a_/b ounce ,cocoanut oil #a ounce ,lanolin #a ounce ,oil of sweet almonds #b ounces ,melt in a porcelain dish1 remove from the fire1 and add ,orange-flower water #a ounce ,tincture of benzoin #c drops ,beat briskly until creamy4 ,,ii4--,snow-white cold cream #d ounces ,lanolin #d ounces ,oil of ,theobroma #d ounces ,white petrolatum oil #d ounces ,distilled water #d ounces ,in hot weather add ,spermaceti #a #a_/b drachms ,white wax #b #a_/b drachms #bcd ,in winter the two latter are left out and the proportion of cocoa butter is modified4 ,prepared and perfumed in proportion same as cold cream4 ,,iii4--,white petrolatum #g av4 ounces ,paraffine wax #a_/b ounce ,lanolin #b av4 ounces ,water #c fluidounces ,oil of rose #c drops ,vanillin #b grains ,alcohol #a fluidrachm ,melt the paraffine1 add the lanolin and petrolatum1 and when these have melted pour the mixture into a warm mortar1 and1 with constant stirring1 incorporate the water4 ,when nearly cold add the oil and vanillin1 dissolved in the alcohol4 ,preparations of this kind should be rubbed into the skin vigorously1 as friction assists the absorbed fat in developing the muscles1 and also imparts softness and fullness to the skin4 ,,skin ,,bleaches1 ,,balms1 ,,lotions1 ,,etc43 ,see also ,cleaning ,methods and ,photography for removal of stains caused by photographic developers4 ,astringent ,wash for ,flabby ,skin4--,this is used to correct coarse pores1 and to remedy an oily or flabby skin4 ,apply with sponge night and morning3 ,cucumber juice #a #a_/b ounces ,tincture of benzoin #a_/b ounce ,cologne #a ounce ,elder-flower water #e ounces ,put the tincture of benzoin in an #h-ounce bottle1 add the other ingredients1 previously mixed1 and shake slightly4 ,there will be some precipitation of benzoin in this mixture1 but it will settle out1 or it may be strained out through cheese cloth4 ,bleaching ,skin ,salves4--,a skin-bleaching action1 due to the presence of hydrogen peroxide1 is possessed by the following mixtures3 ,i4--,lanolin #cj parts ,bitter almond oil #aj parts ,mix and stir with this salve base a solution of ,borax #a part ,glycerine #ae parts ,hydrogen peroxide #ae parts ,for impure skin the following composition is recommended3 ,,ii4--,white mercurial ointment #e grams ,zinc ointment #e grams ,lanolin #cj grams ,bitter almond oil #aj grams ,and gradually stir into this a solution of ,borax #b grams ,glycerine #cj grams ,rose water #aj grams ,concentrated nitric acid #e drops ,,iii4--,lanolin #cj grams ,oil sweet almond #aj grams ,borax #a gram ,glycerine #ae grams ,solution hydrogen peroxide #ae grams ,mix the lanolin and oil1 then incorporate the borax previously dissolved in the mixture of glycerine and peroxide solution4 ,,iv4--,ointment ammoniac mercury #e grams ,ointment zinc oxide #e grams ,lanolin #cj grams ,oil sweet almond #aj grams ,borax #b grams ,glycerine #cj grams ,rose water #aj grams ,nitric acid1 ,c4 ,p4 #e drops ,prepare in a similar manner as the foregoing4 ,rose oil in either ointment makes a good perfume4 ,both ointments may1 of course1 be employed as a general skin bleach1 which1 in fact1 is their real office--cosmetic creams4 ,emollient ,skin ,balm4-- ,quince seed #a ounce ,water #g ounces ,glycerine #a #a_/b ounces ,alcohol #d #a_/b ounces ,salicylic acid #f grains ,carbolic acid #aj grains ,oil of bay #aj drops ,oil of cloves #e drops ,oil of orange peel #aj drops ,oil of wintergreen #h drops ,oil of rose #b drops ,digest the quince seed in the water for #bd hours1 and then press through a cloth2 dissolve the salicylic acid in the alcohol2 add the carbolic acid to the glycerine2 put all together1 shake well1 and bottle4 ,skin ,lotion4-- ,zinc sulphocarbolate #cj grains ,alcohol 7#ij per cent7 #d fluidrachms ,glycerine #b fluidrachms ,tincture of cochineal #a fluidrachm ,orange-flower water #a #a_/b fluidounces ,rose water 7triple7 to make #f fluidounces #bce ,skin ,discoloration4--,discoloration of the neck may be removed by the use of acids1 the simplest of which is that in buttermilk1 but if the action of this is too slow try #d ounces of lactic acid1 #b of glycerine1 and #a of rose water4 ,these will mix without heating4 ,apply several times daily with a soft linen rag2 pour a small quantity into a saucer and dip the cloth into this4 ,if the skin becomes sore use less of the remedy and allay the redness and smarting with a good cold cream4 ,it is always an acid that removes freckles and discolorations1 by burning them off4 ,it is well to be slow in its use until you find how severe its action is4 ,it is not wise to try for home making any of the prescriptions which include corrosive sublimate or any other deadly poison4 ,peroxide of hydrogen diluted with #e times as much water1 also will bleach discolorations4 ,do not try any of these bleaches on a skin freshly sunburned4 ,for that1 wash in hot water1 or add to the hot water application enough witch-hazel to scent the water1 and after that has dried into the skin it will be soon enough to try other applications4 ,detergent for ,skin ,stains4--,moritz ,weiss has introduced a detergent paste which will remove stains from the skin without attacking it1 is non-poisonous1 and can be used without hot water4 ,moisten the hands with a little cold water1 apply a small quantity of the paste to the stained skin1 rub the hands together for a few minutes1 and rinse with cold water4 ,the preparation is a mixture of soft soap and hard tallow1 melted together over the fire and incorporated with a little emery powder1 flint1 glass1 sand1 quartz1 pumice stone1 etc41 with a little essential oil to mask the smell of the soap4 ,the mixture sets to a mass like putty1 but does not dry hard4 ,the approximate proportions of the ingredients are3 ,soft soap1 #cj per cent2 tallow1 #ae per cent2 emery powder1 #ee per cent1 and a few drops of essential oil4 ,if an extra detergent quality is desired1 #d ounces of sodium carbonate may be added1 and the quantity of soap may be reduced4 ,paste thus made will attack grease1 etc41 more readily1 but it is harder on the skin4 ,removing ,inground ,dirt4-- ,egg albumen #h parts ,boric acid #a part ,glycerine #cb parts ,perfume to suit4 ,distilled water to make #ej parts ,dissolve the boric acid in a sufficient quantity of water2 mix the albumen and glycerine and pass through a silk strainer4 ,finally1 mix the two fluids and add the residue of water4 ,every time the hands are washed1 dry on a towel1 and then moisten them lightly but thoroughly with the liquid1 and dry on a soft towel without rubbing4 ,at night1 on retiring1 apply the mixture and wipe slightly or just enough to take up superfluous liquid2 or1 better still1 sleep in a pair of cotton gloves4 ,,toilet ,,creams3 ,almond ,cold ,creams4--,a liquid almond cream may be made by the appended formula4 ,it has been known as milk of almond3 ,i4--,sweet almonds #e ounces ,white castile soap #b drachms ,white wax #b drachms ,spermaceti #b drachms ,oil of bitter almonds #aj minims ,oil of bergamot #bj minims ,alcohol #f fluidounces ,water1 a sufficient quantity4 ,beat the almonds in a smooth mortar until as much divided as their nature will admit2 then gradually add water in very small quantities1 continuing the beating until a smooth paste is obtained2 add to this1 gradually1 one pint of water1 stirring well all the time4 ,strain the resulting emulsion without pressure through a cotton cloth previously well washed to remove all foreign matter4 ,if new1 the cloth will contain starch1 etc41 which must be removed4 ,add1 through the strainer1 enough water to bring the measure of the strained liquid to #a pint4 ,while this operation is going on let the soap be shaved into thin ribbons1 and melted1 with enough water to cover it1 over a very gentle fire or on a water bath4 ,when fluid add the wax and spermaceti in large pieces1 so as to allow them to melt slowly1 and thereby better effect union with the soap4 ,stir occasionally4 ,when all is melted place the soapy mixture in a mortar1 run into it slowly the emulsion1 blending the two all the while with the pestle4 ,care must be taken not to add the emulsion faster than it can be incorporated with the soap4 ,lastly add the alcohol in which the perfumes have been previously dissolved1 in the same manner1 using great care4 ,this preparation is troublesome to make and rather expensive1 and it is perhaps no better for the purpose than glycerine4 ,the mistake is often made of applying the latter too freely1 its 8stickiness0 being unpleasant1 and it is #bcf best to dilute it largely with water4 ,such a lotion may be made by mixing ,glycerine #a part ,rose water #i parts ,plain water may1 of course1 be used as the diluent1 but a slightly perfumed preparation is generally considered more desirable4 ,the perfume may easily be obtained by dissolving a very small proportion of handkerchief 8extract0 or some essential oil in the glycerine1 and then mixing with plain water4 ,,ii4--,white wax #a_/d ounce ,spermaceti #b #a_/b ounces ,oil of sweet almonds #b #a_/b ounces ,melt1 remove from the fire1 and add ,rose water #a #a_/b ounces ,beat until creamy3 not until cold4 ,when the cream begins to thicken add a few drops of oil of rose4 ,only the finest almond oil should be used4 ,be careful in weighing the wax and spermaceti4 ,these precautions will insure a good product4 ,,iii4--,white wax #d ounces ,spermaceti #c ounces ,sweet almond oil #f fluidounces ,glycerine #d fluidounces ,oil of rose geranium #a fluidrachm ,tincture of benzoin #d fluidrachms ,melt the wax and spermaceti1 add the oil of sweet almonds1 then beat in the glycerine1 tincture of benzoin1 and oil of rose geranium4 ,when all are incorporated to a smooth1 creamy mass1 pour into molds4 ,,iv4--,sweet almonds1 blanched #e ounces ,castile soap1 white #abj grains ,white wax #abj grains ,spermaceti #abj grains ,oil of bitter almonds #aj drops ,oil of bergamot #bj drops ,alcohol #f fluidounces ,water1 sufficient4 ,make an emulsion of the almonds with water so as to obtain #af fluidounces of product1 straining through cotton which has previously been washed to remove starch4 ,dissolve the soap with the aid of heat in the necessary amount of water to form a liquid1 add the wax and spermaceti1 continue the heat until the latter is melted1 transfer to a mortar1 and incorporate the almond emulsion slowly with constant stirring until all has been added and a smooth cream has been formed4 ,finally1 add the two volatile oils4 ,v4--,melt1 at moderate heat1 ,by weight4 ,white wax #ajj parts ,spermaceti #a1jjj parts ,then stir in ,by weight4 ,almond oil #ejj parts ,rose water #bfj parts ,and scent with ,by weight4 ,bergamot oil #aj parts ,geranium oil #e parts ,lemon oil #d parts ,by weight4 ,,vi4--,castor oil #ejj parts ,white wax #ajj parts ,almond oil #aej parts ,melt at moderate heat and scent with ,by weight4 ,geranium oil #f parts ,lemon oil #e parts ,bergamot oil #aj parts ,by weight4 ,,vii4--,almond oil #djj parts ,lanoline #bjj parts ,white wax #fj parts ,spermaceti #fj parts ,rose water #cjj parts ,by weight4 ,,viii4--,white wax #f parts ,tallow1 freshly tried out #d parts ,spermaceti #b parts ,oil of sweet almonds #f parts ,melt together and while still hot add1 with constant stirring1 #a part of sodium carbonate dissolved in #gi parts of hot water4 ,stir until cold4 ,perfume to the taste4 ,,ix4--,ointment of rose water #a ounce ,oil of sweet almonds4 #a fluidounce ,glycerine #a fluidounce ,boric acid #ajj grains ,solution of soda #b #a_/d fluidounces ,mucilage of quince seed4 #d fluidounces ,water enough to make #dj fluidounces ,oil of rose1 oil of bitter almonds1 of each sufficient to perfume4 ,heat the ointment1 oil1 and solution of soda together1 stirring constantly until an emulsion or saponaceous mixture is #bcg formed4 ,then warm together the glycerine1 acid1 and mucilage and about #cj fluidounces of water2 mix with the emulsion1 stir until cold1 and add the remainder of the water4 ,lastly1 add the volatile oils4 ,the rose-water ointment used should be the 8cold cream0 of the ,united ,states ,pharmacopia4 ,x4--,spermaceti #b ounces ,white wax #b ounces ,sweet almond oil #ad fluidounces ,water1 distilled #g fluidounces ,borax1 powder #fj grains ,coumarin #a_/b grain ,oil of bergamot #bd drops ,oil of rose #f drops ,oil of bitter almonds #h drops ,tincture of ambergris #e drops ,melt the spermaceti and wax1 add the sweet almond oil1 incorporate the water in which the borax has previously been dissolved1 and finally add the oils of bergamot1 rose1 and bitter almond4 ,,xi4--,honey #b av4 ounces ,castile soap1 white powder #a av4 ounce ,oil sweet almonds #bf fluidounces ,oil bitter almonds #a fluidrachm ,oil bergamot #a_/b fluidrachm ,oil cloves #ae drops ,peru balsam #a fluidrachm ,liquor potassa4 ,solution carmine1 of each sufficient4 ,mix the honey with the soap in a mortar1 and add enough liquor potassa 7about #a fluidrachm7 to produce a nice cream4 ,mix the volatile oils and balsam with the sweet almond oil1 mix this with the cream1 and continue the trituration until thoroughly mixed4 ,finally add1 if desired1 enough carmine solution to impart a rose tint4 ,,xii4--,white wax #hjj parts ,spermaceti #hjj parts ,sweet almond oil #e1fjj parts ,distilled water #b1hjj parts ,borax #ej parts ,bergamot oil #bj parts ,attar of rose #e parts ,coumarin #j4a part ,add for each pound of the cream #e drops of etheric oil of bitter almonds1 and #c drops tincture of ambra4 ,proceed as in making cold cream4 ,the following also makes a fine cream3 ,,xiii4--,spermaceti #c parts ,white wax #b parts ,oil of almonds1 fresh #ab parts ,rose water1 double #a part ,glycerine1 pure #a part ,melt on a water bath the spermaceti and wax1 add the oil 7which should be fresh71 and pour the whole into a slightly warmed mortar1 under constant and lively stirring1 to prevent granulation4 ,continue the trituration until the mass has a white1 creamy appearance1 and is about the consistence of butter at ordinary temperature4 ,add1 little by little1 under constant stirring1 the orange-flower water and glycerine mixed1 and finally the perfume as before4 ,continue the stirring for #ae or #bj minutes1 then immediately put into containers4 ,chappine ,cream4-- ,quince seed #b drachms ,glycerine #a #a_/b ounces ,water #a #a_/b ounces ,lead acetate #aj grains ,flavoring1 sufficient4 ,macerate the quince seed in water1 strain1 add the glycerine and lead acetate1 previously dissolved in sufficient water2 flavor with jockey club or orange essence4 ,cucumber ,creams4-- ,i4--,white wax #c ounces ,spermaceti #c ounces ,benzoinated lard #h ounces ,cucumbers #c ounces ,melt together the wax1 spermaceti1 and lard1 and infuse in the liquid the cucumbers previously grated4 ,allow to cool1 stirring well2 let stand a day1 remelt1 strain and again stir the 8cream0 until cold4 ,,ii4--,benzoinated lard #e ounces ,suet #c ounces ,cucumber juice #aj ounces ,proceed as in making cold cream4 ,glycerine ,creams4-- ,i4--,oil of sweet almonds #ajj parts ,white wax #ac parts ,glycerine1 pure #be parts ,add a sufficient quantity of any suitable perfume4 ,melt1 on the water bath1 the oil1 wax1 and glycerine together1 remove and as the mass cools down add the perfume in sufficient quantity to make a creamy mass4 #bch ,,ii4--,quince seed #a ounce ,boric acid #af grains ,starch #a ounce ,glycerine #af ounces ,carbolic acid #cj minims ,alcohol #ab ounces ,oil of lavender #cj minims ,oil of rose #aj drops ,extract of white rose #a ounce ,water enough to make #fd ounces ,dissolve the boric acid in a quart of water and in this solution macerate the quince seed for #c hours2 then strain4 ,heat together the starch and the glycerine until the starch granules are broken1 and mix with this the carbolic acid4 ,dissolve the oils and the extract of rose in the alcohol1 and add to the quince-seed mucilage2 then mix all together1 strain1 and add water enough to make the product weigh #fd ounces4 ,,iii4--,glycerine #a ounce ,borax #b drachms ,boracic acid #a drachm ,oil rose geranium #cj drops ,oil bitter almond #ae drops ,milk #a gallon ,heat the milk until it curdles and allow it to stand #ab hours4 ,strain it through cheese cloth and allow it to stand again for #ab hours4 ,mix in the salts and glycerine and triturate in a mortar1 finally adding the odors and coloring if wanted4 ,the curdled milk must be entirely free from water to avoid separation4 ,if the milk will not curdle fast enough the addition of #a ounce of water ammonia to a gallon will hasten it4 ,take a gallon of milk1 add #a ounce ammonia water1 heat 7not boil71 allow to stand #bd hours1 and no trouble will be found in forming a good base for the cream4 ,,iv4--,this is offered as a substitute for cucumber cream for toilet uses4 ,melt #ae parts1 by weight1 of gelatin in hot water containing #ae parts1 by weight1 of boracic acid as well as #aej parts1 by weight1 of glycerine2 the total amount of water used should not exceed #cjj parts1 by weight4 ,it may be perfumed or not4 ,lanolin ,creams4-- ,i4--,anhydrous lanolin #fej parts ,peach-kernel oil #bjj parts ,water #aej parts ,perfume with about #ae drops of ionone or #bj drops of synthetic ylang-ylang4 ,,ii4--,lanolin #dj parts ,olive oil #ae parts ,paraffine ointment #aj parts ,aqua naph #aj parts ,distilled water #ae parts ,glycerine #e parts ,boric acid #d parts ,borax #d parts ,geranium oil1 sufficient4 ,extract1 triple1 of ylang-ylang1 quantity sufficient4 ,,iii4--,anhydrous lanolin #fej drachms ,almond oil #bjj drachms ,water #aej drachms ,oil of ylang-ylang #e drops ,preparations which have been introduced years ago for the care of the skin and complexion are the glycerine geles1 which have the advantage over lanolin that they go further1 but present the drawback of not being so quickly absorbed by the skin4 ,these products are filled either into glasses or into tubes4 ,the latter way is preferable and is more and more adopted1 owing to the convenience of handling4 ,a good recipe for such a gele is the following3 ,moisten white tragacanth powder1 #ej parts1 with glycerine1 #bjj parts1 and spirit of wine1 #ajj parts1 and shake with a suitable amount of perfume2 then quickly mix and shake with warm distilled water1 #fej parts4 ,a transparent slime will form immediately which can be drawn off at once4 ,mucilage ,creams4-- ,i4--,starch #cj parts ,carrageen mucilage #dhj parts ,boric acid #ae parts ,glycerine #bdj parts ,cologne water #bdj parts ,boil the starch in the carrageen mucilage1 add the boric acid and the glycerine4 ,let cool1 and add the cologne water4 ,,ii4--,linseed mucilage #bdj parts ,boric acid #b parts ,salicylic acid #a4c parts ,glycerine #fj parts ,cologne water #abj parts ,rose water #abj parts ,instead of the cologne water any extracts may be used4 ,lilac and ylang-ylang are recommended4 ,witch-,hazel ,creams4-- ,i4--,quince seed #ij grains ,boric acid #h grains ,glycerine #d fluidounces ,alcohol #f fluidounces ,carbolic acid #f drachms ,cologne water #d fluidounces ,oil lavender flowers #dj drops #bci ,glycerite starch #d av4 ounces ,distilled witch-hazel extract enough to make #cb fluidounces4 ,dissolve the boric acid in #af ounces of the witch-hazel extract1 macerate the quince seed in the solution for #c hours1 strain1 add the glycerine1 carbolic acid1 and glycerite1 and mix well4 ,mix the alcohol1 cologne water1 lavender oil1 and mucilages1 incorporate with the previous mixture1 and add enough witch-hazel extract to bring to the measure of #cb fluidounces4 ,,ii4--,quince seed #d ounces ,hot water #af ounces ,glycerine #cb ounces ,witch-hazel water #abh ounces ,boric acid #f ounces ,rose extract #b ounces ,violet extract #a ounce ,macerate the quince seed in the hot water2 add the glycerine and witch-hazel1 in which the boric acid has been previously dissolved2 let the mixture stand for #b days1 stirring occasionally2 strain and add the perfume4 ,skin ,cream for ,collapsible ,tubes4-- ,i4--,white vaseline #f ounces ,white wax #a ounce ,spermaceti #e drachms ,subchloride bismuth #f drachms ,attar of rose #f minims ,oil of bitter almonds #a minim ,rectified spirit #a_/b ounce ,melt the vaseline1 wax1 and spermaceti together1 and while cooling incorporate the subchloride of bismuth 7in warm mortar74 ,dissolve the oils in the alcohol1 and add to the fatty mixture1 stirring all until uniform and cold4 ,in cold weather the quantities of wax and spermaceti may be reduced4 ,,ii4--,lanolin #a ounce ,almond oil #a ounce ,oleate of zinc 7powder7 #c drachms ,extract of white rose #a #a_/b drachms ,glycerine #b drachms ,rose water #b drachms ,face ,cream ,without ,grease4-- ,quince seed #aj parts ,boiling water #a1jjj parts ,borax #e parts ,boric acid #e parts ,glycerine #ajj parts ,alcohol1 #id per cent #abe parts ,attar of rose1 quantity sufficient to perfume4 ,macerate the quince seed in half of the boiling water1 with frequent agitations1 for #b hours and #cj minutes1 then strain off4 ,in the residue of the boiling water dissolve the borax and boric acid1 add the glycerine and the perfume1 the latter dissolved in the alcohol4 ,now add1 little by little1 the colate of quince seed1 under constant agitation1 which should be kept up for #e minutes after the last portion of the colate is added4 ,,toilet ,,milks3 ,cucumber ,milk4-- ,simple cerate #b pounds ,powdered borax #aa #a_/b ounces ,powdered castile soap #aj ounces ,glycerine #bf ounces ,alcohol #bd ounces ,cucumber juice #cb ounces ,water to #e gallons ,ionone #a drachm ,jasmine #a_/b drachm ,neroli #a_/b drachm ,rhodinol #ae minims ,to the melted cerate in a hot water bath add the soap and stir well1 keeping up the heat until perfectly mixed4 ,add #h ounces of borax to #a gallon of boiling water1 and pour gradually into the hot melted soap and cerate2 add the remainder of the borax and hot water1 then the heated juice and glycerine1 and lastly the alcohol4 ,shake well while cooling1 set aside for #dh hours1 and siphon off any water that may separate4 ,shake well1 and repeat after standing again if necessary2 then perfume4 ,cucumber ,juice4--,it is well to make a large quantity1 as it keeps indefinitely4 ,washed unpeeled cucumbers are grated and pressed2 the juice is heated1 skimmed and boiled for #e minutes1 then cooled and filtered4 ,add #a part of alcohol to #b parts of juice1 let stand for #ab hours or more1 and filter until clear4 ,glycerine ,milk4-- ,glycerine #a1aej parts ,starch1 powdered #afj parts ,distilled water #djj parts ,tincture of benzoin #bj parts ,rub up #hj parts of the starch with the glycerine1 then put the mixture on the steam bath and heat1 under continuous stirring1 until it forms a jellylike mass4 ,remove from the bath and stir in the remainder of the starch4 ,finally1 add the water and tincture and stir till homogeneous4 ,lanolin ,toilet ,milk4-- ,white castile soap1 powdered #bb grains ,lanolin #a ounce ,tincture benzoin #ab drachms ,water1 enough4 #bdj ,dissolve the soap in #b fluidounces of warm water1 also mix the lanolin with #b fluidounces of warm water2 then incorporate the two with each other1 finally adding the tincture4 ,the latter may be replaced by #ij grains of powdered borax4 ,jasmine ,milk4--,to #be parts of water add gradually1 with constant stirring1 #a part of zinc white1 #b quarts of grain spirit1 and #j4ae to #j4be part of glycerine2 finally stir in #j4jg to #j4aj part of jasmine essence4 ,filter the mixture and fill into glass bottles4 ,for use as a cosmetic1 rub on the raspberry paste on retiring at night1 and in the morning use the jasmine milk to remove the paste from the skin4 ,the two work together in their effect4 ,,sunburn ,,and ,,freckle ,,remedies4 ,i4--,apply over the affected skin a solution of corrosive sublimate1 #a in #ejj1 or1 if the patient can stand it1 #a in #cjj1 morning and evening1 and for the night apply emplastrum hydrargyri compositum to the spots4 ,in the morning remove the plaster and all remnants of it by rubbing fresh butter or cold cream over the spots4 ,for redness of the skin apply each other day zinc oxide ointment or ointment of bismuth subnitrate4 ,,ii4--,besnier recommends removal of the mercurial ointment with green soap1 and the use1 at night1 of an ointment composed of vaseline and ,vigo's plaster 7emplastrum hydrargyri compositum71 in equal parts4 ,in the morning wash off with soap and warm water1 and apply the following3 ,vaseline1 white #bj parts ,bismuth carbonate #e parts ,kaolin #e parts ,mix1 and make an ointment4 ,,iii4--,leloir has found the following of service4 ,clean the affected part with green soap or with alcohol1 and then apply several coats of the following3 ,acid chrysophanic #ae parts ,chloroform #ajj parts ,mix4 ,apply with a camel's-hair pencil4 ,when the application dries thoroughly1 go over it with a layer of traumaticine4 ,this application will loosen itself in several days1 when the process should be repeated4 ,,iv4--,when the skin is only slightly discolored use a pomade of salicylic acid1 or apply the following3 ,acid chrysophanic1 from #a to #d parts ,acid salicylic #a to #b parts ,collodion #dj parts ,v4--,when there is need for a more complicated treatment1 the following is used3 7a7 ,corrosive sublimate #a part ,orange-flower water #g1ejj parts ,acid1 hydrochloric1 dilute #ejj parts 7b7 ,bitter almonds #d1ejj parts ,glycerine #b1ejj parts ,orange-flower water #be1jjj parts ,rub up to an emulsion in a porcelain capsule4 ,filter and add1 drop by drop1 and under constant stirring1 #e grams of tincture of benzoin4 ,finally mix the two solutions1 adding the second to the first4 ,this preparation is applied with a sponge1 on retiring1 to the affected places1 and allowed to dry on4 ,,vi4--,according to ,brocq the following should be penciled over the affected spots3 ,fresh pure milk #ej parts ,glycerine #cj parts ,acid1 hydrochloric1 concentrated #e parts ,ammonium chlorate #c parts ,,vii4--,other external remedies that may be used are lactic acid diluted with #c volumes of water1 applied with a glass rod2 dilute nitric acid1 and1 finally1 peroxide of hydrogen1 which last is a very powerful agent4 ,should it cause too much inflammation1 the latter may be assuaged by using an ointment of zinc oxide or bismuth subnitrate--or one may use the following3 ,kaolin #d parts ,vaseline #aj parts ,glycerine #d parts ,magnesium carbonate #b parts ,zinc oxide #b parts ,freckle ,remedies4-- ,i4--,poppy oil #a part ,lead acetate #b parts ,tincture benzoin #a part ,tincture quillaia #e parts ,spirit nitrous ether #a part ,rose water #ie parts ,saponify the oil with the lead acetate2 add the rose water1 and follow with the tinctures4 ,,ii4--,chloral hydrate #b drachms ,carbolic acid #a drachm #bda ,tincture iodine #fj drops ,glycerine #a ounce ,mix and dissolve4 ,apply with a camel's-hair pencil at night4 ,,iii4--,distilled vinegar #ffj parts ,lemons1 cut in small pieces #ace parts ,alcohol1 #he per cent #hh parts ,lavender oil #bc parts ,water #hh parts ,citron oil #f parts ,this mixture is allowed to stand for #c or #d days in the sun and filtered4 ,coat1 by means of a sponge before retiring1 the places of the skin where the freckles are and allow to dry4 ,freckles and ,liver ,spots4--,modern dermatological methods of treating freckles and liver spots are based partly on remedies that cause desquamation and those that depigmentate 7or destroy or neutralize pigmentation74 ,both methods may be distinguished in respect to their effects and mode of using into the following3 ,the active ingredients of the desquamative pastes are reductives which promote the formation of epithelium and hence expedite desquamation4 ,there are many such methods1 and especially to be mentioned is that of ,unna1 who uses resorcin for the purpose4 ,lassar makes use of a paste of naphthol and sulphur4 ,sunburn ,remedies4-- ,i4--,zinc sulphocarbolate #a part ,glycerine4 #bj parts ,rose water #gj parts ,alcohol1 #ij per cent #h parts ,cologne water #a part ,spirit of camphor #a part ,,ii4--,borax #d parts ,potassium chlorate #b parts ,glycerine #aj parts ,alcohol #d parts ,rose water to make #ij parts ,,iii4--,citric acid #b drachms ,ferrous sulphate 7cryst47 #ah grains ,camphor #b grains ,elder-flower water #c fluidounces ,,iv4--,potassium carbonate #c parts ,sodium chloride #b parts ,orange-flower water #ae parts ,rose water #fe parts ,v4--,boroglycerine1 #ej per cent #a part ,ointment of rose water #i parts ,,vi4--,sodium bicarbonate #a part ,ointment of rose water #g parts ,,vii4--,bicarbonate of soda #b drachms ,powdered borax #a drachm ,compound tincture of lavender #a #a_/b drachms ,glycerine #a ounce ,rose water #d ounces ,dissolve the soda and borax in the glycerine and rose water1 and add the tincture4 ,apply with a small piece of sponge #b or #c times a day4 ,then gently dry by dabbing with a soft towel4 ,,viii4--,quince seeds #b drachms ,distilled water #aj ounces ,glycerine #b ounces ,alcohol1 #id per cent #a ounce ,rose water #b ounces ,boil the seeds in the water for #aj minutes1 then strain off the liquid1 and when cold add to it the glycerine1 alcohol1 and rose water4 ,,ix4--,white soft soap #b #a_/b drachms ,glycerine #a #a_/b drachms ,almond oil #aa drachms ,well mix the glycerine and soap in a mortar1 and very gradually add the oil1 stirring constantly until perfectly mixed4 ,x4--,subnitrate of bismuth #a #a_/b drachms ,powdered ,french chalk #cj grains ,glycerine #b drachms ,rose water #a #a_/b ounces ,mix the powders1 and rub down carefully with the glycerine2 then add the rose water4 ,shake the bottle before use4 ,,xi4--,glycerine cream #b drachms ,jordan almonds #d drachms ,rose water #e ounces ,essential oil of almonds #c drops ,blanch the almonds1 and then dry and beat them up into a perfectly smooth paste2 then mix in the glycerine cream and essential oil4 ,gradually add the rose water1 stirring well after each addition2 then strain through muslin4 ,tan and ,freckle ,lotion4-- ,solution ,a3 ,potassium iodide1 iodine1 glycerine1 and infusion rose4 ,dissolve the potassium iodide in a #bdb small quantity of the infusion and a drachm of the glycerine2 with this fluid moisten the iodine in a glass of water and rub it down1 gradually adding more liquid1 until complete solution has been obtained2 then stir in the remainder of the ingredients1 and bottle the mixture4 ,solution ,b3 ,sodium thiosulphate and rose water4 ,with a small camel's-hair pencil or piece of fine sponge apply a little of solution ,a to the tanned or freckled surface1 until a slight or tolerably uniform brownish yellow skin has been produced4 ,at the expiration of #ae or #bj minutes moisten a piece of cambric1 lint1 or soft rag with ,b and lay it upon the affected part1 removing1 squeezing away the liquid1 soaking it afresh1 and again applying until the iodine stain has disappeared4 ,repeat the process thrice daily1 but diminish the frequency of application if tenderness be produced4 ,a ,cure for ,tan4--,bichloride of mercury1 in coarse powder1 #aj grains2 distilled water1 #a pint4 ,agitate the two together until a complete solution is obtained4 ,add #a_/b ounce of glycerine4 ,apply with a small sponge as often as agreeable4 ,this is not strong enough to blister and skin the face in average cases4 ,it may be increased or reduced in strength by adding to or taking from the amount of bichloride of mercury4 ,do not forget that this last ingredient is a powerful poison and should be kept out of the reach of children and ignorant persons4 ,improved ,carron ,oil4--,superior to the old and more suitable4 ,a desirable preparation for burns1 tan1 freckle1 sunburn1 scalds1 abrasions1 or lung affections4 ,does not oxidize so quickly or dry up so rapidly and less liable to rancidity4 ,linseed oil #b ounces ,limewater #b ounces ,paraffine1 liquid #a ounce ,mix the linseed oil and water1 and add the paraffine4 ,shake well before using4 ,,liver ,,spots4 ,i4--,corrosive sublimate #a part ,white sugar #aij parts ,white of egg #cd parts ,lemon juice #bge parts ,water to make #b1ejj parts ,mix the sublimate1 sugar1 and albumen intimately1 then add the lemon juice and water4 ,dissolve1 shake well1 and after standing an hour1 filter4 ,apply in the morning after the usual ablutions1 and let dry on the face4 ,,ii4--,bichloride of mercury1 in coarse powder1 #h grains2 witch-hazel1 #b ounces2 rose water1 #b ounces4 ,agitate until a solution is obtained4 ,mop over the affected parts4 ,keep out of the way of ignorant persons and children4 ,,toilet ,,powders3 ,almond ,powders for the ,toilet4-- ,i4--,almond meal #f1jjj parts ,bran meal #c1jjj parts ,soap powder #fjj parts ,bergamot oil #ej parts ,lemon oil #ae parts ,clove oil #ae parts ,neroli oil #f parts ,,ii4--,almond meal #g1jjj parts ,bran meal #b1jjj parts ,violet root #ijj parts ,borax #cej parts ,bitter almond oil #ah parts ,palmarosa oil #cf parts ,bergamot oil #aj parts ,,iii4--,almond meal #c1jjj parts ,bran meal #c1jjj parts ,wheat flour #c1jjj parts ,sand #ajj parts ,lemon oil #dj parts ,bitter almond oil #aj parts ,bath ,powder4-- ,borax #d ounces ,salicylic acid #a drachm ,extract of cassia #a drachm ,extract of jasmine #a drachm ,oil of lavender #bj minims ,rub the oil and extracts with the borax and salicylic acid until the alcohol has evaporated4 ,use a heaping teaspoonful to the body bath4 ,brunette or ,rachelle4-- ,base #i pounds ,powdered ,florentine orris #a pound ,perfume the same4 ,powdered yellow ocher 7av47 #c ounces #abj grains ,carmine ,no4 #dj #fj grains ,rub down the carmine and ocher with alcohol in a mortar1 and spread on glass to dry2 then mix and sift4 ,violet ,poudre de ,riz4-- ,i4--,cornstarch #g pounds ,rice flour #a pound ,powdered talc #a pound ,powdered orris root #a pound ,extract of cassia #c ounces ,extract of jasmine #a ounce #bdc ,,ii4--,cheaper4 ,potato starch #h pounds ,powdered talc #a pound ,powdered orris #a pound ,extract of cassia #c ounces ,barber's ,powder4-- ,cornstarch #e pounds ,precipitated chalk #c pounds ,powdered talc #b pounds ,oil of neroli #a drachm ,oil of cedrat #a drachm ,oil of orange #b drachms ,extract of jasmine #a ounce ,rose ,poudre de ,riz4-- ,i4--,cornstarch #i pounds ,powdered talc #a pound ,oil of rose #a #a_/d drachms ,extract of jasmine #f drachms ,,ii4--,potato starch #i pounds ,powdered talc #a pound ,oil of rose #a_/b drachm ,extract of jasmine #a_/b ounce ,ideal ,cosmetic ,powder4--,the following combines the best qualities that a powder for the skin should have3 ,zinc1 white #ej parts ,calcium carbonate1 precipitated #cjj parts ,steatite1 best white #ej parts ,starch1 wheat1 or rice #ajj parts ,extract white rose1 triple #c parts ,extract jasmine1 triple #c parts ,extract orange flower1 triple #c parts ,extract of cassia1 triple #c parts ,tincture of myrrh #a part ,powder the solids and mix thoroughly by repeated siftings4 ,flesh ,face ,powder4-- ,base #i pounds ,powdered ,florentine orris #a pound ,carmine ,no4 #dj #bej grains ,extract of jasmine #ajj minims ,oil of neroli #bj minims ,vanillin #e grains ,artificial musk #cj grains ,white heliotropin #cj grains ,coumarin #a grain ,rub the carmine with a portion of the base and alcohol in a mortar1 mixing the perfume the same way in another large mortar1 and adding the orris4 ,mix and sift all until specks of carmine disappear on rubbing4 ,white ,face ,powder4-- ,base #i pounds ,powdered ,florentine orris #a pound ,perfume the same4 ,mix and sift4 ,talcum ,powders4--,talc1 when used as a toilet powder should be in a state of very fine division4 ,antiseptics are sometimes added in small proportion1 but these are presumably of little or no value in the quantity allowable1 and may prove irritating4 ,for general use1 at all events1 the talcum alone is the best and the safest4 ,as a perfume1 rose oil may be employed1 but on account of its cost1 rose geranium oil is probably more frequently used4 ,a satisfactory proportion is #a_/b drachm of the oil to a pound of the powder4 ,in order that the perfume may be thoroughly disseminated throughout the powder1 the oil should be triturated first with a small portion of it2 this should then be further triturated with a larger portion1 and1 if the quantity operated on be large1 the final mixing may be effected by sifting4 ,many odors besides that of rose would be suitable for a toilet powder4 ,ylang-ylang would doubtless prove very attractive1 but expensive4 ,the following formulas for other varieties of the powder may prove useful3 ,violet ,talc4-- ,i4--,powdered talc #ad ounces ,powdered orris root #b ounces ,extract of cassia #a_/b ounce ,extract of jasmine #a_/d ounce ,rose ,talc4-- ,,ii4--,powdered talc #e pounds ,oil of rose #a_/b drachm ,extract of jasmine #d ounces ,tea-,rose ,talc4-- ,,iii4--,powdered talc #e pounds ,oil of rose #ej drops ,oil of wintergreen #d drops ,extract of jasmine #b ounces ,borated ,apple ,blossom4-- ,,iv4--,powdered talc #bb pounds ,magnesium carbonate #b #c_/d pounds ,powdered boric acid #a pound ,mix4 ,carnation pink blossom 7,schimmel's7 #b ounces ,extract of trefle #b drachms ,to #ab drachms of this mixture add3 ,neroli #a drachm ,vanillin #a_/b drachm ,alcohol to #c ounces ,sufficient for #be pounds4 #bdd ,v4--,talcum #h ounces ,starch #h ounces ,oil of neroli #aj drops ,oil of ylang-ylang #e drops ,,vi4--,talcum #ab ounces ,starch #d ounces ,orris root #b ounces ,oil of bergamot #ab drops ,,vii4--,talcum #ad ounces ,starch #b ounces ,lanolin #a_/b ounce ,oil of rose #aj drops ,oil of neroli #e drops ,,toilet ,,vinegars3 ,pumillo ,toilet ,vinegar4-- ,alcohol1 #hj per cent #a1fjj parts ,vinegar1 #aj per cent #hdj parts ,oil of pinu spumillo #dd parts ,oil of lavender #d parts ,oil of lemon #b parts ,oil of bergamot #b parts ,dissolve the oils in the alcohol1 add the vinegar1 let stand for a week and filter4 ,vinaigre ,rouge4-- ,acetic acid #bd parts ,alum #c parts ,peru balsam #a part ,carmine1 ,no4 #dj #ab parts ,ammonia water #f parts ,rose water1 distilled #ege parts ,alcohol #a1bej parts ,dissolve the balsam of ,peru in the alcohol1 and the alum in the rose water4 ,mix the two solutions1 add the acetic acid1 and let stand overnight4 ,dissolve the carmine in the ammonia water and add to mixture4 ,shake thoroughly1 let stand for a few minutes1 then decant4 ,,toilet ,,waters3 8,beauty ,water40-- ,fresh egg albumen #ejj parts ,alcohol #abe parts ,lemon oil #b parts ,lavender oil #b parts ,oil of thyme #b parts ,mix the ingredients well together4 ,when first mixed the liquid becomes flocculent1 but after standing for #b or #c days clears up--sometimes becomes perfectly clear1 and may be decanted4 ,it forms a light1 amber-colored liquid that remains clear for months4 ,at night1 before retiring1 pour about a teaspoonful of the water in the palm of the hand1 and rub it over the face and neck1 letting it dry on4 ,in the morning1 about an hour before the bath1 repeat the operation1 also letting the liquid dry on the skin4 ,the regular use of this preparation for #d weeks will give the skin an extraordinary fineness1 clearness1 and freshness4 ,rottmanner's ,beauty ,water4--,koller says that this preparation consists of #a part of camphor1 #e parts of milk of sulphur1 and #ej parts of rose water4 ,birch ,waters4--,birch water1 which has many cosmetic applications1 especially as a hair wash1 or an ingredient in hair washes1 may be prepared as follows3 ,i4--,alcohol1 #if per cent #c1ejj parts ,water #gjj parts ,potash soap #bjj parts ,glycerine #aej parts ,oil of birch buds #ej parts ,essence of spring flowers #ajj parts ,chlorophyll1 quantity sufficient to color4 ,mix the water with #gjj parts of the alcohol1 and in the mixture dissolve the soap4 ,add the essence of spring flowers and birch oil to the remainder of the alcohol1 mix well1 and to the mixture add1 little by little1 and with constant agitation1 the soap mixture4 ,finally1 add the glycerine1 mix thoroughly1 and set aside for #h days1 filter and color the filtrate with chlorophyll1 to which is added a little tincture of saffron4 ,to use1 add an equal volume of water to produce a lather4 ,,ii4--,alcohol1 #if per cent #b1jjj parts ,water #ejj parts ,tincture of cantharides #be parts ,salicylic acid #be parts ,glycerine #ajj parts ,oil of birch buds #dj parts ,bergamot oil #cj parts ,geranium oil #e parts ,dissolve the oils in the alcohol1 add the acid and tincture of cantharides2 mix the water and glycerine and add1 and1 finally1 color as before4 ,,iii4--,alcohol #cj1jjj parts ,birch juice #c1jjj parts ,glycerine #a1jjj parts ,bergamot oil #ij parts ,vanillin #aj parts ,geranium oil #ej parts ,water #ad1jjj parts ,,iv4--,alcohol #dj1jjj parts ,oil of birch #aej parts ,bergamot oil #ajj parts ,lemon oil #ej parts #bde ,palmarosa oil #ajj parts ,glycerine #b1jjj parts ,borax #aej parts ,water #bj1jjj parts ,violet ,ammonia ,water4--,most preparations of this character consist of either coarsely powdered ammonium carbonate1 with or without the addition of ammonia water1 or of a coarsely powdered mixture1 which slowly evolves the odor of ammonia1 the whole being perfumed by the addition of volatile oil1 pomade essences1 or handkerchief extract4 ,the following are typical formulas3 ,i4--,moisten coarsely powdered ammonium carbonate1 contained in a suitable bottle1 with a mixture of concentrated tincture of orris root1 #b #a_/b ounces2 aromatic spirit of ammonia1 #a drachm2 violet extract1 #c drachms4 ,,ii4--,fill suitable bottles with coarsely powdered ammonium carbonate and add to the salt as much of the following solution as it will absorb3 ,oil of orris1 #e minims2 oil of lavender flowers1 #aj minims2 violet extract1 #cj minims2 stronger water of ammonia1 #b fluidounces4 ,,iii4--,the following is a formula for a liquid preparation3 ,extract violet1 #h fluidrachms2 extract cassia1 #h fluidrachms2 spirit of rose1 #d fluidrachms2 tincture of orris1 #d fluidrachms2 cologne spirit1 #a pint2 spirit of ammonia1 #a ounce4 ,spirit of ionone may be used instead of extract of violet4 ,violet ,witch-,hazel4-- ,spirit of ionone #a_/b drachm ,rose water #f ounces ,distilled extract of witch-hazel enough to make #af ounces ,cotton ,,bleaching ,,of ,,cotton3 ,i4--,bleaching by ,steaming4--,the singed and washed cotton goods are passed through hydrochloric acid of #b ,b4 ,leave them in heaps during #a hour1 wash1 pass through sodium hypochlorite of #aj ,b4 diluted with #aj times the volume of water4 ,let the pieces lie in heaps for #a hour1 wash1 pass through caustic soda lye of #ch ,b4 diluted with #h times its volume of water1 steam1 put again through sodium chloride1 wash1 acidulate slightly with hydrochloric acid1 wash and dry4 ,should the whiteness not be sufficient1 repeat the operations4 ,,ii4--,bleaching with ,calcium ,sulphite4--,the cotton goods are impregnated with #a part1 by weight1 of water1 #a part of caustic lime1 and #a_/b part of bisulphite of #dj ,b42 next steamed during #a-b hours at a pressure of #a_/b atmosphere1 washed1 acidulated1 washed and dried4 ,the result is as white a fabric as by the old method with caustic lime1 soda1 and calcium chloride4 ,the bisulphite may also be replaced by calcium hydrosulphite1 and1 instead of steaming1 the fabric may be boiled for several hours with calcium sulphite4 ,,iii4--,bleaching of ,vegetable ,fibers with ,hydrogen ,peroxide4--,pass the pieces through a solution containing caustic soda1 soap1 hydrogen peroxide1 and burnt magnesia4 ,the pieces are piled in heaps on carriages2 the latter are shoved into the well-known apparatus of ,mather ,platt 7kier71 and the liquid is pumped on for #f hours1 at a pressure of #b_/c atmosphere4 ,next wash1 acidulate1 wash and dry4 ,the bleaching may also be done on an ordinary reeling vat4 ,for #e pieces are needed about #a1jjj parts1 by weight1 of water2 #aj parts1 by weight1 of solid caustic soda2 #a part of burnt magnesia2 #cj parts1 by weight1 of hydrogen peroxide4 ,after #c-d hours' boiling1 wash1 acidulate1 wash and dry4 ,the bleaching may also be performed by passing through barium peroxide1 then through sulphuric acid or hydrochloric acid1 and next through soda lye4 ,it is practicable also to commence with the latter and finally give a treatment with hydrogen peroxide4 ,the whiteness obtained by the above process is handsomer than that produced by the old method with hypochlorites1 and the fabric is weakened to a less extent4 ,,tests ,,for ,,cotton4 ,i4--,cotton1 when freed from extraneous matter by boiling with potash1 and afterwards with hydrochloric acid1 yields pure cellulose or absorbent cotton1 which1 according to the ,u4 ,s4 ,p41 is soluble in copper ammonium sulphate solution4 ,the ,b4 ,p4 is more specific and states that cotton is soluble in a concentrated solution of copper ammonium sulphate4 ,the standard test solution 7,b4 ,p47 is made by dissolving #aj parts of copper sulphate in #afj parts of distilled water1 and cautiously adding solution of ammonia to the liquid until the precipitate first formed is nearly dissolved4 ,the product is then filtered and the filtrate made up to #bjj parts with distilled #bdf water4 ,the concentrated solution is prepared by using a smaller quantity of distilled water4 ,,ii4--,schweitzer's reagent for textile fibers and cellulose is made by dissolving #aj parts of copper sulphate in #ajj parts of water and adding a solution of #e parts of potassium hydrate in #ej parts of water2 then wash the precipitate and dissolve in #bj per cent ammonia until saturated4 ,this solution dissolves cotton1 linen1 and silk1 but not wool4 ,the reagent is said to be especially useful in microscopy1 as it rapidly dissolves cellulose1 but has no action on lignin4 ,,iii4--,jandrier's ,test for ,cotton in ,woolen ,fabrics4--,wash the sample of fabric and treat with sulphuric acid 7#bj ,b47 for half an hour on the water bath4 ,to #ajj to #bjj parts of this solution add #a part resorcin1 and overlay on concentrated sulphuric acid free from nitrous products4 ,the heat developed is sufficient to give a color at the contact point of the liquids1 but intensity of color may be increased by slightly heating4 ,if the product resulting from treating the cotton is made up #a in #a1jjj1 resorcin will give an orange color2 alphanaphtol a purple2 gallic acid a green gradually becoming violet down in the acid2 hydroquinone or pyrogallol a brown2 morphine or codeine1 a lavender2 thymol or menthol a pink4 ,cotton may be detected in colored goods1 using boneblack to decolorize the solution1 if necessary4 ,,iv4--,overbeck's test for cotton in woolen consists in soaking the fabric in an aqueous solution of alloxantine 7#a in #aj71 and after drying expose to ammonia vapor and rinse in water4 ,woolen material is colored crimson1 cotton remains blue4 ,v4--,liebermann's ,test4--,dye the fabric for half an hour in fuchsine solution rendered light yellow by caustic soda solution and then washed with water--silk is colored dark red2 wool1 light red2 flax1 pink2 and cotton remains colorless4 ,to ,distinguish ,cotton from ,linen4--,take a sample about an inch and a half square of the cloth to be tested and plunge it into a tepid alcoholic solution of cyanine4 ,after the coloring matter has been absorbed by the fiber1 rinse it in water and then plunge into dilute sulphuric acid4 ,if it is of cotton the sample will be almost completely bleached1 while linen preserves the blue color almost unchanged4 ,if the sample be then plunged in ammonia1 the blue will be strongly reinforced4 ,aromatic ,cotton4--,aromatic cotton is produced as follows3 ,mix camphor1 #e parts2 pine-leaf oil1 #e parts2 clove oil1 #e parts2 spirit of wine 7#ij per cent71 #hj parts2 and distribute evenly on cotton1 #ejj parts1 by means of an atomizer4 ,the cotton is left pressed together in a tightly closed tin vessel for a few days4 ,cotton ,degreasing4--,cotton waste1 in a greasy condition1 is placed in an acid-proof apparatus1 where it is simultaneously freed from grease1 etc41 and prepared for bleaching by the following process1 which is performed without the waste being removed from the apparatus3 7#a7 treatment with a solvent1 such as benzine2 7#b7 steaming1 for the purpose of vaporizing and expelling from the cotton waste the solvent still remaining in it after as much as possible of this has been recovered by draining2 7#c7 treatment with a mineral acid2 7#d7 boiling with an alkali lye2 7#e7 washing with water4 ,,cottonseed ,,hulls ,,as ,,stock ,,food4 ,cottonseed hulls or other material containing fiber difficult of digestion are thoroughly mixed with about #e per cent of their weight of hydrochloric acid 7specific gravity1 #a4af71 and heated in a closed vessel1 provided with a stirrer1 to a temperature of #bab to #cjj ,f4 ,the amount of acid to be added depends on the material employed and on the duration of the heating4 ,by heating for #cj minutes the above percentage of acid is required1 but the quantity may be reduced if the heating is prolonged4 ,after heating1 the substance is ground and at the same time mixed with some basic substances such as sodium carbonate1 chalk1 cottonseed kernel meal1 etc41 to neutralize the acid4 ,during the heating1 the acid vapors coming from the mixture may be led into a second quantity of material contained in a separate vessel1 air being drawn through both vessels to facilitate the removal of the acid vapors4 ,,cottonseed ,,oil3 ,see ,oil4 ,,cottonseed ,,oil ,,in ,,food1 ,,tests ,,for3 ,see ,foods4 ,,cottonseed ,,oil ,,in ,,lard1 ,,detection ,,of3 ,see ,foods and ,lard4 ,,cough ,,candy3 ,see ,confectionery4 ,,cough ,,mixtures ,,for ,,cattle3 ,see ,veterinary ,formulas4 #bdg ,,cough ,,mixtures ,,and ,,remedies3 ,see ,cold and ,cough ,mixtures4 ,court ,plasters 7,see also ,plasters47 ,liquid ,court ,plaster4--,i4--,if soluble guncotton is dissolved in acetone in the proportion of about #a part1 by weight1 of the former to #ce or #dj parts1 by volume1 of the latter1 and half a part each of castor oil and glycerine be added1 a colorless1 elastic1 and flexible film will form on the skin wherever it is applied4 ,unlike ordinary collodion it will not be likely to dry and peel off4 ,if tinted very slightly with alkanet and saffron it can be made to assume the color of the skin so that when applied it is scarcely observable4 ,a mixture of warm solution of sodium silicate and casein1 about #i parts of the former to #a part of the latter1 gelatinizes and forms a sort of liquid court plaster4 ,,ii4--,in order to make liquid court plaster flexible1 collodion1 ,u4 ,s4 ,p41 is the best liquid that can possibly be recommended4 ,it may be made by weighing successively into a tarred bottle3 ,collodion #d av4 ounces ,canada turpentine #ie grains ,castor oil #eg grains ,before applying1 the skin should be perfectly dry2 each application or layer should be permitted to harden4 ,three or four coats are usually sufficient4 ,,iii4--,procure an ounce bottle and fill it three-fourths full of flexible collodion1 and fill up with ether4 ,apply to cuts1 bruises1 etc41 and it protects them and will not wash off4 ,if the ether evaporates1 leaving it too thick for use1 have more ether put in to liquefy it4 ,it is a good thing to have in the house and in the tool chest4 ,,cow ,,diseases ,,and ,,their ,,remedies3 ,see ,veterinary ,formulas4 ,,crayons3 ,see ,pencils4 ,,crayons ,,for ,,graining ,,and ,,marbling4 ,heat #d parts of water and #a part of white wax over a fire until the wax has completely dissolved4 ,stir in #a part of purified potash4 ,when an intimate combination has taken place1 allow to cool and add a proportionate quantity of gum arabic4 ,with this mixture the desired colors are ground thick enough so that they can be conveniently rolled into a pencil with chalk4 ,the desired shades must be composed on the grinding slab as they are wanted1 and must not be simply left in their natural tone4 ,use1 for instance1 umber1 ,vandyke brown1 and white lead for oak2 umber alone would be too dark for walnut use4 ,all the earth colors can be conveniently worked up4 ,it is best to prepare #b or #c crayons of each set1 mixing the first a little lighter by the addition of white lead and leaving the others a little darker4 ,the pencils should be kept in a dry place and are more suitable for graining and marbling than brushes1 since they can be used with either oil or water4 ,,crayons ,,for ,,writing ,,on ,,glass3 ,see ,etching1 and ,glass4 ,cream 7,see also ,milk47 ,whipped ,cream4--,there are many ways to whip cream4 ,the following is very highly indorsed3 ,keep the cream on ice until ready to whip4 ,take #b earthen vessels about #f inches in diameter4 ,into #a bowl put #a pint of rich sweet cream1 #b teaspoonfuls powdered sugar1 and #e drops of best vanilla extract4 ,add the white of #a egg and beat with large egg beater or use whipping apparatus until #b inches of froth has formed2 skim off the froth into the other vessel and so proceed whipping and skimming until all the cream in the first vessel has been exhausted4 ,the whipped cream will stand up all day and should be let stand in the vessel on ice4 ,special machines have been constructed for whipping cream1 but most dispensers prepare it with an ordinary egg beater4 ,genuine whipped cream is nothing other than pure cream into which air has been forced by the action of the different apparatus manufactured for the purpose2 care must1 however1 be exercised in order that butter is not produced instead of whipped cream4 ,to avoid this the temperature of the cream must be kept at a low degree and the whipping must not be too violent or prolonged2 hence the following rules must be observed in order to produce the desired result3 #bdh #a4 ,secure pure cream and as fresh as possible4 #b4 ,surround the bowl in which the cream is being whipped with cracked ice1 and perform the operation in a cool place4 #c4 ,as rapidly as the whipped cream arises1 skim it off and place it in another bowl1 likewise surrounded with ice4 #d4 ,do not whip the cream too long or too violently4 #e4 ,the downward motion of the beater should be more forcible than the upward1 as the first has a tendency to force the air into the cream1 while the second1 on the contrary1 tends to expel it4 #f4 ,a little powdered sugar should be added to the cream after it is whipped1 in order to sweeten it4 #g4 ,make whipped cream in small quantities and keep it on ice4 ,i4--,cummins's ,whipped ,cream4--,place #ab ounces of rich cream on the ice for about #a hour2 then with a whipper beat to a consistency that will withstand its own weight4 ,,ii4--,eberle's ,whipped ,cream4--,take a pint of fresh1 sweet cream1 which has been chilled by being placed on the ice1 add to it a heaping tablespoonful of powdered sugar and #b ounces of a solution of gelatin 7a spoonful dissolved in #b ounces of water71 whip slowly for a minute or two until a heavy froth gathers on top4 ,skim off the dense froth1 and put in container for counter use2 continue this until you have frothed all that is possible4 ,,iii4--,foy's ,whipped ,cream4--,use only pure cream2 have it ice cold1 and in a convenient dish for whipping with a wire whipper4 ,a clear1 easy1 quick1 and convenient way is to use a beater4 ,fill about one-half full of cream1 and beat vigorously for #b or #c minutes2 a little powdered sugar may be added before beating4 ,the cream may be left in the beater1 and placed on ice4 ,,iv4--,american ,soda ,fountain ,company's ,whipped ,cream4--,take #b earthen bowls and #b tin pans1 each #f or #h inches greater in diameter than the bowls2 place a bowl in each pan1 surround it with broken ice1 put the cream to be whipped in #a bowl1 and whip it with a whipped cream churn4 ,the cream should be pure and rich1 and neither sugar nor gelatin should be added to it4 ,as the whipped cream rises and fills the bowl1 remove the churn1 and skim off the whipped cream into the other bowl4 ,the philosophy of the process is that the churn drives air into the cream1 and blows an infinity of tiny bubbles1 which forms the whipped cream2 therefore1 in churning1 raise the dasher gently and slowly1 and bring it down quickly and forcibly4 ,when the second bowl is full of whipped cream1 pour off the liquid cream1 which has settled to the bottom1 into the first bowl1 and whip it again4 ,keep the whipped cream on ice4 ,the addition of an even teaspoonful of salt to #a quart of sweet cream1 before whipping1 will make it whip up very readily and stiff1 and stand up much longer and better4 ,,cresol ,,emulsion4 ,one of the best starting points for the preparation is the 8creosote0 obtained from blast furnaces1 which is rich in cresols and contains comparatively little phenols4 ,the proportions used are3 ,creosote1 #cj parts2 soft soap1 #aj parts2 and solution of soda 7#aj per cent71 #cj parts4 ,boil the ingredients together for an hour1 then place aside to settle4 ,the dark fluid is afterwards drained from any oily portion floating upon the top4 ,,cream1 ,,cold3 ,see ,cosmetics4 ,,creams ,,for ,,the ,,face ,,and ,,skin3 ,see ,cosmetics4 ,,creosote ,,soap3 ,see ,soap4 ,,crockery3 ,see ,ceramics4 ,,crockery ,,cements3 ,see ,adhesives4 ,,crocus4 ,the substance known as 8crocus10 which is so exceedingly useful as a polishing medium for steel1 etc41 may be very generally obtained in the cinders produced from coal containing iron4 ,it will be easily recognized by its rusty color1 and should be collected and reduced to a powder for future use4 ,steel burnishers may be brought to a high state of polish with this substance by rubbing them upon a buff made of soldiers' belt or hard wood4 ,after this operation1 the burnisher should be rubbed on a second buff charged with jewelers' rouge4 ,,crystal ,,cements ,,for ,,reuniting ,,broken ,,pieces3 ,see ,adhesives1 under ,cements4 #bdi ,,crystallization1 ,,ornamental3 ,see ,gardens1 ,chemical4 ,,cucumber ,,essence3 ,see ,essences and ,extracts4 ,,cucumber ,,jelly1 ,,juice1 ,,and ,,milk3 ,see ,cosmetics4 ,,cura,,oa ,,cordial3 ,see ,wines and ,liquors4 ,,curtains1 ,,coloring ,,of3 ,see ,laundry ,preparations4 ,,curry ,,powder3 ,see ,condiments4 ,,custard ,,powder3 ,corn flour #g pounds ,arrowroot #h pounds ,oil of almond #bj drops ,oil of nutmegs #aj drops ,tincture of saffron to color4 ,mix the tincture with a little of the mixed flours2 then add the essential oils and make into a paste2 dry this until it can be reduced to a powder1 and then mix all the ingredients by sifting several times through a fine hair sieve4 ,,cutlery ,,cements3 ,see ,adhesives4 ,,cylinder ,,oil3 ,see ,lubricants4 ,,cymbal ,,metal3 ,see ,alloys4 ,damaskeening ,damaskeening1 practiced from most ancient times1 consists in ornamentally inlaying one metal with another1 followed usually by polishing4 ,generally gold or silver is employed for inlaying4 ,the article to be decorated by damaskeening is usually of iron 7steel7 or copper2 in ,oriental 7especially ,japanese7 work1 also frequently of bronze1 which has been blackened1 or1 at least1 darkened1 so that the damaskeening is effectively set off from the ground4 ,if the design consists of lines1 the grooves are dug out with the graver in such a manner that they are wider at the bottom1 so as to hold the metal forced in4 ,next1 the gold or silver pieces suitably formed are laid on top and hammered in so as to fill up the opening4 ,finally the surface is gone over again1 so that the surface of the inlay is perfectly even with the rest4 ,if the inlays1 however1 are not in the form of lines1 but are composed of larger pieces of certain outlines1 they are sometimes allowed to project beyond the surface of the metal decorated4 ,at times there are inlays again in the raised portions of another metal2 thus1 ,japanese bronze articles often contain figures of raised gold inlaid with silver4 ,owing to the high value which damaskeening imparts to articles artistically decorated1 many attempts have been made to obtain similar effects in a cheaper manner4 ,one is electro-etching1 described further on4 ,another process for the wholesale manufacture of objects closely resembling damaskeened work is the following3 ,by means of a steel punch1 on which the decorations to be produced project in relief1 the designs are stamped by means of a drop hammer or a stamping press into gold plated or silver plated sheet metal on the side which is to show the damaskeening1 finally grinding off the surface1 so that the sunken portions are again level4 ,naturally1 the stamped portion1 as long as the depth of the stamping is at least equal to the thickness of the precious metal on top1 will appear inlaid4 ,it is believed that much of the early damaskeening was done by welding together iron and either a steel or an impure or alloyed iron1 and treating the surface with a corroding acid that affected the steel or alloy without changing the iron4 ,the variety or damaskeening known as koftgari or kuft-work1 practiced in ,india1 was produced by rough-etching a metallic surface and laying on gold-leaf1 which was imbedded so that it adhered only to the etched parts of the design4 ,damaskeening by ,electrolysis4--,damaskeening of metallic plates may be done by electrolysis4 ,a copper plate is covered with an isolating layer of feeble thickness1 such as wax1 and the desired design is scratched in it by the use of a pointed tool4 ,the plate is suspended in a bath of sulphate of copper1 connecting it with the positive pole of a battery1 while a second copper plate is connected with the negative pole4 ,the current etches grooves wherever the wax has been removed4 ,when enough has #bej been eaten away1 remove the plate from the bath1 cleanse it with a little hydrochloric acid to remove any traces of oxide of copper which might appear on the lines of the design2 then wash it in plenty of water and place it in a bath of silver or nickel1 connecting it now with the negative pole1 the positive pole being represented by a leaf of platinum4 ,after a certain time the hollows are completely filled with a deposit of silver or nickel1 and it only remains to polish the plate1 which has the appearance of a piece damaskeened by hand4 ,damaskeening on ,enamel ,dials4--,dip the dial into molten yellow wax1 trace on the dial the designs desired1 penetrating down to the enamel4 ,dip the dial in a fluorhydric acid a sufficient length of time that it may eat to the desired depth4 ,next1 wash in several waters1 remove the wax by means of turpentine1 i4 e41 leave the piece covered with wax immersed in essence of turpentine4 ,by filling up the hollows thus obtained with enamel very pretty effects are produced4 ,,dandruff ,,cure3 ,see ,hair ,preparations4 ,,decalcomania ,,processes3 ,see also ,chromos1 ,copying ,processes1 and ,transfer ,processes4 ,the decalcomania process of transferring pictures requires that the print 7usually in colors7 be made on a specially prepared paper4 ,prints made on decalcomania paper may be transferred in the reverse to china ware1 wood1 celluloid1 metal1 or any hard smooth surface1 and being varnished after transfer 7or burnt in1 in the case of pottery7 acquire a fair degree of permanence4 ,the original print is destroyed by the transfer4 ,applying ,decalcomania ,pictures on ,ceramic ,products under a ,glaze4--,a biscuit-baked object is first coated with a mixture of alcohol1 shellac1 varnish1 and liquid glue4 ,then the prepared picture print is transferred on to this adhesive layer in the customary manner4 ,the glaze1 however1 does not adhere to this coating and would1 therefore1 not cover the picture when fused on4 ,to attain this1 the layer bearing the transfer picture1 as well as the latter1 are simultaneously coated with a dextrin solution of about #aj per cent4 ,when this dextrin coating is dry1 the picture is glazed4 ,the mixing proportions of the two solutions employed1 as well as of the adhesive and the dextrin solutions1 vary somewhat according to the physical conditions of the porcelain1 its porosity1 etc4 ,the following may serve for an example3 ,dissolve #e parts of shellac or equivalent gum in #be parts of spirit and emulsify this liquid with #bj parts of varnish and #h parts of liquid glue4 ,after drying1 the glaze is put on and the ware thus prepared is placed in the grate fire4 ,the process described is especially adapted for film pictures1 i4 e41 for such as bear the picture on a cohering layer1 usually consisting of collodion4 ,it cannot be employed outright for gum pictures1 i4 e41 for such pictures as are composed of different pressed surfaces1 consisting mainly of gum or similar material4 ,if this process is to be adapted to these pictures as well1 the ware1 which has been given the biscuit baking1 is first provided with a crude glaze coating1 whereupon the details of the process are carried out as described above with the exception that there is another glaze coating between the adhesive coat and the biscuit-baked ware4 ,in this case the article is also immediately placed in the grate fire4 ,it is immaterial which of the two kinds of metachromatypes 7transfer pictures7 is used1 in every case the baking in the muffle1 etc41 is dropped4 ,the transfer pictures may also be produced in all colors for the grate fire4 ,decalcomania ,paper4--,smooth unsized paper1 not too thick1 is coated with the following solutions3 ,i4--,gelatin1 #aj parts1 dissolved in #cjj parts warm water4 ,this solution is applied with a sponge4 ,the paper should be dried flat4 ,,ii4--,starch1 #ej parts2 gum tragacanth1 dissolved in #fjj parts of water4 7,the gum tragacanth is soaked in #cjj parts of water2 in the other #cjj parts the starch is boiled to a paste2 the two are then poured together and boiled47 ,the dried paper is brushed with this paste uniformly1 a fairly thick coat being applied4 ,the paper is then allowed to dry again4 ,,iii4--,one part blood albumen is soaked in #c parts water for #bd hours4 ,a small quantity of sal ammoniac is added4 ,the paper1 after having been coated with these three solutions and dried1 is run through the printing press1 the pictures1 however1 being printed reversed so that it may appear in its true position when transferred4 ,any colored inks may be used4 #bea ,,iv4--,a transfer paper1 known as 8dcalque rapide10 invented by ,j4 ,b4 ,duramy1 consists of a paper of the kind generally used for making pottery transfers1 but coated with a mixture of gum and arrowroot solutions in the proportion of #b #a_/b parts of the latter to #ajj of the former4 ,the coating is applied in the ordinary manner1 but the paper is only semi-glazed4 ,furthermore1 to decorate pottery ware by means of this new transfer paper1 there is no need to immerse the ware in a bath in order to get the paper to draw off1 as it will come away when moistened with a damp sponge1 after having been in position for less than #e minutes1 whereas the ordinary papers require a much longer time4 ,picture ,transferrer4--,a very weak solution of soft soap and pearlashes is used to transfer recent prints1 such as illustrations from papers1 magazines1 etc41 to unglazed paper1 on the decalcomania principle4 ,such a solution is3 ,i4--,soft soap #a_/b ounce ,pearlash #b drachms ,distilled water #af fluidounces ,the print is laid upon a flat surface1 such as a drawing board1 and moistened with the liquid4 ,the paper on which the reproduction is required is laid over this1 and then a sheet of thicker paper placed on the top1 and the whole rubbed evenly and hard with a blunt instrument1 such as the bowl of a spoon1 until the desired depth of color in the transferrer is obtained4 ,another and more artistic process is to cover the print with a transparent sheet of material coated with wax1 to trace out the pictures with a point and to take rubbings of the same after powdering with plumbago4 ,,ii4--,hard soap #a drachm ,glycerine #cj grains ,alcohol #d fluidrachms ,water #a fluidounce ,dampen the printed matter with the solution by sponging1 and proceed as with ,i4 ,,dehorners3 ,see ,horn4 ,,delta ,,metal3 ,see ,alloys4 ,,demon ,,bowls ,,of ,,fire3 ,see ,pyrotechnics4 ,,dental ,,cements3 ,see ,cements4 ,dentifrices ,,tooth ,,powders3 ,a perfect tooth powder that will clean the teeth and mouth with thoroughness need contain but few ingredients and is easily made4 ,for the base there is nothing better than precipitated chalk2 it possesses all the detergent and polishing properties necessary for the thorough cleansing of the teeth1 and it is too soft to do any injury to soft or to defective or thinly enameled teeth4 ,this cannot be said of pumice1 cuttlebone1 charcoal1 kieselguhr1 and similar abradants that are used in tooth powders4 ,their use is reprehensible in a tooth powder4 ,the use of pumice or other active abradant is well enough occasionally1 by persons afflicted with a growth of tartar on the teeth1 but even then it is best applied by a competent dentist4 ,abrading powders have much to answer for in hastening the day of the toothless race4 ,next in value comes soap4 ,powdered white castile soap is usually an ingredient of tooth powders4 ,there is nothing so effective for removing sordes or thickened mucus from the gums or mouth4 ,but used alone or in too large proportions1 the taste is unpleasant4 ,orris possesses no cleansing properties1 but is used for its flavor and because it is most effective for masking the taste of the soap4 ,sugar or saccharine may be used for sweetening1 and for flavoring almost anything can be used4 ,flavors should1 in the main1 be used singly1 though mixed flavors lack the clean taste of simple flavors4 ,the most popular tooth powder sold is the white1 saponaceous1 wintergreen-flavored powder1 and here is a formula for this type3 ,i4--,precipitated chalk #a pound ,white castile soap #a ounce ,florentine orris #b ounces ,sugar 7or saccharine1 #b grains7 #a ounce ,oil of wintergreen #a_/d ounce ,the first four ingredients should be in the finest possible powder and well dried4 ,triturate the oil of wintergreen with part of the chalk1 and mix this with the balance of the chalk4 ,sift each ingredient separately through a sieve 7,no4 #hj or finer71 and mix well together1 afterwards sifting the mixture #e or #f times4 ,the finer the sieve and the more the mixture is sifted1 the finer and lighter the powder will be4 #beb ,this powder will cost about #ae cents a pound4 ,pink1 rose-flavored powder of the ,caswell and ,hazard1 ,hudnut1 or ,mc,mahan type1 once so popular in ,new ,york4 ,it was made in two styles1 with and without soap4 ,,ii4--,precipitated chalk #a pound ,florentine orris #b ounces ,sugar #a #a_/b ounces ,white castile soap #a ounce ,no4 #dj carmine #ae grains ,oil of rose #ab drops ,oil of cloves #d drops ,dissolve the carmine in an ounce of water of ammonia and triturate this with part of the chalk until the chalk is uniformly dyed4 ,then spread it in a thin layer on a sheet of paper and allow the ammonia to evaporate4 ,when there is no ammoniacal odor left1 mix this dyed chalk with the rest of the chalk and sift the whole several times until thoroughly mixed4 ,then proceed to make up the powder as in the previous formula1 first sifting each ingredient separately and then together1 being careful thoroughly to triturate the oils of rose and cloves with the orris after it is sifted and before it is added to the other powders4 ,the oil of cloves is used to back up the oil of rose4 ,it strengthens and accentuates the rose odor4 ,be careful not to get a drop too much1 or it will predominate over the rose4 ,violet ,tooth ,powder4-- ,precipitated chalk #a pound ,florentine orris #d ounces ,castile soap #a ounce ,sugar #a #a_/b ounces ,extract of violet #a_/d ounce ,evergreen coloring1 ,r4 ,f41 quantity sufficient4 ,proceed as in the second formula1 dyeing the chalk with the evergreen coloring to the desired shade before mixing4 ,,iii4--,precipitated chalk #af pounds ,powdered orris #d pounds ,powdered cuttlefish bone #b pounds ,ultramarine #i #a_/b ounces ,geranium lake #cdj grains ,jasmine #aaj minims ,oil of neroli #aaj minims ,oil of bitter almonds #ce minims ,vanillin #ej grains ,artificial musk 7,lautier's7 #fj grains ,saccharine #adj grains ,rub up the perfumes with #b ounces of alcohol1 dissolve the saccharine in warm water1 add all to the orris1 and set aside to dry4 ,rub the colors up with water and some chalk1 and when dry pass all through a mixer and sifter twice to bring out the color4 ,camphorated and ,carbolated ,powders4--,a camphorated tooth powder may be made by leaving out the oil of wintergreen in the first formula and adding #a #a_/b ounces of powdered camphor4 ,carbolated tooth powder may likewise be made with the first formula by substituting #b drachms of liquefied carbolic acid for the oil of wintergreen4 ,but the tooth powder gradually loses the odor and taste of the acid4 ,it is not of much utility anyway1 as the castile soap in the powder is of far greater antiseptic power than the small amount of carbolic acid that can safely be combined in a tooth powder4 ,soap is one of the best antiseptics4 ,alkaline salts1 borax1 sodium bicarbonate1 etc41 are superfluous in a powder already containing soap4 ,the only useful purpose they might serve is to correct acidity of the mouth1 and that end can be reached much better by rinsing the mouth with a solution of sodium bicarbonate4 ,acids have no place in tooth powders1 the ,french ,codex to the contrary notwithstanding4 ,peppermint as a ,flavor4--,in ,france and all over ,europe peppermint is the popular flavor1 as wintergreen is in this country4 ,english apothecaries use sugar of milk and heavy calcined magnesia in many of their tooth powders4 ,neither has any particular virtue as a tooth cleanser1 but both are harmless4 ,cane sugar is preferable to milk sugar as a sweetener1 and saccharine is more efficient1 though objected to by some2 it should be used in the proportion of #b to #e grains to the pound of powder1 and great care taken to have it thoroughly distributed throughout4 ,an antiseptic tooth powder1 containing the antiseptic ingredients of listerine1 is popular in some localities4 ,,iv4--,precipitated chalk #a pound ,castile soap #e drachms ,borax #c drachms ,thymol #bj grains ,menthol #bj grains ,eucalyptol #bj grains ,oil of wintergreen #bj grains ,alcohol #a_/b ounce ,dissolve the thymol and oils in the alcohol1 and triturate with the chalk1 and proceed as in the first formula4 #bec ,one fault with this powder is the disagreeable taste of the thymol4 ,this may be omitted and the oil of wintergreen increased to the improvement of the taste1 but with some loss of antiseptic power4 ,antiseptic ,powder4-- ,v4--,boric acid #ej parts ,salicylic acid #ej parts ,dragon's blood #bj parts ,calcium carbonate #a1jjj parts ,essence spearmint #ab parts ,reduce the dragon's blood and calcium carbonate to the finest powder1 and mix the ingredients thoroughly4 ,the powder should be used twice a day1 or even oftener1 in bad cases4 ,it is especially recommended in cases where the enamel has become eroded from the effects of iron4 ,menthol ,tooth ,powder4--,menthol leaves a cool and pleasant sensation in the mouth1 and is excellent for fetid breath4 ,it may be added to most formulas by taking an equal quantity of oil of wintergreen and dissolving in alcohol4 ,menthol #a part ,salol #h parts ,soap1 grated fine #bj parts ,calcium carbonate #bj parts ,magnesia carbonate #fj parts ,essential oil of mint #b parts ,powder finely and mix4 ,if there is much tartar on the teeth it will be well to add to this formula from #aj to #bj parts of pumice1 powdered very finely4 ,tooth ,powders and ,pastes4--,although the direct object of these is to keep the teeth clean and white1 they also prevent decay1 if it is only by force of mere cleanliness1 and in this way 7and also by removing decomposing particles of food7 tend to keep the breath sweet and wholesome4 ,the necessary properties of a tooth powder are cleansing power unaccompanied by any abrading or chemical action on the teeth themselves1 a certain amount of antiseptic power to enable it to deal with particles of stale food1 and a complete absence of any disagreeable taste or smell4 ,these conditions are easy to realize in practice1 and there is a very large number of efficient and good powders1 as well as not a few which are apt to injure the teeth if care is not taken to rinse out the mouth very thoroughly after using4 ,these powders include some of the best cleansers1 and have hence been admitted in the following recipes1 mostly taken from ,english collections4 ,i4--,charcoal and sugar1 equal weights4 ,mix and flavor with clove oil4 ,,ii4--,charcoal #aef parts ,red kino #aef parts ,sugar #f parts ,flavor with peppermint oil ,,iii4--,charcoal #bgj parts ,sulphate of quinine #a part ,magnesia #a part ,scent to liking4 ,,iv4--,charcoal #cj parts ,cream of tartar #h parts ,yellow cinchona bark #d parts ,sugar #ae parts ,scent with oil of cloves4 ,v4--,sugar #abj parts ,alum #aj parts ,cream of tartar #bj parts ,cochineal #c parts ,,vi4--,cream of ,tartar #a1jjj parts ,alum #aij parts ,carbonate of magnesia #cge parts ,sugar #cge parts ,cochineal #ge parts ,essence ,ceylon cinnamon #ij parts ,essence cloves #ge parts ,essence ,english peppermint #de parts ,,vii4--,sugar #bjj parts ,cream of tartar #djj parts ,magnesia #djj parts ,starch #djj parts ,cinnamon #cb parts ,mace #aa parts ,sulphate of quinine #af parts ,carmine #ag parts ,scent with oil of peppermint and oil of rose4 ,,viii4--,bleaching powder #aa parts ,red coral #ab parts ,,ix4--,red cinchona bark #ab parts ,magnesia #ej parts ,cochineal #i parts ,alum #f parts ,cream of tartar #ajj parts #bed ,english peppermint oil #d parts ,cinnamon oil #b parts ,grind the first five ingredients separately1 then mix the alum with the cochineal1 and then add to it the cream of tartar and the bark4 ,in the meantime the magnesia is mixed with the essential oils1 and finally the whole mass is mixed through a very fine silk sieve4 ,x4--,whitewood charcoal #bej parts ,cinchona bark #abe parts ,sugar #bej parts ,peppermint oil #ab parts ,cinnamon oil #h parts ,,xi4--,precipitated chalk #gej parts ,cream of tartar #bej parts ,florence orris root #bej parts ,sal ammoniac #fj parts ,ambergris #d parts ,cinnamon #d parts ,coriander #d parts ,cloves #d parts ,rosewood #d parts ,,xii4--,dragon's blood #bej parts ,cream of tartar #cj parts ,florence orris root #cj parts ,cinnamon #af parts ,cloves #h parts ,,xiii4--,precipitated chalk #ejj parts ,dragon's blood #bej parts ,red sandalwood #abe parts ,alum #abe parts ,orris root #bej parts ,cloves #ae parts ,cinnamon #ae parts ,vanilla #h parts ,rosewood #ae parts ,carmine lake #bej parts ,carmine #h parts ,,xiv4--,cream of tartar #aej parts ,alum #be parts ,cochineal #ab parts ,cloves #be parts ,cinnamon #be parts ,rosewood #f parts ,scent with essence of rose4 ,,xv4--,coral #bj parts ,sugar #bj parts ,wood charcoal #f parts ,essence of vervain #a part ,,xvi4--,precipitated chalk #ejj parts ,orris root #ejj parts ,carmine #a part ,sugar #a part ,essence of rose #d parts ,essence of neroli #d parts ,,xvii4--,cinchona bark #ej parts ,chalk #ajj parts ,myrrh #ej parts ,orris root #ajj parts ,cinnamon #ej parts ,carbonate of ammonia #ajj parts ,oil of cloves4 #b parts ,,xviii4--,gum arabic #cj parts ,cutch #hj parts ,licorice juice #eej parts ,cascarilla #bj parts ,mastic #bj parts ,orris root #bj parts ,oil of cloves #e parts ,oil of peppermint #ae parts ,extract of amber #e parts ,extract of musk #e parts ,,xix4--,chalk #bjj parts ,cuttlebone #ajj parts ,orris root #ajj parts ,bergamot oil #b parts ,lemon oil #d parts ,neroli oil #a part ,portugal oil #b parts ,,xx4--,borax #ej parts ,chalk #ajj parts ,myrrh #be parts ,orris root #bb parts ,cinnamon #be parts ,,xxi4--,wood charcoal #cj parts ,white honey #cj parts ,vanilla sugar #cj parts ,cinchona bark #af parts ,flavor with oil of peppermint4 ,,xxii4--,syrup of #cc ,b4 #ch parts ,cuttlebone #bjj parts ,carmine lake #cj parts ,english oil of peppermint #e parts #bee ,,xxiii4--,red coral #ej parts ,cinnamon #ab parts ,cochineal #f parts ,alum #b #a_/h parts ,honey #abe parts ,water #f parts ,triturate the cochineal and the alum with the water4 ,then1 after allowing them to stand for #bd hours1 put in the honey1 the coral1 and the cinnamon4 ,when the effervescence has ceased1 which happens in about #dh hours1 flavor with essential oils to taste4 ,,xxiv4--,well-skimmed honey #ej parts ,syrup of peppermint #ej parts ,orris root #ab parts ,sal ammoniac #ab parts ,cream of tartar #ab parts ,tincture of cinnamon #c parts ,tincture of cloves #c parts ,tincture of vanilla #c parts ,oil of cloves #a part ,,xxv4--,cream of tartar #abj parts ,pumice #abj parts ,alum #cj parts ,cochineal #cj parts ,bergamot oil #c parts ,clove #c parts ,make to a thick paste with honey or sugar4 ,,xxvi4--,honey #bej parts ,precipitated chalk #bej parts ,orris root #bej parts ,tincture of opium #g parts ,tincture of myrrh #g parts ,oil of rose #b parts ,oil of cloves #b parts ,oil of nutmeg #b parts ,,xxvii4--,florentine orris #f parts ,magnesium carbonate #b parts ,almond soap #ab parts ,calcium carbonate #fj parts ,thymol #a part ,alcohol1 quantity sufficient4 ,powder the solids and mix4 ,dissolve the thymol in as little alcohol as possible1 and add perfume in a mixture in equal parts of oil of peppermint1 oil of clove1 oil of lemon1 and oil of eucalyptus4 ,about #a minim of each to every ounce of powder will be sufficient4 ,,xxviii4--,myrrh1 #aj parts2 sodium chloride1 #aj parts2 soot1 #e parts2 soap1 #e parts2 lime carbonate1 #ejj parts4 ,,xxix4--,camphor1 #e parts2 soap1 #aj parts2 saccharine1 #j4be parts2 thymol1 #j4e parts2 lime carbonate1 #ejj parts4 ,scent1 as desired1 with rose oil1 sassafras oil1 wintergreen oil1 or peppermint oil4 ,,xxx4--,powdered camphor1 #f parts2 myrrh1 #ae parts2 powdered ,peruvian bark1 #f parts2 distilled water1 #ab parts2 alcohol of #hj ,f41 #ej parts4 ,macerate the powders in the alcohol for a week and then filter4 ,,xxxi4--,soap1 #a2 saccharine4 #j4jbe2 thymol1 #j4je2 lime carbonate1 #ej2 sassafras essence1 enough to perfume4 ,,xxxii4--,camphor1 #j4e2 soap1 #a2 saccharine1 #j4jbe2 calcium carbonate1 #ej2 oil of sassafras1 or cassia1 or of gaultheria1 enough to perfume4 ,,xxxiii4--,myrrh1 #a2 sodium chloride1 #a2 soap1 #ej2 lime carbonate1 #ej2 rose oil as required4 ,,xxxiv4--,precipitated calcium carbonate1 #fj parts2 quinine sulphate1 #b parts2 saponine1 #j4a part2 saccharine1 #j4a part2 carmine as required2 oil of peppermint1 sufficient4 ,,xxxv4--,boracic acid1 #ajj parts2 powdered starch1 #ej parts2 quinine hydrochlorate1 #aj parts2 saccharine1 #a part2 vanillin 7dissolved in alcohol71 #a4e parts4 ,neutral ,tooth ,powder4--,potassium chlorate1 #bjj parts2 starch1 #bjj parts2 carmine lake1 #dj parts2 saccharine 7in alcoholic solution71 #a part2 vanillin 7dissolved in alcohol71 #a part4 ,tooth ,powder for ,children4-- ,magnesia carbonate #aj parts ,medicinal soap #aj parts ,sepia powder #hj parts ,peppermint oil1 quantity sufficient to flavor4 ,flavorings for ,dentifrice4-- ,i4--,sassafras oil1 true #a drachm ,pinus pumilio oil #bj minims ,bitter orange oil #bj minims ,wintergreen oil #b minims ,anise oil #d minims ,rose geranium oil #a minim ,alcohol #a ounce ,use according to taste4 ,,ii4--,oil of peppermint1 ,english #d parts ,oil of aniseed #f parts #bef ,oil of clove #a part ,oil of cinnamon #a part ,saffron #a part ,deodorized alcohol #cej parts ,water #cjj parts ,or1 cassia1 #d parts1 and vanilla1 #a_/b part1 may be substituted for the saffron4 ,,liquid ,,dentifrices ,,and ,,tooth ,,washes3 ,a ,french ,dentifrice4--,i4--,a preparation which has a reputation in ,france as a liquid dentifrice is composed of alcohol1 #if per cent1 #a1jjj parts2 ,mitcham peppermint oil1 #cj parts2 aniseed oil1 #e parts2 oil of ,acorus calamus1 #j4e parts4 ,finely powdered cochineal and cream of tartar1 #e parts each1 are used to tint the solution4 ,the mixed ingredients are set aside for #ad days before filtering4 ,sozodont4-- ,,ii4--,the liquid tooth preparation 8,sozodont0 is said to contain3 ,soap powder1 #fj parts2 glycerine1 #fj parts2 alcohol1 #cfj parts2 water1 #bbj parts2 oils of peppermint1 of aniseed1 of clover1 and of cinnamon1 #a part each2 oil of wintergreen1 #a-bjj part4 ,,iii4--,thymol #b grains ,benzoic acid #bd grains ,tincture eucalyptus #b drachms ,alcohol quantity sufficient to make #b ounces4 ,mix4 ,sig43 ,a teaspoonful diluted with half a wineglassful of water4 ,,iv4--,carbolic acid1 pure #b ounces ,glycerine1 #a1bfj #a ounce ,oil wintergreen #f drachms ,oil cinnamon #c drachms ,powdered cochineal #a_/b drachm ,s4 ,v4 ,r #dj ounces ,distilled water #dj ounces ,dissolve the acid in the glycerine with the aid of a gentle heat and the essential oils in the spirit2 mix together1 and add the water and cochineal2 then let the preparation stand for a week and filter4 ,a mixture of caramel and cochineal coloring1 ,n4 ,f41 gives an agreeable red color for saponaceous tooth washes4 ,it is not permanent1 however4 ,variations of this formula follow3 ,v4--,white castile soap #a ounce ,tincture of asarum #b drachms ,oil of peppermint #a_/b drachm ,oil of wintergreen #a_/b drachm ,oil of cloves #e drops ,oil of cassia #e drops ,glycerine #d ounces ,alcohol #ad ounces ,water #ad ounces ,,vi4--,white castile soap #a #a_/b ounces ,oil of orange #aj minims ,oil of cassia #e minims ,oil of wintergreen #ae minims ,glycerine #c ounces ,alcohol #h ounces ,water enough to make #a quart4 ,,vii4--,white castile soap #c ounces ,glycerine #e ounces ,water #bj ounces ,alcohol #cj ounces ,oil of peppermint #a drachm ,oil of wintergreen #a drachm ,oil of orange peel #a drachm ,oil of anise #a drachm ,oil of cassia #a drachm ,beat up the soap with the glycerine2 dissolve the oils in the alcohol and add to the soap and glycerine4 ,stir well until the soap is completely dissolved4 ,,viii4--,white castile soap #a ounce ,orris root #d ounces ,rose leaves #d ounces ,oil of rose #a_/b drachm ,oil of neroli #a_/b drachm ,cochineal #a_/b ounce ,diluted alcohol #b quarts ,if the wash is intended simply as an elixir for sweetening the breath1 the following preparation1 resembling the celebrated eau de botot1 will be found very desirable3 ,,ix4--,oil of peppermint #cj minims ,oil of spearmint #ae minims ,oil of cloves #e minims ,oil of red cedar wood #fj minims ,tincture of myrrh #a ounce ,alcohol #a pint ,care must be taken not to confound the oil of cedar tops with the oil of cedar wood4 ,the former has an odor like turpentine2 the latter has the fragrance of the red cedar wood4 ,for a cleansing wash1 a solution of soap is to be recommended4 ,it may be made after the following formula3 ,x4--,white castile soap #a ounce ,alcohol #f ounces ,glycerine #d ounces ,hot water #f ounces ,oil of peppermint #ae minims ,oil of wintergreen #bj minims ,oil of cloves #e minims ,extract of vanilla #a_/b ounce ,dissolve the soap in the hot water and add the glycerine and extract of vanilla4 ,dissolve the oils in the alcohol1 mix the solutions1 and after #bd hours filter through paper4 #beg ,it is customary to color such preparations4 ,an agreeable brown-yellow tint may be given by the addition of a small quantity of caramel4 ,a red color may be given by cochineal4 ,the color will fade1 but will be found reasonably permanent when kept from strong light4 ,,tooth ,,soaps ,,and ,,pastes3 ,tooth ,soaps4-- ,i4--,white castile soap #bbe parts ,precipitated chalk #bbe parts ,orris root #bbe parts ,oil of peppermint #g parts ,oil of cloves #d parts ,water1 a sufficient quantity4 ,,ii4--,castile soap #ajj drachms ,precipitated chalk #ajj drachms ,powdered orris root #ajj drachms ,white sugar #ej drachms ,rose water #ej drachms ,oil of cloves #ajj drops ,oil of peppermint #c drachms ,dissolve the soap in water1 add the rose water1 then rub up with the sugar with which the oils have been previously triturated1 the orris root and the precipitated chalk4 ,,iii4--,potassium chlorate1 #bj drachms2 powdered white soap1 #aj drachms2 precipitated chalk1 #bj drachms2 peppermint oil1 #ae drops2 clove oil1 #e drops2 glycerine1 sufficient to mass4 ,use with a soft brush4 ,saponaceous ,tooth ,pastes4-- ,i4--,precipitated carbonate of lime #ij parts ,soap powder #cj parts ,ossa sepia1 powdered #ae parts ,tincture of cocaine #de parts ,oil of peppermint #f parts ,oil of ylang-ylang #j4c parts ,glycerine #cj parts ,rose water to cause liquefaction4 ,carmine solution to color4 ,,ii4--,precipitated carbonate of lime #aej parts ,soap powder #de parts ,arrowroot #de parts ,oil of eucalyptus #b parts ,oil of peppermint #a part ,oil of geranium #a part ,oil of cloves #j4be parts ,oil of aniseed #j4be parts ,glycerine #de parts ,chloroform water to cause liquefaction4 ,carmine solution to color4 ,cherry ,tooth ,paste4-- ,,iii4--,clarified honey #ajj drachms ,precipitated chalk #ajj drachms ,powdered orris root #ajj drachms ,powdered rose leaves #fj drops ,oil of cloves #ee drops ,oil of mace #ee drops ,oil of geranium #ee drops ,chinese ,tooth ,paste4-- ,,iv4--,powdered pumice #ajj drachms ,starch #bj drachms ,oil of peppermint #dj drops ,carmine #a_/d drachm ,eucalyptus ,paste4--,forty drachms precipitated chalk1 #aa drachms soap powder1 #aa drachms wheaten starch1 #a_/d drachm carmine1 #cj drops oil of peppermint1 #cj drops oil of geranium1 #fj drops eucalyptus oil1 #b drops oil of cloves1 #ab drops oil of anise mixed together and incorporated to a paste1 with a mixture of equal parts of glycerine and spirit4 ,myrrh ,tooth ,paste4-- ,precipitated chalk #h ounces ,orris #h ounces ,white castile soap #b ounces ,borax #b ounces ,myrrh #a ounce ,glycerine1 quantity sufficient4 ,color and perfume to suit4 ,a thousand grams of levigated powdered oyster shells are rubbed up with #ab drachms of cochineal to a homogeneous powder4 ,to this is added #a drachm of potassium permanganate and #a drachm boric acid and rubbed well up4 ,foam up #bjj drachms castile soap and #e drachms chemically pure glycerine and mix it with the foregoing mass1 adding by teaspoonful #aej grams of boiling strained honey4 ,the whole mass is again thoroughly rubbed up1 adding while doing so #bjj drops honey4 ,finally the mass should be put into a mortar and pounded for an hour and then kneaded with the hands for #b hours4 ,tooth ,paste to be put in ,collapsible ,tubes4-- ,calcium carbonate1 levigated #ajj parts ,cuttlefish bone1 in fine powder #be parts ,castile soap1 old white1 powdered #be parts ,tincture of carmine1 ammoniated #d parts ,simple syrup #be parts #beh ,menthol #b parts ,alcohol #e parts ,attar of rose or other perfume1 quantity sufficient4 ,rose water sufficient to make a paste4 ,beat the soap with a little rose water1 then warm until softened1 add syrup and tincture of carmine4 ,dissolve the perfume and menthol in the alcohol and add to soap mixture4 ,add the solids and incorporate thoroughly4 ,finally1 work to a proper consistency for filling into collapsible tubes1 adding water1 if necessary4 ,,mouth ,,washes4 ,i4--,quillaia bark #abe parts ,glycerine #ie parts ,alcohol #aee parts ,macerate for #d days and add3 ,acid4 carbol4 cryst #d parts ,ol4 geranii #j4f parts ,ol4 caryophyll #j4f parts ,ol4 ros #j4f parts ,ol4 cinnam #j4f parts ,tinct4 ratanh #de parts ,aqua ros #ijj parts ,macerate again for #d days and filter4 ,thymol #bj parts ,peppermint oil #aj parts ,clove oil #e parts ,sage oil #e parts ,marjoram oil #c parts ,sassafras oil #c parts ,wintergreen oil #j4e parts ,coumarin #j4e parts ,alcohol1 dil4 #a1jjj parts ,a teaspoonful in a glass of water4 ,,ii4--,tincture orris 7#a in #d7 #a #a_/b parts ,lavender water #a_/b part ,tinct4 cinnamon 7#a in #h7 #a part ,tinct4 yellow cinch bark #a part ,eau de cologne #b parts ,orris and ,rose4-- ,,iii4--,orris root #cj drachms ,rose leaves #h drachms ,soap bark #h drachms ,cochineal #c #a_/b drachms ,diluted alcohol #dge drachms ,oil rose #cj drops ,oil neroli #dj drops ,myrrh ,astringent4-- ,,iv4--,tincture myrrh #abe drachms ,tincture benzoin #ej drachms ,tincture cinchona #h drachms ,alcohol #bbe drachms ,oil of rose #cj drops ,borotonic4-- ,v4--,acid boric #bj parts ,oil wintergreen #aj parts ,glycerine #aaj parts ,alcohol #aej parts ,distilled water enough to make #fjj parts ,sweet ,salicyl4-- ,,vi4--,acid salicylic #d parts ,saccharine #a part ,sodium bicarbonate #a part ,alcohol #bjj parts ,foaming ,orange4-- ,,vii4--,castile soap #bi drachms ,oil orange #aj drops ,oil cinnamon #e drops ,distilled water #cj drachms ,alcohol #ij drachms ,australian ,mint4-- ,,viii4--,thymol #j4be parts ,acid benzoic #c parts ,tincture eucalyptus #ae parts ,alcohol #ajj parts ,oil peppermint #j4ge parts ,fragrant ,dentine4-- ,,ix4--,soap bark #abe parts ,glycerine #ie parts ,alcohol #aee parts ,rose water #dej parts ,macerate for #d days and add3 ,carbolic acid1 cryst #d parts ,oil geranium #j4f parts ,oil cloves #j4f parts ,oil rose #j4f parts ,oil cinnamon #j4f parts ,tincture rhatany #de parts ,rose water #dej parts ,allow to stand #d days2 then filter4 ,aromantiseptic4-- ,x4--,thymol #bj parts ,oil peppermint #aj parts ,oil cloves #e parts ,oil sage #e parts ,oil marjoram #c parts ,oil sassafras #c parts ,oil wintergreen #j4e parts ,coumarin #j4e parts ,diluted alcohol #a1jjj parts ,the products of the foregoing formulas are used in the proportion of #a teaspoonful in a half glassful of water4 ,foaming4-- ,,xi4--,soap bark1 powder #b ounces ,cochineal powder #fj grains ,glycerine #c ounces #bei ,alcohol #aj ounces ,water sufficient to make #cb ounces ,mix the soap1 cochineal1 glycerine alcohol1 and water together2 let macerate for several days2 filter and flavor2 if same produces turbidity1 shake up the mixture with magnesium carbonate1 and filter through paper4 ,odonter4-- ,,xii4--,soap bark1 powder #b ounces ,cudbear1 powder #d drachms ,glycerine #d ounces ,alcohol #ad ounces ,water sufficient to make #cb ounces ,mix1 and let macerate with frequent agitation1 for several days2 filter2 add flavor2 if necessary filter again through magnesium carbonate or paper pulp4 ,sweet ,anise4-- ,,xiii4--,soap bark #b ounces ,aniseed #d drachms ,cloves #d drachms ,cinnamon #d drachms ,cochineal #fj grains ,vanilla #fj grains ,oil of peppermint #a drachm ,alcohol #af ounces ,water sufficient to make #cb ounces ,reduce the drugs to coarse powder1 dissolve the oil of peppermint in the alcohol1 add equal parts of water1 and macerate therein the powders for #e to #f days1 with frequent agitation2 place in percolator and percolate until #cb fluidounces have been obtained4 ,let stand for a week and filter through paper2 if necessary to make it perfectly bright and clear1 shake up with some magnesia1 and again filter4 ,saponaceous4-- ,,xiv4--,white castile soap #b ounces ,glycerine #b ounces ,alcohol #h ounces ,water #d ounces ,oil peppermint #bj drops ,oil wintergreen #cj drops ,solution of carmine ,n4 ,f4 sufficient to color4 ,dissolve the soap in the alcohol and water1 add the other ingredients1 and filter4 ,,xv4--,crystallized carbolic acid #d parts ,eucalyptol #a part ,salol #b parts ,menthol #j4be parts ,thymol #j4a part ,alcohol #ajj parts ,dye with cochineal 7#a #a_/b per cent74 ,jackson's ,mouth ,wash4--,fresh lemon peel1 #aj parts2 fresh sweet orange peel1 #aj parts2 angelica root1 #aj parts2 guaiacum wood1 #cj parts2 balsam of ,tolu1 #ab parts2 benzoin1 #ab parts2 ,peruvian balsam1 #d parts2 myrrh1 #c parts2 alcohol 7#ij per cent71 #ejj parts4 ,tablets for ,antiseptic ,mouth ,wash4--,heliotropine1 #j4ja part2 saccharine1 #j4ja part2 salicylic acid1 #j4ja part2 menthol1 #a part2 milk sugar1 #e parts4 ,these tablets may be dyed green1 red1 or blue1 with chlorophyll1 eosine1 and indigo carmine1 respectively4 ,depilatories ,depilatory ,cream4--,the depilatory cream largely used in ,new ,york hospitals for the removal of hair from the skin previous to operations3 ,i4--,barium sulphide #c parts ,starch #a part ,water1 sufficient quantity4 ,the mixed powders are to be made into a paste with water1 and applied in a moderately thick layer to the parts to be denuded of hair1 the excess of the latter having been previously trimmed off with a pair of scissors4 ,from time to time a small part of the surface should be examined1 and when it is seen that the hair can be removed1 the mass should be washed off4 ,the barium sulphide should be quite fresh4 ,it can be prepared by making barium sulphate and its own weight of charcoal into a paste with linseed oil1 rolling the paste into the shape of a sausage1 and placing it upon a bright fire to incinerate4 ,when it has ceased to burn1 and is a white hot mass1 remove from the fire1 cool1 and powder4 ,the formula is given with some reserve1 for preparations of this kind are usually unsafe unless used with great care4 ,it should be removed promptly when the skin begins to burn4 ,,ii4--,barium sulphide #be parts ,soap #e parts ,talc #ce parts ,starch #ce parts ,benzaldehyde sufficient to make #abj parts ,powder the solids and mix4 ,to use1 to a part of this mixture add #c parts of water1 at the time of its application1 and with a camel's-hair pencil paint the mixture evenly over the spot to be freed of hair4 ,let remain in contact with the #bfj skin for #e minutes1 then wash off with a sponge1 and in the course of #e minutes longer the hair will come off on slight friction with the sponge4 ,strontium sulphide is an efficient depilatory4 ,a convenient form of applying it is as follows3 ,,iii4--,strontium sulphide #b parts ,zinc oxide #c parts ,powdered starch #c parts ,mix well and keep in the dry state until wanted for use1 taking then a sufficient quantity1 forming into a paste with warm water and applying to the surface to be deprived of hair4 ,allow to remain from #a to #e minutes1 according to the nature of the hair and skin2 it is not advisable to continue the application longer than the last named period4 ,remove in all cases at once when any caustic action is felt4 ,after the removal of the paste1 scrape the skin gently but firmly with a blunt-edged blade 7a paper knife1 for instance7 until the loosened hair is removed4 ,then immediately wash the denuded surface well with warm water1 and apply cold cream or some similar emollient as a dressing4 ,by weight ,,iv4--,alcohol #ab parts ,collodion #ce parts ,iodine #j4ge parts ,essence of turpentine #a4e parts ,castor oil #b parts ,apply with a brush on the affected parts for #c or #d days in thick coats4 ,when the collodion plaster thus formed is pulled off1 the hairs adhere to its inner surface4 ,v4--,rosin sticks are intended for the removal of hairs and are made from colophony with an admixture of #aj per cent of yellow wax4 ,the sticks are heated like a stick of sealing wax until soft or semi-liquid 7#adb ,f471 and lightly applied on the place from which the hair is to be removed1 and the mass is allowed to cool4 ,these rosin sticks are said to give good satisfaction4 ,,depthings1 ,,verification ,,of3 ,see ,watchmakers' ,formulas4 ,,desilvering3 ,see ,plating4 ,,detergents3 ,see ,cleaning ,preparations and ,methods4 ,,developers ,,for ,,photographic ,,purposes3 ,see ,photography4 ,,dextrin ,,pastes ,,and ,,mucilages3 ,see ,adhesives4 ,,dial ,,cements3 ,see ,adhesives1 under ,jewelers' ,cements4 ,,dial ,,cleaners3 ,see ,cleaning ,preparations and ,methods4 ,,dial ,,repairing3 ,see ,watchmakers' ,formulas4 ,,diamalt3 ,see ,milk4 ,,diamond ,,tests3 ,see also ,gems and ,jewelers' ,formulas4 ,to ,distinguish ,genuine ,diamonds4--,if characters or marks of any kind are drawn with an aluminum pencil on glass1 porcelain1 or any substance containing silex1 the marks cannot be erased by rubbing1 however energetic the friction1 and even acids will not cause them to disappear entirely1 unless the surface is entirely freed from greasy matter1 which can be accomplished by rubbing with whiting and passing a moistened cloth over the surface at the time of writing4 ,so1 in order to distinguish the true diamond from the false1 it is necessary only to wipe the stone carefully and trace a line on it with an aluminum pencil1 and then rub it briskly with a moistened cloth4 ,if the line continues visible1 the stone is surely false4 ,if1 on the contrary1 the stone is a true diamond1 the line will disappear without leaving a trace1 and without injury to the stone4 ,the common test for recognizing the diamond is the file1 which does not cut it1 though it readily attacks imitations4 ,there are other stones not affected by the file1 but they have characteristics of color and other effects by which they are readily distinguished4 ,this test should be confirmed by others4 ,from the following the reader can select the most convenient3 ,a piece of glass on which the edge of a diamond is drawn1 will be cut without much pressure2 a slight blow is sufficient to separate the glass4 ,an imitation may scratch the glass1 but this will not be cut as with the diamond4 #bfa ,if a small drop of water is placed upon the face of a diamond and moved about by means of the point of a pin1 it will preserve its globular form1 provided the stone is clean and dry4 ,if the attempt is made on glass1 the drop will spread4 ,a diamond immersed in a glass of water will be distinctly visible1 and will shine clearly through the liquid4 ,the imitation stone will be confounded with the water and will be nearly invisible4 ,by looking through a diamond with a glass at a black point on a sheet of white paper1 a single distinct point will be seen4 ,several points1 or a foggy point will appear if the stone is spurious4 ,hydrofluoric acid dissolves all imitations1 but has no effect on true diamonds4 ,this acid is kept in gutta-percha bottles4 ,for an eye practiced in comparisons it is not difficult to discern that the facets in the cut of a true diamond are not as regular as are those of the imitation2 for in cutting and polishing the real stone an effort is made to preserve the original as much as possible1 preferring some slight irregularities in the planes and edges to the loss in the weight1 for we all know that diamonds are sold by weight4 ,in an imitation1 however1 whether of paste or another less valuable stone1 there is always an abundance of cheap material which may be cut away and thereby form a perfect-appearing stone4 ,take a piece of a fabric1 striped red and white1 and draw the stone to be tested over the colors4 ,if it is an imitation1 the colors will be seen through it1 while a diamond will not allow them to be seen4 ,a genuine diamond1 rubbed on wood or metal1 after having been previously exposed to the light of the electric arc1 becomes phosphorescent in darkness1 which does not occur with imitations4 ,heat the stone to be tested1 after giving it a coating of borax1 and let it fall into cold water4 ,a diamond will undergo the test without the slightest damage2 the glass will be broken in pieces4 ,finally1 try with the fingers to crush an imitation and a genuine diamond between two coins1 and you will soon see the difference4 ,,diamond ,,cement3 ,see ,adhesives1 under ,jewelers' ,cements4 ,,diarrhea ,,in ,,birds3 ,see ,veterinary ,formulas4 ,,diarrhea ,,remedies3 ,see ,cholera ,remedies4 ,die ,venting4--,many pressmen have spent hours and days in the endeavor to produce sharp and full impressions on figured patterns4 ,if all the deep recesses in deep-figured dies are vented to allow the air to escape when the blow is struck1 it will do much to obtain perfect impressions1 and requires only half the force that is necessary in unvented dies4 ,this is not known in many shops and consequently this little air costs much in power and worry4 ,,digestive ,,powders ,,and ,,tablets4 ,i4--,sodium bicarbonate #ic parts ,sodium chlorate #d parts ,calcium carbonate #c parts ,pepsin #e parts ,ammonium carbonate #a part ,,ii4--,sodium bicarbonate #abj parts ,sodium chlorate #e parts ,sal physiologic 7see below7 #d parts ,magnesium carbonate #aj parts ,,iii4--,pepsin1 saccharated 7,u4 ,s4 ,p47 #aj drachms ,pancreatin #aj drachms ,diastase #ej drachms ,acid1 lactic #dj drops ,sugar of milk #dj drachms ,,iv4--,pancreatin #c parts ,sodium bicarbonate #ae parts ,milk sugar #b parts ,sal ,physiologicum4--,the formula for this ingredient1 the so-called nutritive salt 7,nahrsalz71 is as follows3 ,calcium phosphate #dj parts ,potassium sulphate #b parts ,sodium phosphate #bj parts ,sulphuric1 precipitated #e parts ,sodium chlorate #fj parts ,magnesium phosphate #e parts ,carlsbad salts1 artificial #fj parts ,silicic acid #aj parts ,calcium fluoride #b #a_/b parts ,digestive ,tablets4-- ,powdered double refined sugar #cjj parts ,subnitrate bismuth #fj parts ,saccharated pepsin #de parts ,pancreatin #de parts ,mucilage #ce parts ,ginger #cj parts ,mix and divide into suitable sizes4 #bfb ,,diogen ,,developer3 ,see ,photography4 ,,dip ,,for ,,brass3 ,see ,plating and ,brass4 ,,dips3 ,see ,metals4 ,,dips ,,for ,,cattle3 ,see ,disinfectants and ,veterinary ,formulas4 ,,dish ,,washing3 ,see ,household ,formulas ,disinfectants ,disinfecting ,fluids4-- ,i4--,creosote #dj gallons ,rosin1 powdered #ef pounds ,caustic soda lye1 #ch ,tw #i gallons ,boiling water #ab gallons ,methylated spirit #a gallon ,black treacle #ad pounds ,melt the rosin and add the creosote2 run in the lyes2 then add the matter and methylated spirit mixed together1 and add the treacle2 boil all till dissolved and mix well together4 ,,ii4--,hot water #abj pounds ,caustic soda lye1 #ch ,b #abj pounds ,rosin #cjj pounds ,creosote #dej pounds ,boil together the water1 lye1 and rosin1 till dissolved2 turn off steam and stir in the creosote2 keep on steam to nearly boiling all the time1 but so as not to boil over1 until thoroughly incorporated4 ,,iii4--,fresh-made soap 7hard yellow7 #g pounds ,gas tar #ba pounds ,water1 with #b pounds soda #ba pounds ,dissolve soap 7cut in fine shavings7 in the gas tar2 then add slowly the soda and water which has been dissolved4 ,,iv4--,rosin #a cwt4 ,caustic soda lye1 #ah ,b #af gallons ,black tar oil #a_/b gallon ,nitro-naphthalene dissolved in boiling water 7about #a_/b gallon7 #b pounds ,melt the rosin1 add the caustic lye2 then stir in the tar oil and add the nitro-naphthalene4 ,v4--,camphor #a ounce ,carbolic acid 7#ge per cent7 #ab ounces ,aqua ammonia #aj drachms ,soft salt water #h drachms ,to be diluted when required for use4 ,,vi4--,heavy tar oil #aj gallons ,caustic soda dissolved in #e gallons water #fjj ,f #cj pounds ,mix the soda lyes with the oil1 and heat the mixture gently with constant stirring2 add1 when just on the boil1 #bj pounds of refuse fat or tallow and #bj pounds of soft soap2 continue the heat until thoroughly saponified1 and add water gradually to make up #dj gallons4 ,let it settle2 then decant the clear liquid4 ,disinfecting ,fluids or ,weed-,killers4-- ,i4--,cold water1 #bj gallons2 powdered rosin1 #ef pounds2 creosote oil1 #dj gallons2 sulphuric acid1 #a_/b gallon2 caustic soda lye1 #cj ,b41 #i gallons4 ,heat water and dissolve the rosin2 then add creosote and boil to a brown mass and shut off steam2 next run in sulphuric acid and then the lyes4 ,,ii4--,water #dj gallons ,powdered black rosin #ef pounds ,sulphuric acid #b #a_/b gallons ,creosote #aj gallons ,melted pitch #bd pounds ,pearlash boiled in #aj gallons water #ef pounds ,boil water and dissolve rosin and acid2 then add creosote and boil well again2 add pitch and run in pearlash solution 7boiling72 then shut off steam4 ,,iii4 7,white74--,water1 #dj gallons2 turpentine1 #b gallons2 ammonia1 #a_/b gallon2 carbolic crystals1 #ad pounds2 caustic lyes1 #b gallons2 white sugar1 #fj pounds1 dissolved in #dj pounds water4 ,heat water to boiling1 and add first turpentine1 next ammonia1 and then carbolic crystals4 ,stir well until thoroughly dissolved1 and add lyes and sugar solution4 ,,disinfecting ,,powders4 ,i4--,sulphate of iron #ajj parts ,sulphate of zinc #ej parts ,oak bark1 powder #dj parts ,tar #e parts ,oil #e parts ,,ii4--,mix together chloride of lime and burnt umber1 add water1 and set on plates4 #bfc ,blue ,sanitary ,powder4-- ,powdered alum #b pounds ,oil of eucalyptus #ab ounces ,rectified spirits of tar #f ounces ,rectified spirit of turpentine #b ounces ,ultramarine blue 7common7 #c_/d ounces ,common salt #ad pounds ,mix alum with about #c pounds of salt in a large mortar1 gradually add oil of eucalyptus and spirits1 then put in the ultramarine blue1 and lastly remaining salt1 mixing all well1 and passing through a sieve4 ,carbolic ,powder4 7,strong74--,slaked lime in fine powder1 #a cwt42 carbolic acid1 #ge per cent1 #b gallons4 ,color with aniline dye and then pass through a moderately fine sieve and put into tins or casks and keep air-tight4 ,pink ,carbolized ,sanitary ,powder4-- ,powdered alum #f ounces ,powdered green copperas #e pounds ,powdered red lead #e pounds ,calvert's ,no4 #e carbolic acid #ab #a_/b pounds ,spirit of turpentine #a #a_/b pounds ,calais sand #aj pounds ,slaked lime #fj pounds ,mix carbolic acid with turpentine and sand1 then add the other ingredients1 lastly the slaked lime and1 after mixing1 pass through a sieve4 ,it is advisable to use lime that has been slaked some time4 ,cuspidor ,powder4--,peat rubble is ground to a powder1 and #ajj parts put into a mixing machine1 which can be hermetically sealed4 ,then #ae parts of blue vitriol are added either very finely pulverized or in a saturated aqueous solution4 ,next are added #b parts of formalin1 and lastly #a part of ground cloves1 orange peel1 or a sufficient quantity of some volatile oil1 to give the desired perfume4 ,the mixing machine is then closed1 and kept at work until the constituents are perfectly mixed2 the powder is then ready to be put up for the market4 ,its purpose is to effect a rapid absorption of the sputum1 with simultaneous destruction of any microbes present1 and to prevent decomposition and consequent unpleasant odors4 ,deodorants for ,water-,closets4-- ,i4--,ferric chloride #d parts ,zinc chloride #e parts ,aluminum chloride #e parts ,calcium chloride #d parts ,magnesium chloride #c parts ,water sufficient to make #ij parts ,dissolve1 and add to each gallon #aj grains thymol and #a_/d ounce oil of rosemary1 previously dissolved in about #f quarts of alcohol1 and filter4 ,,ii4--,sulphuric acid1 fuming #ij parts ,potassium permanganate #de parts ,water #d1bjj parts ,dissolve the permanganate in the water1 and add under the acid4 ,this is said to be a most powerful disinfectant1 deodorizer1 and germicide4 ,it should not be used where there are metal trimmings4 ,formaldehyde for ,disinfecting ,books1 ,papers1 etc4--,the property of formaldehyde of penetrating all kinds of paper1 even when folded together in several layers1 may be utilized for a perfect disinfection of books and letters1 especially at a temperature of #hf to #abb ,f4 in a closed room4 ,the degree of penetration as well as the disinfecting power of the formaldehyde depend upon the method of generating the gas4 ,letters1 paper in closed envelopes1 are completely disinfected only in #ab hours1 books in #bd hours at a temperature of #abb ,f4 when #gj cubic centimeters of formo-chloral--#ag4e g4 of gas--per cubic meter of space are used4 ,books must be stood up in such a manner that the gas can enter from the sides4 ,bacilli of typhoid preserve their vitality longer upon unsized paper and on filtering paper than on other varieties4 ,there is much difference of opinion as to the disinfecting and deodorizing power of formaldehyde when used to disinfect wooden tierces4 ,while some have found it to answer well1 others have got variable results1 or failed of success4 ,the explanation seems to be that those who have obtained poor results have not allowed time for the disinfectant to penetrate the pores of the wood1 the method of application being wrong4 ,the solution is thrown into the tierce1 which is then steamed out at once1 whereby the aldehyde is volatilized before it has had time to do its work4 ,if the formal and the steam1 instead of being used in succession1 were used together1 the steam would carry the disinfectant into the pores of the wood4 ,but a still better plan is to give the aldehyde more time4 #bfd ,another point to be remembered in all cases of disinfection by formaldehyde is that a mechanical cleansing must precede the action of the antiseptic4 ,if there are thick deposits of organic matter which can be easily dislodged with a scrubbing brush1 they can only be disinfected by the use of large quantities of formaldehyde used during a long period of time4 ,general ,disinfectants4-- ,i4--,alum #aj ounces ,sodium carbonate #aj ounces ,ammonium chloride #b ounces ,zinc chloride #a ounce ,sodium chloride #b ounces ,hydrochloric acid1 quantity sufficient4 ,water to make #a gallon4 ,dissolve the alum in one half gallon of boiling water1 and add the sodium carbonate2 then add hydrochloric acid until the precipitate formed is dissolved4 ,dissolve the other salt in water and add to the previous solution4 ,finally add enough water to make the whole measure #a gallon1 and filter4 ,in use1 this is diluted with #g parts of water4 ,,ii4--,for the ,sick ,room4--,in using this ventilate frequently3 ,guaiac1 #aj parts2 eucalyptol1 #h parts2 phenol1 #f parts2 menthol1 #d parts2 thymol1 #b parts2 oil of cloves1 #a part2 alcohol of #ij per cent1 #agj parts4 ,atomizer ,liquid for ,sick ,rooms4-- ,,iii4--,eucalyptol #aj parts by weight ,thyme oil #e parts by weight ,lemon oil #e parts by weight ,lavender oil #e parts by weight ,spirit1 #ij per cent #aaj parts by weight ,to a pint of water a teaspoonful for evaporation4 ,non-,poisonous ,sheep ,dips4--,paste4-- ,i4--,creosote 7containing #ae per cent to #bj per cent of carbolic acid7 #b parts ,stearine or ,yorkshire grease specific gravity1 #acdj #a part ,black rosin1 #e per cent to #aj per cent4 ,melt the rosin and add grease and soda lyes1 and then add creosote cold4 ,,ii4--,creosote #a part ,crude hard rosin oil #a part ,put rosin oil in copper and heat to about #bbj ,f41 and add as much caustic soda powder1 #ih per cent strength1 as the oil will take up4 ,the quantity depends upon the amount of acetic acid in the oil4 ,if too much soda is added it will remain at the bottom4 ,when the rosin oil has taken up the soda add creosote1 and let it stand4 ,odorless ,disinfectants4-- ,i4--,ferric chloride #d parts ,zinc chloride #e parts ,aluminum chloride #e parts ,calcium chloride #d parts ,manganese chloride #c parts ,water #fi parts ,if desired1 #aj grains thymol and #b fluidrachms oil of rosemary1 previously dissolved in about #ab fluidrachms of alcohol1 may be added to each gallon4 ,,ii4--,alum #aj parts ,sodium carbonate #aj parts ,ammonium chloride #b parts ,sodium chloride #b parts ,zinc chloride #a part ,hydrochloric acid1 sufficient4 ,water #ajj parts ,dissolve the alum in about #ej parts boiling water and add the sodium carbonate4 ,the resulting precipitate of aluminum hydrate dissolve with the aid of just sufficient hydrochloric acid1 and add the other ingredients previously dissolved in the remainder of the water4 ,,iii4--,mercuric chloride #a part ,cupric sulphate #aj parts ,zinc sulphate #ej parts ,sodium chloride #fe parts ,water to make #a1jjj parts4 ,paris ,salts4--,the disinfectant known by this name is a mixture made from the following recipe3 ,zinc sulphate #di parts ,ammonia alum #di parts ,potash permanganate #a part ,lime #a part ,the ingredients are fused together1 mixed with a little calcium chloride1 and perfumed with thymol4 ,platt's ,chlorides4-- ,i4--,aluminum sulphate #f ounces ,zinc chloride #a #a_/b ounces ,sodium chloride #b ounces ,calcium chloride #c ounces ,water enough to make #b pints4 ,,ii4--,a more elaborate formula for a preparation said to resemble the proprietary article is as follows3 #bfe ,zinc1 in strips #d ounces ,lead carbonate #b ounces ,chlorinated lime #a ounce ,magnesium carbonate #a_/b ounce ,aluminum hydrate #a #a_/b ounces ,potassium hydrate #a_/b ounce ,hydrochloric acid #af ounces ,water #af ounces ,whiting1 enough4 ,dissolve the zinc in the acid2 then add the other salts singly in the order named1 letting each dissolve before the next is added4 ,when all are dissolved add the water to the solution1 and after a couple of hours add a little whiting to neutralize any excess of acid2 then filter4 ,zinc chloride ranks very low among disinfectants1 and the use of such solutions as these1 by giving a false sense of security from disease germs1 may be the means of spreading rather than of checking the spread of sickness4 ,disinfecting ,coating4--,carbolic acid1 #b parts2 manganese1 #c parts2 calcium chloride1 #b parts2 china clay1 #aj parts2 infusorial earth1 #d parts2 dextrin1 #b parts2 and water1 #aj parts4 ,,distemper ,,in ,,cattle3 ,see ,veterinary ,formulas4 ,,diuretic ,,ball3 ,see ,veterinary ,formulas4 ,,dog ,,applications3 ,see ,insecticides4 ,,dog ,,biscuit4 ,the waste portions of meat and tallow1 including the skin and fiber1 have for years been imported from ,south ,american tallow factories in the form of blocks4 ,most of the dog bread consists principally of these remnants1 chopped and mixed with flour4 ,they contain a good deal of firm fibrous tissue1 and a large percentage of fat1 but are lacking in nutritive salts1 which must be added to make good dog bread1 just as in the case of the meat flour made from the waste of meat extract factories4 ,the flesh of dead animals is not used by any reputable manufacturers1 for the reason that it gives a dark color to the dough1 has an unpleasant odor1 and if not properly sterilized would be injurious to dogs as a steady diet4 ,wheat flour1 containing as little bran as possible1 is generally used1 oats1 rye1 or ,indian meal being only mixed in to make special varieties1 or1 as in the case of ,indian meal1 for cheapness4 ,rye flour would give a good flavor1 but it dries slowly1 and the biscuits would have to go through a special process of drying after baking1 else they would mold and spoil4 ,dog bread must be made from good wheat flour1 of a medium sort1 mixed with #ae or #af per cent of sweet1 dry chopped meat1 well baked and dried like pilot bread or crackers4 ,this is the rule for all the standard dog bread on the market4 ,there are admixtures which affect more or less its nutritive value1 such as salt1 vegetables1 chopped bones1 or bone meal1 phosphate of lime1 and other nutritive salts4 ,in preparing the dough and in baking1 care must be taken to keep it light and porous4 ,,dog ,,diseases ,,and ,,their ,,remedies3 ,see ,veterinary ,formulas4 ,,dog ,,soap3 ,see ,soap4 ,,donarite3 ,see ,explosives4 ,,doors1 ,,to ,,clean3 ,see ,cleaning ,preparations and ,methods4 ,,doses ,,for ,,adults ,,and ,,children4 ,the usual method pursued by medical men in calculating the doses of medicine for children is to average the dose in proportion to their approximate weight or to figure out a dose upon the assumption that at #ab years of age half of an adult dose will be about right4 ,calculated on this basis the doses for those under #ab will be in direct proportion to the age in years plus #ab1 divided into the age4 ,by this rule a child #a year old should get #a plus #ab1 or #ac1 dividing #a1 or #a_/ac of an adult dose4 ,if the child is #b years old it should get #b plus #ab1 or #ad1 dividing #b1 or #a_/g of an adult dose4 ,a child of #c years should get #c plus #ab1 or #ae1 dividing #c1 or #a_/e of an adult dose4 ,a child of #d should get #d plus #ab1 or #af1 dividing #d1 or #a_/d of an adult dose4 ,as both children and adults vary materially in size when of the same age the calculation by approximate weights is the more accurate way4 ,taking the weight of the average adult as #aej pounds1 then a boy1 man1 or woman1 whatever the age1 weighing only #ge pounds should receive only one-half of an adult dose1 and a man of #cjj pounds1 provided his weight is the result of a properly proportioned body1 and not due to mere adipose #bff tissue1 should be double that of the average adult4 ,if the weight is due to mere fat or to some diseased condition of the body1 such a calculation would be entirely wrong4 ,the object of the calculation is to get as nearly as possible to the amount of dilution the dose undergoes in the blood or in the intestinal contents of the patient4 ,each volume of blood should receive exactly the same dose in order to give the same results1 other conditions being equal4 ,,dose ,,table ,,for ,,veterinary ,,purposes3 ,see ,veterinary ,formulas4 ,,drawings1 ,,preservation ,,of4 ,working designs and sketches are easily soiled and rendered unsuitable for further use4 ,this can be easily avoided by coating them with collodion1 to which #bd per cent of stearine from a good stearine candle has been added4 ,lay the drawing on a glass plate or a board1 and pour on the collodion1 as the photographer treats his plates4 ,after #aj or #bj minutes the design will be dry and perfectly white1 possessing a dull luster1 and being so well protected that it may be washed off with water without fear of spoiling it4 ,,drawings1 ,,to ,,clean3 ,see ,cleaning ,preparations and ,methods4 ,,driers3 ,see ,siccatives4 ,,drilling1 ,,lubricant ,,for3 ,see ,lubricants4 ,,drinks ,,for ,,summer ,,and ,,winter3 ,see ,beverages4 ,,drops1 ,,table ,,of3 ,see ,tables4 ,,drying ,,oils3 ,see ,oil4 ,,dry ,,rot3 ,see ,rot4 ,,dubbing ,,for ,,leather3 ,see ,lubricants4 ,,dust-,,laying3 ,see ,oil4 ,,dust ,,preventers ,,and ,,dust ,,cloths3 ,see ,household ,formulas4 ,dyes ,in accordance with the requirements of dyers1 many of the following recipes describe dyes for large quantities of goods1 but to make them equally adapted for the use of private families they are usually given in even quantities1 so that it is an easy matter to ascertain the quantity of materials required for dyeing1 when once the weight of the goods is known1 the quantity of materials used being reduced in proportion to the smaller quantity of goods4 ,employ soft water for all dyeing purposes1 if it can be procured1 using #d gallons water to #a pound of goods2 for larger quantities a little less water will do4 ,let all the implements used in dyeing be kept perfectly clean4 ,prepare the goods by scouring well with soap and water1 washing out the soap well1 and dipping in warm water1 before immersion in the dye or mordant4 ,goods should be well aired1 rinsed1 and properly hung up after dyeing4 ,silks and fine goods should be tenderly handled1 otherwise injury to the fabric will result4 ,aniline ,black4--,water1 #bj to #cj parts2 chlorate of potassa1 #a part2 sal ammoniac1 #a part2 chloride of copper1 #a part2 aniline and hydrochloric acid1 each #a part1 previously mixed together4 ,it is essential that the preparation should be acid1 and the more acid it is the more rapid will be the production of the blacks2 if too much so1 it may injure the fabric4 ,the fabric or yarn is dried in ageing rooms at a low temperature for #bd hours1 and washed afterwards4 ,black on ,cotton4--,for #dj pounds goods1 use sumac1 #cj pounds2 boil #c_/d of an hour2 let the goods steep overnight1 and immerse them in limewater1 #dj minutes1 remove1 and allow them to drip #c_/d of an hour2 add copperas1 #d pounds1 to the sumac liquor1 and dip #a hour more2 next work them through limewater for #bj minutes2 then make a new dye of logwood1 #bj pounds1 boil #b #a_/b hours1 and enter the goods #c hours2 then add bichromate of potash1 #a pound1 to the new dye1 and dip #a hour more4 ,work in clean cold water and dry out of the sun4 ,black ,straw ,hat ,varnish4--,best alcohol1 #d ounces2 pulverized black sealing wax1 #a ounce4 ,place in a phial1 and put the phial into a warm place1 stirring or shaking occasionally until the wax is dissolved4 ,apply it when warm before the fire or in the sun4 ,this makes a beautiful gloss4 #bfg ,chrome ,black for ,wool4--,for #dj pounds of goods1 use blue vitriol1 #c pounds2 boil a short time1 then dip the wool or fabric #c_/d of an hour1 airing frequently4 ,take out the goods1 and make a dye with logwood1 #bd pounds2 boil #a_/b hour1 dip #c_/d of an hour1 air the goods1 and dip #a_/d of an hour longer2 then wash in strong soapsuds4 ,a good fast color4 ,black ,dye on ,wool1 for ,mixtures4--,for #ej pounds of wool1 take bichromate of potash1 #a pound1 #d ounces2 ground argal1 #ae ounces2 boil together and put in the fabric1 stirring well1 and let it remain in the dye #e hours4 ,take it out1 rinse slightly in clean water1 then make a new dye1 into which put logwood1 #a #a_/b pounds4 ,boil #a #a_/d hours1 adding chamber lye1 #e pints4 ,let the fabric remain in all night1 and wash out in clean water4 ,bismarck ,brown4--,mix together #a pound ,bismarck1 #e gallons water1 and #c_/d pound sulphuric acid4 ,this paste dissolves easily in hot water and may be used directly for dyeing4 ,a liquid dye may be prepared by making the bulk of the above mixture to #b gallons with alcohol4 ,to dye1 sour with sulphuric acid2 add a quantity of sulphate of soda1 immerse the wool1 and add the color by small portions1 keeping the temperature under #bab ,f4 ,very interesting shades may be developed by combining the color with indigo paste or picric acid4 ,chestnut ,brown for ,straw ,bonnets4--,for #be hats1 use ground sanders1 #a #a_/b pounds2 ground curcuma1 #b pounds2 powdered gallnuts or sumac1 #c_/d pound2 rasped logwood1 #a_/aj pound4 ,boil together with the hats in a large kettle 7so as not to crowd71 for #b hours1 then withdraw the hats1 rinse1 and let them remain overnight in a bath of nitrate of #d ,b41 when they are washed4 ,a darker brown may be obtained by increasing the quantity of sanders4 ,to give the hats the desired luster1 they are brushed with a brush of couchgrass1 when dry4 ,cinnamon or ,brown for ,cotton and ,silk4--,give the goods as much color1 from a solution of blue vitriol1 #b ounces1 to water1 #a gallon1 as they will take up in dipping #ae minutes2 then turn them through limewater4 ,this will make a beautiful sky blue of much durability4 ,the fabric should next be run through a solution of prussiate of potash1 #a ounce1 to water1 #a gallon4 ,brown ,dye for ,cotton or ,linen4--,give the pieces a mixed mordant of acetate of alumina and acetate of iron1 and then dye them in a bath of madder1 or madder and fustic4 ,when the acetate of alumina predominates1 the dye has an amaranth tint4 ,a cinnamon tint is obtained by first giving a mordant of alum1 next a madder bath1 then a bath of fustic1 to which a little green copperas has been added4 ,brown for ,silk4--,dissolve annatto1 #a pound2 pearlash1 #d pounds1 in boiling water1 and pass the silk through it for #b hours2 then take it out1 squeeze well1 and dry4 ,next give it a mordant of alum1 and pass through a bath of brazil wood1 and afterwards through a bath of logwood1 to which a little green copperas has been added2 wring it out and dry2 afterwards rinse well4 ,brown ,dye for ,wool4--,this may be induced by a decoction of oak bark1 with variety of shade according to the quantity employed4 ,if the goods be first passed through a mordant of alum the color will be brightened4 ,brown for ,cotton4--,catechu or terra japonica gives cotton a brown color2 blue vitriol turns it to the bronze2 green copperas darkens it1 when applied as a mordant and the stuff is boiled in the bath4 ,acetate of alumina as a mordant brightens it4 ,the ,french color ,carmelite is given with catechu1 #a pound2 verdigris1 #d ounces2 and sal ammoniac1 #e ounces4 ,dark ,snuff ,brown for ,wool4--,for #ej pounds of goods1 take camwood1 #aj pounds1 boil for #bj minutes1 then dip the goods for #c_/d of an hour2 take them out1 and add to the dye1 fustic1 #be pounds1 boil #ab minutes1 and dip the goods #c_/d of an hour2 then add blue vitriol1 #aj ounces1 copperas1 #b pounds1 #h ounces2 dip again #dj minutes4 ,add more copperas if the shade is required darker4 ,brown for ,wool and ,silk4--,infusion or decoction of walnut peels dyes wool and silk a brown color1 which is brightened by alum4 ,horse-chestnut peels also impart a brown color2 a mordant of muriate of tin turns it on the bronze1 and sugar of lead the reddish brown4 ,alkali ,blue and ,nicholson's ,blue4--,dissolve #a pound of the dye in #aj gallons boiling water1 and add this by small portions to the dye bath1 which should be rendered alkaline by borax4 ,the fabric should be well worked about between each addition of the color4 ,the temperature must be kept under #bab ,f4 ,to develop the color1 wash with water #bfh and pass through a bath containing sulphuric acid4 ,aniline ,blue4--,to #ajj pounds of fabric1 dissolve #a #a_/d pounds aniline blue in #c quarts hot alcohol1 strain through a filter1 and add it to a bath of #acj ,f42 also #aj pounds ,glauber's salts1 and #e pounds acetic acid4 ,immerse the goods and handle them well for #bj minutes4 ,next heat slowly to #bjj ,f42 then add #e pounds sulphuric acid diluted with water4 ,let the whole boil #bj minutes longer2 then rinse and dry4 ,if the aniline be added in #b or #c proportions during the process of coloring1 it will facilitate the evenness of the color4 ,blue on ,cotton4--,for #dj pounds of goods1 use copperas1 #b pounds2 boil and dip #bj minutes2 dip in soapsuds1 and return to the dye #c or #d times2 then make a new bath with prussiate of potash1 #a_/b pound2 oil of vitriol1 #a #a_/d pints2 boil #a_/b hour1 rinse out and dry4 ,sky ,blue on ,cotton4--,for #fj pounds of goods1 blue vitriol1 #e pounds4 ,boil a short time1 then enter the goods1 dip #c hours1 and transfer to a bath of strong limewater4 ,a fine brown color will be imparted to the goods if they are then put through a solution of prussiate of potash4 ,blue ,dye for ,hosiery4--,one hundred pounds of wool are colored with #d pounds ,guatemala or #c pounds ,bengal indigo1 in the soda or wood vat4 ,then boil in a kettle a few minutes1 #e pounds of cudbear or #h pounds of archil paste2 add #a pound of soda1 or1 better1 #a pail of urine2 then cool the dye to about #agj ,f4 and enter the wool4 ,handle well for about #bj minutes1 then take it out1 cool1 rinse1 and dry4 ,it makes no difference whether the cudbear is put in before or after the indigo4 ,three ounces of aniline purple dissolved in alcohol1 #a_/b pint1 can be used instead of the cudbear4 ,wood spirit is cheaper than alcohol1 and is much used by dyers for the purpose of dissolving aniline colors4 ,it produces a very pretty shade1 but should never be used on mixed goods which have to be bleached4 ,dark-,blue ,dye4--,this dye is suitable for thibets and lastings4 ,boil #ajj pounds of the fabric for #a #a_/b hours in a solution of alum1 #be pounds2 tartar1 #d pounds2 mordant1 #f pounds2 extract of indigo1 #f pounds2 cool as usual4 ,boil in fresh water from #h to #aj pounds of logwood1 in a bag or otherwise1 then cool the dye to #agj ,f4 ,reel the fabric quickly at first1 then let it boil strongly for #a hour4 ,this is a very good imitation of indigo blue4 ,saxon ,blue4--,for #ajj pounds thibet or comb yarn1 use alum1 #bj pounds2 cream of tartar1 #c pounds2 mordant1 #b pounds2 extract of indigo1 #c pounds2 or carmine1 #a pound1 makes a better color4 ,when all is dissolved1 cool the kettle to #ahj ,f42 enter and handle quickly at first1 then let the fabric boil #a_/b hour1 or until even4 ,long boiling dims the color4 ,zephyr worsted yarn ought to be prepared1 first1 by boiling it in a solution of alum and sulphuric acid2 the indigo is added afterwards4 ,logwood and ,indigo ,blue4--,for #ajj pounds of cloth4 ,color the cloth first by one or two dips in the vat of indigo blue1 and rinse it well1 and then boil it in a solution of #bj pounds of alum1 #b pounds of half-refined tartar1 and #e pounds of mordant1 for #b hours2 finally take it out and cool4 ,in fresh water boil #aj pounds of good logwood for half an hour in a bag or otherwise2 cool off to #agj ,f4 before entering4 ,handle well over a reel1 let it boil for half an hour2 then take it out1 cool and rinse4 ,this is a very firm blue4 ,blue ,purple for ,silk4--,for #dj pounds of goods1 take bichromate of potash1 #h ounces2 alum1 #a pound2 dissolve all and bring the water to a boil1 and put in the goods2 boil #a hour4 ,then empty the dye1 and make a new dye with logwood1 #h pounds1 or extract of logwood1 #a pound #d ounces1 and boil in this #a hour longer4 ,grade the color by using more or less logwood1 as dark or light color is wanted4 ,blue ,purple for ,wool4--,one hundred pounds of wool are first dipped in the blue vat to a light shade1 then boiled in a solution of #ae pounds of alum and #c pounds of half-refined tartar1 for #a #a_/b hours1 the wool taken out1 cooled1 and let stand #bd hours4 ,then boil in fresh water #h pounds of powdered cochineal for a few minutes1 cool the kettle to #agj ,f4 ,handle the prepared wool in this for #a hour1 when it is ready to cool1 rinse and dry4 ,by coloring first with cochineal1 as aforesaid1 and finishing in the blue vat1 the fast purple or dahlia1 so much admired in ,german broadcloths1 will be produced4 ,tin acids must not be used in this color4 ,to ,make ,extract of ,indigo ,blue4--,take of vitriol1 #b pounds1 and stir into it finely pulverized indigo1 #h ounces1 stirring briskly for the first half hour2 then #bfi cover up1 and stir #d or #e times daily for a few days4 ,add a little pulverized chalk1 stirring it up1 and keep adding it as long as it foams2 it will neutralize the acid4 ,keep it closely corked4 ,light ,silver ,drab4--,for #ej pounds of goods1 use logwood1 #a_/b pound2 alum1 about the same quantity2 boil well1 enter the goods1 and dip them for #a hour4 ,grade the color to any desired shade by using equal parts of logwood and alum4 ,,gray ,,dyes3 ,slate ,dye for ,silk4--,for a small quantity1 take a pan of warm water and about a teacupful of logwood liquor1 pretty strong1 and a piece of pearlash the size of a nut2 take gray-colored goods and handle a little in this liquid1 and it is finished4 ,if too much logwood is used1 the color will be too dark4 ,slate for ,straw ,hats4--,first1 soak in rather strong warm suds for #ae minutes to remove sizing or stiffening2 then rinse in warm water to get out the soap4 ,scald cudbear1 #a ounce1 in sufficient water to cover the hat2 work it in this dye at #ahj ,f41 until a light purple is obtained4 ,have a vessel of cold water1 blued with the extract of indigo1 #a_/b ounce1 and work or stir the bonnet in this until the tint pleases4 ,dry1 then rinse out with cold water1 and dry again in the shade4 ,if the purple is too deep in shade the final slate will be too dark4 ,silver ,gray for ,straw4--,for #be hats1 select the whitest hats and soften them in a bath of crystallized soda to which some clean limewater has been added4 ,boil for #b hours in a large vessel1 using for a bath a decoction of the following3 ,alum1 #d pounds2 tartaric acid1 #c_/h pound2 some ammoniacal cochineal1 and carmine of indigo4 ,a little sulphuric acid may be necessary in order to neutralize the alkali of the cochineal dye4 ,if the last-mentioned ingredients are used1 let the hats remain for an hour longer in the boiling bath1 then rinse in slightly acidulated water4 ,dark ,steel4--,mix black and white wool together in the proportion of #ej pounds of black wool to #g #a_/b pounds of white4 ,for large or small quantities1 keep the same proportion1 mixing carefully and thoroughly4 ,,green ,,dyes3 ,aniline ,green for ,silk4--,iodine green or night green dissolves easily in warm water4 ,for a liquid dye #a pound may be dissolved in #a gallon alcohol1 and mixed with #b gallons water1 containing #a ounce sulphuric acid4 ,aniline ,green for ,wool4--,prepare two baths1 one containing the dissolved dye and a quantity of carbonate of soda or borax4 ,in this the wool is placed1 and the temperature raised to #bab ,f4 ,a grayish green is produced1 which must be brightened and fixed in a second bath of water #ajj ,f41 to which some acetic acid has been added4 ,cotton requires preparation by sumac4 ,green for ,cotton4--,for #dj pounds of goods1 use fustic1 #aj pounds2 blue vitriol1 #aj ounces2 soft soap1 #b #a_/b quarts2 and logwood chips1 #a pound #d ounces4 ,soak the logwood overnight in a brass vessel1 and put it on the fire in the morning1 adding the other ingredients4 ,when quite hot it is ready for dyeing2 enter the goods at once1 and handle well4 ,different shades may be obtained by letting part of the goods remain longer in the dye4 ,green for ,silk4--,boil green ebony in water1 and let it settle4 ,take the clear liquor as hot as the hands can bear1 and handle the goods in it until of a bright yellow4 ,take water and put in a little sulphate of indigo2 handle goods in this till of the shade desired4 ,the ebony may previously be boiled in a bag to prevent it from sticking to the silk4 ,green for ,wool and ,silk4--,take equal quantities of yellow oak and hickory bark1 make a strong yellow bath by boiling1 and shade to the desired tint by adding a small quantity of extract of indigo4 ,green ,fustic ,dye4--,for #ej pounds of goods1 use #ej pounds of fustic with alum1 #aa pounds4 ,soak in water until the strength is extracted1 put in the goods until of a good yellow color1 remove the chips1 and add extract of indigo in small quantities at a time1 until the color is satisfactory4 ,,purple ,,and ,,violet ,,dyes3 ,aniline ,violet and ,purple4--,acidulate the bath by sulphuric acid1 or use sulphate of soda2 both these substances render the shade bluish4 ,dye at #bab ,f4 ,to give a fair middle shade to #aj pounds of wool1 a quantity of solution equal to #a_/b to #c_/d ounces of the solid dye will be required4 ,the color of the dyed fabric is improved by washing in soap and water1 and then passing through a bath soured by sulphuric acid4 ,purple4--,for #dj pounds of goods1 use #bgj alum1 #c pounds2 muriate of tin1 #d teacups2 pulverized cochineal1 #a pound2 cream of tartar1 #b pounds4 ,boil the alum1 tin1 and cream of tartar1 for #bj minutes1 add the cochineal and boil #e minutes2 immerse the goods #b hours2 remove and enter them in a new dye composed of brazil wood1 #c pounds2 logwood1 #g pounds2 alum1 #d pounds1 and muriate of tin1 #h cupfuls1 adding a little extract of indigo4 ,purple for ,cotton4--,get up a tub of hot logwood liquor1 enter #c pieces1 give them #e ends1 and hedge out4 ,enter them in a clean alum tub1 give them #e ends1 and hedge out4 ,get up another tub of logwood liquor1 enter1 give them #e ends1 and hedge out2 renew the alum tub1 give #e ends in that1 and finish4 ,purple for ,silk4--,for #aj pounds of goods1 enter the goods in a blue dye bath1 and secure a light-blue color1 dry1 and dip in a warm solution containing alum1 #b #a_/b pounds4 ,should a deeper color be required1 add a little extract of indigo4 ,solferino and ,magenta for ,woolen1 ,silk1 or ,cotton4--,for #a pound of woolen goods1 magenta shade1 #if grains1 apothecaries' weight1 of aniline red1 will be required4 ,dissolve in a little warm alcohol1 using1 say1 #f fluidounces1 or about #f gills alcohol per ounce of aniline4 ,many dyers use wood spirits because of its cheapness4 ,for a solferino shade1 use #fd grains aniline red1 and dissolve in #d ounces alcohol1 to each #a pound of goods4 ,cold water1 #a quart1 will dissolve these small quantities of aniline red1 but the cleanest and quickest way will be found by using the alcohol1 or wood spirits4 ,clean the cloth and goods by steeping at a gentle heat in weak soapsuds1 rinse in several masses of clean water and lay aside moist4 ,the alcoholic solution of aniline is to be added from time to time to the warm or hot dye bath1 till the color on the goods is of the desired shade4 ,the goods are to be removed from the dye bath before each addition of the alcoholic solution1 and the bath is to be well stirred before the goods are returned4 ,the alcoholic solution should be first dropped into a little water1 and well mixed1 and the mixture should then be strained into the dye bath4 ,if the color is not dark enough after working from #bj to #cj minutes1 repeat the removal of the goods from the bath1 and the addition of the solution1 and the re-immersion of the goods from #ae to #cj minutes more1 or until suited1 then remove from the bath and rinse in several masses of clean water1 and dry in the shade4 ,use about #d gallons water for dye bath for #a pound of goods2 less water for larger quantities4 ,violet for ,silk or ,wool4--,a good violet dye may be given by passing the goods first through a solution of verdigris1 then through a decoction of logwood1 and lastly through alum water4 ,a fast violet may be given by dyeing the goods crimson with cochineal1 without alum or tartar1 and after rinsing passing them through the indigo vat4 ,linens or cottons are first galled with #ah per cent of gallnuts1 next passed through a mordant of alum1 iron liquor1 and sulphate of copper1 working them well1 then worked in a madder bath made with an equal weight of root1 and lastly brightened with soap or soda4 ,violet for ,straw ,bonnets4--,take alum1 #d pounds2 tartaric acid1 #a pound2 chloride of tin1 #a pound4 ,dissolve and boil1 allowing the hats to remain in the boiling solution #b hours2 then add enough decoction of logwood1 carmine1 and indigo to induce the desired shade1 and rinse finally in water in which some alum has been dissolved4 ,wine ,color4--,for #ej pounds of goods1 use camwood1 #aj pounds1 and boil #bj minutes2 dip the goods #a_/b hour1 boil again1 and dip #dj minutes2 then darken with blue vitriol1 #ae ounces1 and #e pounds of copperas4 ,lilac for ,silk4--,for #e pounds of silk1 use archil1 #g #a_/b pounds1 and mix well with the liquor4 ,make it boil #a hour1 and dip the silk quickly2 then let it cool1 and wash in river water4 ,a fine half violet1 or lilac1 more or less full1 will be obtained4 ,,red1 ,,crimson1 ,,and ,,pink ,,dyes3 ,aniline ,red4--,inclose the aniline in a small muslin bag4 ,have a kettle 7tin or brass7 filled with moderately hot water and rub the substance out4 ,then immerse the goods to be colored1 and in a short time they are done4 ,it improves the color to wring the goods out of strong soapsuds before putting them in the dye4 ,this is a permanent color on wool or silk4 ,red ,madder4--,to #ajj pounds of fabric1 use #bj pounds of alum1 #e pounds of tartar1 and #e pounds of muriate of tin4 ,when these are dissolved1 enter the goods and let them boil for #b hours1 then take out1 let cool1 and lay overnight4 ,into fresh water1 stir #ge pounds of good #bga madder1 and enter the fabric at #abj ,f4 and bring it up to #bjj ,f4 in the course of an hour4 ,handle well to secure evenness1 then rinse and dry4 ,red for ,wool4--,for #dj pounds of goods1 make a tolerably thick paste of lac dye and sulphuric acid1 and allow it to stand for a day4 ,then take tartar1 #d pounds1 tin liquor1 #b pounds #h ounces1 and #c pounds of the paste2 make a hot bath with sufficient water1 and enter the goods for #c_/d hour2 afterwards carefully rinse and dry4 ,crimson for ,silk4--,for #a pound of goods1 use alum1 #c ounces2 dip at hand heat #a hour2 take out and drain1 while making a new dye1 by boiling for #aj minutes1 cochineal1 #c ounces2 bruised nutgalls1 #b ounces2 and cream of tartar1 #a_/b ounce1 in #a pail of water4 ,when a little cool begin to dip1 raising the heat to a boil1 continuing to dip #a hour4 ,wash and dry4 ,aniline ,scarlet4--,for every #dj pounds of goods1 dissolve #e pounds white vitriol 7sulphate of zinc7 at #ahj ,f41 place the goods in this bath for #aj minutes1 then add the color1 prepared by boiling for a few minutes1 #a pound aniline scarlet in #c gallons water1 stirring the same continually4 ,this solution has to be filtered before being added to the bath4 ,the goods remain in the latter for #ae minutes1 when they have become browned and must be boiled for another half hour in the same bath after the solution of sal ammoniac4 ,the more of this is added the deeper will be the shade4 ,scarlet with ,cochineal4--,for #ej pounds of wool1 yarn1 or cloth1 use cream of tartar1 #a pound #i ounces2 cochineal1 pulverized1 #ab #a_/b ounces2 muriate of tin or scarlet spirit1 #h pounds4 ,after boiling the dye1 enter the goods1 work them well for #ae minutes1 then boil them #a #a_/b hours1 slowly agitating the goods while boiling1 wash in clean water1 and dry out of the sun4 ,scarlet with ,lac ,dye4--,for #ajj pounds of flannel or yarn1 take #be pounds of ground lac dye1 #ae pounds of scarlet spirit 7made as per directions below71 #e pounds of tartar1 #a pound of flavine1 or according to shade1 #a pound of tin crystals1 #e pounds of muriatic acid4 ,boil all for #ae minutes1 then cool the dye to #agj ,f4 ,enter the goods1 and handle them quickly at first4 ,let boil #a hour1 and rinse while yet hot1 before the gum and impurities harden4 ,this color stands scouring with soap better than cochineal scarlet4 ,a small quantity of sulphuric acid may be added to dissolve the gum4 ,muriate of ,tin or ,scarlet ,spirit4--,take #af pounds muriatic acid1 #bb ,b42 #a pound feathered tin1 and water1 #b pounds4 ,the acid should be put in a stoneware pot1 and the tin added1 and allowed to dissolve4 ,the mixture should be kept a few days before using4 ,the tin is feathered or granulated by melting in a suitable vessel1 and pouring it from a height of about #e feet into a pailful of water4 ,this is a most powerful agent in certain colors1 such as scarlets1 oranges1 pinks1 etc4 ,pink for ,cotton4--,for #dj pounds of goods1 use redwood1 #bj pounds2 muriate of tin1 #b #a_/b pounds4 ,boil the redwood #a hour1 turn off into a large vessel1 add the muriate of tin1 and put in the goods4 ,let it stand #e or #aj minutes1 and a good fast pink will be produced4 ,pink for ,wool4--,for #fj pounds of goods1 take alum1 #e pounds #ab ounces2 boil and immerse the goods #ej minutes2 then add to the dye cochineal well pulverized1 #a pound1 #d ounces2 cream of tartar1 #e pounds2 boil and enter the goods while boiling1 until the color is satisfactory4 ,,yellow1 ,,orange1 ,,and ,,bronze ,,dyes3 ,aniline ,yellow4--,this color is slightly soluble in water1 and for dyers' use may be used directly for the preparation of the bath dye1 but is best used by dissolving #a pound of dye in #b gallons alcohol4 ,temperature of bath should be under #bjj ,f4 ,the color is much improved and brightened by a trace of sulphuric acid4 ,yellow for ,cotton4--,for #dj pounds goods1 use sugar of lead1 #c pounds #h ounces2 dip the goods #b hours4 ,make a new dye with bichromate of potash1 #b pounds2 dip until the color suits1 wring out and dry4 ,if not yellow enough repeat the operation4 ,yellow for ,silk4--,for #aj pounds of goods1 use sugar of lead1 ounces2 alum1 #b pounds4 ,enter the goods1 and let them remain #ab hours2 remove them1 drain1 and make a new dye with fustic1 #aj pounds4 ,immerse until the color suits4 ,orange4--,i4--,for #ej pounds of goods1 use argal1 #c pounds2 muriate of tin1 #a quart2 boil and dip #a hour2 then add to the dye1 fustic1 #be pounds2 madder1 #b #a_/b #bgb quarts2 and dip again #dj minutes4 ,if preferred1 cochineal1 #a pound #d ounces1 may be used instead of the madder1 as a better color is induced by it4 ,,ii4--,for #dj pounds of goods1 use sugar of lead1 #b pounds1 and boil #ae minutes4 ,when a little cool1 enter the goods1 and dip for #b hours1 wring them out1 make a fresh dye with bichromate of potash1 #d pounds2 madder1 #a pound1 and immerse until the desired color is secured4 ,the shade may be varied by dipping in limewater4 ,bronze4--,sulphate or muriate of manganese dissolved in water with a little tartaric acid imparts a beautiful bronze tint4 ,the stuff after being put through the solution must be turned through a weak lye of potash1 and afterwards through another of chloride of lime1 to brighten and fix it4 ,prussiate of copper gives a bronze or yellowish-brown color to silk4 ,the piece well mordanted with blue vitriol may be passed through a solution of prussiate of potash4 ,mulberry for ,silk4--,for #e pounds of silk1 use alum1 #a pound #d ounces2 dip #ej minutes1 wash out1 and make a dye with brazil wood1 #e ounces1 and logwood1 #a #a_/d ounces1 by boiling together4 ,dip in this #a_/b hour2 then add more brazil wood and logwood1 equal parts1 until the color suits4 ,,feather ,,dyes4 ,i4--,cut some white curd soap in small pieces1 pour boiling water on them1 and add a little pearlash4 ,when the soap is quite dissolved1 and the mixture cool enough for the hand to bear1 plunge the feathers into it1 and draw them through the hand till the dirt appears squeezed out of them2 pass them through a clean lather with some blue in it2 then rinse them in cold water with blue to give them a good color4 ,beat them against the hand to shake off the water1 and dry by shaking them near a fire4 ,when perfectly dry1 coil each fiber separately with a blunt knife or ivory folder4 ,,ii4--,black4--,immerse for #b or #c days in a bath1 at first hot1 of logwood1 #h parts1 and copperas or acetate of iron1 #a part4 ,,iii4--,blue4--,same as ,,ii1 but with the indigo vat4 ,,iv4--,brown4--,by using any of the brown dyes for silk or woolen4 ,v4--,crimson4--,a mordant of alum1 followed by a hot bath of brazil wood1 afterwards by a weak dye of cudbear4 ,,vi4--,pink or ,rose4--,with safflower or lemon juice4 ,,vii4--,plum4--,with the red dye1 followed by an alkaline bath4 ,,viii4--,red4--,a mordant of alum1 followed by a bath of brazil wood4 ,,ix4--,yellow4--,a mordant of alum1 followed by a bath of turmeric or weld4 ,x4--,green4--,take of verdigris and verditer1 of each #a ounce2 gum water1 #a pint2 mix them well and dip the feathers1 they having been first soaked in hot water1 into the said mixture4 ,,xi4--,purple4--,use lake and indigo4 ,,xii4--,carnation4--,vermilion and smalt4 ,,dyes ,,for ,,artificial ,,flowers4 ,the ,french employ velvet1 fine cambric1 and kid for the petals1 and taffeta for the leaves4 ,very recently thin plates of bleached whalebone have been used for some portions of the artificial flowers4 ,colors and ,stains4--,i4--,blue4--,indigo dissolved in oil of vitriol1 and the acid partly neutralized with salt of tartar or whiting4 ,,ii4--,green4--,a solution of distilled verdigris4 ,,iii4--,lilac4--,liquid archil4 ,,iv4--,red4--,carmine dissolved in a solution of salt of tartar1 or in spirits of hartshorn4 ,v4--,violet4--,liquid archil mixed with a little salt of tartar4 ,,vi4--,yellow4--,tincture of turmeric4 ,the colors are generally applied with the fingers4 ,,dyes ,,for ,,furs3 ,i4--,brown4--,use tincture of logwood4 ,,ii4--,red4--,use ground brazil wood1 #a_/b pound2 water1 #a #a_/b quarts2 cochineal1 #a_/b ounce2 boil the brazil wood in the water #a hour2 strain and add the cochineal2 boil #ae minutes4 ,,iii4--,scarlet4--,boil #a_/b ounce saffron in #a_/b pint of water1 and pass over the work before applying the red4 ,,iv4--,blue4--,use logwood1 #g ounces2 blue vitriol1 #a ounce2 water1 #bb ounces2 boil4 ,v4--,purple4--,use logwood1 #aa ounces2 alum1 #f ounces2 water1 #bi ounces4 ,,vi4--,green4--,use strong vinegar1 #a #a_/b pints2 best verdigris1 #b ounces1 ground fine2 sap green1 #a_/d ounce2 mix all together and boil4 #bgc ,,dyes ,,for ,,hats4 ,the hats should be at first strongly galled by boiling a long time in a decoction of galls with a little logwood so that the dye may penetrate into their substance2 after which a proper quantity of vitriol and decoction of logwood1 with a little verdigris1 are added1 and the hats kept in this mixture for a considerable time4 ,they are afterwards put into a fresh liquor of logwood1 galls1 vitriol1 and verdigris1 and1 when the hats are costly1 or of a hair which with difficulty takes the dye1 the same process is repeated a third time4 ,for obtaining the most perfect color1 the hair or wool is dyed blue before it is formed into hats4 ,the ordinary bath for dyeing hats1 employed by ,london manufacturers1 consists1 for #ab dozen1 of #add pounds of logwood2 #ab pounds of green sulphate of iron or copperas2 #g #a_/b pounds verdigris4 ,the logwood having been introduced into the copper and digested for some time1 the copperas and verdigris are added in successive quantities1 and in the above proportions1 along with every successive #b or #c dozen of hats suspended upon the dripping machine4 ,each set of hats1 after being exposed to the bath with occasional airings during #dj minutes1 is taken off the pegs1 and laid out upon the ground to be more completely blackened by the peroxydizement of the iron with the atmospheric oxygen4 ,in #c or #d hours the dyeing is completed4 ,when fully dyed1 the hats are well washed in running water4 ,straw hats or bonnets may be dyed black by boiling them #c or #d hours in a strong liquor of logwood1 adding a little copperas occasionally4 ,let the bonnets remain in the liquor all night2 then take out to dry in the air4 ,if the black is not satisfactory1 dye again after drying4 ,rub inside and out with a sponge moistened in fine oil2 then block4 ,i4--,red ,dye4--,boil ground brazil wood in a lye of potash1 and boil your straw hats in it4 ,,ii4--,blue ,dye4--,take a sufficient quantity of potash lye1 #a pound of litmus or lacmus1 ground2 make a decoction and then put in the straw1 and boil it4 ,,to ,,dye1 ,,stiffen1 ,,and ,,bleach ,,felt ,,hats4 ,felt hats are dyed by repeated immersion1 drawing and dipping in a hot watery solution of logwood1 #ch parts2 green vitriol1 #c parts2 verdigris1 #b parts2 repeat the immersions and drawing with exposure to the air #ac or #ad times1 or until the color suits1 each step in the process lasting from #aj to #ae minutes4 ,aniline colors may be advantageously used instead of the above4 ,for a stiffening1 dissolve borax1 #aj parts2 carbonate of potash1 #c parts1 in hot water2 then add shellac1 #ej parts1 and boil until all is dissolved2 apply with a sponge or a brush1 or by immersing the hat when it is cold1 and dip at once in very dilute sulphuric or acetic acid to neutralize the alkali and fix the shellac4 ,felt hats can be bleached by the use of sulphuric acid gas4 ,,liquid ,,dye ,,colors4 ,these colors1 thickened with a little gum1 may be used as inks in writing1 or as colors to tint maps1 foils1 artificial flowers1 etc41 or to paint on velvet3 ,i4--,blue4--,dilute ,saxon blue or sulphate of indigo with water4 ,if required for delicate work1 neutralize with chalk4 ,,ii4--,purple4--,add a little alum to a strained decoction of logwood4 ,,iii4--,green4--,dissolve sap green in water and add a little alum4 ,,iv4--,yellow4--,dissolve annatto in a weak lye of subcarbonate of soda or potash4 ,v4--,golden ,color4--,steep ,french berries in hot water1 strain1 and add a little gum and alum4 ,,vi4--,red4--,dissolve carmine in ammonia1 or in weak carbonate of potash water1 or infuse powdered cochineal in water1 strain1 and add a little gum in water4 ,,unclassified ,,dyers' ,,recipes3 ,to ,cleanse ,wool4--,make a hot bath composed of water1 #d parts2 and urine1 #a part2 enter the wool1 teasing and opening it out to admit the full action of the liquid4 ,after #bj minutes' immersion1 remove from the liquid and allow it to drain2 then rinse in clean running water1 and spread out to dry4 ,the liquid is good for subsequent operations1 only keep up the proportions1 and use no soap4 ,to ,extract ,oil ,spots from ,finished ,goods4--,saturate the spot with benzine2 then place two pieces of very soft blotting paper under and two upon it1 press well with a hot iron1 and the grease will be absorbed4 ,new ,mordant for ,aniline ,colors4--,immerse the goods for some hours in a bath of cold water in which chloride or acetate of zinc has been dissolved until the solution shows #b ,b4 ,for the wool the #bgd mordanting bath should be at a boiling heat1 and the goods should also be placed in a warm bath of tannin1 #ij ,f41 for half an hour4 ,in dyeing1 a hot solution of the color must be used to which should be added1 in the case of the cotton1 some chloride of zinc1 and1 in the case of the wool1 a certain amount of tannin solution4 ,to ,render ,aniline ,colors ,soluble in ,water4--,a solution of gelatin in acetic acid of almost the consistence of syrups is first made1 and the aniline in fine is gradually added1 stirring all the time so as to make a homogeneous paste4 ,the mixture is then to be heated over a water bath to the temperature of boiling water and kept at that heat for some time4 ,limewater for ,dyers' ,use4--,put some lime1 #a pound1 and strong limewater1 #a #a_/b pounds1 into a pail of water2 rummage well for #g or #h minutes4 ,then let it rest until the lime is precipitated and the water clear2 add this quantity to a tubful of clear water4 ,to ,renew ,old ,silks4--,unravel and put them in a tub1 cover with cold water1 and let them remain #a hour4 ,dip them up and down1 but do not wring2 hang up to drain1 and iron while very damp4 ,fuller's ,purifier for ,cloths4--,dry1 pulverize1 and sift the following ingredients3 ,fuller's earth1 #f pounds2 ,french chalk1 #d ounces2 pipe clay1 #a pound4 ,make into a paste with rectified oil of turpentine1 #a ounce2 alcohol1 #b ounces2 melted oil soap1 #a #a_/b pounds4 ,compound the mixture into cakes of any desired size1 keeping them in water1 or small wooden boxes4 ,to ,fix ,dyes4--,dissolve #bj ounces of gelatin in water1 and add #c ounces of bichromate of potash4 ,this is done in a dark room4 ,the coloring matter is then added and the goods submitted thereto1 after which they are exposed to the action of light4 ,the pigment thus becomes insoluble in water and the color is fast4 ,,dyes ,,and ,,dyestuffs4 ,prominent among natural dyestuffs is the coloring matter obtained from logwood and known as 8hmatein40 ,the color-forming substance 7or chromogen71 hmatoxylin1 exists in the logwood partly free and partly as a glucoside4 ,when pure1 hmatoxylin forms nearly colorless crystals1 but on oxidation1 especially in the presence of an alkali1 it is converted into the coloring matter hmatein1 which forms colored lakes with metallic bases1 yielding violets1 blues1 and blacks with various mordants4 ,logwood comes into commerce in the form of logs1 chips1 and extracts4 ,the chips are moistened with water and exposed in heaps so as to induce fermentation1 alkalies and oxidizing agents being added to promote the 8curing0 or oxidation4 ,when complete and the chips have assumed a deep reddish-brown color1 the decoction is made which is employed in dyeing4 ,the extract offers convenience in transportation1 storage1 and use4 ,it is now usually made from logwood chips that have not been cured4 ,the chips are treated in an extractor1 pressure often being used4 ,the extract is sometimes adulterated with chestnut1 hemlock1 and quercitron extracts1 and with glucose or molasses4 ,fustic is the heart-wood of certain species of trees indigenous to the ,west ,indies and tropical ,south ,america4 ,it is sold as chips and extract1 yields a coloring principle which forms lemon-yellow lakes with alumina and is chiefly used in dyeing wool4 ,young fustic is the heart-wood of a sumac native to the shores of the ,mediterranean1 which yields an orange-colored lake with alumina and tin salts4 ,cutch1 or catechu1 is obtained from the wood and pods of the ,acacia catechu1 and from the betel nut1 both native in ,india4 ,cutch appears in commerce in dark-brown lumps1 which form a dark-brown solution with water4 ,it contains catechu-tannic acid1 as tannin and catechin1 and is extensively used in weighting black silks1 as a mordant for certain basic coal-tar dyes1 as a brown dye on cotton1 and for calico printing4 ,indigo1 which is obtained from the glucoside indican existing in the indigo plant and in woad1 is one of the oldest dyestuffs4 ,it is obtained from the plant by a process of fermentation and oxidation4 ,indigo appears in commerce in dark-blue cubical cakes1 varying very much in composition as they often contain indigo red and indigo brown1 besides moisture1 mineral matters1 and glutinous substances4 ,consequently the color varies4 ,powdered indigo dissolves in concentrated fuming sulphuric acid1 forming monosulphonic and disulphonic acids4 ,on neutralizing these solutions with sodium carbonate and precipitating the indigo carmine with common salt there is obtained the indigo extract1 soluble indigo1 and indigo carmine of commerce4 ,true indigo carmine is the sodium salt of the disulphonic acid1 and when sold dry it is called 8indigotine40 ,one of the most important of the recent #bge achievements of chemistry is the synthetic production of indigo on a commercial scale4 ,artificial dyestuffs assumed preponderating importance with the discovery of the lilac color mauve by ,perkin in #ahef1 and fuchsine or magenta by ,verguin in #ahie1 for with each succeeding year other colors have been discovered1 until at the present time there are several thousand artificial organic dyes or colors on the market4 ,since the first of these were prepared from aniline or its derivatives the colors were known as 8aniline dyes10 but as a large number are now prepared from other constituents of coal tar than aniline they are better called 8coal-tar dyestuffs40 ,there are many schemes of classification4 ,benedikt-,knecht divides them into ,i1 aniline or amine dyes2 ,,ii1 phenol dyes2 ,,iii1 azo dyes2 ,,iv1 quinoline and acridine derivatives2 ,v1 anthracene dyes2 and ,,vi1 artificial indigo4 ,of the anthracene dyes1 the alizarine is the most important1 since this is the coloring principle of the madder4 ,the synthesis of alizarine from anthracene was effected by ,grabe and ,liebermann in #ahfh4 ,this discovery produced a complete revolution in calico printing1 turkey-red dyeing1 and in the manufacture of madder preparations4 ,madder finds to-day only a very limited application in the dyeing of wool4 ,in textile dyeing and printing1 substances called mordants are largely used1 either to fix or to develop the color on the fiber4 ,substances of mineral origin1 such as salts of aluminum1 chromium1 iron1 copper1 antimony1 and tin1 principally1 and many others to a less extent and of organic origin1 like acetic1 oxalic1 citric1 tartaric1 and lactic acid1 sulphonated oils1 and tannins are employed as mordants4 ,iron liquor1 known as black liquor or pyrolignite of iron1 is made by dissolving scrap iron in pyroligneous acid4 ,it is used as a mordant in dyeing silks and cotton and in calico printing4 ,red liquor is a solution of aluminum acetate in acetic acid1 and is produced by acting on calcium or lead acetate solutions with aluminum sulphate or the double alums1 the supernatant liquid forming the red liquor4 ,the red liquor of the trade is often the sulpho-acetate of alumina resulting when the quantity of calcium or lead acetate is insufficient to completely decompose the aluminum salt4 ,ordinarily the solutions have a dark-brown color and a strong pyroligneous odor4 ,it is called red liquor because it was first used in dyeing reds4 ,it is employed as a mordant by the cotton dyer and largely by the printer4 ,non-,poisonous ,textile and ,egg ,dyes for ,household ,use4--,the preparation of non-poisonous colors for dyeing fabrics and eggs at home constitutes a separate department in the manufacture of dyestuffs4 ,certain classes of aniline dyes may be properly said to form the materials4 ,the essence of this color preparation consists chiefly in diluting or weakening the coal-tar dyes1 made in the aniline factories1 and bringing them down to a certain desired shade by the addition of certain chemicals suited to their varying characteristics1 which1 though weakening the color1 act at the same time as the so-called mordants4 ,the anilines are divided with reference to their characteristic reactions into groups of basic1 acid1 moderately acid1 as well as dyes that are insoluble in water4 ,in cases where combinations of one or more colors are needed1 only dyes of similar reaction can be combined1 that is1 basic with basic1 and acid with acid4 ,for the purpose of reducing the original intensity of the colors1 and also as mordants1 dextrin1 ,glauber's salt1 alum1 or aluminum sulphate is pressed into service4 ,where ,glauber's salt is used1 the neutral salt is exclusively employed1 which can be had cheaply and in immense quantities in the chemical industry4 ,since it is customary to pack the color mixtures in two paper boxes1 one stuck into the other1 and moreover since certain coal-tar dyes are only used in large crystals1 it is only reasonable that the mordants should be calcined and not put up in the shape of crystallized salts1 particularly since these latter are prone to absorb the moisture from the air1 and when thus wet likely to form a compact mass very difficult to dissolve4 ,this inconvenience often occurs with the large crystals of fuchsine and methyl violet4 ,because these two colors are mostly used in combination with dextrin to color eggs1 and since dextrin is also very hygroscopic1 it is better in these individual cases to employ calcined ,glauber's salt4 ,in the manufacture of egg colors the alkaline coloring coal-tar dyes are mostly used1 and they are to be found in a great variety of shades4 ,of the non-poisonous egg dyes1 there are some ten or a dozen numbers1 new red1 carmine1 scarlet1 pink1 violet1 blue1 yellow1 orange1 green1 brown1 black1 heliotrope1 etc41 which when mixed will #bgf enable the operator to form shades almost without number4 ,the manufacture of the egg dyes as carried on in the factory consists in a mechanical mixing of basic coal-tar dyestuffs1 also some direct coloring benzidine dyestuffs1 with dextrin in the ratio of about #a part of aniline dye to #h parts of dextrin2 under certain circumstances1 according to the concentrated state of the dyes1 the reducing quantity of the dextrin may be greatly increased4 ,as reducing agents for these colors insoluble substances may also be employed4 ,a part also of the egg dyes are treated with the neutral sulphate2 for instance1 light brilliant green1 because of its rubbing off1 is made with dextrin and ,glauber's salt in the proportion of #a3c3c4 ,for the dyeing of eggs such color mixtures are preferably employed as contain along with the dye proper a fixing agent 7dextrin7 as well as a medium for the superficial mordanting of the eggshell4 ,the colors will then be very brilliant4 ,here are some recipes3 ,parts ,color ,dyestuff by ,cit4 ,dextrin ,weight ,acid ,blue ,marine blue ,b4 ,n4 #c4e #ce4j #fj4j ,brown ,vesuvin ,s4 #cj4j #cg4e #cj4j ,green ,brilliant green ,o4 #ac4e #ah4j #fg4e ,orange ,orange ,,ii4 #i4j #ah4j #ge4j ,red ,diamond fuchsine ,i4 #c4e #ah4j #ge4j ,pink ,eosin ,a4 #d4e -- #ij4j ,violet ,methyl violet #f ,b4 #c4f #ah4j #ge4j ,yellow ,naphthol yellow ,s4 #ac4e #cf4j #fg4e ,very little of these mixtures suffices for dyeing five eggs4 ,the coloring matter is dissolved in #fjj parts by weight of boiling water1 while the eggs to be dyed are boiled hard1 whereupon they are placed in the dye solution until they seem sufficiently colored4 ,the dyes should be put up in waxed paper4 ,fast ,stamping ,color4--,rub up separately1 #bj parts of cupric sulphate and #bj parts of anilic hydrochlorate1 then mix carefully together1 after adding #aj parts of dextrin4 ,the mixture is next ground with #e parts of glycerine and sufficient water until a thick1 uniform1 paste-like mass results1 adapted for use by means of stencil and bristle-brush4 ,aniline black is formed thereby in and upon the fiber1 which is not destroyed by boiling4 ,new ,mordanting ,process4--,the ordinary method of mordanting wool with a bichromate and a reducing agent always makes the fiber more or less tender1 and ,amend proposed to substitute the use of a solution of chromic acid containing #a to #b per cent of the weight of the wool1 at a temperature not exceeding #adh ,f41 and to treat it afterwards with a solution of sodium bisulphite4 ,according to a recent ,french patent1 better results are obtained with neutral or slightly basic chromium sulphocyanide4 ,this salt1 if neutral or only slightly basic1 will mordant wool at #adh ,f4 ,the double sulphocyanide of chromium and ammonium1 got by dissolving chromic oxide in ammonium sulphocyanide1 can also be used4 ,nevertheless1 in order to precipitate chromium chromate on the fiber1 it is advisable to have a soluble chromate and a nitrate present1 as well as a soluble copper salt and a free acid4 ,one example of the process is as follows3 ,make the bath with #b to #c per cent of ammonio-chromium sulphocyanide1 one-half of #a per cent sodium bichromate1 one-third of #a per cent sodium nitrite1 one-third of #a per cent sulphate of copper1 and #a4e per cent sulphuric acid--percentages based on the weight of the wool4 ,enter cold and slowly heat to about #adj to #aej ,f4 ,then work for half an hour1 lift and rinse4 ,the bath does not exhaust and can be reinforced and used again4 ,process for ,dyeing in ,khaki ,colors4--,bichromate of potash or of soda1 chloride of manganese1 and a solution of acetate of soda or formiate of soda 7#ae ,b47 are dissolved successively in equal quantities4 ,the solution thus composed of these three salts is afterwards diluted at will1 according to the color desired1 constituting a range from a dark brown to a light olive green shade4 ,the proportions of the three salts may be increased or diminished1 in order to obtain shades more or less bister4 ,cotton freed from its impurities by the usual methods1 then fulled as ordinarily1 is immersed in the bath4 ,after a period1 varying according to the results desired1 the cotton1 threads1 or fabrics of cotton1 are washed thoroughly and plunged1 still wet1 into an alkaline solution1 of which the concentration ought never to be less than #ad ,b4 ,this degree of concentration is necessary to take hold of the fiber when the cotton comes in contact with the alkaline bath1 and by the contraction which takes place the oxides of chrome and of manganese remain fixed in the fibers4 ,this second operation is followed by washing in plenty of water1 and then the cotton is dried in the open air4 ,if the color is judged to be too pale1 the threads or fabrics are immersed again in the initial bath1 left the necessary time for obtaining the desired shade1 and then #bgg washed1 but without passing them through an alkaline bath4 ,this process furnishes a series of khaki colors1 solid to light1 to fulling and to chlorine4 ,,lakes3 ,scarlet ,lake4--,in a vat holding #abj gallons provided with good agitating apparatus1 dissolve #h pounds potash alum in #aj gallons hot water and add #ej gallons cold water4 ,prepare a solution of #b pounds ammonia soda and add slowly to the alum solution1 stirring all the time4 ,in a second vessel dissolve #e pounds of brilliant scarlet aniline1 by first making it into a paste with cold water and afterwards pouring boiling water over it2 now let out steam into the vat until a temperature of #aej to #afe ,f4 is obtained4 ,next dissolve #aj pounds barium chloride in #aj gallons hot water in a separate vessel1 add this very slowly1 stir at least #c hours1 keeping up temperature to the same figures4 ,fill up vat with cold water and leave the preparation for the night4 ,next morning the liquor 7which should be of a bright red color7 is drawn off1 and cold water again added4 ,wash by decantation #c times1 filter1 press gently1 and make into pulp4 ,it is very important to precipitate the aluminum cold1 and heat up before adding the dyestuff4 ,the chemicals used for precipitating must be added very slowly and while constantly stirring4 ,the quantity used for the three washings is required each time to be double the quantity originally used4 ,i4--,madder ,lakes4--,prepare from the root #a pound best madder1 alum water 7#a pound alum with #a #a_/b gallons of water71 saturated solution of carbonate of potash 7#c_/d pound carbonate of potash to #a_/b gallon of water74 ,the madder root is inclosed in a linen bag of fine texture1 and bruised with a pestle in a large mortar with #b gallons of water 7free from lime7 added in small quantities at a time1 until all the coloring matter is extracted4 ,make this liquor boil1 and gradually pour into the boiling water solution4 ,add the carbonate of potash solution gradually1 stirring all the time4 ,let the mixture stand for #ab hours and drop and dry as required4 ,,ii4--,garancine ,process4--,this is the method usually employed in preference to that from the root4 ,garancine is prepared by steeping madder root in sulphate of soda and washing4 ,garancine #b pounds ,alum 7dissolved in a little water7 #b pounds ,chloride of tin #a_/b ounce ,sufficient carbonate of potash or soda to precipitate the alum4 ,boil the garancine in #d gallons of pure water2 add the alum1 and continue boiling from #a to #b hours4 ,allow the product to partially settle and filter through flannel before cooling4 ,add to the filtrate the chloride of tin1 and sufficient of the potash or soda solution to precipitate the alum2 filter through flannel and wash well4 ,the first filtrate may be used for lake of an inferior quality1 and the garancine originally employed may also be treated as above1 when a lake slightly inferior to the first may be obtained4 ,maroon ,lake4--,take of a mixture made of3 #b_/c ,sapan wood1 #a_/c ,lima wood #ef parts ,soda crystals #db parts ,alum #ef parts ,extract the color from the woods as for rose pink1 and next boil the soda and alum together and add to the woods solution cold4 ,this must be washed clean before adding to the wood liquor4 ,carnation ,lake4-- ,water #db gallons ,cochineal #ab pounds ,salts of tartar #a #a_/b pounds ,potash alum #c_/d pound ,nitrous acid1 nitromuriate of tin #dd pounds ,muriatic acid1 nitromuriate of tin #fj pounds ,pure block tin1 nitromuriate of tin #bb pounds ,should give specific gravity #a4caj4 ,boil the water with close steam1 taking care that no iron touches it2 add the cochineal and boil for not more than five minutes2 then turn off the steam and add salts of tartar and afterwards carefully add the alum4 ,if it should not rise1 put on steam until it does1 pass through a #abj-mesh sieve into a settling vat1 and let it stand for #dh hours 7not for precipitation74 ,add gradually nitromuriate of tin until the test on blotting paper 7given below7 shows that the separation is complete4 ,draw off clear water after it has settled1 and filter4 ,to test1 rub a little of the paste on blotting paper1 then dry on steam chest or on the hand1 and if on bending it cracks1 too much tin has been used4 ,to ,test the ,color to ,see if it is ,precipitating4--,put a drop of color on white blotting paper1 and if the color spreads1 it is not precipitating4 ,if there is a #bgh colorless ring around the spot of color it shows that precipitation is taking place2 if the white ring is too strong1 too much has been used4 ,,black ,,lakes ,,for ,,wall-,,paper ,,manufacture3 ,bluish-,black ,lake4--,boil well #bbj parts of ,domingo logwood in #a1jjj parts of water to which #b parts of ammonia soda have been added2 to the boiling logwood add next #be parts of green vitriol and then #c4e parts of sodium bichromate4 ,the precipitated logwood lake is washed out well twice and then filtered4 ,black ,lake ,,ai4--,logwood extract1 ,sanford1 #abj parts2 green vitriol1 #cj parts2 acetic acid1 #g ,b41 #aj parts2 sodium bichromate1 #af parts2 powdered alum1 #bj parts4 ,the logwood extract is first dissolved in boiling water and brought to #be ,b4 by the addition of cold water4 ,then the remaining ingredients are added in rotation1 the salts in substance1 finely powdered1 with constant stirring4 ,after the precipitation1 wash twice and filter4 ,aniline ,black ,lake4--,in the precipitating vat filled with #bjj parts of cold water enter with constant stirring in the order mentioned the following solutions kept in readiness3 ,forty parts of alum dissolved in #hjj parts of water2 #aj parts of calcined soda dissolved in #ajj parts of water2 #cj parts of azo black dissolved in #a1ejj parts of water2 #j4f parts of 8brilliant green0 dissolved in #ajj parts of water2 #j4bd parts of new fuchsine dissolved in #fj parts of water2 #fe parts of barium chloride dissolved in #a1bej parts of water4 ,allow to settle for #bd hours1 wash the lake three times and filter it4 ,carmine ,lake for ,wall ,paper and ,colored ,papers4--,ammonia soda 7#ih per cent71 #eg4e parts by weight2 spirits 7#if per cent71 #dj parts by weight2 corallin 7dark71 #aj parts by weight2 corallin 7pale71 #e parts by weight2 spirit of sal ammoniac 7#af ,b471 #h parts by weight2 sodium phosphate1 #cj parts by weight2 stannic chloride1 #e parts by weight2 barium chloride1 #ge parts by weight4 ,dissolve the corallin in the spirit1 and filter the solution carefully into eight bottles1 each containing #a part of the above quantity of spirit of sal ammoniac1 and let stand4 ,the soda should meanwhile be dissolved in hot water and the solution run into the stirring vat1 in which there is cold water to the height of #ag inches4 ,add the sodium phosphate1 which has been dissolved in a copper vessel1 then the corallin solution1 and next the stannic chloride diluted with #c pailfuls of cold water4 ,lastly the barium chloride solution is added4 ,the day previous barium chloride is dissolved in a cask in as little boiling water as possible1 and the receptacle is filled entirely with cold water4 ,on the day following1 allow the same to run in slowly during a period of three-fourths of an hour1 stir till evening1 allow to settle for #b days1 draw off and filter4 ,english ,pink4-- ,quercitron bark #bjj parts ,lime #aj parts ,alum #aj parts ,terra alba #cjj parts ,whiting #bjj parts ,sugar of lead #g parts ,put the bark into a tub1 slake lime in another tub1 and add the clear limewater to wash the bark2 repeat this #c times1 letting the bark stand in each water #bd hours4 ,run liquor into the tub below and add the terra alba and whiting2 wash well in the top tub and run into liquor below through a hair sieve1 stirring well4 ,dissolve the sugar of lead in warm water and pour gently into the tub1 stirring all the time2 then dissolve the alum and run in while stirring2 press slightly1 drop1 and dry as required4 ,dutch ,pink4-- ,i4--,quercitron bark #bjj parts ,lime #bj parts ,alum #bj parts ,whiting #ajj parts ,terra alba #bjj parts ,white sugar of lead #aj parts ,,ii4--,quercitron bark #cjj parts ,lime #aj parts ,alum #aj parts ,terra alba #djj parts ,whiting #ajj parts ,sugar of lead #g parts ,put the bark into a tub with cold water1 slake #bh pounds of lime1 and add the limewater to the bark4 7,this draws all the color out of the wood47 ,dissolve alum in water and run it into bark liquor4 ,the alum solution must be just warm4 ,dissolve sugar of lead and add it to above1 and afterwards add the terra alba and whiting4 ,the product should now be in a pulp1 and must be dropped and dried as required4 ,rose ,pink4--,i4--,light4 ,sapan wood #ajj parts ,lima #ajj parts ,paris white #bjj parts ,alum #baj parts #bgi ,,ii4--,deep4 ,sapan wood #cjj parts ,lima #cjj parts ,terra alba #djj parts ,paris white #abj parts ,lime #ab parts ,alum #bjj parts ,,iii4--,sapan wood #bjj parts ,alum #ajd parts ,whiting #abd parts ,boil the woods together in #d waters and let the products stand until cold2 wash in the whiting and terra alba through a hair sieve1 and afterwards run in the alum4 ,if a deep color is required slake #ab pounds lime and run it in at the last through a hair sieve4 ,let the alum be just warm or it will show in the pink4 ,,dyes1 ,,colors1 ,,etc41 ,,for ,,textile ,,goods3 ,aniline ,black4--,this black is produced by carefully oxidizing aniline hydrochloride4 ,the exact stage of oxidation must be carefully regulated or the product will be a different body 7quinone74 ,there are several suitable oxidizing agents1 such as chromic acid1 potassic bichromate1 ferrocyanide of potassium1 etc41 but one of the easiest to manipulate is potassic chlorate1 which by reacting on copper sulphate produces potassic sulphate and copper chlorate4 ,this is easily decomposed1 its solution giving off gases at #fj ,f4 which consist essentially of chloride anhydrate4 ,but one of the most useful agents for the production of aniline black is vanadate of ammonia1 #a part of which will do the work of #d1jjj parts of copper4 ,many other salts besides copper may be used for producing aniline black1 but the following method is one of the best to follow in making this dye3 ,aniline hydrochloride #dj parts ,potassic chlorate #bj parts ,copper sulphate #dj parts ,chloride of ammonia 7sal ammoniac7 #af parts ,warm water at #fj ,f #ejj parts ,after warming a few minutes the mass froths up4 ,the vapor should not be inhaled4 ,then set aside1 and if the mass is not totally black in a few hours1 again heat to #fj ,f41 and expose to the air for a few days1 and finally wash away all the soluble salts and the black is fit for use4 ,aniline ,black ,substitutes4--,i4--,make a solution of ,aniline 7fluid measure7 #cj parts ,toluidine 7by weight7 #aj parts ,pure hydrochloric acid1 ,b4 ,p4 7fluid measure7 #fj parts ,soluble gum arabic 7fluid measure7 #fj parts ,dissolve the toluidine in the aniline and add the acid1 and finally the mucilage4 ,,ii4--,mix together at gentle heat3 ,starch paste #ac quarts ,potassic chlorate #cej scruples ,sulphate of copper #cjj scruples ,sal ammoniac #cjj scruples ,aniline hydrochloride #hjj scruples ,add #e per cent of alizarine oil1 and then steep it for #b hours in the dye bath of red liquor of #b #a_/b ,tw4 ,dye in a bath made up of #a_/b ounce of rose bengal and #a #a_/b ounces of red liquor to every #gj ounces of cotton fabric dyed1 first entering the fabric at #aab ,f41 and raising it to #adj ,f41 working for #a hour1 or until the desirable shade is obtained2 then rinse and dry4 ,blush ,pink on ,cotton ,textile4--,rose bengal or fast pink will give this shade4 ,the mordant to use is a #e per cent solution of stannate of soda and another #e per cent solution of alum4 ,dissolve in a vessel 7a7 #h #a_/b parts of chloride of copper in #cj parts of water1 and then add #aj parts chloride of sodium and #i #a_/b parts liquid ammonia4 ,in a second vessel dissolve 7b7 #cj parts aniline hydrochlorate in #bj parts of water1 and add #bj parts of a solution of gum arabic prepared by dissolving #a part of gum in #b parts of water4 ,finally mix #a part of a with #d parts of b2 expose the mixture to the air for a few days to develop from a greenish to a black color4 ,dilute for use1 or else dry the thick compound to a powder4 ,if new liquor is used as the mordant1 mix #a part of this with #d parts of water1 and after working the fabric for #a to #b hours in the cold liquor1 wring or squeeze it out and dry2 before working it in the dye liquor1 thoroughly wet the fabric by rinsing it in hot water at a spring boil2 then cool by washing in the dye bath until the shade desired is attained1 and again rinse and dry4 ,the red liquor or acetate of aluminum may be made by dissolving #ac ounces of alum in #fi ounces of water and mixing this with a solution made by dissolving #g #a_/b ounces of acetate of lime1 also dissolved in #fi ounces of water4 ,stir well1 allow it to settle1 and filter or decanter #bhj off the clear fluid for use1 and use this mixture #b #a_/b ,tw4 ,the fabric is first put into the stannate of soda mordant for a few minutes1 then wrung out and put into the alum mordant for about the same time2 then it is again wrung out and entered in the dye bath at #abj ,f4 and dyed to shade desired1 and afterwards rinsed in cold water and dried4 ,the dye bath is made of #a_/d ounce of rose bengal per gallon of water4 ,if fast pink is the dye used1 the mordant used would be ,turkey red oil and red liquor4 ,use #h ounces of ,turkey red oil per gallon of water4 ,put the fabric into this1 then wring out the textile and work in red liquor of #g ,tw4 for about #b hours1 then wring out and dye in a separate bath made up of eosine1 or fast pink1 in water in which a little alum has been dissolved4 ,to ,dye ,woolen ,yarns1 etc41 ,various ,shades of ,magenta4--,to prepare the dye bath dissolve #a pound of roseine in #ae gallons of water4 ,for a concentrated solution use only #aj gallons of water1 while if a very much concentrated color is needed1 dissolve the dye in methylated spirit of wine1 and dilute this spirituous tincture with an equal quantity of water4 ,no mordant is required in using this color in dyeing woolen goods4 ,the dyeing operation consists simply in putting the goods into the dye bath at #aij ,f4 and working them therein until the desired shade is obtained1 then rinsing in cold water and drying4 ,if the water used in preparing the dye is at all alkaline1 make use of the acid roseine dissolved in water in which a little sulphuric acid has been mixed1 and work1 gradually raising to the boiling point1 and keep up the temperature for #cj minutes1 or according to the shade desired4 ,put about #bj per cent sulphate of soda into the dye bath4 ,maroon ,dye for ,woolens4--,to prepare the dye bath1 dissolve about #a pound of maroon dye in boiling water1 with or without the addition of methylated spirit of wine4 ,for dark shades dissolve in boiling water1 only slightly acidulated with hydrochloric acid1 and filter before use4 ,no mordant is required with this dye when dyeing wool1 but for the bright shade a little curd soap may be dissolved in the dye bath before proceeding to dye the wool1 while for the dark shade it is best to put in a little acetate of soda4 ,to use the dye1 first dye in a weak bath and gradually strengthen it until the desired shade is obtained1 at the same time gradually increasing the temperature until just below the boiling point4 ,to ,dye ,woolens with ,blue de ,lyons4--,dissolve #h ounces of blue dye in #a gallon of methylated spirit1 which has been slightly soured with sulphuric acid1 and boil the solution over a water bath until it is perfectly clear4 ,to prepare the dye bath1 add more or less of the spirituous tincture to a #aj- or #ae-;gallon dye bath of water1 which has been slightly soured with sulphuric acid4 ,rich ,orange on ,woolen4--,dissolve #a pound of phosphine in #ae gallons of boiling water1 and stir the fluid until the acid has dissolved4 ,no mordant is required to dye wool4 ,first work the goods about in a weak solution1 and finally in one of full strength1 to which a little acetate of soda has been added4 ,keep up the temperature to just below the boiling point while working the goods in the dye bath4 ,,dyeing ,,silk ,,or ,,cotton ,,fabrics ,,with ,,aniline ,,dyes3 ,aniline ,blue on ,cotton4--,prepare a dye bath by dissolving #a pound of aniline blue 7soluble in spirit7 in #aj gallons of water1 and set it aside to settle4 ,meanwhile prepare a mordant while boiling #ce ounces of sumac 7or #e #a_/b ounces tannic acid in #cj gallons of water7 and then dissolve therein #ag ounces of curd soap4 ,boil up and filter4 ,put the cotton goods in the hot liquid and let them remain therein for #ab hours4 ,then wring them out and make up a dye bath of #b #a_/b ,tw4 with red liquor4 ,add dye color according to the shade desired4 ,put in the goods and work them until the color is correct1 keeping the temperature at the boiling point4 ,to ,dye ,silk a ,delicate ,greenish ,yellow4--,dissolve #b ounces of citronine in #a gallon of methylated spirit and keep the solution hot over a water bath until perfectly clear4 ,to prepare silk fabrics1 wash them in a weak soap liquor that has been just sweetened 7i4 e41 its alkalinity turned to a slight sourness7 with a little sulphuric acid4 ,work the goods until dyed to shade1 and then rinse them in cold water that has been slightly acidulated with acetic1 tartaric1 or citric acid4 ,to ,dye ,cotton ,dark ,brown4--,prepare a mordant bath of #aj pounds of catechu1 #b pounds of logwood extract1 and #a_/d pound magenta 7roseine71 and bring to a boil2 work the goods therein for #c hours at that temperature2 then put #bha into a fresh dye bath made up of #c pounds of bichromate of potash and #b pounds of sal soda1 and dye to shade4 ,these proportions are for a dye bath to dye #ajj pounds of cotton goods at a time4 ,to ,dye ,silk ,peacock ,blue4--,make up a dye bath by putting #a pint of sulphuric acid at #agj ,tw41 and #aj ounces of methylin blue crystal dye liquor of #abj to #afj ,tw41 with a dye bath that will hold #hj pounds of goods4 ,put in the silk at #acj ,f41 and raise to #adj ,f41 and work up to shade required4 ,to ,dye ,felt ,goods4--,owing to this material being composed of animal and vegetable fiber it is not an easy matter always to produce evenness of shade4 ,the best process to insure success is to steep well the felt in an acid bath of from #f to #ab ,b41 and then wash away all traces of acid4 ,some dyers make the fulling stock the medium of conveying the dye1 while others partially dye before fulling1 or else dye after that process4 ,the fulling stock for #gb ounces of beaver consists of a mixture of ,black lead or plumbago #af ounces ,venetian red #dh ounces ,indigo extract 7fluid7 #e ounces ,ordinary ,drab4-- ,common plumbago #ab ounces ,best plumbago #ab ounces ,archil extract 7fluid7 #ae ounces ,indigo extract #aj ounces ,mix into fluid paste with water and add sulphuric acid at #cj ,tw4 ,for the dye liquor make a boiling-hot solution of the aniline dye and allow it to cool2 then put into an earthenware vessel holding water and heat to #hc ,f41 and add sufficient dye liquor to give the quantity of felt the desired shade4 ,first moisten well the felted matter 7or the hair1 if dyed before felting7 with water1 and then work it about in the above dye bath at #adj ,f4 ,to deepen the shade1 add more dye liquor1 lifting out the material to be dyed before adding the fresh dye liquor1 so that it can be well stirred up and thoroughly mixed with the exhausted bath4 ,brown ,shades4--,bismarck brown will give good results1 particularly if the dyed goods are afterwards steeped or passed through a weak solution 7pale straw color7 of bichromate of potash4 ,this will give a substantial look to the color4 ,any of the aniline colors suitable for cotton or wool1 or those suited for mixed cotton and wool goods may be used4 ,blue4--,use either ,china blue1 dense ferry blue1 or serge blue1 first making the material acid before dyeing4 ,green4--,use brilliant green and have the material neutral1 i4 e41 neither acid nor alkali2 or else steep in a bath of sumac before dyeing4 ,plum ,color4--,use maroon 7neutral or acid7 and work in an acid bath or else sumac4 ,black4--,use negrosin in an acid bath1 or else mordant in two salts and dye slightly acid4 ,soluble ,blue1 ,ball ,blue1 etc4--,a soluble blue has for many years been readily obtainable in commerce which is similar in appearance to ,prussian blue1 but1 unlike the latter1 is freely soluble in water4 ,this blue is said to be potassium ferri-ferrocyanide4 ,to prepare instead of buying it ready made1 gradually add to a boiling solution of potassium ferricyanide 7red prussiate of potash7 an equivalent quantity of hot solution of ferrous sulphate1 boiling for #b hours and washing the precipitate on a filter until the washings assume a dark-blue color4 ,the moist precipitate can at once be dissolved by the further addition of a sufficient quantity of water4 ,about #fd parts of the iron salt is necessary to convert #ajj parts of the potassium salt into the blue compound4 ,if the blue is to be sent out in the liquid form1 it is desirable that the solution should be a perfect one4 ,to attain that end the water employed should be free from mineral substances1 and it is best to filter the solution through several thicknesses of fine cotton cloth before bottling2 or if made in large quantities this method may be modified by allowing it to stand some days to settle1 when the top portion can be siphoned off for use1 the bottom only requiring filtration4 ,the ball blue sold for laundry use consists of ultramarine4 ,balls or tablets of this substance are formed by mixing it with glucose or glucose and dextrin1 and pressing into shape4 ,when glucose alone is used1 the product has a tendency to become soft on keeping1 which tendency may be counteracted by a proper proportion of dextrin4 ,bicarbonate of sodium is added as a filler to cheapen the product1 the quantity used and the quality of the ultramarine employed being both regulated by the price at which the product is to sell4 ,new ,production of ,indigo4--,forty parts of a freshly prepared ammonium sulphide solution containing #aj per cent #bhb of hydrogen sulphide are made to flow quickly and with constant stirring into a heated solution of #bj parts of isatine anilide in #fj parts of alcohol4 ,with spontaneous heating and temporary green and blue coloration1 an immediate separation of indigo in small crystalline needles of a faint copper luster takes place4 ,boil for a short time1 whereupon the indigo is filtered off1 rewashed with alcohol1 and dried4 ,to ,dye ,feathers4--,a prerequisite to the dyeing of feathers appears to be softening them1 which is sometimes accomplished by soaking them in warm water1 and sometimes an alkali1 such as ammonium or sodium carbonate1 is added4 ,this latter method would apparently be preferable on account of the removal of any greasy matter that may be present4 ,when so prepared the feathers may be dyed by immersion in any dye liquor4 ,an old-time recipe for black is immersion in a bath of ferric nitrate suitably diluted with water1 and then in an infusion of equal parts of logwood and quercitron4 ,doubtless an aniline dye would prove equally efficient and would be less troublesome to use4 ,after dyeing1 feathers are dipped in an emulsion formed by agitating any bland fixed oil with water containing a little potassium carbonate1 and are then dried by gently swinging them in warm air4 ,this operation gives the gloss4 ,curling where required is effected by slightly warming the feathers before a fire1 and then stroking with a blunt metallic edge1 as the back of a knife4 ,a certain amount of manual dexterity is necessary to carry the whole process to a successful ending4 ,,dyes ,,for ,,food3 ,see ,foods4 ,,dyes ,,for ,,leather3 ,see ,leather4 ,,dye ,,stains1 ,,their ,,removal ,,from ,,the ,,skin3 ,see ,cleaning ,preparations and ,methods4 ,,dynamite3 ,see ,explosives4 ,,earthenware3 ,see ,ceramics4 ,,eau ,,de ,,quinine3 ,see ,hair ,preparations4 ,,ebony3 ,see ,wood4 ,,ebony ,,lacquer3 ,see ,lacquers4 ,,eczema ,,dusting ,,powder ,,for ,,children4 ,starch1 ,french chalk1 lycopodium1 of each1 #dj parts2 bismuth subnitrate1 #b parts2 salicylic acid1 #b parts2 menthol1 #a part4 ,apply freely to the affected parts4 ,eggs ,the age of eggs may be approximately judged by taking advantage of the fact that as they grow old their density decreases through evaporation of moisture4 ,according to ,siebel1 a new-laid egg placed in a vessel of brine made in the proportion of #b ounces of salt to #a pint of water1 will at once sink to the bottom4 ,an egg #a day old will sink below the surface1 but not to the bottom1 while one #c days old will swim just immersed in the liquid4 ,if more than #c days old the egg will float on the surface1 the amount of shell exposed increasing with age2 and if #b weeks old1 only a little of the shell will dip in the liquid4 ,the ,new ,york ,state ,experiment ,station studied the changes in the specific gravity of the eggs on keeping and found that on an average fresh eggs had a specific gravity of #a4jij2 after they were #aj days old1 of #a4jgb2 after #bj days1 of #a4jec2 and after #cj days1 of #a4jce4 ,the test was not continued further4 ,the changes in specific gravity correspond to the changes in water content4 ,when eggs are kept they continually lose water by evaporation through the pores in the shell4 ,after #aj days the average loss was found to be #a4fj per cent of the total water present in the egg when perfectly fresh2 after #bj days1 #c4af per cent2 and after #cj days1 #e per cent4 ,the average temperature of the room where the eggs were kept was #fc4h ,f4 ,the evaporation was found to increase somewhat with increased temperature4 ,none of the eggs used in the #cj-;day test spoiled4 ,fresh eggs are preserved in a number of ways which may1 for convenience1 be grouped under two general classes3 7#a7 ,use of low temperature1 i4 e41 cold storage2 and 7#b7 excluding the air by coating1 covering1 or immersing the eggs1 some material or solution being used which may or may not be a germicide4 ,the two methods are often combined4 ,the #bhc first method owes its value to the fact that microrganisms1 like larger forms of plant life1 will not grow below a certain temperature1 the necessary degree of cold varying with the species4 ,so far as experiment shows1 it is impossible to kill these minute plants1 popularly called 8bacteria0 or 8germs10 by any degree of cold2 and so1 very low temperature is unnecessary for preserving eggs1 even if it were not undesirable for other reasons1 such as injury by freezing and increased cost4 ,according to a report of the ,canadian commission of agriculture and dairying3 ,eggs are sometimes removed from the shells and stored in bulk1 usually on a commercial scale1 in cans containing about #ej pounds each4 ,the temperature recommended is about #cj ,f41 or a little below freezing1 and it is said they will keep any desired length of time4 ,they must be used soon after they have been removed from storage and have been thawed4 ,water glass or soluble glass is the popular name for potassium silicate1 or sodium silicate1 the commercial article often being a mixture of the two4 ,the commercial water glass is used for preserving eggs1 as it is much cheaper than the chemically pure article which is required for many scientific purposes4 ,water glass is commonly sold in two forms1 a syrup-thick liquid of about the consistency of molasses1 and a powder4 ,the thick syrup1 the form perhaps most usually seen1 is sometimes sold wholesale as low as #a #c_/d cents per pound in carboy lots4 ,the retail price varies1 though #aj cents per pound1 according to the ,north ,dakota ,experiment ,station1 seems to be the price commonly asked4 ,according to the results obtained at this station a solution of the desired strength for preserving eggs may be made by dissolving #a part of the syrup-thick water glass in #aj parts1 by measure1 of water4 ,if the water-glass powder is used1 less is required for a given quantity of water4 ,much of the water glass offered for sale is very alkaline4 ,such material should not be used1 as the eggs preserved in it will not keep well4 ,only pure water should be used in making the solution1 and it is best to boil it and cool it before mixing with the water glass4 ,the solution should be carefully poured over the eggs packed in a suitable vessel1 which must be clean and sweet1 and if wooden kegs or barrels are used they should be thoroughly scalded before packing the eggs in them4 ,the packed eggs should be stored in a cool place4 ,if they are placed where it is too warm1 silicate deposits on the shell and the eggs do not keep well4 ,the ,north ,dakota ,experiment ,station found it best not to wash the eggs before packing1 as this removes the natural mucilaginous coating on the outside of the shell4 ,the station states that #a gallon of the solution is sufficient for #ej dozen eggs if they are properly packed4 ,it is1 perhaps1 too much to expect that eggs packed in any way will be just as satisfactory for table use as the fresh article4 ,the opinion seems to be1 however1 that those preserved with water glass are superior to most of those preserved otherwise4 ,the shells of eggs preserved in water glass are apt to crack in boiling4 ,it is stated that this may be prevented by puncturing the blunt end of the egg with a pin before putting it into the water4 ,to ,discover the ,age of ,eggs4--,the most reliable method of arriving at the age of hens' eggs is that by specific gravity4 ,make a solution of cooking salt 7sodium chloride7 in rain or distilled water1 of about one part of salt to two parts of water1 and in this place the eggs to be tested4 ,a perfectly fresh egg 7of from #a to #cf hours old7 will sink completely1 lying horizontally on the bottom of the vessel2 when from two to three days old1 the egg also sinks1 but not to the bottom1 remaining just below the surface of the water1 with a slight tendency of the large end to rise4 ,in eggs of four or five days old this tendency of the large end to rise becomes more marked1 and it increases from day to day1 until at the end of the fifth day the long axis of the egg 7an imaginary line drawn through the center lengthwise7 will stand at an angle of #bj from the perpendicular4 ,this angle is increased daily1 until at the end of the eighth day it is at about #de2 on the fourteenth day it is #fj2 on the twenty-first day it is #ge1 while at the end of #d weeks the egg stands perfectly upright in the liquid1 the point or small end downward4 ,this action is based on the fact that the air cavity in the big end of the egg increases in size and capacity1 from day to day1 as the egg grows older4 ,an apparatus 7originally devised by a ,german poultry fancier7 based on this principle1 and by means of which the age of an egg maintained at ordinary temperature may be told approximately to within a day1 is made by placing a scale of degrees1 drawn from ,o to #ij 7the latter representing the perpendicular7 behind the vessel #bhd containing the solution1 and observing the angle made by the axis of the egg with the perpendicular line4 ,this gives the age of the egg with great accuracy4 ,weights of ,eggs4--,the following table shows the variation in weight between eggs of the same family of chickens and of the comparative value of the product of different kinds of fowls3 ,weight of ,whole ,eggs1 ,shell1 ,grains4 ,grains4 ,net4 ,common hen1 small #fce4fj #hd4hf #eej4ed ,common hen1 mean #gch4ce #ib4eh #fde4gg ,common hen1 large #hjb4cf #ic4be #gji4aa ,italian hen #hdj4jj #ib4ej #gdg4ej ,houdan #ief4fj #ic4ej #hec4aj ,la ,flesche #ibf4ej #id4be #hce4be ,brahma #a1jbe4ej #aad4hf #iaj4fd ,from this it will be seen that the ,houdans and ,brahmas are the most profitable producers1 as far as food value of the product is concerned--provided1 of course1 they are equally prolific with the ordinary fowl4 ,another calculation is the number of eggs to the pound1 of the various weights4 ,this is as follows3 ,small ordinary eggs 7#fce grains7 #ab4bj to pound ,large ordinary eggs 7#hjb grains7 #i4be to pound ,houdan eggs #h4j to pound ,brahma1 mean #g4d to pound ,brahma1 large #g4a to pound ,dried ,yolk of ,egg4--,to prepare this1 the yolks of eggs1 separated from the whites1 are thoroughly mixed with #a_/c their weight of water4 ,the resulting emulsion is strained and evaporated under reduced pressure at a temperature of #hg to #abb ,f41 to a paste4 ,the latter is further dried over quicklime or a similar absorbent of moisture1 at a temperature of #gg to #hf ,f41 and ground to a fine powder4 ,egg ,oil4-- ,yolks of eggs 7about #bej7 #e4j parts ,distilled water #j4c parts ,beat this together and heat the mass with constant stirring in a dish on the water bath until it thickens and a sample exhibits oil upon pressing between the fingers4 ,squeeze out between hot plates1 mix the turbid oil obtained with #j4je parts of dehydrated ,glauber's salt1 shake repeatedly1 and finally allow to settle4 ,the oil1 which must be decanted clear from the sediment1 gives a yield of at least #j4e parts of egg oil4 ,artificial ,egg ,oil4-- ,yellow beeswax #j4b parts ,cacao oil #j4e parts ,melt on the water bath and gradually add #i parts of olive oil4 ,egg ,powder4-- ,sodium bicarbonate #h ounces ,tartaric acid #c ounces ,cream tartar #e ounces ,turmeric1 powdered #c drachms ,ground rice #af ounces ,mix and pass through a fine sieve4 ,one teaspoonful to a dessertspoonful 7according to article to be made71 to be mixed with each half pound of flour4 ,the ,preservation of ,eggs4--,the spoiling of eggs is due to the entrance of air carrying germs through the shells4 ,normally the shell has a surface coating of mucilaginous matter1 which prevents for a time the entrance of these harmful organisms into the egg4 ,but if this coating is removed or softened by washing or otherwise the keeping quality of the egg is much reduced4 ,these facts explain why many methods of preservation have not been entirely successful1 and suggest that the methods employed should be based upon the idea of protecting and rendering more effective the natural coating of the shell1 so that air bearing the germs that cause decomposition may be completely excluded4 ,eggs are often packed in lime1 salt1 or other products1 or are put in cold storage for winter use1 but such eggs are very far from being perfect when they come upon the market4 ,german authorities declare that water glass more closely conforms to the requirements of a good preservative than any of the substances commonly employed4 ,a #aj per cent solution of water glass is said to preserve eggs so effectually that at the end of three and one-half months eggs still appeared to be perfectly fresh4 ,in most packed eggs the yolk settles to one side1 and the egg is then inferior in quality4 ,in eggs preserved in water glass the yolk retained its normal position in the egg1 and in taste they were not to be distinguished from fresh1 unpacked store eggs4 ,of twenty methods tested in ,germany1 the three which proved most effective were coating the eggs with vaseline1 preserving them in limewater1 and preserving them in water glass4 ,the conclusion was reached that the last is preferable1 because varnishing the eggs with vaseline takes considerable time1 and treating them with limewater is likely to give the eggs a limy flavor4 #bhe ,other methods follow3 ,i4--,eggs can be preserved for winter use by coating them1 when perfectly fresh1 with paraffine4 ,as the spores of fungi get into eggs almost as soon as they are laid1 it is necessary to rub every egg with chloroform or wrap it a few minutes in a chloroform soaked rag before dipping it into the melted paraffine4 ,if only a trace of the chloroform enters the shell the development of such germs as may have gained access to freshly laid eggs is prevented4 ,the paraffine coating excludes all future contamination from germ-laden air1 and with no fungi growing within1 they retain their freshness and natural taste4 ,,ii4--,preserving with ,lime4--,dissolve in each gallon of water #ab ounces of quicklime1 #f ounces of common salt1 #a drachm of soda1 #a_/b drachm saltpeter1 #a_/b drachm tartar1 and #a #a_/b drachms of borax4 ,the fluid is brought into a barrel and sufficient quicklime to cover the bottom is then poured in4 ,upon this is placed a layer of eggs1 quicklime is again thrown in and so on until the barrel is filled so that the liquor stands about #aj inches deep over the last layer of eggs4 ,the barrel is then covered with a cloth1 upon which is scattered some lime4 ,,iii4--,melt #d ounces of clear beeswax in a porcelain dish over a gentle fire1 and stir in #h ounces of olive oil4 ,let the solution of wax in oil cool somewhat1 then dip the fresh eggs one by one into it so as to coat every part of the shell4 ,a momentary dip is sufficient1 all excess of the mixture being wiped off with a cotton cloth4 ,the oil is absorbed in the shell1 the wax hermetically closing all the pores4 ,,iv4--,the ,reinhard method is said to cause such chemical changes in the surface of the eggshell that it is closed up perfectly air-tight and an admittance of air is entirely excluded1 even in case of long-continued storing4 ,the eggs are for a short time exposed to the direct action of sulphuric acid1 whereby the surface of the eggshell1 which consists chiefly of lime carbonate1 is transformed into lime sulphate4 ,the dense texture of the surface thus produced forms a complete protection against the access of the outside air1 which admits of storing the egg for a very long time1 without the contents of the egg suffering any disadvantageous changes regarding taste and odor4 ,the egg does not require any special treatment to prevent cracking on boiling1 etc4 ,some object to this on the ground that sulphuric acid is a dangerous poison1 that might1 on occasion1 penetrate the shell4 ,v4--,take about half a dozen eggs and place them in a netting 7not so many as would chill the water below the boiling point1 even for an instant71 into a boiling solution of boric acid1 withdraw immediately1 and pack4 ,or put up1 in oil1 carrying #b per cent or #c per cent of salicylic acid4 ,eggs treated in this way are said to taste1 after six months1 absolutely as fresh as they were when first put up4 ,the eggs should be as fresh as possible1 and should be thoroughly clean before dipping4 ,the philosophy of the process is that the dipping in boiling boric acid solution not only kills all bacteria existing on1 or in1 the shell and membrane1 but reinforces these latter by a very thin layer of coagulated albumen2 while the packing in salicylated oil prevents the admission of fresh germs from the atmosphere4 ,salicylic acid is objected to on the same grounds as sulphuric acid4 ,,vi4--,dissolve sodium silicate in boiling water1 to about the consistency of a syrup 7or about #a part of the silicate to #c parts water74 ,the eggs should be as fresh as possible1 and must be thoroughly clean4 ,they should be immersed in the solution in such manner that every part of each egg is covered with the liquid1 then removed and let dry4 ,if the solution is kept at or near the boiling temperature1 the preservative effect is said to be much more certain and to last longer4 ,,egg ,,chocolate3 ,see ,beverages4 ,,egg ,,dyes3 ,see ,dyes4 ,,egg ,,lemonade3 ,see ,beverages1 under ,lemonade4 ,,egg ,,phosphate3 ,see ,beverages4 ,,egg-,,stain ,,remover3 ,see ,cleaning ,preparations and ,methods4 ,,eggs1 ,,tests ,,for3 ,see ,foods4 ,,eikonogen ,,developer3 ,see ,photography4 ,,ektogan3 ,see ,antiseptics4 #bhf ,,elaine ,,substitute4 ,a substitute for elaine for woolen yarns is obtained by boiling #d pounds carrageen moss in #be gallons water for #c hours4 ,the soda is then put in and the boiling continued for another half hour2 #b pounds fleabane seeds are gradually added1 and a little water to make up for the evaporation4 ,after a further #a #a_/b hours boiling1 the extract is passed through a fine sieve and well mixed with #be pounds cottonseed oil1 #ab #a_/b pounds sweet oil1 and #ab #a_/b pounds ammonia solution of #j4if specific gravity4 ,next day stir in #be pounds saponified elaine and #ac pounds of odorless petroleum of #j4hhe specific gravity4 ,the resulting emulsion keeps well1 dissolves perfectly in lukewarm water1 and answers its purpose excellently4 ,,electrodeposition ,,processes3 ,see ,plating4 ,,electrolysis ,,in ,,boilers3 ,see ,boiler ,compounds4 ,electroplating and ,electrotyping 7,see also ,plating47 ,,process ,,of ,,electroplating4 ,first1 clean the articles to be plated4 ,to remove grease1 warm the pieces before a slow fire of charcoal or coke1 or in a dull red stove4 ,delicate or soldered articles should be boiled in a solution of caustic potash1 the latter being dissolved in #aj times its weight of water4 ,the scouring bath is composed of #ajj parts of water to from #e to #bj parts of sulphuric acid4 ,the articles may be put in hot and should be left in the bath till the surface turns to an ocher red tint4 ,the articles1 after having been cleansed of grease by the potash solution1 must be washed in water and rinsed before being scoured4 ,copper or glass tongs must then be used for moving the articles1 as they must not afterwards be handled4 ,for small pieces1 suitable earthenware or porcelain strainers may be used4 ,the next stage is the spent nitric acid bath4 ,this consists of nitric acid weakened by previous use4 ,the articles are left in until the red color disappears1 so that after rinsing they show a uniform metallic tint4 ,the rinsing should be thoroughly carried out4 ,having been well shaken and drained1 the articles are next subjected to the strong nitric acid bath1 which is made up as follows3 ,nitric acid of #cf ,b #ajj volumes ,chloride of sodium 7common salt7 #a volume ,calcined soot 7lampblack7 #a volume ,the articles must be immersed in this bath for only a few seconds4 ,avoid overheating or using too cold a bath4 ,they are next rinsed thoroughly with cold water and are again subjected to a strong nitric acid bath to give them a bright or dull appearance as required4 ,to produce a bright finish1 plunge them for a few seconds 7moving them about rapidly at the same time7 in a cold bath of the following composition3 ,nitric acid #ajj volumes ,sulphuric acid #ajj volumes ,chloride of sodium #a volume ,again rinse thoroughly in cold water4 ,the corresponding bath giving a dull or matt appearance is composed of3 ,nitric acid #bjj volumes ,sulphuric acid #ajj volumes ,sea salt #a volume ,sulphate of zinc #a to #e volumes ,the duration of immersion in this bath varies from #e to #bj minutes1 according to the dullness required4 ,wash with plenty of water4 ,the articles will then have an unpleasant appearance1 which will disappear on plunging them for a moment into the brightening bath and rinsing quickly4 ,the pieces are next treated with the nitrate of mercury bath for a few seconds4 ,plain water #aj1jjj parts ,nitrate of mercury #aj parts ,sulphuric acid #bj parts ,it is necessary to stir this bath before using it4 ,for large articles the proportion of mercury should be greater4 ,an article badly cleaned will come out in various shades and lacking its metallic brightness4 ,it is better to throw a spent bath away than attempt to strengthen it4 ,the various pieces1 after having passed through these several processes1 are then ready for the plating bath4 ,a few words on the subject of gilding may not be amiss4 ,small articles are gilded hot1 large ones cold4 ,the cold cyanide of gold and potassium bath is composed as follows3 ,distilled water #aj1jjj parts ,pure cyanide of potassium #bjj parts ,pure gold #ajj parts ,the gold1 transformed into chloride1 is dissolved in #b1jjj parts of water and #bhg the cyanide in #h1jjj parts4 ,the two solutions are then mixed and boiled for half an hour4 ,the anode must be entirely submerged in the bath1 suspended from platinum wires and withdrawn immediately the bath is out of action4 ,hot ,gold ,bath4--,zinc1 tin1 lead1 antimony and the alloys of these metals are better if previously covered with copper4 ,the following are the formulas for the other metals per #aj1jjj parts of distilled water3 ,crystallized phosphate of soda1 #fjj parts2 alloys rich in copper castings1 #ejj parts4 ,bisulphide of soda1 #ajj parts2 alloys rich in copper1 #abe parts4 ,pure cyanide of potassium1 #aj parts2 alloys rich in copper1 #e parts4 ,pure gold transformed into chloride1 #aj parts2 alloys rich in copper1 #aj parts4 ,dissolve the phosphate of soda hot in #h1jjj parts water1 let the chloride of gold cool in #a1jjj parts water2 mix little by little the second solution with the first2 dissolve the cyanide and bisulphide in #a1jjj parts water and mix this last solution with the other two4 ,the temperature of the bath may vary between #abb and #age ,f4 ,silvering4--,for amateurs a bath of #aj parts silver per #a1jjj is sufficient4 ,dissolve #aej parts nitrate of silver1 equivalent to #ajj parts pure silver1 in #aj1jjj parts of water and add #bej parts pure cyanide of potassium4 ,stir it up until completely dissolved1 and then filter the solution4 ,silvering is generally effected cold1 except in the case of small articles4 ,iron1 steel1 zinc1 lead1 and tin are better if previously copper-plated and then silvered hot4 ,the cleaned articles are first treated in a nitrate of mercury bath1 being kept continually in motion4 ,with excess of current the pieces become gray1 and blacken4 ,in the cold bath anodes of platinum or silver should be employed4 ,old baths are1 in this case1 preferable to new4 ,they may1 if required1 be artificially aged by the addition of #a or #b parts in #a1jjj of liquid ammonia4 ,if the anode blackens1 the bath is too weak4 ,if it becomes white1 there is too much current1 and the deposit1 being too rapid1 does not adhere4 ,the deposit may be taken as normal and regular when the anode becomes gray during the passage of the current and white again when it ceases to flow4 ,the nickel vat should be of glass1 porcelain1 or earthenware1 or a case lined with impermeable gum4 ,the best nickel bath is prepared by dissolving to saturation1 in hot distilled water1 nickel sulphate and ammonium1 free from oxides or alkalies and alkaline earthy metals4 ,the proportion of salt to dissolve is #a part1 by weight1 to #aj of water4 ,filter after cooling and the bath is then ready for use4 ,when the bath is ready and the battery set up1 the wires from the latter are joined by binding screws to two metal bars resting on the edge of the vat4 ,the bar joined to the positive pole of the battery supports1 through the intervention of a nickel-plated copper hook1 a plate of nickel1 constituting the soluble anode1 which restores to the bath the metal deposited on the cathode by the electrolytic action4 ,from the other bar are suspended the articles to be plated4 ,these latter should be well polished before being put into the bath4 ,to remove all grease1 scrub them with brushes soaked in a hot solution of whiting1 boiled in water and carbonate of soda4 ,copper and its alloys are cleaned well in a few seconds by immersion in a bath composed of #aj parts1 by weight1 of water1 and #a part of nitric acid4 ,for rough articles1 #b parts water1 #a nitric acid1 and #a sulphuric acid4 ,for steel and polished castings1 #ajj parts water to #a sulphuric acid4 ,the articles should remain in the bath until the whole surface is of a uniform gray tint4 ,they are then rubbed with powdered pumice stone till the solid metal appears4 ,iron and steel castings are left in the bath for three or four hours and then scrubbed with well-sifted sand4 ,if the current be too strong1 the nickel is deposited gray or even black4 ,an hour or so is time enough to render the coat sufficiently thick and in a condition to stand polishing4 ,when the articles are removed from the bath they are washed in water and dried in hot sawdust4 ,to polish the articles they should be taken in one hand and rubbed rapidly backward and forward on a strip of cloth soaked in polishing powder boiled in water1 the cloth being firmly fixed at one end and held in the other hand4 ,the hollow parts are polished by means of cloth pads of various sizes fixed on sticks4 ,these pads must be dipped in the polishing paste when using them4 ,the articles1 when well brightened1 are washed in water to get rid of the paste and the wool threads1 and finally dried in sawdust4 #bhh ,,some ,,notes ,,on ,,electrotyping1 ,,plating1 ,,and ,,gilding4 ,the first step in the process is the preparation of the mold4 ,the substance originally used for the construction of this was plaster of ,paris4 ,this substance is1 however1 porous and must be rendered impermeable4 ,the materials most commonly used of later years are stearine1 wax1 marine glue1 gelatin1 india rubber1 and fusible alloys4 ,with hollow molds it is a good plan to arrange an internal skeleton of platinum1 for ultimate connection with the anodes1 in order to secure a good electrical contact with all parts of the mold4 ,when covering several pieces at once1 it is as well to connect each of them with the negative pole by an iron or lead wire of suitable dimensions4 ,having prepared the molds in the usual way--by obtaining an impression in the material when soft1 and allowing it to set--they should be given a metallic coating on their active surfaces of pure powdered plumbago applied with a polishing brush4 ,for delicate and intricate objects1 the wet process is most suitable4 ,it consists in painting the object with two or more coats of nitrate of silver and ultimately reducing it by a solution of phosphorus in bisulphide of carbon4 ,the plating baths are prepared as follows3 ,a quantity of water is put in a jar and to it is added from #h to #aj parts in #ajj of sulphuric acid1 in small quantities1 stirring continually in order to dissipate the heat generated by the admixture of acid and water4 ,sulphate of copper 7bluestone7 is then dissolved in the acidulated water at the normal temperature until it will take up no more4 ,the solution is always used cold and must be maintained in a saturated condition by the addition of copper sulphate crystals or suitable anodes4 ,for use it should be poured into vessels of clay1 porcelain1 glass1 hard brown earthenware1 or india rubber4 ,for large baths wood may be used1 lined on the interior with an impervious coating of acid-proof cement1 india rubber1 marine glue1 or even varnished lead sheets4 ,if the solution be too weak and the current on the other hand be too strong1 the resulting deposit will be of a black color4 ,if too concentrated a solution and too weak a current be employed1 a crystalline deposit is obtained4 ,to insure a perfect result1 a happy medium in all things is necessary4 ,during the process of deposition1 the pieces should be moved about in the bath as much as possible in order to preserve the homogeneity of the liquid4 ,if this be not attended to1 stratification and circulation of the liquid is produced by the decomposition of the anode1 and is rendered visible by the appearance of long1 vertical lines on the cathode4 ,for amateurs and others performing small and occasional experiments1 the following simple apparatus will be serviceable4 ,place the solution of sulphate of copper in an earthenware or porcelain jar1 in the center of which is a porous pot containing amalgamated zinc and a solution of sulphuric acid and water1 about #b or #c parts in #ajj4 ,at the top of the zinc a brass rod is fixed1 supporting a circle of the same metal1 the diameter of which is between that of the containing vessel and the porous pot4 ,from this metallic circle the pieces are suspended in such a manner that the parts to be covered are turned toward the porous pot4 ,two small horsehair bags filled with copper sulphate crystals are suspended in the solution to maintain its saturation4 ,,elm ,,tea4 ,powdered slippery elm bark #b teaspoonfuls 7or the equivalent in whole bar7 ,boiling water #a cup ,sugar1 enough4 ,lemon juice1 enough4 ,pour the water upon the bark4 ,when cool1 strain and flavor with lemon juice and add sugar4 ,this is soothing in case of inflammation of the mucous membrane4 ,,embalming ,,fluids4 ,success in the use of any embalming fluid depends largely on manipulation1 an important part of the process being the thorough removal of fluid from the circulatory system before undertaking the injection of the embalming liquid4 ,i4--,solution zinc chloride 7,u4 ,s4 ,p47 #a gallon ,solution sodium chloride #f ounces to pint #f pints ,solution mercury bichloride1 #a ounce to pint #d pints ,alcohol #d pints ,carbolic acid 7pure7 #h ounces ,glycerine #bd fluidounces #bhi ,mix the glycerine and carbolic acid1 then all the other ingredients1 when a clear solution of #c gallons results1 which is the proper amount for a body weighing #aej pounds4 ,,ii4--,arsenious acid #ajj parts ,sodium hydrate #ej parts ,carbolic acid and water1 of each a sufficient quantity4 ,dissolve the arsenious acid and the soda in #adj parts of water by the aid of heat4 ,when the solution is cold1 drop carbolic acid into it until it becomes opalescent1 and finally add water until the finished product measures #gjj parts4 ,,iii4--,salicylic acid #d drachms ,boric acid #e drachms ,potassium carbonate #a drachm ,oil of cinnamon #c drachms ,oil of cloves #c drachms ,glycerine #e ounces ,alcohol #ab ounces ,hot water #ab ounces ,dissolve the first #c ingredients in the water and glycerine1 the oils in the alcohol1 and mix the solutions4 ,,iv4--,thymol #ae grains ,alcohol #a_/b ounce ,glycerine #aj ounces ,water #e ounces ,v4--,cooking salt #ejj parts ,alum #gej parts ,arsenious acid #cej parts ,zinc chloride #abj parts ,mercury chloride #ij parts ,formaldehyde solution1 #dj per cent #f1jjj parts ,water1 up to #bd1jjj parts ,,vi4--,arsenious acid #cfj grains ,mercuric chloride #a #a_/d ounces ,alcohol #i ounces ,sol4 ac4 carbolic1 #e per cent #abj ounces ,from #aj to #ab pints are injected into the carotid artery--at first slowly and afterwards at intervals of from #ae to #cj minutes4 ,,emerald 7,,imitation73 ,see ,gems1 ,artificial4 ,,emery3 ,emery ,grinder4--,shellac1 melted together with emery and fixed to a short metal rod1 forms the grinder used for opening the holes in enameled watch dials and similar work4 ,the grinder is generally rotated with the thumb and forefinger1 and water is used to lubricate its cutting part1 which soon wears away4 ,the grinder is reshaped by heating the shellac and molding the mass while it is in a plastic condition4 ,preparing ,emery for ,lapping4--,to prepare emery for lapping screw-gages1 plugs1 etc41 fill a half-pint bottle with machine oil and flour emery1 #g parts oil to #a part emery1 by bulk4 ,mix thoroughly and let stand for #bj minutes to settle4 ,take the bottle and pour off one-half the contents without disturbing the settlings4 ,the portion poured off contains only the finest emery and will never scratch the work4 ,for surface lapping put some flour emery in a linen bag and tie up closely with a string4 ,dust out the emery by striking the bag against the surface plate2 use turpentine for rough lapping and the dry surface plate for finishing4 ,removing ,glaze from ,emery ,wheels4--,if the wheel is not altogether too hard1 it can sometimes be remedied by reducing the face of the wheel to about #a_/h inch1 or by reducing the speed1 or by both4 ,emery wheels should be turned off so that they will run true before using4 ,a wheel that glazes immediately after it has been turned off1 can sometimes be corrected by loosening the nut1 and allowing the wheel to assume a slightly different position1 when it is again tightened4 ,emery ,substitute4--,for making artificial emery1 #a1fcd parts of the following substances may be employed3 ,seven hundred and fifty-nine parts of bauxite1 #gjj parts of coke1 and #if parts of a flux1 which may be a carbonate of lime1 of potash1 or of soda1 preferably carbonate of lime on account of its low price4 ,these materials are arranged in alternate layers and fused in an oven having a good draught4 ,they are said to yield an artificial emery similar to the natural emery of ,smyrna and ,naxos1 and at low cost4 ,,emulsifiers3 ,rosin ,soap as an ,emulsifier4--,the soap should be made by boiling gently for #b hours1 in an evaporating dish1 a mixture of #a1hjj grains rosin and #cjj caustic soda with #bj fluidounces water4 ,upon cooling1 the soap separates as a yellow mass1 which is drained from the liquid1 squeezed1 then heated on a water bath until it is dry and friable4 ,fixed oils may be emulsified by adding #a ounce #bij to a solution of #aj grains soap in #a ounce water4 ,volatile oils require #aj grains rosin soap1 #b #c_/d ounces water1 and #b drachms oil4 ,creosote requires double this amount of soap4 ,thymol may be rendered miscible with water by dissolving #ah grains together with #bj grains soap in #c fluidounces alcohol1 then adding enough water to make #f fluidounces4 ,of course many other substances may be emulsified with the same emulsifier4 ,yolk of ,egg as an ,emulsifier4--,the domestic ointment of ,unona1 consisting of a mixture of oil and yolk of egg1 is miscible in all proportions with water4 ,it is proposed to utilize this fact by substituting a diluted ointment for the gum emulsions in general use1 the following being given as a general formula3 ,yolk of egg #aj parts ,balsam ,peru #a to #b parts ,zinc oxide #e to #aj parts ,distilled water #ajj parts ,if desired1 #cc parts of vinegar may be substituted for the same amount of water1 while oil of cade1 oil of birch1 lianthral or storax may be substituted for the balsam ,peru1 and an equal quantity of talc1 magnesium carbonate1 sulphur of bismuth subcarbonate1 may be introduced in place of the oxide of zinc4 ,a further variation in the character of the liquid may be introduced by the use of medicated or perfumed waters instead of the plain distilled water4 ,where so diluted1 as in the above formula1 the yolk of egg separates out after long standing1 but the mixture quickly remulsifies upon shaking4 ,tar and balsams can be emulsified by mixing with double their quantity of yolk of egg1 then diluting by the addition of small quantities of water or milk4 ,emulgen4--,this emulsifying agent has the following composition3 ,gluten1 #e2 gum acacia1 #e2 gum tragacanth1 #bj2 glycerine1 #bj2 water1 #ej2 alcohol1 #aj4 ,this mixture forms a clear grayish jelly4 ,,emulsions ,,of ,,petroleum3 ,see ,petroleum4 ,enameling 7,see also ,ceramics1 ,glazes1 ,paints1 ,waterproofing1 and ,varnishes47 ,,commercial ,,enameling4 ,commercial enameling includes3 7#a7 ,hollow ware enameling for domestic use2 7#b7 hollow ware enameling for chemical use2 7#c7 enameling locomotive and other tubes2 7#d7 enameling drain and water pipes2 7#e7 signboard enameling4 ,there is one defect to which all enamel ware is subject1 and that is chipping4 ,this may be caused by 7#a7 imperfect mixing of the enamels2 7#b7 imperfect fusing2 7#c7 imperfect pickling of the iron2 7#d7 rough usage4 ,with ordinary care a well-enameled article has been known to last in daily use for #aj or #ab years1 whereas defective enameling1 say1 on a sign tablet--which is exempt from rough usage--may not have a life exceeding a few months4 ,all enameled articles1 such as hollow ware and sign tablets1 first receive a coating of a composition chiefly composed of glass called 8gray10 and this is followed by a deposit of 8white10 any additional color required being laid above the white4 ,in the mixing and depositing of these mixtures lie the secrets of successful enameling4 ,the 8gray0 has to be fused not only on but also into the metal at a bright red--almost white--heat1 and it is obvious that its constituents must be arranged and proportioned to expand and contract in a somewhat uniform manner with the iron itself4 ,the 8white0 has to be fused on the surface of the gray1 but the gray being much harder is not affected by the second firing4 ,if it were liquid it would become mixed with the white and destroy its purity4 ,frequently1 owing to inferior chemicals1 imperfect mixing or fusing1 a second coating of white is necessary1 in order to produce a surface of the necessary purity and luster4 ,the difficulties of enameling are thus easily understood4 ,unless the metals and chemicals are so arranged and manipulated that their capacities of expansion and contraction are approximately the same1 inferior work will be produced4 ,oxide of iron on the surface of the plates1 inferior chemicals1 incorrect mixings1 insufficient or overheating in the process of fusing1 prevent that chemical combination which is essential to successful enameling4 ,the coatings will be laid on and not combined1 with the result that there will be inequalities in expansion and contraction which will cause the enamel to chip off immediately if submitted to anything approaching rough usage1 and in a very short time if submitted to chemical or ordinary atmospheric conditions4 ,the manufacture of sign tablets is the simplest form to which this important art is adapted4 ,sign-tablet enameling is1 however1 kept as great a secret as any other type4 ,this branch of the industry #bia is divided up as follows3 7#a7 ,setting the plates2 7#b7 scaling and pickling the plates2 7#c7 mixing the enamel constituents2 7#d7 melting the enamel constituents2 7#e7 grinding the enamel constituents2 7#f7 applying the enamel2 7#g7 drying the enamel coatings2 7#h7 fusing the enamel on the articles2 7#i7 lettering--including alphabetical and other drawing1 spacing1 and artistic art in arrangement2 7#aj7 stencil cutting on paper and stencil metal2 7#aa7 brushing2 7#ab7 refusing4 ,distinctive branches of this work have distinctive experts1 the arrangement being generally as follows3 ,nos4 #a and #b may or may not be combined2 ,nos4 #c and #e may or may not be combined2 ,nos4 #d1 #g1 #h1 and #ab generally combined2 ,no4 #f generally the work of girls2 ,nos4 #i and #aj generally combined2 ,no4 #aa generally the work of girls and boys4 ,the twelve processes1 therefore1 require six classes of trained workpeople1 and incompetence or carelessness at any section can only result in imperfect plates or 8wasters40 ,a brief description of these processes will enable the reader to understand the more detailed and technical description to follow1 and is1 therefore1 not out of place4 ,ordinary iron sheets will do for the manufacture of sign tablets2 but a specially prepared charcoal plate can be had at a slightly increased price4 ,the latter type is the best1 for in many cases the scaling and pickling may1 to a certain extent1 be dispensed with4 ,to make this article1 however1 as complete as possible1 we shall begin from the lowest rung of the manufacturing ladder--i4 e41 from the first steps in the working of suitable iron4 ,i4--,setting4--,the plates may be received in sheets1 and cut to the required size at the enameling factory1 or1 what is more general1 received in sizes according to specification4 ,the former are more liable to have buckled slightly or become dented1 and have to be restored to a smooth and uniform surface by hammering on a flat plate4 ,the operation seems simple1 but an inexperienced operator may entirely fail to produce the desired result1 and1 if he does succeed1 it is with the expenditure of a great amount of time4 ,an expert setter with comparatively few and well-directed strokes brings an imperfect plate into truth and in readiness for the next operation4 ,,ii4--,scaling and ,pickling4--,the annealing of the sheets in special furnaces loosens the scale1 which can then be easily removed1 after which immersion for some time in diluted sulphuric or muriatic acid thoroughly cleans the plate4 ,firing to a red heat follows1 and then a generous course of scrubbing1 and the last traces of acid are removed by dipping in boiling soda solution4 ,scouring with sand and washing in clean water may follow1 and the metal has then a perfect and chemically clean surface4 ,,iii4--,mixing the ,enamel ,constituents4--,ground1 foundation1 or gray4--,all articles1 whether hollow ware or plates1 are operated upon in a very similar manner4 ,both require the foundation coating generally called 8gray40 ,the gray constituents vary considerably in different manufactures2 but as regards the use of lead1 it is universally conceded that while it may in many instances be used with advantage in the enameling of sign tablets1 etc41 it should under no circumstances be introduced into the coating of articles for culinary purposes1 or in which acids are to be used4 ,the first successful commercial composition of this covering was3 ,cullet 7broken glass71 carbonate of soda1 and boracic acid4 ,this composition remained constant for many years1 but ultimately gave place to the following3 ,cullet1 red lead1 borax1 niter4 ,the borax and red lead form the fluxes1 while the niter is to 8purify0 the mass4 ,some of the later mixings consist of the following3 ,silica powder1 crystallized or calcium borax1 white lead1 fused together4 ,this would be called a frit1 and with it should be pulverized powdered silica1 clay1 magnesia4 ,this recipe is one requiring a very high temperature for fusing3 ,silica powder1 borax1 fused and ground with silica1 clay1 magnesia4 ,this requires a slightly lower temperature3 ,frit of silica powder1 borax1 feldspar1 fused together1 and then ground with clay1 feldspar1 and magnesia4 ,the approximate quantities of each constituent will be given later1 but it must always be remembered that no hard-and-fast line can be laid down4 ,chemicals vary in purity1 the furnaces vary in temperature1 the pounding1 grinding1 and mixing are not always done alike1 and each of these exerts a certain influence on the character of the 8melt40 ,these compositions may be applied to the metal either in the form of a powder or of a liquid4 ,some few years ago the powder coating was in general use1 but at the present time the liquid form is in favor1 as it is considered easier of application1 capable of giving a coating more uniform in thickness and less costly4 ,in using the powder coating the plate is rubbed with a cloth dipped in a gum #bib solution1 and the powder then carefully dusted through a sieve over the surface4 ,in this condition the plate is submitted to the fusing process4 ,in using the liquid material the plate surface is dipped into or has the liquid mixing carefully poured over it1 any surplus being drained off1 and any parts which are not to be coated being wiped clean by a cloth4 ,the coating is then dried in suitable stoves1 after which it is ready for fusing on to the iron4 ,the gray coating should be fairly uniform and smooth1 free from holes or blisters1 and thoroughly covering every part of the iron which is to be subjected to any outside influence4 ,cooling slowly is important4 ,rapid cooling frequently causes chipping of the coating1 and in any case it will greatly reduce the tenacity of the connection existing between the glaze and the metal4 ,generally the next surface is a white one1 and it depends upon the class of article1 the character of the enamels1 and the efficiency of application1 whether one coat or two will be required4 ,roughly speaking1 the coating is composed of a glass to which is added oxide of tin1 oxide of lead1 or some other suitable opaque white chemical4 ,the mixture must be so constituted as to fuse at a lower temperature than the foundation covering4 ,if its temperature of fusion were the same the result would be that the gray would melt on the iron and become incorporated with the white1 thus loosening the attachment of the mass to the iron and also destroying the purity of the white itself4 ,bone ash is sometimes used1 as it becomes uniformly distributed throughout the melt1 and remains in suspension instead of settling4 ,bone ash and oxide of lead are1 however1 in much less demand than oxide of tin4 ,the lead is especially falling into disfavor1 for the following reasons3 ,firstly1 it requires special and laborious treatment2 secondly1 it gives a yellowish-white color2 thirdly1 it cannot resist the action of acids4 ,the following is a recipe which was in very general use for some years3 ,glass 7cullet71 powdered flint1 lead1 soda 7crystals71 niter1 arsenic4 ,another consists of the following3 ,borax1 glass1 silica powder1 oxide of tin1 niter1 soda1 magnesia1 clay4 ,these are fused together1 and when being ground a mixture of ,nos4 #a1 #c1 #g1 and boracic acid is added4 ,enamel mixings containing glass or china are now generally in use1 although for several years the experience of manufacturers using glass was not satisfactory4 ,improved compositions and working now make this constituent a most useful1 and1 in fact1 an almost essential element4 ,the glass should be white broken glass1 and as uniform in character as possible1 as colored glass would impart a tinge of its own color to the mixing4 ,the following are two distinct glazes which do not contain glass or porcelain3 ,feldspar1 oxide of tin1 niter1 soda4 ,this is free from any poisonous body and requires no additions3 ,silica powder1 oxide of tin1 borax1 soda1 niter1 carbonate of ammonia1 or magnesia4 ,alkalies4--,of the alkalies which are necessary to produce complete fusion of and combination with the quartz1 soda is chiefly applied in enamel manufactures1 as the fusing temperature is then lower4 ,bone ,ash4--,this material will not add opacity1 but only semi-transparency to the enamel1 and is therefore not much used4 ,boracic ,acid4--,boracic acid is sometimes substituted for silicic acid1 but generally about #ae per cent of the former to #he per cent of the latter is added4 ,borax as a flux is1 however1 much more easily used and is therefore largely employed in enamel factories4 ,borax4--,calcined borax1 that is1 borax from which a large proportion of the natural moisture has been eliminated1 is best for enamel purposes4 ,it is a flux that melts at medium heat1 and enters into the formation of the vitreous basis4 ,borax has also the property of thoroughly distributing oxide colors in the enamels4 ,clay4--,only a fairly pure clay can be used in enamel mixings1 and the varieties of clay available are therefore limited4 ,the two best are pipe--or white--clay and china clay--kaolin4 ,the latter is purer than the former1 and in addition to acting as a flux1 it is used to increase the viscosity of mixings and therefore the opacity4 ,it is used in much the same way as oxide of tin4 ,cryolite4--,ground cryolite is a white mineral1 easily fusible1 and sometimes used in enamel mixings4 ,it is closely associated with aluminum4 ,cullet4--,this is the general material used as a basis4 ,clear glass only should be introduced2 and as the compositions of glass vary greatly1 small experimental frits should always be made to arrive at the correct quantity to be added4 ,feldspar4--,the introduction of feldspar into an enamel frit increases consistency4 ,the common white variety is #bic generally used1 and its preliminary treatment by pounding is similar to that adopted with quartz4 ,fluor-,spar4--,in this mineral we have another flux1 which fuses at a red heat4 ,fluxes4--,these are for the purpose of regulating the temperature of fusion of a mixing--frit--some being better adapted for this purpose than others4 ,this1 however1 is not the only consideration1 for the character of the flux depends upon the composition or chemical changes to which the ingredients are to be subjected4 ,the fluxes are borax1 clays1 cullet1 porcelain1 feldspar1 gypsum1 and fluorspar4 ,glass4--,glass is composed of lime1 silicic acid1 and soda or potash4 ,the use of the glass is to form the hard1 crystal-like foundation4 ,gypsum4--,this mineral is sometimes used in conjunction with baryta and fluor-spar4 ,lead4--,crystallized carbonate of lead1 or 8lead white10 is frequently used in enamels when a low temperature for fusion is required4 ,it should never be used on articles to be submitted to chemical action1 or for culinary use4 ,minium is a specially prepared oxide of lead1 and suitable for enameling purposes1 but is expensive4 ,lime4--,lime is in the form of carbonate of calcium when used4 ,magnesium ,carbonate is used only in small quantities in enamel mixings4 ,it necessitates a higher temperature for fusion1 but does not affect the color to the slightest extent if pure4 ,manganese4--,as a decolorant1 this mineral is very powerful1 and therefore only small quantities must be used4 ,purity of the mineral is essential--i4 e41 it should contain from #ie to #ih per cent of binoxide of manganese4 ,niter4--,at a certain temperature niter shows a chemical change1 which1 when affected by some of the other constituents1 assists in the formation of the vitreous base4 ,porcelain4--,broken uncolored porcelain is sometimes used in enamel manufacture4 ,its composition3 ,quartz1 china clay1 and feldspar4 ,it increases viscosity4 ,red ,lead4--,this decolorant is sometimes called purifier4 ,it will1 however1 interfere with certain coloring media1 and when this is the case its use should at once be discontinued4 ,silicic ,acid4--,quartz1 sand1 rock crystal1 and flint stone are all forms of this acid in crystallized form4 ,by itself it is practically infusible1 but it can be incorporated with other materials to form mixings requiring varying temperatures for fusion4 ,soda4--,the soda in general use is carbonate of soda--#eh per cent--or enameling soda4 ,the latter is specially prepared1 so as to free it almost entirely from iron1 and admit of the production of a pure white enamel when such is required4 ,tin ,oxide4--,all enamels must contain white ingredients to produce opacity1 and the most generally used is oxide of tin4 ,by itself it cannot be fused1 but with proper manipulation it becomes diffused throughout the enamel mass4 ,on the quantity added depends the denseness or degree of opacity imparted to the enamel4 ,it will be understood that the enamel constituents are divided into four distinct groups3 ,i4 ,fundamental media4 ,,ii4 ,flux media4 ,,iii4 ,decolorant media4 ,,iv4 ,coloring media4 ,we have briefly considered the three first named1 and we will now proceed to ,no4 ,,iv4 ,the coloring material used is in every case a metallic oxide1 so that1 so far as this goes1 the coloring of an enamel frit is easy enough4 ,great care is1 however1 necessary1 and at times many difficulties present themselves1 which can only be overcome by experience4 ,coloring oxides are very frequently adulterated1 and certain kinds of the adulterants are injurious to the frit and to the finish of the color4 ,comparison of ,hollow ,ware and ,sign-,tablet ,enameling4--,the enameling for sign tablets is much the same as for hollow ware2 the mixings are practically alike1 but1 as a general rule1 the mixing is applied in a much more liquid form on the latter4 ,it is easy to understand that hollow ware in everyday use receives rougher usage than tablets4 ,by handling1 it is submitted to compression1 expansion1 and more or less violence due to falls1 knocks1 etc41 and unless1 therefore1 the enamel coating follows the changes of the metal due to these causes1 the connection between the two will become loosened and chipping will take place4 ,the enamel1 therefore1 though much alike for both purposes1 should be so prepared for hollow ware that it will be capable of withstanding the changes to which we have referred4 ,in all cases it must be remembered that the thinner the coat of the enamel the better it will be #bid distributed over the iron1 and the greater will be its adherence to the iron4 ,any article heavily enameled is always liable to chip1 especially if submitted to the slightest bending action1 and therefore any excess of material added to a plate means that it will always be readily liable to separate from the plate4 ,in hollow-ware enameling the preparation of each frit generally receives somewhat more attention than for plate enameling4 ,the grinding is more effectively carried out1 in order to remove almost every possibility of roughness on any part of the surface1 especially the inside surface4 ,the iron used in tablet and hollow-ware manufacture is rolled sheet iron4 ,it is supplied in a variety of qualities4 ,charcoal iron is purer than ordinary plate iron1 more ductile1 and therefore capable of being driven out to various forms and depths by stamping presses4 ,the surface of the charcoal iron is not so liable to become oxidized1 and therefore can be more readily made chemically clean for the reception of the enamels4 ,some manufacturers use charcoal plates for tablet work1 but these are expensive2 the ordinary plates1 carefully pickled and cleaned1 adapt themselves to the work satisfactorily4 ,the sheet irons generally used for the enameling purposes referred to vary in gauge4 ,the finer the iron the greater must be the care used in coating it with enamel4 ,thin iron will rapidly become hot or cool1 the temperatures changing much more quickly than that of the mixing4 ,unless care1 therefore1 is used1 the result of fusing will be that the enamel mass will not have become thoroughly liquid1 and its adherence to the iron will be imperfect4 ,if1 however1 the temperature is gradually raised to the maximum1 and sympathetic combination takes place1 the dangers of rapid cooling are avoided4 ,again1 the iron1 in losing its temperature more rapidly than the enamel1 will contract1 thus loosening its contact with the glaze1 and the latter will either then1 or after a short period of usage1 chip off4 ,we then arrive at the following hard-and-fast rules3 7#a7 ,in all classes of enameling1 but particularly where thin iron sheets are used1 the temperature of the plate and its covering must be raised very gradually and very uniformly4 7#b7 ,in all cases a plate which has had a glaze fused on its surface must be cooled very gradually and very uniformly4 ,the importance of these rules cannot be over-estimated1 and will1 therefore1 be referred to in a more practical way later4 ,in enameling factories no causes are more prolific in the production of waste than these1 and in many cases the defects produced are erroneously attributed to something else4 ,cast iron is much easier to enamel than wrought iron4 ,this is due to the granular character of its composition4 ,it retains the enamels in its small microscopic recesses1 and greater uniformity can be arrived at with greater ease4 ,cast-iron enameled sign tablets and hollow ware were at one time made1 but their great weight made it impossible for them ever to come into general use4 ,wrought-iron plates1 if examined microscopically1 will show that they are of a fibrous structure1 the fibers running in the direction in which they have been rolled4 ,the enamels1 therefore1 will be more liable to flow longitudinally than transversely1 and this tendency will be more accentuated at some places than at others4 ,this1 however1 is prevented by giving the iron sheets what might be described as a cast-iron finish4 ,the sheets to be enameled should be thoroughly scoured in all directions by quartz or flint sand1 no part of the surface being neglected4 ,this thorough scrubbing will roughen the surface sufficiently to make it uniformly retentive of enamel mixture1 and in no cases should it be omitted or carelessly carried out4 ,copper ,enameling4--,on a clean copper surface the enameling process is easy4 ,the foundation glaze is not essential1 and when required the most beautiful results of blended colors can be obtained by very little additional experience to ordinary enameling4 ,when the vase or other article has been hammered out to the required shape in copper1 it is passed on to another class of artisans1 who prepare it for the hands of the enameler4 ,the design or designs are sketched carefully4 ,the working appliances consist only of a pointed tool1 two or three small punches of varying sizes1 and a hammer4 ,with this small equipment the operator sets to work4 ,the spaces between each dividing line are gradually lowered by hammering1 and when this has been uniformly completed1 each little recess is ready to receive its allotment of enamel4 ,more accurate work even than this can be obtained by the introduction of flat wire4 ,this wire is soldered or fixed on the vase1 and forms the outline for the entire design4 ,it may be of brass1 copper1 or gold1 but is fixed and built round every item of the whole design with the most #bie laborious care4 ,it stands above the surface of the design on the copper articles1 but the little recesses formed by it are then gradually filled up by enamel in successive fusings4 ,the whole surface of the article is now ground perfectly smooth and polished until its luster is raised to the highest point possible1 and when this stage has been reached the article is ready for the market4 ,from the ,sheet to the ,sign ,tablet4--,the plates are generally in lengths of #f feet by #b feet1 #f feet by #c feet1 etc41 the gauge generally being from #ad to #bb1 according to the size and class of plates to be enameled4 ,these must be cut1 but some enamelers prefer to order their plates in specified sizes1 which does away with the necessity of cutting at the enameling factory4 ,in order1 however1 to make this article complete1 we will assume that a stock of large plates is kept on hand1 the sizes being #f feet by #c feet and #f feet by #b feet4 ,an order for sign tablets is given2 particulars1 say as follows3 ,length1 #b feet by #ab inches1 white letters on blue ground2 lettering1 ,the ,engineer1 #cc ,norfolk ,street2 block letters1 no border line1 #b holes4 ,for ordinary purposes these particulars would be sufficient for the enameler4 ,stage ,i4--,cutting the plate is the first operation4 ,the plates #f feet by #b feet would first be cut down the center in a circular cutting machine1 thus forming two strips1 #f feet by #ab inches4 ,each strip would then be cut into three lengths of #b feet each4 ,if a guillotine had to be used instead of a circular cutter1 the plate would be first cut transversely at distances of #b feet1 thus forming three square pieces of #b feet by #b feet4 ,these would then be subdivided longitudinally into two lengths each1 the pieces being then #b feet by #ab inches4 ,each sheet would thus be cut into six plates4 ,stage ,,ii4--,the cut plates should next have any roughness removed from the edges1 then punched with two holes--one at each end1 followed by leveling or setting4 ,this is done by hammering carefully on a true flat surface4 ,stage ,,iii4--,the plates should then be taken and dipped into a hydrochloric acid bath made up of equal quantities of the acid and water4 ,the plates are then raised to a red heat in the stoves1 and on removal it will be found that the scale--iron oxide--has become loosened1 and will readily fall off1 leaving a clean metallic surface4 ,a second course of cleaning then follows in diluted sulphuric acid--#a part acid to #bj parts water4 ,in this bath the iron may be kept for about #ab hours4 ,in some cases a much stronger bath is used1 and the plates are left in only a very short time4 ,the bath is constructed of hard wood coated inside with suitable varnish4 ,in mixing the sulphuric acid bath it must be remembered that the acid should be slowly poured into the water under continuous stirring4 ,following the bath1 the metal is rinsed in water1 after which it is thoroughly scoured with fine flinty sand4 ,rinsing again follows1 but in boiling water1 and then the metal is allowed to dry4 ,the enameling process should immediately follow the drying1 for if kept for any length of time the surface of the metal again becomes oxidized4 ,in hollow-ware enameling the hydrochloric acid bath may be omitted4 ,stage ,,iv4--,the plates are now ready for the reception of the foundation or gray coating4 ,if powder is used the plate is wiped over with a gum solution1 and then the powder is carefully and uniformly dusted through a fine sieve over the surface4 ,the plate is then reversed and the operation repeated on the other side4 ,if a liquid 8gray0 is to be used it should have a consistency of cream1 and be poured or brushed with equal care over the two surfaces in succession1 after the plate has been heated to be only just bearable to the touch4 ,the plates are then put on rests1 or petits1 in a drying stove heated to about #afj ,f41 and when thoroughly dry they are ready for the fusing operation4 ,the petits1 with the plates1 are placed on a long fork fixed on a wagon1 which can be moved backward and forward on rails2 the door of the fusing oven is then raised and the wagon moved forward4 ,the fork enters the oven just above fire clay brick supports arranged to receive the petits4 ,the fork is then withdrawn and the door closed4 ,the stove has a cherry-red1 almost white1 heat and in a few minutes the enamel coating has been uniformly melted1 and the plates are ready to be removed on the petits and fork in the same manner as they were inserted4 ,rapid cooling must now be carefully avoided1 otherwise the enamel and the iron will be liable to separate1 and chipping will result4 ,the temperature of fusion should be about #b1aib ,f4 ,when all the plates have been thus prepared they are carefully examined and defective ones laid aside1 the others being now ready for the next operation4 #bif ,melting a piece of copper will approximately represent this temperature4 ,stage ,v4--,the coating of the plate with white is the next stage4 ,the temperature of fusion of the white glaze is lower than that of the gray1 so that the plate will remain a shorter time in the stove1 or be submitted to a somewhat lower temperature4 ,the latter system is to be strongly recommended in order to prevent any possibility of fusion of the ground mass4 ,the white should be made as liquid as possible consistent with good results4 ,the advantages of thin coatings have already been explained1 but if the mixing is too thin the ground coating will not only be irregularly covered4 but1 in fusion1 bubbles will be produced1 owing to the steam escaping1 and these are fatal to the sale of any kind of enameled ware4 ,when the plate has been thoroughly dried and fusion has taken place1 slow and steady cooling is absolutely essential4 ,special muffles are frequently built for this purpose1 and their use is the means of preventing a large number of wasters4 ,before putting on the glaze1 care must be taken to remove the gray from any part which is not to be coated4 ,the temperature of fusion should be about #a1hij ,f41 and the time taken is about #e minutes4 ,melting a piece of brass will represent this temperature4 ,stage ,,vi4--,the stencil must be cut with perfect exactitude4 ,the letters should be as clear as possible1 proportioned1 and spaced to obtain the best effects as regards boldness and appearance4 ,stencils may be cut either from paper or from specially prepared soft metal1 called stencil metal4 ,the former are satisfactory enough when only a few plates are required from one stencil1 but when large quantities are required1 say1 #fj upward1 metal stencils should be used4 ,the paper should be thick1 tough1 and strong1 and is prepared in the following manner3 ,shellac is dissolved in methylated spirits to the ordinary liquid gum form1 and this is spread over both sides of the paper with a brush4 ,when thoroughly dry a second protective coating is added1 and the paper is then ready for stencil work4 ,the stencil cutter's outfit consists of suitable knives1 steel rule1 scales of various fractions to an inch1 a large sheet of glass on which the cutting is done1 and alphabets and numerals of various characters and types4 ,for ordinary lettering one stencil is enough1 but for more intricate designs #b1 #c1 and even #d stencils may be required4 ,in the preparation of the plates referred to in the paragraph preceding ,stage ,i1 only #a stencil would be necessary4 ,the paper before preparation would be measured out to the exact size of the plate1 and the letters would be drawn in4 ,the cutting would then be done1 and the result shown at ,fig4 #a would be obtained1 the black parts being cut out4 ,the lines or corners of each letter or figure should be perfectly clear and clean1 for any flaw in the stencil will be reproduced on the plate4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #a ,illustration3 ,fig4 #b ,stage ,,vii4--,the next stage is the application of the blue enamel4 ,the operation is almost identical with that of the white1 but when the coating has been applied and dried1 the lettering must be brushed out before it is fused4 ,the coating is generally applied by a badger brush after a little gum water has been added2 the effect of this is to make the blue more compact4 ,stage ,,viii4--,the next operation is brushing2 the stencil is carefully placed over the plate1 and held in position1 and with a small hand brush with hard bristles the stencil is brushed over4 ,this brushing removes all the blue coating1 which shows the lettering and leaves the rest of the white intact4 ,when this has been done1 the stencil is removed and the connecting ribs of the lettering--some of which are marked ,x in ,fig4 #b--;are then removed by hand1 the instrument generally being a pointed stick of box or other similar wood4 ,stage ,,ix4--,fusing follows as in the case of the white glaze1 and the plate is complete4 ,one coat of blue should be sufficient1 but if any defects are apparent a second layer is necessary4 ,the white and blue glazes are applied only on the front side of the plate1 the back side being left coated with gray only4 ,from the ,sheet to the ,hollow ,ware4--,in hollow-ware enameling1 the iron is received in squares1 circles1 or oblongs1 of the size required for the ware to be turned out4 ,it is soft and ductile1 and by means of suitable punches and dies it is driven in a stamping press to the necessary shape4 ,for shallow articles only one operation is necessary1 but for deeper articles from #b to #f operations may be #big required1 annealing in a specially constructed furnace taking place between each4 ,following the 8drawing0 operations comes that of trimming2 this may be done in a press or spinning lathe1 the object being to trim the edges and remove all roughness4 ,the articles are now ready for enameling4 ,for explanation1 let us suppose they are tumblers1 to be white inside1 and blue outside4 ,the gray is first laid on1 then the white1 and lastly the blue--that is1 after the pickling and cleaning operations have been performed4 ,the line of demarcation between the blue and white must be clear1 otherwise the appearance of the article will not be satisfactory4 ,the process of enameling is exactly the same as for sign-plate enameling1 but more care must be exercised in order to obtain a smoother surface4 ,while the liquid enamels are being applied1 circular articles should be steadily rotated in order to let the coating flow uniformly and prevent thick and thin places4 ,the enameling of 8whole drawn0 ironware presents no difficulty to the ordinary enameler1 but with articles which are seamed or riveted1 special care and experience is necessary4 ,seamed or riveted parts are1 of course1 thicker than the ordinary plate1 will expand and contract differently1 will take longer to heat and longer to cool1 and the conclusion1 therefore1 that must be arrived at is that the thickness should be reduced as much as possible1 and the joints be made as smooth as possible4 ,unless special precautions are taken1 cracks will be seen on articles of this kind running in straight lines from the rivets or seams4 ,to avoid these1 the enamel liquid must be reduced to the greatest stage of liquidity1 the heat must be raised slowly1 and in cooling the articles should pass through1 say1 #b or #c muffles1 each one having a lower temperature than the preceding one4 ,it is now generally conceded that the slower and more uniform the cooling process1 the greater will be the durability of the enamel4 ,feldspar is an almost absolutely necessary addition to the gray in successful hollow-ware enameling1 and the compositions of both gray and white should be such as to demand a high temperature for fusion4 ,the utensils with the gray coating should first be raised to almost a red heat in a muffle1 and then placed in a furnace raised to a white heat4 ,the white should be treated similarly1 and in this way the time taken for complete fusion at the last stage will be about #d minutes4 ,the outside enamel on utensils is less viscous than the inside enamel1 and should also be applied as thinly as possible4 ,stoves and ,furnaces4--,fritting and ,fusing4--,the best results are obtained in enameling when the thoroughly ground and mixed constituents are fused together1 reground1 and then applied to the metal surface4 ,in cheap enamels the gray is sometimes applied without being previously melted1 but it lacks the durability which is obtained by thorough fusion and regrinding4 ,in smelting enamel one of two kinds of furnaces may be used1 viz41 tank or crucible4 ,the former is better adapted to the melting of considerable quantities of ordinary enamel1 while the latter is more suitable for smaller quantities or for finer enamels as the mixture is protected from the direct action of the flames by covers on the crucibles4 ,the number of tanks and crucibles in connection with each furnace depends upon the heating capacity of the furnace and upon the out-turn required4 ,they are so arranged that all or any of them can be used or put out of use readily by means of valves and dampers4 ,generally1 they are arranged in groups of from #f to #ab1 placed in a straight or circular line1 but the object aimed at is complete combustion of the fuel1 and the utilization of the heat to the fullest extent4 ,one arrangement is to have the flame pass along the bottom and sides of the tank and then over the top to the chimney4 ,the general system in use is1 however1 the crucible system4 ,the crucibles are made from the best fire clay1 and the most satisfactory are sold under the name of 8,hessian crucibles40 ,the chief objection to the use of the crucibles is that of cost4 ,they are expensive1 and in many factories the life of the crucible is very short1 in some cases not extending beyond one period of fusion4 ,when this1 however1 is the rule rather than the exception1 the results are due to carelessness4 ,sudden heating or cooling of the crucible will cause it to crack or fall to pieces1 but for this there is no excuse4 ,running the molten material quickly out of the crucible and replacing it hurriedly with a fresh cold mixing is liable--in fact1 almost certain--to produce fracture1 not only causing the destruction of the crucible1 but also the loss of the mixing4 ,new crucibles should be thoroughly dried in a gentle heat for some days and then gradually raised to the requisite temperature which they #bih must sustain for the purposes of fusion4 ,sometimes unglazed porcelain crucibles specially prepared with a large proportion of china clay are used4 ,these are1 however1 expensive and require special attention during the first melt4 ,the life of all crucibles can be lengthened by3 7#a7 ,gradually heating them before putting them into the fire2 7#b7 never replacing a frit with a cold mass for the succeeding one2 it should first be heated in a stove and then introduced into the crucible2 7#c7 carefully protecting the hot crucibles from cold draughts or rapid cooling4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #c ,melting and ,melting ,furnaces4--,the arrangement of the melting furnace must be such as to protect the whole of the crucible from chills4 ,the usual pit furnaces1 with slight modifications1 are suitable for this purpose4 ,the crucible shown at b in ,fig4 #c is of the type already described2 at the top it is fitted with a lid1 a1 hinged at the middle1 and at the bottom it is pierced by a #b-;inch conical hole4 ,the hole1 while melting is going on1 is plugged up with a specially prepared stopper4 ,the crucible stands on a tubular fireproof support1 c1 which allows the molten mass to be easily run off into a tub of water1 which is placed in the chamber1 d4 ,the fuel is thrown in from the top1 and the supply must be kept uniform4 ,from #d to #f of these furnaces are connected with the same chimney2 but before passing to the chimney the hot gases are in some cases used for heating purposes in connection with the drying stove4 ,the plug used may be either a permanent iron one coated with a very hard enamel or made from a composition of quartz powder and water4 ,an uncovered iron plug would be unsuitable owing to the action of the iron on the ingredients of the mixing4 ,two inches for gray1 one inch for glaze2 the hole should he wider at the top4 ,in some cases only a very small hole is made in the crucible and no stopper used1 the fusion of the mixing automatically closing up the hole4 ,in some other factories no hole is made in the crucible1 and when fusion is complete the crucible is removed and the mixing poured out4 ,the two latter systems are bad2 in the first there is always some waste of material through leakage1 and in the latter the operation of removing the crucible is clumsy and difficult1 while the exposure to the colder atmosphere frequently causes rupture4 ,the plug used should be connected with a rod1 as shown in ,fig4 #c1 which passes through a slot in one-half of the hinged lid1 a4 ,when fusion is complete this half is turned over1 and the plug pulled up1 thus allowing the molten mass to fall through into the vat of water placed underneath4 ,the mixing in the crucibles1 as it becomes molten1 settles down1 and more material can then be added until the crucible is nearly full4 ,if the mixing is correctly composed1 and has been thoroughly fused1 it should flow freely from the crucible when the plug is withdrawn4 ,fusing generally requires only to be done once1 but for fine enamels the operation may be repeated4 ,the running off into the water is necessary in order to make the mass brittle and easy to grind4 ,if this was not done it would again form into hard flinty lumps and require much time and labor to reduce to a powder4 ,a careful record should be kept of the loss in weight of the dried material at each operation4 ,the weighings should be made at the following points3 7#a7 ,before and after melting2 7#b7 after crushing4 ,the time required for melting varies greatly1 but from #f to #i hours may be considered as the extreme limits4 ,gas is much used for raising the necessary heat for melting4 ,the generator may be #bii placed in any convenient position1 but a very good system is to have it in the center of a battery of muffles1 any or all of which can be brought into use4 ,when quartz stoppers are used there is considerable trouble in their preparation1 and as each new batch of material requires a fresh stopper1 wrought-iron stoppers have been introduced in many factories4 ,these are coated with an enamel requiring a much higher temperature of fusion than the fundamental substance1 and this coating prevents the iron having any injurious action on the frit4 ,fusing4--,for fusing the enamel muffle furnaces are used2 these furnaces are simple in construction1 being designed specially for3 7#a7 ,minimum consumption of fuel2 7#b7 maximum heat in the muffle2 7#c7 protection of the inside of the muffle from dust1 draughts1 etc4 ,the muffle furnaces may be of any size1 but in order to economize fuel1 it is obvious that they should be no larger than is necessary for the class and quantity of work being turned out4 ,for sign-plate enameling the interior of the muffle may be as much as #aj feet by #e feet wide by #c feet in height1 but a furnace of this kind would be absolutely ruinous for a concern where only about a dozen small hollow-ware articles were enameled at a time4 ,the best system is to have #b or #c muffle furnaces of different dimensions1 as in this way all or any one of them can be brought into use as the character and number of the articles may require4 ,the temperature throughout the muffle is not uniform1 the end next to the furnace being hotter than that next to the door4 ,in plate enameling it is therefore necessary that the plates should be turned so that uniform fusion of the enamel may take place4 ,in the working of hollow ware the articles should be first placed at the front of the muffle and then moved toward the back4 ,the front of the furnace is closed in by a vertically sliding door or lid1 and in this an aperture is cut1 through which the process of fusion can be inspected4 ,all openings to the muffle should be used as little as possible2 otherwise cold air is admitted1 and the inside temperature rapidly lowered4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #d ,fig4 #d shows a simple arrangement of a muffle furnace2 a is the furnace itself1 with an opening1 e1 through which the fuel is fed2 b is the muffle2 c shows the firebars1 and d the cinder box2 f is a rest or plate on which is placed the articles to be enameled4 ,the plate or petits on which the articles rest while being put into the muffle should be almost red hot1 as the whole heat of the muffle in this way begins to act immediately on the enamel coating4 ,the articles inside the muffles can be moved about when necessary1 either by a hook or a pair of tongs1 but care must be taken that every part of the vessel or plate is submitted to the same amount of heat4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #e ,in ,figs4 #e1 #f1 and #g are given drawings of an arrangement of furnaces1 etc41 connected with an enameling factory at #cjj present working4 ,the stoves shown in ,fig4 #e are drying stoves fired from the end by charcoal1 and having a temperature of about #afj ,f4 ,fig4 #f shows the arrangement of the flues for the passage of the gases round the fusing oven4 ,the section through the line ,a ,b1 ,fig4 #e1 as shown in ,fig4 #g1 and the section through the frit kilns1 as shown in ,fig4 #h1 are sufficiently explanatory4 ,the frit kilns and the fusing oven flues both lead to the brick chimney1 but the stoves are connected to a wrought-iron chimney shown in ,fig4 #f4 ,another arrangement would have been to so arrange the stoves that the gases from the frit kilns could have been utilized for heating purposes4 ,illustration3 ,,section ,,through ,,fusing ,,oven ,fig4 #f ,illustration3 ,,section ,,on ,a4 ,b4 ,fig4 #g ,illustration3 ,,section ,,through ,,frit ,,kilns ,fig4 #h ,fuel4--,the consumption of fuel in an enameling factory is the most serious item of the expenditure4 ,ill-constructed or badly proportioned stoves may represent any loss of coal from a quarter to one ton per day1 and as great and uniform temperatures must be maintained1 fuel of low quality and price is not desirable4 ,in the melting stoves either arranged as tank or crucible furnaces1 the character of the coal must not be neglected1 as light dust1 iron oxide1 or injurious gases will enter into the crucibles through any opening1 especially if the draught is not very great4 ,almost any of the various kinds of fuel may be used1 provided that the system of combustion is specially arranged for in the construction of the furnaces4 ,charcoal is one of the best fuels available1 its calorific value being so great2 but its cost is in some places almost prohibitive4 ,wood burns too quickly1 and is therefore expensive1 and necessitates incessant firing4 ,for practical purposes we are thus often left to a selection of some type of coal4 ,a coal with comparatively little heating power at a cheap price will be found more expensive in the end than one costing more1 but capable of more rapid combustion and possessing more heat yielding gases4 ,cheap and hard coals give the fireman an amount of labor which is excessive4 ,the proper maintenance of the temperature of the stove is almost impossible4 ,anthracite is excellent in every way1 as it consists of nearly pure carbon1 giving off a high degree of heat without smoke4 ,its use1 of course1 necessitates the use of a blower1 but to this there can be no objection4 ,any coal which will burn freely and clean1 giving off no excessive smoke1 and capable of almost complete combustion1 will give satisfaction in enameling2 but it must not be forgotten that the consumption of fuel is so large that both price and quality must be carefully considered4 ,experimental tests must be made from time to time4 ,a cheap1 common coal will never give good results1 and a good expensive coal will make the cost of manufacture so great that the prices of the enameled articles will render them unsalable4 ,any ordinary small factory will use from #b to #d tons per day of coal1 and it will thus be seen that the financial success of a concern lies to a very great extent at the mouth of the furnace4 ,coke is a good medium for obtaining the necessary heat required in enameling if it can be got at a reasonable price4 ,with a good draught a uniform temperature can be easily kept up1 and the use of this by-product is1 therefore1 to be recommended4 #cja ,with good coal and a furnace constructed to utilize the heat given off to the fullest extent1 there may still be unnecessary waste4 ,the arrangement of the bars should only be made by those who fully understand the character of the coal and the objects in view4 ,the fireman in charge should be thoroughly experienced and reliable1 as much waste is frequently traced to imperfect feeding of the fuel4 ,each charge of articles should be as large as possible1 as fusing will take place equally as well on many articles as on few4 ,the charges should follow one another as rapidly as can be conveniently carried out2 and where this is not done there is a lack of organization which should be immediately remedied4 ,illustration3 ,,grinding ,,mill ,fig4 #i ,mills4--,any hard substances must first be broken up and pounded in a pounding or stamping mill1 or in any other suitable manner1 thus reducing the lumps to a granular condition4 ,when this has been done1 the coarse is separated from the fine parts and the former again operated on4 ,the next process is roller grinding for reducing the hard fritted granular particles to a fine powder4 ,these mills vary in construction1 but a satisfactory type is shown in ,fig4 #i4 ,motion is conveyed by a belt to the driving pulley1 and this is transmitted from the pinion to the large bevel1 which is connected by a shaft to the ground plate4 ,as this revolves the material causes the mill wheels to revolve1 and in this way the material is reduced to a powder4 ,the rollers are of reduced diameter on the inner side to prevent slippage1 and when all the parts are made of iron1 the metal must be close grained and of very hard structure1 so as to reduce the amount removed by wear to a minimum4 ,when the materials are ground wet1 the powder should be carefully protected from dust and thoroughly dried before passing to the next operation4 ,illustration3 ,,glazing ,,mill ,fig4 #aj ,the glazing or enamel mills are shown in ,fig4 #aj4 ,these mills consist of a strong iron frame securely bolted to a stone foundation4 ,in the sketch shown the framing carries #b mills1 but #c or #d can be arranged for4 ,a common arrangement for small factories consists of #b large mills1 and #a smaller mill1 driven from the same shaft4 ,one of the mills is used for foundation or gray mixings1 the second for white1 and the smallest one for colored mixings4 ,in these mills it is essential that the construction is such as to prevent any iron fitting coming into contact with the mixing1 for1 as has already been explained1 the iron will cause discoloration4 ,the ground plate is composed of quartz and is immovable4 ,it is surrounded by a wooden casing--as shown at a--and bound together by iron hoops4 ,the millstones are heavy1 rectangular blocks of quartz1 called 8,french burr stone10 and into the center the spindle1 b1 is led4 ,the powdered material mixed with about three times its bulk of water is poured into the vats1 a1 and the grinding stones are then set in motion4 ,when a condition ready for enameling has been reached the mixture is run off through the valves1 c4 ,each mill can be thrown out of gear when required1 by means of a clutch box1 without interfering with the working of the others4 ,the grinding stones wear rapidly and require to be refaced from time to time4 ,to avoid stoppage of the work1 therefore1 it is advisable to always have a spare set in readiness to replace those removed for refacing4 ,the composition of the stones should not be neglected1 for1 in many cases1 faults in the enamel have been traced to the wearing away of stones containing earthy or metallic matter4 #cjb ,enamel ,mixing4--,all constituents of which an enamel glaze is composed must be intimately mixed together4 ,this can only be done by reducing each to a fine powder and thoroughly stirring them up together4 ,this part of the work is often carried out in a very superficial manner1 one material showing much larger lumps than another4 ,under circumstances such as these it is absurd to imagine that in fusion equal distribution will take place4 ,what really happens is that some parts of the mass are insufficiently supplied with certain properties while others have too much4 ,a mixture of this class can produce only unsatisfactory results in every respect1 for the variations referred to will produce variations in the completeness of fusion in the viscous character of the mass1 and in the color4 ,the mixing can be done by thoroughly stirring the various ingredients together1 and a much better and cheaper system is mixing in rotating barrels or churns4 ,these are mounted on axles which rest in bearings1 one axle being long enough to carry a pulley4 ,from the driving shaft a belt is led to the cask1 which then rotates at a speed of from #dj to #fj revolutions per minute1 and in about a quarter of an hour the operation is complete4 ,the cask should not exceed the #e-;gallon size1 and should at no time be more than two-thirds full4 ,two casks of this kind give better results than one twice the size4 ,the materials are shot into the cask in their correct proportions through a large bung hole1 which is then closed over by a close-fitting lid4 ,mixings4--,for gray or fundamental coatings3 ,i4--,almost any kind of glass #di per cent ,oxide of lead #dg per cent ,fused borax #d per cent ,,ii4--,glass 7any kind7 #fa per cent ,red lead #bb per cent ,borax #af per cent ,niter #a per cent ,,iii4--,quartz #fg4e per cent ,borax #bi4e per cent ,soda 7enameling7 #c per cent ,the above is specially adapted for iron pipes4 ,,iv4--,frit of silica powder #fj per cent ,borax #cc per cent ,white lead #g per cent ,fused and then ground with-- ,three-tenths weight of silica frit4 ,clay1 three-tenths weight of silica frit4 ,magnesia1 one-sixth weight of white lead4 ,v4--,silica #fe per cent ,borax #ad per cent ,oxide of lead #d per cent ,clay #ae per cent ,magnesia #b per cent ,no4 ,v gives a fair average of several mixings which are in use1 but it can be varied slightly to suit different conditions of work4 ,defects in the ,gray or ,ground ,coating4--,chipping is the most disastrous4 ,this may be prevented by the addition of some bitter salt1 say from #c to #d per cent of the weight of the frit4 ,the addition of magnesia when it has been omitted from the frit may also act as a preventive1 but it should only be added in very small quantities1 not exceeding #b4e per cent1 otherwise the temperature required for fusion will be very great4 ,coating and ,fusion4--,difficulties of either may generally be done away with by reducing the magnesia used in the frit to a minimum4 ,a soft surface is always the outcome of a mixing which can be fused at a low temperature4 ,it is due to too much lead or an insufficiency of clay or silica powder4 ,a hard surface is due to the quantity of lead in the mixing being too small4 ,increase the quantity and introduce potash1 say about #b4e per cent4 ,the gray or fundamental mixing should be kept together in a condition only just sufficiently liquid to allow of being poured out4 ,when required to be applied to the plate1 the water necessary to lower it to the consistency of thick cream can then be added gradually1 energetic stirring of the mass taking place simultaneously in order to obtain uniform distribution4 ,the time required for fusion may vary from #ae minutes to #be minutes1 but should never exceed the latter4 ,if it does1 it shows that the mixing is too viscous1 and the remedy would be the addition and thorough intermixture of calcined borax or boracic acid4 ,should this fail1 then remelting or a new frit is necessary4 ,a highly glazed surface on leaving the muffle shows that the composition is too fluid and requires the addition of clay1 glass1 silica powder or other substance to increase the viscosity4 ,as has been already explained1 the glaze is much more important than the fundamental coating4 ,discoloration or slight flaws which could be tolerated in the latter would be fatal to the former4 #cjc ,in glazes1 oxide of lead need not be used4 ,it should never be used in a coating for vessels which are to contain acids or be used as cooking utensils4 ,it may be used in sign-tablet production4 ,for pipes the following glaze gives good results3 ,i4--,feldspar #cc per cent ,borax #bb4e per cent ,quartz #af4e per cent ,oxide of tin #ae per cent ,soda #h per cent ,fluorspar #c4ge per cent ,saltpeter #b4be per cent ,for sign tablets the following gives fair results1 although some of the succeeding ones are in more general use3 ,,ii4--,cullet #bj per cent ,powdered flint #ae per cent ,lead #eb per cent ,soda #d4e per cent ,arsenic #d4e per cent ,niter #d per cent ,,iii4--,frit of silica powder #cj per cent ,oxide of tin #ah per cent ,borax #ag per cent ,soda #h4f per cent ,niter #g4e per cent ,white lead #e4e per cent ,carbonate of ammonia #e4e per cent ,magnesia #d per cent ,silica powder #d per cent ,the following are useful for culinary utensils1 as they do not contain lead3 ,,iv4--,frit of silica powder #bf per cent ,oxide of tin #ba per cent ,borax #bj per cent ,soda #aj4be per cent ,niter #g per cent ,carbonate of ammonia #e per cent ,magnesia #c4be per cent ,this should be ground up with the following3 ,silica powder #d4be per cent ,oxide of tin #b4be per cent ,soda #j4e per cent ,magnesia #j4e per cent ,v4--,feldspar #da per cent ,borax #ce per cent ,oxide of tin #ag per cent ,niter #g per cent ,,vi4--,borax #cj per cent ,feldspar #bb per cent ,silicate powder #ag4e per cent ,oxide of tin #ae per cent ,soda #ac4e per cent ,niter #b per cent ,borax will assist fusion4 ,quartz mixings require more soda than feldspar mixings4 ,,vii4--,borax #bh per cent ,oxide of tin #ai4e per cent ,cullet 7powdered white glass7 #ah per cent ,silica powder #ag4e per cent ,niter #i4e per cent ,magnesia #e per cent ,clay #b4e per cent ,,viii4--,borax #bf4ge per cent ,cullet #ai per cent ,silica powder #ah4e per cent ,oxide of tin #ai per cent ,niter #i4be per cent ,magnesia #d4e per cent ,soda #c per cent ,to ,no4 ,,vii must be added--while being ground--the following percentages of the weight of the frit3 ,silica powder #ah per cent ,borax #i per cent ,magnesia #e4be per cent ,boracic acid #a4e per cent ,to ,no4 ,,viii should be similarly added the following percentages of the frit3 ,silica powder #a4ge per cent ,magnesia #a4ge per cent ,soda #a per cent ,this mixing is one which is used in the production of some of the best types of hollow ware for culinary purposes4 ,the glaze should be kept in tubs mixed with water until used1 and it should be carefully protected from dust4 ,defects in the ,glaze or ,white4--,a bad white may be due to its being insufficiently opaque4 ,more oxide of tin is required4 ,cracks may be prevented by the addition of carbonate of ammonia4 ,insufficient luster can be avoided by adding to the quantity of soda and reducing the borax4 ,if the gray shows through the white it proves that the temperature of fusion is too high or the viscosity of the mixing is too great4 ,if the coating is not uniformly spread it may be due to the glaze being too thin2 add magnesia4 ,if the glaze separates from the gray add some bitter salt4 ,viscosity will be increased by reducing the quantity of borax4 ,immunity against chemical reaction is procured by increasing the quantity of borax4 ,an improved luster will be obtained by adding native carbonate of soda4 ,the greater the quantity of silicic acid the greater must be the temperature for fusion4 ,to reduce the temperature add borax4 ,clay will increase the difficulty #cjd of fusion4 ,oxide of lead will make a frit more easily fusible4 ,a purer white can be obtained by adding a small quantity of smalt4 ,water4--,the character of the water used in the mixing of enamels is too frequently taken for granted1 for unsuitable water may render a mixing almost entirely useless4 ,clean water1 and with little or no sulphur present1 is essential4 ,for very fine enamels it is advisable to use carefully filtered water which has shown1 after analysis1 that it is free from any matter which is injurious to any of the enamel constituents4 ,how to ,tell the ,character of ,enamel4--,in the case of sign tablets the characteristics looked to are appearance and the adherence of the coatings to the iron4 ,for the latter the tests are simple4 ,the plate if slightly bent should not crack the coating4 ,an enamel plate placed in boiling water for some time and then plunged into very cold water should not show any cracks1 however small1 even after repeated treatment of this kind4 ,culinary utensils1 and those to hold chemicals1 should not only look well1 but should be capable of resisting the action of acids4 ,lead should never enter into the composition of enamels of this class1 as they then become easily acted upon1 and in the case of chipping present a menace to health4 ,the presence of lead is easily detected4 ,destroy the outside coating of the enamel at some spot by the application of strong nitric acid4 ,wash the part and apply a drop of ammonium sulphide4 ,if lead is present1 the part will become almost black1 but remains unchanged in color if it is absent4 ,another simple test is to switch up an egg in a vessel and allow it to stand for about #bd hours4 ,when poured out and rinsed with water a dark stain will remain if lead is present in the enamel4 ,to test the power of chemical resistance is equally simple4 ,boil diluted vinegar in the vessel for several minutes1 and if a sediment is formed and the luster and smoothness of the glaze destroyed or partially destroyed1 it follows that it is incapable of resisting the attacks of acids for any length of time4 ,there are several other tests adopted1 but those given present little difficulty in carrying out1 and give reliable results4 ,wasters and ,seconds3 ,repairing ,old ,articles4--,in all enameling there must be certain articles turned out which are defective1 but the percentage should never be very great4 ,the causes which most frequently tend to the production of wasters are new mixings and a temperature of fusion which is either too high or too low4 ,there are two ways of disposing of defective articles1 viz43 7#a7 ,chipping off the bad spots1 patching them up and selling them as 8seconds02 7#b7 throwing the articles into the waste heap4 ,the best firms adopt the latter course1 because the recoating and firing of defective parts practically means a repetition of the whole process1 thus adding greatly to the cost1 while the selling price is reduced4 ,overheating in fusion is generally shown by blisters or by the enamel being too thin in various places4 ,chipping may be also due to this cause1 the excessive heat having practically fused the fundamental coating4 ,at this stage the defects may be remedied by breaking off the faulty parts1 patching them up1 and then recoating the whole4 ,with sign tablets there is no objection to doing so1 but with hollow ware the fact remains that the article is faulty1 no matter how carefully defects may be hidden4 ,as white is the most general coating used1 and shows up the defects more than the colored coatings1 the greatest care is necessary at every stage of the manufacture4 ,while glowing on the article1 it should appear uniformly yellow1 but on cooling it should revert to a pure white shade4 ,on examining different makes of white coated articles1 it will be found that some are more opaque than others4 ,the former are less durable than the latter1 because they contain a large percentage of oxide of tin1 which reduces the elasticity4 ,to ensure hardness the mixing must be very liquid1 and this cannot be arrived at when a large quantity of oxide of tin is introduced4 ,old utensils which have become broken or chipped can be repaired1 although1 except in the case of large articles1 this is rarely done4 ,the operations necessary are3 7#a7 ,the defective parts chipped off2 7#b7 submitted to a red heat for a few moments2 7#c7 coated with gray on the exposed iron2 7#d7 fused2 7#e7 coated with the glaze on the gray2 7#f7 fused4 ,to ,repair ,enameled ,signs4-- ,copal #e parts ,damar #e parts ,venice turpentine #d parts ,powder the rosins1 mix with the turpentine and add enough alcohol to form a thick liquid4 ,to this add finely powdered zinc white in sufficient quantity to yield a plastic mass4 ,coloring #cje matter may1 of course1 be added if desired4 ,the mass after application is polished when it has become sufficiently hard4 ,enamel for ,copper ,cooking ,vessels4--,white fluorspar is ground to a fine powder and strongly calcined with an equal volume of unburnt gypsum1 at a light glowing heat1 stirring diligently4 ,grind the mixture to a paste with water1 paint the vessel with it1 using a brush1 or pour in the paste like a glaze and dry the same4 ,increase the heat gradually and bring the vessels with the glass substance quickly into strong heat1 under a suitable covering or a mantle of burnt clay4 ,the substance soon forms a white opaque enamel1 which adheres firmly to the copper4 ,it can stand pretty hard knocks without cracking1 is adapted for cooking purposes and not attacked by acid matters4 ,if the glassy substance is desired to cling well and firmly to the copper1 a sudden and severe heat must be observed4 ,to ,pickle ,black ,iron-,plate ,scrap ,before ,enameling4--,the black iron-plate scraps are first dipped clean in a mixture of about #a part of sulphuric acid and #bj to #bb parts of water heated to #cj to #dj ,c4 7#hf to #ajd ,f471 and sharp quartz sand is then used for scouring4 ,they are then plunged for a few seconds in boiling water1 taken out1 and allowed to dry4 ,rinsing with cold water and allowing to dry thus may cause rust4 ,the grains of quartz cut grooves in the fibers of the iron2 this helps the grounding to adhere well4 ,with many kinds of plate it is advisable to anneal after pickling1 shutting off the air2 by this means the plates will be thoroughly clean and free from oxidation4 ,much practice is required4--,the ,engineer4 ,,enameled ,,iron ,,recipes4 ,the first thing is to produce a flux to fuse at a moderate heat1 which1 by flowing upon the plate1 forms a uniform surface for the white or colored enamels to work upon4 ,flux for ,enameled ,iron4-- ,white lead #aj parts ,ball clay #a part ,flint glass #aj parts ,whiting #a part ,the plates may then be coated with any of the following mixtures1 which may either be spread on as a powder with a little gum1 as in the case of the flux1 or the colors may be mixed with oil and the plates dipped therein when coated2 the plate requires heating sufficiently to run the enamels bright4 ,soft ,enamels for ,iron1 ,white4-- ,flint glass #af parts ,oxide of tin #a #a_/b parts ,niter #a #a_/b parts ,red lead #d parts ,flint or china clay #a part ,black4-- ,red oxide of iron #a #a_/d parts ,carbonate of cobalt #a #a_/d parts ,red lead #f parts ,borax #b parts ,lynn sand #b parts ,yellow ,coral4-- ,chromate of lead #a part ,red lead #b #c_/d parts ,flint #a part ,borax #a_/d part ,canary4-- ,oxide of uranium #a part ,red lead #d #a_/b parts ,flint #a #a_/b parts ,flint glass #a part ,turquoise4-- ,red lead #dj parts ,flint glass #ab parts ,borax #af parts ,flint #ab parts ,enamel white #ad parts ,oxide of copper #g parts ,oxide of cobalt #a_/d part ,red ,brown4-- ,calcined sulphate of iron #a part ,flux ,no4 #h 7see page #cjg7 #c parts ,mazarine ,blue4-- ,oxide of cobalt #aj parts ,paris white #i parts ,sulphate barytes #a part ,fire the above at an intense heat and for use take ,above stain #a part ,flux ,no4 #h 7see page #cjg7 #c parts ,sky ,blue4-- ,flint glass #cj parts ,white lead #aj parts ,pearlash #b parts ,common salt #b parts ,oxide of cobalt #d parts ,enamel1 white #d parts ,chrome ,green4-- ,borax #aj parts ,oxide of chrome #d #a_/b parts ,white lead #i parts ,flint glass #i parts ,oxide of cobalt #b parts ,oxide of tin #a part #cjf ,coral ,red4-- ,bichromate potash #a part ,red lead #d #a_/b parts ,sugar of lead #a #a_/b parts ,flint #a #a_/b parts ,flint glass #a part ,enamel ,white4--,soft3 ,red lead #hj parts ,opal glass #ej parts ,flint #ej parts ,borax #bd parts ,arsenic #h parts ,niter #f parts ,enamel ,white4-- ,red lead #aj parts ,flint #f parts ,boracic acid #d parts ,niter #a part ,soda crystals #a part ,where the enameled work is intended to be exposed to the weather do not use flux ,no4 #h1 but substitute the following3 ,white lead #a part ,ground flint glass #a part ,all the enamels should1 after being mixed1 be melted in crucibles1 poured out when in liquid1 and powdered or ground for use4 ,,fusible ,,enamel ,,colors4 ,the following colors are fusible by heat1 and are all suitable for the decoration of china and glass4 ,in the following collection of recipes certain terms are employed which may not be quite understood by persons who are not connected with either the glass or porcelain industries1 such as 8glost fire0 and 8run down10 and in such cases reference must be made to the following definitions3 8,run down40 ,sufficient heat to melt into liquid4 8,glost fire40 ,ordinary glaze heat4 8,grind only40 ,no calcination required4 8,hard fire40 ,highest heat attainable4 8,frit40 ,the ingredients partly composing a glaze1 which require calcination4 8,stone40 ,always best ,cornwall stone4 8,paris white40 ,superior quality of whiting4 8,parts40 ,always so many parts by weight1 unless otherwise stated4 8,d4 ,l4 ,zinc40 ,particular brand not essential4 ,any good quality oxide of zinc will do4 ,ruby and ,maroon4--,preparation of silver3 ,nitric acid #a ounce ,water #a ounce ,dissolve the silver till saturated1 then put a plate of copper in the solution to precipitate the silver in a metallic state4 ,wash well with water to remove the acetate of copper4 ,flux for ,above4--,six dwts4 white lead to #a ounce prepared silver4 ,tin ,solution4--,put the acid 7aqua regia7 in a bottle1 add tin in small quantities until it becomes a dark-red color2 let it stand about #d days before use4 ,when the acid becomes saturated it will turn red at the bottom of the bottle1 then shake it up and add more tin2 let it stand and it will become clear4 ,aqua ,regia4-- ,nitric acid #b parts ,muriatic acid #a part ,dissolve grain gold in the aqua regia so as to make a saturated solution4 ,take a basin and fill it #c parts full of water2 drop the solution of gold into it till it becomes an amber color4 ,into this solution of gold gradually drop the solution of tin1 until the precipitate is complete4 ,wash the precipitate until the water becomes tasteless1 then dry slowly and flux as follows3 ,flux ,no4 ,i4-- ,borax #c parts ,red lead #c parts ,flint #b parts ,run down4 ,rose ,mixture4-- ,purple of ,cassius #a ounce ,flux ,no4 #a #f ounces ,prepared silver #c dwts4 ,flint glass #b ounces ,grind4 ,purple ,mixture4-- ,purple of ,cassius #a ounce ,flux ,no4 #h 7see page #cjg7 #b #a_/b ounces ,flint glass #b ounces ,grind4 ,ruby4-- ,purple mixture #b #a_/b parts ,rose mixture #a #a_/b parts ,grind4 ,maroon4-- ,rose mixture #a part ,purple mixture #b parts ,grind4 #cjg ,black--,extra quality4-- ,red oxide of iron #ab parts ,carbonate of cobalt #ab parts ,oxide of cobalt #a part ,black flux ,a 7see next formula7 #hj parts ,glost fire4 ,black ,flux ,a4-- ,red lead #c parts ,calcined borax #a_/b part ,lynn sand #a part ,run down4 ,black ,no4 #b4-- ,oxide of copper #a part ,carbonate of cobalt #a_/b part ,flux ,no4 #h 7see next column7 #d parts ,grind only4 ,enamel ,white4-- ,arsenic #b #a_/b parts ,niter #a #a_/b parts ,borax #d parts ,flint #af parts ,glass #af parts ,red lead #cb parts ,glost fire4 ,turquoise4--,china3 ,calcined copper #e parts ,whiting #e parts ,phosphate of soda #h parts ,oxide of zinc #af parts ,soda crystals #d parts ,magnesia #b parts ,red lead #h parts ,flux ,t 7see next formula7 #eb parts ,glost fire4 ,flux ,t4-- ,borax #b parts ,sand #a part ,run down4 ,orange4-- ,orange ,u4 ,g4 #a part ,flux ,no4 #h 7see next column7 #c parts ,grind only4 ,blue ,green4-- ,flint glass #h parts ,enamel white #be parts ,borax #h parts ,red lead #bd parts ,flint #f parts ,oxide of copper #b #a_/b parts ,glost heat4 ,coral ,red4-- ,chromate of potash #a part ,sugar of lead #a #a_/b parts ,dissolve in hot water1 then dry4 ,take #a part of above1 #c parts flux for coral4 ,grind4 ,flux for ,coral4-- ,red lead #d #a_/b parts ,flint #a #a_/b parts ,flint glass #a #a_/b parts ,run down4 ,turquoise4-- ,oxide of copper #e parts ,borax #aj parts ,flint #ab parts ,enamel white #ad parts ,red lead #dj parts ,glost fire4 ,flux ,no4 #h4-- ,red lead #f parts ,borax #d parts ,flint #b parts ,run down4 ,russian ,green4-- ,malachite green #aj parts ,enamel yellow #e parts ,majolica white #e parts ,flux ,no4 #h 7see previous formula7 #b parts ,grind only4 ,amber4-- ,oxide of uranium #a part ,coral flux #h parts ,grind only4 ,gordon ,green4-- ,yellow ,u4 ,g4 #e parts ,flux ,no4 #h 7see above7 #ae parts ,malachite green #aj parts ,grind only4 ,celadon4-- ,enamel light blue #a part ,malachite green #a part ,flux ,no4 #h 7see above7 #ae parts ,grind only4 ,red ,brown4-- ,sulphate of iron1 fired #a part ,flux ,no4 #h 7see above7 #c parts ,grind only4 ,matt ,blue4-- ,flux ,no4 #h 7see above7 #aj #a_/b parts ,oxide of zinc #e parts ,oxide of cobalt #d parts ,glost fire1 then take ,of above base #a part ,flux ,no4 #h 7see above7 #a #a_/h parts ,grind only4 #cjh ,,preparation ,,of ,,enamels4 ,the base of enamel is glass1 colored different shades by the addition of metallic oxides mixed and melted with it4 ,the oxide of cobalt produces blue2 red is obtained by the ,cassius process4 ,the purple of ,cassius1 which is one of the most brilliant of colors1 is used almost exclusively in enameling and miniature painting2 it is produced by adding to a solution of gold chloride a solution of tin chloride mixed with ferric chloride until a green color appears4 ,the oxide of iron and of copper also produces red1 but of a less rich tone2 chrome produces green1 and manganese violet2 black is produced by the mixture of these oxides4 ,antimony and arsenic also enter into the composition of enamels4 ,enamels are of two classes--opaque and transparent4 ,the opacity is caused by the presence of tin4 ,when the mingled glass and oxides have been put in the crucible1 this is placed in the furnace1 heated to a temperature of #a1hcb or #b1bjj ,f4 ,when the mixture becomes fused1 it is stirred with a metal rod4 ,two or three hours are necessary for the operation4 ,the enamel is then poured into water1 which divides it into grains1 or formed into cakes or masses1 which are left to cool4 ,for applying enamels to metals1 gold1 silver1 or copper1 it is necessary to reduce them to powder1 which is effected in an agate mortar with the aid of a pestle of the same material4 ,during the operation the enamel ought to be soaked in water4 ,for dissolving the impurities which may have been formed during the work1 a few drops of nitric acid are poured in immediately afterwards1 well mixed1 and then got rid of by repeated washing with filtered water4 ,this should be carefully done1 stirring the enamel powder with a glass rod1 in order to keep the particles in suspension4 ,the powder is allowed to repose at the bottom of the vessel1 after making sure by the taste of the water that it does not contain any trace of acid2 only then is the enamel ready for use4 ,for enameling a jewel or other object it is necessary1 first to heat it strongly1 in order to burn off any fatty matter1 and afterwards to cleanse it in a solution of nitric acid diluted with boiling water4 ,after rinsing with pure water and wiping with a very clean cloth1 it is heated slightly and is then ready to receive the enamel4 ,enamels are applied with a steel tool in the form of a spatula2 water is the vehicle4 ,when the layers of enamel have been applied1 the contained water is removed by means of a fine linen rag1 pressing slightly on the parts that have received the enamel4 ,the tissue absorbs the water1 and nothing remains on the object except the enamel powder4 ,it is placed before the fire to remove every trace of moisture4 ,thus prepared and put on a fire-clap slab1 it is ready for its passage to the heat which fixes the enamel4 ,this operation is conducted in a furnace1 with a current of air whose temperature is about #a1hcb ,f4 ,in this operation the fire-chamber ought not to contain any gas4 ,enamels are fused at a temperature of #a1bib to #a1dgb ,f4 ,great attention is needed1 for experience alone is the guide1 and the duration of the process is quite short4 ,on coming from the fire1 the molecules composing the enamel powder have been fused together and present to the eye a vitreous surface covering the metal and adhering to it perfectly4 ,under the action of the heat the metallic oxides contained in the enamel have met the oxide of the metal and formed one body with it1 thus adhering completely4 ,,jewelers' ,,enamels4 ,melt together3 ,transparent ,red4--,cassius gold purple1 #fe parts1 by weight2 crystal glass1 #cj parts1 by weight2 borax1 #d parts1 by weight4 ,transparent ,blue4--,crystal glass1 #cd parts1 by weight2 borax1 #f parts1 by weight2 cobalt oxide1 #d parts1 by weight4 ,dark ,blue4--,crystal glass1 #cj parts1 by weight2 borax1 #f parts1 by weight2 cobalt oxide1 #d parts1 by weight2 bone black1 #d parts1 by weight2 arsenic acid1 #b parts1 by weight4 ,transparent ,green4--,crystal glass1 #hj parts1 by weight2 cupric oxide1 #d parts1 by weight2 borax1 #b parts1 by weight4 ,dark ,green4--,crystal glass1 #cj parts1 by weight2 borax1 #h parts1 by weight2 cupric oxide1 #d parts1 by weight2 bone black1 #d parts by weight2 arsenic acid1 #b parts1 by weight4 ,black4--,crystal glass1 #cj parts1 by weight2 borax1 #h parts1 by weight2 cupric oxide1 #d parts1 by weight2 ferric oxide1 #c parts1 by weight2 cobalt oxide1 #d parts1 by weight2 manganic oxide1 #d parts1 by weight4 ,white4--,i4--,crystal glass1 #cj parts1 by weight2 stannic oxide1 #f parts1 by weight2 borax1 #f parts1 by weight2 arsenic acid1 #b parts1 by weight4 ,,ii4--,crystal glass1 #cj parts1 by weight2 sodium antimonate1 #aj parts1 by weight4 #cji ,the finely pulverized colored enamel is applied with a brush and lavender oil on the white enamel already fused in and then only heated until it melts4 ,for certain purposes1 the color compositions may also be fused in without a white ground4 ,the glass used for white1 ,no4 #b1 must be free from lead1 otherwise the enamel will be unsightly4 ,various ,enamels for ,precious ,metals3 ,white4--,crystal glass1 #cj parts1 by weight2 oxide of tin1 #f parts1 by weight2 borax1 #f parts1 by weight2 dioxide of arsenic1 #b parts1 by weight1 or silicious sand1 #ej parts1 by weight2 powder1 consisting of #ae of tin per #ajj of lead1 #ajj parts1 by weight2 carbonate of potassium1 #dj parts1 by weight4 ,fuse the whole with a quantity of manganese4 ,to take away the accidental coloring1 pour it into water1 and after having pulverized it1 melt again #c or #d times4 ,opaque ,blue4--,crystal glass1 #cj parts1 by weight2 borax1 #f parts1 by weight2 cobalt oxide1 #d parts1 by weight2 calcined bone1 #d parts1 by weight2 dioxide of arsenic1 #b parts1 by weight4 ,transparent ,green4--,crystal glass1 #cj parts1 by weight2 blue verditer1 #d parts1 by weight2 borax1 #b parts1 by weight4 ,opaque ,green4--,crystal glass1 #cj parts1 by weight2 borax1 #h parts1 by weight2 blue verditer1 #d parts1 by weight2 calcined bone1 #d parts1 by weight2 dioxide of arsenic1 #b parts1 by weight4 ,black4--,i4--,crystal glass1 #cj parts1 by weight2 borax1 #h parts1 by weight2 oxide of copper1 #d parts1 by weight2 oxide of iron1 #c parts1 by weight2 oxide of cobalt1 #d parts1 by weight2 oxide of manganese1 #d parts1 by weight4 ,,ii4--,take #a_/b part1 by weight1 of silver2 #b #a_/b parts of copper2 #c #a_/b parts of lead1 and #b #a_/b parts of muriate of ammonia4 ,melt together and pour into a crucible with twice as much pulverized sulphur2 the crucible is then to be immediately covered that the sulphur may not take fire1 and the mixture is to be calcined over a smelting fire until the superfluous sulphur is burned away4 ,the compound is then to be coarsely pounded1 and1 with a solution of muriate of ammonia1 to be formed into a paste which is to be placed upon the article it is designed to enamel4 ,the article must then be held over a spirit lamp till the compound upon it melts and flows4 ,after this it may be smoothed and polished up in safety4 ,see also ,varnishes and ,ceramics for other enamel formulas4 ,,enamel ,,colors1 ,,quick ,,drying3 ,see ,varnishes4 ,,enamel ,,removers3 ,see ,cleaning ,preparations and ,methods4 ,,enameling ,,alloys3 ,see ,alloys4 ,,engines 7,,gasoline71 ,,anti-,,freezing ,,solution ,,for3 ,see ,freezing ,preventives4 ,,engraving ,,spoon ,,handles4 ,after the first monogram has been engraved1 rub it with a mixture of #c parts of beeswax1 #c of tallow1 #a of ,canada balsam1 and #a of olive oil4 ,remove any superfluous quantity1 then moisten a piece of paper with the tongue1 and press it evenly upon the engraving4 ,lay a dry piece of paper over it1 hold both firmly with thumb and forefinger of left hand1 and rub over the surface with a polishing tool of steel or bone4 ,the wet paper is thereby pressed into the engraving1 and1 with care1 a clear impression is made4 ,remove the paper carefully1 place it in the same position on another handle1 and a clear impression will be left4 ,the same paper can be used #b dozen times or more4 ,,engraving ,,on ,,steel3 ,see ,steel4 ,engravings3 ,their ,preservation 7,see also ,pictures1 ,prints1 and ,lithographs47 ,cleaning of ,copperplate ,engravings4--,wash the sheet on both sides by means of a soft sponge or brush with water to which #dj parts of ammonium carbonate has been added per #a1jjj parts of water1 and rinse the paper each time with clear water4 ,next moisten with water in which a little wine vinegar has been admixed1 rinse the sheet again with water containing a little chloride of lime1 and dry in the air1 preferably in the sun4 ,the paper will become perfectly clear without the print being injured4 ,restoration of ,old ,prints4--,old engravings1 woodcuts1 or printed sheets that have turned yellow may be rendered white by first washing carefully in water containing a little hyposulphite of soda1 and then dipping for a minute in javelle water4 ,to prepare the latter1 put #d pounds of bicarbonate of soda in a pan1 pour over it #a gallon of boiling water2 boil for #ae minutes1 then stir in #a #caj pound of chloride of lime4 ,when cold1 pour off the clear liquid1 and keep in a jug ready for use4 ,surprising results are obtained from the use of hydrogen peroxide in the restoration of old copper or steel engravings or lithographs which have become soiled or yellow1 and this without the least injury to the picture4 ,the cellulose which makes the substance of the paper resists the action of ozone1 and the black carbon color of these prints is indestructible4 ,to remove grease or other spots of dirt before bleaching1 the engravings are treated with benzine4 ,this is done by laying each one out flat in a shallow vessel and pouring the benzine over it4 ,as benzine evaporates very rapidly1 the vessel must be kept well covered1 and since its vapors are also exceedingly inflammable1 no fire or smoking should be allowed in the room4 ,the picture is left for several hours1 then lifted out and dried in the air1 and finally brushed several times with a soft brush4 ,the dust which was kept upon the paper by the grease now lies more loosely upon it and can easily be removed by brushing4 ,in many cases the above treatment is sufficient to improve the appearance of the picture4 ,in the case of very old or badly soiled engravings1 it is followed by a second1 consisting in the immersion of the picture in a solution of sodium carbonate or a very dilute solution of caustic soda1 it being left as before for several hours4 ,after the liquid has been poured off1 the picture must be repeatedly rinsed in clear water1 to remove any remnant of the soda4 ,by these means the paper is so far cleansed that only spots of mold or other discolorations remain4 ,these may be removed by hydrogen peroxide1 in a fairly strong solution4 ,the commercial peroxide may be diluted with #b parts water4 ,the picture is laid in a shallow vessel1 the peroxide poured over it1 and the vessel placed in a strong light4 ,very soon the discolorations will pale4 ,to ,reduce ,engravings4--,plaster casts1 as we know1 can be perceptibly reduced in size by treatment with water or alcohol1 and if this is properly done1 the reduction is so even that the cast loses nothing of its clear outline1 but sometimes even gains in this respect by contraction4 ,if it is desired to reduce an engraved plate1 make a plaster cast of it1 treat this with water or alcohol1 and fill the new cast with some easily fusible metal4 ,this model1 which will be considerably smaller than the original1 is to be made again in plaster1 and again treated1 until the desired size is reached4 ,in this way anything of the kind1 even medallions1 can be reproduced on a smaller scale4 ,,enlargements3 ,see ,photography4 ,,envelope ,,gum3 ,see ,adhesives1 under ,mucilages4 ,,epizooty3 ,see ,veterinary ,formulas4 ,essences and ,extracts of ,fruits ,preservation of ,fruit ,juices4--,the juices of pulpy fruits1 when fresh1 contain an active principle known as pectin1 which is the coagulating substance that forms the basis of fruit jellies4 ,this it is which prevents the juice of berries and similar fruits from passing through filtering media4 ,pectin may be precipitated by the addition of alcohol1 or by fermentation4 ,the latter is the best1 as the addition of alcohol to the fresh juices destroys their aroma and injures the taste4 ,the induction of a light fermentation is far the better method1 not only preserving1 when carefully conducted1 the taste and aroma of the fruit1 but yielding far more juice4 ,the fruit is crushed and the juice subsequently carefully but strongly pressed out4 ,sometimes the crushed fruit is allowed to stand awhile1 and to proceed to a light fermentation before pressure is applied2 but while a greater amount of juice is thus obtained1 the aroma and flavor of the product are very sensibly injured by the procedure4 ,to the juice thus obtained1 add from #a to #b per cent of sugar1 and put away in a cool place 7where the temperature will not rise over #gj or #ge ,f474 ,fermentation soon begins1 and will proceed for a few days4 ,as soon as the development of carbonic acid gas ceases1 the juice begins to clear itself1 from the surface downward1 and in a short time all solid matter will lie in a mass at the bottom1 leaving the liquid bright and clear4 ,draw off the latter with a siphon1 very carefully1 so as not to disturb the sedimentary matter4 ,fermentation should be induced in closed vessels only1 as when conducted in open containers a fungoid growth is apt to form on the surface1 sometimes causing putrefactive1 and at others1 an acetic1 fermentation1 in either event spoiling the juice for #caa subsequent use1 except as a vinegar4 ,the vessels1 to effect the end desired1 should be filled only two-thirds or three-fourths full1 and then carefully closed with a tight-fitting cork1 through which is passed a tube of glass1 bent at the upper end1 the short end of which passes below the surface of a vessel filled with water4 ,as soon as fermentation commences the carbonic acid developed thereby escapes through the tube into the water1 whence it passes off into the atmosphere4 ,when bubbles no longer pass off from the tube the operation should be interrupted1 and decantation or siphoning1 with subsequent filtration1 commenced4 ,by proceeding in this manner all the aroma and flavor of the juices are retained4 ,if it is intended for preservation for any length of time the juice should be heated on a water bath to about #agf ,f4 and poured1 while hot1 into bottles which have been asepticized by filling with cold water1 and placing in a vessel similarly filled1 bringing to a boiling temperature1 and maintaining at this temperature until the juice1 while still hot1 is poured into them4 ,if now closed with corks similarly asepticized1 or by dipping into hot melted paraffine1 the juice may be kept unaltered for years4 ,it is better1 however1 to make the juice at once into syrup1 using the best refined sugar1 and boiling in a copper kettle 7iron or tin spoil the color71 following the usual precautions as to skimming1 etc4 ,the syrup should be poured hot into the bottles previously heated as before described4 ,ripe fruit may be kept in suitable quantities for a considerable time if covered with a solution of saccharine and left undisturbed1 this1 too1 without deteriorating the taste1 color1 or aroma of the fruit if packed with care4 ,whole fruit may be stored in bulk1 by carefully and without fracture filling into convenient-sized jars or bottles1 and pouring thereon a solution containing a quarter of an ounce of refined saccharine to the gallon of water1 so filling each vessel that the solution is within an inch of the cork when pressed into position4 ,the corks should first of all be immersed in melted paraffine wax1 then drained1 and allowed to cool4 ,when fruit juices alone are required for storage purposes they are prepared by subjecting the juicy fruits to considerable pressure1 by which process the juices are liberated4 ,the sound ripe fruits are crushed and packed into felt or flannel bags4 ,the fruit should be carefully selected1 rotten or impaired portions being carefully removed2 this is important1 or the whole stock would be spoiled4 ,several methods are adopted for preserving and clarifying fruit juices4 ,a common way in which they are kept from fermenting is by the use of salicylic acid or other antiseptic substance1 which destroys the fermentative germ1 or otherwise retards its action for a considerable time4 ,the use of this acid is seriously objected to by some as injurious to the consumer4 ,about #b ounces of salicylic acid1 previously dissolved in alcohol1 to #be gallons of juice1 or #dj grains to the gallon1 is generally considered the proper proportion4 ,another method adopted is to fill the freshly prepared cold juice into bottles until it reaches the necks1 and on the top of this fruit juice a little glycerine is placed4 ,juices thus preserved will keep in an unchanged condition in any season4 ,probably one of the best methods of preserving fruit juices is to add #ae per cent of #ie per cent alcohol4 ,on such an addition1 albumen and mucilaginous matter will be deposited4 ,the juice may then be stored in large bottles1 jars1 or barrels1 if securely closed1 and when clear1 so that further clarification is unnecessary1 the juice should finally be decanted or siphoned off4 ,a method applicable to most berries is as follows3 ,take fresh1 ripe berries1 stem them1 and rub through a ,no4 #h sieve1 rejecting all soft and green fruit4 ,add to each gallon of pulp thus obtained #h pounds of granulated sugar4 ,put on the fire and bring just to a boil1 stirring constantly4 ,just before removing from the fire1 add to each gallon #a ounce of a saturated alcoholic solution of salicylic acid1 stirring well4 ,remove the scum1 and1 while still hot1 put into jars and hermetically seal4 ,put the jars in cold water1 and raise them to the boiling point1 to prevent them from bursting by sudden expansion on pouring hot fruit into them4 ,fill the jars entirely full1 so as to leave no air space when fruit cools and contracts4 ,prevention of ,foaming and ,partial ,caramelization of ,fruit ,juices4--,fresh fruit juices carry a notable amount of free carbonic acid1 which must make its escape on heating the liquid4 ,this will do easily enough if the juice be heated in its natural state1 but the addition of the sugar so increases the density of the fluid that the acid finds escape difficult1 and often the result is foaming4 ,as to the burning or partial caramelization of #cab the syrup1 that is easily accounted for in the greater density of the syrup at the bottom of the kettle--the lighter portion1 or that still carrying imprisoned gases1 remaining on top until it is freed from them4 ,constant stirring can prevent this only partially1 since it cannot entirely overcome the results of the natural forces in action4 ,the consequence is more or less caramelization4 ,the remedy is very simple4 ,boil the juices first1 adding distilled water to make up for the loss by evaporation1 and add the sugar afterwards4 ,,essences ,,and ,,extracts3 ,almond ,extracts4-- ,i4--,oil of bitter almonds #ij minims ,alcohol1 #id per cent1 quantity sufficient to make #h ounces4 ,,ii4--,oil of bitter almonds #hj minims ,alcohol #g ounces ,distilled water1 quantity sufficient to make #h ounces4 ,,iii4--,oil of bitter almonds1 deprived of its hydrocyanic acid #a ounce ,alcohol #ae ounces ,in order to remove the hydrocyanic acid in oil of bitter almonds1 dissolve #b parts of ferrous sulphate in #af parts of distilled water2 in another vessel slake #a part freshly burned quicklime in a similar quantity of distilled water1 and to this add the solution of iron sulphate1 after the same has cooled4 ,in the mixture put #d parts of almond oil1 and thoroughly agitate the liquids together4 ,repeat the agitation at an interval of #e minutes1 then filter4 ,put the filtrate into a glass retort and distil until all the oil has passed over4 ,remove any water that may be with the distillate by decantation1 or otherwise4 ,apricot ,extract4-- ,linalyl formate #ij minims ,glycerine #a ounce ,amyl valerianate #d drachms ,alcohol #aa ounces ,fluid extract orris #a ounce ,water1 quantity sufficient to make #a pint4 ,apple ,extract4-- ,glycerine #a ounce ,amyl valerianate #d drachms ,linalyl formate #de minims ,fluid extract orris #a ounce ,alcohol #aa ounces ,water1 quantity sufficient to make #a pint4 ,apple ,syrup4--,i4--,peel and remove the cores of1 say1 #e parts of apples and cut them into little bits4 ,put in a suitable vessel and pour over them a mixture of #e parts each of common white wine and water1 and let macerate together for #e days at from #abe to #ace ,f41 the vessel being closed during the time4 ,then strain the liquid through a linen cloth1 using gentle pressure on the solid matter1 forcing as much as possible of it through the cloth4 ,boil #cj parts of sugar and #bj parts of water together1 and when boiling add to the resulting syrup the apple juice2 let it boil up for a minute or so1 and strain through flannel4 ,,ii4--,good ripe apples are cut into small pieces and pounded to a pulp in a mortar of any metal with the exception of iron4 ,to #a part of this pulp add #aa parts of water4 ,allow this to stand for #ab hours4 ,colate4 ,to #aa parts of the colature add #a part of sugar4 ,boil for #e minutes4 ,skim carefully4 ,bottle slightly warm4 ,a small quantity of tartaric acid may be added to heighten the flavor4 ,banana ,syrup4--,cut the fruit in slices and place in a jar2 sprinkle with sugar and cover the jar1 which is then enveloped in straw and placed in cold water and the latter is heated to the boiling point4 ,the jar is then removed1 allowed to cool1 and the juice poured into bottles4 ,cinnamon ,essence4-- ,oil of cinnamon #b drachms ,cinnamon1 powdered #d ounces ,alcohol1 deodorized #af ounces ,distilled water #af ounces ,dissolve the oil in the alcohol1 and add the water1 an ounce at a time1 with agitation after each addition4 ,moisten the cinnamon with a little of the water1 add1 and agitate4 ,cork tightly1 and put in a warm place1 to macerate1 #b weeks1 giving the flask a vigorous agitation several times a day4 ,finally1 filter through paper1 and keep in small vials1 tightly stoppered4 ,chocolate ,extract4--,probably the best form of chocolate extract is made as follows3 ,curaao cocoa #djj parts ,vanilla1 chopped fine #a part ,alcohol of #ee per cent #b1jjj parts ,mix and macerate together for #ae days1 express and set aside4 ,pack the residue in a percolator1 and pour on boiling water 7soft7 and percolate until #ege parts pass through4 ,put the percolate #cac in a flask1 cork1 and let cool1 then mix with the alcoholic extract4 ,if it be desired to make a syrup1 before mixing the extract1 add #a1jjj parts of sugar to the percolate1 and with gentle heat dissolve the sugar4 ,mix the syrup thus formed1 after cooling1 with the alcoholic extract4 ,coffee ,extracts4--,in making coffee extract1 care must be used to avoid extracting the bitter properties of the coffee1 as this is where most manufacturers fail2 in trying to get a strong extract they succeed only in getting a bitter one4 ,i4--,the coffee should be a mixture of ,mocha1 #c parts2 ,old ,government ,java1 #e parts2 or1 as some prefer1 ,mocha1 #c parts2 ,java1 #c parts2 best old ,rio1 #b parts4 ,coffee1 freshly roasted and pulverized #ajj parts ,boiling water #fjj parts ,pack the coffee1 moistened with boiling water1 in a strainer1 or dipper1 placed in a vessel standing in the water bath at boiling point1 and let #djj parts of the water1 in active ebullition1 pass slowly through it4 ,draw off the liquid as quickly as possible 7best into a vessel previously heated by boiling water to nearly the boiling point71 add #bjj parts of boiling water1 and pass the whole again through the strainer 7the container remaining in the water bath74 ,remove from the bath2 add #edj parts of sugar1 and dissolve by agitation while still hot4 ,,ii4--,the following is based upon ,liebig's method of making coffee for table use3 ,moisten #ej parts of coffee1 freshly roasted and powdered as before1 with cold water1 and add to it a little egg albumen and stir in4 ,pour over the whole #djj parts of boiling water1 set on the fire1 and let come to a boil4 ,as the liquid foams1 stir down with a spoon1 but let it come to a boil for a moment2 add a little cold water1 cover tightly1 and set aside in a warm place4 ,exhaust the residual coffee with #cjj parts of boiling water1 as detailed in the first process1 and to the filtrate add carefully the now clarified extract1 up to #fjj parts1 by adding boiling water4 ,proceed to make the syrup by the method detailed above4 ,,iii4--,to make a more permanent extract of coffee saturate #fjj parts of freshly roasted coffee1 ground moderately fine1 with any desired quantity of a #a in #c mixture of alcohol of #id per cent and distilled water1 and pack in a percolator4 ,close the faucet and let stand1 closely stoppered1 for #bd hours2 then pour on the residue of the alcohol and water1 and let run through1 adding sufficient water1 at the last1 so as to compensate for what boils away4 ,set this aside1 and continue the percolation1 with boiling water1 until the powder is exhausted4 ,evaporate the resultant percolate down to the consistency of the alcoholic extract1 and mix the two4 ,if desired1 the result may be evaporated down to condition of an extract4 ,to dissolve1 add boiling water4 ,,iv4--,this essence is expressly adapted to boiling purposes4 ,take #c pounds of good coffee1 #d ounces of granulated sugar1 #d pints of pure alcohol1 #f pints of hot water4 ,have coffee fresh roasted and of a medium grinding4 ,pack in a glass percolator1 and percolate it with a menstruum1 consisting of the water and the alcohol4 ,repeat the percolation until the desired strength is obtained1 or the coffee exhausted2 then add the sugar and filter4 ,v4--,mocha coffee #a pound ,java coffee #a pound ,glycerine1 quantity sufficient4 ,water1 quantity sufficient4 ,grind the two coffees fine1 and mix1 then moisten with a mixture of #a part of glycerine and #c parts of water1 and pack in a glass percolator1 and percolate slowly until #cj ounces of the percolate is obtained4 ,it is a more complete extraction if the menstruum be poured on in the condition of boiling1 and it be allowed to macerate for #bj minutes before percolation commences4 ,coffee extract should1 by preference1 be made in a glass percolator4 ,a glycerine menstruum is preferable to one of dilute alcohol1 giving a finer product4 ,,vi4--,coffee1 ,java1 roasted1 ,no4 #bj powder #d ounces ,glycerine1 pure #d fluidounces ,water1 quantity sufficient4 ,boiling1 quantity sufficient4 ,moisten the coffee slightly with water1 and pack firmly in a tin percolator2 pour on water1 gradually1 until #d fluidounces are obtained1 then set aside4 ,place the coffee in a clean tin vessel1 with #h fluidounces of water1 and boil for #e minutes4 ,again place the coffee in the percolator with the water 7infusion71 and when the liquid has passed1 or drained off1 pack the grounds firmly1 and pour on boiling water until #h fluidounces are obtained4 ,when cold1 mix the first product1 and add the glycerine1 bottle1 and cork well4 ,the excellence of this extract of coffee1 from the manner of its preparation1 will be found by experience to be incomparably superior to that made by the #cad formulas usually recommended1 the reason being apparent in the first step in the process4 ,coffee ,essence4-- ,best ground ,mocha coffee #d pounds ,best ground chicory #b pounds ,boil with #b gallons of water in a closed vessel and when cold1 strain1 press1 and make up to #b gallons1 and to this add ,rectified spirit of wine #h ounces ,pure glycerine 7fluid7 #af ounces ,add syrup enough to make #d gallons1 and mix intimately4 ,cucumber ,essence4--,press the juice from cucumbers1 mix with an equal volume of alcohol and distil4 ,if the distillate is not sufficiently perfumed1 more juice may be added and the mixture distilled4 ,it is said that the essence thus prepared will not spoil when mixed with fats in the preparation of cosmetics4 ,fruit ,jelly ,extract4--,fill into separate paper bags3 ,medium finely powdered gelatin #ah parts ,medium finely powdered citric acid #c parts ,likewise into a glass bottle a mixture of any desired ,fruit essence #a part ,spirit of wine #a part and dissolve in the mixture for obtaining the desired color1 raspberry red or lemon yellow1 #a_/aj part4 ,for use1 dissolve the gelatin and the citric acid in boiling water1 adding ,sugar #abe parts and mixing before cooling with the fruit essence mixture4 ,ginger ,extracts4--,the following is an excellent method of preparing a soluble essence or extract of ginger3 ,i4--,jamaica ginger #bd ounces ,rectified spirits1 #fj per cent #de ounces ,water #ae ounces ,mix and let macerate together with frequent agitations for #aj days1 then percolate1 press off1 and filter4 ,the yield should be #de ounces4 ,of this take #dj ounces and mix with an equal amount of distilled water4 ,dissolve #f drachms of sodium phosphate in #e ounces of boiling water2 let cool and add the solution to the filtrate and water1 mixing well4 ,add #b drachms of calcium chloride dissolved in #e ounces of water1 nearly cold1 and again thoroughly shake the whole4 ,let stand for #ab hours2 then filter4 ,put the filtrate in a still1 and distil off1 at as slow a temperature as possible1 #cj ounces4 ,set this distillate to one side1 and continue the distillation till another #dj ounces have passed1 then let the still cool4 ,the residue in the still1 some #ah ounces1 is the desired essence4 ,pour out all that is possible and wash the still with the #cj ounces of distillate first set aside4 ,this takes up all that is essential4 ,finally1 filter once more1 through double filter paper and preserve the filtrate--about #dj ounces1 of an amber-colored liquid containing all of the essentials of ,jamaica ginger4 ,soluble ,essence of ,ginger4--,,ii4--,the following is ,harrop's method of proceeding3 ,fluid extract of ginger 7,u4,s47 #d ounces ,pumice1 in moderately fine powder #a ounce ,water enough to make #ab ounces ,pour the fluid extract into a bottle1 add the pumice and shake the mixture and repeat the shaking in the course of several hours4 ,now add the water in proportion of about #b ounces1 shaking well and frequently after each addition4 ,when all is added repeat the agitation occasionally during #bd hours1 then filter1 returning the last portion of the filtrate until it comes through clear1 and if necessary add sufficient water to make #ab ounces4 ,,iii4--,jamaica ginger1 ground #b pounds ,pumice stone1 ground #b ounces ,lime1 slaked #b ounces ,alcohol1 dilute #d pints ,rub the ginger with the pumice stone and lime until thoroughly mixed4 ,moisten with the dilute alcohol until saturated and place in a narrow percolator1 being careful not to use force in packing1 but simply putting it in to obtain the position of a powder to be percolated1 so that the menstruum will go through uniformly4 ,finally1 add the dilute alcohol and proceed until #d pints of percolate are obtained4 ,allow the liquid to stand for #bd hours2 then filter if necessary4 ,,iv4--,tincture ginger #dhj parts ,tincture capsicum #ab parts ,oleoresin ginger #h parts ,magnesium carbonate #af parts ,rub the oleoresin with the magnesia1 and add the tinctures2 add about #djj #cae parts of water1 in divided portions1 stirring vigorously the while4 ,transfer the mixture to a bottle1 and allow to stand #a week1 shaking frequently2 then filter1 and make up #ifj parts with water4 ,v4--,fluid extract of ginger 7,u4 ,s4 ,p47 #d ounces ,pumice1 powdered and washed #a ounce ,water enough to make #ab ounces ,pour the fluid extract of ginger into a bottle1 and add the pumice1 shake thoroughly1 set aside1 and repeat the operation in the course of several hours4 ,add the water1 in the proportion of about #b ounces at a time1 agitating vigorously after each addition4 ,when all is added1 repeat the agitation occasionally during #bd hours1 then filter1 returning the first portion of the filtrate until it comes through bright and clear4 ,if necessary1 pass water through the filter1 enough to make #ab fluidounces of filtrate4 ,,vi4--,strongest tincture of ginger #a pint ,fresh slaked lime4 #a #a_/b ounces ,salt of tartar #a_/d ounce ,,vii4--,jamaica ginger1 ground #cb parts ,pumice stone1 powdered #cb parts ,lime1 slaked #b parts ,alcohol1 dilute1 sufficient to make #cb parts ,rub the ginger with the pumice stone and lime1 then moisten with alcohol until it is saturated with it4 ,put in a narrow percolator1 using no force in packing4 ,allow the mass to stand for #bd hours1 then let run through4 ,filter if necessary4 ,,viii4--,the following is insoluble3 ,cochin ginger1 cut fine #a1jjj parts ,alcohol1 #ie per cent #b1ejj parts ,water #a1bej parts ,glycerine #bej parts ,digest together for #h days in a very warm1 not to say hot1 place4 ,decant1 press off the roots1 and add to the colature1 then filter through paper4 ,this makes a strong1 natural tasting essence4 ,,ix4--,green ,ginger ,extract4--,the green ginger root is freed from the epidermis and surface dried by exposure to the air for a few hours4 ,it is then cut into thin slices and macerated for some days with an equal weight of rectified spirit1 which when filtered will yield an essence possessing a very fine aroma and forming an almost perfectly clear solution in water4 ,if the ginger is allowed to dry more than the few hours mentioned it will not produce a soluble essence4 ,it is used in some of the imported ginger ales as a flavoring only1 and makes a lovely ginger flavor4 ,hop ,syrup4--,a palatable preparation not inferior to many of the so-called hop bitters3 ,hops #b parts ,dandelion #b parts ,gentian #b parts ,chamomile #b parts ,stillingia #b parts ,orange peel #b parts ,alcohol #ge parts ,water #ge parts ,syrup1 simple #ej parts ,coarsely powder the drugs and exhaust with the water and alcohol mixed4 ,decant1 press out and filter1 and finally add the syrup4 ,the dose is a wineglassful #b or #c times daily4 ,lemon ,essences4--,i4--,macerate the cut-up fresh peelings of #dj lemons and #cj ,china oranges in #h quarts of alcohol and #b quarts of water1 for #b or #c days1 then distil off #h quarts4 ,every #ajj parts of this distillate is mixed with #ge parts of citric acid dissolved in #bjj parts of water1 colored with a trace of orange and filtered through talc4 ,each #bjj parts of the filtrate is then mixed with #b quarts of syrup4 ,,ii4--,twenty-five middle-sized lemons are thinly peeled1 the peelings finely cut1 and the whole1 lemons and peels1 put to macerate in a mixture of #c pints #ij per cent alcohol and #e quarts water4 ,let macerate for #bd hours4 ,add #aj drops lemon and #aj drops orange oil2 then slowly distil off #d quarts4 ,the distillate will be turbid1 but if left to stand in a cool1 dark place for a week it will filter off clear1 and should make a clear mixture with equal parts of water and simple syrup4 ,if it does not1 add with a pipette1 drop by drop1 sufficient alcohol to make it do so4 ,finally1 dissolve in the mixture #d drachms of vanillin1 and color with a few drops of tincture of turmeric and a little caramel4 ,,iii4--,peel thinly and lightly1 #be medium-sized fresh lemons and #a orange1 and cut the peelings into very small pieces4 ,macerate in #ee drachms #if per cent alcohol1 for #f hours4 ,filter off the macerate without pressing4 ,dilute the filtrate with #c pints water and set aside for eight days1 shaking frequently4 ,at #caf the end of this time filter4 ,the filtrate is usually clear1 and if so1 add #d drachms of vanillin4 ,if not1 proceed as in the second formula above4 ,,iv4--,oil of lemon1 select1 #h fluidounces2 oil of lemon grass 7fresh71 #a fluidrachm2 peel1 freshly grated1 of #ab lemons2 alcohol1 #g pints2 boiled water1 #a pint4 ,mix and macerate for #g days4 ,if in a hurry for the product1 percolate through the lemon peel and filter4 ,the addition of any other substance than the oil and rind of the lemon is not recommended4 ,v4--,fresh oil of lemon #fd parts ,lemon peel 7outer rind7 freshly grated #cb parts ,oil of lemon grass #a part ,alcohol #ejj parts ,mix1 let macerate for #ad days1 and filter4 ,,vi4--,essence of lemon #a #c_/d ounces ,rectified spirit of wine #f ounces ,pure glycerine #c ounces ,pure phosphate calcium #d ounces ,distilled water to make #a pint4 ,mix essence of lemon1 spirit of wine1 glycerine1 and #h ounces of distilled water1 agitate briskly in a quart bottle for #aj minutes1 and introduce phosphate of calcium and again shake4 ,put in a filter and let it pass through twice4 ,digest in filtrate for #b or #c days1 add #a #a_/b ounces fresh lemon peel1 and again filter4 ,,vii4--,oil of lemon #f parts ,lemon peel 7freshly grated7 #d parts ,alcohol1 sufficient4 ,dissolve the oil of lemon in #ij parts of alcohol1 add the lemon peel1 and macerate for #bd hours4 ,filter through paper1 adding through the filter enough alcohol to make the filtrate weigh #ajj parts4 ,,viii4--,exterior rind of lemon #b ounces ,alcohol1 #ie per cent1 deodorized #cb ounces ,oil of lemon1 recent #c fluidounces ,expose the lemon rind to the air until perfectly dry1 then bruise in a wedgwood mortar1 and add it to the alcohol1 agitating until the color is extracted2 then add the lemon oil4 ,natural ,lemon ,juice4--,i4--,take #d4bj parts of crystallized citric acid2 #b parts essence of lemons2 #c parts of alcohol of #if per cent2 #a_/b part calcium carbonate2 #ej #a_/bj parts sodium phosphate1 and #a_/bjj part calcium citrate1 and dissolve the whole in sufficient water to make #fj parts4 ,,ii4--,squeeze out the lemon juice1 strain it to get rid of the seeds and larger particles of pulp1 etc41 heat it to the boiling point1 let it cool down1 add talc1 shake well together and filter4 ,if it is to be kept a long time 7as on a sea voyage7 a little alcohol is added4 ,limejuice4--,this may be clarified by heating it either alone or mixed with a small quantity of egg albumen1 in a suitable vessel1 without stirring1 to near the boiling point of water1 until the impurities have coagulated and either risen to the top or sunk to the bottom4 ,it is then filtered into clean bottles1 which should be completely filled and closed 7with pointed corks71 so that each cork has to displace a portion of the liquid to be inserted4 ,the bottles are sealed and kept at an even temperature 7in a cellar74 ,in this way the juice may be satisfactorily preserved4 ,nutmeg ,essence4--,oil of nutmeg1 #b drachms2 mace1 in powder1 #a ounce2 alcohol1 #ie per cent1 deodorized1 #cb ounces4 ,dissolve the oil in the alcohol by agitation1 add the mace1 agitate1 then stopper tightly1 and macerate #ab hours4 ,filter through paper4 ,orange ,extract4--,grated peel of #bd oranges2 alcohol1 #a quart2 water1 #a quart2 oil of orange1 #d drachms4 ,macerate the orange peel and oil of orange with alcohol for #b weeks4 ,add distilled water and filter4 ,orange ,extract1 ,soluble4--,i4--,pure oil of orange1 #a #a_/d fluidounces2 carbonate of magnesium1 #b ounces2 alcohol1 #ab fluidounces2 water1 quantity sufficient to make #b pints4 ,,ii4--,dissolve oil of orange in the alcohol1 and rub it with the carbonate of magnesium1 in a mortar4 ,pour the mixture into a quart bottle1 and fill the bottle with water4 ,allow to macerate for a week or more1 shaking every day4 ,then filter through paper1 adding enough water through the paper to make filtrate measure #b pints4 ,orange ,peel1 ,soluble ,extract4-- ,freshly grated orange rind #a part ,deodorized alcohol #a part ,macerate for #d days and express4 ,add the expressed liquid to #aj per cent of its weight of powdered magnesium carbonate #cag in a mortar1 and rub thoroughly until a smooth1 creamy mixture results2 then gradually add the water1 constantly stirring4 ,let stand for #dh hours1 then filter through paper4 ,keep in an amber bottle and cool place4 ,to make syrup of orange1 add #a part of this extract to #g parts of heavy simple syrup4 ,peach ,extract4-- ,linalyl formate #abj minims ,amyl valerianate #h drachms ,fluid extract orris #b ounces ,oenanthic ether #b drachms ,oil rue 7pure ,german7 #cj minims ,chloroform #b drachms ,glycerine #b ounces ,alcohol1 #gj per cent1 to #c pints4 ,pineapple ,essence4--,a ripe1 but not too soft1 pineapple1 weighing about1 say1 #a pound1 is mashed up in a mortar with ,tokay wine1 #f ounces4 ,the mass is then brought into a flask with #a pint of water1 and allowed to stand #b hours4 ,alcohol1 #ij per cent1 #c_/d pint1 is then added and the mixture distilled until #g quarts of distillate have been collected4 ,cognac1 #i ounces1 is then added to the distillation4 ,pistachio ,essence4-- ,i4--,essence of almond #b fluidounces ,tincture of vanilla #d fluidounces ,oil of neroli #a drop ,,ii4--,oil of orange peel #d fluidrachms ,oil of cassia #a fluidrachm ,oil of bitter almond #ae minims ,oil of calamus #ae minims ,oil of nutmeg #a #a_/b fluidrachms ,oil of clove #cj minims ,alcohol #ab fluidounces ,water #d fluidounces ,magnesium carbonate #b drachms ,shake together1 allow to stand #bd hours1 and filter4 ,pomegranate ,essence4-- ,oil of sweet orange #c parts ,oil of cloves #c parts ,tincture of vanilla #ae parts ,tincture of ginger #aj parts ,maraschino liqueur #aej parts ,tincture of coccionella #afe parts ,distilled water #aej parts ,phosphoric acid1 dilute #de parts ,alcohol1 #ie per cent1 quantity sufficient to make #ajjj parts4 ,mix and dissolve4 ,quince ,extract4-- ,fluid extract orris #b ounces ,oenanthic ether #a #a_/b ounces ,linalyl formate #ij minims ,glycerine #b ounces ,alcohol1 #gj per cent1 to #c pints4 ,raspberry ,syrup1 without ,alcohol or ,antiseptics4--,the majority of producers of fruit juices are firmly convinced that the preservation of these juices without the addition of alcohol1 salicylic acid1 etc41 is impossible4 ,herr ,steiner's process to the contrary is here reproduced3 ,the fruit is crushed and pressed2 the juice1 with #b per cent of sugar added1 is poured into containers to about three-quarters of their capacity1 and there allowed to ferment4 ,the containers are stoppered with a cork through which runs a tube1 whose open end is protected by a bit of gum tubing1 the extremity of which is immersed in a glass filled with water4 ,it should not go deeper than #d_/aj of an inch high4 ,the evolution of carbonic gas begins in about #d hours and is so sharp that the point of the tube must not be immersed any deeper4 ,ordinarily fermentation ceases on the tenth day1 a fact that may be ascertained by shaking the container sharply1 when1 if it has ceased1 no bubbles of gas will appear on the surface of the water4 ,the fermented juice is then filtered to get rid of the pectinic matters1 yeast1 etc41 and the filtrate should be poured back on the filter several times4 ,the juice filters quickly and comes off very clear4 ,the necessary amount of sugar to make a syrup is now added to the liquid and allowed to dissolve gradually for #ab hours4 ,at the end of this time the liquid is put on the fire and allowed to boil up at once1 by which operation the solution of the sugar is made complete4 ,straining through a tin strainer and filling into heated bottles completes the process4 ,the addition of sugar to the freshly pressed juice has the advantage of causing the fermentation to progress to the full limit1 and also to preserve1 by the alcohol produced by fermentation1 the beautiful red color of the juice4 ,any fermentation that may be permitted prior to the pressing out of the juices is at the expense of aroma and flavor2 but whether fermentation occurs before or after pressure of the berry1 the ordinary alcohol test cannot determine whether the juice has been completely fermented 7and consequently whether the pectins have been completely separated7 or not4 ,since1 in spite of the fact that the liquid remains limpid after #d days' #cah fermentation1 the production of alcohol is progressing all the time--a demonstration that fermentation cannot then be completed1 and that at least #aj days will be required for this purpose4 ,an abortive raspberry syrup is always due to an incomplete or faulty fermentation1 for too often does it occur that incompletely fermented juices after a little time lose color and become turbid4 ,the habit of clarifying juices by shaking up with a bit of paper1 talc1 etc41 or boiling with albumen is a useless waste of time and labor4 ,by the process indicated the entire process of clarification occurs automatically1 so to speak4 ,deep ,red ,raspberry ,syrup4--,a much deeper and richer color than that ordinarily attained may be secured by adding to crushed raspberries1 before fermentation1 small quantities of sugar1 sifted over the surface in layers4 ,the ethylic alcohol produced by fermentation in this manner aids in the extraction of the red coloring matter of the fruit4 ,moreover1 the fermented juice should never be cooked over a fire1 but by superheated steam4 ,only in this way can caramelization be completely avoided4 ,only sugar free from ultramarine and chalk should be used in making the syrup1 as these impurities also have a bad influence on the color4 ,raspberry ,essences4-- ,i4--,raspberries1 fresh #af ounces ,angelica 7,california7 #f fluidounces ,brandy 7,california7 #f ounces ,alcohol #f ounces ,water1 quantity sufficient4 ,mash the berries to a pulp in a mortar or bowl1 and transfer to a flask1 along with the ,angelica1 brandy1 alcohol1 and about #h ounces of water4 ,let macerate overnight1 then distil off until #cb ounces have passed over4 ,color red4 ,the addition of a trifle of essence of vanilla improves this essence4 ,,ii4--,fresh raspberries #bjj grams ,water1 distilled #ajj grams ,vanilla essence #b grams ,pulp the raspberries1 let stand at a temperature of about #gj ,f4 for #dh hours1 and then add #ajj grams of water4 ,fifty grams are then distilled off1 and alcohol1 #ij per cent1 #be grams1 in which #j4ja vanillin has been previously dissolved1 is added to the distillate4 ,sarsaparilla1 ,soluble ,extract4-- ,pure oil of wintergreen #e fluidrachms ,pure oil of sassafras #e fluidrachms ,pure oil of anise #e fluidrachms ,carbonate of magnesium #b #a_/b ounces ,alcohol #a pint ,water1 quantity sufficient to make #b pints4 ,dissolve the various oils in the alcohol1 and rub with carbonate of magnesium in a mortar4 ,pour the mixture into a quart bottle1 and fill the bottle with water4 ,allow to macerate for a week or more1 shaking every day4 ,then filter through the paper1 adding enough water through the paper to make the finished product measure #b pints4 ,strawberry ,juice4--,put into the water bath #a1jjj parts of distilled water and #fjj parts of sugar and boil1 with constant skimming1 until no more scum arises4 ,add #e parts of citric acid and continue the boiling until about #a1bej parts are left4 ,stir in1 little by little1 #ejj parts of fresh strawberries1 properly stemmed1 and be particularly careful not to crush the fruit4 ,when all the berries are added1 cover the vessel1 remove from the fire1 put into a warm place and let stand1 closely covered1 for #c hours1 or until the mass has cooled down to the surrounding temperature1 then strain off through flannel1 being careful not to crush the berries4 ,prepare a sufficient number of pint bottles by filling them with warm water1 putting them into a kettle of the same and heating them to boiling1 then rapidly emptying and draining as quickly as possible4 ,into these pour the hot juice1 cork and seal the bottles as rapidly as possible4 ,juice thus prepared retains all the aroma and flavor of the fresh berry1 and if carefully corked and sealed up will retain its properties a year4 ,strawberry ,essence4-- ,strawberries1 fresh #af ounces ,angelica 7,california7 #f fluidounces ,brandy 7,california7 #f ounces ,alcohol #h ounces ,water1 quantity sufficient4 ,mash the berries to a pulp in a mortar or bowl1 and transfer to a flask1 along with the ,angelica1 brandy1 alcohol1 and about #h ounces of water4 ,let macerate overnight1 then distil off until #cb ounces have passed over4 ,color strawberry red4 ,the addition of a little essence of vanilla and a hint of lemon improves this essence4 #cai ,tea ,extract4-- ,i4--,best ,souchong tea #age parts ,cinnamon #c parts ,cloves #c parts ,vanilla #a part ,arrack #hjj parts ,rum #bjj parts ,coarsely powder the cinnamon1 clove1 etc41 mix the ingredients1 and let macerate for #c days1 then filter1 press off1 and make up to #a1jjj parts1 if necessary1 by adding rum4 ,the ,souchong may be replaced by any other brand of tea1 and the place of the arrack may be occupied by ,santa ,cruz1 or ,new ,england rum4 ,the addition of fluid extract of kola nut not only improves the taste1 but gives the drink a remarkably stimulating property4 ,the preparation makes a clear solution with either hot or cold water and keeps well4 ,,ii4--,tea1 any desirable variety1 #af ounces2 glycerine1 #d ounces2 hot water1 #d pints2 water1 sufficient to make #a pint4 ,reduce the tea to a powder1 moisten with sufficient of the glycerine and alcohol mixed1 with #d ounces of water added1 pack in percolator1 and pour on the alcohol 7diluted with glycerine and water7 until #ab ounces of percolate have been obtained4 ,set this aside1 and complete the percolation with the hot water4 ,when this has passed through1 evaporate to #d ounces1 and add it to the percolate first obtained4 ,tonka ,extract4-- ,tonka beans #a ounce ,magnesium carbonate1 quantity sufficient4 ,balsam of ,peru #b drachms ,sugar #d ounces ,alcohol #h ounces ,water sufficient to make #af ounces4 ,mix the tonka1 balsam of ,peru1 and magnesia1 and rub together1 gradually adding the sugar until a homogeneous powder is obtained4 ,pack in a percolator2 mix the alcohol with an equal amount of water1 and pour over the powder1 close the exit of the percolator1 and let macerate for #bd to #cf hours1 then open the percolator1 and let pass through1 gradually adding water until #af ounces pass through4 ,vanilla ,extracts4--,i4--,vanilla1 in fine bits1 #bej parts1 is put into #a1cej parts of mixture1 of #b1ejj parts #ie per cent alcohol1 and #a1ejj parts distilled water4 ,cover tightly1 put on the water bath1 and digest for #a hour1 at #adj ,f4 ,pour off the liquid and set aside4 ,to the residue in the bath1 add half the remaining water1 and treat in the same manner4 ,pack the vanilla in an extraction apparatus1 and treat with #bej parts of alcohol and water1 mixed in the same proportions as before4 ,mix the results of the three infusions first made1 filter1 and wash the filter paper with the results of the percolation1 allowing the filtered percolate to mingle with the filtrate of the mixed infusions4 ,,ii4--,take #fj parts of the best vanilla beans1 cut into little pieces1 and put into a deep vessel1 wrapped with a cloth to retain the heat as long as possible4 ,shake over the vanilla #a part of potassium carbonate in powder1 and immediately add #bdj parts distilled water1 in an active state of ebullition4 ,cover the vessel closely1 set aside until it is completely cold1 and then add #gbj parts alcohol4 ,cover closely1 and set aside in a moderately warm place for #ae days1 when the liquid is strained off1 the residue pressed1 and the whole colate filtered4 ,the addition of #a part musk to the vanilla before pouring on the hot water improves this essence4 ,to prepare vanilla fountain syrup with extracts ,i or ,,ii1 mix #be minims of the extract with #a pint simple syrup4 ,color with caramel4 ,,iii4--,vanilla beans1 cut fine #a ounce ,sugar #c ounces ,alcohol1 #ej per cent #a pint ,beat sugar and vanilla together to a fine powder4 ,pour on the dilute alcohol1 cork the vessel1 and let stand for #b weeks1 shaking it up #b or #c times a day4 ,,iv4--,vanilla beans1 chopped fine #cj parts ,potassium carbonate #a part ,boiling water #a1dej parts ,alcohol #dej parts ,essence of musk #a part ,dissolve the potassium carbonate in the boiling water1 add the vanilla1 cover the vessel1 and let stand in a moderately warm place until cold4 ,transfer to a wide-mouthed jar1 add the alcohol1 cork1 and let macerate for #ae days2 then decant the clear essence and filter the remainder4 ,mix the two liquids and add the essence of musk4 ,v4--,cut #fj parts of best vanilla beans into small bits2 put into a deep vessel1 which should be well wrapped in a woolen cloth to retain heat as long as possible4 ,shake over the beans #a part of potassium carbonate1 in powder1 then pour over the mass #bdj parts distilled water1 in an #cbj active state of ebullition1 cover the vessel closely1 and set aside in a moderately warm place4 ,when quite cold add #gbj parts alcohol1 close the vessel tightly1 and set aside in a moderately warm place1 to macerate for #ae days1 then strain off1 press out1 and set aside for a day or two4 ,the liquid may then be filtered and bottled4 ,the addition of a little musk to the beans before pouring on the hot water1 is thought by many to greatly improve the product4 ,one part of this extract added to #cjj parts simple syrup is excellent for fountain purposes4 ,,vi4--,vanilla beans #h ounces ,glycerine #f ounces ,granulated sugar #a pound ,water #d pints ,alcohol of cologne spirits #d pints ,cut or grind the beans very fine2 rub with the glycerine and put in a wooden keg2 dissolve the sugar in the water1 first heating the water1 if convenient2 mix the water and spirits1 and add to the vanilla2 pour in keg4 ,keep in a warm place from #c to #f months before using4 ,shake often4 ,to clear1 percolate through the dregs4 ,if a dark1 rich color is desired add a little sugar coloring4 ,,vii4--,vanilla beans1 good quality #af ounces ,alcohol #fd fluidounces ,glycerine #bd fluidounces ,water #aj fluidounces ,dilute alcohol1 quantity sufficient4 ,mix and macerate1 with frequent agitation1 for #c weeks1 filter1 and add dilute alcohol to make #a gallon4 ,,viii4--,vanilla beans1 good quality #h ounces ,pumice stone1 lump #a ounce ,rock candy #h ounces ,alcohol and water1 of each a sufficiency4 ,cut the beans to fine shreds and triturate well with the pumice stone and rock candy4 ,place the whole in a percolator and percolate with a menstruum composed of #i parts alcohol and #g parts water until the percolate passes through clear4 ,bring the bulk up to #a gallon with the same menstruum and set aside to ripen4 ,,ix4--,cut up1 as finely as possible1 #bj parts of vanilla bean and with #dj parts of milk sugar 7rendered as dry as possible by being kept in a drying closet until it no longer loses weight7 rub to a coarse powder4 ,moisten with #aj parts of dilute alcohol1 pack somewhat loosely in a closed percolator and let stand for #b hours4 ,add #dj parts of dilute alcohol1 close the percolator1 and let stand #h days4 ,at the end of this time add #aaj parts of dilute alcohol1 and let pass through4 ,the residue will repay working over4 ,dry it well1 add #e parts of vanillin1 and #aaj parts of milk sugar and pass through a sieve1 then treat as before4 ,the following are cheap extracts3 ,x4--,vanilla beans1 chopped fine #e parts ,tonka beans1 powdered #aj parts ,sugar1 powdered #ad parts ,alcohol1 #ie per cent #be parts ,water1 quantity sufficient to make #ajj parts4 ,rub the sugar and vanilla to a fine powder1 add the tonka beans1 and incorporate4 ,pack into a filter1 and pour on #aj parts of alcohol1 cut with #ae parts of water2 close the faucet1 and let macerate overnight4 ,in the morning percolate with the remaining alcohol1 added to #hj parts of water1 until #ajj parts of percolate pass through4 ,,xi4--,vanilla beans #d ounces ,tonka beans #h ounces ,deodorized alcohol #h pints ,simple syrup #b pints ,cut and bruise the vanilla beans1 afterwards bruising the tonka beans4 ,macerate for #ad days in one-half of the spirit1 with occasional agitation4 ,pour off the clear liquor and set aside2 pour the remaining spirits in the magma1 and heat by means of the water bath to about #agj ,f4 in a loosely covered vessel4 ,keep at this temperature #b or #c hours1 and strain through flannel1 with slight pressure4 ,mix the two portions of liquid1 and filter through felt4 ,add the syrup4 ,white ,pine and ,tar ,syrup4-- ,white pine bark #ge parts ,wild cherry bark #ge parts ,spikenard root #aj parts ,balm of ,gilead buds #aj parts ,sanguinaria root #h parts ,sassafras bark #g parts ,sugar #gej parts ,chloroform #f parts ,syrup of tar #ge parts ,alcohol1 enough4 ,water1 enough4 ,syrup enough to make #a1jjj parts4 ,reduce the first six ingredients to a coarse powder and by using a menstruum composed of #a in #c alcohol1 obtain #ejj parts of a tincture from them4 ,in this #cba dissolve the sugar1 add the syrup of tar and the chloroform1 and1 finally1 enough syrup to bring the measure of the finished product up to #a1jjj parts4 ,wild ,cherry ,extract4-- ,oenanthic ether #b fluidrachms ,amyl acetate #b fluidrachms ,oil of bitter almonds 7free from hydrocyanic acid7 #a fluidrachm ,fluid extract of wild cherry #c fluidounces ,glycerine #b fluidounces ,deodorized alcohol enough to make #af fluidounces4 ,,harmless ,,colors ,,for ,,use ,,in ,,syrups1 ,,etc43 ,red4--,cochineal syrup1 prepared as follows3 ,i4--,cochineal in coarse powder #f parts ,potassium carbonate #c parts ,distilled water #ae parts ,alcohol1 #ie per cent #ab parts ,simple syrup to make #ejj parts4 ,rub the cochineal and potassium together1 adding the water and alcohol little by little1 under constant trituration4 ,let stand overnight1 add the syrup1 and filter4 ,,ii4--,carmine1 in fine powder #a part ,stronger ammonia water #d parts ,distilled water to make #bd parts4 ,rub up the carmine and ammonia and to the solution add the water1 little by little1 under constant trituration4 ,if in standing this shows a tendency to separate1 a drop or two of ammonia will correct the trouble4 ,besides these there is caramel1 which1 of course1 you know4 ,pink4-- ,,iii4--,carmine #a part ,liquor potass #f parts ,distilled water #dj parts ,mix4 ,if the color is too high1 dilute with distilled water until the requisite color is obtained4 ,to ,test ,fruit ,juices and ,syrups for ,aniline ,colors4--,add to a sample of the syrup or juice1 in a test tube1 its own volume of distilled water1 and agitate to get a thorough mixture1 then add a few drops of the standard solution of lead diacetate1 shake1 and filter4 ,if the syrup is free from aniline coloring matter the filtrate will be clear as crystal1 since the lead salt precipitates natural coloring matters1 but has no effect upon the aniline colors4 ,to ,test ,fruit ,juices for ,salicylic ,acid4--,put a portion of the juice to be tested in a large test tube1 add the same volume of ether1 close the mouth of the tube and shake gently for #cj seconds4 ,set aside until the liquid separates into two layers4 ,draw off the supernatant ethereal portion and evaporate to dryness in a capsule4 ,dissolve the residue in alcohol1 dilute with #c volumes of water1 and add #a drop of tincture of iron chloride4 ,if salicylic acid be present the characteristic purple color will instantly disappear4 ,syrups ,selected from the ,formulary of the ,pharmaceutical ,society of ,antwerp4-- ,dionine ,syrup4--,dionine1 #a part2 distilled water1 #ai parts2 simple syrup1 #a1ihj parts4 ,mix4 ,jaborandi ,syrup4--,tincture of jaborandi1 #a part2 simple syrup1 #ai parts4 ,mix4 ,convallaria ,syrup4--,extract of convallaria1 #a part2 distilled water1 #d parts2 simple syrup1 #ie parts4 ,dissolve the extract in the water and mix4 ,codeine ,phosphate ,syrup4--,codeine phosphate1 #c parts2 distilled water1 #ag parts2 simple syrup1 #ihj parts4 ,dissolve the codeine in the water and mix with the syrup4 ,licorice ,syrup4--,incised licorice root1 #d parts2 dilute solution of ammonia1 #a part2 water1 #bj parts4 ,mix and macerate for #ab hours at #eh to #ff ,f4 with frequent agitation2 press1 heat the liquid to boiling1 then evaporate to two parts on the water bath2 add alcohol1 #b parts2 allow to stand for #ab hours2 then filter4 ,add to the filtrate enough simple syrup to bring the final weight to #bj parts4 ,maize ,stigma ,syrup4--,extract of maize stigmas1 #a part2 distilled water1 #d parts2 simple syrup1 #ie parts4 ,dissolve the extract in the water1 filter1 and add the syrup4 ,ammonium ,valerianate ,solution4--,ammonium valerianate1 #b parts2 alcoholic extract of valerian1 #a part2 distilled water1 #dg parts4 ,kola ,tincture4--,powdered kola nuts1 #a part2 alcohol1 #fj per cent1 #e parts4 ,macerate for #f days1 press1 and filter4 ,bidet's ,liquid ,vesicant4--,tincture of cantharides1 tincture of rosemary1 chloroform1 equal parts4 ,peptone ,wine4--,dried peptone1 #a part2 ,malaga wine1 #ai parts4 ,dissolve without heat and filter after standing for several days4 #cbb ,etching ,general ,instructions for ,etching4--,in etching1 two factors come into consideration1 7#a7 that which covers that part of the metal not exposed to the etching fluid 7the resist71 and 7#b7 the etching fluid itself4 ,in the process1 a distinction is to be made between etching in relief and etching in intaglio4 ,in relief etching1 the design is drawn or painted upon the surface with the liquid etching-ground1 so that after etching and removal of the etching-ground1 it appears raised4 ,in intaglio etching1 the whole surface is covered with the etching-ground1 and the design put on with a needle2 the ground being thus removed at the points touched by the drawing1 the latter1 after etching and removal of the etching-ground1 is sunken4 ,covering ,agents or ,resists4--,the plate is enclosed by a border made of grafting wax 7yellow beeswax1 #h parts2 pine rosin1 #aj parts2 beef tallow1 #b parts2 turpentine1 #aj parts72 or a mixture of yellow wax1 #h parts2 lard1 #c parts2 ,burgundy pitch1 #a_/b part4 ,this mixture is also used to cover the sides of vessels to be etched4 ,another compound consists of wax1 #e parts2 cobbler's wax1 #b #a_/b parts2 turpentine1 #a part4 ,etching-,ground4--,i4--,soft3 ,wax1 #b parts2 asphalt1 #a part2 mastic1 #a part4 ,,ii4--,wax1 #c parts2 asphalt1 #d parts4 ,,iii4--,mastic1 #af parts2 ,burgundy pitch1 #ej parts2 melted wax1 #abe parts2 and melted asphalt1 #bjj parts added successively1 and1 after cooling1 turpentine oil1 #ejj parts4 ,if the ground should be deep black1 lampblack is added4 ,hard3 ,burgundy pitch1 #abe parts2 rosin1 #abe parts1 melted2 and walnut oil1 #ajj parts1 added1 the whole to be boiled until it can be drawn out into long threads4 ,etching-,ground for ,copper ,engraving4--,white wax1 #abj parts2 mastic1 #ae parts2 ,burgundy pitch1 #fj parts2 ,syrian asphalt1 #abj parts1 melted together2 and #e parts concentrated solution of rubber in rubber oil added4 ,ground for ,relief ,etching4--,i4--,syrian asphalt1 #ejj parts1 dissolved in turpentine oil1 #a1jjj parts4 ,,ii4--,asphalt1 rosin1 and wax1 #bjj parts of each1 are melted1 and dissolved in turpentine oil1 #a1bjj parts4 ,the under side of the metal plate is protected by a coating of a spirituous shellac solution1 or by a solution of asphalt1 #cjj parts1 in benzol1 #fjj parts4 ,for ,strongly ,acid ,solutions4--,i4--,black pitch1 #a part2 ,japanese wax1 #b parts2 rosin1 #a #a_/b parts2 ,damar rosin1 #a part1 melted together and mixed with turpentine oil1 #a part4 ,,ii4--,heavy black printers' ink1 #c parts2 rosin1 #a part2 wax1 #a part4 ,for electro-etching1 the following ground is recommended3 ,wax1 #d parts2 asphalt1 #d parts2 pitch1 #a part4 ,if absolute surety is required respecting the resistance of the etching-ground to the action of the etching fluids1 several etching-grounds are put on1 one over the other2 first 7for instance71 a solution of rubber in benzol1 then a spirituous shellac solution1 and a third stratum of asphalt dissolved in turpentine oil4 ,if the etching is to be of different degrees of depth1 the places where it is to be faint are stopped out with varnish1 after they are deep enough1 and the object is put back into the bath for further etching4 ,for putting on a design before the etching1 the following method may be used3 ,cover the metal plate1 tin plate for example1 with a colored or colorless spirit varnish2 after drying1 cover this1 in a dark room1 with a solution of gelatin1 #e parts1 and red potassium chromate1 #a part1 in water1 #ajj parts2 or with a solution of albumen1 #b parts2 ammonium bichromate1 #b parts1 in water1 #bjj parts4 ,after drying1 put the plate1 covered with a stencil1 in a copying or printing frame1 and expose to light4 ,the sensitive gelatin stratum will become insoluble at the places exposed4 ,place in water1 and the gelatin will be dissolved at the places covered by the stencil2 dry1 and remove the spirit varnish from the places with spirit1 then put into the etching fluid4 ,etching ,fluids4--,the etching fluid is usually poured over the metallic surface1 which is enclosed in a border1 as described before4 ,if the whole object is to be put into the fluid1 it must be entirely covered with the etching-ground4 ,after etching it is washed with pure water1 dried with a linen cloth1 and the etching-ground is then washed off with turpentine oil or a light volatile camphor oil4 ,the latter is very good for the purpose4 ,etching ,fluids for ,iron and ,steel4--,i4--,pure nitric acid1 diluted for light etching with #d to #h parts of water1 for deep etching with an equal weight of water4 ,,ii4--,tartaric acid1 #a part1 by weight2 mercuric chloride1 #ae parts1 by weight2 water1 #dbj parts2 nitric acid1 #af to #bj drops1 if #a part equals #bh #a_/b grains4 #cbc ,,iii4--,spirit1 #hj per cent1 #abj parts1 by weight2 pure nitric acid1 #h parts2 silver nitrate1 #a part4 ,,iv4--,pure acetic acid1 #cj per cent1 #dj parts1 by weight2 absolute alcohol1 #aj parts2 pure nitric acid1 #aj parts4 ,v4--,fuming nitric acid1 #aj parts1 by weight2 pure acetic acid1 #cj per cent1 #ej parts1 diluted with water if necessary or desired4 ,,vi4--,a chromic acid solution4 ,,vii4--,bromine1 #a part2 water1 #ajj parts4 ,or--mercuric chloride1 #a part2 water1 #cj parts4 ,,viii4--,antimonic chloride1 #a part2 water1 #f parts2 hydrochloric acid1 #f parts4 ,for ,delicate ,etchings on ,steel4--,i4--,iodine1 #b parts2 potassium iodide1 #d parts2 water1 #dj parts4 ,,ii4--,silver acetate1 #h parts1 by weight2 alcohol1 #bej parts2 water1 #bej parts2 pure nitric acid1 #bfj parts2 ether1 #fd parts2 oxalic acid1 #d parts4 ,,iii4--,a copper chloride solution4 ,etching ,powder for ,iron and ,steel4--,blue vitriol1 #ej parts2 common salt1 #ej parts2 mixed and moistened with water4 ,for lustrous figures on a dull ground1 as on sword blades1 the whole surface is polished1 the portions which are to remain bright covered with stencils and the object exposed to the fumes of nitric acid4 ,this is best done by pouring sulphuric acid1 #bj parts1 over common salt1 #aj parts4 ,relief ,etching of ,copper1 ,steel1 and ,brass4--,instead of nitric acid1 which has a tendency to lift up the etching-ground1 by evolution of gases1 it is better to use a mixture of potassium bichromate1 #aej parts2 water1 #hjj parts2 and concentrated sulphuric acid1 #bjj parts4 ,the etching is slow1 but even1 and there is no odor4 ,for ,etching ,copper1 ,brass1 and ,tombac4--,pure nitric acid diluted with water to #ah ,b4 ,the bubbles of gas given out should immediately be removed with a feather that the etching may be even4 ,another compound consists of a boiling solution of potassium chlorate1 #b parts1 in water1 #bj parts1 poured into a mixture of nitric acid1 #aj parts1 and water1 #gj parts4 ,for delicate etchings dilute still more with #ajj to #bjj parts of water4 ,etching ,fluid for ,copper4--,weak3 ,a boiling solution of potassium chlorate1 #bj parts1 in water1 #bjj parts1 poured into a mixture of pure hydrochloric acid1 #bj parts2 water1 #ejj parts4 ,stronger3 ,a boiling solution of potassium chlorate1 #be parts1 in water1 #bej parts1 poured into a mixture of pure hydrochloric acid1 #bej parts2 water1 #djj parts4 ,very strong3 ,a boiling solution of potassium chlorate1 #cj parts1 in water1 #cjj parts1 poured into a mixture of pure hydrochloric acid1 #cjj parts2 water1 #cjj parts4 ,for etching on copper a saturated solution of bromine in dilute hydrochloric acid may also be used2 or a mixture of potassium bichromate1 #a_/b part2 water1 #a part2 crude nitric acid1 #c parts4 ,the following are also much used for copper and copper alloys3 ,i4--,a copper chloride solution acidified with hydrochloric acid4 ,,ii4--,copper nitrate dissolved in water4 ,,iii4--,a ferric chloride solution of #cj to #de ,b4 ,if chrome gelatin or chrome albumen is used for the etching-ground1 a spirituous ferric chloride solution is employed4 ,the etching process can be made slower by adding common salt to the ferric chloride solution4 ,matt ,etching of ,copper4--,white vitriol1 #a to #e parts2 common salt1 #a part2 concentrated sulphuric acid1 #ajj parts2 nitric acid 7#cf ,b471 #bjj parts1 mixed together4 ,the sulphuric acid is to be poured carefully into the nitric acid1 not the reverse4 ,etching ,fluid for ,brass4--,nitric acid1 #h parts2 mixed with water1 #hj parts2 into this mixture pour a hot solution of potassium chlorate1 #c parts1 in water1 #ej parts4 ,etching ,fluid for ,brass to ,make ,stencils4--,mix nitric acid1 of #a4c specific weight1 with enough fuming nitric acid to give a deep yellow color4 ,this mixture acts violently1 and will eat through the strongest sheet brass4 ,etching ,fluid for ,zinc4--,boil pounded gallnuts1 #dj parts1 with water1 #efj parts1 until the whole amounts to #bjj parts2 filter1 and add nitric acid1 #b parts1 and a few drops of hydrochloric acid4 ,ferric chloride and antimonic chloride solutions may also be used to etch zinc4 ,relief ,etching of ,zinc4--,the design is to be drawn with a solution of platinum chloride1 #a part1 and rubber1 #a part1 in water1 #ab parts4 ,the zinc plate is placed in dilute sulphuric acid 7#a in #af74 ,the black drawing will remain as it is4 ,another compound for the drawing is made of blue vitriol1 #b parts2 copper chloride1 #c parts2 water1 #fd parts2 pure hydrochloric acid1 #a4a specific weight4 ,after the drawing is made1 lay the plate in dilute nitric acid 7#a in #h74 #cbd ,etching ,fluid for ,aluminum4--,dilute hydrochloric acid serves this purpose4 ,aluminum containing iron can be matted with soda lye1 followed by treatment with nitric acid4 ,the lye dissolves the aluminum1 and the nitric acid dissolves the iron4 ,aluminum bronze is etched with nitric acid4 ,etching ,fluid for ,tin or ,pewter4--,ferric chloride1 or highly diluted nitric acid4 ,etching ,fluids for ,silver4--,i4--,dilute pure nitric acid4 ,,ii4--,nitric acid 7specific weight1 #a4ahe71 #agb parts2 water1 #cbj parts2 potassium bichromate1 #cj parts4 ,etching ,fluid for ,gold4--,dilute aqua regia 7 nitric and sulphuric acids1 in the proportion of #a in #c74 ,etching ,fluid for ,copper1 ,zinc1 and ,steel4--,a mixture of #d parts of acetic acid 7#cj per cent71 and alcohol1 #a part2 to this is added gradually1 nitric acid1 #a part4 ,etching ,fluid for ,lead1 ,antimony1 and ,britannia ,metal4--,dilute nitric acid4 ,etching ,powder for ,metals 7,tin1 ,silver1 ,iron1 ,german ,silver1 ,copper1 and ,zinc74--,blue vitriol1 #a part2 ferric oxide1 #d parts4 ,the powder1 moistened1 is applied to the places to be etched1 as1 for instance1 knife blades4 ,calcined green vitriol can also be used4 ,electro-,etching4--,this differs from ordinary etching in the use of a bath1 which does not of itself affect the metal1 but is made capable of doing so by the galvanic current4 ,ordinary etching1 seen under the microscope1 consists of a succession of uneven depressions1 which widen out considerably at a certain depth4 ,in electro-etching1 the line under the microscope appears as a perfectly even furrow1 not eaten out beneath1 however deeply cut4 ,the work is1 accordingly1 finer and sharper2 the fumes from the acids are also avoided1 and the etching can be modified by regulation of the current4 ,the preparation of the surface1 by covering1 stopping-out1 etc41 is the same as in ordinary etching4 ,at some uncovered place a conducting wire is soldered on with soft solder1 and covered with a coat of varnish4 ,the plate is then suspended in the bath1 and acts as the anode1 with another similar plate for the cathode4 ,if gradations in etching are desired1 the plates are taken out after a time1 rinsed1 and covered1 and returned to the bath4 ,for the bath dilute acids are used1 or saline solutions4 ,thus1 for copper1 dilute sulphuric acid1 #a in #bj4 ,for copper and brass1 a blue vitriol solution4 ,for zinc1 white vitriol or a zinc chloride solution4 ,for steel and iron1 green vitriol1 or an ammonium chloride solution4 ,for tin1 a tin-salt solution4 ,for silver1 a silver nitrate or potassium cyanide solution4 ,for gold and platinum1 gold chloride and platinum chloride solutions1 or a potassium cyanide solution4 ,for electro-etching a ,leclauch or ,bunsen battery is to be recommended4 ,in the former1 the negative zinc pole is connected with a plate of the same metal as that to be etched1 and the positive iron pole with the plate to be etched4 ,in the ,bunsen battery1 the carbon pole is connected with the object to be etched1 the zinc pole with the metal plate4 ,etching ,bath for ,brass4--#a4--,mix nitric acid 7specified gravity1 #a4d71 #h parts1 with water1 #hj parts4 #b4--;,chlorate of potash1 #c parts1 dissolved in #ej parts of water4 ,mix #a and #b4 ,for protecting those portions which are not to be etched1 any suitable acid-proof composition can be used4 ,etching on ,copper4--,i4--,in order to do regular and quick etching on copper take a copper plate silvered on the etching side4 ,trace on this plate1 either with varnish or lithographic ink1 the design4 ,when the tracing is dry1 place the plate in an iron bath1 using a battery4 ,the designs traced with the varnish or ink are not attacked by the etching fluid4 ,when the plate is taken from the bath and has been washed and dried1 remove the varnish or ink with essence of turpentine2 next pour mercury on the places reserved by the varnish or ink2 the mercury will attack the silvered portions and the etching is quickly made4 ,when the mercury has done its duty gather up the excess and return to the bottle with a paper funnel4 ,wash the plate in strong alum water1 and heat4 ,,ii4--,the plate must be first polished either with emery or fine pumice stone1 and after it has been dried with care1 spread thereon a varnish composed of equal parts of yellow wax and essence of turpentine4 ,the solution of the wax in the essence is accomplished in the cold2 next a little oil of turpentine and some lampblack are added4 ,this varnish is allowed to dry on1 away from dust and humidity4 ,when dry1 trace the design with a very fine point4 ,make a border with modeling wax1 so as to prevent the acid from running off4 ,pour on nitric acid if the plate is of copper1 or #cbe hydrochloric acid diluted with water if the plate is of zinc1 allow the acid to act according to the desired depth of the engraving2 wash several times and remove the varnish by heating the plate lightly4 ,wash with essence of turpentine and dry well in sawdust or in the stove4 ,for relief engraving the designs are traced before the engraving on the plate with the resist varnish instead of covering the plate entirely4 ,these designs must be delicately executed and without laps1 as the acid eats away all the parts not protected by the varnish4 ,etching ,fluids for ,copper4--,i4--,a new etching fluid for copper plate is hydrogen peroxide1 to which a little dilute ammonia water is added4 ,it is said to bite in very rapidly and with great regularity and uniformity4 ,,ii4--,another fluid is fuming hydrochloric acid 7specific gravity1 #a4ai71 #aj parts2 water1 #gj parts4 ,to this add a solution of potassium chlorate1 #b parts1 dissolved in #bj parts of hot water4 ,if the articles to be etched are very delicate and fine this should be diluted with from #ajj to #bjj parts of water4 ,,etching ,,on ,,glass4 ,names1 designs1 etc41 can be etched on glass in three ways3 ,first1 by means of an engraving wheel1 a method which requires some manual skill4 ,second1 by means of a sand blast1 making a stencil of the name1 fixing this on the glass1 and then1 by means of a blast of air1 blowing sand on the glass4 ,third1 by the use of hydrofluoric acid4 ,the glass is covered with beeswax1 paraffine wax1 or some acid resisting ink or varnish2 the name or device is then etched out of the wax by means of a knife1 and the glass dipped in hydrofluoric acid1 which eats away the glass at those parts where the wax has been cut away4 ,fancy work1 ornamental figures1 lettering1 and monograms are most easily and neatly cut into glass by the sand-blast process4 ,lines and figures on tubes1 jars1 etc41 may be deeply etched by smearing the surface of the glass with beeswax1 drawing the lines with a steel point1 and exposing the glass to the fumes of hydrofluoric acid4 ,this acid is obtained by putting powdered fluorspar into a tray made of sheet lead and pouring sulphuric acid on it1 after which the tray is slightly warmed4 ,the proportions will vary with the purity of the materials used1 fluorspar 7except when in crystals7 being generally mixed with a large quantity of other matter4 ,enough acid to make a thin paste with the powdered spar will be about right4 ,where a lead tray is not at hand1 the powdered spar may be poured on the glass and the acid poured on it and left for some time4 ,as a general rule1 the marks are opaque1 but sometimes they are transparent4 ,in this case cut them deeply and fill up with black varnish1 if they are required to be very plain1 as in the case of graduated vessels4 ,liquid hydrofluoric acid has been recommended for etching1 but is not always suitable1 as it leaves the surface on which it acts transparent4 ,there are two methods of marking bottles--dry etching1 or by stamping with etching inks4 ,the first process is usually followed in glass factories4 ,a rubber stamp is necessary for this process1 and the letters should be made as large and clean cut as possible without crowding them too much4 ,besides this1 an etching powder is required4 ,a small quantity of the powder is poured into a porcelain dish1 and this is placed on a sand bath or over a gentle fire1 and heated until it is absolutely dry1 so that it can be rubbed down to an impalpable powder4 ,the bottle or other glass to be marked must be perfectly clean and dry4 ,the etching powder takes better when the vessel is somewhat warm4 ,the stamp should be provided with a roller which is kept constantly supplied with a viscid oil which it distributes on the stamp and which the stamp transfers to the glass surface4 ,the powder is dusted on the imprint thus made1 by means of a camel's-hair brush4 ,any surplus falling on the unoiled surface may be removed with a fine long-haired pencil4 ,the printed bottle is transferred to a damp place and kept for several minutes1 the dampness aiding the etching powder in its work on the glass surface4 ,the bottle is then well washed in plain water4 ,glass cylinders1 large flasks1 carboys1 etc41 may be treated in a somewhat different manner4 ,the stamp here is inserted1 face upward1 between two horizontal boards1 in such a manner that its face projects about a quarter of a millimeter 7say #j4ja inch7 above the surface4 ,oil is applied to the surface1 after which the cylinder1 carboy1 or what not1 is rolled along the board and over the stamp4 ,the design is thus neatly transferred to the glass surface1 and the rest of the operation is as in the previous case4 ,for an etching ink for glassware the following is recommended3 ,ammonium fluoride #b drachms ,barium sulphate #b drachms ,reduce to a fine powder in a mortar1 #cbf then transfer to a lead dish and make into a thin writing-cream with hydrofluoric acid or fuming sulphuric acid4 ,use a piece of lead to stir the mixture4 ,the ink may be put up in bottles coated with paraffine1 which can be done by heating the bottle1 pouring in some melted paraffine1 and letting it flow all around4 ,the writing is done with a quill1 and in about half a minute the ink is washed off4 ,extreme caution must be observed in handling the acid1 since when brought in contact with the skin it produces dangerous sores very difficult to heal4 ,the vapor is also dangerously poisonous when inhaled4 ,hydrofluoric ,formulas4--,i4--,dissolve about #j4gb ounces fluoride of soda with #j4ad ounces sulphate of potash in #a_/b pint of water4 ,make another solution of #j4bh ounces chloride of zinc and #a4cj ounces hydrochloric acid in an equal quantity of water4 ,mix the solutions and apply to the glass vessel with a pin or brush4 ,at the end of half an hour the design should be sufficiently etched4 ,,ii4--,a mixture consisting of ammonium fluoride1 common salt1 and carbonate of soda is prepared1 and then placed in a gutta-percha bottle containing fuming hydrofluoric acid and concentrated sulphuric acid4 ,in a separate vessel which is made of lead1 potassium fluoride is mixed with hydrochloric acid1 and a little of this solution is added to the former1 along with a small quantity of sodium silicate and ammonia4 ,some of the solution is dropped upon a rubber pad1 and by means of a suitable rubber stamp1 bearing the design which is to be reproduced1 is transferred to the glass vessel that is to be etched4 ,etching with ,wax4--,spread wax or a preservative varnish on the glass1 and trace on this wax or varnish the letters or designs4 ,if letters are desired1 trace them by hand or by the use of letters cut out in tin1 which apply on the wax1 the inside contours being taken with a fine point4 ,when this is done1 remove the excess of wax from the glass1 leaving only the full wax letters undisturbed4 ,make an edge of wax all along the glass plate so as to prevent the acid from running over when you pour it on to attack the glass4 ,at the end of #c to #d hours remove the acid1 wash the glass well with hot water1 next pour on essence of turpentine or alcohol to take off the wax or the preservative varnish4 ,pass again through clean water2 the glass plate will have become dead wherever the acid has eaten in1 only the letters remaining polished4 ,for fancy designs it suffices to put on the back of the plate a black or colored varnish1 or tin foil1 etc41 to obtain a brilliant effect4 ,etching ,glass by ,means of ,glue4--,it is necessary only to cover a piece of ordinary or flint glass with a coat of glue dissolved in water in order to see that the layer of glue1 upon contracting through the effect of drying1 becomes detached from the glass and removes therefrom numerous scales of varying thickness4 ,the glass thus etched presents a sort of regular and decorative design similar to the flowers of frost deposited on windowpanes in winter4 ,when salts that are readily crystallizable and that exert no chemical action upon the gelatin are dissolved in the latter the figures etched upon the glass exhibit a crystalline appearance that recalls fern fronds4 ,hyposulphite of soda and chlorate and nitrate of potash produce nearly the same effects4 ,a large number of mineral substances are attacked by gelatin4 ,toughened glass is easily etched1 and the same is the case with fluorspar and polished marble4 ,a piece of rock crystal1 cut at right angles with the axis and coated with isinglass1 the action of which seems to be particularly energetic1 is likewise attacked at different points1 and the parts detached present a conchoidal appearance4 ,the contraction of the gelatin may be rendered visible by applying a coating of glue to sheets of cardboard or lead1 which bend backward in drying and assume the form of an irregular cylinder4 ,such etching of glass and different mineral substances by the action of gelatin may be employed for the decoration of numerous objects4 ,dissolve some common glue in ordinary water1 heated by a water bath1 and add #f per cent of its weight of potash alum4 ,after the glue has become perfectly melted1 homogeneous1 and of the consistency of syrup1 apply a layer1 while it is still hot1 to a glass object by means of a brush4 ,if the object is of ground glass the action of the glue will be still more energetic4 ,after half an hour apply a second coat in such a way as to obtain a smooth1 transparent surface destitute of air bubbles4 ,after the glue has become so hard that it no longer yields to the pressure of the finger nail 7say1 in about #bd hours71 put the article in a warmer place1 in which the temperature must not exceed #aje ,f4 ,when the object is removed from the oven1 after a few hours1 the glue will detach itself with #cbg a noise and removes with it numerous flakes of glass4 ,all that the piece then requires is to be carefully washed and dried4 ,the designs thus obtained are not always the same1 the thickness of the coat of glue1 the time of drying1 and various other conditions seeming to act to modify the form and number of the flakes detached4 ,it is indispensable to employ glass objects of adequate thickness1 since1 in covering mousseline glass with a layer of glue1 the mechanical action that it has to support during desiccation is so powerful that it will break with an explosion4 ,glue1 therefore1 must not be allowed to dry in glass vessels1 since they would be corroded and broken in a short time4 ,indelible ,labels on ,bottles4--,to affix indelible labels on bottles an etching liquid is employed which is produced as follows3 ,liquid ,i1 in one bottle4--,dissolve #cf parts of sodium fluoride in #ejj parts of distilled water and add #g parts of potassium sulphate4 ,liquid ,,ii1 in another bottle4--,dissolve zinc chloride1 #ad parts1 in #ejj parts of distilled water1 and add #fe parts of concentrated hydrochloric acid4 ,for use mix equal parts together and add a little dissolved ,india ink to render the writing more visible4 ,the mixing cannot1 however1 be conducted in a vessel4 ,it is best to use a cube of paraffine which has been hollowed out4 ,etching on ,marble or ,ivory 7see also ,ivory74--,cover the objects with a coat of wax dissolved in #ij per cent alcohol1 then trace the desired designs by removing the wax with a sharp tool and distribute on the tracing the following mixture3 ,hydrochloric acid1 #a part2 acetic acid1 #a part4 ,repeat this operation several times1 until the desired depth is attained4 ,then take off the varnish with alcohol4 ,the etching may be embellished1 filling up the hollows with any colored varnish1 by wiping the surface with a piece of linen fixed on a stick1 to rub the varnish into the cavities after it has been applied with a brush4 ,the hollows may be gilded or silvered by substituting 8mixtion0 for the varnish and applying on this mixtion a leaf of gold or silver1 cut in pieces a little larger than the design to be covered2 press down the gold by means of a soft brush so as to cause it to penetrate to the bottom2 let dry and remove the protruding edges4 ,etching on ,steel4--,the print should be heavily inked and powdered with dragon's blood several times4 ,after each powdering heat slightly and additional powder will stick1 forming a heavy coating in #b or #c operations4 ,before proceeding to heat up1 the plate should receive a light etching in a weak solution of the acid described later on4 ,the purpose of this preliminary etching is to clean up the print1 so that the lines will not tend to thicken1 as would be the case otherwise4 ,next a good strong heating should be given4 ,on top the dragon's blood plumbago may be used in addition4 ,for etching use nitric acid mixed with an even amount of acetic acid4 ,some operators use vinegar1 based on the same theory4 ,when commencing the etching1 start with a weak solution and increase as soon as the plate is deep enough to allow another powdering4 ,if the operator is familiar with lithography1 and understands rolling up the print with a lithoroller1 the etching of steel is not harder than etching on zinc4 ,liquids for ,etching ,steel4-- ,i4--,iodine #b parts ,potassium iodide #e parts ,water #dj parts ,,ii4--,nitric acid #fj parts ,water #abj parts ,alcohol #bjj parts ,copper nitrate #h parts ,,iii4--,glacial acetic acid #d parts ,nitric acid #a part ,alcohol #a part ,,iv4--,mix #a ounce sulphate of copper1 #a_/d ounce alum1 #a_/b teaspoonful of salt 7reduced to powder71 with #a gill of vinegar and #bj drops of nitric acid4 ,this fluid can be used either for etching deeply or for frosting1 according to the time it is allowed to act4 ,the parts of the work which are not to be etched should be protected with beeswax or some similar substance4 ,v4--,nitric acid1 #fj parts2 water1 #abj parts2 alcohol1 #bjj parts2 and copper nitrate1 #h parts4 ,keep in a glass-stoppered bottle4 ,to use the fluid1 cover the surface to be marked with a thin even coat of wax and mark the lines with a machinist's scriber4 ,wrap clean cotton waste around the end of the scriber or a stick1 and dip in the fluid1 applying it to the marked surface4 ,in a few minutes the wax may be scraped off1 when fine lines will appear where the scriber marked the wax4 ,the drippings from a lighted wax candle can be used for the #cbh coating1 and this may be evenly spread with a knife heated in the candle flame4 ,,vi4--,for ,hardened ,steel4--,heat an iron or an old pillar-file with a smooth side1 and with it spread a thin1 even coat of beeswax over the brightened surface to be etched4 ,with a sharp lead pencil 7which is preferable to a scriber7 write or mark as wanted through the wax so as to be sure to strike the steel surface4 ,then daub on with a stick etching acid made as follows3 ,nitric acid1 #c parts2 muriatic acid1 #a part4 ,if a lead pencil has been used the acid will begin to bubble immediately4 ,two or three minutes of the bubbling or foaming will be sufficient for marking2 then soak up the acid with a small piece of blotting paper and remove the beeswax with a piece of cotton waste wet with benzine1 and if the piece be small enough dip it into a saturated solution of sal soda1 or if the piece be large swab over it with a piece of waste4 ,this neutralizes the remaining acid and prevents rusting1 which oil will not do4 ,if it is desired to coat the piece with beeswax without heating it1 dissolve pure beeswax in benzine until of the consistency of thick cream and pour on to the steel1 and even spread it by rocking or blowing1 and lay aside for it to harden2 then use the lead pencil1 etc41 as before4 ,this method will take longer4 ,keep work from near the fire or an open flame4 ,,eucalyptus ,,bonbons ,,for ,,colds ,,and ,,coughs3 ,see ,cold and ,cough ,mixtures4 ,,expectorants3 ,see ,cold and ,cough ,mixtures4 ,explosives ,explosives may be divided into two great classes--mechanical mixtures and chemical compounds4 ,in the former the combustible substances are intimately mixed with some oxygen supplying material1 as in the case of gunpowder1 where carbon and sulphur are intimately mixed with potassium nitrate2 while gun cotton and nitro-glycerine are examples of the latter class1 where each molecule of the substance contains the necessary oxygen for the oxidation of the carbon and hydrogen present1 the oxygen being in feeble combination with nitrogen4 ,many explosives are1 however1 mechanical mixtures of compounds which are themselves explosive1 e4 g41 cordite1 which is mainly composed of gun cotton and nitro-glycerine4 ,the most common and familiar of explosives is undoubtedly gunpowder4 ,the mixture first adopted appears to have consisted of equal parts of the three ingredients--sulphur1 charcoal1 and niter2 but some time later the proportions1 even now taken for all ordinary purposes1 were introduced1 namely3 ,potassium nitrate #ge parts ,charcoal #ae parts ,sulphur #aj parts #ajj parts ,since gunpowder is a mechanical mixture1 it is clear that the first aim of the maker must be to obtain perfect incorporation1 and1 necessarily1 in order to obtain this1 the materials must be in a very finely divided state4 ,moreover1 in order that uniformity of effect may be obtained1 purity of the original substances1 the percentage of moisture present1 and the density of the finished powder are of importance4 ,the weighed quantities of the ingredients are first mixed in gun metal or copper drums1 having blades in the interior capable of working in the opposite direction to that in which the drum itself is traveling4 ,after passing through a sieve1 the mixture 7green charge7 is passed on to the incorporating mills1 where it is thoroughly ground under heavy metal rollers1 a small quantity of water being added to prevent dust and facilitating incorporation1 and during this process the risk of explosion is greater possibly than at any other stage in the manufacture4 ,there are usually #f mills working in the same building1 with partitions between4 ,over the bed of each mill is a horizontal board1 the 8flash board10 which is connected with a tank of water overhead1 the arrangement being such that the upsetting of one tank discharges the contents of the other tanks onto the corresponding mill beds below1 so that in the event of an accident the charge is drowned in each case4 ,the 8mill cake0 is now broken down between rollers1 the 8meal0 produced being placed in strong oak boxes and subjected to hydraulic pressure1 thus increasing its density and hardness1 at the same time bringing the ingredients into more intimate contact4 ,after once more breaking down the material 7press cake71 the powder only requires special treatment to adapt it for the various purposes for which it is intended4 ,the products of the combustion of powder and its manner of burning are #cbi largely influenced by the pressure1 a property well illustrated by the failure of a red-hot platinum wire to ignite a mass of powder in a vacuum1 only a few grains actually in contact with the platinum undergoing combustion4 ,nitro-glycerine is a substance of a similar chemical nature to gun cotton1 the principles of its formation and purification being very similar1 only in this case the materials and product are liquids1 thereby rendering the operations of manufacture and washing much less difficult4 ,the glycerine is sprayed into the acid mixture by compressed-air injectors1 care being taken that the temperature during nitration does not rise above #hf ,f4 ,the nitro-glycerine formed readily separates from the mixed acids1 and being insoluble in cold water1 the washing is comparatively simple4 ,nitro-glycerine is an oily liquid readily soluble in most organic solvents1 but becomes solid at #c or #d above the freezing point of water1 and in this condition is less sensitive4 ,it detonates when heated to #ejj ,f41 or by a sudden blow1 yielding carbon dioxide1 oxygen1 nitrogen1 and water4 ,being a fluid under ordinary conditions1 its uses as an explosive were limited1 and ,alfred ,nobel conceived the idea of mixing it with other substances which would act as absorbents1 first using charcoal and afterwards an infusorial earth1 8kieselguhr10 and obtaining what he termed 8dynamite40 ,nobel found that 8collodion cotton0--soluble gun cotton--could be converted by treatment with nitro-glycerine into a jellylike mass which was more trustworthy in action than the components alone1 and from its nature the substance was christened 8blasting gelatin40 ,nobel took out a patent for a smokeless powder for use in guns1 in which these ingredients were adopted with or without the use of retarding agents4 ,the powders of this class are ballistite and filite1 the former being in sheets1 the latter in threads4 ,originally camphor was introduced1 but its use has been abandoned1 a small quantity of aniline taking its place4 ,sir ,frederick ,abel and ,prof4 ,dewar patented in #ahhi the use of trinitro-cellulose and nitro-glycerine1 for although1 as is well known1 this form of nitro-cellulose is not soluble in nitro-glycerine1 yet by dissolving the bodies in a mutual solvent1 perfect incorporation can be attained4 ,acetone is the solvent used in the preparation of 8cordite10 and for all ammunition except blank charges a certain proportion of vaseline is also added4 ,the combustion of the powder without vaseline gives products so free from solid or liquid substances that excessive friction of the projectile in the gun causes rapid wearing of the rifling1 and it is chiefly to overcome this that the vaseline is introduced1 for on explosion a thin film of solid matter is deposited in the gun1 and acts as a lubricant4 ,the proportion of the ingredients are3 ,nitro-glycerine #eh parts ,gun-cotton #cg parts ,vaseline #e parts ,gun cotton to be used for cordite is prepared as previously described1 but the alkali is omitted1 and the mass is not submitted to great pressure1 to avoid making it so dense that ready absorption of nitro-glycerine would not take place4 ,the nitro-glycerine is poured over the dried gun cotton and first well mixed by hand1 afterwards in a kneading machine with the requisite quantity of acetone for #c #a_/b hours4 ,a water jacket is provided1 since1 on mixing1 the temperature rises4 ,the vaseline is now added1 and the kneading continued for a similar period4 ,the cordite paste is first subjected to a preliminary pressing1 and is finally forced through a hole of the proper size in a plate either by hand or by hydraulic pressure4 ,the smaller sizes are wound on drums1 while the larger cordite is cut off in suitable lengths1 the drums and cut material being dried at #ajj ,f41 thus driving off the remainder of the acetone4 ,cordite varies from yellow to dark brown in color1 according to its thickness4 ,when ignited it burns with a strong flame1 which may be extinguished by a vigorous puff of air4 ,macnab and ,ristori give the yield of permanent gases from ,english cordite as #fdg cubic centimeters1 containing a much higher per cent of carbon monoxide than the gases evolved from the old form of powder4 ,sir ,andrew ,noble failed in attempts to detonate the substance1 and a rifle bullet fired into the mass only caused it to burn quietly4 ,dynamite4--,dynamite is ordinarily made up of #ge per cent nitro-glycerine1 #be per cent infusorial earth2 dualine contains #hj per cent nitro-glycerine1 #bj per cent nitro-cellulose2 rend-rock has #dj per cent nitro-glycerine1 #dj per cent nitrate of potash1 #ac per cent cellulose1 #g per cent paraffine2 giant powder1 #cf per cent nitro-glycerine1 #dh per cent nitrate of potash1 #h per cent sulphur1 #h per cent rosin or charcoal4 ,smokeless ,powder4--,the base of smokeless powders is nitrated cellulose1 #ccj which has been treated in one of various ways to make it burn slower than gun cotton1 and also to render it less sensitive to heat and shocks4 ,as a rule1 these powders are not only less inflammable than gun cotton1 but require stronger detonators4 ,as metallic salts cause smoke1 they are not used in these powders4 ,the smokeless powders now in use may be divided into three groups3 7#a7 ,those consisting of mixtures of nitro-glycerine and nitrated cellulose1 which have been converted into a hard1 hornlike mass1 either with or without the aid of a solvent4 ,to this group belongs ballistite1 containing #ej per cent of nitro-glycerine1 #di per cent of nitrated cellulose1 and #a per cent of diphenylamin2 also cordite 7see further on71 ,lenord's powder1 and amberite4 ,this last contains #dj parts of nitro-glycerine and #ef parts of nitrated cellulose4 7#b7 ,those consisting mainly of nitrated cellulose of any kind1 which has been rendered hard and horny by treatment with some solvent which is afterwards evaporated4 ,these are prepared by treating nitrated cellulose with ether or benzine1 which dissolves the collodion1 and when evaporated leaves a hard film of collodion on the surface of each grain4 ,sometimes a little camphor is added to the solvent1 and1 remaining in the powder1 greatly retards its combustion4 7#c7 ,those consisting of nitro-derivatives of the aromatic hydrocarbons1 either with or without the admixture of nitrated cellulose2 to this group belong ,dupont's powder1 consisting of nitrated cellulose dissolved in nitro-benzine2 indurite1 consisting of cellulose hexanitrate 7freed from collodion by extraction with methyl alcohol71 made into a paste with nitro-benzine1 and hardened by treatment with steam until the excess of nitro-benzine is removed2 and plastomeite1 consisting of dinitrotoluene and nitrated wood pulp4 ,cordite is the specific name of a smokeless powder which has been adopted by the ,english government as a military explosive4 ,it contains nitro-glycerine1 #eh parts2 gun cotton1 #cg parts2 and petrolatum1 #e parts4 ,the nitro-glycerine and gun cotton are first mixed1 #ai4b parts of acetone added1 and the pasty mass kneaded for several hours4 ,the petrolatum is then added and the mixture again kneaded4 ,the paste is then forced through fine openings to form threads1 which are dried at about #aje ,f4 until the acetone evaporates4 ,the threads1 which resemble brown twine1 are then cut into short lengths for use4 ,another process for the manufacture of smokeless powder is as follows3 ,straw1 preferably oat-straw1 is treated in the usual way with a mixture of nitric acid and concentrated sulphuric acid1 and then washed in water to free it from these1 then boiled with water1 and again with a solution of potassium carbonate4 ,it is next subjected1 for #b to #f hours1 to the action of a solution composed of #a1jjj parts of water1 #ab4e parts of potassium nitrate1 #c4e parts of potassium chlorate1 #ab4e parts of zinc sulphate1 and #ab4e parts of potassium permanganate4 ,the excess of solution is pressed out1 and the mass is then pulverized1 granulated1 and finally dried4 ,the warning as to the danger of experimenting with the manufacture of ordinary gunpowder applies with renewed force when nitro-glycerine is the subject of the experiment4 ,berge's ,blasting ,powder4--,this is composed of chlorate of potash1 #a part2 chromate of potash1 #j4a part2 sugar1 #j4de parts2 yellow wax1 #j4ji parts4 ,the proportions indicated may vary within certain limits1 according to the force desired4 ,for the preparation1 the chlorate and the chromate of potash1 as well as the sugar1 are ground separately and very finely1 and sifted so that the grains of the different substances may have the same size4 ,at first any two of the substances are mixed as thoroughly as possible1 then the third is added4 ,the yellow wax1 cut in small pieces1 is finally added1 and all the substances are worked together to produce a homogeneous product4 ,the sugar may be replaced with charcoal or any other combustible body4 ,for commercial needs1 the compound may be colored with any inert matter1 also pulverized4 ,safety in ,explosives4--,ammoniacal salts have been used in the manufacture of explosives to render them proof against firedamp1 but not with the full success desired4 ,ammonium chloride has been utilized1 but inconveniences are met with1 and the vapor is quite disagreeable4 ,in coperation with equivalent quantities of soda and potash1 its action is regarded as favorable4 ,tests employing benzine vapor and coal dust were made1 and the comparative security calculated to be as given below4 ,i4--,donarite1 composed as follows3 #hj per cent of nitrate of ammonia1 #ab of trinitrotoluol1 #d of flour1 #c4h of nitro-glycerine1 and #j4b per cent of cotton collodion4 ,security3 ,donarite alone1 #hg parts2 #ie per cent of donarite and #e per #cca cent of ammonium chloride1 #abe parts2 #ij per cent of donarite and #aj per cent of ammonium chloride1 #bej parts2 #hf per cent of donarite and #e4e per cent of ammonium chloride1 with #h4e per cent of nitrate of soda1 #dbe parts4 ,the force of the explosion is decreased about #h per cent1 while the security is quintupled4 ,,ii4--,roburite1 with the following composition3 #gb4e per cent nitrate of ammonia2 #ab binitro-benzol2 #aj nitrate of potash2 #e sulphate of ammonia2 #j4e per cent permanganate of potash4 ,security3 ,roburite only1 #cbe parts2 ammonium chloride1 taking the place of sulphate of ammonia1 #djj parts4 ,here an intensification of the explosive force is simultaneously produced4 ,,iii4--,ammon carbonite ,i1 composed thus3 #d per cent nitro-glycerine2 #ge4e nitrate of ammonia2 #i4e nitrate of potash2 #i4e coal dust2 #aj4e flour4 ,security3 ,ammon carbonite ,i only1 #bej parts2 #ie per cent ,a4 ,c4 ,i4 and #e per cent ammonium chloride1 #djj parts2 #ib per cent ,a4 ,c4 ,i4 and #h per cent ammonium chloride1 #ejj parts4 ,the addition of #e per cent ammonium chloride diminishes the explosive force only #c per cent4 ,,iv4--,an explosive of nitro-glycerine base composed thus3 #cj per cent nitro-glycerine2 #a per cent cotton collodion2 #eb4f nitrate of ammonia2 #ac nitrate of potash2 #c to #d per cent starch4 ,security of this mixture1 #aej parts4 ,v4--,thirty per cent nitro-glycerine2 #a per cent cotton collodion2 #dg4c nitrate of ammonia2 #aa4f nitrate of potash2 #c4a starch2 #g per cent ammonium chloride4 ,this mixture has a security of #cej parts4 ,inflammable ,explosive with ,chlorate of ,potash4--,take as an agent promoting combustion1 potassium chlorate2 as a combustible agent1 an oxidized1 nitrated1 or natural rosin4 ,if1 to such a mixture1 another body is added in order to render it soft and plastic1 such as oil1 nitro-benzine1 glucose1 glycerine1 the benefit of the discovery is lost1 for the mixture is rendered combustible with nitro-benzine1 fecula1 sulphur1 etc41 and inexplosive with glycerine1 glucose1 and the oil4 ,of all the chlorates and perchlorates1 potassium chlorate 7,k,cl,o#c7 responds the best to what is desired4 ,as to the rosins1 they may be varied1 or even mixed4 ,to obtain the oxidation or nitration of the rosins1 they are heated with nitric acid1 more or less concentrated1 and with or without the addition of sulphuric acid4 ,an oxidation1 sufficient and without danger1 can be secured by a simple and practical means4 ,this is boiling them for several hours in water containing nitric acid1 which is renewed from time to time in correspondence with its decomposition4 ,the rosins recommended by ,m4 ,turpin are of the terebinthine group1 having for average formula ,c#bj;,h#cj,o#b4 ,colophony is the type4 ,the products1 thus nitrated1 are washed with boiling water1 and1 on occasion1 by a solution slightly alkaline1 with a final washing with pure water1 and dried at a temperature of #bcj ,f4 or in the open air4 ,the mixing of the constituents of this explosive is preferably cold4 ,for this purpose they are used in the state of fine powder1 and when mixed in the tub1 #b #a_/b to #e per cent of a volatile dissolvent is added1 as alcohol1 carbon sulphide1 ether1 or benzine4 ,as soon as thoroughly mingled1 the mass is put either in an ordinary grainer1 or in a cylinder of wire cloth revolving horizontally on its axis1 with glass gobilles forming a screen1 by the aid of which the graining is rapidly accomplished4 ,thus a powder more or less finely granulated is produced free from dust4 ,the proportions preferably employed are3 #a4 ,potassium chlorate #he parts ,natural rosin #ae parts #b4 ,potassium chlorate #hj parts ,nitrated rosin #bj parts ,for employment in firedamp mines1 there is added to these compounds from #bj to #dj per cent of one of the following substances3 ,ammonium oxalate1 ammonium carbonate1 oxalic acid1 sodium bicarbonate1 calcium fluoride1 or other substance of the nature to lower sufficiently the temperature of the explosive flame4 ,gun ,cotton4--,for the production of a high-grade gun cotton1 it is important that the cotton used should approach as near as possible pure cellulose4 ,the waste from cotton mills1 thoroughly purified1 is usually employed4 ,after careful chemical examination has been made to ascertain its freedom from grease and other impurities1 the cotton waste is picked over by hand to remove such impurities as wood1 cardboard1 string1 etc4 ,the cotton is then passed through the 8teasing machine10 which opens out all knots and lumps1 thereby reducing it to a state more suitable for the acid treatment and exposing to view any foreign substances which may have escaped notice in the previous picking4 ,the cotton is then dried4 ,when #ccb perfectly dry1 it is removed to air-tight iron cases1 in which it is allowed to cool4 ,the iron cases are taken to the dipping houses1 and the cotton waste weighed into small portions1 which are then transferred as rapidly as possible to the mixed acids1 allowed to remain a few minutes1 then removed to the grating and the excess of acid squeezed out4 ,the cotton now containing about ten times its weight of acid is placed in an earthenware pot and transferred to the steeping pits1 where it is allowed to remain for #bd hours1 a low temperature being maintained by a stream of cold water4 ,the cotton is now wholly converted into nitro-cellulose4 ,the superfluous acid is next removed by a centrifugal extractor1 after which the gun cotton is taken out of the machine and immediately immersed in a large volume of water1 and thoroughly washed until it shows no acid reaction4 ,the moisture is then run out and the gun cotton is conveyed by tramway to the boiling vats1 where it undergoes several boilings by means of steam4 ,when the 8heat test0 shows that a sufficient degree of stability has been obtained1 the gun cotton is removed to a beating engine1 and reduced to a very fine state of division4 ,when this process is completed the pulp is run by gravity along wooden shoots1 provided with 8grit traps0 and electromagnets1 which catch any traces of sand1 iron1 etc41 into large 8poachers10 in which the gun cotton is continuously agitated1 together with a large quantity of water4 ,in this way it is thoroughly washed and a blend made of a large quantity of gun cotton4 ,soluble ,gun ,cotton4--,soluble gun cotton is made on the same lines1 except that greater attention has to be paid to the physical condition of the cotton used1 and to the temperature and strength of acid mixture1 etc4 ,the term 8soluble0 usually implies that the gun cotton is dissolved by a mixture of ethyl-ether and ethyl-alcohol1 #b parts of the former to #a of the latter being the proportions which yield the best solvent action4 ,the classification of nitro-celluloses according to their solubility in ether-alcohol is misleading1 except when the nitrogen contents are also quoted4 ,the number of solvents for gun cotton which have at various times been proposed is very large4 ,among the more important may be mentioned the following3 ,alcohols 7used chiefly in conjunction with other solvents71 methyl1 ethyl1 propyl1 and amyl1 methyl-amyl ether1 acetic ether1 di-ethyl-ketone1 methyl-ethyl ketone1 amyl nitrate and acetate1 nitro-benzole1 nitro-toluol1 nitrated oils1 glacial acetic acid1 camphor dissolved in alcohol1 etc4 ,some of the above may be called selective solvents1 i4 e41 they dissolve one particular variety of gun cotton better than others1 so that solubility in any given solvent must not be used to indicate solubility in another4 ,no nitro-cotton is entirely soluble in any solvent4 ,the solution1 after standing some time1 always deposits a small amount of insoluble matter4 ,therefore1 in making collodion solutions1 care should be taken to place the containing bottles in a place free from vibration and shock4 ,after standing a few weeks the clear supernatant liquid may be decanted off4 ,on a larger scale collodion solutions are filtered under pressure through layers of tightly packed cotton wool4 ,the state of division is important4 ,when the end in view is the production of a strong film or thread1 it is advisable to use unpulped or only slightly pulped nitro-cellulose4 ,in this condition it also dissolves more easily than the finely pulped material4 ,,fulminates3 ,fulminating ,antimony4--,tartar emetic 7dried71 #ajj parts2 lampblack or charcoal powder1 #c parts4 ,triturate together1 put into a crucible that it will three-fourths fill 7previously rubbed inside with charcoal powder74 ,cover it with a layer of dry charcoal powder1 and lute on the cover4 ,after #c hours' exposure to a strong heat in a reverberatory furnace1 and #f or #g hours' cooling1 cautiously transfer the solid contents of the crucible1 as quickly as possible1 without breaking1 to a wide-mouthed stoppered phial1 where1 after some time1 it will spontaneously crumble to a powder4 ,when the above process is properly conducted1 the resulting powder contains potassium1 and fulminates violently on contact with water4 ,a piece the size of a pea introduced into a mass of gunpowder explodes it on being thrown into water1 or on its being moistened in any other manner4 ,fulminating ,bismuth4--,take bismuth1 #abj parts2 carbureted cream of tartar1 #fj parts2 niter1 #a part4 ,fulminating ,copper4--,digest copper 7in powder of filings7 with fulminate of mercury or of silver1 and a little water4 #ccc ,it forms soluble green crystals that explode with a green flame4 ,fulminating ,mercury4--,take mercury1 #ajj parts2 nitric acid 7specific gravity1 #a4d71 #a1jjj parts 7or #gdj parts1 by measure74 ,dissolve by a gentle heat1 and when the solution has acquired the temperature of #acj ,f41 slowly pour it through a glass funnel tube into alcohol 7specific gravity1 4#hcj71 #hcj parts 7or #a1jjj parts1 by measure74 ,as soon as the effervescence is over1 and white fumes cease to be evolved1 filter through double paper1 wash with cold water1 and dry by steam 7not hotter than #bab ,f47 or hot water4 ,the fulminate is then to be packed in #ajj-;grain paper parcels1 and these stored in a tight box or corked bottle4 ,product #acj per cent of the weight of mercury employed4 ,fulminating ,powder4--,i4--,niter1 #c parts2 carbonate of potash 7dry71 #b parts2 flowers of sulphur1 #a part2 reduce them separately to fine powder1 before mixing them4 ,a little of this compound 7#bj to #cj grains71 slowly heated on a shovel over the fire1 first fuses and becomes brown1 and then explodes with a deafening report4 ,,ii4--,sulphur1 #a part2 chlorate of potassa1 #c parts4 ,when triturated1 with strong pressure1 in a marble or wedgwood-ware mortar1 it produces a series of loud reports4 ,it also fulminates by percussion4 ,,iii4--,chlorate of potassa1 #f parts2 pure lampblack1 #d parts2 sulphur1 #a part4 ,a little placed on an anvil detonates with a loud report when struck with a hammer4 ,,exposures ,,in ,,photographing3 ,see ,photography4 ,,extracts3 ,see ,essences and ,extracts4 ,,extracts1 ,,tests ,,for3 ,see ,foods4 ,,eye ,,lotions3 8,black ,eye0 ,lotion4--8,black eyes0 or other temporary discolorations of the skin may be disguised by the application of pink grease paint1 or collodion colored by means of a little carmine4 ,as lotions the following have been recommended3 ,i4--,ammonium chloride #a part ,alcohol #a part ,water #aj parts ,diluted acetic acid may be substituted for half of the water1 and the alcohol may be replaced by tincture of arnica1 with advantage4 ,,ii4--,potassium nitrate #ae grains ,ammonium chloride #cj grains ,aromatic vinegar #d drachms ,water to make #h ounces4 ,,iii4--,the following is to be applied with camel's-hair pencil every #a1 #b1 or #c hours4 ,be careful not to get it in the eyes1 as it smarts4 ,it will remove the black discoloration overnight3 ,oxalic acid #ae grains ,distilled water #a ounce ,foreign ,matter in the ,eye4--,if a piece of iron or other foreign matter in the eye irritates it1 and there is no way of removing it until morning1 take a raw ,irish potato1 grate it1 and use as a poultice on the eye4 ,it will ease the eye so one can sleep1 and sometimes draws the piece out4 ,drops of ,lime in the ,eye4--,if lime has dropped in the eye1 the pouring-in of or the wiping-out with a few drops of oil is the best remedy1 as the causticity of the lime is ,arrested thereby4 ,poppy-seed oil or olive oil is prescribed1 but pure linseed oil ought to render the same service1 as it is also used in the household4 ,subsequently1 the eye may be rinsed out with syrup1 as the saccharine substance will harden any remaining particles of lime and destroy all causticity entirely4 ,,fabric ,,cleaners3 ,see ,cleaning ,preparations and ,methods and also ,household ,formulas4 ,,fabrics1 ,,waterproofing ,,of3 ,see ,waterproofing4 ,,face ,,black ,,and ,,face ,,powder3 ,see ,cosmetics4 ,fats ,bear ,fat4--,fresh bears' fat is white and very similar to lard in appearance4 ,the flank fat is softer and more transparent than the kidney fat1 and its odor recalls that of fresh bacon4 ,bears' fat differs from the fats of the dog1 fox1 and cat in having a lower specific gravity1 a very low melting point1 and a fairly high iodine value4 ,bleaching ,bone ,fat4--,bone fat1 which is principally obtained from horse bones1 is very dark colored in the crude state1 and of an extremely disagreeable smell4 ,to remedy these defects it may be bleached by the air or chemicals1 the former method only giving good results #ccd when the fat has been recovered by means of steam4 ,it consists in cutting up the fat into small fragments and exposing it to the air for several days1 the mass being turned over at intervals with a shovel4 ,when sufficiently bleached in this manner1 the fat is boiled with half its own weight of water1 which done1 about #c or #d per cent of salt is added1 and the whole is boiled over again4 ,this treatment1 which takes #b or #c weeks1 sweetens the fat1 makes it of the consistency of butter1 and reduces the color to a pale yellow4 ,light seems to play no part in the operation1 the change being effected solely by the oxygen of the air4 ,the chemical treatment has the advantage of being more rapid1 sufficient decoloration being produced in a few hours4 ,the fat1 which should be free from gelatin1 phosphate of lime1 and water1 is placed in an iron pan along with an equal weight of brine of #ad to #ae ,b4 strength1 with which it is boiled for #c hours and left to rest overnight4 ,next day the fat is drawn off into a wooden vessel1 where it is treated by degrees with a mixture of #b parts of potassium bichromate1 dissolved in #f of boiling water1 and #h parts of hydrochloric acid 7density #bb ,b471 this quantity being sufficient for #djj parts of fat4 ,decoloration proceeds gradually1 and when complete the fat is washed with hot water4 ,bleaching ,tallows and ,fats4--,instead of exposing to the sun1 which is always attended with danger of rendering fats rancid1 it is better to liquefy these at a gentle heat1 and then add #a_/e in weight of a mixture of equal parts of kaolin and water4 ,the fatty matter should be worked up for a time and then left to separate4 ,kaolin has the advantage of cheapness in price and of being readily procured4 ,freshly burned animal charcoal would perhaps be a more satisfactory decolorizer than kaolin1 but it is more expensive to start with1 and not so easy to regenerate4 ,exposure of tallow to the action of steam under high pressure 7a temperature of #bej or #bfj ,f47 is also said to render it whiter and harder4 ,coloring ,matter in ,fats4--,a simple method for the detection of the addition of coloring matter to fats is here described4 ,ten parts1 by measure1 of the melted fat are put into a small separating funnel and dissolved in #aj parts1 by measure1 of petroleum ether4 ,the solution is then treated with #ae parts1 by measure1 of glacial acetic acid and the whole shaken thoroughly4 ,the addition of coloring matter is known by the red or yellow coloration which appears in the lower layer of acetic acid after the contents of the funnel have been allowed to settle4 ,if only a slight addition of coloring matter is suspected1 the acetic acid solution is run off into a porcelain basin and the latter heated on a water bath1 when the coloration will be seen more readily4 ,this test is intended for butter and margarine1 but is also suitable for tallow1 lard1 etc4 ,fatty ,acid ,fermentation ,process4--,the production of fatty acids from fats and oils by fermentation is growing in importance4 ,these particulars1 which are the actual results from recent experiments on a somewhat extended scale1 are given3 ,seven hundred and fifty pounds of cottonseed oil are mixed with #de gallons of water and #c #a_/b pounds of acetic acid2 this mixture is heated to a temperature of #he ,f4 ,castor-oil seeds1 #ec pounds1 decorticated and ground1 are mixed thoroughly with #c gallons of water and #d #a_/b gallons of the oil1 and this mixture is stirred into the oil and water2 the whole mass is then kept mixed for #ab hours by blowing air through1 after which it is allowed to stand for another #ab hours1 being given a gentle stir by hand at the end of every hour4 ,after #bd hours the mass is heated to a temperature of #ahj ,f41 which stops the fermentation and at the same time allows the fatty acids to separate more freely4 ,to assist in this effect there is added #a gallon of sulphuric acid 7#a in #c7 solution4 ,after #b hours' standing1 the mass will have separated into three layers--fatty acids on the top1 glycerine water below1 and a middle1 undefined layer4 ,the glycerine water is run away1 and the whole mass left to stand for #b hours4 ,the middle portion is run off from the separated fatty acids into another vessel1 where it is mixed with #aj gallons of hot water1 thoroughly stirred1 and allowed to stand for #af hours or more4 ,the watery layer at the bottom1 which contains some glycerine1 is then run off1 while the residue is mixed with a further quantity of #aj gallons of water1 and again allowed to stand4 ,the water which separates out1 also the layer of fatty acids that forms on the top1 are run off and mixed with the portions previously obtained4 ,the various glycerine waters are treated to recover the glycerine1 while the fatty acids are made marketable in any convenient way4 #cce ,preservation of ,fats4--,to produce fats and oils containing both iodine and sulphur1 whereby they are preserved from going rancid1 and consequently can be utilized to more advantage for the usual purposes1 such as the manufacture of soaps1 candles1 etc41 following is the ,loebell method3 ,the essential feature of the process is that the iodine is not merely held in solution by the oil or fat1 but enters into chemical combination with the same2 the sulphur also combines chemically with the oil or fat1 and from their reactions the preserving properties are derived4 ,the process consists of heating1 for example1 #f parts of oil with #a part of sulphur to a temperature varying between #cjj and #djj ,f41 then1 when at about #aie ,f41 a solution of iodine and oil is added to the mixture1 which is constantly agitated until cool to prevent lumps forming4 ,a product is thus obtained which acquires the consistency of butter1 and contains both iodine and sulphur in combination4 ,purifying ,oils and ,fats4--,in purifying fatty oils and fats for edible purposes the chief thing is to remove the free fatty acids1 which is done by the aid of solutions of alkalies and alkaline earths4 ,the subsequent precipitation of the resulting soapy emulsions1 especially when lime is used1 entails prolonged heating to temperatures sometimes as high as the boiling point of water4 ,furthermore1 the amount of alkalies taken is always greater than is chemically necessary1 the consequence being that some of the organic substances present are attacked1 and malodorous products are formed1 a condition necessitating the employment of animal charcoal1 etc41 as deodorizer4 ,to prevent the formation of these untoward products1 which must injuriously affect the quality of edible oils1 ,c4 ,fresenius proposes to accelerate the dispersion of the said emulsions by subjecting the mixtures to an excess pressure of #a to #a #a_/b atmospheres and a corresponding temperature of about #bbj ,f41 for a short time1 the formation of decomposition products1 and any injurious influence on the taste and smell of the substance being prevented by the addition of fresh charcoal1 etc41 beforehand4 ,charcoal may1 and must in certain cases1 be replaced for this purpose by infusorial earth or fuller's earth4 ,when this process is applied to cottonseed oil1 #ajj parts of the oil are mixed with #a_/aj part of fresh1 pure charcoal1 and #a_/b part of pure fuller's earth4 ,the mixture is next neutralized with lime-water1 and placed in an autoclave1 where it is kept for an hour under pressure1 and at a temperature of #bbj ,f4 ,under these conditions the emulsion soon separates1 and when this is accomplished the whole is left to cool down in a closed vessel4 ,,fats1 ,,decomposition ,,of3 ,see ,oil4 ,,feather ,,bleaching ,,and ,,coloring3 ,see also ,dyes4 ,bleaching and ,coloring ,feathers4--,feathers1 in their natural state1 are not adapted to undergo the processes of dyeing and bleaching2 they must be prepared by removing their oil and dirt4 ,this is usually done by washing them in moderately warm soap and water1 and rinsing in warm and cold water2 or the oil may be chemically removed by the use of benzine4 ,to remove it entirely1 the feathers must be left in the cleansing fluid from a half hour to an hour1 when they may be subjected to the process of bleaching4 ,bleaching ,plumes4--,plumes may be almost entirely bleached by the use of hydrogen peroxide1 without injuring their texture4 ,in specially constructed glass troughs1 made the length of an average ostrich feather1 #ae or #bj of these feathers can be treated at a time4 ,the bleaching fluid is made from a #cj per cent solution of hydrogen peroxide1 with enough ammonia added to make it neutral2 in other words when neutral1 blue litmus paper will not turn red1 and red will take a pale violet tinge4 ,the previously cleansed feathers are entirely immersed in this bleaching bath1 which may be diluted if desired4 ,the trough is covered with a glass plate and put in a dark place4 ,from time to time the feathers are stirred and turned1 adding more hydrogen peroxide4 ,this process requires #aj to #ab hours and if necessary should be repeated4 ,after bleaching they are rinsed in distilled water or rain water1 dried in the air1 and kept in motion while drying4 ,to insure success in coloring feathers in delicate tints1 they must be free from all impurities1 and evenly white4 ,it has been found of advantage to rub the quill of heavy ostrich plumes while still moist with carbonate of ammonia before the dyeing is begun4 ,methods of ,dyeing ,feathers4--,i4--,a boiling hot neutral solution1 the feathers to be dried in a rotating apparatus4 ,suitable dyes for this method are chrysoidin1 #ccf ,a1 ,c2 crystal vesuvin1 #d ,b ,c2 phosphin extra1 leather yellow1 ,o ,h2 leather red1 ,o1 ,g ,b2 leather brown1 ,o2 morocco red1 ,o2 azophocphine1 ,g ,o1 ,b ,r ,o2 fuchsine1 cerise1 ,g ,r2 grenadine1 ,o2 safranine1 ,o2 methylene violet1 malachite green1 crystal brilliant green1 methylene green1 methylene gray1 coal black ,,ii4 ,,ii4--,a boiling hot sulphuric solution4 ,dyes1 acid fuchsine1 orseilline1 ,r ,b2 acid cerise1 ,o2 acid maroon1 ,o2 opal blue1 blue de lyon1 ,r ,b2 cotton blue1 ,no4 #b1 ,china blue ,no4 #b1 naphthalene green1 ,o2 patent blue1 ,v ,a2 fast blue1 ,o ,r2 fast blue black1 ,o2 deep black1 ,g2 azo yellow1 victorine yellow1 orange ,no4 #b1 fast brown ,o1 ponceau ,g ,r ,r ,r1 fast red ,o1 ,bordeaux1 ,g ,b ,r4 ,,iii4--,an acetic solution4 ,dyes1 ,bengal pink ,g ,b1 phloxine ,g ,o1 rosolan ,o ,b ,o ,f1 rhodamine ,o #d ,g1 eosine ,a ,g1 erythrosine4 ,by appropriate mixtures of the dyes of any one class1 plumes can be dyed every possible color4 ,after dyeing they are rinsed1 and dried in a rotating apparatus4 ,the final process is that of curling1 which is done by turning them round and round over a gentle heat4 ,for white feathers a little sulphur may be burned in the fire2 for black or colored ones a little sugar4 ,,iv4--,the spray method4 ,the solution of the dye to be used is put into an atomizer1 and the spray directed to that part of the feather which it is desired to color4 ,by using different colors the most marvelous effects and most delicate transitions from one color to another are obtained4 ,any kind of an atomizer can be used1 the rubber bulb1 pump1 or bellows2 the result is the same4 ,,felt ,,waterproofing3 ,see ,waterproofing4 ,,fermentation ,,process1 ,,fatty ,,acid3 ,see ,fats4 ,,fermentation1 ,,prevention ,,of3 ,see ,anti-,ferments and ,wines and ,liquors4 ,,ferrous ,,oxalate ,,developer3 ,see ,photography4 ,fertilizers 7,see also ,phosphate1 ,artificial47 ,plant ,fertilizers4--,plants are as sensitive to excessively minute quantities of nutrient substances1 such as salts of potassium1 in the soil1 as they are to minute quantities of poisonous substances4 ,poisons are said to be infinitely more sensitive reagents for the presence of certain metallic salts than the most delicate chemical1 the statement having been made that a trace of copper which might be obtained by distilling in a copper retort is fatal to the white and yellow lupin1 the castor-oil plant1 and spirogyra4 ,coupin has found salts of silver1 mercury1 copper1 and cadmium especially fatal to plants4 ,with copper sulphate the limit of sensitiveness is placed at #a in #gjj1jjj1jjj4 ,devaux asserts that both phanerogams and cryptogams are poisoned by solutions of salts of lead or copper diluted to the extent of #a in #aj1jjj1jjj1 or less4 ,as a result of a series of experiments1 ,schloesing stated that the nitrification of ammonium salts is not for all plants a necessary preliminary to the absorption of nitrogen by the plant4 ,while for some plants1 as for example buckwheat1 the preferable form of the food material is that of a nitrate1 others1 for instance1 tropeolum1 thrive even better when the nitrogen is presented to them in an ammoniacal form4 ,artificial ,fertilizers for ,pot ,plants4--,experiments on vegetation have shown that a plant will thrive when the lacking substances are supplied in a suitable form1 e4 g41 in the following combinations3 ,i4--,calcium nitrate1 potassium nitrate1 potassium phosphate1 magnesium phosphate1 ferric phosphate 7sodium chloride74 ,,ii4--,calcium nitrate1 ammonium nitrate1 potassium sulphate1 magnesium phosphate1 iron chloride 7or sulphate7 7sodium silicate74 ,it is well known that in nature nitrates are formed wherever decomposition of organic nitrogenous substances takes place in the air1 the ammonia formed by the decomposition being oxidized to nitric acid4 ,these conditions for the formation of nitrates are present in nearly every cornfield1 and they are also the cause of the presence of nitrates in water that has its source near stables1 etc4 ,in ,peruvian guano nitrogen is present partly in the form of potassium nitrate1 partly as ammonium phosphate and sulphate4 ,as a nitrate it acts more rapidly than in the form of ammonia1 but in the latter case the effect is more lasting4 ,phosphoric acid occurs in guano combined with ammonia1 potash1 and chiefly with lime1 the last being slower and more lasting in action than the others4 #ccg ,nearly all artificial fertilizers conform1 more or less1 to one of the following general formulas3 ,i4--,artificial ,flower ,fertilizer4-- #a #b #c ,ammonium nitrate #j4dj #a4fj #dj4j parts ,ammonium phosphate #j4bj #j4hj #bj4j parts ,potassium nitrate #j4be #a4jj #be4j parts ,ammonium chloride #j4je #j4bj #e4j parts ,calcium sulphate #j4jf #j4bd #f4j parts ,ferrous sulphate #j4jd #j4af #d4j parts #a4jj #d4jj #ajj4j parts ,dissolve #a part in #a1jjj parts water1 and water the flowers with it #b or #c times weekly4 ,dissolve #d parts in #a1jjj parts water1 and water with this quantity #aj or #ab pots of medium size4 ,,ii4--,compost for ,indoor ,plants4-- #a #b #c ,ammonium sulphate #j4cj #a4bj #cj4j parts ,sodium chloride #j4cj #a4bj #cj4j parts ,potassium nitrate #j4ae #j4fj #ae4j parts ,magnesium sulphate #j4ae #j4fj #ae4j parts ,magnesium phosphate #j4jd #j4bj #d4j parts ,sodium phosphate #j4jf #j4bd #f4j parts #a4jj #d4jj #ajj4j parts ,one part to be dissolved in #a1jjj parts water and the flowers watered up to #c times daily4 ,dissolve #d parts in #a1jjj parts water1 and water with this solution daily3 ,,iii4--,plant ,food ,solution4-- #a #b ,potassium chloride #j4af or #ab4e parts ,calcium nitrate #j4ga or #eh4j parts ,magnesium sulphate #j4abe or #ab4j parts ,potassium phosphate #j4acc or #ae4j parts ,iron phosphate1 recently precipitated #j4jcb or #b4e parts #a4afj or #ajj4j parts ,this turbid mixture 7#a part in #a1jjj parts7 is used alternately with water for watering a pot of about #a quart capacity2 for smaller or larger pots in proportion4 ,after using the amount indicated1 the watering is continued with water alone4 ,,iv4--,fertilizer with ,organic ,matter1 for ,pot ,flowers4-- ,potassium nitrate #ajj4j parts ,ammonium phosphate #ajj4j parts ,phosphoric acid #b4e parts ,simple syrup #a1jjj parts ,add not more than #aj parts to #a1jjj parts water1 and water alternately with this and with water alone4 ,for cactace1 crassulace1 and similar plants1 which do not assimilate organic matter directly1 use distilled water instead of syrup4 ,chlorotic plants are painted with a dilute iron solution or iron is added to the soil1 which causes them to assume their natural green color4 ,the iron is used in form of ferric chloride or ferrous sulphate4 ,v4--,sodium phosphate #d ounces ,sodium nitrate #d ounces ,ammonium sulphate #b ounces ,sugar #a ounce ,use #b teaspoonfuls to a gallon of water4 ,,vi4--,ammonium phosphate #cj parts ,sodium nitrate #be parts ,potassium nitrate #be parts ,ammonium sulphate #bj parts ,water #ajj1jjj parts ,one application of this a week is enough for the slower growing plants1 and #b for the more rapid growing herbaceous ones4 ,,vii4--,calcium phosphate #d ounces ,potassium nitrate #a ounce ,potassium phosphate #a ounce ,magnesium sulphate #a ounce ,iron 7ferric7 phosphate #ajj grains ,,viii4--,pot plants1 especially flowering plants kept around the house1 should be treated to an occasional dose of the following3 ,ammonium chloride #b parts ,sodium phosphate #d parts ,sodium nitrate #c parts ,water #hj parts ,mix and dissolve4 ,to use1 add #be drops to the quart of water1 and use as in ordinary watering4 ,,ix4--,sugar #a part ,potassium nitrate #b parts ,ammonium sulphate #d parts ,x4--,ferric phosphate #a part ,magnesium sulphate #b parts ,potassium phosphate #b parts ,potassium nitrate #b parts ,calcium acid phosphate #h parts ,about a teaspoonful of either of these mixtures is added to a gallon of water1 and the plants sprinkled with the liquid4 ,for hastening the growth of flowers1 the following fertilizer is recommended3 #cch ,,xi4--,potassium nitrate #cj parts ,potassium phosphate #be parts ,ammonium sulphate #aj parts ,ammonium nitrate #ce parts ,the following five are especially recommended for indoor use3 ,,xii4--,sodium chloride #aj parts ,potassium nitrate #e parts ,magnesium sulphate #e parts ,magnesia #a part ,sodium phosphate #b parts ,mixed and bottled4 ,dissolve a teaspoonful daily in a quart of water and water the plants with the solution4 ,,xiii4--,ammonium nitrate #dj parts ,potassium nitrate #ij parts ,ammonium phosphate #ej parts ,two grams is sufficient for a medium-sized flower pot4 ,,xiv4--,ammonium sulphate #aj parts ,sodium chloride #aj parts ,potassium nitrate #e parts ,magnesium sulphate #e parts ,magnesium carbonate #a part ,sodium phosphate #bj parts ,one teaspoonful to #a quart of water4 ,,xv4--,ammonium nitrate #dj parts ,ammonium phosphate #bj parts ,potassium nitrate #j4be parts ,ammonium chloride #e parts ,calcium sulphate #f parts ,ferrous sulphate #d parts ,dissolve #b parts in #a1jjj of water1 and water the plants with the solution4 ,,xvi4--,potassium nitrate #bj parts ,potassium phosphate #be parts ,ammonium sulphate #aj parts ,ammonium nitrate #ce parts ,this mixture produces a luxuriant foliage4 ,if blooms are desired1 dispense with the ammonium nitrate4 ,,xvii4--,saltpeter1 #e parts2 cooking salt1 #aj parts2 bitter salt1 #e parts2 magnesia1 #a part2 sodium phosphate1 #b parts4 ,mix and fill in bottles4 ,dissolve a teaspoonful in #a #c_/d pints of hot water1 and water the flower pots with it each day4 ,,xviii4--,ammonium sulphate1 #cj parts2 sodium chloride1 #cj parts2 potash niter1 #ae parts2 magnesium sulphate1 #ae parts2 magnesium phosphate1 #d parts2 sodium phosphate1 #f parts4 ,dissolve #a part in #a1jjj parts water1 and apply #c times per day4 ,,xix4--,calcium nitrate1 #ga parts2 potassium chlorate1 #ae parts2 magnesium sulphate1 #ab4e parts2 potassium phosphate1 #ac4c parts2 freshly precipitated ferric phosphate1 #c4b parts4 ,a solution of #a in #a1jjj of this mixture is applied1 alternating with water1 to the plants4 ,after using a certain quantity1 pour on only water4 ,,xx4--,ammonium phosphate1 #cjj parts2 sodium nitrate1 #bej parts2 potassium nitrate1 #bej parts2 and ammonium sulphate1 #bjj parts1 are mixed together4 ,to every #a1jjj parts of water dissolve #b parts of the mixture1 and water the potted plants once a week with this solution4 ,,xxi4--,potash niter1 #bj parts2 calcium carbonate1 #bj parts2 sodium chlorate1 #bj parts2 calcium phosphate1 #bj parts2 sodium silicate1 #ad parts2 ferrous sulphate1 #a4e parts4 ,dissolve #a part of the mixture in #a1jjj parts water4 ,preparing ,bone for ,fertilizer4--,bone1 in its various forms1 is the only one of the insoluble phosphates that is now used directly upon the soil1 or without other change than is accomplished by mechanical action or grinding4 ,the terms used to indicate the character of the bone have reference rather to their mechanical form than to the relative availability of the phosphoric acid contained in them4 ,the terms raw bone1 fine bone1 boiled and steamed bone1 etc41 are used to indicate methods of preparation1 and inasmuch as bone is a material which is useful largely in proportion to its rate of decay1 its fineness has an important bearing upon availability1 since the finer the bone the more surface is exposed to the action of those forces which cause decay or solution1 and the quicker will the constituents become available4 ,in the process of boiling or steaming1 not only is the bone made finer but its physical character in other respects is also changed1 the particles1 whether fine or coarse1 being made soft and crumbly rather than dense or hard2 hence it is more likely to act quickly than if the same degree of fineness be obtained by simple grinding4 ,the phosphoric acid in fine steamed bone may all become available in #a or #b years1 while the coarser fatty raw bone sometimes resists final decay for #c or #d years or even longer4 #cci ,bone contains considerable nitrogen1 a fact which should be remembered in its use1 particularly if used in comparison with other phosphatic materials which do not contain this element4 ,pure raw bone contains on an average #bb per cent of phosphoric acid and #d per cent of nitrogen4 ,by steaming or boiling1 a portion of the organic substance containing nitrogen is extracted1 which has the effect of proportionately increasing the phosphoric acid in the product2 hence a steamed bone may contain as high as #bh per cent of phosphoric acid and as low as #a per cent of nitrogen4 ,steamed bone is usually1 therefore1 much richer in phosphoric acid and has less nitrogen than the raw bone4 ,brewers' ,yeast and ,fertilizers4--,a mixture is made of about #b parts of yeast with #a part of sodium chloride and #e parts of calcium sulphate1 by weight1 for use as a manure4 ,pure or impure yeast1 or yeast previously treated for the extraction of a portion of its constituents1 may be used1 and the gypsum may be replaced by other earthy substances of a similar non-corrosive nature4 ,authorities seem to agree that lime is necessary to the plant1 and if it be wholly lacking in the soil1 even though an abundance of all the other essential elements is present1 it cannot develop normally4 ,many soils are well provided with lime by nature and it is seldom or never necessary for those who cultivate them to resort to liming4 ,it would be just as irrational to apply lime where it is not needed as to omit it where it is required1 and hence arises the necessity of ascertaining the needs of particular soils in this respect4 ,the method usually resorted to for ascertaining the amount of lime in soils is to treat them with some strong mineral acid1 such as hydrochloric acid1 and determine the amount of lime which is thus dissolved4 ,the fact that beets of all kinds make a ready response to liming on soils which are deficient in lime may be utilized as the basis of testing4 ,,fever ,,in ,,cattle3 ,see ,veterinary ,formulas4 ,,fig ,,squares3 ,see ,confectionery4 ,files ,composition ,files4--,these files1 which are frequently used by watchmakers and other metal workers for grinding and polishing1 and the color of which resembles silver1 are composed of #h parts copper1 #b parts tin1 #a part zinc1 #a part lead4 ,they are cast in forms and treated upon the grindstone2 the metal is very hard1 and therefore worked with difficulty with the file4 ,to ,keep ,files ,clean 7see also ,cleaning ,preparations and ,methods74--,the uneven working of a file is usually due to the fact that filings clog the teeth of the file4 ,to obviate this evil1 scratch brush the files before use1 and then grease them with olive oil4 ,a file prepared in this manner lasts for a longer time1 does not become so quickly filled with filings and can be conveniently cleaned with an ordinary rough brush4 ,recutting ,old ,files4--,old files may be rendered useful again by the following process3 ,boil them in a potash bath1 brush them with a hard brush and wipe off4 ,plunge for half a minute into nitric acid1 and pass over a cloth stretched tightly on a flat piece of wood4 ,the effect will be that the acid remains in the grooves1 and will take away the steel without attacking the top1 which has been wiped dry4 ,the operation may be repeated according to the depth to be obtained4 ,before using the files thus treated they should be rinsed in water and dried4 ,,file ,,metal3 ,see ,alloys4 ,,fillers ,,for ,,letters3 ,see ,lettering4 ,,fillers ,,for ,,wood3 ,see ,wood4 ,,filters ,,for ,,water4 ,a filter which possesses the advantages of being easily and cheaply cleaned when dirty1 and which frees water from mechanical impurities with rapidity1 may be formed by placing a stratum of sponge between two perforated metallic plates1 united by a central screw1 and arranged in such a manner as to permit of the sponge being compressed as required4 ,water1 under gentle pressure1 flows with such rapidity through the pores of compressed sponge1 that it is said that a few square feet of this substance will perfectly filter several millions of gallons of water daily4 ,the sponges are cleaned thoroughly1 rolled together as much as possible1 and placed in the escape pipe of a percolator in such a manner that the larger portion of the sponge is in the pipe while the smaller portion1 spreading by itself1 protrudes over the pipe toward the interior #cdj of the percolator1 thus forming a flat filter covering it4 ,after a thorough moistening of the sponge it is said to admit of a very quick and clear filtration of large quantities of tinctures1 juices1 etc4 ,for filtering water on a small scale1 and for domestic use1 8alcarrazas10 diaphragms of porous earthenware and filtering-stone and layers of sand and charcoal1 etc41 are commonly employed as filtering4 ,a cheap1 useful form of portable filter is the following1 given in the proceedings of the ,british ,association3 8,take any common vessel1 perforated below1 such as a flower pot1 fill the lower portion with coarse pebbles1 over which place a layer of finer ones1 and on these a layer of clean coarse sand4 ,on the top of this a piece of burnt clay perforated with small holes should be put1 and on this again a stratum of #c or #d inches thick of well-burnt1 pounded animal charcoal4 ,a filter thus formed will last a considerable time1 and will be found particularly useful in removing noxious and putrescent substances held in solution by water40 ,the 8portable filters10 in stoneware1 that are commonly sold in the shops1 contain a stratum of sand1 or coarsely powdered charcoal2 before1 however1 having access to this1 the water has to pass through a sponge1 to remove the coarser portion of the impurities4 ,alum ,process of ,water ,purification4--,water may be filtered and purified by precipitation1 by means of alum1 by adding a #d per cent solution to the water to be clarified until a precipitate is no longer produced4 ,after allowing the turbid mixture to stand for #h hours1 the clear portion may be decanted or be siphoned off4 ,about #b grains of alum is ordinarily required to purify a gallon of water4 ,potassa alum only should be used1 as ammonia alum cannot be used for this purpose4 ,the amount of alum required varies with the water1 so that an initial experiment is required whenever water from a new source is being purified4 ,if the purification is properly done1 the water will not contain any alum1 but only a trace of potassium sulphate1 for the aluminum of the double sulphate unites with the various impurities to form an insoluble compound which gradually settles out1 mechanically carrying with it suspended matter1 while the sulphuric acid radical unites with the calcium in the water to form insoluble calcium sulphate4 ,,filter ,,paper3 ,see ,paper4 ,,film-,,stripping3 ,see ,photography4 ,,finger-,,tips1 ,,sparks ,,from3 ,see ,pyrotechnics4 ,,fires1 ,,colored3 ,see ,pyrotechnics4 ,,firearm ,,lubricants3 ,see ,lubricants4 ,,fire ,,extinguishers3 ,i4--,calcium chloride #ahd parts ,magnesium chloride #eg parts ,sodium chloride #ac parts ,potassium bromide #bb parts ,barium chloride #c parts ,water to make #a1jjj parts ,dissolve and fill into hand grenades4 ,,ii4--,iron sulphate #d parts ,ammonium sulphate #af parts ,water #ajj parts ,mix1 dissolve1 and fill into flasks4 ,,iii4--,sodium chloride #dcj parts ,alum #aie parts ,glauber salts #ej parts ,sodium carbonate1 impure #ce parts ,water glass #bff parts ,water #bcc parts ,mix1 etc4 ,,iv4--,sodium chloride #ij parts ,ammonium chloride #de parts ,water #cjj parts ,mix1 dissolve1 and put into quart flasks of very thin glass1 which are to be kept conveniently disposed in the dwelling rooms1 etc41 of all public institutions4 ,v4--,make #f solutions as follows3 a4--,ammonium chloride #bj parts ,water #b1jjj parts b4--,alum1 calcined and powdered #ce parts ,water #a1jjj parts c4--,ammonium sulphate1 powdered #cj parts ,water #ejj parts d4--,sodium chloride #bj parts ,water #d1jjj parts e4--,sodium carbonate #ce parts ,water #ejj parts f4--,liquid water glass #dej parts #cda ,mix the solutions in the order named and to the mixture1 while still yellow and turbid1 add #b1jjj parts of water1 and let stand4 ,when the precipitate has subsided fill off the clear liquid into thin glass 7preferably blue1 to deter decomposition7 containers each of #c pints to a half gallon capacity4 ,,vi4--,calcium chloride #cj parts ,magnesium chloride #aj parts ,water #fj parts ,,vii4--,sodium chloride #bj parts ,ammonium chloride #i parts ,water #ga parts ,,viii4--,sodium carbonate #af parts ,sodium chloride #fd parts ,water #ibj parts ,the most effective of all extinguishers is ammonia water4 ,it is almost instantaneous in its effect1 and a small quantity only is required to extinguish any fire4 ,next in value is carbonic acid gas4 ,this may be thrown from siphons or soda-water tanks4 ,the vessel containing it should be thrown into the fire in such a way as to insure its breaking4 ,dry ,powder ,fire ,extinguishers4--,the efficacy of these is doubted by good authorities4 ,they should be tested before adoption4 ,i4--,alum #bd parts ,ammonium sulphate #eb parts ,ferrous sulphate #d parts ,,ii4--,sodium chloride #h parts ,sodium bicarbonate #f parts ,sodium sulphate #b parts ,calcium chloride #b parts ,sodium silicate #b parts ,,iii4--,sodium chloride #f parts ,ammonium chloride #f parts ,sodium bicarbonate #h parts ,,iv4--,ammonium chloride #aj parts ,sodium sulphate #f parts ,sodium bicarbonate #d parts ,oil ,extinguisher4--,to extinguish oils which have taken fire1 a fine-meshed wire net of the size of a boiling pan should be kept on hand in every varnish factory1 etc4 ,in the same moment when the netting is laid upon the burning surface1 the flame is extinguished because it is a glowing mass of gas1 which the iron wire quickly cools off so that it cannot glow any more4 ,the use of water is excluded1 and that of earth and sand undesirable1 because both dirty the oil4 ,substitute for ,fire ,grenades4--,a common quart bottle filled with a saturated solution of common salt makes a cheap and efficient substitute for the ordinary hand grenade4 ,the salt forms a coating on all that the water touches and makes it nearly incombustible4 ,fireproofing ,for ,textiles4--,i4--,up to the present this has generally been accomplished by the use of a combination of water glass or soluble glass and tungstate of soda4 ,the following is cheaper and more suitable for the purpose3 ,equal parts1 by weight1 of commercial white copperas1 ,epsom salt1 and sal ammoniac are mingled together and mixed with three times their weight of ammonia alum4 ,this mixture soon changes into a moist pulp or paste1 that must be dried by a low heat4 ,when dressing the material1 add #a_/b part of this combination to every #a part of starch4 ,,ii4--,good results are also obtained from the following formula3 ,supersaturate a quantity of superphosphate of lime with ammonia1 filter1 and decolorize it with animal charcoal4 ,concentrate the solution and mix with it #e per cent of gelatinous silica1 evaporate the water1 dry1 and pulverize4 ,for use mix #cj parts of this powder with #ce parts of gum and #ce parts of starch in sufficient water to make of suitable consistency4 ,,iii4--,as a sample of the ,melunay process1 introduced in ,france1 the following has been published3 ,apply to a cotton fabric like flannellet1 or other cotton goods1 a solution of stannate of soda 7or a salt chemically equivalent7 of the strength of #e to #aj ,b41 then dry the fabric and saturate it again1 this time with a solution of a titanium salt2 any soluble titanium salt is suitable4 ,this salt should be so concentrated that each #a1jjj parts may contain about #fb parts of titanium oxide4 ,the fabrics are again dried1 and the titanium is ultimately fixed by means of a suitable alkaline bath4 ,it is advantageous to employ for this purpose a solution of silicate of soda of about #ad ,b41 but a mixed bath1 composed of tungstate of soda and ammonium chloride1 may be employed4 ,the objects are afterwards washed1 dried1 and finished as necessary for trade4 ,a variation consists in treating the objects in a mixed bath containing titanium1 tungsten1 and a suitable solvent4 ,,iv4--,boil together1 with constant #cdb stirring1 the following ingredients until a homogeneous mass results3 ,linseed oil #gg parts ,litharge #aj parts ,sugar of lead #b parts ,lampblack #d parts ,oil turpentine #b parts ,umber #j4d parts ,japanese wax #j4c parts ,soap powder #a4b parts ,manila copal #j4g parts ,caoutchouc varnish #b parts ,v4--,for ,light ,woven ,fabrics4--,ammonium sulphate1 #h parts1 by weight2 ammonium carbonate1 #b4e parts2 borax1 #b2 boracic acid1 #c2 starch1 #b2 or dextrin1 #j4d1 or gelatin1 #j4d2 water1 #ajj4 ,the fabric is to be saturated with the mixture1 previously heated to #hf ,f41 and dried2 it can then be calendered in the ordinary way4 ,the cost is only #b or #c cents for #af yards or more of material4 ,,vi4--,for ,rope and ,straw ,matting4--,ammonium chloride 7sal ammoniac71 #ae parts1 by weight2 boracic acid1 #f parts2 borax1 #c2 water1 #ajj4 ,the articles are to be left in the solution1 heated to #bab ,f4 for about #c hours1 then squeezed out and dried4 ,the mixture costs about #e cents a quart4 ,,vii4--,for ,clothing4--,the following starch is recommended3 ,sodium tungstate1 perfectly neutral1 #cj parts2 borax1 #bj2 wheat or rice starch1 #fj4 ,the constituents are to be finely pulverized1 sharply dried1 and mixed1 and the starch used like any other4 ,articles stiffened with it1 if set on fire1 will not burst into flame1 but only smolder4 ,,viii4--,for ,tents4-- ,water #ajj parts by weight ,ammonium sulphate1 chemically pure #ad parts by weight ,boracic acid #a parts by weight ,hartshorn salt #a parts by weight ,borax #c parts by weight ,glue water #b parts by weight ,boil the water1 put ammonium sulphate into a vat1 pour a part of the boiling water on and then add the remaining materials in rotation4 ,next follow the rest of the hot water4 ,the vat should be kept covered until the solution is complete4 ,,ix4--,for ,stage ,decorations4--,much recommended and used as a fireproofing composition is a cheap mixture of borax1 bitter salt1 and water2 likewise for canvas a mixture of ammonium sulphate1 gypsum1 and water4 ,ammonium sulphate and sodium tungstate are also named for impregnating the canvas before painting4 ,x4--,for ,mosquito ,netting4--,immerse in a #bj per cent solution of ammonium sulphate4 ,one pound of netting will require from #bj to #bd ounces of the solution to thoroughly saturate4 ,after withdrawing from the bath1 do not wring it out1 but spread it over a pole or some such object1 and let it get about half dry1 then iron it out with a hot iron4 ,the material 7ammonium sulphate7 is inoffensive4 ,fireproofing of ,wood4--,strictly speaking1 it is impossible to render wood completely incombustible1 but an almost absolute immunity against the attacks of fire can be imparted4 ,gay-,lussac was one of the first to lay down the principal conditions indispensable for rendering organic matters in general1 and wood in particular1 uninflammable4 ,during the whole duration of the action of the heat the fibers must be kept from contact with the air1 which would cause combustion4 ,the presence of borates1 silicates1 etc41 imparts this property to organic bodies4 ,combustible gases1 disengaged by the action of the heat1 must be mingled in sufficient proportion with other gases difficult of combustion in such a way that the disorganization of bodies by heat will be reduced to a simple calcination without production of flame4 ,salts volatile or decomposable by heat and not combustible1 like certain ammoniacal salts1 afford excellent results4 ,numerous processes have been recommended for combating the inflammability of organic tissues1 some consisting in external applications1 others in injection1 under a certain pressure1 of saline solutions4 ,by simple superficial applications only illusory protection is attained1 for these coverings1 instead of fireproofing the objects on which they are applied1 preserve them only for the moment from a slight flame4 ,resistance to the fire being of only short duration1 these coatings scale off or are rapidly reduced to ashes and the parts covered are again exposed4 ,it often happens1 too1 that such coatings have disappeared before the occurrence of a fire1 so that the so-called remedy becomes injurious from the false security occasioned4 #cdc ,some formulas recommended are as follows3 ,i4--,for immersion or imbibition the following solution is advised3 ,ammonium phosphate1 #ajj parts2 boracic acid1 #aj parts per #a1jjj2 or ammonium sulphate1 #ace parts2 sodium borate1 #ae parts2 boracic acid1 #e parts per #a1jjj4 ,for each of these formulas two coats are necessary4 ,,ii4--,for application with the brush the following compositions are the best3 a4 ,apply hot1 sodium silicate1 #ajj parts2 ,spanish white1 #ej parts2 glue1 #ajj parts4 b4 ,apply successively and hot2 for first application1 water1 #ajj parts2 aluminum sulphate1 #bj parts2 second application1 water1 #ajj parts2 liquid sodium silicate1 #ej parts4 c4 ,first application1 #b coats1 hot2 water1 #ajj parts2 sodium silicate1 #ej parts2 second application1 #b coatings2 boiling water1 #ge parts2 gelatin1 white1 #bjj parts2 work up with asbestos1 #ej parts2 borax1 #cj parts2 and boracic acid1 #aj parts4 ,oil paints rendered uninflammable by the addition of phosphate of ammonia and borax in the form of impalpable powders incorporated in the mass1 mortar of plaster and asbestos and asbestos paint1 are still employed for preserving temporarily from limited exposure to a fire4 ,,iii4--,sodium silicate1 solid #cej parts ,asbestos1 powdered #cej parts ,water1 boiling #a1jjj parts ,mix4 ,give several coatings1 letting each dry before applying the next4 ,,iv4--,asbestos1 powdered #ce parts ,sodium borate #bj parts ,water #ajj parts ,gum lac #aj to #ae parts ,dissolve the borax in the water by the aid of heat1 and in the hot solution dissolve the lac4 ,when solution is complete incorporate the asbestos4 ,these last solutions give a superficial protection1 the efficiency of which depends upon the number of coatings given4 ,v4--,prepare a syrupy solution of sodium silicate1 #a part1 and water1 #c parts1 and coat the wood #b to #c times1 thus imparting to it great hardness4 ,after drying1 it is given a coating of lime of the consistency of milk1 and when this is almost dry1 is fixed by a strong solution of soluble glass1 #b parts of the syrupy mass to #c parts of water4 ,if the lime is applied thick1 repeat the treatment with the soluble glass4 ,,vi4--,subject the wood or wooden objects for #f to #h hours to the boiling heat of a solution of #cc parts of manganese chloride1 #bj parts of orthophosphoric acid1 #ab parts of magnesium carbonate1 #aj parts of boracic acid1 and #be parts of ammonium chloride in #a1jjj parts of water4 ,the wood thus treated is said to be perfectly incombustible even at great heat1 and1 besides1 to be also protected by this method against decay1 injury by insects1 and putrefaction4 ,,vii4--,one of the simplest methods is to saturate the timber with a solution of tungstate of soda2 if this is done in a vacuum chamber1 by means of which the wood is partly deprived of the air contained in its cells1 a very satisfactory result will be obtained4 ,payne's process consists in treating wood under these conditions first with solution of sulphate of iron1 and then with chloride of calcium2 calcium sulphate is thus precipitated in the tissues of the timber1 which is rendered incombustible and much more durable4 ,there are several other methods besides these1 phosphate of ammonia and tungstate being most useful4 ,a coat of common whitewash is an excellent means of lessening the combustibility of soft wood4 ,fireproofing ,wood ,pulp4--,the pulp is introduced into a boiler containing a hot solution of sulphate and phosphate of ammonia and provided with a stirring and mixing apparatus1 as well as with an arrangement for regulating the temperature4 ,after treatment1 the pulp is taken out and compressed in order to free it from its humidity4 ,when dry1 it may be used for the manufacture of paper or for analogous purposes4 ,sawdust treated in the same manner may be used for packing goods1 for deadening walls1 and as a jacketing for steam pipes4 ,fireproofing for ,wood1 ,straw1 ,textiles1 etc4--,the material to be made fireproof is treated with a solution of #aj to #bj parts of potassium carbonate and #d to #h parts of ammonium borate in #ajj parts of water4 ,wherever excessive heat occurs1 this compound1 which covers the substance1 is formed into a glassy mass1 thus protecting the stuff from burning2 at the same time a considerable amount of carbonic acid is given off1 which smothers the flames4 #cdd ,,miscellaneous ,,formulas ,,for ,,fireproofing4 ,i4--,in coating steel or other furnaces1 first brush over the brickwork to be covered a solution made by boiling #a pound each of silicate of soda and alum in #d gallons of water1 and follow immediately with composition3 ,silica #ej parts ,plastic fire clay #aj parts ,ball clay #c parts ,mix well4 ,fireproof ,compositions4--,,ii4--,for furnaces1 etc43 ,pure silica 7in grain7 #fj parts ,ground flint #h parts ,plaster of ,paris #c parts ,ball clay #c parts ,mix well together by passing once or more through a fine sieve1 and use in the same way as cement4 ,fireproof ,paper4--,paper is rendered fireproof by saturating it with a solution of ,ammonium sulphate #h parts ,boracic acid #c parts ,borax #b parts ,water #ajj parts ,for the same purpose sodium tungstate may also be employed4 ,fireproof ,coating4--,a fireproof coating 7so-called7 consists of water1 #ajj parts2 strong glue1 #bj parts2 silicate of soda1 #ch ,b41 #ej parts2 carbonate of soda1 #ce parts2 cork in pieces of the size of a pea1 #ajj parts4 ,colored ,fireproofing4--,i4--,ammonium sulphate1 #gj parts2 borax1 #ej parts2 glue1 #a part2 and water up to #a1jjj parts4 ,,ii4--,solution of glue1 #e parts1 zinc chloride1 #b parts2 sal ammoniac1 #hj parts2 borax1 #eg parts2 and water up to #gjj parts4 ,if the coating is to be made visible by coloration1 an addition of #aj parts of ,cassel brown and #f parts of soda per #a1jjj parts is recommended1 which may be dissolved separately in a portion of the water used4 ,,fireproofing ,,celluloid3 ,see ,celluloid4 ,,fireproofing ,,of ,,paper3 ,see ,paper4 ,,fireworks3 ,see ,pyrotechnics4 ,,filigree ,,gilding3 ,see ,plating4 ,,fish ,,bait4 ,oil of rhodium #c parts ,oil of cumin #b parts ,tincture of musk #a part ,mix4 ,put a drop or two on the bait1 or rub trigger of trap with the solution4 ,,fixatives ,,for ,,crayon ,,drawings1 ,,etc4 ,i4--,shellac #dj parts by weight ,sandarac #bj parts by weight ,spirit of wine #idj parts by weight ,,ii4--,during the ,civil ,war1 when both alcohol and shellac often were not purchasable1 and where1 in the field especially1 ink was almost unknown1 and sized paper1 of any description1 a rarity1 men in the field were compelled to use the pencil for correspondence of all sorts4 ,where the communication was of a nature to make its permanency desirable1 the paper was simply dipped in skim milk1 which effected the purpose admirably4 ,such documents written with a pencil on unsized paper have stood the wear and rubbing of upward of #dj years4 ,to ,fix ,pounced ,designs4--,take beer or milk or alcohol1 in which a little bleached shellac has been dissolved1 and blow one of these liquids upon the freshly pounced design by means of an atomizer4 ,after drying1 the drawing will have the desired fixedness4 ,,fixing ,,baths ,,for ,,paper ,,and ,,negatives3 ,see ,photography4 ,,flannels1 ,,whitening ,,of3 ,see ,laundry ,preparations4 ,,flash-,,light ,,apparatus ,,and ,,powders3 ,see ,photography4 ,,flavorings3 ,see ,condiments4 ,,flea ,,destroyers3 ,see ,insecticides4 ,,flies ,,in ,,the ,,house3 ,see ,household ,formulas4 ,,flies ,,and ,,paint3 ,see ,paint4 ,floor ,dressings 7,see also ,paint1 ,polishes1 ,waxes1 and ,wood47 ,oil ,stains for ,hard ,floors4--,i4--,burnt sienna1 slate brown1 or wine black1 is ground with strong oil varnish in the paint mill4 ,the glazing color obtained #cde is thinned with a mixture of oil of turpentine and applied with a brush on the respective object4 ,the superfluous stain is at once wiped away with a rag1 so that only the absorbed stain remains in the wood4 ,if this is uneven1 go over the light places again with dark stain4 ,in a similar manner all otherwise tinted and colored oil stains are produced by merely grinding the respective color with the corresponding addition of oil4 ,thus1 green1 red1 and even blue and violet shades on wood can be obtained1 it being necessary only to make a previous experiment with the stains on a piece of suitable wood4 ,in the case of soft wood1 however1 it is advisable to stain the whole previously with ordinary nut stain 7not too dark71 and only after drying to coat with oil stain1 because the autumn rings of the wood take no color1 and would appear too light1 and1 therefore1 disturb the effect4 ,,ii4--,boil #be parts1 by weight1 of fustic and #ab parts of ,brazil wood with #b1djj parts of soapmakers' lye and #ab parts of potash1 until the liquid measures about #ab quarts4 ,dissolve in it1 while warm1 #cj parts of annatto and #ge of wax1 and stir until cold4 ,there will be a sufficient quantity of the brownish-red stain to keep the floor of a large room in good order for a year4 ,the floor should be swept with a brush broom daily1 and wiped up twice a week with a damp cloth1 applying the stain1 when necessary1 to places where there is much wear1 and rubbing it in with a hard brush4 ,every #f weeks put the stain all over the floor1 and brush it in well4 ,,iii4--,neatsfoot oil #a part ,cottonseed oil #a part ,petroleum oil #a part ,,iv4--,beeswax #h parts ,water #ef parts ,potassium carbonate #d parts ,dissolve the potash in #ab parts of water2 heat together the wax and the remaining water till the wax is liquefied2 then mix the two and boil together until a perfect emulsion is effected4 ,color1 if desired1 with a solution of annatto4 ,v4--,paraffine oil #h parts ,kerosene #a part ,limewater #a part ,mix thoroughly4 ,a coat of the mixture is applied to the floor with a mop4 ,paraffining of ,floors4--,the cracks and joints of the parquet floor are filled with a putty consisting of ,spanish white1 #edj parts2 glue1 #ahj parts2 sienna1 #aej parts2 umber1 #aaj parts2 and calcareous earth1 #bj parts4 ,after #dh hours apply the paraffine1 which is previously dissolved in petroleum1 or preferably employed in a boiling condition1 in which case it will enter slightly into the floor4 ,when solidification sets in1 the superfluous paraffine is scratched off and an even1 smooth surface of glossy color results1 which withstands acids and alkalies4 ,ball-,room ,floor ,powder4-- ,hard paraffine #a pound ,powdered boric acid #g pounds ,oil lavender #a drachm ,oil neroli #bj minims ,melt the paraffine and add the boric acid and the perfumes4 ,mix well1 and sift through a #a_/af mesh sieve4 ,renovating ,old ,parquet ,floors4--,caustic soda lye1 prepared by boiling for #de minutes with #a part calcined soda1 and #a part slaked lime with #ae parts water1 in a cast-iron pot1 is applied to the parquet to be renovated by means of a cloth attached to a stick4 ,after a while rub off the floor with a stiff brush1 fine sand1 and a sufficient quantity of water1 to remove the dirt and old wax4 ,spread a mixture of concentrated sulphuric acid and water in the proportion of #a to #h on the floor4 ,the sulphuric acid will remove the particles of dirt and wax which have entered the floor and enliven the color of the wood4 ,finally1 wax the parquet after it has been washed off with water and dried completely4 ,,floor ,,oil3 ,see ,oils4 ,,floor ,,paper3 ,see ,paper4 ,,floor ,,polish3 ,see ,polishes4 ,,floor ,,varnishes3 ,see ,varnishes4 ,,floor ,,waterproofing3 ,see ,waterproofing4 ,,floor ,,wax3 ,see ,waxes4 ,,floricin ,,oil3 ,see ,oil4 ,,flower ,,preservatives4 ,i4--,to preserve flowers they should be dipped in melted paraffine1 which should be just hot enough to maintain its fluidity4 ,the flowers should be dipped one at a time1 held by the stalks and moved about for an instant to get rid of air bubbles4 ,fresh cut flowers1 free from moisture1 #cdf are said to make excellent specimens when treated in this way4 ,a solution in which cut flowers may be kept immersed is made as follows3 ,salicylic acid #bj grains ,formaldehyde #aj minims ,alcohol #b fluidounces ,distilled water #a quart ,,ii4--,the ,english method of preserving flowers so as to retain their form and color is to imbed the plants in a mixture of equal quantities of plaster of ,paris and lime1 and gradually heat them to a temperature of #ajj ,f4 ,after this the flower looks dusty1 but if it is laid aside for an hour so as to absorb sufficient moisture to destroy its brittleness1 it can be dusted without injury4 ,to remove the hoary appearance which is often left1 even after dusting1 a varnish composed of #e ounces of dammar and #af ounces of oil of turpentine should be used and a second coat given if necessary4 ,when the gum has been dissolved in the turpentine1 #af ounces of benzoline should be added1 and the whole should be strained through fine muslin4 ,,iii4--,five hundred parts ether1 #bj parts transparent copal1 and #bj parts sand4 ,the flowers should be immersed in the varnish for #b minutes1 then allowed to dry for #aj minutes1 and this treatment should be repeated #e or #f times4 ,,iv4--,place the flowers in a solution of #cj grains of salicylic acid in #a quart of water4 ,v4--,moisten #a1jjj parts of fine white sand that has been previously well washed and thoroughly dried and sifted1 with a solution consisting of #c parts of stearine1 #c parts of paraffine1 #c parts of salicylic acid1 and #ajj parts of alcohol4 ,work the sand up thoroughly so that every grain of it is impregnated with the mixture1 and then spread it out and let it become perfectly dry4 ,to use1 place the flowers in a suitable box1 the bottom of which has been covered with a portion of the prepared sand1 and then dust the latter over them until all the interstices have been completely filled with it4 ,close the box lightly and put it in a place where it can be maintained at a temperature of from #hf to #ajd ,f4 for #b or #c days4 ,at the expiration of this time remove the box and let the sand escape4 ,the flowers can then be put into suitable receptacles or glass cases without fear of deterioration4 ,wilted or withered flowers should be freshened up by dipping into a suitable aniline solution1 which will restore their color4 ,,vi4--,stand the flowers upright in a box of proper size and pour over and around them fine dry sand1 until the flowers are completely surrounded in every direction4 ,leave them in this way for #h or #aj days1 then carefully pour off the sand4 ,the flowers retain their color and shape perfectly1 but in very fleshy1 juicy specimens the sand must be renewed4 ,to be effective the sand must be as nearly dry as possible4 ,,vii4--,a method of preserving cut flowers in a condition of freshness is to dissolve small amounts of ammonium chloride1 potassium nitrate1 sodium carbonate or camphor in the water into which the stems are inserted4 ,the presence of one or more of these drugs keeps the flowers from losing their turgidity by stimulating the cells to action and by opposing germ growth4 ,flowers that have already wilted are said to revive quickly if the stems are inserted in a weak camphor water4 ,stuccoed ,gypsum ,flowers4--,take natural flowers1 and coat the lower sides of their petals and stamens with paraffine or with a mixture of glue1 gypsum1 and lime1 which is applied lightly4 ,very fine parts of the flowers1 such as stamens1 etc41 may be previously supported by special attachments of textures1 wire1 etc4 ,after the drying of the coating the whole is covered with shellac solution or with a mixture of glue1 gypsum1 lime with lead acetate1 oil1 mucilage1 glycerine1 colophony1 etc4 ,if desired1 the surface may be painted with bronzes in various shades4 ,such flowers are much employed in the shape of festoons for decorating walls1 etc4 ,artificial ,coloring of ,flowers4--,a method employed by florists to impart a green color to the white petals of 8carnation pinks0 consists in allowing long-stemmed flowers to stand in water containing a green aniline dye4 ,when the flowers are fresh they absorb the fluid readily1 and the dye is carried to the petals4 ,where the original color of the flower is white1 colored stripes can be produced upon the petals by putting the cut ends into water impregnated with a suitable aniline dye4 ,some dyes can thus be taken up by the capillary action of the stem and deposited in the tissue of the petal4 ,if flowers are placed over a basin of water containing a very small amount of ammonia in a bell glass1 the colors of the petals will generally show some marked change4 ,many violet-colored flowers when so treated will become #cdg green1 and if the petals contain several tints they will show greens where reds were1 yellows where they were white1 and deep carmine will become black4 ,when such flowers are put into water they will retain their changed colors for hours4 ,if violet asters are moistened with very dilute nitric acid1 the ray florets become red and acquire an agreeable odor4 ,,fluid ,,measures3 ,see ,weights and ,measures4 ,,fluorescent ,,liquids4 sculin gives pale blue by 7#a7 reflected light1 straw color by 7#b7 transmitted light4 ,amido-phthalic acid1 pale violet 7#a71 pale yellow 7#b74 ,amido-terephthalic acid1 bright green 7#a71 pale green 7#b74 ,eosine1 yellow green 7#a71 orange 7#b74 ,fluorescein1 intense green 7#a71 orange yellow 7#b74 ,fraxin1 blue green 7#a71 pale green 7#b74 ,magdala red1 opaque scarlet 7#a71 brilliant carmine 7#b74 ,quinine1 pale blue 7#a71 no color 7#b74 ,safranine1 yellow red 7#a71 crimson 7#b74 ,,fluxes ,,used ,,in ,,enameling3 ,see ,enameling4 ,,fluxes ,,for ,,soldering3 ,see ,soldering4 ,fly-,papers and ,fly-,poisons 7,see also ,insecticides47 ,sticky ,fly-,papers4--,the sticky material applied to the paper is the following3 ,i4--,boiled linseed oil #e to #g parts ,gum thus #b to #c parts ,non-drying oil #c to #g parts ,for the non-drying oil1 cottonseed1 castor1 or neatsfoot will answer--in fact1 any of the cheaper oils that do not readily dry or harden will answer4 ,the proper amount of each ingredient depends upon the condition of the boiled oil4 ,if it is boiled down very stiff1 more of the other ingredients will be necessary1 while if thin1 less will be required4 ,,ii4--,rosin #h parts ,rapeseed oil #d parts ,honey #a part ,melt the rosin and oil together1 and incorporate the honey4 ,two parts of raw linseed oil and #b parts of honey may be used along with #h parts of rosin instead of the foregoing4 ,use paper already sized1 as it comes from the mills1 on which to spread the mixture4 ,,iii4--,castor oil #ab ounces ,rosin #bg ounces ,melt together and spread on paper sized with glue1 using #ab ounces glue to #d pints water4 ,,iv4--,rosin #h ounces ,venice turpentine #b ounces ,castor oil #b ounces ,spread on paper sized with glue4 ,poisonous ,fly-,papers4-- ,i4--,quassia chips #aej parts ,chloride of cobalt #aj parts ,tartar emetic #b parts ,tincture of long pepper 7#a to #d7 #hj parts ,water #djj parts ,boil the quassia in the water until the liquid is reduced one-half1 strain1 add the other ingredients1 saturate common absorbent paper with the solution1 and dry4 ,the paper is used in the ordinary way4 ,,ii4--,potassium bichromate #aj ounces ,sugar #c drachms ,oil of black pepper #b drachms ,alcohol #b ounces ,water #ad ounces ,mix and let stand for several days1 then soak unsized paper with the solution4 ,,iii4--,cobalt chloride #d drachms ,hot water #af ounces ,brown sugar #a ounce ,dissolve the cobalt in the water and add the sugar1 saturate unsized paper in the solution1 and hang up to dry4 ,,iv4--,quassia chips #aej parts ,cobalt chloride #aj parts ,tartrate antimony #b parts ,tincture of pepper #hj parts ,water #djj parts ,boil chips in the water until the volume of the latter is reduced one-half1 add other ingredients and saturate paper and dry4 ,fly-,poison4-- ,pepper #d ounces ,quassia #d ounces ,sugar #h ounces ,diluted alcohol #d ounces ,mix dry and sprinkle around where the flies can get it4 ,non-,poisonous ,fly-,papers4--,i4--,mix #be parts of quassia decoction 7#a3aj7 with #f parts of brown sugar and #c parts of ground pepper1 and place on flat dishes4 ,,ii4--,mix #a part of ground pepper and #a part of brown sugar with #af parts milk #cdh or cream1 and put the mixture on flat plates4 ,,iii4--,macerate #bj parts of quassia wood with #ajj parts of water for #bd hours1 boil one-half hour1 and squeeze off #bd hours4 ,the liquid is mixed with #c parts of molasses1 and evaporated to #aj parts4 ,next add #a part of alcohol4 ,soak blotting paper with this mixture1 and put on plates4 ,,iv4--,dissolve #e parts of potassium bichromate1 #ae parts of sugar1 and #a part of essential pepper oil in #fj parts of water1 and add #aj parts of alcohol4 ,saturate unsized paper with this solution and dry well4 ,v4--,boil together for half an hour ,ground quassia wood #ah pounds ,broken colocynth #c pounds ,ground long pepper #e pounds ,water #hj pounds ,then percolate and make up to #fj pounds if necessary with more water4 ,then add #d pounds of syrup4 ,unsized paper is soaked in this1 and dried as quickly as possible to prevent it from getting sour4 ,,vi4--,mix together ,ordinary syrup #ajj ounces ,honey #cj ounces ,extract of quassia wood #d ounces ,oil of aniseed1 a few drops4 ,removing the ,gum of ,sticky ,fly-,paper4--,the 8gum0 of sticky fly-paper that has 8leaked0 over furniture and shelfware can be removed without causing injury to either furniture or bottles4 ,the 8gum0 of sticky fly-paper1 while being quite adhesive1 is easily dissolved with alcohol 7grain or wood7 or oil of turpentine4 ,alcohol will not injure the shelfware1 but it should not be used on varnished furniture2 in the latter case turpentine should be used4 ,,fly ,,protectives ,,for ,,animals3 ,see ,insecticides4 ,,foam ,,preparations4 ,a harmless gum cream is the following3 ,i4--,digest #ajj parts of ,panama wood for #h days with #djj parts of water and #ajj parts of spirits of wine 7#ij per cent74 ,pour off without strong pressure and filter4 ,for every #e parts of lemonade syrup take #e parts of this extract1 whereby a magnificent1 always uniform foam is obtained on the lemonade4 ,,ii4--,heat #bjj parts of quillaia bark with distilled water during an hour in a vapor bath1 with frequent stirring1 and squeeze out4 ,thin with water if necessary and filter4 ,,food ,,adulterants1 ,,simple ,,tests ,,for ,,their ,,detection4 ,abstract of a monograph by ,w4 ,d4 ,bigelow and ,burton ,j4 ,howard1 published by the ,department of ,agriculture4 ,generally speaking1 the methods of chemical analysis employed in food laboratories can be manipulated only by one who has had at least the usual college course in chemistry1 and some special training in the examination of foods is almost as necessary4 ,again1 most of the apparatus and chemicals necessary are entirely beyond the reach of the home1 and the time consumed by the ordinary examination of a food is in itself prohibitive4 ,yet there are some simple tests which serve to point out certain forms of adulteration and can be employed by the careful housewife with the reagents in her medicine closet and the apparatus in her kitchen4 ,the number may be greatly extended by the purchase of a very few articles that may be procured for a few cents at any drug store4 ,in applying these tests1 one general rule must always be kept carefully in mind4 ,every one1 whether layman or chemist1 must familiarize himself with a reaction before drawing any conclusions from it4 ,for instance1 before testing a sample of supposed coffee for starch1 the method should be applied to a sample of pure coffee 7which can always be procured unground7 and to a mixture of pure coffee and starch prepared by the operator4 ,many manufacturers and dealers in foods have the ordinary senses so highly developed that by their aid alone they can form an intelligent opinion of the nature of a product1 or of the character1 and sometimes even of the proportion of adulterants present4 ,this is especially true of such articles as coffee1 wine1 salad oils1 flavoring extracts1 butter1 and milk4 ,the housewife finds herself constantly submitting her purchases to this test4 ,her broad experience develops her senses of taste and smell to a high degree1 and her discrimination is often sharper and more accurate than she herself realizes4 ,the manufacturer who has developed his natural senses most #cdi highly appreciates best the assistance or collaboration of the chemist1 who can often come to his relief when his own powers do not avail4 ,so the housewife1 by a few simple chemical tests1 can broaden her field of vision and detect many impurities that are not evident to the senses4 ,there are here given methods adapted to this purpose1 which may be applied to milk1 butter1 coffee1 spices1 olive oil1 vinegar1 jams and jellies1 and flavoring extracts4 ,in addition to this some general methods for the detection of coloring matter and preservatives will be given4 ,all of the tests here described may be performed with utensils found in any well-appointed kitchen4 ,it will be convenient1 however1 to secure a small glass funnel1 about #c inches in diameter1 since filtration is directed in a number of the methods prescribed4 ,filter paper can best be prepared for the funnel by cutting a circular piece about the proper size and folding it once through the middle1 and then again at right angles to the first fold4 ,the paper may then be opened without unfolding in such a way that three thicknesses lie together on one side and only one thickness on the other4 ,in this way the paper may be made to fit nicely into the funnel4 ,some additional apparatus1 such as test tubes1 racks for supporting them1 and glass rods1 will be found more convenient for one who desires to do considerable work on this subject1 but can be dispensed with4 ,the most convenient size for test tubes is a diameter of from #a_/b to #e_/h inch1 and a length of from #e to #f inches4 ,a graduated cylinder will also be found very convenient4 ,if this is graduated according to the metric system1 a cylinder containing about #ajj cubic centimeters will be found to be convenient2 if the ,english liquid measure is used it may be graduated to from #c to #h ounces4 ,chemical ,reagents4--,the word 8reagent0 is applied to 8any substance used to effect chemical change in another substance for the purpose of identifying its component parts or determining its percentage composition40 ,the following reagents are required in the methods here given3 ,turmeric paper4 ,iron alum 7crystal or powdered form74 ,hydrochloric acid 7muriatic acid71 concentrated4 ,iodine tincture4 ,potassium permanganate1 #a per cent solution4 ,alcohol 7grain alcohol74 ,chloroform4 ,boric acid or borax4 ,ammonia water4 ,halphen's reagent4 ,caution4--,all tests in which hydrochloric acid is used should be conducted in glass or earthenware1 for this acid attacks and will injure metal vessels4 ,care must also be taken not to bring it into contact with the flesh or clothes4 ,if1 by accident1 a drop of it falls upon the clothes1 ammonia1 or in its absence a solution of saleratus or sal soda 7washing soda71 in water1 should be applied promptly4 ,with the exception of the last reagent mentioned1 these substances may be obtained in any pharmacy4 ,the ,halphen reagent should be prepared by a druggist1 certainly not by an inexperienced person4 ,it is prepared as follows3 ,an approximately #a per cent solution of sulphur is made by dissolving about #a_/c of a teaspoonful of precipitated sulphur in #c or #d ounces of carbon bisulphide4 ,this solution mixed with an equal volume of amyl alcohol forms the reagent required by the method4 ,a smaller quantity than that indicated by these directions may1 of course1 be prepared4 ,if turmeric paper be not available it may be made as follows3 ,place a bit of turmeric powder 7obtainable at any drug store7 in alcohol1 allow it to stand for a few minutes1 stir1 allow it to stand again until it settles1 dip a strip of filter paper into the solution1 and dry it4 ,determination of ,preservatives4--,the following methods cover all of the more important commercial preservatives with the exception of sulphites and fluorides4 ,these are quite frequently used for preserving foods--the former with meat products and the latter with fruit products--but1 unfortunately1 the methods for their detection are not suitable for household use4 ,detection of ,salicylic ,acid4--,the determination of salicylic acid can best be made with liquids4 ,solid and semi-solid foods1 such as jelly1 should be dissolved1 when soluble1 in sufficient water to make them thinly liquid4 ,foods containing insoluble matter1 such as jam1 marmalade1 and sausage1 may be macerated with water and strained through a piece of white cotton cloth4 ,the maceration may be performed by rubbing in a teacup or other convenient vessel with a heavy spoon4 ,salicylic acid is used for preserving #cej fruit products of all kinds1 including beverages4 ,it is frequently sold by drug stores as fruit acid4 ,preserving powders consisting entirely of salicylic acid are often carried from house to house by agents4 ,it may be detected as follows3 ,between #b and #c ounces of the liquid obtained from the fruit products1 as described above1 are placed in a narrow bottle holding #e ounces1 about a quarter of a teaspoonful of cream of tartar 7or1 better1 a few drops of sulphuric acid7 is added1 the mixture shaken for #b or #c minutes1 and filtered into a second small bottle4 ,three or #d tablespoonfuls of chloroform are added to the clear liquid in the second bottle and the liquids mixed by a somewhat vigorous rotary motion1 poured into an ordinary glass tumbler1 and allowed to stand till the chloroform settles out in the bottom4 ,shaking is avoided1 as it causes an emulsion which is difficult to break up4 ,as much as possible of the chloroform layer 7which now contains the salicylic acid7 is removed 7without any admixture of the aqueous liquid7 by means of a medicine dropper and placed in a test tube or small bottle with about an equal amount of water and a small fragment--a little larger than a pinhead--of iron alum4 ,the mixture is thoroughly shaken and allowed to stand till the chloroform again settles to the bottom4 ,the presence of salicylic acid is then indicated by the purple color of the upper layer of liquid4 ,detection of ,benzoic ,acid4--,benzoic acid is also used for preserving fruit products4 ,extract the sample with chloroform as in the case of salicylic acid2 remove the chloroform layer and place it in a white saucer1 or1 better1 in a plain glass sauce dish4 ,set a basin of water--as warm as the hand can bear--on the outside window ledge and place the dish containing the chloroform extract in it1 closing the window until the chloroform has completely evaporated4 ,in this manner the operation may be conducted with safety even by one who is not accustomed to handling chloroform4 ,in warm weather the vessel of warm water may1 of course1 be omitted4 ,benzoic acid1 if present in considerable amount1 will now appear in the dish in characteristic flat crystals4 ,on warming the dish the unmistakable irritating odor of benzoic acid may be obtained4 ,this method will detect benzoic acid in tomato catsup or other articles in which it is used in large quantities4 ,it is not sufficiently delicate1 however1 for the smaller amount used with some articles1 such as wine4 ,it is often convenient to extract a larger quantity of the sample and divide the chloroform layer into two portions1 testing one for salicylic acid and the other for benzoic acid4 ,detection of ,boric ,acid and ,borax4--,boric acid 7also called boracic acid7 and its compound with sodium 7borax7 are often used to preserve animal products1 such as sausage1 butter1 and sometimes milk4 ,for the detection of boric acid and borax1 solids should be macerated with a small amount of water and strained through a white cotton cloth4 ,the liquid obtained by treating solids in this manner is clarified somewhat by thoroughly chilling and filtering through filter paper4 ,in testing butter place a heaping teaspoonful of the sample in a teacup1 add a couple of teaspoonfuls of hot water1 and stand the cup in a vessel containing a little hot water until the butter is thoroughly melted4 ,mix the contents of the cup well by stirring with a teaspoon and set the cup with the spoon in it in a cold place until the butter is solid4 ,the spoon with the butter 7which adheres to it7 is now removed from the cup and the turbid liquid remaining strained through a white cotton cloth1 or1 better1 through filter paper4 ,the liquid will not all pass through the cloth or filter paper1 but a sufficient amount for the test may be secured readily4 ,in testing milk for boric acid #b or #c tablespoonfuls of milk are placed in a bottle with twice that amount of a solution of a teaspoonful of alum in a pint of water1 shaken vigorously1 and filtered through filter paper4 ,here again a clear or only slightly turbid liquid passes through the paper4 ,about a teaspoonful of the liquid obtained by any one of the methods mentioned above is placed in any dish1 not metal1 and #e drops of hydrochloric 7muriatic7 acid added4 ,a strip of turmeric paper is dipped into the liquid and then held in a warm place--near a stove or lamp--till dry4 ,if boric acid or borax was present in the sample the turmeric paper becomes bright cherry red when dry4 ,a drop of household ammonia changes the red color to dark green or greenish black4 ,if too much hydrochloric acid is used the turmeric paper may take on a brownish-red color even in the absence of boric acid4 ,in this case1 however1 ammonia changes the color to brown just as it does turmeric paper which has not been dipped into the acid solution4 #cea ,detection of ,formaldehyde4--,formaldehyde is rarely used with other foods than milk4 ,the method for its detection in milk is given later4 ,for its detection in other foods it is usually necessary first to separate it by distillation1 a process which is scarcely available for the average person without laboratory training and special apparatus4 ,for this reason no method is suggested here for the detection of formaldehyde in other foods than milk4 ,detection of ,saccharine4--,saccharine has a certain preservative power1 but it is used not so much for this effect as because of the very sweet taste which it imparts4 ,it is extracted by means of chloroform1 as described under the detection of salicylic acid4 ,in the case of solid and semi-solid foods1 the sample must1 of course1 be prepared by extraction with water1 as described under salicylic acid4 ,the residue left after the evaporation of the chloroform1 if a considerable amount of saccharine is present1 has a distinctly sweet taste4 99 99 99 99 99 ,the only other substance having a sweet taste which may be present in foods1 i4 e41 sugar1 is not soluble in chloroform1 and therefore does not interfere with this reaction4 ,certain other bodies 7tannins7 which have an astringent taste are present1 and as they are soluble in chloroform may sometimes mask the test for saccharine1 but with practice this difficulty is obviated4 ,determination of ,artificial ,colors3 ,detection of ,coal-,tar ,dyes4--,coloring matters used with foods are usually soluble in water4 ,if the food under examination be a liquid1 it may therefore be treated directly by the method given below4 ,if it be a solid or a pasty substance1 soluble in water either in the cold or after heating1 it may be dissolved in sufficient water to form a thin liquid4 ,if it contains some insoluble material1 it may be treated with sufficient water to dissolve the soluble portion with the formation of a thin liquid and filtered1 and then strained through a clean white cotton cloth to separate the insoluble portion4 ,about a half teacupful of the liquid thus described is heated to boiling1 after adding a few drops of hydrochloric acid and a small piece of white woolen cloth or a few strands of white woolen yarn4 7,before using1 the wool should be boiled with water containing a little soda1 to remove any fat it may contain1 and then washed with water47 ,the wool is again washed1 first with hot and then with cold water1 the water pressed out as completely as possible1 and the color of the fabric noted4 ,if no marked color is produced1 the test may be discontinued and the product considered free from artificial colors4 ,if the fabric is colored1 it may have taken up coal-tar colors1 some foreign vegetable colors1 and if a fruit product is being examined1 some of the natural coloring matter of the fruit4 ,rinse the fabric in hot water1 and then boil for #b or #c minutes in about one-third of a teacupful of water and #b or #c teaspoonfuls of household ammonia4 ,remove and free from as much of the liquid as possible by squeezing or wringing4 ,usually the fabric will retain the greater part of the natural fruit color1 while the coal-tar color dissolves in dilute ammonia4 ,the liquid is then stirred with a splinter of wood and hydrochloric acid added1 a drop or two at a time1 until there is no longer any odor of ammonia4 7,the atmosphere of the vessel is sometimes charged with the ammonia for several minutes after it has all been driven out of the liquid2 therefore one should blow into the dish to remove this air before deciding whether the ammonia odor has been removed or not47 ,when enough acid has been added the liquid has a sour taste1 as may be determined by touching the splinter1 used in stirring1 to the tongue4 ,a fresh piece of white woolen cloth is boiled in this liquid and thoroughly washed4 ,if this piece of cloth has a distinct color the food under examination is artificially colored4 ,the color used may have been a coal-tar derivative1 commonly called an aniline dye1 or an artificial color chemically prepared from some vegetable color4 ,if of the first class the dyed fabric is usually turned purple or blue by ammonia4 ,in either case1 if the second fabric has a distinct color1 it is evident that the product under examination is artificially colored4 ,of course a dull1 faint tint must be disregarded4 ,detection of ,copper4--,the presence of copper1 often used to deepen the green tint of imported canned peas1 beans1 spinach1 etc41 may be detected as follows3 ,mash some of the sample in a dish with a stiff kitchen spoon4 ,place a teaspoonful of the pulp in a teacup with #c teaspoonfuls of water and add #cj drops of strong hydrochloric acid with a medicine dropper4 ,set the cup on the stove in a saucepan containing boiling water4 ,drop a bright iron brad or nail 7wire nails are the best and tin carpet tacks #ceb will not answer the purpose7 into the cup and keep the water in the saucepan boiling for #bj minutes1 stirring the contents of the cup frequently with a splinter of wood4 ,pour out the contents of the cup and examine the nail4 ,if present in an appreciable amount the nail will be heavily plated with copper4 ,caution4--,be careful not to allow the hydrochloric acid to come in contact with metals or with the flesh or clothing4 ,detection of ,turmeric4--,in yellow spices1 especially mustard and mace1 turmeric is often employed4 ,this is especially true of prepared mustard to which a sufficient amount of starch adulterant has been added to reduce the natural color materially4 ,if turmeric be employed to restore the normal shade an indication of that fact may sometimes be obtained by mixing a half teaspoonful of the sample in a white china dish and mixing with it an equal amount of water1 and a few drops 7#d to #aj7 of household ammonia1 when a marked brown color1 which does not appear in the absence of turmeric1 is formed4 ,at the present time turmeric or a solution of curcuma 7the coloring matter of turmeric7 is sometimes added to adulterated mustard in sufficient amount to increase its color1 but not to a sufficient extent to give the brown appearance with ammonia described above4 ,in such cases a teaspoonful of the suspected sample may be thoroughly stirred with a couple of tablespoonfuls of alcohol1 the mixture allowed to settle for #ae minutes or more1 and the upper liquid poured off into a clean glass or bottle4 ,to about #a tablespoonful of the liquid thus prepared and placed in a small1 clear dish 7a glass salt cellar serves excellently7 add #d or #e drops of a concentrated solution of boric acid or borax and about #aj drops of hydrochloric acid1 and mix the solution by stirring with a splinter of wood4 ,a wedge-shaped strip of filter paper1 about #b or #c inches long1 #a inch wide at the upper end1 and #a_/d inch at the lower end1 is then suspended by pinning1 so that its narrow end is immersed in the solution1 and is allowed to stand for a couple of hours4 ,the best results are obtained if the paper is so suspended that air can circulate freely around it1 i4 e41 not allowing it to touch anything except the pin and the liquid in the dish4 ,if turmeric be present a cherry-red color forms on the filter paper a short distance below the upper limit to which the liquid is absorbed by the paper1 frequently from #c_/d of an inch to an inch above the surface of the liquid itself4 ,a drop of household ammonia changes this red color to a dark green1 almost black4 ,if too much hydrochloric acid is used a dirty brownish color is produced4 ,detection of ,caramel4--,a solution of caramel is used to color many substances1 such as vinegar and some distilled liquors4 ,to detect it two test tubes or small bottles of about equal size and shape should be employed and an equal amount 7#b or #c tablespoonfuls or more7 of the suspected sample placed in each4 ,to one of these bottles is added a teaspoonful of fuller's earth1 the sample shaken vigorously for #b or #c minutes1 and then filtered through filter paper1 the first portion of the filtered liquid being returned to the filter paper and the sample finally collected into the test tube or bottle in which it was originally placed1 or a similar one4 ,the filtered liquid is now compared with the untreated sample4 ,if it is markedly lighter in color it may be taken for granted that the color of the liquid is due to caramel1 which is largely removed by fuller's earth4 ,in applying this test1 however1 it must be borne in mind that caramel occurs naturally in malt vinegar1 being formed in the preparation of the malt4 ,it is evident that the tests require practice and experience before they can be successfully performed4 ,the housewife can use them1 but must repeat them frequently in order to become proficient in their use4 ,,examination ,,of ,,certain ,,classes ,,of ,,foods3 ,canned ,vegetables4--,these are relatively free from adulteration by means of foreign substances4 ,the different grades of products may with care be readily detected by the general appearance of the sample4 ,the purchaser is1 of course1 at the disadvantage of not being able to see the product until the can is opened4 ,by a study of the different brands available in the vicinity1 however1 he can readily select those which are preferable4 ,as stated in an earlier part of this article1 canned tomatoes sometimes contain an artificial coloring matter1 which may be detected as described4 ,canned sweet corn is sometimes sweetened with saccharine1 which may be detected as described4 ,it is believed that1 as a rule1 canned vegetables are free from preservatives1 although some instances of chemical preservation have recently been reported in ,north ,dakota1 and some imported #cec tomatoes have been found to be artificially preserved4 ,the presence of copper1 often used for the artificial greening of imported canned peas1 beans1 spinach1 etc41 may be detected as described4 ,coffee4--,there are a number of simple tests for the presence of the adulterants of ground coffee4 ,these are called simple because they can be performed without the facilities of the chemical laboratory1 and by one who has not had the experience and training of a chemist4 ,it must be understood that they require careful observation and study1 and that one must perform them repeatedly in order to obtain reliable results4 ,before applying them to the examination of an unknown sample1 samples of known character should be secured and studied4 ,unground coffee may be ground in the home and mixed with various kinds of adulterants1 which can also be secured separately4 ,thus the articles themselves in known mixtures may be studied1 and when the same results are obtained with unknown samples they can be correctly interpreted4 ,these tests are well known in the laboratory and may be used in the home of the careful housewife who has the time and perseverance to master them4 ,physical ,tests4--,the difference between the genuine ground coffee and the adulterated article can often be detected by simple inspection with the naked eye4 ,this is particularly true if the product be coarsely crushed rather than finely ground4 ,in such condition pure coffee has a quite uniform appearance1 whereas the mixtures of peas1 beans1 cereals1 chicory1 etc41 often disclose their heterogeneous nature to the careful observer4 ,this is particularly true if a magnifying glass be employed4 ,the different articles composing the mixture may then be separated by the point of a pen-knife4 ,the dark1 gummy-looking chicory particles stand out in strong contrast to the other substances used1 and their nature can be determined by one who is familiar with them by their astringent taste4 ,the appearance of the coffee particles is also quite distinct from that of many of the coffee substitutes employed4 ,the coffee has a dull surface1 whereas some of its substitutes1 especially leguminous products1 often present the appearance of having a polished surface4 ,after a careful inspection of the sample with the naked eye1 or1 better1 with a magnifying glass1 a portion of it may be placed in a small bottle half full of water and shaken4 ,the bottle is then placed on the table for a moment4 ,pure coffee contains a large amount of oil1 by reason of which the greater portion of the sample will float4 ,all coffee substitutes and some particles of coffee sink to the bottom of the liquid4 ,a fair idea of the purity of the sample can often be determined by the proportion of the sample which floats or sinks4 ,chicory contains a substance which dissolves in water1 imparting a brownish-red color4 ,when the suspected sample is dropped into a glass of water1 the grains of chicory which it contains may be seen slowly sinking to the bottom1 leaving a train of a dark-brown colored liquid behind them4 ,this test appears to lead to more errors in the hands of inexperienced operators than any other test here given4 ,wrong conclusions may be avoided by working first with known samples of coffee and chicory as suggested above4 ,many coffee substitutes are now sold as such and are advertised as more wholesome than coffee4 ,notwithstanding the claims that are made for them1 a few of them contain a considerable percentage of coffee4 ,this may be determined by shaking a teaspoonful in a bottle half full of water1 as described above4 ,the bottle must be thoroughly shaken so as to wet every particle of the sample4 ,few particles of coffee substitutes will float4 ,chemical ,tests4--,coffee contains no starch1 while all of the substances1 except chicory1 used for its adulteration and in the preparation of coffee substitutes contain a considerable amount of starch4 ,the presence of such substitutes may1 therefore1 be detected by applying the test for starch4 ,in making this test less than a quarter of a teaspoonful of ground coffee should be used1 or a portion of the ordinary infusion prepared for the table may be employed after dilution4 ,the amount of water that should be added can only be determined by experience4 ,condimental ,sauces4--,tomato catsup and other condimental sauces are frequently preserved and colored artificially4 ,the preservatives employed are usually salicylic acid and benzoic acid or their sodium salts4 ,these products may be detected by the methods given4 ,coal-tar colors are frequently employed with this class of goods1 especially with those of a reddish tint1 like tomato catsup4 ,they may be detected by the methods given4 #ced ,,dairy ,,products3 ,butter4--,methods are available which1 with a little practice1 may be employed to distinguish between fresh butter1 renovated or process butter1 and oleomargarine4 ,these methods are commonly used in food and dairy laboratories4 ,they give reliable results4 ,at the same time considerable practice is necessary before we can interpret correctly the results obtained4 ,some process butters are on the market which can be distinguished from fresh butter only with extreme difficulty4 ,during the last few years considerable progress has been made in the attempt to renovate butter in such a way that it will appear like fresh butter in all respects4 ,a study must be made of these methods if we would obtain reliable results4 ,the 8spoon0 test has been suggested as a household test1 and is commonly used by analytical chemists for distinguishing fresh butter from renovated butter and oleomargarine4 ,a lump of butter1 #b or #c times the size of a pea1 is placed in a large spoon and heated over an alcohol or ,bunsen burner4 ,if more convenient the spoon may be held above the chimney of an ordinary kerosene lamp1 or it may even be held over an ordinary illuminating gas burner4 ,if the sample in question be fresh butter it will boil quietly1 with the evolution of many small bubbles throughout the mass which produce a large amount of foam4 ,oleomargarine and process butter1 on the other hand1 sputter and crackle1 making a noise similar to that heard when a green stick is placed in a fire4 ,another point of distinction is noted if a small portion of the sample be placed in a small bottle and set in a vessel of water sufficiently warm to melt the butter4 ,the sample is kept melted from half an hour to an hour1 when it is examined4 ,if renovated butter or oleomargarine1 the fat will be turbid1 while if genuine fresh butter the fat will almost certainly be entirely clear4 ,to manipulate what is known as the 8,waterhouse0 or 8milk0 test1 about #b ounces of sweet milk are placed in a wide-mouthed bottle1 which is set in a vessel of boiling water4 ,when the milk is thoroughly heated1 a teaspoonful of butter is added1 and the mixture stirred with a splinter of wood until the fat is melted4 ,the bottle is then placed in a dish of ice water and the stirring continued until the fat solidifies4 ,if the sample be butter1 either fresh or renovated1 it will be solidified in a granular condition and distributed through the milk in small particles4 ,if1 on the other hand1 the sample consist of oleomargarine it solidifies practically in one piece and may be lifted by the stirrer from the milk4 ,by these two tests1 the first of which distinguishes fresh butter from process or renovated butter and oleomargarine1 and the second of which distinguishes oleomargarine from either fresh butter or renovated butter1 the nature of the sample under examination may be determined4 ,milk4--,the oldest and simplest method of adulterating milk is by dilution with water4 ,this destroys the natural yellowish-white color and produces a bluish tint1 which is sometimes corrected by the addition of a small amount of coloring matter4 ,another form of adulteration is the removal of the cream and the sale as whole milk of skimmed or partially skimmed milk4 ,again1 the difficulty experienced in the preservation of milk in warm weather has led to the widespread use of chemical preservatives4 ,detection of ,water4--,if a lactometer or hydrometer1 which can be obtained of dealers in chemical apparatus1 be available1 the specific gravity of milk will afford some clew as to whether the sample has been adulterated by dilution with water4 ,whole milk has a specific gravity between #a4jbg and #a4jcc4 ,the specific gravity of skimmed milk is higher1 and milk very rich in cream is sometimes lower than these figures4 ,it is understood1 of course1 that by specific gravity is meant the weight of a substance with reference to the weight of an equal volume of water4 ,the specific gravity of water is #a4 ,it is obvious that if water be added to a milk with the specific gravity of #a4jcj1 the specific gravity of the mixture will be somewhat below those figures4 ,an indication by means of a hydrometer or lactometer below the figure #a4jbg therefore indicates either that the sample in question is a very rich milk or that it is a milk 7perhaps normal1 perhaps skimmed7 that has been watered4 ,the difference in appearance and nature of these two extremes is sufficiently obvious to make use of the lactometer or hydrometer of value as a preliminary test of the purity of milk4 ,detection of ,color4--,as previously stated1 when milk is diluted by means of water the natural yellowish-white color is changed to a bluish tint1 which is sometimes corrected by the addition #cee of coloring matter4 ,coal-tar colors are usually employed for this purpose4 ,a reaction for these colors is often obtained in the method given below for the detection of formaldehyde4 ,when strong hydrochloric acid is added to the milk in approximately equal proportions before the mixture is heated a pink tinge sometimes is evident if a coal-tar color has been added4 ,detection of ,formaldehyde4--,formaldehyde is the substance most commonly used for preserving milk and is rarely1 if ever1 added to any other food4 ,its use is inexcusable and especially objectionable in milk served to infants and invalids4 ,to detect formaldehyde in milk #c or #d tablespoonfuls of the sample are placed in a teacup with at least an equal amount of strong hydrochloric acid and a piece of ferric alum about as large as a pinhead1 the liquids being mixed by a gentle rotary motion4 ,the cup is then placed in a vessel of boiling water1 no further heat being applied1 and left for #e minutes4 ,at the end of this time1 if formaldehyde be present1 the mixture will be distinctly purple4 ,if too much heat is applied1 a muddy appearance is imparted to the contents of the cup4 ,caution4--,great care must be exercised in working with hydrochloric acid1 as it is strongly corrosive4 ,edible ,oils4--,with the exception of cottonseed oil1 the adulterants ordinarily used with edible oils are of such a nature that the experience of a chemist and the facilities of a chemical laboratory are essential to their detection4 ,there is1 however1 a simple test for the detection of cottonseed oil1 known as the ,halphen test1 which may be readily applied4 ,great care must be taken in the manipulation of this test1 as one of the reagents employed--carbon bisulphide--is very inflammable4 ,the chemicals employed in the preparation of the reagent used for this test are not household articles4 ,they may1 however1 be obtained in any pharmacy4 ,the mixture should be prepared by a druggist rather than by an inexperienced person who desires to use it4 ,in order to perform the test #b or #c tablespoonfuls of this reagent are mixed in a bottle with an equal volume of the suspected sample of oil and heated in a vessel of boiling salt solution 7prepared by dissolving #a tablespoonful of salt in a pint of water7 for #aj or #ae minutes4 ,at the end of that time1 if even a small percentage of cottonseed oil be present1 the mixture will be of a distinct reddish color1 and if the sample consists largely or entirely of cottonseed oil1 the color will be deep red4 ,eggs4--,there is no better method for the testing of the freshness of an egg than the familiar one of 8candling10 which has long been practiced by dealers4 ,the room is darkened and the egg held between the eye and a light2 the presence of dark spots indicates that the egg is not perfectly fresh1 one that is fresh presenting a homogeneous1 translucent appearance4 ,moreover1 there is found in the larger end of a fresh egg1 between the shell and the lining membrane1 a small air cell which1 of course1 is distinctly transparent4 ,in an egg which is not perfectly fresh this space is filled and hence presents the same appearance as the rest of the egg4 ,it is now a matter of considerable importance to be able to distinguish between fresh eggs and those that have been packed for a considerable time4 ,until recently that was not a difficult matter4 ,all of the solutions that were formerly extensively used for that purpose gave the shell a smooth1 glistening appearance which is not found in the fresh egg4 ,this characteristic1 however1 is of less value now than formerly1 owing to the fact that packed eggs are usually preserved in cold storage4 ,there is now no means by which a fresh egg can be distinguished from a packed egg without breaking it4 ,usually in eggs that have been packed for a considerable time the white and yolk slightly intermingle along the point of contact1 and it is a difficult matter to separate them4 ,packed eggs also have a tendency to adhere to the shell on one side and when opened frequently have a musty odor4 ,,flavoring ,,extracts4 ,although a large number of flavoring extracts are on the market1 vanilla and lemon extracts are used so much more commonly than other flavors that a knowledge of their purity is of the greatest importance4 ,only methods for the examination of those two products will be considered4 ,vanilla ,extract4--,vanilla extract is made by extracting vanilla beans with alcohol4 ,it consists of an alcoholic solution of vanillin 7the characteristic flavoring matter of the vanilla bean7 and several other products1 chiefly rosins1 which1 though present in but small amount and having only a slight flavor in themselves1 yet affect very materially #cef the flavor of the product4 ,vanilla extract is sometimes adulterated with the extract of the ,tonka bean4 ,this extract1 to a certain extent1 resembles vanilla extract4 ,the extract of the ,tonka bean1 however1 is far inferior to that of the vanilla bean4 ,it has a relatively penetrating1 almost pungent odor1 standing in sharp contrast to the flavor of the vanilla extract4 ,this odor is so different that one who has given the matter some attention may readily distinguish the two1 and the quality of the vanilla extract may often be judged with a fair degree of accuracy by means of the odor alone4 ,another form of adulteration1 and one that is now quite prevalent1 is the use of artificial vanillin in place of the extract of either vanilla or ,tonka beans4 ,artificial vanillin has1 of course1 the same composition and characteristics as the natural vanillin of the vanilla bean4 ,extracts made from it1 however1 are deficient in the rosins and other products which are just as essential to the true vanilla1 as is vanillin itself4 ,since vanillin is thus obtained from another source so readily1 methods for the determination of the purity of vanilla extract must depend upon the presence of other substances than vanillin4 ,detection of ,caramel4--,the coloring matter of vanilla extract is due to substances naturally present in the vanilla bean and extracted therefrom by alcohol4 ,artificial extracts made by dissolving artificial vanillin in alcohol contain no color of themselves1 and to supply it caramel is commonly employed4 ,caramel may be detected in artificial extracts by shaking and observing the color of the resulting foam after a moment's standing4 ,the foam of pure extracts is colorless4 ,if caramel is present a color persists at the points of contact between the bubbles until the last bubble has disappeared4 ,the test with fuller's earth given for caramel in vinegar is also very satisfactory1 but of course requires the loss of the sample used for the test4 ,examination of the ,rosin4--,if pure vanilla extract be evaporated to about one-third its volume the rosins become insoluble and settle to the bottom of the dish4 ,artificial extracts remain clear under the same conditions4 ,in examining vanilla extract the character of these rosins is studied4 ,for this purpose a dish containing about an ounce of the extract is placed on a teakettle or other vessel of boiling water until the liquid evaporates to about one-third or less of its volume4 ,owing to the evaporation of the alcohol the rosins will then be insoluble4 ,water may be added to restore the liquid to approximately its original volume4 ,the rosin will then separate out as a brown flocculent precipitate4 ,a few drops of hydrochloric acid may be added and the liquid stirred and the insoluble matter allowed to settle4 ,it is then filtered and the rosin on the filter paper washed with water4 ,the rosin is then dissolved in a little alcohol1 and to #a portion of this solution is added a small particle of ferric alum1 and to another portion a few drops of hydrochloric acid1 ,if the rosin be that of the vanilla bean1 neither ferric alum nor hydrochloric acid will produce more than a slight change of color4 ,with rosins from most other sources1 however1 one or both of these substances yield a distinct color change4 ,for filtering1 a piece of filter paper should be folded once through the middle and again at right angles to the first fold4 ,it may now be opened with one fold on one side and three on the other and fitted into a glass funnel4 ,when the paper is folded in this manner the precipitated rosins may be readily washed with water4 ,when the washing is completed the rosins may be dissolved by pouring alcohol through the filter4 ,this work with the rosins will require some practice before it can be successfully performed4 ,it is of considerable value1 however1 in judging of the purity of vanilla extract4 ,lemon ,extract4--,by lemon extract is understood a solution of lemon oil in strong alcohol4 ,in order to contain as much lemon oil as is supposed to be found in high-grade extracts the alcohol should constitute about #hj per cent of the sample4 ,the alcohol is therefore the most valuable constituent of lemon extract1 and manufacturers who turn out a low-grade product usually do so because of their economy of alcohol rather than of lemon oil4 ,owing to the fact that lemon extract is practically a saturated solution of oil of lemon in strong alcohol the sample may be examined by simple dilution with water4 ,a teaspoonful of the oil in question may be placed in the bottom of an ordinary glass tumbler and #b or #c teaspoonfuls of water added4 ,if the sample in question be real lemon extract the lemon oil should be thrown out of solution by reason of its insolubility in the alcohol after its dilution with water4 ,the result is at first a marked turbidity and later the separation of the oil of lemon on the top #ceg of the aqueous liquid4 ,if the sample remains perfectly clear after the addition of water1 or if a marked turbidity is not produced1 it is a low-grade product and contains very little1 if any1 oil of lemon4 ,fruit ,products4--,adulteration of fruit products is practically confined to jellies and jams4 ,contrary to the general belief1 gelatin is never used in making fruit jelly4 ,in the manufacture of the very cheapest grade of jellies starch is sometimes employed4 ,jellies containing starch1 however1 are so crude in their appearance that the most superficial inspection is sufficient to demonstrate that they are not pure fruit jellies4 ,from their appearance no one would think it worth while to examine them to determine their purity4 ,natural fruit jellies become liquid on being warmed4 ,a spoonful dissolves readily in warm water1 although considerable time is required with those that are especially firm4 ,the small fruits contain practically no starch1 as apples do1 and the presence of starch in a jelly indicates that some apple juice has probably been used in its preparation4 ,detection of ,starch4--,dissolve a teaspoonful of jelly in a half teacupful of hot water1 heat to boiling and add1 drop by drop1 while stirring with a teaspoon1 a solution of potassium permanganate until the solution is almost colorless4 ,then allow the solution to cool and test for starch with tincture of iodine1 as directed later4 ,artificially colored jellies are sometimes not decolorized by potassium permanganate4 ,even without decolorizing1 however1 the blue color can usually be seen4 ,detection of ,glucose4--,for the detection of glucose1 a teaspoonful of the jelly may be dissolved in a glass tumbler or bottle in #b or #c tablespoonfuls of water4 ,the vessel in which the jelly is dissolved may be placed in hot water if necessary to hasten the solution4 ,in case a jam or marmalade is being examined1 the mixture is filtered to separate the insoluble matter4 ,the solution is allowed to cool1 and an equal volume or a little more of strong alcohol is added4 ,if the sample is a pure fruit product the addition of alcohol causes no precipitation1 except that a very slight amount of proteid bodies is thrown down4 ,if glucose has been employed in its manufacture1 however1 a dense white precipitate separates and1 after a time1 settles to the bottom of the liquid4 ,detection of ,foreign ,seeds4--,in addition to the forms of adulteration to which jellies are subject1 jams are sometimes manufactured from the exhausted fruit pulp left after removing the juice for making jelly4 ,when this is done residues from different fruits are sometimes mixed4 ,exhausted raspberry or blackberry pulp may be used in making 8strawberry0 jam and vice versa4 ,some instances are reported of various small seeds1 such as timothy1 clover1 and alfalfa seed1 having been used with jams made from seedless pulp4 ,with the aid of a small magnifying glass such forms of adulteration may be detected1 the observer familiarizing himself with the seeds of the ordinary fruits4 ,detection of ,preservatives and ,colors4--,with jellies and jams salicylic and benzoic acids are sometimes employed4 ,they may be detected by the methods given4 ,artificial colors1 usually coal-tar derivatives1 are sometimes used and may be detected as described4 ,meat ,products4--,as in many other classes of foods1 certain questions important in the judgment of meats require practical experience and close observation rather than chemical training4 ,this is especially true of meat products4 ,the general appearance of the meat must largely guide the purchaser4 ,if1 however1 the meat has been treated with preservatives and coloring matter its appearance is so changed as to deceive him4 ,the preservatives employed with meat products are boric acid1 borax1 and sulphites4 ,the methods for the detection of sulphites are not suitable for household use4 ,detection of ,boric ,acid and ,borax4--,to detect boric acid 7if borax has been used the same reaction will be obtained71 about a tablespoonful of the chopped meat is thoroughly macerated with a little hot water1 pressed through a bag1 and #b or #c tablespoonfuls of the liquid placed in a sauce dish with #ae or #bj drops of strong hydrochloric acid for each tablespoonful4 ,the liquid is then filtered through filter paper1 and a piece of turmeric paper dipped into it and dried near a lamp or stove4 ,if boric acid or borax were used for preserving the sample1 the turmeric paper should be changed to a bright cherry-red color4 ,if too much hydrochloric acid has been employed a dirty brownish-red color is obtained1 which interferes with the color due to the presence of #ceh boric acid4 ,when a drop of household ammonia is added to the colored turmeric paper1 it is turned a dark green1 almost black color1 if boric acid is present4 ,if the reddish color1 however1 was caused by the use of too much hydrochloric acid this green color does not form4 ,caution4--,the corrosive nature of hydrochloric acid must not be forgotten4 ,it must not be allowed to touch the flesh1 clothes1 or any metal4 ,detection of ,colors4--,the detection of coloring matter in sausage is often a difficult matter without the use of a compound microscope4 ,it may sometimes be separated1 however1 by macerating the meat with a mixture of equal parts of glycerine and water to which a few drops of acetic or hydrochloric acid have been added4 ,after macerating for some time the mixture is filtered and the coloring matter detected by means of dyeing wool in the liquid thus obtained4 ,spices4--,although ground spices are very frequently adulterated1 there are few methods that may be used by one who has not had chemical training1 and who is not skilled in the use of a compound microscope1 for the detection of the adulterants employed4 ,the majority of the substances used for the adulteration of spices are of a starchy character4 ,unfortunately for our purposes1 most of the common spices also contain a considerable amount of starch4 ,cloves1 mustard1 and cayenne1 however1 are practically free from starch1 and the presence of starch in the ground article is proof of adulteration4 ,detection of ,starch in ,cloves1 ,mustard1 and ,cayenne4--,a half teaspoonful of the spice in question is stirred into half a cupful of boiling water1 and the boiling continued for #b or #c minutes4 ,the mixture is then cooled4 ,if of a dark color1 it is diluted with a sufficient amount of water to reduce the color to such an extent that the reaction formed by starch and iodine may be clearly apparent if starch be present4 ,the amount of dilution can only be determined by practice1 but usually the liquid must be diluted with an equal volume of water1 or only #a_/d of a teaspoonful of the sample may be employed originally4 ,a single drop of tincture of iodine is now added4 ,if starch is present1 a deep blue color1 which in the presence of a large amount of starch appears black1 is formed4 ,if no blue color appears1 the addition of the iodine tincture should be continued1 drop by drop1 until the liquid shows by its color the presence of iodine in solution4 ,detection of ,colors4--,spice substitutes are sometimes colored with coal-tar colors4 ,these products may be detected by the methods given4 ,vinegar4--,a person thoroughly familiar with vinegar can tell much regarding the source of the article from its appearance1 color1 odor1 and taste4 ,if a glass be rinsed out with the sample of vinegar and allowed to stand for a number of hours or overnight1 the odor of the residue remaining in the glass is quite different with different kinds of vinegar4 ,thus1 wine vinegar has the odor characteristic of wine1 and cider vinegar has a peculiar fruity odor4 ,a small amount of practice with this test enables one to distinguish with a high degree of accuracy between wine and cider vinegars and the ordinary substitutes4 ,if a sample of vinegar be placed in a shallow dish on a warm stove or boiling teakettle and heated to a temperature sufficient for evaporation and not sufficient to burn the residue1 the odor of the warm residue is also characteristic of the different kinds of vinegar4 ,thus1 the residue from cider vinegar has the odor of baked apples and the flavor is acid and somewhat astringent in taste1 and that from wine vinegar is equally characteristic4 ,the residue obtained by evaporating vinegar made from sugar-house products and from spirit and wood vinegar colored by means of caramel has the peculiar bitter taste characteristic of caramel4 ,if the residue be heated until it begins to burn1 the odor of the burning product also varies with different kinds of vinegar4 ,thus1 the residue from cider vinegar has the odor of scorched apples1 while that of vinegars made from sugar-house wastes and of distilled and wood vinegars colored with a large amount of caramel has the odor of burnt sugar4 ,in noting these characteristics1 however1 it must be borne in mind that1 in order to make them conform to these tests1 distilled and wood vinegars often receive the addition of apple jelly4 ,the cheaper forms of vinegar1 especially distilled and wood vinegar1 are commonly colored with caramel1 which can be detected by the method given4 ,,food ,,colorants4 7,most1 if not all1 of these colorants are injurious and should therefore be used with extreme caution47 ,sausage ,color4--,to dye sausage red1 certain tar dyestuffs are employed1 #cei especially the azo dyes1 preference being given to the so-called genuine red4 ,for this purpose about #ajj parts of dyestuff are dissolved in #a1jjj to #b1jjj parts of hot water2 when the solution is complete1 add a likewise hot solution of #de to #ej parts of boracic acid1 whereupon the mixture should be stirred well for some time2 then filter1 allow to cool1 and preserve in tightly closing bottles4 ,it is absolutely necessary in using aniline colors to add a disinfectant to the dyestuff solution1 the object of which is1 in case the sausage should commence to decompose1 to prevent the decomposition azo dyestuff by the disengaged hydrogen4 ,instead of boracic acid1 formalin may be used as a disinfectant4 ,of this formalin1 #ch per cent1 add about #be to #cj parts to the cooled and filtered dyestuff solution4 ,this sausage color is used by adding about #a #a_/b to #b tablespoonfuls of it to the preserving salt measured out for #ajj kilos of sausage mass1 stirring well4 ,the sausage turns neither gray nor yellow on storing4 ,cheese ,color4--,i4--,to produce a suitable1 pretty yellow color1 boil #ajj parts of orlean or annatto with #ge parts of potassium carbonate in #a #a_/b to #b liters of water1 allow to cool1 and filter after settling1 whereupon #ae to #ah parts of boracic acid are added to give keeping qualities to the solution4 ,according to another method1 digest about #bjj parts of orlean1 #bjj parts of potassium carbonate1 and #ajj parts of turmeric for #aj to #ab days in #a1ejj to #b1jjj parts of #fj per cent alcohol1 filter1 and keep in bottles4 ,to #ajj1jjj parts of milk to be made into cheese add #a #a_/b to #b small spoonfuls of this dye1 which imparts to the cheese a permanent and natural yellow appearance4 ,,ii4--,to obtain a handsome yellow color for cheese1 such as is demanded for certain sorts1 boil together #ajj parts of annatto and #ge parts of potassium carbonate in from #a1ejj to #b1jjj parts of pure water2 let it cool1 stand it aside for a time1 and filter1 adding finally from #ab to #ae parts of boracic acid as a preservative4 ,for coloring butter1 there is in the trade a mixture of bicarbonate of soda with #ab per cent to #ae per cent of sodium chloride1 to which is added from #a #a_/b per cent to #b per cent of powdered turmeric4 ,butter ,color4--,for the coloring of butter there is in the market under the name of butter powder a mixture of sodium bicarbonate with #ab to #ae per cent of sodium chloride and #a #a_/b to #b per cent of powdered turmeric2 also a mixture of sodium bicarbonate1 #a1ejj parts2 saffron surrogate1 #h parts2 and salicylic acid1 #b parts4 ,for the preparation of liquid butter color use a uniform solution of olive oil1 #a1ejj parts2 powdered turmeric1 #cjj parts2 orlean1 #bjj parts4 ,the orlean is applied on a plate of glass or tin in a thin layer and allowed to dry perfectly1 whereupon it is ground very fine and intimately mixed with the powdered turmeric4 ,this mixture is stirred into the oil with digestion for several hours in the water bath4 ,when a uniform1 liquid mass has resulted1 it is filtered hot through a linen filter with wide meshes4 ,after cooling1 the filtrate is filled into bottles4 ,fifty to #fj drops of this liquid color to #a #a_/b kilos of butter impart to the latter a handsome golden yellow shade4 ,,infant ,,foods3 ,infants' 7,malted7 ,food4-- ,i4--,powdered malt #a ounce ,oatmeal 7finest ground7 #b ounces ,sugar of milk #d ounces ,baked flour #a pound ,mix thoroughly4 ,,ii4--,infantine is a ,german infant food which is stated to contain egg albumen1 #e4e per cent2 fat1 #j4jh per cent2 water1 #d4bb per cent2 carbohydrates1 #hf4eh per cent 7of which #ed4jh per cent is soluble in water72 and ash1 #b4ha per cent 7consisting of calcium1 #aj4aa per cent2 potassium1 #b4fd per cent2 sodium1 #be4bg per cent2 chlorine1 #cf4fe per cent2 sulphuric acid1 #c4ac per cent2 and phosphoric acid1 #ah4ea per cent74 ,,meat ,,preservatives4 7,most of these are considered injurious by the ,united ,states ,department of ,agriculture and should therefore be used with extreme caution47 ,the ,preservation of ,meats4--,decomposition of the meat sets in as soon as the blood ceases to pulse in the veins1 and it is therefore necessary to properly preserve it until the time of its consumption4 ,the nature of preservation must be governed by circumstances such as the kind and quality of the article to be preserved1 length of time and climatic condition1 etc4 ,while salt1 vinegar1 and alcohol merit recognition on the strength of a long-continued usage as preservatives1 modern usage favors boric acid and borax1 and solutions containing salicylic acid and sulphuric acid are common1 #cfj and have been the subject of severe criticism4 ,many other methods of preservation have been tried with variable degrees of success2 and of the more thoroughly tested ones the following probably include all of those deserving more than passing mention or consideration4 #a4 ,the exclusion of external1 atmospheric electricity1 which has been observed to materially reduce the decaying of meat1 milk1 butter1 beer1 etc4 #b4 ,the retention of occluded electric currents4 ,meats from various animals packed into the same packages1 and surrounded by a conducting medium1 such as salt and water1 liberate electricity4 #c4 ,the removal of the nerve centers4 ,carcasses with the brains and spinal cord left therein will be found more prone to decomposition than those wherefrom these organs have been removed4 #d4 ,desiccation4 ,dried beef is an excellent example of this method of preservation4 ,other methods coming under this heading are the application of spices with ethereal oils1 various herbs1 coriander seed extracted with vinegar1 etc4 #e4 ,reduction of temperature1 i4 e41 cold storage4 #f4 ,expulsion of air from the meat and the containers4 ,appert's1 ,willaumez's1 ,redwood's1 and ,prof4 ,a4 ,vogel's methods are representative for this category of preservation4 ,phenyl paper1 ,dr4 ,busch's1 ,georges's1 and ,medlock and ,baily's processes are equally well known4 #g4 ,the application of gases4 ,here may be mentioned ,dr4 ,gamgee's and ,bert and ,reynoso's processes1 applying carbon dioxide and other compressed gases1 respectively4 ,air-drying1 powdering of meat1 smoking1 pickling1 sugar or vinegar curing are too well known to receive any further attention here4 ,whatever process may be employed1 preference should be given to that which will secure the principal objects sought for1 the most satisfactory being at the same time not deleterious to health1 and of an easily applicable and inexpensive nature4 ,to ,preserve ,beef1 etc41 in ,hot ,weather4--,put the meat into a hot oven and let it remain until the surface is browned all over1 thus coagulating the albumen of the surface and inclosing the body of the meat in an impermeable envelope of cooked flesh4 ,pour some melted lard or suet into a jar of sufficient size1 and roll the latter around until the sides are evenly coated to the depth of half an inch with the material4 ,put in the meat1 taking care that it does not touch the sides of the jar 7thus scraping away the envelope of grease71 and fill up with more suet or lard1 being careful to completely cover and envelop the meat4 ,thus prepared1 the meat will remain absolutely fresh for a long time1 even in the hottest weather4 ,when required for use the outer portion may be left on or removed4 ,the same fat may be used over and over again by melting and retaining in the melted state a few moments each time1 by which means not only all solid portions of the meat which have been retained fall to the bottom1 but all septic microbes are destroyed4 ,meat ,preservatives4--,i4--,barmenite ,corning ,agent3 ,for every #ajj parts1 by weight1 take #be4b parts1 by weight1 of saltpeter2 #df4h parts1 by weight1 sodium chloride2 #be4g parts1 by weight1 cane sugar2 #j4h parts1 by weight1 plaster of ,paris or gypsum2 #j4a part1 by weight1 of some moistening material1 and a trace of magnesia4 ,,ii4--,carniform1 ,a3 ,for every #ajj parts1 by weight1 take #c4e parts1 by weight1 sodium diphosphate2 #c4a parts1 by weight1 water of crystallization2 #fh4d parts1 by weight1 sodium chloride2 #bd4i parts1 by weight1 saltpeter2 together with traces of calcium phosphate1 magnesia1 and sulphuric acid4 ,,iii4--,carniform1 ,b3 ,for every #ajj parts1 by weight1 take #bb4f parts1 by weight1 sodium diphosphate2 #ag4c parts1 by weight1 water of crystallization2 #ei4g parts1 by weight1 saltpeter2 #j4f parts1 by weight1 calcium phosphate2 with traces of sulphuric acid and magnesia4 ,,iv4--8,cervelatwurst0 7spice powder73 ,for #ajj parts1 by weight1 take #j4g parts1 by weight1 of moistening2 #c4e parts1 by weight1 spices--mostly pepper2 #hi parts1 by weight1 sodium chloride2 #e parts1 by weight1 saltpeter2 #j4g parts1 by weight1 gypsum2 and traces of magnesia4 ,v4--,cervelatwurst ,salt 7spice powder73 ,for #ajj parts1 by weight1 take #g4e parts1 by weight1 spices--mostly pepper2 #a4f parts1 by weight1 moistener2 #ha4f parts1 by weight1 sodium chloride2 #b4e parts1 by weight1 saltpeter2 #f4b parts1 by weight1 cane sugar2 and traces of magnesia4 ,,vi4--,rubrolin ,sausage 7spice powder73 ,for #ajj parts by weight1 take #ec4e parts1 by weight1 sal ammoniac1 and #de4b parts1 by weight1 of saltpeter4 ,,vii4--,servator ,special ,milk and ,butter ,preserving ,salt3 #hj4c per cent of crystallized boracic acid2 #aj4g per cent #cfa sodium chloride2 and #i4e per cent of benzoic acid4 7,its use is1 however1 prohibited in ,germany47 ,,viii4--,wittenberg ,pickling ,salt3 ,for #ajj parts1 by weight1 take #eh4f parts1 by weight1 sodium chloride2 #dj4e parts1 by weight1 saltpeter2 #j4e parts1 by weight1 gypsum2 traces of moisture and magnesia4 ,,ix4--,securo3 ,for a quart take #c4h parts1 by weight1 aluminum oxide1 and #h parts1 by weight1 acetic acid2 basic acetate of alumina1 #fb parts1 by weight2 sulphuric acid1 #j4h parts1 by weight2 sodium oxide1 with substantially traces of lime and magnesia4 ,x4--,michels ,cassala ,salt3 ,this is partially disintegrated4 #cj4gd per cent sodium chloride2 #ae4d per cent sodium phosphate2 #bc4c per cent potassio-sodic tartrate2 #af4i per cent water of crystallization2 #a4b per cent aluminum oxide2 and #b4a per cent acetic acid as basic acetate of alumina2 #h4d per cent sugar2 #j4ih per cent benzoic acid2 #j4e per cent sulphuric acid2 and traces of lime4 ,,xi4--,corning ,salt3 ,sodium nitrate1 #ej parts2 powdered boracic acid1 #de parts2 salicylic acid1 #e parts4 ,,xii4--,preservative ,salt3 ,potassium nitrate1 #gj parts2 sodium bicarbonate1 #ae parts2 sodium chloride1 #ae parts4 ,,xiii4--,another ,corning ,salt3 ,potassium nitrate1 #ej parts2 sodium chloride1 #bj parts2 powdered boracic acid1 #bj parts2 sugar1 #aj parts4 ,,xiv4--,maciline 7offered as condiment and binding agent for sausages73 ,a mixture of wheat flour and potato flour dyed intensely yellow with an azo dyestuff and impregnated with oil of mace4 ,,xv4--,borax #hj parts ,boric acid #ag parts ,sodium chloride #c parts ,reduce the ingredients to a powder and mix thoroughly4 ,,xvi4--,sodium sulphite1 powdered #hj parts ,sodium sulphate1 powdered #bj parts ,,xvii4--,sodium chloride #hj parts ,borax #h parts ,potassium nitrate #ab parts ,reduce to a powder and mix4 ,,xviii4--,sodium nitrate #ej parts ,salicylic acid #e parts ,boric acid #de parts ,,xix4--,potassium nitrate #gj parts ,sodium bicarbonate #ae parts ,sodium chloride #ae parts ,,xx4--,potassium nitrate #ej parts ,sodium chloride #bj parts ,boric acid #bj parts ,sugar #aj parts ,a ,german ,method of ,preserving ,meat4--,entire unboweled cattle or large1 suitably severed pieces are sprinkled with acetic acid and then packed and transported in sawdust impregnated with cooking salt and sterilized4 ,extract of ,meat ,containing ,albumen4--,in the ordinary production of meat extract1 the albumen is more or less lost1 partly through precipitation by the acids or the acid salts of the meat extract1 partly through salting out by the salts of the extract1 and partly by coagulation at a higher temperature4 ,a subsequent addition of albumen is impracticable because the albumen is likewise precipitated1 insolubly1 by the acids and salts contained in the extract4 ,this precipitation can be prevented1 according to a ,french patent1 by neutralizing the extract before mixing with albumen1 by the aid of sodium bicarbonate4 ,the drying of the mixture is accomplished in a carbonic acid atmosphere4 ,the preparation dissolves in cold or hot water into a white1 milky liquid and exhibits the smell and taste of meat extract1 if the albumen added was tasteless4 ,the taste which the extract loses by the neutralization returns in its original strength after the mixture with albumen4 ,in this manner a meat preparation is obtained which contains larger quantities of albumen and is more nutritious and palatable than other preparations4 ,foot-,powders and ,solutions ,the following foot-powders have been recommended as dusting powders3 ,i4--,boric acid #b ounces ,zinc oleate #a ounce ,talcum #c ounces ,,ii4--,oleate of zinc 7powdered7 #a_/b ounce ,boric acid #a ounce ,french chalk #e ounces ,starch #a #a_/b ounces #cfb ,,iii4--,dried alum #a drachm ,salicylic acid #a_/b drachm ,wheat starch #d drachms ,powdered talc #a #a_/b ounces ,,iv4--,formaldehyde solution #a part ,thymol #a_/aj part ,zinc oxide #ce parts ,powdered starch #fe parts ,v4--,salicylic acid #g drachms ,boric acid #b ounces1 #ddj grains ,talcum #ch ounces ,slippery elm bark #a ounce ,orris root #a ounce ,,vi4--,talc #ab ounces ,boric acid #aj ounces ,zinc oleate #a ounce ,salicylic acid #a ounce ,oil of eucalyptus #b drachms ,,vii4--,salicylic acid #g drachms ,boric acid #c ounces ,talcum #ch ounces ,slippery elm1 powdered #a ounce ,orris1 powdered #a ounce ,salicylated ,talcum4-- ,i4--,salicylic acid #a drachm ,talcum #f ounces ,lycopodium #f drachms ,starch #c ounces ,zinc oxide #a ounce ,perfume1 quantity sufficient4 ,,ii4--,tannoform #a drachm ,talcum #b drachms ,lycopodium #cj grains ,use as a dusting powder4 ,solutions for ,perspiring ,feet4-- ,i4--,balsam ,peru #ae minims ,formic acid #a drachm ,chloral hydrate #a drachm ,alcohol to make #c ounces4 ,apply by means of absorbent cotton4 ,,ii4--,boric acid #ae grains ,sodium borate #f drachms ,salicylic acid #f drachms ,glycerine #a #a_/b ounces ,alcohol to make #c ounces4 ,for local application4 ,,footsores ,,on ,,cattle3 ,see ,veterinary ,formulas4 ,,formaldehyde3 ,see also ,disinfectants1 ,foods1 and ,milk4 ,commercial ,formaldehyde4--,this extremely poisonous preservative is obtained by passing the vapors of wood spirit1 in the presence of air1 over copper heated to redness4 ,the essential parts of the apparatus employed are a metal chamber into which a feed-tube enters1 and from which #d parallel copper tubes or oxidizers discharge by a common exit tube4 ,this chamber is fitted with inspection apertures1 through which the course of the process may be watched and controlled4 ,the wood spirit1 stored in a reservoir1 falls into a mixer where it is volatilized and intimately mixed with air from a chamber which is connected with a force pump4 ,the gases after traversing the oxidizer are led into a condensing coil1 and the crude formaldehyde is discharged into the receiver beneath4 ,the small amount of uncondensed gas is then led through a series of two washers4 ,the 8formol0 thus obtained is a mixture of water1 methyl alcohol1 and #cj to #dj per cent of formaldehyde4 ,it is rectified in a still1 by which the free methyl alcohol is removed and pure formol obtained1 containing #dj per cent of formaldehyde1 chiefly in the form of the acetal4 ,rectification must not be pushed too far1 otherwise the formaldehyde may become polymerized into trioxmethylene4 ,when once oxidation starts1 the heat generated is sufficient to keep the oxidizers red hot1 so that the process works practically automatically4 ,determination of the ,presence of ,formaldehyde in ,solutions4--,lemme makes use1 for this purpose1 of the fact that formaldehyde1 in neutral solutions of sodium sulphite1 forms normal bisulphite salts1 setting free a corresponding quantity of sodium hydrate1 that may be titrated with sulphuric acid and phenolphthalein4 ,the sodium sulphite solution has an alkaline reaction toward phenolphthalein1 and must be exactly neutralized with sodium bisulphite4 ,then to #ajj cubic centimeters of this solution of #bej grams of sodium sulphite 7,na#b,,so#c #g ,h#b,o7 in #gej grams water1 add #e cubic centimeters of the suspected formaldehyde solution4 ,a strong red color is instantly produced4 ,titrate with normal sulphuric acid until the color disappears4 ,as the exact disappearance of the color is not easily determined1 a margin of from #j4a to #j4b cubic centimeters may be allowed without the exactness of the reaction being injured1 since #a cubic centimeter of normal acid answers to only #j4jc grams of formaldehyde4 ,,formalin ,,for ,,grain ,,smut3 ,see ,grain4 #cfc ,,frames3 ,,their ,,protection ,,from ,,flies4 ,since there is great risk of damaging the gilt when trying to remove flyspecks with spirits of wine1 it has been found serviceable to cover gilding with a copal varnish4 ,this hardens and will stand rough treatment1 and may be renewed wherever removed4 ,,frame ,,cleaning3 ,see ,cleaning ,preparations and ,methods4 ,,frame ,,polishes3 ,see ,polishes4 ,,framing1 ,,passe-,,partout3 ,see ,passe-,partout4 ,,freckle ,,lotions3 ,see ,cosmetics4 ,,freezing ,,mixtures3 ,see also ,refrigeration and ,refrigerants4 ,freezing ,preventives ,liquid for ,cooling ,automobile ,engines4--,in order to prevent freezing of the jacket water1 when the engine is not in operation in cold weather1 solutions are used1 notably of glycerine and of calcium chloride 7,ca,cl#b74 ,the proportions for the former solution are equal parts of water and glycerine1 by weight2 for the latter1 approximately #a_/b gallon of water to #h pounds of ,ca,cl#b1 or a saturated solution at #fj ,f4 ,this solution 7,ca,cl#b #f ,h#b,o7 is then mixed with equal parts of water1 gallon for gallon4 ,many persons complain that ,ca,cl#b corrodes the metal parts1 but this warning need do no more than urge the automobilist to use only the chemically pure salt1 carefully avoiding the 8chloride of lime0 7,ca,o,cl#b74 ,a practical manufacturing chemist of wide experience gives this3 ,a saturated solution of common salt is one of the best things to use4 ,it does not affect the metal of the engine1 as many other salts would1 and is easily renewed4 ,it will remain fluid down to #j ,f41 or a little below4 ,equal parts of glycerine and water is also good1 and has the advantage that it will not crystallize in the chambers1 or evaporate readily4 ,it is the most convenient solution to use on this account1 and may repay the increased cost over brine1 in the comfort of its use4 ,it needs only the occasional addition of a little water to make it last all winter and leave the machinery clean when it is drawn off4 ,with brine an incrustation of salt as the water evaporates is bound to occur which reduces the efficiency of the solution until it is removed4 ,water frequently must be added to keep the original volume1 and to hold the salt in solution4 ,a solution of calcium chloride is less troublesome so far as crystallizing is concerned1 but is said to have a tendency to corrode the metals4 ,anti-,freezing ,solution for ,automobilists4--,mix and filter #d #a_/b pounds pure calcium chloride and a gallon of warm water and put the solution in the radiator or tank4 ,replace evaporation with clean water1 and leakage with solution4 ,pure calcium chloride retails at about #h cents per pound1 or can be procured from any wholesale drug store at #e cents4 ,anti-,freezing1 ,non-,corrosive ,solution4--,a solution for water-jackets on gas engines that will not freeze at any temperature above #bj below zero 7,f47 may be made by combining #ajj parts of water1 by weight1 with #ge parts of carbonate potash and #ej parts of glycerine4 ,this solution is non-corrosive and will remain perfectly liquid at all temperatures above its congealing point4 ,anti-,frost ,solution4--,as an excellent remedy against the freezing of shop windows1 apply a mixture consisting of #ee parts of glycerine dissolved in #a1jjj parts of #fb per cent alcohol1 containing1 to improve the odor1 some oil of amber4 ,as soon as the mixture clarifies1 it is rubbed over the inner surface of the glass4 ,this treatment1 it is claimed1 not only prevents the formation of frost1 but also stops sweating4 ,protection of ,acetylene ,apparatus from ,frost4--,alcohol1 glycerine1 and calcium chloride have been recommended for the protection of acetylene generators from frost4 ,the employment of calcium chloride1 which must not be confounded with chloride of lime1 appears preferable in all points of view4 ,a solution of #bj parts of calcium chloride in #hj parts of water congeals only at #e ,f4 above zero4 ,but as this temperature does not generally penetrate the generators1 it will answer to use #aj or #ae parts of the chloride for #ajj parts of water1 which will almost always be sufficient to avoid congelation4 ,care must be taken not to use sea salt or other alkaline or metallic salts1 which deteriorate the metal of the apparatus4 ,,frost ,,bite4 ,when the skin is as yet unbroken1 ,hugo ,kuhl advises the following3 #cfd ,i4--,carbolized water #d drachms ,nitric acid #a drop ,oil of geranium #a drop ,mix4 ,pencil over the skin and then hold the penciled place near the fire until the skin is quite dry4 ,if the skin is already broken1 use the following ointment3 ,,ii4--,hebra's ointment #ejj parts ,glycerine #ajj parts ,liquefied carbolic acid #ae parts ,mix4 ,apply to the broken skin occasionally4 ,,iii4--,camphor #be parts ,iodine1 pure #ej parts ,olive oil #ejj parts ,paraffine1 solid #dej parts ,alcohol1 enough4 ,dissolve the camphor in the oil and the iodine in the least possible amount of alcohol4 ,melt the paraffine and add the mixed solutions4 ,when homogeneous pour into suitable molds4 ,wrap the pencils in paraffine paper or tin foil1 and pack in wooden boxes4 ,by using more or less olive oil the pencils may be made of any desired consistency4 ,,iv4--,dissolve #e parts of camphor in a mixture consisting of #e parts of ether and #e parts of alcohol2 then add collodion sufficient to make #ajj parts4 ,v4--,dissolve #a part of thymol in #e parts of a mixture of ether and alcohol1 then add collodion sufficient to make #ajj parts4 ,,vi4--,carbolic acid #b parts ,lead ointment #dj parts ,lanolin #dj parts ,olive oil #bj parts ,lavender oil #a #a_/b parts ,,vii4--,tannic acid #ae parts ,lycopodium #ae parts ,lard #cj parts ,,viii4--,zinc oxide #ae parts ,glycerine #de parts ,lanolin #dj parts ,,ix4--,ichthyol #aj parts ,resorcin #aj parts ,tannic acid #aj parts ,distilled water #ej parts ,any of these is to be applied about twice a day4 ,,frosted ,,glass3 ,see ,glass4 ,,frost ,,preventive3 ,see ,freezing ,preventives4 ,,frost ,,removers3 ,see ,glass4 ,,fruit ,,essences ,,and ,,extracts3 ,see ,essences and ,extracts4 ,fruit ,preserving 7,see also ,essences1 ,extracts1 and ,preserves47 ,how to ,keep ,fruit4--,according to experiments of ,max de ,nansouty1 fruit carefully wrapped in silk paper and then buried in dry sand will preserve a fresh appearance with a fresh odor or flavor1 almost indefinitely4 ,it may also be preserved in dry excelsior1 but not nearly so well4 ,in stubble or straw fruit rots very quickly1 while in shavings it mildews quickly4 ,in short1 wheat-straw fruit often takes on a musty taste and odor1 even when perfectly dry4 ,finally1 when placed on wooden tablets and exposed to the air1 most fruit decays rapidly4 ,i4--,crushed ,strawberry4--,put up by the following process1 the fruit retains its natural color and taste1 and may be exposed to the air for months1 without fermenting3 ,take fresh1 ripe berries1 stem them1 and rub through a ,no4 #h sieve1 rejecting all soft and green fruit4 ,add to each gallon of pulp thus obtained1 #h pounds of granulated sugar4 ,put on the fire and bring just to a boil1 stirring constantly4 ,just before removing from the fire1 add to each gallon #a ounce of a saturated alcoholic solution of salicylic acid1 stirring well4 ,remove the scum1 and1 while still hot1 put into jars1 and hermetically seal4 ,put the jars in cold water1 and raise them to the boiling point1 to prevent them from bursting by sudden expansion on pouring hot fruit into them4 ,fill the jars entirely full1 so as to leave no air space when fruit cools and contracts4 ,,ii4--,crushed ,raspberry4--,prepare in the same manner as for crushed strawberry1 using #a_/b red raspberries and #a_/b black1 to give a nice color1 and using #g pounds of sugar to each gallon of pulp4 ,,iii4--,crushed ,pineapple4--,secure a good brand of canned grated pineapple1 and drain off about one-half of the liquor1 by placing on a strainer4 ,add to each pound of pineapple #a pound of granulated sugar4 ,place on the fire1 and bring to boiling point1 stirring constantly4 ,just before removing from the fire1 add to each gallon of pulp #a ounce saturated alcoholic solution of salicylic acid4 #cfe ,put into air-tight jars until wanted for use4 ,,iv4--,crushed ,peach4--,take a good brand of canned yellow peaches1 drain off liquor1 and rub through a ,no4 #h sieve4 ,add sugar1 bring to the boiling point1 and when ready to remove from fire add to each gallon #a ounce saturated alcoholic solution of salicylic acid4 ,put into jars and seal hermetically4 ,v4--,crushed ,apricot4--,prepared in similar manner to crushed peach1 using canned apricots4 ,,vi4--,crushed ,orange4--,secure oranges with a thin peel1 and containing plenty of juice4 ,remove the outer1 or yellow peel1 first1 taking care not to include any of the bitter peel4 7,the outer peel may be used in making orange phosphate1 or tincture of sweet orange peel47 ,next remove the inner1 bitter peel1 quarter1 and remove the seeds4 ,extract part of the juice1 and grind the pulp through an ordinary meat grinder4 ,add sugar1 place on the fire1 and bring to the boiling point4 ,when ready to remove1 add to each gallon #a ounce of saturated alcoholic solution of salicylic acid and #a ounce of glycerine4 ,put into air-tight jars4 ,,vii4--,crushed ,cherries4--,stone the cherries and grind them to a pulp4 ,add sugar1 and place on the fire1 stirring constantly4 ,before removing1 add to each gallon #a ounce of the saturated solution of salicylic acid4 ,put into jars and seal4 ,,viii4--,fresh ,crushed ,fruits in ,season4--,in their various seasons berries and fruits may be prepared in fresh lots for the soda fountain each morning1 by reducing the fruit to a pulp1 and mixing this pulp with an equal quantity of heavy simple syrup4 ,berries should be rubbed through a sieve4 ,in selecting berries1 it is better to use the medium-sized berries for the pulp1 reserving the extra large specimens for garnishing and decorative effects4 ,mash the berries with a wooden masher1 never using iron or copper utensils1 which may discolor the fruit4 ,pineapple may be prepared by removing the rough outer skin and grating the pulp upon an ordinary tin kitchen grater4 ,the grater should be scrupulously clean1 and care should be taken not to grate off any of the coarse1 fibrous matter comprising the fruit's core4 ,all crushed fruits are served as follows3 ,mix equal quantities of pulp and simple syrup in the counter bowl2 use #a #a_/b to #b ounces to each glass1 adding the usual quantity of cream1 or ice cream4 ,draw soda1 using a fine stream freely4 ,,ix4--,glacs4--,crushed fruits1 served in the following manner1 make a delicious and refreshing drink3 ,crushed fruit #ab drachms ,juice of half a lemon4 ,shaved ice4 ,put the ice into a small glass1 add the fruit and lemon juice1 stir well1 and serve with a spoon and straws4 ,,fruit ,,products1 ,,tests ,,for3 ,see ,foods4 ,,fruit ,,syrups3 ,see ,syrups4 ,,fruit ,,vinegar3 ,see ,vinegar4 ,fumigants 7,see also ,disinfectants47 ,fumigating ,candles4--,i4--,lime wood charcoal1 #f1jjj parts1 by weight1 saturated with water 7containing saltpeter1 #aej parts1 by weight1 in solution71 and dried again1 is mixed with benzoin1 #gej parts1 by weight2 styrax1 #gjj parts1 by weight2 mastic1 #ajj parts1 by weight2 cascarilla1 #dej parts1 by weight2 ,peruvian balsam1 #dj parts1 by weight2 ,mitcham oil1 lavender oil1 lemon oil1 and bergamot oil1 #ae parts1 by weight1 each2 and neroli oil1 #c parts1 by weight4 ,,ii4--,charcoal1 #g1ejj parts1 by weight2 saltpeter1 #aej parts1 by weight2 ,tolu balsam1 #ejj parts1 by weight2 musk1 #b parts1 by weight2 rose oil1 #a part4 ,the mixtures are crushed with thick tragacanth to a solid mass4 ,,iii4--,sandal wood1 #dh parts1 by weight2 clove1 #f parts1 by weight2 benzoin1 #f parts1 by weight2 licorice juice1 #d parts1 by weight2 potash saltpeter1 #b parts1 by weight2 cascarilla bark1 #a4e parts1 by weight2 cinnamon bark1 #a4e parts1 by weight2 musk1 #j4je parts1 by weight4 ,all these substances are powdered and mixed1 whereupon the following are added3 ,styrax 7liquid71 #e parts1 by weight2 cinnamon oil1 #j4je parts1 by weight2 clove oil1 #j4je parts1 by weight2 geranium oil1 #j4e parts1 by weight2 lavender oil1 #j4b parts1 by weight2 ,peruvian balsam1 #j4b parts1 by weight4 ,the solid ingredients are each powdered separately1 then placed in the respective proportion in a #cff spacious porcelain dish and intimately mixed by means of a flat spatula4 ,the dish must be covered up with a cloth in this operation4 ,after the mixture has been accomplished1 add the essential oils and just enough solution of gum arabic so that by subsequent kneading with the pestle a moldable dough results which possesses sufficient solidity after drying4 ,the mass is pressed into metallic molds in the shape of cones not more than #c_/d of an inch in height4 ,,iv4--,red ,fumigating ,candles4--,sandal wood1 #a part2 gum benzoin1 #a4e parts2 ,tolu balsam1 #j4bej parts2 sandal oil1 4#jbe parts2 cassia oil1 4#jbe parts2 clove oil1 #be parts2 saltpeter1 4#jij parts4 ,the powder is mixed intimately1 saturated with spirit of wine1 in which the oils are dissolved1 and shaped into cones4 ,v4--,wintergreen oil #a part ,tragacanth #bj parts ,saltpeter #ej parts ,phenol1 crystallized #ajj parts ,charcoal1 powdered #hcj parts ,water4 ,dissolve the saltpeter in the water1 stir the solution together with the powdered charcoal and dry4 ,then add the tragacanth powder1 also the wintergreen oil and the phenol1 and prepare from the mixture1 by means of a tragacanth solution containing #b per cent of saltpeter1 a mass which can be shaped into candles4 ,fumigating ,perfumes4--,these are used for quickly putting down bad odors in the sick room1 etc4 ,they are decidedly antiseptic1 and fulfil their purpose admirably4 ,i4--,select good white blotting paper1 and cut each large sheet lengthwise into #c equal pieces4 ,make a solution of #a ounce of potassium nitrate in #ab ounces of boiling water2 place this solution in a large plate1 and draw each strip of paper over the solution so as to saturate it4 ,then dry by hanging up4 ,the dried paper is to be saturated in a similar manner with either of the following solutions3 7#a7 ,siam benzoin #a ounce ,storax #c drachms ,olibanum #b scruples ,mastic #b scruples ,cascarilla #b drachms ,vanilla #a drachm ,rectified spirit #h ounces ,bruise the solids and macerate in the spirit #e days1 filter1 and add ,oil of cinnamon #h parts ,oil of cloves #h parts ,oil of bergamot #e parts ,oil of neroli #e parts ,mix4 7#b7 ,benzoin #a #a_/b ounces ,sandal wood #a ounce ,spirit #h ounces ,macerate as ,no4 #a1 and add ,essence of vetiver #c ounces ,oil of lemon grass #dj drops ,mix4 ,after the paper is dry1 cut up into suitable sized pieces to go into commercial envelopes4 ,,ii4--,benzoin #a av4 ounce ,storax #a av4 ounce ,fumigating essence #b fluidounces ,ether #a fluidounce ,acetic acid1 glacial #bj drops ,alcohol #b fluidounces ,dissolve the benzoin and storax in a mixture of the alcohol and ether1 filter and add the fumigating and the acetic acid4 ,spread the mixture upon filtering or bibulous paper and allow it to dry4 ,to prevent sticking1 dust the surface with talcum and preserve in wax paper4 ,when used the paper is simply warmed1 or held over a lamp4 ,,iii4--,musk #j4b parts ,oil of rose #a part ,benzoin #ajj parts ,myrrh #ab parts ,orris root #bej parts ,alcohol 7#ij per cent7 #ejj parts ,,iv4--,benzoin #hj parts ,balsam ,tolu #bj parts ,storax #bj parts ,sandal wood #bj parts ,myrrh #aj parts ,cascarilla bark #bj parts ,musk #j4b parts ,alcohol #bej parts ,fumigating ,ribbon4--,i4--,take #a_/b-;inch cotton tape and saturate it with niter2 when dry1 saturate with the following tincture3 ,benzoin #a ounce ,orris root #a ounce ,myrrh #b drachms ,tolu balsam #b drachms ,musk #aj grains ,rectified spirit #aj ounces ,macerate for a week1 filter1 and add #aj minims of attar of rose4 ,,ii4--,another good formula which may also be used for fumigating paper1 is3 #cfg ,olibanum #b ounces ,storax #a ounce ,benzoin #f drachms ,peruvian balsam #a_/b ounce ,tolu balsam #c drachms ,rectified spirit #aj ounces ,macerate #aj days1 and filter4 ,perfumed ,fumigating ,pastilles4-- ,i4--,vegetable charcoal #f ounces ,benzoin #a ounce ,nitrate of potash #a_/b ounce ,tolu balsam #b drachms ,sandal wood #b drachms ,mucilage of tragacanth1 a sufficiency4 ,reduce the solids to fine powder1 mix1 and make into a stiff paste with the mucilage4 ,divide this into cones #be grains in weight1 and dry with a gentle heat4 ,,ii4--,powdered willow charcoal #h ounces ,benzoic acid #f ounces ,nitrate of potash #f drachms ,oil of thyme #a_/b drachm ,oil of sandal wood #a_/b drachm ,oil of caraway #a_/b drachm ,oil of cloves #a_/b drachm ,oil of lavender #a_/b drachm ,oil of rose #a_/b drachm ,rose water #aj ounces ,proceed as in ,i1 but this recipe is better for the addition of #bj grains of powdered tragacanth4 ,,iii4--,benzoin #aj av4 ounces ,charcoal #bd av4 ounces ,potassium nitrate #a av4 ounce ,sassafras #b av4 ounces ,mucilage of acacia1 sufficient4 ,mix the first four in fine powder1 add the mucilage1 form a mass1 and make into conical pastilles4 ,,iv4--,potassium nitrate #cge grains ,water #be fluidounces ,charcoal wood1 powder #cj av4 ounces ,tragacanth1 powder #cge grains ,storax #cjj grains ,benzoin #cjj grains ,vanillin #h grains ,coumarin #c grains ,musk #c grains ,civet #a #a_/b grains ,oil of rose #bj drops ,oil of bergamot #ae drops ,oil of ylang-ylang #aj drops ,oil of rhodium #aj drops ,oil of sandal wood #e drops ,oil of cinnamon #e drops ,oil of orris #a drop ,oil of cascarilla #a drop ,saturate the charcoal with the potassium nitrate dissolved in the water1 dry the mass1 powder1 add the other ingredients1 and mix thoroughly4 ,beat the mixture to a plastic mass with the addition of sufficient mucilage of tragacanth containing #b per cent of saltpeter in solution1 and form into cone-shaped pastilles4 ,in order to evenly distribute the storax throughout the mass1 it may be previously dissolved in a small amount of acetic ether4 ,v4--,benzoin #b av4 ounces ,cascarilla #a av4 ounce ,myrrh #a av4 ounce ,potassium nitrate #a_/b av4 ounce ,potassium chlorate #fj grains ,charcoal1 wood #d av4 ounces ,oil of cloves #a fluidrachm ,oil of cinnamon #a fluidrachm ,oil of lavender #a fluidrachm ,mucilage of tragacanth1 sufficient4 ,mix the first six ingredients previously reduced to fine powder1 add the oils1 and then incorporate enough mucilage to form a mass4 ,divide this into pastilles weighing about #fj grains and dry4 ,,vi4--,charcoal1 powder #cj av4 ounces ,potassium nitrate #a_/b av4 ounce ,water #cc fluidounces ,tragacanth1 powder #cjj grains ,tincture of benzoin #a #a_/b fluidounces ,peru balsam #cjj grains ,storax1 crude #cjj grains ,tolu balsam #cjj grains ,oleo-balsamic mixture #b #a_/b fluidrachms ,coumarin #h grains ,saturate the charcoal with the potassium nitrate dissolved in the water1 then dry1 reduce to powder1 and incorporate the tragacanth and then the remaining ingredients4 ,form a mass by the addition of sufficient mucilage of tragacanth containing #b per cent of potassium nitrate in solution and divide into pastilles4 ,,vii4--,powdered nitrate of potassium #a_/b ounce ,powdered gum arabic #a_/b ounce ,powdered cascarilla bark 7fresh7 #a_/b ounce ,powdered benzoin 7fresh7 #d ounces #cfh ,powdered charcoal #g ounces ,oil of eucalyptus #be drops ,oil of cloves #be drops ,water1 a sufficiency4 ,make a smooth paste1 press into molds and dry4 ,,furs3 ,to ,clean ,furs4--,for dark furs1 warm a quantity of new bran in a pan1 taking care that it does not burn1 to prevent which it must be briskly stirred4 ,when well warmed rub it thoroughly into the fur with the hand4 ,repeat this #b or #c times1 then shake the fur1 and give it another sharp rubbing until free from dust4 ,for white furs3 ,lay them on a table1 and rub well with bran made moist with warm water2 rub until quite dry1 and afterwards with dry bran4 ,the wet bran should be put on with flannel1 then dry with book muslin4 ,light furs1 in addition to the above1 should be well rubbed with magnesia or a piece of book muslin1 after the bran process1 against the way of the fur4 ,to ,preserve ,furs4--,i4--,furs may be preserved from moths and other insects by placing a little colocynth pulp 7bitter apple71 or spice 7cloves1 pimento1 etc471 wrapped in muslin1 among them2 or they may be washed in a very weak solution of corrosive sublimate in warm water 7#aj to #ae grains to the pint71 and afterwards carefully dried4 ,as well as every other species of clothing1 they should be kept in a clean1 dry place1 from which they should be taken out occasionally1 well beaten1 exposed to the air1 and returned4 ,,ii4--,sprinkle the furs or woolen stuffs1 as well as the drawers or boxes in which they are kept1 with spirits of turpentine1 the unpleasant scent of which will speedily evaporate on exposure of the stuffs to the air4 ,some persons place sheets of paper moistened with spirits of turpentine1 over1 under1 or between pieces of cloth1 etc41 and find it a very effectual method4 ,many woolen drapers put bits of camphor1 the size of a nutmeg1 in papers1 on different parts of the shelves in their shops1 and as they brush their cloths every #b1 #c1 or #d months1 this keeps them free from moths2 and this should be done in boxes where the furs1 etc41 are put4 ,a tallow candle is frequently put within each muff when laid by4 ,snuff or pepper is also good4 ,,furnace ,,jacket4 ,a piece of asbestos millboard--#aj inches by #d inches by #c_/h inch--is perforated in about a dozen or more places with glycerined cork borers1 then nicked about an inch from each short end and immersed in water until saturated2 next the board is bent from the nicks at right angles and the perforated portion shaped by bending it over a bottle with as little force as possible4 ,the result should be a perforated arched tunnel1 resting on narrow horizontal ledges at each side4 ,dry this cover in the furnace1 after setting it in position1 and pressing it well to the supports4 ,three such covers1 weighing #a pound1 replaced #bd fire clay tiles1 weighing #ac pounds1 and a higher temperature was obtained than with the latter4 ,,furniture ,,cleaners3 ,see ,cleaning ,preparations and ,methods4 ,,furniture1 ,,its ,,decoration3 ,see ,wood4 ,,furniture ,,enamel3 ,see ,varnishes4 ,,furniture ,,polishes3 ,see ,polishes4 ,,furniture ,,wax3 ,see ,waxes4 ,,fuses3 ,see ,pyrotechnics4 ,,fuses ,,for ,,electrical ,,circuits3 ,see ,alloys4 ,,funnels1 ,,to ,,clean3 ,see ,cleaning ,preparations and ,methods4 ,,galvanized ,,paper3 ,see ,paper1 ,metallic4 ,,gamboge ,,stain3 ,see ,lacquers4 ,,gapes ,,in ,,poultry3 ,see ,veterinary ,formulas4 ,,garancine ,,process3 ,see ,dyes4 ,,gardens1 ,,chemical3 ,see also ,sponges4 ,i4--,put some sand into a fish-globe or other suitable glass vessel to the depth of #b or #c inches2 in this place a few pieces of sulphate of copper1 aluminum1 and iron2 pour over the whole a solution of sodium silicate 7water glass71 #a part1 and water1 #c parts1 care being taken not to disarrange the chemicals4 ,let this stand a week or so1 when a dense growth of the silicates of the various bases used will be seen in various colors4 ,now displace #cfi the solution of the sodium silicate with clear water1 by conveying a stream of water through a very small rubber tube into the vessel4 ,the water will gradually displace the sodium silicate solution4 ,care must be taken not to disarrange or break down the growth with the stream of water4 ,a little experimenting1 experience and expertness will enable the operator to produce a very pretty garden4 ,,ii4--,this is a permanent chemical garden1 which may be suspended by brass chains with a lamp behind4 ,prepare a small beaker or jar full of cold saturated solution of ,glauber's salt1 and into the solution suspend by means of threads a kidney bean and a non-porous body1 such as a marble1 stone1 glass1 etc4 ,cover the jar1 and in a short time there will be seen radiating from the bean small crystals of sulphate of sodium which will increase and give the bean the aspect of a sea urchin1 while the non-porous body remains untouched4 ,the bean appears to have a special partiality for the crystals1 which is due to the absorption of water by the bean1 but not of the salt4 ,in this way a supersaturated solution is formed in the immediate neighborhood of the bean1 and the crystals1 in forming1 attach themselves to its surface4 ,,iii4--,a popular form of ornamental crystallization is that obtained by immersing a zinc rod in a solution of a lead salt1 thus obtaining the 8lead tree40 ,to prepare this1 dissolve lead acetate in water1 add a few drops of nitric acid1 and then suspend the zinc rod in the solution4 ,the lead is precipitated in large and beautiful plates until the solution is exhausted or the zinc dissolved4 ,in this case the action is electro-chemical1 the first portions of the lead precipitated forming with the zinc a voltaic arrangement of sufficient power to decompose the salt4 ,it is said that by substituting chloride of tin for the lead salt a 8tin tree0 may be produced1 while nitrate of silver under the same conditions would produce a 8silver tree40 ,in the latter case distilled water should be used to prevent precipitation of the silver by possible impurities contained in ordinary water4 ,,gas ,,fixtures3 ,see ,brass4 ,,gas ,,fixtures1 ,,bronzing ,,of3 ,see ,plating4 ,,gas ,,soldering3 ,see ,soldering4 ,,gas-,,stoves1 ,,to ,,clean3 ,see ,cleaning ,preparations and ,methods4 ,,gas ,,trick3 ,see ,pyrotechnics4 ,,gear ,,lubricant3 ,see ,lubricants4 ,,gelatin3 ,french ,gelatin4--,gelatin is derived from two sources1 the parings of skins1 hides1 etc41 and from bones4 ,the latter are submitted to the action of dilute hydrochloric acid for several days1 which attacks the inorganic matters--carbonates1 phosphates1 etc41 and leaves the ossein1 which is1 so to say1 an isomer of the skin substance4 ,the skin1 parings of hide1 etc41 gathered from the shambles1 butcher shops1 etc41 are brought into the factory1 and if not ready for immediate use are thrown into quicklime1 which preserves them for the time being4 ,from the lime1 after washing1 they pass into dilute acid1 which removes the last traces of lime1 and are now ready for the treatment that is to furnish the pure gelatin4 ,the ossein from bones goes through the same stages of treatment1 into lime1 washed and laid in dilute acid again4 ,from the acid bath the material goes into baths of water maintained at a temperature not higher than from #age to #aie ,f4 ,the gelatin manufacturer buys from the button-makers and manufacturers of knife handles and bone articles generally1 those parts of the bone that they cannot use1 some of which are pieces #h inches long by a half inch thick4 ,bones gathered by the ragpickers furnish the strongest glue4 ,the parings of skin1 hide1 etc41 are from those portions of bullock hides1 calf skins1 etc41 that cannot be made use of by the tanner1 the heads1 legs1 etc4 ,the gelatin made by ,coignet for the ,pharmacie ,centrale de ,france is made from skins procured from the tawers of ,paris1 who get it directly from the abattoirs1 which is as much as to say that the material is guaranteed fresh and healthy1 since these institutions are under rigid inspection and surveillance of government inspectors and medical men4 ,there is a gelatin or glue1 used exclusively for joiners1 inside carpenters1 and ceiling makers 7plafonneurs71 called rabbit vermicelli1 and derived from rabbit skins4 ,as the first treatment of these skins is to saturate them with mercury bichloride1 it is needless to say the product is not employed in pharmacy4 #cgj ,to ,clarify ,solutions of ,gelatin1 ,glues1 etc4--,if #a per cent of ammonium fluoride be added to turbid solutions of gelatin or common glue1 or1 in fact1 of any gums1 it quickly clarifies them4 ,it causes a deposition of ligneous matter1 and also very materially increases the adhesive power of such solutions4 ,air ,bubbles in ,gelatin4--,the presence of minute air bubbles in cakes of commercial gelatin often imparts to them an unpleasant cloudy appearance4 ,these minute air bubbles are the result of the rapid1 continuous process of drying the sheets of gelatin by a counter-current of hot air4 ,owing to the rapid drying a hard skin is formed on the outside of the cake1 leaving a central layer from which the moisture escapes only with difficulty1 and in which the air bubbles remain behind4 ,since the best qualities of gelatin dry most rapidly1 the presence of these minute bubbles is1 to a certain extent1 an indication of superiority1 and they rarely occur in the poorer qualities of gelatin4 ,if dried slowly in the old way gelatin is liable to be damaged by fermentation2 in such cases large bubbles of gas are formed in the sheets1 and are a sign of bad quality4 ,,gems1 ,,artificial3 ,see also ,diamonds4 ,the raw materials for the production of artificial gems are the finest silica and1 as a rule1 finely ground rock crystals2 white sand and quartz1 which remain pure white even at a higher temperature1 may also be used4 ,artificial borax is given the preference1 since the native variety frequently contains substances which color the glass4 ,lead carbonate or red lead must be perfectly pure and not contain any protoxide1 since the latter gives the glass a dull1 greenish hue4 ,white lead and red lead have to dissolve completely in dilute nitric acid or without leaving a residue2 the solution1 neutralized as much as possible1 must not be reddened by prussiate of potash4 ,in the former case tin is present1 in the latter copper4 ,arsenious acid and saltpeter must be perfectly pure2 they serve for the destruction of the organic substances4 ,the materials1 without the coloring oxide1 furnish the starting quantity for the production of artificial gems2 such glass pastes are named 8strass40 ,the emerald1 a precious stone of green color1 is imitated by melting #a1jjj parts of strass and #h parts of chromic oxide4 ,artificial emeralds are also obtained with cupric acid and ferric oxides1 consisting of #dc4hd parts of rock crystal2 #ba4ib parts of dry sodium carbonate2 #g4b parts of calcined and powdered borax2 #g4b parts of red lead2 #c4fe parts of saltpeter2 #a4ba parts of red ferric oxide1 and #j4f parts of green copper carbonate4 ,agates are imitated by allowing fragments of variously colored pastes to flow together1 and stirring during the deliquation4 ,the amethyst is imitated by mixing #cjj parts of a glass frit with #j4f parts of gray manganese ore1 or from #cjj parts of frit containing #j4h per cent of manganic oxide1 #cf4e parts of saltpeter1 #ae parts of borax1 and #ae parts of minium 7red lead74 ,a handsome amethyst is obtained by melting together #a1jjj parts of strass1 #h parts of manganese oxide1 #e parts of cobalt oxide1 and #b parts of gold purple4 ,latterly1 attempts have also been made to produce very hard glasses for imitation stones from alumina and borax with the requisite coloring agents4 ,besides imitation stones there are also produced opaque glass pastes bearing the name of the stones they resemble1 e4 g41 aventurine1 azure-stone 7lapis lazuli71 chrysoprase1 turquoise1 obsidian1 etc4 ,for these1 especially pure materials1 as belonging to the most important ingredients of glassy bodies1 are used1 and certain quantities of red lead and borax are also added4 ,,gem ,,cements3 ,see ,adhesives1 under ,jewelers' ,cements4 ,,german ,,silver3 ,see ,alloys4 ,,german ,,silver ,,solders3 ,see ,solders4 ,,gilding3 ,see ,paints1 ,plating1 and ,varnishes4 ,,gilding ,,glass3 ,see ,glass4 ,,gilding1 ,,to ,,clean3 ,see ,cleaning ,preparations and ,methods4 ,,gilding1 ,,renovation ,,of3 ,see ,cleaning ,compounds4 ,,gilding ,,substitute3 ,see ,plating4 ,,gilt1 ,,test ,,for3 ,see ,gold4 ,,gilt ,,work1 ,,to ,,burnish3 ,see ,gold4 #cga ,,gingerade3 ,see ,beverages4 ,,ginger ,,ale ,,and ,,ginger ,,beer3 ,see ,beverages4 ,,ginger ,,cordial3 ,see ,wines and ,liquors4 ,,ginger ,,extracts3 ,see ,essences and ,extracts4 ,glass ,bent ,glass4--,this was formerly used for show cases2 its use in store fronts is becoming more and more familiar1 large plates being bent for this purpose4 ,it is much used in the construction of dwellings1 in windows1 or rounded corners1 and in towers2 in coach fronts and in rounded front china closets4 ,either plain glass or beveled glass may be bent1 and to any curve4 ,the number of molds required in a glass-bending establishment is large4 ,the bending is done in a kiln4 ,glass melts at #b1cjj ,f42 the heat employed in bending is #a1hjj ,f4 ,no pyrometer would stand long in that heat1 so the heat of the kiln is judged from the color of the flame and other indications4 ,smaller pieces of glass are put into the molds in the kilns with forks made for the purpose4 ,the great molds used for bending large sheets of glass are mounted on cars1 that may be rolled in and out of kilns4 ,the glass is laid upon the top of the mold or cavity1 and is bent by its own weight4 ,as it is softened by the heat it sinks into the mold and so is bent4 ,it may take an hour or two to bend the glass1 which is then left in the kiln from #bd to #cf hours to anneal and cool4 ,glass of any kind or size is put into the kilns in its finished state2 the great heat to which it is subjected does not disturb the polished surface4 ,despite every precaution more or less glass is broken in bending4 ,bent glass costs about #ej per cent more than the flat4 ,the use of bent glass is increasing1 and there are #d or #e glass-bending establishments in the ,united ,states1 of which one is in the ,east4 ,colored ,glass4--,r4 ,zsigmondy has made some interesting experiments in coloring glass with metallic sulphides1 such as molybdenite1 and sulphides of antimony1 copper1 bismuth1 and nickel4 ,tests made with batches of #bj to #dj pounds and with a heat not too great1 give good results as follows3 ,sand1 #fe parts2 potash1 #ae parts2 soda1 #e parts2 lime1 #i parts2 molybdenite1 #c parts2 sulphide of sodium1 #b parts1 gave a dark reddish-brown glass4 ,in thinner layers this glass appeared light brownish yellow4 ,flashed with opal1 it became a smutty black brown4 ,sand1 #ej parts2 potash1 #ae parts2 soda1 #e parts2 lime1 #i parts2 molybdenite1 #a part2 sulphide of sodium1 #b parts1 gave a yellow glass4 ,sand1 #aj parts2 potash1 #c4c parts2 soda1 #j4bg parts2 lime1 #a4fd parts2 molybdenite1 #j4jc parts1 gave a reddish-yellow glass with a fine tinge of red4 ,sand1 #ajj parts2 potash1 #bf parts2 soda1 #ajh parts2 lime1 #ab parts2 sulphide of copper1 #a4g parts2 sulphide of sodium1 #b4c parts1 gave a dark-brown color1 varying from sepia to sienna4 ,in thick layers it was no longer transparent1 but still clear and unclouded4 ,when heated this glass became smutty black brown and clouded4 ,a fine copper red was obtained from sand1 #aj parts2 potash1 #c parts2 lime1 #a4b parts2 soda1 #j4be parts2 sulphide of copper1 #g4e parts2 sulphide of sodium1 #aj4e parts2 borax1 #i4e parts4 ,attempts to color with sulphides of antimony and bismuth failed4 ,but the addition of #g per cent of sulphide of nickel to an ordinary batch gave a glass of fine amethyst color4 ,coloring ,electric-,light ,bulbs and ,globes4--,two substances suggest themselves as excellent vehicles of color1 and both water soluble--water glass 7potassium or sodium silicate7 and gelatin4 ,for tinting1 water-soluble aniline colors should be tried4 ,the thickness of the solution must be a matter of experimentation4 ,prior to dipping the globes they should be made as free as possible from all grease1 dirt1 etc4 ,the gelatin solution should not be so thick that any appreciable layer of it will form on the surface of the glass1 and to prevent cracking1 some non-drying material should be added to it1 say glycerine4 ,rose-,tint ,glass4--,selenium is now used for coloring glass4 ,rose-tinted glass is made by adding selenium directly to the ingredients in the melting pot4 ,by mixing first with cadmium sulphide1 orange red is produced4 ,this process is stated not to require the reheating of the glass and its immersion in the coloring mixture1 as in the ordinary process of making red glass4 ,,cutting1 ,,drilling1 ,,grinding1 ,,and ,,shaping ,,glass3 ,to ,cut ,glass4--,i4--,glass may be cut without a diamond4 ,dip a piece of #cgb common string in alcohol and squeeze it reasonably dry4 ,then tie the string tightly around the glass on the line of cutting4 ,touch a match to the string and let it burn off4 ,the heat of the burning string will weaken the glass in this particular place4 ,while it is hot plunge the glass under water1 letting the arm go well under to the elbow1 so there will be no vibration when the glass is struck4 ,with the free hand strike the glass outside the line of cutting1 giving a quick1 sharp stroke with a stick of wood1 a long-bladed knife1 or the like1 and the cut will be as clean and straight as if made by a regular glass cutter4 ,the same principle may be employed to cut bottles into vases1 and to form all sorts of pretty things1 such as jewelry boxes1 picture panes1 trays1 small tablets1 windows for a doll house1 etc4 ,,ii4--,scratch the glass around the shape you desire with the corner of a file or graver2 then1 having bent a piece of wire into the same shape1 heat it red hot and lay it upon the scratch and sink the glass into cold water just deep enough for the water to come almost on a level with its upper surface4 ,it will rarely fail to break perfectly true4 ,to ,cut ,glass ,under ,water4--,it is possible to cut a sheet of glass roughly to any desired shape with an ordinary pair of scissors1 if the operation be performed under water4 ,of course1 a smooth edge cannot be obtained by such means1 but it will be found satisfactory4 ,drilling1 ,shaping1 and ,filing ,glass4--,take any good piece of steel wire1 file to the shape of a drill1 and then hold it in a flame till it is at a dull red heat2 then quench in metallic mercury4 ,a piece of good steel1 thus treated1 will bore through glass almost as easily as through soft brass4 ,in use1 lubricate with oil of turpentine in which camphor has been dissolved4 ,when the point of the drill has touched the other side put the glass in water1 and proceed with the drilling very slowly4 ,if not possible to do this1 reverse the work--turn the glass over and drill1 very carefully1 from the opposite side4 ,by proceeding with care you can easily drill three holes through glass #c_/af inch thick #a_/d of an inch apart4 ,in making the drill be careful not to make the point and the cutting edges too acute4 ,the drill cuts more slowly1 but more safely1 when the point and cutting edges are at a low angle4 ,to ,make ,holes in ,thin ,glass4--,to produce holes in panes of thin or weak glass1 provide the places to be perforated with a ring of moist loam1 whose center leaves free a portion of glass exactly the size of the desired hole4 ,pour molten lead into the ring1 and the glass and lead will fall through at once4 ,this process is based upon the rapid heating of the glass4 ,to ,grind ,glass4--,for the grinding of glass1 iron1 or steel laps and fine sand are first used2 after that1 the sand is replaced by emery4 ,then the polishing is started with pure lead or pure tin laps1 and finished with willow wood laps4 ,the polishing powder is tin putty1 but peroxide of iron or dioxide of tin is a good polishing medium4 ,pohl asserts that if glass is polished with crocus 7,paris red7 it appears of a dark or a yellowish-brown tint4 ,he contends that the crocus enters the pores of the glass1 and1 to prevent this1 he uses zinc white with the most satisfactory results4 ,a ,home-,made ,outfit for ,grinding ,glass4--,provide two pieces of cork1 one concave and one convex 7which may be cut to shape after fitting to the lathe74 ,take a copper cent or other suitable article and soft-solder a screw to fit the lathe1 and then wax it to the cork2 get a cheap emery wheel1 such as is used on sewing machines4 ,polish the edge on the zinc collar of the emery wheel 7or use a piece of zinc74 ,the other cork should be waxed to a penny and centered4 ,spectacle lenses may be cut on the same emery wheel if the wheel is attached to the lathe so as to revolve4 ,another method is to take a common piece of window glass 7green glass is the best7 and make a grindstone of that1 using the flat surface for grinding4 ,cement it on a large chuck1 the glass being from #b to #b #a_/b inches in diameter4 ,to ,drill ,optical ,glass4--,a graver sharpened to a long point is twisted between the fingers1 and pressed against the glass1 the point being moistened from time to time with turpentine4 ,when the hole is finished half way1 the drilling should be commenced from the other side4 ,the starting should be begun with care1 as otherwise the graver is likely to slide out and scratch the lens4 ,it is advisable to mark the point of drilling with a diamond1 and not to apply too great a pressure when twisting the graver4 ,lubricants for ,glass ,drilling4--,i4--,put garlic1 chopped in small pieces1 into spirit of turpentine and agitate the #cgc mixture from time to time4 ,filter at the end of a fortnight1 and when you desire to pierce the glass dip your bit or drill into this liquid1 taking care to moisten it constantly to prevent the drill1 etc41 from becoming heated4 ,,ii4--,place a little alum in acetic acid1 dip your drill into this and put a drop of it on the spot where the glass is to be pierced4 ,,gilding ,,glass4 ,when it is desired to gild glass for decorative purposes use a solution of gelatin in hot water1 to which an equal quantity of alcohol has been added4 ,the glass to be gilded is covered with this solution and the gold leaf put on while wet4 ,a sheet of soft cotton must be pressed and smoothed over the leaf until the gelatin below is evenly distributed4 ,this prevents spots in gilding4 ,careful apportionment of the gelatin is necessary4 ,if too much be used1 the gold may become spotted2 if too little1 the binding may be too weak to allow the gold to be polished4 ,the glass should be cleaned thoroughly before gilding4 ,after the gold leaf is put on the whole is allowed to dry for #aj or #bj minutes1 when the luster of the gold can be raised by a cautious rubbing with cotton4 ,then another layer of gelatin is spread on with one stroke of a soft brush1 and1 if especially good work be required1 a second layer of gold is put on and covered as before4 ,in this case1 however1 the gelatin is used hot4 ,after the gilding has become perfectly dry the letters or ornamentation are drawn and the surplus gold around the edges is taken off4 ,the gilding does not become thoroughly fixed until after several months1 and until then rough handling1 washing1 etc41 should be avoided4 ,the best backing for glass gilding is asphaltum1 with a little lampblack1 this to be mixed up with elastic varnish2 outside finishing varnish is the best1 as the addition of this material gives durability4 ,,glass ,,manufacturing3 ,see also ,ceramics4 ,the blue tint of the common poison bottle is got by the addition of black oxide of cobalt to the molten glass2 the green tint of the actinic glass bottle is obtained in the same way by the addition of potassium bichromate1 which is reduced to the basylous condition1 and the amber tint is produced by the addition of impure manganese dioxide1 a superior tint being produced by suphur in one form or another4 ,the formulas for various kinds of bottle glass1 which indicate the general composition of almost all glasses1 are3 ,white ,glass for ,ordinary ,molded ,bottles4-- ,sand #fd parts by weight ,lime #f parts by weight ,carbonate of sodium #bc parts by weight ,nitrate of sodium #e parts by weight ,white ,flint ,glass ,containing ,lead4-- ,sand #fc parts by weight ,lime #e parts by weight ,carbonate of sodium #ba parts by weight ,nitrate of sodium #c parts by weight ,red lead #h parts by weight ,ordinary ,green ,glass for ,dispensing ,bottles4-- ,sand #fc parts by weight ,carbonate of sodium #bf parts by weight ,lime #aa parts by weight ,amixture for producing a good green flint glass is much the same as that for the ordinary white flint glass1 except that the lime1 instead of being the purest1 is ordinary slaked lime1 and the sodium nitrate is omitted4 ,sand1 lime1 and sodium carbonate are the ordinary bases of glass1 while the sodium nitrate is the decolorizing agent4 ,glass ,refractory to ,heat4--,fine sand1 #gj parts2 potash1 #cj parts2 kaolin1 #be parts4 ,transparent ,ground ,glass4--,take hold of the glass by one corner with an ordinary pair of fire tongs4 ,hold it in front of a clear fire1 and heat to about #ih ,f41 or just hot enough to be held comfortably in the hand4 ,then hold the glass horizontally1 ground side uppermost1 and pour in the center a little photographer's dry-plate negative varnish4 ,tilt the glass so that the varnish spreads over it evenly1 then drain back the surplus varnish into the bottle from one corner of the glass4 ,hold the glass in front of the fire again for a few minutes and the varnish will crystallize on its surface1 making it transparent4 ,the glass should not be made too hot before the varnish is put on1 or the varnish will not run evenly4 ,this method answers very well for self-made magic-lantern slides4 ,ground glass may be made temporarily transparent by wiping with a sponge dipped in paraffine or glycerine4 ,,water-,,tight ,,glass3 ,water-,tight ,glass ,roofs4--,glass roofs1 the skeletons of which are constructed #cgd of iron1 are extremely difficult to keep water-tight1 as the iron expands and contracts with atmospheric changes4 ,to meet this evil1 it is necessary to use an elastic putty1 which follows the variations of the iron4 ,a good formula is3 ,two parts rosin and one part tallow1 melted together and stirred together thoroughly with a little minium4 ,this putty is applied hot upon strips of linen or cotton cloth1 on top and below1 and these are pasted while the putty is still warm1 with one edge on the iron ribs and the other1 about one-fourth inch broad1 over the glass4 ,tightening ,agent for ,acid ,receptacles4--,cracked vessels of glass or porcelain1 for use in keeping acids1 can be made tight by applying a cement prepared in the following manner3 ,take finely sifted sand1 some asbestos with short fiber1 a little magnesia and add enough concentrated water glass to obtain a readily kneadable mass4 ,the acid renders the putty firm and waterproof4 ,,pencils ,,for ,,marking ,,glass3 ,see also ,etching and ,frosted ,glass4 ,crayons for ,writing on ,glass4--,i4--,the following is a good formula3 ,spermaceti #d parts ,tallow #c parts ,wax #b parts ,red lead #f parts ,potassium carbonate #a part ,melt the spermaceti1 tallow1 and wax together over a slow fire1 and when melted stir in1 a little at a time1 the potassium carbonate and red lead1 previously well mixed4 ,continue the heat for #bj or #cj minutes1 stirring constantly4 ,withdraw from the source of heat1 and let cool down somewhat1 under constant stirring1 at the temperature of about #ahj ,f42 before the mixture commences to set1 pour off into molds and let cool4 ,the latter may be made of bits of glass tubing of convenient diameter and length4 ,after the mixture cools1 drive the crayons out by means of a rod that closely fits the diameter of the tubes4 ,,ii4--,take sulphate of copper1 #a part1 and whiting1 #a part4 ,reduce these to a fine powder and mix with water2 next roll this paste into the shape of crayons and let dry4 ,when it is desired to write on the glass use one of these crayons and wipe the traced designs4 ,to make them reappear breathe on the glass4 ,,iii4--,melt together1 spermaceti1 #c parts2 talc1 #c parts1 and wax1 #b parts4 ,when melted stir in #f parts of minium and #a part of caustic potash4 ,continue heating for #cj minutes1 then cast in suitable molds4 ,when formed and ready to be put away dust them with talc powder1 or roll each pencil in paraffine powder4 ,,prevention ,,of ,,fogging1 ,,dimming1 ,,and ,,clouding4 ,i4--,place a few flat glass or porcelain dishes with calcium chloride in each window4 ,this substance eagerly absorbs all moisture from the air4 ,the contents of the dishes have to be renewed every #b or #c days1 and the moist calcium chloride rigorously dried1 whereupon it may be used over again4 ,,ii4--,apply to the inside face of the glass a thin layer of glycerine1 which does not permit the vapor to deposit in fine drops and thus obstruct the light4 ,double glass may also be used4 ,in this way the heat of the inside is not in direct contact with the cold outside4 ,,iii4--,by means of the finger slightly moistened1 apply a film of soap of any brand or kind to the mirror2 then rub this off with a clean1 dry cloth2 the mirror will be as bright and clear as ever2 breathing on it will not affect its clearness4 ,,iv4--,window glass becomes dull during storage by reason of the presence of much alkali4 ,this can be avoided by taking sand1 #afj parts2 calcined sodium sulphate1 #ge2 powdered marble1 #ej2 and coke1 #d to #e parts4 ,about #c parts of the sodium sulphate may be replaced by an equal quantity of potash4 ,,frosted ,,glass4 ,i4--,a frosted appearance may be given to glass by covering it with a mixture of ,magnesium sulphate #f ounces ,dextrin #b ounces ,water #bj ounces ,when this solution dries1 the magnesium sulphate crystallizes in fine needles4 ,,ii4--,another formula directs a strong solution of sodium or magnesium sulphate1 applied warm1 and afterwards coated with a thin solution of acacia4 ,,iii4--,a more permanent 8frost0 may be put on the glass by painting with white lead and oil1 either smooth or in stipple effect4 ,the use of lead acetate with oil gives a more pleasing effect1 perhaps1 than the plain white lead4 ,,iv4--,if still greater permanency is desired1 the glass may be ground by rubbing with some gritty substance4 #cge ,v4--,for a temporary frosting1 dip a piece of flat marble into glass cutter's sharp sand1 moistened with water2 rub over the glass1 dipping frequently in sand and water4 ,if the frosting is required very fine1 finish off with emery and water4 ,mix together a strong1 hot solution of ,epsom salt and a clear solution of gum arabic2 apply warm4 ,or use a strong solution of sodium sulphate1 warm1 and when cool1 wash with gum water4 ,or daub the glass with a lump of glazier's putty1 carefully and uniformly1 until the surface is equally covered4 ,this is an excellent imitation of ground glass1 and is not disturbed by rain or damp4 ,,vi4--,this imitates ground glass3 ,sandarac #b #a_/b ounces ,mastic #a_/b ounce ,ether #bd ounces ,benzine #af to #ah ounces ,,vii4--,take white lead ground in a mixture of #c_/d varnish and #a_/d oil of turpentine1 to which burnt white vitriol and white sugar of lead are added for drier4 ,the paint must be prepared exceedingly thin and applied to the glass evenly1 using a broad brush4 ,if the windows require a new coat1 the old one is first removed by the use of a strong lye1 or else apply a mixture of hydrochloric acid1 #b parts2 vitriol1 #b parts2 copper sulphate1 #a part2 and gum arabic #a part1 by means of a brush4 ,the production of this imitation frosting entails little expense and is of special advantage when a temporary use of the glass is desired4 ,,viii4--,a little ,epsom salt 7sulphate of magnesia7 stirred in beer with a small dose of dextrin and applied on the panes by means of a sponge or a brush permits of obtaining mat panes4 ,hoarfrost ,glass4--,the feathery foams traced by frost on the inside of the windows in cold weather may be imitated as follows3 ,the surface is first ground either by sand-blast or the ordinary method1 and is then covered with a sort of varnish4 ,on being dried either in the sun or by artificial heat1 the varnish contracts strongly1 taking with it the particles of glass to which it adheres2 and as the contraction takes places along definite lines1 the pattern given by the removal of the particles of glass resembles very closely the branching crystals of frostwork4 ,a single coat gives a small1 delicate effect1 while a thick film1 formed by putting on #b1 #c or more coats1 contracts so strongly as to produce a large and bold design4 ,by using colored glass1 a pattern in half-tint may be made on the colored ground1 and after decorating white glass1 the back may be silvered or gilded4 ,engraving1 ,matting1 and ,frosting4--,cover the glass with a layer of wax or of varnish on which the designs are traced with a graver or pen-point2 next1 hydrofluoric acid is poured on the tracings4 ,this acid is very dangerous to handle1 while the following process1 though furnishing the same results1 does not present this drawback3 ,take powdered fluoride of lime1 #a part1 and sulphuric acid1 #b parts4 ,make a homogeneous paste1 which is spread on the parts reserved for the engraving or frosting4 ,at the end of #c or #d hours wash with water to remove the acid1 next with alcohol to take off the varnish1 or with essence of turpentine if wax has been employed for stopping off4 ,to ,render ,window ,panes ,opaque4--,i4--,panes may be rendered mat and non-transparent by painting them on one side with a liquid prepared by grinding whiting with potash water-glass solution4 ,after one or two applications1 the panes are perfectly opaque1 while admitting the light4 ,,ii4--,paint the panes with a solution of ,dextrin #bjj parts by weight ,zinc vitriol #hjj parts by weight ,bitter salt #cjj parts by weight ,in water #b1jjj parts by weight ,,iii4--,for deadening panes already set in frames the following is suitable3 ,dissolve #a part of wax in #aj parts of oil of turpentine1 adding #a part of varnish and #a part of siccative4 ,with this mixture coat the panes on the outside and dab1 while still wet1 with a pad of cotton wadding4 ,if desired small quantities of ,paris blue1 madder lake1 etc41 may be added to the wax solution4 ,,iv4--,for deadening window panes in factories and workshops3 ,to beeswax dissolved in oil of turpentine1 add some dryer and varnish to obtain a quicker drying and hardening4 ,after the window pane has been coated with this mixture on the outside1 it is dabbed uniformly with a pad of wadding4 ,the wax may be tinted with glazing colors4 ,frosted ,mirrors4--,i4--,cover with a solution of ,epsom salts in stale beer2 apply with a sponge to the mirror1 first wiping it clean and dry4 ,on drying1 the ,epsom salt crystallizes1 giving very handsome frosted effects1 but the solution must not be applied on humid days #cgf when the glass is liable to be damp1 for in that case the effect will be a blurred one4 ,when it is desirable to remove the coating1 lukewarm water will serve the purpose without damage to the luster of the mirror4 ,,ii4--,the following mixture1 when applied to a mirror and left to dry1 will form in many shapes1 all radiating from a focus1 this focus forming anywhere on the glass1 and when all dry tends to form a most pleasing object to the eye4 ,sour ale #d ounces ,magnesium sulphate #a ounce ,put on the mirror with a small1 clean sponge and let dry4 ,it is now ready for the artist1 and he may choose his own colors and subject4 ,crystalline ,coatings or ,frostwork on ,glass or ,paper4--,dissolve a small quantity of dextrin 7gum arabic and tragacanth are not so suitable7 in aqueous salt solution as concentrated as possible1 for instance1 in sulphate of magnesia 7bitter salt71 sulphate of zinc or any other readily crystallizing salt2 filter the solution through white blotting paper and coat glass panes uniformly thin with the clear filtrate1 using a fine1 broad badger brush2 leave them lying at an ordinary medium temperature about one-quarter hour in a horizontal position4 ,as the water slowly evaporates during this short time1 handsome crystalline patterns1 closely resembling frostwork1 will develop gradually on the glass panes1 which adhere so firmly to the glass or the paper 7if well-sized glazed paper had been used7 that they will not rub off easily4 ,they can be permanently fixed by a subsequent coat of alcoholic shellac solution4 ,especially handsome effects are produced with colored glass panes thus treated1 and in the case of reflected light by colored paper4 ,for testing crystals as regards their optical behavior1 among others their behavior to polarized light1 it is sufficient to pour a solution of collodion wool 7soluble peroxide lime for the preparation of collodion7 over the surface of glass with the crystalline designs1 and to pull off the dry collodion film carefully4 ,if this is done cautiously it is not difficult to lift the whole crystalline group from the glass plate and to incorporate it with the glass-like1 thin collodion film4 ,,removing ,,window ,,frost4 ,here are fourteen methods of preventing frost on windows1 arranged in the order of their efficacy3 #a1 ,flame of an alcohol lamp2 #b1 sulphuric acid2 #c1 aqua ammonia2 #d1 glycerine2 #e1 aqua regia2 #f1 hydrochloric acid2 #g1 benzine2 #h1 hydriodic acid2 #i1 boric acid2 #aj1 alcohol2 #aa1 nitric acid2 #ab1 cobalt nitrate2 #ac1 infusion of nutgalls2 #ad1 tincture of ferrous sulphate4 ,by the use of an alcohol lamp 7which1 of course1 has to be handled with great care7 the results are immediate1 and the effect more nearly permanent than by any other methods4 ,the sulphuric acid application is made with a cotton cloth swab1 care being taken not to allow any dripping1 and so with all other acids4 ,the effect of the aqua ammonia is almost instantaneous1 but the window is frosted again in a short time4 ,with the glycerine there are very good results--but slight stains on the window which may be easily removed4 ,the instructions for glycerine are3 ,dissolve #b ounces of glycerine in #a quart of #fb per cent alcohol containing1 to improve the odor1 some oil of amber4 ,when the mixture clarifies it is rubbed over the inner surface of the glass4 ,this1 it is claimed1 not only prevents the formation of frost1 but also prevents sweating4 ,to ,prevent ,dimming of ,eyeglasses1 etc4--,mix olein-potash soap with about #c per cent of glycerine and a little oil turpentine4 ,similar mixtures have also been recommended for polishing physicians' reflectors1 show-windows1 etc41 to prevent dimming4 ,,writing ,,on ,,glass3 ,see also ,etching and ,inks4 ,composition for ,writing on ,glass4--,to obtain mat designs on glass1 take sodium fluoride1 #ce parts2 potassium sulphate1 #g parts2 zinc chloride1 #ae parts2 hydrochloric acid1 #fe parts2 distilled water1 #a1jjj parts4 ,dissolve the sodium fluoride and the potassium sulphate in half the water2 dissolve the zinc chloride in the remaining water and add the hydrochloric acid4 ,preserve these two solutions separately4 ,for use1 mix a little of each solution and write on the glass with a pen or brush4 ,ink for ,writing on ,glass4-- ,shellac #bj parts ,alcohol #aej parts ,borax #ce parts ,water #bej parts ,water-soluble dye sufficient to color4 ,dissolve the shellac in the alcohol1 the borax in the water1 and pour the shellac #cgg solution slowly into that of the borax4 ,then add the coloring matter previously dissolved in a little water4 ,,glass ,,and ,,glassware ,,cement3 ,see ,adhesives and ,amalgams4 ,,glass ,,cleaners3 ,see ,cleaning ,preparations and ,methods4 ,,glass1 ,,coppering1 ,,gilding1 ,,and ,,plating3 ,see ,plating4 ,,glass ,,etching3 ,see ,etching4 ,,glass1 ,,how ,,to ,,affix ,,sign-,,letters ,,on3 ,see ,adhesives under ,sign-,letter ,cements4 ,,glass1 ,,fastening ,,metals ,,on3 ,see ,adhesives4 ,,glass ,,lettering3 ,see ,lettering4 ,,glass ,,lubricants3 ,see ,lubricants4 ,,glass1 ,,percentage ,,of ,,light ,,absorbed ,,by3 ,see ,light4 ,,glass ,,polishes3 ,see ,polishes4 ,,glass1 ,,silvering ,,of3 ,see ,mirrors4 ,,glass ,,solders3 ,see ,solders4 ,,glass1 ,,soluble1 ,,as ,a ,,cement3 ,see ,adhesives4 ,,glass1 ,,to ,,affix ,,paper ,,on3 ,see ,adhesives1 under ,water-,glass ,cements4 ,,glass1 ,,to ,,silver3 ,see ,silver4 ,glazes 7,see also ,ceramics1 ,enamels1 ,paints1 and ,varnishes47 ,glazes for ,cooking ,vessels4--,melt a frit of red lead1 #bb4i parts 7by weight72 crystallized boracic acid1 #ca parts2 enamel soda1 #db4d parts2 cooking salt1 #aj parts2 gravel1 #ab parts2 feldspar1 #h parts4 ,according to the character of the clay1 this frit is mixed with varying quantities of sand1 feldspar and kaolin1 in the following manner3 ,frit #hd #hd #hd #hd ,red lead #a4e #a4e #a4e #a4e ,gravel #h #f #c ,feldspar #b #e #h ,kaolin1 burnt #f4e #f4e #f4e #f4e ,glazes which are produced without addition of red lead to the frit1 are prepared as follows4 ,melt a frit of the following composition3 ,red lead1 #bb4i parts 7by weight72 boracic acid in crystals1 #bd4h parts2 enamel soda1 #cg4a parts2 calcined potash1 #f4i parts2 cooking salt1 #aj parts2 chalk1 #aj parts2 gravel1 #ab parts2 feldspar1 #h parts4 ,from the frit the following glazes are prepared3 ,frit #hf4e #hf4e #hf4e #hf4e ,gravel #g #d4e #c ,feldspar #b4e #d #g ,kaolin1 burnt #f4e #f4e #f4e #f4e ,glazing on ,size ,colors4--,the essential condition for this work is a well-sized foundation4 ,for the glazing paint1 size is likewise used as a binder1 but a little dissolved soap is added1 of about the strength employed for coating ceilings4 ,good veining can be done with this1 and a better effect can be produced in executing pieces which are to appear in relief1 such as car-touches1 masks1 knobs1 etc41 than with the ordinary means4 ,a skillful grainer may also impart to the work the pleasant luster of natural wood4 ,the same glazing method is applicable to colored paintings4 ,if the glazing colors are prepared with wax1 dissolved in ,french turpentine1 one may likewise glaze with them on a size-paint ground4 ,glazing tube-oil colors thinned with turpentine and siccative1 are also useful for this purpose4 ,for the shadows1 asphalt and ,van ,dyke brown are recommended1 while the contour may be painted with size-paint4 ,coating ,metallic ,surfaces with ,glass4--,metallic surfaces may be coated with glass by melting together #abe parts 7by weight7 of flint-glass fragments1 #bj parts of sodium carbonate1 and #ab parts of boracic acid4 ,the molten mass is next poured on a hard and cold surface1 stone or metal4 ,after it has cooled1 it is powdered4 ,make a mixture of #ej ,b4 of this powder and sodium silicate 7water glass74 ,the metal to be glazed is coated with this and heated in a muffle or any other oven until the mixture melts and can be evenly distributed4 ,this glass coating adheres firmly to iron and steel4 ,glaze for ,bricks4--,a glazing color for bricks patented in ,germany is a #cgh composition of #ab parts 7by weight7 lead2 #d parts litharge2 #c parts quartzose sand2 #d parts white argillaceous earth2 #b parts kitchen salt2 #b parts finely crushed glass1 and #a part saltpeter4 ,these ingredients are all reduced to a powder and then mixed with a suitable quantity of water4 ,the color prepared in this manner is said to possess great durability1 and to impart a fine luster to the bricks4 ,,glazes ,,for ,,laundry3 ,see ,laundry ,preparations4 ,,globes1 ,,how ,,to ,,color3 ,see ,glass-,coloring4 ,,globes1 ,,percentage ,,of ,,light ,,absorbed ,,by3 ,see ,light4 ,,globes1 ,,silvering ,,of3 ,see ,mirrors4 ,,gloss ,,for ,,paper3 ,see ,paper4 ,,glove-,,cleaners3 ,see ,cleaning ,compounds4 ,,gloves1 ,,substitute ,,for ,,rubber3 ,see ,antiseptics4 ,,gloves1 ,,testing3 ,see ,rubber4 ,,glucose ,,in ,,jelly3 ,see ,foods4 ,glue 7,formulas for ,glues and methods of manufacturing ,glue will be found under ,adhesives47 ,rendering ,glue ,insoluble in ,water4--,stuebling finds that the usual mixture of bichromate and glue when used in the ordinary way does not possess the waterproof properties with which it is generally credited4 ,if mixed in the daylight1 it sets hard before it can be applied to the surfaces to be glued1 and if mixed and applied in the dark room it remains just as soluble as ordinary glue1 the light being unable to penetrate the interior of the joints4 ,neither is a mixture of linseed oil and glue of any use for this purpose4 ,happening to upset a strong solution of alum--prepared for wood staining--into an adjacent glue pot1 he stirred up the two together out of curiosity and left them4 ,wishing to use the glue a few days later1 he tried to thin it down with water1 but unsuccessfully1 the glue having set to a waterproof mass4 ,fresh glue was then mixed with alum solution and used to join two pieces of wood1 these resisting the action of the water completely4 ,to ,bleach ,glue4--,dissolve the glue in water1 by heat1 and while hot1 add a mixture in equal parts of oxalic acid and zinc oxide1 to an amount equal to about #a per cent of the glue4 ,after the color has been removed1 strain through muslin4 ,method of ,purifying ,glue4--,the glue is soaked in cold water and dissolved in a hot #be per cent solution of magnesium sulphate4 ,the hot solution is filtered1 and to the filtrate is added a #be per cent solution of magnesium sulphate containing #j4e per cent of hydrochloric acid 7or1 if necessary1 sulphuric acid74 ,a white flocculent precipitate is obtained which is difficult to filter4 ,the remainder of the glue in the saline solution is extracted by treatment with magnesium sulphate4 ,the viscous matter is washed1 then dissolved in hot water1 and allowed to cool1 a quantity of weak alcohol acidulated by #a per cent of hydrochloric acid being added just before the mass solidifies4 ,from #b to #c parts1 by volume1 of strong alcohol 7methyl or ethyl7 are then added and the solution filtered1 charcoal being used if necessary4 ,the glue is finally precipitated from this solution by neutralizing with ammonia and washing with alcohol or water4 ,to ,distinguish ,glue and ,other ,adhesive ,agents4--,the product to be examined is heated with hydrofluoric acid 7#ej per cent74 ,if bone glue is present in any reasonable quantity1 an intense odor of butyric acid arises at once1 similar to that of ,limburger cheese4 ,but if dextrin or gum arabic is present1 only an odor of dextrine or fluorhydric acid will be perceptible4 ,conduct the reaction with small quantities2 otherwise the smell will be so strong that it is hard to remove from the room4 ,,glue ,,clarifier3 ,see ,gelatin4 ,glycerine ,recovering ,glycerine from ,soap ,boiler's ,lye4--,i4--,glycerine is obtained as a by-product in making soap4 ,for many years the lyes were thrown away as waste1 but now considerable quantities of glycerine are recovered1 which are much used in making explosive compounds4 ,when a metallic salt or one of the alkalies1 as caustic soda1 is added to tallow1 a stearite of the metal 7common soap is stearite of sodium7 is formed1 whereby the glycerine is eliminated4 #cgi ,this valuable by-product is contained in the waste lye1 and has formed the subject of several patents4 ,draw the lye off from the soap-pans2 this contains a large quantity of water1 some salt and soap and a small quantity of glycerine1 and the great trouble is to concentrate the lye so that the large quantity of water is eliminated1 sometimes #aj to #ab days being occupied in doing this4 ,the soap and salt are easily removed4 ,to remove the soap1 run the lye into a series of tanks alternating in size step-like1 so that as the first1 which should be the largest1 becomes full1 the liquor will flow into the second1 from that into the third1 and so on2 by this arrangement the rosinous and albuminous matters will settle1 and the soap still contained in the lyes will float on the surface1 from which it is removed by skimming4 ,after thus freeing the lye of the solid impurities1 convey the purified lye to the glycerine recovering department 7wooden troughs or pipes may be used to do this71 and after concentrating by heating it in a steam-jacketed boiler1 and allowing it to cool somewhat1 ladle out the solid salt that separates1 and afterwards concentrate the lye by allowing it to flow into a tank1 but before doing so let the fluid come in contact with a hot blast of air or superheated steam1 whereby the crude discolored glycerine is obtained4 ,this is further purified by heating with animal charcoal to decolorize it1 then distilling several times in copper stills with superheated steam4 ,the chief points to attend to are3 7#a7 ,the neutralizing and concentrating the lye as much as possible and then separating the salts and solid matters2 7#b7 concentrating the purified lye1 and mixing this fluid with oleic acid1 oil1 tallow1 or lard1 and heating the mixture to #cch ,f41 in a still1 by steam1 and gradually raise the heat to #cgb ,f42 7#c7 stirring the liquor while being heated1 and allowing the aqueous vapor to escape1 and when thus concentrated1 saponifying the liquid with lime to eliminate the glycerine2 water is at the same time expelled1 but this is removed from the glycerine by evaporating the mixture4 ,,ii4--,in ,w4 ,e4 ,garrigues's patent for the recovering of glycerine from spent soap lyes1 the liquid is neutralized with a mineral acid1 and after separation of the insoluble fatty acids it is concentrated and then freed from mineral salts and volatile fatty acids1 and the concentrated glycerine solution treated with an alkaline substance and distilled4 ,thus the soap lye may be neutralized with sulphuric acid1 and aluminum sulphate added to precipitate the insoluble fatty acids4 ,the filtrate from these is concentrated and the separated mineral salts removed1 after which barium chloride is added and then sufficient sulphuric acid to liberate the volatile fatty acids combined with the alkali4 ,these acids are partially enveloped in the barium sulphate1 with which they can be separated from the liquid by filtration1 while the remaining portion can be expelled by evaporating the liquid in a vacuum evaporator4 ,finally1 the solution is treated with sodium carbonate1 and the glycerine distilled4 ,glycerine ,lotion4-- ,glycerine #d ounces ,essence bouquet #a_/d ounce ,water #d ounces ,cochineal coloring1 a sufficient quantity4 7,see also ,cosmetics for ,glycerine ,lotions47 ,,glycerine ,,applications3 ,see ,cosmetics4 ,,glycerine ,,as ,a ,,detergent3 ,see ,cleaning ,preparations and ,methods4 ,,glycerine ,,process3 ,see ,photography4 ,,glycerine ,,soap3 ,see ,soap4 ,,glycerine ,,developer3 ,see ,photography4 ,gold 7,see also ,jewelers' ,formulas47 ,gold ,printing on ,oilcloth and ,imitation ,leather4--,oilcloth can very easily be gilt if the right degree of heat is observed4 ,after the engraving has been put in the press1 the latter is heated slightly1 so that it is still possible to lay the palm of the hand on the heated plate without any unpleasant sensation4 ,go over the oilcloth with a rag in which a drop of olive oil has been rubbed up1 which gives a greasy film4 ,no priming with white of egg or any other priming agent should be done1 since the gold leaf would stick4 ,avoid sprinkling on gilding powder4 ,the gold leaf is applied directly on the oilcloth2 then place in the lukewarm press1 squeezing it down with #chj a quick jerky motion and opening it at once4 ,if the warm plate remains too long on the oilcloth1 the gold leaf will stick4 ,when the impression is done1 the gold leaf is not swept off at once1 but the oilcloth is first allowed to cool completely for several minutes1 since there is a possibility that it has become slightly softened under the influence of the heat1 especially at the borders of the pressed figures1 and the gold would stick there if swept off immediately4 ,the printing should be sharp and neat and the gold glossy4 ,for bronze printing on oilcloth1 a preliminary treatment of printing with varnish ground should be given4 ,the bronze is dusted on this varnish4 ,imitation leather is generally treated in the same manner4 ,the tough paper substance is made to imitate leather perfectly as regards color and pressing1 especially the various sorts of calf1 but the treatment in press gilding differs entirely from that of genuine leather4 ,the stuff does not possess the porous1 spongy nature of leather1 but on the contrary is very hard1 and in the course of manufacture in stained-paper factories is given an almost waterproof coating of color and varnish4 ,hence the applied ground of white of egg penetrates but slightly into this substance1 and a thin layer of white of egg remains on the surface4 ,the consequence is that in gilding the gold leaf is prone to become attached1 the ground of albumen being quickly dissolved under the action of the heat and put in a soft sticky state even in places where there is no engraving4 ,in order to avoid this the ground is either printed only lukewarm1 or this imitation leather is not primed at all1 but the gold is applied immediately upon going over the surface with the oily rag4 ,print with a rather hot press1 with about the same amount of heat as is employed for printing shagreen and title paper4 ,a quick jerky printing1 avoiding a long pressure of the plate1 is necessary4 ,liquid ,gold4--,take an evaporating dish1 put into it #hhj parts1 by weight1 of pure gold2 then #d1djj parts1 by weight1 of muriatic acid1 and #c1ebj parts1 by weight1 nitric acid2 place over a gas flame until the gold is dissolved1 and then add to it #bb parts1 by weight1 of pure tin2 when the tin is dissolved add #db parts1 by weight1 of butter of antimony4 ,let all remain over the gas until the mixture begins to thicken4 ,now put into a glass and test with the hydrometer1 which should give about #a1hjj specific gravity4 ,pour into a large glass and fill up with water until the hydrometer shows #ajij2 pour all the solution into a chemical pot and add to it #a1gfj parts1 by weight1 balsam of sulphur1 stirring well all the while1 and put it over the gas again2 in an hour it should give1 on testing1 #abe ,f42 gradually increase the heat up to #ahe ,f41 when it should be well stirred and then left to cool about #ab hours4 ,pour the watery fluid into a large vessel and wash the dark-looking mass #e or #f times with hot water2 save each lot of water as it contains some portion of gold4 ,remove all moisture from the dark mass by rolling on a slab and warming before the fire occasionally so as to keep it soft4 ,when quite dry add #b #a_/d times its weight of turpentine and put it over a small flame for about #b hours2 then slightly increase the heat for another hour and a half4 ,allow this to stand about #bd hours1 and then take a glazed bowl and spread over the bottom of it #a1gfj parts1 by weight1 of finely powdered bismuth2 pour the prepared gold over it in several places4 ,now take a vessel containing water and place inside the other vessel containing the gold1 and heat it so as to cause the water to boil for #c hours2 allow it to remain until settled and pour off the gold from the settlings of the bismuth1 and try it2 if not quite right continue the last process with bismuth until good2 the bismuth causes the gold to adhere4 ,preparation of ,balsam of ,sulphur4--,take #af parts oil of turpentine2 #b #a_/b parts spirits of turpentine2 #h parts flour of sulphur4 ,place all in a chemical pot and heat until it boils2 continue the boiling until no sulphur can be seen in it2 now remove from the heat and thin it with turpentine until about the thickness of treacle1 then warm it again1 stirring well2 allow it to cool until it reaches #de ,f41 then test it with the hydrometer1 and if specific gravity is not #iie continue the addition of turpentine and warming until correct1 let it thoroughly cool1 then bottle1 keeping it air-tight4 ,to ,purify ,bismuth4--,take #f parts bismuth metal1 #c_/d part saltpeter4 ,melt together in a biscuit cup1 pour out on to a slab1 and take away all dirt1 then grind into a fine powder4 ,to ,recover the ,gold from the ,remains of the ,foregoing ,process4--,put all the 8watery0 solutions into a large vessel and mix with a filtered saturated solution of copperas2 this will cause #cha a precipitate of pure metallic gold to gradually subside2 wash it with cold water and dry in an evaporating dish4 ,all rags and settlings that are thick should be burnt in a crucible until a yellow mass is seen2 then take this and dissolve it in #b parts muriatic acid and #a part nitric acid4 ,let it remain in a porcelain dish until it begins to thicken1 and crystals form on the sides4 ,add a little nitric acid1 and heat until crystals again form4 ,now take this and mix with cold water1 add a solution of copperas to it and allow it to settle2 pour off the water1 and with fresh water wash till quite free from acid4 ,the gold may then be used again1 and if great care is exercised almost one-half the original quantity may be recovered4 ,the quantities given in the recipe should produce about #ac to #ae parts of the liquid gold4 ,it does not in use require any burnishing1 and should be fired at rose-color heat4 ,if desired it can be fluxed with ,venice turpentine1 oil of lavender1 or almonds4 ,treatment of ,brittle ,gold4--,i4--,add to every #ajj parts1 by weight1 #e to #h parts1 by weight1 of cupric chloride and melt until the oily layer which forms has disappeared4 ,then pour out1 and in most cases a perfectly pliable gold will have been obtained4 ,if this should not be the case after the first fusion1 repeat the operation with the same quantity of cupric chloride4 ,the cupric chloride must be kept in a well-closed bottle1 made tight with paraffine1 and in a dry place4 ,,ii4--,pass chlorine gas through the molten gold1 by which treatment most of the gold which has otherwise been set aside as unfit for certain kinds of work may be redeemed4 ,assaying of ,gold4--,to determine the presence of gold in ores1 etc41 mix a small quantity of the finely powdered ore in a flask with an equal volume of tincture of iodine1 shake repeatedly and well1 and leave in contact about #a hour1 with repeated shaking4 ,next allow the mixture to deposit and dip a narrow strip of filtering paper into the solution4 ,allow the paper to absorb1 next to dry2 then dip it again into the solution1 repeating this #e to #f times1 so that the filtering paper is well saturated and impregnated4 ,the strip is now calcined1 as it were1 and the ashes1 if gold is present1 show a purple color4 ,the coloring disappears immediately if the ashes are moistened with bromine water4 ,the same test may also be modified as follows3 ,cover the finely pulverized ore with bromine water1 shake well and repeatedly during about #a hour of the contact1 and filter4 ,now add to the solution stannic protochloride in solution1 whereby1 in case gold is present1 a purple color 7gold purple of ,cassius7 will at once appear4 ,in case the ore to be assayed contains sulphides1 it is well to roast the ore previously1 and should it contain lime carbonate1 it is advisable to calcine the ore before in the presence of ammonium carbonate4 ,gold ,welding4--,gold may be welded together with any metal1 if the right methods are employed1 but best with copper4 ,some recipes for welding agents are here given4 ,i4--,two parts by weight 7#af ounces equal #a pound7 of green vitriol2 #a part by weight 7#af ounces equal #a pound7 of saltpeter2 #f parts by weight 7#af ounces equal #a pound7 of common salt2 #a part by weight 7#af ounces equal #a pound7 of black manganic oxide or pulverized1 and mixed with #dh parts by weight 7#af ounces equal #a pound7 of good welding sand4 ,,ii4--,filings of the metal to be used in welding are mixed with melted borax in the usual proportion4 ,to be applied in the thickness desired4 ,,iii4--,a mixture of #cch parts of sodium phosphate and #abd parts of boracic acid is used when the metal is at dark-red heat4 ,the metal is then to be brought to a bright-red heat1 and hammered at the same time4 ,the metal easily softens at a high temperature1 and a wooden mallet is best4 ,all substances containing carbon should be removed from the surface1 as success depends upon the formation of a fusible copper phosphate1 which dissolves a thin layer of oxide on the surface1 and keeps the latter in good condition for welding4 ,to ,recover ,gold-,leaf ,waste4--,to recover the gold from color waste1 gold brushes1 rags1 etc41 they are burned up to ashes4 ,the ashes are leached with boiling water containing hydrochloric acid4 ,the auriferous residuum is then boiled with aqua regia 7#a part nitric acid and #c parts hydrochloric acid71 whereby the gold is dissolved and gold chloride results4 ,after filtration and evaporation to dryness the product is dissolved in water and precipitated with sulphate of protoxide of iron4 ,the precipitated gold powder is purified with hydrochloric acid4 ,gold from ,acid ,coloring ,baths4--,i4--,different lots are to be poured together #chb and the gold in them recovered4 ,the following method is recommended3 ,dissolve a handful of phosphate of iron in boiling water1 to which liquor add the coloring baths1 whereby small particles of gold are precipitated4 ,then draw off the water1 being careful not to dissolve the auriferous sediment at the bottom4 ,free this from all traces of acid by washing with plenty of boiling water2 it will require #c or #d separate washings1 with sufficient time between each to allow the water to cool and the sediment to settle before pouring off the water4 ,then dry in an iron vessel by the fire and fuse in a covered skittlepot with a flux4 ,,ii4--,the collected old coloring baths are poured into a sufficiently large pot1 an optional quantity of nitro-muriatic acid is added1 and the pot is placed over the fire1 during which time the fluid is stirred with a wooden stick4 ,it is taken from the fire after a while1 diluted largely with rain water and filtered through coarse paper4 ,the gold is recovered from the filtered solution with a solution of green vitriol which is stored in air-tight bottles1 then freshened with hot water1 and finally smelted with borax and a little saltpeter4 ,parting with ,concentrated ,sulphuric ,acid4--,it is not necessary scrupulously to observe the exact proportion of the gold to the silver4 ,after having prepared the auriferous silver1 place it in a quantity of concentrated sulphuric acid contained in a porcelain vessel1 and let it come to a violent boil4 ,when the acid has either become saturated and will dissolve no more1 or when solution is complete1 remove the dissolving vessel from the fire1 let it cool1 and1 for the purpose of clarifying1 pour dilute sulphuric acid into the solution4 ,the dissolved silver is next carefully decanted from the gold sediment upon the bottom1 another portion of concentrated acid is poured in1 and the gold is well boiled again1 as it will still contain traces of silver2 this operation may be repeated as often as is deemed necessary4 ,the solution1 poured into the glass jars1 is well diluted with water1 and the silver is then precipitated by placing a sheet of copper in the solution4 ,the precipitate is then freshened with hot water1 which may also be done by washing upon the filter2 the granulated silver 7sulphate of silver7 is pressed out in linen1 dried and smelted4 ,the freshened gold1 after drying1 is first smelted with bisulphate of soda1 in order to convert the last traces of silver into sulphate1 and then smelted with borax and a little saltpeter4 ,to ,remove ,gold from ,silver4--,i4--,gold is taken from the surface of silver by spreading over it a paste1 made of powdered sal ammoniac with aqua fortis and heating it till the matter smokes and is nearly dry1 when the gold may be separated by rubbing it with the scratch brush4 ,,ii4--,the alloy is to be melted and poured from a height into a vessel of cold water1 to which a rotary motion is imparted1 or else it is to be poured through a broom4 ,by this means the metal is reduced to a fine granular condition4 ,the metallic substance is then treated with nitric acid1 and gently heated4 ,nitrate of silver is produced1 which can be reduced by any of the ordinary methods2 while metallic gold remains as a black sediment1 which must be washed and melted4 ,simple ,specific ,gravity ,test4--,a certain quantity of the metal is taken and drawn out into a wire1 which is to be exactly of the same length as one from fine silver2 of course1 both must have been drawn through the same hole1 silver being nearly #a_/b lighter than gold1 it is natural that the one of fine silver must be lighter1 and the increased weight of the wire under test corresponds to the percentage of gold contained in it4 ,to ,make ,fat ,oil ,gold ,size4--,first thin up the fat oil with turpentine to workable condition2 then mix a little very finely ground pigment with the gold size1 about as much as in a thin priming coat4 ,make the size as nearly gold color as is convenient2 chrome yellow tinted with vermilion is as good as anything for this purpose4 ,then thin ready for the brush with turpentine1 and it will next be in order to run the size through a very fine strainer4 ,add japan1 as experience or experiment may teach1 to make it dry tacky about the time the leaf is to be laid4 ,dry slowly1 because the slower the size dries1 the longer it will hold its proper tackiness when it is once in that condition4 ,to ,dissolve ,copper from ,gold ,articles4--,take #b ounces of proto-sulphate of iron and dissolve it in #a_/b a pint of water1 then add to it in powder #b ounces of nitrate of potash2 boil the mixture for some time1 and afterwards pour it into a shallow vessel to cool and crystallize2 then to every part of the crystallized salt add #h ounces of muriatic acid1 and preserve in a bottle for use4 ,equal parts of the above preparation and of boiling water is a good proportion to use in dissolving copper1 or #a part by weight #chc of nitric acid may be used to #d parts by weight of boiling water as a substitute4 ,,gold ,,purple4 ,i4--,the solution of stannous chloride necessary for the preparation of gold purple is produced by dissolving pure tin in pure hydrochloric acid 7free from iron71 in such a manner that some of the tin remains undissolved1 and evaporating the solution1 into which a piece of tin is laid1 to crystallization4 ,,ii4--,recipe for ,pale ,purple4--,dissolve #b parts by weight of tin in boiling aqua regia1 evaporate the solution at a moderate heat until it becomes solid1 dissolve in distilled water and add #b parts by weight of a solution of stannous chloride 7specific gravity #a4g7 dilute with #i1hef parts by weight of water1 stir into the liquid a solution of gold chloride prepared from #j4e parts by weight of gold and containing no excess of acid 7the latter being brought about by evaporating the solution of gold chloride to dryness and heating for some time to about #cbj ,f474 ,this liquid is dimmed by the admixture of #ej parts by weight of liquid ammonia which eliminates the purple4 ,the latter is quickly filtered off1 washed out and while still moist rubbed up with the glass paste4 ,this consists of enamel of lead #bj parts by weight2 quartzose sand1 #a part by weight2 red lead1 #b parts by weight2 and calcined borax1 #a part by weight1 with silver carbonate1 #c parts by weight4 ,,iii4--,recipe for ,dark ,gold ,purple4--,gold solution of #j4e parts by weight of gold1 solution of stannous chloride 7specific gravity #a4g7 #g4e parts by weight2 thin with #i1hef parts by weight of water1 separate the purple by a few drops of sulphuric acid1 wash out the purple and mix same with enamel of lead #aj parts by weight and silver carbonate1 #j4e parts by weight4 ,,iv4--,recipe for ,pink ,purple4--,gold solution of #a part by weight of gold2 solution of #ej parts by weight of alum in #ai1gab parts by weight of water2 add #a4e parts by weight of stannous chloride solution 7specific gravity #a4g7 and enough ammonia until no more precipitate is formed2 mix the washed out precipitate1 while still moist1 with #gj parts by weight of enamel of lead and #b4e parts by weight of silver carbonate4 ,according to the composition of the purple various reds are obtained in fusing it on2 the latter may still be brightened up by a suitable increase of the flux4 ,to ,render ,pale ,gold ,darker4--,take verdigris1 #ej parts by weight and very strong vinegar1 #ajj parts by weight4 ,dissolve the verdigris in the vinegar1 rub the pieces with it well1 heat them and dip them in liquid ammonia diluted with water4 ,repeat the operation if the desired shade does not appear the first time4 ,rinse with clean water and dry4 ,to ,color ,gold4--,gilt objects are improved by boiling in the following solution3 ,saltpeter1 #b parts by weight2 cooking salt1 #a part by weight2 alum1 #a part by weight2 water1 #bd parts by weight2 hydrochloric acid1 #a part by weight 7#a4ab specific gravity74 ,in order to impart a rich appearance to gilt articles1 the following paste is applied3 ,alum1 #c parts by weight2 saltpeter1 #b parts by weight2 zinc vitriol1 #a part by weight2 cooking salt1 #a part by weight2 made into a paste with water4 ,next1 heat until black1 on a hot iron plate1 wash with water1 scratch with vinegar and dry after washing4 ,gold-,leaf ,striping4--,to secure a good job of gilding depends largely for its beauty upon the sizing4 ,take tube chrome yellow ground in oil1 thin with wearing body varnish1 and temper it ready for use with turpentine4 ,apply in the evening with an ox-tail striper1 and let it stand until the next morning1 when1 under ordinary circumstances1 it will be ready for the gold leaf1 etc4 ,after the gilding is done1 let the job stand #bd hours before varnishing4 ,composition of ,aqua ,fortis for the ,touch-,stone4--,following are the three compositions mostly in use3 ,i4--,nitric acid1 #cj parts2 hydrochloric acid1 #c parts2 distilled water1 #bj parts4 ,,ii4--,nitric acid1 #ihj parts by weight2 hydrochloric acid1 #bj parts by weight4 ,,iii4--,nitric acid1 #abc parts by weight2 hydrochloric acid1 #b parts by weight4 ,to ,remove ,soft ,solder from ,gold4--,place the work in spirits of salts 7hydrochloric acid7 or remove as much as possible with the scraper1 using a gentle heat to remove the solder more easily4 ,tipping ,gold ,pens4--,gold pens are usually tipped with iridium4 ,this is done by soldering very small pieces to the points and filing to the proper shape4 ,to ,recognize ,whether an ,article is ,gilt4--,simply touch the object with a glass rod previously dipped into a solution of bichloride of copper4 ,if the article has been gilt the spot touched should remain intact1 while it presents a #chd brown stain if no gold has been deposited on its surface4 ,to ,burnish ,gilt ,work4--,ale has proved a very good substitute for soap and water in burnishing gilt as it increases the ease and smoothness with which it is accomplished4 ,vinegar is a somewhat poorer substitute for ale4 ,white-,gold ,plates ,without ,solder4--,the gold serving as a background for white-gold is rolled in the desired dimensions and then made perfectly even under a powerful press4 ,it is then carefully treated with a file until a perfectly smooth surface is obtained4 ,after a white-gold plate of the required thickness has been produced in the same manner1 the surfaces of the two plates to be united are coated with borax and then pressed together by machine1 which causes the harder metal to be squeezed slightly into the surface of the other1 furnishing a more solid and compact mass4 ,the metals1 now partially united1 are firmly fastened together by means of strong iron wire and a little more borax solution is put on the edges4 ,then heat to the temperature necessary for a complete adhesion1 but the heat must not be so great as to cause an alloyage by fusing4 ,the whole is finally rolled out into the required thickness4 ,to ,fuse ,gold ,dust4--,use such a crucible as is generally used for melting brass2 heat very hot2 then add the gold dust mixed with powdered borax2 after some time a scum or slag will be on top1 which may be thickened by the addition of a little lime or bone ash4 ,if the dust contains any of the more oxidizable metals1 add a little niter1 and skim off the slag or scum very carefully2 when melted1 grasp the crucible with strong iron tongs1 and pour off immediately into molds1 slightly greased4 ,the slag and crucibles may be afterwards pulverized1 and the auriferous matter recovered from the mass through cupellation by means of lead4 ,,gold ,,alloys3 ,see ,alloys4 ,,gold1 ,,extraction ,,of1 ,,by ,,amalgamation3 ,see ,amalgams4 ,,gold ,,letters ,,on ,,glass1 ,,cements ,,for ,,affixing3 ,see ,adhesives1 under ,sign-,letter ,cements4 ,,gold1 ,,reduction ,,of ,,old ,,photographic3 ,see ,photography4 ,,gold ,,foil ,,substitutes ,,and ,,gold ,,leaf3 ,see ,metal ,foil4 ,,gold-,,leaf ,,alloys3 ,see ,alloys4 ,,gold ,,leaf ,,and ,,its ,,application3 ,see ,paints4 ,,gold ,,plating3 ,see ,plating4 ,,gold1 ,,recovery ,,of ,,waste3 ,see ,jewelers' ,formulas4 ,,gold ,,renovator3 ,see ,cleaning ,preparations and ,methods4 ,,gold1 ,,separation ,,of ,,platinum ,,from3 ,see ,platinum4 ,,gold ,,solders3 ,see ,solders4 ,,gold ,,testing3 ,see ,jewelers' ,formulas4 ,,gold ,,varnish3 ,see ,varnishes4 ,,goldwasser3 ,see ,wines and ,liquors4 ,,gong ,,metal3 ,see ,alloys4 ,,grain4 ,formalin ,treatment of ,seed ,grain for ,smut4--,smut is a parasitic fungus1 and springs from a spore 7which corresponds to a seed in higher plants74 ,this germinates when the grain is seeded and1 penetrating the little grain plant when but a few days old1 grows up within the grain stem4 ,after entering the stem there is no evidence of its presence until the grain begins to head4 ,at this time the smut plant robs the developing kernels of their nourishment and ripens a mass of smut spores4 ,these spores usually ripen before the grain1 and are blown about the field1 many spores becoming lodged on the ripening grain kernels4 ,the wholesale agent of infection is the threshing machine4 ,for this reason the safest plan is to treat all seed wheat and oats each year4 ,secure a #dj per cent solution of formalin 7the commercial name for formaldehyde gas held in a water solution74 ,about #a ounce is required for every #e bushels of grain to be treated4 #che ,clean off a space on the barn floor or sweep a clean space on the hard level ground and lay a good-sized canvas down1 on which to spread out the wheat4 ,see that the place where the grain is to be treated is swept clean and thoroughly sprinkled with the formalin solution before placing the seed grain there4 ,prepare the formalin solution immediately before use1 as it is volatile1 and if kept may disappear by evaporation4 ,use #d ounces of formalin for #aj gallons of water4 ,this is sufficient for #fjj pounds of grain4 ,put the solution in a barrel or tub1 thoroughly mixing4 ,the solution can be applied with the garden sprinkler4 ,care must be taken to moisten the grain thoroughly4 ,sprinkle1 stir the grain up thoroughly and sprinkle again1 until every kernel is wet4 ,after sprinkling1 place the grain in a conical pile and cover with horse-blankets1 gunny sacks1 etc4 ,the smut that does the damage lies just under the glume of the oats or on the basal hairs of the wheat4 ,covering the treated grain holds the gas from the formalin within the pile1 where it comes in contact with the kernels1 killing such smut spores as may have survived the previous treatment4 ,after the grain has remained in a covered pile #b to #d hours1 spread it out again where the wind can blow over it1 to air and dry4 ,as soon as the grain can be taken in the hand without the kernels sticking together1 it can be sown in the field4 ,the grain may be treated in the forenoon and seeded in the afternoon4 ,since this treatment swells the kernels it hastens germination and should be done in the spring just before seeding time4 ,while the copper sulphate or bluestone treatment is valuable in killing smut1 the formalin treatment can be given in less time1 is applied so easily and is so effectual that it is recommended as a sure and ready means of killing smut in wheat and oats4 ,,graining ,,crayons3 ,see ,crayons4 ,,graining ,,colors3 ,see ,pigments4 ,,graining ,,with ,,paint3 ,see ,paint4 ,,graining1 ,,palisander3 ,see ,palisander4 ,,grape ,,juice1 ,,preservation ,,of3 ,see ,wines and ,liquors4 ,,graphite ,,as ,a ,,lubricant3 ,see ,lubricants4 ,,gravel ,,walks4 ,for cleaning gravel walks any of the following may be used3 ,i4--,gas-tar liquor4 ,,ii4--,rock salt 7cattle salt74 ,,iii4--,hydrochloric acid4 ,,iv4--,sulphuric acid4 ,v4--,fresh limewater4 ,the gas-tar liquor must be poured out a few times in succession1 and must not touch the tree roots and borders of the paths4 ,this medium is cheap4 ,cattle salt must likewise be thrown out repeatedly4 ,the use of hydrochloric and sulphuric acids is somewhat expensive4 ,mix #fj parts of water with #aj parts of unslaked lime and #a part of sulphuric acid in a kettle1 and sprinkle the hot or cold mixture on the walks by means of a watering pot4 ,if limewater is used alone it must be fresh--#a part of unslaked lime in #aj parts of water4 ,,gravers3 ,to ,prepare ,gravers for ,bright-,cutting4--,set the gravers after the sharpening on the oilstone on high-grade emery 7tripoli7 paper4 ,next1 hone them further on the rouge leather1 but without tearing threads from it4 ,in this manner the silver and aluminum engravers grind their gravers4 ,a subsequent whetting of the graver on the touchstone is not advisable1 since it is too easily injured thereby4 ,a graver prepared as described gives excellent bright engraving and never fails4 ,in all bright-cutting the graver must be highly polished2 but when bright-cutting aluminum a lubricant like coal-oil or vaseline is generally employed with the polished tool2 a mixture of vaseline and benzine is also used for this purpose4 ,another formula which may be recommended for bright-cutting aluminum is composed of the following ingredients3 ,mix #d parts of oil of turpentine and #a part of rum with #a ounce of stearine4 ,immerse the graver in any of the mixtures before making the bright-cut4 ,,greases3 ,see ,lubricants4 ,,grease ,,eradicators3 ,see ,cleaning ,preparations and ,methods4 #chf ,,grease ,,paints3 ,see ,cosmetics4 ,,green1 ,,to ,,distinguish ,,blue ,,from1 ,,at ,,night3 ,see ,blue4 ,,green ,,gilding3 ,see ,plating4 ,,grenades3 ,see ,fire ,extinguishers4 ,,grinding3 ,see ,tool ,setting4 ,,grinder ,,disk ,,cement1 ,,substitute ,,for3 ,see ,adhesives4 ,,grindstones3 ,to ,mend ,grindstones4--,the mending of defective places in grindstones is best done with a mass consisting of earth-wax 7so-called stone-pitch71 #e parts1 by weight2 tar1 #a part2 and powdered sandstone or cement1 #c parts1 which is heated to the boiling point and well stirred together4 ,before pouring in the mass the places to be mended must be heated by laying red-hot pieces of iron on them4 ,the substance is1 in a tough state1 poured into the hollows of the stone1 and the pouring must be continued1 when it commences to solidify1 until even with the surface4 ,treatment of the ,grindstone4--,the stone should not be left with the lower part in the water4 ,this will render it brittle at this spot1 causing it to wear off more quickly and thus lose its circularity4 ,it is best to moisten the stone only when in use1 drop by drop from a vessel fixed above it and to keep it quite dry otherwise4 ,if the stone is no longer round1 it should be made so again by turning by means of a piece of gas pipe or careful trimming1 otherwise it will commence to jump1 thus becoming useless4 ,it is important to clean all tools and articles before grinding1 carefully removing all grease1 fat1 etc41 as the pores of the stone become clogged with these impurities1 which destroy its grain and diminish its strength4 ,should one side of the grindstone be lighter1 this irregularity can be equalized by affixing pieces of lead1 so as to obtain a uniform motion of the stone4 ,it is essential that the stone should be firm on the axis and not move to and fro in the bearings4 ,grindstone ,oil4--,complaints are often heard that grindstones are occasionally harder on one side than the other1 the softer parts wearing away in hollows1 which render grinding difficult1 and soon make the stone useless4 ,this defect can be remedied completely by means of boiled linseed oil4 ,when the stone is thoroughly dry1 the soft side is turned uppermost1 and brushed over with boiled oil1 which sinks into the stone1 until the latter is saturated4 ,the operation takes about #c to #d hours in summer4 ,as soon as the oil has dried1 the stone may be damped1 and used without any further delay4 ,unlike other similar remedies1 this one does not prevent the stone from biting properly in the oiled parts1 and the life of the stone is considerably lengthened1 since it does not have to be dressed so often4 ,,grounds ,,for ,,graining ,,colors3 ,see ,pigments4 ,,gums3 7,see also ,adhesives1 under ,mucilages47 ,gums1 their ,solubility in ,alcohol4--,the following table shows the great range of solubility of the various gums1 and of various specimens of the same gum1 in #fj per cent alcohol3 ,acajon #f4id to #db4ib ,aden #j4fj to #bf4ij ,egyptian #df4cd ,yellow ,amrad #bf4ij to #cb4af ,white ,amrad #j4ed to #a4ej ,kordofan #a4dj to #f4jf ,australian #aj4fg to #bj4he ,bombay #bb4jf to #df4ad ,cape #a4fg to #a4hh ,embavi #be4ib ,gedda #a4bd to #a4cj ,ghatti #ca4fj to #gj4cb ,gheziereh #a4ej to #ab4af ,halebi #c4gj to #bb4fj ,la ,plata #i4fe ,mogadore #bg4ff ,east ,indian #c4bd to #gd4hd ,persian #a4gd to #ag4cd ,senegal #j4ef to #ad4cj ,substitute for ,gum ,arabic4--,dissolve #bej parts of glue in #a1jjj parts of boiling water and heat this glue solution on the water bath with a mixture of about #aj parts of barium peroxide of #ge per cent ,ba,o#b and #e parts of sulphuric acid 7#ff7 mixed with #aae parts of water1 for about #bd hours4 ,after the time has elapsed1 pour off from the barium sulphate1 whereby a little sulphurous acid results owing to reduction of the sulphuric acid1 which has a bleaching action and makes the glue somewhat paler4 ,if this solution is mixed1 with stirring1 and dried upon glass plates in the drying-room1 a product which can hardly be #chg distinguished from gum arabic is obtained4 ,an envelope sealed with this mucilage cannot be opened by moistening the envelope4 ,the traces of free acid which it contains prevent the invasion of bacteria1 hence all putrefaction4 ,the adhesive power of the artificial gum is so enormous that the use of cork stoppers is quite excluded1 since they crumble off every time the bottle is opened1 so that finally a perfect wreath around the inner neck of the bottle is formed4 ,only metallic or porcelain stoppers should be used4 ,,gum ,,arabic1 ,,increasing ,,adhesion ,,of3 ,see ,adhesives1 under ,mucilages4 ,,gum ,,bichromate ,,process3 ,see ,photography4 ,,gum ,,drops3 ,see ,confectionery4 ,,gum-,,lac3 ,see ,oil4 ,,gums ,,used ,,in ,,making ,,varnish3 ,see ,varnishes4 ,,gun ,,barrels1 ,,to ,,blue3 ,see ,steel4 ,,gun ,,bronze3 ,see ,alloys1 under ,phosphor ,bronze4 ,,gun ,,cotton3 ,see ,explosives4 ,,gun ,,lubricants3 ,see ,lubricants4 ,,gunpowder3 ,see ,explosives4 ,,gunpowder ,,stains4 ,a stain produced by the embedding of grains of gunpowder in the skin is practically the same thing as a tattoo mark4 ,the charcoal of the gunpowder remains unaffected by the fluids of the tissues1 and no way is known of bringing it into solution there4 ,the only method of obliterating such marks is to take away with them the skin in which they are embedded4 ,this has been accomplished by the application of an electric current1 and by the use of caustics4 ,when the destruction of the true skin has been accomplished1 it becomes a foreign body1 and if the destruction has extended to a sufficient depth1 the other foreign body1 the coloring matter which has been tattooed in1 may be expected to be cast off with it4 ,recently pepsin and papain have been proposed as applications to remove the cuticle4 ,a glycerole of either is tattooed into the skin over the disfigured part2 and it is said that the operation has proved successful4 ,it is scarcely necessary to say that suppuration is likely to follow such treatment1 and that there is risk of scarring4 ,in view of this it becomes apparent that any such operation should be undertaken only by a surgeon skilled in dermatological practice4 ,an amateur might not only cause the patient suffering without success in removal1 but add another disfigurement to the tattooing4 ,carbolic acid has been applied to small portions of the affected area at a time1 with the result that the powder and skin were removed simultaneously and1 according to the physician reporting the case1 with little discomfort to the patient4 ,rubbing the affected part with moistened ammonium chloride once or twice a day has been reported as a slow but sure cure4 ,,gutta-,,percha4 ,gutta-,percha ,substitute4--,i4--,a decoction of birch bark is first prepared1 the external bark by preference1 being evaporated4 ,the thick1 black residue hardens on exposure to the air1 and is said to possess the properties of gutta-percha without developing any cracks4 ,it can be mixed with #ej per cent of ,india rubber or gutta-percha4 ,the compound is said to be cheap1 and a good non-conductor of electricity4 ,whether it possesses all the good qualities of gutta-percha is not known4 ,,ii4--,a new method of making gutta-percha consists of caoutchouc and a rosin soap1 the latter compounded of #ajj parts of rosin1 #ajj parts of ,carnauba wax1 and #dj parts of gas-tar1 melted together and passed through a sieve4 ,they are heated to about #cee to #cdj ,f41 and slowly saponified by stirring with #ge parts of limewater of specific gravity #a4jf4 ,the product is next put into a kneading machine along with an equal quantity of caoutchouc cuttings1 and worked in this machine at a temperature of #aie ,f4 or over4 ,when sufficiently kneaded1 the mass can be rolled to render it more uniform4 ,,gutter ,,cement3 ,see ,cement and ,putty4 ,,gypsum3 ,see also ,plaster4 ,method of ,hardening ,gypsum and ,rendering it ,weather-,proof4--,gypsum possesses only a moderate degree of strength even after complete hardening1 #chh and pieces are very liable to be broken off4 ,various methods have been tried1 with a view to removing this defect and increasing the hardness of gypsum4 ,of these methods1 that of ,wachsmuth1 for hardening articles made of gypsum and rendering them weather-proof1 deserves special notice4 ,all methods of hardening articles made of gypsum have this in common3 the gypsum is first deprived of its moisture1 and then immersed in a solution of certain salts1 such as alum1 green vitriol1 etc4 ,articles treated by the methods hitherto in vogue certainly acquire considerable hardness1 but are no more capable of resistance to the effects of water than crude gypsum4 ,the object of ,wachsmuth's process is not merely to harden the gypsum1 but to transform it on the surface into insoluble combinations4 ,the process is as follows3 ,the article is first put into the required shape by mechanical means1 and then deprived of its moisture by heating to #bab to #cjb ,f4 ,it is then plunged into a heated solution of barium hydrate1 in which it is allowed to remain for a longer or shorter time1 according to its strength4 ,when this part of the process is complete1 the article is smoothed by grinding1 etc41 and then placed in a solution of about #aj per cent of oxalic acid in water4 ,in a few hours it is taken out1 dried1 and polished4 ,it then possesses a hardness surpassing that of marble1 and is impervious to the action of water4 ,nor does the polish sustain any injury from contact with water1 whereas gypsum articles hardened by the usual methods lose their polish after a few minutes' immersion in water4 ,articles treated by the method described have the natural color of gypsum1 but it is possible to add a color to the gypsum during the hardening process4 ,this is done by plunging the gypsum1 after it has been deprived of its moisture1 and before the treatment with the barium solution1 into a solution of a colored metallic sulphate1 such as iron1 copper1 or chrome sulphate1 or into a solution of some coloring matter4 ,pigments soluble in the barium or oxalic-acid solutions may also be added to the latter4 ,gypsum may be hardened and rendered insoluble by ammonium borate as follows3 ,dissolve boric acid in hot water and add sufficient ammonia water to the solution that the borate at first separated is redissolved4 ,the gypsum to be cast is stirred in with this liquid1 and the mass treated in the ordinary way4 ,articles already cast are simply washed with the liquid1 which is quickly absorbed4 ,the articles withstand the weather as well as though they were of stone4 ,,gypsum ,,flowers3 ,see ,flowers4 ,,gypsum1 ,,paint ,,for3 ,see ,paint4 ,,hair ,,for ,,mounting4 ,the microscopist or amateur1 who shaves himself1 need never resort to the trouble of embedding and cutting hairs in the microtome in order to secure very thin sections of the hair of the face4 ,if he will first shave himself closely 8with the hair10 as the barbers say 7i4 e41 in the direction of the natural growth of the hair71 and afterwards lightly 8against the hair0 7in the opposite direction to above71 he will find in the 8scrapings0 a multitude of exceedingly thin sections4 ,the technique is very simple4 ,the lather and 8scrapings0 are put into a saucer or large watch-glass and carefully washed with clean water4 ,this breaks down and dissolves the lather1 leaving the hair sections lying on the bottom of the glass4 ,the after-treatment is that usually employed in mounting similar objects4 ,hair ,preparations ,,dandruff ,,cures4 ,the treatment of that condition of the scalp which is productive of dandruff properly falls to the physician1 but unfortunately the subject has not been much studied4 ,one cure is said to be a sulphur lotion made by placing a little sublimed sulphur in water1 shaking well1 then allowing to settle1 and washing the head every morning with the clear liquid4 ,sulphur is said to be insoluble in water2 yet a sulphur water made as above indicated has long been in use as a hair wash4 ,a little glycerine improves the preparation1 preventing the hair from becoming harsh by repeated washings4 ,the exfoliated particles of skin or 8scales0 should be removed only when entirely detached from the cuticle4 ,they result from an irritation which is increased by forcible removal1 and hence endeavors to clean the hair from them by combing or brushing it in such a way as to scrape the scalp are liable to be worse than useless4 ,it follows that gentle handling of the hair is important when dandruff is present4 #chi ,i4--,chloral hydrate #b ounces ,resorcin #a ounce ,tannin #a ounce ,alcohol #h ounces ,glycerine #d ounces ,rose water to make #d pints ,,ii4--,white wax #c #a_/b drachms ,liquid petrolatum #b #a_/b ounces ,rose water #a ounce ,borax #ae grains ,precipitated sulphur #c #a_/b drachms ,pine-,tar ,dandruff ,shampoo4-- ,pine tar #d parts ,linseed oil #dj parts ,heat these to #adj ,f42 make solution of potassa1 ,u4 ,s4 ,p41 #aj parts1 and water1 #de parts2 add alcohol1 #e parts1 and gradually add to the heated oils1 stirring constantly4 ,continue the heat until saponified thoroughly2 and make up with water to #abh parts4 ,when almost cool1 add ol4 lavender1 ol4 orange1 and ol4 bergamot1 of each #b parts4 ,,hair-,,curling ,,liquids4 ,it is impossible to render straight hair curly without the aid of the iron or paper and other curlers4 ,but it is possible1 on the other hand1 to make artificial curls more durable and proof against outside influences1 such as especially dampness of the air4 ,below are trustworthy recipes3 ,i ,,ii ,water #gj #hj ,spirit of wine #cj #bj ,borax #b -- ,tincture of benzoin -- #c ,perfume ad4 lib4 ad4 lib4 ,,hair ,,dressings ,,and ,,washes3 ,dressings for the ,hair4-- ,i4--,oil of wintergreen4 #bj drops ,oil of almond1 essential #ce drops ,oil of rose1 ethereal #a drop ,oil of violets #cj drops ,tincture of cantharides #ej drops ,almond oil #b1jjj drops ,mix4 ,hair ,embrocation4-- ,,ii4--,almond oil1 sweet #bhj parts ,spirit of sal ammoniac #bhj parts ,spirit of rosemary #hdj parts ,honey water #hdj parts ,mix4 ,rub the scalp with it every morning by means of a sponge4 ,hair ,restorer4-- ,,iii4--,tincture of cantharides #g parts ,gall tincture #g parts ,musk essence #a part ,carmine #j4e part ,rectified spirit of wine #bh parts ,rose water #adj parts ,to be used at night4 ,rosemary ,water4-- ,,iv4--,rosemary oil #a #a_/b parts ,rectified spirit of wine #g parts ,magnesia #g parts ,distilled water #a1jjj parts ,mix the oil with the spirit of wine and rub up with the magnesia in a mortar2 gradually add the water and finally filter4 ,foamy ,scalp ,wash4--,mix #b parts of soap spirit1 #a part of borax-glycerine 7#ab71 #f parts of barium1 and #g parts of orange-flower water4 ,lanolin ,hair ,wash4--,extract #d parts quillaia bark with #cf parts water for several days1 mix the percolate with #d parts alcohol1 and filter after having settled4 ,agitate #dj parts of the filtrate at a temperature at which wool grease becomes liquid1 with #ab parts anhydrous lanolin1 and fill up with water to which #ae per cent spirit of wine has been added1 to #cjj parts4 ,admixture1 such as cinchona extract1 ,peru balsam1 quinine1 tincture of cantharides1 bay-oil1 ammonium carbonate1 menthol1 etc41 may be made4 ,the result is a yellowish-white1 milky liquid1 with a cream-like fat layer floating on the top1 which is finely distributed by agitating4 ,birch ,water4--,birch water1 which has many cosmetic applications1 especially as a hair wash or an ingredient in hair washes1 may be prepared as follows3 ,alcohol1 #if per cent #c1ejj parts ,water #gjj parts ,potash soap #bjj parts ,glycerine #aej parts ,oil of birch buds #ej parts ,essence of spring flowers #ajj parts ,chlorophyll1 q4 s4 to color4 ,mix the water with #gjj parts of the alcohol1 and in the mixture dissolve the soap4 ,add the essence of spring flowers and birch oil to the remainder of the alcohol1 mix well1 and to the mixture add1 little by little1 and with constant agitation1 the soap mixture4 ,finally #cij add the glycerine1 mix thoroughly1 and set aside for #h days1 filter and color the filtrate with chlorophyll1 to which add a little tincture of saffron4 ,to use1 add an equal volume of water to produce a lather4 ,petroleum ,hair ,washes4--,i4--,deodorized pale petroleum1 #aj parts2 citronella oil1 #aj parts2 castor oil1 #e parts2 spirit of wine1 #ij per cent1 #ej parts2 water1 #ge parts4 ,,ii4--,quinine sulphate1 #aj parts2 acetic acid1 #d parts2 tincture of cantharides1 #cj parts2 tincture of quinine1 #c parts2 spirit of rosemary1 #fj parts2 balm water1 #ij parts2 barium1 #abj parts2 spirit of wine1 #aej parts2 water1 #a1jjj parts4 ,,iii4--,very pure petroleum1 #a part2 almond oil1 #b parts4 ,brilliantine4--,i4--,olive oil1 #d parts2 glycerine1 #c parts2 alcohol1 #c parts2 scent as desired4 ,shake before use4 ,,ii4--,castor oil1 #a part2 alcohol1 #b parts2 saffron to dye yellow4 ,scent as desired4 ,,iii4--,lard1 #g parts2 spermaceti1 #g parts2 almond oil1 #g parts2 white wax1 #a part4 ,a ,cheap ,hair ,oil4--,i4--,sesame oil or sunflower oil1 #a1jjj parts2 lavender oil1 #ae parts2 bergamot oil1 #aj parts2 and geranium oil1 #e parts4 ,,ii4--,sesame oil or sunflower oil1 #a1jjj parts2 lavender oil1 #ab parts2 lemon oil1 #bj parts2 rosemary oil1 #e parts2 and geranium oil1 #b parts4 ,,hair ,,dyes4 ,there is no hair dye which produces a durable coloration2 the color becomes gradually weaker in the course of time4 ,here are some typical formulas in which a mordant is employed3 ,i4--,nitrate of silver #a_/b ounce ,distilled water #c ounces ,mordant3 ,sulphuret of potassium #a_/b ounce ,distilled water #c ounces ,,ii4-- 7a7 ,nitrate of silver 7crystal7 #a #a_/b ounces ,distilled water #ab ounces ,ammonia water sufficient to make a clear solution4 ,dissolve the nitrate of silver in the water and add the ammonia water until the precipitate is redissolved4 7b7 ,pyrogallic acid #b drachms ,gallic acid #b drachms ,cologne water #b ounces ,distilled water #d ounces ,,iii4--,nitrate of silver #bj grains ,sulphate of copper #b grains ,ammonia1 quantity sufficient4 ,dissolve the salts in #a_/b ounce of water and add ammonia until the precipitate which is formed is redissolved1 ,then make up to #a ounce with water4 ,apply to the hair with a brush4 ,this solution slowly gives a brown shade4 ,for darker shades1 apply a second solution1 composed of3 ,,iv4--,yellow sulphide ammonium #b drachms ,solution of ammonia #a drachm ,distilled water #a ounce ,black ,hair ,dye without ,silver4-- ,v4--,pyrogallic acid #c4e parts ,citric acid #j4c parts ,boro-glycerine #aa parts ,water #ajj parts ,if the dye does not impart the desired intensity of color1 the amount of pyrogallic acid may be increased4 ,the wash is applied evenings1 followed in the morning by a weak ammoniacal wash4 ,one ,bottle ,preparation4-- ,,vi4--,nitrate of copper #cfj grains ,nitrate of silver #g ounces ,distilled water #fj ounces ,water of ammonia1 a sufficiency4 ,dissolve the salts in the water and add the water of ammonia carefully until the precipitate is all redissolved4 ,this solution1 properly applied1 is said to produce a very black color2 a lighter shade is secured by diluting the solution4 ,copper sulphate may be used instead of the nitrate4 ,brown ,hair ,dyes4--,a large excess of ammonia tends to produce a brownish dye4 ,various shades of brown may be produced by increasing the amount of water in the silver solution4 ,it should be remembered that the hair must1 previously to treatment1 be washed with warm water containing sodium carbonate1 well rinsed with clear water1 and dried4 ,i4--,silver nitrate #dhj grains ,copper nitrate #ij grains ,distilled water #h fluidounces ,ammonia water1 sufficient4 ,dissolve the two salts in the distilled water and add the ammonia water until the liquid becomes a clear fluid4 ,in using apply to the hair carefully #cia with a tooth-brush1 after thoroughly cleansing the hair1 and expose the latter to the rays of the sun4 ,,ii4--,silver nitrate #cj parts ,copper sulphate1 crystals #bj parts ,citric acid #bj parts ,distilled water #iej parts ,ammonia water1 quantity sufficient to dissolve the precipitate first formed4 ,various shades of brown may be produced by properly diluting the solution before it be applied4 ,bismuth subnitrate #bjj grains ,water #b fluidounces ,nitric acid1 sufficient to dissolve1 or about #dbj grains ,use heat to effect solution4 ,also3 ,tartaric acid #aej grains ,sodium bicarbonate #afh grains ,water #cb fluidounces ,when effervescence of the latter has ceased1 mix the cold liquids by pouring the latter into the former with constant stirring4 ,allow the precipitate to subside2 transfer it to a filter or strainer1 and wash with water until free from the sodium nitrate formed4 ,chestnut ,hair ,dye4-- ,bismuth nitrate #bcj grains ,tartaric acid #ge grains ,water #ajj minims ,dissolve the acid in the water1 and to the solution add the bismuth nitrate and stir until dissolved4 ,pour the resulting solution into #a pint of water and collect the magma on a filter4 ,remove all traces of acid from the magma by repeated washings with water2 then dissolve it in3 ,ammonia water #b fluidrachms ,and add3 ,glycerine #bj minims ,sodium hyposulphite #ge grains ,water1 enough to make #d fluidounces4 ,,hair ,,restorers ,,and ,,tonics3 ,falling of the ,hair4--,after the scalp has been thoroughly cleansed by the shampoo1 the following formula is to be used3 ,salicylic acid #a part ,precipitate of sulphur #b #a_/b parts ,rose water #be parts ,the patient is directed to part the hair1 and then to rub in a small portion of the ointment along the part1 working it well into the scalp4 ,then another part is made parallel to the first1 and more ointment rubbed in4 ,thus a series of first1 longitudinal1 and then transverse parts are made1 until the whole scalp has been well anointed4 ,done in this way1 it is not necessary to smear up the whole shaft of the hair1 but only to reach the hair roots and the sebaceous glands1 where the trouble is located4 ,this process is thoroughly performed for six successive nights1 and the seventh night another shampoo is taken4 ,the eighth night the inunctions are commenced again1 and this is continued for six weeks4 ,in almost every case the production of dandruff is checked completely after six weeks' treatment1 and the hair1 which may have been falling out rapidly before1 begins to take firmer root4 ,to be sure1 many hairs which are on the point of falling when treatment is begun will fall anyway1 and it may even seem for a time as if the treatment were increasing the hair-fall1 on account of the mechanical dislodgment of such hairs1 but this need never alarm one4 ,after six weeks of such treatment the shampoo may be taken less frequently4 ,next to dandruff1 perhaps1 the most common cause of early loss of hair is heredity4 ,in some families all of the male members1 or all who resemble one particular ancestor1 lose their hair early4 ,dark-haired families and races1 as a rule1 become bald earlier than those with light hair4 ,at first thought it would seem as though nothing could be done to prevent premature baldness when heredity is the cause1 but this is a mistake4 ,careful hygiene of the scalp will often counterbalance hereditary predisposition for a number of years1 and even after the hair has actually begun to fall proper stimulation will1 to a certain extent1 and for a limited time1 often restore to the hair its pristine thickness and strength4 ,any of the rubefacients may be prescribed for this purpose for daily use1 such as croton oil1 #a #a_/b per cent2 tincture of cantharides1 #ae per cent2 oil of cinnamon1 #dj per cent2 tincture of capsicum1 #ae per cent2 oil of mustard1 #a per cent2 or any one of a dozen others4 ,tincture of capsicum is one of the best1 and for a routine prescription the following has served well3 ,resorcin #e parts ,tincture capsicum #ae parts ,castor oil #aj parts ,alcohol #ajj parts ,oil of roses1 sufficient4 #cib ,it is to be recommended that the stimulant be changed from time to time1 so as not to rely on any one to the exclusion of others4 ,jaborandi1 oxygen gas1 quinine1 and other agents have enjoyed a great reputation as hair-producers for a time1 and have then taken their proper position as aids1 but not specifics1 in restoring the hair4 ,it is well known that after many fevers1 especially those accompanied by great depression1 such as pneumonia1 typhoid1 puerperal1 or scarlet fever1 the hair is liable to fall out4 ,this is brought about in a variety of ways3 ,in scarlatina1 the hair papilla shares in the general desquamation2 in typhoid and the other fevers the baldness may be the result either of the excessive seborrhea1 which often accompanies these diseases1 or may be caused by the general lowering of nutrition of the body4 ,unless the hair-fall be accompanied by considerable dandruff 7in which case the above-mentioned treatment should be vigorously employed71 the ordinary hygiene of the scalp will result in a restoration of the hair in most cases1 but the employment of moderate local stimulation1 with the use of good general tonics1 will hasten this end4 ,it seems unwise to cut the hair of women short in these cases1 because the baldness is practically never complete1 and a certain proportion of the hairs will retain firm root4 ,these may be augmented by a switch made of the hair which has fallen out1 until the new hair shall have grown long enough to do up well4 ,in this way all of that oftentimes most annoying short-hair period is avoided4 ,for ,falling ,hair4-- ,i4--,hydrochloric acid #ge parts ,alcohol #b1bej parts ,the lotion is to be applied to the scalp every evening at bedtime4 ,,ii4--,tincture of cinchona #a part ,tincture of rosemary #a part ,tincture of jaborandi #a part ,castor oil #b parts ,rum #aj parts ,mix4 ,jaborandi ,scalp ,waters for ,increasing the ,growth of ,hair4--,first prepare a jaborandi tincture from jaborandi leaves1 #bjj parts2 spirit1 #ie per cent1 #gjj parts2 and water1 #cjj parts4 ,after digesting for a week1 squeeze out the leaves and filter the liquid4 ,the hair wash is now prepared as follows3 ,i4--,jaborandi tincture1 #a1jjj parts3 spirit1 #ie per cent1 #gjj parts2 water1 #cjj parts2 glycerine1 #aej parts2 scent essence1 #ajj parts2 color with sugar color4 ,,ii4--,jaborandi tincture1 #a1jjj parts3 spirit1 #ie per cent1 #a1ejj parts2 quinine tannate1 #d parts2 ,peru balsam1 #bj parts2 essence heliotrope1 #ej parts4 ,dissolve the quinine and the ,peru balsam in the spirit and then add the jaborandi tincture and the heliotrope essence4 ,filter after a week4 ,rub into the scalp twice a week before retiring4 ,,pomades3 ,i4--,cinchona ,pomade4-- ,ox marrow #ajj drachms ,lard #gj drachms ,sweet almond oil #ag drachms ,peru balsam #a drachm ,quinine sulphate #a drachm ,clover oil #b drachms ,rose essence #be drops ,,ii4--,cantharides ,pomade4-- ,ox marrow #cjj drachms ,white wax #cj drachms ,mace oil #a drachm ,clove oil #a drachm ,rose essence or geranium oil #be drops ,tincture of cantharides #h drachms ,pinaud ,eau de ,quinine4--,the composition of this nostrum is not known4 ,dr4 ,tsheppe failed to find in it any constituent of cinchona bark4 ,the absence of quinine from the mixture probably would not hurt it1 as the 8tonic0 effect of quinine on the hair is generally regarded as a myth4 ,on the other hand1 it has been stated that this preparation contains3 ,quinine sulphate #b parts ,tincture of krameria #d parts ,tincture of cantharides #b parts ,spirit of lavender #aj parts ,glycerine #ae parts ,alcohol #ajj parts ,,shampoos3 ,a ,hair ,shampoo is usually a tincture of odorless soft soap4 ,it is mostly perfumed with lavender and colored with green aniline4 ,prepared the same as tr4 sapon4 virid4 7,u4 ,s4 ,p471 using an inexpensive soft soap1 that is a good foam producer4 ,directions3 ,wet the hair well in warm water and rub in a few teaspoonfuls of the following formulas4 ,no4 ,i is considered the best3 #cic ,i ,,ii ,,iii ,,iv ,parts used ,cottonseed oil -- #bd #bf #ad ,linseed oil #bj -- -- -- ,malaga olive oil #bj -- -- -- ,caustic potash #i #a_/b #h #f #c ,alcohol #e #d #a_/b #e #b ,water #cj #bf #cd #af #a_/b ,warm the mixed oils on a large water bath1 then the potash and water in another vessel1 heating both to #aeh ,f41 and adding the latter hot solution to the hot oil while stirring briskly4 ,now add and thoroughly mix the alcohol4 ,stop stirring1 keeping the heat at #aeh ,f41 until the mass becomes clear and a small quantity dissolves in boiling water without globules of oil separating4 ,if stirred after the alcohol has been mixed the soap will be opaque4 ,set aside for a few days in a warm place before using to make liquid shampoo4 ,liquid ,shampoos4-- ,i4--,fluid extract of soap-bark #aj parts ,glycerine #e parts ,cologne water #aj parts ,alcohol #bj parts ,rose water #cj parts ,,ii4--,soft soap #bd parts ,potassium carbonate #e parts ,alcohol #dh parts ,water enough to make #djj parts ,shampoo ,pastes4-- ,i4--,white castile soap1 in shavings #b ounces ,ammonia water #b fluidounces ,bay rum1 or cologne water #a fluidounce ,glycerine #a fluidounce ,water #ab fluidounces ,dissolve the soap in the water by means of heat2 when nearly cold stir in the other ingredients4 ,,ii4--,castile soap1 white #d ounces ,potassium carbonate #a ounce ,water #f fluidounces ,glycerine #b fluidounces ,oil of lavender flowers #e drops ,oil of bergamot #aj drops ,to the water add the soap1 in shavings1 and the potassium carbonate1 and heat on a water bath until thoroughly softened2 add the glycerine and oils4 ,if necessary to reduce to proper consistency1 more water may be added4 ,egg ,shampoo4-- ,whites of #b eggs ,water #e fluidounces ,water of ammonia #c fluidounces ,cologne water #a_/c fluidounce ,alcohol #d fluidounces ,beat the egg whites to a froth1 and add the other ingredients in the order in which they are named1 with a thorough mixing after each addition4 ,imitation ,egg ,shampoos4--,many of the egg shampoos are so called from their appearance4 ,they usually contain no egg and are merely preparations of perfumed soft soap4 ,here are some formulas3 ,i4--,white castile soap #d ounces ,powdered curd soap #b ounces ,potassium carbonate #a ounce ,honey #a ounce ,make a homogeneous paste by heating with water4 ,,ii4--,melt #c #a_/b pounds of lard over a salt-water bath and run into it a lye formed by dissolving #h ounces of caustic potassa in #a #a_/b pints of water4 ,stir well until saponification is effected and perfume as desired4 ,,hair ,,removers3 ,see ,depilatories4 ,,hamburg ,,bitters3 ,see ,wines and ,liquors4 ,,hammer ,,hardening3 ,see ,steel4 ,,hand ,,creams3 ,see ,cosmetics4 ,,hands1 ,,to ,,remove ,,stains ,,from ,,the3 ,see ,cleaning ,preparations4 ,,hare-,,lip ,,operation1 ,,antiseptic ,,paste ,,for3 ,see ,antiseptics4 ,,harness ,,dressings ,,and ,,preparations3 ,see ,leather ,dressings4 ,,harness ,,wax3 ,see ,waxes4 ,,hat-,,cleaning ,,compounds3 ,see ,cleaning ,compounds4 ,,hat ,,waterproofing3 ,see ,waterproofing4 #cid ,,hats3 ,dyeing ,straw ,hats4--,the plan generally followed is that of coating the hats with a solution of varnish in which a suitable aniline dye has dissolved4 ,the following preparations are in use3 ,i4--,for dark varnishes prepare a basis consisting of orange shellac1 #ijj parts2 sandarac1 #bbe parts2 ,manila copal1 #bbe parts2 castor oil1 #ee parts2 and wood-spirit1 #i1jjj parts4 ,to color1 add to the foregoing amount alcohol-soluble1 coal-tar dyes as follows3 ,black1 #ee parts of soluble ivory-black 7modified by blue or green74 ,olive-brown1 #ae parts of brilliant-green1 #ee parts of ,bismarck brown ,r1 #h parts of spirit blue4 ,olive-green1 #bh parts of brilliant-green1 #bh parts of ,bismarck-brown ,r4 ,walnut1 #ee parts of ,bismarck-brown ,r1 #ae parts of nigrosin4 ,mahogany1 #bh parts of ,bismarck-brown ,r1 which may be deepened by a little nigrosin4 ,,ii4--,for light colors prepare a varnish as follows3 ,sandarac1 #a1cej parts2 elemi1 #dej parts2 rosin1 #dej parts2 castor oil1 #aaj parts2 wood-spirit1 #i1jjj parts4 ,for this amount use dyes as follows3 ,gold1 #ee parts of chrysoidin1 #ee parts of aniline-yellow4 ,light green1 #ee parts of brilliant-green1 #g parts of aniline-yellow4 ,blue1 #ee parts of spirit blue4 ,deep blue1 #ee parts of spirit blue1 #ee parts of indulin4 ,violet1 #bh parts of methyl-violet1 #c ,b4 ,crimson1 #ee parts of safranin4 ,chestnut1 #ee parts of safranin1 #ae parts of indulin4 ,,iii4--,shellac #d ounces ,sandarac #a ounce ,gum thus #a ounce ,methyl spirit #a pint ,in this dissolve aniline dyes of the requisite color1 and apply4 ,for white straw1 white shellac must be used4 ,to ,extract ,shellac from ,fur ,hats4-- ,use the common solvents1 as carbon bisulphide1 benzine1 wood alcohol1 turpentine1 and so forth1 reclaiming the spirit and shellac by a suitable still4 ,,headache ,,remedies3 ,see also ,pain ,killers4 ,headache ,cologne4--,as a mitigant of headache1 cologne water of the farina type is refreshing4 ,oil of neroli #f drachms ,oil of rosemary #c drachms ,oil of bergamot #c drachms ,oil of cedrat #g drachms ,oil of orange peel #g drachms ,deodorized alcohol #a gallon ,to secure a satisfactory product from the foregoing formula it is necessary to look carefully to the quality of the oils4 ,oil of cedrat is prone to change1 and oil of orange peel1 if exposed to the atmosphere for a short time1 becomes worthless1 and will spoil the other materials4 ,a delightful combination of the acetic odor with that of cologne water may be had by adding to a pint of the foregoing1 #b drachms of glacial acetic acid4 ,the odor so produced may be more grateful to some invalids than the neroli and lemon bouquet4 ,still another striking variation of the cologne odor1 suitable for the use indicated1 may be made by adding to a pint of cologne water an ounce of ammoniated alcohol4 ,liquid ,headache ,remedies4-- ,acetanilid #fj grains ,alcohol #d fluidrachms ,ammonium carbonate #cj grains ,water #b fluidrachms ,simple elixir to make #b fluidounces ,dissolve the acetanilid in the alcohol1 the ammonium carbonate in the water1 mix each solution with a portion of the simple elixir1 and mix the whole together4 ,,heat-,,indicating ,,paint3 ,see ,paint4 ,,heat ,,insulation3 ,see ,insulation4 ,,heat1 ,,prickly3 ,see ,household ,formulas4 ,,heat-,,resistant ,,lacquers3 ,see ,lacquers4 ,,heaves3 ,see ,veterinary ,formulas4 ,,hedge ,,mustard4 ,hedge mustard 7erysimum7 was at one time a popular remedy in ,france for hoarseness1 and is still used in country districts1 but is not often prescribed4 ,liquid ammonia #aj drops ,syrup of erysimum #a #a_/b ounces ,infusion of lime flowers #c ounces ,to be taken at one dose4 ,,herbarium ,,specimens1 ,,mounting4 ,a matter of first importance1 after drying the herbarium specimens1 is to poison them1 to prevent the attacks of insects4 ,this is done by brushing them over on both sides1 using a camel's-hair pencil1 with a solution of #b grains of #cie corrosive sublimate to an ounce of methylated spirit4 ,in tropical climates the solution is generally used of twice this strength4 ,there are several methods of mounting them4 ,leaves with a waxy surface and coriaceous texture are best stitched through the middle after they have been fastened on with an adhesive mixture4 ,twigs of leguminous trees will often throw off their leaflets in drying4 ,this may1 in some measure1 be prevented by dipping them in boiling water before drying1 or if the leaves are not very rigid1 by using strong pressure at first1 without the use of hot water4 ,if the specimens have to be frequently handled1 the most satisfactory preparation is ,lepage's fish glue1 but a mixture of glue and paste1 with carbolic acid added1 is used in some large herbaria4 ,the disadvantage of using glue1 gum1 or paste is that it is necessary to have some of the leaves turned over so as to show the under surface of the leaf1 and some of the flowers and seeds placed loose in envelopes on the same sheet for purposes of comparison or microscopic examination4 ,another plan is to use narrow slips of gummed stiff but thin paper1 such as very thin parchment paper4 ,these strips are either gummed over the stems1 etc41 and pinched in round the stem with forceps1 or passed through slits made in the sheet and fastened at the back4 ,if the specimens are mounted on cards and protected in glass frames1 stitching in the principal parts with gray thread produces a very satisfactory appearance4 ,hectograph ,pads and ,inks ,the hectograph is a gelatin pad used for duplicating letters1 etc41 by transfer4 ,the pad should have a tough elastic consistency1 similar to that of a printer's roller4 ,the letter or sketch to be duplicated is written or traced on a sheet of heavy paper with an aniline ink 7which has great tinctorial qualities74 ,when dry this is laid1 inked side down1 on the pad and subjected to moderate and uniform pressure for a few minutes4 ,it may then be removed1 when a copy of the original will be found on the pad which has absorbed a large quantity of the ink4 ,the blank sheets are laid one by one on the pad1 subjected to moderate pressure over the whole surface with a wooden or rubber roller1 or with the hand1 and lifted off by taking hold of the corners and stripping them gently with an even movement4 ,if this is done too quickly the composition may be torn4 ,each succeeding copy thus made will be a little fainter than its predecessor4 ,from #dj to #fj legible copies may be made4 ,when the operation is finished the surface of the pad should be gone over gently with a wet sponge and the remaining ink soaked out4 ,the superfluous moisture is then carefully wiped off1 when the pad will be ready for another operation4 ,the pad or hectograph is essentially a mixture of glue 7gelatin7 and glycerine4 ,this mixture has the property of remaining soft yet firm for a long time and of absorbing and holding certain coloring matters in such a way as to give them up slowly or in layers1 so to speak1 on pressure4 ,such a pad may be made by melting together #a part of glue1 #b parts of water and #d parts of glycerine 7all by weight1 of course71 evaporating some of the water and tempering the mixture with more glue or glycerine if the season or climate require4 ,the mass when of proper consistency1 which can be ascertained by cooling a small portion1 is poured into a shallow pan and allowed to set4 ,clean glue must be used or the mixture strained2 and air bubbles should be removed by skimming the surface with a piece of card-board or similar appliance4 ,variations of this formula have been proposed1 some of which are appended3 ,i4--,glycerine #ab ounces ,gelatin #b ounces ,water #g #a_/b ounces ,sugar #b ounces ,,ii4--,water #aj ounces ,dextrin #a #a_/b ounces ,sugar #b ounces ,gelatin #ae ounces ,glycerine #ae ounces ,zinc oxide #a #a_/b ounces ,,iii4--,gelatin #aj ounces ,water #dj ounces ,glycerine #abj ounces ,barium sulphate #h ounces ,the ,tokacs patent composition1 besides the usual ingredients1 such as gelatin1 glycerine1 sugar1 and gum1 contains soap1 and can therefore be washed off much easier for new use4 ,the smoothness of the surface is also increased1 without showing more sticking capacity with the first impressions4 ,hectograph ,inks 7see also ,inks74--,the writing to be copied by means of the hectograph is done on good paper with an aniline ink4 ,formulas for suitable ones are appended4 ,it is said that more copies can be obtained from writing with the purple ink than with other kinds3 #cif ,purple4-- ,i4--,methyl violet #b parts ,alcohol #b parts ,sugar #a part ,glycerine #d parts ,water #bd parts ,dissolve the violet in the alcohol mixed with the glycerine2 dissolve the sugar in the water2 mix both solutions4 ,,ii4--,a good purple hectograph ink is made as follows3 ,dissolve #a part methyl violet in #h parts of water and add #a part of glycerine4 ,gently warm the solution for an hour1 and add1 when cool1 #a_/d part alcohol4 ,or take methyl violet1 #a part2 water1 #g parts2 and glycerine1 #b parts4 ,black4-- ,methyl violet #aj parts ,nigrosin #bj parts ,glycerine #cj parts ,gum arabic #e parts ,alcohol #fj parts ,blue4-- ,resorcin blue ,m #aj parts ,dilute acetic acid #a part ,water #he parts ,glycerine #d parts ,alcohol #aj parts ,dissolve by heat4 ,red4-- ,fuchsin #aj parts ,alcohol #aj parts ,glycerine #aj parts ,water #ej parts ,green4-- ,aniline green1 water soluble #ae parts ,glycerine #aj parts ,water #ej parts ,alcohol #aj parts ,repairing ,hectographs4--,instead of remelting the hectograph composition1 which is not always successful1 it is recommended to pour alcohol over the surface of the cleaned mass and to light it4 ,after solidifying1 the surface will be again ready for use4 ,,hemorrhoids3 ,see ,piles4 ,,herb ,,vinegar3 ,see ,vinegar4 ,,hides3 ,see ,leather4 ,,hide ,,bound3 ,see ,veterinary ,formulas4 ,,hide-,,cleaning ,,processes3 ,see ,cleaning ,preparations and ,methods4 ,,hoarhound ,,candy3 ,see ,confectionery4 ,,hoarseness1 ,,cream ,,bon-,,bons ,,for3 ,see ,confectionery4 ,,hoarseness1 ,,remedy ,,for3 ,see ,cough and ,cold ,mixtures and ,turpentine4 ,,honey3 ,honey ,clarifier4--,for #c1jjj parts of fresh honey1 take #hge parts of water1 #aej parts of washed1 dried1 and pulverized charcoal1 #gj parts of powdered chalk1 and the whites of #c eggs beaten in #ij parts of water4 ,put the honey and the chalk in a vessel capable of containing #a_/c more than the mixture and boil for #c minutes2 then introduce the charcoal and stir up the whole4 ,add the whites of the eggs while continuing to stir1 and boil again for #c minutes4 ,take from the fire1 and after allowing the liquid to cool for a quarter of an hour1 filter1 and to secure a perfectly clear liquid refilter on flannel4 ,detecting ,dyed ,honey4--,for the detection of artificial yellow dyestuff in honey1 treat the aqueous yellow solution with hydrochloric acid1 as well as with ammonia2 also extract the dyestuff from the acid or ammoniacal solution by solvents1 such as alcohol or ether1 or conduct the ,arata wool test in the following manner3 ,dissolve #aj parts of honey in #ej parts of water1 mix with #aj parts of a #aj per cent potassium-bisulphate solution and boil the woolen thread in this liquid for #aj minutes4 ,,honey ,,wine3 ,see ,mead4 ,,honing3 ,see ,whetstones4 ,,hoof ,,sores3 ,see ,veterinary ,formulas4 ,,hop ,,bitter ,,beer3 ,see ,beverages4 ,,hop ,,syrup3 ,see ,essences and ,extracts4 ,,horn3 ,artificial ,horn4--,to prepare artificial horn from compounds of nitro-cellulose and casein1 by hardening them and removing their odor of camphor1 the compounds are steeped in formaldehyde from several hours to as many days1 #cig according to the thickness of the object treated4 ,when the formaldehyde has penetrated through the mass and dissolved the camphor1 the object is taken out of the liquid and dried4 ,both the camphor extracted and the formaldehyde used can be recovered by distillation1 and used over again1 thus cheapening the operation4 ,dehorners or ,horn ,destroyers4--,the following are recommended by the ,board of ,agriculture of ,great ,britain3 ,clip the hair from the top of the horn when the calf is from #b to #e days old4 ,slightly moisten the end of a stick of caustic potash with water or saliva 7or moisten the top of the horn bud7 and rub the tip of each horn firmly with the potash for about a quarter of a minute1 or until a slight impression has been made on the center of the horn4 ,the horns should be treated in this way from #b to #d times at intervals of #e minutes4 ,if1 during the interval of #e minutes after one or more applications1 a little blood appears in the center of the horn1 it will then only be necessary to give another very slight rubbing with the potash4 ,the following directions should be carefully observed3 ,the operation is best performed when the calf is under #e days old1 and should not be attempted after the ninth day4 ,when not in use the caustic potash should be kept in a stoppered glass bottle in a dry place1 as it rapidly deteriorates when exposed to the air4 ,one man should hold the calf while an assistant uses the caustic4 ,roll a piece of tin foil or brown paper round the end of the stick of caustic potash1 which is held by the fingers1 so as not to injure the hand of the operator4 ,do not moisten the stick too much1 or the caustic may spread to the skin around the horn and destroy the flesh4 ,for the same reason keep the calf from getting wet for some days after the operation4 ,be careful to rub on the center of the horn and not around the side of it4 ,staining ,horns4--,a brown stain is given to horns by covering them first with an aqueous solution of potassium ferrocyanide1 drying them1 and then treating with a hot dilute solution of copper sulphate4 ,a black stain can be produced in the following manner3 ,after having finely sandpapered the horns1 dissolve #ej to #fj grains of nitrate of silver in #a ounce of distilled water4 ,it will be colorless4 ,dip a small brush in1 and paint the horns where they are to be black4 ,when dry1 put them where the sun can shine on them1 and you will find that they will turn jet black1 and may then be polished4 ,to ,soften ,horn4--,lay the horn for #aj days in a solution of water1 #a part2 nitric acid1 #c parts2 wood vinegar1 #b parts2 tannin1 #e parts2 tartar1 #b parts2 and zinc vitriol1 #b4e parts4 ,,horn ,,bleaches3 ,see ,bone and ,ivory4 ,,horn1 ,,uniting ,,glass ,,with3 ,see ,adhesives4 ,,horses1 ,,the ,,treatment ,,of ,,their ,,diseases3 ,see ,veterinary ,formulas4 ,household ,formulas ,how to ,lay ,galvanized ,iron ,roofing4--,the use of galvanized iron for general roofing work has increased greatly during the past few years4 ,it has many features which commend it as a roofing material1 but difficulties have been experienced by beginners as to the proper method of applying it to the roof4 ,the weight of material used is rather heavy to permit of double seaming1 but a method has been evolved that is satisfactory4 ,galvanized iron roofing can be put on at low cost1 so as to be water-tight and free from buckling at the joints4 ,the method does away with double seaming1 and is considered more suitable than the latter for roofing purposes wherever it can be laid on a roof steeper than #a to #ab4 ,illustration3 ,,fig4 #a ,illustration3 ,,fig4 #b ,illustration3 ,,fig4 #c ,illustration3 ,,fig4 #d ,illustration3 ,,fig4 #e ,illustration3 ,,fig4 #f ,galvanized iron of ,no4 #bh and heavier gauges is used1 the sheets being lap-seamed and soldered together in strips in the shop the proper length to apply to the roof4 ,after the sheets are fastened together a #a #a_/d-;inch edge is turned up the entire length of one side of the sheet1 as indicated in ,fig4 #a4 ,this operation is done with tongs having gauge pins set at the proper point4 ,the second #cih operation consists in turning a strip #a_/d inch wide toward the sheet1 as shown in ,fig4 #b4 ,this sheet is then laid on the roof1 and a cleat about #h inches long and #a inch wide1 made of galvanized iron1 is nailed to the roof close to the sheet and bent over it1 as shown in ,fig4 #c4 ,a second sheet having #a #a_/b inches turned up is now brought against the first sheet and bent over both sheet and cleat1 as shown in ,fig4 #d4 ,the cleat is then bent backward over the second sheet and cut off close to the roof1 as in ,fig4 #e1 after which the seams are drawn together by double seaming tools1 as the occasion demands1 and slightly hammered with a wooden mallet4 ,the finished seam is shown in ,fig4 #f4 ,it will be seen that the second sheet of galvanized iron1 cut #a_/d inch longer than the first1 laps over the former1 making a sort of bead which prevents water from driving in4 ,cleats hold both sheets firmly to the roof and are nailed about #ab inches apart4 ,roofs of this character1 when laid with ,no4 #bh gauge iron1 cost very little more than the cheaper grades of tin1 and do not have to be painted4 ,applications for ,prickly ,heat4--,many applications for this extremely annoying form of urticaria have been suggested and their efficacy strongly urged by the various correspondents of the medical press who propose them1 but none of them seem to be generally efficacious4 ,thus1 sodium bicarbonate in strong1 aqueous solution1 has long been a domestic remedy in general use1 but it fails probably as often as it succeeds4 ,a weak solution of copper sulphate has also been highly extolled1 only to disappoint a very large proportion of those who resort to it4 ,and so we might go on citing remedies which may sometimes give relief1 but fail in the large proportion of cases4 ,in this trouble1 as in almost every other1 the idiosyncrasies of the patient play a great part in the effects produced by any remedy4 ,it is caused1 primarily by congestion of the capillary vessels of the skin1 and anything that tends to relieve this congestion will give relief1 at least temporarily4 ,among the newer suggestions are the following3 ,alcohol #ccc parts ,ether #ccc parts ,chloroform #ccc parts ,menthol #a part ,mix4 ,directions3 ,apply occasionally with a sponge4 ,among those things which at least assist one in bearing the affliction is frequent change of underwear4 ,the undergarments worn during the day should never be worn at night4 ,scratching or rubbing should be avoided where possible4 ,avoid stimulating food and drinks1 especially alcohol1 and by all means keep the bowels in a soluble condition4 ,cleaning and ,polishing ,linoleum4--,wash the linoleum with a mixture of equal parts of milk and water1 wipe dry1 and rub in the following mixture by means of a cloth rag3 ,yellow wax1 #e parts2 turpentine oil1 #aa parts2 varnish1 #e parts4 ,as a glazing agent1 a solution of a little yellow wax in turpentine oil is also recommended4 ,other polishing agents are3 ,i4--,palm oil1 #a part2 paraffine1 #ah2 kerosene1 #d4 ,,ii4--,yellow wax1 #a part2 carnauba wax1 #b2 turpentine oil1 #aj2 benzine1 #e4 ,lavatory ,deodorant4-- ,sodium bicarbonate #e ounces ,alum #e #a_/b ounces ,potassium bromide #d ounces ,hydrochloric acid enough ,water enough to make #d pints4 ,to #c parts of boiling water add the alum and then the bicarbonate4 ,introduce enough hydrochloric acid to dissolve the precipitate of aluminum hydrate which forms and then add the potassium bromide4 ,add enough water to bring the measure of the finished product up to #d pints4 ,removal of ,odors from ,wooden ,boxes1 ,chests1 ,drawers1 etc4--,this is done by varnishing them with a solution of shellac1 after the following manner3 ,make a solution of shellac1 #a1jjj parts2 alcohol1 #ij per cent to #ie per cent1 #a1jjj parts2 boric acid1 #ej parts2 castor oil1 #ej parts4 ,the shellac is first dissolved in the alcohol and the acid and oil added afterwards4 ,for the first coating use #a part of the solution cut with from #a to #b parts of alcohol1 according to the porosity of the wood--the more porous the less necessity for cutting4 ,when the first coat is absorbed and dried in1 repeat the application1 if the wood is very porous1 with the diluted shellac1 but if of hard1 dense wood1 the final coating may be now put on1 using the solution without addition of alcohol4 ,if desired1 the solution may be colored with any of the alcohol soluble aniline colors4 ,the shellac solution1 by the way1 may be applied to the outside of chests1 etc41 and finished off after the fashion of 8,french polish40 #cii ,when used this way1 a prior application of #b coats of linseed oil is advisable4 ,stencil ,marking ,ink that will ,wash ,out4--,triturate together #a part of fine soot and #b parts of ,prussian blue1 with a little glycerine2 then add #c parts of gum arabic and enough glycerine to form a thin paste4 ,washing ,fluid4--,take #a pound sal soda1 #a_/b pound good stone lime1 and #e quarts of water2 boil a short time1 let it settle1 and pour off the clear fluid into a stone jug1 and cork for use2 soak the white clothes overnight in simple water1 wring out and soap wristbands1 collars1 and dirty or stained places4 ,have the boiler half filled with water just beginning to boil1 then put in #a common teacupful of fluid1 stir and put in your clothes1 and boil for half an hour1 then rub lightly through one suds only1 and all is complete4 ,starch ,luster4--,a portion of stearine1 the size of an old-fashioned cent1 added to starch1 #a_/b pound1 and boiled with it for #b or #c minutes1 will add greatly to the beauty of linen1 to which it may be applied4 ,to ,make ,loose ,nails in ,walls ,rigid4--,as soon as a nail driven in the wall becomes loose and the plastering begins to break1 it can be made solid and firm by the following process3 ,saturate a bit of wadding with thick dextrin or glue2 wrap as much of it around the nail as possible and reinsert the latter in the hole1 pressing it home as strongly as possible4 ,remove the excess of glue or dextrin1 wiping it cleanly off with a rag dipped in clean water2 then let dry4 ,the nail will then be firmly fastened in place4 ,if the loose plastering be touched with the glue and replaced1 it will adhere and remain firm4 ,how to ,keep ,lamp ,burners in ,order4--,in the combustion of coal oil a carbonaceous residue is left1 which attaches itself very firmly to the metal along the edge of the burner next the flame4 ,this is especially true of round burners1 where the heat of the flame is more intense than in flat ones1 and the deposit of carbon1 where not frequently removed1 soon gets sufficiently heavy to interfere seriously with the movement of the wick up or down4 ,the deposit may be scraped off with a knife blade1 but a much more satisfactory process of getting rid of it is as follows3 ,dissolve sodium carbonate1 #a part1 in #e or #f parts of water1 and in this boil the burner for #e minutes or so4 ,when taken out the burner will look like a new one1 and acts like one1 provided that the apparatus for raising and lowering the wick has not previously been bent and twisted by attempting to force the wick past rough deposits4 ,to ,remove the ,odor from ,pasteboard4--,draw the pasteboard through a #c per cent solution of viscose in water4 ,the pasteboard must be calendered after drying4 ,to ,remove ,woody ,odor4--,to get rid of that frequently disagreeable smell in old chests1 drawers1 etc41 paint the surface over with the following mixture3 ,acetic ether #ajj parts ,formaldehyde #f parts ,acid1 carbolic #d parts ,tincture of eucalyptus leaves #fj parts ,mix4 ,after applying the mixture expose the article to the open air in the sunlight4 ,to ,keep ,flies ,out of a ,house4--,never allow a speck of food to remain uncovered in dining room or pantry any length of time after meals4 ,never leave remnants of food exposed that you intend for cat or hens4 ,feed at once or cover their food up a distance from the house4 ,let nothing decay near the house4 ,keep your dining room and pantry windows open a few inches most of the time4 ,darken your room and pantry when not in use4 ,if there should be any flies they will go to the window when the room is darkened1 where they are easily caught1 killed1 or brushed out4 ,an ,easy ,way to ,wash a ,heavy ,comfortable4--,examine the comfortable1 and if you find soiled spots soap them and scrub with a small brush4 ,hang the comfortable on a strong line and turn the hose on4 ,when one side is washed turn and wash the other4 ,the water forces its way through cotton and covering1 making the comfortable as light and fluffy as when new4 ,squeeze the corners and ends as dry as possible4 ,preservation of ,carpets4--,lay sheets of brown paper under the carpet4 ,this gives a soft feeling to the foot1 and by diminishing the wear adds longer life to the carpet2 at the same time it tends to keep away the air and renders the apartments warm4 ,to ,do ,away with ,wiping ,dishes4--,make a rack by putting a shelf over the kitchen sink1 slanting it so that the water #djj will drain off into the sink4 ,put a lattice railing about #f inches high at the front and ends of the shelf so that dishes can be set against it on their edges without falling out4 ,have #b pans of hot water4 ,wash the dishes in one and rinse them in the other4 ,set them on edge in the rack and leave until dry4 ,a ,convenient ,table4-- ,ten common-sized eggs weigh #a pound4 ,soft butter1 the size of an egg1 weighs #a ounce4 ,one pint of coffee and of sugar weighs #ab ounces4 ,one quart of sifted flour 7well heaped7 weighs #a pound4 ,one pint of best brown sugar weighs #ab ounces4 ,how to ,make a ,cellar ,waterproof4--,the old wall surface should be roughened and perfectly cleaned before plastering is commenced4 ,it may be advisable to put the first coat on not thicker than #a_/d inch1 and after this has set it may be cut and roughened by a pointing trowel4 ,then apply a second #a_/d-;inch coat and finish this to an even and smooth surface4 ,proportion of plaster3 ,one-half part slaked lime1 #a part ,portland cement1 part fine1 sharp sand1 to be mixed well and applied instantly4 ,removing ,old ,wall ,paper4--,some paper hangers remove old paper from walls by first dampening it with water in which a little baking soda has been dissolved1 the surface being then gone over with a 8scraper0 or other tool4 ,however1 the principle object of any method is to soften the old paste4 ,this may be readily accomplished by first wetting a section of the old paper with cold or tepid water1 using a brush1 repeating the wetting until the paper and paste are soaked through1 when the paper may easily be pulled off1 or1 if too tender1 may be scraped with any instrument of a chisel form shoved between the paper and the wall4 ,the wall should then be washed with clean water1 this operation being materially assisted by wetting the wall ahead of the washing4 ,stained ,ceilings4--,take unslaked white lime1 dilute with alcohol1 and paint the spots with it4 ,when the spots are dry--which will be soon1 as the alcohol evaporates and the lime forms a sort of insulating layer--one can proceed painting with size color1 and the spots will not show through again4 ,to ,overcome ,odors in ,freshly ,papered ,rooms4--,after the windows and doors of such rooms have been closed1 bring in red-hot coal and strew on this several handfuls of juniper berries4 ,about #ab hours later open all windows and doors1 so as to admit fresh air1 and it will be found that the bad smell has entirely disappeared4 ,treatment of ,damp ,walls4--,i4--,a good and simple remedy to obviate this evil is caoutchouc glue1 which is prepared from rubber hose4 ,the walls to be laid dry are first to be thoroughly cleaned by brushing and rubbing off2 then the caoutchouc size1 which has been previously made liquid by heating1 is applied with a broad brush in a uniform layer--about #h to #ab inches higher than the wall appears damp--and finally paper is pasted over the glue when the latter is still sticky4 ,the paper will at once adhere very firmly4 ,or else1 apply the liquefied glue in a uniform layer upon paper 7wall paper1 caoutchouc paper1 etc474 ,upon this1 size paint may be applied1 or it may be covered with wall paper or plaster4 ,if the caoutchouc size is put on with the necessary care--i4 e41 if all damp spots are covered with it--the wall is laid dry for the future1 and no peeling off of the paint or the wall paper needs to be apprehended4 ,in cellars1 protection from dampness can be had in a like manner1 as the caoutchouc glue adheres equally well to all surfaces1 whether stone1 glass1 metal1 or wood4 ,,ii4--,the walls must be well cleaned before painting4 ,if the plaster should be worn and permeated with saltpeter in places it should be renewed and smoothed4 ,these clean surfaces are coated twice with a water-glass solution1 #a4a1 using a brush and allowed to dry well4 ,then they are painted #c times with the following mixture3 ,dissolve #ajj parts1 by weight1 of mastic in #aj parts of absolute alcohol2 pour #a1jjj parts of water over #bjj parts of isinglass2 allow to soak for #f hours2 heat to solution and add #ajj parts of alcohol 7#ej per cent74 ,into this mixture pour a hot solution of #ej parts of ammonia in #bej parts of alcohol 7#ej per cent71 stir well1 and subsequently add the mastic solution and stand aside warm1 stirring diligently4 ,after #e minutes take away from the fire and painting may be commenced4 ,before a fresh application1 however1 the solution should be removed4 ,when this coating has dried completely it is covered with oil or varnish paint1 preferably the latter4 ,in the same manner the exudation of so-called saltpeter #dja in fresh masonry or on the exterior of faades1 etc41 may be prevented1 size paint or lime paint being employed instead of the oil-varnish paint4 ,new walls which are to be painted will give off no more saltpeter after #b or #c applications of the isinglass solution1 so that the colors of the wall paper will not be injured either4 ,stains caused by smoke1 soot1 etc41 on ceilings of rooms1 kitchens1 or corridors which are difficult to cover up with size paint1 may also be completely isolated by applying the warm isinglass solution #b or #c times4 ,the size paint is1 of course1 put on only after complete drying of the ceilings4 ,to ,protect ,papered ,walls from ,vermin4--,it is not infrequent that when the wall paper becomes defective or loose in papered rooms1 vermin1 bed bugs1 ants1 etc41 will breed behind it4 ,in order to prevent this evil a little colocynth powder should be added to the paste used for hanging the paper1 in the proportion of #ej or #fj parts for #c1jjj parts4 ,care of ,refrigerators4--,see that the sides or walls of all refrigerators are occasionally scoured with soap1 or soap and slaked lime4 ,dust ,preventers4--,against the beneficial effects to be observed in the use of most preparations we must place the following bad effects3 ,the great smoothness and slipperiness of the boards during the first few days after every application of the dressing1 which forbids the use of the latter on steps1 floors of gymnasia1 dancing floors1 etc4 ,the fact that the oil or grease penetrates the soles of the boots or shoes1 the hems of ladies' dresses1 and things accidentally falling to the floor are soiled and spotted4 ,besides these there is1 especially during the first few days after application1 the dirty dark coloration which the boards take on after protracted use of the oils4 ,finally1 there is the considerable cost of any process1 especially for smaller rooms and apartments4 ,in schoolrooms and railroad waiting rooms and other places much frequented by children and others wearing shoes set with iron1 the boards soon become smooth from wear1 and for such places the process is not suited4 ,according to other sources of information1 these evil tendencies of the application vanish altogether1 or are reduced to a minimum1 if 7#a7 entirely fresh1 or at least1 not rancid oils be used2 7#b7 if1 after each oiling1 a few days be allowed to elapse before using the chamber or hall1 and finally 7#c71 if resort is not had to costly foreign special preparations1 but ,german goods1 procurable at wholesale in any quantity1 and at very low figures4 ,the last advice 7to use low-priced preparations7 seems sensible since according to recent experiments1 none of the oils experimented upon possess any especial advantages over the others4 ,an overwhelming majority of the laboratories for examination have given a verdict in favor of oil as a dust-suppressing application for floors1 and have expressed a desire to see it in universal use4 ,the following is a suggestion put forth for the use of various preparations3 ,this dust-absorbing agent has for its object to take up the dust in sweeping floors1 etc41 and to prevent its development4 ,the production is as follows3 ,mix in an intimate manner #ab parts1 by weight1 of mineral sperm oil with #hh parts1 by weight1 of ,roman or ,portland cement1 adding a few drops of mirbane oil4 ,upon stirring a uniform paste forms at first1 which then passes into a greasy1 sandy mass4 ,this mass is sprinkled upon the surface to be swept and cleaned of dust1 next going over it with a broom or similar object in the customary manner1 at which operation the dust will mix with the mass4 ,the preparation can be used repeatedly4 ,,hunyadi ,,water3 ,see ,water4 ,,hydrochinon ,,developer3 ,see ,photography4 ,,hydrogen1 ,,amalgams ,,as ,a ,,source ,,of ,,nascent3 ,see ,amalgams4 ,,hydrogen ,,peroxide ,,as ,a ,,preservative3 ,see ,preserving4 ,,hydrometer ,,and ,,its ,,use4 ,fill the tall cylinder or test glass with the spirit to be tested and see that it is of the proper temperature 7#fj ,f474 ,should the thermometer indicate a higher temperature wrap the cylinder in cloths which have been dipped in cold water until the temperature falls to the required degree4 ,if too low a temperature is indicated1 reverse the process1 using warm instead of cold applications4 ,when #fj is reached note the specific gravity on the floating hydrometer4 ,have the cylinder filled to the top and look across the top of the liquid at the mark on the hydrometer4 ,this is to preclude an #djb incorrect reading by possible refraction in the glass cylinder4 ,,hygrometers ,,and ,,hygroscopes3 ,paper ,hygrometers4--,paper hygrometers are made by saturating white blotting paper with the following liquid and then hanging up to dry3 ,cobalt chloride #a ounce ,sodium chloride #a_/b ounce ,calcium chloride #ge grains ,acacia #a_/d ounce ,water #c ounces ,the amount of moisture in the atmosphere is roughly indicated by the changing color of the papers1 as follows3 ,rose red rain ,pale red very moist ,bluish red moist ,lavender blue nearly dry ,blue very dry ,colored ,hygroscopes4--,these instruments are often composed of a flower or a figure1 of light muslin or paper1 immersed in one of the following solutions3 ,i4--,cobalt chloride #a part ,gelatin #aj parts ,water #ajj parts ,the normal coloring is pink2 this color changes into violet in medium humid weather and into blue in very dry weather4 ,,ii4--,cupric chloride #a part ,gelatin #aj parts ,water #ajj parts ,the color is yellow in dry weather4 ,,iii4--,cobalt chloride #a part ,gelatin #bj parts ,nickel oxide #ge parts ,cupric chloride #be parts ,water #bjj parts ,the color is green in dry weather4 ,,hyoscyamus1 ,,antidote ,,to3 ,see ,atropine4 ,,ice3 ,see also ,refrigeration4 ,measuring the ,weight of ,ice4--,a close estimate of the weight of ice can be reached by multiplying together the length1 breadth1 and thickness of the block in inches1 and dividing the product by #cj4 ,this will be very closely the weight in pounds4 ,thus1 if a block is #aj x #aj x #i1 the product is #ijj1 and this divided by #cj gives #cj pounds as correct weight4 ,a block #aj x #aj x #f weighs #bj pounds4 ,this simple method can be easily applied1 and it may serve to remove unjust suspicions1 or to detect short weight4 ,to ,keep ,ice in ,small ,quantities4--,to keep ice from melting1 attention is called to an old preserving method4 ,the ice is cracked with a hammer between #b layers of a strong cloth4 ,tie over a common unglazed flower-pot1 holding about #b to #d quarts and placed upon a porcelain dish1 a piece of white flannel in such a manner that it is turned down funnel-like into the interior of the pot without touching the bottom4 ,placed in this flannel funnel the cracked ice keeps for days4 ,,ice ,,flowers4 ,make a #b per cent solution of the best clear gelatin in distilled water1 filter1 and flood the filtrate over any surface which it is desired to ornament4 ,drain off slightly1 and if the weather is sufficiently cold1 put the plate1 as nearly level as possible1 out into the cold air to freeze4 ,in freezing1 water is abstracted from the colloidal portion1 which latter then assumes an efflorescent form1 little flowers1 with exuberant1 graceful curves of crystals1 showing up as foliage1 from all over the surface4 ,to preserve in permanent form all that is necessary is to flood them with absolute alcohol4 ,this treatment removes the ice1 thus leaving a lasting framework of gelatin which may be preserved indefinitely4 ,in order to do this1 as soon as the gelatin has become quite dry it should be either varnished1 flowed with an alcoholic solution of clear shellac1 or the gelatin may be rendered insoluble by contact1 for a few moments1 with a solution of potassium bichromate1 and subsequent exposure to sunlight4 ,,imogen ,,developer3 ,see ,photography4 ,,incense3 ,see ,fumigants4 ,,incrustation1 ,,prevention ,,of3 ,see ,boiler ,compounds4 ,,indigo3 ,see ,dyes4 ,,infant ,,foods3 ,see ,foods4 ,,influenza ,,in ,,cattle3 ,see ,veterinary ,formulas4 #djc ,,ink ,,eradicators3 ,see ,cleaning ,preparations and ,methods4 ,,igniting ,,composition4 ,eight parts of powdered manganese1 #aj parts of amorphous phosphorus1 and #e parts of glue4 ,the glue is soaked in water1 dissolved in the heat1 and the manganese and the phosphorus stirred in1 so that a thinly liquid paste results1 which is applied by means of a brush4 ,allow to dry well4 ,this1 being free from sulphur1 can be applied on match-boxes4 ,inks ,,blueprint ,,inks4 ,i4--,for red-writing fluids for blueprints1 take a piece of common washing soda the size of an ordinary bean1 and dissolve it in #d tablespoonfuls of ordinary red-writing ink1 to make a red fluid4 ,to keep it from spreading too much1 use a fine pen to apply it with1 and write fast so as not to allow too much of the fluid to get on the paper1 for it will continue eating until it is dry4 ,,ii4--,for red and white solutions for writing on blueprints1 dissolve a crystal of oxalate of potash about the size of a pea in an ink-bottle full of water4 ,this will give white lines on blueprints2 other potash solutions are yellowish4 ,if this shows a tendency to run1 owing to too great strength1 add more water and thicken slightly with mucilage4 ,mix this with red or any other colored ink about half and half1 and writing may be done on the blueprints in colors corresponding to the inks used4 ,,iii4--,add to a small bottle of water enough washing soda to make a clear white line1 then add enough gum arabic to it to prevent spreading and making ragged lines4 ,to make red lines dip the pen in red ink and then add a little of the solution by means of the quill4 ,,iv4--,for white ink1 grind zinc oxide fine on marble and incorporate with it a mucilage made with gum tragacanth4 ,thin a little for use4 ,add a little oil of cloves to prevent mold1 and shake from time to time4 ,v4--,a fluid which is as good as any for writing white on blueprints is made of equal parts of sal soda and water4 ,,vi4--,mix equal parts of borax and water4 ,both these fluids1 ,v and ,,vi1 must be used with a fine-pointed pen2 a pen with a blunt point will not work well4 ,,drawing ,,inks3 ,blue ,ruling ,ink4--,good vitriol1 #d ounces2 indigo1 #a ounce4 ,pulverize the indigo1 add it to the vitriol1 and let it stand exposed to the air for #f days1 or until dissolved2 then fill the pots with chalk1 add fresh gall1 #a_/b gill1 boiling it before use4 ,black ,ruling ,ink4--,take good black ink1 and add gall as for blue4 ,do not cork it1 as this prevents it from turning black4 ,carbon ,ink4--,dissolve real ,india ink in common black ink1 or add a small quantity of lampblack previously heated to redness1 and ground perfectly smooth1 with a small portion of the ink4 ,carmine4--,the ordinary solution of carmine in ammonia water1 after a short time in contact with steel1 becomes blackish red1 but an ink may be made that will retain its brilliant carmine color to the last by the following process1 given by ,dingler3 ,triturate #a part of pure carmine with #ae parts of acetate of ammonia solution1 with an equal quantity of distilled water in a porcelain mortar1 and allow the whole to stand for some time4 ,in this way1 a portion of the alumina1 which is combined with the carmine dye1 is taken up by the acetic acid of the ammonia salt1 and separates as a precipitate1 while the pure pigment of the cochineal remains dissolved in the half-saturated ammonia4 ,it is now filtered and a few drops of pure white sugar syrup added to thicken it4 ,a solution of gum arabic cannot be used to thicken it1 since the ink still contains some acetic acid1 which would coagulate the bassorine1 one of the constituents of the gum4 ,liquid ,indelible ,drawing ,ink4--,dissolve1 by boiling1 #b parts of blond 7golden yellow7 shellac in #a4f parts1 by weight1 of sal ammoniac1 #af1 with #aj parts1 by weight1 of distilled water1 and filter the solution through a woolen cloth4 ,now dissolve or grind #j4e parts1 by weight1 of shellac solution with #j4ja part1 by weight1 of carbon black4 ,also dissolve 4#jc parts of nigrosin in #j4d parts of distilled water and pour both solutions together4 ,the mixture is allowed to settle for #b days and the ready ink is drawn off from the sediment4 ,,glass1 ,,celluloid1 ,,and ,,metal ,,inks3 ,see also ,etching4 ,most inks for glass will also write on celluloid and the metals4 ,the following #djd ,i and ,,ii are the most widely known recipes3 ,i4--,in #ejj parts of water dissolve #cf parts of sodium fluoride and #g parts of sodium sulphate4 ,in another vessel dissolve in the same amount of water #ad parts of zinc chloride and to the solution add #ef parts of concentrated hydrochloric acid4 ,to use1 mix equal volumes of the two solutions and add a little ,india ink2 or1 in the absence of this1 rub up a little lampblack with it4 ,it is scarcely necessary to say that the mixture should not be put in glass containers1 unless they are well coated internally with paraffine1 wax1 gutta-percha1 or some similar material4 ,to avoid the inconvenience of keeping the solutions in separate bottles1 mix them and preserve in a rubber bottle4 ,a quill pen is best to use in writing with this preparation1 but metallic pens may be used1 if quite clean and new4 ,,ii4--,in #aej parts of alcohol dissolve #bj parts of rosin1 and add to this1 drop by drop1 stirring continuously1 a solution of #ce parts of borax in #bej parts of water4 ,this being accomplished1 dissolve in the solution sufficient methylene blue to give it the desired tint4 ,ink for ,writing on ,glazed ,cardboard4--,the following are especially recommended for use on celluloid3 ,i4--,dissolve #d drachms of brown shellac in #d ounces of alcohol4 ,dissolve #g drachms of borax in #f ounces of distilled water4 ,pour the first solution slowly into the second and carefully mix them1 after which add #ab grains of aniline dye of the desired color4 ,violet1 blue1 green1 red1 yellow1 orange1 or black aniline dyes can be used4 ,such inks may be used for writing on bottles1 and the glass may be cleaned with water without the inscription being impaired4 ,,ii4--,ferric chloride #aj parts ,tannin #ae parts ,acetone #ajj parts ,dissolve the ferric chloride in a portion of the acetone and the tannin in the residue1 and mix the solutions4 ,,iii4--,dissolve a tar dyestuff of the desired color in anhydrous acetic acid4 ,indelible ,inks for ,glass or ,metal4--,schobel recommends the following inks for marking articles of glass1 glass slips for microscopy1 reagent flasks1 etc41 in black3 ,i4--,sodium silicate #a to #b parts ,liquid ,india ink #a part ,for white3 ,,ii4--,sodium water glass #c to #d parts ,chinese white #a part ,instead of ,chinese white1 a sufficient amount of the so-called permanent white 7barium sulphate7 may be used4 ,the containers for these inks should be kept air-tight4 ,the writing in either case is not attacked by any reagent used in microscopical technique but may be readily scraped away with a knife4 ,the slips or other articles should be as near chemically clean as possible1 before attempting to write on them4 ,according to ,schuh1 a mixture of a shellac solution and whiting or precipitated chalk answers very well for marking glass4 ,any color may be mixed with the chalk4 ,if the glass is thoroughly cleaned with alcohol or ether1 either a quill pen or a camel's-hair pencil 7or a fresh1 clean steel pen7 may be used4 ,ink on ,marble4--,ink marks on marble may be removed with a paste made by dissolving an ounce of oxalic acid and half an ounce of butter of antimony in a pint of rain water1 and adding sufficient flour to form a thin paste4 ,apply this to the stains with a brush2 allow it to remain on #c or #d days and then wash it off4 ,make a second application1 if necessary4 ,perpetual ,ink4--,i4--,pitch1 #c pounds2 melt over the fire1 and add of lampblack1 #c_/d pound2 mix well4 ,,ii4--,trinidad asphaltum and oil of turpentine1 equal parts4 ,used in a melted state to fill in the letters on tombstones1 marbles1 etc4 ,without actual violence1 it will endure as long as the stone itself4 ,ink for ,steel ,tools4--,have a rubber stamp made with white letters on a black ground4 ,make up an ink to use with this stamp1 as follows3 ,ordinary rosin1 #a_/b pound2 lard oil1 #a tablespoonful2 lampblack1 #b tablespoonfuls2 turpentine1 #b tablespoonfuls4 ,melt the rosin1 and stir in the other ingredients in the order given4 ,when the ink is cold it should look like ordinary printers' ink4 ,spread a little of this ink over the pad and ink the rubber stamp as usual1 and press it on the clean steel--saw blade1 for instance4 ,have a rope of soft putty1 and make a border of putty around the stamped design as close up to the lettering as possible1 so that no portion of the steel inside the ring of putty is exposed but the lettering4 ,then pour into the putty ring the etching mixture1 composed of #a ounce of nitric acid1 #a ounce of #dje muriatic acid1 and #ab ounces of water4 ,allow it to rest for only a minute1 draw off the acid with a glass or rubber syringe1 and soak up the last trace of acid with a moist sponge4 ,take off the putty1 and wipe off the design with potash solution first1 and then with turpentine1 and the job is done4 ,writing on ,ivory1 ,glass1 etc4--,nitrate of silver1 #c parts2 gum arabic1 #bj parts2 distilled water1 #cj parts4 ,dissolve the gum arabic in two-thirds of the water1 and the nitrate of silver in the other third4 ,mix and add the desired color4 ,writing on ,zinc 7see also ,horticultural ,inks74--,take #a part sulphate of copper 7copper vitriol71 #a part chloride of potassium1 both dissolved in #ce parts water4 ,with this blue liquid1 writing or drawing may be done with a common steel pen upon zinc which has been polished bright with emery paper4 ,after the writing is done the plates are put in water and left in it for some time1 then taken out and dried4 ,the writing will remain intact as long as the zinc4 ,if the writing or drawing should be brown1 #a part sulphate of iron 7green vitriol7 is added to the above solution4 ,the chemicals are dissolved in warm water and the latter must be cold before it can be used4 ,,gold ,,ink4 ,i4--,the best gold ink is made by rubbing up gold leaf as thoroughly as possible with a little honey4 ,the honey is then washed away with water1 and the finely powdered gold leaf left is mixed to the consistency of a writing ink with weak gum water4 ,everything depends upon the fineness of the gold powder1 i4 e41 upon the diligence with which it has been worked with the honey4 ,precipitated gold is finer than can be got by any rubbing1 but its color is wrong1 being dark brown4 ,the above gold ink should be used with a quill pen4 ,,ii4--,an imitation gold or bronze ink is composed by grinding #a1jjj parts of powdered bronze of handsome color with a varnish prepared by boiling together #ejj parts of nut oil1 #bjj parts of garlic1 #ejj parts of cocoanut oil1 #ajj parts of ,naples yellow1 and as much of sienna4 ,,horticultural ,,ink4 ,i4--,chlorate of platinum1 #a_/d ounce2 soft water1 #a pint4 ,dissolve and preserve it in glass4 ,used with a clean quill to write on zinc labels4 ,it almost immediately turns black1 and cannot be removed by washing4 ,the addition of gum and lampblack1 as recommended in certain books1 is unnecessary1 and even prejudicial to the quality of the ink4 ,,ii4--,verdigris and sal ammoniac1 of each #a_/b ounce2 levigated lampblack1 #a_/b ounce2 common vinegar1 #a_/d pint2 mix thoroughly4 ,used as the last1 for either zinc1 iron1 or steel4 ,,iii4--,blue vitriol1 #a ounce2 sal ammoniac1 #a_/b ounce 7both in powder72 vinegar1 #a_/d pint2 dissolve4 ,a little lampblack or vermilion may be added1 but it is not necessary4 ,use ,no4 ,i1 for iron1 tin1 or steel plate4 ,,indelible ,,inks4 ,these are also frequently called waterproof1 incorrodible1 or indestructible inks4 ,they are employed for writing labels on bottles containing strong acids and alkaline solutions4 ,they may be employed with stamps1 types or stencil plates1 by which greater neatness will be secured than can be obtained with either a brush or pen4 ,the following is a superior preparation for laundry use3 ,aniline oil #he parts ,potassium chlorate #e parts ,distilled water #dd parts ,hydrochloric acid1 pure 7specific gravity1 #a4abd7 #fh parts ,copper chloride1 pure #f parts ,mix the aniline oil1 potassium chlorate1 and #bf parts of the water and heat in a capacious vessel1 on the water bath1 at a temperature of from #age to #aie ,f41 until the chlorate is entirely dissolved1 then add one-half of the hydrochloric and continue the heat until the mixture begins to take on a darker color4 ,dissolve the copper chloride in the residue of the water1 add the remaining hydrochloric acid to the solution1 and add the whole to the liquid on the water bath1 and heat the mixture until it acquires a fine red-violet color4 ,pour into a flask with a well-fitting ground-glass stopper1 close tightly and set aside for several days1 or until it ceases to throw down a precipitate4 ,when this is the case1 pour off the clear liquid into smaller 7one drachm or a drachm and a half7 containers4 ,this ink must be used with a quill pen1 and is especially good for linen or cotton fabrics1 but does not answer so well for silk or woolen goods4 ,when first used1 it appears as a pale red1 but on washing with soap or alkalies1 or on exposure to #djf the air1 becomes a deep1 dead black4 ,the following is a modification of the foregoing3 ,blue ,indelible ,ink4--,this ink has the reputation of resisting not only water and oil1 but alcohol1 oxalic acid1 alkalies1 the chlorides1 etc4 ,it is prepared as follows3 ,dissolve #d parts of gum lac in #cf parts of boiling water carrying #b parts of borax4 ,filter and set aside4 ,now dissolve #b parts of gum arabic in #d parts of water and add the solution to the filtrate4 ,finally1 after the solution is quite cold1 add #b parts of powdered indigo and dissolve by agitation4 ,let stand for several hours1 then decant1 and put in small bottles4 ,red ,indelible ,inks4--,by proceeding according to the following formula1 an intense purple-red color may be produced on fabrics1 which is indelible in the customary sense of the word3 #a4--,sodium carbonate #c drachms ,gum arabic #c drachms ,water #ab drachms #b4--,platinic chloride #a drachm ,distilled water #b ounces #c4--,stannous chloride #a drachm ,distilled water #d drachms ,moisten the place to be written upon with ,no4 #a and rub a warm iron over it until dry2 then write with ,no4 #b1 and1 when dry1 moisten with ,no4 #c4 ,an intense and beautiful purple-red color is produced in this way4 ,a very rich purple color--the purple of ,cassius--may be produced by substituting a solution of gold chloride for the platinic chloride in the above formula4 ,crimson ,indelible ,ink4-- ,the following formula makes an indelible crimson ink3 ,silver nitrate #ej parts ,sodium carbonate1 crystal #ge parts ,tartaric acid #af parts ,carmine #a part ,ammonia water1 strongest #bhh parts ,sugar1 white1 crystallized #cf parts ,gum arabic1 powdered #fj parts ,distilled water1 quantity sufficient to make #djj parts ,dissolve the silver nitrate and the sodium carbonate separately1 each in a portion of the distilled water1 mix the solutions1 collect the precipitate on a filter1 wash1 and put the washed precipitate1 still moist1 into a mortar4 ,to this add the tartaric acid1 and rub together until effervescence ceases4 ,now1 dissolve the carmine in the ammonia water 7which latter should be of specific gravity 4#hhb1 or contain #cd per cent of ammonia71 filter1 and add the filtrate to the silver tartrate magma in the mortar4 ,add the sugar and gum arabic1 rub up together1 and add gradually1 with constant agitation1 sufficient distilled water to make #djj parts4 ,gold ,indelible ,ink4--,make two solutions as follows3 #a4--;,chloride of gold and sodium #a part ,water #aj parts ,gum #b parts #b4--,oxalic acid #a part ,water #e parts ,gum #b parts ,the cloth or stuff to be written on should be moistened with liquid ,no4 #b4 ,let dry1 and then write upon the prepared place with liquid ,no4 #a1 using preferably a quill pen4 ,pass a hot iron over the mark1 pressing heavily4 ,,india1 ,,china1 ,,or ,,japan ,,ink4 ,ink by these names is based on lampblack1 and prepared in various ways4 ,many makes flow less easily from the pen than other inks1 and are less durable than ink that writes paler and afterwards turns black4 ,the ink is usually unfitted for steel pens1 but applies well with a brush4 ,i4--,lampblack 7finest7 is ground to a paste with very weak liquor of potassa1 and this paste is then diffused through water slightly alkalized with potassa1 after which it is collected1 washed with clean water1 and dried2 the dry powder is next levigated to a smooth1 stiff paste1 with a strong filtered decoction of carrageen or ,irish moss1 or of quince seed1 a few drops of essence of musk1 and about half as much essence of ambergris being added1 by way of perfume1 toward the end of the process2 the mass is1 lastly1 molded into cakes1 which are ornamented with ,chinese characters and devices1 as soon as they are dry and hard4 ,,ii4--,a weak solution of fine gelatin is boiled at a high temperature in a digester for #b hours1 and then in an open vessel for #a hour more4 ,the liquid is next filtered and evaporated to a proper consistency1 either in a steam- or #djg salt-water bath4 ,it is1 lastly1 made into a paste1 as before1 with lampblack which has been previously heated to dull redness in a well-closed crucible4 ,neither of the above gelatinizes in cold weather1 like the ordinary imitations4 ,to ,keep ,india ,ink ,liquid4--,if one has to work with the ink for some time1 a small piece should be dissolved in warm water and the tenth part of glycerine added1 which mixes intimately with the ink after shaking for a short time4 ,india ink thus prepared will keep very well in a corked bottle1 and if a black jelly should form in the cold1 it is quickly dissolved by heating4 ,the ink flows well from the pen and does not wipe4 ,,ink ,,powders ,,and ,,lozenges4 ,any of these powders may1 by the addition of mucilage of gum arabic1 be made into lozenges or buttons--the 8ink buttons0 or 8ink stones0 in use abroad and much affected by travelers4 ,the following makes a good serviceable black ink1 on macerating the powder in #ajj times its weight of rain or distilled water for a few days3 ,i4--,powdered gallnuts #af parts ,gum arabic #h parts ,cloves #a part ,iron sulphate #aj parts ,put into an earthenware or glass vessel1 cover with #ajj parts of rain or distilled water1 and set aside for #aj days or #b weeks1 giving an occasional shake the first #c or #d days4 ,decant and bottle for use4 ,the following is ready for use instantly on being dissolved in water3 ,,ii4--,aleppo gallnuts #hd parts ,dutch ,madder #f parts ,powder1 mix1 moisten1 and pack into the percolator4 ,extract with hot water1 filter1 and press out4 ,to the filtrate add #d parts of iron acetate 7or pyroacetate7 and #b #a_/b parts of tincture of indigo4 ,put into the water bath and evaporate to dryness and powder the dry residue4 ,,lithographic ,,inks4 ,these are for writing on lithographic stones or plates3 ,i4--,mastic 7in tears71 #h ounces2 shellac1 #ab ounces2 ,venice turpentine1 #a ounce4 ,melt together1 add wax1 #a pound2 tallow1 #f ounces4 ,when dissolved1 add hard tallow soap 7in shavings71 #f ounces2 and when the whole is perfectly combined1 add lampblack1 #d ounces4 ,mix well1 cool a little1 and then pour it into molds1 or upon a slab1 and when cold cut it into square pieces4 ,,ii4 7,lasteyrie74--,dry tallow soap1 mastic 7in tears71 and common soda 7in fine powder71 of each1 #cj parts2 shellac1 #aej parts2 lampblack1 #ab parts4 ,mix as indicated in ,formula ,i4 ,,marking ,,or ,,labeling ,,inks3 ,black ,marking ,inks4-- ,i4--,borax #fj parts ,shellac #ahj parts ,boiling water #a1jjj parts ,lampblack1 a sufficient quantity4 ,dissolve the borax in the water1 add the shellac to the solution and stir until dissolved4 ,rub up a little lampblack with sufficient of the liquid to form a paste1 and add the rest of the solution a little at a time and with constant rubbing4 ,test1 and if not black enough1 repeat the operation4 ,to get the best effect--a pure jet-black--the lampblack should be purified and freed from the calcium phosphate always present in the commercial article to the extent1 frequently1 of #he to #hg per cent1 by treating with hydrochloric acid and washing with water4 ,,ii4--,an ink that nothing will bleach is made by mixing pyrogallic acid and sulphate of iron in equal parts4 ,particularly useful for marking labels on bottles containing acids4 ,varnish the label after the ink is dry so that moisture will not affect it4 ,,colored ,,marking ,,inks3 ,eosine ,red4-- ,eosine ,b #a drachm ,solution of mercuric chloride #b drachms ,mucilage of acacia #b drachms ,rectified spirit #d ounces ,oil of lavender #a drop ,distilled water #h ounces ,dissolve the eosine in the solution and #b ounces of water1 add the mucilage1 and mix1 then the oil dissolved in the spirit1 and finally make up4 ,orange4-- ,aniline orange #a drachm ,sugar #b drachms ,distilled water to #d ounces ,blue4-- ,i4--,resorcin blue #a drachm ,distilled water #f drachms ,mix and agitate occasionally for #b hours1 then add3 #djh ,hot distilled water #bd ounces ,oxalic acid #aj grains ,sugar #a_/b ounce ,shake well4 ,this and other aniline inks can be perfumed by rubbing up a drop of attar of rose with the sugar before dissolving it in the hot water4 ,,ii4--,a solid blue ink1 or marking paste1 to be used with a brush for stenciling1 is made as follows3 ,shellac1 #b ounces2 borax1 #b ounces2 water1 #be ounces2 gum arabic1 #b ounces2 and ultramarine1 sufficient4 ,boil the borax and shellac in some of the water till they are dissolved1 and withdraw from the fire4 ,when the solution has become cold1 add the rest of the #be ounces of water1 and the ultramarine4 ,when it is to be used with the stencil1 it must be made thicker than when it is to be applied with a marking brush4 ,,iii4--,in a suitable kettle mix well1 stirring constantly1 #ej parts of liquid logwood extract 7#hj per cent7 with #c parts of spirit previously mingled with #a part of hydrochloric acid1 maintaining a temperature of #fh ,f4 ,dissolve #e parts of potassium chromate in #ae parts of boiling water2 to this add #aj parts of hydrochloric acid1 and pour this mixture1 after raising the temperature to about #hf ,f41 very slowly and with constant stirring into the kettle4 ,then heat the whole to #ahe ,f4 ,this mass1 which has now assumed the nature of an extract1 is stirred a little longer1 and next #ae parts of dextrin mixed with #aj parts of fine white earth 7white bole7 are added4 ,the whole is well stirred throughout4 ,transfer the mass from the kettle into a crusher1 where it is thoroughly worked through4 ,,printing ,,inks4 ,black printing inks owe their color to finely divided carbon made from lampblack1 pine-wood1 rosin oil1 etc41 according to the quality of the ink desired4 ,the finest inks are made from flame-lampblack4 ,there are1 however1 certain requirements made of all printing inks alike1 and these are as follows3 ,the ink must be a thick and homogeneous liquid1 it must contain no solid matter but finely divided carbon1 and every drop when examined microscopically must appear as a clear liquid containing black grains uniformly distributed4 ,the consistency of a printing ink must be such that it passes on to the printing rollers at the proper rate4 ,it will be obvious that various consistencies are demanded according to the nature of the machine used by the printer4 ,for a rotary machine which prints many thousands of copies an hour a much thinner ink will be necessary than that required for art printing or for slow presses4 ,as regards color1 ordinary printing ink should be a pure black4 ,for economy's sake1 however1 newspaper printers often use an ink so diluted that it does not look deep black1 but a grayish black1 especially in large type4 ,the question of the time that the ink takes to dry on the paper is a very important one1 especially with ink used for printing newspapers which are folded and piled at one operation4 ,if then the ink does not dry very quickly1 the whole impression smudges and 8sets off0 so much that it becomes illegible in places4 ,although it is essential to have a quick drying ink for this purpose1 it is dangerous to go too far1 for a too quickly drying ink would make the paper stick to the forms and tear it4 ,a last condition which must be fulfilled by a good printing ink is that it must be easy of removal from the type1 which has to be used again4 ,no one composition will answer every purpose and a number of different inks are required4 ,makers of printing inks are obliged1 therefore1 to work from definite recipes so as to be able to turn out exactly the same ink again and again4 ,they make newspaper ink for rotary presses1 book-printing inks1 half-tone inks1 art inks1 etc4 ,as the recipes have been attained only by long1 laborious1 and costly experiments1 it is obvious that the makers are not disposed to communicate them1 and the recipes that are offered and published must be looked upon with caution1 as many of them are of little or no value4 ,in the recipes given below for printing inks1 the only intention is to give hints of the general composition1 and the practical man will easily discover what1 if any1 alterations have to be made in the recipe for his special purpose4 ,many different materials for this manufacture are given in recipes1 so many1 in fact1 that it is impossible to discover what use they are in the ink4 ,the following is a list of the articles commonly in use for the manufacture of printing ink3 ,boiled linseed oil1 boiled without driers4 ,rosin oil from the dry distillation of rosin4 ,rosin itself1 especially ,american pine rosin4 #dji ,soap1 usually rosin-soap1 but occasionally ordinary soap4 ,lampblack and various other pigments4 ,by the most time-honored method1 linseed oil was very slowly heated over an open fire until it ignited4 ,it was allowed to burn for a time and then extinguished by putting a lid on the pot4 ,in this way a liquid was obtained of a dark brown or black color with particles of carbon1 and with a consistency varying with the period of heating1 being thicker1 the longer the heating was continued4 ,if necessary1 the liquid was then thinned with unboiled1 or only very slightly boiled1 linseed oil4 ,lampblack in the proper quantity was added and the mixture was finally rubbed up on a stone in small quantities at a time to make it uniform4 ,boiling the ,linseed ,oil4--,this process1 although it goes by the name of boiling1 is not so in the proper sense of the word1 but a heating having for its object an initial oxidation of the oil1 so that it will dry better4 ,linseed oil is a type of the drying oils1 those which when exposed in thin coats to the air absorb large quantities of oxygen and are thereby converted into tough1 solid sheets having properties very similar to those of soft ,india rubber4 ,the process goes on much faster with the aid of heat than at the ordinary temperature1 and the rate at which the boiled oil will dry in the ink can be exactly regulated by heating it for a longer or shorter time4 ,prolonged heating gives an oil which will dry very quickly on exposure in thin coats to the air1 the shorter the heating the more slowly will the ink afterwards made with the oil dry4 ,linseed oil must always be boiled in vessels where it has plenty of room1 as the oil soon swells up and it begins to decompose so energetically at a particular temperature that there is considerable risk of its boiling over and catching fire4 ,various contrivances have been thought out for boiling large quantities of the oil with safety1 such as pans with an outlet pipe in the side1 through which the oil escapes when it rises too high instead of over the edge of the pan1 and fires built on a trolley running on rails1 so that they can at once be moved from under the pan if there is any probability of the latter boiling over4 ,the best apparatus for preparing thickened linseed oil is undoubtedly one in which the oil offers a very large surface to the air1 and on that account requires to be moderately heated only4 ,the oil soon becomes very thick under these conditions and if necessary can be diluted to any required consistency with unboiled oil4 ,in boiling linseed oil down to the proper thickness by the old method there are two points demanding special attention4 ,one is the liability of the oil to boil over1 and the other consists in the development of large quantities of vapor1 mostly of acroleine1 which have a most powerful and disagreeable smell1 and an intense action upon the eyes4 ,the attendant must be protected from these fumes1 and the boiling must therefore be done where there is a strong draught to take the fumes as fast as they are produced4 ,there are various contrivances to cope with boiling over4 ,savage's ,printing ,ink4--,pure balsam of copaiba1 #i ounces2 lampblack1 #c ounces2 indigo and ,prussian blue1 each #e drachms2 ,indian red1 #c_/d ounce2 yellow soap1 #c ounces4 ,mix1 and grind to the utmost smoothness4 ,toning ,black ,inks4--,printers' inks consisting solely of purified lampblack and vehicle give1 of course1 impressions which are pure black4 ,it is1 however1 well known that a black which has to a practiced eye a tinge of blue in it looks much better than a pure black4 ,to make such an ink many makers mix the lampblack with a blue pigment1 which is added in very fine powder before the first grinding4 ,prussian blue is the pigment usually chosen and gives very attractive results4 ,prussian blue is1 however1 not a remarkable stable substance1 and is very apt to turn brown from the formation of ferric oxide4 ,hence an ink made with ,prussian blue1 although it may look very fine at first1 often assumes a dull brown hue in the course of time4 ,excellent substitutes for ,prussian blue are to be found in the ,induline blues4 ,these are very fast dyes1 and inks tinted with them do not change color4 ,as pure indigo is now made artificially and sold at a reasonable price1 this extremely fast dye can also be used for tinting inks made with purified lampblack4 ,to ,give ,dark ,inks a ,bronze or ,changeable ,hue4--,dissolve #a #a_/b pounds gum shellac in #a gallon #fe per cent alcohol or cologne spirits for #bd hours4 ,then add #ad ounces aniline red4 ,let it stand a few hours longer1 when it will be ready for use4 ,add this to good blue1 black1 or other dark ink1 as needed in quantities to suit1 when if carefully done #daj they will be found to have a rich bronze or changeable hue4 ,quick ,dryer for ,inks ,used on ,bookbinders' ,cases4--,beeswax1 #a ounce2 gum arabic 7dissolved in sufficient acetic acid to make a thin mucilage71 #a_/d ounce2 brown japan1 #a_/d ounce4 ,incorporate with #a pound of good cut ink4 ,,inks ,,for ,,stamp ,,pads4 ,the ink used on vulcanized rubber stamps should be such that when applied to a suitable pad it remains sufficiently fluid to adhere to the stamp4 ,at the same time the fluidity should cease by the time the stamp is pressed upon an absorbing surface such as paper4 ,formerly these inks were made by rubbing up pigments in fat to a paste4 ,such inks can hardly be prevented1 however1 from making impressions surrounded by a greasy mark caused by the fat spreading in the pores of the paper4 ,now1 most stamping inks are made without grease and a properly prepared stamping ink contains nothing but glycerine and coal-tar dye4 ,as nearly all these dyes dissolve in hot glycerine the process of manufacture is simple enough4 ,the dye1 fuchsine1 methyl violet1 water blue1 emerald green1 etc41 is put into a thin porcelain dish over which concentrated glycerine is poured1 and the whole is heated to nearly #bab ,f4 with constant stirring4 ,it is important to use no more glycerine than is necessary to keep the dye dissolved when the ink is cold4 ,if the mass turns gritty on cooling it must be heated up with more glycerine till solution is perfect4 ,in dealing with coal-tar dyes insoluble in glycerine1 or nearly so1 dissolve them first in the least possible quantity of strong1 hot alcohol4 ,then add the glycerine and heat till the spirit is evaporated4 ,to see whether the ink is properly made spread some of it on a strip of cloth and try it with a rubber stamp4 ,on paper1 the separate letters must be quite sharp and distinct4 ,if they run at the edges there is too much glycerine in the ink and more dye must be added to it4 ,if1 on the contrary1 the impression is indistinct and weak1 the ink is too thick and must be diluted by carefully adding glycerine4 ,aniline colors are usually employed as the tinting agents4 ,the following is a typical formula1 the product being a black ink3 ,i4--,nigrosin #c parts ,water #ae parts ,alcohol #ae parts ,glycerine #gj parts ,dissolve the nigrosin in the alcohol1 add the glycerine previously mixed with the water1 and rub well together4 ,nigrosin is a term applied to several compounds of the same series which differ in solubility4 ,in the place of these compounds it is probable that a mixture would answer to produce black as suggested by ,hans ,wilder for making writing ink4 ,his formula for the mixture is3 ,,ii4--,methyl violet #c parts ,bengal green #e parts ,bismarck green #d parts ,a quantity of this mixture should be taken equivalent to the amount of nigrosin directed4 ,these colors are freely soluble in water1 and yield a deep greenish-black solution4 ,the aniline compound known as brilliant green answers in place of ,bengal green4 ,as to the permanency of color of this or any aniline ink1 no guarantee is offered4 ,there are comparatively few coloring substances that can be considered permanent even in a qualified sense4 ,among these1 charcoal takes a foremost place4 ,lampblack remains indefinitely unaltered4 ,this1 ground very finely with glycerine1 would yield an ink which would perhaps prove serviceable in stamping2 but it would be liable to rub off to a greater extent than soluble colors which penetrate the paper more or less4 ,perhaps castor oil would prove a better vehicle for insoluble coloring matters4 ,almost any aniline color may be substituted for nigrosin in the foregoing formula1 and blue1 green1 red1 purple1 and other inks obtained4 ,insoluble pigments might also be made to answer as suggested for lampblack4 ,the following is said to be a cushion that will give color permanently4 ,it consists of a box filled with an elastic composition1 saturated with a suitable color4 ,the cushion fulfils its purpose for years without being renewed1 always contains sufficient moisture1 which is drawn from the atmosphere1 and continues to act as a color stamp cushion so long as a remnant of the mass or composition remains in the box or receptacle4 ,this cushion or pad is too soft to be self-supporting1 but should be held in a low1 flat pan1 and have a permanent cloth cover4 ,,iii4--,the composition consists preferably of #a part gelatin1 #a part water1 #f parts glycerine1 and #f parts coloring matter4 ,a suitable black color can be #daa made from the following materials3 ,one part gelatin glue1 #c parts lampblack1 aniline black1 or a suitable quantity of logwood extract1 #aj parts of glycerine1 #a part absolute alcohol1 #b parts water1 #a part ,venetian soap1 #a_/e part salicylic acid4 ,for red1 blue1 or violet3 ,one part gelatin glue1 #b parts aniline of desired color1 #a part absolute alcohol1 #aj parts glycerine1 ,i part ,venetian soap1 and #a_/e part salicylic acid4 ,the following are additional recipes used for this purpose3 ,,iv4--,mix and dissolve #b to #d drachms aniline violet1 #ae ounces alcohol1 #ae ounces glycerine4 ,the solution is poured on the cushion and rubbed in with a brush4 ,the general method of preparing the pad is to swell the gelatin with cold water1 then boil and add the glycerine1 etc4 ,v4--,mix well #af pounds of hot linseed oil1 #c ounces of powdered indigo1 or a like quantity of ,berlin blue1 and #h pounds of lampblack4 ,for ordinary sign-stamping an ink without the indigo might be used4 ,by substituting ultramarine or ,prussian blue for the lampblack1 a blue 8ink0 or paint would result4 ,inks for ,hand ,stamps4--,as an excipient for oily inks1 a mixture of castor oil and crude oleic acid1 in parts varying according to the coloring material used1 is admirable4 ,the following are examples3 ,black4--,oil soluble nigrosin and crude oleic acid in equal parts4 ,add #g to #h parts of castor oil4 ,red4--,oil soluble aniline red1 #b parts2 crude oleic acid1 #c parts2 castor oil1 from #cj to #fj parts1 according to the intensity of color desired4 ,red4--,dissolve #a_/d ounce of carmine in #b ounces strong water of ammonia1 and add #a drachm of glycerine and #c_/d ounce dextrin4 ,blue4--,rub #a ounce ,prussian blue with enough water to make a perfectly smooth paste2 then add #a ounce dextrin1 incorporate it well1 and finally add sufficient water to bring it to the proper consistency4 ,blue4--,oil soluble aniline blue1 #a part2 crude oleic acid1 #b parts2 castor oil1 #cj to #cb parts4 ,violet4--,alcohol1 #ae ounces2 glycerine1 #ae ounces2 aniline violet1 #b to #d drachms4 ,mix1 dissolve1 pour the solution on the cushion1 and dab on with a brush4 ,color ,stamps for ,rough ,paper4--,it has hitherto been impossible to get a satisfactory application for printing with rubber stamps on rough paper4 ,fatty vehicles are necessary for such paper1 and they injure the ,india rubber4 ,it is said1 however1 that if the rubber is first soaked in a solution of glue1 and then in one of tannin1 or bichromate of potash1 it becomes impervious to the oils or fats4 ,gum arabic can be substituted for the glue4 ,indelible ,hand-,stamp ,ink4-- ,i4--,copper sulphate #bj parts ,aniline chlorate #bj parts ,rub up separately to a fine powder1 then carefully mix1 and add #aj parts of dextrin and incorporate4 ,add #e parts of glycerine and rub up1 adding water1 a little at a time1 until a homogeneous viscid mass is obtained4 ,an aniline color is produced in the material1 which boiling does not destroy4 ,,ii4--,sodium carbonate #bb parts ,glycerine #he parts ,gum arabic1 in powder #bj parts ,silver nitrate #aa parts ,ammonia water #bj parts ,venetian turpentine #aj parts ,triturate the carbonate of sodium1 gum arabic1 and glycerine together4 ,in a separate flask dissolve the silver nitrate in the ammonia water1 mix the solution with the triturate1 and heat to boiling1 when the turpentine is to be added1 with constant stirring4 ,after stamping1 expose to the sunlight or use a hot iron4 ,the quantity of glycerine may be varied to suit circumstances4 ,white ,stamping ,ink for ,embroidery4-- ,zinc white #b drachms ,mucilage #a drachm ,water #f drachms ,triturate the zinc white with a small quantity of water till quite smooth1 then add the mucilage and the remainder of the water4 ,,stencil ,,inks4 ,i4--,dissolve #a ounce of gum arabic in #f ounces water1 and strain4 ,this is the mucilage4 ,for ,black ,color use drop black1 powdered1 and ground with the mucilage to extreme fineness2 for ,blue1 ultramarine is used in the same manner2 for ,green1 emerald green2 for ,white1 flake white2 for ,red1 vermilion1 lake1 or carmine2 for ,yellow1 chrome yellow4 ,when ground too thick they are thinned #dab with a little water4 ,apply with a small brush4 ,,ii4--,triturate together #a pint pine soot and #b pints ,prussian blue with a little glycerine1 then add #c pints gum arabic and sufficient glycerine to form a thin paste4 ,blue ,stencil ,inks4--,the basis of the stencil inks commonly used varies to some extent1 some preferring a mixture of pigments with oils1 and others a watery shellac basis4 ,the basis3 ,i4--,shellac #b ounces ,borax #a #a_/b ounces ,water #aj ounces ,boil together until #aj ounces of solution is obtained4 ,the coloring3 ,prussian blue #a ounce ,china clay #a_/b ounce ,powdered acacia #a_/b ounce ,mix thoroughly and gradually incorporate the shellac solution4 ,,ii4--,prussian blue #b ounces ,lampblack #a ounce ,gum arabic #c ounces ,glycerine1 sufficient4 ,triturate together the dry powders and then make into a suitable paste with glycerine4 ,indelible ,stencil ,inks4--,i4--,varnish such as is used for ordinary printing ink1 #a pound2 black sulphuret of mercury1 #a pound2 nitrate of silver1 #a ounce2 sulphate of iron1 #a ounce2 lampblack1 #b tablespoonfuls4 ,grind all well together2 thin with spirits turpentine as desired4 ,,ii4--,sulphate of manganese1 #b parts2 lampblack1 #a part2 sugar1 #d parts2 all in fine powder and triturated to a paste in a little water4 ,,iii4--,nitrate of silver1 #a_/d ounce2 water1 #c_/d ounce4 ,dissolve1 add as much of the strongest liquor of ammonia as will dissolve the precipitate formed on its first addition4 ,then add of mucilage1 #a #a_/b drachms1 and a little sap green1 syrup of buckthorn1 or finely powdered indigo1 to color4 ,this turns black on being held near the fire1 or touched with a hot iron4 ,,sympathetic ,,inks3 ,table of ,substances ,used in ,making ,sympathetic ,inks4-- ,for writing and for bringing out the writing3 ,cobalt chloride1 heat4 ,cobalt acetate and a little saltpeter1 heat4 ,cobalt chloride and nickel chloride mixed1 heat4 ,nitric acid1 heat4 ,sulphuric acid1 heat4 ,sodium chloride1 heat4 ,saltpeter1 heat4 ,copper sulphate and ammonium chloride1 heat4 ,silver nitrate1 sunlight4 ,gold trichloride1 sunlight4 ,ferric sulphate1 infusion of gallnuts or ferrocyanide of potassium4 ,copper sulphate1 ferrocyanide of potassium4 ,lead vinegar1 hydrogen sulphide4 ,mercuric nitrate1 hydrogen sulphide4 ,starch water1 tincture of iodine or iodine vapors4 ,cobalt nitrate1 oxalic acid4 ,fowler's solution1 copper nitrate4 ,soda lye or sodium carbonate1 phenolphthaleine4 ,a sympathetic ink is one that is invisible when written1 but which can be made visible by some treatment4 ,common milk can be used for writing1 and exposure to strong heat will scorch and render the dried milk characters visible4 ,the following inks are developed by exposure to the action of reagents3 ,i4--,upon writing with a very clear solution of starch on paper that contains but little sizing1 and submitting the dry characters to the vapor of iodine 7or passing over them a weak solution of potassium iodide71 the writing becomes blue1 and disappears under the action of a solution of hyposulphite of soda 7#a in #a1jjj74 ,,ii4--,characters written with a weak solution of the soluble chloride of platinum or iridium become black when the paper is submitted to mercurial vapor4 ,this ink may be used for marking linen1 as it is indelible4 ,,iii4--,sulphate of copper in very dilute solution will produce an invisible writing1 which may be turned light blue by vapors of ammonia4 ,,iv4--,soluble compounds of antimony will become red by hydrogen sulphide vapor4 ,v4--,soluble compounds of arsenic and of peroxide of tin will become yellow by the same vapor4 ,,vi4--,an acid solution of iron chloride is diluted until the writing is invisible when dry4 ,this writing has the property of becoming red by sulphocyanide vapors 7arising from the action of sulphuric acid on potassium sulphocyanide in a long-necked flask71 and it disappears #dac by ammonia1 and may alternately be made to appear and disappear by these two vapors4 ,,vii4--,write with a solution of paraffine in benzol4 ,when the solvent has evaporated1 the paraffine is invisible1 but becomes visible on being dusted with lampblack or powdered graphite or smoking over a candle flame4 ,,viii4--,dissolve #a part of a lead salt1 #j4a part of uranium acetate1 and the same quantity of bismuth citrate in #ajj parts of water4 ,then add1 drop by drop1 a solution of sal ammoniac until the whole becomes transparent4 ,afterwards1 mix with a few drops of gum arabic4 ,to reveal the characters traced with this ink1 expose them to the fumes of sulphuric acid1 which turns them immediately to a dark brown4 ,the characters fade away in a few minutes1 but can be renewed by a slight washing with very dilute nitric acid4 ,,typewriter ,,ribbon ,,inks4 ,i4--,take vaseline 7petrolatum7 of high boiling point1 melt it on a water bath or slow fire1 and incorporate by constant stirring as much lamp or powdered drop black as it will take up without becoming granular4 ,if the vaseline remains in excess1 the print is liable to have a greasy outline2 if the color is in excess1 the print will not be clear4 ,remove the mixture from the fire1 and while it is cooling mix equal parts of petroleum1 benzine1 and rectified oil of turpentine1 in which dissolve the fatty ink1 introduced in small portions1 by constant agitation4 ,the volatile solvents should be in such quantity that the fluid ink is of the consistence of fresh oil paint4 ,one secret of success lies in the proper application of the ink to the ribbon4 ,wind the ribbon on a piece of cardboard1 spread on a table several layers of newspaper1 then unwind the ribbon in such lengths as may be most convenient1 and lay it flat on the paper4 ,apply the ink1 after agitation1 by means of a soft brush1 and rub it well into the interstices of the ribbon with a toothbrush4 ,hardly any ink should remain visible on the surface4 ,for colored inks use ,prussian blue1 red lead1 etc41 and especially the aniline colors4 ,,ii4--,aniline black #a_/b ounce ,pure alcohol #ae ounces ,concentrated glycerine #ae ounces ,dissolve the aniline black in the alcohol1 and add the glycerine4 ,ink as before4 ,the aniline inks containing glycerine are copying inks4 ,,iii4--,alcohol #b ounces ,aniline color #a_/d ounce ,water #b ounces ,glycerine #d ounces ,dissolve the aniline in the alcohol and add the water and glycerine4 ,,iv4--,castor oil #b ounces ,cassia oil #a_/b ounce ,carbolic acid #a_/b ounce ,warm them together and add #a ounce of aniline color4 ,indelible typewriter inks may be made by using lampblack in place of the aniline1 mixing it with soft petrolatum and dissolving the cooled mass in a mixture of equal parts of benzine and turpentine4 ,,coloring ,,agents3 ,red4-- ,i4--,bordeaux red1 ,o4 ,s4 #ae parts ,aniline red1 ,o4 ,s4 #ae parts ,crude oleic acid #de parts ,castor oil enough to make #a1jjj parts ,rub the colors up with the oleic acid1 add the oil1 warming the whole to #ajj to #aaj ,f4 7not higher71 under constant stirring4 ,if the color is not sufficiently intense for your purposes1 rub up a trifle more of it with oleic acid1 and add it to the ink4 ,by a little experimentation you can get an ink exactly to your desire in the matter4 ,blue-,black4-- ,,ii4--,aniline black1 ,o4 ,s4 #e parts ,oleic acid1 crude #e parts ,castor oil1 quantity sufficient to #ajj parts4 ,violet4-- ,,iii4--,aniline violet1 ,o4 ,s4 #c parts ,crude oleic acid #e parts ,castor oil1 quantity sufficient to #ajj parts4 ,the penetration of the ink may be increased ad libitum by the addition of a few drops of absolute alcohol1 or1 better1 of benzol4 ,reinking4--,for reinking ribbons use the following recipe for black3 ,one ounce aniline black2 #ae ounces pure grain alcohol2 #ae ounces concentrated glycerine4 ,dissolve the aniline black in the alcohol and then add the glycerine4 ,for blue use ,prussian blue1 and for red use red lead instead of the aniline black4 ,this ink is also good for rubber stamp pads4 #dad ,,writing ,,inks4 ,the common writing fluids depend mostly upon galls1 logwood1 or aniline for coloring4 ,there are literally thousands of formulas4 ,a few of the most reliable have been gathered together here3 ,i4--,aleppo galls 7well bruised71 #d ounces2 clean soft water1 ,i quart2 macerate in a clean corked bottle for #aj days or a fortnight or longer1 with frequent agitation2 then add of gum arabic 7dissolved in a wineglassful of water71 #a #a_/b ounces2 lump sugar1 #a_/b ounce4 ,mix well1 and afterwards further add of sulphate of iron 7green copperas crushed small71 #a #a_/b ounces4 ,agitate occasionally for #b or #c days1 when the ink may be decanted for use1 but is better if the whole is left to digest together for #b or #c weeks4 ,when time is an object1 the whole of the ingredients may at once be put into a bottle1 and the latter agitated daily until the ink is made2 and boiling water instead of cold water may be employed4 ,product1 #a quart of excellent ink1 writing pale at first1 but soon turning intensely black4 ,,ii4--,aleppo galls 7bruised71 #ab pounds2 soft water1 #f gallons4 ,boil in a copper vessel for #a hour1 adding more water to make up for the portion lost by evaporation2 strain1 and again boil the galls with water1 #d gallons1 for #a_/b hour2 strain off the liquor1 and boil a third time with water1 #b #a_/b gallons1 and strain4 ,mix the several liquors1 and while still hot add of green copperas 7coarsely powdered71 #d #a_/b pounds2 gum arabic 7bruised small71 #d pounds4 ,agitate until dissolved1 and after defecation strain through a hair sieve1 and keep in a bunged cask for use4 ,product1 #ab gallons4 ,,iii4--,aleppo galls 7bruised71 #ad pounds2 gum1 #e pounds4 ,put them in a small cask1 and add boiling soft water1 #ae gallons4 ,allow the whole to macerate1 with frequent agitation1 for a fortnight1 then further add of green copperas1 #e pounds1 dissolved in water1 #g pints4 ,again mix well1 and agitate the whole once daily for #b or #c weeks4 ,product1 #ae gallons4 ,brown ,ink4--,i4--,to make brown ink1 use for coloring a strong decoction of catechu2 the shade may be varied by the cautious addition of a little weak solution of bichromate of potash4 ,,ii4--,a strong decoction of logwood1 with a very little bichromate of potash4 ,blue ,ink4--,to make blue ink1 substitute for the black coloring sulphate of indigo and dilute it with water till it produces the required color4 ,anticorrosive or ,asiatic ,ink4--,i4--,galls1 #d pounds2 logwood1 #b pounds2 pomegranate peel1 #b pounds2 soft water1 #e gallons4 ,boil as usual2 then add to the strained1 decanted cold liquor1 #a pound of gum arabic1 lump sugar or sugar candy1 #a_/d pound2 dissolved in water1 #c pints4 ,product1 #d #a_/b gallons4 ,writes pale1 but flows well from the pen1 and soon darkens4 ,,ii4--,bruised galls1 #ad pounds2 gum1 #e pounds4 ,put them in a small cask1 and add of boiling water1 #ae gallons4 ,allow the whole to macerate1 with frequent agitation1 for #b weeks1 then further add green copperas1 #e pounds1 dissolved in #g pints water4 ,again mix well1 and agitate the whole daily for #b or #c weeks4 ,blue-,black ,ink4--,blue ,aleppo galls 7free from insect perforations71 #d #a_/b ounces2 bruised cloves1 #a drachm2 cold water1 #dj ounces2 purified sulphate of iron1 #a #a_/b ounces2 pure sulphuric acid 7by measure71 #ce minims2 sulphate of indigo 7in the form of a paste71 which should be neutral1 or nearly so1 #a ounce4 ,the weights used are avoirdupois1 and the measures apothecaries'4 ,place the galls1 then bruised with the cloves1 in a #ej-ounce bottle1 pour upon them the water1 and digest1 often daily shaking for a fortnight4 ,then filter through paper in another #ej-ounce bottle4 ,get out also the refuse galls1 and wring out of it the remaining liquid through a strong1 clean linen or cotton cloth1 into the filter1 in order that as little as possible may be lost4 ,next put in the iron1 dissolve completely1 and filter through paper4 ,then the acid1 and agitate briskly4 ,lastly1 the indigo1 and thoroughly mix by shaking4 ,pass the whole through paper2 just filter out of one bottle into another until the operation is finished4 ,,note4--,no gum or sugar is proper and on no account must the acid be omitted4 ,when intended for copying1 #e #a_/b ounces of galls is the quantity4 ,on the large scale this fine ink is made by percolation4 ,colored ,inks4--,inks of various colors may be made from a strong decoction of the ingredients used in dyeing1 mixed with a little alum or other substance used as a mordant1 and gum arabic4 ,any of the ordinary water-color cakes employed in drawing diffused through water may also be used for colored ink4 #dae ,,copying ,,ink4 ,this is usually prepared by adding a little sugar to ordinary black ink1 which for this purpose should be very rich in color1 and preferably made galls prepared by heat4 ,writing executed with this ink may be copied within the space of #e or #f hours1 by passing it through a copying press in contact with thin1 unsized paper1 slightly damped1 enclosed between #b sheets of thick oiled or waxed paper1 when a reversed transcript will be obtained1 which will read in proper order when the back of the copy is turned upwards4 ,in the absence of a press a copy may be taken1 when the ink is good and the writing very recent1 by rolling the sheets1 duly arranged on a ruler1 over the surface of a flat1 smooth table1 employing as much force as possible1 and avoiding any slipping or crumbling of the paper4 ,another method is to pass a warm flatiron over the paper laid upon the writing4 ,the following proportions are employed3 ,i4--,sugar candy or lump sugar1 #a ounce2 or molasses or moist sugar1 #a #a_/d ounces2 rich black ink1 #a #a_/b pints2 dissolve4 ,,ii4--,malt wort1 #a pint2 evaporate it to the consistence of a syrup1 and then dissolve it in good black ink1 #a #a_/d pints4 ,,iii4--,solazza juice1 #b ounces2 mild ale1 #a_/b pint2 dissolve1 strain1 and triturate with lampblack 7previously heated to dull redness in a covered vessel71 #a_/d ounce2 when the mixture is complete1 add of strong black1 #a #a_/b pints2 mix well1 and in #b or #c hours decant the clear4 ,after making the above mixtures1 they must be tried with a common steel pen1 and if they do not flow freely1 some more unprepared ink should be added until they are found to do so4 ,alizarine ,blue4--,in #bj parts of fuming sulphuric acid dissolve #e parts of indigo1 and to the solution add #ajj parts of extract of aqueous myrobalous and #aj4e parts iron filings or turning shavings4 ,finally add3 ,gum arabic #a4e parts ,sugar #g4e parts ,sulphuric acid1 #ff ,b #aj4e parts ,aniline blue #a4e parts ,carbolic acid #j4e parts ,mirobalan extract to make #a1jjj parts4 ,this ink when first used has a bluish tint1 afterwards becoming black4 ,alizarine ,green4--,in #ajj parts of aqueous extract of gall apples dissolve3 ,iron sulphate #cj parts ,copper sulphate #j4e parts ,sulphuric acid #b parts ,sugar #h parts ,wood vinegar1 rectified #ej parts ,indigo carmine #cj parts ,copying ,ink for ,copying ,without a ,press4--,an ordinary thin-paper copying book may be used1 and the copying done by transference4 ,it is only necessary to place the page of writing in the letter book1 just as one would use a leaf of blotting paper4 ,the superfluous ink that would go into the blotting paper goes on to the leaf of the letter book1 and showing through the thin paper gives on the other side of the leaf a perfect transcript of the letter4 ,any excess of ink on the page1 either of the letter or of the copying paper1 is removed by placing a sheet of blotting paper between them1 and running one's hand firmly over the whole in the ordinary manner4 ,this ready transcription is accomplished by using ink which dries slowly4 ,obviously the ink must dry sufficiently slowly for the characters at the top of a page of writing to remain wet when the last line is being written1 while it must dry sufficiently to preclude any chance of the copied page being smeared while subsequent pages are being covered4 ,the drying must also be sufficiently rapid to prevent the characters 8setting off10 as printers term it1 from one page on to another after folding4 ,the formula for the requisite ink is very simple3 ,reduce by evaporation #aj volumes of any good ink to #f1 then add #d volumes of glycerine4 ,or manufacture some ink of nearly double strength1 and add to any quantity of it nearly an equal volume of glycerine4 ,gold ,ink4--,mosaic gold1 #b parts2 gum arabic1 #a part2 rubbed up to a proper condition4 ,green ,ink4--,a good1 bright green1 aniline ink may be made as follows3 ,aniline green 7soluble7 #b parts ,glycerine #af parts ,alcohol #aab parts ,mucilage of gum arabic #d parts ,dissolve the aniline in the alcohol1 and add the other ingredients4 ,most of the gum arabic precipitates1 but according to the author of the formula 7,nelson7 it has the effect of rendering the ink slow-flowing enough to write with4 ,filter4 #daf ,hectograph ,inks 7see also ,hectograph74--,i4--,black4--,methyl violet1 #aj parts2 nigrosin1 #bj parts2 glycerine1 #cj parts2 gum arabic1 #e parts2 alcohol1 #fj parts4 ,,ii4--,blue4--,resorcin blue ,m1 #aj parts4 ,dissolve by means of heat in a mixture of3 ,dilute acetic acid #a part ,distilled water #he parts ,glycerine #d parts ,alcohol1 #ij per cent #aj parts ,,iii4--,green4--,aniline green1 water solution1 #ae parts2 glycerine1 #aj parts2 ,water1 #ej parts2 alcohol1 #aj parts4 ,paste ,ink to ,write with ,water4--,i4--,black4--,take #d parts of bichromate of potash1 pulverized1 and mixed with #be parts of acetic acid2 #ej parts of liquid extract of logwood2 #a_/d part of picric acid2 #aj parts of pulverized sal sorrel2 #aj parts of mucilage2 and #a_/d part of citrate of iron1 and mix well4 ,the liquid extract of logwood is prepared by mixing #c parts of an extract of common commercial quality with #b parts of water4 ,,ii4--,red4--,take #a part of red aniline mixed with #aj parts of acetic acid2 #e parts of citric acid1 and #be parts of mucilage1 all well mixed4 ,for use1 mix #a part of the paste with #af parts of water4 ,,iii4--,blue4--,take #b parts of aniline blue mixed with #aj parts of acetic acid2 #e parts of citric acid1 and #dj parts of mucilage1 all well mixed4 ,for use1 mix #a part of the paste with #h parts of water4 ,,iv4--,violet4--,use the same ingredients in the same proportions as blue1 with the difference that violet aniline is used instead of blue aniline4 ,v4--,green4--,take #a part of aniline blue2 #c parts of picric acid1 mixed with #aj parts of acetic acid2 #c parts of citric acid1 and #hj parts of mucilage4 ,for use1 #a part of this paste is mixed with #h parts of water4 ,,vi4--,copying4--,take #f parts of pulverized bichromate of potash1 mixed with #aj parts of acetic acid and #bdj parts of liquid extract of logwood1 and add a pulverized mixture of #ce parts of alum1 #bj parts of sal sorrel1 and #bj parts mucilage4 ,mix well4 ,for use1 #a part of this paste is mixed with #d parts of hot water4 ,purple ,ink4--,i4--,a strong decoction of logwood1 to which a little alum or chloride of tin has been added4 ,,ii4 7,normandy74--,to #ab pounds of ,campeachy wood add as many gallons of boiling water4 ,pour the solution through a funnel with a strainer made of coarse flannel1 or #a pound of hydrate1 or acetate of deutoxide of copper finely powdered 7having at the bottom of the funnel a piece of sponge72 then add immediately #ad pounds of alum1 and for every #cdj gallons of liquid add #hj pounds of gum arabic or gum senegal4 ,let these remain for #c or #d days1 and a beautiful purple color will be produced4 ,red ,ink4--,brazil wood1 ground1 #d ounces2 white wine vinegar1 hot1 #a #a_/d pints4 ,digest in a glass or a well-tinned copper or enamel saucepan1 until the next day2 then gently simmer for half an hour1 adding toward the end gum arabic and alum1 of each1 #a_/b ounce4 ,inks for ,shading ,pen4--,the essential feature in the ink for use with a shading pen is simply the addition of a sufficient quantity of acacia or other mucilaginous substance to impart a proper degree of consistency to the ink4 ,a mixture of #b parts of mucilage of acacia with #h of ink gives about the required consistency4 ,the following formulas will probably be found useful3 ,i4--,water-soluble nigrosin #a part ,water #i parts ,mucilage acacia #a part ,,ii4--,paris violet #b parts ,water #f parts ,mucilage acacia #b parts ,,iii4--,methyl violet #a part ,distilled water #g parts ,mucilage acacia #b parts ,,iv4--,bordeaux red #c parts ,alcohol #b parts ,water #bj parts ,mucilage acacia #b parts ,v4--,rosaniline acetate #b parts ,alcohol #a part ,water #aj parts ,mucilage acacia #b parts ,silver ,ink4--,i4--,triturate in a mortar equal parts of silver foil and sulphate of potassa1 until reduced to a fine powder2 then wash the salt out1 and mix the residue with a mucilage of equal parts of gum arabic water4 ,,ii4--,make as gold ink1 but use silver leaf or silver bronze powder4 ,,iii4--,oxide of zinc #cj grains ,mucilage #a ounce ,spirit of wine #dj drops ,silver bronze #c drachms ,rub together1 until perfectly smooth1 #dag the zinc and mucilage1 then add the spirit of wine and silver bronze and make up the quantity to #b ounces with water4 ,violet ,ink4--,i4--,for #b gallons1 heat #b gills of alcohol on a water bath4 ,add to the alcohol #b ounces of violet aniline1 and stir till dissolved2 then add the mixture to #b gallons of boiling water2 mix well1 and it is ready for use4 ,smaller quantities in proportion4 ,,ii4--,another good violet ink is made by dissolving some violet aniline in water to which some alcohol has been added4 ,it takes very little aniline to make a large quantity of the ink4 ,white ,ink 7for other ,white ,inks see ,blueprint ,inks74--,so-called white inks are1 properly speaking1 white paints1 as a white solution cannot be made4 ,a paint suitable for use as an 8ink0 may be made by grinding zinc oxide very fine on a slab with a little tragacanth mucilage1 and then thinning to the required consistency to flow from the pen4 ,the mixture requires shaking or stirring from time to time to keep the pigment from separating4 ,the 8ink0 may be preserved by adding a little oil of cloves or other antiseptic to prevent decomposition of the mucilage4 ,white marks may sometimes be made on colored papers by the application of acids or alkalies4 ,the result1 of course1 depends on the nature of the coloring matter in each instance1 and any 8ink0 of this kind would be efficacious or otherwise1 according to the coloring present in the paper4 ,yellow ,ink4--,i4--,gamboge 7in coarse powder71 #a ounce2 hot water1 #e ounces4 ,dissolve1 and when cold1 add of spirit1 #c_/d ounce4 ,,ii4--,boil ,french berries1 #a_/b pound1 and alum1 #a ounce1 in rain water1 #a quart1 for #a_/b an hour1 or longer1 then strain and dissolve in the hot liquor gum arabic1 #a ounce4 ,waterproof ,ink 7see also ,indelible ,inks74--,any ordinary ink may be made waterproof by mixing with it a little ordinary glue4 ,after waterproofing ink in this way it is possible to wash drawings with soap and water1 if necessary1 without the ink running at all4 ,white ,stamping ,ink4-- ,zinc white #b drachms ,white precipitate #e grains ,mucilage #a drachm ,water #f drachms ,triturate the zinc white with a small quantity of water till quite smooth1 then add the mucilage and the remainder of the water4 ,,ink ,,for ,,the ,,laundry3 ,see ,laundry ,preparations4 ,,ink ,,for ,,leather ,,finishers3 ,see ,leather4 ,,inks ,,for ,,typewriters3 ,see ,typewriter ,ribbons4 ,,ink ,,for ,,writing ,,on ,,glass3 ,see ,etching and ,glass4 ,,inlaying ,,by ,,electrolysis4 ,see also ,electro-etching1 under ,etching4 ,the process consists in engraving the design by means of the sand-blast and stencils on the surface of the article4 ,the design or pattern is rendered conductive and upon this conductive surface a precipitate of gold1 silver1 platinum1 etc41 is applied1 and fills up the hollows4 ,subsequently the surface is ground smooth4 ,insect ,bites ,,remedies ,,for ,,insect ,,bites4 ,i4--,carbolic acid #ae grains ,glycerine #b drachms ,rose water #d ounces ,,ii4--,salicylic acid #ae grains ,collodion #b #a_/b drachms ,spirit of ammonia #e #a_/b drachms ,,iii4--,fluid extract rhus toxicodendron #a drachm ,water #h ounces ,,iv4--,ipecac1 in powder #a drachm ,alcohol #a ounce ,ether #a ounce ,v4--,betanaphthol #cj grains ,camphor #cj grains ,lanolin cold cream #a ounce ,,vi4--,spirit of sal ammoniac1 whose favorable action upon fresh insect bites is universally known1 is often unavailable4 ,a simple means to alleviate the pain and swelling due to such bites1 when still fresh1 is cigar ashes4 ,place a little ashes upon the part stung1 add a drop of water--in case of need beer1 wine1 or coffee may be used instead--and rub the resulting paste thoroughly into the skin4 ,it is preferable to use fresh ashes of tobacco1 because the recent heat offers sufficient guarantee for absolute freedom from impurities4 ,the action of the tobacco ashes is due to the presence of #dah potassium carbonate1 which1 like spirit of sal ammoniac1 deadens the effect of the small quantities of acid 7formic acid1 etc47 which have been introduced into the small wound by the biting insect4 ,insecticides 7,see also ,petroleum47 ,the ,use of ,hydrocyanic ,acid ,gas for ,exterminating ,household ,insects4--,recent successful applications of hydrocyanic acid gas for the extermination of insects infecting greenhouse plants have suggested the use of the same remedy for household pests4 ,it is now an established fact that #a #a_/b grains of #ih per cent pure cyanide of potassium volatilized in a cubic foot of space1 will1 if allowed to remain for a period of not less than #c hours1 kill all roaches and similar insects4 ,it may be stated that a dwelling1 office1 warehouse1 or any building may be economically cleared of all pests1 provided that the local conditions will permit the use of this gas4 ,it probably would be dangerous to fumigate a building where groceries1 dried fruits1 meats1 or prepared food materials of any kind are stored4 ,air containing more than #be per cent of the gas is inflammable2 therefore it would be well to put out all fire in an inclosure before fumigating4 ,hydrocyanic acid1 in all its forms1 is one of the most violent poisons known1 and no neglect should attend its use4 ,there is probably no sure remedy for its effects after it has once entered the blood of any of the higher animals4 ,when cyanide of potassium is being used it should never be allowed to come in contact with the skin1 and even a slight odor of the gas should be avoided4 ,should the operator have any cut or break in the skin of the hands or face it should be carefully covered with court-plaster to prevent the gas coming in contact with the flesh1 or a small particle of the solid compound getting into the cut might cause death by poisoning in a few minutes' time4 ,hydrocyanic acid gas should not be used in closely built apartments with single walls between1 as more or less of the gas will penetrate a brick wall4 ,an inexperienced person should never use cyanide of potassium for any purpose1 and if it be found practicable to treat buildings in general for the extermination of insects1 the work should be done only under the direction of competent officials4 ,experiments have shown that a smaller dose and a shorter period of exposure are required to kill mice than for roaches and household insects generally1 and it readily follows that the larger animals and human beings would be more quickly overcome than mice1 since a smaller supply of pure air would be required to sustain life in mice1 and small openings are more numerous than large ones4 ,the materials employed and the method of procedure are as follows3 ,after ascertaining the cubic content of the inclosure1 provide a glass or stoneware 7not metal7 vessel of #b to #d gallons capacity for each #e1jjj cubic feet of space to be fumigated4 ,distribute the jars according to the space1 and run a smooth cord from each jar to a common point near an outside door where they may all be fastened2 support the cord above the jar by means of the back of a chair or other convenient object in such a position that when the load of cyanide of potassium is attached it will hang directly over the center of the jar4 ,next weigh out upon a piece of soft paper about #ag ounces of #ih per cent pure cyanide of potassium1 using a large pair of forceps for handling the lumps2 wrap up and place in a paper bag and tie to the end of the cord over the jar4 ,after the load for each jar has been similarly provided1 it is well to test the working of the cords to see that they do not catch or bind4 ,then remove the jar a short distance from under the load of cyanide and place in it a little more than a quart of water1 to which slowly add #a #a_/b pints of commercial sulphuric acid1 stirring freely4 ,the action of the acid will bring the temperature of the combination almost to the boiling point4 ,replace the jars beneath the bags of cyanide1 spreading a large sheet of heavy paper on the floor to catch any acid that may possibly fly over the edge of the jar when the cyanide is dropped1 or as a result of the violent chemical action which follows4 ,close all outside openings and open up the interior of the apartment as much as possible1 in order that the full strength of the gas may reach the hiding places of the insects4 ,see that all entrances are locked or guarded on the outside to prevent persons entering2 then leave the building1 releasing the cords as you go4 ,the gas will all be given off in a few minutes1 and should remain in the building at least #c hours4 ,when the sulphuric acid comes in contact with the cyanide of potassium the result is the formation of sulphate of potash1 which remains in the jar1 and the hydrocyanic acid is liberated and #dai escapes into the air4 ,the chemical action is so violent as to cause a sputtering1 and frequently particles of the acid are thrown over the sides of the jar2 this may be prevented by supporting a sheet of stiff paper over the jar by means of a hole in the center1 through which the cord supporting the cyanide of potassium is passed1 so that when the cord is released the paper will descend with the cyanide and remain at rest on the top of the jar1 but will not prevent the easy descent of the cyanide into the acid4 ,the weight of this paper will in no way interfere with the escape of the gas4 ,at the end of the time required for fumigation1 the windows and doors should be opened from the outside and the gas allowed to escape before anyone enters the building4 ,a general cleaning should follow1 as the insects leave their hiding places and1 dying on the floors1 are easily swept up and burned4 ,the sulphate of potash remaining in the jars is poisonous and should be immediately buried and the jars themselves filled with earth or ashes4 ,no food that has remained during fumigation should be used1 and thorough ventilation should be maintained for several hours4 ,after one of these experiments it was noted that ice water which had remained in a closed cooler had taken up the gas1 and had both the odor and taste of cyanide4 ,for dwellings one fumigation each year would be sufficient1 but for storage houses it may be necessary to make an application every #c or #d months to keep them entirely free from insect pests4 ,the cost of materials for one application is about #ej cents for each #e1jjj cubic feet of space to be treated4 ,the cyanide of potassium can be purchased at about #ce cents per pound1 and the commercial sulphuric acid at about #d cents per pound4 ,the strength of the dose may be increased and the time of exposure somewhat shortened1 but this increases the cost and does not do the work so thoroughly4 ,in no case1 however1 should the dose remain less than #a hour4 ,the application of this method of controlling household insects and pests generally is to be found in checking the advance of great numbers of some particular insect1 or in eradicating them where they have become thoroughly established4 ,this method will be found very advantageous in clearing old buildings and ships of cockroaches4 ,,applications ,,for ,,cattle1 ,,poultry1 ,,etc43 ,see also ,veterinary ,formulas4 ,fly ,protectives for ,animals4-- ,i4--,oil of cloves #c parts ,bay oil #e parts ,eucalyptus tincture #e parts ,alcohol #aej parts ,water #bjj parts ,,ii4--,tar well diluted with grease of any kind is as effective an agent as any for keeping flies from cattle4 ,the mixture indicated has the advantage of being cheap4 ,applying to the legs1 neck1 and ears will usually be sufficient4 ,cattle ,dip for ,ticks4--,dr4 ,noorgard of the ,bureau of ,animal ,industry finds the following dip useful1 immersion lasting one minute3 ,sulphur #hf pounds ,extra dynamo oil #a1jjj gallons ,insecticides for ,animals4-- ,i4--,bay oil #ejj parts by weight ,naphthalene #ajj parts by weight ,camphor #fj parts by weight ,animal oil #be parts by weight ,,ii4--,bay oil1 pressed #djj parts by weight ,naphthalene #ajj parts by weight ,crude carbolic acid #aj parts by weight ,for ,dogs1 ,cats1 etc4--,the following is an excellent powder for the removal of fleas from cats or dogs3 ,naphthalene #d av4 ounces ,starch #ab av4 ounces ,reduce to fine powder4 ,a few grains of lampblack added will impart a light gray color1 and if desirable a few drops of oil of pennyroyal or eucalyptus will disguise the naphthalene odor4 ,rub into the skin of the animal and let the powder remain for a day or two1 when the same can be removed by combing or giving a bath1 to which some infusion of quassia or quassia chips has been added4 ,this treatment is equally efficient for lice and ticks4 ,poultry ,lice ,destroyer4--,i4--,twenty pounds sublimed sulphur2 #h pounds fuller's earth2 #b pounds powdered naphthalene2 #a_/b ounce liquid carbolic acid4 ,mix thoroughly and put up in half-pound tins or boxes4 ,sprinkle about the nest for use4 ,,ii4--,oil of eucalyptus smeared about the coop will cause the parasites to leave4 ,to drive them out of the nests of sitting hens1 place in the nest an egg that has been emptied1 and into which has been inserted a bit of sponge imbibed in essence of eucalyptus4 ,there may be used also a concentrated solution of extract of tobacco1 to which phenol has been added4 #dbj ,,iii4--,cover the floor or soil of the house with ground or powdered plaster1 taken from old walls1 etc4 ,,ant ,,destroyers3 ,a most efficacious means of getting rid of ants is spraying their resorts with petroleum4 ,the common oil is worth more for this purpose than the refined4 ,two thorough sprayings usually suffice4 ,in armoires1 dressing cases1 etc41 oil of turpentine should be employed4 ,pour it in a large plate1 and let it evaporate freely4 ,tobacco juice is another effective agent1 but both substances have the drawback of a very penetrating and disagreeable odor4 ,boiling water is deadly to ants wherever it can be used 7as in the garden1 or yard around the house74 ,so is carbon disulphide injected into the nests by aid of a good1 big syringe4 ,an emulsion of petroleum and water 7oil1 #a part2 water1 #c parts7 poured on the earth has proven very efficacious1 when plentifully used 7say from #a ounce to #c ounces to the square yard74 ,a similar mixture of calcium sulphide and water 7calcium sulphide1 #ajj parts2 water1 #a1jjj parts2 and the white of #a egg to every quart of water7 poured into their holes is also effective4 ,a weak solution of corrosive sublimate is very deadly to ants4 ,not only does it kill them eventually1 but it seems to craze them before death1 so that ants of the same nest1 after coming into contact with the poison1 will attack each other with the greatest ferocity4 ,where ants select a particular point for their incursions it is a good plan to surround it with a 8fortification0 of obnoxious substance4 ,sulphur has been used successfully in this way1 and so has coal oil4 ,the latter1 however1 is not a desirable agent1 leaving a persistent stain and odor4 ,the use of carbon disulphide is recommended to destroy ants' nests on lawns4 ,a little of the disulphide is poured into the openings of the hills1 stepping on each as it is treated to close it up4 ,the volatile vapors of the disulphide will penetrate the chambers of the nest in every direction1 and if sufficient has been used will kill not only the adult insects but the larv as well4 ,a single treatment is generally sufficient4 ,formulas to ,drive ,ants ,away4-- ,i4--,water #a quart ,cape aloes #d ounces ,boil together and add3 ,camphor in small pieces #a #a_/b ounces ,,ii4--,powdered cloves #a ounce ,insect powder #a ounce ,scatter around where ants infest4 ,,iii4--,cape aloes #a_/b pound ,water #d pints ,boil together and add camphor gum1 #c ounces4 ,sprinkle around where the ants infest4 ,,bedbug ,,destroyers4 ,a good bug killer is benzine1 pure and simple1 or mixed with a little oil of mirbane4 ,it evaporates quickly and leaves no stain4 ,the only trouble is the inflammability of its vapor4 ,the following is a popular preparation3 ,to half a gallon of kerosene oil add a quart of spirit of turpentine and an ounce of oil of pennyroyal4 ,this mixture is far less dangerous than benzine4 ,the pennyroyal as well as the turpentine are not only poisonous but exceedingly distasteful to insects of all kinds4 ,the kerosene while less quickly fatal to bugs than benzine is cheaper and safer1 and when combined with the other ingredients becomes as efficient4 ,where the wall paper and wood work of a room have become invaded1 the usual remedy is burning sulphur4 ,to be efficient the room must have every door1 window1 crevice1 and crack closed4 ,the floor should be wet in advance so as to moisten the air4 ,a rubber tube should lead from the burning sulphur to a key-hole or auger-hole and through it1 and by aid of a pair of bellows air should be blown to facilitate the combustion of the sulphur4 ,pastes4--,some housewives are partial to corrosive sublimate for bedbugs2 but it is effective only if the bug eats the poison4 ,the corrosive sublimate cannot penetrate the waxy coat of the insect4 ,but inasmuch as people insist on having this a few formulas are given4 ,i4--,common soap #a av4 ounce ,ammonium chloride #c av4 ounces ,corrosive sublimate #c av4 ounces ,water enough to make #cb fluidounces4 ,dissolve the salts in the water and add the soap4 ,this will make a paste that can be painted with a brush around in the cracks and crevices4 ,besides1 it will make an excellent filling to keep the cracks of the wall and wainscoting free from bugs of all kinds4 ,the formula could be modified so as to permit the use #dba of ,paris green or ,london purple1 if desired4 ,a decoction of quassia could be used to dissolve the soap4 ,the latter paste would1 of course1 not be poisonous1 and in many instances it would be preferred4 ,it is possible to make a cold infusion of white hellebore of #be per cent strength1 and in #a quart of infusion dissolve #a ounce of common soap4 ,the advantage of the soap paste is simply to keep the poisonous substance thoroughly distributed throughout the mass at all times4 ,the density of the paste can be varied to suit4 ,kerosene oil or turpentine could replace #f ounces or #h ounces of the water in making the paste1 and either of these would make a valuable addition4 ,another paste preparation which will meet with hearty recommendation is blue ointment4 ,this ointment1 mixed with turpentine or kerosene oil1 can be used to good advantage2 especially so as the turpentine is so penetrating that both it and the mercury have a chance to act more effectually4 ,it can be said that turpentine will kill the bedbug if the two come in contact2 and kerosene is not far behindhand in its deadly work4 ,,ii4--,blue ointment #a ounce ,turpentine #c ounces ,stir well together4 ,liquid ,bedbug ,preparations4--,there is no doubt that the liquid form is the best to use2 unlike a powder1 or even a paste1 it will follow down a crack into remote places where bugs hide1 and will prevent their escape1 and it will also kill the eggs and nits4 ,the following substances are the most employed1 and are probably the best3 ,kerosene1 turpentine1 benzine1 carbolic acid1 corrosive sublimate solution1 oil pennyroyal1 and strong solution of soap4 ,here are several good formulas that can be depended upon3 ,i4--,oil of pennyroyal #a drachm ,turpentine #h ounces ,kerosene oil1 enough to make #a gallon4 ,put up in #h-ounce bottles as a bedbug exterminator4 ,,ii4--,oil of eucalyptus #a drachm ,eucalyptus leaves #a ounce ,benzine #b ounces ,turpentine #b ounces ,kerosene enough to make #af ounces4 ,mix the turpentine1 benzine1 and kerosene oil1 and macerate the eucalyptus leaves in it for #bd hours2 then strain and make up the measure to #a pint1 having first added the oil of eucalyptus4 ,,fly-,,killers4 ,a fly poison that is harmless to man may be made from quassia wood as follows3 ,quassia #a1jjj parts ,molasses #aej parts ,alcohol #ej parts ,water #e1gej parts ,macerate the quassia in #ejj parts of water for #bd hours1 boil for half an hour1 set aside for #bd hours1 then press out the liquid4 ,mix this with the molasses and evaporate to #bjj parts4 ,add the alcohol and the remaining #gej parts of water1 and without filtering1 saturate absorbent paper with it4 ,this being set out on a plate with a little water attracts the flies1 which are killed by partaking of the liquid4 ,sticky ,preparations4-- ,i4--,rosin #aej parts ,linseed oil #ej parts ,honey #ah parts ,melt the rosin and oil together and stir in the honey4 ,,ii4--,rapeseed oil #gj parts ,rosin #cj parts ,mix and melt together4 ,,iii4--,rosin #fj parts ,linseed oil #ch parts ,yellow wax #b parts ,,iv4--,rosin #aj parts ,turpentine #e parts ,rapeseed oil #e parts ,honey #a part ,sprinkling ,powders for ,flies4-- ,i4--,long peppers1 powdered #e parts ,quassia wood1 powdered #e parts ,sugar1 powdered #aj parts ,mix1 moisten the mixture with #d parts of alcohol1 dry1 and again powder4 ,keep the powder in closely stoppered jars1 taking out a sufficient quantity as desired4 ,,ii4--,orris root1 powdered #d parts ,starch1 powdered #ae parts ,eucalyptol #a part ,mix4 ,keep in a closely stoppered jar or box4 ,strew in places affected by flies4 ,fly ,essences4-- ,i4--,eucalyptol #aj parts ,bergamot oil #c parts ,acetic ether #aj parts ,cologne water #ej parts ,alcohol1 #ij per cent #ajj parts ,mix4 ,one part of this 8essence0 is #dbb to be added to #aj parts of water and sprayed around the rooms frequently4 ,,ii4--,eucalyptol #aj parts ,acetic ether #e parts ,cologne water #dj parts ,tincture of insect powder 7#a3e7 #ej parts ,,remedies ,,against ,,human ,,parasites3 ,by weight ,i4--,yellow wax #he parts ,spermaceti #fj parts ,sweet oil #ejj parts ,melt and add3 ,boiling distilled water #aej parts ,after cooling add3 ,clove oil #b parts ,thyme oil #c parts ,eucalyptus oil #d parts ,,ii4--,bay oil1 pressed #ajj parts ,acetic ether #ab parts ,clove oil #d parts ,eucalyptus oil #c parts ,for ,head ,lice in ,children4--,one of the best remedies is a vinegar of sabadilla4 ,this is prepared as follows3 ,sabadilla seed1 #e parts2 alcohol1 #e parts2 acetic acid1 #i parts2 and water1 #cf parts4 ,macerate for #c days1 express and filter4 ,the directions are3 ,moisten the scalp and hair thoroughly at bedtime1 binding a cloth around the head1 and let remain overnight4 ,if there are any sore spots on the scalp1 these should be well greased before applying the vinegar4 ,to ,exterminate ,mites4--,mix together #aj parts of naphthalene1 #aj parts of phenic acid1 #e parts of camphor1 #e parts of lemon oil1 #b parts of thyme oil1 #b parts of oil of lavender1 and #b parts of the oil of juniper1 in #ejj parts of pure alcohol4 ,vermin ,killer4-- ,sabadilla1 powder #b av4 ounces ,acetic acid #a_/b fluidounce ,wood alcohol #b fluidounces ,water sufficient to make #af fluid ounces4 ,mix the acetic acid with #ad fluidounces of water and boil the sabadilla in this mixture for #e to #aj minutes1 and when nearly cold add the alcohol1 let stand1 and decant the clear solution and bottle4 ,directions3 ,shake the bottle and apply to the affected parts night and morning4 ,,insecticides ,,for ,,plants4 ,two formulas for insecticides with especial reference to vermin which attack plants3 ,i4--,kerosene #b gallons ,common soap #a_/b pound ,water #a gallon ,heat the solution of soap1 add it boiling hot to the kerosene and churn until it forms a perfect emulsion4 ,for use upon scale insects it is diluted with #i parts of water2 upon other ordinary insects with #ae parts of water1 and upon soft insects1 like plant lice1 with from #bj to #be parts of water4 ,for lice1 etc41 which attack the roots of vines and trees the following is recommended3 ,,ii4--,caustic soda #e pounds ,rosin #dj pounds ,water1 a sufficient quantity4 ,dissolve the soda in #d gallons of water1 by the aid of heat1 add the rosin and after it is dissolved and while boiling add1 slowly1 enough water to make #ej gallons4 ,for use1 #a part of this mixture is diluted with #aj parts of water and about #e gallons of the product poured into a depression near the root of the vine or tree4 ,for ,cochineal ,insects4--,an emulsion for fumagine 7malady of orange trees caused by the cochineal insect7 and other diseases caused by insects is as follows3 ,dissolve1 hot1 #d parts of black soap in #ae parts of hot water4 ,let cool to #ajd ,f41 and pour in #aj parts of ordinary petroleum1 shaking vigorously4 ,thus an emulsion of caf au lait color is obtained1 which may be preserved indefinitely4 ,for employment1 each part of the emulsion is diluted1 according to circumstances1 with from #aj to #bj parts of water4 ,for ,locusts4--,much trouble is experienced in the ,transvaal and ,natal with locust pests1 the remedies used being either a soap spray1 containing #a pound ordinary household soap in #e gallons of water1 or arsenite of soda1 the latter being issued by the government for the purpose1 and also used for the destruction of prickly pear1 and as a basis of tick dips4 ,a solution of #a pound in #aj gallons of water is employed for full-grown insects1 and of #a pound in #bj gallons of water for newly hatched ones1 #a pound of sugar being added to each pound of arsenite dissolved4 ,the solution sometimes causes sores on the skin1 and the natives employed in its use are given grease to rub over themselves as a measure of protection4 ,an advantage of the arsenite solution over soap is that much less liquid need be used4 ,a composition for the destruction of pear blight1 which has been patented in #dbc the ,united ,states1 is as follows3 ,peppermint oil1 #af parts2 ammonia water1 #fj parts2 calomel1 #cj parts2 and linseed oil1 #a1jjj parts4 ,for ,moths and ,caterpillars4-- ,i4--,venice turpentine #bjj parts ,rosin #a1jjj parts ,turpentine #adj parts ,tar #hj parts ,lard #ejj parts ,rape oil #bdj parts ,tallow #bjj parts ,,ii4--,rosin #ej parts ,lard #dj parts ,stearine oil #dj parts ,for ,non-,masticating ,insects4--,for protection against all non-masticating and many mandibulate insects1 kerosene oil is much used4 ,it is exhibited in the form of emulsion1 which may be made as follows3 ,kerosene #b gallons ,common soap #h ounces ,water #a gallon ,dissolve the soap in the water by the aid of heat1 bring to the boiling point1 and add the kerosene in portions1 agitating well after each addition4 ,this is conveniently done by means of the pump to be used for spraying the mixture4 ,for ,scale ,insects4--,for destroying scale insects dilute the cochineal emulsion 7see above7 with #i times its volume of water2 in the case of most others1 except lice1 dilute with #ad volumes1 and for the latter with #bj to #be volumes4 ,for the extermination of scale insects1 resinous preparations are also employed1 which kill by covering them with an impervious coating4 ,such a wash may be made as follows3 ,rosin #c #a_/b pounds ,caustic soda #a pound ,fish oil #h ounces ,water #bj gallons ,boil the rosin1 soda1 and oil with a small portion of the water1 adding the remainder as solution is effected4 ,for the ,san ,jos scale a stronger preparation is required1 the proportion of water being decreased by half1 but such a solution is applied only when the tree is dormant4 ,scale ,insects on ,orange ,trees4--,scale insect enemies of orange trees are directly controlled in two ways3 7#a7 ,by spraying the infested trees with some liquid insecticide1 and 7#b7 by subjecting them to the fumes of hydrocyanic acid gas1 commonly designated as 8gassing40 ,the latter method is claimed to be the most effective means known of destroying scale insects4 ,in practice the method consists in closing a tree at night with a tent and filling the latter with the poisonous fumes generated by treating refined potassium cyanide 7#ih per cent7 with commercial sulphuric acid 7#ff per cent7 and water4 ,the treatment should continue from #cj to #dj minutes1 the longer time being preferable4 ,the work is done at night to avoid the scalding which follows day applications1 at least in bright sunshine4 ,the oily washes are said to be the best for the use by the spraying method4 8,kerosene emulsion0 is a type of these washes4 ,a formula published by the ,united ,states ,department of ,agriculture follows3 ,kerosene1 #b gallons2 whale-oil soap1 #a_/b pound2 water1 #a gallon4 ,the soap is dissolved in hot water1 the kerosene added1 and the whole thoroughly emulsified by means of a power pump until a rather heavy1 creamy emulsion is produced4 ,the quantity of soap may be increased if desired4 ,the insecticide is applied by spraying the infected tree with an ordinary force pump with spraying nozzle4 ,coating ,against the ,plant ,louse4--7a7--,mix #ge parts of green soap1 #ej parts of linseed oil1 and #be parts of carbolic acid4 ,afterwards mix the mass with #ae1jjj parts of water4 7b7 ,mix #d parts of carbolic acid with #ajj parts water glass4 ,louse ,washes4-- ,unslaked lime #ah parts ,sulphur #i parts ,salt #f4ge parts ,mix as follows3 ,a fourth part of the lime is slaked and boiled for #b_/c of an hour with the sulphur in #bb4f parts of water4 ,the remainder of the lime is then slaked and added with the salt to the hot mixture4 ,the whole is burned for another half hour or an hour1 and then diluted to #cec parts4 ,the fluid is applied lukewarm when the plants are not in active growth4 ,for ,slugs on ,roses4-- ,powdered pyrethrum #h ounces ,powdered colocynth #d ounces ,powdered hellebore #af ounces ,flea ,powder4-- ,naphthalene #d ounces ,talcum #aj ounces ,tobacco dust #b ounces #dbd ,to ,keep ,flaxseed ,free from ,bugs4--,as a container use a tin can with a close-fitting top4 ,at the bottom of the can place a small vial of chloroform with a loose-fitting cork stopper4 ,then pour the flaxseed1 whole or ground1 into the can1 covering the vial4 ,enough of the chloroform will escape from the vial to kill such insects as infest the flaxseed4 ,,insect ,,powders4 ,pyrethrum1 whale oil 7in the form of soap71 fish oil 7in the form of soap71 soft soap1 paraffine1 ,prussic acid1 ,paris green1 white lead1 sulphur1 carbon bisulphide1 acorus calamus1 camphor1 ,cayenne pepper1 tobacco1 snuff1 asafetida1 white hellebore1 eucalyptol1 quassia1 borax1 acetic ether are most important substances used as insecticides1 alone1 or in combination of two or more of them4 ,the ,prussic acid and ,paris green are dangerous poisons and require to be used with extreme care3 ,insect powder is used for all small insects and as a destroyer of roaches4 ,the observations of some experimenters seem to show that the poisonous principle of these flowers is non-volatile1 but the most favorable conditions under which to use them are in a room tightly closed and well warmed4 ,there may be two poisonous principles1 one of which is volatile4 ,disappointment sometimes arises in their use from getting powder either adulterated1 or which has been exposed to the air and consequently lost some of its efficiency4 ,the dust resulting from the use of insect powder sometimes proves irritating to the mucous membranes of the one applying the powder4 ,this is best avoided by the use of a spray atomizer4 ,persistence in the use of any means is an important element in the work of destroying insects4 ,a given poison may be employed and no visible result follow at first1 when in reality many may have been destroyed1 enough being left to deceive the observer as to numbers4 ,they multiply very rapidly1 too1 it must be remembered1 and vigorous work is required to combat this increase4 ,where they can easily migrate from one householder's premises to those of another1 as in city 8flats10 it requires constant vigilance to keep them down1 and entire extermination is scarcely to be expected4 ,the ordinary insect powder on the market is made from pyrethrum carneum1 pyrethrum roseum1 and pyrethrum cinerari-folium4 ,the first two are generally ground together and are commercially called ,persian insect powder2 while the third is commonly called ,dalmatian insect powder4 ,these powders are sold in the stores under many names and in combination with other powders under proprietary names4 ,the powder is obtained by crushing the dried flowers of the pellitory 7pyrethrum74 ,the leaves1 too1 are often used4 ,they are cultivated in the ,caucasus1 whence the specific name ,caucasicum sometimes used4 ,pyrethrum belongs to the natural order composit1 and is closely allied to the chrysanthemum4 ,the active principle is not a volatile oil1 as stated by some writers1 but a rosin1 which can be dissolved out from the dry flowers by means of ether4 ,the leaves also contain this rosin but in smaller proportions than the flowers4 ,tincture of pyrethrum is made by infusing the dried flowers in five times their weight of rectified spirit of wine4 ,diluted with water it is used as a lotion4 ,borax powder also makes a very good insectifuge4 ,it appears to be particularly effective against the common or kitchen cockroach4 ,camphor is sometimes used1 and the powdered dried root of acorus calamus1 the sweet flag4 ,a mixture of white lead with four times its weight of chalk is also highly recommended4 ,the fish-oil soaps used in a powdered form are made from various recipes2 of which the following is a typical example3 ,powdered rosin #b pounds ,caustic soda #h ounces ,fish or whale oil #d ounces ,boil together in a gallon of water for at least an hour1 replacing some of the water if required4 ,the following insect-powder formulas are perfectly safe to use4 ,in each instance insect powder relates to either one of the pyrethrum plants powdered1 or to a mixture3 ,i4--,insect powder #h ounces av4 ,powdered borax #h ounces av4 ,oil of pennyroyal #b fluidrachms ,,ii4--,insect powder #h ounces av4 ,borax #h ounces av4 ,sulphur #d ounces av4 ,oil of eucalyptus #b fluidrachms ,this formula is especially good for cockroaches3 ,,iii4--,insect powder #ad ounces av4 ,quassia in fine powder #f ounces av4 ,white hellebore1 powdered #b ounces av4 #dbe ,beetle ,powder4-- ,cocoa powder #d ounces ,starch #h ounces ,borax #cg ounces ,mix thoroughly4 ,remedies ,against ,mosquitoes4--,a remedy to keep off mosquitoes1 etc41 is composed as follows3 ,cinnamon oil1 #a part2 patchouli oil1 #a part2 sandal oil1 #d parts2 alcohol1 #djj parts4 ,this has a pleasant odor4 ,oil of pennyroyal is commonly used to keep mosquitoes away4 ,some form of petroleum rubbed on the skin is even more efficient1 but unpleasant to use1 and if left on long enough will burn the skin4 ,a #dj per cent solution of formaldehyde for mosquito bites gives remarkably quick and good results4 ,it should be applied to the bites as soon as possible with the cork of the bottle1 and allowed to dry on4 ,diluted ammonia is also used to rub on the bites4 ,roach ,exterminators4--,borax1 starch1 and cocoa are said to be the principal ingredients of some of the roach foods on the market4 ,a formula for a poison of this class is as follows3 ,borax #cg ounces ,starch #i ounces ,cocoa #d ounces ,moth ,exterminators4--,cold storage is the most effective means of avoiding the ravages of moths4 ,where this is impracticable1 as in bureau drawers1 camphor balls may be scattered about with satisfactory result4 ,the following is also effective3 ,spanish pepper #ajj parts ,turpentine oil #ej parts ,camphor #be parts ,clove oil #aj parts ,alcohol1 #if per cent #ijj parts ,cut the ,spanish pepper into little bits1 and pour over them the alcohol and oil of turpentine4 ,let stand #b or #c days1 then decant1 and press out4 ,to the liquid thus obtained add the camphor and clove oil1 let stand a few days1 then filter and fill into suitable bottles4 ,to use1 imbibe bits of bibulous paper in the liquid and put them in the folds of clothing to be protected4 ,protecting ,stuffed ,furniture from ,moths4--,the stuffing1 no matter whether consisting of tow1 hair1 or fiber1 as well as the covering1 should be coated with a #aj per cent solution of sulphur in carbon sulphide4 ,the carbon sulphide dissolves the sulphur so as to cause a very fine division and to penetrate the fibers completely4 ,powder to ,keep ,moths ,away4-- ,cloves #b ounces ,cinnamon #b ounces ,mace #b ounces ,black pepper #b ounces ,orris root #b ounces ,powder coarsely and mix well together4 ,book-,worms4--,when these insects infest books they are most difficult to deal with1 as the ordinary destructive agents injuriously affect the paper of the book4 ,the books should be well beaten and exposed to the sun1 and a rag moistened with formalin passed through the binding and the covers where possible4 ,in other cases the bottom edge of the binding should be moistened with formalin before putting on the shelves1 so that formaldehyde vapor can be diffused4 ,,insect ,,powders3 ,see ,insecticides4 ,,insect ,,trap4 ,into a china wash-basin1 half filled with water1 pour a glass of beer2 cover the basin with a newspaper1 in the center of which a small round hole is cut4 ,place it so that the edges of the paper lie on the floor and the hole is over the center of the basin4 ,at night beetles and other insects1 attracted by the smell of beer1 climb the paper and fall through the hole into the liquid4 ,,instrument ,,alloys3 ,see ,alloys4 ,,instrument ,,cleaning3 ,see ,cleaning ,preparations and ,methods4 ,,instrument ,,lacquer3 ,see ,lacquers4 ,insulation ,,electric ,,insulation3 ,insulating ,varnishes4--,for earth cables and exposed strong current wires3 ,i4--,melt #b parts of asphalt together with #j4d parts of sulphur1 add #e parts of linseed-oil varnish1 linseed oil or cottonseed oil1 keep at #cbj ,f4 for #f hours2 next pour in oil of turpentine as required4 ,,ii4--,maintain #c parts of elaterite with #b parts of linseed-oil varnish at #cib ,f4 for #e to #f hours2 next melt #c parts of asphalt1 pour both substances together1 and again maintain the temperature of #dbf #cib ,f4 for #c to #d hours1 and then add #a part of linseed-oil varnish and oil of turpentine as required4 ,,iii4--,insulating ,varnish for ,dynamos and ,conduits with ,low ,tension4--,shellac1 #d parts2 sandarac1 #b parts2 linoleic acid1 #b parts2 alcohol1 #ae parts4 ,,iv4--,an insulating material which contains no caoutchouc is made by dissolving natural or coal-tar asphalt in wood oil1 adding sulphur and vulcanizing at #egb ,f4 ,the mixture of asphalt and wood oil may also be vulcanized with chloride of sulphur by the ordinary process used for caoutchouc4 ,before vulcanizing1 a solution of rubber scraps in naphthalene is sometimes added and the naphthalene expelled by a current of steam4 ,substitutes for hard rubber are made of natural or artificial asphalt combined with heavy oil of tar and talc or infusorial earth4 ,most of the insulating materials advertised under alluring names consist of asphalt combined with rosin1 tar1 and an inert powder such as clay or asbestos4 ,some contain graphite1 which is a good conductor and therefore a very undesirable ingredient in an insulator4 ,,insulation ,,against ,,heat4 ,an asbestos jacket is the usual insulator for boilers1 steampipes1 etc4 ,the thicker the covering around the steampipe1 the more heat is retained4 ,a chief requirement for such protective mass is that it contains air in fine channels1 so that there is no connection with the closed-in air4 ,most substances suitable for insulating are such that they can only with difficulty be used for a protective mass4 ,the most ordinary way is to mix infusorial earth1 kieselguhr1 slag-wool1 hair1 ground cork1 etc41 with loam or clay1 so that this plastic mass may be applied moist on the pipes4 ,in using such substances care should be taken carefully to clean and heat the surfaces to be covered4 ,the mass for the first coating is made into a paste by gradual addition of water and put on thick with a brush4 ,after drying each time a further coating is applied4 ,this is repeated until the desired thickness is reached4 ,the last layer put on is rubbed smooth with the flat hand4 ,finally1 strips of linen are wound around1 which is coated with tar or oil paint as a protection against outside injuries4 ,cork stones consist of crushed cork with a mineral binding agent1 and are sold pressed into various shapes4 ,leather ,waste ,insulation4--,portions of leather1 such as the fibers of sole leather of any size and form1 are first rendered soft4 ,the surface is then carded or the surface fibers scratched or raised in such a manner that when several pieces are pressed together their surface fibers adhere1 and a compact1 durable piece of leather is produced4 ,the carding can be done by an ordinary batting machine1 the action of which is so regulated that not only are the pieces of leather softened1 but the fibers on their surfaces raised4 ,the structure of the separate pieces of leather remains essentially unaltered4 ,the raised fibers give the appearance of a furry substance to the leather4 ,the batted pieces of leather are well mixed with paste or some suitable gum1 either in or outside of the machine1 and are then put into specially shaped troughs1 where they are pressed together into layers of the required size and thickness4 ,the separate pieces of leather adhere and are matted together4 ,an agglutinant1 if accessible1 will contribute materially to the strength and durability of the product4 ,the layers are dried1 rolled1 and are then ready for use4 ,the pieces need not be packed together promiscuously4 ,if larger portions of waste can be secured1 the separate pieces can be arranged one upon another in rows4 ,the larger pieces can also be used for the top and bottom of a leather pad1 the middle portion of which consists of smaller pieces4 ,,insulation ,,against ,,moisture1 ,,weather1 ,,etc4 ,experiments have shown that with the aid of red lead a very serviceable1 resistive1 and weatherproof insulation material may be produced from inferior fibers1 to take the place1 in many cases1 of gutta-percha and other substances employed for insulating purposes1 and particularly to effect the permanent insulation of aerial conductors exposed to the action of the weather4 ,hackethal used for the purpose any vegetable fiber which is wrapped around the conductors to be insulated4 ,the fiber is then saturated with liquid red lead4 ,the latter is accomplished in the proportion of #d to #e parts of red lead1 by weight1 to #a part1 by weight1 of linseed oil1 by the hot or cold process1 by mere immersion or under pressure4 ,all the three substances1 fiber1 oil1 and red lead1 possess in themselves a certain insulating capacity1 but none of them is alone of utility for such purposes4 ,even the red lead mixed with linseed oil does not possess in the liquid state a high degree of insulating power4 #dbg ,only when both substances1 the ingredients of the linseed oil capable of absorbing oxygen and the lead oxide rich in oxygen1 oxidize in the air1 a new gummy product of great insulating capacity results4 ,,intensifiers3 ,see ,photography4 ,,iodine ,,solvent4 ,iodine is quickly dissolved in oils by first rubbing up the iodine with one-fourth of its weight of potassium iodide and a few drops of glycerine1 then adding a little oil and rubbing up again4 ,the addition of the resultant liquid to the rest of the oil and a sharp agitation finishes the process4 ,,iodine ,,soap3 ,see ,soap4 ,,iodoform ,,deodorizer4 ,rub the part with about a teaspoonful of wine vinegar1 after a previous thorough washing with soap4 ,iron 7,see also ,metals and ,steel47 ,to ,color ,iron ,blue4--,one hundred and forty parts of hyposulphite of soda are dissolved in #a1jjj parts of water2 #ce parts of acetate of lead are dissolved in #a1jjj parts of water2 the two solutions are mixed1 boiled1 and the iron is immersed therein4 ,the metal takes a blue color1 such as is obtained by heating4 ,to ,distinguish ,iron from ,steel4--,the piece of metal to be tested is washed and then plunged into a solution of bichromate of potash1 with the addition of considerable sulphuric acid4 ,in half a minute or a minute the metal can be taken out1 washed1 and wiped4 ,soft steels and cast iron assume under this treatment an ash-gray tint4 ,tempered steels become almost black1 without any metallic reflection4 ,puddled and refined irons remain nearly white and always have metallic reflections on the part of their surface previously filed1 the remainder of the surface presenting irregular blackish spots4 ,another method is to apply a magnet4 ,steel responds much more quickly and actively to the magnetic influence than does iron4 ,powder for ,hardening ,iron and ,steel4--,for wrought iron place in the charge #bj parts1 by weight1 of common salt2 #b parts1 by weight1 of potassium cyanide2 #j4c parts1 by weight1 of potassium bichromate2 #j4ae parts1 by weight1 of broken glass2 and #j4a part1 by weight1 of potassium nitrate for case-hardening4 ,for cooling and hardening cast iron3 ,to #fj parts1 by weight1 of water add #b4e parts1 by weight1 of vinegar2 #c parts1 by weight1 of common salt2 and #j4be parts1 by weight1 of hydrochloric acid4 ,preventing the ,peeling of ,coatings for ,iron4--,to obviate the scaling of coatings on iron1 if exposed to the attacks of the weather1 it is advisable to wash the iron thoroughly and to paint it next with a layer of boiling linseed oil4 ,if thus treated1 the paint never cracks off4 ,if the iron objects are small and can be heated1 it is advantageous to heat them previously and to dip them into linseed oil4 ,the boiling oil enters all the pores of the metal and drives out the moisture4 ,the coating adheres so firmly that frost1 rain1 nor wind can injure it4 ,to ,soften ,iron ,castings4--,to soften hard iron castings1 heat the object to a high temperature1 cover it over with fine coal dust or some similar substance1 and allow it to cool gradually4 ,when the articles are of small size1 a number of them are packed in a crucible with substances yielding carbon to iron at a glowing heat4 ,the crucible is then tightly closed1 and placed in a stove or on an open fire4 ,it is gradually heated and kept at a red heat for several hours1 and then allowed to cool slowly4 ,cast-iron turnings1 carbonate of soda1 and unrefined sugar are recommended as substances suitable for packing in the crucible with the castings4 ,if unrefined sugar alone is added1 the quantity must not be too small4 ,by this process the iron may be rendered extremely soft4 ,to ,whiten ,iron4--,mix ammoniacal salt in powder with an equal volume of mercury4 ,this is dissolved in cold water and mixed thoroughly4 ,immerse the metal1 heated to redness1 in this bath and it will come out possessing the whiteness and beauty of silver4 ,care should be taken not to overheat the article and thus burn it4 ,,iron1 ,,biting ,,off ,,red ,,hot3 ,see ,pyrotechnics4 ,,iron1 ,,cements ,,for3 ,see ,adhesives4 ,,iron1 ,,to ,,clean3 ,see ,cleaning ,preparations and ,methods4 ,,iron ,,to ,,cloth1 ,,gluing3 ,see ,adhesives4 #dbh ,,iron1 ,,how ,,to ,,attach ,,rubber ,,to3 ,see ,adhesives1 under ,rubber ,cements4 ,,iron ,,oxalate ,,developer3 ,see ,photography4 ,,iron ,,solders3 ,see ,solders4 ,,ironing ,,wax3 ,see ,laundry ,preparations4 ,,iron ,,varnishes3 ,see ,varnishes4 ,,itch1 ,,barbers'3 ,see ,ointments4 ,ivory 7,see also ,bones1 ,shell1 and ,horn47 ,,to ,,color ,,ivory3 ,red4--,the article is placed for #bd hours in water1 #a1jjj parts of which carry #ajj parts of vinegar 7acetic acid1 #f per cent71 and from #a to #e parts of aniline red4 ,as soon as it acquires the desired color pour off the liquid1 let the ivory dry1 and polish with ,vienna lime4 ,black4--,wash the article first in potash or soda lye and then put into a neutral solution of silver nitrate4 ,drain off the liquid and lay in the direct sunshine4 ,red-,purple4--,put the article in a weak solution of triple gold chloride and then into direct sunshine4 ,red4--,for a different shade of red 7from the first given71 place the article for a short time in water weakly acidified with nitric acid and then in a solution of cochineal in ammonia4 ,yellow4--,leave for several hours in a solution of lead acetate1 rinse and dry4 ,when quite dry place in a solution of potassium chromate4 ,to ,color ,billiard ,balls ,red4-- ,fiery ,red4--,wash the article first in a solution of carbonate of soda1 then plunge for a few seconds in a bath of equal parts of water and nitric acid4 ,remove1 rinse in running water2 then put in an alcoholic solution of fuchsine and let it remain until it is the required color4 ,cherry ,red4--,clean by washing in the sodium carbonate solution1 rinse and lay in a #b per cent solution of tin chloride1 for a few moments1 then boil in a solution of logwood4 ,finally lay in a solution of potassium carbonate until it assumes the desired color4 ,pale ,red4--,wash in soda solution1 rinse and lay for #be minutes in a #e per cent solution of nitric acid1 rinse1 then lay for several minutes in a weak solution of tin chloride4 ,finally boil in the following solution3 ,carmine1 #b parts2 sodium carbonate1 #ab parts2 water1 #bjj parts2 acetic acid enough to saturate4 ,brown4--,apply several coats of an ammoniacal solution of potassium permanganate4 ,similar results are obtained if the solution is diluted with vinegar1 and the ivory article allowed to remain in the liquid for some time4 ,etching on ,ivory 7see also ,etching74--,although decorations on ivory articles1 such as umbrella handles1 cuff-buttons1 fans1 book-covers1 boxes1 etc41 are generally engraved1 the work is frequently done by etching4 ,the patterns must be very delicate1 and are executed in lines only4 ,the simplest way is to cover the surface with a thin rosin varnish4 ,then transfer the pattern and scratch it out accurately with a pointed needle4 ,otherwise proceed same as in etching on metal and stone1 making an edge of modeling wax around the surface to be etched and pouring on the acid1 which consists1 in this case1 of sulphuric acid1 #a part1 to which #e to #f parts of water are added4 ,it acts very quickly4 ,the lines turn a deep black4 ,if brown lines are desired1 dissolve #a part of silver nitrate in #e parts of water1 etch for a short time1 and expose the article for a few hours to the light1 until the design turns brown4 ,very often etchings in ivory are gilded4 ,for this purpose1 fill the etched patterns accurately with siccatives1 using a writing pen1 dry1 and dab on gold leaf4 ,after a few hours remove the superfluous gold with wadding1 and the design will be nicely gilded4 ,etched ivory articles present a very handsome appearance if they are first covered with a silvery gloss1 the design being gilded afterwards4 ,for the former purpose the etched object is laid in the above described solution of silver nitrate until it has acquired a dark yellow color4 ,then rinse it off in clean water and1 while still moist1 expose to direct sunlight4 ,after #c to #d hours the surface becomes entirely black1 but will take on a fine silvery luster if rubbed with soft leather4 ,flexible ,ivory4--,to soften ivory and render it flexible put pure phosphoric acid 7specific gravity1 #a4ac7 into a wide-mouthed bottle or jar that can be covered1 and steep the ivory in this until it partially loses its opacity2 then wash the ivory in cold1 soft water and dry1 when the ivory will be found soft and flexible4 #dbi ,it regains its hardness in course of time when freely exposed to air1 although its flexibility can be restored by immersing the ivory in hot water4 ,another softening fluid is prepared by mixing #a ounce of spirit of niter with #e ounces of water and steeping the ivory in the fluid for #d or #e days4 ,hardened ,ivory4--,to restore the hardness to ivory that has been softened by the above methods1 wrap it in a sheet of white writing paper1 cover it with dry decrepitated salt1 and let it remain thus covered for #bd hours4 ,the decrepitated salt is prepared by strewing common kitchen salt on a plate or dish and standing same before a fierce fire1 when the salt loses its crystalline appearance and assumes a dense opaque whiteness4 ,,imitation ,,ivory3 ,see also ,casein and ,plaster4 ,manufacture of ,compounds ,imitating ,ivory1 ,shell1 etc4--,casein1 as known1 may act the part of an acid and combine with bases to form caseinates or caseates2 among these compounds1 caseinates of potash1 of soda1 and of ammonia are the only ones soluble in water2 all the others are insoluble and may be readily prepared by double decomposition4 ,thus1 for example1 to obtain caseinate of alumina1 it is sufficient to add to a solution of casein in caustic soda a solution of sulphate of alumina2 an insoluble precipitate of casein1 or caseinate of alumina1 is instantly formed4 ,this precipitate ought to be freed from the sulphate of soda 7formed by double decomposition7 by means of prolonged washing4 ,when pure1 ordinary cellulose may be incorporated with it by this process1 producing a new compound1 cheaper than pure cellulose1 although possessing the same properties1 and capable of replacing it in all its applications4 ,according to the results desired1 in transparency1 color1 hardness1 etc41 the most suitable caseinate should be selected4 ,thus1 if a translucent compound is to be obtained1 the caseinate of alumina yields the best4 ,if a white compound is desired1 the caseinate of zinc or of magnesia should be chosen2 and for colored products the caseinates of iron1 copper1 and nickel will give varied tints4 ,the process employed for the new products1 with a base of celluloid and caseinate1 is as follows3 ,on one hand casein is dissolved in a solution of caustic soda 7#ajj of water for #aj to #be of soda71 and this liquid is filtered1 to separate the matters not dissolved and the impurities4 ,on the other hand1 a salt 7of the base of which the caseinate is desired7 is dissolved1 and the solution filtered4 ,it is well not to operate on too concentrated a solution4 ,the two solutions are mixed in a reservoir furnished with a mechanical stirrer1 in order to obtain the insoluble caseinate precipitate in as finely divided a state as possible4 ,this precipitate should be washed thoroughly so as to free it from the soda salt formed by double decomposition1 but on account of its gummy or pasty state1 this washing presents certain difficulties1 and should be done carefully4 ,after the washing it should be freed from the greater part of water contained by draining1 followed by drying1 or energetic pressing2 then it is washed in alcohol1 dried or pressed again1 and is ready to be incorporated in the mass of the celluloid4 ,for the latter immersion and washing1 it has been found that an addition of #a to #e per cent of borax is advantageous1 for it renders the mass more plastic1 and facilitates the operation of mixing4 ,this may be conducted in a mixing apparatus2 but1 in practice1 it is found preferable to effect it with a rolling mill1 operated as follows3 ,the nitro-cellulose is introduced in the plastic state1 and moistened with a solution of camphor in alcohol 7#dj to #ej parts of camphor in #ej to #gj parts of alcohol for #ajj parts of nitro-cellulose7 as it is practiced in celluloid factories4 ,this plastic mass of nitro-cellulose is placed in a rolling mill1 the cylinders of which are slightly heated at the same time as the caseinate1 prepared as above2 then the whole mass is worked by the cylinders until the mixture of the two is perfectly homogeneous1 and the final mass is sufficiently hard to be drawn out in leaves in the same way as practiced for pure celluloid4 ,these leaves are placed in hydraulic presses1 where they are compressed1 first hot1 then cold1 and the block thus formed is afterwards cut into leaves of the thickness desired4 ,these leaves are dried in an apparatus in the same way as ordinary celluloid4 ,the product resembles celluloid1 and has all its properties4 ,at #aie to #bae ,f4 it becomes quite plastic1 and is easily molded4 ,it may be sawed1 filed1 turned1 and carved without difficulty1 and takes on a superb polish4 ,it burns less readily than celluloid1 and its combustibility diminishes in proportion as the percentage of caseinate increases2 finally1 the cost price is less than that of celluloid1 #dcj and by using a large proportion of caseinate1 products may be manufactured at an extremely low cost4 ,,ivory ,,and ,,bone ,,bleaches4 ,if simply dirty1 scrub with soap and tepid water1 using an old tooth or nail brush for the purpose4 ,grease stains may be sometimes removed by applying a paste of chalk or whiting and benzol1 covering the article so that the benzol may not dry too rapidly4 ,carbon disulphide 7the purified article7 may be used in place of benzol4 ,when dry1 rub off with a stiff brush4 ,if not removed with the first application1 repeat the process4 ,delicately carved articles that show a tendency to brittleness should be soaked for a short time in dilute phosphoric acid before any attempt to clean them is made4 ,this renders the minuter portions almost ductile1 and prevents their breaking under cleaning4 ,the large scratched brush should be treated as follows3 ,if the scratches are deep1 the surface may be carefully rubbed down to the depth of the scratch1 using the finest emery cloth1 until the depth is nearly reached1 then substituting crocus cloth4 ,to restore the polish nothing is superior to the genuine ,german putz pomade1 following by rubbing first with chamois and finishing off with soft old silk4 ,the more 8elbow grease0 put into the rubbing the easier the task1 as the heat generated by friction seems to lend a sort of ductility to the surface4 ,to remove the yellow hue due to age1 proceed as follows3 ,make a little tripod with wire1 to hold the object a few inches above a little vessel containing lime chloride moistened with hydrochloric acid2 put the object on the stand1 cover the whole with a bell glass1 and expose to direct sunlight4 ,when bleached1 remove and wash in a solution of sodium bicarbonate1 rinse in clear water and dry4 ,like mother-of-pearl1 ivory is readily cleaned by dipping in a bath of oxygenized water or immersing for #ae minutes in spirits of turpentine1 and subsequently exposing to the sun for #c or #d days4 ,for a simple cleaning of smooth articles1 wash them in hot water1 in which there has been previously dissolved #ajj parts 7by weight7 of bicarbonate of soda per #a1jjj parts of water4 ,to clean carved ivory make a paste of very fine1 damp sawdust1 and put on this the juice of #a or #b lemons1 according to the article to be treated4 ,now apply a layer of this sawdust on the ivory1 and when dry brush it off and rub the object with a chamois4 ,,ivory ,,tests4 ,many years ago an article was introduced in the industrial world which in contradistinction to the genuine animal ivory1 has its origin in the vegetable kingdom1 being derived from the nut of a palm-like shrub called phytelephasmacrocarpa1 whose fruit reaches the size of an apple4 ,this fruit has a very white1 exceedingly hard kernel which can be worked like ivory4 ,a hundred of these fruits only costing about #a1 their use offers great advantages4 ,worked on the lathe this ivory can be passed off as the genuine article1 it being so much like it that it is often sold at the same price4 ,it can also be colored just like genuine ivory4 ,to distinguish the two varieties of ivory1 the following method may be employed3 ,concentrated sulphuric acid applied to vegetable ivory will cause a pink coloring in about #aj or #ab minutes1 which can be removed again by washing with water4 ,applied on genuine ivory1 this acid does not affect it in any manner4 ,,ivory ,,black3 ,see ,bone ,black4 ,,ivory ,,cement3 ,see ,adhesives4 ,,ivory ,,gilding3 ,see ,plating4 ,,ivory ,,polishes3 ,see ,polishes4 ,,japan ,,black3 ,see ,paints4 ,,japanning ,,and ,,japan ,,tinning3 ,see ,varnishes4 ,,jasmine ,,milk3 ,see ,cosmetics4 ,,jelly 7,,fruit7 ,,extract3 ,see ,essences and ,extracts4 ,,jewelers' ,,cements3 ,see ,adhesives4 ,,jewelers' ,,cleaning ,,processes3 ,see ,cleaning ,preparations and ,methods4 ,jewelers' ,formulas 7,see also ,gems1 ,gold1 and ,watchmakers' ,recipes47 ,coloring ,gold ,jewelry4--,following are several recipes for coloring3 ,saltpeter1 #dj parts2 alum1 #cj parts2 sea salt1 #cj parts2 or1 liquid ammonia1 #ajj parts2 sea salt1 #c parts2 water1 #ajj parts4 ,heat without allowing to boil and plunge #dca the objects into it for #b or #c minutes1 stirring constantly2 rinse in alum water and then in clean water4 ,another recipe3 ,calcium bromide1 #ajj parts2 bromine1 #e parts4 ,place the articles in this solution1 with stirring1 for #b to #c minutes2 next wash in a solution of hyposulphite of sodium and rinse in clean water4 ,another3 ,verdigris1 #cj parts2 sea salt1 #cj parts2 blood stone1 #cj parts2 sal ammoniac1 #cj parts2 alum1 #e parts4 ,grind all and stir with strong vinegar2 or1 verdigris1 #ajj parts2 hydrochlorate of ammonia1 #ajj parts2 saltpeter1 #fe parts2 copper filings1 #dj parts4 ,bray all and mix with strong vinegar4 ,to ,widen a ,jewel ,hole4--,chuck the hole in a lathe with cement4 ,place a spirit lamp underneath to prevent the cement from hardening4 ,hold the pointed bit against the hole1 while the lathe is running1 until the hole is true1 when the lamp should be removed4 ,the broach to widen the hole should be made of copper1 of the required size and shape1 and the point1 after being oiled1 should be rolled in diamond dust until it is entirely covered4 ,the diamond dust should then be beaten in with a burnisher1 using very light blows so as not to bruise the broach4 ,after the hole is widened as desired1 it requires polishing with a broach made of ivory and used with oil and the finest diamond dust1 loose1 not driven into the broach4 ,to ,clean ,jet ,jewelry4--,reduce bread crumbs into small particles1 and introduce into all the curves and hollows of the jewelry1 while rubbing with a flannel4 ,coloring ,common ,gold4--,in coloring gold below #ah carat1 the following mixture may be used with success1 and if carefully employed1 even #ab carat gold may be colored by it3 ,take nitrate of potassa 7saltpeter71 #d parts1 by weight2 alum1 #b parts2 and common salt1 #b parts4 ,add sufficient warm water to mix the ingredients into a thin paste2 place the mixture in a small pipkin or crucible and allow to boil4 ,the article to be colored should be suspended by a wire and dipped into the mixture1 where it should remain from #aj to #bj minutes4 ,the article should then be removed and well rinsed in hot water1 when it must be scratch brushed1 again rinsed and returned to the coloring salts for a few minutes2 it is then to be again rinsed in hot water1 scratch brushed1 and finally brushed with soap and hot water1 rinsed in hot water1 and placed in boxwood sawdust4 ,the object being merely to remove the alloy1 as soon as the article has acquired the proper color of fine gold it may be considered sufficiently acted upon by the above mixture4 ,the coloring salts should not be used for gold of a lower standard than #ab carat1 and1 even for this quality of gold1 some care must be taken when the articles are of a very slight make4 ,shades of ,red1 etc41 on ,matt ,gold ,bijouterie4--,for the production of the red and other shades on matt gold articles1 the so-called gold varnishes are employed1 which consist of shellac dissolved in alcohol and are colored with gum rosins4 ,thus a handsome golden yellow is obtained from shellac1 #ce parts2 seed-lac1 #ce parts2 dragon's blood1 #ej parts2 gamboge1 #ej parts2 dissolved in #djj parts of alcohol2 the clear solution is decanted and mixed with #ge parts of ,venice turpentine4 ,by changing the amounts of the coloring rosins1 shades from bright gold yellow to copper color are obtained4 ,the varnish is applied evenly and after drying is wiped off from the raised portions of the article by means of a pad of wadding dipped into alcohol1 whereby a handsome patination effect is produced1 since the lacquer remains in the cavities4 ,chased articles are simply rubbed with earth colors ground into a paste with turpentine oil1 for which purpose burnt sienna1 fine ochers of a golden color1 golden yellow1 and various shades of green are employed4 ,i4--,yellow wax #cb parts ,red bole #c parts ,crystallized verdigris #b parts ,alum #b parts ,,ii4--,yellow wax #ie parts ,red bole #fd parts ,colcothar #b parts ,crystallized verdigris #cb parts ,copper ashes #bj parts ,zinc vitriol #cb parts ,green vitriol #af parts ,borax #a part ,the wax is melted and the finely powdered chemicals are stirred in1 in rotation4 ,if the gilt bronze goods are to obtain a lustrous orange shade1 apply a mixture of ferric oxide1 alum1 cooking salt1 and vinegar in the heated articles by means of a brush1 heating to about #bff ,f4 until the shade commences to turn black and water sprinkled on will evaporate with a hissing sound1 then cool in water1 dip in a mixture of #a part of nitric acid with #dj parts of water1 rinse #dcb thoroughly1 dry1 and polish4 ,for the production of a pale-gold shade use a wax preparation consisting of3 ,,iii4--,yellow wax #ai parts ,zinc vitriol #aj parts ,burnt borax #c parts ,green-gold color is produced by a mixture of3 ,,iv4--,saltpeter #f parts ,green vitriol #b parts ,zinc vitriol #a part ,alum #a part ,to ,matt ,gilt ,articles4--,if it is desired to matt gilt articles partly or entirely1 the portions which are to remain burnished are covered with a mixture of chalk1 sugar1 and mucilage1 heating until this 8stopping-off0 covering shows a black color4 ,on the places not covered apply a matting powder consisting of3 ,saltpeter #dj parts ,alum #be parts ,cooking salt #ce parts ,heat the objects to about #fjh ,f41 whereby the powder is melted and acquires the consistency of a thin paste4 ,in case of too high a temperature decomposition will set in4 ,to ,find the ,number of ,carats4--,to find the number of carats of gold in an object1 first weigh the gold and mix with seven times its weight in silver4 ,this alloy is beaten into thin leaves1 and nitric acid is added2 this dissolves the silver and copper4 ,the remainder 7gold7 is then fused and weighed2 by comparing the first and last weights the number of carats of pure gold is found4 ,to check repeat several times4 ,acid ,test for ,gold4--,the ordinary ready method of ascertaining whether a piece of jewelry is made of gold consists in touching it with a glass stopper wetted with nitric acid1 which leaves gold untouched1 but colors base alloys blue from the formation of nitrate of copper4 ,imitation ,diamonds4--,i4--,minium1 #ge parts 7by weight72 washed white sand1 #ej parts2 calcined potash1 #ah parts2 calcined borax1 #f parts2 bioxide of arsenic1 #a part4 ,the sand must be washed in hydrochloric acid and then several times in clean water4 ,the specific gravity of this crystal glass is almost the same as that of the diamond4 ,,ii4--,washed white sand1 #ajj parts 7by weight73 minium1 #ce parts2 calcined potash1 #be parts2 calcined borax1 #bj parts2 nitrate of potash 7crystals71 #aj parts2 peroxide of manganese1 #e parts4 ,the sand must be washed as above stated4 ,diamantine4--,this substance consists of crystallized boron1 the basis of borax4 ,by melting #ajj parts of boracic acid and #hj parts of aluminum crystals is obtained the so-called bort1 which even attacks diamond4 ,the diamantine of commerce is not so hard4 ,to ,refine ,board ,sweepings4--,the residue resulting from a jobbing jeweler's business1 such as board sweepings and other residuum1 which is continually accumulating and which invariably consists of all mixed qualities of standard1 may have the precious metals recovered therefrom in a very simple manner1 as follows3 ,collect the residue and burn it in an iron ladle or pan1 until all grease or other organic matter is destroyed4 ,when cool mix with #a_/e part soda-ash1 and melt in a clay crucible4 ,when the metal is thoroughly melted it will leave the flux and sink to the bottom of the crucible2 at this stage the flux assumes the appearance of a thin fluid1 and then is the time to withdraw the pot from the fire4 ,the metal in the crucible--but not the flux--may now be poured into a vessel of water1 stirring the water in a circular direction while the metal is being poured in1 which causes it to form into small grains1 and so prepares it for the next process4 ,dissolve the grains in a mixture of nitric acid and water in equal quantities4 ,it takes about four times the quantity of liquid as metal to dissolve4 ,the gold remains undissolved in this mixture1 and may be recovered by filtering or decanting the liquid above it in the dissolving vessel2 it is then dried1 mixed with a little flux1 and melted in the usual manner1 whereupon pure gold will be obtained4 ,to recover the silver1 dilute the solution which has been withdrawn from the gold with six times its bulk of water1 and add by degrees small quantities of finely powdered common salt1 and this will throw down the silver into a white1 curdy powder of chloride of silver4 ,continue to add salt until no cloudiness is observed in the solution1 when the water above the sediment may be poured off2 the sediment is next well washed with warm water several times1 then dried and melted in the same manner as the gold1 and you will have a lump of pure silver4 ,restoration of the ,color of ,turquoises4--,after a certain time turquoises lose a part of their fine color4 ,it is easy to restore the color by immersing them in a solution of carbonate of soda4 ,but it seems that the blue cannot be restored anew after this operation1 if it again becomes dull4 ,the above applies to #dcc common turquoises1 and not to those of the ,orient1 of which the color does not change4 ,colorings for ,jewelers' ,work4--,i4--,take #dj parts of saltpeter2 #cj parts of alum2 #cj parts of sea salt2 or #ajj grams of liquid ammonia2 #c parts sea salt2 and #ajj parts water4 ,this is heated without bringing it to a boil1 and the articles dipped into it for from #b to #c minutes1 stirring the liquid constantly2 after this bath they are dipped in alum water and then thoroughly rinsed in clean water4 ,,ii4--,one hundred parts of calcium bromide and #b parts of bromium4 ,the objects are allowed to remain in this solution 7which must be also constantly stirred7 for from #b to #c minutes1 then washed in a solution of sodium hyposulphite1 after which they must be rinsed in clean water4 ,,iii4--,thirty parts of verdigris2 #cj parts of sea salt2 #cj parts of hematite2 #cj parts of sal ammoniac1 and #e parts of alum4 ,this must be all ground up together and mixed with strong vinegar2 or we may also use #ajj parts of verdigris2 #ajj parts of hydrochlorate of ammonia2 #fe parts of saltpeter1 and #dj parts of copper filings1 all of which are to be well mixed with strong vinegar4 #bb-;,carat ,solder4--,soldering is a process which1 by means of a more fusible compound1 the connecting surfaces of metals are firmly secured to each other1 but1 for many practical purposes1 it is advisable to have the fusing point of the metal and solder as near each other as possible1 which1 in the majority of cases1 preserves a union more lasting1 and the joint less distinguishable1 in consequence of the similarity of the metal and solder in color1 which age does not destroy1 and this is not the case with solders the fusible points of which are very low4 ,the metal to be soldered together must have an affinity for the solder1 otherwise the union will be imperfect2 and the solder should likewise act upon the metal1 partly by this affinity or chemical attraction1 and partly by cohesive force1 to unite the connections soundly and firmly together4 ,solders should therefore be prepared suitable to the work in hand1 if a good and lasting job is to be made4 ,it should always be borne in mind that the higher the fusing point of the gold alloy--and this can be made to vary considerably1 even with any specified quality--the harder solder must be used1 for1 in the case of a more fusible mixture of gold1 the latter would melt before the solder and cause the work to be destroyed4 ,a very good formula for the first1 or ordinary1 #bb-;carat alloy is this3 dwts4 grs4 ,fine gold #a #j ,fine silver #j #c ,fine copper #j #b #a #e ,this mixture will answer all the many purposes of the jobber2 for soldering high quality gold wares that come for repairs1 particularly wedding rings1 it will be found admirably suited4 ,if an easier solder is wanted1 and such is very often the case with jobbing jewelers1 especially where several solderings have to be accomplished1 it is as well to have at hand a solder which will not disturb the previous soldering places1 for if this is not prevented a very simple job is made very difficult1 and a lot of time and patience wholly wasted4 ,to guard against a thing of this kind the following solder may be employed on the top of the previous one3 dwts4 grs4 ,fine gold #a #j ,fine silver #j #c ,yellow brass #j #b #a #e ,this solder is of the same value as the previous one1 but its melting point is lower1 and it will be found useful for many purposes that can be turned to good account in a jobbing jeweler's business4 ,,jewelers' ,,alloys3 ,see also ,alloys and ,solders4 #ah-;,carat ,gold for ,rings4--,gold coin1 #ai #a_/b grains2 pure copper1 #c grains2 pure silver1 #a #a_/b grains4 ,cheap ,gold1 #ab ,carat4--,gold coin1 #be grains2 pure copper1 #ac #a_/b grains2 pure silver1 #g #a_/c grains4 ,very ,cheap #d-;,carat ,gold4--,copper1 #ah parts2 gold1 #d parts2 silver1 #b parts4 ,imitations of ,gold4--,i4--,platina1 #d pennyweights2 pure copper1 #b #a_/d pennyweights2 sheet zinc1 #a pennyweight2 block tin1 #a #c_/d pennyweights2 pure lead1 #a #a_/b pennyweight4 ,if this should be found too hard or brittle for practical use1 remelting the composition with a little sal ammoniac will generally render it malleable as desired4 ,,ii4--,platina1 #b parts2 silver1 #a part2 copper1 #c parts4 ,these compositions1 when properly prepared1 so nearly resemble pure gold that it is very difficult to #dcd distinguish them therefrom4 ,a little powdered charcoal1 mixed with metals while melting1 will be found of service4 ,best ,oreide of ,gold4--,pure copper1 #d ounces2 sheet zinc1 #a #c_/d ounces2 magnesia1 #e_/h ounce2 sal ammoniac1 #aa_/cb ounce2 quicklime1 #i_/cb ounce2 cream tartar1 #g_/h ounce4 ,first melt the copper at as low a temperature as it will melt2 then add the zinc1 and afterwards the other articles in powder1 in the order named4 ,use a charcoal fire to melt these metals4 ,bushing ,alloy for ,pivot ,holes1 etc4--,gold coin1 #c pennyweights2 silver1 #a pennyweight1 #bj grains2 copper1 #c pennyweights1 #bj grains2 palladium1 #a pennyweight4 ,the best composition known for the purpose named4 ,gold ,solder for #ad- to #af-;,carat ,work4--,gold coin1 #a pennyweight2 pure silver1 #i grains2 pure copper1 #f grains2 brass1 #c grains4 ,darker ,solder4--,gold coin1 #a pennyweight2 pure copper1 #h grains2 pure silver1 #e grains2 brass1 #b grains4 ,melt together in charcoal fire4 ,solder for ,gold4--,gold1 #f pennyweights2 silver1 #a pennyweight2 copper1 #b pennyweights4 ,soft ,gold ,solder4--,gold1 #d parts2 silver1 #a part2 copper1 #a part4 ,solders for ,silver 7for the use of jewelers74--,fine silver1 #ai pennyweights2 copper1 #a pennyweight2 sheet brass1 #aj pennyweights4 ,white ,solder for ,silver4--,silver1 #a ounce2 tin1 #a ounce4 ,silver ,solder for ,plated ,metal4--,fine silver1 #a ounce2 brass1 #aj pennyweights4 ,solders for ,gold4--,i4--,silver1 #g parts2 copper1 #a part2 with borax4 ,,ii4--,gold1 #b parts2 silver1 #a part2 copper1 #a part4 ,,iii4--,gold1 #c parts2 silver1 #c parts2 copper1 #a part2 zinc1 #a_/b part4 ,for ,silver4--,silver1 #b parts2 brass1 #a part2 with borax2 or1 silver1 #d parts2 brass1 #c parts2 zinc1 #a_/ah part2 with borax4 ,gold ,solders 7see also ,solders74--,i4--,copper1 #bd4bd parts2 silver1 #bg4eg parts2 gold1 #dh4ai parts4 ,,ii4--,enamel ,solder4--,copper1 #be parts2 silver1 #g4jg parts2 gold1 #fg4ic parts4 ,,iii4--,copper1 #bf4ee parts2 zinc1 #f4be parts2 silver1 #ca4be parts2 gold1 #cf parts4 ,,iv4--,enamel ,solder4--,silver1 #ai4eg parts2 gold1 #hj4dc parts4 ,solder for #bb-;,carat ,gold4--,gold of #bb carats1 #a pennyweight2 silver1 #b grains2 copper1 #a grain4 ,for #ah-;,carat ,gold4--,gold of #ah carats1 #a pennyweight2 silver1 #b grains2 copper1 #a grain4 ,for ,cheaper ,gold4--,i4--,gold1 #a pennyweight2 silver1 #aj grains2 copper1 #h grains4 ,,ii4--,fine gold1 #a pennyweight2 silver1 #a pennyweight2 copper1 #a pennyweight4 ,silver ,solders 7see also ,solders74--,i4 7,hard47--,copper1 #cj parts2 zinc1 #ab4he parts2 silver1 #eg4ae parts4 ,,ii4--,copper1 #bc4cc parts2 zinc1 #aj parts2 silver1 #ff4fg parts4 ,,iii4--,copper1 #bf4ff parts2 zinc1 #aj parts2 silver1 #fc4cd parts4 ,,iv4 7,soft47--,copper1 #ad4ge parts2 zinc1 #h4ej parts2 silver1 #gg4je parts4 ,v4--,copper1 #bb4cd parts2 zinc1 #aj4dh parts2 silver1 #fg4ah parts4 ,,vi4--,tin1 #fc parts2 lead1 #cg parts4 ,,for ,,silversmiths3 ,i4--,sterling ,silver4--,fine silver1 #aa ounces1 #b pennyweights2 fine copper1 #ah pennyweights4 ,,ii4--,equal to ,sterling4--,fine silver1 #a ounce2 fine copper1 #a pennyweight1 #ab grains4 ,,iii4--,fine silver1 #a ounce2 fine copper1 #e pennyweights4 ,,iv4--,common ,silver for ,chains4--,fine silver1 #f pennyweights2 fine copper1 #d pennyweights4 ,v4--,solder4--,fine silver1 #af pennyweights2 fine copper1 #ab grains2 pin brass1 #c pennyweights1 #ab grains4 ,,vi4--,alloy for ,plating4--,fine silver1 #a ounce2 fine copper1 #aj pennyweights4 ,,vii4--,silver ,solder4--,fine silver1 #a ounce2 pin brass1 #aj pennyweights2 pure spelter1 #b pennyweights4 ,,viii4--,copper ,solder for ,plating4--,fine silver1 #aj pennyweights2 fine copper1 #aj pennyweights4 ,,ix4--,common ,silver ,solder4--,fine silver1 #aj ounces2 pin brass1 #f ounces1 #ab pennyweights2 spelter1 #ab pennyweights4 ,x4--,silver ,solder for ,enameling4--,fine silver1 #ad pennyweights2 fine copper1 #h pennyweights4 ,,xi4--,for ,filling ,signet ,rings4--,fine silver1 #aj ounces2 fine copper1 #a ounce1 #af pennyweights2 fine pin brass1 #f ounces1 #ab pennyweights2 spelter1 #ab pennyweights4 #dce ,,xii4--,silver ,solder for ,gold ,plating4--,fine silver1 #a ounce2 fine copper1 #e pennyweights2 pin brass1 #e pennyweights4 ,,xiii4--,mercury ,solder4--,fine silver1 #a ounce2 pin brass1 #aj pennyweights2 bar tin1 #b pennyweights4 ,,xiv4--,imitation ,silver4--,fine silver1 #a ounce2 nickel1 #a ounce1 #aa grains2 fine copper1 #b ounces1 #i grains4 ,,xv4--,fine silver1 #c ounces2 nickel1 #a ounce1 #aa pennyweights2 fine copper1 #b ounces1 #i grains2 spelter1 #aj pennyweights4 ,,xvi4--,fine ,silver ,solder for ,filigree ,work4--,fine silver1 #d pennyweights1 #f grains2 pin brass1 #a pennyweight4 ,bismuth ,solder4--,bismuth1 #c ounces2 lead1 #c ounces1 #ah pennyweights2 tin1 #e ounces1 #f pennyweights4 ,,brass3 ,i4--,yellow ,brass for ,turning4--7,common article47--,copper1 #bj pounds2 zinc1 #aj pounds2 lead1 #d ounces4 ,,ii4--,copper1 #cb pounds2 zinc1 #aj pounds2 lead1 #a pound4 ,,iii4--,red ,brass ,free1 for ,turning4--,copper1 #ajj pounds2 zinc1 #ej pounds2 lead1 #aj pounds2 antimony1 #dd ounces4 ,,iv4--,best ,red ,brass for ,fine ,castings4--,copper1 #bd pounds2 zinc1 #e pounds2 bismuth1 #a ounce4 ,v4--,red ,tombac4--,copper1 #aj pounds2 zinc1 #a pound4 ,,vi4--,tombac4--,copper1 #af pounds2 tin1 #a pound2 zinc1 #a pound4 ,,vii4--,brass for ,heavy ,castings4--,copper1 #f to #g parts2 tin1 #a part2 zinc1 #a part4 ,,viii4--,malleable ,brass4--,copper1 #gj4aj parts2 zinc1 #bi4ij parts4 ,,ix4--,superior ,malleable ,brass4--,copper1 #fj parts2 zinc1 #dj parts4 ,x4--,brass4--,copper1 #gc parts2 zinc1 #bg parts4 ,,xi4--,copper1 #fe parts2 zinc1 #ce parts4 ,,xii4--,copper1 #gj parts2 zinc1 #cj parts4 ,,xiii4--,german ,brass4--,copper1 #a pound2 zinc1 #a pound4 ,,xiv4--,watchmakers' ,brass4--,copper1 #a part2 zinc1 #b parts4 ,,xv4--,brass for ,wire4--,copper1 #cd parts2 calamine1 #ef parts4 ,,xvi4--,brass for ,tubes4--,copper1 #b parts2 zinc1 #a part4 ,,xvii4--,brass for ,heavy ,work4--,copper1 #ajj parts2 tin1 #ae parts2 zinc1 #ae parts4 ,,xviii4--,copper1 #aab parts2 tin1 #ac parts2 zinc1 #a part4 ,,xix4--,tombac or ,red ,brass4--,copper1 #h parts2 zinc1 #a part4 ,,xx4--,brass4--,copper1 #c parts2 melt1 then add zinc1 #a part4 ,,xxi4--,buttonmakers' ,fine ,brass4--,brass1 #h parts2 zinc1 #e parts4 ,,xxii4--,buttonmakers' ,common ,brass4--,button brass1 #f parts2 tin1 #a part2 lead1 #a part4 ,mix4 ,,xxiii4--,mallet's ,brass4--,copper1 #be4d parts2 zinc1 #gd4f parts4 ,used to preserve iron from oxidizing4 ,,xxiv4--,best ,brass for ,clocks4--,rose copper1 #he parts2 zinc1 #ad parts2 lead1 #a part4 ,,gold ,,alloys3 ,see also ,gold ,alloys1 under ,alloys4 ,gold of #bb carats fine being so little used is intentionally omitted4 ,i4--,gold of #ah ,carats1 ,yellow ,tint4--,gold1 #ae pennyweights2 silver1 #b pennyweights1 #ah grains2 copper1 #b pennyweights1 #f grains4 ,,ii4--,gold of #ah ,carats1 ,red ,tint4--,gold1 #ae pennyweights2 silver1 #a pennyweight1 #ah grains2 copper1 #c pennyweights1 #f grains4 ,,iii4--,spring ,gold of #af ,carats4--,gold1 #a ounce1 #af pennyweights2 silver1 #f pennyweights2 copper1 #ab pennyweights4 ,this when drawn or rolled very hard makes springs little inferior to steel4 ,,iv4--,jewelers' ,fine ,gold1 ,yellow ,tint1 #af ,carats ,nearly4--,gold1 #a ounce2 silver1 #g pennyweights2 copper1 #e pennyweights4 ,v4--,gold of ,red ,tint1 #af ,carats4--,gold1 #a ounce2 silver1 #b pennyweights2 copper1 #h pennyweights4 ,sterling ,gold ,alloys4--,i4--,fine gold1 #ah pennyweights1 #ab grains2 fine silver1 #a pennyweight2 fine copper1 #ab grains4 ,,ii4--,dry ,colored ,gold ,alloys1 #ag ,carat4--,fine gold1 #ae pennyweights2 fine silver1 #a pennyweight1 #aj grains2 fine copper1 #d pennyweights1 #ag grains4 ,,iii4--#ah ,carat4--,fine gold1 #a ounce2 fine silver1 #d pennyweights1 #aj grains2 fine copper1 #b pennyweights1 #e grains4 ,,iv4--#ah ,carat4--,fine gold1 #ae pennyweights2 fine silver1 #b pennyweights1 #d grains2 fine copper1 #b pennyweights1 #ai grains4 ,v4--#ah ,carat4--,fine gold1 #ah pennyweights2 fine silver1 #b pennyweights1 #ah #dcf grains2 fine copper1 #c pennyweights1 #ah grains4 ,,vi4--#ai ,carat4--,fine gold1 #a ounce2 fine silver1 #b pennyweights1 #f grains2 fine copper1 #c pennyweights1 #ab grains4 ,,vii4--#bj ,carat4--,fine gold1 #a ounce2 fine silver1 #b pennyweights2 fine copper1 #b pennyweights1 #d grains4 ,,viii4--#bb ,carat4--,fine gold1 #ah pennyweights2 fine silver1 #ab grains2 fine copper1 #a pennyweight1 #c grains4 ,,ix4--,gold ,solder for the ,foregoing ,alloys4--,take of the alloyed gold you are using1 #a pennyweight2 fine silver1 #f grains4 ,x4--,alloy for ,dry ,colored ,rings4--,fine gold1 #a ounce2 fine silver1 #d pennyweights1 #f grains2 fine copper1 #d pennyweights1 #f grains4 ,,xi4--,solder4--,scrap gold1 #b ounces2 fine silver1 #c pennyweights2 fine copper1 #c pennyweights4 ,,xii4--,dry ,colored ,scrap ,reduced to #ces4 ,gold4--,colored scrap1 #a ounce1 #i pennyweights1 #ab grains2 fine silver1 #b pennyweights2 fine copper1 #ag pennyweights1 #ab grains2 spelter1 #d pennyweights4 ,to ,quickly ,remove a ,ring from a ,swollen ,finger4--,if the ring is of gold1 pull the folds of the swollen muscles apart1 so that it can be seen1 then drop on it a little absolute alcohol and place the finger in a bowl of metallic mercury4 ,in a very few minutes the ring will snap apart4 ,if the ring is of brass1 scrape the surface slightly1 or put on a few drops of a solution of oxalic acid1 or even strong vinegar1 let remain in contact for a moment or two1 then put into the mercury1 and the result will be as before4 ,soldering a ,jeweled ,ring4--,in order to prevent the bursting of the jewels of a ring while the latter is being soldered1 cut a juicy potato into halves and make a hollow in both portions in which the part of the ring having jewels may fit exactly4 ,wrap the jeweled portion in soft paper1 place it in the hollow1 and bind up the closed potato with binding wire4 ,now solder with easy-flowing gold solder1 the potato being held in the hand4 ,another method is to fill a small crucible with wet sand1 bury the jeweled portion in the sand1 and solder in the usual way4 ,,jewelry1 ,,to ,,clean3 ,see ,cleaning ,preparations and ,methods4 ,kalsomine ,sodium carbonate #h parts ,linseed oil #cb parts ,hot water #h parts ,white glue #ab parts ,whiting #afj parts ,dissolve the sodium carbonate in the hot water1 add the oil and saponify by heating and agitation4 ,cover the glue1 broken into small pieces1 with cold water and let soak overnight4 ,in the morning pour the whole on a stout piece of stuff and let the residual water drain off1 getting rid of as much as possible by slightly twisting the cloth4 ,throw the swelled glue into a capsule1 put on the water bath1 and heat gently until it is melted4 ,add the saponified oil and mix well2 remove from the bath1 and stir in the whiting1 a little at a time1 adding hot water as it becomes necessary4 ,when the whiting is all stirred in1 continue adding hot water1 until a liquid is obtained that flows freely from the kalsomining brush4 ,the addition of a little soluble blue to the mixture increases the intensity of the white4 ,sizing ,walls for ,kalsomine4--,a size to coat over 8hot walls0 for the reception of the kalsomine is made by using shellac1 #a part2 sal soda1 #a_/b part4 ,put these ingredients in #a_/b gallon of water and dissolve by steady heat4 ,another size is made of glue size prepared in the usual way1 and alum4 ,to #a_/b pound of white glue add #c_/d pound of alum1 dissolving the alum in hot water before adding it to the glue size4 ,,karats1 ,,to ,,find ,,number ,,of3 ,see ,jewelers' ,formulas4 ,,keramics3 ,see ,ceramics4 ,,kerit3 ,see ,rubber4 ,,keroclean3 ,see ,cleaning ,preparations and ,methods4 ,,kerosene ,,deodorizer3 ,see also ,benzine1 ,oils1 and ,petroleum4 ,various processes have been recommended for masking the odor of kerosene such as the addition of various essential #dcg oils1 artificial oil of mirbane1 etc41 but none of them seems entirely satisfactory4 ,the addition of amyl acetate in the proportion of #aj grams to the liter 7#a per cent7 has also been suggested1 several experimenters reporting very successful results therefrom4 ,some years ago ,beringer proposed a process for removing sulphur compounds from benzine1 which would presumably be equally applicable to kerosene4 ,this process is as follows3 ,potassium permanganate #a ounce ,sulphuric acid #a_/b pint ,water #c #a_/b pints ,mix the acid and water1 and when the mixture has become cold pour it into a #b-;gallon bottle4 ,add the permanganate and agitate until it is dissolved4 ,then add benzine1 #a gallon1 and thoroughly agitate4 ,allow the liquids to remain in contact for #bd hours1 frequently agitating the mixture4 ,separate the benzine and wash in a similar bottle with a mixture of ,potassium permanganate #a_/d ounce ,caustic soda #a_/b ounce ,water #b pints ,agitate the mixture frequently during several hours2 then separate the benzine and wash it thoroughly with water4 ,on agitating the benzine with the acid permanganate solution an emulsion-like mixture is produced1 which separates in a few seconds1 the permanganate slowly subsiding and showing considerable reduction4 ,in the above process it is quite probable that the time specified 7#bd hours7 is greatly in excess of what is necessary1 as the reduction takes place almost entirely in a very short time4 ,it has also been suggested that if the process were adopted on a manufacturing scale1 with mechanical agitation1 the time could be reduced to an hour or two4 ,,kerosene-,,cleaning ,,compounds3 ,see ,cleaning ,preparations1 under ,miscellaneous ,methods4 ,,kerosene ,,emulsions3 ,see ,petroleum4 ,,ketchup 7,,adulterated71 ,,tests ,,for3 ,see ,foods4 ,,khaki ,,colors3 ,see ,dyes4 ,,kid3 ,see ,leather4 ,,kissingen ,,salts3 ,see ,salts 7,effervescent74 ,,kissingen ,,water3 ,see ,waters4 ,,knife-,,sharpening ,,pastes3 ,see ,razor ,pastes4 ,,knockenplombe3 ,see ,adhesives4 ,,knots3 ,see ,paint4 ,,kola ,,cordial3 ,see ,wines and ,liquors4 ,,koumiss ,,substitute3 ,see also ,beverages4 ,to prepare a substitute for koumiss from cow's milk3 ,dissolve #a_/b ounce grape sugar in #c fluid ounces water4 ,mix #ah grains well washed and pressed beer yeast with #b fluid ounces of cow's milk4 ,mix the two liquids in a champagne bottle1 fill with milk1 stopper securely1 and keep for #c to #d days at a temperature not exceeding #ej ,f41 shaking frequently4 ,the preparation does not keep longer than #d to #e days4 ,k,,mmel3 ,see ,wines and ,liquors4 ,,kwass3 ,see ,beverages4 ,,label ,,pastes1 ,,glues1 ,,and ,,mucilages3 ,see ,adhesives4 ,,label ,,varnishes3 ,see ,varnishes4 ,,lace ,,leather3 ,see ,leather4 ,,lace1 ,,to ,,clean ,,gold ,,and ,,silver3 ,see ,cleaning ,preparations and ,methods4 ,,laces1 ,,washing ,,and ,,coloring ,,of3 ,see ,laundry ,preparations4 ,lacquers 7,see also ,enamels1 ,glazes1 ,paints1 ,varnishes1 and ,waterproofing47 ,,lac ,,and ,,the ,,art ,,of ,,lacquering4 ,the art of lacquering includes various steps1 which are divulged as little as possible4 ,without them nothing but a varnish of good quality would be realized4 ,thus in ,tonkin1 where the abundant #dch production is the object of an important trade with the ,chinese1 it is so used only for varnishing1 while in ,china the same product from the same sources contributes to most artistic applications4 ,when the ,annamites propose to lacquer an object1 a box1 for example1 they first stop up the holes and crevices1 covering all the imperfections with a coating of diluted lac1 by means of a flat1 close1 short brush4 ,then they cover the whole with a thick coating of lac and white clay4 ,this clay1 oily to the touch1 is found at the bottom of certain lakes in ,tonkin2 it is dried1 pulverized1 and sifted with a piece of fine silk before being embodied with the lac4 ,this operation is designed to conceal the inequalities of the wood and produce a uniform surface which1 when completely dry1 is rendered smooth with pumice stone4 ,if the object has portions cut or sunk the clayey mixture is not applied1 for it would make the details clammy1 but in its place a single1 uniform layer of pure lac4 ,in any case1 after the pumicing1 a third coating1 now pure lac1 is passed over the piece1 which at this time has a mouse-gray color4 ,this layer1 known under the name of sou lot1 colors the piece a brilliant black4 ,as the lac possesses the remarkable property of not drying in dry air1 the object is left in a damp place4 ,when perfectly dried the piece is varnished1 and the desired color imparted by a single operation4 ,if the metallic applications are excepted1 the lac is colored only black1 brown1 or red4 ,the following formulas are in use3 ,black4--,one part of turpentine is warmed for #bj minutes beyond the fusing point2 then poured into #c parts of lac2 at the same time pheu deu 7copperas7 is added4 ,the mixture is stirred for at least a day1 sometimes more1 by means of a large paddle4 ,maroon4--,this is prepared by a process similar to the preceding1 replacing half of the copperas by an equal quantity of ,china vermilion4 ,red4--,the lac1 previously stirred for #f hours1 is mixed with hot oil of trau1 and the whole is stirred for a day1 after which vermilion is added4 ,the latter should be of good quality1 so as to have it brilliant and unchangeable4 ,the operation of lacquering is then ended1 but there are parts to be gilded4 ,these are again covered with a mixture of lac and oil of trau4 ,when this layer is dry the metallic leaves are applied1 which are themselves protected by a coating1 composed also of lac and oil of trau4 ,all these lac and oil of trau mixtures are carefully filtered1 which the natives effect by pressing the liquid on a double filtering surface formed of wadding and of a tissue on which it rests4 ,it can only be applied after several months when the metallic leaf is of gold4 ,in the case of silver or tin the protecting coat can be laid on in a few days4 ,it favorably modifies the white tints of these two metals by communicating a golden color4 ,the hue1 at first reddish1 gradually improves and acquires its full brilliancy in a few months4 ,little information is procurable concerning the processes employed by the ,chinese4 ,the wood to be lacquered should be absolutely dry4 ,it receives successive applications1 of which the number is not less than #cc for perfect work4 ,when the lac coating attains the thickness of #a_/d of an inch it is ready for the engravers4 ,the ,chinese1 like the inhabitants of ,tonkin1 make use of oil of trau to mix with the lac1 or oil of aleurites1 and the greatest care is exercised in the drying of the different layers4 ,the operation is conducted in dim-lighted rooms specially fitted up for the purpose2 the moisture is maintained to a suitable extent by systematically watering the earth which covers the walls of this 8cold stove40 ,lacquer for ,aluminum4--,dissolve #ajj parts of gum lac in #cjj parts of ammonia1 and heat the solution for about #a hour moderately on the water bath4 ,after cooling1 the mixture is ready for use4 ,the aluminum to be coated is cleaned in the customary manner4 ,after it has been painted with the varnish1 it is heated in the oven to about #egb ,f4 ,the coating and heating may be repeated4 ,lacquer for ,brass4-- ,annatto #a_/d ounce ,saffron #a_/d ounce ,turmeric #a ounce ,seed lac in coarse powder #c ounces ,alcohol #a pint ,digest the annatto1 saffron1 and turmeric in the alcohol for several days1 then strain into a bottle containing the seed lac2 cork and shake until dissolved4 ,lacquer for ,bronze4--,i4--,the following process yields a protective varnish for bronze articles and other metallic objects in various shadings1 the lacquer produced excelling in high luster and permanency3 ,fill #dj parts of best pale shellac2 #ab parts of pulverized ,florentine #dci lake2 #cj parts gamboge2 and #f parts of dragon's blood1 likewise powdered1 into a bottle and add #djj parts of spirit4 ,allow this mixture to form a solution preferably by heating the flask on the water bath1 to nearly the boiling point of the water1 and shaking now and then until all has dissolved4 ,after the cooling pour off the liquid from the sediment1 if any is present2 this liquid constitutes a lacquer of dark-red color4 ,in a second bottle dissolve in the same manner #bd parts of gamboge in #djj parts of spirit1 which affords a lacquer of golden yellow color4 ,according to the desired shade1 the red lacquer is now mixed with the yellow one1 thus producing any hue required from the deepest red to a golden tone4 ,if necessary1 thin with spirit of wine4 ,the varnish is applied1 as usual1 on the somewhat warmed article1 a certain temperature having to be adhered to1 which can be ascertained by trials and is easily regulated by feeling4 ,,ii4--,the following is equally suitable for boots and leather goods as for application on iron1 stone1 glass1 paper1 cloth1 and other surfaces4 ,the inexperienced should note before making this liquid that it does not give a yellowish bronze like gold paint1 but a darkish iridescent one1 and as it is a pleasing variation in aids to home decoration1 it would doubtless sell well4 ,some pretty effects are obtained by using a little phloxine instead of part of the violet aniline1 or phloxine alone will produce a rich reddish bronze1 and a lustrous peacock green is obtained with brilliant aniline green crystals4 ,quantities3 ,flexile methylated collodion1 #a gallon2 pure violet aniline1 #a pound4 ,mix1 stand away for a few days to allow the aniline to dissolve and stir frequently1 taking care to bung down securely1 as the collodion is a volatile liquid1 then strain and bottle off4 ,it is applied with a brush1 dries rapidly1 and does not rub off or peal4 ,celluloid ,lacquer4--,dissolve uncolored celluloid in a mixture of strong alcohol and ether4 ,the celluloid first swells up in the solvent1 and after vigorous shaking1 the bottle is allowed to stand quietly for the undissolved portion to settle1 when the clear1 supernatant fluid is poured off4 ,the latter may be immediately used2 it yields a colorless glossy lacquer1 or may be colored1 as desired1 with aniline colors4 ,colored ,lacquer4--,make a strong solution of any coloring matter which is soluble in methylated spirit1 such as cochineal1 saffron1 the aniline dyes1 etc4 ,filter through fine cambric1 and to this filtered solution add brown shellac in flakes in the proportion of #d to #e ounces of shellac to each pint of methylated spirit4 ,shake once a day for about #h days4 ,if too thick it may be thinned by adding more colored spirit or plain spirit as required1 and any lighter shade can be obtained by mixing with plain lacquer mixed in the above proportions4 ,lacquer works best in a warm1 dry place1 and the process is improved by slightly warming the articles1 which must be absolutely free from grease1 dirt1 or moisture4 ,the best results are obtained by applying many coats of thin1 light-colored lacquer1 each coat to be thoroughly dry before applying the next4 ,apply with a soft camel's-hair brush2 it is better to use too small a brush than too large4 ,when complete1 warm the articles for a few seconds before a clear fire2 the hotter the better2 if too hot1 however1 the colors will fade4 ,this makes the lacquer adhere firmly1 especially to metallic surfaces4 ,aniline green works very well4 ,lacquer for ,copper4--,a lacquer which to a certain degree resists heat and acid liquids1 but not alkaline ones1 is obtained by heating fine1 thickly liquid amber varnish1 whereby it is rendered sufficiently liquid to be applied with the brush4 ,the copper article is coated with this and left to stand until the lacquer has dried perfectly4 ,next1 the object is heated until the lacquer commences to smoke and turns brown4 ,if the operation is repeated twice1 a coating is finally obtained1 which1 as regards resisting qualities to acid bodies1 excels even enamel1 but which is strongly attacked even by weakly alkaline liquids4 ,ebony ,lacquer4--,the ebony lacquer recommended by the well-known ,english authority1 ,mr4 ,h4 ,c4 ,standage1 consists of #a_/c ounce aniline hydrochloride1 #a_/c ounce alcohol1 #a part sulphate of copper1 #ajj parts of water4 ,the aniline dye is dissolved in the alcohol and the copper sulphate in the water4 ,the wood is first coated with the copper sulphate solution1 and after this coating has been given plenty of time to dry the aniline salt tincture is applied4 ,shortly the copper salt absorbed by the wood will react on the aniline hydrochloride1 developing a deep1 rich black which acids or alkalies are powerless to destroy4 ,coat with shellac and give a ,french polish1 thus bringing the ebony finish up to a durable and unsurpassed luster4 #ddj ,,gold ,,lacquers3 ,i4--,for ,brassware4--,a gold lacquer to improve the natural color of brassware is prepared from #af parts gum lac1 #d parts dragon's blood1 and #a part curcuma powder dissolved in #cbj parts spirits of wine in the warmth and filtered well4 ,the articles must be thoroughly cleaned by burning1 grinding1 or turning either dull or burnished1 and then coated with a thin layer of the above mixture1 applied with a soft hair brush or a pad of wadding4 ,if the objects are colored the lacquer must be laid on by stippling4 ,should the color be too dark1 it may be lightened by reduction with a little spirit until the correct shade is produced4 ,the most suitable temperature for the metal during the work is about the warmth of the hand2 if too hot or too cold1 the lacquer may smear1 and will then have to be taken off again with spirit or hot potash lye1 the goods being dried in sawdust or recleaned as at first1 before applying the lacquer again4 ,round articles may be fixed in the lathe and the lacquer laid on with a pad of wadding4 ,in order to color brassware1 a solution of #cj parts caustic soda2 #aj parts cupric carbonate2 #bjj parts water 7or #bjj parts ammonia neutralized by acetic acid72 #ajj parts verdigris1 and #fj parts sal ammoniac is employed1 into which the warmed articles are dipped4 ,after having dried they are coated with colorless shellac varnish4 ,,ii4--,for ,tin4--,transparent gold lacquer for tin 7all colors7 may be made as follows3 ,take #a_/b pint of alcohol1 add #a ounce gum shellac2 #a_/b ounce turmeric2 #a #a_/d ounce red sanders4 ,set the vessel in a warm place and shake frequently for half a day4 ,then strain off the liquor1 rinse the bottle and return it1 corking tightly for use4 ,when this is used1 it must be applied to the work freely and flowed on full1 or if the work admits it1 it may be dipped4 ,one or more coats may be given as the color is required light or dark4 ,for rose color substitute #a_/d ounce of finely ground lake in place of the turmeric4 ,for blue1 substitute ,prussian blue4 ,for purple1 add a little of the blue to the turmeric4 ,for ,bottle ,caps1 etc4-- ,i4--,gum gutta #aj parts ,shellac #ajj parts ,turpentine #aj parts ,alcohol #dej parts ,,ii4--,gum gutta #dj parts ,dragon's blood #e parts ,alcoholic extract of sandalwood #e parts ,sandarac #ge parts ,venice turpentine #be parts ,alcohol1 #ie per cent #ijj parts ,mix and dissolve by the aid of a gentle heat4 ,liquid ,bottle ,lac4--,into a half-gallon bottle put #h ounces of shellac1 and pour over it #a #a_/b pints of alcohol of #id per cent1 and #b #a_/b ounces of sulphuric ether4 ,let stand1 with occasional shaking1 until the shellac is melted1 and then add #d ounces of thick turpentine and #a_/b ounce of boric acid4 ,shake until dissolved4 ,to color1 use the aniline colors soluble in alcohol--for red1 eosine2 blue1 phenol blue2 black1 negrosin2 green1 aniline green2 violet1 methyl violet1 etc4 ,if it is desired to have the lac opaque1 add #h ounces of pulverized steatite1 but remember to keep the lac constantly stirred while using1 as otherwise the steatite falls to the bottom4 ,lithographic ,lacquer4--,dissolve #ae parts1 by weight1 of red lithol ,r or ,g in paste of #ag per cent1 in #aej parts1 by weight1 of hot water4 ,boil for #b minutes1 shaking with #b4e parts1 by weight1 of barium chloride4 ,dissolve in #be parts1 by weight1 of water4 ,add to the mixture #ajj parts1 by weight1 of aluminum hydrate of about #d per cent4 ,cool1 filter1 and dry4 ,lacquer for ,microscopes1 ,mathematical ,instruments1 etc4--,pulverize #afj parts1 by weight1 turmeric root1 cover it with #a1gjj parts alcohol1 digest in a warm place for #bd hours1 and then filter4 ,dissolve #hj parts dragon's blood1 #hj parts sandarac1 #hj parts gum elemi1 #ej parts gum gutta1 and #gj parts seed lac1 put in a retort with #bej parts powdered glass1 pour over them the colored alcohol first made1 and hasten solution by warming in the sand or water bath4 ,when completely dissolved1 filter4 ,to ,fix ,alcoholic ,lacquers on ,metallic ,surfaces4--,dissolve #j4e parts of crystallized boracic acid in #ajj parts of the respective spirit varnish whereby the latter after being applied forms so hard a coating upon a smooth tin surface that it cannot be scratched off even with the finger-nails4 ,the aforementioned percentage of boracic acid should not be exceeded in preparing the solution2 otherwise the varnish will lose in intensity of color4 ,lacquer for ,oil ,paintings4--,dilute #ajj parts of sulphate of baryta with #fjj parts of water containing in solution #fj parts of red lithol ,r or ,g in paste of #ag #dda per cent4 ,boil the mixture for several minutes in a solution of #aj parts of barium chloride in #ajj parts of water4 ,after cooling1 filter and dry4 ,lacquers for ,papers4--,i4--,with base of baryta3 ,dissolve #cj parts of red lithol ,r or ,g in paste of #ag per cent1 in #cjj parts of hot water4 ,add an emulsion obtained by mixing #aj parts of sulphate of alumina in #ajj parts of water and #e parts of calcined soda dissolved in #ej parts of water4 ,precipitate with a solution of #ag4e parts of barium chloride in #abe parts of water4 ,cool and filter4 ,,ii4--,with base of lime3 ,dissolve #cj parts red lithol ,r or ,g in paste of #ag per cent1 in #cjj parts of hot water4 ,boil for a few minutes with an emulsion prepared by mixing #aj parts sulphate of alumina with #ajj parts of water and #b4e parts of slaked lime in #ajj parts of water4 ,filter after cooling4 ,lacquer for ,stoves and other ,articles to ,withstand ,heat4--,this is not altered by heat1 and does not give off disagreeable odors on heating3 ,thin #a part of sodium water glass with #b parts of water in order to make the vehicle4 ,this is to be thickened with the following materials in order to get the desired color3 ,white1 barium sulphate or white lead2 yellow1 baryta chromate1 ocher1 or uranium yellow2 green1 chromium oxide or ultramarine green2 brown1 cadmium oxide1 manganese oxide1 or sienna brown2 red1 either iron or chrome red4 ,the coloring materials must be free from lumps1 and well ground in with the vehicle4 ,bronze powders may also be used either alone or mixed with other coloring stuffs1 but care must be taken1 in either instance1 to secure a sufficient quantity4 ,the colors should be made up as wanted1 and no more than can conveniently be applied at the time should be prepared4 ,an excellent way to use the bronze powders is to lay on the coloring matter1 and then to dust on the powder before the glass sets4 ,lines or ornamentation of any sort may be put on by allowing the coating of enamel to dry1 and then drawing the lines or any desired design with a fresh solution of the water glass colored to suit the taste1 or dusted over with bronze4 ,,miscellaneous ,,recipes3 ,russian ,polishing ,lac4-- ,i4--,sticklac #ibe parts ,sandarac #hge parts ,larch turpentine #bgj parts ,alcohol1 #if per cent #c1ejj parts ,the sticklac is broken up and mixed with the sandarac1 put into a suitable container with a wide mouth1 the spirit poured over it and set aside4 ,after standing for a week in a warm place1 frequently stirring in the meantime 7best with a glass rod7 and fully dissolving1 stir in the turpentine4 ,let stand #b or #c days longer1 then filter through glass wool4 ,the sandarac dissolves completely in the spirit1 but the stick leaves a slight residue which may be added to the next lot of lac made up and thus be treated to a fresh portion of spirit4 ,the larch turpentine should be of the best quality4 ,this lac is used by woodcarvers and turners and is very much prized by them4 ,mastic ,lac4-- ,,ii4--,mastic1 select #aej parts ,sandarac #djj parts ,camphor #ae parts ,alcohol1 #if per cent #a1jjj parts ,prepare as directed in the first recipe4 ,leather ,polish ,lac4-- ,,iii4--,shellac #af parts ,venice turpentine #h parts ,sandarac #d parts ,lampblack1 ,swedish #b parts ,turpentine oil #d parts ,alcohol1 #if per cent #ifj parts ,the alcohol and turpentine oil are mixed and warmed under constant stirring in the sand or water bath4 ,the shellac and sandarac are now stirred in1 the stirring being maintained until both are dissolved4 ,finally add the turpentine and dissolve4 ,stir the lampblack with a little vinegar and then add and stir in4 ,instead of lampblack #abe to #aej parts of nigrosin may be used4 ,this lac should be well shaken before application4 ,,lacquered ,,ware1 ,,to ,,clean3 ,see ,cleaning ,preparations and ,methods4 ,,lakes3 ,see ,dyes4 ,,lampblack3 ,production of ,lampblack4--,the last oil obtained in the distillation of coal tar1 and freed from naphthalene as far as possible1 viz41 soot oil1 is burned in a special furnace for the production of various grades of lampblack4 ,in this furnace is an iron plate1 which must always be kept glowing2 upon this plate the soot oil trickles through a small tube fixed above it4 ,it is decomposed and #ddb the smoke 7soot7 rises into four chambers through small apertures4 ,when the quantity of oil destined for decomposition has been used up1 the furnace is allowed to stand undisturbed for a few days1 and only after this time has elapsed are the chambers opened by windows provided for that purpose4 ,in the fourth chamber is the very finest lampblack1 which the lithographers use1 and in the third the fine grade employed by manufacturers of printers' ink1 while the first and second contain the coarser soot1 which1 well sifted1 is sold as flame lampblack4 ,from grade ,no4 #a the calcined lampblack for paper makers is also produced4 ,for preparing this black capsules of iron plate with closing lid are filled1 the stuff is stamped firmly into them and the cover smeared up with fine loam4 ,the capsules are next placed in a well drawing stove and calcined1 whereby the empyreumatic oils evaporate and the remaining lampblack becomes odorless4 ,allow the capsules to cool for a few days before opening them1 as the soot dries very slowly1 and easily ignites again as soon as air is admitted if the capsules are opened before4 ,this is semi-calcined lampblack4 ,for the purpose of preparing completely calcined lampblack1 the semi-calcined article is again jammed into fresh capsules1 closing them up well and calcining thoroughly once more4 ,after #b days the capsules are opened containing the all-calcined lampblack in compact pieces4 ,for the manufacture of coal soot another furnace is employed4 ,asphalt or pitch is burned in it with exclusion of air as far as practicable4 ,it is thrown in through the doors1 and the smoke escapes through the chimney to the soot chambers1 #a1 #b1 #c1 #d1 and #e1 assorting itself there4 ,when the amount of asphalt pitch destined for combustion has burned up completely1 the furnace is left alone for several days without opening it4 ,after this time has elapsed the outside doors are slowly opened and some air is admitted4 ,later on they can be opened altogether after one is satisfied that the soot has cooled completely4 ,chamber #d contains the finest soot black1 destined for the manufacture of leather cloth and oil cloth4 ,in the other chambers is fine and ordinary flame black1 which is sifted and packed in suitable barrels4 ,calcined lampblack may also be produced from it1 the operation being the same as for oil black4 ,,lamp ,,burners ,,and ,,their ,,care3 ,see ,household ,formulas4 ,,lamps3 ,coloring ,incandescent ,lamps4--,incandescent light globes are colored by dipping the bulbs into a thin solution of collodion previously colored to suit with anilines soluble in collodion4 ,dip and rotate quickly1 bulb down1 till dry4 ,for office desks1 room lights1 and in churches1 it appears often desirable to modify the glaring yellowish rays of the incandescent light4 ,a slight collodion film of a delicate bluish1 greenish1 or pink shade will do that4 ,for advertising purposes the bulbs are often colored in two or more colors4 ,it is also easy with a little practice to paint words or pictures1 etc41 on the bulbs with colored collodion with a brush4 ,another use of colored collodion in pharmacy is to color the show globes on their inside1 thus avoiding freezing and the additional weight of the now used colored liquids4 ,pour a quantity of colored collodion into the clean1 dry globe1 close the mouth and quickly let the collodion cover all parts of the inside4 ,remove the balance of the collodion at once1 and keep it to color electric bulbs for your trade4 ,,lanoline ,,creams3 ,see ,cosmetics4 ,,lanoline ,,soap3 ,see ,soap4 ,,lantern ,,slides3 ,see ,photography4 ,,lard3 ,detection of ,cottonseed ,oil in ,lard4--,make a #b per cent solution of silver nitrate in distilled water1 and acidify it by adding #a per cent of nitrate acid1 ,c4 ,p4 ,into a test tube put a sample of the suspected lard and heat gently until it liquefies4 ,now add an equal quantity of the silver nitrate solution1 agitate a little1 and bring to a boil4 ,continue the boiling vigorously for about #h minutes4 ,if the lard remain clear and colorless1 it may be accepted as pure4 ,the presence of cottonseed oil or fat will make itself known by a coloration1 varying from yellow1 grayish green to brown1 according to the amount present4 ,,lathe ,,lubricant3 ,see ,lubricants4 #ddc ,,laundry ,,inks3 ,see ,household ,formulas4 ,laundry ,preparations ,,bluing ,,compounds3 ,laundry ,blue4--,the soluble blue of commerce1 when properly made1 dissolves freely in water1 and solutions so made are put up as liquid laundry blue4 ,the water employed in making the solution should be free from mineral substances1 especially lime1 or precipitation may occur4 ,if rain water or distilled water and a good article of blue be used1 a staple preparation ought apparently to result2 but whether time alone affects the matter of solubility it is impossible to state4 ,as it is essential that the solution should be a perfect one1 it is best to filter it through several thicknesses of fine cotton cloth before bottling2 or if made in large quantities this method may be modified by allowing it to stand some days to settle1 when the top portion can be siphoned off for use1 the bottom only requiring filtration4 ,this soluble blue is said to be potassium ferri-ferrocyanide1 and is prepared by gradually adding to a boiling solution of potassium ferricyanide 7red prussiate of potash7 an equivalent quantity of hot solution of ferrous sulphate1 boiling for #b hours and washing the precipitate on a filter until the washings assume a dark-blue color2 the moist precipitate can then at once be dissolved by the further addition of a sufficient quantity of water4 ,about #fd parts of the iron salt are necessary to convert #ajj parts of the potassium salt into the blue compound4 ,leaf bluing for laundry use may be prepared by coating thick sized paper with soluble blue formed into a paste with a mixture of dextrin mucilage and glycerine4 ,dissolve a given quantity of dextrine in water enough to make a solution about as dense as ordinary syrup1 add about as much glycerine as there was dextrine1 rub the blue smooth with a sufficient quantity of this vehicle and coat the sheets with the paint4 ,the amount of blue to be used will depend of course on the intended cost of the product1 and the amount of glycerine will require adjustment so as to give a mixture which will not 8smear0 after the water has dried out and yet remain readily soluble4 ,ultramarine is now very generally used as a laundry blue where the insoluble or 8bag blue0 is desired4 ,it is mixed with glucose1 or glucose and dextrine1 and pressed into balls or cakes4 ,when glucose alone is used1 the product has a tendency1 it is said1 to become soft on keeping1 which tendency may be counteracted by a proper proportion of dextrin4 ,bicarbonate of sodium is added as a 8filler0 to cheapen the product1 the quantity used and the quality of the ultramarine employed being both regulated by the price at which the product is to sell4 ,the coal-tar or aniline blues are not offered to the general public as laundry blues1 but laundry proprietors have them frequently brought under their notice1 chiefly in the form of solutions1 usually #a to #a #a_/b per cent strong4 ,these dyes are strong bluing materials1 and1 being in the form of solution1 are not liable to speck the clothes4 ,naturally their properties depend upon the particular dye used2 some are fast to acids and alkalies1 others are fast to one but not to another2 some will not stand ironing1 while others again are not affected by the operation2 generally they are not fast to light1 but this is only of minor importance4 ,the soluble1 or cotton1 blues are those most favored2 these are made in a great variety of tints1 varying from a reddish blue to a pure blue in hue1 distinguished by such brands as #c,r1 #f;,b1 etc4 ,occasionally the methyl violets are used1 especially the blue tints4 ,blackley blue is very largely used for this purpose1 being rather faster than the soluble blues4 ,it may be mentioned that a #a per cent solution of this dye is usually strong enough4 ,unless care is taken in dissolving these dyes they are apt to produce specks4 ,the heat to which the pure blues are exposed in ironing the clothes causes some kinds to assume a purple tinge4 ,the cheapest aniline blue costs about three times as much as soluble blue1 yet the tinctorial power of the aniline colors is so great that possibly they might be cheapened4 ,soluble ,blue4--,i4--,dissolve #bag parts of prussiate of potash in #hjj parts of hot water and bring the whole to #a1jjj parts4 ,likewise dissolve #ajj parts of ferric chloride in water and bring the solution also to #a1jjj parts4 ,to each of these solutions add #b1jjj parts of cooking salt or ,glauber's salt solution saturated in the cold and mix well4 ,the solutions thus prepared of prussiate of potash and ferric chloride are now mixed together with stirring4 ,allow to settle and remove by suction the clear liquid containing undecomposed ferrocyanide of #ddd potassium and ,glauber's salt2 this is kept and used for the next manufacture by boiling it down and allowing the salts to crystallize out4 ,the percentage of ferrocyanide of potassium is estimated by analysis1 and for the next production proportionally less is used1 employing that obtained by concentration4 ,after siphoning off the solution the precipitate is washed with warm water1 placed on a filter and washed out on the latter by pouring on cold water until the water running off commences to assume a strong blue color4 ,the precipitate is then squeezed out and dried at a moderate heat 7#ajd ,f474 ,the ,paris blue thus obtained dissolves readily in water and can be extensively employed in a similar manner as indigo carmine4 ,,ii4--,make ordinary ,prussian blue 7that which has been purified by acids1 chlorine1 or the hypochlorites7 into a thick paste with distilled or rain water1 and add a saturated solution of oxalic acid sufficient to dissolve4 ,if time be of no consequence1 by leaving this solution exposed to the atmosphere1 in the course of #fj days the blue will be entirely precipitated in soluble form4 ,wash with weak alcohol and dry at about #ajj ,f4 ,the resultant mass dissolves in pure water and remains in solution indefinitely4 ,it gives a deep1 brilliant blue1 and is not injurious to the clothing or the hands of the washwoman4 ,the same result may be obtained by precipitating the soluble blue from its oxide solution by the addition of alcohol of #ie per cent1 or with a concentrated solution of sodium sulphate4 ,pour off the mother liquid and wash with very dilute alcohol2 or throw on a filter and wash with water until the latter begins to come off colored a deep blue4 ,liquid ,laundry ,blue4--,this may be prepared either with liquid ,prussian blue or indigo carmine4 ,make a solution of gum dragon 7gum tragacanth7 by dissolving #a to #b ounces of the powdered gum in #a gallon of cold water in which #a_/b ounce oxalic acid has been dissolved4 ,the gum will take several days to dissolve1 and will require frequent stirring and straining before use4 ,to the strained portion add as much ,prussian blue in fine powder as the liquid will dissolve without precipitating1 and the compound is ready for use4 ,instead of powdered ,prussian blue1 soluble ,prussian blue may be used4 ,this is made by dissolving solid ,prussian blue in a solution of oxalic acid1 but as the use of oxalic acid is to be deprecated for the use of laundresses1 as it would set up blood poisoning should it get into any cuts in the flesh1 it is best to prepare liquid blue by making a solution of yellow prussiate of potash 7ferrocyanide of potassium7 with water1 and then by adding a sufficient quantity of chloride of iron to produce a blue1 but not enough to be precipitated4 ,ball ,blue4--,the ball sold for laundry use consists usually1 if not always1 of ultramarine4 ,the balls are formed by compression1 starch or some other excipient of like character being added to render the mass cohesive4 ,blocks of blue can1 of course1 be made by the same process4 ,the manufacturers of ultramarine prepare balls and cubes of the pigment on a large scale1 and it does not seem likely that there would be a sufficient margin of profit to justify the making of them in a small way from the powdered pigment4 ,careful experiments1 however1 would be necessary to determine this positively4 ,ultramarine is of many qualities1 and it may be expected that the balls will vary also in the amount of 8filling0 according to the price at which they are to be sold4 ,below is a 8filled0 formula3 ,ultramarine #f ounces ,sodium carbonate #d ounces ,glucose #a ounce ,water1 a sufficient quantity4 ,make a thick paste1 roll into sheets1 and cut into tablets4 ,the balls in bulk can be obtained only in large packages of the manufacturers1 say barrels of #bjj pounds2 but put up in #a-pound boxes they can be bought in cases as small as #bh pounds4 ,laundry ,blue ,tablets4-- ,ultramarine #f ounces ,sodium carbonate #d ounces ,glucose #a ounce ,water1 a sufficient quantity4 ,make a thick paste1 roll into sheets1 and cut into tablets4 ,polishes or ,glazes for ,laundry ,work4--,i4--,to a mixture of #bjj parts each of ,japan wax and paraffine1 add #ajj parts of stearic acid1 melt together1 and cast in molds4 ,if the heated smoothing iron be rubbed with this wax the iron will not merely get over the surface much more rapidly1 but will leave a handsome polish4 ,laundry ,gloss ,dressing4-- ,,ii4--,dissolve white wax1 #e4j parts1 in ether1 #bj4e parts1 and add spirit1 #ge4j parts4 ,shake before use4 ,heat until melted1 in a pot1 #a1jjj parts #dde of wax and #a1jjj parts of stearine1 as well as a few drops of an essential oil4 ,to the hot liquid add with careful stirring #bej parts of ammonia lye of #aj per cent1 whereby a thick1 soft mass results immediately4 ,upon further heating same turns thin again1 whereupon it is diluted with #bj1jjj parts of boiling water1 mixed with #ajj parts of starch and poured into molds4 ,,starches4 ,most laundry starches now contain some polishing mixture for giving a high luster4 ,i4--,dissolve in a vessel of sufficient capacity1 #db parts of crystallized magnesium chloride in #cj parts of water4 ,in another vessel stir #ab parts of starch in #bj parts of water to a smooth paste4 ,mix the two and heat under pressure until the starch is fluidified4 ,,ii4--,pour #bej parts1 by weight1 of water1 over #e parts1 by weight1 of powdered gum tragacanth until the powder swells uniformly2 then add #gej parts1 by weight1 of boiling water1 dissolve #ej parts1 by weight1 of borax in it1 and stir #ej parts1 by weight1 of stearine and #ej parts1 by weight1 of talcum into the whole4 ,of this fluid add #bej parts to #a1jjj parts of boiled starch1 or else the ironing oil is applied by means of a sponge on the starched wash1 which is then ironed4 ,by weight ,,iii4--,starch #a1jdd parts ,borax #i parts ,common salt #a part ,gum arabic #h parts ,stearine #bj parts ,,washing ,,fluids1 ,,bricks ,,and ,,powders3 ,washing ,fluids4--,rub up #ge parts of milk of sulphur with #abe parts of glycerine in a mortar1 next add #ej parts of camphorated spirit and #a part of lavender oil1 and finally stir in #bej parts of rose water and #a1jjj parts of distilled water4 ,the liquid must be stirred constantly when filling it into bottles1 since the sulphur settles rapidly and would thus be unevenly distributed4 ,grosser's ,washing ,brick4-- ,water #ed parts ,sodium hydrate #ch4ba parts ,sodium biborate #f4fa parts ,sodium silicate #a4gj parts ,haenkel's ,bleaching ,solution4-- ,water #cf4ae parts ,sodium hydrate #dj4bb parts ,sodium silicate #bc4ad parts ,luhn's ,washing ,extract4-- ,water #cd4ej parts ,sodium hydrate #be4cc parts ,soap #ci4dj parts ,washing ,powders4-- ,i4--,sodium carbonate1 partly effloresced #b parts ,soda ash #a part ,,ii4--,sodium carbonate1 partly effloresced #f parts ,soda ash #c parts ,yellow soap #a part ,,iii4--,sodium carbonate1 partly effloresced #c parts ,soap bark #a part ,,iv4--,sodium carbonate1 partly effloresced #a part ,borax #a part ,yellow soap #a part ,v4--,a good powder can be made from #ajj parts of crystal soda1 #be parts of dark-yellow rosin-cured soap1 and #e parts of soft soap4 ,the two latter are placed in a pan1 along with one-half the soda 7the curd soap being cut into small lumps71 and slowly heated1 with continual crutching1 until they are thoroughly melted--without1 however1 beginning to boil4 ,the fire is then drawn and the remaining soda crutched in until it1 too1 is melted1 this being effected by the residual heat of the mass and the pan4 ,the mass will be fairly thick by the time the soda is all absorbed4 ,after leaving a little longer1 with occasional stirring1 the contents are spread out on several thin sheets of iron in a cool room1 to be then turned over by the shovel at short intervals1 in order to further cool and break down the mixture4 ,the soap will then be in a friable condition1 and can be rubbed through the sieve1 the best results being obtained by passing through a coarse sieve first1 and one of finer mesh afterwards4 ,with these ingredients a fine yellow-colored powder will be obtained4 ,white stock soap may also be used1 and1 if desired1 colored with palm oil and the same colorings as are used for toilet soaps4 ,the object of adding soft soap is to increase the solubility and softness of the powder1 but the proportion used should not exceed one-third of the hard soap1 or the powder will be smeary and handle moist4 ,the quality of the foregoing product is good1 the powder being stable and not liable to ball1 even after prolonged storage2 neither does it wet the paper in which it is packed1 nor swell up1 and therefore the packets retain their appearance4 #ddf ,in making ammonia-turpentine soap powder the ammonia and oil of turpentine are crutched into the mass shortly before removing it from the pan1 and if the powder is scented--for which purpose oil of mirbane is mostly used--the perfume is added at the same stage4 ,to ,whiten ,flannels4--,dissolve1 by the aid of heat1 #dj parts of white castile soap1 shaved fine1 in #a1bjj parts of soft water1 and to the solution1 when cold1 gradually add1 under constant stirring1 #a part of the strongest water of ammonia4 ,soak the goods in this solution for #b hours1 then let them be washed as usual for fine flannels4 ,a better process1 in the hands of experts1 is to soak the goods for an hour or so in a dilute solution of sodium hyposulphite1 remove1 add to the solution sufficient dilute hydrochloric acid to decompose the hyposulphite4 ,replace the goods1 cover the tub closely1 and let remain for #ae minutes longer4 ,then remove the running water1 if convenient1 and if not1 wring out quickly1 and rinse in clear water4 ,one not an expert at such work must be very careful in the rinsing1 as care must be taken to get out every trace of chemical4 ,this is best done by a second rinsing4 ,ink for the ,laundry4--,the following is said to make a fine1 jet-black laundry ink3 a4 ,copper chloride1 crystals #he parts ,sodium chlorate #ajf parts ,ammonium chloride #ec parts ,water1 distilled #fjj parts b4 ,glycerine #ajj parts ,mucilage gum arabic 7gum1 #a part2 water1 #b parts7 #bjj parts ,aniline hydrochlorate #bjj parts ,distilled water #cjj parts ,make solutions a and b and preserve in separate bottles4 ,when wanted for use1 mix #a part of solution a with #d parts of solution b4 ,laces1 ,curtains1 etc4--,i4--,to give lace curtains1 etc41 a cream color1 take #a part of chrysoidin and mix with #b parts of dextrin and dissolve in #bej parts of water4 ,the articles to be washed clean are plunged in this solution4 ,about an ounce of chrysoidin is sufficient for #e curtains4 ,,ii4--,washing curtains in coffee will give them an ecru color1 but the simplest way to color curtains is with 8,philadelphia yellow0 7,g4 or ,r4 of the ,berlin ,aktiengesellschaft's scale74 ,,laundry ,,soap3 ,see ,soap4 ,,lavatory ,,deodorant3 ,see ,household ,formulas4 ,,laxatives ,,for ,,cattle ,,and ,,horses3 ,see ,veterinary ,formulas4 ,,lead3 ,see also ,metals4 ,simple ,test for ,red ,lead and ,orange ,lead4--,take a little of the sample in a test tube1 add pure1 strong nitric acid and heat by a ,bunsen burner until a white1 solid residue is obtained4 ,then add water1 when a clear1 colorless solution will be obtained4 ,a white residue would indicate adulteration with barytes1 a red residue or a yellow solution with oxide of iron4 ,the presence of iron may be ascertained by adding a few drops of a solution of potassium ferrocyanide 7yellow prussiate of potash7 to the solution1 when a blue precipitate will be obtained if there be the least trace of iron present4 ,,lead1 ,,to ,,take ,,boiling1 ,,in ,,the ,,mouth3 ,see ,pyrotechnics4 ,,lead ,,alloys3 ,see ,alloys4 ,,lead ,,paper3 ,see ,paper4 ,,lead ,,plate1 ,,tinned3 ,see ,plating4 ,,leaks1 ,,in ,,boilers1 ,,stopping3 ,see ,putties4 ,,leaks3 ,to ,stop ,leakage in ,iron ,hot-,water ,pipes4--,take some fine iron borings or filings and mix with them sufficient vinegar to form a sort of paste1 though the mixture is not adhesive4 ,with this mixture fill up the cracks where the leakage is found1 having previously dried the pipe4 ,it must be kept dry until the paste has become quite hard4 ,if an iron pipe should burst1 or there should be a hole broken into it by accident1 a piece of iron may be securely fastened over it1 by bedding it on in paste made of the borings and vinegar as above1 but the pipe should not be disturbed until it has become perfectly dry4 ,to ,prevent ,wooden ,vessels from ,leaking4 7,see also ,casks47--,wooden #ddg vessels1 such as pails1 barrels1 etc41 often become so dry that the joints do not meet1 thus causing leakage4 ,in order to obviate this evil stir together #fj parts hog's lard1 #dj parts salt1 and #cc parts wax1 and allow the mixture to dissolve slowly over a fire4 ,then add #dj parts charcoal to the liquid mass4 ,the leaks in the vessels are dried off well and filled up with putty while still warm4 ,when the latter has become dry1 the barrels1 etc41 will be perfectly tight4 ,if any putty is left1 keep in a dry place and heat it to be used again4 ,leather 7,see also ,shoes47 ,artificial ,leather4--,pure ,italian hemp is cut up fine2 #a part of this and #a_/b part of coarse1 cleaned wool are carded together and formed into wadding4 ,this wadding is packed in linen and felted by treatment with hot acid vapors4 ,the resulting felt is washed out1 dried1 and impregnated with a substance whose composition varies according to the leather to be produced4 ,thus1 good sole leather1 for instance1 is produced according to a ,danish patent1 in the following manner3 ,mix together #ej parts of boiled linseed oil2 #bj parts of colophony2 #be parts of ,french turpentine2 #aj parts of glycerine1 and #aj parts of vegetable wax1 and heat over a water bath with some ammonia water4 ,when the mass has become homogeneous1 add #be parts of glue1 soaked in water1 as well as a casein solution1 which latter is produced by dissolving #ej parts1 by weight1 of moist1 freshly precipitated casein in a saturated solution of #af parts of borax and adding #aj parts of potassium bichromate1 the last two also by weight4 ,finally1 mineral dyestuffs as well as antiseptic substances may be added to the mass4 ,the whole mixture is now boiled until it becomes sticky and the felt is impregnated with it by immersion4 ,the impregnated felt is dried for #bd hours at an ordinary temperature2 next laid into a solution of aluminum acetate and finally dried completely1 dyed1 and pressed between hot rollers4 ,black ,dye for ,tanned ,leather4--,this recipe takes the place of the ill-smelling iron blacking1 and is not injurious to the leather4 ,gallnuts1 pulverized1 #aej parts2 vitriol1 green or black1 #aj parts2 rock candy1 #fj parts2 alum1 #ae parts2 vinegar1 #bej parts2 cooking salt1 #bj parts4 ,dissolve with #d1jjj parts of distilled water4 ,boil this solution slowly and the blacking is done4 ,when it has cooled and settled1 pour through linen1 thus obtaining a pure1 good leather blacking4 ,bronze ,leather4--,all sorts of skins--sheepskins1 goatskins1 coltskins1 and light calfskins--are adapted for the preparation of bronze leather4 ,in this preparation the advantage lies not only in the use of the faultless skins1 but scarified skins and those of inferior quality may also be employed4 ,the dressing of the previously tanned skin must be carried out with the greatest care1 to prevent the appearance of spots and other faults4 ,after tanning1 the pelts are well washed1 scraped1 and dried4 ,then they are bleached4 ,for coloring1 it is customary to employ methyl violet which has previously been dissolved in hot water1 taking #ajj parts1 by weight1 of the aniline color to #h1jjj parts1 by weight1 of water4 ,if in the leather-dressing establishment a line of steam piping be convenient1 it is advisable to boil up all the coloring dyes1 rather than simply to dissolve them2 for in this way complete solution is effected4 ,where steam is used no special appliance is required for boiling up the dyes1 for this may take place without inconvenience in the separate dye vats4 ,a length of steam hose and a brass nozzle with a valve is all that is needed4 ,it may be as well to add here that the violet color for dyeing may be made cheaper than as above described4 ,to #c1jjj parts1 by weight1 of pretty strong logwood decoction add #ej parts1 by weight1 of alum and #ajj parts1 by weight1 of methyl violet4 ,this compound is almost as strong as the pure violet solution1 and instead of #h1jjj parts1 by weight1 we now have #cj1jjj parts1 by weight1 of color4 ,the color is applied and well worked in with a stiff brush1 and the skins allowed to stand for a short time1 sufficient to allow the dye to penetrate the pores1 when it is fulled4 ,as for the shade of the bronze1 it may be made reddish1 bluish1 or brownish1 according to taste4 ,for a reddish or brownish ground the skins are simply fulled in warm water1 planished1 fulled again1 and then dyed4 ,according to the color desired1 the skins are treated with cotton blue and methyl violet ,r1 whereupon the application of the bronze follows4 ,the bronze is dissolved in alcohol1 and it is usual to take #bjj parts1 by weight1 of bronze to #a1jjj of alcohol4 ,by means of this mixture the peculiar component parts of the bronze are dissolved4 ,for a fundamental or thorough #ddh solution a fortnight is required4 ,all bronze mixtures are to be well shaken or agitated before using4 ,skins may be bronzed1 however1 without the use of the bronze colors1 for it is well known that all the aniline dyes present a bronze appearance when highly concentrated1 and this is particularly the case with the violet and red dyes4 ,if1 therefore1 the violet be applied in very strong solutions1 the effect will be much the same as when the regular bronze color is employed4 ,bronze color on a brown ground is the most beautiful of all1 and is used to the greatest advantage when it is desirable to cover up defects4 ,instead of warm clear water in such a case1 use a decoction of logwood to which a small quantity of alum has been added1 and thus1 during the fulling1 impart to the skins a proper basic tint1 which may1 by the application of a little violet or bronze color1 be converted into a most brilliant bronze4 ,by no means is it to be forgotten that too much coloring matter will never produce the desired results1 for here1 as with the other colors1 too much will bring out a greenish tint1 nor will the gloss turn out so beautiful and clear4 ,next rinse the skins well in clean water1 and air them1 after which they may be dried with artificial heat4 ,ordinary as well as damaged skins which are not suitable for chevreaux 7kid7 and which it is desirable to provide with a very high polish1 in order the more readily to conceal the defects in the grain1 and other imperfections1 are1 after the drying1 coated with a mixture1 compounded according to the following simple formula3 ,stir well #a pint of ox blood and #a pint of unboiled milk in #aj quarts of water1 and with a soft sponge apply this to the surface of the skin4 ,the blood has no damaging effect upon the color4 ,skins thus moistened must not be laid one upon another1 but must be placed separately in a thoroughly well-warmed chamber to dry4 ,when dry they are glossed1 and may then be pressed into shagreen or pebbled4 ,the thin light goatskins are worked into kid or chevreaux4 ,properly speaking1 they are only imitation chevreaux 7kid71 for although they are truly goatskins1 under the term chevreaux one understands only such skins as have been cured in alum and treated with albumen and flour4 ,after drying1 these skins are drawn over the perching stick with the round knife1 then glossed1 stretched1 glossed again1 and finally vigorously brushed upon the flesh side with a stiff brush4 ,the brushing should be done preferably by hand1 for the brushing machines commonly pull the skins out of all shape4 ,brushing is intended only to give the flesh side more of a flaky appearance4 ,during the second glossing care must be taken that the pressure is light1 for the object is merely to bring the skin back into its proper shape1 lost in the stretching2 the glossing proper should have been accomplished during the first operation4 ,cracked ,leather4--,the badly cracked and fissured carriage surface greets the painter on every hand4 ,the following is the recipe for filling up and facing over such a surface3 ,finest pumice stone1 #f parts2 lampblack 7in bulk71 #a part2 common roughstuff filler1 #c parts4 ,mix to stiff paste in good coach japan1 #e parts2 hard drying rubbing varnish1 #a part4 ,thin to a brushing consistency with turpentine1 and apply #a coat per day4 ,put on #b coats of this filler and then #b coats of ordinary roughstuff4 ,rub with lump pumice stone and water4 ,this process does not equal burning off in getting permanently rid of the cracks1 but when the price of painting forbids burning off1 it serves as an effective substitute4 ,upon a job that is well cared for1 and not subjected to too exacting service1 this filler will secrete the cracks and fissures for from #c to #e months4 ,,dressings ,,for ,,leather3 ,for ,carriage ,tops4--,i4--,here is an inexpensive and quickly prepared dressing for carriage tops or the like3 ,take #b parts of common glue2 soak and liquefy it over a fire4 ,three parts of castile soap are then dissolved over a moderate heat4 ,of water1 #abj parts are added to dissolve the soap and glue1 after which an intimate mixture of the ingredients is effected4 ,then #d parts of spirit varnish are added2 next1 #b parts of wheat starch1 previously mixed in water1 are thrown in4 ,lampblack in a sufficient quantity to give the mixture a good coloring power1 without killing the gloss1 is now added4 ,this preparation may be used as above prepared1 or it may be placed over a gentle fire and the liquid ingredients slowly evaporated4 ,the evaporated mass is then liquefied with beer as shop needs demand4 ,,ii4--,shabby dark leather will look like new if rubbed over with either linseed oil or the well-beaten white of an egg mixed with a little black ink4 ,polish with soft dusters until quite dry and glossy4 ,polishes4--,i4--,dissolve sticklac1 #be #ddi parts2 shellac1 #bj parts2 and gum benzoin1 #d parts1 all finely powdered1 in a rolling cask containing #ajj parts of #if per cent alcohol2 perfume with #a part of oil of rosemary4 ,upon letting stand for several days1 filter the solution1 whereupon a good glossy polish for leather1 etc41 will be obtained4 ,,ii4--,dissolve #b pounds of borax in #d gallons of water and add #e pounds of shellac to the boiling liquid in portions1 till all is dissolved4 ,then boil half an hour1 and finally stir in #e pounds of sugar1 #b #a_/b pounds of glycerine1 and #a #a_/b pounds of soluble nigrosin4 ,when cold add #d pounds of #ie per cent methylated spirit4 ,,iii4--,ox blood1 fresh1 clean #a1jjj parts ,commercial glycerine #bjj parts ,oil of turpentine #cjj parts ,pine oil 7rosin oil7 #e1jjj parts ,ox gall #bjj parts ,formalin #ae parts ,mix in the order named1 stirring in each ingredient4 ,when mixed strain through linen4 ,kid ,leather ,dressings4--,creams for greasing fine varieties of leather1 such as kid1 patent leather1 etc41 are produced as follows1 according to tried recipes3 ,white ,cream4-- ,lard #ge parts ,glycerine1 technical #be parts ,mirbane oil1 ad libitum4 ,black ,cream4-- ,lard #ajj parts ,yellow vaseline #bj parts ,glycerine1 technical #aj parts ,castor oil1 technical #aj parts ,dye black with lampblack and perfume with oil of mirbane4 ,colored ,cream4-- ,lard #ajj parts ,castor oil #bj parts ,yellow wax #be parts ,white vaseline #cj parts ,dye with any desired dyestuff1 e4 g41 red with anchusine1 green with chlorophyl4 ,in summer it is well to add some wax to the first and second prescriptions4 ,these are for either ,morocco or kid3 ,i4--,shellac #b parts ,benzoin #b parts ,yellow wax #e parts ,soap liniment #g parts ,alcohol #fjj parts ,digest until solution is effected1 then allow the liquid to stand in a cool place for #ab hours and strain4 ,apply with a bit of sponge or soft rag2 spread thinly and evenly over the surface1 without rubbing much4 ,if dirty1 the leather should first be washed with a little soft soap and warm water1 wiped well1 and allowed to dry thoroughly before the dressing is put on4 ,,ii4--,oil of turpentine #h ounces ,suet #b pounds ,soft soap #h ounces ,water #af ounces ,lampblack #d ounces ,patent ,leather ,dressings4-- ,i4--,wax #bb parts ,olive oil #fj parts ,oil turpentine1 best #bj parts ,lavender oil #aj parts ,with gentle heat1 melt the wax in the oil1 and as soon as melted remove from the fire4 ,add the turpentine oil1 incorporate1 and when nearly cold1 add and incorporate the lavender oil4 ,,ii4--,wax #bb parts ,olive oil #fj parts ,oil of turpentine #cj parts ,with gentle heat1 melt the wax in the olive oil1 and as soon as melted remove from the fire4 ,when nearly cold stir in the turpentine4 ,red ,russia ,leather ,varnish4-- ,shellac #a4bj parts ,dammar rosin1 powdered #j4ae parts ,turpentine1 ,venice #j4fj parts ,dissolve with frequent shaking in #ab parts of alcohol 7#ie per cent71 add #a4h parts of powdered red sanders wood1 let stand for #c days and filter4 ,the object of this varnish is to restore the original color to worn ,russia leather boots1 previously cleaned with benzine4 ,russet ,leather ,dressing4--,the following formulas are said to yield efficient preparations that are at once detersive and polishing1 thus rendering the use of an extra cleaning liquid unnecessary4 ,i4--,soft soap #b parts ,linseed oil #c parts ,annatto solution 7in oil7 #h parts ,beeswax #c parts ,turpentine #h parts ,water #h parts ,dissolve the soap in the water1 and add the annatto2 melt the wax in the oil and turpentine1 and gradually stir in the soap solution1 stirring until cold4 #dej ,,ii4--,palm oil #af parts ,common soap #dh parts ,oleic acid #cb parts ,glycerine #aj parts ,tannic acid #a part ,melt the soap and palm oil together at a gentle heat1 and add the oleic acid2 dissolve the tannic acid in the glycerine1 add to the hot soap and oil mixture1 and stir until perfectly cold4 ,shoe ,leather ,dressing4--,over a water bath melt #ej parts1 by weight1 of oil of turpentine2 #ajj parts1 by weight1 of olive oil2 #ajj parts1 by weight1 of train oil2 #dj parts1 by weight1 of carnauba wax2 #ae parts1 by weight1 of asphaltum2 and #b parts1 by weight1 of oil of bitter almonds4 ,,dyeing ,,leather4 ,in dyeing leather1 aniline or coal-tar colors are generally used4 ,these dyes1 owing to their extremely rapid action on organic substances1 such as leather1 do not readily adapt themselves to the staining process1 because a full brushful of dye liquor would give a much deeper coloration than a half-exhausted brush would give4 ,consequently1 to alter and to color leather by the staining process results in a patchy coloration of the skin4 ,in the dyeing operation a zinc shallow trough1 #d to #f inches deep1 is used1 into which the dye liquor is put1 and to produce the best results the contents of the trough are kept at a uniform temperature by means of a heating apparatus beneath the trough1 such as a gas jet or two1 which readily allows of a heat being regulated4 ,the skins to be dyed are spread out flat in the dye trough1 one at a time1 each skin remaining in the dye liquor the time prescribed by the recipe4 ,the best coloration of the skin is produced by using #c dye troughs of the same dye liquor1 each of different strength1 the skin being put in the weakest liquor first1 then passed into the second1 and from there into the third dye liquor1 where it is allowed to remain until its full depth of color is obtained4 ,very great skill is required in the employment of aniline dyes1 as if the heat be too great1 or the skins remain too long in the final bath1 8bronzing0 of the color occurs4 ,the only remedy for this 7and that not always effectual7 is to sponge the skin with plenty of cold1 clean water1 directly it is taken out of the final dye bath4 ,the dyed skins are dried and finished as before4 ,leather ,brown4-- ,extract of fustic #e ounces ,extract of hypernic #a ounce ,extract of logwood #a_/b ounce ,water #b gallons ,boil all these ingredients for #ae minutes1 and then dilute with water to make #aj gallons of dye liquor4 ,use the dye liquor at a temperature of #aaj ,f4 ,mordant4--,dissolve #c ounces of white tartar and #d ounces of alum in #aj gallons of water4 ,fast ,brown4--,prepare a dye liquor by dissolving #a #a_/b ounces fast brown in #a gallon of water1 and make a #aj-;gallon bulk of this4 ,use at a temperature of #aaj ,f41 and employ the same mordanting liquor as in last recipe4 ,bismarck ,brown4-- ,extract of fustic #d ounces ,extract of hypernic #a ounce ,extract of logwood #a_/b ounce ,water #b gallons ,preparation4--,boil all together for #ae minutes4 ,method of ,dyeing4--,first mordant the skins with a mordanting fluid made by dissolving #c ounces tartar and #a_/b ounce borax in #aj gallons of water4 ,then put the skins into the above foundation bath at a temperature of #ajj ,f4 ,take them out1 and then put in #a ounce of ,bismarck brown1 dissolved in boiling water4 ,put the skins in again until colored deep enough1 then lift out1 drip and dry4 ,,harness ,,preparations3 ,blacking for ,harness4--,i4--,in a water bath dissolve #ij parts of yellow wax in #ijj parts of oil of turpentine2 aside from this mix well together1 all the ingredients being finely powdered1 #aj parts of ,prussian blue1 #e parts of indigo1 #ej parts of bone black1 and work this into a portion of the above-mentioned waxy solution4 ,now throw this into the original solution1 which still remains in the water bath1 and stir it vigorously until the mass becomes homogeneous1 after which pour it into any convenient earthenware receptacle4 ,,ii4--,best glue1 #d ounces2 good vinegar1 #a #a_/b pints2 best gum arabic1 #b ounces2 good black ink1 #a_/b pint2 best isinglass1 #b drachms4 ,dissolve the gum in the ink1 and melt the isinglass in another vessel in as much hot water as will cover it4 ,having first steeped the glue in the vinegar until soft1 dissolve it completely by the aid of heat1 stirring to prevent burning4 ,the heat should not exceed #ahj ,f4 ,add the gum and ink1 and allow the mixture to rise again to the same temperature4 ,lastly mix the solution in isinglass1 and remove from fire4 ,when #dea used1 a small portion must be heated until fluid1 and then applied with a sponge and allowed to dry on4 ,dressings for ,harness4-- ,i4--,ox blood1 fresh and well purified #ajj parts ,glycerine1 technical #bj parts ,turpentine oil #cj parts ,pine oil #ej parts ,ox gall #bj parts ,formalin #a #a_/b parts ,the raw materials are stirred together cold in the order named4 ,pour the mixture through thin linen4 ,it imparts a wonderful mild1 permanent gloss4 ,,ii4--,a ,french harness dressing of good quality consists of oil of turpentine1 #ijj parts2 yellow wax1 #ij parts2 ,berlin blue1 #aj parts2 indigo1 #e parts2 and bone black1 #ej parts4 ,dissolve the yellow wax in the oil of turpentine with the aid of moderate heat in a water bath1 mix the remaining substances1 which should previously be well pulverized1 and work them with a small portion of the wax solution4 ,finally1 add the rest of the wax solution1 and mix the whole well in the water bath4 ,when a homogeneous liquid has resulted1 pour it into earthen receptacles4 ,harness ,oils4-- ,i4--,neatsfoot oil #aj ounces ,oil of turpentine #b ounces ,petrolatum #d ounces ,lampblack #a_/b ounce ,mix the lampblack with the turpentine and the neatsfoot oil1 melt the petrolatum and mix by shaking together4 ,,ii4--,black aniline #ce grains ,muriatic acid #ej minims ,bone black #age grains ,lampblack #ah grains ,yellow wax #b #a_/b av4 ounces ,oil of turpentine #bb fluidounces ,,iii4--,oil of turpentine #h fluidounces ,yellow wax #b av4 ounces ,prussian blue #a_/b av4 ounce ,lampblack #a_/d av4 ounce ,melt the wax1 add the turpentine1 a portion first to the finely powdered ,prussian blue and lampblack1 and thin with neatsfoot oil4 ,harness ,pastes4-- ,i4--,ceresine1 natural yellow #a4e parts ,yellow beeswax #a4e parts ,japan wax #a4e parts ,melt on the water bath1 and when half cooled stir in #h parts of turpentine oil4 ,harness ,grease4-- ,by weight ,,ii4--,ceresine1 natural yellow #b4e parts ,beeswax1 yellow #j4h parts ,french colophony1 pale #j4d parts ,,iii4--,french oil turpentine #b4j parts ,intimately mixed in the cold with ,american lampblack #a4e parts ,put mixture ,i in a kettle and melt over a fire4 ,remove from the fire and stir in mixture ,,ii in small portions4 ,then pour through a fine sieve into a second vessel1 and continue pouring from one kettle into the other until the mass is rather thickish4 ,next fill in cans4 ,should the mixture have become too cold during the filling of the cans1 the vessel containing the grease need only be placed in hot water1 whereby the contents are rendered liquid again1 so that pouring out is practicable4 ,for perfuming1 use cinnamon oil as required4 ,this harness grease is applied by means of a rag and brushed4 ,waterproof ,harness ,composition4-- ,see also ,waterproofing4 ,by weight ,rosin spirit #bg #a_/d parts ,dark mineral oil #ac #a_/b parts ,paraffine scales #af4chj parts ,lampblack #g4idj parts ,dark rosin #e4dej parts ,dark syrup #e4dej parts ,naphthalene black #b4ejj parts ,berlin blue #j4fhj parts ,mirbane oil #j4agj parts ,melt the paraffine and the rosin1 add the mineral oil and the rosin spirit1 stir the syrup and the pigments into this1 and lastly add the mirbane oil4 ,,patent ,,and ,,enameled ,,leather4 ,patent leather for boots and shoes is prepared from sealskins1 enameled leather for harness from heavy bullock's hides4 ,the process of tanning is what is called 8union tannage0 7a mixture of oak and hemlock barks74 ,these tanned skins are subjected to the process of soaking1 unhairing1 liming1 etc41 and are then subjected to the tanning process4 ,when about one-third tanned a buffing is taken off 7if the hides are heavy71 and the hide is split into three layers4 ,the top or grain side is reserved for enameling in fancy colors for use on tops of carriages2 the middle layer is finished for splatter #deb boards and carriage trimmings1 and some parts of harness2 the underneath layer1 or flesh side is used for shoe uppers and other purposes4 ,the tanning of the splits is completed by subjecting them to a gambier liquor instead of a bark liquor4 ,when the splits are fully tanned they are laid on a table and scored1 and then stretched in frames and dried1 after which each one is covered on one side with the following compound1 so as to close the pores of the leather that it may present a suitable surface for receiving the varnish3 ,into #ad parts of raw linseed oil put #a part dry white lead and #a part silver litharge1 and boil1 stirring constantly until the compound is thick enough to dry in #ae or #bj minutes 7when spread on a sheet of iron or china7 into a tough1 elastic mass1 like caoutchouc4 ,this compound is laid on one side of the leather while it is still stretched in the frame4 ,if for enameled leather 7i4 e41 not the best patent71 chalk or yellow ocher may be mixed in the above compound while boiling1 or afterwards1 but before spreading it on the leather4 ,the frames are then put into a rack in a drying closet1 and the coated leather dried by steam heat at #hj to #afj ,f41 the heat being raised gradually4 ,after removal from the drying closet1 the grounding coat previously laid on is pumiced1 to smooth out the surface1 and then given #b or #c coats of the enameling varnish1 which consists of ,prussian blue and lampblack boiled with linseed oil and diluted with turpentine1 so as to enable it to flow evenly over the surface of the coated leather4 ,when spread on with a brush1 each coating of the enamel is dried before applying the next1 and pumiced or rubbed with tripoli powder on a piece of flannel 7the coat last laid on is not subjected to this rubbing71 when the leather is ready for market4 ,to prepare the enameling composition1 boil #a part asphaltum with #bj parts raw linseed oil until thoroughly combined2 then add #aj parts thick copal varnish1 and when this mixture is homogeneous dilute with #bj parts spirit of turpentine4 ,instead of the foregoing enameling varnish the following is used for superior articles3 ,prussian blue #ah ounces ,vegetable black #d ounces ,raw linseed oil #afj fluidounces ,boil together as previously directed1 and dilute with turpentine as occasion requires4 ,these enameling varnishes should be made and kept several weeks in the same room as the varnishing is carried on1 so that they are always subjected to the same temperature4 ,,stains ,,for ,,patent ,,leather3 ,black ,stain4-- ,vinegar #a gallon ,ivory black #ad ounces ,ground iron scales #f pounds ,mix well and allow to stand a few days4 ,red ,stain4--,water1 #a quart2 spirit of hartshorn1 #a quart2 cochineal1 #a_/d pound4 ,heat the water to near the boiling point1 and then dissolve in it the cochineal1 afterwards adding the spirit of hartshorn4 ,stir well to incorporate4 ,liquid ,cochineal ,stain4-- ,good ,french carmine #b #a_/b drachms ,solution of potash #a_/b ounce ,rectified spirit of wine #b ounces ,pure glycerine #d ounces ,distilled water to make #a pint4 ,to the carmine in a #bj-ounce bottle add #ad ounces of distilled water4 ,then gradually introduce solution of potash1 shaking now and again until dissolved4 ,add glycerine and spirit of wine1 making up to #bj ounces with distilled water1 and filter4 ,blue ,black4--,ale droppings1 #b gallons2 bruised galls1 #a_/b pound2 logwood extract1 #a_/d pound2 indigo extract1 #b ounces2 sulphate of iron1 #c #a_/b ounces4 ,heat together and strain4 ,finishers' ,ink4--,soft water1 #a gallon2 logwood extract1 #a #a_/d ounces2 green vitriol1 #b #a_/b ounces2 potassium bichromate1 #a_/b ounce2 gum arabic1 #a_/b ounce4 ,grind the gum and potassium bichromate to powder and then add all the coloring ingredients to the water and boil4 ,to ,restore ,patent ,leather ,dash4--,take raw linseed oil1 #a part2 cider vinegar1 #d ounces2 alcohol1 #b ounces2 butter of antimony1 #a ounce2 aqua ammonia1 #a_/b ounce2 spirits of camphor1 #a_/b ounce2 lavender1 #a_/b ounce4 ,shake well together2 apply with a soft brush4 ,,preservatives ,,for ,,leather4 ,i4--,mutton suet #ej parts ,sweet oil #ej parts ,turpentine #a part ,melt together4 ,the application should be made on the dry leather warmed to the point where it will liquefy and absorb the fat4 ,,ii4--,equal parts of mutton fat and linseed oil1 mixed with one-tenth their #dec weight of ,venice turpentine1 and melted together in an earthen pipkin1 will produce a 8dubbin0 which is very efficacious in preserving leather when exposed to wet or snow1 etc4 ,the mixture should be applied when the leather is quite dry and warm4 ,,iii4--,a solution of #a ounce of solid paraffine in #a pint light naphtha1 to which #f drops of sweet oil have been added1 is put cold on the soles1 until they will absorb no more4 ,one dressing will do for the uppers4 ,this process is claimed to vastly increase the tensile strength4 ,patent ,leather ,preserver4-- ,carnauba wax #a4j part ,turpentine oil #i4e parts ,aniline black1 soluble in fat #j4jf parts ,melt the wax1 stir in the turpentine oil and the dye and scent with a little mirbane oil or lavender oil4 ,the paste is rubbed out on the patent leather by means of a soft rag1 and when dry should be polished with a soft brush4 ,,revivers ,,and ,,regenerators4 ,by weight4 ,i4--,methylic alcohol #bb #a_/b parts ,ground ruby shellac #b4bej parts ,dark rosin #j4iaj parts ,gum rosin #j4aae parts ,sandarac #j4aae parts ,lampblack #j4aae parts ,aniline black1 spirit-soluble #j4aae parts ,the gums are dissolved in spirit and next the aniline black soluble in spirit is added2 the lampblack is ground with a little liquid to a paste1 which is added to the whole1 and filtering follows4 ,kid ,reviver4-- ,by weight4 ,,ii4--,clear chloride of lime solution #c4e parts ,spirit of sal ammoniac #j4e parts ,scraped ,marseilles soap #d4e parts ,water #f4j parts ,mix chloride of lime solution and spirit of sal ammoniac and stir in the soap dissolved in water4 ,revive the gloves with the pulpy mass obtained1 by means of a flannel rag4 ,,tanning ,,leather4 ,pickling ,process4--,eitner and ,stiazny have made a systematic series of experiments with mixtures of salt and various acids for pickling skins preparatory to tanning4 ,experiments with hydrochloric acid1 acetic and lactic acids showed that these offered no advantages over sulphuric acid for use in pickling1 the pickled pelts and the leather produced from them being similar in appearance and quality4 ,by varying the concentration of the pickle liquors1 it was found that the amount of salt absorbed by the pelt from the pickle liquor was controlled by the concentration of the solution1 #bc to #be per cent of the total amount used being taken up by the pelt1 and that the absorption capacity of the pelt for acid was limited4 ,the goods pickled with the largest amount of acid possessed a more leathery feel and after drying were fuller and stretched much better than those in which smaller amounts of acids were employed4 ,dried1 pickled pieces1 containing as much as #c per cent of sulphuric acid1 showed no deterioration or tendering of fiber4 ,the pickled skins after chrome tanning still retained these characteristics4 ,an analysis of the leather produced by tanning with sumac showed that no free acid was retained in the finished leather4 ,an ,australian pickled pelt was found to contain #ai4b per cent of salt and #b4h per cent of sulphuric acid4 ,from a very large number of experiments the following conclusions were drawn3 #a4 ,that sulphuric acid is quite equal in efficiency to other acids for the purpose4 #b4 ,to a certain limit increasing softness is produced by increasing the quantity of acid used4 #c4 ,for naturally soft skins and when a leather not very soft is required the best results are obtained by using #bb pounds of salt1 #b4b pounds of sulphuric acid1 and #be gallons of water for #aaj pounds of pelt in the drum4 #d4 ,for material which is naturally hard and when a soft leather is required1 the amount of acid should be increased to #d4d pounds1 using similar amounts as those given above of pelt1 salt1 and water4 ,french ,hide ,tanning ,process4--,i4--,the prepared pelts are submitted to a #c to #d hours' immersion in a solution of rosin soap1 containing #e to #aj per cent of caustic soda4 ,the goods are afterwards placed in a #f to #ab per cent solution of a salt of chromium1 iron1 copper1 or aluminum 7preferably aluminum sulphate7 for #c to #d hours4 ,,ii4--,the hides are soaked in a solution of sodium carbonate of #aj ,b4 for #c to #f hours4 ,after washing with water they are allowed to remain for #e hours in #ded a bath of caustic soda1 the strength of which may vary from #b to #cj ,b4 ,from this they are transferred to a bath of hydrochloric acid 7#a to #e ,b47 in which they remain for #b hours4 ,finally the hides are washed and the beam-work finished in the usual way4 ,the tannage consists of a special bath of sodium or ammonium sulphoricinoleate 7#b to #cj per cent7 and sumac extract1 or similar tanning material 7#b to #ej per cent74 ,the strength of this bath is gradually raised from #d to #cj or #dj ,b4 ,tanning ,hides for ,robes4--,the hides should be very thoroughly soaked in order to soften them completely4 ,for dry hides this will require a longer time than for salted4 ,a heavy hide requires longer soaking than a skin4 ,thus it is impossible to fix a certain length of time4 ,after soaking1 the hide is fleshed clean1 and is now ready to go into the tan liquor1 which is made up as follows3 ,one part alum2 #a part salt2 #a_/d to #a_/b part japonica4 ,these are dissolved in hot water in sufficient quantity to make a #ce liquor4 ,the hide1 according to the thickness1 is left in the tan from #e to #aj days4 ,skins are finished in about #b or #c days4 ,the hide should be run in a drum for about #b hours before going into tan1 and again after that process4 ,in tanning hides for robes1 shaving them down is a main requisite for success1 as it is impossible to get soft leather otherwise4 ,after shaving put back into the tan liquor again for a day or two and hang up to dry4 ,when good and hard1 shave again and lay away in moist sawdust and give a heavy coat of oil4 ,when dry1 apply a solution of soft soap2 roll up and lay away in moist sawdust again4 ,run the hides on a drum or wheel until thoroughly soft4 ,the composition of the tan liquor may be changed considerably4 ,if the brownish tinge of the japonica be objectionable1 that article may be left out entirely4 ,the japonica has the effect of making the robe more able to resist water1 as the alum and salt alone are readily soaked out by rain4 ,lace ,leather4--,take cow hides averaging from #be to #cj pounds each2 #ce hides will make a convenient soak for a vat containing #a1jjj gallons of water1 or #be hides to a soak of #gjj gallons4 ,soak #b days or more1 as required4 ,change water every #bd hours4 ,split and flesh2 resoak if necessary4 ,when thoroughly soft put in limes4 ,handle and strengthen once a day1 for #e or #f days4 ,unhair and wash4 ,bathe in hen manure1 #ij ,f4 ,work out of drench1 wash well1 drain #d of #e hours4 ,then process1 using #de pounds vitriol and #fjj pounds of soft water to #gjj gallons of water4 ,in renewing process for second or consecutive packs1 use #ae pounds vitriol and #bjj pounds salt1 always keeping stock constantly in motion during time of processing4 ,after processing1 drain over night1 then put in tan in agitated liquors1 keeping the stock in motion during the whole time of tanning4 ,pack down overnight4 ,use #bjj pounds dry leather to each mill in stuffing4 ,for stuffing1 use #c gallons curriers' hard grease and #c gallons ,american cod oil4 ,strike out from mill1 on flesh4 ,set out on grain4 ,dry slowly4 ,trim and board1 length and cross4 ,the stock is then ready to cut4 ,the time for soaking the hides may be reduced one-half by putting the stock into a rapidly revolving reel pit1 with a good inflow of water1 so that the dirty water washes over and runs off4 ,after #aj hours in the soak1 put the stock into a drum1 and keep it tumbling #e hours4 ,this produces soft stock4 ,in liming1 where the saving of the hair is no object1 softer leather is obtainable by using #ce pounds sulphide of sodium with #fj pounds lime4 ,then1 when the stock comes from the limes1 the hair is dissolved and immediately washes off1 and saves the labor of unhairing and caring for the hair1 which in some cases does not pay4 ,,miscellaneous ,,recipes3 ,russian ,leather4--,this leather owes its name to the country of its origin4 ,the skins used for its production are goat1 large sheep1 calfskin1 and cow or steer hide4 ,the preliminary operations of soaking1 unhairing1 and fleshing are done in the usual manner1 and then the hides are permitted to swell in a mixture of rye flour1 oat flour1 yeast1 and salt4 ,this compound is made into a paste with water1 and is then thinned with sufficient water to steep a hundred hides in the mixture4 ,the proportions of ingredients used for this mixture are #bb pounds rye flour1 #aj pounds oat flour1 a little salt1 and sufficient yeast to set up fermentation4 ,the hides are steeped in this compound for #b days1 until swelled up1 and then put into a solution of willow and poplar barks1 in which they are allowed to remain #h days1 being frequently turned about4 ,the tanning process is then completed by putting them into a tanning liquor composed of pine and willow barks1 equal parts4 ,they are steeped #h days in this liquor1 and then a #dee fresh liquor of the same ingredients and proportions is made up4 ,the hides are hardened and split1 and then steeped in the freshly made liquor for another #h days1 when they are sufficiently tanned4 ,the hides are then cut down the middle 7from head to tail7 into sides1 and scoured1 rinsed1 and dried by dripping1 and then passed on to the currier1 who slightly dampens the dry sides and puts them in a heap or folds them together for a couple of days to temper1 and then impregnates them with a compound consisting of #b_/c parts birch oil and #a_/c parts seal oil4 ,this is applied on the flesh side for light leather1 and on the grain side also for heavy leather4 ,the leather is then 8set out10 8whitened10 and well boarded and dried before dyeing4 ,a decoction of sandalwood1 alone or mixed with cochineal1 is used for producing the ,russian red color1 and this dye liquor is applied several times1 allowing each application to dry before applying the following one4 ,a brush is used1 and the dye liquor is spread on the grain side4 ,a solution of tin chloride is used in ,russia as a mordant for the leather before laying on the dye4 ,the dye liquor is prepared by boiling #ah ounces of sandalwood in #ac pints of water for #a hour1 and then filtering the liquid and dissolving in the filtering fluid #a ounce of prepared tartar and soda1 which is then given an hour's boiling and set aside for a few days before use4 ,after dyeing1 the leather is again impregnated with the mixture of birch and seal oils 7applied to the grain side on a piece of flannel7 and when the dyed leather has dried1 a thin smear of gum-dragon mucilage is given to the dyed side to protect the color from fading1 while the flesh side is smeared with bark-tan juice and the dyed leather then grained for market4 ,toughening ,leather4--,leather is toughened and also rendered impervious by impregnating with a solution of #a part of caoutchouc or gutta-percha in #af parts of benzene or other solvent1 to which is added #aj parts of linseed oil4 ,wax and rosin may be added to thicken the solution4 ,painting on ,leather4--,when the leather is finished in the tanneries it is at the same time provided with the necessary greasy particles to give it the required pliancy and prevent it from cracking4 ,it is claimed that some tanners strive to obtain a greater weight thereby1 thus increasing their profit1 since a pound of fat is only one-eighth as dear as a pound of leather4 ,if such leather1 so called kips1 which are much used for carriage covers and knee caps1 is to be prepared for painting purposes1 it is above all necessary to close up the pores of the leather1 so that the said fat particles cannot strike through4 ,they would combine with the applied paint and prevent the latter from drying1 as the grease consists mainly of fish oil4 ,for this reason an elastic spirit leather varnish is employed1 which protects the succeeding paint coat sufficiently from the fat4 ,for further treatment take a good coach varnish to which #a_/d of stand oil 7linseed oil which has thickened by standing7 has been added and allow the mixture to stand for a few days4 ,with this varnish grind the desired colors1 thinning them only with turpentine oil4 ,put on #b coats4 ,in this manner the most delicate colors may be applied to the leather1 only it is needful to put on pale and delicate shades several times4 ,in some countries the legs or tops of boots are painted yellow1 red1 green1 or blue in this manner4 ,inferior leather1 such as sheepskin and goat leather1 which is treated with alum by the tanner1 may likewise be provided with color in the manner stated4 ,subsequently it can be painted1 gilded1 or bronzed4 ,stains for ,oak ,leather4--,i4--,apply an intimate mixture of #d ounces of umber 7burnt or raw72 #a_/b ounce of lampblack1 and #ag fluidounces ox gall4 ,,ii4--,the moistened leather is primed with a solution of #a part1 by weight1 of copper acetate in #ej parts of water1 slicked out and then painted with solution of yellow prussiate potash in feebly acid water4 ,,leather ,,as ,,an ,,insulator3 ,see ,insulation4 ,,leather ,,cements3 ,see ,adhesives1 under ,cements4 ,,leather-,,cleaning ,,processes3 ,see ,cleaning ,preparations and ,methods4 ,,leather1 ,,glues ,,for3 ,see ,adhesives4 ,,leather ,,lac3 ,see ,lacquers4 ,,leather ,,lubricants3 ,see ,lubricants4 #def ,,leather ,,varnish3 ,see ,varnish4 ,,leather ,,waterproofing3 ,see ,waterproofing4 ,,lemons3 ,see also ,essences1 ,extracts1 and ,fruits4 ,preservation of ,fresh ,lemon ,juice4--,the fresh juice is cleared by gently heating it with a little egg albumen1 without stirring the mixture4 ,this causes all solid matter to sink with the coagulated white1 or to make its way to the surface4 ,the juice is then filtered through a woolen cloth and put into bottles1 filled as full as possible1 and closed with a cork stopper1 in such a way that the cork may be directly in contact with the liquid4 ,seal at once and keep in a cool place4 ,the bottles should be asepticized with boiling water just before using4 ,,lemon ,,extract 7,,adulterated71 ,,tests ,,for3 ,see ,foods4 ,,lemon ,,sherbet ,,powder3 ,see ,salts1 ,effervescent4 ,,lemonades1 ,,lemonade ,,powders1 ,,and ,,lemonade ,,drops3 ,see ,beverages4 ,,lemonade ,,powder3 ,see ,salts1 ,effervescent4 ,,lenses ,,and ,,their ,,care3 ,unclean ,lenses 7see also ,cleaning ,preparations and ,methods74--,if in either objective or eyepiece the lenses are not clean1 the definition may be seriously impaired or destroyed4 ,uncleanliness may be due to finger marks upon the front lens of the objective1 or upon the eyepiece lenses2 dust which in time may settle upon the rear lens of the objective or on the eye lens2 a film which forms upon one or the other lens1 due occasionally to the fact that glass is hygroscopic1 but generally to the exhalation from the interior finish of the mountings1 and1 in immersion objectives1 because the front lens is not properly cleaned2 or oil that has leaked on to its rear surface1 or air bubbles that have formed in the oil between the cover glass and front lens4 ,remedy4--,keep all lenses scrupulously clean4 ,for cleaning1 use well-washed linen 7an old handkerchief7 or ,japanese lens paper4 ,eyepieces4--,to find impurities1 revolve the eyepieces during the observation2 breathe upon the lenses1 and wipe gently with a circular motion and blow off any particles which may adhere4 ,dry ,objectives4--,clean the front lens as described4 ,to examine the rear and interior lenses use a #b-;inch magnifier1 looking through the rear4 ,remove the dust from the rear lens with a camel's-hair brush4 ,oil ,immersion ,objectives4--,invariably clean the front lens after use with moistened linen or paper1 and wipe dry4 ,in applying oil examine the front of the objective with a magnifier1 and if there are any air bubbles1 remove them with a pointed quill1 or remove the oil entirely and apply a fresh quantity4 ,,letters1 ,,to ,,remove ,,from ,,china3 ,see ,cleaning ,preparations and ,methods1 under ,miscellaneous ,methods4 ,,letter-,,head ,,sensitizers3 ,see ,photography1 under ,paper-,sensitizing ,processes4 ,lettering ,,cements ,,for ,,attaching ,,letters ,,on ,,glass3 ,see ,adhesives1 under ,sign-,letter ,cements4 ,gold ,lettering4--,this is usually done by first drawing the lettering1 then covering with an adhesive mixture1 such as size1 and finally applying gold bronze powder or real gold leaf4 ,a good method for amateurs to follow in marking letters on glass is to apply first a coat of whiting1 mixed simply with water1 and then to mark out the letters on this surface1 using a pointed stick or the like4 ,after this has been done the letters may easily be painted or gilded on the reverse side of the glass4 ,when done1 wash off the whiting from the other side1 and the work is complete4 ,bronze ,lettering4--,the following is the best method for card work3 ,write with asphaltum thinned with turpentine until it flows easily1 and1 when nearly dry1 dust bronze powder over the letters4 ,when the letters are perfectly dry tap the card to take off the extra bronze1 and it will leave the letters clean and sharp4 ,the letters should be made with a camel's-hair brush and not with the automatic pen1 as oil paints do not work satisfactorily with these pens4 ,for bronzed letters made with the pen1 use black letterine or any water color4 #deg ,if a water color is used add considerable gum arabic4 ,each letter should be bronzed as it is made1 as the water color dries much more quickly than the asphaltum4 ,another method is to mix the bronze powder with bronze sizing to about the consistency of the asphaltum4 ,make the letter with a camel's-hair brush1 using the bronze paint as one would any oil paint4 ,this method requires much skill1 as the gold paint spreads quickly and is apt to flood over the edge of the letter4 ,for use on oilcloth this is the most practical method4 ,bronzes may be purchased at any hardware store4 ,they are made in copper1 red1 green1 silver1 gold1 and copper shades4 ,lettering on ,glass4--,white lettering on glass and mirrors produces a rich effect4 ,dry zinc1 chemically pure1 should be used4 ,it can be obtained in any first-class paint store and is inexpensive4 ,to every teaspoonful of zinc1 #aj drops of mucilage should be added4 ,the two should be worked up into a thick paste1 water being gradually added until the mixture is about the consistency of thick cream4 ,the paint should then be applied with a camel's-hair brush4 ,another useful paint for this purpose is ,chemnitz white4 ,if this distemper color is obtained in a jar1 care should be exercised to keep water standing above the color to prevent drying4 ,by using mucilage as a sizing these colors will adhere to the glass until it is washed off4 ,both mixtures are equally desirable for lettering on block card-board4 ,any distemper color may be employed on glass without in any way injuring it4 ,an attractive combination is--first to letter the sign with ,turkey red1 and then to outline the letters with a very narrow white stripe4 ,the letter can be rendered still more attractive by shading one side in black4 ,signs on ,show ,cases4--,most show cases have mirrors at the back1 either in the form of sliding panels or spring doors4 ,lettering in distemper colors on these mirrors can easily be read through the fronts or tops of cases4 ,if the mirror is on a sliding panel1 it will be necessary to detach it from the case in order to letter it4 ,when the mirror is on a spring door the sign can be lettered with less trouble4 ,by tracing letters in chalk on the outside of the glass1 and then painting them on the inside1 attractive signs can be produced on all show cases2 but painting letters on the inside of a show case glass is more or less difficult1 and it is not advisable to attempt it in very shallow cases4 8,spatter0 ,work4--,some lettering which appears very difficult to the uninitiated is1 in fact1 easily produced4 ,the beautiful effect of lettering and ornamentation in the form of foliage or conventional scrolls in a speckled ground is simple and can be produced with little effort4 ,pressed leaves and letters or designs cut from newspapers or magazines may be tacked or pasted on cardboard or a mat with flour paste4 ,as little paste as possible should be used--only enough to hold the design in place4 ,when all the designs are in the positions desired1 a toothbrush should be dipped in the ink or paint to be employed4 ,a toothpick or other small piece of wood is drawn to and fro over the bristles1 which are held toward the sign1 the entire surface of which should be spattered or sprinkled with the color4 ,when the color is dry the designs pasted on should be carefully removed and the paste which held them in place should be scraped off4 ,this leaves the letters and other designs clean cut and white against the 8spatter0 background4 ,the beginner should experiment first with a few simple designs4 ,after he is able to produce attractive work with a few figures or letters he may confidently undertake more elaborate combinations4 ,lettering on ,mirrors4--,from a bar of fresh common brown soap cut off a one-inch-wide strip across its end4 ,cut this into #b or #c strips4 ,take one strip and with a table-knife cut from two opposite sides a wedge-shaped point resembling that of a shading pen1 but allow the edge to be fully #a_/h inch thick4 ,clean the mirror thoroughly and proceed to letter in exactly the same manner as with a shading pen4 ,to ,fill ,engraved ,letters on ,metal ,signs4--,letters engraved on metal may be filled in with a mixture of asphaltum1 brown japan1 and lampblack1 the mixture being so made as to be a putty-like mass4 ,it should be well pressed down with a spatula4 ,any of the mass adhering to the plate about the edges of the letters is removed with turpentine1 and when the cement is thoroughly dried the plate may be polished4 ,if white letters are desired1 make a putty of dry white lead1 with equal parts of coach japan and rubbing varnish4 ,fill the letters nearly level with the #deh surface1 and when hard1 apply a stout coat of flake white in japan thinned with turpentine4 ,this will give a clean white finish that may be polished4 ,the white cement may be tinted to any desired shade1 using coach colors ground in japan4 ,tinseled ,letters1 or ,chinese ,painting on ,glass4--,this is done by painting the groundwork with any color1 leaving the letter or figure naked4 ,when dry1 place tin foil or any of the various colored copper foils over the letters on the back of the glass1 after crumpling them in the hand1 and then partially straightening them out4 ,,lice ,,killers3 ,see ,insecticides4 ,,lichen ,,removers3 ,see ,cleaning ,preparations and ,methods1 under ,miscellaneous ,methods and ,household ,formulas4 ,,licorice3 ,stable ,solutions of ,licorice ,juice4--,a percolator1 with alternate layers of broken glass1 which have been well washed1 first with hydrochloric acid and plentifully rinsed with distilled water1 is the first requisite4 ,this is charged with pieces of crude licorice juice1 from the size of a hazel nut to that of a walnut1 which are weighted down with well-washed pebbles4 ,the percolate is kept for #c days in well corked flasks which have been rinsed out with alcohol beforehand4 ,decant and filter and evaporate down rapidly1 under constant stirring1 or in vacuo4 ,the extract should be kept in vessels first washed with alcohol and closed with parchment paper1 in a dry place--never in the cellar4 ,to dissolve this extract1 use water1 first boiled for #ae minutes4 ,the solution should be kept in small flasks1 first rinsed with alcohol and well corked4 ,if to be kept for a long time1 the flasks should be subjected for #c consecutive days1 a half hour each day1 to a stream of steam1 and the corks paraffined4 ,there is frequently met with in commerce a purified juice that remains clear in the mixtura solvens4 ,it is usually obtained by supersaturation with pure ammonia1 allowing to stand for #c days1 decanting1 filtering the decanted liquor1 and quick evaporation4 ,since solutions with water alone rapidly spoil1 it is well to observe with them the precautions common for narcotic extracts4 ,to ,test ,extract of ,licorice4--,mere solubility is no test for the purity of extract of licorice4 ,it is1 therefore1 proposed to make the glycyrrhizin content and the nature of the ash the determining test4 ,to determine the glycyrrhizin quantitatively proceed as follows3 ,macerate #a_/aj ounce of the extract1 in coarse powder1 in #aj fluidounces distilled water for several hours1 with more or less frequent agitation4 ,when solution is complete1 add #aj fluidounces alcohol of #ij per cent1 filter and wash the filter with alcohol of #dj per cent until the latter comes off colorless4 ,drive off the alcohol1 which was added merely to facilitate filtration1 by evaporation in the water bath2 let the residue cool down and precipitate the glycyrrhizin by addition of sulphuric acid4 ,filter the liquid and wash the precipitate on the filter with distilled water until the wash water comes off neutral4 ,dissolve the glycyrrhizin from the filter by the addition of ammonia water1 drop by drop1 collecting the filtered solution in a tared capsule4 ,evaporate in the water bath1 dry the residual glycyrrhizin at #bab ,f41 and weigh4 ,repeated examinations of known pure extracts have yielded a range of percentage of glycyrrhizin running from #h4jf per cent to #aa4ij per cent4 ,the ash should be acid in reaction and a total percentage of from #e4fd to #h4fd of the extract4 ,,light1 ,,inactinic3 ,see ,photography4 ,,lignaloe ,,soap3 ,see ,soap4 ,,limeade3 ,see ,beverages1 under ,lemonades4 ,,lime ,,as ,a ,,fertilizer3 ,see ,fertilizers4 ,,lime1 ,,bird4 ,bird lime is a thick1 soft1 tough1 and sticky mass of a greenish color1 has an unpleasant smell and bitter taste1 melts easily on heating1 and hardens when exposed in thin layers to the air4 ,it is difficult to dissolve in alcohol1 but easily soluble in hot alcohol1 oil of turpentine1 fat oils1 and also somewhat in vinegar4 ,the best quality is prepared from the inner green bark of the holly 7,ilex aquifolium71 which is boiled1 then put in barrels1 and submitted for #ad days to slight fermentation until it becomes sticky4 ,another process of preparing it is to mix the boiled bark with juice of mistletoe berries and burying it in the ground until #dei fermented4 ,the bark is then pulverized1 boiled1 and washed4 ,artificial bird lime is prepared by boiling and then igniting linseed oil1 or boiling printing varnish until it is very tough and sticky4 ,it is also prepared by dissolving cabinetmakers' glue in water and adding a concentrated solution of chloride of zinc4 ,the mixture is very sticky1 does not dry on exposure to the air1 and has the advantage that it can be easily washed off the feathers of the birds4 ,,lime ,,juice3 ,see ,essences and ,extracts4 ,,lime-,,juice ,,cordial3 ,see ,wines and ,liquors4 ,,lime ,,wafers3 ,see ,confectionery4 ,,linen1 ,,to ,,distinguish ,,cotton ,,from3 ,see ,cotton4 ,,linen ,,dressing3 ,see ,laundry ,preparations4 ,,liniments3 ,see also ,ointments4 ,for external use only4--,i4--,the following penetrating oily liniment reduces all kinds of inflammatory processes3 ,paraffine oil #d ounces ,capsicum powder #a_/b ounce ,digest on a sand bath and filter4 ,to this may be added directly the following3 ,oil of wintergreen or peppermint1 phenol1 thymol1 camphor or eucalyptol1 etc4 ,,ii4--,camphor #b ounces ,menthol #a ounce ,oil of thyme #a ounce ,oil of sassafras #a ounce ,tincture of myrrh #a ounce ,tincture of capsicum #a ounce ,chloroform #a ounce ,alcohol #b pints ,,liniments ,,for ,,horses3 ,see ,veterinary ,formulas4 ,,linoleum3 ,see also ,oilcloth4 ,composition for ,linoleum1 ,oilcloth1 etc4--,this is composed of whiting1 dried linseed oil1 and any ordinary dryer1 such as litharge1 to which ingredients a proportion of gum tragacanth is to be added1 replacing a part of the oil and serving to impart flexibility to the fabric1 and to the composition a pasty mass the property of drying more rapidly4 ,in the production of linoleum1 the whiting is replaced in whole or in part by pulverized cork4 ,the proportions are approximately the following by weight3 ,whiting or powdered cork1 #ac parts2 gum tragacanth1 #e parts2 dried linseed oil1 #e #a_/b parts2 siccative1 #a_/b part4 ,dressings for ,linoleum4--,a weak solution of beeswax in spirits of turpentine has been recommended for brightening the appearance of linoleum4 ,here are some other formulas3 ,i4--,palm oil #a ounce ,paraffine #ah ounces ,kerosene #d ounces ,melt the paraffine and oil1 remove from the fire and incorporate the kerosene4 ,,ii4--,yellow wax #e ounces ,oil turpentine #aa ounces ,amber varnish #e ounces ,melt the wax1 add the oil1 and then the varnish4 ,apply with a rag4 ,treatment of ,newly ,laid ,linoleum4--,the proper way to cleanse a linoleum flooring is first to sweep off the dust and then wipe up with a damp cloth4 ,several times a year the surface should be well rubbed with floor wax4 ,care must be had that the mass is well pulverized and free from grit4 ,granite linoleum and figured coverings are cleansed without the application of water4 ,a floor covering which has been treated from the beginning with floor wax need only be wiped off daily with a dry cloth1 either woolen or felt1 and afterwards rubbed well with a cloth filled with the mass4 ,it will improve its appearance1 too1 if it be washed several times a year with warm water and a neutral soap4 ,,linoleum1 ,,cleaning ,,and ,,polishing3 ,see ,household ,formulas4 ,,linoleum ,,on ,,iron ,,stairs ,,or ,,cement ,,floors1 ,,to ,,glue3 ,see ,adhesives1 under ,glues4 ,,linseed ,,oil3 ,see also ,oils4 ,bleaching of ,linseed ,oil and ,poppyseed ,oil4--,in order to bleach linseed oil and poppyseed oil for painting purposes1 thoroughly shake #b4e parts of it in a glass vessel with a solution of potassium permanganate1 #ej parts1 in #a1bej parts of water2 let stand for #bd hours in a warm temperature1 and then mix with #ge parts of pulverized sodium sulphite4 ,now shake until the latter has dissolved and add #ajj parts of crude hydrochloric acid1 #bj4 ,agitate frequently and wash1 after the previously brown mass has become light colored1 with water1 in which a little #dfj chalk has been finely distributed1 until the water is neutral4 ,finally filter over calcined ,glauber's salt4 ,adulteration of ,linseed ,oil4--,this is common1 and a simple and cheap method of testing is by nitric acid4 ,pour equal parts of the linseed oil and nitric acid into a flask1 shake vigorously1 and let it stand for #bj minutes4 ,if the oil is pure1 the upper stratum is of straw yellow color and the lower one colorless4 ,if impure1 the former is dark brown or black1 the latter pale orange or dark yellow1 according to the admixtures to the oil4 ,the addition of rosin oil to linseed oil or other paint oils can be readily detected by the increase in specific gravity1 the low flash point1 and the odor of rosin on heating2 while the amount may be approximately ascertained from the amount of unsaponifiable oil left after boiling with caustic soda4 ,,lip ,,salves ,,and ,,lipol3 ,see ,cosmetics4 ,,lipowitz ,,metal3 ,see ,alloys4 ,,liqueurs3 ,see ,wines and ,liquors4 ,,liquor ,,ammonii ,,anisatus3 ,see ,ammonia4 ,,liquors3 ,see ,wines and ,liquors4 ,,lithographers' ,,lacquer3 ,see ,lacquers4 ,,lithographs3 ,see ,pictures and ,engravings4 ,,liver-,,spot ,,remedies3 ,see ,cosmetics4 ,,locksmith',s ,,varnish3 ,see ,varnishes4 ,,locomotive ,,lubricants3 ,see ,lubricants4 ,,locust ,,killer3 ,see ,insecticides4 ,,louse ,,wash3 ,see ,insecticides4 ,lubricants ,oil for ,firearms4--,either pure vaseline oil1 white1 #j4hgj1 or else pure white-bone oil1 proof to cold1 is employed for this purpose1 since these two oils are not only free from acid1 but do not oxidize or resinify4 ,leather ,lubricants4--,russian tallow1 #a pound2 beeswax1 #f ounces2 black pitch1 #d ounces2 common castor oil1 #c pounds2 soft paraffine1 #a_/b pound2 oil of citronella1 #a_/b ounce4 ,melt all together in a saucepan1 except the citronella1 which add on cooling4 ,stir occasionally4 ,machinery ,oils4--,i4--,the solid fat1 called bakourine1 a heavy lubricant which possesses extraordinary lubricating qualities has a neutral reaction and melts only at about #agf to #ahh ,f4 ,it is prepared as follows3 ,a mixture is made of #ajj parts of ,bienne petroleum or crude naphtha1 with #be parts of castor oil or some mineral oil1 and subjected to the action of #fj or #gj parts of sulphuric acid of #ff ,b4 ,the acid is poured in a small stream into the oil1 while carefully stirring4 ,the agitation is continued until a thick and blackish-brown mass is obtained free from non-incorporated petroleum4 ,very cold water of #b or #c times the weight of the mass is then added1 and the whole is stirred until the mass turns white and becomes homogeneous4 ,it is left at rest for #bd hours1 after which the watery liquid1 on the surface of which the fat is floating1 must be poured off4 ,after resting again from #c to #d days1 the product is drawn off1 carefully neutralized with caustic potash1 and placed in barrels ready for shipping4 ,,ii4--,melt in a kettle holding #b to #d times as much as the volume of the mass which is to be boiled therein1 #aj parts1 by weight1 of tallow in #bj parts of rape oil on a moderate fire2 add #aj parts of freshly and well burnt lime1 slaked in #cj or #dj parts of water2 increase the fire somewhat1 and boil with constant stirring until a thick froth forms and the mass sticks to the bottom of the kettle4 ,burning should be prevented by diligent stirring4 ,then add in portions of #aj parts each1 gradually1 #gj parts of rape oil and boil with a moderate fire1 until the little lumps gradually forming have united to a whole uniform mass4 ,with this operation it is of importance to be able to regulate the fire quickly4 ,samples are now continually taken1 which are allowed to cool quickly on glass plates4 ,the boiling down must not be carried so far that the samples harden on cooling2 they must spin long1 fine threads1 when touched with the finger4 ,when this point is reached add1 with constant stirring1 when the heat has abated sufficiently 7which may be tested by pouring in a few drops of water71 #be to #cj parts of water4 ,now raise the fire1 without #dfa ceasing to stir1 until the mass comes to a feeble1 uniform boil4 ,in order to be able to act quickly in case of a sudden boiling over1 the fire must be such that it can be removed quickly1 and a little cold water must always be kept on hand4 ,next1 gradually add in small portions1 so as not to disturb the boiling of the mass1 #ejj parts of paraffine oil 7if very thick1 #hjj to #ijj parts may be added71 remove from the fire1 allow the contents of the kettle to clarify1 and skim off the warm grease from the sediment into a stirring apparatus4 ,agitate until the mass begins to thicken and cool2 if the grease should still be too solid1 stir in a little paraffine oil the second time4 ,the odor of the paraffine oil may be disguised by the admixture of a little mirbane oil4 ,for ,cutting ,tools4--,the proportion of ingredients of a lubricating mixture for cutting tools is #f gallons of water1 #c #a_/b pounds of soft soap1 and #a_/b gallon of clean refuse oil4 ,heat the water and mix with the soap1 preferably in a mechanical mixer2 afterwards add the oil4 ,a cast-iron circular tank to hold #ab gallons1 fitted with a tap at the bottom and having three revolving arms fitted to a vertical shaft driven by bevels and a fast and loose pulley1 answers all requirements for a mixer4 ,this should be kept running all through the working day4 ,for ,highspeed ,bearings4--,to prevent heating and sticking of bearings on heavy machine tools due to running continuously at high speeds1 take about #a_/h of flake graphite1 and the remainder kerosene oil4 ,as soon as the bearing shows the slightest indication of heating or sticking1 this mixture should be forcibly squirted through the oil hole until it flows out between the shaft and bearing1 when a small quantity of thin machine oil may be applied4 ,for ,heavy ,bearings4--,an excellent lubricant for heavy bearings can be made from either of the following recipes3 ,i4--,paraffine #f pounds ,palm oil #ab pounds ,oleonaphtha #h pounds ,,ii4--,paraffine #h pounds ,palm oil #bj pounds ,oleonaphtha #ab pounds ,the oleonaphtha should have a density of #j4i4 ,first dissolve the paraffine in the oleonaphtha at a temperature of about #aeh ,f4 ,then gradually stir in the palm oil a little at a time4 ,the proportions will show that ,no4 ,,ii gives a less liquid product than ,no4 ,i4 ,quicklime may be added if desired4 ,for ,lathe ,centers4--,an excellent lubricant for lathe centers is made by using #a part graphite and #d parts tallow thoroughly mixed4 ,sewing ,machine ,oil4--,i4--,petroleum oils are better adapted for the lubrication of sewing machines than any of the animal oils4 ,sperm oil has for a long time been considered the standard oil for this purpose1 but it is really not well adapted to the conditions to which a sewing machine is subjected4 ,if the machine were operated constantly or regularly every day1 probably sperm oil could not be improved on4 ,the difficulty is1 however1 that a family sewing machine will frequently be allowed to stand untouched for weeks at a time and will then be expected to run as smoothly as though just oiled4 ,under this kind of treatment almost any oil other than petroleum oil will become gummy4 ,what is known in the trade as a 8neutral0 oil1 of high viscosity1 would probably answer better for this purpose than anything else4 ,a mixture of #a part of petrolatum and #g parts of paraffine oil has also been recommended4 ,,ii4--,pale oil of almonds #i ounces ,rectified benzoline #c ounces ,foreign oil of lavender #a ounce ,,petroleum ,,jellies ,,and ,,solidified ,,lubricants4 ,petroleum jelly1 vaseline1 and petrolatum are different names for the same thing4 ,the pure qualities are made from ,american stock thickened with hot air until the desired melting point is attained4 ,three colors are made3 white1 yellow1 and black of various qualities4 ,cheaper qualities are made by using ceresine wax in conjunction with the genuine article and pale mineral oil4 ,this is the ,german method and is approved of by their pharmacopia4 ,machinery qualities are made with cylinder oils1 pale mineral oils1 and ceresine wax4 ,i4--,yellow ceresine wax #aa parts ,white ceresine wax #f parts ,american mineral oil1 #ijc_/ijg #aea parts ,melt the waxes and stir in the oil4 ,to make white1 use all white ceresine wax4 ,to color1 use aniline dyes soluble in oil to any shade required4 ,,ii4--,ceresine wax #a pound ,bloomless mineral oil1 ,sq4 #iaj #a gallon #dfb ,melt the wax and add the oil1 varying according to the consistency required4 ,to color black1 add #bh pounds lampblack to #bj gallons oil4 ,any wax will do1 according to quality of product desired4 ,white ,petroleum ,jelly4-- ,white tasteless oil #d parts ,white ceresine wax #a part ,solidified ,lubricants4-- ,i4--,refined cotton oil #b parts ,american mineral oil1 #ijc_/ijg #b parts ,oleate of alumina #a part ,gently heat together4 ,,ii4--,petroleum jelly #abj parts ,ceresine wax #e parts ,slaked lime #a_/b part ,water #d #a_/b parts ,heat the wax and the petroleum jelly gently until liquid2 then mix together the water and lime4 ,decant the former into packing receptacles1 and add lime and water1 stirring until it sets4 ,for cheaper qualities use cream cylinder oil instead of petroleum jelly4 ,,wagon ,,and ,,axle ,,greases3 ,for ,axles of ,heavy ,vehicles4--,i4--,tallow 7free from acid71 #ai #a_/b parts2 palm oil1 #ad parts2 sal soda1 #e #a_/b parts2 water1 #c parts1 by weight4 ,dissolve the soda in the water and separately melt the tallow1 then stir in the palm oil4 ,this may be gently warmed before adding1 as it greatly facilitates its incorporation with the tallow1 unless the latter be made boiling hot1 when it readily melts the semi-solid palm oil4 ,when these two greases are thoroughly incorporated1 pour the mixture slowly into the cold lye 7or soda solution71 and stir well until the mass is homogeneous4 ,this lubricant can be made less solid by decreasing the tallow or increasing the palm oil4 ,,ii4--,slaked lime 7in powder71 #h parts1 is slowly sifted into rosin oil1 #aj parts4 ,stir it continuously to incorporate it thoroughly1 and gently heat the mixture until of a syrupy consistency4 ,color with lampblack1 or a solution of turmeric in a strong solution of sal soda4 ,for blue grease1 #bge parts of rosin oil are heated with #a part of slaked lime and then allowed to cool4 ,the supernatant oil is removed from the precipitated matter1 and #e or #f parts of the foregoing rosin-oil soap are stirred in until all is a soft1 unctuous mass4 ,for ,axles of ,ordinary ,vehicles4--,i4--,mix #hj parts of fat and #bj parts of very fine black lead2 melt the fat in a varnished earthen vessel2 add the black lead while constantly stirring until it is cold1 for otherwise the black lead1 on account of its density1 would not remain in suspension in the melted fat4 ,axles lubricated with this mixture can make #hj miles without the necessity of renewing the grease4 ,,ii4--,mix equal parts of red ,american rosin1 melted tallow1 linseed oil1 and caustic soda lye 7of #a4e density74 ,,iii4--,melt #bj parts of rosin oil in #ej parts of yellow palm oil1 saponify this with #be parts of caustic soda lye of #ae ,b41 and add #be parts of mineral oil or paraffine4 ,,iv4--,mix residue of the distillation of petroleum1 #fj to #hj parts2 tallow1 #aj parts2 colophony1 #aj parts2 and caustic soda solution of #dj ,b41 #ae parts4 ,a ,grease for ,locomotive ,axles4--,saponify a mixture of #ej parts tallow1 #bh parts palm oil1 #b parts sperm oil4 ,mix in soda lye made by dissolving #ab parts of soda in #acg parts of water4 ,,miscellaneous ,,lubricants3 ,for ,cotton ,belts4--,carefully melt over a slow fire in a closed iron or self-regulating boiler #bej parts of caoutchouc or gum elastic1 cut up in small pieces2 then add #bjj parts of colophony2 when the whole is well melted and mixed1 incorporate1 while carefully stirring1 #bjj parts of yellow wax4 ,then heat #hej parts of train oil1 mixing with it #bej parts of talc1 and unite the two preparations1 constantly stirring1 until completely cold4 ,chloriding ,mineral ,lubricating ,oils4--,a process has been introduced for producing industrial vaselines and mineral oils for lubrication1 based on the treatment of naphthas1 petroleums1 and similar hydrocarbides1 by means of chlorine or mixtures of chlorides and hypochlorides1 known under the name of decoloring chlorides4 ,mix and stir thoroughly #a1jjj parts of naphtha of about #ijh density2 #ee parts of chloride of lime1 and #ejj parts of water4 ,decant and wash4 ,glass ,stop ,cock ,lubricant4--7,see also ,stoppers74 ,pure rubber #ad parts ,spermaceti #e parts ,petroleum #a part ,melt the rubber in a covered vessel and then stir in the other ingredients4 ,a little more petroleum will be required when the compound is for winter use4 #dfc ,hard ,metal ,drilling ,lubricant4--,for drilling in hard metal it is recommended to use carbolic acid instead of another fatty substance as a lubricant1 since the latter1 by decreasing the friction1 diminishes the 8biting0 of the drill1 whereas the carbolic acid has an etching action4 ,plaster ,model ,lubricant4--,take linseed oil1 #a1jjj parts2 calcined lead1 #ej parts2 litharge1 #fj parts2 umber1 #cj parts2 talc1 #be parts4 ,boil for #b hours on a moderate fire2 skim frequently and keep in well-closed flasks4 ,graphite ,lubricating ,compound4--,graphite mixed with tallow gives a good lubricating compound that is free from any oxidizing if the tallow be rendered free from rancidity4 ,the proportions are3 ,plumbago1 #a part2 tallow1 #d parts4 ,the plumbago being stirred into the melted tallow and incorporated by passing it through a mixing mill1 add a few pounds per hundredweight of camphor in powder to the hot compound4 ,lubricants for ,redrawing ,shells4--,zinc shells should be clean and free from all grit and should be immersed in boiling hot soap water4 ,they must be redrawn while hot to get the best results4 ,on some shells hot oil is used in preference to soap water4 ,for redrawing aluminum shells use a cheap grade of vaseline4 ,it may not be amiss to add that the draw part of the redrawing die should not be made too long1 so as to prevent too much friction1 which causes the shells to split and shrivel up4 ,for redrawing copper shells use good thick soap water as a lubricant4 ,the soap used should be of a kind that will produce plenty of 8slip40 ,if none such is to be had1 mix a quantity of lard oil with the soap water on hand and boil the two together4 ,sprinkling graphite over the shells just before redrawing sometimes helps out on a mean job4 ,rope ,grease4--,for hemp ropes1 fuse together #bj pounds of tallow and #cj pounds of linseed oil4 ,then add #bj pounds of paraffine1 #cj pounds of vaseline1 and #fj pounds of rosin4 ,finally mix with #aj pounds of graphite1 first rubbed up with #ej pounds of boiled oil4 ,for wire ropes fuse #ajj pounds of suint with #bj pounds of dark colophony 7rosin74 ,then stir in #cj pounds of rosin oil and #aj pounds of dark petroleum4 ,sheet ,metal ,lubricant4--,mix #a quart of whale oil1 #a pound of white lead1 #a pint of water1 and #c ounces of the finest graphite4 ,this is applied to the metal with a brush before it enters the dies4 ,steam ,cylinder ,lubricant4--,to obtain a very viscous oil that does not decompose in the presence of steam even at a high temperature1 it is necessary to expose neutral wool fats1 that have been freed from wool-fatty acids1 such as crude lanolin or wool wax1 either quite alone or in combination with mineral oils1 to a high heat4 ,this is best accomplished in the presence of ordinary steam or superheated steam at a heat of #egb ,f41 and a pressure of #ej atmospheres1 corresponding with the conditions in the cylinder in which it is to be used4 ,instead of separating any slight quantities of acid that may arise1 they may be dissolved out as neutral salts4 ,wooden ,gears4--,an excellent lubricating agent for wooden gears consists of tallow1 #cj parts 7by weight72 palm oil1 #bj parts2 fish oil1 #aj parts2 and graphite1 #bj parts4 ,the fats are melted at moderate heat1 and the finely powdered and washed graphite mixed with them intimately by long-continued stirring4 ,the teeth of wooden combs are kept in a perfectly serviceable condition for a much longer time if to the ordinary tallow or graphite grease one-tenth part of their weight of powdered glass is added4 ,,tests ,,for ,,lubricants4 ,in testing lubricants in general1 a great deal depends upon the class of work in which they are to be employed4 ,in dealing with lubricating greases the specific gravity should always be determined4 ,the viscosity is1 of course1 also a matter of the utmost importance4 ,if possible the viscosity should be taken at the temperature at which the grease is to be subjected when used1 but this cannot always be done2 #cjj ,f4 will be found to be a very suitable temperature for the determination of the viscosity of heavy lubricants4 ,although one of the standard viscosimeters is the most satisfactory instrument with which to carry out the test1 yet it is not a necessity4 ,provided the test be always conducted in exactly the same manner1 and at a fixed temperature1 using a standard sample for comparison1 the form of apparatus used is not of great importance4 ,most dealers in scientific apparatus will provide a simple and cheap instrument1 the results obtained with which will be found reliable4 ,with the exercise of a little ingenuity any one can fit up a viscosimeter for himself at a very small outlay4 ,acidity is another important point to #dfd note in dealing with lubricating greases4 ,calculated as sulphuric acid1 the free acid should not exceed 4#ja per cent1 and free fatty acids should not be present to any extent4 ,cylinder oil should dissolve completely in petroleum benzine 7specific gravity1 4#gjj71 giving a clear solution4 ,in dealing with machine oils the conditions are somewhat different4 ,fatty oils in mixture with mineral oils are very useful1 as they give better lubrication and driving power1 especially for heavy axles1 for which these mixtures should always be used4 ,the specific gravity should be from 4#ijj to 4#iae and the freezing point should not be above #eh ,f4 ,the flash point of heavy machine oils is not a matter of great importance4 ,the viscosity of dynamo oils1 taken in ,engler's apparatus1 should be #ae-af at #fh ,f4 and #c #a_/b-d at #abb ,f4 ,in dealing with wagon oils and greases it should be remembered that the best kinds are those which are free from rosin and rosin products1 and their flash point should be above #bab ,f4 ,to ,test ,grease4--,to be assured of the purity of grease1 its density is examined as compared with water2 a piece of fat of the size of a pea is placed in a glass of water4 ,if it remains on the surface or sinks very slowly the fat is pure2 if it sinks rapidly to the bottom the fat is mixed with heavy matters and coom is the result4 ,,lubricants ,,for ,,watchmakers3 ,see ,watchmakers' ,formulas4 ,,lupuline ,,bitters3 ,see ,wines and ,liquors4 ,,luster ,,paste4 ,this is used for plate glass1 picture frames1 and metal4 ,five parts of very finely washed and pulverized chalk2 #e parts of ,vienna lime1 powdered2 #e parts of bolus1 powdered2 #e parts of wood ashes1 powdered2 #e parts of ,english red1 powdered2 #e parts of soap powder4 ,work all together in a kneading machine1 to make a smooth1 even paste1 adding spirit4 ,the consistency of the paste can be varied1 by varying the amount of spirit1 from a solid to a soft mass4 ,,lutes3 ,see ,adhesives4 ,,machine ,,oil3 ,see ,lubricants4 ,,machinery1 ,,to ,,clean3 ,see ,cleaning ,preparations and ,methods4 ,,magic3 ,see ,pyrotechnics4 ,,magnesium ,,citrate4 ,magnesium carbonate #aj ounces ,citric acid #bj ounces ,sugar #ba ounces ,oil of lemon #a_/b drachm ,water enough to make #bdj ounces ,introduce the magnesium carbonate into a wide-mouthed #b-;gallon bottle1 drop the oil of lemon on it1 stir with a wooden stick3 then add the citric acid1 the sugar1 and water enough to come up to a mark on the bottle indicating #bdj ounces4 ,for this purpose use cold water1 adding about half of the quantity first1 and the remainder when the substances are mostly dissolved4 ,by allowing the solution to stand for a half to a whole day1 it will filter better and more quickly than when hot water is used4 ,,magnesium ,,orgeat ,,powder3 ,see ,salts1 ,effervescent4 ,,magnesium ,,flash-,,light ,,powders3 ,see ,photography4 ,,magnetic ,,curves ,,of ,,iron ,,filings1 ,,their ,,fixation4 ,one of the experiments made in every physical laboratory in teaching the elements of magnetism and electricity is the production of the magnetic curves by sprinkling iron filings over a glass plate1 after the well-known method4 ,for fixing these curves so that they may be preserved indefinitely1 a plate of glass is warmed on the smooth upper surface of a shallow iron chest containing water raised to a suitable temperature by means of a spirit-lamp4 ,a piece of paraffine is placed on the glass1 and in the course of #c or #d minutes spreads itself evenly in a thin layer over the surface4 ,the glass plate is removed1 the surplus paraffine running off4 ,the image is formed with iron filings on the cooled paraffine1 which does not adhere to the iron1 so that if the image is unsatisfactory the filings may be removed and a new figure taken4 ,to fix the curves1 the plate of glass is again placed on the warming stove4 ,finally1 the surface of the paraffine is covered with white paint1 so that the curves appear black on a white ground4 ,very well-defined figures may thus be obtained4 ,a similar though much simpler process consists in covering one surface of stiff white paper with a layer of paraffine1 by warming #dfe over an iron plate1 spreading the filings over the cooled surface1 and fixing them with a hot iron or a gas flame4 ,,magnolia ,,metal3 ,see ,alloys4 ,,mahogany3 ,see ,wood4 ,,malted ,,food3 ,see ,foods4 ,,malted ,,milk3 ,see ,milk4 ,,malt1 ,,hot3 ,see ,beverages4 ,,manganese ,,alloys3 ,see ,alloys4 ,,manganese ,,steel3 ,see ,steel4 ,,mange ,,cures3 ,see ,veterinary ,formulas4 ,,manicure ,,preparations3 ,see ,cosmetics4 ,,mantles4 ,these are prepared after processes differing slightly from one another1 but all based on the original formula of ,welsbach--the impregnation of vegetable fibers with certain mineral oxides in solution1 drying out1 and arranging on platinum wire4 ,lanthanum oxide #cj parts ,yttrium oxide #bj parts ,burnt magnesia #ej parts ,acetic acid #ej parts ,water1 distilled #ajj parts ,the salts are dissolved in the water1 and to the solution another #aej parts of distilled water are added and the whole filtered4 ,the vegetable fiber 7in its knitted or woven form7 is impregnated with this solution dried1 and arranged on platinum wire4 ,in the formula the acetic acid may be replaced with dilute nitric acid4 ,the latter seems to have some advantages over the former1 among which is the fact that the residual ash where acetic acid is used has a tendency to ball up and make a vitreous residue1 while that of the nitric acid remains in powdery form4 ,self-,igniting ,mantles4--,a fabric of platinum wire and cotton thread is sewed or woven into the tissue of the incandescent body2 next it is impregnated with a solution of thorium salts and dried4 ,the thorium nitrate in glowing gives a very loose but nevertheless fireproof residue4 ,a mixture of thorium nitrate with platinic chloride leaves after incandescence a fire-resisting sponge possessing to a great extent the property of igniting gas mixtures containing oxygen4 ,employ a mixture of #a part of thorium nitrate to #b #a_/b parts of platinic chloride4 ,,manures3 ,see ,fertilizers4 ,,manuscript ,,copying3 ,see ,copying4 ,,maple3 ,see ,wood4 ,,maraschino3 ,see ,wines and ,liquors4 ,,marble ,,cements3 ,see ,adhesives4 ,,marble ,,cleaning3 ,see ,cleaning ,preparations and ,methods4 ,,marble ,,colors3 ,see ,stone4 ,,marble ,,etching3 ,see ,etching4 ,,marble1 ,,imitation3 ,see ,plaster4 ,,marble1 ,,painting ,,on3 ,see ,painting4 ,,marble ,,polishing3 ,see ,polishes4 ,,marbling ,,crayons3 ,see ,crayons4 ,,margerine3 ,see ,butter4 ,,marking ,,fluid3 ,see also ,inks and ,etching4 ,for laying out work on structural iron or castings a better way than chalking the surface is to mix whiting with benzine or gasoline to the consistency of paint1 and then apply it with a brush2 in a few minutes the benzine or gasoline will evaporate1 leaving a white surface ready for scribing lines4 ,,massage ,,applications3 ,see ,cosmetics4 ,,massage ,,soaps3 ,see ,soaps4 ,matches 7,see also ,phosphorus47 ,manufacture of ,matches4--,each factory uses its own methods and chemical mixtures1 though1 in a general way the latter do not vary greatly4 ,it is #dff impossible here to give a full account of the different steps of manufacture1 and of all the precautions necessary to turn out good1 marketable matches4 ,in the manufacture of the ordinary safety match1 the wood is first comminuted and reduced to the final shape and then steeped in a solution of ammonium phosphate 7#b per cent of this salt with #a or #a #a_/b per cent of phosphoric acid71 or in a solution of ammonium sulphate 7#b #a_/b per cent71 then drained and dried4 ,the object of this application is to prevent the match from continuing to glow after it has been burned out4 ,next the matches are dipped into a paraffine or stearine bath1 and after that into the match bath proper1 which is best done by machines constructed for the purpose4 ,here are a few formulas3 ,i4--,potassium chlorate #b1jjj parts ,lead binoxide #a1aej parts ,red lead #b1ejj parts ,antimony trisulphide #a1bej parts ,gum arabic #fgj parts ,paraffine #bej parts ,potassium bichromate #a1cah parts ,directions3 ,see ,no4 ,,ii4 ,,ii4--,potassium chlorate #b1jjj parts ,lead binoxide #b1aej parts ,red lead #b1ejj parts ,antimony trisulphide #a1bej parts ,gum arabic #fgj parts ,paraffine #bej parts ,rub the paraffine and antimony trisulphide together1 and then add the other ingredients4 ,enough water is added to bring the mass to a proper consistency when heated4 ,conduct heating operations on a water bath4 ,the sticks are first dipped in a solution of paraffine in benzine and then are dried4 ,for striking surfaces1 mix red phosphorus1 #i parts2 pulverized iron pyrites1 #g parts2 pulverized glass1 #c parts2 and gum arabic or glue1 #a part1 with water1 quantity sufficient4 ,to make the matches water or damp proof1 employ glue instead of gum arable in the above formula1 and conduct the operations in a darkened room4 ,for parlor matches dry the splints and immerse the ends in melted stearine4 ,then dip in the following mixture and dry3 ,red phosphorus #c4j parts ,gum arabic or tragacanth #j4e parts ,water #c4j parts ,sand 7finely ground7 #b4j parts ,lead binoxide #b4j parts ,perfume by dipping in a solution of benzoic acid4 ,,iii4--,m4 ,o4 ,lindner1 of ,paris1 has patented a match which may be lighted by friction upon any surface whatever1 and which possesses the advantages of being free from danger and of emitting no unpleasant odor4 ,the mixture into which the splints are first dipped consists of ,chlorate of potash #f parts ,sulphide of antimony #b parts ,gum #a #a_/b parts ,powdered clay #a #a_/b parts ,the inflammable compound consists of ,chlorate of potash #b to #c parts ,amorphous phosphorus #f parts ,gum #a #a_/b parts ,aniline #a #a_/b parts ,red or amorphous is substituted for yellow phosphorus in the match heads4 ,the composition of the igniting paste is given as follows3 ,by weight ,soaked glue 7#a to #e of water7 #cg4j parts ,powdered glass #g4e parts ,whiting #g4e parts ,amorphous phosphorus 7pure7 #aj4j parts ,paraffine wax #d4j parts ,chlorate of potash #bg4j parts ,sugar or lampblack #g4j parts ,silicate of soda may be substituted for the glue1 bichromate of potash added for damp climates1 and sulphur for large matches4 ,the different compositions for tipping the matches in use in different countries and factories all consist essentially of emulsions of phosphorus in a solution of glue or gum1 with or without other matters for increasing the combustibility1 for coloring1 etc4 ,i4--,english4--,fine glue1 #b parts1 broken into small pieces1 and soaked in water till quite soft1 is added to water1 #d parts1 and heated by means of a water bath until it is quite fluid1 and at a temperature of #bjj to #bab ,f4 ,the vessel is then removed from the fire1 and phosphorus1 #a #a_/b to #b parts1 is gradually added1 the mixture being agitated briskly and continually with a stirrer having wooden pegs or bristles projecting at its lower end4 ,when a uniform emulsion is obtained1 chlorate of potassa1 #d to #e #dfg parts2 powdered glass1 #c to #d parts2 and red lead1 smalt1 or other coloring matter1 a sufficient quantity 7all in a state of very fine powder71 are added1 one at a time1 to prevent accidents1 and the stirring continued until the mixture is comparatively cool4 ,the above proportions are those of the best quality of ,english composition4 ,the matches tipped with it deflagrate with a snapping noise4 ,,ii4--,german 7,bttger74--,dissolve gum arabic1 #af parts1 in the least possible quantity of water2 add of phosphorus 7in powder71 #i parts1 and mix by trituration4 ,then add niter1 #ad parts2 vermilion or binoxide of manganese1 #af parts1 and form the whole into a paste as directed above4 ,into this the matches are to be dipped1 and then exposed to dry4 ,as soon as they are quite dry they are to be dipped into very dilute copal varnish or lac varnish1 and again exposed to dry1 by which means they are rendered waterproof1 or at least less likely to suffer from exposure in damp weather4 ,,iii4 7,bttger47--,glue1 #f parts1 is soaked in a little cold water for #bd hours1 after which it is liquefied by trituration in a heated mortar2 phosphorus1 #d parts1 is added1 and rubbed down at a heat not exceeding #aej ,f42 niter 7in fine powder71 #aj parts1 is next mixed in1 and afterwards red ocher1 #e parts1 and smalt1 #b parts1 are further added1 and the whole formed into a uniform paste1 into which the matches are dipped1 as before4 ,this is cheaper than the previous one4 ,,iv4 7,diesel47--,phosphorus1 #ag parts2 glue1 #ba parts2 red lead1 #bd parts2 niter1 #ch parts4 ,proceed as above4 ,matches tipped with ,,ii1 ,,iii1 or ,,iv1 inflame without fulmination when rubbed against a rough surface1 and are hence termed noiseless matches by the makers4 ,safety ,paste for ,matches4--,the danger of explosion during the preparation of match composition may be minimized by addition to the paste of the following mixture3 ,finely powdered cork1 #c parts1 by weight2 oxide of iron1 #ae parts2 flour1 #bc parts2 and water1 about #dj parts4 ,in practice1 #cj parts of gum arabic are dissolved in water1 #dj parts1 and to the solution are added powdered potassium chlorate1 #eg parts1 and when this is well distributed1 amorphous phosphorus1 #g parts1 and powdered glass1 #ae parts1 are stirred in4 ,the above mixture is then immediately introduced1 and when mixing is complete1 the composition can be applied to wooden sticks which need not have been previously dried or paraffined4 ,the head of the match is finally coated with tallow1 which prevents atmospheric action and also spontaneous ignition4 ,most chemists agree that the greatest improvement of note in the manufacture of matches is that of ,landstrom1 of ,jonkoping1 in ,sweden4 ,it consists in dividing the ingredient of the match mixture into two separate compositions1 one being placed on the ends of the splints1 as usual1 and the other1 which contains the phosphorus1 being spread in a thin layer upon the end or lid of the box4 ,the following are the compositions used3 7a7 ,for the splints3 ,chlorate of potassa1 #f parts2 sulphuret of antimony1 #b to #c parts2 glue1 #a part4 7b7 ,for the friction surface3 ,amorphous phosphorus1 #aj parts2 sulphuret of antimony or peroxide of manganese1 #h parts2 glue1 #c to #f parts2 spread thinly upon the surface1 which has been previously made rough by a coating of glue and sand4 ,by thus dividing the composition the danger of fire arising from ignition of the matches by accidental friction is avoided1 as neither the portion on the splint nor that on the box can be ignited by rubbing against an unprepared surface4 ,again1 by using the innocuous red or amorphous phosphorus1 the danger of poisoning is entirely prevented4 ,,match ,,marks ,,on ,,paint1 ,,to ,,remove3 ,see ,cleaning ,preparations and ,methods4 ,,match ,,phosphorus1 ,,substitute ,,for3 ,see ,phosphorus ,substitute4 ,matrix ,masses ,matrix for ,medals1 ,coins1 etc4--,i4--,sharp impressions of coins1 medals1 etc41 are obtained1 according to ,bttger1 with the following3 ,mix molten1 thinly liquid sulphur with an equal quantity of infusorial earth1 adding some graphite4 ,if a sufficient quantity of this mass1 made liquid over a flame1 is quickly applied with a spatula or spoon on the coin1 etc41 an impression of great sharpness is obtained after cooling1 which usually takes place promptly4 ,owing to the addition of graphite the articles do not become dull or unsightly4 ,,ii4--,bronze and silver medals should always be coated with a separating grease layer4 ,the whole coin is greased slightly and then carefully wiped off again with a little wadding1 but in such a manner #dfh that a thin film of grease remains on the surface4 ,next1 a ring of strong cardboard or thin pasteboard is placed around the edge1 and the ends are sealed together4 ,now stir up a little gypsum in a small dish and put a teaspoonful of it on the surface of which the mold is to be taken1 distributing it carefully with a badger's-hair brush1 entering the finest cavities1 which operation will be assisted by blowing on it4 ,when the object is covered with a thin layer of plaster of ,paris1 the plaster1 which has meanwhile become somewhat stiffer1 is poured on1 so that the thickness of the mold will be about #a_/bj of an inch4 ,the removal of the cast can be effected only after a time1 when the plaster has become warm1 has cooled again1 and has thoroughly hardened4 ,if it be attempted to remove the cast from the metal too early and by the use of force1 fine pieces are liable to break off and remain adhering to the model4 ,in order to obtain a positive mold from the concave one1 it is laid in water for a short time1 so that it becomes saturated with the water it absorbs4 ,the dripping1 wet mold is again provided with an edge1 and plaster of ,paris is poured on4 ,the latter readily flows out on the wet surface1 and only in rare cases blisters will form4 ,naturally this casting method will furnish a surface of pure gypsum1 which is not the case if the plaster is poured into a greased mold4 ,in this case the surface of the cast contains a soapy layer1 for the liquid plaster forms with oil a subsequently rather hard lime soap4 ,the freshly cast plaster must likewise be taken off only when a quarter of an hour has elapsed1 after it has become heated and has cooled again4 ,,mats ,,for ,,metals3 ,see ,metals4 ,,matzoon4 ,add #b tablespoonfuls of bakers' yeast to #a pint of rich milk1 which has been slightly warmed1 stirring well together and setting aside in a warm room in a pitcher covered with a wet cloth for a time varying from #f to #ab hours1 according to the season or temperature of the room4 ,take from this1 when curdled1 #f tablespoonfuls1 add to another pint of milk1 and again ferment as before1 and continue for five successive fermentations in all1 when the product will have become free from the taste of the yeast4 ,as soon as the milk thickens1 which is finally to be kept for use1 it should be stirred again and then put into a refrigerator to prevent further fermentation4 ,it should be smooth1 of the consistence of thick cream1 and of a slightly acid taste4 ,the milk should be prepared fresh every day1 and the new supply is made by adding #f tablespoonfuls of the previous day's lot to a pint of milk and proceeding as before4 ,the curd is to be eaten with a spoon1 not drunk1 and preferably with some bread broken into it4 ,it is also sometimes eaten with sugar1 which is said not to impair its digestibility4 ,,may ,,wine3 ,see ,wines and ,liquors4 ,,mead4 ,in its best form ,mead is made as follows3 #ab gallons of pure1 soft water 7clean rain water is1 next to distilled water1 best7 are mixed with #cj gallons of expressed honey in a big caldron1 #d ounces of hops added1 and the whole brought to a boil4 ,the boiling is continued with diligent skimming1 for at least an hour and a half4 ,the fire is then drawn1 and the liquid allowed to cool down slowly4 ,when cold1 it is drawn off into a clean barrel1 which it should fill to the bung1 with a little over4 ,a pint of fresh wine yeast or ferment is added1 and the barrel put in a moderately warm place1 with the bung left out1 to ferment for from #h to #ad days1 according to the weather 7the warmer it is the shorter the period occupied in the primary or chief fermentation74 ,every day the foam escaping from the bung should be carefully skimmed off1 and every #b or #c days there should be added a little honey and water to keep the barrel quite full1 and in the meantime a pan or cup should be inverted over the hole1 to keep out dust1 insects1 etc4 ,when fermentation ceases1 the procedure varies4 ,some merely drive in the bung securely and let the liquor stand for a few weeks1 then bottle2 but the best ,german makers proceed as follows1 this being a far superior process3 ,the liquor is removed from the barrel in which it fermented to another1 clean1 barrel1 being strained through a haircloth sieve to prevent the admission of the old yeast4 ,a second portion of yeast is added1 and the liquid allowed to pass through the secondary fermentation1 lasting usually as long as the first4 ,the bung is driven into the barrel1 the liquid allowed to stand a few days to settle thoroughly and then drawn off into bottles and stored in the usual way4 ,some add nutmeg1 cinnamon1 etc41 prior to the last fermentation4 #dfi ,,measures3 ,see ,weights and ,measures4 ,,measures1 ,,to ,,clean3 ,see ,cleaning ,preparations and ,methods4 ,,meat ,,extract ,,containing ,,albumen3 ,see ,foods4 ,,meat ,,peptonoids3 ,see ,peptonoids4 ,,meat ,,preservatives3 ,see ,foods4 ,,meat ,,products 7,,adulterated73 ,see ,foods4 ,,medal ,,impressions3 ,see ,matrix ,mass4 ,,medals1 ,,cleaning ,,and ,,preserving3 ,see ,cleaning ,compounds4 ,,medallion ,,metal3 ,see ,alloys4 ,,medicine ,,doses3 ,see ,doses4 ,,meerschaum3 ,to ,color a ,meerschaum ,pipe4--,i4--,fill the pipe and smoke down about one-third1 or to the height to which you wish to color4 ,leave the remainder of the tobacco in the pipe1 and do not empty or disturb it for several weeks1 or until the desired color is obtained4 ,when smoking put fresh tobacco on the top and smoke to the same level4 ,a new pipe should never be smoked outdoors in extremely cold weather4 ,,ii4--,the pipe is boiled in a preparation of wax1 #h parts2 olive oil1 #b parts2 and nicotine1 #a part1 for #aj or #ae minutes4 ,the pipe absorbs this1 and a thin coating of wax is held on the surface of the pipe1 and made to take a high polish4 ,under the wax is retained the oil of tobacco1 which is absorbed by the pipe2 and its hue grows darker in proportion to the tobacco used4 ,a meerschaum pipe at first should be smoked very slowly1 and before a second bowlful is lighted the pipe should cool off4 ,this is to keep the wax as far up on the bowl as possible2 rapid smoking will overheat1 driving the wax off and leaving the pipe dry and raw4 ,to ,repair ,meerschaum ,pipes4--,to cement meerschaum pipes1 make a glue of finely powdered and sifted chalk and white of egg4 ,put a little of this glue on the parts to be repaired and hold them pressed together for a moment4 ,see also ,adhesives under ,cements4 ,to ,tell ,genuine ,meerschaum4--,for the purpose of distinguishing imitation meerschaum from the true article1 rub with silver4 ,if the silver leaves lead pencil-like marks on the mass1 it is not genuine but artificial meerschaum4 ,if no such lines are produced1 the article is genuine4 ,,menthol ,,cough ,,drops3 ,see ,confectionery4 ,,menthol ,,tooth ,,powder3 ,see ,dentifrices4 ,,mercury ,,salves3 ,see ,ointments4 ,,mercury ,,stains1 ,,to ,,remove3 ,see ,cleaning ,preparations and ,methods4 ,,metacarbol ,,developer3 ,see ,photography4 ,metals and ,their ,treatment ,,metal ,,cements3 ,see ,adhesives and ,lutes4 ,,metal ,,cleaning3 ,see ,cleaning ,preparations and ,methods4 ,,metal ,,inlaying3 ,see ,damaskeening4 ,,metal ,,polishes3 ,see ,polishes4 ,,metal ,,protectives3 ,see ,rust ,preventives4 ,,metal ,,varnishes3 ,see ,varnishes4 ,,metals1 ,,how ,,to ,,attach ,,to ,,rubber3 ,see ,adhesives1 under ,rubber ,cements4 ,,metals1 ,,securing ,,wood ,,to3 ,see ,adhesives4 ,,metals1 ,,brightening ,,and ,,deadening1 ,,by ,,dipping3 ,brightening ,pickle4--,to brighten articles by dipping1 the dipping liquid must not be too hot1 otherwise the pickled surface turns dull2 neither must it be prepared too thin1 nor must wet articles be entered1 else only tarnished surfaces will be obtained4 ,for a burnish-dip any aqua fortis over #cc ,b41 i4 e41 possessing a specific gravity of #a4cj1 may be employed4 ,it is advisable not to use highly concentrated aqua fortis1 to reduce the danger of obtaining matt work4 ,it is important that the quantity of oil of vitriol1 which is added1 #dgj is correct4 ,it is added because the action of the aqua fortis is very uncertain4 ,within a short time it becomes so heated in acting on the metals that it turns out only dull work1 and pores or even holes are apt to be the result of the violent chemical action4 ,if the aqua fortis is diluted with water the articles do not become bright1 but tarnish4 ,for this reason sulphuric acid should be used4 ,this does not attack the metals2 it only dilutes the aqua fortis and distributes the heat generated in pickling over a larger space4 ,it is also much cheaper1 and it absorbs water from the aqua fortis and1 therefore1 keeps it in a concentrated state and yet distributed over the space4 ,in the case of too much oil of vitriol the dilution becomes too great and the goods are tarnished2 if too little is added1 the mixture soon ceases to turn out bright articles1 because of overheating4 ,on this experience are based the formulas given below4 ,dip the articles1 which must be free from grease1 into the pickle1 after they have been either annealed and quenched in diluted sulphuric acid or washed out with benzine4 ,leave them in the dipping mixture until they become covered with a greenish froth4 ,then quickly immerse them in a vessel containing plenty of water1 and wash them out well with running water4 ,before entering the dipped articles in the baths it is well to remove all traces of acid1 by passing them through a weak soda or potassium cyanide solution and washing them out again4 ,if the brightly dipped goods are to remain bright they must be coated with a thin spirit or zapon lacquer4 ,following are two formulas for the pickle3 ,i4--,aqua fortis1 #cf ,b41 by weight #ajj parts ,oil of vitriol 7sulphuric acid71 #ff ,b41 by weight #gj parts ,cooking salt1 by volume #a #a_/b parts ,shining soot 7lampblack71 by volume #a #a_/b parts ,,ii4--,aqua fortis1 #dj ,b41 by weight #ajj parts ,oil of vitriol1 #ff ,b41 by weight #ajj parts ,cooking salt1 by volume #b parts ,shining soot1 by volume #b parts ,matting or ,deadening ,pickle4--,when1 instead of brilliancy1 a matted appearance is desired for metals1 the article is corroded either mechanically or chemically4 ,in the first case it is pierced with fine holes near together1 rubbed with emery powder or pumice stone and tamponned4 ,in the other case the corrosion is effected in acid baths thus composed3 ,nitric acid of #cf ,b41 #bjj parts1 by volume2 sulphuric acid of #ef ,b41 #bjj parts1 by volume2 sea salt1 #a part1 by volume2 zinc sulphate1 #a to #e parts1 by volume4 ,with this proportion of acids the articles can remain from #e to #bj minutes in the mixture cold2 the prominence of the matt depends on the length of time of the immersion4 ,the pieces on being taken from the bath have an earthy appearance which is lightened by dipping them quickly in a brightening acid4 ,if left too long the matted appearance is destroyed4 ,cotton ,matt4--,this matt1 thus called on account of its soft shade1 is rarely employed except for articles of stamped brass1 statuettes1 or small objects4 ,as much zinc is dissolved in the bath as it will take4 ,the pieces are left in it from #ae to #cj minutes4 ,on coming from the bath they are dull1 and to brighten them somewhat they are generally dipped into acids as before described4 ,silver ,matt4--,articles of value for which gilding is desired are matted by covering them with a light coating of silver by the battery4 ,it is known that this deposit is always matt1 unless the bath contains too large a quantity of potassium cyanide4 ,a brilliant silvering can be regularly obtained with electric baths only by adding carbon sulphide4 ,four drachms are put in an emery flask containing a quart of the bath fluid and allowed to rest for #bd hours1 at the end of which a blackish precipitate is formed4 ,after decanting1 a quart is poured into the electric bath for each quart before every operation of silvering4 ,dangers of ,dipping4--,the operation of dipping should be carried out only in a place where the escaping fumes of hyponitric acid and chlorine can pass off without molesting the workmen1 e4 g41 under a well-drawing chimney1 preferably in a vapor chamber4 ,if such an arrangement is not present the operator should choose a draughty place and protect himself from the fumes by tying a wet sponge under his nose4 ,the vapors are liable to produce very violent and dangerous inflammations of the respiratory organs1 coming on in a surprisingly #dga quick manner after one has felt no previous injurious effect at all4 ,,coloring ,,metals3 ,see also ,plating4 ,processes by ,oxidation4--,by heat3--,coloration of ,steel4--,the steel1 heated uniformly1 is covered in the air with a pellicle of oxide and has successively the following colors3 ,straw yellow1 blue 7#dhj to #egj ,f471 violet1 purple1 water-green1 disappearance of the color2 lastly the steel reddens4 ,for producing the blue readily1 plunge the object into a bath of #be parts of lead and #a part of tin2 its temperature is sufficient for bluing small pieces4 ,bronzing of ,steel4--,i4--,the piece to be bronzed is wet by the use of a sponge with a solution formed of iron perchloride1 cupric sulphate1 and a nitric acid4 ,it is dried in a stove at #hf ,f41 then kept for #bj minutes over boiling water4 ,it is dried again at #hf ,f41 and rubbed with a scratch brush4 ,this operation is repeated several times4 ,bronzing of ,steel4--,,ii4--,rust and grease are removed from the objects with a paste of whiting and soda4 ,they are immersed in a bath of dilute sulphuric acid1 and rubbed with very fine pumice-stone powder4 ,they are then exposed from #b to #c minutes to the vapor of a mixture of equal parts of concentrated chlorhydric and nitric acids4 ,the object is heated to #egj to #ffj ,f4 until the bronze color appears4 ,when cooled1 it is covered with paraffine or vaseline while rubbing1 and heated a second time until the vaseline or paraffine commences to decompose4 ,the operation is repeated4 ,the shades obtained are beautiful1 and the bronzing is not changeable4 ,by subjecting the object to the vapors of the mixture of chlorhydric and nitric acids1 shades of a light reddish brown are obtained4 ,by adding to these two acids acetic acid1 beautiful yellow bronze tints are procured4 ,by varying the proportion of these three acids1 all the colors from light reddish brown to deep brown1 or from light yellow bronze to deep yellow bronze1 are produced at will4 ,bronzing4--,,iii4--,under the name of ,tuker bronze1 a colored metal is found in trade which imitates ornamental bronze perfectly4 ,it is obtained by deoxidizing or1 if preferred1 by burnishing cast iron4 ,a thin layer of linseed oil or of linseed-oil varnish is spread on4 ,it is heated at a temperature sufficient for producing in the open air the oxidation of the metal4 ,the temperature is raised more or less1 according as a simple yellow coloration or a deep brown is desired4 ,lustrous ,black4--,in a quantity of oil of turpentine1 sulphuric acid is poured drop by drop1 stirring continually until a precipitate is no longer formed4 ,then the whole is poured into water1 shaken1 decanted1 and the washing of the precipitate commenced again until blue litmus paper immersed in the water is no longer reddened4 ,the precipitate will thus be completely freed from acid4 ,after having drained it on a cloth1 it is ready for use4 ,it is spread on the iron and burned at the fire4 ,if the precipitate spreads with difficulty over the metal1 a little turpentine can be added4 ,it is afterwards rubbed with a linen rag1 soaked with linseed oil1 until the surface assumes a beautiful lustrous black4 ,this covering is not liable to be detached4 ,bluish ,black4--,make a solution composed of nitric acid1 #ae parts2 cupric sulphate1 #h parts2 alcohol1 #bj parts2 and water1 #abe parts4 ,spread over the metal when well cleaned and grease removed4 ,dry and rub with linen rag4 ,black4--,make a solution composed of cupric sulphate1 #hj parts2 alcohol1 #dj parts2 ferric chloride1 #cj parts2 nitric acid1 #bj parts2 ether1 #bj parts2 water1 #djj to #ejj parts1 and pass over the object to be blackened4 ,magnetic ,oxide4--,i4--,a coating of magnetic oxide preserves from rust4 ,to obtain it1 heat the object in a furnace to a temperature sufficient to decompose steam4 ,then inject from #d to #f hours superheated steam at #a1ajj ,f4 ,the thickness of the layer of oxide formed varies with the duration of the operation4 ,this process may replace zincking1 enameling1 or tinning4 ,,ii4--,a deposit of magnetic oxide may be obtained by electrolysis4 ,the iron object is placed at the anode in a bath of distilled water heated to #agf ,f4 ,the cathode is a plate of copper1 or the vessel itself if it is of iron or copper4 ,by electrolysis a layer of magnetic oxide is formed4 ,in the same way other peroxides may be deposited4 ,with an alkaline solution of litharge a brilliant black deposit of lead peroxide1 very adherent1 is obtained4 ,the employment of too strong a current must be avoided4 ,it will produce a pulverulent deposit4 ,to obtain a good coating1 it is necessary after leaving the objects for a moment at the opposite #dgb pole1 to place them at the other pole until the outside is completely reduced1 then bring them back to the first place4 ,processes by ,sulphuration4--,oxidized ,brown ,color4--,the object is plunged into some melted sulphur mingled with lampblack1 or into a liquid containing the flowers of sulphur mingled with lampblack4 ,it is drained and dried4 ,the bronzing obtained resists acids1 and may acquire a beautiful polish which has the appearance of oxidized bronze1 due perhaps to the formation of ferric sulphide1 a sort of pyrites remarkable for its beautiful metallic reflections and its resistance to chemical agents4 ,brilliant ,black4--,boil #a part of sulphur and #aj parts turpentine oil4 ,a sulphurous oil is obtained of disagreeable odor4 ,spread this oil with the brush as lightly as possible1 and heat the object in the flame of an alcohol lamp until the patina takes the tint desired4 ,this process produces on iron and steel a brilliant black patina1 which is extremely solid4 ,blue4--,dissolve #ejj drachms of hyposulphite of soda in #a quart of water1 and #ce grains of lead acetate in #a quart of water4 ,the two solutions mingled are heated to the boiling point4 ,the iron is immersed1 and assumes a blue coloration similar to that obtained by annealing4 ,deposit of a ,metal or of a ,non-,oxidizable ,compound4--,bronze ,color4--,rub the iron smartly with chloride of antimony4 ,a single operation is not sufficient4 ,it is necessary to repeat it1 heating the object slightly4 ,black4--,i4--,make a paste composed of equal parts of chloride of antimony and linseed oil4 ,spread on the object1 previously heated1 with a brush or rag2 then pass over it a coating of wax and brush it4 ,finally varnish with gum lac4 ,,ii4--,prepare a solution of bismuth chloride1 #aj parts2 mercury chloride1 #bj parts2 cupric chloride1 #aj parts2 hydrochloric acid1 #fj parts2 alcohol1 #ej parts2 water1 #ejj parts4 ,add fuchsine in sufficient quantity to mask the color4 ,the mercury chloride is poured into the hydrochloric acid1 and the bismuth chloride and cupric chloride added2 then the alcohol4 ,employ this mixture with a brush or a rag for smearing the object4 ,the object may also be immersed in the liquid if it is well cleaned and free from grease4 ,it is dried and afterwards submitted to boiling water for half an hour4 ,the operation is repeated until the wished-for tint is obtained2 then the object is passed into the oil bath and taken to the fire without wiping4 ,the object may also be placed for #aj minutes in boiling linseed oil4 ,brown ,tint4--,a solution is made of chloride of mercury1 #bj parts2 cupric chloride1 #aj parts2 hydrochloric acid1 #fj parts2 alcohol1 #ej parts2 water1 #ejj parts4 ,the object is plunged into this solution after being well cleaned4 ,the solution may also be applied with a brush1 giving two coats4 ,it is afterwards put into hot water4 ,the surface of the object is covered with a uniform layer of vegetable oil4 ,it is placed in a furnace at a high temperature1 but not sufficient for carbonizing the oil4 ,the iron is covered with a thin layer of brown oxide1 which adheres strongly to the metal1 and which can be beautifully burnished1 producing the appearance of bronze4 ,brilliant ,black4--,the process begins by depositing on the object1 perfectly clean and free from grease1 a layer of metallic copper4 ,for this purpose the following solutions are prepared3 7a7 ,cupric sulphate1 #a part2 water1 #af parts4 ,add ammonia until complete dissolution4 7b7 ,chloride of tin1 #a part2 water1 #b parts2 and chlorhydric acid1 #b parts4 ,the object is immersed in solution b1 and afterwards in solution a4 ,in this way there is deposited on the iron a very adherent coating of copper4 ,the object1 washed with water1 is afterwards rubbed with sulphur1 or immersed in a solution of ammonium sulphhydrate4 ,a dull black coating of cupric sulphide is produced1 which becomes a brilliant black by burnishing4 ,blue ,black4--,the iron object is first heated according to the previous recipe1 but the copper is converted into cupric sulphide1 not by a sulphhydrate1 but by a hyposulphite4 ,it is sufficient to dip the coppered object into a solution of sodium hyposulphite1 acidulated with chlorhydric acid1 and raised to the temperature of #age to #aie ,f4 ,thus a blue-black coating is obtained1 unchangeable in air and in water4 ,after polishing1 it has the color of blue steel4 ,it adheres strongly enough to resist the action of the scratch brush4 ,deposition of ,molybdenum4--,iron is preserved from rust by covering it with a coating of molybdenum1 as follows3 ,water1 #a1jjj parts2 ammonium molybdate1 #a part2 ammonium nitrate1 #ae to #bj parts4 ,suspend the object at the negative pole of a battery4 ,the current ought to have a strength of #b to #e amperes per cubic decimeter4 ,deposit of ,manganese ,peroxide4--,the #dgc iron or steel is first covered with a coating of manganese peroxide by immersing as an anode in a bath containing about #j4je per cent of chloride or sulphate of manganese and from #e to #be per cent of ammonium nitrate4 ,the bath is electrolyzed cold1 making use of a cathode of charcoal4 ,feeble currents 7#a or #b amperes7 produce an adherent and unchangeable deposit4 ,bronzing of ,cannon4--,prepare a solution of ferric chloride of density #a4bha1 #ad parts2 mercury chloride1 #c parts2 fuming nitric acid1 #c parts2 cupric sulphate1 #c parts2 water1 #hj parts4 ,give to the piece of ordnance #b or #c coatings of the solution1 taking care always to scratch the preceding layer with a steel brush before spreading the second4 ,afterwards1 the object is plunged in a solution of potassium sulphide in #ijj parts of water4 ,it is left in this for #aj days4 ,it is removed by washing with soap and hot water4 ,the object is rinsed1 dried1 and finally brushed with linseed-oil varnish4 ,green ,bronzing4--,dissolve #a part of acetate of silver in #bj parts of essence of lavender2 coat the surface of iron with this liquid by means of a brush and raise the temperature to #bib ,f4 ,a brilliant green color is developed on the surface4 ,coating on ,steel ,imitating ,gilding4--,the object is first covered by the galvanic method by means of a solution of cyanide of copper and potassium1 then covered electrolytically with a thin deposit of zinc4 ,it is dried and cleaned with a little washed chalk and finally immersed in boiling linseed oil4 ,the surface of the piece after a few seconds1 at a temperature of #caj ,f41 appears as if there had been a real penetration of copper and zinc2 that is to say1 as though there were a formation of tombac4 ,bronzing of ,cast ,iron4--,the piece1 when scraped1 is coppered with the following bath3 ,cupric chloride1 #aj parts2 hydrochloric acid1 #hj parts2 nitric acid1 #aj parts4 ,it is rubbed with a rag and washed with pure water1 and then rubbed with the following solution3 ,ammonium chlorhydrate1 #d parts2 oxalic acid1 #a part2 water1 #cj parts4 ,gilding of ,iron and ,steel4--,chloride of gold is dissolved either in oil of turpentine or in ether1 and this solution is applied with the brush on the metallic surface1 after being perfectly scraped4 ,it is allowed to dry1 and then heated more or less strongly for obtaining the necessary adherence4 ,when it is dry the gilding is burnished4 ,process by ,deposit of a ,color or ,varnish4--,beautiful colorations1 resistive to light1 may be given to metals by the following method3 ,the metallic objects are immersed in a colorless varnish with pyroxyline1 and dried in a current of hot air at #agf ,f4 ,when the varnish is sufficiently dry1 the objects are bathed for a few minutes in a #b per cent alcoholic solution of alizarine or of a color of the same group4 ,by washing with water the yellowish color covering the object on coming from the coloring bath passes to the golden red4 ,coloring ,copper4--,to redden copper hang it from a few minutes to an hour1 according to the shade wanted1 in a #e to #aj per cent solution of ferrocyanide of potassium in water4 ,by adding a little hydrochloric acid to the solution the color given to the copper may be made to assume a purple shade4 ,on removing the copper1 dry it in the air or in fine sawdust1 rinse1 and polish with a brush or chamois leather1 after drying it again4 ,coloring ,brass4--,to redden brass1 dip in solution of #e ounces of sulphate of copper and #f to #g ounces of permanganate of potash in #ejj ounces of water4 ,to blue copper or brass any one of the following recipes may be used3 ,i4--,dip the article in a solution of #b ounces of liver of sulphur and #b ounces of chlorate soda in #a1jjj ounces of water4 ,,ii4--,dip the article in a solution of ferrocyanide of potassium very strongly acidulated with hydrochloric acid4 ,,iii4--,stir the article about constantly in a solution of liver of sulphur in #ej times its weight of water4 ,fusion ,point of ,metals4--,the point of fusion of common metals is as follows3 ,antimony1 #hjh ,f42 aluminum1 #a1afj ,f42 bismuth1 #eag ,f42 copper1 #a1ica ,f42 gold1 #a1iac ,f42 iron1 #b1iab ,f42 lead1 #hej ,f42 nickel1 #b1fdb ,f42 platinum1 #c1bbe ,f42 silver1 #a1gej ,f42 tin1 #eea ,f42 zinc1 #hab ,f4 ,mercury1 which is normally fluid1 congeals at #ch below zero1 ,f41 this being its point of fusion4 ,to ,produce ,fine ,leaves of ,metal4--,the metal plate is laid between parchment leaves and beaten out with hammers4 ,although films obtained in this manner reach a high degree of fineness1 yet the mechanical production has its limit4 ,if very fine films are desired the galvano-plastic precipitation is employed in the following manner3 ,a thin sheet of polished copper is entered in the bath and connected with the #dgd electric conduit4 ,the current precipitates gold on it4 ,in order to loosen it1 the gilt copper plate is placed in a solution of ferric chloride1 which dissolves the copper and leaves the gold behind4 ,in this manner gold leaf can be hammered out to almost incredible thinness4 ,,metal ,,foil4 ,tin foil is the most common foil used1 being a combination of tin1 lead1 and copper1 sometimes with properties of other metals4 ,i ,,ii ,,iii ,per cent ,per cent ,per cent ,tin #ig4fj #ih4dg #if4ba ,copper #b4aa #j4ch #j4ie ,lead #j4jd #j4hd #b4da ,iron #j4aa #j4ab #j4ji ,nickel -- -- #j4cj ,i is a mirror foil2 ,,iii is a tin foil4 ,tin ,foils for ,capsules4-- ,i ,,ii ,per cent ,per cent ,tin #bj #bb ,lead #hj #gg ,copper -- #a ,tin ,foils for ,wrapping ,cheese1 etc4-- ,i ,,ii ,,iii ,per cent ,per cent ,per cent ,tin #ig #ij #ib ,lead #b4e #g4h #g ,copper #j4e #j4b #a ,tin ,foils1 for ,fine ,wrapping1 ,i and ,,ii2 for ,tea ,boxes1 ,,iii4-- ,i ,,ii ,,iii ,per cent ,per cent ,per cent ,tin #fj #fe #dj ,lead #dj #ce #eh4e ,copper -- -- #a4e ,imitation ,gold ,foils4-- ,deep gold ,pure gold ,pale gold ,per cent ,per cent ,per cent ,copper #hd4e #gh #gf ,zinc #ae4e #bb #ad ,deep gold ,deep gold ,gold ,per cent ,per cent ,per cent ,copper #ia #hf #hc ,zinc #i #ad #ag dark pale reddish yellow yellow ,imitation ,silver ,foil4--,alloy of tin and zinc3 harder than tin and softer than zinc3 ,zinc1 #a part2 tin1 #aa parts4 ,to ,attach ,gold ,leaf ,permanently4--,dissolve finely cut isinglass in a little water1 with moderate heat1 which must not be increased to a boil1 and add as much nitric acid as has been used of the isinglass4 ,the adhesive will not penetrate the cardboard or paper4 ,,meth3 ,see ,mead4 ,,metheglin3 ,see ,mead4 ,,methyl ,,salicylate1 ,,to ,,distinguish ,,from ,,oil ,,of ,,wintergreen3 ,see ,wintergreen4 ,,metol ,,developer3 ,see ,photography4 ,,metric ,,weights3 ,see ,weights and ,measures4 ,,mice ,,poison3 ,see ,rat ,poison4 ,,microphotographs3 ,see ,photography4 ,,milk3 ,see also ,foods4 ,determining ,cream4--,an apparatus for determining cream in milk consists of a glass cylinder having a mark about half its height1 and a second mark a little above the first4 ,the milk is added up to the lower mark1 and water up to the second4 ,the amount of water thus added is about one-fourth the volume of the milk1 and causes the cream to rise more quickly4 ,the tube is graduated between the two marks in percentages of cream on the undiluted milk4 ,a vertical blue strip in the side of the cylinder aids the reading of the meniscus4 ,formaldehyde in ,milk1 ,detection of4--,to #aj parts of milk add #a part of fuchsine sulphurous acid4 ,allow to stand #e minutes1 then add #b parts of pure hydrochloric acid and shake4 ,if formaldehyde is not present1 the mixture remains yellowish white1 while if present a blue-violet color is produced4 ,this test will detect #a grain of anhydrous formaldehyde in #a quart of milk4 ,malted ,milk4--,to malt milk1 add the following3 ,powdered malt #a ounce ,powdered oat meal #b ounces ,sugar of milk #d ounces ,roasted flour #a pound ,milk ,extracts4--,these are made from skimmed milk freed from casein1 sugar and albumen1 and resemble meat extracts4 ,the milk is slightly acidulated with phosphoric or hydrochloric acid1 and evaporated in vacuo to the #dge consistency of thick syrup4 ,during the crystallization of the sugar1 the liquid is sterilized4 ,modification of ,milk for ,infants4--,for an ill child note the percentages of milk taken2 decide1 if indigestion is present1 which ingredient of the milk1 fat or proteid1 or both1 is at fault1 and make formula accordingly4 ,after allowing the milk to stand #h hours1 remove the top #h ounces from a quart jar of #d per cent fat milk by means of a dipper1 and count this as #ab per cent fat cream4 ,count the lowest #h ounces of the quart fat-free milk4 ,from these the following formula may be obtained1 covering fairly well the different percentages required for the different periods of life4 ,first ,week4 #ab per cent cream4 ,fat-free milk4 ,fat #b4jj ,cream #c #a_/d oz4 ,sugar #e4jj ,milk #a #a_/b oz4 ,proteids #j4ge ,milk sugar #b meas4 ,second ,week4 ,fat #b4ej ,cream #d #a_/d oz4 ,sugar #f4jj ,milk #a #a_/d oz4 ,proteids #a4jj ,milk sugar #b #a_/b meas4 ,third ,week4 ,fat #c4jj ,cream #e oz4 ,sugar #f4jj ,milk #a oz4 ,proteids #a4jj ,milk sugar #b #a_/b meas4 ,four to ,six ,weeks4 ,fat #c4ej ,cream #e #c_/d oz4 ,sugar #f4ej ,milk #a #c_/d oz4 ,proteids #a4jj ,milk sugar #b #a_/b meas4 ,six to ,eight ,weeks4 ,fat #c4ej ,cream #e #c_/d oz4 ,sugar #f4ej ,milk #c #a_/d oz4 ,proteids #a4ej ,milk sugar #b #a_/d meas4 ,two to ,four ,months4 ,fat #d4jj ,cream #f #c_/d oz4 ,sugar #g4jj ,milk #b #a_/d oz4 ,proteids #a4ej ,milk sugar #b #a_/b meas4 ,four to ,eight ,months4 ,fat #d4jj ,cream #f #c_/d oz4 ,sugar #g4jj ,milk #d #c_/d oz4 ,proteids #b4jj ,milk sugar #b #a_/d meas4 ,eight to ,nine ,months4 ,fat #d4jj ,cream #f #c_/d oz4 ,sugar #g4jj ,milk #g #a_/b oz4 ,proteids #b4ej ,milk sugar #b meas4 ,nine to ,ten ,months4 ,fat #d4jj ,cream #f #c_/d oz4 ,sugar #g4jj ,milk #aj #a_/b oz4 ,proteids #c4jj ,milk sugar #a #a_/b meas4 ,ten to ,twelve ,months4 ,fat #d4jj ,cream #f #c_/d oz4 ,sugar #e4jj ,milk #aa #c_/d oz4 ,proteids #c4ej ,milk sugar #a_/b meas4 ,after ,twelve ,months4 ,unmodified cow's milk4 ,preservation of ,milk 7see also ,foods74--,i4--,shortly after the milk is strained add to it from #a per cent to #b per cent of a #ab-volume solution of hydrogen peroxide1 and set it aside for #aj to #ab hours4 ,it thus acquires the property of keeping perfectly sweet and fresh for #c or #d days1 and is far preferable to milk sterilized by heat4 ,two points are worthy of notice in the process4 ,the addition of oxygenated water should be made as soon after it is taken from the cow1 strained1 etc41 as possible2 the peroxide appears to destroy instantly all anarobic microbes 7such as the bacillus of green diarrhea of childhood71 but has no effect upon the bacillus of tuberculosis4 ,this process is to be especially recommended in the heat of summer1 and at all times in the milk of cattle known to be free of tuberculosis4 ,,ii4--,fresh milk in bottles has been treated with oxygen and carbonic acid under pressure of some atmospheres4 ,by this method it is said to be possible to preserve milk fresh #ej to #fj days4 ,the construction of the bottle is siphon-like4 ,milk ,substitute4--,diamalt is a thick syrupy mass of pleasant1 strong1 somewhat sourish odor and sweetish taste1 which is offered as a substitute for milk4 ,the preparation has been analyzed4 ,its specific gravity is #a4dhbf2 the percentage of water fluctuates between #bd and #bh per cent2 the amount of ash is #a4c per cent4 ,there are present3 ,lactic acid1 #j4gah to #a4ea2 nitrogenous matter1 #d4fh to #e4jf per cent2 and constituents rich in nitrogen1 about #fh per cent4 ,the latter consist principally of maltose4 ,dissolved in water it forms a greenish-yellow mixture4 ,turbidness is caused by starch grains1 yeast cells1 bacteria1 and a shapeless coagulum4 ,,milk ,,as ,a ,,substitute ,,for ,,celluloid1 ,,bone1 ,,and ,,ivory3 ,see ,casein4 ,,milk1 ,,cucumber3 ,see ,cosmetics4 ,,milk ,,of ,,soap3 ,see ,cleaning ,preparations and ,methods1 under ,miscellaneous ,methods4 ,,minargent3 ,see ,alloys4 #dgf ,,mineral ,,waters3 ,see ,waters4 ,,minofor ,,metal3 ,see ,alloys4 ,,mint ,,cordial3 ,see ,wines and ,liquors4 ,mirrors 7,see also ,glass47 ,mirror ,silvering4--,mirror silvering is sometimes a misnomer1 inasmuch as the coating applied to glass in the manufacture of mirrors does not always contain silver4 ,in formula ,i it is an amalgam of mercury and tin4 ,i4--,a sheet of pure tin foil1 slightly larger than the glass plate to be silvered1 is spread evenly on a perfectly plane stone table having a raised edge1 and is well cleaned from all dust and impurity4 ,the foil must be free from the slightest flaw or crack4 ,the tin is next covered uniformly to a depth of #a_/h of an inch with mercury1 preference being given by some to that containing a small proportion of tin from a previous operation4 ,the glass plate1 freed from all dust or grease1 and repolished if necessary1 is then carefully slid over the mercury4 ,this part of the work requires skill and experience to exclude all air bubbles1 and even the best workmen are not successful every time4 ,if there is a single bubble or scratch the operation must be repeated and the tin foil is lost2 not a small expense for large sizes4 ,when this step has been satisfactorily accomplished the remainder is easy4 ,the glass plate is loaded with heavy weights to press out the excess of mercury which is collected and is used again4 ,after #bd hours the mirror is lifted from the table and placed on edge against a wall1 where it is left to drain well4 ,,ii4--,solution ,no4 #a is composed as follows3 ,to #h ounces of distilled water1 brought to a boil1 add #ab grains of silver nitrate and #ab grains of ,rochelle salts4 ,let it come to a boil for #f to #g minutes2 then cool and filter4 ,solution ,no4 #b is made as follows3 ,take #h ounces of distilled water1 and into a small quantity poured into a tumbler put #ai grains of silver nitrate4 ,stir well until dissolved4 ,then add several drops of #bf ammonia until the solution becomes clear4 ,add #af grains more of nitrate of silver1 stirring well until dissolved4 ,add balance of distilled water and filter4 ,the filtering must be done through a glass funnel1 in which the filter paper is placed4 ,the solution must be stirred with a glass rod4 ,keep the solutions in separate bottles marked ,no4 #a and ,no4 #b4 ,directions for ,silvering3 ,clean the glass with ammonia and wipe with a wet chamois4 ,then take half and half of the two solutions in a graduating glass1 stirring well with a glass rod4 ,pour the contents on the middle of the glass to be silvered4 ,it will spread over the surface of itself if the glass is laid flat4 ,leave it until the solution precipitates4 ,silvering ,globes4--,the insides of globes may be silvered1 it is said1 by the following methods3 ,i4--,take #a_/c ounce of clean lead1 and melt it with an equal weight of pure tin2 then immediately add #a_/b ounce of bismuth1 and carefully skim off the dross2 remove the alloy from the fire1 and before it grows cold add #e ounces of mercury1 and stir the whole well together2 then put the fluid amalgam into a clean glass1 and it is fit for use4 ,when this amalgam is used for silvering1 it should be first strained through a linen rag2 then gently pour some ounces of it into the globe intended to be silvered2 the alloy should be poured into the globe by means of a paper or glass funnel reaching almost to the bottom of the globe1 to prevent it splashing the sides2 the globe should be turned every way very slowly1 to fasten the silvering4 ,,ii4--,make an alloy of #c ounces of lead1 #b ounces of tin1 and #e ounces of bismuth4 ,put a portion of this alloy into the globe and expose it to a gentle heat until the compound is melted2 it melts at #aig ,f42 then by turning the globe slowly round1 an equal coating may be laid on1 which1 when cold1 hardens and firmly adheres4 ,resilvering ,mirrors--,if mirrors coated with amalgam become damaged they may sometimes be successfully repaired by one of the following processes3 ,i4--,place the old mirror in a weak solution of nitric acid--say #e per cent--which immediately removes the silver4 ,rinse it a little1 and then clean very thoroughly with a pledget of cotton-wool and a mixture of whiting and ammonia4 ,rouge will answer in place of whiting1 or1 as a last extreme1 finest levigated pumice1 first applied to a waste glass to crush down any possible grit4 ,this cleaning is of the utmost importance1 as upon its thoroughness depends eventual success4 ,front1 back1 and edges must alike be left in a state above suspicion4 ,the #dgg plate is then again flowed with weak acid1 rinsed under the tap1 then flowed back and front with distilled water1 and kept immersed in a glass-covered dish of distilled water until the solutions are ready4 ,the depositing vessel is the next consideration1 and it should be realized that unless most of the silver in the solution finds its way on to the face of the mirror it were cheaper that the glass should be sent to the professional mirror-maker4 ,the best plan is to use a glass dish allowing a #a_/af inch margin all round the mirror1 inside4 ,but such a glass dish is expensive1 having to be made specially1 there being no regular sizes near enough to #d x #g or #h x #e 7usual mirror sizes74 ,if too large1 a dish must perforce be used1 the sides or ends of which should be filled up with sealing wax4 ,four strips of glass are temporarily bound together with #b or #c turns of string1 so as to form a hollow square4 ,the side pieces are #a_/h inch longer outside1 and the end pieces #a_/h inch wider than the mirror glass4 ,this frame is placed in about the center of the dish1 moistened with glycerine1 and the molten wax flowed outside of it to a depth of about #c_/d of an inch or more4 ,for economy's sake1 good 8parcel wax0 may be used1 but best red sealing wax is safer4 ,this wax frame may be used repeatedly1 being cleaned prior to each silvering operation4 ,it is the only special appliance necessary1 and half an hour is a liberal time allowance for making it4 ,use a stock solution of silver nitrate of the strength of #be grains to #a ounce of distilled water3 ,take #b drachms of silver nitrate stock solution and convert it to ammonia nitrate1 by adding ammonia drop by drop until the precipitate is redissolved4 ,add #c #a_/b ounces of distilled water4 ,in another measure take #hj drops 7approximately #gd minims7 of #dj per cent formalin4 ,pour the solution of ammonio nitrate of silver into the measure containing the formalin1 then back into the original measure1 and finally into the dish containing the glass to be silvered4 ,this should be done rapidly1 and the dish containing the mirror well rocked until the silvering is complete1 which may be ascertained by the precipitation of a black1 flocculent deposit1 and the clearing of the solution4 ,the actual process of silvering takes about #b minutes4 ,cleanliness throughout is of the greatest importance4 ,the vessels in which the solutions are mixed should be well rinsed with a solution of bichromate of potash and sulphuric acid1 then washed out three or four times under the tap1 and finally with distilled water4 ,for cleansing1 dip the glass for a short time in a solution of bichromate of potash1 to which a little sulphuric acid is added4 ,the glass is afterwards well rinsed for a minute or two under the tap1 flooded with distilled water1 and dried with a clean linen cloth4 ,a little absolute alcohol is then rubbed on with a soft linen handkerchief1 which is immediately rolled into a pad and used for well polishing the surface4 ,the cleaning with alcohol is repeated to avoid risk of failure4 ,after the mirror has been silvered1 hold it under the tap and allow water to flow over it for about #c minutes4 ,rinse it with distilled water1 and stand it up on edge on blotting paper4 ,when it is quite dry take a pad of very soft wash-leather1 spread a small quantity of finest opticians' rouge on a sheet of clean glass1 and well coat the pad with rouge by polishing the sheet of glass4 ,a minute quantity of rouge is sufficient4 ,afterwards polish the mirror by gently rubbing the surface with the pad1 using a circular stroke4 ,it will be seen that with this process it is unnecessary to suspend the mirror in the silvering solution1 as usually recommended4 ,the mirror is laid in the dish1 which is a distinct advantage1 as the progress of the silvering may be watched until complete4 ,the film also is much more robust than that obtained by the older methods4 ,,ii4--,clean the bare portion of the glass by rubbing it gently with fine cotton1 taking care to remove any trace of dust and grease4 ,if this cleaning be not done very carefully1 defects will appear around the place repaired4 ,with the point of a penknife cut upon the back of another looking glass around a portion of the silvering of the required form1 but a little larger4 ,upon it place a small drop of mercury2 a drop the size of a pin's head will be sufficient for a surface equal to the size of the nail4 ,the mercury spreads immediately1 penetrates the amalgam to where it was cut off with the knife1 and the required piece may be now lifted and removed to the place to be repaired4 ,this is the most difficult part of the operation4 ,then press lightly the renewed portion with cotton2 it hardens almost immediately1 and the glass presents the same appearance4 ,clouding of ,mouth ,mirrors4--,by means of the finger1 slightly moistened1 apply a film of soap of any brand or kind to the mirror2 then rub this off with a clean1 dry cloth2 the mirror will be as #dgh bright and clear as ever4 ,breathing on it will not affect its clearness and the mirror does not suffer from the operation4 ,magic ,mirrors4--,among the many amusing and curious articles which the amateur mechanic can turn out1 metallic mirrors having concealed designs on them1 and which can be brought into view by breathing on the polished surface1 are both funny and easy to produce4 ,to produce steel mirrors either tough bronze or good cast mottled iron discs should be used1 and the design should be on the bottom of the cast disc1 as this is the soundest and densest part of the metal4 ,the method of working is different with bronze and iron1 and bronze will be dealt with first4 ,the cast disk of bronze should be turned up level on both sides1 and the edges should be turned or shaped up1 the metal being about half an inch thick4 ,on the side which was at the bottom in casting1 a line should be drawn to allow for working up the border or frame of the mirror1 and on the rest of the smooth surface the design should be drawn1 not having too much detail4 ,it is best to mark the lines with a sharp scriber1 to prevent their effacement during working4 ,when the disk is marked out1 it should be laid on a smoothly planed iron block1 and the lines punched to a depth of about #a_/d inch1 a punch with round edges being used4 ,then the disk should be turned down to just below the surface of the punched-in metal1 and the border or edge formed1 finishing smoothly1 but without burnishing4 ,the back can be turned down and1 with the outer edge1 burnished2 but the inside of the edge and the face of the mirror should be polished with fine abrasive powder1 and finished with fine rouge4 ,when dry1 the mirror will appear equally bright all over2 but when breathed on the design will show1 again disappearing as the moisture is removed4 ,the metal punched in will be more dense than the rest of the surface1 and will also be very slightly raised1 this being imperceptible unless the polishing has been too long continued4 ,with iron mirrors a good mottled iron must be used1 selecting hematite for preference2 but in any case it must be chillable metal4 ,preferably it should be melted in a crucible1 as this causes the least change in the metallic content1 and as the metal can be made hot and fluid1 it works well4 ,the design must be worked out in iron of about #a_/h inch in thickness1 and must be level1 as it has to touch the molten metal in the bottom of the mold4 ,if preferred1 the design may be cast and ground flat1 but this depends largely on the design4 ,the chill pattern should be coated with plumbago1 and in molding the disk pattern of about #a_/d inch in thickness should be laid on a board1 and on this the design--chill--should be placed1 and the mold should be rammed up from the back in the ordinary manner4 ,the casting should be allowed to get cold in the mold1 and should then be removed and dressed in the usual way4 ,it should then be ground bright all over on emery wheels of successively finer grades1 and the mirror surface should be buffed and polished until a steely mirror surface is produced4 ,with a good mottled iron the chilled design will not show until the surface is breathed on or rubbed with a greasy rag1 but will then show clearly4 ,,mirror ,,alloys3 ,see ,alloys4 ,,mirrors1 ,,frosted3 ,see ,glass4 ,,mirror-,,lettering3 ,see ,lettering4 ,,mirror ,,polishes3 ,see ,polishes4 ,,mirrors1 ,,to ,,clean3 ,see ,cleaning ,preparations and ,methods4 ,,mirrors1 ,,to ,,prevent ,,dimming ,,of3 ,see ,glass4 ,,mirror ,,varnish3 ,see ,varnishes4 ,,mite ,,killer3 ,see ,insecticides4 ,,mixing ,,sticks ,,for ,,paint3 ,see ,paint4 ,,modeling ,,wax3 ,see ,wax1 ,modeling4 ,,moisture3 ,see ,insulation4 ,,molds3 ,see also ,casting and ,matrix4 ,molding ,sand4--,a high grade of molding sand should be fat1 i4 e41 strongly mixed with clay4 ,naturally the molds of this sand should be employed only in a perfectly dry state4 ,the fat molding sand is prepared artificially from quartz sand 7fine sprinkling sand71 fat clay1 free #dgi from lime and ferric oxide 7red ocher74 ,the molding sand is fixed by breaking up the loose pieces in which it is partly dug2 next it is passed through a fine sieve and mixed up to one-third of its volume with charcoal dust1 or1 better still1 with lampblack1 which1 owing to its looseness and fatness1 does not detract so much from the binding qualities of the sand4 ,the utility of the sand may be tested by pressing the finger into it1 whereupon the fine lines of the skin should appear sharply defined2 its binding power is ascertained by dropping a lump pressed together with the hand from a height1 which is increased until it breaks4 ,,molds ,,of ,,plaster3 ,see ,plaster4 ,,moles3 ,see also ,warts4 ,lunar caustic is frequently used to remove warts and moles4 ,it should be wrapped in tin foil or placed in a quill so that it will not touch the bare flesh4 ,moisten the raised surface and touch with the caustic night and morning4 ,successive layers of skin will dry up and peel off4 ,when on a level with the surrounding flesh apply a healing ointment4 ,let the last crust formed drop without touching it4 ,unless carefully done this process may leave a white scar4 ,a simple remedy for warts consists in wetting and rubbing them several times a day in a strong solution of common washing soda4 ,the electric treatment1 however1 is now the most popular4 ,,mordants3 ,see also ,dyes4 ,mordant for ,cement ,surfaces4--,take green vitriol and dissolve it in hot water4 ,if the cement is rather fresh add #a part of vinegar for each part of green vitriol4 ,best suited1 however1 is triple vinegar 7vinegar containing #aa_/ac per cent of acetic acid71 which is alone sufficient for well-dried places4 ,for such surfaces that have been smoothed with a steel tool and have hardly any pores1 take alcohol1 #a part1 and green vitriol1 #aj parts1 and apply this twice until the iron has acquired a yellowish color4 ,this mordant forms a neutral layer between cement and paint1 and causes the latter to dry well4 ,mordant for ,gold ,size4--,a mordant for gold size gilding that has been thoroughly tested and found to be often preferable to the shellac-mixed article1 is prepared from yolk of egg and glycerine1 ,the yolk of an egg is twirled in a cup and up to #cj drops of glycerine are added to it4 ,the more glycerine added1 the longer the mordant will take to dry4 ,or else an equal portion of ordinary syrup is mixed with the yolk of egg4 ,same must be thinly liquid4 ,if the mass becomes too tough it is warmed a little or thinned with a few drops of warm water4 ,a single application is sufficient4 ,naturally1 this style of gilding is only practicable indoors2 it cannot withstand the influence of moisture4 ,,mortar1 ,,asbestos4 ,asbestos mortar consists of a mixture of asbestos with #aj per cent of white lime4 ,canadian asbestos is generally used1 which is composed of #hj per cent of asbestos and #bj per cent of serpentine4 ,the asbestos is ground and the coarse powder used for the first rough cast1 while the finer material is employed for the second top-plastering4 ,this mortar is highly fire-resisting and waterproof1 is only half as heavy as cement mortar1 and tough enough to admit of nails being driven in without breaking it4 ,,mosquito ,,remedies3 ,see ,insecticides4 ,,moss ,,removers3 ,see ,cleaning ,preparations and ,methods1 under ,miscellaneous ,methods4 ,,moths3 ,see ,turpentine4 ,,moth ,,paper3 ,see ,paper4 ,,moth ,,traps ,,and ,,moth ,,killers3 ,see ,household ,formulas4 ,,mother-,,of-,,pearl3 ,see ,pearl4 ,,motors1 ,,anti-,,freezing ,,solution ,,for3 ,see ,freezing ,preventives4 ,,mountants3 ,see also ,adhesives and ,photography4 ,mounting ,drawings1 ,photos1 etc41 upon ,fine ,pasteboard4--,it frequently happens that the pasteboard will warp toward the face of the picture1 even if left in a press till the gluing medium is perfectly dry4 ,this fault can be #dhj obviated by moistening the back of the pasteboard moderately with a sponge1 and1 while this is still wet1 pasting the picture on with good1 thin glue4 ,if moistening the pasteboard is impracticable 7with sensitive drawings1 paintings1 etc471 paste which has been pressed through a fine cloth is rubbed on1 always in the same direction1 and the picture is carefully and evenly pressed on4 ,then bend the pasteboard backward in a wide semicircle1 and place it between two heavy objects on the table4 ,after a few hours1 when the paste is completely dry1 put the picture down flat and load proportionately4 ,papers of large size1 which cannot conveniently be placed between two objects1 are wrapped up1 and twine is stretched around1 thus keeping them bent4 ,mounting ,prints on ,glass4--,take #d ounces of gelatin2 soak #a_/b hour in cold water2 then place in a glass jar1 adding #af ounces of water2 put the jar in a large dish of warm water and dissolve the gelatin4 ,when dissolved pour in a shallow tray2 have the prints rolled on a roller1 albumen side up2 take the print by the corners and pass rapidly through the gelatin1 using great care to avoid air bubbles4 ,squeeze carefully onto the glass4 ,the better the quality of glass1 the finer the effect4 ,,mouth ,,antiseptics3 ,see ,antiseptics4 ,,mouth ,,washes3 ,see ,dentifrices4 ,,moving ,,objects ,,and ,,how ,,to ,,photograph ,,them3 ,see ,photography4 ,,mucilage3 ,see ,adhesives4 ,,music ,,boxes4 ,care must be exercised in taking apart1 for if the box is wound up and the fly is removed1 the cylinder is ruined4 ,the spring relaxes at a bound1 causing the cylinder to turn with such rapidity that the pins cannot resist the teeth1 whose force is intensified by the velocity of the cylinder4 ,the pins originally bent forward are broken1 or pressed backwards2 as they are hardened1 they cannot be bent forward again without breaking4 ,this accident involves the cost of a new cylinder1 the most expensive part of the apparatus4 ,besides1 the comb almost always loses some teeth and the wheel-work also suffers in its turn4 ,to avoid such mishaps the careful operator will take the parts asunder in the following order3 #a4 ,remove the comb4 #b4 ,take the apparatus from the box and completely disarm the spring4 #c4 ,remove the barrel4 #d4 ,remove the escapement4 #e4 ,remove the cylinder4 ,the barrel and the wheels are cleaned like those of a watch4 ,the cylinder should be handled carefully4 ,the holes should be well cleaned4 ,oil should be put only on the pivots1 especially none on the part of the arbor to which the cylinder is attached4 ,it is the first piece to be replaced1 care being taken to see that the arbor turns freely1 but without play1 between the bridges4 ,when it is in position1 put in the escapement1 then the barrel1 and finally the comb4 ,the comb1 representing the musical part of a simple box1 cannot receive too much care4 ,before replacing it examine the springs closely1 and in supplying the ones that are lacking1 take for the model of size and form those resembling them the most4 ,if the parts have been put together properly1 then1 as soon as the comb is screwed in its place1 these should be found in good working order3 the leve 7lift7--that is1 that the pins do not lift the teeth too much or too little2 the tombe 7fall7--that is1 that the chords1 the bass1 the medium1 and the treble1 fall together2 and the vise 7pointing7--that the pins catch at the center of the ends of the teeth4 ,,muslin1 ,,painting ,,on3 ,see ,painting4 ,,mustache ,,fixing ,,fluid4 ,balsam of ,tolu #a part ,rectified spirit #c parts ,jockey club #a part ,dissolve the balsam in the liquids4 ,apply a few drops to the mustache with a brush1 then twist into the desired shape4 ,,mustard ,,paper4 ,i4--,india rubber #a part ,benzol #di parts ,black mustard in powder1 a sufficiency4 ,dissolve the ,india rubber in the benzol1 then stir in the mustard until the mixture is of a suitable consistence for spreading4 ,it was further recommended to remove the fixed oil from the mustard by percolation with benzol4 ,mustard paper thus made is of good quality1 very active1 and keeps well4 #dha ,,ii4--,black and white mustard1 in ,no4 #fj powder1 deprived of fixed oil #a part ,benzol solution of ,india rubber 7#a in #dj7 #d parts ,mix to a smooth mass1 and spread the same over one side of a suitable paper by means of a plaster-spreading machine1 or passing the paper over the mass contained in a suitable shallow vessel4 ,expose to warm air for a short time to dry4 ,preserve the dry paper in well-closed boxes4 ,it may be useful to know that mustard paper1 after spreading1 should not be long exposed to light and air4 ,by so doing not only does the mustard bleach but the rubber soon perishes4 ,moreover1 mustard paper is hygroscopic1 so that in a moist atmosphere it soon loses its virtue4 ,it is1 therefore1 highly important that mustard paper should be rapidly dried in a warm atmosphere with free ventilation1 then at once stored in well-closed packets4 ,thus prepared they keep well and remain active for many years4 ,,mustards3 ,see ,condiments4 ,,myrrh ,,astringent3 ,see ,dentifrices4 ,,nail1 ,,ingrowing4 ,copious applications of dried powdered alum are sufficient to cure every case of ingrowing nail in about #e days4 ,the applications are not painful in the least1 and the destruction of the pathologic tissue results in the formation of a hard1 resistant1 and non-sensitive bed for the nail1 a perfect cure for the ingrowing tendency4 ,apply a fomentation of soap and water for #bd hours beforehand and then pour the alum into the space between the nail and its bed1 tamponing with cotton to keep the alum in place1 and repeating the application daily4 ,the suppuration rapidly dries up1 and pain and discomfort are relieved almost at once4 ,,nail ,,polishes3 ,see ,cosmetics4 ,,napoleon ,,cordial3 ,see ,wines and ,liquors4 ,,naphthol ,,soap3 ,see ,soap4 ,,neatsfoot ,,oil4 ,crude neatsfoot oil #e1jjj parts ,alcohol1 #ij per cent #b1ejj parts ,tannin #e parts ,place in a clearing flask1 agitate vigorously and allow to stand for #h days in a warm room with daily repetition of the shaking4 ,then draw off the spirit of wine on top1 rinse again with #a1jjj parts of spirit of wine 7#ij per cent7 and place the oil in a temperature of about #ec #a_/b ,f4 ,allow to stand in this temperature for at least #f weeks1 protected from the light1 and then filter4 ,,needles1 ,,anti-,,rust ,,paper ,,for3 ,see ,rust ,preventives4 ,,negatives1 ,,how ,,to ,,use ,,spoiled3 ,see ,photography4 ,,nerve ,,paste3 ,see also ,dental ,cements1 under ,cements4 ,arsenious acid #d parts ,morphine sulphate #b parts ,clove oil #a part ,creosote1 quantity sufficient to make a paste4 ,after the nerve is destroyed the following paste is to be put in the cavity3 ,alum #a part ,thymol #a part ,zinc oxide #a part ,glycerine #a part ,,nervine ,,ointment3 ,see ,ointments4 ,,nesselrode ,,pudding3 ,see ,ice ,creams4 ,,nets3 ,see ,cordage4 ,,nickel-,,testing4 ,pure nickel will remain nearly white1 while 8patent nickel10 or nickel-copper will not retain its primitive brilliancy1 but soon becomes slightly oxidized and grayish in color4 ,the magnet furnishes a good means of testing4 ,the unadulterated nickel is distinctly sensitive to magnetism1 while that much alloyed is destitute of this property4 ,,nickel ,,alloys3 ,see ,alloys4 ,,nickel1 ,,to ,,remove ,,rust ,,from3 ,see ,cleaning ,preparations and ,methods4 ,,nickel-,,plating3 ,see ,plating4 ,,nickel ,,steel3 ,see ,steel4 ,,nickeling1 ,,test ,,for3 ,see ,plating4 #dhb ,,niello3 ,see ,steel4 ,,nitroglycerine3 ,see ,explosives4 ,,noyaux ,,liqueur3 ,see ,wines and ,liquors4 ,,nut ,,candy ,,sticks3 ,see ,confectionery4 ,,nutmeg ,,cordial3 ,see ,wines and ,liquors4 ,,nutmeg ,,essence3 ,see ,essences and ,extracts4 ,,oak3 ,see ,wood4 ,,odonter3 ,see ,dentifrices4 ,oils ,clock ,oil4--,put #b1jjj parts1 by weight1 of virgin oil in a decanting vessel1 add a solution of #dj parts of ether tannin in #djj parts of water and shake until completely emulsified4 ,let stand for #h days1 with frequent shaking2 next1 add #ajj parts of talcum and1 when this has also been well shaken1 #a1fjj parts of water4 ,allow to settle for #bd hours1 and then run off the lower water layer1 repeating the washing as long as the wash water still shows a coloration with ferric chloride4 ,pour the contents of the decanting vessel into an evaporating dish2 then add #bjj parts of thoroughly dried and finely ground cooking salt2 let stand for #bd hours and filter through paper4 ,the clock oil is now ready1 and should be filled in brown glass bottles1 holding #bj to #be parts 7about #a ounce71 which must be corked up well and kept at a cool temperature4 ,,cod-,,liver ,,oil3 ,aromatic ,cod-,liver ,oil4-- ,coumarin #j4ja parts ,saccharine #j4ej parts ,vanillin #j4aj parts ,alcohol1 absolute #e4dj parts ,oil of lemon #e4jj parts ,oil of peppermint #a4jj part ,oil of neroli #a4jj part ,cod-liver oil to make #a1jjj parts ,deodorized ,cod-,liver ,oil4--,mix #djj parts of cod-liver oil with #bj parts of ground coffee and #aj parts of bone black1 warm the mixture in an open vessel to #adj ,f41 let it stand #e days1 shaking occasionally1 and strain through linen4 ,the oil acquires the taste of coffee4 ,cod-,liver ,oil ,emulsions4-- ,i4--,calcium hypophosphite #hj grains ,sodium hypophosphite #abj grains ,sodium chloride #fj grains ,gum acacia1 in powder #b ounces ,elixir of glucoside #bj minims ,essential oil of almonds #ae minims ,glycerine #b fluidounces ,cod-liver oil #h fluidounces ,distilled water1 a sufficient quantity to produce #af fluidounces4 ,,ii4--,mix #aij parts of powdered sugar with #e parts of acacia and #ejj parts of tragacanth in a mortar4 ,mix in a large bottle and shake thoroughly together #ejj parts of cod-liver oil and #bjj parts of a cold infusion of coffee4 ,gradually add a part of this mixture to the powder in the mortar and triturate until emulsified4 ,to the remaining liquid mixture add #ajj parts of rum1 then gradually incorporate with the contents of the mortar by trituration4 ,extracting ,oil from ,cottonseed4--,claim is made for a process of extraction1 in an ,english patent1 in which the seeds are placed in a rotable vessel mounted on a hollow shaft divided into compartments by means of a partition4 ,the solvent is introduced at one end of this shaft and passes into the vessel1 which is then made to rotate4 ,after the extraction the bulk of the solvent and the extracted oil pass away through an exit pipe1 and steam is then introduced through the same opening as the solvent1 in order to cook the seeds and expel the residual solvent4 ,the steam and the vapors pass through perforations in a scraper fixed to the shaft and thence through connected pipes into the other compartment of the shaft1 the end of which is attached to a condenser4 ,silver ,nitrate ,test for ,cottonseed ,oil4--,investigations of ,charabout and ,march throw some light on the value of this test in presence of olive oil4 ,the free-fat acids obtained from cottonseed oil by saponification were treated in accordance with the method of ,milliau on a water bath with a #c per cent solution of silver nitrate1 and the brown precipitate thus formed subjected to a chemical examination4 ,it was found to consist chiefly of a brown silver salt composed of a fat acid melting at #eb ,f41 and #dhc congealing at #abj to #abb ,f41 and of sulphide of silver4 ,olive oil1 which contains a sulphur compound of an analogous composition1 is also capable of forming a more or less distinct precipitate of a dark colored silver sulphide with nitrate of silver4 ,it is important to bear this fact in mind when examining olive oil for cottonseed oil4 ,floral ,hair ,oil4-- ,white vaseline #e1jjj parts ,floricin1 pure #hjj parts ,linalool ros #fj parts ,terpineol #ej parts ,aubepine 7hawthorne71 liquid #ab parts ,floral ,hair ,pomade4-- ,white ceresine #bej parts ,floricin1 pure #a1fjj parts ,vanillin #c parts ,geranium oil #e parts ,isoeugenol #d parts ,floricin ,brilliantine4-- ,floricin oil #b1ajj parts ,white ceresine #bej parts ,ylang-ylang oil #b parts ,kananga oil #e parts ,oil of rose1 artificial #a part ,cheirantia #e parts ,solid ,linseed ,oil4--,cements for the manufacture of linoleum and other similar substances are composed to a large extent of linseed oil1 oxidized or polymerized until it has become solid4 ,the old process of preparing this solid oil is tedious1 costly1 and invites danger from fire4 ,it consists in running linseed oil over sheets of thin cloth hung from the top of a high building4 ,the thin layer of oil upon the cloth dries1 and then a second layer is obtained in the same way4 ,this is continued until a thick skin of solid oil is formed on either side of the cloth4 ,a new method of solidifying linseed oil is by means of alkalies4 ,the drying oils1 when heated with basic substances such as the alkalies1 polymerize and become solid4 ,hertkorn makes use of the oxides of the alkaline earths1 or their salts with weak acids1 such as their soaps4 ,when chalk or lime is added to the oil during the process of oxidation1 either during the liquid or the plastic stage1 it forms a calcium soap1 and causes polymerization to set in in the partially oxidized oil4 ,similarly1 if caustic soda or caustic potash be added1 the action is not caused by them in the free state1 but by the soaps which they form4 ,oxidized oil is more readily saponified than raw oil1 and the greater the oxidation1 the more readily does saponification take place4 ,lime soaps are not soluble in water1 whereas soda and potash soaps are4 ,consequently a cement made with the latter1 if exposed to the weather1 will be acted upon by rain and moisture1 owing to the soluble soap contained in it1 while a cement made with lime will not be acted upon4 ,it is suggested that the action of the bases on linseed oil is simply due to their neutralization of the free acid4 ,the acidity of linseed oil increases as it becomes oxidized4 ,when the basic matter is added part of the free acid is neutralized1 and polymerization sets in4 ,the presence of a large amount of free acid must therefore hinder polymerization4 ,from #e to #aj per cent of chalk or lime is considered to be the amount which gives the best result in practice4 ,decolorizing or ,bleaching ,linseed ,oil4--,linseed oil may be bleached by the aid of chemical bodies1 the process of oxidizing or bleaching being best performed by means of peroxide of hydrogen4 ,for this purpose1 the linseed oil to be bleached is mixed with #e per cent peroxide of hydrogen in a tin or glass bottle1 and the mixture is shaken repeatedly4 ,after a few days have elapsed the linseed oil is entirely bleached and clarified1 so that it can be poured off from the peroxide of hydrogen1 which has been reduced to oxide of hydrogen1 i4 e41 water1 by the process of oxidation4 ,the use of another oxidizing medium1 such as chloride of lime and hydrochloric acid or bichromate of calcium and sulphuric acid1 etc41 cannot be recommended to the layman1 as the operation requires more care and is not without danger4 ,if there is no hurry about the preparation of bleached linseed oil1 sun bleaching seems to be the most recommendable method4 ,for this only a glass bottle is required1 or1 better still1 a flat glass dish1 of any shape1 which can be covered with a protruding piece of glass4 ,for the admission of air1 lay some sticks of wood over the dish and the glass on top4 ,the thinner the layer of linseed oil1 the quicker will be the oxidation process4 ,it is1 of course1 necessary to place the vessel in such a manner that it is exposed to the rays of the sun for many hours daily4 ,linseed ,oil for ,varnish-,making4--,heat in a copper vessel #ej gallons ,baltic oil to #bhj ,f41 add #b #a_/b pounds calcined white vitriol1 and stir well together4 ,keep the oil at the above temperature for half an hour1 then draw the fire1 and in #bd hours decant the clear oil4 ,it should stand for at least #d weeks4 #dhd ,refining ,linseed ,oil4--,put #bcf gallons of oil into a copper boiler1 pour in #f pounds of oil of vitriol1 and stir them together for #c hours1 then add #f pounds fuller's earth well mixed with #ad pounds hot lime1 and stir for #c hours4 ,the oil must be put in a copper vessel with an equal quantity of water4 ,now boil for #c hours1 then extinguish the fire4 ,when cold draw off the water4 ,let the mixture settle for a few weeks4 ,,mineral ,,oil3 ,see also ,petroleum4 ,production of ,consistent ,mineral ,oils4-- ,by weight ,i4--,mineral oil #ajj parts ,linseed oil #be parts ,ground nut oil #be parts ,lime #aj parts ,,ii4--,mineral oil #ajj parts ,rosin oil #ajj parts ,rape seed oil #ej parts ,linseed oil #ge parts ,lime #be parts ,mixing ,castor ,oil with ,mineral ,oils4--,castor oil is heated for #f hours in an autoclave at a temperature of #ejj to #ege ,f41 and under a pressure of #d to #f atmospheres4 ,when cold the resulting product mixes in all proportions with mineral oils4 ,,bleaching ,,oils3 ,linseed ,oil or ,poppy ,oil4--,agitate in a glass balloon #be1jjj parts1 by weight1 of oil with a solution of #ej parts1 by weight1 potassium permanganate in #a1bej parts1 by volume1 of water4 ,let stand for #bd hours at a gentle warmth and add #ge parts1 by weight1 of powdered sodium sulphite4 ,agitate strongly and add #ajj parts1 by weight1 of hydrochloric acid and again agitate4 ,let stand until decolorization takes place1 then wash the oil with a sufficiency of water1 carrying in suspension chalk1 finely powdered1 until the liquid no longer has an acid reaction4 ,finally filter off over anhydrous sodium sulphate4 ,boiled ,oil4--,the following is especially adapted for zinc painting1 but will also answer for any paint3 ,mix #a part binoxide of manganese1 in coarse powder1 but not dusty1 with #aj parts nut or linseed oil4 ,keep it gently heated and frequently stirred for about #cj hours1 or until the oil begins to turn reddish4 ,british ,oil4-- ,i4--,oil of turpentine #dj parts ,barbadoes pitch #bf parts ,oil of rosemary #a part ,oil of origanum #a part ,,ii4--,oil of turpentine #b parts ,rape oil #bj parts ,spirit of tar #b parts ,alkanet root1 quantity sufficient4 ,macerate the alkanet root in the rape oil until the latter is colored deep red2 then strain off and add the other ingredients4 ,decolorizing and ,deodorizing ,oils4--,i4--,one may partially or completely deodorize and decolorize rank fish and other oils by sending a current of hot air or of steam through them1 after having heated them from #age to #bjj ,f4 ,to decolorize palm oil pass through it a current of steam under pressure corresponding to a temperature of #bcj ,f41 agitating the oil constantly4 ,the vapor is then passed through leaden tuyeres of about #b inches diameter1 #aj hours being sufficient for deodorizing #d tons of oil4 ,,ii4--,another method that may be applied to almost all kinds of fats and oils with excellent results is the following3 ,melt say #aab parts1 by weight1 of palm oil in a boiler4 ,when the mass is entirely liquefied add to it a solution of calcium chloride1 made by dissolving #g parts1 by weight1 of lime chloride for every #hd parts1 by weight1 of oil in water1 and mix intimately4 ,after cooling1 the mass hardens and is cut into small bits and exposed to the air for a few weeks4 ,after this exposure the material is reassembled in a boiler of iron1 jacketed on the inside with lead2 a quantity of sulphuric acid diluted to #e per cent1 equal in amount to the lime chloride previously used1 is added1 and heat is applied until the oil melts and separates from the other substances4 ,it is then left to cool off and solidify4 ,decomposition of ,oils1 ,fats1 etc4--,in many of the processes at present in use1 whereby oils and fats are decomposed by steam at a high pressure1 the time during which the oil or fat has to be exposed to high pressure and temperature has the effect of considerably darkening the resulting product4 ,hannig's process claims to shorten the time required1 by bringing the steam and oil into more intimate contact4 ,the oil to be treated is projected in fine streams into the chamber containing steam at #h to #aj atmospheres pressure4 ,the streams of oil are projected with sufficient force to cause them to strike against the walls of the chamber1 and they are thus broken up into minute globules which mix intimately with the steam4 ,in this way the most satisfactory conditions for the decomposition of the oil are obtained4 #dhe ,driffield ,oils4-- ,barbadoes tar #a ounce ,linseed oil #af ounces ,oil turpentine #c ounces ,oil vitriol #a_/b ounce ,add the oil of vitriol to the other ingredients very gradually1 with constant stirring4 ,drying ,oils4--,to dry oils for varnishes1 paintings1 etc41 the most economical means is to boil them with shot1 to leave them for some time in contact with shot1 or else to boil them with litharge4 ,another method consists in boiling the oils with equal parts of lead1 tin1 and sulphate of zinc in the ratio of #a_/aj part 7weight7 of the united metals to #a part of oil to be treated4 ,these metals must be granulated1 which is easily accomplished by melting them separately and putting them in cold water4 ,they will be found at the bottom of the water in the shape of small balls4 ,it is in this manner1 by the way1 that shot is produced4 ,dust-,laying ,oil4--,a process has been patented for rendering mineral oils miscible in all proportions of water4 ,the method consists of forming an intimate mixture of the oil with a soap which is soluble in water4 ,the most simple method is as follows3 ,the oil is placed in a tank provided with an agitator4 ,the latter is set in motion and the fatty oil or free fatty acid from which the soap is to be formed is added1 and mixed intimately with the mineral oil4 ,when the mixture is seen to be thoroughly homogeneous1 the alkali1 in solution in water1 is added little by little and the stirring continued until a thorough emulsion is obtained1 of which the constituents do not separate1 even after prolonged standing at ordinary temperatures4 ,the agitation may be produced either by a mechanical apparatus or by forcing air in under pressure4 ,as a rule1 the operation can be carried out in the cold1 but in certain cases the solution of the fatty body and its saponification requires the application of moderate heat4 ,this may be obtained by using either a steam-jacketed pan1 or by having the steam coil within the pan1 or live steam may be blown through the mixture1 serving at the same time both as a heating and stirring agent4 ,any fatty matter or fatty acid suitable for soap-making may be used1 and the base may be any one capable of forming a soluble soap1 most commonly the alkaline hydroxides1 caustic soda1 and caustic potash1 as also ammonia4 ,the raw materials are chosen according to the use to which the finished product is to be applied4 ,a good formula1 suitable for preparing an oily liquid for watering dusty roads1 is as follows3 ,by weight ,heavy mineral oil #ge parts ,commercial olein #b parts ,commercial ammonia #a4e parts ,water #ba4e parts ,floor ,oils4-- ,i4--,neatsfoot oil #a part ,cottonseed oil #a part ,petroleum oil #a part ,,ii4--,beeswax #h parts ,water #ef parts ,potassium carbonate #d parts ,dissolve the potash in #ab parts of water2 heat together the wax and the remaining water till the wax is liquefied2 then mix the two and boil together until a perfect emulsion is effected4 ,color1 if desired1 with a solution of annatto4 ,ground-,laying ,oil for ,ceramics4--,boil together until thoroughly incorporated #a pint of linseed oil1 #a pint of dissolved gum mastic1 #a_/b ounce of red lead1 #a_/b ounce of rosin4 ,in using mix with ,venice turpentine4 ,oil ,suitable for ,use with ,gold4--,heat and incorporate linseed oil1 #a quart2 rape oil1 #a pint2 ,canadian balsam1 #c pints2 rectified spirits of tar1 #a quart4 ,wool ,oil4--,these are usually produced by the distillation in retorts of ,yorkshire grease and other greases4 ,the distilled oil is tested for quality1 and is brought down to #gj per cent or #ej per cent grades by the addition of a suitable quantity of mineral oil4 ,the lower the quality of the grease used the lower is the grade of the resulting wool oil4 ,,oil1 ,,castor3 ,see ,castor ,oil4 ,,oil ,,for ,,forming ,a ,,bead ,,on ,,liquors3 ,see ,wines and ,liquors4 ,,oils ,,for ,,harness3 ,see ,leather4 ,,oils 7,,edible71 ,,tests ,,for3 ,see ,foods4 ,,oil1 ,,how ,,to ,,pour ,,out3 ,see ,castor ,oil4 ,,oil1 ,,lubricating3 ,see ,lubricants4 #dhf ,,oils1 ,,purification ,,of3 ,see ,fats4 ,,oilcloth3 ,see ,linoleum4 ,,oilcloth ,,adhesives3 ,see ,adhesives4 ,,oilcloth ,,varnishes3 ,see ,varnishes4 ,,oiling ,,fibers ,,and ,,fabrics3 ,see ,waterproofing4 ,,oilskins3 ,see ,waterproofing4 ,,oil ,,removers3 ,see ,cleaning ,preparations and ,methods4 ,,oil1 ,,solidified3 ,see ,lubricants4 ,ointments ,arnica ,salve4-- ,solid extract of arnica #b parts ,rosin ointment #af parts ,petrolatum #d parts ,sultanas #af parts ,fine cut tobacco #a part ,boil the raisins and the tobacco in #dj ounces of water until exhausted1 express the liquid1 and evaporate down to #h ounces4 ,soften the arnica extract in a little hot water and mix in the liquid4 ,melt the rosin ointment and petrolatum together1 and add the liquid to the melted mass and incorporate thoroughly4 ,barbers' ,itch4-- ,ichthyol #cj grains ,salicylic acid #ab grains ,mercury oleate 7#aj per cent7 #c drachms ,lanolin #a ounce ,mix4 ,to be kept constantly applied to the affected parts4 ,brown ,ointment4-- ,rosin #a ounce ,lead plaster #d ounces ,soap cerate #h ounces ,yellow beeswax #a ounce ,olive oil #g #a_/b fluidounces ,chilblains4--,the following are for unbroken chilblains3 ,i4--,sulphurous acid #c parts ,glycerine #a part ,water #a part ,,ii4--,balsam ,peru #a part ,alcohol #bd parts ,hydrochloric acid #a part ,tincture benzoin compound #h parts ,dissolve the balsam in the alcohol1 and add the acid and tincture4 ,apply morning and evening4 ,domestic ,ointments4-- ,i4--,vaseline #hj parts ,diachylon ointment #cj parts ,carbolic acid #d parts ,camphor #e parts ,,ii4--,butter1 fresh 7unsalted7 #gej parts ,wax1 yellow #abe parts ,rosin1 white #ajj parts ,nutmeg oil #ae parts ,peru balsam #a part ,,iii4--,lead plaster1 simple #f1jij parts ,vaseline1 yellow #a1jjj parts ,camphor #fe parts ,carbolic acid #ej parts ,mix4 ,green ,salve4-- ,white pine turpentine #h ounces ,lard1 fresh #h ounces ,honey #d ounces ,beeswax1 yellow #d ounces ,melt1 stir well1 and add ,verdigris1 powdered #d drachms ,apply locally4 ,this cannot be surpassed when used for deep wounds1 as it prevents the formation of proud flesh and keeps up a healthy discharge4 ,salve for all ,wounds4-- ,lard1 fresh #af ounces ,white lead1 dry #c ounces ,red lead1 dry #a ounce ,beeswax1 yellow #c ounces ,black rosin #b ounces ,mix1 melt1 and boil for #de minutes1 then add ,common turpentine #d ounces ,boil for #c minutes and cool4 ,apply locally to cuts1 burns1 sores1 ulcers1 etc4 ,it first draws1 then heals4 ,irritating ,plaster4-- ,tar1 purified #af ounces ,burgundy pitch #a ounce ,white pine turpentine #a ounce ,rosin1 common #b ounces ,melt and add ,mandrake root1 powdered #a drachm ,bloodroot1 powdered #a ounce ,poke root1 powdered #a ounce ,indian turnip root1 powdered #a ounce ,apply to the skin in the form of a #dhg plaster 7spread on muslin7 and renew it daily4 ,this salve will raise a sore which is to be wiped with a dry cloth to remove matter1 etc4 ,the sore must not be wetted4 ,this is a powerful counter-irritant for removing internal pains1 and in other cases where an irritating plaster is necessary4 ,mercury ,salves4--,i4--,red ,salve4--,red mercury oxide1 #a part2 melted lard1 #i parts4 ,,ii4--,white ,salve4--,mercury precipitate1 #a part2 melted lard1 #i parts4 ,pink salve4 ,ammoniated mercury #a ounce ,mercuric oxide1 precipitated #b #a_/b ounces ,red mercuric sulphide 7vermilion7 #fj grains ,perfume #a_/b fluidounce ,lard #a #a_/b pounds ,prepared suet #a_/b pound ,antiseptic ,nervine ,ointment4-- ,iodoform #b parts ,salol #d parts ,boric acid #e parts ,antipyrine #e parts ,vaseline #hj parts ,photographers' ,ointment4--,the following protects the hands from photographic chemicals3 ,best castile soap1 in fine shavings #a ounce ,water #a ounce ,wax #a ounce ,ammonia #de minims ,lanolin #a ounce ,the soap is dissolved in the water heated for that purpose1 the wax mixed in with much stirring1 and1 when all is in solution1 the ammonia is added4 ,when clear1 the lanolin is put in1 and then1 if the mixture is very thick1 water is added until the whole has the consistency of honey4 ,keep in a covered stoneware jar4 ,the hands should be first washed with ordinary soap1 and then1 while the lather is still on them1 a bit of the mixture about the size of a hazel nut is rubbed in until all is absorbed1 and the hands are dry4 ,at the close of the work1 the film of wax is washed off in warm water and a little lanolin rubbed into the hands4 ,pain-,subduing ,ointment4--,the following is an excellent formula3 ,tincture of capsicum #e parts ,tincture of camphor #a part ,ammonia water #b parts ,alcohol #b parts ,soap liniment #b parts ,skin ,ointment4--,i4--,add about #b per cent of phenol to petrolatum1 perfuming it with oil of bergamot and color a dull green4 ,it has been suggested that a mixture of ,prussian blue and yellow ocher would answer as the coloring agent4 ,,ii4--,phenol #dj grains ,boric acid #b drachms ,oil of bergamot #ij minims ,petrolatum #a pound ,color with chlorophyll4 ,,ointments ,,for ,,veterinary ,,purposes3 ,see ,veterinary ,formulas4 ,,olein ,,soap3 ,see ,soap4 ,,oleomargarine3 ,see ,butter4 ,,olive-,,oil ,,paste3 ,see ,butter ,substitutes4 ,,onyx ,,cements3 ,see ,adhesives4 ,,orangeade3 ,see ,beverages1 under ,lemonades4 ,,orange ,,bitters ,,and ,,cordial3 ,see ,wines and ,liquors4 ,,orange ,,drops3 ,see ,confectionery4 ,,orange ,,extract3 ,see ,essences and ,extracts4 ,,orange ,,frapp3 ,see ,beverages1 under ,lemonades4 ,,orange ,,phosphate3 ,see ,beverages4 ,,orgeat ,,punch3 ,see ,beverages1 under ,lemonades4 ,,ortol ,,developer3 ,see ,photography4 ,,oxidizing3 ,see ,bronzing1 ,plating1 ,painting4 ,,oxide1 ,,magnetic3 ,see ,rust ,preventives4 ,,oxolin3 ,see ,rubber4 ,,ozonatine3 ,see ,air ,purifying4 ,,package ,,pop3 ,see ,beverages1 under ,ginger ,ale4 ,,package ,,wax3 ,see ,waxes4 #dhh ,,packings3 ,packing for ,stuffing ,boxes4-- ,tallow #aj parts ,barrel soap1 non-filled #cj parts ,cylinder oil #aj parts ,talcum ,venetian1 finely powdered #bj parts ,graphite1 finely washed #f parts ,powdered asbestos #f parts ,melt the tallow and barrel soap together1 add the other materials in rotation1 mix intimately in a mixing machine1 and fill in #d-pound cans4 ,packing for ,gasoline ,pumps4--,for packing pumps on gasoline engines use asbestos wick-packing rubbed full of regular laundry soap2 it will work without undue friction and will pack tightly4 ,common rubber packing is not as good1 as the gasoline cuts it out4 ,,pads ,,of ,,paper3 ,see ,paper ,pads4 ,,pain-,,subduing ,,ointment3 ,see ,ointments4 ,,painting ,,processes3 ,painting ,ornaments or ,letters on ,cloth and ,paper4--,dissolve gum shellac in #ie per cent alcohol at the rate of #a pound of shellac to #c pints of alcohol1 and mix with it any dry color desired4 ,if it becomes too thick1 thin with more alcohol4 ,this works free1 does not bleed out1 imparts brilliancy to the color1 and wears well4 ,the preparation can be used also on paper4 ,painting on ,marble4--,to paint marble in water colors1 it must be first thoroughly cleaned and all grease completely removed4 ,the slab is washed well1 and then rubbed off with benzine by means of a rag or sponge4 ,in order to be quite sure1 add a little ox gall or aguoline to the colors4 ,after marble has been painted with water colors it cannot be polished any more4 ,painting on ,muslin4--,to paint on muslin requires considerable skill4 ,select a smooth wall or partition1 upon which tack the muslin1 drawing the fabric taut and firm4 ,then make a solution of starch and water1 adding one-fourth starch to three-fourths water1 and apply a glaze of this to the muslin4 ,to guard against the striking in of the paint1 and to hold it more securely in place and texture1 mix the pigment with rubbing varnish to the consistency of a stiff paste1 and then thin with turpentine to a free working condition4 ,a double thick camel's-hair brush1 of a width to correspond properly with the size of the surface to be coated1 is the best tool with which to coat fine muslin4 ,a fitch-hair tool is probably best suited to the coarser muslin4 ,many painters1 when about to letter on muslin1 wet the material with water2 but this method is not so reliable as sizing with starch and water4 ,wetting canvas or duck operates very successfully in holding the paint or color in check1 but these materials should not be confounded with muslin1 which is of an entirely different texture4 ,,painting ,,on ,,leather3 ,see ,leather4 ,,paintings3 ,protection for ,oil ,paintings4--,oil paintings should under no circumstances be varnished over before the colors are surely and unmistakably dry1 otherwise the fissuring and early decay of the surface may be anticipated4 ,the contention of some people that oil paintings need the protection of a coat of varnish is based upon the claim that the picture1 unvarnished1 looks dead and lusterless in parts and glossy in still others1 the value and real beauty of the color being thus unequally manifested4 ,it is not to be inferred1 however1 that a heavy coating of varnish is required4 ,when it is deemed advisable to varnish over an oil painting the varnish should be mastic1 with perhaps #c or #d drops of refined linseed oil added to insure against cracking4 ,a heavy body of varnish used over paintings must be strictly prohibited1 inasmuch as the varnish1 as it grows in age1 naturally darkens in color1 and in so doing carries with it a decided clouding and discoloration of the delicate pigments4 ,a thinly applied coat of mastic varnish affords the required protection from all sorts and conditions of atmospheric impurities1 besides fulfilling its mission in other directions4 ,oil paintings1 aquarelles1 etc41 may be also coated with a thin layer of ,canada balsam1 and placed smoothly on a pane of glass likewise coated with ,canada balsam1 so that both layers of balsam come together4 ,then the pictures are pressed down from the back1 to remove all air bubbles4 ,to ,renovate ,old ,oil ,paintings4--,when old oil paintings have become dark and cracked1 proceed as follows3 ,pour alcohol in a dish and put the picture over it1 face downward4 ,the fumes of the alcohol dissolve the paint of the picture1 the fissures close up again1 and #dhi the color assumes a freshness which is surprising4 ,great caution is absolutely necessary1 and one must look at the painting very often1 otherwise it may happen that the colors will run together or even run off in drops4 ,,paintings1 ,,to ,,clean3 ,see ,cleaning ,preparations and ,methods4 ,paints 7,see also ,acid-,proofing1 ,ceramics1 ,enamels1 ,fireproofing1 ,glazing1 ,painting ,processes1 ,pigments1 ,rust ,preventives1 ,varnishes1 and ,waterproofing47 ,,paint ,,bases3 ,dry ,bases for ,paints4--,the following colors and minerals1 mixed in the proportions given and then ground to fine powder1 make excellent dry paints1 and may be thinned with turpentine oil1 and a small percentage of cheap varnish to consistency required4 ,buff4-- ,yellow ocher #dd pounds ,whiting #f pounds ,oxide of zinc #e pounds ,plaster of ,paris #a_/b pound ,brick ,brown4-- ,yellow ocher #bf pounds ,calcined copperas #d pounds ,red hematite #a #a_/d pounds ,best silica #g pounds ,whiting #ah pounds ,gray4-- ,oxide of zinc #cj pounds ,white lead #f pounds ,whiting #ab pounds ,bone black #a_/d pound ,yellow ocher #b pounds ,crimson4-- ,indian red #be pounds ,crocus martis #g pounds ,oxide of zinc #f pounds ,whiting #f pounds ,vandyke ,brown4-- ,yellow ocher #be pounds ,whiting #ah pounds ,umber #d pounds ,oxide of zinc #g pounds ,purple oxide of iron #a pound ,blood ,red4-- ,crocus martis #cj pounds ,whiting #bj pounds ,hematite #c pounds ,silica #f pounds ,venetian red #b pounds ,drab4-- ,yellow ocher #dj pounds ,whiting #aj pounds ,oxide of zinc #h #a_/b pounds ,sulphate of barytes #a pound ,paint for ,blackboards4-- ,shellac #a pound ,alcohol #a gallon ,lampblack 7fine quality7 #d ounces ,powdered emery #d ounces ,ultramarine blue #d ounces ,dissolve the shellac in the alcohol4 ,place the lampblack1 emery1 and ultramarine blue on a cheese-cloth strainer1 pour on part of the shellac solution1 stirring constantly and gradually adding the solution until all of the powders have passed through the strainer4 ,dark-,green ,paint for ,blackboards4--,mix #a part ,prussian blue and #a part chrome green with equal parts of gilders' size and alcohol to a thin cream consistency4 ,apply with a large1 stiff brush and after an hour a second coat is given4 ,after #bd to #dh hours smooth the surface with a felt cloth4 ,this renders it rich and velvety4 ,the shade must be a deep black green and the quantities of the colors have to be modified accordingly if necessary4 ,old blackboards should be previously thoroughly cleaned with soda4 ,,bronzing ,,solutions ,,for ,,paints4 ,i4--,the so-called 8banana solution0 7the name being derived from its odor7 which is used in applying bronzes of various kinds1 is usually a mixture of equal parts of amyl acetate1 acetone1 and benzine1 with just enough pyroxyline dissolved therein to give it body4 ,powdered bronze is put into a bottle containing this mixture and the paint so formed applied with a brush4 ,the thin covering of pyroxyline that is left after the evaporation of the liquid protects the bronze from the air and keeps it from being wiped off by the cleanly housemaid4 ,tarnished picture frames and tarnished chandeliers to which a gold bronze has been applied from such a solution will look fresh and new for a long time4 ,copper bronze as well as gold bronze and the various colored bronze powders can be used in the 8banana solution0 for making very pretty advertising signs for use in the drug store4 ,lettering and bordering work upon the signs can be done with it4 ,several very small1 stiff painters' brushes are needed for such work and they must #dij be either kept in the solution when not in use1 or1 better still1 washed in benzine or acetone immediately after use and put away for future service4 ,as the 8banana solution0 is volatile1 it must be kept well corked4 ,,ii4--,a good bronzing solution for paint tins1 applied by dipping1 is made by dissolving ,syrian asphaltum in spirits of turpentine1 etc41 and thinning it down with these solvents to the proper bronze color and consistency4 ,a little good boiled oil will increase the adherence4 ,paint ,brushes4--,to soften a hard paint brush1 stand the brush overnight in a pot of soft soap and clean in warm water4 ,afterwards clean in benzine4 ,if the brush is wrapped with a string do not let the string touch the soap4 ,paint brushes which have dried up as hard as stone can be cleaned in the following manner3 ,dissolve #a part soda in #c parts water2 pour the solution in a cylinder glass1 and suspend in it the brushes to be cleaned1 so that they are about #b inches from the bottom of the vessel4 ,let it remain undisturbed at a temperature of #adj to #aeh ,f41 #ab to #bd hours1 after which the most indurated brushes will have become soft1 so that they can be readily cleaned with soap4 ,it is essential1 however1 to observe the temperature1 as bristle brushes will be injured and spoiled if the heat is greater4 ,black4--,a ,permanent ,black of ,rich ,luster for ,metal ,boxes4--,dissolve chlorate of potassium and blue vitriol1 equal parts1 in #cf times as much water1 and allow the solution to cool4 ,the parts to be blacked may be either dipped in the solution1 or the solution may be flowed on and allowed to remain until the metal becomes black1 after which the fixtures should be rinsed in clean water and allowed to dry4 ,those parts of the surface which show imperfections in the black should be recoated4 ,dead ,white on ,silver ,work1 etc4--,bruise charcoal very finely and mix it with calcined borax in the proportion of #d parts of charcoal to #a of borax4 ,of this make a paste with water2 apply this paste on the parts to be deadened2 next expose the piece to the fire of well-lit coal until it acquires a cherry-red shade2 allow to cool and then place it in water slightly acidulated with sulphuric acid4 ,the bath must not be more than #e ,b4 ,leave the piece in the bath about #b hours1 then rinse off several times4 ,white ,coating for ,signs1 etc4--,a white color for signs and articles exposed to the air is prepared as follows for the last coat3 ,thin so-called ,dutch 8stand0 oil with oil of turpentine to working consistency1 and grind in it equal parts of zinc white and white lead1 not adding much siccative1 as the white lead assists the drying considerably4 ,if the paint is smoothed well with a badger brush1 a very durable white color of great gloss is obtained4 ,linseed oil1 or varnish which has thickened like 8stand0 oil by long open storing1 will answer equally well4 ,to ,prevent ,crawling of ,paints4--,probably the best method to pursue will be to take an ordinary flannel rag and carefully rub it over the work previous to varnishing1 striping1 or painting4 ,this simple operation will obviate the possibility of crawling4 ,in some instances1 however1 crawling may be traced to a defective varnish4 ,the latter1 after drying evenly on a well-prepared paint surface will at times crawl1 leaving small pitmarks4 ,for this1 the simple remedy consists in purchasing varnish from a reputable manufacturer4 ,,fireproof ,,paints3 ,see also ,fireproofing4 ,fireproofing paints of effective quality are prepared in different ways4 ,naturally no oily or greasy substances enter into their composition1 the blending agent being simply water4 ,i4--,one of the standing paints consists of #dj pounds of powdered asbestos1 #aj pounds of aluminate of soda1 #aj pounds of lime1 and #cj pounds of silicate of soda1 with the addition of any non-rosinous coloring matter desired4 ,the whole is thoroughly mixed with enough water to produce a perfect blend and render an easy application4 ,two or more coats of this is the rule in applying it to any wood surface1 inside or outside of building4 ,,ii4--,another formula involves the use of #dj pounds of finely ground glass1 a like amount of ground porcelain1 and similarly of ,china clay or the same quantity of powdered asbestos1 and #bj pounds of quicklime4 ,these materials are ground very fine and then mixed in #fj pounds of liquid silicate of soda with water1 as in the preceding formula4 ,two or more coats1 if necessary1 are given4 ,each of these paints is applied with a brush in the ordinary way1 the drying being accomplished in a few hours1 and1 if coloring matter is desired1 the above proportions are varied accordingly4 ,,iii4--,a surface coated with #c coats of water glass1 these #c coats being #dia subsequently coated with water glass containing enough whiting or ground chalk to make it a trifle thicker than ordinary paint1 is practically non-inflammable1 only yielding to fierce consuming flames after a somewhat protracted exposure4 ,,iv4--,zinc white1 #gj pounds2 air-slaked lime1 #ci pounds2 white lead1 #ej pounds2 sulphate of zinc1 #aj pounds2 silicate of soda1 #g gallons4 ,the zinc white and lime are mixed together1 then ground in elastic oil1 after which the silicate of soda is added1 this addition being followed by the white lead and sulphate of zinc4 ,this white paint can be colored to meet any desired shade and it may be classed as a good working paint and probably fireproof to the same extent that most of the pretentiously sounded pigments on the markets are4 ,fireproof and ,waterproof ,paints4--,the following recipes are claimed to resist both fire and water3 ,a preparation for protecting wood against the action of fire and of moisture1 and also for producing on the surface of wood and metal a coat1 insulating with reference to electricity and preservative from corrosion1 has been introduced in ,france by ,louis ,bethisy and ,myrthil ,rose4 ,the bases or fundamental raw materials quite distinct from those hitherto employed for the same purpose1 are #ajj parts1 by weight1 of nitro-cellulose and #cj parts1 by weight1 of chloride of lime1 dissolved in #ej per cent alcohol4 ,preparation of the ,bases4--,the cellulose 7of wood1 paper1 cotton1 linen1 ramie1 or hemp7 is put in contact with two-thirds part of sulphuric acid of #ff ,b4 and one-third part of nitric acid of #db ,b4 for some #bj or #cj minutes1 washed with plenty of water1 and kept for #bd hours in a tank of water supplied with an energetic current4 ,the nitro-cellulose thus obtained is bleached for this purpose2 a double hypochlorite of aluminum and magnesium is employed4 ,this is obtained by grinding together #ajj parts of chloride of lime1 #fj parts of aluminum sulphate1 #bc parts of magnesium sulphate1 with #bjj parts of water4 ,when the nitro-cellulose is bleached and rewashed1 it is reduced to powder and dried as thoroughly as possible4 ,it is then placed in a vat hermetically closed and put in contact with the indicated proportion of calcium chloride dissolved in alcohol4 ,this solution of calcium chloride should be prepared at least #bd hours in advance and filtered4 ,composition of the ,coating4--,this has the following constituents3 ,bases 7nitro-cellulose and solution of calcium chloride71 #a part2 amyl acetate 7solvent of the bases71 #e parts1 by weight2 sulphuric ether of #fe1 #a4fej parts1 by weight2 alcohol1 #j4hej parts1 by weight2 one of these powders1 alum1 talc1 asbestos1 or mica1 #j4ajj parts4 ,other solvents may be employed instead of amyl acetate2 for example1 acetone1 acetic acid1 ether alcohol1 or methylic alcohol4 ,the ether alcohol furnishes a product drying very quickly4 ,if a very pliant coating is desired1 the amyl acetate is employed preferably1 with addition of vaseline oil1 #j4bj parts1 and lavender oil1 #j4jaj parts4 ,method of ,operating4--,the sulphuric acid is mixed with the alcohol1 and left for an hour in contact1 shaking from time to time4 ,afterwards the amyl acetate is added1 and left in contact for another hour under similar agitation4 ,in case of the employment of vaseline oil and lavender oil1 these two are mingled in ether alcohol4 ,the base is introduced and left in contact for #bd hours1 with frequent agitation4 ,the fluidity of the product is augmented by increasing the quantity of the solvent4 ,properties4--,wood covered with this coating is fireproof1 non-hygrometric1 and refractory to the electric current4 ,it also resists the action of acids and alkalies4 ,metals covered with it are sheltered from oxidation1 and effectually insulated on their surface from the electric current4 ,the coating is liquid in form1 and applied like collodions1 either by the brush or by immersion or other suitable method4 ,paint ,deadening4--,in order to obtain an even dullness of large walls1 proceed as follows3 ,after all the dirt has been carefully swept off1 oil with #b parts linseed oil and #a part turpentine and rub down the smooth places in the wet oil with pumice stone4 ,when the oil coating is dry1 mix the ground paint1 consisting of whiting1 #b parts2 and white lead1 #a part2 both finely ground and diluted as above4 ,do not apply the grounding too thin1 because the chalk in itself possesses little covering power4 ,it is not the mission of the chalk1 however1 to adulterate the material1 but to afford a hard foundation for the subsequent coats4 ,for the third coating take white lead1 #a part2 and zinc white1 #a part2 thin as above and blend with a soft hair pencil4 ,for the final application use only zinc white1 ground stiff in oil with any desired mixing color and thinned with turpentine and rain water4 ,mix the #dib water and the turpentine with the color at the same time1 and this coat may be dabbed instead of blended4 ,by the addition of water the paint becomes dull more slowly and is a little more difficult to lay on2 but it does not show a trace of gloss after a few days and never turns yellow1 even in places less exposed to the air1 and besides excels by great permanency4 ,another way is to add white wax instead of water to the last coating4 ,this wax paint also gives a handsome dullness but is more difficult of treatment4 ,a nice matt coating is also obtained by addition of ,venetian soap1 dissolved in water instead of the wax4 ,this is very desirable for church decorations where exceptionally large surfaces are to be deadened4 ,,paint ,,dryers3 ,i4--,ordinary barytes #be pounds ,whiting #d pounds ,litharge #b pounds ,sulphate of zinc #b pounds ,sugar of lead #b pounds ,boiled linseed oil #e pounds ,plaster of ,paris #a_/b pound ,,ii4--,whiting #af pounds ,barytes #af pounds ,white lead #c pounds ,boiled linseed oil #c_/d gallon ,,paints ,,for ,,gold ,,and ,,gilding3 ,gold ,paints4--,the formulas of the various gold paints on the market are carefully guarded trade secrets4 ,essentially they consist of a bronze powder mixed with a varnish4 ,the best bronze powder for the purpose is what is known in the trade as 8,french flake10 a deep gold bronze4 ,this bronze1 as seen under the microscope1 consists of tiny flakes or spangles of the bronze metal4 ,as each minute flake forms a facet for the reflection of color1 the paint made with it is much more brilliant than that prepared from finely powdered bronze4 ,for making gold paint like the so-called 8washable gold enamel0 that is sold by the manufacturers at the present time1 it is necessary to mix a celluloid varnish with the ,french flake bronze powder4 ,this varnish is made by dissolving transparent celluloid in amyl acetate in the proportion of about #e per cent of celluloid4 ,transparent celluloid1 finely shredded #a ounce ,acetone1 sufficient quantity4 ,amyl acetate to make #bj ounces4 ,digest the celluloid in the acetone until dissolved and add the amyl acetate4 ,from #a to #d ounces of flake bronze is to be mixed with this quantity of varnish4 ,for silver paint or 8aluminum enamel10 flake aluminum bronze powder should be used in place of the gold4 ,the celluloid varnish incloses the bronze particles in an impervious coating1 air-tight and water-tight4 ,as it contains nothing that will act upon the bronze1 the latter retains its luster for a long period1 until the varnished surface becomes worn or abraded and the bronze thus exposed to atmospheric action4 ,all of the 8gold0 or1 more properly1 gilt furniture that is sold so cheaply by the furniture and department stores is gilded with a paint of this kind1 and for that reason such furniture can be offered at a moderate price4 ,the finish is surprisingly durable1 and in color and luster is a very close imitation of real gold-leaf work4 ,this paint is also used on picture frames of cheap and medium grades1 taking the place of gold leaf or the lacquered silver leaf formerly used on articles of the better grades2 it is also substituted for 8,dutch metal10 or imitation gold leaf1 on the cheapest class of work4 ,a cheaper gold paint is made by using an inexpensive varnish composed of gutta percha1 gum dammar1 or some other varnish gum1 dissolved in benzole1 or in a mixture of benzole and benzine4 ,the paints made with a celluloid-amyl-acetate varnish give off a strong banana-like odor when applied1 and may be readily recognized by this characteristic4 ,the impalpably powdered bronzes are called 8lining0 bronzes4 ,they are chiefly used for striping or lining by carriage painters2 in bronzing gas fixtures and metal work2 in fresco and other interior decoration1 and in printing2 the use of a very fine powder in inks or paints admits of the drawing or printing of very delicate lines4 ,lining bronze is also used on picture frames or other plastic ornamental work4 ,mixed with a thin weak glue sizing it is applied over 8burnishing clay10 and when dry is polished with agate burnishers4 ,the object thus treated1 after receiving a finishing coat of a thin transparent varnish1 imitates very closely in appearance a piece of finely cast antique bronze4 ,to add still more to this effect the burnishing clay is colored the greenish black that is seen in the deep parts of real antique bronzes1 and the bronze powder1 mixed with size1 is applied only to the most prominent parts or 8high lights0 of the ornament4 #dic ,since the discovery of the celluloid-amyl-acetate varnish1 or bronze liquid1 and its preservative properties on bronze powders1 manufacturers have discontinued the use of liquids containing oils1 turpentine1 or gums1 since their constituents corrode the bronze metal1 causing the paint finally to turn black4 ,gilding in ,size4--,the old painters and gilders used to prepare the gold size themselves1 but nowadays it is usually bought ready made1 barring the white of egg additional4 ,the best and most reliable1 and especially suited for fine work1 is undoubtedly the red ,french gold size4 ,it is cleaned1 as far as possible1 of all impurities1 and powdered4 ,for #bdf grains take #a white of egg2 put it into a glass1 taking care to exclude the yolk entirely--otherwise the burnish will show black spots4 ,beat the white of egg to a froth with a long1 well-cleaned bristle brush2 add the froth to the size and grind finely together1 which is soon done4 ,when grinding1 a little water and red size1 if necessary1 may be added 7use only water for thinning74 ,after being ground1 the size is forced through a very fine hair sieve into a perfectly clean vessel1 and covered up well1 for immediate or subsequent use4 ,the raw stuff of the red size is bolus1 which is dug in ,france and ,armenia in excellent quality4 ,besides the red size there are yellow1 white 7pipe clay71 blue1 and gray 7alumina71 which are used for certain purposes1 to enumerate which here would lead too far4 ,for burnish gold1 always take yellow size for ground work4 ,dip a finely ground bristle brush in the gold size prepared for use2 fill a well-cleaned glass 7holding #a pint7 half full of water1 and add the size contained in the brush1 also about #d to #e spoonfuls of pure alcohol4 ,it is advisable not to take too much size2 the liquid1 when applied1 must hardly have a yellow tint4 ,when this is dry soon after1 commence applying the size1 for which a hair pencil is used4 ,the essentials are to paint evenly and not too thickly1 so that the tone remains uniform4 ,apply three coats of size4 ,when the size is laid on correctly and has become dry1 brush the whole with a special brush1 or rub with a flannel rag1 so as to obtain the highest possible luster4 ,the size must not stand too long2 otherwise no gloss can be developed4 ,after brushing1 coat the work with weak glue water and wrap it up in tissue paper if the gilding is not to be done at once4 ,the strictest cleanliness is essential1 as the red gold size is very sensitive4 ,the parts where the size has been applied must not be touched with the hand1 else grease spots will ensue1 which will make a flawless gloss in gilding impossible4 ,the least relaxation of the necessary attention may spoil the whole job1 so that everything has to be ground off again4 ,the necessary tools for the application of gold leaf are3 ,hair pencils of various sizes1 tip1 cushion1 and gilding knife1 as with oil-gilding4 ,take pure alcohol or grain brandy1 and dilute with two-thirds water4 ,when ready to apply the gold leaf1 dip a hair pencil of suitable size into the fluid1 but do not have it full enough that the alcohol will run on the size ground4 ,moisten a portion of the ground surface as large as the gold leaf1 which is laid on immediately after4 ,proceed in the same manner1 first moistening1 then applying the ready-cut gold leaf4 ,the latter must not be pressed on1 but merely laid down lightly1 one leaf a little over the edge of the previous one1 without using up too much gold4 ,technical practice in gold-leaf gilding is presupposed2 through this alone can any skill be acquired1 reading being of no avail4 ,the leaf of gold being applied1 all dust must be swept off by means of a light1 fine hair pencil 7but never against the overlapping edges71 and the burnishing is commenced4 ,for this purpose there are special agate tools of the shape of a horn4 ,flint stone1 blood stone1 and wolf's teeth are sometimes1 but gradually more seldom1 employed4 ,burnish till a full1 fine luster appears2 but very carefully avoid dents and lines1 not to speak of scratches1 which would be very hard to mend4 ,gold ,enamel ,paints4-- ,i4--,pure turps #f pints ,copal varnish #a pint ,good gold bronze #f #a_/b pounds ,calcis hydrate 7dry-slaked lime7 #a_/b ounce ,mix the varnish and turps at a gentle heat1 then slake well with the lime1 and settle for a few days1 then pour off the clean portion and mix with the powder4 ,,ii4--,white hard varnish #a gallon ,methylated spirit #c_/d gallon ,gold bronze #ab pounds ,finely powdered mica #c ounces ,mix the varnish and the spirit1 reduce the mica to an impalpable powder1 mix with the gold1 then add to the liquid4 ,many bronze powders contain a goodly #did proportion of mica1 as it imparts brilliancy4 ,powdered mother-of-pearl is used also4 ,,graining ,,with ,,paint3 ,see also ,wood4 ,oak ,graining4--,prepare a paint of two-thirds of white lead and one-third of golden ocher with the requisite amount of boiled linseed oil and a little drier1 and cover the floor twice with this mixture1 which possesses great covering power4 ,when the last coating is dry1 paint the floor with a thinly liquid paint consisting of varnish and sienna1 applying the same in the longitudinal direction of the boards4 ,treat a strip about #bj inches wide at a time1 and draw at once a broad paint brush or1 in the absence of such1 an ordinary brush or goose feather along the planks through the wet paint1 whereupon the floor will acquire a nicely grained appearance4 ,the paint requires several days to dry4 ,a subsequent coating of varnish will cause the graining to stand out still more prominently4 ,birch4--,imitations of birch are usefully employed for furniture4 ,the ground should be a light1 clean buff1 made from white lead1 stained with either yellow ocher or raw sienna in oil4 ,in graining1 brush over the surface with a thin wash of warm brown1 making the panel of #b or #c broad color shades4 ,then take a large mottler and mottle the darker parts into the light1 working slantwise1 as for maple1 but leaving a broad and stiff mark4 ,while this is still wet soften the panel and then slightly mottle across the previous work to break it up4 ,when thoroughly dry1 carefully wet the work over with clean water and clean mottler1 and put in darker overgrain with a thin oak overgrainer or overgrainer in tubes4 ,maple4--,sixty pounds white lead2 #a ounce deep vermilion2 #a ounce lemon chrome4 ,ash4--,sixty pounds white lead2 #a ounce deep vermilion2 #a ounce lemon chrome4 ,medium ,oak4--,sixty pounds white lead2 #b pounds ,french ocher2 #a ounce burnt umber4 ,light ,oak4--,sixty pounds white lead2 #a ounce lemon chrome2 #a_/b pound ,french ocher4 ,dark ,oak4--,sixty pounds white lead2 #aj pounds burnt umber2 #a #a_/b pounds medium ,venetian red4 ,satin ,wood4--,sixty pounds white lead2 #a ounce deep vermilion2 #a #a_/b pounds lemon chrome4 ,pollard ,oak4--,seventy-five pounds white lead2 #bj pounds ,french ocher2 #c pounds burnt umber2 #b #a_/b pounds medium ,venetian red4 ,pitch ,pine4--,sixty pounds white lead2 #a_/d pound ,french ocher2 #a_/b pound medium ,venetian red4 ,knotted ,oak4--,sixty pounds white lead2 #i pounds ,french ocher2 #c #a_/b pounds burnt umber4 ,italian ,walnut4--,sixty pounds white lead2 #f pounds ,french ocher2 #a #a_/b pounds burnt umber2 #a #a_/d pounds medium ,venetian red4 ,rosewood4--,nine and one-half pounds burnt umber2 #dj pounds medium ,venetian red2 #aj pounds orange chrome4 ,dark ,mahogany4--,nine and one-half pounds burnt umber2 #dj pounds medium ,venetian red2 #aj pounds orange chrome4 ,light ,mahogany4--,sixty pounds white lead2 #c pounds burnt umber2 #aj pounds medium ,venetian red4 ,american ,walnut4--,thirty pounds white lead2 #i pounds ,french ocher2 #d pounds burnt umber2 #a pound medium ,venetian red4 ,,luminous ,,paints4 ,the illuminating power of the phosphorescent masses obtained by heating strontium thiosulphate or barium thiosulphate is considerably increased by the addition1 before heating1 of small quantities of the nitrates of uranium1 bismuth1 or thorium4 ,added to calcium thiosulphate1 these nitrates do not heighten the luminosity or phosphorescence4 ,the product from strontium thiosulphate is more luminous than that of the barium compound4 ,among the best luminous paints are the following3 ,i4--,lennord's4--,one hundred parts1 by weight1 of strontium carbonate2 #ajj parts1 by weight1 of sulphur2 #j4e parts1 by weight1 of potassium chloride2 #j4e parts1 by weight1 of sodium chloride2 #j4d parts1 by weight1 of manganese chloride4 ,the materials are heated for three-quarters of an hour to one hour1 to about #b1cgb ,f4 ,the product gives a violet light4 ,,ii4--,mourel's4--,one hundred parts1 by weight1 of strontium carbonate2 #cj parts1 by weight1 of sulphur2 #b parts1 by weight1 of sodium carbonate2 #j4e parts1 by weight1 of sodium chloride2 #j4b parts1 by weight1 of manganese sulphate4 ,the method of treatment is the same as in the first1 the phosphorescence deep yellow4 #die ,,iii4--,vanino's4--,sixty parts1 by weight1 of strontium thiosulphate2 #ab parts1 by weight1 of a #j4e per cent acidified alcoholic solution of bismuth nitrate2 #f parts1 by weight1 of a #j4e per cent alcoholic solution of uranium nitrate4 ,the materials are mixed1 dried1 brought gradually to a temperature of #b1cgb ,f41 and heated for about an hour4 ,the phosphorescence is emerald green4 ,,iv4--,balmain's4--,twenty parts1 by weight1 of calcium oxide 7burnt lime71 free from iron2 #f parts1 by weight1 of sulphur2 #b parts1 by weight1 of starch2 #a part1 by weight1 of a #j4e per cent solution of bismuth nitrate2 #j4ae parts1 by weight1 of potassium chloride2 #j4ae parts1 by weight1 of sodium chloride4 ,the materials are mixed1 dried1 and heated to #a1cjj ,c4 7#b1cgb ,f474 ,the product gives a violet light4 ,to make these phosphorescent substances effective1 they are exposed for a time to direct sunlight2 or a mercury lamp may be used4 ,powerful incandescent gas light also does well1 but requires more time4 ,,paints ,,for ,,metal ,,surfaces3 ,blackening ,ornaments of ,iron4--,i4--,to give iron ornaments a black-brown to black color1 proceed in the following manner3 ,the articles are treated with corrosives1 cleaned of all adhering grease1 and placed in a #aj per cent solution of potassium bichromate1 dried in the air1 and finally held over an open1 well-glowing1 non-sooting fire for #b minutes4 ,the first coloring is usually black brown1 but if this process is repeated several times1 a pure black shade is obtained4 ,special attention has to be paid to removing all grease1 otherwise the greasy spots will not be touched by the liquid1 and the coloring produced will become irregular4 ,benzine is employed for that purpose and the articles must not be touched with the fingers afterwards4 ,,ii4--,this process protects the iron from rust for a long time4 ,the treatment consists in coating the objects very uniformly with a thin layer of linseed-oil varnish1 and burning it off over a charcoal fire4 ,during the deflagration the draught must be stopped4 ,the varnish will first go up in smoke with a strong formation of soot1 and finally burn up entirely4 ,the process is repeated1 i4 e41 after one coating is burned off a new one is applied1 until the parts exhibit a uniformly handsome1 deep-black color4 ,next1 wipe off the covering with a dry rag and heat again1 but only moderately4 ,finally1 the articles are taken from the fire and rubbed with a rag well saturated with linseed-oil varnish4 ,the black turns completely dull1 and forms a real durable covering for the objects4 ,black for ,polished ,iron ,pieces4--,apply successive layers of a very concentrated solution of nitrate of manganese dissolved in alcohol over a gentle fire and the water bath4 ,the surfaces to be blackened should be previously heated4 ,by repeating the layers all the tints between brownish black and bluish black may be obtained4 ,glossy ,black for ,bicycles1 etc4-- ,amber #h ounces ,linseed oil #d ounces ,asphaltum #a #a_/b ounces ,rosin #a #a_/b ounces ,oil turpentine #h ounces ,heat the linseed oil to boiling point1 add the amber1 asphaltum1 and rosin1 and when all melted remove from the fire and gradually add the turpentine4 ,japan ,black4--,the following is a good japan black for metal surfaces3 ,take #ab ounces of amber and #b ounces of asphaltum4 ,fuse by heat1 and add #a_/b pint boiled oil and #b ounces of rosin4 ,when cooling add #af ounces of oil of turpentine4 ,brass and ,bronze ,protective ,paint4--,as a protective covering1 especially for brass and bronze objects1 a colorless celluloid solution is recommended1 such as is found in trade under the name of 8,zapon0 7q4 v474 ,paint for ,copper4--,dissolve #a ounce of alum in #a quart of warm soft water4 ,when cold add flour to make it about the consistency of cream1 then add #a_/b thimble of rosin and #a_/b ounce of sugar of lead4 ,priming ,iron4--,the following1 if carefully carried out1 gives the best satisfaction3 ,the first step consists in thoroughly cleaning the surface of the iron1 removing all adhesions in the way of dirt1 rust1 etc41 before the question of priming is considered4 ,as paint in this instance is applied more with a view of protecting the iron from atmospheric influences1 rather than for a decorative effect1 careful attention should be devoted for securing a base or surface which is calculated to produce a thorough and permanent application4 ,a great deal depends upon the nature of the metal to be painted4 ,common cast iron1 for instance1 possessing a rough exterior1 #dif with ordinary precautions can be more readily painted with the prospect of a permanent adhesion of the paint1 than a planed steel or wrought-iron surface4 ,with the latter it has been demonstrated that a hard and elastic paint is needed1 while with regard to cast iron1 other paints containing iron oxides are more suitable4 ,for good drying and covering properties1 as well as elasticity1 a good boiled oil to which has been added an adequate proportion of red lead will be found to form an excellent paint for smooth metal surfaces4 ,the primary object is to protect the surface of the iron from moisture for the purpose of avoiding rust4 ,the priming must therefore be carried out so that it will stick1 after which subsequent coats may be added if desired4 ,it is advisable that articles made of iron should first be coated with linseed-oil varnish4 ,it dries slowly1 hardens1 and enables the operator afterwards to exercise an effective control over the condition of his material4 ,iron must be absolutely dry and free from rust when it is to be painted4 ,it is best to apply next a coating of hot linseed oil2 when dry this should be followed by a priming of pure red lead in good linseed oil1 and the iron should then be painted as desired1 using ground oil paints and leaving an interval of a week between each coating4 ,cementing should be done after the red lead priming1 but the last coat must not be given until the whole is thoroughly dry4 ,bright oil paints and an upper coating with plenty of oil resist the effects of heat better than thin coatings2 moreover1 rust can be detected in its early stages with the former4 ,coatings of tar and asphalt 7asphalt dissolved in turpentine7 are practicable for underground pipes1 but are not adapted for pipes exposed to the air1 as they are quickly spoiled4 ,asphalt varnish1 used for coating coal scuttles1 fire screens1 etc41 consists of asphalt dissolved in linseed-oil varnish4 ,iron stoves and stovepipes are best coated with graphite4 ,galvanized ,iron4--,for galvanized iron there has been recommended a wash consisting simply of dilute hydrochloric acid1 which produces chloride of zinc1 that in combination with the oxygen of the air is said to produce a film upon which oil color takes as good a hold as it would upon ordinary sheet iron4 ,another method which has been tested and found effective is to make a solution as follows3 ,one ounce of chloride of copper2 #a ounce nitrate of copper2 #a ounce sal ammoniac1 dissolved in #b quarts of soft water1 to which is added #a ounce of crude or commercial hydrochloric acid4 ,this solution should be made in an earthenware dish or pot1 or in glass or stoneware1 as tin will precipitate the copper salts and make the solution imperfect4 ,to large surfaces this solution is applied with a broad brush1 when the surface assumes a deep black color1 which in drying out in from #ab to #bd hours becomes a gray white1 upon which the properly prepared primer will take a permanent grip4 ,on the film so produced a much thinner paint will cover very much better than a stouter paint would on the untreated galvanized or ordinary iron surface4 ,a single trial will convince the craftsman that this treatment is a method that will give lasting results1 provided he tries the same priming paint on the treated and untreated surface4 ,to ,paint ,wrought ,iron with ,graphite4--,in order to make wrought iron look like new mix fine graphite with equal parts of varnish and turpentine oil1 adding a little siccative4 ,paint the iron parts with this twice1 allowing to dry each time4 ,especially the second coating must be perfectly dry before further treatment4 ,the latter consists in preparing graphite with spirit and applying it very thinly over the first coat4 ,after the drying or evaporation of the spirit the graphite last applied is brushed vigorously1 whereby a handsome1 durable gloss is produced4 ,paint for ,iron ,bodies ,exposed to ,heat4--,dilute #a part soda water glass with #b parts water and mix intimately with the following pigments3 ,white4--,white lead or sulphate of barium4 ,yellow4--,chromate of barium1 ocher1 or uranium yellow4 ,green4--,chromic oxide or ultramarine green4 ,blue4--,ultramarine4 ,brown4--,oxide of cadmium1 oxide of manganese or terra di sienna4 ,red4--,english red or chrome red4 ,bronze powder in a suitable quantity may be added to the mixture1 but not more paint should be prepared than can be used up in a few hours4 ,the bronze powder may also be strewn on the fresh paint1 or applied with a dry brush1 to enhance the gloss4 ,this paint is not affected by heat1 and is inodorous4 ,protective ,coating for ,bright ,iron ,articles4--,zinc white1 #cj parts2 #dig lampblack1 #b parts2 tallow1 #g parts2 vaseline1 #a part2 olive oil1 #c parts2 varnish1 #a part4 ,boil together #a_/d hour and add #a_/b part of benzine and #a_/d part of turpentine1 stirring the mass carefully and boiling for some time4 ,the finished paste-like substance can be readily removed with a rag without the use of solvents4 ,rust ,paints4--,i4--,a new rust paint is produced by the following process3 ,mix #ajj parts dry iron sulphate and #hg parts sodium chlorate and heat to #a1ejj to #a1hjj ,f4 ,the chlorine set free seems to have a very favorable action on the color of the simultaneously forming iron oxide4 ,in order to avoid1 however1 too far-reaching an effect of the chlorine gas1 about #ah pounds of a substance which absorbs the same mechanically1 such as kaolin1 ground pumice stone1 ocher1 etc41 are added to the mixture4 ,,ii4--,a material known under the names of lardite1 steatite1 agalmatolite1 pagodite1 is excellently adapted as a substitute for the ordinary metallic protective agent of the pigments and has the property of protecting iron from rust in an effective manner4 ,in ,china1 lardite is used for protecting edifices of sandstone1 which crumbles under the action of the atmosphere4 ,likewise a thin layer of powdered steatite1 applied in the form of paint1 has been found valuable there as a protector against the decay of obelisks1 statues1 etc4 ,lardite1 besides1 possesses the quality of being exceedingly fine-grained1 which renders this material valuable for use in ship painting4 ,ground steatite is one of the finest materials which can be produced1 and no other so quickly and firmly adheres to the fibers of iron and steel4 ,furthermore1 steatite is lighter than metallic covering agents1 and covers1 mixed in paint1 a larger surface than zinc white1 red lead1 or iron oxide4 ,steatite as it occurs in ,switzerland is used there and in the ,tyrol for stoves1 since it is fireproof4 ,steel4--,an excellent coating for steel1 imitating the blue color of natural steel1 is composed of white shellac1 #e parts2 borax1 #a part2 alcohol1 #e parts2 water1 #d parts2 and a sufficient quantity of methylene blue4 ,the borax is dissolved in water1 the shellac in alcohol4 ,the aqueous solution of the borax is heated to a boil and the alcoholic solution of the shellac is added with constant stirring4 ,next add the blue color1 continuing to stir4 ,before this coating is applied to the steel1 e4 g41 the spokes of a bicycle1 the latter are first rubbed off with fine emery paper4 ,the coat is put on with a soft rag4 ,the quantity of pigment to be added is very small4 ,by varying the quantity a paler or darker coloring of the steel can be produced4 ,,paints ,,for ,,roofs ,,and ,,roof ,,paper3 ,carbolineum4--,this ,german preparation is made in three colors4 ,i4--,pale4--,melt together in an iron kettle1 over a naked fire1 #cj parts of ,american rosin ,f and #aej parts of pale paraffine oil and stir in #aj parts of single rectified rosin oil4 ,,ii4--,dark4--,melt #ajj parts of anthracene oil and #bj parts of ,american rosin ,f on a slow fire4 ,next stir in #b parts of ,para rubber solution 7or solution of caoutchouc waste7 and keep on boiling until all is dissolved4 ,when this is done there should be still added #e parts of crude concentrated carbolic acid and #e parts of zinc chloride lye1 #ej ,b41 stirring until cool4 ,the last-named admixture is not absolutely necessary1 but highly advisable1 owing to its extraordinary preservative and bactericidal properties4 ,,iii4--,colored4--,for red1 melt #ajj parts of coal-tar oil1 then stir in #ej parts of pale paraffine oil1 and finally #ge parts of bole or iron minium1 and pass through the paint mill4 ,although the addition of iron minium is very desirable1 it is considerably more expensive4 ,for gray1 proceed as above1 with the exception that metallic gray is used in place of the bole4 ,for green1 metallic green is employed4 ,the colors are identical with those used in the manufacture of roof varnish4 ,to increase the antiseptic properties of the colored carbolineum1 any desired additions of phenol or zinc chloride solutions may be made1 but the chief requirement in the case of colored carbolineum is good covering power of the coating4 ,paints for ,roofs ,covered with ,tar ,paper1 for ,roofing ,paper1 etc4-- ,i4--,distilled coal tar #gj parts ,heavy mineral oil 7lubricating oil7 #aj parts ,american rosin #bj parts ,,ii4--,distilled coal tar #ej parts ,trinidad asphalt #ae parts ,mineral oil1 containing paraffine #aj parts ,dry clay1 finely ground #be parts ,imitation ,oil ,paint4--,schulz's ,german patent paint is cheap1 and claimed to be #dih durable1 weatherproof1 and glossy1 like oil paint4 ,the application consists of a ground coat1 upon which the surface coat proper is applied after the former is dry4 ,for the preparation of the grounding dissolve #a1jjj parts1 by weight1 of ,marseilles soap in #aj1jjj parts of boiling water and stir4 ,in a separate vessel dissolve #b1jjj parts of glue in #aj1jjj parts of boiling water1 adding #ag1ejj parts of spirit of sal ammoniac4 ,these two solutions are poured together and well stirred4 ,then dissolve #djj parts of chrome alum in #e1jjj parts of water1 and pour into the above mixture4 ,to this mixture add #aj1jjj parts of pipe clay1 stirring the whole well and tinting with earth colors1 ocher1 ,vandyke brown1 etc4 ,the solid ingredients must be dissolved in boiling hot water1 and sifted so as to obtain a finely divided ground color4 ,this priming is applied in a warm state4 ,the coating proper is put on the ground coat after it is dry1 in about one-half to one hour4 ,for this coat dissolve #b1jjj parts of crystallized alum in #aj1jjj parts of boiling water and add to this liquid a solution of #b1jjj parts of glue in #aj1jjj parts of water2 in a special vessel prepare soapsuds of #a1jjj parts of ,marseilles soap in #ab1jjj parts of boiling water2 dissolve #abj parts of chrome alum in #a1ejj parts of boiling water1 and mix the three solutions together with diligent stirring4 ,this paint or liquid should also be put on hot1 and assures a durable exterior paint4 ,,paints1 ,,stains1 ,,etc41 ,,for ,,ships4 ,anti-,fouling ,composition4--,make an agglutinant by heating together ,by weight ,white lead1 ground in oil #b parts ,red lead1 dry #a part ,raw linseed oil #ad parts ,while hot stir in yellow ocher1 kaolin1 baked clay in powder1 or any inert body1 such as silica1 barytes1 gypsum1 etc41 to form a stiff dough1 and1 without allowing this compound to become cold 7the vessel should not be removed from the source of heat71 dilute with more or less manganese linoleate to the required consistency4 ,marine ,paint to ,resist ,sea ,water4--,first prepare the water-resisting agglutinant by heating together ,dry white lead1 carbonate only #a part ,litharge #a part ,linseed oil 7fluid measure7 #ad parts ,heat these and stir until of the consistency of thick glue1 and for every #cf parts1 by weight1 of this compound add #c parts1 by weight1 of turpentine1 and #a part1 by weight1 of mastic varnish 7mastic rosin dissolved in turpentine72 reheat the whole1 and for every #cb parts1 by weight1 stir in and mix the following3 ,baked and powdered clay #d parts ,portland cement #af parts ,zinc white #a part ,red lead #a part ,after well mixing1 dilute with more or less turpentine 7not exceeding #be per cent of the whole71 or linoleate of manganese1 the latter being preferable1 as it has greater binding power4 ,for colored paints use red oxide of iron or green oxide of chrome1 but do not use chrome green or lead1 as they will not stand the action of the sea water4 ,compositions for ,ships' ,bottoms4-- ,green4 ,pale rosin #be pounds ,prepared mineral green #h pounds ,d4 ,l4 zinc #ac pounds ,boiled oil #b pounds ,mineral naphtha #a gallon ,petroleum spirit #a #a_/b gallons ,prepared ,mineral ,green4 ,dry levigated mineral green #bh pounds ,turpentine #g pounds ,turpentine varnish #g pounds ,refined linseed oil #g pounds ,copper ,color4 ,pale rosin #be pounds ,light ,italian ocher #ae pounds ,d4 ,l4 zinc #e pounds ,turkey red paint #a_/b pound ,petroleum spirit #a #a_/b pounds ,mineral naphtha #a pound ,pink4 ,pale rosin #be pounds ,d4 ,l4 zinc #af pounds ,deep vermilion #g pounds ,mineral naphtha #a gallon ,petroleum spirit #a #a_/b gallons ,,paints ,,for ,,walls ,,of ,,cement1 ,,plaster1 ,,hard ,,finish1 ,,etc4 ,coating for ,bathrooms4--,as a rule cement plastering1 as well as oil paint1 suffices for the protection of walls and ceilings in bathrooms1 but attention must be called to the destructive action of medicinal admixtures4 ,for such rooms as well as for laboratories1 an #dii application of ,swedish wood tar1 made into a flowing consistency with a little oil of turpentine and put on hot1 has been found very excellent4 ,it is of advantage previously to warm the wall slightly4 ,to the second coat add some wax4 ,a very durable coating is obtained1 which looks so pleasing that it is only necessary to draw some stripes with a darker paint so as to divide the surface into fields4 ,cement1 to ,paint ,over ,fresh4--,the wall should be washed with dilute sulphuric acid several days before painting4 ,this will change the surplus caustic lime to sulphate of lime or gypsum4 ,the acid should be about one-half chamber acid and one-half water4 ,this should be repeated before painting1 and a coat of raw linseed oil flowed on freely should be given for the first coat4 ,while this cannot be always guaranteed as effectual for making the paint hold1 it is the best method our correspondent has heard of for the purpose1 and is worth trying when it is absolutely necessary to paint over fresh cement4 ,damp ,walls1 ,coating for4--,thirty parts of tin are dissolved in #dj parts of hydrochloric acid1 and #cj parts of sal ammoniac are added4 ,a powder composed of freestone1 #ej parts2 zinc oxide1 #bj parts2 pounded glass1 #ae parts2 powdered marble1 #aj parts2 and calcined magnesia1 #e parts1 is prepared1 and made into a paste with the liquid above mentioned4 ,coloring matter may be added4 ,the composition may be used as a damp-proof coating for walls1 or for repairing stonework1 or for molding statues or ornaments4 ,facade ,paint4--,for this zinc oxide is especially adapted1 prepared with size or casein4 ,any desired earth colors may also be added4 ,the surfaces are coated #c times with this mass4 ,after the third application is dry1 put on a single coating of zinc chloride solution of #cj ,b4 to which #c per cent borax is added4 ,this coating is very solid1 can be washed1 and is not injured by hydrogen sulphide4 ,hard-,finished ,walls4--,the treatment for hard-finished walls which are to be painted in flat colors is to prime with a thin coat of lead and oil well brushed into the wall4 ,next put on a thin coat of glue size2 next a coat mixed with #a_/c oil and #b_/c turpentine2 next a coat of flat paint mixed with turpentine4 ,if you use any dry pigment mix it stiff in oil and thin with turps4 ,if in either case the paint dries too fast1 and is liable to show laps1 put a little glycerine in1 to retard the drying4 ,,paints1 ,,waterproof ,,and ,,weatherproof3 ,see also ,fireproof ,paint4 ,the following are claimed to be both waterproof and weatherproof3 ,i4--,in #ej parts1 by weight1 of spirit of #if per cent1 dissolve #af parts1 by weight1 of shellac1 orange1 finely powdered2 #c parts1 by weight1 of silver lake1 finely powdered2 and #j4f parts1 by weight1 of gamboge1 finely powdered4 ,this paint may be employed without admixture of any siccative1 and is excellently adapted for painting objects which are exposed to the inclemencies of the weather1 as it is perfectly weatherproof4 ,,ii4--,mix glue water with zinc oxide 7zinc white7 and paint the respective object with this mixture4 ,when this is dry 7after about #b hours7 it is followed up with a coating of glue water and zinc chloride in a highly diluted state4 ,zinc oxide enters into a chemical combination with zinc chloride1 which acquires the hardness of glass and a mirror-like bright surface4 ,any desired colors can be prepared with the glue water 7size7 and are practically imperishable4 ,this zinc coating is very durable1 dries quickly1 and is #ej per cent cheaper than oil paint4 ,water- and ,acid-,resisting ,paint4--,caoutchouc is melted with colophony at a low temperature1 after the caoutchouc has been dried in a drying closet 7stove7 at #aeh to #agf ,f41 until no more considerable increase in weight is perceptible1 while the colophony has completely lost its moisture by repeated melting4 ,the raw products thus prepared will readily melt upon slight heating4 ,to the melted colophony and caoutchouc add in a hot liquid state zinc white or any similar pigment4 ,thin with a varnish consisting of #ej parts of perfectly anhydrous colophony1 #dj parts of absolute alcohol1 and #dj parts of benzine4 ,the whole syrupy mass is worked through in a paint mill to obtain a uniform product1 at which operation more or less colophony varnish is added according to the desired consistency4 ,water- and ,air-,proof ,paint4--,an air-proof and waterproof paint1 the subject of a recent ,french patent1 is a compound of #cj parts1 by weight1 acetone2 #ajj parts acetic ether2 #ej parts sulphuric ether2 #ajj parts camphor2 #ej parts gum lac2 #bjj parts cotton2 #ajj parts paper #ejj 7dissolved in sulphuric acid72 #ajj parts mastic in drops4 ,these proportions may fluctuate according to need4 ,the paper is reduced well and dissolved without heat with sufficient sulphuric ether2 the cotton is dissolved in the acetone and the whole is mixed together with the other ingredients and stirred well4 ,the application is performed as with any other varnish4 ,the coating is said not to crack or shrink and to be particularly useful as a protection against moisture for all stuffs4 ,,paints ,,for ,,wood3 ,see also ,wood4 ,floor ,coating4--,a new paint for floors1 especially those of soft wood3 ,mix together #b4b pounds joiners' glue2 a little over #a ounce powdered bichromate of potash2 #c #a_/b ounces aniline brown2 and #aj #a_/b quarts water in a tin vessel4 ,after #f hours have elapsed 7when the glue is completely soaked71 heat gradually to the boiling point4 ,the coating becomes perfectly water-tight after #b or #c days2 it is not opaque1 as the earthy body is lacking4 ,the glue causes the wood fibers to be firmly united4 ,it becomes insoluble by the addition of bichromate of potash1 under the influence of light4 ,without this admixture a simple glue coat has formerly not been found satisfactory1 as it dissolves if cleaned with water4 ,durable ,house ,paint4--,i4--,new houses should be primed once with pure linseed oil1 then painted with a thin paint from white lead and chalk1 and thus gradually covered4 ,the last coat is prepared of well-boiled varnish1 white lead1 and chalk4 ,the chalk has the mission to moderate the saponification of the linseed oil by the white lead4 ,mixing colors such as ocher and black1 which take up plenty of oil1 materially assist in producing a durable covering4 ,,ii4--,prime with zinc white and let this be succeeded by a coating with zinc chloride in glue water 7size74 ,the zinc oxide forms with the zinc chloride an oxy-chloride of great hardness and glossy surface4 ,by admixture of pigments any desired shade may be produced4 ,the zinc coating is indestructible1 dries quickly1 does not peel1 is free from the smell of fresh oil paint1 and more than #e per cent cheaper4 ,ivory ,coating for ,smooth1 ,light ,wood4--,in order to cover the articles1 which may be flat or round1 with this coating1 they must first be polished quite smooth and clean2 then they are coated with thin1 hot1 white glue4 ,when the coat is thoroughly dry1 the glue is rubbed off again with fine glass paper4 ,the mass is prepared as follows3 ,take #c pounds 7more or less1 according to the number of articles7 of the purest and best collodion2 grind upon a clean grinding stone twice the quantity that can be taken up with the point of a knife of ,krems white1 with enough good pale linseed oil as is necessary to grind the white smooth and fine4 ,take a clean bottle1 into which one-half of the collodion is poured2 to this add the ground white1 which can be removed clean from the stone by means of a good spatula and put in the bottle4 ,add about #ajj drops of linseed oil1 and shake the mass till it looks like milk4 ,now painting with this milky substance may be commenced1 using a fine hair pencil of excellent quality4 ,the pencil is not dipped in the large bottle2 but a glass is kept at hand with an opening of about #a inch1 so as to be able to immerse the pencil quickly4 ,the substance is not flowing like the alcohol lacquers1 for which reason it may be put on thick1 for the ether1 chiefly constituting the mass1 evaporates at once and leaves but a very thin film which becomes noticeable only after about #aj such applications have been made4 ,shake the bottle well each time before filling the small glass1 as the heavy ,krems white is very apt to sink to the bottom of the bottle4 ,if it is observed that the substance becomes too thick1 which may easily occur on account of the evaporation1 a part of the remaining ether is added1 to which in turn #cj to #dj drops of oil are added1 shaking it till the oil appears to be completely dissolved4 ,the operator must put on the mass in quick succession and rather thick4 ,after about #aj coats have been applied the work is allowed to rest several hours2 then #c or #d coats of pure collodion1 to which likewise several drops of oil have been added1 are given4 ,another pause of several hours having been allowed to intervene1 application of the mass is once more begun4 ,when it is noticed that a layer of the thickness of paper has formed1 the articles1 after drying thoroughly1 should be softly rubbed off with very fine glass paper1 after which they require to be wiped off well with a clean linen rag1 so that no dust remains4 ,then coating is continued till the work seems serviceable4 ,a few applications of pure collodion should be made1 and when this has become perfectly hard1 after a few hours1 it can be rubbed down with a rag1 #eja tripoli1 and oil1 and polished by hand1 like horn or ivory4 ,this work can be done only in a room which is entirely free from dust4 ,the greatest cleanliness must be observed4 ,,miscellaneous ,,recipes1 ,,paints1 ,,etc43 ,bathtub ,paint4--,take white keg lead1 tint to any desired color and then add1 say1 #a_/h boiled oil 7pure linseed7 to #g_/h hard drying durable body varnish4 ,clean the surface of the tub thoroughly before applying the paint4 ,benzine or lime wash are good cleaning agents4 ,coat up until a satisfactorily strong1 pure color is reached4 ,this will give good gloss and will also wear durably4 ,coating for ,name ,plates4--,a durable coating for name plates in nurseries is produced as follows3 ,take a woolen rag1 saturate it with joiners' polish1 lay it into a linen one1 and rub the wooden surface with this for some time4 ,rub down with sandpaper and it can be written on almost like paper4 ,when all is dry1 coat with dammar lacquer for better protection4 ,if the wood is to receive a color it is placed in the woolen rag before rubbing down1 in this case chrome yellow4 ,to ,keep ,flies from ,fresh ,paint4--,for the purpose of keeping flies and other insects away from freshly painted surfaces mix a little bay oil 7laurel oil7 with the oil paint1 or place a receptacle containing same in the vicinity of the painted objects4 ,the pungent odor keeps off the flies4 ,heat-,indicating ,paint4--,a heat-indicating paint composed of a double iodide of copper and mercury was first discovered years ago by a ,german physicist4 ,at ordinary temperatures the paint is red1 but when heated to #bjf ,f4 it turns black4 ,paper painted with this composition and warmed at a stove exhibits the change in a few seconds4 ,a yellow double iodide of silver and mercury is even more sensitive to heat1 changing from yellow to dark red4 ,to ,keep ,liquid ,paint in ,workable ,condition4--,to prevent liquid paint which1 for convenience sake1 is kept in small quantities and flat receptacles1 from evaporating and drying1 give the vessels such a shape that they can be placed one on top of the other without danger of falling over1 and provide the under side with a porous mass--felt or very porous clay1 etc4--which1 if moistened1 will retain the water for a long time4 ,thus1 in placing the dishes one on top of the other1 a moist atmosphere is created around them1 which will inhibit evaporation and drying of the paint4 ,a similar idea consists in producing covers with a tight outside and porous inside1 for the purpose of covering up1 during intermission in the work1 clay models and like objects which it is desired to keep soft4 ,in order to avoid the formation of fungous growth on the constantly wet bottom1 it may be saturated with non-volatile disinfectants1 or with volatile ones if their vapors are calculated to act upon the objects kept underneath the cover4 ,if the cover is used to cover up oil paints1 it is moistened on the inside with volatile oil1 such as oil of turpentine1 oil of lavender1 or with alcohol4 ,peeling of ,paints4--,for the prevention of peeling of new coatings on old oil paintings or lakes1 the latter should be rubbed with roughly ground pumice stone1 wet by means of felt rags1 and to the first new coat there should be added fine spirit in the proportion of about #a_/aj of the thinning necessary for stirring 7turpentine1 oil1 etc474 ,this paint dries well and has given good results1 even in the most difficult cases4 ,the subsequent coatings are put on with the customary paint4 ,fat oil glazes for graining are likewise mixed with spirit1 whereby the cracking of the varnish coating is usually entirely obviated4 ,polychroming of ,figures4--,this paint consists of white wax1 #a part1 and powdered mastic1 #a part1 melted together upon the water bath and mixed with rectified turpentine4 ,the colors to be used are first ground stiffly in turpentine on the grinding slab1 and worked into consistency with the above solution4 ,priming ,coat for ,water ,spots4--,a very simple way to remove rain spots1 or such caused by water soaking through ceilings1 has been employed with good results4 ,take unslaked white lime1 dilute with alcohol1 and paint the spots with it4 ,when the spots are dry--which ensues quickly1 as the alcohol evaporates and the lime forms a sort of insulating layer--one can proceed painting with size color1 and the spots will not show through again4 ,,paint ,,for ,,protecting ,,cement ,,against ,,acid3 ,see ,acid-,proofing4 ,,paint1 ,,grease3 ,see ,cosmetics4 #ejb ,,paint ,,removers3 ,see ,cleaning ,compounds4 ,,palladium ,,alloys3 ,see ,alloys4 ,,palladiumizing3 ,see ,plating4 ,,palms1 ,,their ,,care4 ,instead of washing the leaves of palms with water1 many florists employ a mixture of milk and water1 the object being to prevent the formation of disfiguring brown stains4 ,paper ,paper ,pads 7see also ,adhesives1 under ,glue74 ,i4--,glue #c #a_/b ounces ,glycerine #h ounces ,water1 a sufficient quantity4 ,pour upon the glue more than enough water to cover it and let stand for several hours1 then decant the greater portion of the water2 apply heat until the glue is dissolved1 and add the glycerine4 ,if the mixture is too thick1 add more water4 ,,ii4--,glue #f ounces ,alum #cj grains ,acetic acid #a_/b ounce ,alcohol #a #a_/b ounces ,water #f #a_/b ounces ,mix all but the alcohol1 digest on a water bath till the glue is dissolved1 allow to cool1 and add the alcohol4 ,papier ,mach4--,the following are the ingredients necessary to make a lump of papier mach a little larger than an ordinary baseball and weighing #ag ounces3 ,wet paper pulp1 dry paper1 #a ounce2 water1 #c ounces2 #d ounces 7avoirdupois72 dry plaster ,paris1 #h ounces 7avoirdupois72 hot glue1 #a_/b gill1 or #d #a_/b tablespoonfuls4 ,while the paper pulp is being prepared1 melt some best ,irish glue in the glue pot and make it of the same thickness and general consistency as that used by cabinet makers4 ,on taking the paper pulp from the water squeeze it gently1 but do not try to dry it4 ,put in a bowl1 add about #c tablespoonfuls of the hot glue1 and stir the mass up into a soft and very sticky paste4 ,add the plaster of ,paris and mix thoroughly4 ,by the time about #c ounces of the plaster have been used1 the mass is so dry and thick that it can hardly be worked4 ,add the remainder of the glue1 work it up again until it becomes sticky once more1 and then add the remainder of the plaster4 ,squeeze it vigorously through the fingers to thoroughly mix the mass1 and work it until free from lumps1 finely kneaded and sticky enough to adhere to the surface of a planed board4 ,if it is too dry to stick fast add a few drops of either glue or water1 and work it up again4 ,when the paper pulp is poor and the mach is inclined to be lumpy1 lay the mass upon a smooth board1 take a hammer and pound it hard to grind it up fine4 ,if the papier mach is not sticky enough to adhere firmly to whatever it is rubbed upon1 it is a failure1 and requires more glue4 ,in using it the mass should be kept in a lump and used as soon as possible after making4 ,keep the surface of the lump moist by means of a wet cloth laid over it1 for if you do not1 the surface will dry rapidly4 ,if it is to be kept overnight1 or longer1 wrap it up in several thicknesses of wet cotton cloth1 and put under an inverted bowl4 ,if it is desired to keep a lump for a week1 to use daily1 add a few drops of glycerine when making1 so that it will dry more slowly4 ,the papier mach made according to this formula has the following qualities3 ,when tested by rubbing between the thumb and finger1 it was sticky and covered the thumb with a fine coating4 7,had it left the thumb clean1 it would have been because it contained too much water47 ,when rubbed upon a pane of glass it sticks tightly and dries hard in #c hours without cracking1 and can only be removed with a knife4 ,when spread in a layer as thin as writing paper it dries in half an hour4 ,a mass actually used dried hard enough to coat with wax in #ah hours1 and1 without cracking1 became as hard as wood2 yet a similar quantity wrapped in a wet cloth and placed under an inverted bowl kept soft and fit for use for an entire week4 ,parchment ,paper4--,i4--,dip white unsized paper for half a minute in strong sulphuric acid1 specific gravity1 #a4hdb1 and afterwards in water containing a little ammonia4 ,,ii4--,plunge unsized paper for a few seconds into sulphuric acid diluted with half to a quarter its bulk of water 7this solution being of the same temperature as the air71 and afterwards wash with weak ammonia4 ,razor ,paper4--,i4--,smooth unsized paper1 one of the surfaces of which1 while in a slightly damp state1 has been rubbed over with a mixture of calcined peroxide of iron and emery1 both in impalpable powder4 ,it is cut up into #ejc pieces 7about #e x #c inches71 and sold in packets4 ,used to wipe the razor on1 which thus does not require stropping4 ,,ii4--,from emery and quartz 7both in impalpable powder71 and paper pulp 7estimated in the dry state71 equal parts1 made into sheets of the thickness of drawing paper1 by the ordinary process4 ,for use1 a piece is pasted on the strop and moistened with a little oil4 ,safety ,paper4--,white paper pulp mixed with an equal quantity of pulp tinged with any stain easily affected by chlorine1 acids1 alkalies1 etc41 and made into sheets as usual1 serves as a safety paper on which to write checks or the like4 ,any attempt to wash out the writing affects the whole surface1 showing plainly that it has been tampered with4 ,tracing ,paper4--,open a quire of smooth1 unsized white paper1 and place it flat upon a table4 ,apply1 with a clean sash tool to the upper surface of the first sheet1 a coat of varnish made of equal parts of ,canada balsam and oil of turpentine1 and hang the prepared sheet across the line to dry2 repeat the operation on fresh sheets until the proper quantity is finished4 ,if not sufficiently transparent1 a second coat of varnish may be applied as soon as the first has become quite dry4 ,strengthened ,filter ,paper4--,when ordinary filter paper is dipped into nitric acid 7specific gravity1 #a4db71 thoroughly washed and dried1 it becomes a tissue of remarkable properties1 and one that deserves to be better known by chemists and pharmacists4 ,it shrinks somewhat in size and in weight1 and gives1 on burning1 a diminished ash4 ,it yields no nitrogen1 nor does it in the slightest manner affect liquids4 ,it remains perfectly pervious to liquids1 its filtering properties being in no wise affected1 which1 it is needless to say1 is very different from the behavior of the same paper 8parchmented0 by sulphuric acid4 ,it is as supple as a rag1 yet may be very roughly handled1 even when wet1 without tearing or giving way4 ,these qualities make it very valuable for use in filtration under pressure or exhaust4 ,it fits closely to the funnel1 upon which it may be used direct1 without any supports1 and it thus prevents undue access of air4 ,as to strength1 it is increased upward of #aj times4 ,a strip of ordinary white ,swedish paper1 #a_/e of an inch wide1 will sustain a load of from #a_/b to #c_/d of a pound avoirdupois1 according to the quality of the paper4 ,a similar strip of the toughened paper broke1 in #c trials1 with #e pounds1 #g ounces1 and #c drachms2 #e pounds1 #d ounces1 and #cf grains2 and #e pounds1 #aj ounces respectively4 ,these are facts that deserve to be better known than they seem to be to the profession at large4 ,blotting ,paper4--,a new blotting paper which will completely remove wet as well as dry ink spots1 after moistening the paper with water1 is produced as follows3 ,dissolve #ajj parts of oxalic acid in #djj parts of alcohol1 and immerse porous white paper in this solution until it is completely saturated4 ,next hang the sheets up separately to dry over threads4 ,such paper affords great advantages1 but in its characteristic application is serviceable for ferric inks only1 while aniline ink spots cannot be removed with it1 after drying4 ,carbon ,paper4--,many copying papers act by virtue of a detachable pigment1 which1 when the pigmented paper is placed between two sheets of white paper1 and when the uppermost paper is written on1 transfers its pigment to the lower white sheet along lines which correspond to those traced on the upper paper1 and therefore gives an exact copy of them on the lower paper4 ,the pigments used are fine soot or ivory black1 indigo carmine1 ultramarine1 and ,paris blue1 or mixtures of them4 ,the pigment is intimately mixed with grain soap1 and then rubbed on to thin but strong paper with a stiff brush4 ,fatty oils1 such as linseed or castor oil1 may be used1 but the grain soap is preferable4 ,graphite is frequently used for black copying paper4 ,it is rubbed into the paper with a cotton pad until a uniform light-gray color results4 ,all superfluous graphite is then carefully brushed off4 ,it is sometimes desired to make a copying paper which will produce at the same time a positive copy1 which is not required to be reproduced1 and a negative or reversed copy from which a number of direct copies can be taken4 ,such paper is covered on one side with a manifolding composition1 and on the other with a simple copying composition1 and is used between #b sheets of paper with the manifolding side undermost4 ,the manifolding composition is made by mixing #e ounces of printers' ink with #dj of spirits of turpentine1 and then mixing it with a fused mixture of #dj ounces of tallow and #e ounces of stearine4 ,when the mass is homogeneous1 #cj ounces of the finest powdered protoxide of iron1 first mixed with #ae ounces of pyrogallic #ejd acid and #e ounces of gallic acid1 are stirred in till a perfect mixture is obtained4 ,this mass will give at least #ej copies on damp paper in the ordinary way4 ,the copying composition for the other side of the prepared paper consists of the following ingredients3 ,printers' ink #e parts ,spirits of turpentine #dj parts ,fused tallow #cj parts ,fused wax #c parts ,fused rosin #b parts ,soot #bj parts ,it goes without saying that rollers or stones or other hard materials may be used for the purpose under consideration as well as paper4 ,the manifolding mass may be made blue with indigotin1 red with magenta1 or violet with methyl violet1 adding #cj ounces of the chosen dye to the above quantities of pigment4 ,if1 however1 they are used1 the oxide of iron and gallic acids must be replaced by #bj ounces of carbonate of magnesia4 ,celloidin ,paper4--,ordinary polished celluloid and celloidin paper are difficult to write upon with pen and ink4 ,if1 however1 the face is rubbed over with a chalk crayon1 and the dust wiped off with a clean rag1 writing becomes easy4 ,cloth ,paper4--,this is prepared by covering gauze1 calico1 canvas1 etc41 with a surface of paper pulp in a ,foudrinier machine1 and then finishing the compound sheet in a nearly similar manner to that adopted for ordinary paper4 ,drawing ,paper4--,the blue drawing paper of commerce1 which is frequently employed for technical drawings1 is not very durable4 ,for the production of a serviceable and strong drawing paper1 the following process is recommended4 ,mix a solution of ,gum arabic #b parts ,ammonia iron citrate #c parts ,tartaric acid #b parts ,distilled water #bj parts ,after still adding #d parts of solution of ammonia with a solution of ,potassium ferricyanide #b4e parts ,distilled water #aj4j parts allow the mixture to stand in the dark half an hour4 ,apply the preparation on the paper by means of a soft brush1 in artificial light1 and dry in the dark4 ,next1 expose the paper to light until it appears dark violet1 place in water for #aj seconds1 air a short time1 wash with water1 and finally dip in a solution of ,eau de javelle #ej parts ,distilled water #a1jjj parts until it turns dark blue4 ,filter ,paper4--,this process consists in dipping the paper in nitric acid of #a4dcc specific gravity1 subsequently washing it well and drying it4 ,the paper thereby acquires advantageous qualities4 ,it shrinks a little and loses in weight1 while on burning only a small quantity of ash remains4 ,it possesses no traces of nitrogen and does not in any way attack the liquid to be filtered4 ,withal1 this paper remains perfectly pervious for the most varying liquids1 and its filtering capacity is in no wise impaired4 ,it is difficult to tear1 and still elastic and flexible like linen4 ,it clings completely to the funnel4 ,in general it may be said that the strength of the filtering paper thus treated increases #ajj per cent4 ,fireproof ,papers4--,i4--,ammonium sulphate1 #h parts1 by weight2 boracic acid1 #c parts2 borax1 #b parts2 water1 #ajj parts4 ,the temperature should be about #abb ,f4 ,,ii4--,for paper1 either printed or unprinted1 bills of exchange1 deeds1 books1 etc41 the following solution is recommended3 ,ammonium sulphate1 #h parts2 boracic acid1 #c parts2 sodium borate1 #a4g parts2 water1 #aj1jjj parts4 ,the solution is heated to #abb ,f41 and may be used when the paper is manufactured4 ,as soon as the paper leaves the machine it is passed through this solution1 then rolled over a warm cylinder and dried4 ,if printed or in sheets1 it is simply immersed in the solution1 at a temperature of #abb ,f41 and spread out to dry1 finally pressed to restore the luster4 ,hydrographic ,paper4--,this is paper which may be written on with simple water or with some colorless liquid having the appearance of water4 ,i4--,a mixture of nut galls1 #d parts1 and calcined sulphate of iron1 #a part 7both perfectly dry and reduced to very fine powder71 is rubbed over the surface of the paper1 and is then forced into its pores by powerful pressure1 after which the loose portion is brushed off4 ,the writing shows black when a pen dipped in water is used4 ,,ii4--,a mixture of persulphate of iron and ferrocyanide of potassium may be employed as in formula ,i4 ,this writes blue4 ,iridescent ,paper4--,sal ammoniac and sulphate of indigo1 of each #a part2 sulphate of iron1 #e parts2 nut galls1 #h parts2 gum arabic1 #a_/h part4 ,boil them in water1 and expose the paper washed with the liquid to 7the fumes of7 ammonia4 #eje ,lithographic ,paper4--,i4--,starch1 #f ounces2 gum arabic1 #b ounces2 alum1 #a ounce4 ,make a strong solution of each separately1 in hot water1 mix1 strain through gauze1 and apply it while still warm to one side of leaves of paper1 with a clean painting brush or sponge2 a second and a third coat must be given as the preceding one becomes dry4 ,the paper must be1 lastly1 pressed1 to make it smooth4 ,,ii4--,give the paper #c coats of thin size1 #a coat of good white starch1 and #a coat of a solution of gamboge in water1 the whole to be applied cold1 with a sponge1 and each coat to be allowed to dry before the other is applied4 ,the solutions should be freshly made4 ,lithographic paper is written on with lithographic ink4 ,the writing is transferred simply by moistening the back of the paper1 placing it evenly on the stone1 and then applying pressure4 ,a reversed copy is obtained1 which1 when printed from1 yields corrected copies resembling the original writing or drawing4 ,in this way the necessity of executing the writing or drawing in a reversed direction is obviated4 ,,marbling ,,paper ,,for ,,books4 ,provide a wooden trough #b inches deep and the length and width of any desired sheet2 boil in a brass or copper pan a quantity of linseed and water until a thick mucilage is formed2 strain it into a trough1 and let cool2 then grind on a marble slab any of the following colors in small beer3 ,for ,blue4--,prussian blue or indigo4 ,red4--,rose pink1 vermilion1 or drop lake4 ,yellow4--,king's yellow1 yellow ocher1 etc4 ,white4--,flake white4 ,black4--,burnt ivory or lampblack4 ,brown4--,umber1 burnt2 terra di sienna1 burnt4 ,black mixed with yellow or red also makes brown4 ,green4--,blue and yellow mixed4 ,orange4--,red and yellow mixed4 ,purple4--,red and blue mixed4 ,for each color have two cups1 one for the color after grinding1 the other to mix it with ox gall1 which must be used to thin the colors at discretion4 ,if too much gall is used1 the colors will spread4 ,when they keep their place on the surface of the trough1 when moved with a quill1 they are fit for use4 ,all things in readiness1 the colors are successively sprinkled on the surface of the mucilage in the trough with a brush1 and are waved or drawn about with a quill or a stick1 according to taste4 ,when the design is just formed1 the book1 tied tightly between cutting boards of the same size1 is lightly pressed with its edge on the surface of the liquid pattern1 and then withdrawn and dried4 ,the covers may be marbled in the same way1 only letting the liquid colors run over them4 ,in marbling paper the sides of the paper are gently applied to the colors in the trough4 ,the film of color in the trough may be as thin as possible1 and if any remains after the marbling it may be taken off by applying paper to it before you prepare for marbling again4 ,to diversify the effects1 colors are often mixed with a little sweet oil before sprinkling them on1 by which means a light halo or circle appears around each spot4 ,,waterproof ,,papers4 ,i4--,wall papers may be easily rendered washable1 either before or after they are hung1 by preparing them in the following manner3 ,dissolve #b parts of borax and #b parts of shellac in #bd parts of water1 and strain through a fine cloth4 ,with a brush or a sponge apply this to the surface of the paper1 and when it is dry1 polish it to a nigh gloss with a soft brush4 ,thus treated the paper may be washed without fear of removing the colors or even smearing or blurring them4 ,,ii4--,this is recommended for drawing paper4 ,any kind of paper is lightly primed with glue or a suitable binder1 to which a finely powdered inorganic body1 such as zinc white1 chalk1 lime1 or heavy spar1 as well as the desired coloring matter for the paper1 are added4 ,next the paper thus treated is coated with soluble glass--silicate of potash or of soda--to which small amounts of magnesia have been admixed1 or else it is dipped into this mixture1 and dried for about #aj days in a temperature of #gg ,f4 ,paper thus prepared can be written or drawn upon with lead pencil1 chalk1 colored crayons1 charcoal1 ,india ink1 and lithographic crayon1 and the writing or drawing may be washed off #bj or more times1 entirely or partly1 without changing the paper materially4 ,it offers the convenience that anything may be readily and quickly removed with a moist sponge and immediately corrected1 since the washed places can be worked on again at once4 ,wax ,paper4--,i4--,place cartridge paper or strong writing paper1 on a hot iron #ejf plate1 and rub it well with a lump of beeswax4 ,used to form extemporaneous steam or gas pipes1 to cover the joints of vessels1 and to tie over pots1 etc4 ,,ii4--,for the production of waxed or ceresine paper1 saturate ordinary paper with equal parts of stearine and tallow or ceresine4 ,if it is desired to apply a business stamp on the paper before saturation and after stamping1 it should be dried well for #bd hours1 so as to prevent the aniline color from spreading4 ,wrapping ,paper for ,silverware4--,make a solution of #f parts of sodium hydrate in sufficient water to make it show about #bj ,b4 7specific gravity1 #a4fj74 ,to it add #d parts zinc oxide1 and boil together until the latter is dissolved4 ,now add sufficient water to reduce the specific gravity of the solution to #a4jge 7#aj ,b474 ,the bath is now ready for use4 ,dip each sheet separately1 and hang on threads stretched across the room1 to dry4 ,be on your guard against dust1 as particles of sand adhering to the paper will scratch the ware wrapped in it4 ,ware1 either plated or silver1 wrapped in this paper1 will not blacken4 ,varnished ,paper4--,before proceeding to varnish paper1 card-work1 pasteboard1 etc41 it is necessary to give it #b or #c coats of size1 to prevent the absorption of the varnish1 and any injury to the color or design4 ,the size may be made by dissolving a little isinglass in boiling water1 or by boiling some clean parchment cuttings until they form a clear solution4 ,this1 after being strained through a piece of clean muslin1 or1 for very nice purposes1 clarified with a little white of egg1 is applied by means of a small clean brush called by painters a sash tool4 ,a light1 delicate touch must be adopted1 especially for the first coat1 lest the ink or colors be started or smothered4 ,when the prepared surface is quite dry it may be varnished4 ,impregnation of ,papers with ,zapon ,varnish4--,for the protection of important papers against the destructive influences of the atmosphere1 of water fungi1 and light1 but especially against the consequences of the process of molding1 a process has been introduced under the name of zapon impregnation4 ,the zaponizing may be carried out by dipping the papers in zapon or by coating them with it by means of a brush or pencil4 ,sometimes the purpose may also be reached by dripping or sprinkling it on1 but in the majority of cases a painting of the sheets will be the simplest method4 ,zapon in a liquid state is highly inflammable1 for which reason during the application until the evaporation of the solvent1 open flames and fires should be kept away from the vicinity4 ,when the drying is finished1 which usually takes a few hours where both sides are coated1 the zaponized paper does not so easily ignite at an open flame any more or at least not more readily than non-impregnated paper4 ,for coating with and especially for dipping in zapon1 a contrivance which effects a convenient suspension and dripping off with collection of the excess is of advantage4 ,the zapon should be thinned according to the material to be treated4 ,feebly sized papers are coated with ordinary1 i4 e41 undiluted zapon4 ,for dipping purposes1 the zapon should be mixed with a diluent1 if the paper is hard and well sized4 ,the weaker the sizing1 the more careful should be the selection of the zapon4 ,zapon to be used for coating purposes should be particularly thick1 so that it can be thinned as desired4 ,unsized papers require an undiluted coating4 ,the thick variety also furnishes an excellent adhesive agent as cement for wood1 glass1 porcelain1 and metals which is insoluble in cold and hot water1 and binds very firmly4 ,metallic surfaces coated with zapon do not oxidize or alter their appearance1 since the coating is like glass and only forms a very thin but firmly adhering film1 which1 if applied on pliable sheet metal1 does not crack on bending4 ,for the preparation of zapon the following directions are given3 ,pour #bj parts of acetone over #b parts of colorless celluloid waste--obtainable at the celluloid factories--and let stand several days in a closed vessel1 shaking frequently1 until the whole has dissolved into a clear1 thick mass4 ,next admix #gh parts of amyl acetate and completely clarify the zapon varnish by allowing to settle forweeks4 ,slate ,parchment4--,soak good paper with linseed-oil varnish 7boiled oil7 and apply the following mass1 mentioned below1 several times in succession3 ,copal varnish1 #a part1 by weight2 turpentine oil1 #b parts2 finest sprinkling sand1 #a part2 powdered glass1 #a part2 ground slate as used for slates1 #b parts2 and lampblack1 #a part1 intimately mixed together1 and repeatedly ground very fine4 ,after drying and hardening1 the plates can be written upon with lead or slate pencils4 ,paper ,floor ,covering4--,the floor is carefully cleaned1 and all holes and #ejg cracks are filled up with a mass which is prepared by saturating newspapers with a paste that is made by mixing thoroughly #ag #e_/h ounces wheat flour1 #c4ag quarts water1 and #a spoonful of pulverized alum4 ,the floor is coated with this paste throughout1 and covered with a layer of manilla paper1 or other strong hemp paper4 ,if something very durable is desired1 paint the paper layer with the same paste and put on another layer of paper1 leaving it to dry thoroughly4 ,then apply another coat of paste1 and upon this place wall paper of any desired kind4 ,in order to protect the wall paper from wear1 give it #b or more coats of a solution of #h #d_/e ounces white glue in #b4aa quarts hot water1 allow them to dry1 and finish the job with a coating of hard oil varnish4 ,,metallic ,,paper4 ,this paper1 made by transferring1 pasting1 or painting a coating of metal on ordinary paper1 retains a comparatively dull and dead appearance even after glazing or polishing with the burnisher or agate4 ,galvanized or electroplated metal paper1 on the other hand1 in which the metal has penetrated into the most minute pores of the paper1 possesses an extraordinarily brilliant polish1 fully equal to that of a piece of compact polished metal4 ,it is much more extensively used than the kind first mentioned4 ,the following solutions are recommended for making 8galvanized0 metal paper3 ,i4--,for silver paper3 ,twenty parts argento-cyanide of potassium2 #ac parts cyanide of potassium2 #ihj parts water4 ,,ii4--,for gold paper3 ,four parts auro-cyanide of potassium2 #i parts cyanide of potassium2 #ijj parts water4 ,moth ,paper4-- ,naphthalene #d ounces ,paraffine wax #h ounces ,melt together and while warm paint unsized paper and pack away with the goods4 ,lead ,paper4--,lay rough drawing paper 7such as contains starch7 on an #h per cent potassium iodide solution4 ,after a moment take it out and dry4 ,next1 in a dark room1 float the paper face downward on an #h per cent lead nitrate solution4 ,this sensitizes the paper4 ,dry again4 ,the paper is now ready for printing4 ,this process should be carried on till all the detail is out in a grayish color4 ,then develop in a #aj per cent ammonium chloride solution4 ,the tones obtained are of a fine blue black4 ,aluminum ,paper4--,aluminum paper is not leaf aluminum1 but real paper glazed with aluminum powder4 ,it is said to keep food materials fresh4 ,the basic material is artificial parchment1 coated with a solution of rosin in alcohol or ether4 ,after drying1 the paper is warmed until the rosin has again softened to a slight degree4 ,the aluminum powder is dusted on and the paper then placed under heavy pressure to force the powder firmly into it4 ,the metallic coating thus formed is not affected by air or greasy substances4 ,,paper 7,,anti-,,rust7 ,,for ,,needles3 ,see ,rust ,preventives4 ,,paper ,,cements3 ,see ,adhesives4 ,,paper ,,disinfectant3 ,see ,disinfectants4 ,,paper1 ,,fireproof3 ,see ,fireproofing4 ,,paper1 ,,frosted3 ,see ,glass 7,frosted74 ,,paper ,,on ,,glass1 ,,to ,,affix3 ,see ,adhesives1 under ,water-,glass ,cements4 ,,papers1 ,,igniting3 ,see ,pyrotechnics4 ,,paper ,,on ,,metallic ,,surfaces1 ,,pasting3 ,see ,adhesives4 ,,paper ,,as ,,protection ,,for ,,iron ,,and ,,steel3 ,see ,rust ,preventives4 ,,paperhangers' ,,pastes3 ,see ,adhesives4 ,,paper1 ,,photographic3 ,see ,photography4 ,,paper ,,varnishes3 ,see ,varnishes4 ,,paper ,,waterproofing3 ,see ,waterproofing4 ,,papier ,,mach3 ,see ,paper4 ,,paraffine3 ,rendering ,paraffine ,transparent4--,a process for rendering paraffine and its mixtures with other bodies 7ceresine1 etc47 used in the manufacture of transparent candles consists essentially in adding a #ejh naphthol1 particularly beta-naphthol1 to the material which is used for the manufacture of the candles1 tapers1 etc4 ,the quantity added varies according to the material and the desired effect4 ,one suitable mixture is made by heating #ajj parts of paraffine and #b parts of beta-naphthol at #age to #aie ,f4 ,the material can be colored in the ordinary way4 ,removal of ,dirt from ,paraffine4--,filtration through felt will usually remove particles of foreign matter from paraffine4 ,it may be necessary to use a layer of fine sand or of infusorial earth4 ,if discolored by any soluble matter1 try freshly heated animal charcoal4 ,to keep the paraffine fluid1 if a large quantity is to be handled1 a jacketed funnel will be required1 either steam or hot water being kept in circulation in the jacket4 ,paraffine ,scented ,cakes4 ,paraffine1 #a ounce2 white petrolatum1 #b ounces2 heliotropin1 #aj grains2 oil of bergamot1 #e drops2 oil of lavender1 #e drops2 oil of cloves1 #b drops4 ,melt the first two substances1 then add the next1 the oils last1 and stir all until cool4 ,after settling cut into blocks and wrap in tin foil4 ,this is a disseminator of perfume4 ,it perfumes where it is rubbed4 ,it kills moths and perfumes the wardrobe4 ,it is used by rubbing on cloth1 clothes1 and the handkerchief4 ,,parchment ,,and ,,parchment ,,paper3 ,see ,paper4 ,,parchment ,,cement3 ,see ,adhesives4 ,,parchment ,,paste3 ,see ,adhesives4 ,,parfaits3 ,see ,ice ,creams4 ,,parfait ,d',,amour ,,cordial3 ,see ,wines and ,liquors4 ,,paris ,,green3 ,see ,pigments4 ,,paris ,,red3 ,see ,polishes4 ,,paris ,,salts3 ,see ,disinfectants4 ,,parisian ,,cement3 ,see ,adhesives4 ,,passe-,,partout ,,framing4 ,it is hardly correct to call the passe-partout a frame1 as it is merely a binding together of the print1 the glass1 and the backing with a narrow edge of paper4 ,this simple arrangement lends to the picture when complete a much greater finish and a more important appearance than might be anticipated4 ,in regard to the making of a passe-partout frame1 the first thing is to decide as to the width of the mount or matt to be used4 ,in some cases1 of course1 the print is framed with no mount being visible2 but1 unless the picture is of large size1 it will usually be found more becoming to have one1 especially should the wall paper be of an obtrusive design4 ,when the print and mount are both neatly trimmed to the desired size1 procure a piece of clear white picture glass--most amateur framers will have discovered that there is a variance in the quality of this--and a piece of stout cardboard1 both of exactly the same dimensions as the picture4 ,next prepare or buy the paper to be used for binding the edges together4 ,this may now be bought at most all stationery stores in a great variety of colors4 ,if it is prepared at home a greater choice of colors is available1 and it is by no means a difficult task with care and sharp scissors4 ,the tint should be chosen to harmonize with the print and the mount1 taking also into consideration the probable surroundings--brown for photographs of brown tone1 dark gray for black1 pale gray for lighter tones2 dark green is also a good color4 ,all stationers keep colored papers suitable for the purpose1 while plain wall papers or thin brown paper answers equally well4 ,cut the paper1 ruling it carefully1 into even strips an inch wide1 and then into four pieces1 two of them the exact length of the top and bottom of the frame1 and the other two half an inch longer than the two sides4 ,make sure that the print is evenly sandwiched between the glass and the back4 ,cut some tiny strips of thin court-plaster1 and with these bind the corners tightly together4 ,brush over the two larger pieces of paper with mountant1 and with them bind tightly together the three thicknesses--print1 glass1 and cardboard--allowing the paper to project over about a third of an inch on the face side1 and the ends which were left a little longer must be neatly turned over and stuck at the back4 ,then1 in the same manner1 bind the top and bottom edges together1 mitering the corners neatly4 ,it should not be forgotten1 before binding the edges together1 to make two slits in the cardboard back for the #eji purpose of inserting little brass hangers1 having flat ends like paper fasteners1 which may be bought for the purpose2 or1 where these are not available1 two narrow loops of tape may be used instead1 sticking the ends firmly on the inside of the cardboard by means of a little strong glue4 ,these are the few manipulations necessary for the making of a simple passe-partout frame1 but there are numberless variations of the idea1 and a great deal of variety may be obtained by means of using different mounts4 ,brown paper answers admirably as a mount for some subjects1 using strips of paper of a darker shade as binding4 ,a not too obtrusive design in pen and ink is occasionally drawn on the mount1 while a more ambitious scheme is to use paint and brushes in the same way4 ,an ingenious idea which suits some subjects is to use a piece of hand-blocked wall paper as a mount4 ,,parquet ,,polish3 ,see ,polishes4 ,,pastes3 ,see ,adhesives for ,adhesive ,purposes4 ,pastes1 ,razor4--,i4--,from jewelers' rouge1 plumbago1 and suet1 equal parts1 melted together and stirred until cold4 ,,ii4--,from prepared putty powder 7levigated oxide of tin71 #c parts2 lard1 #b parts2 crocus martis1 #a part2 triturated together4 ,,iii4--,prepared putty powder1 #a ounce2 powdered oxalic acid1 #a_/d ounce2 powdered gum1 #bj grains2 make a stiff paste with water1 quantity sufficient1 and evenly and thinly spread it over the strop1 the other side of which should be covered with any of the common greasy mixtures4 ,with very little friction this paste gives a fine edge to the razor1 and its action is still further increased by slightly moistening it1 or even breathing on it4 ,immediately after its use1 the razor should receive a few turns on the other side of the strop4 ,,paste ,,for ,,paper3 ,see ,paper4 ,,pastes ,,for ,,polishing ,,metals3 ,see ,soaps4 ,,pasteboard ,,cement3 ,see ,adhesives4 ,,pasteboard ,,deodorizers3 ,see ,household ,formulas4 ,,pastilles1 ,,fumigating3 ,see ,fumigants4 ,,patinas3 ,see ,bronzing and ,plating4 ,,patent ,,leather3 ,see ,leather4 ,,peach ,,extract3 ,see ,essences and ,extracts4 ,,pearls1 ,,to ,,clean3 ,see ,cleaning ,preparations and ,methods4 ,,pegamoid4 ,camphor1 #ajj parts2 mastic1 #ajj parts2 bleached shellac1 #ej parts2 gun cotton1 #bjj parts2 acetone1 #bjj parts2 acetic ether1 #ajj parts2 ethylic ether1 #ej parts4 ,,pen ,,metal3 ,see ,alloys4 ,,pencils1 ,,antiseptic3 ,see ,antiseptics4 ,,pencils ,,for ,,marking ,,glass3 ,see ,etching1 ,frosted ,glass1 and ,glass4 ,,pens1 ,,gold3 ,see ,gold4 ,,peony ,,roots1 ,,their ,,preservation3 ,see ,roots4 ,,percentage ,,solution4 ,multiply the percentage by #e2 the product is the number of grains to be added to an ounce of water to make a solution of the desired percentage4 ,this is correct for anything less than #ae per cent4 ,perfumes ,,dry ,,perfumes3 ,sachet ,powders4-- ,i4--,orris root #f ounces ,lavender flowers #b ounces ,talcum #d drachms ,musk #bj grains ,terpinol #fj grains ,,ii4--,orange peel #b ounces ,orris root #a ounce ,sandalwood #d drachms ,tonka #b drachms ,musk #f grains #eaj ,lavender ,sachets4-- ,i4--,lavender flowers #af ounces ,gum benzoin #d ounces ,oil lavender #b drachms ,,ii4--,lavender flowers1 #aej parts2 orris root1 #aej parts2 benzoin1 #aej parts2 ,tonka beans1 #aej parts2 cloves1 #ajj parts2 8,neugenwerz10 #ej parts2 sandalwood1 #ej parts2 cinnamon1 #ej parts2 vanilla1 #ej parts2 and musk1 #a_/b part4 ,all is bruised finely and mixed4 ,violet ,sachet4-- ,powdered orris root #ejj parts ,rice flour #bej parts ,essence bouquet #aj parts ,spring flowers extract #aj parts ,violet extract #bj parts ,oil of bergamot #d parts ,oil of rose #b parts ,borated ,talcum4-- ,i4--,purified talcum1 ,n4 ,f4 #b pounds ,powdered boric acid #a ounce ,to perfume add the following3 ,powdered orris root #a #a_/b ounces ,extract jasmine #b drachms ,extract musk #a drachm ,,ii4--,a powder sometimes dispensed under this name is the salicylated powder of talcum of the ,national ,formulary1 which contains in every #a1jjj parts #cj parts of salicylic acid and #ajj parts of boric acid4 ,rose4-- ,i4--,cornstarch #i pounds ,powdered talc #a pound ,oil of rose #hj drops ,extract musk #b drachms ,extract jasmine #f drachms ,,ii4--,potato starch #i pounds ,powdered talc #a pound ,oil rose #de drops ,extract jasmine #a_/b ounce ,rose ,talc4-- ,i4--,powdered talc #e pounds ,oil rose #ej drops ,oil wintergreen #d drops ,extract jasmine #b ounces ,,ii4--,powdered talc #e pounds ,oil rose #cb drops ,oil jasmine #d ounces ,extract musk #a ounce ,violet ,talc4-- ,i4--,powdered talc #ad ounces ,powdered orris root #b ounces ,extract cassie #a_/b ounce ,extract jasmine #a_/d ounce ,extract musk #a drachm ,,ii4--,starch #e1jjj parts ,orris root #a1jjj parts ,oil of lemon #ad parts ,oil of bergamot #ad parts ,oil of clove #d parts ,smelling ,salts4--,i4--,fill small glasses having ground stopper with pieces of sponge free from sand and saturate with a mixture of spirit of sal ammoniac 7#j4iaj71 #i parts1 and oil of lavender1 #a part4 ,or else fill the bottles with small dice of ammonium sesquicarbonate and pour the above mixture over them4 ,,ii4--,essential oil of lavender #ah parts ,attar of rose #b parts ,ammonium carbonate #dhj parts ,violet ,smelling ,salts4--,i4--,moisten coarsely powdered ammonia carbonate1 contained in a suitable bottle1 with a mixture of concentrated tincture of orris root1 #b #a_/b ounces2 aromatic spirit of ammonia1 #a drachm2 violet extract1 #c drachms4 ,,ii4--,moisten the carbonate1 and add as much of the following solution as it will absorb3 ,oil of orris1 #e minims2 oil of lavender flowers1 #aj minims2 violet extract1 #cj minims2 stronger water of ammonia1 #b fluidounces4 ,to ,scent ,advertising ,matter1 etc4--,the simplest way of perfuming printed matter1 such as calendars1 cards1 etc41 is to stick them in strongly odorous sachet powder4 ,although the effect of a strong perfume is obtained thereby1 there is a large loss of powder1 which clings to the printed matter4 ,again1 there are often little spots which are due to the essential oils added to the powder4 ,another way of perfuming1 which is used especially in ,france for scenting cards and other articles1 is to dip them in very strong 8extraits d'odeur10 leaving them therein for a few days4 ,then the cards are taken out and laid between filtering paper1 whereupon they are pressed vigorously1 which causes them not only to dry1 but also to remain straight4 ,they remain under strong pressure until completely dry4 ,not all cardboard1 however1 can be subjected to this process1 and in its choice one should consider the perfuming operation to be conducted4 ,nor can the cards be glazed1 since spirit dissolves the glaze4 ,it is also preferable to have lithographed text on them1 since in the case of ordinary printing the letters often partly disappear or the colors are changed4 #eaa ,for pocket calendars1 price lists1 and voluminous matter containing more leaves than one1 another process is recommended4 ,in a tight closet1 which should be lined with tin1 so that little air can enter1 tables composed of laths are placed on which nets stretched on frames are laid4 ,cover these nets with tissue paper1 and proceed as follows3 ,on the bottom of the closet sprinkle a strongly odorous and reperfumed powder2 then cover one net with the printed matter to be perfumed and shove it to the closet on the lath4 ,the next net again receives powder1 the following one printed matter1 and so on until the closet is filled4 ,after tightly closing the doors1 the whole arrangement is left to itself4 ,this process presents another advantage in that all sorts of residues may be employed for scenting1 such as the filters of the odors and infusions1 residues of musk1 etc4 ,these are simply laid on the nets1 and will thus impart their perfume to the printed matter4 ,such a scenting powder is produced as follows3 ,by weight ,iris powder1 finely ground #e1jjj parts ,residues of musk #a1jjj parts ,ylang-ylang oil #aj parts ,bergamot oil #ej parts ,artificial musk #b parts ,ionone #b to #e parts ,tincture of benzoin #ajj parts ,the powder may subsequently be employed for filling cheap sachets1 etc4 ,,liquid ,,perfumes3 ,coloring ,perfumes4--,chlorophyll is a suitable agent for coloring liquid perfumes green4 ,care must be taken to procure an article freely soluble in the menstruum4 ,as found in the market it is prepared 7in form of solutions7 for use in liquids strongly alcoholic2 in water or weak alcohol2 and in oils4 ,aniline greens of various kinds will answer the same purpose1 but in a trial of any one of these it must be noted that very small quantities should be used1 as their tinctorial power is so great that liquids in which they are incautiously used may stain the handkerchief4 ,color imparted by chlorophyll will be found fairly permanent2 this term is a relative one1 and not too much must be expected4 ,colors which may suffer but little change by long exposure to diffused light may fade perceptibly by short exposure to the direct light of the sun4 ,chlorophyll may be purchased or it may be prepared as follows3 ,digest leaves of grass1 nettles1 spinach1 or other green herb in warm water until soft2 pour off the water and crush the herb to a pulp4 ,boil the pulp for a short time with a half per cent solution of caustic soda1 and afterwards precipitate the chlorophyll by means of dilute hydrochloric acid2 wash the precipitate thoroughly with water1 press and dry it1 and use as much for the solution as may be necessary4 ,or a tincture made from grass as follows may be employed3 ,lawn grass1 cut fine #b ounces ,alcohol #af ounces ,put the grass in a wide-mouthed bottle1 and pour the alcohol upon it4 ,after standing a few days1 agitating occasionally1 pour off the liquid4 ,the tincture may be used with both alcoholic and aqueous preparations4 ,among the anilines1 spirit soluble malachite green has been recommended4 ,a purple or violet tint may be produced by using tincture of litmus or ammoniated cochineal coloring4 ,the former is made as follows3 ,litmus #b #a_/b ounces ,boiling water #af ounces ,alcohol #c ounces ,pour the water upon the litmus1 stir well1 allow to stand for about an hour1 stirring occasionally1 filter1 and to the filtrate add the alcohol4 ,the aniline colors 8,paris violet0 or methyl violet ,b may be similarly employed4 ,the amount necessary to produce a desired tint must be worked out by experiment4 ,yellow tints may best be imparted by the use of tincture of turmeric or saffron1 fustic1 quercitron1 etc4 ,if a perfumed spirit1 as1 for instance1 a mouth wash1 is poured into a wineglassful of water1 the oils will separate at once and spread over the surface of the water4 ,this liquid being allowed to stand uncovered1 one oil after another will evaporate1 according to the degree of its volatility1 until at last the least volatile remains behind4 ,this process sometimes requires weeks1 and in order to be able to watch the separate phases of this evaporation correctly1 it is necessary to use several glasses and to conduct the mixtures at certain intervals4 ,the glasses must be numbered according to the day when set up1 so that they may be readily identified4 ,if we assume1 for example1 that a mouth wash is to be examined1 we may probably prepare every day for one week a mixture of about #ajj grams of water and #aj drops of the respective liquid4 ,hence1 after a lapse of #g days #eab we will have before us #g bouquets1 of different odor1 according to the volatility of the oils contained in them4 ,from these different bouquets the qualitative composition of the liquid may be readily recognized1 provided that one is familiar enough with the character of the different oils to be able to tell them by their odors4 ,the predominance of peppermint oil--to continue with the above example--will soon be lost and other oils will rise one after the other1 to disappear again after a short time1 so that the #g glasses afford an entire scale of characteristic odors1 until at last only the most lasting are perceptible4 ,thus it is possible with some practice to tell a bouquet pretty accurately in its separate odors4 ,in this manner interesting results are often reached1 and with some perseverance even complicated mixtures can be analyzed and recognized in their distinctiveness4 ,naturally the difficulty in recognizing each oil is increased in the case of oils whose volatility is approximately the same4 ,but even in this case changes1 though not quite so marked1 can be determined in the bouquet4 ,in a quantitative respect this method also furnishes a certain result as far as the comparison of perfumed liquids is concerned4 ,according to the quantity of the oils present the dim zone on the water is broader or narrower1 and although the size of this layer may be changed by the admixture of other substances1 one gains an idea regarding the quantity of the oils by mere smelling4 ,it is necessary1 of course1 to choose glasses with equally large openings and to count out the drops of the essence carefully by means of a dropper4 ,when it is thought that all the odors have been placed1 a test is made by preparing a mixture according to the recipe resulting from the trial4 ,not pure oils1 always alcoholic dilutions in a certain ratio should be used1 in order not to disturb the task by a surplus of the different varieties1 since it is easy to add more1 but impossible to take away4 ,it is true this method requires patience1 perseverance1 and a fine sense of smell4 ,one smelling test should not be considered sufficient1 but the glasses should be carried to the nose as often as possible4 ,fixing ,agents in ,perfumes4--,the secret of making perfumery lies mainly in the choice of the fixing agents--i4 e41 those bodies which intensify and hold the floral odors4 ,the agents formerly employed were musk1 civet1 and ambergris1 all having a heavy and dull animal odor1 which is the direct antithesis of a floral fragrance4 ,a free use of these bodies must inevitably mean a perfume which requires a label to tell what it is intended for1 to say nothing of what it is4 ,to-day there is no evidence that the last of these 7ambergris7 is being used at all in the newer perfumes1 and the other two are employed very sparingly1 if at all4 ,the result is that the newer perfumes possess a fragrance and a fidelity to the flowers that they imitate which is far superior to the older perfumes4 ,yet the newer perfume is quite as prominent and lasting as the old1 while it is more pleasing4 ,it contains the synthetic odors1 with balsams or rosinous bodies as fixatives1 and employs musk and civet only in the most sparing manner in some of the more sensitive odors4 ,as a fixing agent benzoin is to be recommended4 ,only the best variety should be used1 the ,siamese1 which costs #e or #f times as much as that from ,sumatra4 ,the latter has a coarse pungent odor4 ,musk is depressing1 and its use in cologne in even the minutest quantity will spoil the cologne4 ,the musk lingers after the lighter odors have disappeared1 and a sick person is pretty sure to feel its effects4 ,persons in vigorous health will not notice the depressing effects of musk1 but when lassitude prevails these are very unpleasant4 ,moreover1 it is not a necessity in these toilet accessories1 either as a blending or as a fixing agent4 ,its place is better supplied by benzoin for both purposes4 ,as to alcohol1 a lot of nonsense has been written about the necessity of extreme care in selecting it1 such as certain kinds requiring alcohol made from grapes and others demanding extreme purification1 etc4 ,a reasonable attention to a good quality of alcohol1 even at a slight increase in cost1 will always pay1 but1 other things being equal1 a good quality of oils in a poor quality of alcohol will give far better satisfaction than the opposite combination4 ,the public is not composed of exacting connoisseurs1 and it does not appreciate extreme care or expense in either particular4 ,a good grade of alcohol1 reasonably free from heavy and lingering foreign odors1 will answer practically all the requirements4 ,general ,directions for ,making ,perfumes4--,it is absolutely essential for obtaining the best results to see that all vessels are perfectly clean4 ,always employ alcohol1 #ij per cent1 deodorized by #eac means of charcoal4 ,when grain musk is used as an ingredient in liquid perfumes1 first rub down with pumice stone1 then digest in a little hot water for #b or #c hours2 finally add to alcohol4 ,the addition of #b or #c minims of acetic acid will improve the odor and also prevent accumulation of ,,nh#c4 ,civet and ambergris should also be thoroughly rubbed down with some coarse powder1 and transferred directly to alcohol4 ,seeds1 pods1 bark rhizomes1 etc41 should be cut up in small pieces or powdered4 ,perfumes improve by storing4 ,it is a good plan to tie over the mouth of the containing vessel some fairly thick porous material1 and to allow the vessel to stand for a week or two in a cool place1 instead of corking at once4 ,it is perhaps unnecessary to add that as large a quantity as possible should be decanted1 and then the residue filtered4 ,this obviously prevents loss by evaporation4 ,talc or kieselguhr 7amorphous ,si,o#b7 are perhaps the best substances to add to the filter in order to render liquid perfumes bright and clear1 and more especially necessary in the case of aromatic vinegars4 ,the operations involved in making perfumes are simple2 the chief thing to be learned1 perhaps1 is to judge of the quality of materials4 ,the term 8extract10 when used in most formulas1 means an alcoholic solution of the odorous principles of certain flowers obtained by enfluerage2 that is1 the flowers are placed in contact with prepared grease which absorbs the odorous matter1 and this grease is in turn macerated with alcohol which dissolves out the odor4 ,a small portion of the grease is taken up also at ordinary temperatures2 this is removed by filtering the 8extract0 while 8chilled0 by a freezing mixture4 ,the extracts can be either purchased or made directly from the pomade 7as the grease is called74 ,to employ the latter method successfully some experience may be necessary4 ,the tinctures are made with #ie per cent deodorized alcohol1 enough menstruum being added through the marc when filtering to bring the finished preparation to the measure of the menstruum originally taken4 ,the glycerine is intended to act as a 8fixing0 agent--that is1 to lessen the volatility of the perfumes4 ,tinctures for ,perfumes4-- a4 ,ambergris1 #a part2 alcohol1 #if per cent1 #ae parts4 b4 ,benzoin1 ,sumatra1 #a part2 alcohol1 #if per cent1 #f parts4 c4 ,musk1 #a part2 distilled water1 #be parts2 spirit1 #if per cent1 #be parts4 d4 ,musk1 #a part2 spirit1 #if per cent1 #ej parts2 for very oleiferous compositions4 e4 ,peru balsam1 #a part in spirit1 #if per cent1 #g parts2 shake vigorously4 f4 ,storax1 #a part in spirit1 #if per cent1 #ae parts4 g4 ,powdered ,tolu balsam1 #a part2 spirit1 #if per cent1 #f parts4 h4 ,chopped ,tonka beans1 #a part2 spirit1 #fj per cent1 #f parts2 for compositions containing little oil4 i4 ,chopped ,tonka beans1 #a part2 spirit1 #if per cent1 #f parts2 for compositions containing much oil4 j4 ,vanilla1 #a part2 spirit1 #fj per cent1 #f parts2 for compositions containing little oil4 k4 ,vanilla1 #a part2 spirit1 #if per cent1 #f parts2 for compositions containing much oil4 l4 ,vanillin1 #bj parts2 spirit1 #if per cent1 #d1ejj parts4 m4 ,powdered orris root1 #a part2 spirit1 #if per cent1 #e parts4 n4 ,grated civet1 #a part in spirit1 #if per cent1 #aj parts4 ,bay ,rum4--,bay rum1 or more properly bay spirit1 may be made from the oil with weak alcohol as here directed3 ,i4--,oil of bay leaves #c drachms ,oil of orange peel #a_/b drachm ,tincture of orange peel #b ounces ,magnesium carbonate #a_/b ounce ,alcohol #d pints ,water #d pints ,triturate the oils with the magnesium carbonate1 gradually adding the other ingredients previously mixed1 and filter4 ,the tincture of orange peel is used chiefly as a coloring for the mixture4 ,oil of bay leaves as found in the market varies in quality4 ,the most costly will presumably be found the best1 and its use will not make the product expensive4 ,it can be made from the best oil and deodorized alcohol and still sold at a moderate price with a good profit4 ,especial care should be taken to use only perfectly fresh oil of orange peel4 ,as is well known1 this oil deteriorates rapidly on exposure to the air1 acquiring an odor similar to that of turpentine4 ,the oil should be kept in bottles of such size that when opened the contents can be all used in a short time4 #ead ,,ii4--,bay oil1 #ae parts2 sweet orange oil1 #a part2 pimento oil1 #a part2 spirit of wine1 #a1jjj parts2 water1 #gej parts2 soap spirit or quillaia bark1 ad libitum4 ,,iii4--,bay oil1 #ab4e parts2 sweet orange oil1 #j4e part2 pimento oil1 #j4e part2 spirit of wine1 #bjj parts2 water1 #b1hjj parts2 ,jamaica rum essence1 #ge parts2 soap powder1 #bj parts2 quillaia extract1 #e parts2 borax1 #aj parts2 use sugar color4 ,colognes4--,in making cologne water1 the alcohol used should be that obtained from the distillation of wine1 provided a first-class article is desired4 ,it is possible1 of course1 to make a good cologne with very highly rectified and deodorized corn or potato spirits1 but the product never equals that made from wine spirits4 ,possibly the reason for this lies in the fact that the latter always contains a varying amount of oenanthic ether4 ,i4--,oil of bergamot #aj parts ,oil of neroli #ae parts ,oil of citron #e parts ,oil of cedrat #e parts ,oil of rosemary #a part ,tincture of ambergris #e parts ,tincture of benzoin #e parts ,alcohol #a1jjj parts ,,ii4--,the following is stated to be the 8original0 formula3 ,oil of bergamot #if parts ,oil of citron #if parts ,oil of cedrat #if parts ,oil of rosemary #dh parts ,oil of neroli #dh parts ,oil of lavender #dh parts ,oil of cavella #bd parts ,absolute alcohol #a1jjj parts ,spirit of rosemary #be1jjj parts ,,iii4--,alcohol1 #ij per cent #e1jjj parts ,bergamot oil #bbj parts ,lemon oil #ge parts ,neroli oil #bj parts ,rosemary oil #e parts ,lavender oil ,french #e parts ,the oils are well dissolved in spirit and left alone for a few days with frequent shaking4 ,next add about #dj parts of acetic acid and filter after a while4 ,,iv4--,alcohol1 #ij per cent #e1jjj parts ,lavender oil1 ,french #ce parts ,lemon oil #cj parts ,portugallo oil #cj parts ,neroli oil #ae parts ,bergamot oil #ae parts ,petit grain oil #d parts ,rosemary oil #d parts ,orange water #gjj parts ,cologne ,spirits or ,deodorized ,alcohol4--,this is used in all toilet preparations and perfumes4 ,it is made thus3 ,alcohol1 #ie per cent #a gallon ,powdered unslaked lime #d drachms ,powdered alum #b drachms ,spirit of nitrous ether #a drachm ,mix the lime and alum1 and add them to the alcohol1 shaking the mixture well together2 then add the sweet spirit of niter and set aside for #g days1 shaking occasionally2 finally filter4 ,florida ,waters4-- ,oil of bergamot #c fluidounces ,oil of lavender #a fluidounce ,oil of cloves #a #a_/d fluidrachms ,oil of cinnamon #b #a_/b fluidrachms ,oil of neroli #a_/b fluidrachm ,oil of lemon #a fluidounce ,essence of jasmine #f fluidounces ,essence of musk #b fluidounces ,rose water #a pint ,alcohol #h pints ,mix1 and if cloudy1 filter through magnesium carbonate4 ,lavender ,water4--,this1 the most famous of all the perfumed waters1 was originally a distillate from a mixture of spirit and lavender flowers4 ,this was the perfume4 ,then came a compound water1 or 8palsy water10 which was intended strictly for use as a medicine1 but sometimes containing ambergris and musk1 as well as red sanders wood4 ,only the odor of the old compound remains to us as a perfume1 and this is the odor which all perfume compounders endeavor to hit4 ,the most important precaution in making lavender water is to use well-matured oil of lavender4 ,some who take pride in this perfume use no oil which is less than #e years old1 and which has had #a ounce of rectified spirit added to each pound of oil before being set aside to mature4 ,after mixing1 the perfume should stand for at least a month before filtering through gray filtering paper4 ,this may be taken as a general instruction3 ,i4--,oil of lavender #a #a_/b ounces ,oil of bergamot #d drachms ,essence ambergris #d drachms ,proof spirit #c pints #eae ,,ii4--,english oil of lavender #a ounce ,oil of bergamot #a #a_/b drachms ,essence of musk 7,no4 #b7 #a_/b ounce ,essence of ambergris #a_/b ounce ,proof spirit #b pints ,,iii4--,english oil of lavender #a_/b ounce ,oil of bergamot #b drachms ,essence of ambergris #a drachm ,essence of musk 7,no4 #a7 #c drachms ,oil of angelica #b minims ,attar of rose #f minims ,proof spirit #a pint ,,iv4--,oil of lavender #d ounces ,grain musk #ae grains ,oil of bergamot #b #a_/b ounces ,attar of rose #a #a_/b drachms ,oil of neroli #a_/b drachm ,spirit of nitrous ether #b #a_/b ounces ,triple rose water #ab ounces ,proof spirit #e pints ,allow to stand #e weeks before filtering4 ,,liquid ,,perfumes ,,for ,,the ,,handkerchief1 ,,person1 ,,etc43 ,acacia ,extract4-- ,french acacia #djj parts ,tincture of amber 7#a in #aj7 #c parts ,eucalyptus oil #j4e parts ,lavender oil #a part ,bergamot oil #a part ,tincture of musk #b parts ,tincture of orris root #aej parts ,spirit of wine1 #hj per cent #ejj parts ,bishop ,essence4-- ,fresh green peel of unripe oranges #fj4j grams ,curaao orange peel #ahj4j grams ,malaga orange peel #ij4j grams ,ceylon cinnamon #b4j grams ,cloves #g4e grams ,vanilla #aa4j grams ,orange flower oil #d drops ,spirit of wine #a1ejj4j grams ,hungarian wine #gbj4j grams ,a dark-brown tincture of pleasant taste and smell4 ,caroline ,bouquet4-- ,oil of lemon #ae minims ,oil of bergamot #a drachm ,essence of rose #d ounces ,essence of tuberose #d ounces ,essence of violet #d ounces ,tincture of orris #b ounces ,alexandra ,bouquet4-- ,oil of bergamot #c #a_/b drachms ,oil of rose geranium #a_/b drachm ,oil of rose #a_/b drachm ,oil of cassia #ae minims ,deodorized alcohol #a pint ,navy ,bouquet4-- ,spirit of sandalwood #aj ounces ,extract of patchouli #aj ounces ,spirit of rose #aj ounces ,spirit of vetivert #aj ounces ,extract of verbena #ab ounces ,bridal ,bouquet4--,sandal oil1 #cj minims2 rose extract1 #d fluidounces2 jasmine extract1 #d fluidounces2 orange flower extract1 #af fluidounces2 essence of vanilla1 #a fluidounce2 essence of musk1 #b fluidounces2 tincture of storax1 #b fluidounces4 7,the tincture of storax is prepared with liquid storax and alcohol #ij per cent1 #a3bj1 by macerating for #g days47 ,irish ,bouquet4-- ,white rose essence #e1jjj parts ,vanilla essence #dej parts ,rose oil #e parts ,spirit #ajj parts ,essence ,bouquet4-- ,i4--,spirit #h1jjj parts ,distilled water #b1jjj parts ,iris tincture #bej parts ,vanilla herb tincture #ajj parts ,benzoin tincture #dj parts ,bergamot oil #ej parts ,storax tincture #ej parts ,clove oil #ae parts ,palmarosa oil #ab parts ,lemon-grass oil #ae parts ,,ii4--,extract of rose 7#b;d7 #fd ounces ,extract of jasmine 7#b;d7 #ab ounces ,extract of cassie 7#b;d7 #h ounces ,tincture of orris 7#a to #d7 #fd ounces ,oil of bergamot #a_/b ounce ,oil of cloves #a drachm ,oil of ylang-ylang #a_/b drachm ,tincture of benzoin 7#a to #h7 #b ounces ,glycerine #d ounces ,bouquet ,canang4-- ,ylang-ylang oil #de minims ,grain musk #c grains ,rose oil #ae minims ,tonka beans #c ,cassie oil #e minims ,tincture orris rhizome #a fluidounce #eaf ,civet #a grain ,almond oil #a_/b minim ,storax tincture #c fluidrachms ,alcohol1 #ij per cent #i fluidounces ,mix1 and digest #a month4 ,the above is a very delicious perfume4 ,cassie oil or otto is derived from the flowers of ,acacia farnesiana ,mimosa farnesiana1 ,l4 7,n4 ,o4 ,leguminos1 suborder ,mimose74 ,it must not be confounded with cassia otto1 the essential oil obtained from ,cinnamomum cassia4 ,cashmere ,nosegay4-- ,i4--,essence of violet1 from pomade #a pint ,essence of rose1 from pomade #a #a_/b pints ,tincture of benzoin1 7#a to #d7 #a_/b pint ,tincture of civet 7#a to #fd7 #a_/d pint ,tincture of ,tonka 7#a to #d7 #a_/d pint ,benzoic acid #a_/b ounce ,oil of patchouli #a_/d ounce ,oil of sandal #a_/b ounce ,rose water #a_/b pint ,,ii4--,essence violet #abj ounces ,essence rose #ahj ounces ,tincture benjamin 7#a in #d7 #fj ounces ,tincture civet 7#a in #fb7 #cj ounces ,tincture ,tonka 7#a in #d7 #cj ounces ,oil patchouli #c ounces ,oil sandalwood #f ounces ,rose water #fj ounces ,clove ,pink4-- ,i4--,essence of rose #b ounces ,essence of orange flower #f ounces ,tincture of vanilla #c #a_/b ounces ,oil of cloves #bj minims ,,ii4--,essence of cassie #e ounces ,essence of orange flower #e ounces ,essence of rose #aj ounces ,spirit of rose #g ounces ,tincture of vanilla #c ounces ,oil of cloves #ab minims ,frangipanni4-- ,i4--,grain musk #aj grains ,sandal otto #be minims ,rose otto #be minims ,orange flower otto 7neroli7 #cj minims ,vetivert otto #e minims ,powdered orris rhizome #a_/b ounce ,vanilla #cj grains ,alcohol 7#ij per cent7 #aj fluidounces ,mix and digest for #a month4 ,this is a lasting and favorite perfume4 ,,ii4--,oil of rose #b drachms ,oil of neroli #b drachms ,oil of sandalwood #b drachms ,oil of geranium 7,french7 #b drachms ,tincture of vetivert 7#a #a_/d to #h7 #if ounces ,tincture of ,tonka 7#a to #h7 #af ounces ,tincture of orris 7#a to #d7 #fd ounces ,glycerine #f ounces ,alcohol #fd ounces ,handkerchief ,perfumes4-- ,i4--,lavender oil #aj parts ,neroli oil #aj parts ,bitter almond oil #b parts ,orris root #bjj parts ,rose oil #e parts ,clove oil #e parts ,lemon oil #a part ,cinnamon oil #b parts ,mix with #b1ejj parts of best alcohol1 and after a rest of #c days heat moderately on the water bath1 and filter4 ,,ii4--,bergamot oil #aj parts ,orange peel oil #aj parts ,cinnamon oil #b parts ,rose geranium oil #a part ,lemon oil #d parts ,lavender oil #d parts ,rose oil #a part ,vanilla essence #e parts ,mix with #b1jjj parts of best spirit1 and after leaving undisturbed for #c days1 heat moderately on the water bath1 and filter4 ,honeysuckle4-- ,oil of neroli #ab minims ,oil of rose #aj minims ,oil of bitter almond #h minims ,tincture of storax #d ounces ,tincture of vanilla #f ounces ,essence of cassie #af ounces ,essence of rose #af ounces ,essence of tuberose #af ounces ,essence of violet #af ounces ,iridia4-- ,coumarin #aj grains ,concentrated rose water 7#a to #dj7 #b ounces ,neroli oil #e minims ,vanilla bean #a drachm ,bitter almond oil #e minims ,orris root #a drachm ,alcohol #aj ounces ,macerate for a month4 #eag ,javanese ,bouquet4-- ,rose oil #ae minims ,pimento oil #bj minims ,cassia oil #c minims ,neroli oil #c minims ,clove oil #b minims ,lavender oil #fj minims ,sandalwood oil #aj minims ,alcohol #aj ounces ,water #a #a_/b ounces ,macerate for #ad days4 ,lily ,perfume4-- ,essence of jasmine #a ounce ,essence of orange flowers #a ounce ,essence of rose #b ounces ,essence of cassie #b ounces ,essence of tuberose #h ounces ,spirit of rose #a ounce ,tincture of vanilla #a ounce ,oil of bitter almond #b minims ,lily of the ,valley4-- ,i4--,acacia essence #gej parts ,jasmine essence #gej parts ,orange flower essence #hjj parts ,rose flower essence #hjj parts ,vanilla flower essence #a1ejj parts ,bitter almond oil #ae parts ,,ii4--,oil of bitter almond #aj minims ,tincture of vanilla #b ounces ,essence of rose #b ounces ,essence of orange flower #b ounces ,essence of jasmine #b #a_/b ounces ,essence of tuberose #b #a_/b ounces ,spirit of rose #b #a_/b ounces ,,iii4--,extract rose #bjj parts ,extract vanilla #bjj parts ,extract orange #hjj parts ,extract jasmine #fjj parts ,extract musk tincture #aej parts ,neroli oil #aj parts ,rose oil #f parts ,bitter almond oil #d parts ,cassia oil #e parts ,bergamot oil #f parts ,tonka beans essence #aej parts ,linaloa oil #ab parts ,spirit of wine 7#ij per cent7 #c1jjj parts ,,iv4--,neroli extract #djj parts ,orris root extract #fjj parts ,vanilla extract #djj parts ,rose extract #ijj parts ,musk extract #bjj parts ,orange extract #ejj parts ,clove oil #f parts ,bergamot oil #e parts ,rose geranium oil #ae parts ,marchal ,niel ,rose4--,in the genus of roses1 outside of the hundred-leaved or cabbage rose1 the ,marchal ,niel rose 7,rosa ,noisetteana ,red71 also called ,noisette rose and often1 erroneously1 tea rose1 is especially conspicuous4 ,its fine1 piquant odor delights all lovers of precious perfumes4 ,in order to reproduce the fine scent of this flower artificially at periods when it cannot be had without much expenditure1 the following recipes will be found useful3 ,i4--,infusion rose ,i 7from pomades7 #a1jjj parts ,genuine rose oil #aj parts ,infusion ,tolu balsam #aej parts ,infusion genuine musk ,i #dj parts ,neroli oil #cj parts ,clove oil #b parts ,infusion tubereuse ,i 7from pomades7 #a1jjj parts ,vanillin #a part ,coumarin #j4e parts ,,ii4--,triple rose essence #ej grams ,simple rose essence #fj grams ,neroli essence #cj grams ,civet essence #bj grams ,iris essence #cj grams ,tonka beans essence #bj grams ,rose oil #e drops ,jasmine essence #fj grams ,violet essence #ej grams ,cassia essence #ej grams ,vanilla essence #de grams ,clove oil #bj drops ,bergamot oil #aj drops ,rose geranium oil #bj drops ,may ,flowers4-- ,essence of rose #aj ounces ,essence of jasmine #aj ounces ,essence of orange flowers #aj ounces ,essence of cassie #aj ounces ,tincture of vanilla #bj ounces ,oil of bitter almond #a_/b drachm ,narcissus4-- ,caryophyllin #aj minims ,extract of tuberose #af ounces ,extract of jasmine #d ounces ,oil of neroli #bj minims ,oil of ylang-ylang #bj minims ,oil of clove #e minims ,glycerine #cj minims #eah ,almond ,blossom4-- ,extract of heliotrope #cj parts ,extract of orange flower #aj parts ,extract of jasmine #aj parts ,extract of rose #c parts ,oil of lemon #a part ,spirit of bitter almond1 #aj per cent #f parts ,deodorized alcohol #dj parts ,artificial ,violet4--,ionone is an artificial perfume which smells exactly like fresh violets1 and is therefore an extremely important product4 ,although before it was discovered compositions were known which gave fair imitations of the violet perfume1 they were wanting in the characteristic tang which distinguishes all violet preparations4 ,ionone has even the curious property possessed by violets of losing its scent occasionally for a short time4 ,it occasionally happens that an observer1 on taking the stopper out of a bottle of ionone1 perceives no special odor1 but a few seconds after the stopper has been put back in the bottle1 the whole room begins to smell of fresh violets4 ,it seems to be a question of dilution4 ,it is impossible1 however1 to make a usable extract by mere dilution of a #aj per cent solution of ionone4 ,it is advisable to make these preparations in somewhat large quantities1 say #cj to #ej pounds at a time4 ,this enables them to be stocked for some time1 whereby they improve greatly4 ,when all the ingredients are mixed1 #aj days or a fortnight1 with frequent shakings1 should elapse before filtration4 ,the filtered product must be kept in well-filled and well-corked bottles in a dry1 dark1 cool place1 such as a well-ventilated cellar4 ,after #e or #f weeks the preparation is ready for use4 ,quadruple ,extract4-- ,by weight ,jasmine extract1 #ast pomade #ajj parts ,rose extract1 #ast pomade #ajj parts ,cassia extract1 #ast pomade #bjj parts ,violet extract1 #ast pomade #bjj parts ,oil of geranium1 ,spanish #b parts ,solution of vanillin1 #aj per cent #aj parts ,solution of orris1 #aj per cent #ajj parts ,solution of ionone1 #aj per cent #bj parts ,infusion of musk #aj parts ,infusion of orris from coarsely ground root #bfj parts ,triple ,extract4-- ,by weight ,cassia extract1 #b;d pomade #ajj parts ,violet extract1 #b;d pomade #cjj parts ,jasmine extract1 #b;d pomade #ajj parts ,rose extract1 #b;d pomade #ajj parts ,oil of geranium1 ,african #a part ,ionone1 #aj per cent #ae parts ,solution of vanillin1 #aj per cent #e parts ,infusion of orris from coarse ground root #bgj parts ,infusion of musk #aj parts ,double ,extract4-- ,by weight ,cassia extract1 #b;d pomade #ajj parts ,violet extract1 #b;d pomade #aej parts ,jasmine extract1 #b;d pomade #ajj parts ,rose extract1 #b;d pomade #ajj parts ,oil of geranium1 reunion #b parts ,ionone1 #aj per cent #aj parts ,solution of vanillin1 #aj per cent #aj parts ,infusion of ambrette #bj parts ,infusion of orris from coarse ground root #cjj parts ,spirit #baj parts ,white ,rose4-- ,rose oil #be minims ,rose geranium oil #bj minims ,patchouli oil #e minims ,ionone #c minims ,jasmine oil 7synthetic7 #e minims ,alcohol #aj ounces ,ylang-,ylang ,perfume4-- ,i4--,ylang-ylang oil #aj minims ,neroli oil #e minims ,rose oil #e minims ,bergamot oil #c minims ,alcohol #aj ounces ,one grain of musk may be added4 ,,ii4--,extract of cassie 7#b;d7 #if ounces ,extract of jasmine 7#b;d7 #bd ounces #eai ,extract of rose #bd ounces ,tincture of orris #d ounces ,oil of ylang-ylang #f drachms ,glycerine #f ounces ,,toilet ,,waters4 ,toilet waters proper are perfumed liquids designed more especially as refreshing applications to the person--accessories to the bath and to the operations of the barber4 ,they are used sparingly on the handkerchief also1 but should not be of so persistent a character as the 8extracts0 commonly used for that purpose1 as they would then be unsuitable as lotions4 ,ammonia ,water4--,fill a #f-ounce ground glass stoppered bottle with a rather wide mouth with pieces of ammonium carbonate as large as a marble1 then drop in the following essential oils3 ,oil of lavender #cj drops ,oil of bergamot #cj drops ,oil of rose #aj drops ,oil of cinnamon #aj drops ,oil of clove #aj drops ,finally fill the bottle with stronger water of ammonia1 put in the stopper and let stand overnight4 ,birch-,bud ,water4--,alcohol 7#if per cent71 #cej parts2 water1 #gj parts2 soft soap1 #bj parts2 glycerine1 #ae parts2 essential oil of birch buds1 #e parts2 essence of spring flowers1 #aj parts2 chlorophyll1 quantity sufficient to tint4 ,mix the water with an equal volume of spirit and dissolve the soap in the mixture4 ,mix the oil and other ingredients with the remainder of the spirit1 add the soap solution gradually1 agitate well1 allow to stand for #h days and filter4 ,for use1 dilute with an equal volume of water4 ,carmelite ,balm ,water4-- ,melissa oil #cj minims ,sweet marjoram oil #c minims ,cinnamon oil #aj minims ,angelica oil #c minims ,citron oil #cj minims ,clove oil #ae minims ,coriander oil #e minims ,nutmeg oil #e minims ,alcohol 7#ij per cent7 #aj fluidounces ,angelica oil is obtained principally from the aromatic root of ,angelica archangelica1 ,l4 7,n4 ,o4 ,umbellifer71 which is commonly cultivated for the sake of the volatile oil which it yields4 ,cypress ,water4-- ,essence of ambergris #a_/b ounce ,spirits of wine #a gallon ,water #b quarts ,distill a gallon4 ,eau de ,botot4-- ,aniseed #hj parts ,clover #bj parts ,cinnamon cassia #bj parts ,cochineal #e parts ,refined spirit #hjj parts ,rose water #bjj parts ,digest for #h days and add ,tincture of ambergris #a part ,peppermint oil #aj parts ,eau de ,lais4-- ,eau de cologne #a part ,jasmine extract #j4e parts ,lemon essence #j4e parts ,balm water #j4e parts ,vetiver essence #j4e parts ,triple rose water #j4e parts ,eau de ,merveilleuse4-- ,alcohol #c quarts ,orange flower water #d quarts ,peru balsam #b ounces ,clove oil #d ounces ,civet #a #a_/d ounces ,rose geranium oil #a_/b ounce ,rose oil #d drachms ,neroli oil #d drachms ,edelweiss4-- ,bergamot oil #aj grams ,tincture of ambergris #b grams ,tincture of vetiver 7#a in #aj7 #be grams ,heliotropin #e grams ,rose oil spirit 7#a in #ajj7 #be grams ,tincture of musk #e drops ,tincture of angelica #ab drops ,neroli oil1 artificial #aj drops ,hyacinth1 artificial #ae drops ,jasmine1 artificial #a gram ,spirit of wine1 #hj per cent #a1jjj grams ,honey ,water4-- ,i4--,best honey #a pound ,coriander seed #a pound ,cloves #a #a_/b ounces ,nutmegs #a ounce ,gum benjamin #a ounce ,vanilloes1 ,no4 #d #a drachm ,the yellow rind of #c large lemons4 #ebj ,bruise the cloves1 nutmegs1 coriander seed1 and benjamin1 cut the vanilloes in pieces1 and put all into a glass alembic with #a gallon of clean rectified spirit1 and1 after digesting #dh hours1 draw off the spirit by distillation4 ,to #a gallon of the distilled spirit add ,damask rose water #a #a_/b pounds ,orange flower water #a #a_/b pounds ,musk #e grains ,ambergris #e grains ,grind the musk and ambergris in a glass mortar1 and afterwards put all together into a digesting vessel1 and let them circulate #c days and #c nights in a gentle heat2 then let all cool4 ,filter1 and keep the water in bottles well stoppered4 ,,ii4--,oil of cloves #b #a_/b drachms ,oil of bergamot #aj drachms ,english oil of lavender #b #a_/b drachms ,musk #d grains ,yellow sandalwood #b #a_/b drachms ,rectified spirit #cb ounces ,rose water #h ounces ,orange flower water #h ounces ,english honey #b ounces ,macerate the musk and sandalwood in the spirit #g days1 filter1 dissolve the oils in the filtrate1 add the other ingredients1 shake well1 and do so occasionally1 keeping as long as possible before filtering4 ,lilac ,water4-- ,terpineol #b drachms ,heliotropin #h grains ,bergamot oil #a drachm ,neroli oil #h minims ,alcohol #ab ounces ,water #d ounces ,orange ,flower ,water4-- ,orange flower essence #h ounces ,magnesium carbonate #a ounce ,water #h pints ,triturate the essence with the magnesium carbonate1 add the water1 and filter4 ,to ,clarify ,turbid ,orange ,flower ,water4--,shake #a quart of it with #a_/d pound of sand which has previously been boiled out with hydrochloric acid1 washed with water1 and dried at red heat4 ,this process doubtless would prove valuable for many other purposes4 ,violet ,waters4-- ,i4--,spirit of ionone1 #aj per cent #a_/b drachm ,distilled water #e ounces ,orange flower water #a ounce ,rose water #a ounce ,cologne spirit #h ounces ,add the spirit of ionone to the alcohol and then add the waters4 ,let stand and filter4 ,,ii4--,violet extract #b ounces ,cassie extract #a ounce ,spirit of rose #a_/b ounce ,tincture of orris #a_/b ounce ,green coloring1 a sufficiency4 ,alcohol to #bj ounces4 ,,perfumed ,,pastilles4 ,these scent tablets consist of a compressed mixture of rice starch1 magnesium carbonate1 and powdered orris root1 saturated with heliotrope1 violet1 or lilac perfume4 ,violet4-- ,ionone #ej parts ,ylang-ylang oil #ej parts ,tincture of musk1 extra strong #bjj parts ,tincture of benzoin #bjj parts ,heliotrope4-- ,heliotropin #bjj parts ,vanillin #ej parts ,tincture of musk #ajj parts ,tincture of benzoin #bjj parts ,lilac4-- ,terpineol #bjj parts ,muguet #bjj parts ,tincture of musk #bjj parts ,tincture of benzoin #bjj parts ,sandalwood #b drachms ,vetivert #b drachms ,lavender flowers #d drachms ,oil of thyme #a_/b drachm ,charcoal #b ounces ,potassium nitrate #a_/b ounce ,mucilage of tragacanth1 a sufficient quantity4 ,perfumes for ,hair ,oils4-- ,i4--,heliotropin #h grains ,coumarin #a grain ,oil of orris #a drop ,oil of rose #ae minims ,oil of bergamot #cj minims ,,ii4--,coumarin #b grains ,oil of cloves #d drops ,oil of cassia #d drops ,oil of lavender flowers #ae minims ,oil of lemon #de minims ,oil of bergamot #ge minims ,soap ,perfumes4-- ,see also ,soap4 ,i4--,oil of lavender #a_/b ounce ,oil of cassia #cj minims ,add #e pounds of soap stock4 #eba #a #a_/b drachms of each3 ,,ii4--,oil of caraway ,oil of clove ,oil of white thyme ,oil of cassia ,oil of orange leaf 7neroli petit grain7 ,oil of lavender ,add to #e pounds of soap stock4 ,,perfumes 7,,fumigants73 ,see ,fumigants4 ,,perspiration ,,remedy3 ,see ,cosmetics4 ,petroleum 7,see also ,oils47 ,the ,preparation of ,emulsions of ,crude ,petroleum4--,kerosene has long been recognized as a most efficient insecticide1 but its irritating action1 as well as the very considerable cost involved1 has prevented the use of the pure oil as a local application in the various parasitic skin diseases of animals4 ,in order to overcome these objections various expedients have been resorted to1 all of which have for their object the dilution or emulsification of the kerosene4 ,probably the best known and most generally employed method for accomplishing this result is that which is based upon the use of soap as an emulsifying agent4 ,the formula which is used almost universally for making the kerosene soap emulsion is as follows3 ,kerosene #b gallons ,water #a gallon ,hard soap #a_/b pound ,the soap is dissolved in the water with the aid of heat1 and while this solution is still hot the kerosene is added and the whole agitated vigorously4 ,the smooth white mixture which is obtained in this way is diluted before use with sufficient water to make a total volume of #bj gallons1 and is usually applied to the skin of animals or to trees or other plants by means of a spray pump4 ,this method of application is used because the diluted emulsion separates quite rapidly1 and some mechanical device1 such as a self-mixing spray pump1 is required to keep the oil in suspension4 ,it will be readily understood that this emulsion would not be well adapted either for use as a dip or for application by hand1 for in the one case the oil1 which rapidly rises to the surface1 would adhere to the animals when they emerged from the dipping tank and the irritating effect would be scarcely less than that produced by the plain oil1 and in the second case the same separation of the kerosene would take place and necessarily result in an uneven distribution of the oil on the bodies of the animals which were being treated4 ,within recent years it has been found that a certain crude petroleum from the ,beaumont oil fields is quite effective for destroying the ,texas fever cattle ticks4 ,this crude petroleum contains from #dj to #ej per cent of oils boiling below #cjj ,c4 7#egb ,f471 and from #a to #a4e per cent of sulphur4 ,after a number of trials of different combinations of crude oil1 soap1 and water1 the following formula was decided upon as the one best suited to the uses in view3 ,crude petroleum #b gallons ,water #a_/b gallon ,hard soap #a_/b pound ,dissolve the soap in the water with the aid of heat2 to this solution add the crude petroleum1 mix with a spray pump or shake vigorously1 and dilute with the desired amount of water4 ,soft water should1 of course1 be used4 ,various forms of hard and soft soaps have been tried1 but soap with an amount of free alkali equivalent to #j4i per cent of sodium hydroxide gives the best emulsion4 ,all the ordinary laundry soaps are quite satisfactory1 but toilet soaps in the main are not suitable4 ,an emulsion of crude petroleum made according to this modified formula remains fluid and can be easily poured2 it will stand indefinitely without any tendency toward a separation of the oil and water and can be diluted in any proportion with cold soft water4 ,after sufficient dilution to produce a #aj per cent emulsion1 a number of hours are required for all the oil to rise to the surface1 but if the mixture is agitated occasionally1 no separation takes place4 ,after long standing the oil separates in the form of a creamlike layer which is easily mixed with the water again by stirring4 ,it is therefore evident that for producing an emulsion which will hold the oil in suspension after dilution1 the modified formula meets the desired requirements4 ,in preparing this emulsion for use in the field1 a large spray pump capable of mixing #be gallons may be used with perfect success4 ,in using the formula herewith given1 it should be borne in mind that it is recommended especially for the crude #ebb petroleum obtained from the ,beaumont oil fields1 the composition of which has already been given4 ,as crude petroleums from different sources vary greatly in their composition1 it is impracticable to give a formula that can be used with all crude oils4 ,nevertheless1 crude petroleum from other sources than the ,beaumont wells may be emulsified by modifying the formula given above4 ,in order to determine what modification of this formula is necessary for the emulsification of a given oil1 the following method may be used3 ,dissolve #a_/b pound of soap in #a_/b gallon of hot water2 to #a measure of this soap solution add #d measures of the crude petroleum to be tested and shake well in a stoppered bottle or flask for several minutes4 ,if1 after dilution1 there is a separation of a layer of pure oil within half an hour the emulsion is imperfect1 and a modification of the formula will be required4 ,to accomplish this the proportion of oil should be varied until a good result is obtained4 ,petroleum for ,spinning4--,in order to be able to wash out the petroleum or render it 8saponifiable10 the following process is recommended3 ,heat the mineral oil with #e to #aj per cent of olein1 add the proper amount of alcoholic lye and continue heating until the solvent 7water alcohol7 evaporates4 ,a practical way is to introduce an aqueous lye at #bcj ,f4 in small portions and to heat until the froth disappears4 ,for clearness it is necessary merely to evaporate all the water4 ,in the same manner1 more olein may be added as desired if the admixture of lye is kept down so that not too much soap is formed or the petroleum becomes too thick4 ,after cooling1 a uniform gelatinous mass results4 ,this is liquefied mechanically1 during or after the cooling1 by passing it through fine sieves4 ,soap is so finely and intimately distributed in the petroleum that the finest particles of oil are isolated by soap1 as it were4 ,when a quantity of oil is intimately stirred into the water an emulsion results so that the different parts cannot be distinguished4 ,the same process takes place in washing1 the soap contained in the oil swelling between the fibers and the oil particles upon mixture with water1 isolating the oil and lifting it from the fiber4 ,deodorized ,petroleum4--,petroleum may be deodorized by shaking it first with #ajj parts of chlorinated lime for every #d1ejj parts1 adding a little hydrochloric acid1 then transferring the liquid to a vessel containing lime1 and again shaking until all the chlorine is removed4 ,after standing1 the petroleum is decanted4 ,petroleum ,briquettes4--,mix with #a1jjj parts of petroleum oil #aej parts of ground soap1 #aej parts of rosin1 and #cjj parts of caustic soda lye4 ,heat this mixture while stirring4 ,when solidification commences1 which will be in about #dj minutes1 the operation must be watched4 ,if the mixture tends to overflow1 pour into the receiver a few drops of soda1 and continue to stir until the solidification is complete4 ,when the operation is ended1 flow the matter into molds for making the briquettes1 and place them for #aj or #ae minutes in a stove2 then they may be allowed to cool4 ,the briquettes can be employed a few hours after they are made4 ,to the three elements constituting the mixture it is useful to add per #a1jjj parts by weight of the briquettes to be obtained1 #abj parts of sawdust and #abj parts of clay or sand1 to render the briquettes more solid4 ,experiments in the heating of these briquettes have demonstrated that they will furnish three times as much heat as briquettes of ordinary charcoal1 without leaving any residue4 ,,petroleum ,,emulsion3 ,see ,insecticides4 ,,petroleum ,,jellies3 ,see ,lubricants4 ,,petroleum ,,soap3 ,see ,soap4 ,,pewter3 ,see ,alloys4 ,,pewter1 ,,to ,,clean3 ,see ,cleaning ,preparations and ,methods4 ,,pewter1 ,,ageing3 ,if it is desired to impart to modern articles of pewter the appearance of antique objects1 plunge the pieces for several moments into a solution of alum to which several drops of hydrochloric or sulphuric acid have been added4 ,,pictures1 ,,glow4 ,these can be easily produced by drawing the outlines of a picture1 writing1 etc41 on a piece of white paper with a solution of #dj parts of saltpeter and #bj parts of gum arabic in #dj parts of warm water1 using a writing pen for this purpose4 ,all the lines must connect and one of them #ebc must run to the edge of the paper1 where it should be marked with a fine lead-pencil line4 ,when a burning match is held to this spot1 the line immediately glows on1 spreading over the whole design1 and the design formerly invisible finally appears entirely singed4 ,this little trick is not dangerous4 ,,phosphate ,,substitute4 ,an artificial phosphate is thus prepared3 ,melt in an oven a mixture of #ajj parts of phosphorite1 ground coarsely1 #gj parts of acid sulphate of soda2 #bj parts of carbonate of lime2 #bb parts of sand1 and #fjg parts of charcoal4 ,run the molten matter into a receiver filled with water2 on cooling it will become granular4 ,rake out the granular mass from the water1 and after drying1 grind to a fine powder4 ,the phosphate can be kept for a long time without losing its quality1 for it is neither caustic nor hygroscopic4 ,wagner has1 in collaboration with ,dorsch1 conducted fertilizing experiments for determining its value1 as compared with superphosphate or with ,thomas slag4 ,the phosphate decomposes more rapidly in the soil than ,thomas slag1 and so far as the experiments have gone1 it appears that the phosphoric acid of the new phosphate exercises almost as rapid an action as the phosphoric acid of the superphosphate soluble in water4 ,,phosphorescent ,,mass4 ,see also ,luminous ,bodies and ,paints4 ,mix #b parts of dehydrated sodium carbonate1 #j4e parts of sodium chloride1 and #j4b parts of manganic sulphate with #ajj parts of strontium carbonate and #cj parts of sulphur and heat #c hours to a white heat with exclusion of air4 ,,phosphor ,,bronze3 ,see ,alloys1 under ,bronzes4 ,,phosphorus ,,substitute4 ,g4 ,graveri recommends persulfocyanic acid ,h#b7;,,cn7#b,s#c as meeting all the requirements of phosphorus on matches4 ,it resists shock and friction1 it is readily friable1 and will mix with other substances2 moreover1 it is non-poisonous and cheaper than phosphorus4 ,photography ,,developers ,,and ,,developing ,,of ,,plates4 ,no light is perfectly safe or non-actinic1 even that coming through a combined ruby and orange window or lamp4 ,therefore use great care in developing4 ,a light may be tested this way3 ,place a dry plate in the plate holder in total darkness1 draw the slide sufficiently to expose one-half of the plate1 and allow the light from the window or lamp1 #ab to #ah inches distant1 to fall on this exposed half for #c or #d minutes4 ,then develop the plate the usual length of time in total darkness4 ,if the light is safe1 there will be no darkening of the exposed part4 ,if not safe1 the remedy is obvious4 ,the developing room must be a perfectly dark room1 save for the light from a ruby- or orange-colored window 7or combination of these two colors74 ,have plenty of pure running water and good ventilation4 ,plates should always be kept in a dry room4 ,the dark room is seldom a safe place for storage1 because it is apt to be damp4 ,various developing agents give different results4 ,pyrogallic acid in combination with carbonate of sodium or carbonate of potassium gives strong1 vigorous negatives4 ,eikonogen and metol yield soft1 delicate negatives4 ,hydrochinon added to eikonogen or metol produces more contrast or greater strength4 ,it is essential to have a bottle of bromide of potassium solution1 #aj per cent1 in the dark room4 7,one ounce of bromide of potassium1 water to #aj ounces47 ,overtimed plates may be much improved by adding a few drops of bromide solution to the developer as soon as the overtimed condition is apparent 7a plate is overtimed when the image appears almost immediately1 and then blackens all over74 ,undertimed plates should be taken out of the developer and placed in a tray of water where no light can reach them4 ,if the detail in the shadows begins to appear after half an hour or so1 the plate can be replaced in the developer and development brought to a finish4 ,quick development1 with strong solutions1 means a lack of gradation or half-tones4 ,a developer too warm or containing too much alkali 7carbonate of sodium or potassium7 will yield flat1 foggy negatives4 ,a developer too cold is retarded in its action1 and causes thin negatives4 ,uniform temperature is necessary for uniform results4 ,if development is continued too long1 the negative will be too dense4 ,in warm weather1 the developer should be diluted2 in cold weather1 it should be stronger4 #ebd ,the negative should not be exposed to white light until fixation is complete4 ,the negative should be left fully #e minutes longer in the fixing bath than is necessary to dissolve out the white bromide of silver4 ,in hot weather a chrome alum fixing bath should be used to prevent frilling4 ,always use a fresh hypo or fixing bath4 ,hypo is cheap4 ,plates and plate holders must be kept free from dust1 or pinholes will result4 ,after the negative is fixed1 an hour's washing is none too much4 ,the plate should be dried quickly in warm weather else the film will become dense and coarse-grained4 ,do not expect clean1 faultless negatives to come out of dirty developing and fixing solutions and trays4 ,pyro and ,soda ,developer4-- ,i4--,pure water #cj ounces ,sulphite soda1 crystals #e ounces ,carbonate soda1 crystals #b #a_/b ounces ,,ii4--,pure water #bd ounces ,oxalic acid #ae grains ,pyrogallic acid #a ounce ,to develop1 take of ,solution ,no4 ,i4 #a ounce ,solution ,no4 ,,ii4 #a_/b ounce ,pure water #c ounces ,more water may be used in warm weather and less in cool weather4 ,if solution ,no4 ,i is made by hydrometer test1 use equal parts of the following3 ,sulphite soda testing1 #hj4 ,carbonate soda testing1 #dj4 ,one ounce of this mixture will be equivalent to #a ounce of solution ,no4 ,i4 ,pyro and ,potassium ,developer4-- ,i4--,pure water #cb ounces ,sulphite soda1 crystals #h ounces ,carbonate potassium1 dry #a ounce ,,ii4--,pure water #bd ounces ,oxalic acid #ae ounces ,pyrogallic acid #a ounce ,to develop1 take of ,solution ,no4 ,i4 #a ounce ,solution ,no4 ,,ii4 #a_/b ounce ,pure water #c ounces ,when the plate is fully developed1 if the lights are too thin1 use less water in the developer2 if too dense1 use more water4 ,pyro and ,metol ,developer4--,good for short exposures3 ,i4--,pure water #eg ounces ,sulphite soda1 crystals #b #a_/b ounces ,metol #a ounce ,,ii4--,pure water #eg ounces ,sulphite soda1 crystals #b #a_/b ounces ,pyrogallic acid #a_/d ounce ,,iii4--,pure water #eg ounces ,carbonate potassium #b #a_/b ounces ,to develop1 take of ,pure water #c ounces ,solution ,no4 ,i4 #a ounce ,solution ,no4 ,,ii4 #a ounce ,solution ,no4 ,,iii4 #a ounce ,this developer may be used repeatedly by adding a little fresh developer as required4 ,keep the used developer in a separate bottle4 ,rodinal ,developer4--,one part rodinal to #cj parts pure water4 ,use repeatedly1 adding fresh as required4 ,bromo-,hydrochinon ,developer4--,for producing great contrast and intensity1 also for developing over-exposed plates4 ,i4--,distilled or ice water #be ounces ,sulphite of soda1 crystals #c ounces ,hydrochinon #a_/b ounce ,bromide of potassium #a_/d ounce ,dissolve by warming1 and let cool before use4 ,,ii4--,water #be ounces ,carbonate of soda1 crystals #f ounces ,mix ,nos4 ,i and ,,ii1 equal parts1 for use4 ,eikonogen ,hydrochinon ,developer4-- ,i4--,distilled or pure well water #cb ounces ,sodium sulphite1 crystals #d ounces ,eikonogen #bdj grains ,hydrochinon #fj grains ,,ii4--,water #cb ounces ,carbonate of potash #d ounces ,to develop1 take ,no4 ,i4 #b ounces ,no4 ,,ii4 #a ounce ,water #a ounce ,for double-coated plates use #e ounces of water4 #ebe ,by hydrometer3 ,i4--,sodium sulphite1 solution to test #cj #cd ounces ,eikonogen #bdj grains ,hydrochinon #fj grains ,,ii4--,carbonate of potash solution to test #ej ,to develop1 take ,no4 ,i4 #b ounces ,no4 ,,ii4 #a ounce ,water #a ounce ,for double-coated plates use #e ounces of water4 ,hydrochinon ,developer4-- ,i4--,hydrochinon #a ounce ,sulphite of soda1 crystals #e ounces ,bromide of potassium #aj grains ,water 7ice or distilled7 #ee ounces ,,ii4--,caustic potash #ahj grains ,water #aj ounces ,to develop3 ,take of ,i1 #d ounces2 ,,ii1 #a_/b ounce4 ,after use pour into a separate bottle4 ,this can be used repeatedly1 and with uniformity of results1 by the addition of #a drachm of ,i and #aj drops of ,,ii to every #h ounces of old developer4 ,in using this developer it is important to notice the temperature of the room1 as a slight variation in this respect causes a very marked difference in the time it takes to develop1 much more so than with pyro4 ,the temperature of room should be from #gj to #ge ,f4 ,metol ,developer4-- ,i4--,water #h ounces ,metol #ajj grains ,sulphite of soda1 crystals #a ounce ,,ii4--,water #aj ounces ,potassium carbonate #a ounce ,take equal parts of ,i and ,,ii and #f parts of water4 ,if more contrast is needed1 take equal parts of ,i and ,,ii and #c parts of water1 with #e drops to the ounce of a #a_/aj solution of bromide of potassium4 ,metol and ,hydrochinon ,developer4-- ,i4--,pure hot water #hj ounces ,metol #a ounce ,hydrochinon #a_/h ounce ,sulphite soda1 crystals #f ounces ,,ii4--,pure water #hj ounces ,carbonate soda1 crystals #e ounces ,to develop1 take of ,pure water #b ounces ,solution ,no4 ,i #a ounce ,solution ,no4 ,,ii #a ounce ,metol-,bicarbonate ,developer4--,thoroughly dissolve ,metol #a ounce ,in water #fj ounces ,then add ,sulphite of soda1 crystals #f ounces ,bicarbonate of soda #c ounces ,to prepare with hydrometer1 mix ,sulphite of soda solution1 testing #ge #cj ounces ,bicarbonate of soda solution1 testing #ej #cj ounces ,metol #a ounce ,dissolved in #ab ounces water4 ,ferrous-,oxalate ,developer4--,for transparencies and opals4 ,i4--,oxalate of potash #h ounces ,water #cj ounces ,citric acid #fj grains ,citrate of ammonia solution #b ounces ,,ii4--,sulphate of iron #d ounces ,water #cb ounces ,sulphuric acid #af drops ,,iii4--,citrate of ammonia solution saturated4 ,dissolve #a ounce citric acid in #e ounces distilled water1 add liquor ammonia until a slip of litmus paper just loses the red color1 then add water to make the whole measure #h ounces4 ,add #a ounce of ,,ii to #b of ,i1 and #a_/b ounce of water1 and #c to #f drops of #aj per cent solution bromide potassium4 ,to develop1 first rinse developing dish with water1 lay film or plate down1 and flow with sufficient developer to well cover4 ,careful attention must be given to its action1 and when detail is just showing in the face1 or half-tone lights in a view1 pour off developer1 and well wash the film before placing in the fixing bath4 ,tolidol ,developer4--,standard formula for dry plates and films3 ,water #af ounces ,tolidol #bd grains ,sodium sulphite #gb 7#add7 grains ,sodium carbonate #if 7#bdj7 grains ,the figures in parenthesis are for crystals4 ,it will be seen that in every case #ebf the weight of sulphite required in crystals is double that of dry sulphite1 while the weight of carbonate crystals is #b #a_/b times as much as dry carbonate4 ,for tank development ,dr4 ,john ,m4 ,nicol recommends the standard formula diluted with #f times the amount of water1 and the addition of #a drop of retarder to every ounce after dilution4 ,to obtain very strong negatives3 ,water #af ounces ,tolidol #ej to #fe grains ,sodium sulphite #hj 7#afj7 grains ,sodium carbonate #abj 7#cjj7 grains ,on some brands of plates the addition of a little retarder will be necessary4 ,if stock solutions are preferred1 they may be made as follows3 ,solution ,a ,water #cb ounces ,tolidol #a ounce ,sodium sulphite #a 7#b7 ounce ,solution ,b ,water #cb ounces ,sodium sulphite #b 7#d7 ounces ,solution ,c ,water #cb ounces ,sodium carbonate #d 7#aj7 ounces ,if preferred1 stock solutions ,b and ,c can be made by hydrometer1 instead of by weight as above4 ,the solutions will then show3 ,solution ,b ,sodium sulphite #dj ,solution ,c ,sodium carbonate #ge ,or if potassium carbonate is preferred instead of sodium3 ,solution ,c ,potassium carbonate #fj ,for standard formula for dry plates and films1 mix ,solution ,a #a part ,solution ,b #a part ,solution ,c #a part ,water #g parts ,for strong negatives 7for aristo-platino73 ,solution ,a #a #a_/b to #b parts ,solution ,b #a part ,solution ,c #a part ,water #d to #d #a_/b parts ,for tank development3 ,solution ,a #a part ,solution ,b #a part ,solution ,c #a part ,water #ce parts ,for developing paper3 ,solution ,a #b parts ,solution ,b #b parts ,solution ,c #a part ,the reading of the hydrometer for stock solutions is the same whether dried chemicals or crystals are used4 ,no water is used4 ,pyrocatechin-,phosphate ,developer4-- ,solution ,a ,crystallized sulphite of soda #chf grains ,pyrocatechin #gg grains ,water #h ounces ,solution ,b ,ordinary crystal phosphate of sodium #gbe grains ,caustic soda 7purified in sticks7 #gg grains ,water #h ounces ,mix #a part of ,a with #a part of ,b and from #a to #c parts of water4 ,if the exposure is not absolutely normal we recommend to add to the above developer a few drops of a solution of bromide of potassium 7#a4aj74 ,pyrocatechin ,developer 7,one ,solution74--,dissolve in the following range3 ,sulphite of soda crystallized #be #a_/b drachms ,caustic soda 7purified in sticks7 #c #a_/b drachms ,distilled water #ad ounces ,pyrocatechin #cjh grains ,the pyrocatechin must not be added until the sulphite and caustic soda are entirely dissolved4 ,for use the concentrated developer is to be diluted with from #aj to #bj times as much water4 ,the normal proportion is #a part of developer in #ae parts of water4 ,vogel's ,pyrocatechin ,combined ,developer and ,fixing ,solution4-- ,sulphite of soda crystallized #dfh grains ,water #b #e_/h ounces ,caustic potash 7purified in sticks7 #ajh grains ,pyrocatechin #ajh grains ,mix for a formally fixing plate of #e x #g inches4 ,developer #c drachms ,fixing soda solution 7#a3e7 #e #a_/b drachms ,water #a ounce ,the process of developing and fixing with this solution is accomplished in a #ebg few minutes4 ,the picture first appears usually1 strengthens very quickly1 and shortly after the fixing is entirely done4 ,ellon's ,pyrocatechin ,developer4--,pyrocatechin1 #b per cent solution 7#b grams pyrocatechin in #ajj cubic centimeters of water74 ,carbonate of potassium1 #aj per cent solution 7#aj grams carbonate in #ajj cubic centimeters of water74 ,for use take equal parts and add water as desired4 ,imperial ,standard ,pyro ,developer4-- ,i4--,metabisulphite of potassium #abj grains ,pyrogallic acid #ee grains ,bromide of potassium #bj grains ,metol #de grains ,water #bj ounces ,,ii4--,carbonate of soda #d ounces ,water #bj ounces ,for use mix equal parts ,i and ,,ii4 ,bardwell's ,pyro-,acetone ,developer4-- ,water #d ounces ,sulphite of sodium 7saturated solution7 #d drachms ,acetone #b drachms ,pyro #aj grams ,hauff's ,adurol ,developer4--,one solution4 ,water #aj ounces ,sulphide of sodium1 crystals #d ounces ,carbonate of potassium #c ounces ,adurol #a_/b ounce ,for studio work and snap shots take #a part with #c parts water4 ,for time exposures out-door take #a part with #e parts water4 ,glycin ,developer4-- ,i4--,hot water #aj ounces ,sulphite of sodium1 crystals #a #a_/d ounces ,carbonate of sodium #a_/d ounce ,glycin #a_/b ounce ,add to water in order given ,,ii4--,water #aj ounces ,carbonate of potash #a #a_/d ounces ,for normal exposure take ,i1 #a ounce2 ,,ii1 #b ounces2 water1 #a ounce4 ,imogen ,developer4-- ,i4--,hot water #i ounces ,sulphite of sodium1 crystals #che grains ,imogen #abc grains ,,ii4--,hot water #d #a_/b ounces ,carbonate of sodium #b ounces ,for use take #b ounces of ,i and #a ounce of ,,ii4 ,diogen ,developer4-- ,water #i ounces ,sulphite of sodium #c #a_/b ounces ,diogen #g drachms ,carbonate of potassium #d #a_/b ounces ,for normal exposure take #d drachms of this solution2 dilute with #b ounces1 #a drachm of water1 and add #b drops bromide of potassium1 #aj per cent solution4 ,ortol ,developer4--,formula by ,pentlarge4 ,i4--,water #a ounce ,metabisulphite of potassium #d grains ,ortol #h grains ,,ii4--,water #a ounce ,sulphite of sodium #dh grains ,carbonate of potassium #af grains ,carbonate of sodium #cb grains ,for use take equal parts ,i and ,,ii1 and an equal bulk of water4 ,metacarbol ,developer4-- ,metacarbol #be grains ,sulphite of soda1 crystals #ajj grains ,caustic soda #ej grains ,water #aj ounces ,dissolve the metacarbol in water1 then add the sulphite1 and when dissolved add the caustic soda and filter4 ,,developing ,,powders4 ,by weight ,i4--,pyrogallol #j4c parts ,sodium bisulphite #a4b parts ,sodium carbonate #a4b parts ,,ii4--,eikonogen #a4a parts ,sodium sulphite #b4d parts ,potassium carbonate #a4e parts ,,iii4--,hydroquinone #j4f parts ,sodium sulphite #c4d parts ,potassium bromide #j4c parts ,sodium carbonate #g4j parts ,these three formulas each yield one powder4 ,the powders should be put up in oiled paper1 and carefully inclosed1 besides1 in a wrapper of black paper4 ,for use1 one powder is dissolved in about #fj parts of distilled water4 ,,developing ,,papers4 ,light4--,the paper can be safely handled #h feet from the source of light1 #ebh which may be ,welsbach gas light1 covered with post-office paper1 incandescent light1 ordinary gas light1 kerosene light1 or reduced daylight1 the latter produced by covering a window with one or more thicknesses of orange post-office paper1 as necessitated by strength of light4 ,expose by holding the printing frame close to gas1 lamp1 or incandescent light1 or to subdued daylight4 ,artificial light is recommended in preference to daylight because of uniformity1 and it being in consequence easier to judge the proper length of time to expose4 ,exposure4--,the amount of exposure required varies with the strength of the light2 it takes about the same time with an ordinary gas burner and an incandescent light2 a ,welsbach gas light requires only about one-half as much time as the ordinary gas burner1 and a kerosene light of ordinary size about three times as much as an ordinary gas burner4 ,if daylight is to be used the window should be covered with post-office paper1 in which a sub-window about #a foot square for making the exposure may be made4 ,cover this window first with a piece of white tissue paper1 then with a piece of black cloth or post-office paper to exclude the white light when not wanted4 ,make exposure according to strength of light at from #a to #b feet away from the tissue paper4 ,keep the printing frame when artificial light is used constantly in motion during exposure4 ,timing the ,exposure4--,the time necessary for exposing is regulated by density of negative and strength of light4 ,the further away the negative is from the source of light at the time of exposure the weaker the light2 hence1 in order to secure uniformity in exposure it is desirable always to make the exposure at a given distance from the light used4 ,with a negative of medium density exposed #a foot from an ordinary gas burner1 from #a to #aj minutes' exposure is required4 ,a test to ascertain the length of exposure should be made4 ,once the proper amount of exposure is ascertained with a given light1 the amount of exposure required can be easily approximated by making subsequent exposures at the same distance from the same light2 the only difference that it would then be necessary to make would be to allow for variation in density of different negatives4 ,fixing4--,allow the prints to remain in the fixing solution #aj to #bj minutes1 when they should be removed to a tray containing clear water4 ,washing4--,wash #a hour in running water1 or in #aj or #ab changes of clear water1 allowing prints to soak #b to #c minutes in each change4 ,pyrocatechin ,formula4-- ,solution ,a ,pyrocatechin #b parts ,sulphite of soda1 crystals #b4e parts ,water #ajj parts ,solution ,b ,carbonate of soda #aj parts ,water #ajj parts ,before using mix #bj parts of ,solution ,a1 and #a_/b part of ,solution ,b4 ,metol ,quinol4-- ,water #aj ounces ,metol #g grains ,sodium sulphite1 crystals1 pure #a_/b ounce ,hydroquinone #cj grains ,sodium carbonate1 dessicated 7or #djj grains of crystallized carbonate74 #bjj grains ,ten per cent bromide of potassium solution1 about #aj drops ,amidol ,formula4-- ,water #d ounces ,sodium sulphite1 crystals1 pure #bjj grains ,amidol1 about #bj grains ,ten per cent bromide of potassium solution1 about #e drops ,if the blacks are greenish1 add more amidol2 if whites are grayish1 add more bromide of potassium4 ,hypo-,acid ,fixing ,bath4-- ,hypo #af ounces ,water #fd ounces ,then add the following hardening solution3 ,water #e ounces ,sodium sulphite1 crystals #a_/b ounce ,commercial acetic acid 7containing #be per cent pure acid7 #c ounces ,powdered alum #a_/b ounce ,amidol ,developer4-- ,amidol #b grains ,sodium sulphite #cj grains ,potassium bromide #a grain ,water #a ounce #ebi ,with a fairly correct exposure this will be found to produce prints of a rich black tone1 and of good quality4 ,the whole secret of successful bromide printing lies in correctness of exposure4 ,it is generally taken for granted that any poor1 flat negative is good enough to yield a bromide print1 but this is not so4 ,a negative of good printing quality on printing-out paper will also yield a good print on bromide paper1 but considerable care and skill are necessary to obtain a good result from a poor negative4 ,the above developer will not keep in solution1 and should be freshly prepared as required4 ,the same formula will also be found useful for the development of lantern plates1 but will only yield black-toned slides4 ,,platinum ,,papers3 ,general ,instructions4--,to secure the most brilliant results the sensitized paper1 before1 during1 and after its exposure to light1 must be kept as dry as possible4 ,the paper is exposed to daylight1 in the printing frame1 for about one-third of the time necessary for ordinary silver paper4 ,the print is then immersed in the developer for about #cj seconds1 then cleared in #c acid baths containing #a part of muriatic acid ,c4 ,p4 to #fj parts of water1 washed for a short time in running water1 the whole operation of printing1 clearing1 and washing being complete in about half an hour4 ,as a general rule all parts of the picture except the highest lights should be visible when the exposure is complete4 ,when examining the prints in the printing frames1 care should be taken not to expose them unduly to light2 for the degradation of the whites of the paper due to slight action of light is not visible until after development4 ,ansco ,platinum ,paper4--,print until a trace of the detail desired is slightly visible in the high lights4 ,development4--,best results are obtained with the temperature of the developer from #fj to #hj ,f4 ,immerse the print in the developer with a quick sweeping motion to prevent air bells4 ,develop in artificial or weak daylight4 ,the development of a print from a normal negative will require #dj seconds or more4 ,formula for ,developer4-- ,water #ej ounces ,neutral oxalate of potash #h ounces ,potassium phosphate 7monobasic7 #a ounce ,care must be used to obtain the monobasic potassium phosphate4 ,immediately after prints are developed1 place them face down in the first acid bath1 composed of ,muriatic acid1 ,c4 ,p4 #a ounce ,water #fj ounces ,after remaining in this bath for a period of about #e minutes1 transfer to the second acid bath of the same strength4 ,the prints should pass through at least #c and preferably #d acid baths1 to remove all traces of iron that may remain in the pores of the paper4 ,when thoroughly cleared1 the print should be washed from #aj to #bj minutes in running water4 ,if running water is not available1 several changes of water in the tray will be necessary4 8,water ,tone0 ,platinum ,paper4--8,water tone0 platinum paper is very easily affected by moisture2 it will1 therefore1 be noticed when printing in warm1 damp weather that the print will show quite a tendency to print out black in the deep shadows4 ,this must not be taken into consideration1 as the same amount of exposure is necessary as in dry days4 ,print by direct light 7sunlight preferred7 until the shadows are clearly outlined in a deep canary color4 ,at this stage the same detail will be observed in the half tones that the finished print will show4 ,for developing1 use plain water1 heated to #abj ,f4 7which will be as hot as they can bear74 ,the development will be practically instantaneous1 and care must be taken to avoid air bubbles forming upon the surface of the prints4 ,place prints1 after developing1 directly into a clearing bath of muriatic acid1 #a drachm to #ab ounces of water1 and let them remain in this bath about #aj minutes1 when they are ready for the final washing of #ae minutes in running water1 or #e changes of about #c minutes each4 ,lay out between blotters to dry1 and mount by attaching the corners4 ,bradley ,platinum ,paper4--,developer4 ,a4--,for black tones3 ,neutral oxalate potassium #h ounces ,potassium phosphate #a ounce ,water #cj ounces ,b4--,for sepia tones3 ,of above mixed solution #h ounces ,saturated bichloride mercury solution #a ounce ,citrate soda #e grains #ecj ,if deep red tones are desired add to ,b ,nitrate uranium #aj grains ,then filter and use as a developer4 ,w4 ,c4 ,platinotype4--,development4--,the whole contents of the box of the ,w4 ,c4 developing salts must be dissolved at one time1 as the salts are mixed2 and if this be not done1 too large a proportion of one of the ingredients may be used4 ,development should be conducted in a feeble white light1 similar to that used when cutting up the paper1 or by gas light4 ,it may take place immediately after the print is exposed1 or at the end of the day's printing4 ,develop by floating the print1 exposed side downwards1 on the developing solution4 ,development may take #cj seconds or more4 ,during the hot summer days it is not advisable to unduly delay the development of exposed prints4 ,if possible develop within #a hour after printing4 ,either porcelain or agate--preferably porcelain--dishes are necessary to hold the developing solution4 ,to clear the developed prints3 ,these must be washed in a series of baths 7not less than three7 of a weak solution of muriatic acid ,c4 ,p4 ,this solution is made by mixing #a part of acid in #fj parts of water4 ,as soon as the print has been removed from the developing dish it must be immersed face downwards in the first bath of this acid1 contained in a porcelain dish1 in which it should remain about #e minutes2 meanwhile other prints follow until all are developed4 ,the prints must then be removed to a second acid bath for about #aj minutes2 afterwards to the third bath for about #ae minutes4 ,while the prints remain in these acid baths they should be moved so that the solution has free access to their surfaces1 but care should be taken not to abrade them by undue friction4 ,pure muriatic acid must be used4 ,if commercial muriatic acid be used1 the prints will be discolored and turn yellow4 ,for each batch of prints fresh acid baths must be used4 ,after the prints have passed through the acid baths they should be well washed in three changes of water during about a half hour4 ,it is advisable to add a pinch of washing soda to the second washing water to neutralize any acid remaining in the print4 ,do not use water that contains iron1 as it tends to turn paper yellow4 ,soft water is the best for this purpose4 ,w4 ,c4 ,sepia ,paper4--,with a few exceptions the method of carrying out the operations is the same as for the 8black0 kinds of platinotype paper4 ,the following points should be attended to3 ,the 8sepia0 paper is more easily affected by faint light1 and1 therefore1 increased care must be taken when printing4 ,to develop1 add to each ounce of the developing solution #a #a_/b drachms of sepia solution supplied for this purpose1 and proceed as described for black paper4 ,the solution must be heated to a temperature of #aej to #afj ,f41 to obtain the greatest amount of brilliance and the warmest color1 but very good results can be obtained by using a cooler developer4 ,variations of the ,sepia ,developer4--,primarily the object of the sepia solution in the developer is to increase the brightness of the prints1 as1 for example1 when the negative is thin and flat1 or dense and flat1 the addition of the sepia solution to the developer clears up1 to some extent1 the flatness of the print by taking out traces of the finer detail in the higher lights1 which is often a decided improvement4 ,if1 however1 the negative be dense1 with clear shadows1 the sepia solution may be discarded altogether4 ,this will prevent the loss of any of the finer detail and greatly reduce harshness in the prints4 ,sometimes a half1 or even a quarter1 of the quantity of the sepia solution recommended as an addition to the developer will be sufficient1 depending altogether upon the strength of the negatives4 ,prints developed without the solution have less of the sepia quality but are very agreeable nevertheless4 ,it should be remembered that the sepia paper is totally different from the black1 and will develop sepia tones on a developer to which no sepia solution has been added4 ,the sepia solution clears up and brightens the flat1 muddy 7to some extent1 not totally7 effects from the thinner class of negatives4 ,the ,glycerine ,process4--,the 8glycerine process10 or the process of developing platinotype prints by application of the developing agent with the brush1 is perhaps one of the most interesting and fascinating of photographic processes1 owing to its far-reaching possibilities4 #eca ,by this method of developing platinotype paper1 many negatives which have been discarded on account of the dim1 flat1 non-contrasty results which they yield1 in the hands of one possessing a little artistic skill1 produce snappy1 animated pictures4 ,on the other hand1 from the sharp and hard negative1 soft1 sketchy effects may be secured4 ,there are required for this process3 ,some glass jars2 some soft brushes1 varying from the fine spotter and the ,japanese brush to the #a #a_/b-;inch duster1 and several pieces of special blotting paper4 ,manipulation4--,print the paper a trifle deeper than for the ordinary method of developing4 ,place the print face up on a piece of clean glass 7should the print curl so that it is unmanageable1 moisten the glass with glycerine71 and1 with the broad camel's-hair brush1 thinly coat the entire print with pure glycerine1 blotting same off in #c or #d seconds2 then recoat more thickly such portions as are desired especially restrained1 or the details partly or entirely eliminated4 ,now brush or paint such portion of the print as is first desired with solution of #a part glycerine and #d parts normal developer1 blotting the portion being developed from time to time to avoid developing too far4 ,full strength developer 7without glycerine7 is employed where a pronounced or deep shade is wanted4 ,when any part of the print has reached the full development desired1 blot that portion carefully with the blotter and coat with pure glycerine4 ,a brown effect may be obtained by using saturated solution of mercury in the developer 7#a part mercury to #h parts developer74 ,by the use of diluted mercury the 8flesh tones0 are produced in portraits1 etc4 ,when print has reached complete development1 place in hydrochloric 7muriatic7 acid and wash as usual4 ,eastman's ,sepia ,paper4--,this paper is about #c times as rapid as blue paper4 ,it should be under rather than over printed1 and is developed by washing in plain water4 ,after #b or #c changes of water fix #e minutes in a solution of hypo 7#a #a_/b grains to the ounce of water71 and afterwards wash thoroughly4 ,short fixing gives red tones4 ,longer fixing produces a brown tone4 ,development of ,platinum ,prints4--,in the development of platinotype prints by the hot bath process1 distinctly warmer tones are obtained by using a bath which has been several times heated1 colder blacks resulting from the use of a freshly prepared solution1 and colder tones still if the developing solution be faintly acidified4 ,the repeated heating of the solution of the neutral salt apparently has the effect of rendering the bath slightly alkaline by the conversion of a minute proportion of the oxalate into potassium carbonate4 ,if this be the case1 it allows a little latitude in choice of tone which may be useful4 ,some photographers recommend the use of potassium phosphate with the neutral oxalate1 stating that the solution should be rendered acid by the addition of a small proportion of oxalic acid4 ,when the potassium phosphate was first recommended for this purpose1 probably the acid salt1 ,,kh#b,,po#d1 was intended1 by the use of which cold steely black tones were obtained4 ,the use of the oxalic acid with the ordinary phosphate ,k#b;,,hpo#d1 is probably intended to produce the same result4 ,,the ,,carbon ,,process4 ,the paper used is coated on one surface with a mixture of gelatin and some pigment 7the color of which depends upon the color the required print is to be71 and then allowed to dry4 ,when required for printing it is sensitized by floating upon a solution of bichromate of potassium1 and then again drying1 in the dark this time4 ,the process is based upon the action of light upon this film of chromatized gelatin2 wherever the light reaches1 the gelatin is rendered insoluble1 even in hot water4 ,the paper is exposed in the usual way4 ,but as the appearance of the paper before and after printing is precisely the same1 it is impossible to tell when it is printed by examining the print4 ,this is usually accomplished by exposing a piece of gelatino-chloride paper under a negative of about the same density1 and placing it alongside of the carbon print4 ,when the gelatino-chloride paper is printed1 the carbon will be finished4 ,the paper is then removed from the printing frame and immersed in cold water1 which removes a great deal of the bichromate of potassium1 and also makes the print lie out flat4 ,it is then floated on to what is known as a support1 and pressed firmly upon it1 face downwards1 and allowed to remain for #e or #aj minutes4 ,then the support1 together with the print1 is placed in hot water for a short time1 and when the gelatin commences to ooze out at the edges the print is removed by stripping from the support1 this process leaving the greater quantity of the gelatin and pigment #ecb upon the support4 ,the gelatin and pigment are then treated with hot water by running the hot water over the face of the support by means of a sponge4 ,this removes the soluble gelatin1 and leaves the gelatin1 together with the pigment it contains1 which was acted upon by light2 this then constitutes the picture4 ,the reason for transferring the gelatin film is quite apparent1 since the greater portion of the unacted-upon gelatin will be at the back of the film1 and in order to get at it to remove it1 it is necessary to transfer it to a support4 ,in this condition the print can be dried and mounted1 but on consideration it will be seen that the picture is in a reversed position1 that is to say1 that the right-hand side of the original has become the left1 and vice versa4 ,if the picture be finished in this condition1 it is said to have been done by the single transfer method4 ,in some instances this reversal would be of no consequence1 such as some portraits1 but with views which are known this would never do4 ,in order to remedy this state of affairs1 the picture is transferred once more1 by pressing1 while wet1 upon another support1 and allowed to dry upon it2 when separated1 the picture remains upon the latter support1 and is in its right position4 ,this is what is known as the double transfer method4 ,when the double transfer method is used1 the first support consists of a specially prepared support1 which has been waxed in order to prevent the pictures from adhering permanently to it2 this is then known as a temporary support4 ,the paper upon which the print is finally received is prepared with a coating of gelatin1 and is known as the final support4 ,,lantern ,,slides4 ,the making of a good slide begins with the making of the negative1 the operations in both cases being closely allied1 and he who has mastered the first1 which is the corner stone to all successful results in any branch of photography1 may well be expected to be able to make a good lantern slide4 ,a slide is judged not by what it appears to be when held in the hand1 but by its appearance when magnified two to five thousand times on the screen1 where a small defect in the slide will show up as a gross fault4 ,patience and cleanliness are absolutely necessary4 ,the greatest caution should be observed to keep the lantern plates free from dust1 both before and after exposure and development1 for small pinholes and dust spots1 hardly noticeable on the slide1 assume huge proportions on the screen and detract materially from the slide's beauty4 ,the high lights in a slide should1 in rare cases only1 be represented by clear glass1 and the shadows should always be transparent1 even in the deepest part4 ,the balance between these extremes should be a delicate gradation of tone from one to the other4 ,the contrast between the strongest high light and the deepest shadow should be enough to give brilliancy without hardness and delicacy or softness without being flat4 ,this is controlled also1 to some extent1 by the subject summer sunshine requiring a more vigorous rendering than hazy autumn effects1 and herein each individual must decide for himself what is most necessary to give the correct portrayal of the subject4 ,it is a good idea to procure a slide1 as near technically perfect as possible1 from some slide-making friend1 or dealer1 to use it as a standard1 and to make slide after slide from the same negative until a satisfactory result is reached4 ,a black tone of good quality is usually satisfactory for most slides1 but it is very agreeable to see interspersed a variety of tone1 and beautiful slides can be made1 where the subject warrants1 in blue1 brown1 purple1 and even red and green1 by varying the exposure and development and by using gold or uranium toning baths and other solutions for that purpose1 the formulas and materials for which are easily obtainable from the magazines and from stock dealers1 respectively4 ,it must be understood1 however1 that these toning solutions generally act as intensifiers1 and that if toning is contemplated1 it should be borne in mind at the time of developing the slide1 so that it may not finally appear too dense4 ,toning will improve otherwise weak slides1 but will not help under-exposed ones1 as its tendency will be in such case to increase the contrast1 which in such slides is already too great4 ,another method of getting a fine quality of slides is to make rather strong exposures to over-develop1 and then to reduce with persulphate of ammonium4 ,the popular methods of making the exposure are3 ,first1 by contact in the printing frame1 just as prints are made on velox or other developing paper1 provided the subject on the negative is of the right size for a lantern slide2 and the other and better method is the camera #ecc method1 by which the subject of any negative1 large or small1 or any part thereof1 can be reduced or enlarged1 and thus brought to the proper size desired for the slide4 ,this is quite a knack1 and should be considered and studied by the slide maker very carefully4 ,hard and inflexible rules cannot be laid down in this relation4 ,portrait studies of bust or three-fourths figures or baby figures need not be made for a larger opening than #a #a_/b by #b inches1 and often appear to good advantage if made quite a bit smaller4 ,figure or group compositions1 with considerable background or accessories1 may1 of course1 have a larger opening to suit the particular circumstances4 ,monuments1 tall buildings1 and the like should have the benefit of the whole height of mat opening of #b #c_/d inches1 and should be made of a size to fill it out properly1 providing1 however1 for sufficient foreground and a proper sky line4 ,landscapes and marine views generally can be made to fill out the full length of mat opening1 which1 however1 should not exceed #b #g_/h inches1 and may be of any height to suit the subject1 up to #b #c_/d inches4 ,the subject should be well centered on the plate and the part intended to be shown as the picture should be well within the size of the mat opening decided upon1 so that with a slight variation of the placing of the mat no part of the picture will be cut off by the carrier in the stereopticon4 ,the horizon line in a landscape1 and more particularly in a marine view1 should always be in proper position1 either below or above the center line of the slide1 as may suit the subject1 but should never divide the picture in the middle and should not appear to be running either up or down hill4 ,and the vertical lines in the pictures should not be leaning1 but should run parallel with the side lines of the mat2 this refers especially to the vertical lines in architecture1 except1 however1 the ,tower of ,pisa and kindred subjects1 which should in every case be shown with their natural inclinations4 ,as to time of exposure1 very little can be said4 ,that varies with the different makes of plates1 with the quality of the light1 and the nature and density of each individual negative4 ,therefore every one must be a judge unto himself and make as good a guess as he can for the first trial from each negative and gauge further exposures from the results thus obtained2 but this much may be said1 that a negative strong in contrast should be given a long exposure1 close to the light1 if artificial light is used1 or in strong daylight1 and developed with a weak or very much diluted developer to make a soft slide with full tone values4 ,and a flat1 weak negative will yield better results if exposed farther from the light or to a weaker light1 and developed by a normal or more aggressive developer4 ,over exposure and under exposure show the same results in slide plates as in negative plates1 and the treatment should be similar in both kinds of plates except that1 perhaps1 in cases of under exposure of slide plates1 the better plan would be to cast them aside and make them over1 as very little can be done with them4 ,for getting bright and clear effects it is now well understood that better and more satisfactory results are obtained by backing the slide plates as well as by backing negative plates4 ,this is accomplished by coating the back or glass side of the plate with the following mixture3 ,gum arabic #a_/b ounce ,caramel #a ounce ,burnt sienna #b ounces ,alcohol #b ounces ,mix and apply with small sponge or wad of absorbent cotton4 ,it should coat thin and smooth and dry hard enough so it will not rub off when handled4 ,if the plates are put into a light-proof grooved box as fast as backed1 they can be used about half an hour after being coated4 ,before developing1 this backing should be removed2 this is best done by first wetting the film side of the plate under the tap1 which will prevent staining it1 and then letting the water run on the backing1 and1 with a little rubbing1 it will disappear in a few moments1 when development may proceed4 ,other preparations for this purpose1 ready for use1 may be found at the stock houses4 ,the mat should be carefully selected or cut of a size and shape to show up the subject to best advantage1 and should cover everything not wanted in the picture4 ,the opening should not exceed #b #c_/d x #b #g_/h inches in any case1 and must not be ragged or fuzzy1 but clean cut and symmetrical4 ,the lines of the opening of square mats should be parallel with the outside lines of the plate4 ,oval1 or round1 or other variously shaped mats1 should be used sparingly1 and in special cases only where the nature of the subject will warrant their use4 ,statuary shows up to best advantage when the background is blocked out4 #ecd ,this is easily done with a small camel's-hair artist's brush and opaque or india ink1 in a retouching frame1 a good eye and a steady hand being the only additional requirements4 ,this treatment may also be applied to some flower studies and other botanical subjects4 ,binding may be performed with the aid of a stationer's spring clamp1 such as is used for holding papers together1 and can be purchased for #aj cents4 ,cut the binding strips the length of the sides and ends of the slide1 and gum them on separately1 rubbing them firmly in contact with the glass with a piece of cloth or an old handkerchief1 which might be kept handy for that purpose1 so that the binding may not loosen or peel off after the slides are handled but half a dozen times4 ,before storing the slides away for future use they should be properly labeled and named4 ,the name label should be affixed on the right end of the face of the slide as you look at it in its proper position1 and should contain the maker's name and the title of the slide4 ,the thumb label should be affixed to the lower left-hand corner of the face of the slide1 and may show the number of the slide4 ,,how ,,to ,,utilize ,,waste ,,material4 ,undoubtedly spoiled negatives form the greatest waste4 ,the uses to which a ruined negative may be put are manifold4 ,cut down to #c #a_/d inches square and the films cleaned off1 they make excellent cover glasses for lantern slides4 ,another use for them in the same popular branch of photography is the following3 ,if1 during development1 you see that your negative is spoiled through uneven density1 over exposure1 or what not1 expose it to the light and allow it to blacken all over4 ,now with sealing wax fasten a needle to a penholder1 and by means of this little tool one can easily manufacture diagram slides from the darkened film 7white lines on black ground74 ,take a spoiled negative1 dissolve out all the silver with a solution of potassium ferricyanide and hypo4 ,rinse1 dry1 rub with sandpaper1 and you will have a splendid substitute for ground glass4 ,remove the silver in a similar manner from another negative1 but this time wash thoroughly4 ,squeegee down on this a print1 and an opaline will be your reward4 ,from such an opaline1 by cementing on a few more glasses1 a tasteful letter weight may soon be made4 ,another way in which very thin negatives may be used is this3 ,bleach them in bichloride of mercury1 back them with black paper1 and positives will result4 ,old negatives also make good trimming boards1 the film preventing a rapid blunting of the knife1 and they may be successfully used as mounting tables4 ,clean off the films1 polish with ,french chalk1 and squeegee your prints thereto4 ,when dry they may be removed and will have a fine enameled1 if hardly artistic1 appearance4 ,many other uses for them may also be found if the amateur is at all ingenious4 ,users of pyro1 instead of throwing the old developer away1 should keep some of it and allow it to oxidize4 ,a thin negative1 if immersed in this for a few minutes1 will be stained a deep yellow all over1 and its printing quality will be much improved4 ,old hypo baths should be saved1 and1 when a sufficient quantity of silver is thought to be in solution1 reduced to recover the metal4 ,printing paper of any sort is another great source of waste1 especially to the inexperienced photographer4 ,prints are too dark or not dark enough successfully to undergo the subsequent operations4 ,spoiled material of this kind1 however1 is not without its uses in photography4 ,those who swear by the 8combined bath10 will find that scraps of printing-out paper1 or any silver paper1 are necessary to start the toning action4 ,spoiled mat surface1 printing-out paper1 bromide paper1 or platinotype should be allowed to blacken all over4 ,here we have a dead-black surface useful for many purposes4 ,a leak in the bellows when out in the field may be repaired temporarily by moistening a piece of mat printing-out paper and sticking it on the leak2 the gelatin will cause it to adhere4 ,these papers may also be used to back plates1 platinotypes1 of course1 requiring some adhesive mixture to make them stick4 ,in every photographer's possession there will be found a small percentage of stained prints4 ,instead of throwing these away1 they may often be turned to good account in the following manner3 ,take a large piece of cardboard1 some mountant1 and the prints4 ,now proceed to mount them tastefully so that the corners of some overlap1 arranging in every case to hide the stain4 ,if you have gone properly to work1 you will have an artistic mosaic4 ,now wash round with india ink1 or paint a border of leaves1 and the whole thing will form a very neat 8tit bit40 ,keep the stiff bits of cardboard #ece between which printing paper is packed4 ,they are useful in many ways--from opaque cards in the dark slide to partitions between negatives in the storing boxes4 ,in reclaiming old gold solutions1 all liquids containing gold1 with the exception of baths of which cyanide forms a part1 must be strongly acidulated with chlorhydric or sulphuric acid1 if they are not already acid in their nature4 ,they are afterwards diluted with a large proportion of ordinary water1 and a solution of sulphate of ferroprotoxide 7green vitriol7 is poured in in excess4 ,it is recognized that the filtered liquid no longer contains gold when the addition of a new quantity of ferric sulphate does not occasion any cloudiness4 ,gold precipitated in the form of a reddish or blackish powder is collected on a filter and dried in an oven with weights equal to its own of borax1 saltpeter1 and carbonate of potash4 ,the mass is afterwards introduced gradually into a fireproof crucible and carried to a white-red heat in a furnace4 ,when all the matter has been introduced1 a stronger blast is given by closing the furnace1 so that all the metal collects at the bottom of the crucible4 ,on cooling1 a gold ingot1 chemically pure1 will be obtained4 ,this mode of reduction is also suitable for impure chloride of gold1 and for the removal of gilding1 but not for solutions containing cyanides1 which never give up all the gold they contain2 the best means of treating the latter consists in evaporating them to dryness in a cast-iron boiler1 and in calcining the residue in an earthen crucible at the white red4 ,a small quantity of borax or saltpeter may be added for facilitating the fusion1 but it is not generally necessary4 ,the gold separated collects at the bottom of the crucible4 ,it is red1 if saltpeter is employed2 and green1 if it is borax4 ,to reclaim silver place the old films1 plates1 paper1 etc41 in a porcelain dish1 so arranged that they will burn readily4 ,to facilitate combustion1 a little kerosene or denatured alcohol poured over the contents will be found serviceable4 ,before blowing off the burnt paper1 place the residue in an agateware dish1 the bottom of which is covered with a solution of saltpeter and water4 ,place the whole on the fire1 and heat it until the silver is separated as a nitrate4 ,the solution being complete1 add to the mass a little water and hydrochloric acid1 when in a short time the serviceable silver chloride will be obtained4 ,if the films should not give up their silver as freely as the plates1 then add a little more hydrochloric acid or work them up separately4 ,silver reclaimed in this way is eminently suitable for silver-plating all sorts of objects4 ,,fixing ,,and ,,clearing ,,baths3 ,the ,acid ,fixing and ,clearing ,bath4--,add #b ounces of ,s4 ,p4 ,c4 clarifier 7acid bisulphite of sodium7 solution to #a quart of hypo solution #a in #e4 ,combined ,alum and ,hypo ,bath4--,add saturated solution of sulphite of sodium to saturated solution of alum till the white precipitate formed remains undissolved1 and when the odor of sulphurous acid becomes perceptible4 ,mix this solution with an equal bulk of freshly prepared hypo solution #a in #e1 and filter4 ,this bath will remain clear4 ,clearing ,solution 7,edward's74-- ,alum #a ounce avoirdupois ,citric acid #a ounce avoirdupois ,sulphate of iron1 crystals #c ounces avoirdupois ,water #a imperial pint ,this should be freshly mixed4 ,clearing ,solution4-- ,saturated solution of alum #bj ounces ,hydrochloric acid #a ounce ,immerse negative after fixing and washing4 ,wash well after removal4 ,reducer for ,gelatin ,dry-,plate ,negatives4-- ,i4--,saturated solution of ferricyanide of potassium #a part ,hyposulphite of sodium solution 7#a in #aj7 #aj parts ,,ii4--,perchloride of iron #cj grains ,citric acid #fj grains ,water #a pint ,belitski's ,acid ,ferric-,oxalate ,reducer for ,gelatin ,plates4-- ,water #g ounces ,potassium ferric oxalate #b #a_/b drachms ,crystallized neutral sulphite of sodium #b drachms ,powdered oxalic acid1 from #cj to #de grains ,hyposulphite of soda #a #a_/b ounces ,the solution must be made in this order1 filtered1 and be kept in tightly closed bottles2 and as under the influence of light the ferric salt is reduced to #ecf ferrous1 the preparation must be kept in subdued light1 in non-actinic glass bottles4 ,orthochromatic ,dry ,plates--,erythrosine ,bath 7,mallman and ,scolik74--,preliminary bath3 ,water #bjj cubic centimeters ,stronger ammonia #b cubic centimeters ,soak a plate for #b minutes4 ,color bath3 ,erythrosine solution 7#a in #a1jjj7 #be cubic centimeters ,stronger ammonia 7#j4ijj7 #d cubic centimeters ,water #age cubic centimeters ,the plate should not remain longer in the bath than #a #a_/d minutes4 ,,paper-,,sensitizing ,,processes3 ,blueprint ,paper4--,i4--,the ordinary blue photographic print in which white lines appear on a blue ground may be made on paper prepared as follows3 ,a4--,potassium ferricyanide #aj drachms ,distilled water #d ounces ,b4--,iron ammonia citrate #ae drachms ,distilled water #d ounces ,mix when wanted for use1 filter1 and apply to the surface of the paper4 ,with this mixture no developer is required4 ,the paper after exposure is simply washed in water to remove the unaltered iron salts4 ,the print is improved by immersion in dilute hydrochloric acid1 after which it must be again well washed in water4 ,,ii4--,the following process1 credited to ,captain ,abney1 yields a photographic paper giving blue lines on a white ground3 ,common salt #c ounces ,ferric chloride #h ounces ,tartaric acid #c #a_/d ounces ,acacia #be ounces ,water #ajj ounces ,dissolve the acacia in half the water and dissolve the other ingredients in the other half2 then mix4 ,the liquid is applied with a brush to strongly sized and well rolled paper in a subdued light4 ,the coating should be as even as possible4 ,the paper should be dried rapidly to prevent the solution sinking into its pores4 ,when dry1 the paper is ready for exposure4 ,in sunlight1 #a or #b minutes is generally sufficient to give an image2 while in a dull light as much as an hour is necessary4 ,to develop the print1 it is floated immediately after leaving the printing frame upon a saturated solution of potassium ferrocyanide4 ,none of the developing solution should be allowed to reach the back4 ,the development is usually complete in less than a minute4 ,the paper may be lifted off the solution when the face is wetted1 the development proceeding with that which adheres to the print4 ,when the development is complete1 the print is floated on clean water1 and after #b or #c minutes is placed in a bath1 made as follows3 ,sulphuric acid #c ounces ,hydrochloric acid #h ounces ,water #ajj ounces ,in about #aj minutes the acid will have removed all iron salts not turned into the blue compound4 ,it is next thoroughly washed and dried4 ,blue spots may be removed by a #d per cent solution of caustic potash4 ,the back of the tracing must be placed in contact with the sensitive surface4 ,,iii4--,dissolve #c #c_/d ounces of ammonia citrate of iron in #ah ounces of water1 and put in a bottle4 ,then dissolve #b #e_/h ounces of red prussiate of potash in #ah ounces of water1 and put in another bottle4 ,when ready to prepare the paper1 have the sheets piled one on top of the other1 coating but one at a time4 ,darken the room1 and light a ruby lamp4 ,now1 mix thoroughly equal parts of both solutions and apply the mixture with a sponge in long parallel sweeps1 keeping the application as even as possible4 ,hang the paper in the dark room to dry and keep it dark until used4 ,any of the mixture left from sensitizing the paper should be thrown away1 as it deteriorates rapidly4 ,often1 in making blueprints by sunlight1 the exposure is too long1 and when the frame is opened the white lines of the print are faint or obscure4 ,usually these prints are relegated to the waste basket2 but if1 after being washed as usual1 they are sponged with a weak solution of chloride of iron1 their reclamation is almost certain4 ,when the lines reappear1 the print should be thoroughly rinsed in clear water4 ,often a drawing1 from which prints have already been made1 requires changing4 ,the blueprints then on hand are worthless1 requiring more time to correct #ecg than it would take to make a new print4 ,an economical way of using the worthless prints is to cancel the drawing already thereon1 sensitize the reverse side1 and use the paper again4 ,how to ,make ,picture ,postal ,cards and ,photographic ,letter ,heads4--,i4--,well-sized paper is employed4 ,if the sizing should be insufficient1 resizing can be done with a #aj per cent gelatin solution1 with a #b per cent arrowroot paste1 or with a #ej per cent decoction of carrageen4 ,this size is applied on the crude paper with a brush and allowed to dry4 ,the well-sized or resized papers are superior and the picture becomes stronger on them than on insufficiently sized paper4 ,coat this paper uniformly with a solution of #aed grains of ferric oxalate in #c #a_/b fluidounces of distilled water1 using a brush1 and allow to dry4 ,next1 apply the solution of #ae #a_/b grains of silver nitrate in #c #a_/b fluidounces of water with a second brush1 and dry again4 ,coating and drying must be conducted with ruby light or in the dark4 ,the finished paper keeps several days4 ,print deep so as to obtain a strong picture and develop in the following bath3 ,distilled water #c #a_/b fluidounces ,potassium oxalate 7neutral7 #cdj grains ,oxalic acid #d grains ,after developing the well-washed prints1 fix them preferably in the following bath3 ,distilled water #c #a_/b fluidounces ,sodium thiosulphate #ge grains ,gold chloride solution 7#a in #ajj7 #hj minims ,any other good bath may be employed4 ,,ii4--,starch is dissolved in water and the solution is boiled until it forms a thin paste4 ,carmine powder is added1 and the mixture is rapidly and assiduously stirred until it is homogeneous throughout4 ,it is now poured through muslin and spread by means of a suitable pencil on the paper to be sensitized4 ,let dry1 then float it1 prepared side down on a solution of potassium chromate1 #cj parts in #ebj parts of distilled water1 being careful to prevent any of the liquid from getting on the back or reverse side4 ,dry in the dark room1 and preserve in darkness4 ,when desired for use lay the negative on the face of the paper1 and expose to the full sunlight for #e or #f minutes 7or about an hour in diffused light74 ,washing in plenty of water completes the process4 ,a ,simple ,emulsion for ,mat or ,printing-,out ,paper4--,one of the very best surfaces to work upon for coloring in water color is the carbon print4 ,apart from its absolute permanency as a base1 the surface possesses the right tooth for the adhering of the pigment4 ,it is just such a surface as this that is required upon other prints than carbon1 both for finished mat surfaces and for the purposes of coloring4 ,the way to obtain this surface upon almost any kind of paper1 and to print it out so that the correct depth is ascertained on sight1 will be described4 ,some of the crayon drawing papers can be utilized1 as well as many other plain photographic papers that may meet the desires of the photographer4 ,if a glossy paper is desired1 the emulsion should be coated on a baryta-coated stock4 ,there will be required1 in the first place1 #b half-gallon stoneware crocks with lids4 ,the best shape to employ is a crock with the sides running straight1 with no depressed ridge at the top4 ,one of these crocks is for the preparation of the emulsion1 the other to receive the emulsion when filtered4 ,an enameled iron saucepan of about #b gallons capacity will be required in which to stand the crock for preparing the emulsion1 and also to remelt the emulsion after it has become set4 ,the following is the formula for the emulsion1 which must be prepared and mixed in the order given4 ,failure will be impossible if these details are scrupulously attended to4 ,having procured #b half-gallon stoneware crocks with lids1 clean them out well with hot and cold water1 and place into one of these the following3 ,distilled water #aj ounces ,gelatin 7,heinrich's1 hard7 #d ounces ,cut the gelatin into shreds with a clean pair of scissors4 ,press these shreds beneath the water with a clean strip of glass and allow to soak for #a hour4 ,now proceed to melt the water-soaked gelatin by placing the crock into hot water in the enameled saucepan1 the water standing about half way up on the outside of the crock4 ,bring the water to boiling point1 and keep the gelatin occasionally stirred until it is completely dissolved4 ,then remove the crock to allow the contents to cool down to #abj ,f4 ,now prepare the following1 which can be done while the gelatin is melting3 #ech ,no4 #a ,rochelle salts #ij grains ,distilled water #a ounce ,no4 #b ,chloride of ammonia #de grains ,distilled water #a ounce ,no4 #c ,nitrate of silver1 #a ounce and #ge grains ,citric acid 7crushed crystals7 #ie grains ,distilled water #aj ounces ,no4 #d ,powdered white alum #ij grains ,distilled water 7hot7 #e ounces ,the latter solution may be made with boiling water4 ,when these solutions are prepared1 pour into the hot gelatin solution ,no4 #a1 stirring all the while with a clean glass rod4 ,then add ,no4 #b4 ,rinse the vessel with a little distilled water1 and add to the gelatin4 ,now1 while stirring gradually1 add ,no4 #c1 and lastly add ,no4 #d1 which may be very hot4 ,this will cause a decided change in the color of the emulsion4 ,lastly add #b ounces of pure alcohol 7photographic74 ,this must be added very gradually with vigorous stirring1 because if added too quickly it will coagulate the gelatin and form insoluble lumps4 ,the emulsion must1 of course1 be mixed under a light not stronger than an ordinary small gas-jet1 or under a yellow light obtained by covering the windows with yellow paper4 ,the cover may now be placed upon the crock1 and the emulsion put aside for #b or #c days to ripen4 ,at the end of this time the contents of the crock1 now formed into a stiff emulsion1 may be remelted in hot water by placing the crock in the enameled saucepan over a gas stove4 ,the emulsion may be broken up by cutting it with a clean bone or hard-rubber paper cutter to facilitate the melting4 ,stir the mixture occasionally until thoroughly dissolved1 and add the following as soon as the emulsion has reached a temperature of about #aej ,f43 ,distilled water #d ounces ,pure alcohol #a ounce ,the emulsion must now be filtered into the second crock4 ,the filtering is best accomplished in the following manner3 ,take an ordinary plain-top kerosene lamp chimney1 tie over the small end two thicknesses of washed cheese cloth4 ,invert the chimney and insert a tuft of absorbent cotton about the size of an ordinary egg4 ,press it carefully down upon the cheese cloth4 ,fix the chimney in the ring of a retort stand 7or cut a hole about #c inches in diameter in a wooden shelf71 so that the crock may stand conveniently beneath4 ,in the chimney place a strip of glass1 resting upon the cotton1 to prevent the cotton from lifting4 ,now pour in the hot emulsion and allow the whole of it to filter through the absorbent cotton4 ,this accomplished1 we are now ready for coating the paper1 which is best done in the following manner3 ,cut the paper into strips or sheets1 say #ab inches wide and the full length of the sheet4 ,this will be1 let us suppose1 #ab x #bf inches4 ,attach1 by means of the well-known photographic clips1 a strip of wood at each end of the paper upon the back4 ,three clips at each end will be required4 ,having a number of sheets thus prepared1 the emulsion should be poured into a porcelain pan or tray1 kept hot by standing within another tray containing hot water4 ,the emulsion tray being1 say1 #aa x #ad size1 the paper now is easily coated by holding the clipped ends in each hand1 then holding the left end of the paper up1 and the right-hand end lowered so that the curve of the paper just touches the emulsion4 ,then raise the right hand1 at the same time lowering the left hand at the same rate4 ,then lower the right hand1 lifting the left4 ,repeat this operation once more2 then drain the excess of emulsion at one corner of the tray1 say1 the left-hand corner4 ,just as soon as the emulsion has drained1 the coated sheet of paper may be hung up to dry1 by the hooks attached to the clips1 upon a piece of copper wire stretched from side to side of a spare closet or room that can be kept darkened until the paper is dry4 ,in this way coat as much paper as may be required4 ,when it is dry it may be rolled up tight or kept flat under pressure until needed4 ,if any emulsion remains it may be kept in a cool place for #b weeks1 and still be good for coating4 ,be sure to clean out all the vessels used before the emulsion sets1 otherwise this will present a difficult task1 since the emulsion sets into an almost insoluble condition4 ,this emulsion is so made that it does not require to be washed4 ,if it is washed it will become spoiled4 ,it is easy to make and easy to use4 ,if it is desired that only small sheets of paper are to be coated1 they may be floated on the emulsion1 but in this case the paper must be damp1 which is easily accomplished by #eci wetting a sheet of blotting paper1 then covering this with two dry sheets of blotting paper4 ,place the sheets to be coated upon these1 and place under pressure during the night4 ,next day they will be in good condition for floating4 ,when the coated paper is dry it may be printed and toned just the same as any other printing-out paper1 with any toning bath1 and fixed in hyposulphite of soda as usual4 ,toning may be carried to a rich blue black1 or if not carried too far will remain a beautiful sepia color4 ,after well washing and drying1 it will be observed that the surface corresponds with that of a carbon print2 if the paper has been of a somewhat absorbent character1 the surface will be entirely mat1 and will give an excellent tooth for coloring or finishing in sepia1 black and white1 etc4 ,how to ,sensitize ,photographic ,printing ,papers4--,i4--,the older form of paper is one in which the chemicals are held by albumen4 ,silver is said to combine with this1 forming an albuminate4 ,pictures printed on this would be too sharp in their contrasts1 and consequently 8hard02 this is avoided by introducing silver chloride4 ,to prepare this form of paper1 beat #ae ounces of fresh egg albumen with #e ounces of distilled water1 dissolve in it #cjj grains of ammonium chloride1 set aside for a time1 and decant or filter4 ,suitable paper is coated with this solution by floating1 and then dried4 ,the paper is 8sensitized0 by floating it on a solution of silver nitrate in distilled water1 about #hj grains to the ounce1 with a drop of acetic acid4 ,the paper is dried as before1 and is then ready for printing4 ,the sensitizing must1 of course1 be done in the dark room4 ,the reaction between the ammonium chloride present in the albumen coating produces a certain quantity of silver chloride1 the purpose of which is shown above4 ,of course1 variations in the proportions of this ingredient will give different degrees of softness to the picture4 ,,ii4--,the bromide and chloride papers which are now popular consist of the ordinary photographic paper sensitized by means of a thin coating of bromide or chloride emulsion4 ,in 8,photographic ,printing ,methods10 by the ,rev4 ,w4 ,h4 ,burbank1 the following method is given for bromide paper3 ,a4--,gelatin 7soft7 #db #a_/b grains ,bromide of potassium #bf grains ,distilled water #a ounce ,b4--,nitrate of silver #cc #a_/c grains ,distilled water #a ounce ,dissolve the bromide first1 then add the gelatin and dissolve by gentle heat 7#ie to #ajj ,f474 ,bring the silver solution to the same temperature1 and add in a small stream to the gelatin solution1 stirring vigorously1 of course in non-actinic light4 ,keep the mixed emulsion at a temperature of #aje ,f4 for half an hour1 or according to the degree of sensitiveness required1 previously adding #a drop of nitric acid to every #e ounces of the emulsion4 ,allow it to set1 squeeze through working canvas1 and wash #b hours in running water4 ,in his own practice he manages the washing easily enough by breaking the emulsion up into an earthen jar filled with cold water1 and placed in the dark room sink4 ,a tall lamp chimney standing in the jar immediately under the tap conducts fresh water to the bottom of the jar1 and keeps the finely divided emulsion in constant motion2 a piece of muslin1 laid over the top of the jar to prevent any of the emulsion running out1 completes this simple1 inexpensive1 but efficient washing apparatus4 ,next melt the emulsion and add one-tenth of the whole volume of glycerine and alcohol2 the first to prevent troublesome cockling of the paper as it dries1 the second to prevent air bubbles and hasten drying4 ,then filter4 ,with the emulsion the paper may be coated just as it comes from the stock dealer1 plain1 or1 better still1 given a substratum of insoluble gelatin1 made as follows3 ,gelatin #a #c_/e grains ,water #a ounce ,dissolve and filter2 then add #aa drops of a #a in #ej filtered chrome alum solution4 ,the paper is to be floated for half a minute on this solution1 avoiding air bubbles1 and then hung up to dry in a room free from dust4 ,the purpose of this substratum is to secure additional brilliancy in the finished prints by keeping the emulsion isolated from the surface of the paper4 ,the paper should now be cut to the size desired4 ,we do not know of these processes having been applied to postal cards1 but unless there is some substance in the sizing of the card which would interfere1 there is no reason why it should not be4 ,of course1 however1 a novice will not get the results by using it that an experienced hand would4 ,ferro-,prussiate ,paper4--,the following aniline process of preparing sensitive paper is employed by the ,prussian and ,hessian railway administrations4 ,the #edj ordinary paper on reels is used for the purpose1 and sensitized as follows3 ,two hundred and fifty parts1 by weight1 of powdered potassium bichromate are dissolved in water2 the solution should be completely saturated2 #aj parts of concentrated sulphuric acid1 #aj parts of alcohol 7#ifb71 and #cj parts of phosphoric acid1 are added successively1 and the whole stirred together4 ,the solution is sponged over the paper4 ,it is not necessary to have the room absolutely dark1 or to work by a red light1 still the light should be obscured4 ,the drying of the paper1 in the same place1 takes about #aj minutes1 after which the tracing to be reproduced and the paper are placed in a frame1 as usual1 and exposed to daylight4 ,on a sunny day1 an exposure of #ce seconds is enough2 in cloudy weather1 #fj to #gj seconds2 on a very dark day1 as much as #e minutes4 ,after exposure1 the paper is fixed by suspending it for #bj minutes upon a bar in a closed wooden box1 on the bottom of which are laid some sheets of blotting paper1 sprinkled with #dj drops of benzine and #bj of crude aniline oil4 ,the vapors given off will develop the design4 ,several impressions may be taken at the same time4 ,for fixing1 crude aniline oil is to be used 7anilinum purum71 not refined 7purissimum71 for the reason that the former alone contains the substances necessary for the operation4 ,the reproduced design is placed in water for a few minutes1 and hung up to dry4 ,pigment ,paper for ,immediate ,use4--,pigment paper is usually sensitized in the bichromate solution on the evening before it is desired for use4 ,if it is not then used it will spoil4 ,by proceeding as follows the paper may be used within a quarter of an hour after treating it in the bichromate bath4 ,make a solution of ,ammonium bichromate #ge grains ,water #c #a_/b fluidounces ,sodium carbonate #ae grains ,mix #j4ce ounces of this solution with #j4g ounces alcohol1 and with a broad brush apply to surface of the pigment paper1 as evenly as possible4 ,dry this paper as quickly as possible in a pasteboard box of suitable size1 #ae minutes being usually long enough for the purpose4 ,it may then be used at once4 ,photographing on ,silk4--,china silk is thoroughly and carefully washed to free it from dressing1 and then immersed in the following solution3 ,sodium chloride #d parts ,arrowroot #d parts ,acetic acid #ae parts ,distilled water #ajj parts ,dissolve the arrowroot in the water by warming gently1 then add the remaining ingredients4 ,dissolve #d parts of tannin in #ajj parts of distilled water and mix the solutions4 ,let the silk remain in the bath for #c minutes1 then hang it carefully on a cord stretched across the room to dry4 ,the sensitizing mixture is as follows3 ,silver nitrate #ij parts ,distilled water #gej parts ,nitric acid #a part ,dissolve4 ,on the surface of this solution the silk is to be floated for #a minute1 then hung up till superficially dry1 then pinned out carefully on a flat board until completely dry4 ,this must1 of course1 be done in the dark room4 ,print1 wash1 and tone in the usual manner4 ,,toning ,,baths ,,for ,,paper4 ,the chief complaints made against separate baths are 7#a7 the possibility of double tones1 and 7#b7 that the prints sometimes turn yellow and remain so4 ,such obstacles may easily be removed by exercising a little care4 ,double tones may be prevented by soaking the prints in a #aj per cent solution of common salt before the preliminary washing1 and by not touching the films with the fingers2 and the second objection could not be raised provided fresh solution were used1 with no excess of sulphocyanide1 if this be the bath adopted4 ,a very satisfactory solution may be made as follows3 ,sodium phosphate #bj grains ,gold chloride #a #a_/b grains ,distilled 7or boiled7 water #aj ounces ,this tones very quickly and evenly1 and the print will be1 when fixed1 exactly the color it is when removed from the bath4 ,good chocolate tints may be obtained1 turning to purple gray on prolonged immersion4 ,next to this1 as regards ease of manipulation1 the tungstate bath may be placed1 the following being a good formula3 ,sodium tungstate #dj grains ,gold chloride #b grains ,water #ab ounces ,the prints should be toned a little further than required1 as they change color1 though only slightly1 in the hypo4 #eda ,provided that ordinary care be exercised1 the sulphocyanide bath cannot well be improved upon4 ,the formulas given by the various makers for their respective papers are all satisfactory1 and differ very little4 ,one that always acts well is ,ammonium sulphocyanide #bh grains ,distilled water #af ounces ,gold chloride #b #a_/b grains ,for those who care to try the various baths1 and to compare their results1 here is a table showing the quantities of different agents that may be used with sufficient water to make up #aj ounces3 ,gold chloride1 #a gr4 to #a oz4 water #ab dr4 #af dr4 #af dr4 #aa dr4 #aa dr4 #ad dr4 ,borax #fj gr4 ,sod4 bicarbonate #aj gr4 ,sod4 carbonate #bj gr4 ,sod4 phosphate #bj gr4 ,sod4 tungstate #dj gr4 ,amm4 sulphocyanide #ag4e gr4 ,we may take it that any of these substances reduce gold trichloride1 ,au,cl#c to ,au,cl2 this ,au,cl apparently acts as an electrolyte1 from which gold is deposited on the silver of the image1 and at the same time a small quantity of silver combines with the chlorine of the gold chloride thus3 ,au,cl ,ag ,ag,cl ,au ,when toning has been completed1 the prints are washed and placed in the fixing bath1 when the sodium thiosulphate present dissolves any silver chloride that has not been affected by light4 ,besides the well-known1 every-day tones we see1 which never outstep the narrow range between chocolate brown and purple1 a practically infinite variety of color1 from chalk red to black1 may be obtained by a little careful study of toning baths instead of regarding them as mere unalterable machines4 ,most charming tints are produced with platinum baths1 a good formula being ,strong nitric acid #e drops ,water #d ounces ,chloro-platinite of potassium #a grain ,the final tone of a print cannot be judged from its appearance in the bath1 but some idea of it may be got by holding it up to the light and looking through it4 ,a short immersion gives various reds1 while prolonged toning gives soft grays4 ,results very similar to platinotype may be obtained with the following combined gold and platinum bath3 ,a4--,sodium acetate #a drachm ,water #d ounces ,gold chloride #a grain ,b4--,chloro-platinite of potassium #a grain ,water #d ounces ,mix ,a and ,b and neutralize with nitric acid4 7,the solution will be neutral when it just ceases to turn red litmus paper blue47 ,another toning agent is stannous chloride4 ,two or three grains of tin foil are dissolved in strong hydrochloric acid with the aid of heat4 ,the whole is then made up to about #d ounces with water4 ,toning ,baths for ,silver ,bromide ,paper4--,the picture1 which has been exposed at a distance of #a #a_/b feet for about #h to #aj seconds1 is developed in the customary manner and fixed in an acid fixing bath composed of ,distilled water #a1jjj cubic centimeters ,hyposulphite of soda #ajj grams ,sodium sulphite #bj grams ,sulphuric acid #d to #e grams ,first dissolve the sodium sulphite1 then add the sulphuric acid1 and finally the hyposulphite1 and dissolve4 ,blue tints are obtained by laying the picture in a bath composed as follows3 ,a4--,uranium nitrate #b grams ,water #bjj cubic centimeters ,b4--,red prussiate of potash #b grams ,water #bjj cubic centimeters ,c4--,ammonia-iron-alum #aj grams ,water #ajj cubic centimeters ,pure hydrochloric acid #ae cubic centimeters ,immediately before the toning1 mix ,solution ,a #bjj cubic centimeters ,glacial acetic acid #bj cubic centimeters ,solution ,b #bjj cubic centimeters ,solution ,c #cj to #dj cubic centimeters ,brown tints4 ,use the following solutions3 #edb ,a4--,uranium nitrate #ab grams ,water #a1jjj cubic centimeters ,b4--,red prussiate of potash #i grams ,water #a1jjj cubic centimeters ,and mix immediately before use ,solution ,a #ajj cubic centimeters ,solution ,b #ajj cubic centimeters ,glacial acetic acid #aj cubic centimeters ,pictures toned in this bath are then laid into the following solution3 ,water #a1ejj cubic centimeters ,pure hydrochloric acid #e cubic centimeters ,citric acid #bj grams ,to ,turn ,blueprints ,brown4--,a piece of caustic soda about the size of a bean is dissolved in #e ounces of water and the blueprint immersed in it1 on which it will take on an orange-yellow color4 ,when the blue has entirely left the print it should be washed thoroughly and immersed in a bath composed of #h ounces of water in which has been dissolved a heaping teaspoonful of tannic acid4 ,the prints in this bath will assume a brown color that may be carried to almost any tone1 after which they must again be thoroughly washed and allowed to dry4 ,,combined ,,toning ,,and ,,fixing ,,baths4 ,the combined toning and fixing bath consists essentially of five parts--7#a7 water1 the solvent2 7#b7 a soluble salt of gold1 such as gold chloride2 7#c7 the fixing agent1 sodium thiosulphate2 7#d7 a compound which will readily combine with 8nascent0 sulphur--i4 e41 sulphur as it is liberated--this is usually a soluble lead salt1 such as the acetate or nitrate1 and 7#e7 an auxiliary1 such as a sulphocyanide4 ,the simplest bath was recommended by ,dr4 ,john ,nicol1 and is as follows3 ,sodium thiosulphate #c ounces ,distilled water #af ounces ,when dissolved1 add ,gold chloride #d grains ,distilled water #d fluidrachms ,a bath which contains lead is due to ,dr4 ,vogel1 whose name alone is sufficient to warrant confidence in the formula3 ,sodium thiosulphate #g ounces ,ammonium sulphocyanide #a ounce ,lead acetate #fg grains ,alum #a ounce ,gold chloride #ab grains ,distilled water #ce fluidounces ,a bath which contains no lead is one which has produced excellent results and is due to the experimental research of ,dr4 ,liesegang4 ,it is as follows3 ,ammonium sulphocyanide #a_/d ounce ,sodium chloride #a ounce ,alum #a_/b ounce ,sodium thiosulphate #d ounces ,distilled water #bd fluidounces ,allow this solution to stand for #bd hours1 during which time the precipitated sulphur sinks to the bottom of the vessel2 decant or filter1 and add ,gold chloride #h grains ,distilled water #a fluidounce ,it is curious that1 with the two baths last described1 the addition to them of some old1 exhausted solution makes them work all the better4 ,,enlargements4 ,,times ,,of ,,enlargement ,,and ,,reduction ,focus of #a inch #b inches#c inches#d inches#e inches#f inches#g inches#h inches ,lens4 ,in4 #b #d #f #h #aj #ab #ad #af #ah #d #c #b #b_/c #b #a_/b #b #b_/e #b #a_/c #b #b_/g #b #a_/d #b #a_/b #e #g #a_/b #aj #ab #a_/b #ae #ag #a_/b #bj #bb #a_/b #e #c #c_/d #c #a_/c #c #a_/h #c #b #i_/aj #b #f_/g #b #c_/af #c #f #i #ab #ae #ah #ba #bd #bg #f #d #a_/b #d #c #c_/d #c #c_/e #c #a_/b #c #c_/g #c #c_/h #c #a_/b #g #aj #a_/b #ad #ag #a_/b #ba #bd #a_/b #bh #ca #a_/b #g #e #a_/d #d #b_/c #d #c_/d #d #a_/e #d #a_/ab #d #c #i_/aj #d #h #ab #af #bj #bd #bh #cb #cf #h #f #e #a_/c #e #d #d_/e #d #b_/c #d #d_/g #d #a_/b #d #a_/b #i #ac #a_/b #ah #bb #a_/b #bg #ca #a_/b #cf #dj #a_/b #i #f #c_/d #f #e #c_/e #e #b_/e #e #a_/d #e #a_/g #e #a_/af #e #aj #ae #bj #be #cj #ce #dj #de #aj #g #a_/b #f #b_/c #f #a_/d #f #e #e_/f #e #e_/g #e #e_/h #e #a_/b #aa #af #a_/b #bb #bg #a_/b #cc #ch #a_/b #dd #di #a_/b #aa #h #a_/d #g #a_/c #f #d_/e #f #a_/b #f #e_/ab #f #b_/g #f #c_/af #f #ab #ah #bd #cj #cf #db #dh #ed #ab #i #h #g #a_/b #g #a_/e #g #f #f_/g #f #c_/d #g #ad #ba #bh #ce #db #di #ef #fc #ad #aj #a_/b #i #a_/c #h #c_/d #h #b_/e #h #a_/f #h #g #g_/h #h #af #bd #cb #dj #dh #ef #fd #gb #af #ab #aj #b_/c #aj #i #c_/e #i #a_/c #i #a_/g #i #i #ah #bg #cf #de #ed #fc #gb #ha #ah #ac #a_/b #ab #aa #a_/d #aj #d_/e #aj #a_/b #aj #b_/g #aj #a_/h #edc ,the object of this table is to enable any manipulator who is about to enlarge 7or reduce7 a copy any given number of times to do so without troublesome calculation4 ,it is assumed that the photographer knows exactly what the focus of his lens is1 and that he is able to measure accurately from its optical center4 ,the use of the table will be seen from the following illustration3 ,a photographer has a carte to enlarge to four times its size1 and the lens he intends employing is one of #f inches equivalent focus4 ,he must therefore look for #d on the upper horizontal line and for #f in the first vertical column1 and carry his eye to where these two join1 which will be at #cj-g #a_/b4 ,the greater of these is the distance the sensitive plate must be from the center of the lens2 and the lesser1 the distance of the picture to be copied4 ,to reduce a picture any given number of times1 the same method must be followed2 but in this case the greater number will represent the distance between the lens and the picture to be copied1 the latter that between the lens and the sensitive plate4 ,this explanation will be sufficient for every case of enlargement or reduction4 ,if the focus of the lens be #ab inches1 as this number is not in the column of focal lengths1 look out for #f in this column and multiply by #b1 and so on with any other numbers4 ,to make a good enlargement five points should be kept constantly in view1 viz43 #a4 ,most careful treatment of the original negative4 #b4 ,making a diapositive complete in all its parts4 #c4 ,scrupulous consideration of the size of the enlargement4 #d4 ,correct exposure during the process of enlargement4 #e4 ,the most minute attention to the details of development1 including the chemical treatment of the enlarged negative4 ,the original negative should not be too dense1 nor1 on the contrary1 should it be too thin4 ,if necessary1 it should be washed off1 or strengthened1 as the case may be4 ,too strong a negative is usually weakened with ammonium persulphate1 or the fixing hypo solution is quite sufficient4 ,all spots1 points1 etc41 should be retouched with the pencil and carmine4 ,the diapositive should be produced by contact in the copying apparatus4 ,a border of black paper should be used to prevent the entry of light from the side4 ,the correct period of exposure depends upon the thickness of the negative1 the source of the light1 its distance1 etc4 ,here there is no rule1 experience alone must teach4 ,for developing one should use not too strong a developer4 ,the metol-soda developer is well suited to this work1 as it gives especially soft lights and half tones4 ,avoid too short a development4 ,when the finger laid behind the thickest spot1 and held toward the light1 can no longer be detected1 the negative is dense enough4 ,the denser negatives should be exposed longer1 and the development should be quick1 while with thin1 light negatives the reverse is true2 the exposure should be briefer and the development long1 using a strong developer1 and if necessary with an addition of potassium bromide4 ,the silver chloro-bromide diapositive plates1 found in the shops1 are totally unsuited for enlargements1 as they give overdone1 hard pictures4 ,to produce good artistic results in enlarging1 the diapositive should be kept soft1 even somewhat too thin4 ,it should undergo1 also1 a thorough retouching4 ,all improvements are easily carried out on the smaller positive or negative pictures4 ,later on1 after the same have been enlarged1 corrections are much more difficult and troublesome4 ,,varnishes3 ,cold ,varnish4-- ,i4--,pyroxylin #aj grains ,amyl alcohol #a ounce ,amyl acetate #a ounce ,allow to stand1 shaking frequently till dissolved4 ,label3 ,the negative should be thoroughly dried before this solution is applied1 which may be done either by flowing it over the solution or with a flat brush4 ,the negative should be placed in a warm place for at least #ab hours to thoroughly dry4 ,,ii4--,japanese gold size #a part ,benzol #a part ,label3 ,in applying this varnish great care should be taken not to use it near a light or open fire4 ,it can be flowed over or brushed on the negative4 ,black ,varnish4-- ,brunswick black #a #a_/b ounces ,benzol #a ounce ,label3 ,the varnish should be applied with a brush1 care being taken not to use it near a light or open fire4 #edd ,dead ,black ,varnish4-- ,borax #cj grains ,shellac #fj grains ,glycerine #cj minims ,water #b ounces ,boil till dissolved1 filter1 and add aniline black1 #abj grains4 ,label3 ,apply the solution with a brush1 and repeat when dry if necessary4 ,ordinary ,negative ,varnish4-- ,gum sandarac #a ounce ,orange shellac #a_/b ounce ,castor oil #ij minims ,methyl alcohol #a pint ,allow to stand with occasional agitation till dissolved1 and then filter4 ,label3 ,the negative should be heated before a fire till it can be comfortably borne on the back of the hand1 and then the varnish flowed over1 any excess being drained off1 and the negative should then be again placed near the fire to dry4 ,water ,varnish4--,it is not only in connection with its application to a wet collodion film that water varnish forms a valuable addition to the stock of chemicals in all-round photography2 it is almost invaluable in the case of gelatin as with wet collodion films4 ,in the case of gelatin negatives the water varnish is applied in the shape of a wash directly after the negatives have been washed to free their films from all traces of hypo1 or in other words1 at that stage when the usual drying operation would begin4 ,after the varnish has been applied the films are dried in the usual manner1 and its application will soon convince anyone that has experienced the difficulty of retouching by reason of the want of a tooth in the film to make a lead-pencil bite1 as the saying goes1 that were this the only benefit accruing from its application it is well worthy of being employed4 ,the use of water varnish1 however1 does away with the necessity of employing collodion as an additional protection to a negative1 and is1 perhaps1 the best known remedy against damage from silver staining that experienced workers are acquainted with4 ,as a varnish it is not costly1 neither is it difficult to make in reasonably small quantities1 while its application is simplicity itself4 ,the following formula is an excellent sample of water varnish3 ,place in a clean1 enameled pan #a pint of water1 into which insert #d ounces of shellac in thin flakes1 and place the vessel on a fire or gas stove until the water is raised to #bab ,f4 ,when this temperature is reached a few drops of hot1 saturated solution of borax is dropped into the boiling pan containing the shellac and water1 taking care to stir vigorously with a long strip of glass until the shellac is all dissolved4 ,too much borax should not be added1 only just sufficient to cause the shellac to dissolve1 and it is better to stop short1 if anything1 before all the flakes dissolve out than to add too much borax4 ,the solution is then filtered carefully and1 when cold1 the water varnish is ready for use4 ,,faded ,,photographs ,,and ,,their ,,treatment3 ,restoring ,faded ,photographs4--,i4--,as a precaution against a disaster first copy the old print in the same size4 ,soak the faded photograph for several hours in clean water and1 after separating print from mount1 immerse the former in nitric acid1 highly dilute 7#a per cent71 for a few minutes4 ,then the print is kept in a mercury intensifier 7mercuric chloride1 #a_/b ounce2 common salt1 #a_/b ounce2 hot water1 #af ounces1 used cold71 until bleached as much as possible4 ,after half an hour's rinsing1 a very weak ammonia solution will restore the photograph1 with increased vigor1 the upper tones being much improved1 though the shadows will show some tendency to clog4 ,the net result will be a decided improvement in appearance2 but1 at this stage1 any similarly restored photographs should be recopied if their importance warrants it1 as mercury intensifier results are not permanent4 ,it may be suggested that merely rephotographing and printing in platinotype will probably answer4 ,,ii4--,carefully remove the picture from its mount1 and put it in a solution of the following composition3 ,by weight ,hydrochloric acid #b parts ,sodium chloride #h parts ,potassium bichromate #h parts ,distilled water #bej parts ,the fluid bleaches the picture1 but photographs that have been toned with gold do not quite vanish4 ,rinse with plenty of water1 and develop again with very dilute alkaline developer4 ,,mountants3 ,see also ,adhesives4 ,i4--,if buckling of the mount is to be cured1 the prints must be mounted in a dry state1 and the film of mountant borne by the print must be just sufficient to attach it firmly to the mount and no more4 ,the great virtue of the method #ede here described consists of the marvelously thin film of tenacious mountant applied to the print in its dry condition1 shrinkage by this means being entirely obviated4 ,a drawing board with a perfectly smooth surface and of fair dimensions1 an ivory or bone burnisher attached to a short handle1 with some common glue1 are the principal requisites4 ,take1 say1 a quarter of a pound of the glue broken into small pieces and cover it with water in a clean gallipot1 large enough to allow for the subsequent swelling of the glue4 ,place on one side until the glue has become thoroughly permeated by the water1 then pour off the excess and dissolve the glue in the water it has absorbed1 by placing the gallipot in a vessel of hot water4 ,the solution tested with a piece of blue litmus paper will show a distinctly acid reaction1 which must be carefully neutralized by adding some solution of carbonate of soda4 ,the amount of water absorbed by the glue will probably be too little to give it the best working consistency1 and1 if this is the case1 sufficient should be added to make it about the thickness of ordinary molasses4 ,careful filtration through a cambric handkerchief1 and the addition of about #aj grains of thymol1 completes the preparation of the mounting solution4 ,as glue deteriorates by frequent and prolonged heating1 it is preferable to make up a stock solution1 from which sufficient for the work in hand can be taken in the form of jelly1 melted1 and used up at once4 ,the finished prints1 dried and trimmed to the required size1 are placed on the boards they are to occupy when mounted1 and1 as it is impossible to remove a print for readjustment once it is laid down for final mounting1 the wisest course is to indicate by faint pencil marks on the mount the exact position the print is to occupy2 then it may be laid down accurately and without any indecision4 ,a small gas or oil stove is required on the mounting table to keep the glue liquid1 but maintaining the solution in a constant state of ebullition throughout the operation is unnecessary and harmful to the glue2 the flame should be regulated so that the mountant is kept just at the melting point4 ,place the drawing board beside the gas stove and with a house-painter's brush of good quality and size spread the glue over an area considerably exceeding the dimensions of the print to be mounted4 ,a thin coating of glue evenly applied to the board is the end to aim at1 to accomplish which the brush should be worked in horizontal strokes1 crossing these with others at right angles4 ,have at hand a small pile of paper cut into pieces somewhat larger than the print to be mounted 7old newspaper answers admirably for these pieces71 lay one down on the glued patch and press it well into contact by passing the closed hand across it in all directions4 ,raise one corner of the paper1 and slowly but firmly strip it from the board4 ,repeat the operations of gluing the board 7in the same place7 and stripping the newspaper #b or #c times1 when a beautifully even cushion of glue will remain on the board4 ,mounting the prints is the next step4 ,the cushion of glue obtained on the board has to be coated with glue for1 say1 every second print1 but the amount applied must be as small as possible4 ,after applying the glue the print is laid down upon it1 a square of the waste newspaper laid over the print1 which has then to be rubbed well into contact with the glue4 ,raise a corner of the print with the point of a penknife and strip it from the board1 as in the case of the newspaper4 ,care must be taken when handling the print in its glued condition to keep the fingers well beyond the edges of the print1 in order that no glue may be abstracted from the edges4 ,lay the print quickly down upon its mount2 with a clean1 soft linen duster smooth it everywhere into contact1 place upon it a square of photographic drying board1 and with the bone burnisher go over it in all directions1 using considerable pressure4 ,the finished result is a mounted print that shows no signs of buckling1 and which adheres to the mount with perfect tenacity4 ,,ii4--,gelatin #b parts ,water #d parts ,alcohol #h parts ,the alcohol is added slowly as soon as the gelatin is well dissolved in the water1 and the vessel turned continually to obtain a homogeneous mixture4 ,the solution must be kept hot during the operation on a water bath1 and should be applied quickly1 as it soon dries2 the print must be placed exactly the first time1 as it adheres at once4 ,the solution keeps for a long time in well-corked bottles4 ,,transparent ,,photographs3 ,i4--,the following mixture may be employed at #agf ,f41 to render photographs transparent4 ,it consists of #d parts paraffine and #a part linseed oil4 ,after immersion the photographs are at once #edf dried between blotting paper4 ,for fastening these photographs to glass1 glue or gelatin solution alone cannot be employed4 ,this is possible only when one-fourth of its weight of sugar has been added to the glue before dissolving4 ,the glasses for applying the photographs must be perfect1 because the slightest defects are visible afterwards4 ,,ii4--,if on albumen paper1 soak the print overnight in a mixture of #h ounces of castor oil and #a ounce of ,canada balsam4 ,plain paper requires a much shorter time4 ,when the print is thoroughly soaked1 take it from the oil1 drain well1 and lay it on the glass face downward1 and squeeze till all is driven out and the print adheres4 ,if a curved glass is used1 prepare a squeegee with edge parallel with the curvature of the glass4 ,it will take several hours before the print is dry enough to apply color to it4 ,,the ,,gum - ,,bichromate ,,photo-,,printing ,,process4 ,gum bichromate is not a universal printing method4 ,it is not suited for all subjects or for all negatives1 but where there is simplicity and breadth in sizes of #h #a_/b x #f #a_/b and upward1 direct or enlarged prints by it have a charm altogether their own1 and afford an opportunity for individuality greater than any other method4 ,while almost any kind of paper will do1 there are certain qualities that the beginner at least should endeavor to secure4 ,it should be tough enough to stand the necessary handling1 which is considerably more than in either the printing-out or developing methods4 ,it must not be so hard or smooth as to make coating difficult1 nor so porous as to absorb or let the coating sink in too much2 but a few trials will show just what surface is best4 ,till that experience is acquired it may be said that most of ,whatman's or ,michallet's drawing papers1 to be had at any artist's materials store1 will be found all that can be desired2 or1 failing these1 the sizing of almost any good paper will make it almost as suitable4 ,for sizing1 a weak solution of gelatin is generally employed1 but arrowroot is better2 half an ounce to a pint of water4 ,it should be beaten into a cream with a little of the water1 the rest added1 and brought to the boil4 ,when cold it may be applied with a sponge or tuft of cotton1 going several times1 first in one direction and then in the other1 and it saves a little future trouble to pencil mark the non-sized side4 ,the quality of the gum is of less importance than is generally supposed1 so long as it is the genuine gum arabic1 and in round1 clean 8tears40 ,to make the solution select an #h-ounce1 wide-mouthed bottle1 of the tall rather than the squat variety1 and place in it #f ounces of water4 ,two ounces of the gum are then tied loosely in a piece of thin muslin and suspended in the bottle so as to be about two-thirds covered by the water4 ,solution begins at once1 as may be seen by the heavier liquid descending1 and if kept at the ordinary temperature of the room may not be complete for #bd or even #dh hours2 but the keeping qualities of the solution will be greater than if the time had been shortened by heat4 ,when all that will has been dissolved1 there will still be a quantity of gelatinous matter in the muslin1 but on no account must it be squeezed out1 as the semi-soluble matter thus added to the solution would be injurious4 ,with the addition of a few drops of carbolic acid and a good cork the gum solution will keep for months4 ,the selection of the pigments is not such a serious matter as some of the writers would lead us to believe4 ,tube water colors are convenient and save the trouble of grinding1 but the cheap colors in powder take a better grip and give richer images4 ,the best prints are made with mixtures of common lampblack1 red ocher1 sienna1 umber1 and ,vandyke brown1 the only objection to their employment being the necessity of rather carefully grinding4 ,this may be done with a stiffish spatula and a sheet of finely ground glass1 the powder mixed with a little gum solution and rubbed with the spatula till smooth1 but better still is a glass paper weight in the shape of a cone with a base of about #a #a_/b inches in diameter1 bought in the stationer's for #be cents4 ,the sensitizer is a #aj per cent solution of potassium bichromate1 and whatever be the pigment or whatever the method of preparing the coating1 it may be useful to keep in mind that the right strength or proportion1 or at least a strength of coating that answers very well1 is equal parts of that and the gum solution4 ,in preparing the coating measure the gum solution in a cup from a toy tea set that holds exactly #a ounce1 it being easier to get it all out of this than out of a conical graduate4 ,from #bj to #cj grains of the color or mixture of colors in powder is placed on the slab--the ground surface of an 8opal0 answers well--and enough of the gum added to moisten it1 and work the paper weight 8muller10 aided by the #edg spatula1 as long as any grittiness remains1 or till it is perfectly smooth1 adding more and more gum till it is like a thick cream4 ,it is then transferred to a squat teacup and #a ounce of the bichromate solution gradually added1 working it in with one of the brushes to perfect homogeneity4 ,of course1 it will be understood that this mixture should be used all at once1 or rather only as much as is to be used at once should be made1 as notwithstanding what has been said to the contrary1 it will not keep4 ,after each operation1 both or all of the brushes should be thoroughly cleaned before putting them away4 ,not the least important are the brushes2 one about #b inches wide and soft for laying on the coating1 the other1 unless for small work1 twice that breadth and of what is known as 8badger0 or a good imitation thereof1 for softening4 ,the paper can be bought in sheets of about #ag x #bb inches4 ,cut these in two1 coating pieces of about #ag x #aa4 ,the sheet is fastened to a drawing board by drawing pins1 one at each corner4 ,the coating brush--of camel's hair1 but it is said that hog's is better--is filled with the creamy mixture1 which has been transferred to a saucer as more convenient1 and with even strokes1 first one way and then the other1 drawn all over the paper4 ,it is easier to do than to describe1 but all three joints1 wrist1 elbow1 and shoulder take part1 and unless the surface of the paper is too smooth1 there is really no difficulty to speak of4 ,by the time the whole surface has been covered the paper will have expanded to an extent that makes it necessary to remove three of the pins and tighten it1 and then comes the most important and the only really difficult part of the work1 the softening4 ,the softener is held exactly as one holds the pen in writing1 and the motion confined altogether to the wrist1 bringing only the points of the hair in contact with the coating1 more like stippling than painting4 ,if much of the coating has been laid on1 and too much is less of an evil than too little1 the softener will soon have taken up so much as to require washing4 ,this is done at the tap1 drying on a soft cloth1 and repeat the operation1 the strokes or touches gradually becoming lighter and lighter1 till the surface is as smooth and free from markings as if it had been floated4 ,just how thick the coating should be is most easily learned by experience1 but as1 unlike ordinary carbon1 development begins from the exposed surface1 it must be as deep2 that is1 as dark on the paper as the deepest shadow on the intended print1 and it should not be deeper4 ,while it is true that the bichromate colloid is not sensitive while wet1 the coating is best done in subdued light1 indeed1 generally at night4 ,hang the sheets to dry in the dark room4 ,exposure should be made with some form of actino-meter4 ,development may be conducted in various ways1 and is modified according to the extent of the exposure4 ,float the exposed sheet on water at the ordinary temperature from the tap4 ,the exposure should admit of complete1 or nearly complete1 development in that position in from #e to #aj minutes2 although it should not generally be allowed to go so far4 ,by turning up a corner from time to time one may see how it goes1 and at the suitable stage depending on what one really wants to do1 the otherwise plain outcome of the negative is modified1 gently withdrawn from the water1 and pinned up to dry4 ,the modifying operation may be done at once1 where the exposure has been long enough to admit it1 but generally1 and especially when it has been such as to admit of the best result1 the image is too soft1 too easily washed off to make it safe4 ,but after having been dried and again moistened by immersion in water1 the desired modification may be made with safety4 ,the moistened print is now placed on a sheet of glass1 the lower end of which rests on the bottom of the developing tray1 and supported by the left hand at a suitable angle2 or1 better still1 in some other way so as to leave both hands free4 ,in this position1 and with water at various temperatures1 camel's-hair brushes of various sizes1 and a rubber syringe1 it is possible to do practically anything4 ,,tables ,,and ,,scales3 ,comparative ,exposures of ,various ,subjects4-- ,seconds ,open panorama1 with fields and trees #a ,snow1 ice1 marine views #a ,panorama1 with houses1 etc4 #b ,banks of rivers #c ,groups and portraits in open air 7diffused light7 #f ,underneath open trees #f ,groups under cover #aj ,beneath dense trees #aj ,ravines1 excavations #aj ,portraits in light interiors #aj ,portraits taken #d feet from a window1 indoors1 diffused light #cj #edh ,,table ,,showing ,,displacement ,,on ,,ground ,,glass ,,of ,,objects ,,in ,,motion ,by ,henry ,l4 ,tolman ,from the ,photographic ,times ,lens #f-;inch ,equivalent ,focus1 ,ground ,glass at ,principal ,focus of ,lens ,miles ,feet ,distance on ,same ,same per per ,second4 ,ground ,glass1 with with ,hour4 in inches1 with ,object ,object ,object #cj ,feet #fj ,feet #abj ,feet away4 away4 away4 #a #a #a_/b 4#bi 4#ae 4#jgc #b #c 4#ei 4#bi 4#adg #c #d #a_/b 4#hh 4#da 4#bbj #d #f #a4ag 4#ei 4#bic #e #g #a_/b #a4dg 4#gc 4#cfg #f #i #a4gf 4#hh 4#ddj #g #aj #a_/b #b4je #a4jc 4#eac #h #ab #b4ce #a4ag 4#ehg #i #ac #b4fd #a4cb 4#ffj #aj #ad #a_/b #b4ic #a4dg 4#gcc #aa #af #c4bc #a4fa 4#hjg #ab #ag #a_/b #c4eb #a4gf 4#hhj #ac #ai #c4ha #a4ia 4#iec #ad #bj #a_/b #d4aa #b4je #a4jbg #ae #bb #d4dj #b4bj #a4ajj #bj #bi #e4hg #b4ic #a4dfg #be #cg #g4cc #c4fg #a4hcc #cj #dd #h4hj #d4dj #b4bjj #ce #ea #aj4bg #e4ac #b4efg #dj #ei #aa4gc #e4ig #b4icc ,w4 ,d4 ,kilbey1 in the ,american ,annual of ,photography1 gives still another table for the exposure that should be given to objects in motion4 ,according to his method the table is made out for a distance from the camera #ajj times that of the focus of the lens2 that is1 for a #f-;inch focus lens at #ej feet1 a #g-;inch at #eh feet1 an #h-;inch at #fg feet1 a #i-;inch at #ge feet1 or a #ab-;inch at #ajj feet4 ,toward ,at ,right the ,angles to ,camera4 the ,camera4 ,man walking slowly1 street scenes #a_/ae sec4 #a_/de sec4 ,cattle grazing #a_/ae sec4 #a_/de sec4 ,boating #a_/bj sec4 #a_/fj sec4 ,man walking1 children playing1 etc4 #a_/dj sec4 #a_/abj sec4 ,pony and trap1 trotting #a_/ajj sec4 #a_/cjj sec4 ,cycling1 ordinary #a_/ajj sec4 #a_/cjj sec4 ,man running a race and jumping #a_/aej sec4 #a_/dej sec4 ,cycle racing #a_/bjj sec4 #a_/fjj sec4 ,horses galloping #a_/bjj sec4 #a_/fjj sec4 ,if the object is twice the distance1 the length of allowable exposure is doubled1 and vice versa4 ,to ,reduce ,photographs4--,when one wishes to copy a drawing or photograph he is usually at a loss to know how high the plate will be when any particular base is selected4 ,a plan which has the merit of being simple and reliable has been in use in engravers' offices for years4 ,here are the details3 ,illustration3 ,reducing ,scale for ,copying ,photographs4 ,turn the drawing face down and rule a diagonal line from the left bottom to the right top corner4 ,then measure from the left1 on the bottom line1 the width required4 ,rule a vertical line from that point until it meets the diagonal4 ,rule from that point to the left1 and the resulting figure will have the exact proportions of the reduction4 ,if the depth wanted is known1 and the width is required1 the former should be measured on the left upright line1 carried to the diagonal1 and thence to the lower horizon4 ,the accompanying diagram explains the matter simply4 ,,color ,,photography3 ,a ,three-,color ,process4--,prepare #g solutions1 #d of which are used for color screens1 the remaining #c serving as dyes for the plates4 ,a4--,screen ,solutions4-- ,blue violet4 ,by weight ,methylene blue #e parts ,tetraethyldiamidooxytriphenyl carbinol #b parts ,or3 ,by weight ,methyl violet #e parts ,alcohol #bjj parts ,water1 distilled #cjj parts ,green4 ,by weight ,malachite green #aj parts ,alcohol #bjj parts ,water1 distilled #cjj parts #edi ,yellow4 ,by weight ,acridin yellow ,n4 ,o4 #aj parts ,alcohol #bjj parts ,water1 distilled #cjj parts ,red4 ,by weight ,congo rubin #aj parts ,alcohol #bjj parts ,water1 distilled #cjj parts ,b4--,dyes 7,stock ,solutions74-- ,by weight ,i4--,acridin yellow or acridin orange1 ,n4 ,o4 #a part ,alcohol #ajj parts ,water1 distilled #djj parts ,by weight ,,ii4--,congo rubin #a part ,alcohol #ajj parts ,water1 distilled #djj parts ,by weight ,,iii4--,tetraethyldiamidooxytriphenyl carbinol #a part ,alcohol #ajj parts ,water1 distilled #djj parts ,the screen solutions1 after being filtered through paper filters into clean dishes1 are utilized to bathe #f clean glass plates previously coated with #b per cent raw collodion2 we require #a plate for blue violet1 #b plates for red1 #b plates for yellow1 and #a plate for green1 which in order to obtain the screens are combined in the following way3 ,yellow and red plate1 yellow and green plate4 ,for special purposes the other red plate may be combined with the blue violet4 ,another method of preparing the screens is to add the saturated solutions drop by drop to a mixture of ,canada balsam and #b per cent castor oil and cement the glasses together4 ,those who consider the screens by the first method too transparent1 coat the glass plates with a mixture of #b to #c per cent raw collodion and #a per cent color solution4 ,others prefer gelatin screens1 using ,by weight ,hard gelatin 7,nelson's7 #h parts ,water #ajj parts ,absolute alcohol #aj parts ,pigment #a part ,this is poured over the carefully leveled and heated plate after having been filtered through flannel4 ,the collodion screens are cemented together by moistening the edges with ,canada balsam 7containing castor oil7 and pressing the plates together in a printing frame1 sometimes also binding the edges with strips of ,japanese paper4 ,on the evening before the day of work1 good dry plates of about #ah to #bd ,w4 are dyed in the following solution3 ,by weight ,stock solution1 ,no4 #a #af parts ,distilled water #ajj parts ,alcohol #e parts ,nitrate of silver 7#a4ejj7 #ej parts ,ammonia #a-b parts ,this bath sensitizes almost uninterruptedly to line ,a4 ,the total sensitiveness is high1 and the plate develops cleanly and fine4 ,blue sensitiveness is very much reduced1 and the blue screen is used for exposure4 ,as far as the author's recollection goes1 the plate for the yellow color has never been color-sensitized1 many operators using the commercial ,vogel-,obernetter eosin silver plates made by ,perutz1 of ,munich2 others again only use ordinary dry plates with a blue-violet screen4 ,this is1 however1 a decided mistake1 necessitating an immense amount of retouching1 as otherwise it produces a green shade on differently colored objects of the print4 ,for the red color plate the dry plate is dyed in ,by weight ,stock solution1 ,no4 #b #aj parts ,distilled water #ajj parts ,nitrate of silver 7#a4ejj7 #ajj parts ,ammonia #b parts ,the resulting absorption band is closed until ,e1 reaching from violet to red 7over ,c74 ,this red pigment was examined by ,eder1 who obtained very good results1 using ammonia in the solution4 ,the corresponding screen is a combination of malachite green with acridin yellow or acridin orange ,n4 #j4 ,for the blue color plate the dye is made up as follows3 ,by weight ,stock solution1 ,no4 #c #j4e-a part ,distilled water #ajj parts ,nitrate of silver 7#a4ejj7 #ajj parts ,ammonia #a-b parts ,this dye yields a strong band1 commencing at ,b1 reaching to ,c #c_/d ,d2 since the orange screen used herewith necessitates a long exposure1 the action seems to extend into the infra-red 7beyond ,a74 ,as a rule1 cyanine is used instead of the tetraethyldiamidooxytriphenyl carbinol #eej 7,h,cl salt71 but the former is apt to produce fogged plates4 ,methyl violet or crystal violet has also been suggested4 ,exposures should be made in direct sunlight or with artificial pure white light 7acetylene72 electric light is too variable4 ,the most suitable methods of reproduction are half-tone1 and the prototype methods2 also ,turati's ,isotypie4 ,the greatest difficulty in #c-;color printing nowadays is presented by the want of accurate printing4 ,we must use the proper paper and pure fast colors2 the inking rollers should be smooth1 not too soft1 and free from pores or weals4 ,the blocks must be firmly fixed typehigh1 otherwise they take color irregularly4 ,a good printing machine is1 of course1 most essential4 ,to supplement the above working directions3 ,after having kept the plates for #b or #c minutes 7constantly moving the dish7 in the dyes1 they are removed into a dish containing filtered alcohol1 which extracts the superfluous pigment4 ,plates thus treated dry much more rapidly1 develop cleaner1 and show no fogging4 ,most of the above dyes may be obtained from the 8,berliner ,actiengesellschaft fr ,anilinfabrikation10 the acridin only from the 8,farbwerk ,mhlheim1 a_/,main1 vorm4 ,a4 ,leonhard ,company40 ,solution for ,preparing ,color ,sensitive ,plates4--,h4 ,vollenbruch maintains that plates sensitized with erythrosin silver citrate are not only more sensitive to color impressions1 but also have better keeping qualities than ordinary erythrosin bathed plates4 ,for depression of the over-active blue rays he recommends the addition of picric acid to the coloring solution4 ,the picric acid erythrosin silver citrate ammonia solution is prepared as follows3 ,solution ,i ,citrate of potassa #a gram ,distilled water #aj cubic centimeters ,solution ,,ii ,silver nitrate #a gram ,distilled water #aj cubic centimeters ,both solutions are mixed and a white precipitate is formed which is allowed to subside4 ,the clear supernatant liquid is poured off carefully1 precipitate washed with water1 allowed again to subside1 and the wash water again decanted4 ,this process is repeated two or three times4 ,finally a large bulk of water 7#bj cubic centimeters7 is added to the precipitate and well shaken2 #e cubic centimeters of this is reserved1 the remainder is treated to ammonia1 drop by drop1 until the precipitate is redissolved4 ,now add the #e cubic centimeters of reserved solution and shake the whole until every particle is dissolved4 ,then make up the solution to #ej cubic centimeters and filter2 this forms ,solution ,,iii4 ,solution ,,iv ,distilled water #cjj cubic centimeters ,pure erythrosin #a grain ,under lamplight the #ej cubic centimeters of ,solution ,,iii are poured slowly with repeated shaking in ,solution ,,iv1 by which the originally beautiful red is converted into a dirty turbid bluish red somewhat viscid fluid2 add-- ,solution ,v ,picric acid #d grams ,absolute alcohol #cj cubic centimeters ,shake well1 and add to the whole #cc cubic centimeters ammonia 7specific gravity1 #j4ia71 wherewith the beautiful red color is restored4 ,after the filtration call this ,solution ,,vi4 ,this solution keeps well4 ,the slight deposit formed is redissolved on shaking4 ,the plates are sensitized as follows3 ,the plate to be sensitized is first laid in a tray of distilled water for #b or #c minutes1 then bathed in a mixture of #a cubic centimeter ammonia for #a minute and finally for #b minutes in a bath composed of the following3 ,color ,solution ,,vi #aj cubic centimeters ,distilled water #cjj cubic centimeters ,the plate is well drained and dried in a perfectly dark room4 ,these plates keep well for several months4 ,,microphotographs4 ,the instruments used are an objective of very short focus and a small camera with a movable holder4 ,this camera and the original negative to be reduced are fastened to the opposite ends of a long1 heavy board1 similar to the arrangement in use for the making of lantern slides4 ,the camera must be movable in the direction of the objective axis1 and the negative must be fastened to a vertically stationary stand4 ,it is then uniformly lighted from the reversed side by either daylight or artificial light4 ,some difficulty is experienced in getting a sharp focus of the picture4 ,the ordinary ground glass cannot be used1 not #eea being fine enough1 and the best medium for this purpose is a perfectly plain piece of glass1 coated with pretty strongly iodized collodion1 and sensitized in the silver bath1 the same way as in the wet process4 ,the focusing is done with a small lens or even with a microscope4 ,the plate intended for the picture has1 of course1 to lie in exactly the same plane as the plate used for focusing4 ,to be certain on this point1 it is best to focus upon the picture plate1 inserting for this purpose a yellow glass between objective and plate4 ,if satisfactory sharpness has been obtained1 the apparatus is once for all in order for these distances4 ,bromide of silver gelatin plates1 on account of their comparatively coarse grain1 are not suitable for these small pictures1 and the collodion process has to come to the rescue4 ,dagron1 in ,paris1 a prominent specialist in this branch1 gives the following directions3 ,a glass plate is well rubbed on both sides with a mixture of #a1jjj parts of water1 #ej parts powdered chalk1 and #bjj parts of alcohol1 applied with a cotton tuft1 after which it is gone over with a dry cotton tuft1 and thereafter cleaned with a fine chamois leather4 ,the side used for taking the picture is then finally cleaned with old collodion4 ,the collodion must be a little thinner than ordinarily used for wet plates4 ,dissolve ,ether #djj parts ,alcohol #ajj parts ,collodion cotton #c parts ,iodide ammonia #d parts ,bromide ammonia #a part ,the plate coated herewith is silvered in a silver bath of #g or #h per cent4 ,from #ab to #ae seconds are sufficient for this4 ,the plate is then washed in a tray or under a faucet with distilled water1 to liberate it from the free nitrate of silver and is afterwards placed upon blotting paper to drip off4 ,the still moist plate is then coated with the albumen mixture3 ,albumen #aej cubic centimeters ,add ,water #ae cubic centimeters ,iodide potassium #c grams ,ammonia #e grams ,white sugar #b grams ,iodine1 a small cake4 ,with a wooden quirl this is beaten to snow 7foam7 for about #aj minutes1 after which it must stand for #ad hours to settle4 ,the albumen is poured on to the plate the same as collodion1 and the surplus filtered back4 ,after drying1 the plate is laid for #ae seconds in a silver bath1 consisting of #ajj parts of water1 #aj parts nitrate of silver1 and #aj cubic centimeters of acetic acid4 ,the plate is then carefully washed and left to dry4 ,if carefully kept1 it will retain its properties for years4 ,to the second silver bath1 when it assumes a dirty coloration1 is added #be parts kaolin to each #ajj parts1 by shaking the same well1 and the bath is then filtered1 after which a little nitrate of silver and acetic acid is added4 ,after each exposure the plate holder is moved a certain length1 so that #aj or more reproductions are obtained upon one and the same plate4 ,the time of exposure depends upon the density of the negative and differs according to light4 ,it varies between a second and a minute4 ,the developer is composed as follows3 ,water #ajj parts ,gallic acid #j4c parts ,pyro #j4a part ,alcohol #b4e parts ,the exposed plate is immersed in this bath1 and after #aj to #bj seconds1 from #a to #b drops of a #b per cent nitrate of silver solution are added to each #ajj cubic centimeters of the solution1 whereby the picture becomes visible4 ,to follow the process exactly1 the plate has to be laid--in yellow light--under a weakly enlarging microscope1 and only a few drops of the developer are put upon the same4 ,as soon as the picture has reached the desired strength1 it is rinsed and fixed in a fixing soda solution1 #a to #e4 ,ten to #ae seconds are sufficient generally4 ,finally it is washed well4 ,after the drying of the plate1 the several small pictures are cut with a diamond and fastened to the small enlarging lenses4 ,for this purpose1 the latter are laid upon a metal plate heated from underneath1 a drop of ,canada balsam is put to one end of the same1 and1 after it has become soft1 the small diapositive is taken up with a pair of fine pincers1 and is gradually put in contact with the fastener4 ,both glasses are then allowed to lie until the fastener has become hard4 ,if bubbles appear1 the whole method of fastening the picture has to be repeated4 ,photographs on ,brooches4--,these may be produced by means of a paper 7celuidin paper7 whose upper layer after exposure by means of ordinary negative can be detached in lukewarm water4 ,the picture copied on this paper is first laid in tepid water4 ,after a few minutes it is taken out and placed on the article in question1 naturally with the face upon it4 ,the enamel surface upon which the #eeb picture is laid is previously coated with gelatin solution to insure a safe adhesion4 ,when dry1 the article is placed in water in which the paper is loosened and the photographic image now adheres firmly to the object4 ,it may now be colored further and finally is coated with a good varnish4 ,,flashlight ,,powders ,,and ,,apparatus4 ,flash powders to be ignited by simply applying the flame of a match or laying on an oiled paper and igniting that1 may be made by the following formulas3 ,i4--,magnesium #f parts ,potassium chlorate #ab parts ,,ii4--,aluminum #d parts ,potassium chlorate #aj parts ,sugar #a part ,the ingredients in each case are to be powdered separately1 and then lightly mixed with a wooden spatula1 as the compound may be ignited by friction and burn with explosive violence4 ,it is best to make only such quantity as may be needed for use at the time1 which is #aj or #ae grains4 ,to ,prevent ,smoke from ,flashlight4--,support over the point where the ignition is to take place a large flat pad of damp wool lint4 ,this may be done by tacking the lint to the underside of a board supported on legs4 ,when ignition takes place the products of combustion for the most part will become absorbed by the wool4 ,a ,flashlight ,apparatus with ,smoke ,trap4--,a light box1 not too large to be conveniently carried out into the open air1 is the first essential1 and to the open front of this grooves must be fitted1 in which grooves a lid will slide very easily1 a large sheet of millboard being convenient as a sliding lid4 ,the box being so placed that the sliding lid can be drawn out upward1 a thread is attached to the lower edge of the lid1 after which the thread is passed over a pulley fixed inside the box near the top1 when the end is attached to the bottom of the box1 so that the thread holds the sliding lid up4 ,the lid will then slide down the grooves quickly1 and close the box1 if the thread is severed1 the thread being cut at the right instant by placing the lower part across the spot where the flash is to be produced4 ,so small is the cloud of smoke at the first instant that practically the whole of it can be caught in a drop trap of the above-mentioned kind4 ,if the apparatus is not required again for immediate use1 the smoke may be allowed to settle down in the box2 but in other cases the box may be taken out into the open air1 and the smoke buffeted out with a cloth4 ,in the event of several exposures being required in immediate succession1 the required number of apparatus might be set up1 as each need not cost much to construct4 ,,intensifiers ,,and ,,reducers3 ,intensifier 7,mercuric7 with ,sodium ,sulphite1 for ,gelatin ,dry ,plates4--,whiten the negative in the saturated solution of mercuric chloride1 wash and blacken with a solution of sulphite of sodium1 #a in #e4 ,wash well4 ,the reduction is perfect1 with a positive black tone4 ,intensifier with ,iodide of ,mercury4--,dissolve #a drachm of bichloride of mercury in #g ounces of water and #c drachms of iodide of potassium in #c ounces of water1 and pour the iodide solution into the mercury till the red precipitate formed is completely dissolved4 ,for use1 dilute with water1 flow over the negative till the proper density is reached1 and wash1 when the deposit will turn yellow4 ,remove the yellow color by flowing a #e per cent solution of hypo over the plate1 and give it the final washing4 ,agfa ,intensifier4--,one part of agfa solution in #i parts water 7#aj per cent solution74 ,immerse negative from #d to #f minutes4 ,intensifying ,negatives ,without ,mercury4--,dissolve #a part of iodine and #b parts of potassium iodide in #aj parts of water4 ,when required for use1 dilute #a part of this solution with #ajj parts of water4 ,wash the negative well and place in this bath1 allowing it to remain until it has become entirely yellow1 and the image appears purely dark yellow on a light-yellow ground4 ,the negative should then be washed in water until the latter runs off clearly1 when it is floated with the following solution until the whole of the image has become uniformly brown3 ,schlippe's salt #fj grains ,water #a ounce ,caustic soda solution1 #aj per cent #f drops ,finally the negative is again thoroughly washed and dried4 ,the addition of the small quantity of caustic soda is to prevent surface crystallization4 ,it is claimed that with this intensifier the operation may be carried out to a greater #eec extent than with bichloride of mercury2 that it gives clear shadows1 and that it possesses the special advantage of removing entirely any yellow stain the negative may have acquired during development and fixing4 ,furthermore1 with this intensifying method it is not necessary to wash the negative1 even after fixing1 as carefully as in the case of the intensifying processes with mercury1 because small traces of hypo which may have been left in the film will be rendered innocuous by the free iodine4 ,the iodine solution may be employed repeatedly if its strength is kept up by the addition of concentrated stock solution4 ,uranium ,intensifier4-- ,potassium ferricyanide 7washed7 #dh grains ,uranium nitrate #dh grains ,sodium acetate #dh grains ,glacial acetic acid #a ounce ,distilled water to #aj ounces4 ,label3 ,poison4 ,immerse the well-washed negative till the desired intensification is reached1 rinse for #e minutes and dry4 ,this intensifier acts very strongly and should not therefore be allowed to act too long4 ,,miscellaneous ,,formulas3 ,renovating a ,camera4--,the following formula should be applied to the mahogany of the camera by means of a soft rag1 rubbing it well in1 finally polishing lightly with a clean soft cloth3 ,raw linseed oil #f ounces ,white wine vinegar #c ounces ,methylated spirit #c ounces ,butter of antimony #a_/b ounce ,mix the oil with vinegar by degrees1 shaking well to prevent separation after each addition1 then add the spirit and antimony1 and mix thoroughly4 ,shake before using4 ,exclusion of ,air from ,solutions4--,water is free from air only when it has been maintained for several minutes in bubbling ebullition4 ,in order to keep out the air from the bottle1 when using the contents1 the air-pressure contrivances are very convenient2 one glass tube reaching through the rubber stopper into the bottle to the bottom1 while the second tube1 provided with a rubber pressing-ball1 only runs into the flask above4 ,if the long bent tube is fitted with a rubber tube1 a single pressure suffices to draw off the desired quantity of the developer4 ,it is still more convenient to pour a thin layer of good sweet oil on top of the developer besides4 ,the developer is not injured thereby1 and the exclusion of air is perfect4 ,bottle ,wax4--,many ready-prepared solutions1 such as developers and other preparations from which light has to be excluded1 should be packed in bottles whose neck1 after complete drying of the stopper1 is dipped in a pot with molten sealing wax4 ,a good recipe is the following1 pigments being added if desired3 ,for black take3 ,colophony1 #f parts2 paraffine1 #c parts4 ,melt together and add #bj parts of black4 ,for yellow1 only #g parts of chrome yellow4 ,for blue1 #g parts of ultramarine4 ,bleaching ,photographic ,prints ,white4--,to make a salt print1 ink over it with waterproof ink1 then bleach out white all but the black lines4 ,sensitize ,clemon's mat surface paper on a #dj-;grain bath of nitrate of silver4 ,after fuming and printing1 the print is thoroughly fixed in hyposulphite of soda solution1 and washed in running water until every trace of the hypo is out of the print4 ,on this the permanency of the bleaching operation depends4 ,the bleaching bath is3 ,bichloride of mercury #a ounce ,water #e ounces ,alcohol #a ounce ,hydrochloric acid #a drachm ,if the drawing has been made with non-waterproof ink1 then alcohol is substituted for the water in the formula4 ,for safety1 use an alcoholic solution of mercury4 ,the bleaching solution is poured on and off the drawing1 and1 when the print is bleached white1 the mercury is washed off the drawing by holding it for a few moments under running water4 ,photographs bleached in this way will keep white for years4 ,to ,render ,negatives ,permanent4--,a fine negative1 one that we would like to preserve1 may be rendered permanent by placing it1 after it has been fixed1 in a #aj per cent solution of alum1 and letting it remain a few minutes4 ,this makes the plate wonderfully clear and clean1 and absolutely unalterable4 ,the alum acts upon the gelatin1 rendering it insoluble4 ,stripping ,photograph ,films4--,this is generally done by immersing the plate in formaldehyde solution until the film has become almost insoluble and impermeable4 ,then it is placed in a solution of sodium carbonate until the gelatin has absorbed a sufficient quantity of it4 ,when the negative is immersed in weak hydrochloric acid1 carbon #eed dioxide is liberated1 and the little bubbles of gas which lodge themselves between the film and the glass cause a separation of the two1 so that the film may be stripped off4 ,after having hardened the film with formaldehyde1 it is a lengthy process to get it saturated with sodium carbonate4 ,it is advisable to use a combined bath of #a part of carbonate1 #c of #dj per cent formaldehyde1 and #bj of water2 its tanning action is enhanced by the alkaline reaction1 and two operations are superseded by one4 ,after #aj minutes' soaking1 the surface of the film must be wiped and the plate dried4 ,a sharp knife is then used to cut all around the film a slight distance from the edge1 and when this is done the negative is put into a #e per cent solution of hydrochloric acid1 when the film will probably float off unaided2 but1 if necessary1 may be assisted by gently raising one corner4 ,phosphorescent ,photographs4--,the necessary chemicals belong to the class of phosphorescent bodies1 among others1 calcium sulphite1 strontium sulphite1 barium sulphide1 calcareous spar1 fluorspar4 ,these placed in the magnesium light or sunlight1 acquire the property of giving forth1 for a shorter or longer time1 a light of their own4 ,the best examples of these substances are the well-known 8,balmains light colors10 which yield a very clear and strong light after exposure4 ,they consist of calcium sulphide1 #aj1jjj parts2 bismuth oxide1 #ac parts2 sodium hyposulphite1 #a1jjj parts4 ,according to ,professor ,schnauss1 plates for phosphorographs are prepared as follows3 ,dissolve #aj parts of pure gelatin in #ej parts of hot water1 add and dissolve #cj parts of 8light0 color 7as above71 and #a part of glycerine4 ,if a plate or a paper1 prepared as above detailed1 be placed under a diapositive1 in a copying apparatus1 and submitted to the action of sunlight for a few minutes1 when taken out in a dark room a phosphorescent picture of the diapositive will be found4 ,it is also a known fact that duplicate negatives or positives may be made with this phosphorograph by simply bringing the latter in contact in a copying apparatus1 with the ordinary silver bromide plate for #cj seconds1 in the dark room1 and then developing the same4 ,printing ,names on ,photographs4--,the name or other matter to be printed on the photograph is set up in type1 and printed on cardboard2 from this make an exposure on a transparency plate1 developing it strongly4 ,after the print has been made from the regular printing negative1 it is placed under the dense transparency of the regular negative1 and the name printed in4 ,the only precaution necessary is to time the transparency negative properly1 and develop strongly1 so as to get good contrast4 ,photographers will find this a much easier and quicker method than the old one of printing on tissue paper and fastening the paper to the negative by means of varnish2 moreover1 the result is black instead of white1 usually much more pleasing4 ,spots on ,photographic ,plates4--,spots on photographic plates may be caused by dust or by minute bubbles in the emulsion1 both of which are easily preventable1 but some spots cannot be ascribed to either of these causes4 ,on investigating this trouble1 ,mumford found that it is due to the presence on the surface of the film of small colonies of microorganisms which1 under conditions favorable to their growth1 are capable of producing large mold colonies1 from which the organisms can easily be separated4 ,experiments were instituted in order to find whether these growths can be produced on the plate by artificial means1 by inoculating the surface with a fluid culture of one of these organisms1 with affirmative results1 but with one slight difference1 namely1 that in the inoculated film1 on microscopic examination1 no dust particle was visible in the center of each spot1 which had formerly been the case4 ,as these microorganisms do not exist in the air as isolated units1 but travel upon small or large dust particles in the case under consideration1 the carrying medium most probably is the fine impalpable dust from which it is practically impossible to free the air of a building4 ,in order that these organisms may grow into colonies of sufficient size to cause spots1 they must be able to grow rapidly1 there being only about #ab hours before the plate is dry in which they can grow2 and they must also be capable of growing at the rather high temperature of #gj ,f4 ,on testing some of the organisms causing the spots it was found that they grew best under exactly such conditions4 ,a bacteriological examination of some of the gelatin used in the manufacture of plates1 both in the raw state and in the form of emulsion1 also revealed the fact that there were numerous organisms present4 ,no means for the prevention of this troublesome defect is suggested2 #eee most dry-plate manufacturers use the precaution to add a small quantity of a chemical antiseptic to the emulsion1 but it is not possible to employ a sufficient quantity to destroy any organisms that may be present without damaging the plate for photographic purposes4 ,to ,remove ,pyro ,stains from the ,fingers4--,make a strong solution of chlorinated lime2 dip the fingers which are stained in this1 and rub the stains with a large crystal of citric acid4 ,apply the lime solution and acid alternately until the stain is removed2 then rinse with water4 ,to ,remove ,pyro ,stain from ,negatives4--,immerse in a clearing bath as follows3 ,protosulphate of iron #c ounces ,alum #a ounce ,citric acid #a ounce ,water #bj ounces ,prevention is better than cure1 however2 therefore immerse the negatives in the above directly they are taken from the fixing bath4 ,after clearing the negatives1 they should be well washed4 ,,photography ,,without ,,light3 ,see ,catatypy4 ,,piano ,,polishes3 ,see ,polishes4 ,,pickle ,,for ,,brass3 ,see ,brass and ,plating4 ,,pickle ,,for ,,bronze3 ,see ,bronze ,coloring4 ,,pickle ,,for ,,copper3 ,see ,copper and ,plating4 ,,pickle ,,vinegar3 ,see ,vinegar4 ,,pickling ,,of ,,german-,,silver ,,articles3 ,see ,plating4 ,,pickling ,,iron ,,scrap ,,before ,,enameling3 ,see ,enameling4 ,,picric ,,acid ,,stains1 ,,to ,,remove3 ,see ,cleaning ,preparations and ,methods4 ,,picture ,,copying3 ,see ,copying4 ,,picture ,,frames1 ,,repairing3 ,see ,adhesives and ,lutes4 ,,picture ,,postal ,,cards3 ,see ,photography4 ,pigments 7,see also ,paints47 ,nature1 ,source1 and ,manufacture of ,pigments4--,a pigment is a dry earthy or clayey substance that1 when mixed with oil1 water1 etc41 forms a paint4 ,most pigments are of mineral origin1 but there are vegetable pigments1 as logwood1 and animal pigments1 as cochineal4 ,in modern practice the colors are produced mainly by dyeing certain clays1 which excel in a large percentage of silicic acid1 with aniline dyestuffs4 ,the coloring matters best adapted for this purpose are those of a basic character4 ,the colors obtained in this manner excel in a vivid hue1 and fastness to light and water4 ,following is a general outline of their manufacture3 ,one hundred parts1 by weight1 of washed clay in paste form are finely suspended in #f to #h times the volume of water and acidulated with about #a #a_/b parts1 by volume1 of #e per cent hydrochloric or acetic acid1 and heated by means of steam almost to the boiling temperature4 ,there is next introduced1 according to the shade desired1 #a to #b parts1 by weight1 of the dyestuff1 such as auramin1 diamond green1 ,victoria blue1 etc41 with simultaneous stirring and heating1 for #a to #b hours1 or until a sample filtered off from the liquor shows no dyestuff4 ,next the clay dyed in this manner is isolated by filtration and washed with hot water and dried4 ,the colors thus obtained may be used as substitutes for mineral colors of all description4 ,the method of manufacture varies greatly4 ,according to the ,bennett and ,mastin ,english patent the procedure is as follows3 ,grind together to a paste in water1 substances of a clayey1 stony1 earthy1 or vitreous nature1 and certain metallic oxides1 or 8prepared oxides10 such as are commonly used in the pottery trades2 dry and powder the paste1 and subject the powder to the heat of a furnace1 of such a temperature that the requisite color is obtained1 and for such length of time that the color strikes through the whole substance4 ,for example1 #h parts of black oxide of cobalt1 #ab parts of oxide of zinc1 and #cf parts of alumina1 when incorporated with #bj times their combined bulk of clay and treated as described1 yield a rich blue pigment in the case of a white clay1 and a rich green in the case of a yellow clay4 ,long-continued firing in this case improves the color4 ,many minerals included in formulas for pigments have little or no coloring power in themselves2 nevertheless they #eef are required in producing the most beautiful shades of color when blended one with another1 the color being brought out by calcination4 ,mixing ,oil ,colors and ,tints4--,it must not be expected that the formulas given will produce the exact effect desired1 because the strength of the various brands of colors vary to a great extent1 and therefore the painter must exercise his own judgment4 ,the table simply gives an idea of what can be produced by following the formulas given1 when chemically pure material is employed in the mixing4 ,it is also recommended that the parts mentioned be weighed out in paste form1 and the white or black and each color separately thinned and strained before mixing them together1 because the arriving at the proper hue of color or depth and tone of tint will be simplified by using that precaution4 ,by thinning it is not meant that they should be quite ready for application1 but of such consistency that they will pass an ordinary strainer with the aid of a brush4 ,unless otherwise indicated1 the materials are understood to be ground fine in paste form4 ,,note4--,the majority of the following are by ,joseph ,griggs1 in the ,painters' ,magazine3 ,,grounds ,,for ,,graining ,,colors3 ,ash ,ground4--,four hundred parts white lead2 #d parts ,french ocher2 #a part raw ,turkey umber4 ,ash4--,raw umber2 raw sienna2 and a little black or ,vandyke brown4 ,hungarian ,ash4--,raw sienna and raw and burnt umber4 ,bun ,ash4--,raw sienna2 burnt umber2 and ,vandyke brown4 ,cherry ,ground4--,one hundred parts white lead2 #e parts burnt sienna2 #a part raw sienna4 ,natural ,cherry4--,raw and burnt sienna and raw umber4 ,stained ,cherry4--,burnt sienna2 burnt umber2 and ,vandyke brown4 ,chestnut4--,raw sienna2 burnt umber2 ,vandyke brown2 and a little burnt sienna4 ,maple4--,raw sienna and raw umber4 ,silver ,maple4--,ivory black over a nearly white ground4 ,light ,maple ,ground4--,one hundred parts white lead2 #a part ,french ocher4 ,dark ,maple ,ground4--,one hundred parts white lead2 #a part dark golden ocher4 ,oak4--,raw sienna2 burnt umber2 a little black4 ,pollard ,oak4--,raw and burnt sienna1 or burnt umber and ,vandyke brown4 ,light ,oak ,ground4--,fifty parts white lead2 #a part ,french ocher4 ,dark ,oak ,ground4--,fifty parts white lead2 #a part dark golden ocher4 ,satinwood4--,add a little ivory black to maple color4 ,mahogany4--,burnt sienna2 burnt umber2 and ,vandyke brown4 ,mahogany ,ground4--,ten parts white lead2 #e parts orange chrome2 and #a part burnt sienna4 ,rosewood4--,vandyke brown and a little ivory black4 ,rosewood ,ground4--,drop black4 ,walnut ,ground4--,fifty parts white lead2 #c parts dark golden ocher2 #a part dark ,venetian red2 and #a part drop black4 ,black ,walnut4--,burnt umber with a little ,vandyke brown for dark parts4 ,french ,burl ,walnut4--,same as black walnut4 ,hard ,pine4--,raw and burnt sienna2 add a little burnt umber4 ,cypress4--,raw and burnt sienna and burnt umber4 ,whitewood4--,ground same as for light ash2 graining color1 yellow ocher1 adding raw umber and black for dark streaks4 ,,positive ,,colors3 ,blue4--,twelve parts borate of lime2 #f parts oxide of zinc2 #aj parts litharge2 #i parts feldspar2 #d parts oxide of cobalt4 ,blue ,black ,a4--,nine parts lampblack2 #a part ,chinese or ,prussian blue4 ,blue ,black ,b4--,nineteen parts drop black2 #a part ,prussian blue4 ,bright ,mineral4--,nine parts light ,venetian red2 #a part red lead4 ,brilliant ,green4--,nine parts ,paris green2 #a part ,c4 ,c4 chrome green1 light4 ,bronze ,green1 ,light4--,three parts raw ,turkey umber2 #a part medium chrome yellow4 ,bronze ,green1 ,medium4--,five parts medium chrome yellow2 #c parts burnt ,turkey umber2 #a part lampblack4 ,bronze ,green1 ,dark4--,twenty parts drop black2 #b parts medium chrome yellow2 and #a part dark orange chrome4 #eeg ,bottle ,green4--,five parts commercial chrome green1 medium1 and #a part drop black4 ,brown4--,ten parts crude antimony2 #ab parts litharge2 #b parts manganese2 #a part oxide of iron4 ,brown ,stone4--,eighteen parts burnt umber2 #b parts dark golden ocher2 and #a part burnt sienna4 ,cherry ,red4--,equal parts of best imitation vermilion and ,no4 #dj carmine4 ,citron ,a4--,three parts medium chrome yellow and #b parts raw umber4 ,citron ,b4--,six parts commercial chrome green1 light1 and #a part medium chrome yellow4 ,coffee ,brown4--,six parts burnt ,turkey umber2 #b parts ,french ocher2 and #a part burnt sienna4 ,emerald ,green4--,use ,paris green4 ,green4--,twenty parts litharge2 #ab parts flint2 #b parts oxide of copper2 #b #a_/b parts ground glass2 #b #a_/b parts whiting2 #a #a_/b parts oxide of chrome4 ,flesh ,color4--,nineteen parts ,french ocher2 #a part deep ,english vermilion4 ,fern ,green4--,five parts lemon chrome yellow and #a part each of light chrome green and drop black4 ,foliage ,green4--,three parts medium chrome yellow and #a part of ivory or drop black4 ,foliage ,brown4--,equal parts of ,vandyke brown and orange chrome yellow4 ,golden ,ocher4--,fourteen parts ,french yellow ocher and #a part medium chrome yellow for the light shade1 and #i parts ,oxford ocher and #a part orange chrome yellow for the dark shade4 ,gold ,russet4--,five parts lemon chrome yellow and #a part light ,venetian red4 ,gold ,orange4--,equal parts of dry orange mineral and light golden ocher in oil4 ,indian ,brown4--,equal parts of light ,indian red1 ,french ocher1 and lamp black ,mahogany1 ,cheap4--,three parts dark golden ocher and #a part of dark ,venetian red4 ,maroon1 ,light4--,five parts dark ,venetian red2 #a part drop black4 ,maroon1 ,dark4--,nine parts dark ,indian red2 #a part lampblack4 ,olive ,green4--,seven parts light golden ocher2 #a part drop black4 ,ochrous ,olive4--,nine parts ,french ocher2 #a part raw umber4 ,orange-,brown4--,equal parts burnt sienna and orange chrome yellow4 ,oriental ,red4--,two parts ,indian red1 light1 in oil2 #a part dry red lead4 ,purple ,a4--,eight parts crocus martis2 #b parts red hematite2 #a part oxide of iron4 ,purple ,b4--,two parts rose pink2 #a part ultramarine blue4 ,purple ,black4--,three parts lampblack and #a part rose pink1 or #i parts drop black and #a part rose pink4 ,purple ,brown4--,five parts ,indian red1 dark1 and #a part each of ultramarine blue and lampblack4 ,roman ,ocher4--,twenty-three parts ,french ocher and #a part each burnt sienna and burnt umber4 ,royal ,blue1 ,dark4--,eighteen parts ultramarine blue and #b parts ,prussian blue4 ,to lighten use as much white lead or zinc white as is required4 ,royal ,purple4--,two parts ultramarine blue2 #a part ,no4 #dj carmine or carmine lake4 ,russet4--,fourteen parts orange chrome yellow and #a part ,c4 ,p4 chrome green1 medium4 ,seal ,brown4--,ten parts burnt umber2 #b parts golden ocher1 light2 #a part burnt sienna4 ,snuff ,brown4--,equal parts burnt umber and golden ocher1 light4 ,terra ,cotta4--,two parts white lead2 #a part burnt sienna2 also #b parts ,french ocher to #a part ,venetian red4 ,turkey ,red4--,strong ,venetian red or red oxide4 ,tuscan ,red4 ,ordinary4--,nine parts ,indian red to #a part rose pink4 ,brilliant4--,four parts ,indian red to #a part red madder lake4 ,violet4--,three parts ultramarine blue2 #b parts rose lake2 #a part best ivory black4 ,yellow4--,four and one-half parts tin ashes2 #a part crude antimony2 #a part litharge2 and #a part red ocher4 ,yellow1 ,amber4--,ten parts medium chrome yellow2 #g parts burnt umber2 #c parts burnt sienna4 ,yellow1 ,canary4--,five parts white lead2 #b parts permanent yellow2 #a part lemon chrome yellow4 ,yellow1 ,golden4--,ten parts lemon chrome yellow2 #c parts orange chrome1 dark2 #e parts white lead4 ,yellow1 ,brimstone4--,three parts white lead2 #a part lemon chrome yellow2 #a part permanent yellow4 #eeh ,azure ,blue4--,fifty parts white lead2 #a part ultramarine blue4 ,blue ,gray4--,one hundred parts white lead2 #c parts ,prussian blue2 #a part lampblack4 ,bright ,blue4--,twenty parts zinc white2 #a part imitation cobalt blue4 ,blue ,grass4--,seven parts white lead2 #b parts ,paris green2 #a part ,prussian blue4 ,deep ,blue4--,fifteen parts white lead2 #a part ,prussian blue or ,antwerp blue4 ,french ,blue4--,five parts imitation cobalt blue2 #b parts ,french zinc white4 ,green ,blue4--,one hundred parts white lead2 #e parts lemon chrome yellow2 #c parts ultramarine blue4 ,hazy ,blue4--,sixty parts white lead2 #af parts ultramarine blue2 #a part burnt sienna4 ,mineral ,blue4--,five parts white lead2 #d parts imitation cobalt blue2 #b parts red madder lake2 #a part best ivory or drop black4 ,orient ,blue4--,twenty-five parts white lead2 #b parts ,prussian blue2 #a part lemon chrome yellow4 ,royal ,blue4--,thirty-four parts white lead2 #ai parts ultramarine blue2 #b parts ,prussian blue2 #a part rose madder or rose lake4 ,sapphire ,blue4--,two parts ,french zinc white and #a part best ,chinese blue4 ,sky ,blue4--,one hundred parts white lead2 #a part ,prussian blue4 ,solid ,blue4--,five parts white lead2 #a part ultramarine blue4 ,turquoise ,blue4--,twenty parts white lead2 #c parts ultramarine blue2 #a part lemon chrome yellow4 ,,red ,,tints3 ,cardinal ,red4--,equal parts of white lead and scarlet lake4 ,carnation ,red4--,fifteen parts white lead2 #a part scarlet lake4 ,claret4--,twenty-one parts oxide of zinc2 #d parts crocus martis2 #d parts oxide of chrome2 #c parts red lead2 #c parts boracic acid4 ,coral ,pink4--,fifteen parts white lead2 #b parts bright vermilion2 #a part deep orange chrome4 ,deep ,rose4--,ten parts white lead2 #a part red lake4 ,deep ,purple4--,five parts white lead2 #a part ultramarine blue2 #a part rose pink4 ,deep ,scarlet4--,fifteen parts bright vermilion2 #b parts red lake2 #e parts white lead4 ,flesh ,pink4--,one hundred parts white lead2 #a part orange chrome yellow2 #a part red lake4 ,indian ,pink4--,one hundred parts white lead2 #a part light ,indian red4 ,lavender4--,fifty parts white lead2 #b parts ultramarine blue2 #a part red lake4 ,light ,pink4--,fifty parts white lead2 #a part bright vermilion4 ,lilac4--,fifty parts white lead2 #a part best rose pink4 ,mauve4--,fifteen parts white lead2 #b parts ultramarine blue2 #a part carmine lake or red lake4 ,orange ,pink4--,two parts white lead2 #a part dark orange chrome or ,american vermilion4 ,purple4--,five parts white lead2 #b parts ultramarine blue2 #a part red madder lake4 ,royal ,pink4--,five parts white lead2 #a part carmine lake or red madder lake4 ,royal ,rose4--,twenty parts white lead2 #a part rich rose lake4 ,red ,brick4--,ten parts white lead2 #c parts light ,venetian red2 #a part yellow ocher4 ,reddish ,terra ,cotta4--,two parts white lead2 #a part rich burnt sienna4 ,salmon4--,fifty parts white lead2 #e parts deep orange chrome4 ,shell ,pink4--,fifty parts white lead2 #b parts bright vermilion2 #a part orange chrome2 #a part burnt sienna4 ,violet4--,fifteen parts white lead2 #d parts ultramarine blue2 #c parts rose lake2 #a part drop black4 ,,green ,,tints3 ,apple ,green4--,fifty parts white lead2 #a part chrome green1 light or medium shade4 ,citrine ,green4--,one hundred parts white lead2 #b parts medium chrome yellow2 #a part drop black4 ,citron ,green4--,one hundred parts white lead2 #c parts medium chrome yellow2 #a part lampblack4 ,emerald ,green4--,ten parts white lead2 #a part ,paris 7emerald7 green4 ,grass ,green ,a4--,five parts white lead2 #g parts ,paris green4 ,grass ,green ,b4--,ten parts oxide of chrome2 #b parts tin ashes2 #e parts whiting2 #a part crocus martis2 #a part bichromate potash4 ,gray ,green4--,five parts white lead2 #a part ,verona green4 #eei ,marine ,green4--,ten parts white lead2 #a part ultramarine green4 ,nile ,green4--,fifty parts white lead2 #f parts medium chrome green2 #a part ,prussian blue4 ,olive ,green4--,fifty parts white lead2 #b parts medium chrome yellow2 #c parts raw umber2 #a part drop black4 ,olive ,drab4--,fifty parts white lead2 #h parts raw umber2 #e parts medium chrome green2 #a part drop black4 ,pea ,green4--,fifty parts white lead2 #a part light chrome green4 ,satin ,green4--,three parts white lead2 #a part ,milori green4 ,sage ,green4--,one hundred parts white lead2 #c parts medium chrome green2 #a part raw umber4 ,sea ,green4--,fifty parts white lead2 #a part dark chrome green4 ,stone ,green4--,twenty-five parts white lead2 #b parts dark chrome green2 #c parts raw umber4 ,velvet ,green4--,twenty parts white lead2 #g parts medium chrome green2 #b parts burnt sienna4 ,water ,green4--,fifteen parts white lead2 #aj parts ,french ocher2 #a part dark chrome green4 ,,brown ,,tints3 ,chocolate4--,twenty-five parts white lead2 #c parts burnt umber4 ,cocoanut4--,equal parts white lead and burnt umber4 ,cinnamon4--,ten parts white lead2 #b parts burnt sienna2 #a part ,french ocher4 ,dark ,drab4--,forty parts white lead2 #a part burnt umber4 ,dark ,stone4--,twenty parts white lead2 #a part raw umber4 ,fawn4--,fifty parts white lead2 #c parts burnt umber2 #b parts ,french ocher4 ,golden ,brown4--,twenty-five parts white lead2 #d parts ,french ocher2 #a part burnt sienna4 ,hazel ,nut ,brown4--,twenty parts white lead2 #e parts burnt umber2 #a part medium chrome yellow4 ,mulberry4--,ten parts manganese2 #b parts cobalt blue2 #b parts saltpeter4 ,purple ,brown4--,fifty parts white lead2 #f parts ,indian red2 #b parts ultramarine blue2 #a part lampblack4 ,red ,brown4--,twelve parts hematite ore2 #c parts manganese2 #g parts litharge2 #b parts yellow ocher4 ,seal ,brown4--,thirty parts white lead2 #e parts burnt umber2 #a part medium chrome yellow4 ,snuff ,brown4--,twenty-five parts white lead2 #a part burnt umber2 #a part ,oxford ocher4 ,,gray ,,tints3 ,ash ,gray4--,thirty parts white lead2 #b parts ultramarine blue2 #a part burnt sienna4 ,cold ,gray4--,five hundred parts white lead2 #f parts lampblack2 #a part ,antwerp blue4 ,dove ,color4--,twelve parts manganese2 #e parts steel filings2 #c parts whiting2 #a part oxide of cobalt4 ,dove ,gray4--,two hundred parts white lead2 #e parts ultramarine blue2 #b parts drop black4 ,french ,gray4--,one hundred and fifty parts white lead2 #b parts lampblack2 #a part orange chrome yellow2 #a part chrome red 7,american vermilion74 ,lead ,color4--,fifty parts white lead2 #a part lampblack 7increase proportion of white lead for light tints74 ,lustrous ,gray4--,ten parts white lead2 #a part graphite 7plumbago74 ,olive ,gray4--,two hundred parts white lead2 #b parts lampblack2 #a part medium chrome green4 ,pure ,gray4--,one hundred parts white lead2 #a part drop black4 ,pearl ,gray4--,one hundred parts white lead2 #a part ultramarine blue2 #a part drop black4 ,silver ,gray4--,one hundred and fifty parts white lead2 #b parts lampblack2 #c parts ,oxford ocher4 ,warm ,gray4--,one hundred parts white lead2 #c parts drop black2 #b parts ,french ocher2 #a part light ,venetian red4 ,,note4--,for inside work and whenever desirable1 the white lead may be replaced by zinc white or a mixture of the two white pigments may be used4 ,be it also remembered that pure colors1 as a rule1 will produce the cleanest tints and that fineness of grinding is an important factor4 ,it will not be amiss to call attention to the fact that the excessive use of driers1 especially of dark japans or liquid driers1 with delicate tints is bad practice1 and liable to ruin otherwise good effects in tints or delicate solid colors4 ,,color ,,testing4 ,expense and trouble deter many a painter from having a color examined1 #efj although such an examination is often very necessary4 ,for the practical man it is less important to know what percentage of foreign matter a paint contains1 but whether substances are contained therein1 which may act injuriously in some way or other4 ,if a pigment is to be tested for arsenic1 pour purified hydrochloric acid into a test tube or a ,u-shaped glass vessel which withstands heat1 add a little of the pigment or the colored fabric1 wall paper1 etc4 7of pigment take only enough to strongly color the hydrochloric acid simply in the first moment71 and finally a small quantity of stannous chloride4 ,now heat the test tube with its contents moderately over a common spirit lamp4 ,if the liquid or mass has assumed a brown or brownish color after being heated1 arsenic is present in the pigment or fabric1 etc4 ,an effective but simple test for the durability of a color is to paint strips of thick paper and nail them on the wall in the strongest light possible4 ,a strip of paper should then be nailed over one-half of the samples of color so as to protect them from the light4 ,on removing this the difference in shade between the exposed and unexposed portions will be very apparent4 ,some colors1 such as the vermilionettes1 will show a marked difference after even a few weeks4 ,testing ,body ,colors for ,gritty ,admixtures4--,the fineness of the powdered pigment is not a guarantee of the absence of gritty admixtures4 ,the latter differ from the pigment proper in their specific gravity4 ,if consisting of metallic oxides or metallic sulphides the sandy admixtures are lighter than the pigments and rise to the surface upon a systematic shaking of the sample4 ,in the case of other pigments1 e4 g41 aluminas and iron varnish colors1 they collect at the bottom4 ,for carrying out the test1 a smoothly bored metallic tube about #a_/b to #c_/d inch in diameter and #f to #g inches long is used4 ,both ends are closed with screw caps and at one side of the tube some holes about #a_/f of an inch in diameter are bored1 closed by pieces of a rubber hose pushed on4 ,the tube is filled with the pigment powder1 screwed up and feebly shaken for some time in a vertical position 7the length of time varying according to the fineness of the powder74 ,samples may now be taken from all parts of the tube4 ,perhaps glass tubes would be preferable1 but lateral apertures cannot be so readily made4 ,after the necessary samples have been collected in this manner1 they must be prepared with a standard sample1 which is accomplished either by feeling the powder between the fingers or by inspecting it under a microscope1 or else by means of the scratching test1 which last named is the usual way4 ,the requisites for these scratch tests consist of two soft1 well-polished glass plates 7#b #a_/b x #b #a_/d inches7 which are fixed by means of cement in two stronger plates of hard wood suitably hollowed out4 ,the surface of the glass must project about #a_/b inch over the wooden frame4 ,if a sample of the pigment powder is placed on such a glass plate1 another plate is laid on top and both are rubbed slowly together2 this motion will retain a soft1 velvety character in case the pigment is free from gritty admixtures2 if otherwise1 the glass is injured and a corresponding sound becomes audible4 ,next the powder is removed from the plate1 rubbing the latter with a soft rag1 and examining the surface with a microscope4 ,from the nature of the scratches on the plate the kind of gritty ingredients can be readily determined4 ,the human finger is sufficiently sensitive to detect the presence of gritty substances1 yet it is not capable of distinguishing whether they consist of imperfectly reduced or badly sifted grains of pigment or real gritty admixtures4 ,to ,determine the ,covering ,power of ,pigments4--,to determine the covering power of white lead1 or any other pigment1 take equal quantities of several varieties of white lead and mix them with a darker pigment1 black1 blue1 etc41 the latter also in equal proportions4 ,the white lead which retains the lightest color is naturally the most opaque4 ,in a similar manner1 on the other hand1 the mixing power of the dark pigments can be ascertained4 ,if experiments are made with a variety of white lead or zinc white1 by the admixture of dark pigments1 the color which tints the white lead or zinc white most1 also possesses the greatest covering or mixing power4 ,to ,detect the ,presence of ,aniline in a ,pigment4--,lay a little of the color upon letter paper and pour a drop of spirit on it4 ,if it is mixed with aniline the paper is colored right through thereby1 while a pure pigment does not alter the shade of the paper and will never penetrate it4 ,vehicle for ,oil ,colors4--,petroleum1 #bj to #cj pounds2 tallow1 #c to #e pounds2 cotton-seed oil1 #e to #g pounds2 colophony1 #e to #g pounds4 ,the pigments #efa having been ground up with this mixture1 the mixed paint can be made still better by adding to it about a sixth of its weight of the following mixture3 ,vegetable oil1 #h to #bj pounds2 saponified rosin1 #f to #af pounds2 turpentine1 #d to #cj ounces4 ,frankfort ,black4--,frankfort black1 also known as ,german black1 is a name applied to a superior grade of lampblack4 ,in some districts of ,germany it is said to be made by calcining wine lees and tartar4 ,the material is heated in large cylindrical vessels having a vent in the cover for the escape of smoke and vapors that are evolved during the process4 ,when no more smoke is observed1 the operation is finished4 ,the residuum in the vessels is then washed several times in boiling water to extract the salts contained therein and finally is reduced to the proper degree of fineness by grinding on a porphyry4 ,paris ,green4--,emerald or ,paris green is rather permanent to light1 but must not be mixed with pigments containing sulphur1 because of the tendency to blacken when so mixed4 ,it will not resist acids1 ammonia1 and caustics4 ,,pigment ,,paper3 ,see ,photography4 ,,pile ,,ointments4 ,i4--8,extract0 witch-hazel #b fluidounces ,lanum #b ounces ,petrolatum #f ounces ,glycerine #d fluidounces ,tannic acid #a drachm ,powdered opium #a drachm ,,ii4--,tannic acid #bj grains ,bismuth subnitrate #a drachm ,powdered opium #aj grains ,lanum #c drachms ,petrolatum #e drachms ,,pine ,,syrup3 ,see ,essences and ,extracts4 ,,pineapple ,,essence3 ,see ,essences and ,extracts4 ,,pineapple ,,lemonade3 ,see ,beverages4 ,,ping ,,pong ,,frapp3 ,see ,beverages1 under ,lemonades4 ,,pins ,,of ,,watches3 ,see ,watchmakers' ,formulas4 ,,pinion ,,alloy3 ,see ,watchmakers' ,formulas4 ,,pink ,,salve3 ,see ,ointments4 ,,pinkeye3 ,see ,veterinary ,formulas4 ,,pipe-,,joint ,,cement3 ,see ,cement4 ,,pipe ,,leaks3 ,see ,leaks4 ,,pipes1 ,,rust-,,preventive ,,for3 ,see ,rust ,preventives4 ,,pistachio ,,essence3 ,see ,essences and ,extracts4 ,,plants3 ,temperature of ,water for ,watering ,plants4--,experiments were made several years ago at the ,wisconsin ,agricultural ,experiment ,station to determine whether cold water was detrimental to plants4 ,plants were grown under glass and in the open field1 and in all cases the results were similar4 ,thus1 coleus planted in lots of equal size and vigor were watered with water at #ce1 #ej1 #fe1 and #hf ,f4 ,at the end of #fj days it was impossible to note any difference1 and when the experiment was repeated with water at #cb1 #dj1 #gj1 and #ajj ,f41 the result was the same4 ,beans watered with water at #cb1 #dj1 #gj1 and #ajj ,f41 were equally vigorous2 in fact1 water at #cb and #dj ,f4 gave the best results4 ,lettuce watered with water at #cb ,f4 yielded slightly more than the other lots4 ,from these experiments it was concluded that for vegetable and flowering plants commonly grown under glass1 ordinary well or spring water may be used freely at any time of the year without warming4 ,,plant ,,preservatives3 ,see ,flowers4 ,plaster 7,see also ,gypsum47 ,therapeutic ,grouping of ,medicinal ,plasters4--,the vehicle for medicated plasters requires some other attribute than simply adhesiveness4 ,from a study of the therapy of plasters they may be put in three groups1 similarly to the ointments with reference to their general therapeutic uses1 which also governs the selection of the respective vehicles4 #a4--;,epidermatic3 ,supportive1 protective1 antiseptic1 counter-irritant1 vesicant4 ,vehicle3 ,rubber or any suitable #efb adhesive4 ,official plasters3 ,emp4 adhesivum1 ,e4 capsici4 #b4--;,endermatic3 ,anodyne1 astringent1 alterative1 resolvent1 sedative1 stimulant4 ,vehicle3 ,oleates or lead plaster1 sometimes with rosins or gum rosins4 ,official plasters3 ,emp4 ,belladonn1 ,e4 opii1 ,e4 plumbi1 ,e4 saponis4 #c4--;,diadermatic3 ,for constitutional or systemic effects4 ,vehicle3 ,lanolin or plaster-mull4 ,official plasters3 ,emp4 hydrargyri4 ,methods of ,preparing ,rubber ,plasters4--,mechanic ,roller ,pressure ,method4--,this method of incorporating the rubber with certain substances to give it the necessary body to serve as a vehicle is at present the only one employed4 ,but since it requires the use of the heaviest machinery--some of the apparatus weighing many tons--and enormous steam power1 its application for pharmaceutical purposes is out of the question4 ,as is well known1 the process consists in3 #a4 ,purification of the rubber by mascerating and pressing it and removing foreign impurities by elutriating it with water4 #b4 ,forming a homogeneous mass of the dried purified rubber by working it on heated revolving rollers and incorporating sufficient quantities of orris powder and oleoresins4 #c4 ,incorporating the medicinal agent1 i4 e41 belladonna extract1 with the rubber mass by working it on warmed revolving rollers4 #d4 ,spreading the prepared piaster4 ,solution in ,volatile ,solvents4--,this process has been recommended from time to time1 the principal objection being the use of so relatively large quantities of inflammable solvents4 ,the ,german ,pharmacopia ,method4--,the following is the formula of 8,arzneibuch fur das ,deutsche ,reich10 #aijj3 ,emplastrum adhesivum3 ,lead plaster1 waterfree1 #dj parts2 petrolatum1 #b4e parts2 liquid petrolatum1 #b4e parts1 are melted together1 and to the mixture add rosin1 #ce parts2 dammar1 #aj parts1 previously melted4 ,to the warm mixture is added caoutchouc1 #aj parts2 dissolved in benzine1 #ge parts1 and the mixture stirred on the water-bath until all the benzine is lost by evaporation4 ,the ,coleplastrum adhesivum of the ,austrian ,society is still more complex1 the formula containing the following3 ,rosin oil1 empyreumatic1 #aej parts2 copaiba1 #ajj parts2 rosin1 #ajj parts2 lard1 #ej parts2 wax1 #cj parts2 dissolved in ether1 #a1bjj parts1 in which caoutchouc1 #bej parts1 has been previously dissolved2 to this is then added orris powder1 #bbj parts2 sandarac1 #ej parts2 ether1 #djj parts4 ,the mixture1 when uniform1 is spread on cloth4 ,solution of ,rubber in ,fixed ,solvent3 ,petrolatum and ,incorporation with ,lead ,acetate4--,india rubber dissolves1 though with difficulty1 in petrolatum4 ,the heat required to melt the rubber being comparatively high1 usually considerably more than #bab ,f41 as stated in the ,u4 ,s4 ,p41 it is necessary to melt the rubber first and then add the petrolatum1 in order to avoid subjecting the latter to the higher temperature4 ,the mixture of equal parts of rubber and petrolatum is of a soft jelly consistence1 not especially adhesive1 but when incorporated with the lead oleate furnishes a very adhesive plaster4 ,while at first #e per cent of each rubber and petrolatum was used1 it has been found that the petrolatum would melt and exude around the edges of the plaster when applied to the skin1 and the quantity was therefore reduced to #b per cent of each4 ,this mass affords a plaster which is readily adhesive to the body1 does not run nor become too soft4 ,plasters spread on cloth have been kept for months exposed to the sun in the summer weather without losing their stability or permanency4 ,the lead oleate made by the interaction of hot solution of soap and lead acetate1 thoroughly washed with hot water1 and freed from water by working the precipitated oleate on a hot tile1 is much to be preferred to the lead plaster made by the present official process4 ,the time-honored method of boiling litharge1 olive oil1 and water is for the requirements of the pharmacists most tedious and unsatisfactory4 ,since in the beginning of the process1 at least1 a temperature higher than that of #bab ,f4 is required1 the water bath cannot be employed1 and in the absence of this limiting device the product is usually 8scorched40 ,when the steam bath under pressure can be used this objection does not apply4 ,but the boiling process requires from #c to #d hours1 with more or less attention1 while the precipitation method does not take over half an hour4 ,besides1 true litharge is difficult to obtain1 and any other kind will produce unsatisfactory results4 ,the following is the process employed3 ,lead oleate 7,emplastrum plumbi73 ,soap1 granular and dried #ajj parts ,lead acetate #fj parts ,distilled water1 a sufficient quantity4 #efc ,dissolve the soap in #cej parts hot distilled water and strain the solution4 ,dissolve the lead acetate in #bej parts hot distilled water and filter the solution while hot into the warm soap solution1 stirring constantly4 ,when the precipitate which has formed has separated1 decant the liquid and wash the precipitate thoroughly with hot water4 ,remove the precipitate1 let it drain1 free from water completely by kneading it on a warm slab1 form it into rolls1 wrap in paraffine paper1 and preserve in tightly closed containers4 ,emplastrum adhesivum3 ,rubber1 cut in small pieces #bj parts ,petrolatum #bj parts ,lead plaster #ifj parts ,melt the rubber at a temperature not exceeding #cjb ,f41 add the petrolatum1 and continue the heat until the rubber is dissolved4 ,add the lead plaster to the hot mixture1 continue the heat until it becomes liquid2 then let it cool and stir until it stiffens4 ,court ,plaster or ,sticking ,plaster4--,i4--,brush silk over with a solution of isinglass1 in spirits or warm water1 dry and repeat several times4 ,for the last application apply several coats of balsam of ,peru4 ,this is used to close cuts or wounds1 by warming and applying it4 ,it does not wash off until the skin partially heals4 ,,ii4--,isinglass1 #a part2 water1 #aj parts2 dissolve1 strain the solution1 and gradually add to it of tincture of benzoin1 #b parts2 apply this mixture gently warmed1 by means of a camel's-hair brush1 to the surface of silk or sarcenet1 stretched on a frame1 and allow each coating to dry before applying the next one1 the application being repeated as often as necessary2 lastly1 give the prepared surface a coating of tincture of benzoin or tincture of balsam of ,peru4 ,some manufacturers apply this to the unprepared side of the plaster1 and others add to the tincture a few drops of essence of ambergris or essence of musk4 ,,iii4 7,deschamps74--,a piece of fine muslin1 linen1 or silk is fastened to a flat board1 and a thin coating of smooth1 strained flour paste is given to it2 over this1 when dry1 two coats of colorless gelatin1 made into size with water1 quantity sufficient1 are applied warm4 ,said to be superior to the ordinary court plaster4 ,coloring of ,modeling ,plaster4--,i4--,if burnt gypsum is stirred up with water containing formaldehyde and with a little alkali1 and the quantity of water necessary for the induration of the plaster containing in solution a reducible metallic salt is added thereto1 a plaster mass of perfectly uniform coloring is obtained4 ,the hardening of the plaster is not affected thereby4 ,according to the concentration of the metallic salt solutions and the choice of the salts1 the most varying shades of color1 as black1 red1 brown1 violet1 pearl gray1 and bronze may be produced4 ,the color effect may be enhanced by the addition of certain colors4 ,for the production of a gray-colored gypsum mass1 for example1 the mode of procedure is as follows3 ,stir #ae drachms of plaster with one-fourth its weight of water1 containing a few drops of formaldehyde and a little soda lye and add #aj drops of a one-tenth normal silver solution1 which has previously been mixed with the amount of water necessary for hardening the gypsum4 ,the mass will immediately upon mixing assume a pearl-gray shade1 uniform throughout4 ,in order to produce red or copper-like1 black or bronze-like shades1 gold salts1 copper salts or silver salts1 bismuth salts or lead salts1 singly or mixed1 are used4 ,naturally1 these colorings admit of a large number of modifications4 ,in lieu of formaldehyde other reducing agents may be employed1 such as solutions of sulphurous acid or hydrogen peroxide with a little alkali4 ,metals in the elementary state may likewise be made use of1 e4 g41 iron1 which1 stirred with a little copper solution and plaster1 produces a brown mass excelling in special hardness1 etc4 ,this process of coloring plaster is distinguished from the former methods in that the coloration is caused by metals in the nascent state and that a very fine division is obtained4 ,the advantage of the dyeing method consists in that colorings can be produced with slight quantities of a salt2 besides1 the fine contours of the figures are in no way affected by this manner of coloring1 and another notable advantage lies in the mass being colored throughout1 whereby a great durability of the color against outside actions is assured4 ,thus a peeling off of the color or other way of becoming detached1 such as by rubbing off1 is entirely excluded4 ,,ii4--,frequently1 in order to obtain colored plaster objects1 ocher or powdered colors are mixed with the plaster4 ,this method leaves much to be desired1 because the mixture is not always perfect1 and instead of the expected uniform color1 blotches appear4 ,here is a more #efd certain recipe3 ,boil brazil wood1 logwood1 or yellow wood1 in water1 according to the desired color1 or use extracts of the woods4 ,when the dye is cold mix it with the plaster4 ,the dye must be passed through a cloth before use4 ,one may also immerse the plaster articles1 medals1 etc41 in this dye1 but in this case they must be left for some time and the operation repeated several times4 ,treatment of ,fresh ,plaster4--,freshly plastered cement surfaces on walls may be treated as follows3 ,the freshly plastered surface first remains without any coating for about #ad days2 then it is coated with a mixture of #ej parts water and #aj parts ammonia carbonate dissolved in hot water2 leave this coat alone for a day1 paint it again and wait until the cement has taken on a uniform gray color1 which takes place as a rule in #ab to #ad days4 ,then prime the surface thus obtained with pure varnish and finish the coating1 after drying1 with ordinary varnish paint or turpentine paint4 ,plaster for ,foundry ,models4--,gum lac1 #a part2 wood spirit1 #b parts2 lampblack in sufficient quantity to dye4 ,plaster from ,spent ,gas ,lime4--,spent lime from gas purifiers1 in which the sulphur has been converted into calcium sulphate1 by exposure to weather1 if necessary1 is mixed with clay rich in alumina4 ,the mixture is powdered1 formed into balls or blocks with water1 and calcined at a temperature below that at which the setting qualities of calcium sulphate are destroyed4 ,slaked lime1 clay1 and sand are added to the calcined product1 and the whole is finely powdered4 ,plaster ,mold4--,nearly all fine grades of metals can be cast in plaster molds1 provided only a few pieces of the castings are wanted4 ,dental plaster should be used1 with about one-half of short asbestos4 ,mix the two well together1 and when the mold is complete let it dry in a warm place for several days1 or until all the moisture is excluded4 ,if the mold is of considerable thickness it will answer the purpose better4 ,when ready for casting1 the plaster mold should be warmed1 and smoked over a gas light2 then the metal should be poured in1 in as cool a state as it will run4 ,cleaning of ,statuettes and ,other ,plaster ,objects4--,nothing takes the dust more freely than plaster objects1 more or less artistic1 which are the modest ornaments of our dwellings4 ,they rapidly contract a yellow-gray color1 of unpleasant appearance4 ,here is a practical method for restoring the whiteness3 ,take finely powdered starch1 quite white1 and make a thick paste with hot water4 ,apply1 when still hot1 with a flexible spatula or a brush on the plaster object4 ,the layer should be quite thick4 ,let it dry slowly4 ,on drying1 the starch will split and scale off4 ,all the soiled parts of the plaster will adhere1 and be drawn off with the scales4 ,this method of cleaning does not detract from the fineness of the model4 ,hardening and ,toughening ,plaster of ,paris4--,i4--,plaster of ,paris at times sets too rapidly2 therefore the following recipe for toughening and delaying drying will be useful4 ,to calcined plaster of ,paris add #d per cent of its weight of powdered marshmallow root1 which will keep it from setting for about an hour1 and augment its hardness when set1 or double the quantity of marshmallow root powder1 and the plaster will become very firm1 and may be worked #b or #c hours after mixing1 and may be carved and polished when hard4 ,it is essential that these powders1 which are of different densities and specific gravities1 should be thoroughly mixed1 and the plaster of ,paris be quite fresh1 and it must be passed through fine hair sieves to ensure its being an impalpable powder4 ,to ensure thorough mixing1 pass the combined powders through the hair sieve three times4 ,make up with water sufficient for the required model or models4 ,should any of the powder be left over it may be kept by being put in an air-tight box and placed in a warm room4 ,the marshmallow root powder may be replaced by dextrin1 gum arabic1 or glue4 ,the material treated is suitable while yet in a soft state1 for rolling1 glass-tube developing1 making plates1 etc4 ,,ii4--,plaster of ,paris may be caused to set more quickly if some alum be dissolved in the water used for rendering it plastic4 ,if the gypsum is first moistened with a solution of alum and then again burned1 the resulting compound sets very quickly and becomes as hard as marble4 ,borax may be similarly employed4 ,the objects may also be be treated with a solution of caustic baryta4 ,but it has been found that no matter how deep this penetrates1 the baryta is again drawn toward the surface when the water evaporates1 a portion efflorescing on the outside1 and only a thin layer remaining in the outer shell1 where it is converted into carbonate4 ,this at the same time #efe stops up the pores1 rendering it impossible to repeat the operation4 ,it was later found that the whole mass of the cast might be hardened by applying to it with a brush made of glass bristles1 a hot solution of baryta4 ,to prevent separation of the crystallized baryta at the surface1 the object must be raised to a temperature of #adj to #age ,f4 ,to produce good results1 however1 it is necessary to add to the plaster before casting certain substances with which the baryta can combine4 ,these are silicic acid in some form1 or the sulphates of zinc1 magnesium1 copper1 iron1 aluminum1 etc4 ,with some of these the resulting object may be colored4 ,as it is1 however1 difficult to insure the production of uniform tint1 it is better when employing salts producing color1 to mix the plaster with about #e per cent of quicklime1 or1 better1 to render it plastic with milk of lime1 and then to soak the object in a solution of metallic sulphate4 ,preservation of ,plaster ,casts4--,upon complete drying1 small objects are laid for a short while in celluloid varnish of #d per cent1 while large articles are painted with it1 from the top downward1 using a soft brush4 ,articles set up outside and exposed to the weather are not protected by this treatment1 while others can be readily washed off and cleaned with water4 ,to cover #ajj square feet of surface1 #a #c_/d pints of celluloid varnish are required4 ,to ,arrest the ,setting of ,plaster of ,paris4--,citric acid will delay the setting of plaster of ,paris for several hours4 ,one ounce of acid1 at a cost of about #e cents1 will be sufficient to delay the setting of #ajj pounds of plaster of ,paris for #b or #c hours4 ,dissolve the acid in the water before mixing the plaster4 ,weatherproofing ,casts4--,i4--,brethauer's method of preparing plaster of ,paris casts for resisting the action of the weather is as follows3 ,slake #a part of finely pulverized lime to a paste1 then mix gypsum with limewater and intimately mix both4 ,from the compound thus prepared the figures are cast4 ,when perfectly dry they are painted with hot linseed oil1 repeating the operation several times1 then with linseed-oil varnish1 and finally with white oil paint4 ,statues1 etc41 prepared in this way have been constantly exposed to the action of the weather for #d years without suffering any change4 ,,ii4--,jacobsen prepares casts which retain no dust1 and can be washed with lukewarm soap water by immersing them or throwing upon them in a fine spray a hot solution of a soap prepared from stearic acid and soda lye in ten times its quantity1 by weight1 of hot water4 ,reproduction of ,plaster ,originals4--,this new process consists in making a plaster mold over the original in the usual manner4 ,after the solidification of the plaster the mass of the original is removed1 as usual1 by cutting out and rinsing out4 ,the casting mold thus obtained is next filled out with a ceramic mass consisting of gypsum1 #a part2 powdered porcelain1 #e parts2 and flux1 #a part4 ,after the mass has hardened it is baked in the mold4 ,this renders the latter brittle and it falls apart on moistening with water while the infusion remains as a firm body1 which presents all the details of the original in a true manner4 ,,plaster ,,articles1 ,,repairing ,,of3 ,see ,adhesives and ,lutes4 ,,plaster ,,grease3 ,see ,lubricants4 ,,plaster1 ,,paints ,,for3 ,see ,paints4 ,,plaster ,,of ,,paris1 ,,molds ,,for ,,casting3 ,see ,casting4 ,,plastic ,,compositions3 ,see ,celluloid and ,matrix ,mass4 ,,plaster1 ,,irritating3 ,see ,ointments4 ,,plates1 ,,care ,,of ,,photographic3 ,see ,photography4 ,,platina1 ,,birmingham3 ,see ,alloys1 under ,brass4 ,plating ,the plating of metal surfaces is accomplished in four different ways3 7#a7 ,by oxidation1 usually involving dipping in an acid bath2 7#b7 by electrodeposition1 involving suspension in a metallic solution1 through which an electric current is passed2 7#c7 by applying a paste that is fixed1 as by burning in2 7#d7 by pouring on molten plating metal and rolling4 ,for convenience the methods of plating are arbitrarily classified below under the following headings3 #a4 ,bronzing4 #b4 ,coloring of ,metals4 #c4 ,electrodeposition ,processes4 #d4 ,gilding and ,gold-,plating4 #eff #e4 ,oxidizing ,processes4 #f4 ,patina ,oxidizing ,processes4 #g4 ,platinizing4 #h4 ,silvering and ,silver-,plating4 #i4 ,tinned ,lead-,plating4 #aj4 ,various ,recipes4 ,,bronzing3 ,art ,bronzes4--,these are bronzes of different tints1 showing a great variety according to the taste and fancy of the operator4 ,i4--,after imparting to an object a coating of vert antique1 it is brushed to remove the verdigris1 and another coat is applied with the following mixture3 ,vinegar1 #a1jjj parts1 by weight2 powdered bloodstone1 #abe parts1 by weight2 plumbago1 #be parts1 by weight4 ,finish with a waxed brush and a coat of white varnish4 ,,ii4--,cover the object with a mixture of vinegar1 #a1jjj parts1 by weight2 powdered bloodstone1 #abe parts1 by weight2 plumbago1 #be parts1 by weight2 sal ammoniac1 #cb parts1 by weight2 ammonia1 #cb parts1 by weight2 sea salt1 #cb parts1 by weight4 ,finish as above4 ,antique ,bronzes4--,in order to give new bronze castings the appearance and patina of old bronze1 various compositions are employed1 of which the following are the principal ones3 ,i4--,vert ,antique3 ,vinegar1 #a1jjj parts1 by weight2 copper sulphate1 #af parts1 by weight2 sea salt1 #cb parts1 by weight2 sal ammoniac1 #cb parts1 by weight2 mountain green 7,sanders green71 #gj parts1 by weight2 chrome yellow1 #cj parts1 by weight2 ammonia1 #cb parts1 by weight4 ,,ii4--,vert ,antique3 ,vinegar1 #a1jjj parts1 by weight2 copper sulphate1 #af parts1 by weight2 sea salt1 #cb parts1 by weight2 sal ammoniac1 #cb parts1 by weight2 mountain green1 #gj parts1 by weight2 ammonia1 #cb parts1 by weight4 ,,iii4--,dark ,vert ,antique3 ,to obtain darker vert antique1 add a little plumbago to the preceding mixtures4 ,,iv4--,vinegar1 #a1jjj parts1 by weight2 sal ammoniac1 #h parts1 by weight2 potassium bioxalate1 #a part1 by weight4 ,brass ,bronzing4--,i4--,immerse the articles1 freed from dirt and grease1 into a cold solution of #aj parts of potassium permanganate1 #ej parts of iron sulphate1 #e parts of hydrochloric acid1 in #a1jjj parts of water4 ,let remain #cj seconds2 then withdraw1 rinse off1 and dry in fine1 soft sawdust4 ,if the articles have become too dark1 or if a reddish-brown color be desired1 immerse for about #a minute into a warm 7#fj ,c4 or #adj ,f47 solution of chromic acid1 #aj parts2 hydrochloric acid1 #aj parts2 potassium permanganate1 #aj parts2 iron sulphate1 #ej parts2 water1 #a1jjj parts4 ,treat as before4 ,if the latter solution alone be used the product will be a brighter dark yellow or reddish-brown color4 ,by heating in a drying oven the tone of the colors is improved4 ,,ii4--,rouge1 with a little chloride of platinum and water1 will form a chocolate brown of considerable depth of tone and is exceedingly applicable to brass surfaces which are to resemble a copper bronze4 ,copper ,bronzing4--,i4--,after cleaning the pieces1 a mixture made as follows is passed over them with a brush3 ,castor oil1 #bj parts2 alcohol1 #hj parts2 soft soap1 #dj parts2 water1 #dj parts4 ,the day after application1 the piece has become bronzed2 and if the time is prolonged1 the tint will change4 ,thus1 an affinity of shades agreeable to the eye can be procured4 ,the piece is dried in hot sawdust1 and colorless varnish with large addition of alcohol is passed over it4 ,this formula for bronzing galvanic apparatus imparts any shade desired1 from ,barbodienne bronze to antique green1 provided the liquid remains for some time in contact with the copper4 ,,ii4--,acetate of copper1 #f parts2 sal ammoniac1 #g parts2 acetic acid1 #a part2 distilled water1 #ajj parts4 ,dissolve all in water in an earthen or porcelain vessel4 ,place on the fire and heat slightly2 next1 with a brush give the objects to be bronzed #b or #c coats1 according to the shade desired4 ,it is necessary that each coat be thoroughly dry before applying another4 ,bronzing of ,gas ,fixtures4--,gas fixtures which have become dirty or tarnished from use may be improved in appearance by painting with bronze paint and then1 if a still better finish is required1 varnishing after the paint is thoroughly dry with some light-colored varnish that will give a hard and brilliant coating4 ,if the bronze paint is made up with ordinary varnish it is liable to become discolored from acid which may be present in the varnish4 ,one method proposed for obviating this is to mix the varnish with about #e times its volume of spirit of turpentine1 add to the mixture dried slaked lime in the proportion of about #dj grains to the pint1 agitate well1 #efg repeating the agitation several times1 and finally allowing the suspended matter to settle and decanting the clear liquid4 ,the object of this is1 of course1 to neutralize any acid which may be present4 ,to determine how effectively this has been done1 the varnish may be chemically tested4 ,iron ,bronzing4--,i4--,the surface of a casting previously cleaned and polished is evenly painted with a vegetable oil1 e4 g41 olive oil1 and then well heated1 care being taken that the temperature does not rise to a point at which the oil will burn4 ,the cast iron absorbs oxygen at the moment when the decomposition of the oil begins1 and a brown layer of oxide is formed which adheres firmly to the surface and which may be vigorously polished1 giving a bronze-like appearance to the surface of the iron4 ,,ii4--,to give polished iron the appearance of bronze commence by cleaning the objects1 then subject them for about #e minutes to the vapor of a mixture of concentrated hydrochloric and nitric acids2 then smear them with ,vaseline and heat them until the vaseline begins to decompose4 ,the result is a fine bronzing4 ,liquid for ,bronze ,powder4--,take #b ounces gum animi and dissolve in #a_/b pint linseed oil by adding gradually while the oil is being heated4 ,boil1 strain1 and dilute with turpentine4 ,bronzing ,metals4--,i4--,the following composition is recommended for bronzing metal objects exposed to the air3 ,mix about equal parts of siccative1 rectified oil of turpentine1 caoutchouc oil1 and dammar varnish1 and apply this composition on the objects1 using a brush4 ,this bronze has been found to resist the influences of the weather4 ,,ii4--,cover the objects with a light layer of linseed oil1 and then heat over a coal fire1 prolonging the heat until the desired shade is reached4 ,,iii4--,expose the objects to be bronzed for about #e minutes to the vapors of a bath composed of #ej parts of nitric acid and #ej parts of concentrated hydrochloric acid4 ,then rub the articles with vaseline and heat until the vaseline is decomposed4 ,the objects to be bronzed must always be perfectly polished4 ,,iv4--,to bronze iron articles they should be laid in highly heated coal dust2 the articles must be covered up in the glowing dust1 and the heat must be the same throughout4 ,the iron turns at first yellow1 then blue1 and finally rather black4 ,withdraw the objects when they have attained the blue shade or the black color2 then while they are still hot1 rub them with a wad charged with tallow4 ,v4--,for electrolytic bronzing of metals the baths employed differ from the brass baths only in that they contain tin in solution instead of zinc4 ,according to ,elsner1 dissolve #gj parts1 by weight1 of cupric sulphate in #a1jjj parts of water and add a solution of #h parts of stannic chloride in caustic lye4 ,for a positive pole plate put in a bronze plate4 ,the bath works at ordinary temperature4 ,,vi4--,a good bath consists of #aj parts of potash1 #b parts of cupric chloride1 #a part of tin salt1 #a part of cyanide of potassium dissolved in #ajj parts of water4 ,,vii4--,mix a solution of #cb parts of copper sulphate in #ejj parts of water with #fd parts of cyanide of potassium4 ,after the solution has become clear1 add #d to #e parts of stannic chloride dissolved in potash lye4 ,,viii4--,precipitate all soda from a solution of blue vitriol by phosphate of sodium1 wash the precipitate well1 and dissolve in a concentrated solution of pyrophosphate of copper4 ,also1 saturate a solution of the same salt with tin salt4 ,of both solutions add enough in such proportion to a solution of #ej parts1 by weight1 of pyrophosphate of sodium in #a1jjj parts of water until the solution appears clear and of the desired color4 ,a cast bronze plate serves as an anode4 ,from time to time a little soda1 or if the precipitate turns out too pale1 copper solution should be added4 ,tin ,bronzing4--,the pieces are well washed and all grease removed2 next plunged into a solution of copperas 7green vitriol71 #a part2 sulphate1 #a part2 water1 #bj parts4 ,when dry they are plunged again into a bath composed of verdigris1 #d parts2 dissolved in distilled wine vinegar1 #aa parts4 ,wash1 dry1 and polish with ,english red4 ,zinc ,bronzing4--,the zinc article must be first electro-coppered before proceeding to the bronzing4 ,the process used is always the same2 the different shades are1 however1 too numerous to cover all of them in one explanation4 ,the bronzing of zinc clocks is most frequently done on a brown ground1 by mixing graphite1 lampblack1 and sanguine stirred in water in which a little ,flanders ,dutch glue is dissolved4 ,the application is made by means of a brush4 ,when it is dry a #efh spirit varnish is applied2 next1 before the varnish is perfectly dry1 a little powdered bronze or sanguine or powdered bronze mixed with sanguine or with graphite1 according to the desired shades4 ,for green bronze1 mix green sanders with chrome yellow stirred with spirit in which a little varnish is put4 ,when the bronzing is dry1 put on the varnish and the powdered bronze as above described4 ,after all has dried1 pass the brush over a piece of wax1 then over the bronzed article1 being careful to charge the brush frequently with wax4 ,,coloring ,,of ,,metals3 ,direct ,coloration of ,iron and ,steel by ,cupric ,selenite4--,iron precipitates copper and selenium from their salts4 ,immersed in a solution of cupric selenite1 acidulated with a few drops of nitric acid1 it precipitates these two metals on its surface in the form of a dull black deposit1 but slightly adherent4 ,but1 if the object is washed with water1 then with alcohol1 and rapidly dried over a gas burner1 the deposit becomes adherent4 ,if rubbed with a cloth1 this deposit turns a blue black or a brilliant black1 according to the composition of the bath4 ,the selenite of copper is a greenish salt insoluble in water1 and but slightly soluble in water acidulated with nitric or sulphuric acid4 ,it is preferable to mix a solution of cupric sulphate with a solution of selenious acid1 and to acidulate with nitric acid1 in order to prevent the precipitation of the selenite of copper4 ,this process1 originated by ,paul ,malherbe1 is quite convenient for blackening or bluing small objects of iron or steel1 such as metallic pens or other small pieces4 ,it does not succeed so well for objects of cast iron2 and the selenious acid is costly1 which is an obstacle to its employment on large metallic surfaces4 ,the baths are quickly impoverished1 for insoluble yellow selenite of iron is deposited4 ,brilliant ,black ,coloration4--,selenious acid1 #f parts2 cupric sulphate1 #aj parts2 water1 #a1jjj parts2 nitric acid1 #d to #f parts4 ,blue-,black ,coloration4--,selenious acid1 #aj parts2 cupric sulphate1 #aj parts2 water1 #a1jjj parts2 nitric acid1 #d to #f parts4 ,by immersing the object for a short time the surface of the metal can be colored in succession yellow1 rose1 purple1 violet and blue4 ,coloration of ,copper and ,brass with ,cupric ,selenite4--,when an object of copper or brass is immersed in a solution of selenite of copper acidulated with nitric acid1 the following colors are obtained1 according to the time of the immersion3 ,yellow1 orange1 rose1 purple1 violet1 and blue1 which is the last color which can be obtained4 ,in general1 the solution should be slightly acid2 otherwise the color is fugacious and punctate4 a4 b4 ,selenious acid #f4e #b4i parts ,sulphate of copper #ab4e #bj4j parts ,nitric acid #b4j #b4e parts ,water #a1jjj4j #a1jjj4j parts ,production of ,rainbow ,colors on ,metals 7iron1 copper1 brass1 zinc1 etc47--,i4--,the following process of irisation is due to ,puscher4 ,it allows of covering the metals with a thick layer of metallic sulphide1 similar to that met with in nature--in galena1 for example4 ,these compounds are quite solid and are not attacked by concentrated acids and alkalies1 while dilute reagents are without action4 ,in #e minutes thousands of objects of brass can be colored with the brightest hues4 ,if they have been previously cleaned chemically1 the colors deposited on the surface adhere with such strength that they can be worked with the burnisher4 ,forty-five parts of sodium hyposulphite are dissolved in #ejj parts of water2 a solution of #ae parts of neutral acetate of lead in #ejj parts of water is poured in4 ,the clear mixture1 which is composed of a double salt of hyposulphite of lead and of sodium1 possesses1 when heated to #bab ,f41 the property of decomposing slowly and of depositing brown flakes of lead sulphide4 ,if an article of gold1 silver1 copper1 brass1 tombac1 iron1 or zinc is put into this bath while the precipitation is taking place1 the object will be covered with a film of lead sulphide1 which will give varied and brilliant colors1 according to its thickness4 ,for a uniform coloration1 it is necessary that the pieces should be heated quite uniformly4 ,however1 iron assumes under this treatment only a blue color1 and zinc a bronze color4 ,on articles of copper the first gold color which appears is defective4 ,lead and tin are not colored4 ,by substituting for the neutral acetate of lead an equal quantity of cupric sulphate and proceeding in a similar way1 brass or imitation gold is covered with a very beautiful red1 succeeded by an imperfect green1 and finally a magnificent brown1 with iridescent points of greenish red4 ,the latter coating is fairly permanent4 ,zinc is not colored in this solution1 and #efi precipitates in it a quantity of flakes of greenish brown 7cupric sulphide71 but if about one-third of the preceding solution of lead acetate is added1 a solid black color is developed1 which1 when covered with a light coating of wax1 gains much in intensity and solidity4 ,it is also useful to apply a slight coating of wax to the other colors4 ,,ii4--,beautiful designs may be obtained1 imitating marble1 with sheets of copper plunged into a solution of lead1 thickened by the addition of gum tragacanth1 and heated to #bab ,f4 ,afterwards they are treated with the ordinary lead solution4 ,the compounds of antimony1 for example the tartrate of antimony and potash1 afford similar colorations1 but require a longer time for their development4 ,the solutions mentioned do not change1 even after a long period1 and may be employed several times4 ,,iii4--,by mixing a solution of cupric sulphate with a solution of sodium hyposulphite1 a double hyposulphite of sodium and of copper is obtained4 ,if in the solution of this double salt an article of nickel or of copper1 cleaned with nitric acid1 then with soda1 is immersed1 the following colors will appear in a few seconds3 ,brilliant red1 green1 rose1 blue1 and violet4 ,to isolate a color1 it is sufficient to take out the object and wash it with water4 ,the colors obtained on nickel present a moir appearance1 similar to that of silk fabrics4 ,,iv4--,tin sulphate affords with sodium hyposulphite a double salt1 which is reduced by heat1 with production of tin sulphide4 ,the action of this double salt on metallic surfaces is the same as that of the double salts of copper and lead4 ,mixed with a solution of cupric sulphate1 all the colors of the spectrum will be readily obtained4 ,v4--,coloration of ,silver4--,the objects of copper or brass are first covered with a layer of silver1 when they are dipped in the following solution at the temperature of #bje to #bab ,f43 ,water1 #c1jjj parts2 sodium hyposulphite1 #cjj parts2 lead acetate1 #ajj parts4 ,,vi4--,iron precipitates bismuth from its chlorhydric solution4 ,on heating this deposit1 the colors of the rainbow are obtained4 ,coloration by ,electrolysis4--,i4--,colored ,rings by ,electrolysis 7,nobili1 ,becquerel74--,in order to obtain the ,nobili rings it is necessary to concentrate the current coming from one of the poles of the battery through a platinum wire1 whose point alone is immersed in the liquid to be decomposed1 while the other pole is connected with a plate of metal in the same liquid4 ,this plate is placed perpendicularly to the direction of the wire1 and at about #j4jd inches from the point4 ,solutions of sulphate of copper1 sulphate of zinc1 sulphate of manganese1 acetate of lead1 acetate of copper1 acetate of potassium1 tartrate of antimony and potash1 phosphoric acid1 oxalic acid1 carbonate of soda1 chloride of manganese1 and manganous acetate1 may be employed4 ,,ii4--,a process1 due to ,m4 ,o4 ,mathey1 allows of coloring metals by precipitating on their surface a transparent metallic peroxide4 ,the phenomenon of electro-chemical coloration on metals is the same as that which takes place when an object of polished steel is exposed to heat4 ,it first assumes a yellow color1 from a very thin coating of ferric oxide formed on its surface4 ,by continuing the heating1 this coating of oxide increases in thickness1 and appears red1 then violet1 then blue4 ,here1 the coloration is due to the increase in the thickness of a thin coating of a metallic oxide precipitated by an alkaline solution4 ,the oxides of lead1 tin1 zinc1 chromium1 aluminum1 molybdenum1 tungsten1 etc41 dissolved in potash1 may be employed2 also protoxide of iron1 zinc1 cadmium1 cobalt1 dissolved in ammonia4 ,lead ,solution4--,potash1 #djj parts2 litharge or massicot1 #abe parts4 ,boil #aj minutes1 filter1 dilute until the solution marks #be ,b4 ,iron ,solution4--,dissolve ferrous sulphate in boiling water1 and preserve sheltered from air4 ,when desired for use1 pour a quantity into a vessel and add ammonia until the precipitate is redissolved4 ,this solution1 oxidizing rapidly in the air1 cannot be used for more than an hour4 ,,iii4--,electro-chemical coloration succeeds very well on metals which are not oxidizable1 such as gold and platinum1 but not well on silver4 ,this process is employed for coloring watch hands and screws4 ,the object is placed at the positive pole1 under a thickness of #a #a_/d inches of the liquid1 and the negative electrode is brought to the surface of the bath4 ,in a few seconds all the colors possible are obtained4 ,generally1 a ruby-red tint is sought for4 ,,iv4--,coloration of ,nickel4--,the nickel piece is placed at the positive pole in a solution of lead acetate4 ,a netting #egj of copper wires is arranged at the negative pole according to the contours of the design1 and at a short distance from the object4 ,the coloration obtained is uniform if the distance of the copper wires from the object is equal at all points4 ,coloring of ,brass4--,i4--7a7 ,brown bronze3 ,acid solution of nitrate of silver and bismuth or nitric acid4 7b7 ,light bronze3 ,acid solution of nitrate of silver and of copper1 7c7 ,black3 ,solution of nitrate of copper4 ,in all cases1 however1 the brass is colored black1 if after having been treated with the acid solution1 it is placed for a very short time in a solution of potassium sulphide1 of ammonium sulphydrate1 or of hydrogen sulphide4 ,,ii4--,the brass is immersed in a dilute solution of mercurous nitrate2 the layer of mercury formed on the brass is converted into black sulphide1 if washed several times in potassium sulphide4 ,by substituting for the potassium sulphide the sulphide of antimony or that of arsenic1 beautiful bronze colors are obtained1 varying from light brown to dark brown4 ,,iii4--,clean the brass perfectly4 ,afterwards rub with sal ammoniac dissolved in vinegar4 ,strong vinegar1 #a1jjj parts2 sal ammoniac1 #cj parts2 alum1 #ae parts2 arsenious anhydride1 #h parts4 ,,iv4--,a solution of chloride of platinum is employed1 which leaves a very light coating of platinum on the metal1 and the surface is bronzed4 ,a steel tint or gray color is obtained1 of which the shade depends on the metal4 ,if this is burnished1 it takes a blue or steel gray shade1 which varies with the duration of the chemical action1 the concentration1 and the temperature of the bath4 ,a dilute solution of platinum is prepared thus3 ,chloride of platinum1 #a part2 water1 #e1jjj parts4 ,another solution1 more concentrated at the temperature of #ajd ,f41 is kept ready4 ,the objects to be bronzed are attached to a copper wire and immersed for a few seconds in a hot solution of tartar1 #cj parts to #e1jjj parts of water4 ,on coming from this bath they are washed #b or #c times with ordinary water1 and a last time with distilled water1 and then put in the solution of platinum chloride1 stirring them from time to time4 ,when a suitable change of color has been secured1 the objects are passed to the concentrated solution of platinum chloride 7#dj74 ,they are stirred1 and taken out when the wished-for color has been reached4 ,they are then washed #b or #c times1 and dried in wood sawdust4 ,v4--,to give to brass a dull black color1 as that used for optical instruments1 the metal is cleaned carefully at first1 and covered with a very dilute mixture of neutral nitrate of tin1 #a part2 chloride of gold1 #b parts4 ,at the end of #aj minutes this covering is removed with a moist brush4 ,if an excess of acid has not been employed1 the surface of the metal will be found to be of a fine dull black4 ,the nitrate of tin is prepared by decomposing the chloride of this metal with ammonia and afterwards dissolving in nitric acid the oxide of tin formed4 ,,vi4--,for obtaining a deposit of bismuth the brass is immersed in a boiling bath1 prepared by adding #ej to #fj parts of bismuth to nitric acid diluted with #a1jjj parts of water1 and containing #cb parts of tartaric acid4 ,,vii4--,the electrolysis of a cold solution of #be to #cj parts per #a1jjj parts of the double chloride of bismuth and ammonium produces on brass or on copper a brilliant adherent deposit of bismuth1 whose appearance resembles that of old silver4 ,production of ,rainbow ,hues4--,various colors4--,i4--,dissolve tartrate of antimony and of potash1 #cj parts2 tartaric acid1 #cj parts2 water1 #a1jjj parts4 ,add hydrochloric acid1 #ij to #abj parts2 pulverized antimony1 #ij to #abj parts4 ,immerse the object of brass in this boiling liquid1 and it will be covered with a film1 which1 as it thickens1 reflects quite a series of beautiful tints1 first appearing iridescent1 then the color of gold1 copper1 or violet1 and finally of a grayish blue4 ,these colors are adherent1 and do not change in the air4 ,,ii4--,the sulphide of tin may be deposited on metallic surfaces1 especially on brass1 communicating shades varying with the thickness of the deposit4 ,for this purpose1 ,puscher prepares the following solutions3 ,dissolve tartaric acid1 #bj parts1 in water1 #a1jjj parts2 add a salt of tin1 #bj parts2 water1 #abe parts4 ,boil the mixture1 allow it to repose1 and filter4 ,afterwards pour the clear portion a little at a time1 shaking continually1 into a solution of hyposulphite of soda1 #hj parts2 water1 #bej parts4 ,on boiling1 sulphide of tin is formed1 with precipitation of sulphur4 ,on plunging the pieces of brass in the liquid1 they are covered1 according to the period of immersion1 with varied shades1 passing from gold yellow to red1 to crimson1 to blue1 and finally to light brown4 ,,iii4--,the metal is treated with the #ega following composition3 ,solution ,a4--,cotton1 well washed1 #ej parts2 salicylic acid1 #b parts1 dissolved in sulphuric acid1 #a1jjj parts1 and bichromate of potash1 #ajj parts4 ,solution ,b4--,brass1 #bj parts2 nitric acid1 density #a4ea1 #cej parts2 nitrate of soda1 #aj parts4 ,mix the two solutions1 and dilute with #a1ejj parts of water4 ,these proportions may be modified according to the nature of the brass to be treated4 ,this preparation is spread on the metal1 which immediately changes color4 ,when the desired tint is obtained1 the piece is quickly plunged in an alkaline solution2 a soda salt1 #ej parts2 water1 #a1jjj parts4 ,the article is afterwards washed1 and dried with a piece of cloth4 ,beautiful red tints are obtained by placing the objects between #b plates1 or better yet1 #b pieces of iron wire-cloth4 ,,iv4--,put in a flask #ajj parts of cupric carbonate and #gej parts of ammonia and shake4 ,this liquid should be kept in well-stoppered bottles4 ,when it has lost its strength1 this may be renewed by pouring in a little ammonia4 ,the objects to be colored should be well cleaned4 ,they are suspended in the liquid and moved back and forth4 ,after a few minutes of immersion1 they are washed with water and dried in wood sawdust4 ,generally1 a deep-blue color is obtained4 ,v4--,plunge a sheet of perfectly clean brass in a dilute solution of neutral acetate of copper1 and at the ordinary temperature1 and in a short time it will be found covered with a fine gold yellow4 ,,vi4--,immerse the brass several times in a very dilute solution of cupric chloride1 and the color will be deadened and bronzed a greenish gray4 ,a plate of brass heated to #cjb ,f4 is colored violet by rubbing its surface gently with cotton soaked with cupric chloride4 ,,vii4--,on heating brass1 perfectly polished1 until it can be no longer held in the hand1 and then covering it rapidly and uniformly with a solution of antimony chloride by means of a wad of cotton1 a fine violet tint is communicated4 ,,viii4--,for greenish shades1 a bath may be made use of1 composed of water1 #ajj parts2 cupric sulphate1 #h parts2 sal ammoniac1 #b parts4 ,,ix4--,for orange-brown and cinnamon-brown shades3 ,water1 #a1jjj parts2 potassium chlorate1 #aj parts2 cupric sulphate1 #aj parts4 ,x4--,for obtaining rose-colored hues1 then violet1 then blue3 ,water1 #djj parts2 cupric sulphate1 #cj parts2 sodium hyposulphite1 #bj parts2 cream of tartar1 #aj parts4 ,,xi4--,for yellow1 orange1 or rose-colored shades1 then blue1 immerse the objects for a longer or shorter time in the following bath3 ,water1 #djj parts1 ammoniacal ferrous sulphate1 #bj parts2 sodium hyposulphite1 #dj parts2 cupric sulphite1 #cj parts2 cream of tartar1 #aj parts4 ,by prolonging the boiling1 the blue tint gives place to yellow1 and finally to a fine gray4 ,,xii4--,a yellowish brown may be obtained with water1 #ej parts2 potassium chlorate1 #e parts2 nickel carbonate1 #b parts2 sal nickel1 #e parts4 ,,xiii4--,a dark brown is obtained with water1 #ej parts2 sal nickel1 #aj parts2 potassium chlorate1 #e parts4 ,,xiv4--,a yellowish brown is obtained with water1 #cej parts2 a crystallized sodium salt1 #aj parts2 orpiment1 #e parts4 ,,xv4--,metallic moire is obtained by mixing two liquids3 7a7 ,cream of tartar1 #e parts2 cupric sulphate1 #e parts2 water1 #bej parts4 7b7 ,water1 #abe parts2 sodium hyposulphite1 #ae parts4 ,,xvi4--,a beautiful color is formed with one of the following baths3 7a7 ,water1 #adj parts2 ammonia1 #e parts2 potassium sulphide1 #a part4 7b7 ,water1 #ajj parts2 ammonium sulphydrate1 #b parts4 ,bronzing of ,brass4--,the object is boiled with zinc grains and water saturated with ammoniacal chlorhydrate4 ,a little zinc chloride may be added to facilitate the operation1 which is completed as above4 ,it may also be terminated by plunging the object in the following solution3 ,water1 #b1jjj parts2 vinegar1 #ajj parts2 sal ammoniac1 #dge parts2 pulverized verdigris1 #ejj parts4 ,,electrodeposition ,,processes4 ,the electrodeposition process is that used in electroplating and electrotyping4 ,it consists in preparing a bath in which a metal salt is in solution1 the articles to be plated being suspended so that they hang in the solution1 but are insulated4 ,the bath being provided with an anode and cathode for the passing of an electric current1 and the article being connected with the cathode or negative pole1 the salts are deposited on its surface 7on the unprotected parts of its surface71 and thus receive a coating or plating of the metal in solution4 #egb ,when a soft metal is deposited upon a hard metal or the latter upon a metal softer than itself1 the exterior metal should be polished and not burnished1 and for this reason3 ,if silver is deposited upon lead1 for instance1 the great pressure which is required in burnishing to produce the necessary polish would cause the softer metal to expand1 and consequently a separation of the two metals would result4 ,on the other hand1 silver being softer than steel1 if the burnisher is applied to silver-coated steel the exterior metal will expand and separate from the subjacent metal4 ,many articles which are to receive deposits require to have portions of their surfaces topped off1 to prevent the deposit spreading over those parts2 for instance1 in taking a copy of one side of a bronze medallion1 the opposite side must be coated with some kind of varnish1 wax1 or fat1 to prevent deposition2 or1 in gilding the inside of a cream jug which has been silvered on the outside1 varnish must be applied all around the outer side of the edge1 for the same reason4 ,for gilding and other hot solutions1 copal varnish is generally used2 but for cold liquids and common work1 an ordinary varnish1 such as engravers use for similar purposes1 will do very well4 ,in the absence of other substances1 a solution of sealing wax1 dissolved in naphtha1 may be employed4 ,plating of ,aluminum4--,the light metal may be plated with almost any other metal1 but copper is most commonly employed4 ,two formulas for coppering aluminum follow3 ,i4--,make a bath of cupric sulphate1 #cj parts2 cream of tartar1 #cj parts2 soda1 #be parts2 water1 #a1jjj parts4 ,after well scouring the objects to be coppered1 immerse in the bath4 ,the coppering may also be effected by means of the battery with the following mixture3 ,sodium phosphate1 #ej parts2 potassium cyanide1 #ej parts2 copper cyanide1 #ej parts2 distilled water1 #a1jjj parts4 ,,ii4--,first clean the aluminum in a warm solution of an alkaline carbonate1 thus making its surface rough and porous2 next wash it thoroughly in running water1 and dip it into a hot solution of hydrochloric acid of about #e per cent strength4 ,wash it again in clean water1 and then place it in a somewhat concentrated acid solution of copper sulphate1 until a uniform metallic deposit is formed2 it is then again thoroughly washed and returned to the copper sulphate bath1 when an electric current is passed until a coating of copper of the required thickness is obtained4 ,brassing4--,the following recipe is recommended for the bath3 ,copper acetate1 #ej parts1 by weight2 dry zinc chloride1 #be parts1 by weight2 crystallized sodium sulphite1 #bej parts1 by weight2 ammonium carbonate1 #ce parts1 by weight2 potassium cyanide1 #aaj parts1 by weight4 ,dissolve in #c1jjj parts of water4 ,coppering4--,i4--,this is the ,dessolle process for the galvanic application of copper4 ,the special advantage claimed is that strong currents can be used1 and a deposit obtained of #j4jjd inch in #a #a_/b hours4 ,after having cleaned the object to be coppered1 with sand or in an acid bath1 a first coat is deposited in an ordinary electrolytic bath2 then the object is placed in a final bath1 in which the electrolyte is projected on the electrode1 so as to remove all bubbles of gas or other impurities tending to attach themselves to the surface4 ,the electrolyte employed is simply a solution of cupric sulphate in very dilute sulphuric acid4 ,for the preliminary bath the double cyanide of potassium and copper is made use of4 ,,ii4--,those baths which contain cyanide work best1 and may be used for all metals4 ,the amount of the latter must not form too large an excess4 ,the addition of a sulphide is very dangerous4 ,it is of advantage that the final bath contain an excess of alkali1 but only as ammonia or ammonium carbonate4 ,for a copper salt the acetate is preferable4 ,according to this1 the solution ,a is prepared in the warm1 and solution ,b is added with heating4 ,solution ,a3 ,neutral copper acetate1 #cj parts1 by weight2 crystallized sodium sulphite1 #cj parts1 by weight2 ammonium carbonate1 #e parts1 by weight2 water1 #ejj parts1 by weight4 ,solution ,b3 ,potassium cyanide 7#ih to #ii per cent71 #ce parts1 by weight2 and water1 #ejj parts1 by weight4 ,coppering ,glass4--,i4--,glass vessels may be coated with copper by electrolytic process1 by simply varnishing the outer surface of the vessel1 and when the varnish is nearly dry1 brushing plumbago well over it4 ,a conducting wire is then attached to the varnished surface1 which may be conveniently done by employing a small piece of softened gutta percha or beeswax1 taking care to employ the plumbago to the part which unites the wire to the plumbagoed surface4 ,,ii4--,dissolve gutta percha in essence of turpentine or benzine2 apply a coat of the solution on the glass in the places to #egc be coppered and allow to dry2 next rub it with graphite and place in the electric bath4 ,the rubber solution is spread with a brush4 ,coppering ,plaster ,models1 etc4--,busts and similar objects may be coated by saturating them with linseed oil1 or better1 with beeswax1 then well blackleading1 or treating them with phosphorous1 silver and gold solutions1 attaching a number of guiding wires1 connected with all the most hollow and distant parts1 and then immersing them in the sulphate of copper solution and causing just sufficient copper to be deposited upon them1 by the battery process1 to protect them1 but not to obliterate the fine lines or features4 ,coppering ,zinc ,plate4--,the zinc plate should first be cleaned with highly diluted hydrochloric acid and the acid completely removed with water4 ,then prepare an ammoniacal copper solution from #c parts copper sulphate1 #c parts spirits of sal ammoniac1 and #ej parts water4 ,if possible the zinc articles are dipped into this solution or else the surface is coated a few times quickly and uniformly with a flat1 soft brush1 leaving to dry between the coats4 ,when sufficient copper has precipitated on the zinc1 brush off the object superficially4 ,cobaltizing of ,metals4--,following are various processes for cobaltizing on copper or other metals previously coppered3 ,i4--,cobalt1 #ej parts1 by weight2 sal ammoniac1 #be parts2 liquid ammonia1 #ae parts2 distilled water1 #a1jjj parts4 ,dissolve the cobalt and the sal ammoniac in the distilled water1 and add the liquid ammonia4 ,,ii4--,pure potash in alcohol1 #ej parts1 by weight2 cobalt chloride1 #aj parts2 distilled water1 #a1jjj parts4 ,dissolve the cobalt in half the distilled water and the potash in the other half and unite the two4 ,,iii4--,potassium sulphocyanide1 #ac parts1 by weight2 cobalt chloride1 #aj parts2 pure potash in alcohol1 #b parts2 distilled water1 #a1jjj parts4 ,proceed as described above4 ,all these baths are used hot and require a strong current4 ,nickel ,plating with the ,battery4--,the nickel bath is prepared according to the following formula3 ,i4--,nickel and ammonium sulphate #aj parts ,boracic acid #d parts ,distilled water #age parts ,a sheet of nickel is used as an anode4 ,perfect cleanliness of the surface to be coated is essential to success4 ,with nickel especially is this the case1 as traces of oxide will cause it to show dark streaks4 ,finger marks will in any case render the deposit liable to peel off4 ,cleansing is generally accomplished either by boiling in strong solution of potassium hydrate1 or1 when possible1 by heating to redness in a blow-pipe flame to burn off any adhesive grease1 and then soaking in a pickle of dilute sulphuric acid to remove any oxide formed during the heating4 ,in either case it is necessary to subject the article to a process of scratch brushing afterwards2 that is1 long-continued friction with wire brushes under water1 which not only removes any still adhering oxide1 but renders the surface bright4 ,to certain metals1 as iron1 nickel1 and zinc1 metallic deposits do not readily adhere4 ,this difficulty is overcome by first coating them with copper in a bath composed as follows3 ,,ii4--,potassium cyanide #b parts ,copper acetate1 in crystals #b parts ,sodium carbonate1 in crystals #b parts ,sodium bisulphite #b parts ,water #ajj parts ,moisten the copper acetate with a small quantity of water and add the sodium carbonate dissolved in #bj parts of water4 ,when reaction is complete1 all the copper acetate being converted into carbonate1 add the sodium bisulphite1 dissolved in another #bj parts of water2 lastly1 add the potassium cyanide1 dissolved in the remainder of the water4 ,the finished product should be a colorless liquid4 ,if a dynamo is not available for the production of a current1 a ,daniell's battery is to be recommended1 and the 8tank0 for a small operation may be a glass jar4 ,the jar is crossed by copper rods in connection with the battery2 the metal to be deposited is suspended from the rod in connection with the positive pole1 and is called the anode4 ,the articles to be coated are suspended by thin copper wires from the rod in connection with the negative pole2 these form the cathode4 ,the worker should bear in mind that it is very difficult to apply a thick coating of nickel without its peeling4 ,replating with ,battery4--,it is well known to electro-metallurgists that metals deposited by electricity do not adhere so firmly to their kind as to other metals4 ,thus gold will adhere more tenaciously #egd to silver1 copper1 or brass1 than it will to gold or to a gilt surface1 and silver will attach itself more closely to copper or brass than to a silver-plated surface4 ,consequently1 it is the practice to remove1 by stripping or polishing the silver from old plated articles before electroplating them4 ,if this were not done1 the deposited coating would in all probability 8strip10 as it is termed1 when the burnisher is applied to it--that is1 the newly deposited metal would peel off the underlying silver4 ,it must be understood that these remarks apply to cases in which a good1 heavy deposit of silver is required1 for1 of course1 the mere film would not present any remarkable peculiarity4 ,silver ,plating4--,the term silver deposit designates a coating of silver which is deposited upon glass1 porcelain1 china1 or other substances4 ,this deposit may be made to take the form of any desired design1 and to the observer it has the appearance 7in the case of glass7 of having been melted on4 ,practically all of the plated articles are made by painting the design upon the glass or other surface by means of a mixture of powdered silver1 a flux and a liquid to make the mixture in the form of a paint so that it may be readily spread over the surface4 ,this design is then fired in a muffle until the flux melts and causes the silver to become firmly attached to the glass4 ,a thin silver deposit is thus produced1 which is a conductor of electricity1 and upon which any thickness of silver deposit may be produced by electroplating in the usual cyanide silver-plating bath4 ,to be successful in securing a lasting deposit a suitable flux must be used4 ,this flux must melt at a lower temperature than the glass upon which it is put1 in order to prevent the softening of the articles by the necessary heat and the accompanying distortion4 ,second1 a suitable muffle must be had for firing the glass articles upon which the design has been painted4 ,not only must a muffle be used in which the heat can be absolutely controlled1 but one which allows the slow cooling of the articles4 ,if this is not done they are apt to crack while cooling4 ,the manufacture of the flux is the most critical part of the silver deposit process4 ,without a good flux the operation will not be a success4 ,this flux is frequently called an enamel or frit4 ,after a series of experiments it was found that the most suitable flux is a borate of lead4 ,this is easily prepared1 fuses before the glass softens1 and adheres tenaciously to the glass surface4 ,to make it1 proceed as follows3 ,dissolve #a_/d pound of acetate of lead 7sugar of lead7 in #a quart of water and heat to boiling4 ,dissolve #a_/d pound of borax in #a quart of hot water and add to the sugar of lead solution4 ,borate of lead follows as a white precipitate4 ,this is filtered out and washed until free from impurities4 ,it is then dried4 ,the precipitated borate of lead is then melted in a porcelain or clay crucible4 ,when in the melted condition it should be poured into a basin of cold water4 ,this serves to granulate and render it easily pulverized4 ,after it has been poured into water it is removed and dried4 ,before using in the paint it is necessary that this fused borate of lead be ground in a mortar as fine as possible4 ,unless this is done the deposit will not be smooth4 ,the silver to be used should be finely powdered silver1 which can be purchased in the same manner as bronze powders4 ,the mixture used for painting the design upon the glass is composed of #b parts of the powdered silver1 and #a part of the fused borate of lead4 ,place the parts in a mortar and add just enough oil of lavender to make the mass of a paint-like consistency4 ,the whole is then ground with the pestle until it is as fine as possible4 ,the amount of oil of lavender which is used must not be too great1 as it will then be found that a thick layer cannot be obtained upon the glass4 ,the glass to be treated must be cleaned by scouring with wet pumice stone and washing soda4 ,the glass should be rinsed and dried4 ,the design is then painted on the glass with a brush1 painting as thick as possible and yet leaving a smooth1 even surface4 ,the glass should be allowed to dry for #bd hours1 when it is ready for firing4 ,when placed in the gas muffle1 the glass should be subjected to a temperature of a very low red heat4 ,the borate of lead will melt at this temperature1 and after holding this heat a short time to enable the borate of lead to melt and attach itself1 the muffle is allowed to cool4 ,after cooling1 the articles are removed and scratch brushed and placed in a silver bath for an electro deposit of silver of a thickness desired4 ,before the plating the glass article is dipped into a cyanide dip1 or1 if found necessary1 scoured lightly with pumice #ege stone and cyanide1 and then given a dip in the customary blue dip or mercury solution1 so as to quickly cover all parts of the surface4 ,it next passes to the regular cyanide silver solution1 and is allowed to remain until the desired deposit is obtained4 ,a little potassium cyanide and some mono-basic potassium citrate in powder form is added from time to time to the bath generally used1 which is prepared by dissolving freshly precipitated silver cyanide in a potassium cyanide solution4 ,after this the glass is rinsed and dried1 and may be finished by buffing4 ,steel ,plating4--,the following is a solution for dipping steel articles before electroplating3 ,nitrate of silver1 #a part2 nitrate of mercury1 #a part2 nitric acid 7specific gravity1 #a4chd71 #d parts2 water1 #abj parts4 ,the article1 free from grease1 is dipped in the pickle for a second or two4 ,the following electroplating bath is used3 ,pure crystallized ferrous sulphate1 #dj parts1 by weight1 and ammonium chloride1 #ajj parts1 by weight1 in #a1jjj parts1 by weight1 of water4 ,it is of advantage to add to this #ajj parts1 by weight1 of ammonium citrate1 in order to prevent the precipitation of basic iron salts1 especially at the anode4 ,tin ,plating by ,electric ,bath4--,most solutions give a dead-white film of tin1 and this has to be brightened by friction of some sort1 either by scratch brushing1 burnishing1 polishing1 or rubbing with whiting4 ,the bright tin plates are made bright by rolling with polished steel rollers4 ,small articles may be bright-tinned by immersion in melted tin1 after their surfaces have been made chemically clean and bright1 all of which processes entail much time and labor4 ,benzoic acid1 boric acid1 or gelatin may be tried with a well-regulated current and the solution in good working order1 but all will depend upon the exact working of the solution1 the same conditions being set up as are present in the deposition of other metals4 ,these substances may be separately tried1 in the proportion of #a ounce to each gallon of the tin solution1 by boiling the latter and adding either one during the boiling1 as they dissolve much easier with the tin salts than in water separately4 ,tin articles are usually brightened and polished with ,vienna lime or whiting1 the first being used with linen rags and the latter with chamois leather4 ,tin baths must be used hot1 not below #ge ,f41 with a suitable current according to their composition4 ,too strong a current produces a bad color1 and the deposit does not adhere well4 ,a current of from #b to #f volts will be sufficient4 ,small tinned articles are brightened by being shaken in a leather bag containing a quantity of bran or by revolving in a barrel with the same substance2 but large objects have to be brightened by other means1 such as scratch brushing and mopping to give an acceptable finish to the deposited metal4 ,,gilding ,,and ,,gold ,,plating3 ,genuine gilding readily takes up mercury1 while imitation gilding does not or only very slowly4 ,any coating of varnish present should1 however1 be removed before conducting the test4 ,mercurous nitrate has no action on genuine gold1 but on spurious gilding a white spot will form which quickly turns dark4 ,a solution of neutral copper chloride does not act upon genuine gold1 but on alloys containing copper a black spot will result4 ,gold fringe1 etc41 retains its luster in spirit of wine1 if the gilding is genuine2 if not1 the gilding will burn and oxidize4 ,imitation gilding might be termed 8snuff gilding10 as in ,germany it consists of dissolved brass1 snuff1 saltpeter1 hydrochloric acid1 etc41 and is used for tin toys4 ,an expert will immediately see the difference1 as genuine gilding has a different1 more compact pore formation and a better color4 ,there are also some gold varnishes which are just as good4 ,the effect of motion while an article is receiving the deposit is most clearly seen during the operation of gilding4 ,if a watch dial1 for instance1 be placed in the gilding bath and allowed to remain for a few moments undisturbed and the solution of gold has been much worked1 it is probable that the dial will acquire a dark fox-red color2 but if it be quickly moved about1 it instantly changes color and will sometimes even assume a pale straw color4 ,in fact1 the color of a deposit may be regulated greatly by motion of the article in the bath--a fact which the operator should study with much attention1 when gilding4 ,the inside of a vessel is gilded by filling the vessel with the gilding solution1 suspending a gold anode in the liquid1 and passing the current4 ,the lips of cream jugs and the upper parts of vessels of irregular outline are gilded by passing the current from a gold anode through a rag wetted with the gilding solution and laid upon the part4 ,sometimes1 when gilding the insides of mugs1 tankards1 etc41 which are richly #egf chased or embossed1 it will be found that the hollow parts do not receive the deposit at all1 or very partially4 ,when this is the case1 the article must be rinsed and well scratch brushed1 and a little more cyanide added to the solution4 ,the anode must be slightly kept in motion and the battery power increased until the hollow surfaces are coated4 ,frequent scratch brushing aids the deposit to a great extent by imparting a slight film of brass to the surface4 ,in gilding chains1 brooches1 pins1 rings1 and other articles which have been repaired1 i4 e41 hard soldered1 sometimes1 it is found that the gold will not deposit freely upon the soldered parts2 when such is the case1 a little extra scratch brushing applied to the part will assist the operation greatly and it has sometimes been found that dry scratch brushing for an instant--that is1 without the stream of beer usually employed--renders the surface a better and more uniform conductor and consequently it will more readily receive the deposit4 ,in fact1 dry scratch brushing is very useful in many cases in which it is desirable to impart an artificial coating of brass upon an article to which silver or gold will not readily adhere4 ,in scratch brushing without the employment of beer or some other liquid1 however1 great care must be taken not to continue the operation too long1 as the minute particles of metal given off by the scratch brush would be likely to prove prejudicial to the health of the operator1 were he to inhale them to any great extent4 ,the following solutions are for gilding without a battery3 ,i4--,in #a1jjj parts of distilled water dissolve in the following order3 ,crystalline sodium pyrophosphate #hj parts ,twelve per cent solution of hydrocyanic acid #h parts ,crystalline gold chloride #b parts ,heat to a boiling temperature1 and dip the article1 previously thoroughly cleaned1 therein4 ,,ii4--,dissolve in boiling distilled water1 #a part of chloride of gold and #d parts of cyanide of potassium4 ,plunge the objects into this solution1 while still hot1 and leave them therein for several hours1 keeping them attached to a copper wire or a very clean strip of zinc4 ,they will become covered with a handsome gold coating4 ,aluminum ,gilding4--,i4--,dissolve #f parts of gold in aqua regia and dilute the solution with distilled water2 on the other hand1 put #cj parts of lime in #aej parts of distilled water2 at the end of #b hours add the gold solution to the lime1 shake all and allow to settle for #e to #f hours1 decant and wash the precipitate1 which is lime aurate4 ,place this aurate of lime in #a1jjj parts of distilled water1 with #bj parts of hyposulphite of soda2 put all on the fire for #h to #aj minutes1 without allowing to boil2 remove and filter4 ,the filtered liquor serves for gilding in the cold1 by plunging into this bath the aluminum articles previously pickled by passing through caustic potash and nitric acid4 ,this gilding is obtained without the aid of the battery4 ,,ii4--,the gold bath is prepared with gold dissolved in the usual way1 and the addition of salts1 as follows3 ,gold1 #bj parts1 by weight2 sulphate of soda1 #bj parts2 phosphate of soda1 #ffj parts2 cyanuret of potassium1 #dj parts2 water1 #a1jjj parts4 ,the bath ought to be of the temperature of #fh to #gg ,f4 ,amalgam ,gold ,plating4--,gold amalgam is chiefly used as a plating for silver1 copper1 or brass4 ,the article to be plated is washed over with diluted nitric acid or potash lye and prepared chalk1 to remove any tarnish or rust that might prevent the amalgam from adhering4 ,after having been polished perfectly bright1 the amalgam is applied as evenly as possible1 usually with a fine scratch brush4 ,it is then set upon a grate over a charcoal fire1 or placed into an oven and heated to that degree at which mercury exhales4 ,the gold1 when the mercury has evaporated1 presents a dull yellow color4 ,cover it with a coating of pulverized niter and alum in equal parts1 mixed to a paste with water1 and heat again till it is melted1 then plunge into water4 ,burnish up with a steel or bloodstone burnisher4 ,brass ,gilding4--,on brass1 which is an electropositive metal1 an electromagnetic metal1 such as gold1 can be deposited very cheaply from the dilute solutions of its salts4 ,the deposit is naturally very thin1 but still quite adhesive4 ,in preparing it1 the proportions stated below have to be accurately observed1 otherwise no uniform1 coherent coating will result1 but one that is uneven and spotted4 ,i4--,in #gej parts1 by weight1 of water dissolve3 ,phosphate of soda1 #e parts1 and caustic potash1 #c parts1 and in #bej parts of water1 gold chloride1 #a part1 and potassium cyanide1 #af parts4 ,mix both #egg solutions well and cause the mixture to boil1 whereupon the brass articles to be gilded are immersed4 ,the gold in the mixture can be utilized almost entirely4 ,when the solution does not gild well any more a little potassium cyanide is added1 and it is used for pre-gilding the articles1 which can then be gilded again in a fresh solution4 ,this solution is very weak4 ,a stronger one can be prepared mechanically by dissolving #b to #c parts of gold chloride in very little water to which #a part of saltpeter is added4 ,into this solution dip linen rags1 let them dry in a dark place1 and cause them to char into tinder1 which is rubbed up in a porcelain dish4 ,into the powder so made1 dip a soft1 slightly charred cork1 moistened with a little vinegar1 or else use only the finger1 and rub the gold powder upon the brass articles4 ,,ii4--,to ,give ,brass a ,golden ,color1 it is dipped until the desired shade is obtained into a solution of about #age ,f41 produced as follows3 ,boil #d parts of caustic soda1 #d parts of milk sugar1 and #ajj parts of water for #ae minutes2 next add #d parts of blue vitriol1 dissolved in as little water as possible4 ,copper and ,brass ,gilding4--,the solutions used to gild copper can be generally used also for brass articles4 ,copper gilding acquires importance because in order to gild iron1 steel1 tin1 and zinc1 they must first be coated with copper1 if the boiling method is to be employed4 ,following is ,langbein's bath for copper and brass3 ,dissolve #a part1 by weight1 of chloride of gold and #af parts1 by weight1 of potassium cyanide in #bej parts1 by weight1 of water2 dissolve also and separately1 #e parts1 by weight1 of sodium phosphate and #c parts1 by weight1 of caustic potash in #gej parts1 by weight1 of cold water4 ,mix these solutions and bring them to a boil4 ,if the action subsides1 add from #c to #e parts1 by weight1 more potassium cyanide4 ,the polished iron and steel objects must first be copper-plated by dipping them into a solution of #e parts1 by weight1 of blue vitriol and #b parts1 by weight1 of sulphuric acid in #a1jjj parts1 by weight1 of water4 ,they may now be dipped into a hot solution containing #f parts1 by weight1 of gold chloride and #bb #a_/b parts1 by weight1 of soda crystals in #ge parts1 by weight1 of water4 ,this coating of gold may be polished4 ,cold ,chemical ,gilding4--,the chemical gilding by the wet process is accomplished by ,e4 ,e4 ,stahl with the aid of three baths3 ,a gold bath1 a neutralization bath1 and a reduction bath4 ,the gold bath is prepared from pure hydrochloric acid1 #bjj parts2 nitric acid1 #ajj parts2 and pure gold4 ,the gold solution evaporated to crystallization is made to contain #a #a_/b per cent of gold by diluting with water4 ,the neutralization bath consists of soda lye of #f1 of pure sodium hydroxide1 and distilled water4 ,the reduction bath contains a mixture of equal parts of #ij per cent alcohol and distilled water1 wherein pure hydrogen has been dissolved4 ,the gilding proper is conducted by first entering the article in the gold bath1 next briskly moving it about in the neutralization bath1 and finally adding the reducing bath with further strong agitation of the liquid4 ,the residues from the gilding are melted with #c parts each of potash1 powdered borax1 and potash niter1 thus recovering the superfluous gold4 ,the gilding or silvering respectively produces a deposit of gold or silver of very slight thickness and of the luster of polishing gold4 ,besides the metal solution an 8anti-reducer0 is needed1 consisting of #ej grams of rectified and rosinified turpentine oil and #aj grams of powdered roll sulphur4 ,from this is obtained1 by boiling1 a syrupy balsam1 to which is added1 before use1 lavender oil1 well-ground basic bismuth nitrate1 and the solution for gilding or silvering4 ,the last takes place by a hydrochloric solution of aluminum with the above balsam4 ,colored ,gilding4--,a variety of shades of green and red gold can be obtained by the electro-chemical process1 which method may be employed for the decoration of various objects of art4 ,in order to produce red gold in the different shades1 a plate of pure copper is hung into a rather concentrated gold bath 7#e to #f parts1 by weight1 per #a1jjj parts of liquid71 which is connected with the battery in such a manner that gold is deposited on the article immersed in the bath4 ,by the action of the electric current copper is dissolved as well from the copper plate and is separated simultaneously with the gold1 so that1 after a certain time1 a deposit containing a gold copper alloy1 conforming in color to the quantities of gold and copper contained in it1 is obtained by the electric process4 ,when the desired shade of color of the deposit is reached the copper plate is taken out and replaced by another consisting of the copper gold alloy1 likewise produced by electrodeposition1 and the articles are now gilt in this liquid4 ,in some large manufactories of gold articles this last coloring is used even for pure #egh gold articles1 to give them a popular color4 ,to produce green gold 7alloy of gold and silver71 a silver plate is first employed1 which is dipped into the gold bath and from which enough silver is dissolved until the separating alloy shows the desired shade4 ,the silver plate is then exchanged for a gold-silver plate of the respective color1 and the articles are gilt with green gold4 ,gilding ,german ,silver4--,in gilding ,german silver the solution may be worked at a low temperature1 the solution being weakened and a small surface of anode exposed4 ,german silver has the power of reducing gold from its solution in cyanide 7especially if the solution be strong7 without the aid of the battery2 therefore1 the solution should be weaker1 in fact1 so weak that the ,german silver will not deposit the gold per se2 otherwise the deposit will take place so rapidly that the gold will peel off when being burnished or even scratch brushed4 ,gilding of ,glass4--,i4--,in order to produce a good gilding on glass1 the gold salt employed must be free from acid4 ,prepare three solutions1 viz43 a4 #bj parts acid-free gold chloride in #aej parts of distilled water4 b4 #e parts dry sodium hydrate in #hj parts of distilled water4 c4 #b #a_/b parts of starch sugar in #cj parts distilled water2 spirit of wine1 #bj parts2 and commercial pure #dj per cent aldehyde1 #bj parts4 ,these liquids are quickly mixed together in the proportion of #bjj1 #ej1 and #e parts1 whereupon the mixture is poured on the glass previously cleaned with soda solution1 and the gilding will be effected in a short time4 ,the gold coating is said to keep intact for years4 ,,ii4--,coat the places to be gilded thinly with a saturated borax solution1 lay the gold leaf on this and press down well and uniformly with cotton-wool4 ,heat the glass over a spirit flame1 until the borax melts1 and allow to cool off4 ,if the glass is to be decorated with gilt letters or designs1 paint the places to be gilded with water-glass solution of #dj ,b42 lay on the gold leaf1 and press down uniformly4 ,then heat the object to #hf ,f41 so that it dries a little1 sketch the letters or figures on with a lead pencil1 erase the superfluous gold1 and allow the articles to dry completely at a higher temperature4 ,green ,gilding4--,this can be obtained conveniently by the galvanic process1 by means of anodes of sheet platinum with the following composition3 ,water1 #aj1jjj parts1 by weight2 sodium phosphate1 #bjj parts2 sodium sulphate1 #ce parts2 potassium carbonate1 #aj parts2 #a ducat gold from gold chloride1 potassium cyanide 7#ajj per cent71 #bj parts4 ,dissolve the first three salts in #aj1jjj parts of cold water and add1 with stirring1 the gold chloride and potassium cyanide4 ,before the first use boil down the solution thoroughly about one-half1 replacing the evaporating water and filter after cooling1 in case a sediment should appear4 ,to this gold bath very carefully add some silver bath4 ,the platinum sheets which are to serve as anodes are employed #a #c_/d inches long1 #a_/c inch broad1 and #a_/ajj of an inch thick4 ,with these anodes the gold tone can be somewhat regulated by hanging more or less deeply into the solution during the gilding4 ,the current should have a tension of #c to #d volts4 ,in the case of batteries three ,busen elements are connected for current tension4 ,it is difficult to produce old gold on silver1 especially if the raised portions are to appear green4 ,it is most advantageous first to lightly copper the silver goods1 taking the copper off again on the high places by brushing with pumice stone4 ,after that hang at once in the above gold bath4 ,if the embossed portions should be too mat1 brighten slightly by scratching with a very fine brass wire brush4 ,in this manner a handsome brown shade is obtained in the deep places and a green color on the raised portions4 ,this process requires practice4 ,since this method will produce only a very light gilding1 a coating of white varnish will protect the articles from tarnishing4 ,incrusting with ,gold4--,the article is first made perfectly bright1 and those places which are to be gilt are covered with a matt consisting of white lead ground with gum water1 made into a paste which can be applied like a thick paint by means of a pen or brush4 ,those places of the metal surface not covered by the paint are coated with asphalt varnish--a solution of asphaltum in benzine to which oil of turpentine is added to render it less volatile4 ,after this is done lay the article in water1 so that the white lead paint comes off1 and put it into a gilding bath4 ,by the electric current gold is precipitated on the bright parts of the metal4 ,when the layer of gold is thick enough lift the object from the bath1 wash1 let dry and lay it into a vessel filled with benzol4 ,the asphalt dissolves in the benzol1 and the #egi desired design appears in gold on the bronze or silver ground4 ,this operation may also be performed by coating the whole article with asphalt varnish and executing the design by means of a blunt graver which only takes away the varnish covering without scratching the metal itself4 ,on the parts thus bared gold is deposited by the electric current and the varnish coating is then removed4 ,ivory ,gilding4--,i4--,the pattern is painted with a fine camel's-hair pencil1 moistened with gold chloride4 ,hold the ivory over the mouth of a bottle in which hydrogen gas is generated 7by the action of dilute sulphuric acid on zinc waste74 ,the hydrogen reduces the auric chloride in the painted places into metallic gold1 and the gold film precipitated in this manner will quickly obtain a considerable luster4 ,the gold film is very thin1 but durable4 ,,ii4--,this is especially suitable for monograms4 ,take gold bronze and place as much as can be taken up with the point of a knife in a color-cup1 moistening with a few drops of genuine ,english gold paint4 ,coat the raised portions sparingly with gold1 using a fine pencil2 next1 coat the outer and inner borders of the design4 ,when the work is done1 and if the staining and gilding have been unsuccessful1 which occurs frequently at the outset1 lay the work for #e or #aj minutes in warmed lead water and brush off with pumice stone4 ,by this process very fine shades are often obtained which cannot be produced by mere staining4 ,since the gold readily wears off on the high places of the work1 it is well to lightly coat these portions with a thin shellac solution before gilding4 ,this will cause the gilding to be more permanent4 ,mat ,gilding4--,to obtain a handsome mat gilding the article1 after having been neatly polished1 is passed through a sand-blast1 such as is found in glass-grinding and etching establishments2 next1 the object is carefully cleansed of fine sand 7if possible1 by annealing and decocting71 whereupon it is gilt and subsequently brushed mat with the brass brush4 ,where there is no sand-blast1 the article is deadened with the steel wire brush1 which will produce a satisfactory result1 after some practice4 ,after that1 treatment is as above4 ,the above-mentioned applies in general only to silver articles4 ,in case of articles of gold1 brass1 or tombac1 it is better to previously silver them strongly1 since they are too hard for direct treatment with the steel wire brush1 and a really correct mat cannot be attained4 ,the brushes referred to are1 of course1 circular brushes for the lathe4 ,dead-,gilding of an ,alloy of ,copper and ,zinc4--,the parts which are to be deadened must be isolated from those which are to be polished1 and also from those which are to be concealed1 and which therefore are not to be gilded4 ,for this purpose they are coated with a paste made of ,spanish white mixed with water4 ,the articles prepared in this manner are then attached by means of iron wire to an iron rod and suspended in a furnace constructed for this process4 ,the floor of this furnace is covered on four sides with plates of enameled earthenware for receiving the portions spattered about of the salt mixture given off later4 ,in the middle is an oven constructed like a cooking stove1 on which is an iron tripod for carrying the deadening pan2 this latter is cemented into a second pan of cast iron1 the intervening space being filled up with stove cement4 ,in the middle of the pan is the bottom or sill1 provided with a thick cast-iron plate1 forming the hearth4 ,on all four sides of the latter are low brick walls1 connecting with the floor of the furnace1 and the whole is covered with thick sheet metal4 ,on the side of the furnace opposite the side arranged for carrying the pans1 is a boiler in which boiling water is kept4 ,on the same side of the furnace1 but outside it1 is a large oval tub of a capacity of about #gjj or #hjj quarts1 which is kept filled with water4 ,the upper portions of the staves of this tub are covered with linen to absorb all parts that are spattered about4 ,powder for ,gilding ,metals4--,i4--,in a solution of perchloride of gold soak small pieces of linen which are dried over the solution so that the drops falling therefrom are saved4 ,when the rags are dry burn them1 carefully gathering the ashes1 which ashes1 stirred with a little water1 are used for gilding either with pumice stone or with a cork4 ,for the hollows1 use a small piece of soft wood1 linden1 or poplar4 ,,ii4--,dissolve the pure gold or the leaf in nitro-muriatic acid and then precipitate it by a piece of copper or by a solution of iron sulphate4 ,the precipitate1 if by copper1 must be digested with distilled vinegar and then washed by pouring water over it repeatedly and dried4 ,this precipitate will be in the form of very fine powder2 it works better and is #ehj more easily burnished than gold leaf ground with honey4 ,gilding ,pastes4--,i4--,a good gilding paste is prepared as follows3 ,slowly melt an ounce of pure lard over the fire1 add #a_/b a teaspoonful of juice of squills1 and stir up the mixture well1 subsequently adding #aj drops of spirit of sal ammoniac4 ,if the mixture is not stiff enough after cooling1 the firmness may be enhanced by an admixture of #a_/c to #a_/b ounce of pure melted beef-tallow4 ,a larger addition of tallow is necessary if the white of an egg is added4 ,after each addition the mixture should be stirred up well and the white of egg should be added1 not to the warm1 but almost cold1 mixture4 ,,ii4--,alum1 #c parts1 by weight2 saltpeter1 #f parts2 sulphate of zinc1 #c parts2 common salt1 #c parts4 ,mix all into a thick paste1 dip the articles into it1 and heat them1 until nearly black1 on a piece of sheet iron over a clear coke or charcoal fire2 then plunge them into cold water4 ,red ,gilding4--,this is obtained by the use of a mixture of equal parts of verdigris and powdered tartar1 with which the article is coated2 subsequently burning it off on a moderate coal fire4 ,cool in water1 dip the article in a pickle of tartar1 scratch it1 and a handsome red shade will be the result1 which has not attacked the gilding in any way4 ,regilding ,mat ,articles4--,in order to regenerate dead gold trinkets without having to color them again--which is1 as a rule1 impossible1 because the gold is too weak to stand a second coloring--it is advisable to copper these articles over before gilding them4 ,after the copper has deposited all over1 the object1 well cleaned and scratched1 is hung in the gilding4 ,by this manipulation much time and vexation is saved1 such as every jeweler will have experienced in gilding mat gold articles4 ,the article also acquires a faultless new appearance4 ,here are two recipes for the preparation of copper baths3 ,i4--,distilled boiling water1 #b1jjj parts1 by weight2 sodium sulphate1 #aj parts2 potassium cyanide1 #ae parts2 cupric acetate1 #ae parts2 sodium carbonate1 #bj parts2 ammonia1 #ab parts4 ,,ii4--,dissolve crystallized verdigris1 #bj parts1 by weight1 and potassium cyanide1 #db parts1 in #a1jjj parts of boiling water4 ,silk ,gilding4--,this can only be accomplished by the electric process4 ,the fiber is first rendered conductive by impregnation with silver nitrate solution and reduction of same with grape sugar and diluted alkali1 or1 best of all1 with ,raschig's reduction salt4 ,in place of the silver nitrate1 a solution of lead acetate or copper acetate may be employed4 ,the silk thus impregnated is treated in the solution of an alkaline sulphide1 e4 g41 sodium sulphide1 ammonium sulphide1 or else with hydrogen sulphide1 thus producing a conductive coating of metallic sulphide4 ,upon this gold can be precipitated by electrodeposition in the usual way4 ,spot ,gilding4--,gilding in spots1 producing a very fine appearance1 is done by putting a thin coat of oil on those parts of the metal where the gilding is not to appear2 the gold will then be deposited in those spots only where there is no oil1 and the oil is easily removed when the work is finished4 ,gilding ,steel4--,pure gold is dissolved in aqua regia2 the solution is allowed to evaporate until the acid in excess has gone4 ,the precipitate is placed in clean water1 #c times the quantity of sulphuric acid is added and the whole left to stand for #bd hours in a well-closed flask1 until the ethereal gold solution floats on top4 ,by moistening polished steel with the solution a very handsome gilding is obtained4 ,by the application of designs with any desired varnish the appearance of a mixture of gold and steel may be imparted to the article4 ,wood ,gilding4--,i4--,the moldings1 ledges1 etc41 to be gilded are painted with a strong solution of joiners' glue1 which is left to harden well1 whereupon #h to #aj coatings of glue mixed with whitening are given4 ,each coat must1 of course1 be thoroughly dry1 before commencing the next4 ,after this has been done1 paint with a strong mixture of glue and minium1 and while this is still wet1 put on the gold leaflets and press them down with cotton4 ,to impart the fine gloss1 polish with a burnishing agate after the superfluous gold has been removed4 ,,ii4--,proceed as above1 but take silver leaf instead of gold leaf1 and after all is thoroughly dry and the superfluous silver has been removed1 apply a coating of good gold lacquer4 ,the effect will be equally satisfactory4 ,zinc ,gilding4--,i4--,gilding by means of zinc contact may be accomplished with the following formula3 ,two parts1 by weight1 of gold chloride2 #e parts1 by weight1 of potassium cyanide2 #aj parts1 #eha by weight1 of sulphite of soda2 and #fj parts1 by weight1 of sodium phosphate are dissolved in #a1jjj parts of water4 ,when used the bath must be hot4 ,a cold bath without the addition of potassium cyanide may also be used for gilding1 and this consists of #g parts1 by weight1 of gold chloride2 #cj parts1 by weight1 of yellow prussiate of potash2 #cj parts1 by weight1 of potash2 #cj parts1 by weight1 of common salt in #a1jjj parts of water4 ,,ii4--,to gild zinc articles1 dissolve #bj parts of gold chloride in #bj parts of distilled water1 and #hj parts of potassium cyanide in #hj parts of water1 mix the solutions1 stir a few times1 filter1 and add tartar1 #e parts1 and fine chalk1 #ajj parts4 ,the resulting paste is applied with a brush4 ,objects of copper and brass are previously coated with zinc4 ,this is done in the following manner3 ,heat a concentrated sal ammoniac solution to the boiling point with addition of zinc dust and immerse the thoroughly cleaned objects until a uniform zinc coating has formed4 ,or boil the articles in a concentrated caustic soda solution with zinc dust4 ,,oxidizing ,,processes3 ,aluminum ,plating4--,i4--,to plate iron and other metals with pure aluminum1 deoxidize the pieces with a solution of borax and place them in an enameling oven1 fitted for receiving metallic vapors4 ,raise the temperature to #a1hcb to #b1gcb ,f4 ,introduce the aluminum vapors generated by heating a quantity of the metal on the sand bath4 ,when the vapors come in contact with the metallic surfaces1 the aluminum is deposited4 ,the vapors that have not been used or are exhausted may be conducted into a vessel of water4 ,to ,copper ,aluminum1 take ,,ii4--,sulphate of copper #cj parts ,cream of tartar #cj parts ,soda #be parts ,water #a1jjj parts ,the articles to be coppered are merely dipped in this bath1 but they must be well cleaned previously4 ,antimony ,baths4--,i4--,by dissolving #ae parts1 by weight1 of tartar emetic and #ae parts of prepared tartar in #ejj parts of hot water and adding #de-fj parts of hydrochloric acid and #de-fj parts of powdered antimony1 brass becomes coated in the boiling liquid with beautiful antimony colors4 ,in this manner it is possible to impart to brass golden1 copper-red1 violet1 or bluish-gray shades1 according to a shorter or longer stay of the objects in the liquid4 ,these antimony colors possess a handsome luster1 are permanent1 and never change in the air4 ,,ii4--,carbonate of soda1 #bjj parts1 by weight2 sulphide of antimony1 #ej parts2 water1 #a1jjj parts4 ,heat the whole in a porcelain capsule for #a hour1 keeping constantly in ebullition2 next1 filter the solution1 which1 on cooling1 leaves a precipitate1 which boil again with the liquid for one-half hour1 whereupon the bath is ready for use4 ,to ,coat ,brass ,articles with ,antimony ,colors4--,dissolve #ae parts1 by weight1 of tartar emetic and #ae parts1 by weight1 of powdered tartar in #ejj parts1 by weight1 of hot water and add #ej parts1 by weight1 of hydrochloric acid1 and #ej parts1 by weight1 of powdered antimony4 ,into this mixture1 heated to a boil1 the immersed articles become covered with luster colors1 a golden shade appearing at first1 which is succeeded by one of copper red4 ,if the objects remain longer in the liquid1 the color passes into violet and finally into bluish gray4 ,brassing4--,i4--,to brass small articles of iron or steel drop them into a quart of water and #a_/b ounce each of sulphate of copper and protochloride of tin4 ,stir the articles in this solution until desired color is obtained4 ,,ii4--,brassing ,zinc1 ,steel1 ,cast ,iron1 etc4--,acetate of copper1 #ajj parts1 by weight2 cyanide of potassium1 #bej parts2 bisulphite of soda1 #bjj parts2 liquid ammonia1 #ajj parts2 protochloride of zinc1 #hj parts2 distilled water1 #aj1jjj parts4 ,dissolve the cyanide of potassium and the bisulphite of soda4 ,on the other hand1 dissolve the ammonia in three-fourths of the water and the protochloride of zinc in the remaining water2 next1 mix the two solutions4 ,this bath is excellent for brassing zinc and is used cold4 ,,iii4--,acetate of copper1 #abe parts1 by weight2 cyanide of potassium1 #djj parts2 protochloride of zinc1 #ajj parts2 liquid ammonia1 #ajj parts2 distilled water1 #h1jjj to #aj1jjj parts4 ,proceed as above described4 ,,iv4--,acetate of copper1 #aej parts1 by weight2 carbonate of soda1 #a1jjj parts2 cyanide of potassium1 #eej parts2 bisulphite of soda1 #bjj parts2 protochloride of zinc1 #ajj parts4 ,proceed as above4 ,this bath serves for iron1 cast iron1 and steel1 and is used cold4 #ehb ,colored ,rings on ,metal4--,dissolve #bjj parts1 by weight1 of caustic potash in #b1jjj parts of water and add #ej parts of litharge4 ,boil this solution for half an hour1 taking care that a little of the litharge remains undissolved4 ,when cold1 pour off the clear fluid2 it is then ready for use4 ,move the object to and fro in the solution2 a yellow-brown color appears1 becoming in turn white1 yellow1 red1 and finally a beautiful violet and blue4 ,as soon as the desired color is obtained1 remove the article quickly from the solution1 rinse in clean water1 and dry in sawdust4 ,green or ,gold ,color for ,brass4--,french articles of brass1 both cast and made of sheet brass1 mostly exhibit a golden color1 which is produced by a copper coating4 ,this color is prepared as follows3 ,dissolve #ej parts1 by weight1 of caustic soda and #dj parts of milk sugar in #a1jjj parts of water and boil a quarter of an hour4 ,the solution finally acquires a dark-yellow color4 ,now add to the mixture1 which is removed from the fire1 #dj parts of concentrated cold blue vitriol solution4 ,a red precipitate is obtained from the vitriol1 which falls to the bottom at #afg ,f4 ,next a wooden sieve1 fitted to the vessel1 is put into the liquid with the polished brass articles4 ,toward the end of the second minute the golden color is usually dark enough4 ,the sieve with the articles is taken out and the latter are washed and dried in sawdust4 ,if they remain in the copper solution they soon assume a green color1 which in a short time passes into yellow and bluish green1 and finally into the iridescent colors4 ,these shades must be produced slowly at a temperature of #acc to #ace ,f4 ,to ,give a ,green ,color to ,gold ,jewelry4--,take verdigris1 #abj parts1 by weight2 sal ammoniac1 #abj parts2 nitrate of potassium1 #de parts2 sulphate of zinc1 #af parts4 ,grind the whole and mix with strong vinegar4 ,place on the fire and boil in it the articles to be colored4 ,nickeling by ,oxidation4--,i4--,nickeling may be performed on all metals cold1 by means of nickelene by the ,mitressey process1 without employing electrical apparatus1 and any desired thickness deposited4 ,it is said to be more solid than nickel4 ,first ,bath4--,clean the objects and take #e parts1 by weight1 of ,american potash per #be parts1 by weight1 of water4 ,if the pieces are quite rusted1 take #b parts1 by weight1 of chlorhydric acid per #a part1 by weight1 of water4 ,the bath is employed cold4 ,second ,bath4--,put #bej parts1 by weight1 of sulphate of copper in #be1jjj parts1 by weight1 of water4 ,after dissolution add a few drops of sulphuric acid1 drop by drop1 stirring the liquid with a wooden stick until it becomes as clear as spring water4 ,take out the pieces thus cleaned and place them in what is called the copper bath1 attaching to them leaves of zinc2 they will assume a red tint4 ,then pass them into the nickeling bath1 which is thus composed3 ,by weight ,cream of tartar #bj parts ,sal ammoniac1 in powder #aj parts ,kitchen salt #e parts ,oxychlorhydrate of tin #bj parts ,sulphate of nickel1 single #cj parts ,sulphate of nickel1 double #ej parts ,remove the pieces from the bath in a few minutes and rub them with fine sand on a moist rag4 ,brilliancy will thus be obtained4 ,to improve the appearance1 apply a brass wire brush4 ,the nickeling is said to be more solid and beautiful than that obtained by the electrical method4 ,brilliancy may be also imparted by means of a piece of buff glued on a wooden wheel and smeared with ,english red stuff4 ,this will give a glazed appearance4 ,,ii4--,prepare a bath of neutral zinc chloride and a neutral solution of a nickel salt4 ,the objects are immersed in the bath with small pieces of zinc and kept boiling for some time4 ,this process has given satisfactory results4 ,it is easy to prepare the zinc chloride by dissolving it in hydrochloric acid1 as well as a saturated solution of ammoniacal nickel sulphate in the proportion of two volumes of the latter to one of the zinc chloride4 ,the objects should be boiled for #ae minutes in the bath4 ,nickel salt may also be employed1 preferably in the state of chloride4 ,pickling ,solutions4--,oxidized copper1 brass1 and ,german silver articles must be cleansed by acid solutions4 ,in the case of brass alloys1 this process1 through which the object acquires a dull yellow surface1 is known as dipping or yellowing4 ,the treatment consists of #ehc several successive operations4 ,the article is first boiled in a lye composed of #a part caustic soda and #aj parts water1 or in a solution of potash or soda or in limewater2 small objects may be placed in alcohol or benzine4 ,when all the grease has been removed1 the article is well rinsed with water1 and is then ready for the next pickling4 ,it is first plunged into a mixture of #a part sulphuric acid and #aj parts water1 and allowed to remain in it till it acquires a reddish tinge4 ,it is then immersed in #dj ,b4 nitric acid1 for the purpose of removing the red tinge1 and then for a few seconds into a bath of #a part nitric acid1 #a4be parts sulphuric acid of #ff ,b41 #j4ja part common salt1 and #j4jb parts lampblack4 ,the article must then be immediately and carefully washed with water till no trace of acid remains4 ,it is then ready for galvanizing or drying in bran or beech sawdust4 ,when articles united with soft solder are pickled in nitric acid1 the solder receives a gray-black color4 ,palladiumizing ,watch ,movements4--,palladium is successfully employed for coating parts of timepieces and other pieces of metals to preserve them against oxidation4 ,to prepare a palladium bath use the following ingredients3 ,chloride of palladium1 #aj parts1 by weight2 phosphate of ammonia1 #ajj parts2 phosphate of soda1 #cjj parts2 benzoic acid1 #h parts2 water1 #b1jjj parts4 ,metal ,browning by ,oxidation4--,the article ought first to be cleaned with either nitric acid or muriatic acid1 then immersed in an acid affecting the metal and dried in a warm place4 ,a light coating is thus formed4 ,for a second coating acetic or formic acid is used preferably for aluminum1 nickel1 and copper2 but for iron and steel1 muriatic or nitric acid4 ,after cleaning1 the article is placed in a solution of tannin or gallic acid1 and is then dried in a warm place as before4 ,the second coating is of a yellowish-brown color4 ,on placing it near the fire1 the color can be deepened until it becomes completely black2 care must be taken to withdraw it when the desired shade is produced4 ,instead of the acids employed for the first coating1 ammonia may be used4 ,silvering by ,oxidation4--,the oxidizing of silver darkens it1 and gives an antique appearance that is highly prized4 ,i4--,the salts of silver are colorless when the acids1 the elements of which enter into their composition1 are not colored1 but they generally blacken on exposure to light4 ,it is easy1 therefore1 to blacken silver and obtain its oxide2 it is sufficient to place it in contact with a sulphide1 vapor of sulphur1 sulphohydric acids1 such as the sulphides or polysulphides of potash1 soda1 dissolved in water and called eau de barge4 ,the chlorides play the same part1 and the chloride of lime in solution or simply ,javelle water may be used4 ,it is used hot in order to accelerate its action4 ,the bath must be prepared new for each operation for two reasons3 7#a7 ,it is of little value2 7#b7 the sulphides precipitate rapidly and give best effects only at the time of their direct precipitations4 ,the quantity of the reagent in solution1 forming the bath1 depends upon the thickness of the deposit of silver4 ,when this is trifling1 the oxidation penetrates the entire deposit and the silver exfoliates in smaller scales1 leaving the copper bare4 ,it is necessary1 therefore1 in this case to operate with dilute baths inclosing only about #de grains of oxidizant at most per quart4 ,the operation is simple3 ,heat the necessary quantity of water1 add the sulphide or chloride and agitate to effect the solution of the mixture1 and then at once plunge in the silver-plated articles1 leaving them immersed only for a few seconds1 which exposure is sufficient to cover it with a pellicle of deep black-blue silver4 ,after withdrawing they are plunged in clean cold water1 rinsed and dried1 and either left mat or else polished1 according to the nature of the articles4 ,should the result not be satisfactory1 the articles are brightened by immersing them in a lukewarm solution of cyanide of potassium4 ,the oxide1 the true name of which would be the sulphuret or chloruret1 can be raised only on an object either entirely of silver or silver plated4 ,,ii4--,rub the article with a mixture of graphite1 #f parts1 and powdered bloodstone1 #a part1 moistened with oil of turpentine4 ,allow to dry and brush with soft brushes passed over wax4 ,or else1 brush with a soft brush wet with alcoholic or aqueous platinic chloride solution of #a in #bj4 ,,iii4--,sulphurizing is effected with the following methods3 ,dip in a solution heated to about #age ,f41 of potassium sulphide1 #e parts1 by weight2 ammonium carbonate1 #aj parts2 water1 #a1jjj parts2 or1 calcium sulphide1 #a to #b parts2 sal ammoniac1 #d parts2 water1 #a1jjj parts4 #ehd ,,iv4--,in the following solution articles of silver obtain a warm brown tone3 ,copper sulphate1 #bj parts1 by weight2 potassium nitrate1 #aj parts2 ammonium chloride1 #bj parts4 ,by means of bromine1 silver and silver alloys receive a black coloring4 ,on engraved surfaces a niello-like effect may be produced thereby4 ,oxidized ,steel4--,i4--,mix together bismuth chloride1 #a part2 mercury bichloride1 #b parts2 copper chloride1 #a part2 hydrochloric acid1 #f parts2 alcohol1 #e parts2 and water1 #e parts4 ,to use this mixture successfully the articles to be oxidized must be cleaned perfectly and freed from all grease1 which is best accomplished by boiling them in a soda solution or by washing in spirit of wine4 ,care should be taken not to touch the article with the fingers again after this cleaning4 ,however clean the hand may be1 it always has grease on it and leaves spots after touching1 especially on steel4 ,next the object is dipped into the liquid1 or if this is not possible the solution is applied thin but evenly with a brush1 pencil1 or rabbit's foot4 ,when the liquid has dried1 the article is placed for a half hour in simple boiling water4 ,if a very dark shade is desired the process is repeated until the required color is attained4 ,,ii4--,apply1 by means of a sponge1 a solution of crystallized iron chloride1 #b parts2 solid butter of antimony1 #b parts2 and gallic acid1 #a part in #e parts of water4 ,dry the article in the air and repeat the treatment until the desired shade is reached4 ,finally rinse with water1 dry1 and rub with linseed-oil varnish4 ,tinning by ,oxidation4--,a dipping bath for tinning iron is prepared by dissolving #cjj parts1 by weight1 ammonia alum 7sulphate of alumina and sulphate of ammonia7 and #aj parts of melted stannous chloride 7tin salt7 in #bj1jjj parts of warm water4 ,as soon as the solution boils1 the iron articles1 previously pickled and rinsed in fresh water1 are plunged into the fluid2 they are immediately covered with a layer of tin of a beautiful dull-white color1 which can be made bright by treatment in a tub or sack4 ,small quantities of tin salt are added from time to time as may be required to replace the tin deposited on the iron4 ,this bath is also well adapted for tinning zinc1 but here also1 as with iron1 the deposit is not sufficient to prevent oxidation of the metal below4 ,larger articles tinned in this way are polished by scratch brushing4 ,in tinning zinc by this process1 the ammonia alum may be replaced by any other kind of alum1 or aluminum sulphate may be used alone2 experience has shown1 however1 that this cannot be done with iron1 cast iron1 or steel4 ,if it is desired to tin other metals besides iron and zinc in the solution which we have described1 the battery must be resorted to2 if the latter is used1 the above solution should be applied in preference to any other4 ,,patina ,,oxidizing ,,processes3 ,patina of ,art ,bronzes4--,for all patinas1 whether the ordinary brown of commerce1 the green of the ,barye bronzes1 or the dark-orange tint of the ,florentine bronzes1 a brush is used with pigments varying according to the shade desired and applied to the metal after it is warmed4 ,recipes are to be met with on every hand that have not been patented4 ,but the details of the operation are the important thing1 and often the effect is produced by a handicraft which it is difficult to penetrate4 ,i4--,a dark tint may be obtained by cleaning the object and applying a coat of hydrosulphate of ammonia2 then1 after drying it1 by rubbing with a brush smeared with red chalk and plumbago4 ,the copper may also be moistened with a dilute solution of chloride of platina and warmed slightly1 or still by plunging it in a warm solution of the hydrochlorate of antimony4 ,for the verde antique a solution is recommended composed of #bjj grams of acetic acid of #h strength1 the same quantity of common vinegar1 #cj parts1 by weight1 of carbonate of ammonia2 #aj parts1 by weight1 of sea salt2 with the same quantities of cream of tartar and acetate of copper and a little water4 ,to obtain the bronze of medals several processes afford a selection3 ,for example1 the piece may be dipped in a bath consisting of equal parts of the perchloride and the sesquiazotate of iron1 warming to the evaporation of the liquid1 and rubbing with a waxed brush4 ,,ii4--,dissolve copper nitrate1 #aj parts1 by weight1 and kitchen salt1 #b parts1 in #ejj parts of water and add a solution of ammonium acetate obtained by neutralization of #aj parts of officinal spirit of sal ammoniac with acetic acid to a faintly acid reaction1 and filling up with water to #ejj parts4 ,immerse the bronze1 allow to dry1 brush off superficially and repeat this until the desired shade of color has been obtained4 #ehe ,a ,permanent ,patina for ,copper4-- ,green4-- ,i4--,sodium chloride #cg parts ,ammonia water #ge parts ,ammonium chloride #cg parts ,strong wine vinegar #e1jjj parts ,mix and dissolve4 ,apply to object to be treated1 with a camel's-hair pencil4 ,repeat the operation until the desired shade of green is reached4 ,yellow ,green4-- ,,ii4--,oxalic acid #e parts ,ammonium chloride #aj parts ,acetic acid1 #cj per cent dilution #ejj parts ,mix and dissolve4 ,use as above indicated4 ,the following will produce the same result3 ,,iii4--,potassium oxalate1 acid #d parts ,ammonium chloride #af-ag parts ,vinegar containing #f per cent of acetic acid #a1jjj parts ,,iv4--,bluish ,green4--,after using the first formula 7for green7 pencil over with the following solution3 ,ammonium chloride #dj parts ,ammonium carbonate #abj parts ,water #a1jjj parts ,mix and dissolve4 ,greenish ,brown4-- ,v4--,potassium sulphuret #e parts ,water #a1jjj parts ,mix and dissolve4 ,with this1 pencil over object to be treated1 let dry1 then pencil over with #aj parts a mixture of a saturated solution of ammonia water and acetic acid and #e parts of ammonium chloride thinned with #a1jjj parts of water4 ,let dry again1 then brush off well4 ,repeat1 if necessary1 until the desired hue is attained4 ,another ,blue ,green4-- ,,vi4--,corrosive sublimate #be parts ,potassium nitrate #hf parts ,borax #ef parts ,zinc oxide #aac parts ,copper acetate #bbj-bbe parts ,mix and heat together on the surface of the object under treatment4 ,,vii4--,brown4--,the following is a ,parisian method of producing a beautiful deep brown3 ,potassium oxalate1 acid #c parts ,ammonium chloride #ae parts ,water1 distilled #bhj parts ,mix and dissolve4 ,the object is penciled over with this several times1 each time allowing the solution to dry before putting on any more4 ,the process is slow1 but makes an elegant finish4 ,green ,patina ,upon ,copper4--,to produce a green patina upon copper take tartaric acid1 dilute it half and half with boiling water2 coat the copper with this2 allow to dry for one day and rub the applied layer off again the next day with oakum4 ,the coating must be done in dry weather1 else no success will be obtained4 ,take hydrochloric acid and dilute it half and half with boiling water1 but the hydrochloric acid should be poured in the water1 not vice-versa1 which is dangerous4 ,in this hydrochloric acid water dissolve as much zinc as it can solve and allow to settle4 ,the clear liquid is again diluted half with boiling water and the copper is coated with this a few times4 ,black ,patina4--,black patina is obtained by coating with tallow the pieces to be oxidized and lighting with a rosin torch4 ,finally1 wipe the reliefs and let dry4 ,blue-,black ,patina4--,use a dilute solution of chloride of antimony in water and add a little free hydrochloric acid4 ,apply with a soft brush1 allow the article to dry and rub with a flannel4 ,if expense is no object1 employ a solution of chloride of palladium1 which gives a magnificent blue black4 ,it is necessary1 however1 to previously clean the articles thoroughly in a hot solution of carbonate of soda1 in order to remove the dirt and greasy matter1 which would prevent the patina from becoming fixed4 ,red ,patina4--,the following is a new method of making a red patina1 the so-called blood bronze1 on copper and copper alloys4 ,the metallic object is first made red hot1 whereby it becomes covered with a coating consisting of cupric oxide on the surface and cuprous oxide beneath4 ,after cooling1 it is worked upon with a polishing plate until the black cupric oxide coating is removed and the cuprous oxide appears4 ,the metal now shows an intense red color1 #ehf with a considerable degree of luster1 both of which are so permanent that it can be treated with chemicals1 such as blue vitriol1 for instance1 without being in the least affected4 ,if it is desired to produce a marbled surface1 instead of an even red color1 borax or some chemical having a similar action is sprinkled upon the metal during the process of heating4 ,on the places covered by the borax1 oxidation is prevented1 and after polishing1 spots of the original metallic color will appear in the red surface4 ,these can be colored by well-known processes1 so as to give the desired marbled appearance4 ,,platinizing3 ,platinizing ,aluminum4--,aluminum vessels coated with a layer of platinum are recommended in place of platinum vessels1 when not exposed to very high temperatures4 ,the process of platinizing is simple1 consisting in rubbing the aluminum surface1 previously polished1 with platinic chloride1 rendered slightly alkaline4 ,the layer of platinum is made thicker by repeated application4 ,potash lye is carefully added to a solution of #e to #aj per cent of platinic chloride in water till a slightly alkaline reaction is produced on filtering paper or a porcelain plate by means of phenolphthalein4 ,this solution must always be freshly prepared1 and is the best for the purpose4 ,neither galvanizing nor amalgamating will produce the desired result4 ,special care must be taken that the aluminum is free from iron1 otherwise black patches will arise which cannot be removed4 ,vessels platinized in this way must not be cleaned with substances such as sea-sand1 but with a #e to #aj per cent solution of oxalic acid in water1 followed by thorough rinsing in water4 ,these vessles are said to be specially suitable for evaporating purposes4 ,platinizing ,copper and ,brass4--,i4--,the articles are coated with a thin layer of platinum in a boiling solution of platinum sal ammoniac1 #a part2 sal ammoniac1 #h parts2 and water1 #dj parts1 and next polished with chalk4 ,a mixture of equal parts of platinum sal ammoniac and tartar may also be rubbed on the objects4 ,steel and iron articles can be platinized with an ethereal solution of platinic chloride4 ,for small jewelry the boiling solution of platinic chloride1 #aj parts2 cooking salt1 #bjj parts2 and water1 #a1jjj parts1 is employed1 which is rendered alkaline with soda lye4 ,in this1 one may also work with zinc contact4 ,,ii4--,heat #hjj parts of sal ammoniac and #aj parts of platinum sal ammoniac to the boiling point with #djj parts of water1 in a porcelain dish1 and place the articles to be platinized into this1 whereby they soon become covered with a coating of platinum4 ,they are then removed from the liquid1 dried and polished with whiting4 ,platinizing on ,glass or ,porcelain4--,first dissolve the platinum at a moderate temperature in aqua regia1 and next evaporate the solution to dryness1 observing the following rules3 ,when the solution commences to turn thick it is necessary to diminish the fire1 while carrying the evaporation so far that the salt becomes dry1 but the solution should not be allowed to acquire a brown color1 which occurs if the heat is too strong4 ,the result of this first operation is chloride of platina4 ,when the latter has cooled off it should be dissolved in alcohol 7#ie per cent74 ,the dissolution accomplished1 which takes place at the end of #a or #b hours1 throw the solution gradually into four times its weight of essence of lavender1 then put into a well-closed flask4 ,for use1 dip a brush into the solution and apply it upon the objects to be platinized1 let dry and place in the muffle1 leaving them in the oven for about one-half hour4 ,in this operation one should be guided as regards the duration of the baking by the hardness or fusibility of the objects treated4 ,the platinization accomplished1 take a cotton cloth1 dipped into whiting in the state of pulp1 and rub the platinated articles with this1 rinsing with water afterwards4 ,platinizing ,metals4--,following are several processes of platinizing on metals3 ,it is understood that the metals to be covered with platinum must be copper or coppered4 ,all these baths require strong batteries4 ,i4--,take borate of potash1 #cjj parts1 by weight2 chloride of platina1 #ab parts2 distilled water1 #a1jjj parts4 ,,ii4--,carbonate of soda1 #bej parts1 by weight2 chloride of platina1 #aj parts2 distilled water1 #a1jjj parts4 ,,iii4--,sulphocyanide of potash1 #ab parts1 by weight2 chloride of platina1 #ab parts2 carbonate of soda1 #ab parts2 distilled water1 #a1jjj parts4 ,,iv4--,borate of soda1 #ejj parts1 by weight2 chloride of platina1 #ab parts2 distilled water1 #a1jjj parts4 #ehg ,,silvering1 ,,silver-,,plating1 ,,and ,,desilvering3 ,see also ,silvering by ,oxidation1 under ,oxidation ,processes1 under ,plating4 ,antique ,silver4--,there are various processes for producing antique silver1 either fat or oxidized3 ,to a little copal varnish add some finely powdered ivory black or graphite4 ,thin with spirits of turpentine and rub with a brush dipped into this varnish the objects to be treated4 ,allow to dry for an hour and wipe off the top of the articles with some rag1 so that the black remains only in the hollows4 ,if a softer tint is desired1 apply again with a dry brush and wipe as the first time4 ,the coating of black will be weaker and the shade handsomer4 ,britannia ,silver-,plating4--,i4--,the article should first be cleaned and then rubbed by means of a wet cloth with a pinch of powder obtained by mixing together3 ,nitrate of silver1 #a part2 cyanide of potassium1 #b parts2 chalk1 #e parts4 ,then wipe with a dry cloth1 and polish well with rouge to give brilliancy4 ,,ii4--,by the electric method the metal is simply plunged into a hot saturated solution of crude potassium carbonate1 and the plating is then done directly1 using a strong electrical current4 ,the potassium carbonate solution dissolves the surface of the britannia metal and thus enables the silver to take a strong hold on the article4 ,to ,silver ,brass1 ,bronze1 ,copper1 etc4--,i4--,in order to silver copper1 brass1 bronze1 or coppered metallic articles1 dissolve #aj parts of lunar caustic in #ejj parts of distilled water1 and #ce parts of potassium cyanide 7#ih per cent7 in #ejj parts of distilled water2 mix both solutions with stirring1 heat to #agf to #aid ,f4 in an enameled vessel1 and enter the articles1 well cleansed of fat and impurities1 until a uniform coating has formed4 ,,ii4--,zinc1 brass1 and copper are silvered by applying a paste of the following composition3 ,ten parts of silver nitrate dissolved in #ej parts of distilled water1 and #be parts of potassium cyanide dissolved in distilled water2 mix1 stir1 and filter4 ,moisten #ajj parts of whiting and #djj parts of powdered tartar with enough of the above solution to make a paste-like mass1 which is applied by means of a brush on the well-cleaned objects4 ,after the drying of this coating1 rinse off1 and dry in sawdust4 ,,iii4--,to silver brass and copper by friction1 rub on the articles1 previously cleaned of grease1 a paste of silver chloride1 #aj parts2 cooking salt1 #bj parts2 powdered tartar1 #bj parts2 and the necessary water1 using a rag4 ,desilvering4--,i4--,it often happens in plating that1 notwithstanding all precautions1 some pieces have failed and it is necessary to commence the work again4 ,for removing the silver that has been applied1 a rapid method is to take sulphuric acid1 #ajj parts1 and nitrate of potash1 #aj parts4 ,put the sulphuric acid and the nitrate of potash 7saltpeter7 in a vessel of stoneware or porcelain1 heated on the water bath4 ,when the silver has been removed from the copper1 rinse the object several times and recommence the silvering4 ,this bath may be used repeatedly1 taking care each time to put it in a stoppered bottle4 ,when it has been saturated with silver and has no more strength1 decant the deposit1 boil the liquor to dryness1 add the residue to the deposit1 and melt in a crucible to regenerate the metal4 ,,ii4--,to dissolve the silver covering of a metallic object1 a bath is made use of1 composed of #ff per cent sulphuric acid1 #c parts1 and #dj per cent nitric acid1 #a part4 ,this mixture is heated to about #agf ,f41 and the objects to be desilvered are suspended in it by means of a copper wire4 ,the operation is accomplished in a few seconds4 ,the objects are washed and then dried in sawdust4 ,to ,silver ,glass ,balls and ,plate ,glass4--,the following is a method for silvering the glass balls which are used as ornaments in gardens1 glass panes1 and concave mirrors3 ,dissolve #cjj parts of nitrate of silver and #bjj parts of ammonia in #a1cjj parts of distilled water4 ,add #ce parts of tartaric acid dissolved in #d times its weight of water4 ,dilute the whole with #ae1jjj to #ag1jjj parts of distilled water4 ,prepare a second solution containing twice the amount of tartaric acid as the preceding one4 ,apply each of these solutions successively for #ae to #bj minutes on the glass to be silvered1 which must previously have been cleaned and dried4 ,when the silvering is sufficient1 wash the object with hot water1 let dry1 and cover with a brown varnish4 ,iron ,silver-,plating4--,i4--,iron articles are plated with quicksilver in a solution of nitrate of mercury before being silvered4 ,the quicksilver is then removed by heating to #egb ,f4 ,the articles may also be first tinned to economize the silver4 ,steel is dipped in a mixture of #ehh nitrate of silver and mercury1 each dissolved separately in the proportion of #e parts1 by weight1 to #cjj parts1 by weight1 of water1 then wiped to remove the black film of carbon1 and silvered till a sample dipped in a solution of blue vitriol ceases to turn red4 ,according to ,h4 ,krupp1 articles made of an alloy of nickel1 copper1 and zinc1 such as knives1 forks1 spoons1 etc41 should be coated electrically with nickel1 put into a solution of copper like that used for galvanic coppering1 and then electroplated4 ,,ii4--,a brilliant silver color may be imparted to iron 7from which all grease has been previously removed7 by treating it with the following solution3 ,forty parts1 by weight1 chloride of antimony2 #aj parts1 by weight1 powdered arsenious acid2 and #hj parts levigated hematite are mixed with #a1jjj parts of #ij per cent alcohol and gently heated for half an hour on a water bath4 ,a partial solution takes place1 and a small cotton pad is then dipped in the liquid and applied with a gentle pressure to the iron4 ,a thin film consisting of arsenic and antimony is precipitated1 as described by ,dr4 ,langbein1 in his 8,handbuch der galv4 ,metallniederschlge40 ,the brilliancy of the effect depends upon the care with which the iron has previously been polished4 ,to ,silver-,plate ,metals4--,i4--,nitrate of silver1 #cj parts1 by weight2 caustic potash1 #cj parts2 distilled water1 #ajj parts4 ,put the nitrate of silver into the water2 one-quarter hour afterwards add the potash1 and1 when the solution is done1 filter4 ,it is sufficient to dip the objects to be silvered into this bath1 moving them about in it for #a or #b minutes at most2 then rinsing and drying in sawdust4 ,it is necessary to pickle the pieces before using the bath4 ,to make the nitrate of silver one's self1 take #cj parts of pure silver and #fj parts of nitric acid1 and when the metal is dissolved add the caustic potash and the water4 ,,ii4--,kayser's silvering liquid1 which is excellent for all kinds of metals1 is prepared from lunar caustic1 #aa parts2 sodium hyposulphite1 #bj parts2 sal ammoniac1 #ab parts2 whiting1 #bj parts2 and distilled water1 #bjj parts4 ,the articles must be cleaned well4 ,mosaic ,silver4--,this compound consists of tin1 #c parts1 by weight2 bismuth1 #c parts2 and mercury1 #a #a_/b parts4 ,the alloy of these metals is powdered finely1 thus forming a silvery mass used for imitation silvering of metals1 paper1 wood1 etc4 ,in order to impart to metals1 especially articles of copper and brass1 an appearance similar to silver1 they are made perfectly bright4 ,the powder of the mosaic silver is mixed with six times the volume of bone ashes1 adding enough water to cause a paste and rubbing this on the metallic surface by means of a cork of suitable shape4 ,in order to silver paper by means of this preparation it is ground with white of egg1 diluted mucilage1 or varnish1 and treated like a paint4 ,pastes for ,silvering4--,i4--,carbonate of lime1 #fe parts2 sea salt1 #fj parts2 cream of tartar1 #ce parts2 nitrate of silver1 #bj parts4 ,bray all in a mortar1 not adding the carbonate of lime until the other substances are reduced to a fine powder4 ,next1 add a little water to form a homogeneous paste1 which is preserved in blue bottles away from the light4 ,for use1 put a little of this paste on a small pad and rub the article with it4 ,,ii4--,articles of zinc1 brass1 or copper may also be silver-plated by applying to them a pasty mass of the following composition3 ,first dissolve #aj parts1 by weight1 of nitrate of silver in #ej parts1 by weight1 of distilled water2 also #be parts1 by weight1 of potassium cyanide in sufficient distilled water to dissolve it4 ,pour the two together1 stir well1 and filter4 ,now #ajj parts1 by weight1 of whiting or levigated chalk and #djj parts1 by weight1 of potassium bitartrate1 finely powdered1 are moistened with the above solution sufficiently to form a soft paste1 which may be applied to the objects1 previously well cleansed1 with a brush4 ,after this coating has dried well1 rinse it off1 and dry the object in clean sawdust4 ,resilvering4--,i4--,take #ajj parts1 by weight1 of distilled water and divide it into two equal portions4 ,in the one dissolve #aj parts of silver nitrate and in the other #be parts of potassium cyanide4 ,the two solutions are reunited in a single vessel as soon as completed4 ,next prepare a mixture of #ajj parts of ,spanish white1 passed through a fine sieve1 #aj parts of cream of tartar1 pulverized1 and #a part of mercury4 ,this powder is stirred in a portion of the above liquid so as to form a rather thick paste4 ,the composition is applied by means of the finger1 covered with a rag1 on the object to be silvered4 ,the application must be as even as possible4 ,let the object dry and wash in pure water4 ,the excess of powder is removed with a brush4 ,,ii4--,the following is a process used when the jeweler has to repair certain pieces from which silvering has come off #ehi in places1 and which he would like to repair without having recourse to the battery1 and specially without having to take out the stones or pearls3 ,take nitrate of silver1 #be parts1 by weight2 cyanide of potassium1 #ej parts2 cream of tartar1 #bj parts2 ,paris white1 #bjj parts2 distilled water1 #bjj parts2 mercury1 #b parts4 ,dissolve the nitrate of silver in half of the distilled water and the cyanide in the other half2 mix the two liquids2 next bray well in a mortar the mercury1 ,paris white1 and cream of tartar4 ,preserve the products of these two operations separately1 and when you wish to use them make a rather soft paste of the two1 which apply with a little cotton or a brush on the portion to be silvered4 ,let dry and subsequently rub with a soft brush4 ,tin ,silver-,plating4--,prepare a solution of #c parts1 by weight1 of bismuth subnitrate in #aj parts of nitric acid of #a4d specific gravity1 to which add a solution of #aj parts of tartar and #dj parts of hydrochloric acid in #a1jjj parts of water4 ,in the mixture of these solutions immerse the tin articles freed from grease and oxide4 ,the pulverous bismuth precipitated on the surface is rubbed off1 whereupon the objects appear dark steel gray4 ,for silvering prepare a mixture of #aj parts of silver chloride2 #cj parts of cooking salt2 #bj parts of tartar1 and #ajj parts of powdered chalk1 which is rubbed in a slightly moist state on the bismuth surface of the tin articles1 using a flannel rag4 ,the silver separates only in a very thin layer1 and must be protected against power and light before tarnishing by a coating of preservative or celluloid varnish4 ,zinc ,contact ,silver-,plating4--,according to ,buchner1 #aj parts1 by weight1 of silver nitrate is dissolved in water and precipitated by the addition of hydrochloric acid in the form of silver chloride1 which is washed several times in clean water2 now dissolve #gj parts1 by weight1 of spirit of sal ammoniac in water1 and add to it #dj parts1 by weight1 of soda crystals1 #dj parts1 by weight1 of pure potassium cyanide1 and #ae parts1 by weight1 of common salt4 ,now thin down the compound with sufficient distilled water to make a total of #a1jjj parts4 ,tin ,plating of ,lead4--,lead plates are best tinned by plating4 ,for this purpose a table with a perfectly even iron surface and provided with vertical raised edges to prevent the melted metal from flowing away1 is employed4 ,the lead is poured on this table1 and covered with grease to prevent oxidation of the surface4 ,as soon as the lead is congealed1 melted tin is poured over it1 care being taken that the tin is sufficiently heated to remelt the surface of the lead and combine thoroughly with it4 ,when the plate is sufficiently cooled1 it is turned over1 and the lower surface treated in the same way4 ,the plate1 thus tinned on both sides1 is then placed between rollers1 and can be rolled into very thin sheets without injury to the tin coating4 ,these sheets1 doubly coated with tin by this process1 are specially adapted for lining cases intended for the transport of biscuits1 chocolate1 candies1 tea1 snuff1 etc4 ,if lead plates are only to be tinned superficially1 they are heated to a tolerably high temperature1 and sprinkled with powdered rosin2 melted tin is then rubbed on the surface of the plate with a ball of tow4 ,it is advisable to give the lead a fairly thick coating of tin1 as the latter is rendered thinner by the subsequent rolling4 ,,various ,,recipes3 ,to ,ascertain whether an ,article is ,nickeled1 ,tinned1 or ,silvered4--,when necessary to ascertain quickly and accurately the nature of the white metal covering an object1 the following process will be found to give excellent results3 ,nickeled ,surface4--,if the article has a nickel coating1 a drop of hydrochloric acid1 deposited on a spot clean and free from grease1 will quickly develop a greenish tint4 ,if the object is kept for #e or #aj minutes in a solution composed of #fj parts of sea salt and #aaj parts of water1 it will receive a very characteristic reddish tint4 ,a drop of sulphuret of sodium does not change a nickeled surface4 ,tinned ,surface4--,a tinned object may be recognized readily by applying hydrochloric acid1 which1 even diluted1 will remove the tin4 ,the salt solution1 used as previously described1 produces a gray tint1 faint in certain cases4 ,the sulphuret of sodium dissolves tin4 ,silvered ,surface4--,in the case of a silvered article a drop of nitric acid will remove the silver1 while hydrochloric acid will scarcely attack it4 ,the salt solution will produce no effect4 ,the sulphuret of sodium will blacken it rapidly4 ,,platinizing3 ,see ,plating4 ,,platinotype ,,paper3 ,see ,photography4 #eij ,,platinum ,,papers ,,and ,,their ,,development3 ,see ,photography1 under ,developing ,papers4 ,,platinum ,,waste1 ,,to ,,separate ,,silver ,,from3 ,see ,silver4 ,,plumbago3 ,see ,lubricants4 ,,plumes3 ,see ,feathers4 ,,plush3 ,to ,make ,plush ,adhere to ,metal4--,wash off with ordinary soda water the bottom of a tin box1 wiping it dry with cloth4 ,coat the tin with the juice of onion and press on this space a piece of strong paper1 smoothing it out so that there will be no blisters4 ,when this has dried1 the paper will adhere1 so that it can be removed only by scraping with a sharp instrument4 ,then give a coat of hot glue to the paper and press the plush down into the glue1 and when dry and hard1 the plush can be removed only by placing the tin box in boiling water4 ,,plush1 ,,to ,,remove ,,grease ,,spots ,,from3 ,see ,cleaning ,preparations and ,methods4 ,,poisons1 ,,antidotes ,,for3 ,see ,antidotes4 ,polishes h#d,polishes for ,aluminum4--,i4--,m4 ,mouray recommends the use of an emulsion of equal parts of rum and olive oil1 made by shaking these liquids together in a bottle4 ,when a burnishing stone is used1 the peculiar black streaks first appearing should not cause vexation1 since they do not injure the metal in the least1 and may be removed with a woolen rag4 ,the object in question may also be brightened in potash lye1 in which case1 however1 care must be taken not to have the lye too strong4 ,for cleaning purposes benzol has been found best4 ,,ii4--,aluminum is susceptible of taking a beautiful polish1 but it is not white like that of silver or nickel1 rather slightly bluish1 like tin4 ,the shade can be improved4 ,first1 the grease is to be removed from the object with pumice stone4 ,then1 for polishing1 use is made of an emery paste mingled with tallow1 forming cakes which are rubbed on the polishing brushes4 ,finally1 rouge powder is employed with oil of turpentine4 ,polishes for ,bars1 ,counters1 etc4 ,i4--,linseed oil #h ounces ,stale ale #h ounces ,hydrochloric acid #a ounce ,alcohol1 #ie per cent #a ounce ,white of #a egg4 ,mix4 ,shake before using4 ,clean out the dust1 dirt1 etc41 using an appropriate brush1 or a bit of cloth wrapped around a stick1 then apply the above1 with a soft brush1 or a bit of cotton wrapped in a bit of silk--or1 in fact1 any convenient method of applying it4 ,,ii4--,japan wax #a av4 ounce ,oil of turpentine #c fluidounces ,linseed oil #af fluidounces ,alcohol #c fluidounces ,solution of potash #a #a_/b fluidounces ,water to make #cb fluidounces4 ,dissolve the wax in the turpentine1 add the other ingredients1 diluting the potash solution with the water before adding to the other ingredients1 and stir briskly until well mixed4 ,,polishes ,,for ,,brass1 ,,bronze1 ,,copper1 ,,etc4 ,objects of polished copper1 bronze1 brass1 and other alloys of copper tarnish through water and it is sometimes necessary to give them again their bright appearance4 ,pickle the articles in an acid bath2 wash them next in a neutral bath2 dry them1 and subsequently rub them with a polishing powder4 ,such is the general formula2 the processes indicated below are but variants adapted to divers cases and recommended by disinterested experimenters3 ,sharp ,polishes4--,the following three may be used on dirty brasses1 copper articles1 etc41 where scratching is not objectionable3 ,i4--,quartz sand1 powdered and levigated #bj parts ,paris red #cj parts ,vaseline #ej parts ,mix intimately and make a pomade4 ,,ii4--,emery flour1 finest levigated #ej parts ,paris red #ej parts ,mutton suet #dj parts ,oleic acid #dj parts ,,iii4--,levigated emery powder #ajj parts ,anhydrous sodium carbonate #e parts ,tallow soap #bj parts ,water #ajj parts #eia ,copper ,articles4--,make a mixture of powdered charcoal1 very fine1 #d parts2 spirit of wine1 #c parts2 and essence of turpentine1 #b parts4 ,to this add water in which one-third of its weight of sorrel salt or oxalic acid has been stirred1 and rub the objects with this mixture4 ,bronze ,articles4--,boil the objects in soap lye1 wash in plenty of water1 and dry in sawdust4 ,highly ,oxidized ,bronzes4--,first dip in strong soda lye1 then in a bath containing #a part of sulphuric acid to #ab parts of water4 ,rinse in clean water1 and next in water containing a little ammonia4 ,dry and rub with a polishing powder or paste4 ,,polishes ,,for ,,floors4 ,i4--,throw a handful of permanganate potash crystals into a pail of boiling water1 and apply the mixture as hot as possible to the floor with a large flat brush4 ,if the stain produced is not dark enough1 apply one or two more coats as desired1 leaving each wash to dry thoroughly before applying another4 ,if it is desired to polish the surface with beeswax1 a coat of size should be applied to the boards before staining1 as this gives depth and richness to the color4 ,after #c or #d days1 polish well with a mixture of turpentine and beeswax4 ,a few cents will cover the cost of both size and permanganate of potash4 ,,ii4--,potash #a part ,water #d parts ,yellow beeswax #e parts ,hot water1 a sufficient quantity4 ,emulsify the wax by boiling it in the water in which the potash has been dissolved2 stir the whole time4 ,the exact amount of boiling is determined by the absence of any free water in the mass4 ,then remove the vessel from the fire1 and gently pour in a little boiling water1 and stir the mixture carefully4 ,if a fat-like mass appears without traces of watery particles1 one may know the mass is in a fit condition to be liquefied by the addition of more hot water without the water separating4 ,then put in the water to the extent of #bjj to #bbe parts1 and reheat the compound for #e to #aj minutes1 without allowing it to reach the boiling point4 ,stir constantly until the mixture is cool1 so as to prevent the separation of the wax1 when a cream-like mass results which gives a quick and brilliant polish on woodwork1 if applied in the usual way1 on a piece of flannel rag1 and polished by rubbing with another piece of flannel4 ,colored ,floor ,polishes4--,yellow3 ,caustic soda solution1 #g #a_/b parts1 mixed with #a #a_/b to #b parts of finely powdered ocher1 heated with #b #a_/b parts of yellow wax1 and stirred until uniformly mixed4 ,a reddish-brown color may be obtained by adding #b parts of powdered umber to the above mixture4 ,nut ,brown4--,i4--,natural umber1 #a_/b part2 burnt umber1 #a part2 and yellow ocher1 #a part1 gives a fine red-brown color when incorporated with the same wax and soda mixture4 ,,ii4--,treat #e pounds of wax with #ae pounds of caustic soda lye of #c ,b4 so that a uniform wax milk results2 boil with #a_/b pound of annatto1 #c pounds of yellow ocher1 and #b pounds of burnt umber4 ,mahogany ,brown4--,boil #e pounds of wax with #ae pounds of caustic soda lye as above4 ,then add #g pounds of burnt umber very finely powdered1 making it into a uniform mass by boiling again4 ,yellow ,ocher4--,the wax milk obtained as above is boiled with #e pounds of yellow ocher4 ,the mass on cooling has the consistency of a salve4 ,if it is to be used for rubbing the floor it is stirred with sufficient boiling water so as to form a fluid of the consistency of thin syrup or oil4 ,this is applied very thin on the floor1 using a brush2 then it is allowed to dry only half way1 and is rubbed with a stiff floor brush4 ,the polishing is continued with a woolen rag until a mirror-like gloss is obtained4 ,it is best not to paint the whole room and then brush1 but the deals should be taken one after the other1 otherwise the coating would become too dry and give too dull a luster4 ,the floors thus treated with gloss paste are very beautiful4 ,to keep them in this condition they should be once in a while rubbed with a woolen rag1 and if necessary the color has to be renewed in places4 ,if there are parquet floors whose patterns are not to be covered up1 the ocher 7yellow7 paste or1 better still1 the pure wax milk is used4 ,french ,polish4--,the wood to be polished must be made perfectly smooth and all irregularities removed from the surface with glass paper2 next oil the work with linseed oil1 taking care to rub off all superfluous oil4 7,if the wood is white no oil should be used1 as it imparts a slight color47 ,then prepare a wad or rubber of wadding1 taking care there are no hard lumps in it4 ,after the rubber is prepared pour on it a small quantity of polish4 ,then cover it with a piece of old cotton rag 7new will #eib not answer74 ,put a small drop of oil with the finger on the surface of the rubber1 and then proceed to polish1 moving the rubber in lines1 making a kind of figure of eight over the work4 ,be very careful that the rubber is not allowed to stick or the work will be spoilt4 ,a little linseed oil facilitates the process4 ,when the rubber requires more polish1 turn back the rag cover1 pour on the polish1 replace the cover1 oil and work as before4 ,after this rubbing has proceeded for a little time and the whole surface has been gone over1 the work must be allowed to stand for a few hours to harden1 and then be rubbed down smooth with very fine emery paper4 ,then give another coat of polish4 ,if not smooth enough1 emery paper again4 ,this process must continue until the grain is filled up4 ,finish off with a clean rubber with only spirit on it 7no polish71 when a clear bright surface should be the result4 ,great care must be taken not to put the polish on too freely1 or you will get a rough surface4 ,after a little practice all difficulties will vanish4 ,the best ,french polish will be found to be one made only from good pale orange shellac and spirit1 using #c pounds of shellac for each gallon of spirit4 ,the latter should be of #fc to #fd over-proof4 ,a weak spirit is not suitable and does not make a good polish4 ,a few drops of pure linseed oil make the polish work more freely4 ,,polishes ,,for ,,furniture4 ,first make a paste to fill cracks as follows3 ,whiting1 plaster of ,paris1 pumice stone1 litharge1 equal parts2 japan dryer1 boiled linseed oil1 turpentine1 coloring matter of sufficient quantity4 ,rub the solids intimately with a mixture of #a part of the japan1 #b parts of the linseed oil1 and #c parts of turpentine1 coloring to suit with ,vandyke brown or sienna4 ,lay the filling on with a brush1 let it set for about #bj minutes1 and then rub off clean except where it is to remain4 ,in #b or #c days it will be hard enough to polish4 ,after the surface has been thus prepared1 the application of a coat of first-class copal varnish is in order4 ,it is recommended that the varnish be applied in a moderately warm room1 as it is injured by becoming chilled in drying4 ,to get the best results in varnishing1 some skill and experience are required4 ,the varnish must be kept in an evenly warm temperature1 and put on neither too plentifully nor too gingerly4 ,after a satisfactorily smooth and regular surface has been obtained1 the polishing proper may be done4 ,this may be accomplished by manual labor and dexterity1 or consist in the application of a very thin1 even coat of a very fine1 transparent varnish4 ,if the hand-polishing method be preferred1 it may be pursued by rubbing briskly and thoroughly with the following finishing polish3 ,i4--,alcohol #h ounces ,shellac #b drachms ,gum benzoin #b drachms ,best poppy oil #b drachms ,dissolve the shellac and gum in the alcohol in a warm place1 with frequent agitation1 and1 when cold1 add the poppy oil4 ,this may be applied on the end of a cylindrical rubber made by tightly rolling a piece of flannel which has been torn1 not cut1 into strips #d to #f inches wide4 ,a certain 8oily sweating0 of articles of polished wood occurs which has been ascribed to the oil used in polishing1 but has been found to be due to a waxy substance present in shellac1 which is often used in polishing4 ,during the operation of polishing1 this wax enters into close combination with the oil1 forming a soft1 greasy mass1 which prevents the varnish from ever becoming really hard4 ,this greasy matter exudes in the course of time4 ,the remedy is to use only shellac from which the vegetable wax has been completely removed4 ,this is accomplished by making a strong solution of the shellac in alcohol and then shaking it up with fresh seed lac or filtering it through seed lac4 ,in this way the readily soluble rosins in the seed lac are dissolved1 and with them traces of coloring matter4 ,at the same time the vegetable wax1 which is only slightly soluble1 is deposited4 ,the shellac solution which has exchanged its vegetable wax for rosin is not yet suitable for fine furniture polishing4 ,it is not sufficiently taken up by the wood1 and an essential oil must be added to give it the necessary properties1 one of the best oils to employ for this purpose being that of rosemary4 ,the following recipe is given3 ,,ii4--,twenty pounds of shellac and #d pounds of benzoin are dissolved in the smallest possible quantity of alcohol1 together with #a pound of rosemary oil4 ,the solution then obtained is filtered through seed lac so as to remove whatever vegetable wax may be present4 ,red ,furniture ,paste4-- ,soft water #f pints ,turpentine #f pints #eic ,beeswax #c pounds ,white wax #a #a_/b ounces ,white soap #ah ounces ,red lead #ab ounces ,cut up soap and dissolve in water by aid of heat2 then evaporate to #f pounds4 ,melt the waxes and add turpentine in which red lead has been stirred1 pour into this the soap solution1 and stir until it is nearly cold4 ,if a darker color is wanted add more red lead1 #d to #f ounces4 ,beechwood ,furniture4--,the wood of the red beech is known to acquire1 by the use of ordinary shellac polish1 a dirty yellow color1 and by the use of white polish1 prepared from bleached shellac1 an unsightly gray-white color4 ,therefore1 where light colors are desired1 only filtered shellac polish should be employed1 and in order to impart some fire to the naturally dull color of the beechwood the admixture of a solution of dragon's blood in alcohol for a red shade1 or turmeric in alcohol for yellow may be used4 ,a compound of the red and yellow liquids gives a good orange shade4 ,a few trials will soon show how much coloring matter may be added to the polish4 ,polishes for ,glass4--,i4--,mix calcined magnesia with purified benzine to a semi-liquid paste4 ,rub the glass with this mixture by means of a cotton wad1 until it is bright4 ,,ii4--,crush to powder cologne chalk1 #fj parts1 by weight2 tripoli1 #cj parts1 by weight2 bole1 #ae parts1 by weight4 ,for use moisten the glass a little1 dip a linen rag into the powder and rub the glass until it is clean4 ,,iii4--,tin ashes may be employed with advantage4 ,the glass is rubbed with this substance and then washed off with a piece of soft felt4 ,in this manner a very handsome polish is obtained4 ,polishes for ,ivory1 ,bone1 etc4--,i4--,first rub with a piece of linen soaked with a paste made of ,armenian bole and oleic acid4 ,wash with ,marseilles soap1 dry1 rub with a chamois skin1 and finally render it bright with an old piece of silk4 ,if the ivory is scratched1 it may be smoothed by means of ,english red stuff on a cloth1 or even with a piece of glass if the scratches are rather deep4 ,in the hollow parts of ivory objects the paste can be made to penetrate by means of an old toothbrush4 ,,ii4--,tortoise-shell articles have a way of getting dull and dingy looking4 ,to repolish dip the finger in linseed oil and rub over the whole surface4 ,very little oil should be used1 and if the article is a patterned one it may be necessary to use a soft brush to get it into the crevices4 ,then rub with the palm of the hand until all oil has disappeared1 and the shell feels hot and looks bright and shiny4 ,marble ,polishing4--,polishing includes five operations4 ,smoothing the roughness left on the surface is done by rubbing the marble with a piece of moist sandstone2 for moldings either wooden or iron mullers are used1 crushed1 and wet sandstone1 or sand1 more or less fine1 according to the degree of polish required1 being thrown under them4 ,the second process is continued rubbing with pieces of pottery without enamel1 which have only been baked once1 also wet4 ,if a brilliant polish is required1 ,gothland stone instead of pottery is used1 and potter's clay or fuller's earth is placed beneath the muller4 ,this operation is performed upon granites and porphyry with emery and a lead muller1 the upper part of which is incrusted with the mixture until reduced by friction to clay or impalpable powder4 ,as the polish depends almost entirely upon these two operations1 care must be taken that they are performed with a regular and steady movement4 ,when the marble has received the first polish1 the flaws1 cavities1 and soft spots are sought out and filled with mastic of a suitable color4 ,this mastic is usually composed of a mixture of yellow wax1 rosin1 and ,burgundy pitch1 mixed with a little sulphur and plaster passed through a fine sieve1 which gives it the consistency of a thick paste2 to color this paste to a tone analogous to the ground tints or natural cement of the material upon which it is placed1 lampblack and rouge1 with a little of the prevailing color of the material1 are added4 ,for green and red marbles1 this mastic is sometimes made of gum lac1 mixed with ,spanish sealing wax of the color of the marble4 ,it is applied with pincers1 and these parts are polished with the rest4 ,sometimes crushed fragments of marble are introduced into the cement1 but for fine marbles the same colors are employed which are used in painting1 and which will produce the same tone as the ground2 the gum lac is added to give it body and brilliancy4 ,the third operation in polishing consists in rubbing it again with a hard pumice stone1 under which water is being constantly poured1 unmixed with sand4 ,for the fourth process1 called #eid softening the ground1 lead filings are mixed with the emery mud produced by the polishing of mirrors or the working of precious stones1 and the marble is rubbed by a compact linen cushion well saturated with this mixture2 rouge is also used for this polish4 ,for some outside works1 and for hearths and paving tiles1 marble workers confine themselves to this polish4 ,when the marbles have holes or grains1 a lead muller is substituted for the linen cushion4 ,in order to give a perfect brilliancy to the polish1 the gloss is applied4 ,wash well the prepared surfaces and leave them until perfectly dry1 then take a linen cushion1 moistened only with water1 and a little powder of calcined tin of the first quality4 ,after rubbing with this for some time take another cushion of dry rags1 rub with it lightly1 brush away any foreign substance which might scratch the marble1 and a perfect polish will be obtained4 ,a little alum mixed with the water used penetrates the pores of the marble1 and gives it a speedier polish4 ,this polish spots very easily and is soon tarnished and destroyed by dampness4 ,it is necessary when purchasing articles of polished marbles to subject them to the test of water2 if there is too much alum1 the marble absorbs the water and a whitish spot is left4 ,,polishing ,,powders4 ,polishing powders are advantageously prepared according to the following recipes3 ,i4--,four pounds magnesium carbonate1 #d pounds chalk1 and #d pounds rouge are intimately mixed4 ,,ii4--,four pounds magnesium carbonate are mixed with #a_/d pound fine rouge4 ,,iii4--,five pounds fine levigated whiting and #b pounds ,venetian red are ground together4 ,,iv4--,kieselguhr #db pounds ,putty powder #ad pounds ,pipe clay #ad pounds ,tartaric acid #a #a_/b pounds ,powder the acid1 mix well with the others4 ,this is styled 8free from mercury1 poisonous mineral acids1 alkalies1 or grit40 ,it may be tinted with #ab ounces of oxide of iron if desired4 ,liquid ,polishes4-- ,i4--,malt vinegar #d gallons ,lemon juice #a gallon ,paraffine oil #a gallon ,kieselguhr #g pounds ,powdered bath brick #c pounds ,oil lemon #b ounces ,,ii4--,kieselguhr #ef pounds ,paraffine oil #c gallons ,methylated spirit #a #a_/b gallons ,camphorated spirit #a_/b gallon ,turpentine oil #a_/b gallon ,liquid ammonia fort #c pints ,,iii4--,rotten stone #af av4 ounces ,paraffine #h av4 ounces ,kerosene 7coal oil7 #af fluidounces ,oil of mirbane enough to perfume4 ,melt the paraffine1 incorporate the rotten stone1 add the kerosene1 and the oil of mirbane when cold4 ,,iv4--,oxalic acid #a_/b av4 ounce ,rotten stone #aj av4 ounces ,kerosene 7coal oil7 #cj fluidounces ,paraffine #b av4 ounces ,pulverize the oxalic acid and mix it with rotten stone2 melt the paraffine1 add to it the kerosene1 and incorporate the powder2 when cool1 add oil of mirbane or lavender to perfume4 ,pour the ammonia into the oil1 methylated spirits1 and turpentine1 add the camphorated spirit and mix with the kieselguhr4 ,to prevent setting1 keep well agitated during filling4 ,the color may be turned red by using a little sesquioxide of iron and less kieselguhr4 ,apply with a cloth1 and when dry use another clean cloth or a brush4 ,polishing ,soaps4-- ,i4--,powdered pipe clay #aab pounds ,tallow soap #af pounds ,tartaric acid #a #a_/d pounds ,grind until pasty1 afterwards press into blocks by the machine4 ,,ii4--,levigated flint #fj pounds ,whiting #eb pounds ,tallow #bj pounds ,caustic soda #e pounds ,water #b gallons ,dissolve the soda in water and add to the tallow2 when saponified1 stir in the others1 pressing as before4 ,,iii4--,saponified cocoanut oil #ef pounds ,kieselguhr #ab pounds ,alum #e #a_/b pounds ,flake white #e #a_/b pounds ,tartaric acid #a #c_/d pounds ,make as before4 ,,iv4--,tallow soap #ih pounds ,liquid glycerine soap #ad pounds ,whiting #ah pounds ,levigated flint #ad pounds ,powdered pipe clay #ad pounds #eie ,,metal ,,polishes3 ,polishing ,pastes4-- ,i4--,white petroleum jelly #ij pounds ,kieselguhr #cj pounds ,refined paraffine wax #aj pounds ,refined chalk or whiting #aj pounds ,sodium hyposulphite #h pounds ,melt wax and jelly1 stir in others and grind4 ,it is an undecided point as to whether a scented paste is better than one without perfume4 ,the latter is added merely to hide the nasty smell of some of the greases used1 and it is not very nice to have spoons1 etc41 smelling1 even tasting1 of mirbane1 so perhaps citronelle is best for this purpose4 ,it is likely to be more pure4 ,the dose of scent is usually at the rate of #d ounces to the hundredweight4 ,,ii4--,dehydrated soda #e parts ,curd soap #bj parts ,emery flour #ajj parts ,to be stirred together on a water bath with water1 #ajj parts1 until soft4 ,,iii4--,turpentine #a part ,emery flour #a part ,paris red #b parts ,vaseline #b parts ,mix well and perfume4 ,,iv4--,stearine #h to #i parts ,mutton suet #cb to #ch parts ,stearine oil #b to #b4e parts ,melt together and mix with ,vienna chalk1 in fine powder1 #dh to #fj parts2 ,paris red1 #bj parts4 ,v4--,rotten stone #a part ,iron subcarbonate #c parts ,lard oil1 a sufficient quantity4 ,,vi4--,iron oxide #aj parts ,pumice stone #cb parts ,oleic acid1 a sufficient quantity4 ,,vii4--,soap1 cut fine #af parts ,precipitated chalk #b parts ,jewelers' rouge #a part ,cream of tartar #a part ,magnesium carbonate #a part ,water1 a sufficient quantity4 ,dissolve the soap in the smallest quantity of water over a water bath4 ,add the other ingredients to the solution while still hot1 stirring all the time to make sure of complete homogeneity4 ,pour the mass into a box with shallow sides1 and afterwards cut into cubes4 ,non-,explosive ,liquid ,metal ,polish4--,although in a liquid form1 it does not necessarily follow that a liquid polish is less economical than pastes1 because the efficiency of both is dependent upon the amount of stearic or oleic acid they contain1 and a liquid such as that given below is as rich in this respect as most of the pastes1 especially those containing much mineral jelly and earthy matters which are practically inert1 and can only be considered as filling material4 ,thus it is a fact that an ounce of fluid polish may possess more polishing potency than an equal weight of the paste4 ,proportions are3 ,sixteen pounds crude oleic acid2 #d pounds tasteless mineral oil2 #e pounds kieselguhr2 #a #a_/b ounces lemon oil4 ,make the earthy matter into a paste with the mixed fluids and gradually thin out1 avoiding lumps4 ,apply with one rag1 and finish with another4 ,miscellaneous ,metal ,polishes4--,i4--,articles of polished copper1 such as clocks1 stove ornaments1 etc41 become tarnished very quickly4 ,to restore their brilliancy dip a brush in strong vinegar and brush the objects to be cleaned4 ,next pass through water and dry in sawdust4 ,a soap water1 in which some carbonate of soda has been dissolved1 will do the same service4 ,,ii4--,this is recommended for machinery by the chemical laboratory of the industrial museum of ,batavia3 ,oil of turpentine #ae parts ,oil of stearine #be parts ,jewelers' red #be parts ,animal charcoal1 of superior quality #de parts ,alcohol is added to that mixture in such a quantity as to render it almost liquid1 then by means of a brush it is put on those parts that are to be polished4 ,when the alcohol has dried1 the remaining cover is rubbed with a mixture of #de parts of animal charcoal and #be parts jewelers' red4 ,the rubbed parts will become quite clean and bright4 ,,iii4--,the ugly spots which frequently show themselves on nickel-plated objects may be easily removed with a mixture of #a part sulphuric acid and #ej parts alcohol4 ,coat the spots with this solution1 wipe off after a few seconds1 rinse off thoroughly with clean water1 and rub dry with sawdust4 ,,iv4--,crocus1 dried and powdered1 when applied with chamois leather to nickel-plated goods1 will restore their brilliancy without injuring their surface4 ,v4--,articles of tin should be ground #eif and polished with ,vienna lime or ,spanish white4 ,the former may be spread on linen rags1 the latter on wash leather4 ,good results may be obtained by a mixture of about equal parts of ,vienna lime1 chalk1 and tripoli4 ,it should be moistened with alcohol1 and applied with a brush4 ,subsequent rubbing with roe skin 7chamois7 will produce a first-rate polish4 ,tin being a soft metal1 the above polishing substances may be very fine4 ,,vi4--,to polish watch cases1 take two glasses with large openings1 preferably two preserving jars with ground glass covers4 ,into one of the glass vessels pour #a part of spirit of sal ammoniac and #c parts water1 adding a little ordinary barrel soap and stirring everything well4 ,fill the other glass one half with alcohol4 ,now lay the case to be cleaned1 with springs and all1 into the first-named liquid and allow to remain therein for about #aj to #bj seconds4 ,after protracted use this time may be extended to several minutes4 ,now remove the case1 quickly brush it with water and soap and lay for a moment into the alcohol in the second vessel4 ,after drying off with a clean cloth heat over a soldering flame for quick drying and the case will now look almost as clean and neat as a new one4 ,the only thing that may occur is that a polished metal dome may become tarnished1 but this will only happen if either the mixture is too strong or the case remains in it too long1 both of which can be easily avoided with a little practice4 ,shake before using4 ,,vii4--,this is a cleanser as well as polisher3 ,prepared chalk #b parts ,water of ammonia #b parts ,water sufficient to make #h parts ,the ammonia saponifies the grease usually present4 ,it must be pointed out that the alkali present makes this preparation somewhat undesirable to handle1 as it will affect the skin if allowed too free contact4 ,the density of the liquid might be increased by the addition of soap2 the solid would1 of course1 then remain longer in suspension4 ,,viii4--,serviettes ,magiques4--,these fabrics for polishing articles of metal consist of pure wool saturated with soap and tripoli1 and dyed with a little coralline4 ,they are produced by dissolving #d parts of ,marseilles soap in #bj parts of water1 adding #b parts of tripoli and saturating a piece of cloth #c inches long and #d inches wide with it1 allowing to dry4 ,,ix4--,in order to easily produce a mat polish on small steel articles use fine powdered oil stone1 ground with turpentine4 ,polishes for ,pianos4-- ,i4--,alcohol1 #ie per cent #cjj parts ,benzol #gjj parts ,gum benzoin #h parts ,sandarac #af parts ,mix and dissolve4 ,use as ,french polish4 ,,ii4--,beeswax #b1ejj parts ,potassium carbonate #be parts ,oil of turpentine #d1jjj parts ,water1 rain or distilled #d1ejj parts ,dissolve the potassium carbonate in #a1ejj parts of the water and in the solution boil the wax1 shaved up1 until the latter is partially saponified1 replacing the water as it is driven off by evaporation4 ,when this occurs remove from the fire and stir until cold4 ,now add the turpentine little by little1 and under constant agitation1 stirring until a smooth1 homogeneous emulsion is formed4 ,when this occurs add the remainder of the water under constant stirring4 ,if a color is wanted use alkanet root1 letting it macerate in the oil of turpentine before using the latter 7about an ounce to the quart is sufficient74 ,this preparation is said to be one of the best polishes known4 ,the directions are very simple3 ,first wash the surface to be polished1 rinse1 and dry4 ,apply the paste as evenly and thinly as possible over a portion of the surface1 then rub off well with a soft woolen cloth4 ,polishes for ,silverware4--,the best polish for silverware--that is1 the polish that1 while it cleans1 does not too rapidly abrade the surface--is levigated chalk1 either alone or with some vegetable acid1 like tartaric1 or with alum4 ,the usual metal polishes1 such as tripoli 7diatomaceous earth71 finely ground pumice stone1 etc41 cut away the surface so rapidly that a few cleanings wear through ordinary plating4 ,i4--,white lead #e parts ,chalk1 levigated #bj parts ,magnesium carbonate #b parts ,aluminum oxide #e parts ,silica #c parts ,jewelers' rouge #b parts ,each of the ingredients must be reduced to an impalpable powder1 mixed carefully1 and sifted through silk several #eig times to secure a perfect mixture1 and to avoid any possibility of leaving in the powder anything that might scratch the silver or gold surface4 ,this may be left in the powder form1 or incorporated with soap1 made into a paste with glycerine1 or other similar material4 ,the objection to mixtures with vaseline or greasy substances is that after cleaning the object must be scrubbed with soap and water1 while with glycerine simple rinsing and running water instantly cleans the object4 ,the following is also a good formula3 ,,ii4--,chalk1 levigated #b parts ,oil of turpentine #d parts ,stronger ammonia water #d parts ,water #aj parts ,mix the ammonia and oil of turpentine by agitation1 and rub up the chalk in the mixture4 ,finally rub in the water gradually or mix by agitation4 ,three parts each of powdered tartaric acid and chalk with #a part of powdered alum make a cheap and quick silver cleaning powder4 ,,iii4--,mix #b parts of beechwood ashes with #d_/ajj of a part of ,venetian soap and #b parts of common salt in #h parts of rain water4 ,brush the silver with this1 using a pretty stiff brush4 ,a solution of crystallized permanganate of potash is often recommended1 or even the spirits of hartshorn1 for removing the grayish violet film which forms upon the surface of the silver4 ,finally1 when there are well-determined blemishes upon the surface of the silver1 they may be soaked #d hours in soapmakers' lye1 then cover them with finely powdered gypsum which has been previously moistened with vinegar1 drying well before a fire2 now rub them with something to remove the powder4 ,finally1 they are to be rubbed again with very dry bran4 ,,polishes ,,for ,,steel ,,and ,,iron4 ,the polishing of steel must always be preceded by a thorough smoothing1 either with oilstone dust1 fine emery1 or coarse rouge4 ,if any lines are left to be erased by means of fine rouge1 the operation becomes tedious and is rarely successful4 ,the oilstone dust is applied on an iron or copper polisher4 ,when it is desired to preserve the angles sharp1 at a shoulder1 for instance1 the polisher should be of steel4 ,when using diamantine an iron polisher1 drawn out and flattened with a hammer1 answers very well4 ,with fine rouge1 a bronze or bell-metal polisher is preferable for shoulders2 and for flat surfaces1 discs or large zinc or tin polishers1 although glass is preferable to either of these4 ,after each operation with oilstone dust1 coarse rouge1 etc41 the polisher1 cork1 etc41 must be changed1 and the object should be cleaned well1 preferably by soaping1 perfect cleanliness being essential to success4 ,fine rouge or diamantine should be made into a thick paste with oil2 a little is then taken on the polisher or glass and worked until quite dry4 ,as the object is thus not smeared over1 a black polish is more readily obtained1 and the process gets on better if the surface be cleaned from time to time4 ,for ,fine ,steel4--,take equal parts 7by weight7 of ferrous sulphate--green vitriol--and sodium chloride--cooking salt--mix both well together by grinding in a mortar and subject the mixture to red heat in a mortar or a dish4 ,strong fumes will develop1 and the mass begin to flow4 ,when no more fumes arise1 the vessel is removed from the fire and allowed to cool4 ,a brown substance is obtained with shimmering scales1 resembling mica4 ,the mass is now treated with water1 partly in order to remove the soluble salt1 partly in order to wash out the lighter portions of the non-crystallized oxide1 which yield an excellent polishing powder4 ,the fire must be neither too strong nor too long continued1 otherwise the powder turns black and very hard1 losing its good qualities4 ,the more distinct the violet-brown color1 the better is the powder4 ,for polishing and cleaning fenders1 fireirons1 horses' bits1 and similar articles3 ,fifty-six pounds ,bridgewater stone2 #bh pounds flour emery2 #bj pounds rotten stone2 #h pounds whiting4 ,grind and mix well4 ,to make iron take a bright polish like steel1 pulverize and dissolve in #a quart of hot water1 #a ounce of blue vitriol2 #a ounce of borax2 #a ounce of prussiate of potash2 #a ounce of charcoal2 #a_/b pint of salt1 all of which is to be added to one gallon of linseed oil and thoroughly mixed4 ,to apply1 bring the iron or steel to the proper heat and cool in the solution4 ,stove ,polish4--,the following makes an excellent graphite polish3 ,i4--,ceresine #ab parts ,japan wax #aj parts ,turpentine oil #ajj parts ,lampblack1 best #ab parts ,graphite1 levigated #aj parts ,melt the ceresine and wax together1 remove from the fire1 and when half #eih cooled off add and stir in the graphite and lampblack1 previously mixed with the turpentine4 ,,ii4--,ceresine #bc parts ,carnauba wax #e parts ,turpentine oil #bbj parts ,lampblack #cjj parts ,graphite1 finest levigated #be parts ,mix as above4 ,,iii4--,make a mixture of water glass and lampblack of about the consistency of thin syrup1 and another of finely levigated plumbago and mucilage of ,soudan gum 7or other cheap substitute for gum arabic71 of a similar consistency4 ,after getting rid of dust1 etc41 go over the stove with mixture ,no4 #a and let it dry on1 which it will do in about #bd hours4 ,now go over the stove with the second mixture1 a portion of the surface at a time1 and as this dries1 with an old blacking brush give it a polish4 ,if carefully done the stove will have a polish resembling closely that of new ,russian iron4 ,a variant of this formula is as follows3 ,mix the graphite with the water glass to a smooth paste2 add1 for each pound of paste1 #a ounce of glycerine and a few grains of aniline black4 ,apply to the stove with a stiff brush4 ,,polishes ,,for ,,wood3 ,see also ,polishes for ,furniture1 ,floors and ,pianos4 ,in the usual method of ,french polishing1 the pad must be applied along curved lines1 and with very slight pressure1 if the result is to be uniform4 ,to do this requires much practice and the work is necessarily slow4 ,another disadvantage is that the oil is apt to sweat out afterwards1 necessitating further treatment4 ,according to a ,german patent all difficulty can be avoided by placing between the rubber and its covering a powder composed of clay or loam1 or better1 the powder obtained by grinding fragments of terra cotta or of yellow bricks4 ,the powder is moistened with oil for use4 ,the rubber will then give a fine polish1 without any special delicacy of manipulation and with mere backward and forward rubbing in straight lines1 and the oil will not sweat out subsequently4 ,another advantage is that no priming is wanted1 as the powder fills up the pores4 ,the presence of the powder also makes the polish adhere more firmly to the wood4 ,oak ,wood ,polish4--,the wood is first carefully smoothed1 then painted with the following rather thickly liquid mass1 using a brush1 viz43 ,mix #a #a_/b parts1 by weight1 of finely washed chalk 7whiting71 #a_/b part of dryer1 and #a part of boiled linseed oil with benzine and tint 7umber with a little lampblack1 burnt sienna74 ,after the applied mixture has become dry1 rub it down1 polish with glass powder1 and once more coat with the same mixture4 ,after this filling and after rubbing off with stickwood chips or fine sea grass1 one or two coats of shellac are put on 7white shellac with wood alcohol for oak1 brown shellac for cherry and walnut74 ,this coating is cut down with sandpaper and given a coat of varnish1 either polishing varnish1 which is polished off with the ball of the hand or a soft brush1 or with interior varnish1 which is rubbed down with oil and pumice stone4 ,this polish is glass hard1 transparent1 of finer luster1 and resistive4 ,hard ,wood ,polish4--,in finishing hard wood with a wax polish the wood is first coated with a 8filler10 which is omitted in the case of soft wood4 ,the filler is made from some hard substance1 very finely ground2 sand is used by some manufactures4 ,the polish is the same as for soft wood4 ,the simplest method of applying wax is by a heated iron1 scraping off the surplus1 and then rubbing with a cloth4 ,it is evident that this method is especially laborious2 and for that reason solution of the wax is desirable4 ,it may be dissolved rather freely in turpentine spirit1 and is said to be soluble also in kerosene oil4 ,the following recipes give varnish-like polishes3 ,i4--,dissolve #ae parts of shellac and #ae parts of sandarac in #ahj parts of spirit of wine4 ,of this liquid put some on a ball of cloth waste and cover with white linen moistened with raw linseed oil4 ,the wood to be polished is rubbed with this by the well-known circular motion4 ,when the wood has absorbed sufficient polish1 a little spirit of wine is added to the polish1 and the rubbing is continued4 ,the polished articles are said to sustain no damage by water1 nor show spots or cracks4 ,,ii4--,orange shellac1 #c parts2 sandarac1 #a part2 dissolved in #cj parts of alcohol4 ,for mahogany add a little dragon's blood4 ,,iii4--,fifteen parts of oil of turpentine1 dyed with anchusine1 or undyed1 and #d parts of scraped yellow wax are stirred into a uniform mass by heating on the water bath4 #eii ,,iv4--,melt #a part of white wax on the water bath1 and add #h parts of petroleum4 ,the mixture is applied hot4 ,the petroleum evaporates and leaves behind a thin layer of wax1 which is subsequently rubbed out lightly with a dry cloth rag4 ,v4--,stearine #ajj parts ,yellow wax #be parts ,caustic potash #fj parts ,yellow laundry soap #aj parts ,water1 a sufficient quantity4 ,heat together until a homogeneous mixture is formed4 ,,vi4--,yellow wax #be parts ,yellow laundry soap #f parts ,glue #ab parts ,soda ash #be parts ,water1 a sufficient quantity4 ,dissolve the soda in #djj parts of water1 add the wax1 and boil down to #bej parts1 then add the soap4 ,dissolve the glue in #ajj parts of hot water1 and mix the whole with the saponified wax4 ,,vii4--,this is waterproof4 ,put into a stoppered bottle #a pint alcohol2 #b ounces gum benzoin2 #a_/d ounce gum sandarac1 and #a_/d ounce gum anime4 ,put the bottle in a sand bath or in hot water till the solids are dissolved1 then strain the solution1 and add #a_/d gill best clear poppy oil4 ,shake well and the polish is ready for use4 ,,viii4--,a white polish for wood is made as follows3 ,white lac #a #a_/b pounds ,powdered borax #a ounce ,alcohol #c pints ,the lac should be thoroughly dried1 especially if it has been kept under water1 and1 in any case1 after being crushed1 it should be left in a warm place for a few hours1 in order to remove every trace of moisture4 ,the crushed lac and borax are then added to the spirit1 and the mixture is stirred frequently until solution is effected1 after which the polish should be strained through muslin4 ,,ix4--,to restore the gloss of polished wood which has sweated1 prepare a mixture of #ajj parts of linseed oil1 #gej parts of ether1 #a1jjj parts of rectified oil of turpentine1 and #a1jjj parts of petroleum benzine1 perfumed1 if desired1 with a strongly odorous essential oil1 and colored1 if required1 with cuicuma1 orlean1 or alkanna4 ,the objects to be treated are rubbed thoroughly with this mixture1 using a woolen rag4 ,,miscellaneous ,,polishing ,,agents3 ,polishing ,agent which may also be used for ,gilding and ,silvering4--,the following mediums hitherto known as possessing the aforenamed properties1 lose these qualities upon having been kept for some time1 as the metal salt is partly reduced4 ,furthermore1 it has not been possible to admix reducing substances such as zinc to these former polishing agents1 since moisture causes the metal to precipitate4 ,the present invention obviates these evils4 ,the silver or gold salt is mixed with chalk1 for instance1 in a dry form4 ,to this mixture1 fine dry powders of one or more salts 7e4 g41 ammonia compounds7 in whose solutions the metal salt can enter are added2 if required1 a reducing body1 such as zinc1 may be added at the same time4 ,the composition is pressed firmly together and forms briquettes1 in which condition the mass keeps well4 ,for use1 all that is necessary is to scrape off a little of the substance and to prepare it with water4 ,silver ,polishing ,balls4--,this polishing agent is a powder made into balls by means of a binding medium and enjoys much popularity in ,germany4 ,it is prepared by adding #e parts of levigated chalk to #b parts of yellow tripoli1 mixing the two powders well and making into a stiff paste with very weak gum water--#a part gum arabic to #ab parts of water4 ,this dough is finally shaped by hand into balls of the size of a pigeon's egg4 ,the balls are put aside to dry on boards in a moderately warm room1 and when completely hard are wrapped in tin-foil paper4 ,to ,prepare ,polishing ,cloths4--,the stuff must be pure woolen1 colored with aniline red1 and then put in the following3 ,castile soap1 white #d parts ,jewelers' red #b parts ,water #bj parts ,mix4 ,one ounce of this mixture will answer for a cloth #ab inches square1 where several of them are saturated at the same time4 ,for the workshop1 a bit of chamois skin of the same size 7a foot square71 is preferable to wool1 on account of its durability4 ,after impregnation with the soap solution1 it should be dried in the air1 being manipulated while drying to preserve its softness and suppleness4 ,to ,polish ,delicate ,objects4--,rub the objects with a sponge charged with a mixture of #bh parts of alcohol1 #ad parts of water1 and #d parts of lavender oil4 #fjj ,polish for ,gilt ,frames4--,mix and beat the whites of #c eggs with one-third1 by weight1 of javelle water1 and apply to the gilt work4 ,steel ,dust as a ,polishing ,agent4--,steel dust is well adapted for polishing precious stones and can replace emery with advantage4 ,it is obtained by spraying water on a bar of steel brought to a high temperature4 ,the metal becomes friable and can be readily reduced to powder in a mortar4 ,this powder is distinguished from emery by its mordanting properties and its lower price4 ,besides1 it produces a finer1 and consequently1 a more durable polish4 ,polishing ,bricks4--,stir into a thick pulp with water #aj parts of finely powdered and washed chalk1 #a part of ,english red1 and #b parts of powdered gypsum2 give it a square shape and dry4 ,polishing ,cream4-- ,denaturized alcohol #djj parts ,spirit of sal ammoniac #ge parts ,water #aej parts ,petroleum ether #hj parts ,infusorial earth #ajj parts ,red bole or white bole #ej parts ,calcium carbonate #ajj parts ,add as much of the powders as desired4 ,mirbane oil may be used for scenting4 ,polishing ,paste4-- ,infusorial earth 7,kieselguhr7 #h ounces ,paraffine #b ounces ,lubricating oil #f fluidounces ,oleic acid #a fluidounce ,oil mirbane #cj minims ,melt the paraffine with the lubricating oil1 and mix with the infusorial earth1 then add the oleic acid and oil of mirbane4 ,to ,polish ,paintings on ,wood4--,according to the statements of able cabinet makers who frequently had occasion to cover decorations on wood1 especially aquarelle painting1 with a polish1 a good coating of fine white varnish is the first necessity1 dammar varnish being employed for this purpose4 ,this coat is primarily necessary as a protective layer so as to preserve the painted work from destructive attacks during the rubbing for the production of a smooth surface and the subsequent polishing4 ,at all events1 the purest white polishing varnish must be used for the polish so as to prevent a perceptible subsequent darkening of the white painting colors4 ,naturally the success here is also dependent upon the skill of the polisher4 ,to polish painting executed on wood it is necessary to choose a white1 dense1 fine grained wood1 which must present a well-smoothed surface before the painting4 ,after the painting the surface is faintly coated with a fine1 quickly drying1 limpid varnish4 ,when the coating has dried well1 it is carefully rubbed down with finely pulverized pumice stone1 with tallow or white lard1 and now this surface is polished in the usual manner with a good solution prepared from the best white shellac4 ,polishing ,mediums4--,for iron and steel1 stannic oxide or ,vienna lime or iron oxide and sometimes steel powder is employed4 ,in using the burnisher1 first oil is taken1 then soap water1 and next ,vienna lime4 ,for copper1 brass1 ,german silver1 and tombac1 stearine oil and ,vienna lime are used4 ,articles of brass can be polished1 after the pickling1 in the lathe with employment of a polish consisting of shellac1 dissolved in alcohol1 #a1jjj parts2 powdered turmeric1 #a1jjj parts2 tartar1 #b1jjj parts2 ox gall1 #ej parts2 water1 #c1jjj parts4 ,gold is polished with ferric oxide 7red stuff71 which1 moistened with alcohol1 is applied to leather4 ,for polishing silver1 the burnisher or bloodstone is employed1 using soap water1 thin beer1 or a decoction of soap wort4 ,silver-plated articles are also polished with ,vienna lime4 ,to produce a dull luster on gold and silver ware1 glass brushes1 i4 e41 scratch brushes of finely spun glass threads1 are made use of4 ,pewter articles are polished with ,vienna lime or whiting2 the former on a linen rag1 the latter on leather4 ,if embossed articles are to be polished1 use the burnisher1 and for polish1 soap water1 soap-wort decoction1 ox gall with water4 ,antimony-lead alloys are polished with burnt magnesia on soft leather or with fine jewelers' red4 ,zinc is brightened with ,vienna lime or powdered charcoal4 ,vienna lime gives a light-colored polish on brass1 while ferric oxide imparts a dark luster4 ,rouge or ,paris ,red4--,this appears in commerce in many shades1 varying from brick red to chocolate brown4 ,the color1 however1 is in no wise indicative of its purity or good quality1 but it can be accepted as a criterion by which to #fja determine the hardness of the powder4 ,the darker the powder1 the greater is its degree of hardness2 the red or reddish is always very soft1 wherefore the former is used for polishing steel and the latter for softer metals4 ,for the most part1 ,paris red consists of ferric oxide or ferrous oxide4 ,in its production advantage is taken of a peculiarity common to most salts of iron1 that when heated to a red heat they separate the iron oxide from the acid combination4 ,in its manufacture it is usual to take commercial green vitriol1 copperas crystals1 and subject them to a moderate heat to drive off the water of crystallization4 ,when this is nearly accomplished they will settle down in a white powder1 which is now placed in a crucible and raised to a glowing red heat till no more vapor arises1 when the residue will be found a soft smooth red powder4 ,as the temperature is raised in the crucible1 the darker will become the color of the powder and the harder the abrasive4 ,should an especially pure rouge be desired1 it may be made so by boiling the powder we have just made in a weak solution of soda and afterwards washing it out repeatedly and thoroughly with clean water4 ,if treated in this way1 all the impurities that may chance to stick to the iron oxide will be separated from it4 ,should a rouge be needed to put a specially brilliant polish upon any object its manufacture ought to be conducted according to the following formula3 ,dissolve commercial green vitriol in water2 dissolve also a like weight of sorrel salt in water2 filter both solutions2 mix them well1 and warm to #adj ,f42 a yellow precipitate1 which on account of its weight1 will settle immediately2 decant the fluid1 dry out the residue1 and afterwards heat it as before in an iron dish in a moderately hot furnace till it glows red4 ,by this process an exceptionally smooth1 deep-red powder is obtained1 which1 if proper care has been exercised in the various steps1 will need no elutriation1 but can be used for polishing at once4 ,with powders prepared in this wise our optical glasses and lenses of finest quality are polished4 ,,polishes ,,for ,,the ,,laundry3 ,see ,laundry ,preparations4 ,,pomade1 ,,putz3 ,see ,cleaning ,preparations and ,methods4 ,,pomades3 ,see ,cosmetics4 ,,pomegranate ,,essence3 ,see ,essences and ,extracts4 ,,porcelain3 ,see also ,ceramics4 ,mending ,porcelain by ,riveting 7see ,adhesives for methods of mending ,porcelain by means of cements74--,porcelain and glass can be readily pierced with steel tools4 ,best suited are hardened drills of ordinary shape1 moistened with oil of turpentine1 if the glazed or vitreous body is to be pierced4 ,in the case of majolica and glass without enamel the purpose is best reached if the drilling is done under water4 ,thus1 the vessel should previously be filled with water1 and placed in a receptacle containing water1 so that the drill is used under water1 and1 after piercing the clay body1 reaches the water again4 ,in the case of objects glazed on the inside1 instead of filling them with water1 the spot where the drill must come through may be underlaid with cork4 ,the pressure with which the drill is worked is determined by the hardness of the material1 but when the tool is about to reach the other side it should gradually decrease and finally cease almost altogether1 so as to avoid chipping4 ,in order to enlarge small bore holes already existing1 three-cornered or four-square broaches1 ground and polished1 are best adapted4 ,these are likewise employed under water or1 if the material is too hard 7glass or enamel71 moistened with oil of turpentine4 ,the simultaneous use of oil of turpentine and water is most advisable in all cases1 even where the nature of the article to be pierced does not admit the use of oil alone1 as in the case of majolica and non-glazed porcelain1 which absorb the oil1 without the use of water4 ,porcelain ,decoration4--,a brilliant yellow color1 known as 8gold luster10 may be produced on porcelain by the use of paint prepared as follows3 ,melt over a sand bath #cj parts of rosin1 add #aj parts of uranic nitrate1 and1 while constantly stirring1 incorporate with the liquid #ce to #dj parts of oil of lavender4 ,after the mixture has become entirely homogeneous1 remove the source of heat1 and add #cj to #dj parts more of oil of lavender4 ,intimately mix the mass thus obtained with a like quantity of bismuth glass prepared by fusing together equal parts of oxide of bismuth and crystallized boric acid4 ,the paint is to be burned in in the usual manner4 ,,porcelain1 ,,how ,,to ,,tell ,,pottery ,,and ,,porcelain3 ,see ,ceramics4 #fjb ,,portland ,,cement3 ,see ,cement4 ,,portland ,,cement1 ,,size ,,over3 ,see ,adhesives4 ,,postal ,,cards1 ,,how ,,to ,,make ,,sensitized3 ,see ,photography1 under ,paper-,sensitizing ,processes4 ,,potassium ,,silicate ,,as ,a ,,cement3 ,see ,adhesives1 under ,water-,glass ,cements4 ,,potato ,,starch3 ,see ,starch4 ,,pottery3 ,see ,ceramics4 ,,poultry ,,applications3 ,see ,insecticides4 ,,poultry ,,foods ,,and ,,poultry ,,diseases ,,and ,,their ,,remedies3 ,see ,veterinary ,formulas4 ,,poultry ,,wine3 ,see ,wines and ,liquors4 ,,pounce3 ,see ,cleaning ,preparations and ,methods1 under ,ink ,eradicators4 ,,powder ,,for ,,colored ,,fires3 ,see ,pyrotechnics4 ,,powder1 ,,face3 ,see ,cosmetics4 ,,powder1 ,,roup3 ,see ,roup ,powder4 ,,powders ,,for ,,stamping3 ,see ,stamping4 ,,powders ,,for ,,the ,,toilet3 ,see ,cosmetics4 ,preservatives 7,see also ,foods47 ,preservative ,fluid for ,museums4-- ,formaldehyde solution #f parts ,glycerine #ab parts ,alcohol #c parts ,water #ajj parts ,the addition of glycerine becomes necessary only if it is desired to keep the pieces in a soft state4 ,filtering through animal charcoal renders the liquid perfectly colorless4 ,for dense objects1 such as lungs and liver1 it is best to make incisions so as to facilitate the penetration of the fluid4 ,in the case of very thick pieces1 it is best to take #hj to #ajj parts of formaldehyde solution for above quantities4 ,preservative for ,stone1 etc4--,a new composition1 or paint1 for protecting stone1 wood1 cement1 etc41 from the effects of damp or other deleterious influences consists of quicklime1 chalk1 mineral colors1 turpentine1 boiled oil1 galipot1 rosin1 and benzine4 ,the lime1 chalk1 colors1 and turpentine are first fixed and then made into a paste with the boiled oil4 ,the paste is finely ground and mixed with the rosins previously dissolved in the benzine4 ,preservative for ,stuffed ,animals4--,for the exterior preservation use ,arsenic #j4g parts ,alum #ae4j parts ,water #ajj4j parts ,for sprinkling the inside skin as well as filling bones1 the following is employed3 ,camphor #b parts ,insect powder #b parts ,black pepper #a part ,flowers of sulphur #d parts ,alum #c parts ,calcined soda #c parts ,tobacco powder #c parts ,preservatives for ,zoological and ,anatomical ,specimens4--,the preparations are first placed in a solution or mixture of ,sodium fluoride #e parts ,formaldehyde 7#dj per cent7 #b parts ,water #ajj parts ,after leaving this fixing liquid they are put in the following preservative solution3 ,glycerine 7#bh ,b47 #e parts ,water #aj parts ,magnesium chloride #a part ,sodium fluoride #j4b parts ,in this liquid zoological preparations1 especially reptiles1 retain their natural coloring4 ,most anatomical preparations likewise remain unchanged therein4 ,,preservatives ,,for ,,wood3 ,see ,wood4 ,preserving ,canning4--,there should be no trouble in having canned fruit keep well if perfect or 8chemical cleanliness0 is observed in regard to jars1 lids1 etc41 and if the fruit or vegetables are in good order1 not overripe or beginning to ferment where bruised or crushed4 ,fruit will #fjc never come out of jars better than it goes in4 ,it is better to put up a little fruit at a time when it is just ripe than to wait for a large amount to ripen1 when the first may be overripe and fermenting and likely to spoil the whole lot4 ,use only the finest flavored fruit4 ,have everything ready before beginning canning4 ,put water in each jar1 fit on rubbers and tops1 and invert the jar on the table4 ,if any water oozes out try another top and rubber until sure the jar is air-tight4 ,wash jars and tops1 put them in cold water and bring to a boil4 ,when the fruit is cooked ready take a jar from the boiling water1 set it on a damp cloth laid in a soup plate1 dip a rubber in boiling water1 and fit it on firmly4 ,fill the jar to overflowing1 wipe the brim1 screw on the top1 and turn it upside down on a table4 ,if any syrup oozes out empty the jar back into the kettle and fit on a tighter rubber4 ,let it stand upside down till cold1 wipe clean1 wrap in thick paper1 and keep in a cool1 dry place4 ,these general directions are for all fruits and vegetables that are cooked before putting in the jars4 ,fruit keeps its shape better if cooked in the jars1 which should be prepared as above1 the fruit carefully looked over and filled into the jars4 ,if a juicy fruit1 like blackberries or raspberries1 put the sugar in with it in alternate layers4 ,for cherries the amount of sugar depends on the acidity of the fruit and is best made into a syrup with a little water and poured down through them4 ,peaches and pears after paring1 are packed into the jars and a syrup of about a quarter of a pound of sugar to a pound of fruit poured over them4 ,most fruits need to be cooked from #aj to #ae minutes after the water around them begins to boil4 ,red raspberries ought not to be boiled4 ,put them into jars as gently as possible2 they are the tenderest of all fruits and will bear the slightest handling4 ,drop them in loosely1 fold a saucer into a clean cloth1 and lay over the top1 set on a perforated board in a boiler1 pour water to two-thirds1 cover and set over a slow fire4 ,as the fruit settles add more until full4 ,when it is cooked soft lift the jar out and fill to the top with boiling syrup of equal parts of sugar and water1 and seal4 ,do not can all the fruit1 for jams and jellies are a welcome change and also easier to keep4 ,raspberries and currants mixed make delicious jam4 ,use the juice of a third as many currants and #c_/d of a pound of sugar to a pound of fruit4 ,the flavor of all kinds of fruit is injured by cooking it long with the sugar1 so heat the latter in the oven and add when the fruit is nearly done4 ,jelly is best made on a clear day1 for small fruits absorb moisture1 and if picked after a rain require longer boiling1 and every minute of unnecessary boiling gives jelly a less delicate color and flavor4 ,when jelly is syrupy1 it has been boiled too long2 if it drops from the spoon with a spring1 or wrinkles as you push it with the spoon in a saucer while cooling1 it is done enough4 ,try it after #e minutes' boil4 ,cook the fruit only until the skin is broken and pulp softened4 ,strain without squeezing for jelly1 and use the last juice you squeeze out for jam4 ,measure the juice and boil uncovered1 skimming off4 ,for sweet fruits #c_/d of a pound of sugar is enough to a pint of juice4 ,heat the sugar in the oven1 add to the boiling juice2 stir till dissolved4 ,when it boils up1 draw to the back of the stove4 ,scald the jelly glasses1 fill and let stand in a clean1 cool place till next day2 then cover4 ,blackberries make jelly of a delicious flavor and jelly easily when a little underripe4 ,currants should be barely ripe2 the ends of the bunches may be rather green4 ,a highly prized way of canning cherries3 ,stone and let them stand overnight4 ,in the morning pour off the juice1 add sugar to taste1 and some water if there is not much juice1 and boil and skim till it is a rich syrup4 ,if the cherries are sweet a pint of juice and #c_/d of a pint of sugar will be right4 ,heat the jars1 put in the uncooked cherries till they are nearly full2 then pour over them the boiling syrup and fasten on the covers4 ,set the jars in a washboiler1 fill it with very hot water and let it stand all night4 ,the heat of the syrup and of the water will cook the fruit1 but the flavor and color will be that of fresh and uncooked cherries4 ,canning without ,sugar4--,i4--,in order to preserve the juices of fruit merely by sterilization1 put the juice into the bottles in which it is to be kept1 filling them very nearly full2 place the bottles1 unstoppered1 in a kettle filled with cold water1 so arranging them on a wooden perforated 8false bottom10 or other like contrivance1 as to prevent their immediate contact with the metal1 thus preventing unequal heating and possible fracture4 ,now heat the water1 gradually raising the temperature to the boiling point1 and maintain at that until the juice attains a boiling temperature2 then close the bottles with perfectly fitting corks1 which #fjd have been kept immersed in boiling water for a short time before use4 ,the corks should not be fastened in any way1 for if the sterilization is not complete1 fermentation and consequent explosion of the bottle might occur1 unless the cork should be forced out4 ,the addition of sugar is not necessary to secure the success of the operation2 in fact a small proportion would have no antiseptic effect4 ,if the juice is to be used for syrup as for use at the soda fountain1 the best method is to make a concentrated syrup at once1 using about #b pounds of refined sugar to #a pint of juice1 dissolving by a gentle heat4 ,the syrup may be made by simple agitation without heat and a finer flavor thus results1 but its keeping quality would be uncertain4 ,,ii4--,fruit juices may be preserved by gentle heating and after protection from the air in sterilized containers4 ,the heat required is much below the boiling point4 ,professor ,mller finds that a temperature of from #adj to #aeh ,f41 maintained for #ae minutes1 is sufficient to render the fermenting agents present inactive4 ,the bottles must also be heated to destroy any adherent germs4 ,the juices may be placed in them as expressed and the container then placed in a water bath4 ,as soon as the heating is finished the bottles must be securely closed4 ,the heating process will1 in consequence of coagulating certain substances1 produce turbidity1 and if clear liquid is required1 filtration is1 of course1 necessary4 ,in this case it is better to heat the juice in bulk in a kettle1 filter through felt1 fill the bottles1 and then heat again in the containers as in the first instance4 ,it is said that grape juice prepared in this manner has been found unaltered after keeping for many years4 ,various antiseptics have been proposed as preservatives for fruit juices and other articles of food1 but all such agents are objectionable both on account of their direct action on the system and their effect in rendering food less digestible4 ,while small quantities of such drugs occasionally taken may exert no appreciable effect1 continuous use is liable to be more or less harmful4 ,,crushed ,,fruit ,,preserving3 ,crushed ,pineapples4--,secure a good brand of canned grated pineapple and drain off about one-half of the liquor by placing on a strainer4 ,add to each pound of pineapple #a pound of granulated sugar4 ,place on the fire and bring to boiling point1 stirring constantly4 ,just before removing from the fire1 add to each gallon of pulp #a ounce saturated alcoholic solution salicylic acid4 ,put into air-tight jars until wanted for use4 ,crushed ,peach4--,take a good brand of canned yellow peaches1 drain off liquor1 and rub through a ,no4 #h sieve4 ,add sugar1 bring to the boiling point1 and when ready to remove from fire add to each gallon #a ounce saturated alcoholic solution of salicylic acid4 ,put into jars and seal hermetically4 ,crushed ,apricots4--,prepared in similar manner to crushed peach1 using canned apricots4 ,crushed ,orange4--,secure oranges with a thin peel and containing plenty of juice4 ,remove the outer or yellow peel first1 taking care not to include any of bitter peel4 ,the outer peel may be used in making orange phosphate or tincture sweet orange peel4 ,after removing the outer peel1 remove the inner1 bitter peel1 quarter and remove the seeds4 ,extract part of the juice and grind the pulp through an ordinary meat grinder4 ,add sugar1 place on the fire1 and bring to the boiling point4 ,when ready to remove1 add to each gallon #a ounce saturated alcoholic solution of salicylic acid and #a ounce glycerine4 ,put into jars and seal4 ,crushed ,cherries4--,if obtainable1 the large1 dark ,california cherry should be used4 ,stone the cherries1 and grind to a pulp4 ,add sugar1 and place on the fire1 stirring constantly4 ,before removing1 add to each gallon #a ounce of the saturated solution of salicylic acid4 ,put into jars and seal4 ,dry ,sugar ,preserving4--,the fruits are embedded in a thick layer of dry1 powdered sugar to which they give up the greater part of the water contained in them4 ,at the same time1 a quantity of sugar passes through the skins into the interior of the fruits4 ,afterwards1 the fruits are washed once1 wiped1 and completely dried4 ,fruit ,preserving4--,express the juice and filter at once1 through two thicknesses of best white ,swedish paper1 into a container that has been sterilized immediately before letting the juice run into it1 by boiling water4 ,the better plan is to take out of water in active ebullition at the moment you desire to use it4 ,have ready some long-necked1 #h-ounce vials1 which should also be kept in boiling water until needed4 ,pour the juice into these1 leaving room in the upper part of the body of the vial to #fje receive a teaspoonful of the best olive oil4 ,pour the latter in so that it will trickle down the neck and form a layer on top of the juice1 and close the neck with a wad of antiseptic cotton thrust into it in such manner that it does not touch the oil1 and leaves room for the cork to be put in without touching it4 ,cork and cap or seal the vial1 and put in a cool1 dark place1 and keep standing upright4 ,if carried out faithfully with due attention to cleanliness1 this process will keep the juice in a perfectly natural condition for a very long time4 ,the two essentials are the careful and rapid filtration1 and the complete asepticization of the containers4 ,another process1 in use in the ,french ,navy1 depends upon the rapid and careful filtering of the juice1 and the addition of from #h to #aj per cent of alcohol4 ,raspberry ,juice4--,a dark juice is obtained by adding to the crushed raspberries1 before the fermentation1 slight quantities of sugar in layers4 ,the ethyl-alcohol forming during the fermentation is said to cause a better extraction of the raspberry red4 ,furthermore1 the boiling should not be conducted on a naked fire1 but by means of superheated steam1 so as to avoid formation of caramel4 ,finally1 the sugar used should be perfectly free from ultramarine and lime1 since both impurities detract from the red color of the raspberries4 ,spice for ,fruit ,compote4--,this is greatly in demand in neighborhoods where many plums and pears are preserved4 ,parts ,parts ,lemon peel #ae or -- ,cinnamon1 ordinary #ae or #ej ,star aniseed #aj or #ae ,coriander #c or #ajj ,carob pods #e or -- ,ginger root1 peeled #b or #bjj ,pimento -- or #ajj ,licorice -- or #ajj ,cloves1 without stems -- or #cj ,spanish peppers -- or #b ,oil of lemon -- or #d ,oil of cinnamon -- or #b ,oil of cloves -- or #b ,all the solid constituents are powdered moderately fine and thoroughly mixed2 the oils dropped in last1 and rubbed into the powder4 ,strawberries4--,carefully remove the stems and calyxes1 place the strawberries on a sieve1 and move the latter about in a tub of water for a few moments1 to remove any dirt clinging to them4 ,drain and partially dry spontaneously1 then remove from the sieve and put into a porcelain-lined kettle provided with a tight cover4 ,to every pound of berries take a half pound of sugar and #b ounces of water and put the same in a kettle over the fire4 ,let remain until the sugar has dissolved or become liquid1 and then pour the same1 while still hot1 over the berries1 cover the kettle tightly and let it stand overnight4 ,the next morning put the kettle over the fire1 removing the cover when the berries begin to boil1 and let boil gently for #f to #h minutes 7according to the mass71 removing all scum as it arises4 ,remove from the fire1 and with a perforated spoon or dipper take the fruit from the syrup1 and fill into any suitable vessel4 ,replace the syrup on the fire and boil for about the same length of time as before1 then pour1 all hot1 over the berries4 ,the next day empty out the contents of the vessel on a sieve1 and let the berries drain off2 remove the syrup that drains off1 add water1 put on the fire1 and boil until you obtain a syrup which flows but slowly from the stirring spoon4 ,at this point add the berries1 and let boil gently for a few moments4 ,have your preserve jars as hot as possible1 by putting them into a pot of cold water and bringing the latter to a boil1 and into them fill the berries1 hot from the kettle4 ,cool down1 cover with buttered paper1 and immediately close the jars hermetically4 ,if corks are used1 they should be protected below with parchment paper1 and afterwards covered with wet bladder stretched over the top1 securely tied and waxed4 ,the process seems very troublesome and tedious1 but all of the care expended is repaid by the richness and pureness of the flavor of the preserve1 which maintains the odor and taste of the fresh berry in perfection4 ,hydrogen ,peroxide as a ,preservative4--,hydrogen peroxide is one of the best1 least harmful1 and most convenient agents for preserving syrups1 wine1 beer1 cider1 and vinegar4 ,for this purpose #b #a_/b fluidrachms of the commercial peroxide of hydrogen may be added to each quart of the article to be preserved4 ,hydrogen peroxide also affords an easy test for bacteria in water4 ,when hydrogen peroxide is added to water that contains bacteria1 these organisms decompose it1 and consequently oxygen gas is given off4 ,if the water be much contaminated the disengagement of gas may be quite brisk4 #fjf ,to ,preserve ,milk 7which should be as fresh as possible7 there should be added enough hydrogen peroxide to cause it to be completely decomposed by the enzymes of the milk4 ,for this purpose #a4c per cent1 by volume1 of a #c per cent hydrogen peroxide solution is required4 ,the milk is well shaken and kept for #e hours at #abb to #abe ,f4 in well-closed vessels4 ,upon cooling1 it may keep fresh for about a month and also to retain its natural fresh taste4 ,with this process1 if pure milk is used1 the ordinary disease germs are killed off soon after milking and the milk sterilized4 ,powdered ,cork as a ,preservative4--,tests have shown that powdered cork is very efficacious for packing and preserving fruits and vegetables4 ,a bed of cork is placed at the bottom of the case1 and the fruits or vegetables and the cork are then disposed in alternate layers1 with a final one of cork at the top4 ,care should be taken to fill up the interstices1 in order to prevent friction4 ,fruit may thus be kept fresh a year1 provided any unsound parts have been removed preliminarily4 ,when unpacking for sale1 it suffices to plunge the fruit into water4 ,generally speaking1 #ej pounds of cork go with #a1jjj or #a1bjj pounds of fruit4 ,the cork serves as a protection against cold1 heat1 and humidity4 ,various fruits1 such as grapes1 mandarines1 tomatoes1 and early vegetables1 are successfully packed in this way4 ,,pressure ,,table3 ,see ,tables4 ,,print ,,copying3 ,see ,copying4 ,,printers' ,,oil3 ,see ,oil4 ,,printing ,,on ,,photographs3 ,see ,photography4 ,,prints1 ,,restoration ,,of3 ,see ,engravings4 ,,prints1 ,,their ,,preservation3 ,see ,engravings4 ,,printing ,,oilcloth ,,and ,,leather ,,in ,,gold3 ,see ,gold4 ,,printing-,,out ,,paper1 ,,how ,,to ,,sensitize3 ,see ,photography1 under ,paper-,sensitizing ,processes4 ,,printing-,,roller ,,compositions3 ,see ,roller ,compositions for ,printers4 ,,prussic ,,acid3 ,see ,poisons4 ,,pumice ,,stone4 ,while emery is used for polishing tools1 polishing sand for stones and glass1 ferric oxide for fine glassware1 and lime and felt for metals1 pumice stone is more frequently employed for polishing softer objects4 ,natural pumice stone presents but little firmness1 and the search has therefore been made to replace the natural product with an artificial one4 ,an artificial stone has been produced by means of sandstone and clay1 designed to be used for a variety of purposes4 ,no4 #a1 hard or soft1 with coarse grain1 is designed for leather and waterproof garments1 and for the industries of felt and wool2 ,no4 #b1 hard and soft1 of average grain1 is designed for work in stucco and sculptors' use1 and for rubbing down wood before painting2 ,no4 #c1 soft1 with fine grain1 is used for polishing wood and tin articles2 ,no4 #d1 of average hardness1 with fine grain1 is used for giving to wood a surface previous to polishing with oil2 ,no4 #e1 hard1 with fine grain1 is employed for metal work and stones1 especially lithographic stones4 ,these artificial products are utilized in the same manner as the volcanic products4 ,for giving a smooth surface to wood1 the operation is dry2 but for finishing1 the product is diluted with oil4 ,,pumice-,,stone ,,soap3 ,see ,soaps4 ,,punches3 ,see ,ice ,creams4 ,,puncture ,,cement3 ,see ,cement4 ,,purple ,,of ,,cassius3 ,see ,gold4 ,putty 7,see also ,lutes1 under ,adhesives and ,cements47 ,common putty1 as used by carpenters1 painters1 and glaziers1 is whiting mixed with linseed oil to the consistency of dough4 ,plasterers use a fine lime mortar that is called putty4 ,jewelers use a tin oxide for polishing1 called putty powder or putz powder4 7,see ,putz ,powder1 under ,jewelers' ,polishes1 under ,polishes47 #fjg ,acid-,proof ,putty4--,i4--,melt #a part of gum elastic with #b parts of linseed oil and mix with the necessary quantity of white bole by continued kneading to the desired consistency4 ,hydrochloric acid and nitric acid do not attack this putty1 it softens somewhat in the warm and does not dry readily on the surface4 ,the drying and hardening is effected by an admixture of #a_/b part of litharge or red lead4 ,,ii4--,a putty which will even resist boiling sulphuric acid is prepared by melting caoutchouc at a moderate heat1 then adding #h per cent of tallow1 stirring constantly1 whereupon sufficiently slaked lime is added until the whole has the consistency of soft dough4 ,finally about #bj per cent of red lead is still added1 which causes the mass to set immediately and to harden and dry4 ,a solution of caoutchouc in double its weight of linseed oil1 added by means of heat and with the like quantity 7weight7 of pipe clay1 gives a plastic mass which likewise resists most acids4 ,black ,putty4--,mix whiting and antimony sulphide1 the latter finely powdered1 with soluble glass4 ,this putty1 it is claimed1 can be polished1 after hardening1 by means of a burnishing agate4 ,durable ,putty4--,according to the 8,gewerbeschau10 mix a handful of burnt lime with #d #a_/d ounces of linseed oil2 allow this mixture to boil down to the consistency of common putty1 and dry the extensible mass received1 in a place not accessible to the rays of the sun4 ,when the putty1 which has become very hard through the drying1 is to be used1 it is warmed4 ,over the flame it will become soft and pliable1 but after having been applied and become cold1 it binds the various materials very firmly4 ,glaziers' ,putty4--,i4--,for puttying panes or looking glasses into picture frames a mixture prepared as follows is well adapted3 ,make a solution of gum elastic in benzine1 strong enough so that a syrup-like fluid results4 ,if the solution be too thin1 wait until the benzine evaporates4 ,then grind white lead in linseed-oil varnish to a stiff paste and add the gum solution4 ,this putty may be used1 besides the above purposes1 for the tight puttying-in of window panes into their frames4 ,the putty is applied on the glass lap of the frames and the panes are firmly pressed into it4 ,the glass plates thereby obtain a good1 firm support and stick to the wood1 as the putty adheres both to the glass and to the wood4 ,,ii4--,a useful putty for mirrors1 etc41 is prepared by dissolving gummi elasticum 7caoutchouc7 in benzol to a syrupy solution1 and incorporating this latter with a mixture of white lead and linseed oil to make a stiff pulp4 ,the putty adheres strongly to both glass and wood1 and may therefore be applied to the framework of the window1 mirror1 etc41 to be glazed1 the glass being then pressed firmly on the cementing layer thus formed4 ,hard ,putty4--,this is used by carriage painters and jewelers4 ,boil #d pounds brown umber and #g pounds linseed oil for #b hours2 stir in #b ounces beeswax2 take from the fire and mix in #e #a_/b pounds chalk and #aa pounds white lead2 the mixing must be done very thoroughly4 ,painters' ,putty and ,rough ,stuff4--,gradually knead sifted dry chalk 7whiting7 or else rye flour1 powdered white lead1 zinc white1 or lithopone white with good linseed-oil varnish4 ,the best putty is produced from varnish with plenty of chalk and some zinc white4 ,this mixture can be tinted with earth colors4 ,these oil putties must be well kneaded together and rather compact 7like glaziers' putty74 ,if flour paste is boiled 7this is best produced by scalding with hot water1 pouring in1 gradually1 the rye flour which has been previously dissolved in a little cold water and stirring constantly until the proper consistency is attained7 and dry sifted chalk and a little varnish are added1 a good rough stuff for wood or iron is obtained1 which can be rubbed4 ,this may also be produced from glaziers' oil putty by gradually kneading into it flour paste and a little more sifted dry chalk4 ,to ,soften ,glaziers' ,putty4--,i4--,glaziers' putty which has become hard can be softened with the following mixture3 ,mix carefully equal parts of crude powdered potash and freshly burnt lime and make it into a paste with a little water4 ,this dough1 to which about #a_/d part of soft soap is still added1 is applied on the putty to be softened1 but care has to be taken not to cover other paint1 as it would be surely destroyed thereby4 ,after a few hours the hardest putty will be softened by this caustic mass and can be removed from glass and wood4 ,,ii4--,a good way to make the putty soft and plastic enough in a few hours so that it can be taken off like fresh putty1 is by the use of kerosene1 which entirely dissolves the linseed oil of the putty1 #fjh transformed into rosin1 and quickly penetrates it4 ,substitute for ,putty4--,a cheap and effective substitute for putty to stop cracks in woodwork is made by soaking newspapers in a paste made by boiling a pound of flour in #c quarts of water1 and adding a teaspoonful of alum4 ,this mixture should be of about the same consistency as putty1 and should be forced into the cracks with a blunt knife4 ,it will harden1 like papier mach1 and when dry may be painted or stained to match the boards1 when it will be almost imperceptible4 ,waterproof ,putties4--,i4--,grind powdered white lead or minium 7red lead7 with thick linseed-oil varnish to a stiff paste4 ,this putty is used extensively for tightening wrought-iron gas pipes1 for tightening rivet seams on gas meters1 hot-water furnaces1 cast-iron flange pipes for hot-water heating1 etc4 ,the putty made with minium dries very slowly1 but becomes tight even before it is quite hard1 and holds very firmly after solidification4 ,sometimes a little ground gypsum is added to it4 ,the two following putties are cheaper than the above-mentioned red lead putty3 ,,ii4--,one part white lead1 #a part manganese1 one part white pipe clay1 prepared with linseed-oil varnish4 ,,iii4--,two parts red lead1 #e parts white lead1 #d parts clay1 ground in or prepared with linseed-oil varnish4 ,,iv4--,excellent putty1 which has been found invaluable where waterproof closing and permanent adhesion are desired1 is made from litharge and glycerine4 ,the litharge must be finely pulverized and the glycerine very concentrated1 thickly liquid1 and clear as water4 ,both substances are mixed into a viscid1 thickly liquid pulp4 ,the pegs of kerosene lamps1 for instance1 can be fixed in so firmly with this putty that they can only be removed by chiseling it out4 ,for puttying in the glass panes of aquariums it is equally valuable4 ,as it can withstand higher temperatures it may be successfully used for fixing tools1 curling irons1 forks1 etc41 in the wooden handles4 ,the thickish putty mass is rubbed into the hole1 and the part to be fixed is inserted4 ,as this putty hardens very quickly it cannot be prepared in large quantities1 and only enough for immediate use must be compounded in each case4 ,v4--,five parts of hydraulic lime1 #j4c parts of tar1 #j4c parts of rosin1 #a part of horn water 7the decoction resulting from boiling horn in water and decanting the latter74 ,the materials are to be mixed and boiled4 ,after cooling1 the putty is ready for use4 ,this is an excellent cement for glass1 and may be used also for reservoirs and any vessels for holding water1 to cement the cracks2 also for many other purposes4 ,it will not give way1 and is equally good for glass1 wood1 and metal4 ,,vi4--,this is especially recommended for boiler leaks3 ,mix well together #f parts of powdered graphite1 #c parts of slaked lime1 #h parts of heavy spar 7barytes71 and #h parts of thick linseed-oil varnish1 and apply in the ordinary way to the spots4 ,,putty ,,for ,,attaching ,,sign-,,letters ,,to ,,glass3 ,see ,adhesives1 under ,sign-,letter ,cements4 ,,putty1 ,,to ,,remove3 ,see ,cleaning ,preparations and ,methods4 ,,putz ,,pomade3 ,see ,cleaning ,preparations and ,methods4 ,,pyrogallic ,,acid3 ,see ,photography4 ,,pyrogallic ,,acid ,,stains1 ,,to ,,remove1 ,,from ,,the ,,skin3 ,see ,cleaning ,preparations and ,methods and ,photography4 ,,pyrocatechin ,,developer3 ,see ,photography4 ,pyrotechnics ,,fireworks4 ,the chief chemical process is1 of course1 oxidation4 ,oxidation may be produced by the atmosphere1 but in many cases this is not enough1 and then the pyrotechnist must employ his knowledge of chemistry in selecting oxidizing agents4 ,the chief of these oxidizing agents are chlorates and nitrates1 the effect of which is to promote the continuance of combustion when it is once started4 ,they are specially useful1 owing to their solid non-hygroscopic nature4 ,then ingredients are needed to prevent the too speedy action of the oxidizing agents1 to regulate the process of combustion1 such as calomel1 sand1 and sulphate of potash4 ,thirdly1 there are the active ingredients that produce the desired effect1 prominent among which are substances that in contact with flame impart some special color to it4 ,brilliancy and brightness are imparted by steel1 zinc1 and copper #fji filings4 ,other substances employed are lampblack with gunpowder1 and1 for theatre purposes1 lycopodium4 ,fireworks may be classified under four heads1 viz43 #a4 ,single fireworks4 #b4 ,terrestrial fireworks1 which are placed upon the ground and the fire issues direct from the surface4 #c4 ,atmospheric fireworks1 which begin their display in the air4 #d4 ,aquatic fireworks1 in which oxidation is so intense that they produce a flame under water4 ,rockets4--,first and foremost among atmospheric fireworks are rockets1 made in different sizes1 each requiring a slightly different percentage composition4 ,a good formula is ,sulphur #a part ,carbon1 wood #b parts ,niter #d parts ,meal powder #a part ,meal powder is a fine black or brown dust1 which acts as a diluent4 ,roman ,candles4--,roman candles are somewhat after the same principle4 ,an average formula is3 ,sulphur #d parts ,carbon #c parts ,niter #h parts ,pin ,wheels4--,these are also similar in composition to the preceding4 ,the formula for the basis is ,sulphur #e parts ,niter #i parts ,meal powder #ae parts ,color as desired4 ,bengal ,lights4--,bengal lights have the disadvantage of being poisonous4 ,a typical preparation can be made according to this formula3 ,realgar #a part ,black antimony #e parts ,red lead #a part ,sulphur #c parts ,niter #ad parts ,,colored ,,fires4 ,the compounds should be ignited in a small pill box resting on a plate4 ,all the ingredients must be dried and powdered separately1 and then lightly mixed on a sheet of paper4 ,always bear in mind that sulphur and chlorate of potassium explode violently if rubbed together4 ,smokeless ,vari-,colored ,fire4--,first take barytes or strontium1 and bring to a glowing heat in a suitable dish1 remove from the fire1 and add the shellac4 ,the latter 7unpowdered7 will melt at once1 and can then be intimately mixed with the barytes or strontium by means of a spatula4 ,after cooling1 pulverize4 ,one may also add about #b #a_/b per cent of powdered magnesium to increase the effect4 ,take for instance #d parts of barytes or strontium and #a part of shellac4 ,the following salts1 if finely powdered and burned in an iron ladle with a little spirits1 will communicate to the flame their peculiar colors4 ,potassium nitrate or sodium chlorate1 yellow4 ,potassium chlorate1 violet4 ,calcium chloride1 orange4 ,strontium nitrate1 red4 ,barium nitrate1 apple green4 ,copper nitrate1 emerald green4 ,borax1 green4 ,lithium chloride1 purple4 ,the colored fires are used largely in the production of various theatrical effects4 ,blue ,fire4-- ,i4--,ter-sulphuret of antimony #a part ,sulphur #b parts ,nitrate of potassium #f parts ,,ii4--,sulphur #ae parts ,potassium sulphate #ae parts ,ammonio-cupric sulphate #ae parts ,potassium nitrate #bg parts ,potassium chlorate #bh parts ,,iii4--,chlorate of potash #h parts ,calomel #d parts ,copper sulphate #e parts ,shellac #c parts ,,iv4--,ore pigment #b parts ,charcoal #c parts ,potassium chloride #e parts ,sulphur #ac parts ,potassium nitrate #gg parts ,v4--,potassium chlorate #aj parts ,copper chlorate #bj parts ,alcohol #bj parts ,water #ajj parts ,,vi4--,copper chlorate #ajj parts ,copper nitrate #ej parts ,barium chlorate #be parts ,potassium chlorate #ajj parts ,alcohol #ejj parts ,water #a1jjj parts ,green4-- ,i4--,barium chlorate #bj parts ,alcohol #bj parts ,water #ajj parts ,,ii4--,barium nitrate #aj parts ,potassium chlorate #aj parts ,alcohol #bj parts ,water #ajj parts #faj ,,iii4--,shellac #e parts ,barium nitrate #a #a_/d parts ,pound after cooling1 and add ,barium chlorate1 #b to #e per cent4 ,red4-- ,i4--,shellac #e parts ,strontium nitrate #a to #a4b parts ,preparation as in green fare4 ,in damp weather add #b to #d per cent of potassium chlorate to the red flame2 the latter causes a little more smoke4 ,,ii4--,strontium nitrate #bj parts ,potassium chlorate #aj parts ,alcohol #bj parts ,water #ajj parts ,yellow4-- ,i4--,sulphur #af parts ,dried carbonate of soda #bc parts ,chlorate of potassium #fa parts ,,ii4--,sodium chlorate #bj parts ,potassium oxalate #aj parts ,alcohol #bj parts ,water #ajj parts ,violet4-- ,i4--,strontium chlorate #ae parts ,copper chlorate #ae parts ,potassium chlorate #ae parts ,alcohol #ej parts ,water #ajj parts ,,ii4--,potassium chlorate #bj parts ,strontium chlorate #bj parts ,copper chlorate #aj parts ,alcohol #ej parts ,water #ajj parts ,lilac4-- ,potassium chlorate #bj parts ,copper chlorate #aj parts ,strontium chloride #aj parts ,alcohol #ej parts ,water #ajj parts ,mauve4-- ,chlorate of potash #bh parts ,calomel #ab parts ,shellac #d parts ,strontium nitrate #d parts ,cupric sulphate #b parts ,fat #a part ,purple4-- ,copper sulphide #h parts ,calomel #g parts ,sulphur #b parts ,chlorate of potash #af parts ,white4-- ,i4--,gunpowder #ae parts ,sulphur #bb parts ,nitrate of potassium #fd parts ,,ii4--,potassium nitrate #cj parts ,sulphur #aj parts ,antimony sulphide 7black7 #e parts ,flour #c parts ,powdered camphor #b parts ,,iii4--,charcoal #a part ,sulphur #aa parts ,potassium sulphide #ch parts ,,iv4--,stearine #a part ,barium carbonate #a part ,milk sugar #d parts ,potassium nitrate #d parts ,potassium chlorate #ab parts ,as a general rule1 a corresponding quantity of shellac may be taken instead of the sulphur for inside fireworks4 ,the directions for using these solutions are simply to imbibe bibulous papers in them1 then carefully dry and roll tightly into rolls of suitable length1 according to the length of time they are to burn4 ,fuses4--,for fuses or igniting papers1 the following is used3 ,potassium nitrate #b parts ,lead acetate #dj parts ,water #ajj parts ,mix and dissolve1 and in the solution place unsized paper2 raise to nearly a boil and keep at this temperature for #bj minutes4 ,if the paper is to be 8slow10 it may now be taken out1 dried1 cut into strips1 and rolled4 ,if to be 8faster10 the heat is to be continued longer1 according to the quickness desired4 ,care must be taken to avoid boiling1 which might disintegrate the paper4 ,in preparing these papers1 every precaution against fire should be taken1 and their preparation in the shop or house should not be thought of4 ,in making the solutions1 etc41 where heat is necessary1 the water bath should invariably be used4 ,,pyrotechnic ,,magic4 ,caution4--,when about to place any lighted material in the mouth be sure that the mouth is well coated with saliva1 and that you are exhaling the breath continuously1 with greater or less force1 according to the amount of heat you can bear4 ,if the lighted material shows a tendency to burn the mouth1 do not attempt to drag it out quickly1 but simply shut the lips tight1 and breathe through the nose1 and the fire must go out instantly4 ,in the ,human ,gas ,trick1 where a flame #aj to #ae inches long is blown from the mouth1 be careful after lighting the #faa gas1 to continue to exhale the breath4 ,when you desire the gas to go out1 simply shut the lips tight and hold the breath for a few seconds4 ,in this trick1 until the gas is well out1 any inhalation is likely to be attended with the most serious results4 ,the several cautions above given may be examined with a lighted match1 first removing1 after lighting the match1 any brimstone or phosphorus from its end4 ,to ,fire ,paper1 etc41 by ,breathing on it4--,this secret seems little known to conjurers4 ,pay particular attention to the caution concerning phosphorus at the head of this article1 and the caution respecting the dangerous nature of the prepared fluid given4 ,half fill a half-ounce bottle with carbon disulphide1 and drop in #a or #b fragments of phosphorus1 each the size of a pea1 which will quickly dissolve4 ,shake up the liquid1 and pour out a small teaspoonful onto a piece of blotting paper4 ,the carbon disulphide will quickly evaporate1 leaving a film of phosphorus on the paper1 which will quickly emit fumes and burst into flame4 ,the once-popular term ,fenian fire was derived from the supposed use of this liquid by the ,fenians for the purpose of setting fire to houses by throwing a bottle down a chimney or through a window1 the bottle to break and its contents to speedily set fire to the place4 ,for the purpose of experiment this liquid should only be prepared in small quantities as above1 and any left over should be poured away onto the soil in the open air1 so as to obviate the risk of fire4 ,thin paper may be fired in a similar manner with the acid bulbs and powder already mentioned4 ,the powder should be formed into a paste1 laid on the paper1 and allowed to dry4 ,then the acid bulb is pasted over the powder4 ,burning ,brimstone4--,wrap cotton around two small pieces of brimstone and wet it with gasoline2 take between the fingers1 squeezing the surplus liquid out1 light it with a candle1 throw back the head well1 and put it on the tongue blazing4 ,blow fire from mouth1 and observe that a freshly blown-out candle may be lighted from the flame1 which makes it more effective4 ,after lighting candle chew up brimstone and pretend to swallow4 ,blazing ,sponge ,trick4--,take #b or #c small sponges1 place them in a ladle2 pour just enough oil or gasoline over them to wet them4 ,be very careful not to have enough oil on them to cause them to drip4 ,set fire to the sponges and take one of them up with the tongs1 and throw the head back and drop the blazing sponge in the mouth1 expelling the breath all the time4 ,now close your mouth quickly2 this cuts off the air from the flame and it immediately goes out4 ,be careful not to drop the sponge on the face or chin4 ,remove sponge under cover of a handkerchief before placing the second one in the mouth4 ,burning ,sealing ,wax4--,take a stick of common sealing wax in one hand and a candle in the other1 melt the wax over the candle1 and put on your tongue while blazing4 ,the moisture of the mouth cools it almost instantly4 ,care should be taken not to get any on the lips1 chin1 or hands4 ,demon ,bowls of ,fire4--,the performer has three #f #a_/b-;inch brass bowls on a table1 and openly pours ordinary clean water 7may be drunk7 into bowls1 until each is about half full4 ,then by simply passing the hand over bowls they each take fire and produce a flame #ab to #bj inches high4 ,each bowl contains about #b teaspoonfuls of ether1 upon which is placed a small piece of the metal potassium1 about the size of a pea4 ,if the ether be pure the potassium will not be acted upon4 ,when the water is poured into the bowl the ether and potassium float up1 the latter acting vigorously on the water1 evolving hydrogen and setting fire thereto1 and to the ether as well4 ,the water may be poured into the bowl and lighted at command4 ,in this case the potassium and ether are kept separated in the bowl1 the former in a little cup on one side1 and the latter in the body of the bowl4 ,the water is poured in1 and on rocking the bowl it is caused to wash into the little cup1 the potassium floats up1 and the fire is produced4 ,n4 ,b4--,the above tricks are not safe in any but specially made bowls1 i4 e41 bowls with the wide flange round edge to prevent the accidental spilling of any portion of the burning ether4 ,the ,burning ,banana4--,place some alcohol in a ladle and set fire to it4 ,dip a banana in the blazing alcohol and eat it while it is blazing4 ,as soon as it is placed in the mouth the fire goes out4 ,sparks from the ,finger ,tips4--,take a small piece of tin about #a_/b inch wide and #a #a_/b inches long4 ,bend this in the shape of a ring4 ,to the center of this piece solder another small piece of tin bent in the shape of a letter ,u2 between the #fab ends of this ,u place a small piece of wax tape about #a_/b inch long4 ,take a piece of small rubber tubing about #b feet in length and to one end of this attach a hollow rubber ball1 which you must partly fill with iron filings4 ,place the rubber ball containing the iron filings under the arm and pass the rubber tube down through the sleeve of the coat to the palm of the hand2 now place the tin ring upon the middle finger1 with the wax taper inside of the hand4 ,light this taper4 ,by pressing the arm down sharply on the rubber ball1 the force of the air will drive some of the iron filings through the rubber tube and out through the flame of the burning taper1 when they will ignite and cause a beautiful shower of sparks to appear to rain from the finger tips4 ,to ,take ,boiling ,lead in the ,mouth4--,the metal used1 while not unlike lead in appearance1 is not the ordinary metal1 but is really an alloy composed of the following substances3 ,bismuth #h parts ,lead #e parts ,tin #b parts ,to prepare it1 first melt the lead in a crucible1 then add the bismuth and finally the tin1 and stir well together with a piece of tobacco pipe stem4 ,this 8fusible metal0 will melt in boiling water1 and a teaspoon cast from the alloy will melt if very hot water be poured into it1 or if boiling water be stirred with it4 ,if the water be not quite boiling1 as is pretty sure to be the case if tea from a teapot is used1 in all probability the heat will be insufficient to melt the spoon4 ,but by melting the alloy and adding to it a small quantity of quicksilver a compound will be produced1 which1 though solid at the ordinary temperature1 will melt in water very much below the boiling point4 ,another variety of easily fusible alloy is made by melting together ,bismuth #g to #h parts ,lead #d parts ,tin #b parts ,cadmium #a to #b parts ,this mixture melts at #aeh1 that given above at #bjh ,f4 ,either one of the several alloys above given will contain considerably less heat than lead1 and in consequence be the more suitable for the purposes of a 8,fire ,king40 ,when a body is melted it is raised to a certain temperature and then gets no hotter1 not even if the fire be increased--all the extra heat goes to melt the remainder of the substance4 ,second ,method4--,this is done with a ladle constructed similarly to the tin cup in a previous trick4 ,the lead1 genuine in this case1 is1 apparently1 drunk from the ladle1 which is then tilted1 that it may be seen to be empty4 ,the lead is concealed in the secret interior of the ladle1 and a solid piece of lead is in conclusion dropped from the mouth1 as congealed metal4 ,to ,eat ,burning ,coals4--,in the first place make a good charcoal fire in the furnace4 ,just before commencing the act throw in three or four pieces of soft pine4 ,when burnt to a coal one cannot tell the difference between this and charcoal1 except by sticking a fork into it4 ,this will not burn in the least1 while the genuine charcoal will4 ,you can stick your fork into these coals without any difficulty1 but the charcoal is brittle and hard2 it breaks before the fork goes into it4 ,chain of ,fire4--,take a piece of candle wick #h or #aj inches long1 saturated with kerosene oil1 squeeze out surplus oil4 ,take hold of one end with your fire tongs1 light by furnace1 throw back your head1 and lower it into your mouth while exhaling the breath freely4 ,when all in1 close your lips and remove in handkerchief4 ,,note4--,have a good hold of the end with the tongs1 for if it should fall it would probably inflict a serious burn2 for this reason also no burning oil must drop from the cotton4 ,biting ,off ,red-,hot ,iron4--,take a piece of hoop iron about #b feet long1 place it in a vise and bend it backwards and forwards1 about an inch from the end1 until it is nearly broken off4 ,put this in a furnace until it becomes red hot1 then take it in your right hand1 grasp the broken end in your teeth1 being careful not to let it touch your lips or your tongue1 make a 8face0 as though it was terribly hard to bite off1 and let the broken end drop from between your teeth into a pail of water 7which you should always have at hand in case of fire71 when the hissing will induce the belief that the portion bitten off is still 8red hot0--it may be1 for that matter1 if the iron be nearly broken off in the first place and if you have good teeth and are not afraid to injure them4 ,water ,stirred ,yellow1 ,scarlet1 and ,colorless4--,obtain a glass tube with one end hermetically sealed and drawn into a fine point that will break easily4 ,into an ale glass put a solution of mercury #fac bichloride 7corrosive sublimate1 a deadly poison7 and into the tube a strong solution of potassium iodide so adjusted in strength that it will redissolve the scarlet precipitate formed by the union of the two liquids4 ,while stirring the solution in the glass the bottom of the tube 7apparently a glass rod7 is broken and a small portion of its contents allowed to escape1 which produces a beautiful scarlet4 ,the balance of the fluid in the tube is retained there by simply keeping the thumb on the open top end4 ,continue the stirring1 allowing the balance of the contents of the tube to escape1 and the scarlet fluid again becomes colorless4 ,before the scarlet appears the liquid is yellow4 ,to heighten the effect1 another ale glass1 containing only clean water and a solid glass stirring-rod1 may be handed to one of the company1 with instructions to do the same as the performer2 the result is amusing4 ,,quick-,,water3 ,see ,alloys4 ,,quilts1 ,,to ,,clean3 ,see ,cleaning ,preparations and ,methods4 ,,quince ,,extract3 ,see ,essences and ,extracts4 ,,rags ,,for ,,cleaning ,,and ,,polishing3 ,see ,cleaning ,preparations and ,methods4 ,,raspberryade ,,powder3 ,see ,salts1 ,effervescent4 ,,raspberry ,,syrup3 ,see ,essences and ,extracts4 ,rat ,poisons 7,see also ,turpentine47 ,poisons for rats may be divided into two classes1 quick and slow4 ,potassium cyanide and strychnine belong to the first1 and phosphorus and arsenic to the second4 ,both should be kept away from children1 dogs1 and cats1 and this is best done by putting them in places too narrow for anything larger than a rat to squeeze into4 ,if the poison is too quick1 the effect of it is visible to the same rats which saw the cause1 and those which have not eaten of the bait will leave it alone4 ,on the other hand1 if it is too slow1 the poisoned rat may spread it to edible things in the pantry1 by vomiting4 ,slow poisons generally cause the rat to seek water1 and when they are used water should not be left about promiscuously4 ,the substances most useful as rat poisons1 and which are without danger to the larger domestic animals1 are plaster of ,paris and fresh squills4 ,less dangerous than strychnine and arsenic are the baryta preparations1 of which the most valuable is barium carbonate4 ,like plaster of ,paris1 this substance1 when used for the purpose1 must be mixed with sugar and meal1 or flour1 and as a decoy some strong-smelling cheese should be added4 ,in closed places there should be left vessels containing water easily accessible to the creatures4 ,one advantage over these substances possessed by the squill is that it is greedily eaten by rats and mice4 ,when it is used1 however1 the same precaution as to water1 noted above1 is necessary1 a circumstance too frequently forgotten4 ,in preparing the squill for this purpose1 by the addition of bacon1 or fat meat of any kind1 the use of a decoy like cheese is unnecessary1 as the fats are sufficiently appetizing to the rodents4 ,it is to be noted that only fresh squills should be used for this purpose1 as in keeping the bulb the poisonous principle is destroyed1 or1 at least1 is so modified as to seriously injure its value4 ,squill ,poisons4--,the preparation of the squill as a rat poison can be effected in several different ways4 ,usually1 after the removal of the outer peel1 the bulb is cut up into little slices and mixed with milk and flour2 these are stirred into a dough or paste1 which1 with bits of bacon rind1 is put into the oven and baked4 ,another plan is to grate the squill on a grater and mingle the gratings with mashed1 boiled1 or roasted potato4 ,this method of preparing them necessitates the immediate use of the poison4 ,the following is1 however1 a stable preparation that keeps well3 ,i4--,hog's lard #ejj grams ,acid salicylic #e grams ,squill #a bulb ,beef suet #ej to #ajj grams ,barium carbonate #ejj grams ,solution of ammonium copper acetate1 #bj per cent #ej grams ,cut or grate the squill into very small pieces1 and fry it in the lard and suet until it has acquired a dark-brown color and #fad the fats have taken up the characteristic squill odor2 then to the mess add the other substances1 and stir well together4 ,,ii4--,squill1 bruised #d ounces ,bacon1 chopped fine #f ounces ,flour or meal1 enough4 ,water1 enough4 ,make into a stiff mass1 divide into small cakes1 and bake4 ,phosphorus ,poisons4--,next to the squill in value as a poison comes phosphorus in the shape of an electuary1 or in pills4 ,for readily preparing the electuary1 when needed or ordered1 it is a good plan to keep on hand a phosphorated syrup made as follows3 ,to #bjj parts of simple syrup1 in a strong flask1 add #ej parts of phosphorus and #aj parts of talc powder2 place the container in a suitable vessel and surround it with water heated to #abj to #acj ,f41 and let it stand until the phosphorus is melted4 ,now1 cork the flask well1 tie down the cork1 and agitate until the mixture is completely cold4 ,as a measure of precaution1 the flask should be wrapped with a cloth4 ,to make the poison take #ej parts of rye flour and mix with it #aj parts of powdered sugar4 ,to the mixture add about #dj parts of water and from #cj to #dj parts of the phosphorated syrup1 and mix the mass thoroughly4 ,while it is best to make the phosphorated syrup fresh every time that it is required1 a stable syrup can be made as follows3 ,heat together very carefully in a water bath #e parts of phosphorus1 #c parts of sublimed sulphur1 and #cj parts of water1 until the phosphorus is completely melted and taken up2 then add #cj parts of wheat flour and #f parts of ground mustard seed1 and work up1 with the addition of warm water from time to time1 if necessary1 into a stiff paste1 finally adding and working in from #a to #b parts of oil of anise4 ,borax in powder1 it may be noticed1 is also useful as a preservative of phosphorated paste or the electuary4 ,mhsam gives the following formula for an electuary of phosphorus for this purpose3 ,i4--,phosphorus1 granulated #a part ,rye flour #cj parts ,simple syrup #aj parts ,mustard seed1 powdered #a part ,sublimed sulphur #a part ,water #aj parts ,proceed as indicated above4 ,hager's formula for 8,phosphorus globules0 is as follows3 ,,ii4--,phosphorus1 amorphous #aj parts ,glycerine #bj parts ,linseed1 powdered #ajj parts ,meat extract #ae parts ,quark1 recently coagulated1 quantity sufficient4 ,mix1 and make a mass1 and divide into #bjj globules1 weighing about #ae grains each4 ,roll in wheat flour1 in which a little powdered sugar has been mixed4 ,phosphorus electuary1 made as indicated above1 may be smeared upon bits of fried bacon1 which should be tacked firmly to a bit of board or to the floor4 ,it is essential that either flour or sugar1 or both1 be strewn over the surface of the phosphorus4 ,the most convenient in practice1 on the whole1 are the phosphorus globules1 either made after ,hager's formula1 or1 more readily1 by adding rye flour and sugar to the electuary and working up to a pill mass1 or barium carbonate and plaster may be added4 ,arsenical ,poisons4--,the following are some of the formulas given by ,hager for preparing globules1 or pills1 of arsenic3 ,i4--,arsenic1 white1 powdered #ajj parts ,soot from the kitchen #e parts ,oil of anise #a part ,lard1 sufficient4 ,wheat flour1 sufficient4 ,make into #djj globules4 ,,ii4--,beef suet #ejj parts ,rye flour #ejj parts ,arsenic1 white1 powdered #ej parts ,ultramarine #aj parts ,oil of anise #a part ,melt the suet1 and add to the flour1 mix in the other ingredients1 and work up while hot1 beating the mass with a roller4 ,make #a1jjj globules4 ,strychnine ,poisons4--,the strychnine preparations are also valuable in the destruction of rats and mice4 ,the first of these in point of usefulness is strychnine-wheat1 or strychnine-oats 7,strychninweizen or ,strychninhafer71 in the proportion of #a part of strychnine to #ajj or #aej parts of wheat or oat flour1 prepared by dissolving #a part of strychnine in #dj to #ej parts of hot water1 mixing well up with the flour1 and drying in the water #fae bath4 ,strychnine may also be used on fresh or salted meat1 sausage1 etc41 by insertion of the powder1 or the heads of fried fish are opened and the powder strewn on the inside4 ,the latter is an especially deadly method1 since the odor of the fish acts as a powerful lure1 as also do the bits of bacon or other fats used in frying fish4 ,strong cheese is also a good vehicle for strychnine1 acting as a powerful lure for the rodents4 ,strychnine sulph #a drachm ,sugar milk #c drachms ,prussian blue #e grains ,sugar #a_/b ounce ,oat flour #a_/b ounce ,nux ,vomica ,poison4-- ,oatmeal #a pound ,powdered nux vomica #a ounce ,oil of anise #e drops ,tincture of asafetida #e drops ,barium ,poison4-- ,barium carbonate #d ounces ,sugar #f ounces ,oatmeal #f ounces ,oil of anise #d drops ,oil of caraway #d drops ,,razor ,,paper3 ,see ,paper4 ,,razor ,,pastes3 ,see also ,pastes4 ,the razor pastes1 razor creams1 etc41 on the market1 have for their cutting1 or sharpening1 agent jewelers' rouge1 or rouge and emery4 ,when emery is used it should be ground to an impalpable powder and levigated4 ,i4--,the simplest formula is a mixture in equal parts of rouge and emery powder1 rubbed up with spermaceti ointment4 ,coke is also used as a cutting agent4 ,suet1 prepared lard1 in fact1 any greasy or soapy substance1 will answer for the vehicle4 ,,ii4--,melt #a1jjj parts of beef tallow and pour #bej parts of oil to it4 ,to this mixture1 which is uniformly combined by thorough stirring1 add in the same manner #aej parts of washed emery1 #ajj parts of tin ashes1 and #ej parts of iron oxide4 ,the stirring of these ingredients must be continued until the mass is cool1 as otherwise they would be unevenly distributed4 ,the leather of the strop should be rubbed with this grease1 applying only small quantities at a time4 ,this renders it possible to produce a very uniform coating1 since little quantities penetrate the fibers of the leather more easily4 ,,iii4--,tin putty 7tin ashes7 #b parts ,colcothar #b parts ,forged iron scales or filings #a part ,pure levantine honing stone finely powdered #g parts ,beef suet #c parts ,all the ingredients with the exception of the suet should be finely powdered4 ,the suet is melted1 the ingredients poured in1 and the whole thoroughly mixed to form a doughy mass4 ,,iv4--,colcothar #a #a_/b parts ,pumice stone #a #a_/b parts ,graphite #d #a_/b parts ,bloodstone 7red hematite7 #b parts ,iron filings #a part ,these ingredients are finely powdered1 washed1 and mixed with the following3 ,grafting wax #b parts ,soap #b parts ,lard #b parts ,olive oil #b parts ,naturally the fatty ingredients are to be heated before the solid substances are commingled with them4 ,the side of the blade to be polished should be treated with the following compositions3 a4 ,tin ashes 7tin putty7 rubbed down to a fine powder on a honing stone and mixed with axle grease4 b4 ,washed graphite mingled with olive oil4 ,,reducers3 ,see ,photography4 ,,reducing ,,photographs1 ,,scale ,,for3 ,see ,photography4 ,,reflector ,,metal3 ,see ,alloys4 ,,refrigerants4 ,i4--,potassium nitrate #b pounds ,ammonium chloride #b pounds ,water #e pints ,,ii4--,potassium nitrate #b #a_/b pounds ,ammonium chloride #b #a_/b pounds ,sodium sulphate #d pounds ,water #i pints ,,iii4--,ammonia nitrate #d pounds ,water #d pints ,,iv4--,sodium sulphate #h parts ,dilute hydrochloric acid #e parts #faf ,v4--,snow #a part ,water #a part ,sulphuric acid #d parts ,,vi4--,snow #c parts ,calcium chloride #d parts ,refrigeration ,if water to be frozen is placed in a tin bucket or other receptacle it can be readily congealed by putting it in a pail containing a weak dilution of sulphuric acid and water4 ,into this throw a handful of common ,glauber salts1 and the resulting cold is so great that water immersed in the mixture will be frozen solid in a few minutes1 and ice cream or ices may be quickly and easily prepared4 ,the cost is only a few cents4 ,the same process in an ice-cream freezer will do the trick for ice cream4 ,home-,made ,refrigerators4--,i4--,partly fill with water a shallow granite-ware pan4 ,place it in an open1 shady window where there is a good draught of air4 ,in this put bottles of water1 milk1 and cream 7sealed71 wrapped with wet cloths reaching into the water4 ,put butter in an earthen dish deep enough to prevent water getting in4 ,over this turn an earthen flower-pot wrapped with a wet cloth reaching into the water4 ,the pan should be fixed every morning and evening4 ,with several of these pans one can keep house very comfortably without ice4 ,,ii4--,procure a wire meat-safe--that is1 a box covered by wire netting on three sides1 with a fly-proof door4 ,on top place a deep pan filled with water4 ,take a piece of burlap the height of the pan and safe1 and of sufficient length to reach around the entire safe4 ,tack it fast where the door opens and closes4 ,tuck the upper edge in the water4 ,place it where there is a draught and where the dripping will do no damage4 ,this constitutes a well-ventilated refrigerator that costs nothing but water to maintain4 ,,iii4--,take a store box1 any convenient size1 and place in this a smaller box1 having the bottom and space around the sides packed with sawdust4 ,have a galvanized iron pan made1 the size of the inside box and half as deep1 to hold the ice4 ,have the pan made with a spout #f inches long to drain off the water as the ice melts4 ,bore a hole the size of the spout through the double bottom and sawdust packing to admit the spout4 ,short legs may be nailed on the sides of the box and a vessel set underneath to catch the drippings4 ,put on a tight board cover4 ,a shelf may be placed in the box above the ice4 ,this box will keep ice for three days4 ,,iv4--,select a large cracker box with a hinged cover4 ,knock out the bottom and cut windows in each side1 leaving a #c-;inch frame1 over which tack wire gauze4 ,in the coolest part of the cellar dig away the earth to a level depth of #c inches and fit the box into the space4 ,mix plaster of ,paris to a consistency of thick cream and pour into the box for a #a_/b-;inch thick bottom4 ,twenty-four hours will harden it sufficiently4 ,put a hook and catch on the lid4 ,a box of this sort can be cleaned easily1 and insects cannot penetrate it4 ,to ,drain a ,refrigerator4--,i4--,have a stout tin funnel made1 #g inches in diameter at the top4 ,the tube portion should be at least #h inches long and of uniform diameter4 ,bore a hole through the floor directly under the drain-pipe of the refrigerator2 insert the funnel1 then force a piece of rubber tubing 7a tight fit7 over the funnel from the cellar side4 ,pass the tubing through a hole cut in the screen frame of a cellar window1 and drain into any convenient place4 ,this avoids the necessity of continually emptying the drain-pan1 and prevents the overflow that frequently occurs when it is forgotten4 ,,ii4--,this simple device saves the inconvenience of having a drip-pan under the refrigerator3 ,if the refrigerator is placed near the outer wall get a piece of rubber hose long enough to reach from the waste pipe to the outside of the wall4 ,bore a hole through the wall under the refrigerator1 where baseboard and floor meet4 ,attach the hose to the waste-pipe and pass through the hole in the wall4 ,a small trough outside should carry the water away from the house4 ,,refrigerators1 ,,their ,,care3 ,see ,household ,formulas4 ,,replating3 ,see ,plating4 ,,resilvering ,,of ,,mirrors3 ,see ,mirrors4 ,,revolver ,,lubricants3 ,see ,lubricants4 ,,rhubarb ,,as ,a ,,remedy ,,for ,,cholera3 ,see ,cholera ,remedies4 #fag ,,ribbons ,,for ,,typewriters3 ,see ,typewriter ,ribbons4 ,,rice ,,paste3 ,see ,adhesives4 ,,rice ,,powder3 ,see ,cosmetics4 ,,rifle ,,lubricants3 ,see ,lubricants4 ,,ring1 ,,how ,,to ,,solder ,a ,,jeweled3 ,see ,solders4 ,,rings ,,on ,,metal1 ,,producing ,,colored3 ,see ,plating4 ,,roach ,,exterminators3 ,see ,insecticides4 ,,roburite3 ,see ,explosives4 ,,rodinal ,,developer3 ,see ,photography4 ,,roller ,,compositions ,,for ,,printers4 ,rollers for transferring ink to types have to possess special properties1 which have reference both to the nature of the ink and that of the types to which it is to be transferred4 ,they must be as little liable as possible to changes of temperature4 ,they must be sticky1 but only just sticky enough1 and must have elasticity enough to exert a uniform pressure over the varying surface with which they meet in the form4 ,originally1 the composition was one of glue and molasses in varying proportions1 and the only practical improvement that has been made is the addition of glycerine4 ,this being slightly hygroscopic1 helps to keep the roller at the right degree of softness1 and being practically unfreezable1 it is a great assistance in keeping the rollers from hardening in cold weather4 ,the recipes given in technical works for printing roller compositions are numerous and very different4 ,all contain glue and molasses1 and it is the practice to put a larger proportion of glue in rollers to be used in the summer than in those intended for winter use4 ,the following is a selection of recipes3 ,i4--,soak #h pounds of glue in as much water as it will absorb4 ,when there is no visible water1 treat the glue till melted1 and add #g pounds of hot molasses4 ,,ii4--,glue 7summer7 #h pounds ,glue 7winter7 #d pounds ,molasses #a gallon ,,iii4--,molasses #ab pounds ,glue #d pounds ,,iv4--,molasses #bd pounds ,glue #af pounds ,paris white #b pounds ,v4--,glue or gelatin #fd pounds ,water #dh pounds ,linseed oil #if pounds ,molasses or sugar #fd to #if pounds ,chloride of calcium #c pounds ,powdered rosin #h pounds ,soak the glue in the water and then liquefy by heat4 ,then stir in the oil1 first heated to #aej ,f4 ,then add the molasses and the chloride of calcium1 and finally the fused rosin4 ,the latter ingredient is only to be added when very tough rollers are required4 ,this recipe is interesting from the inclusion in it of the hygroscopic salt1 chloride of calcium1 the object of which is obviously to keep the rollers moist4 ,,roofs1 ,,how ,,to ,,lay ,,galvanized3 ,see ,household ,formulas4 ,,roofs1 ,,prevention ,,of ,,leakage3 ,see ,household ,formulas4 ,,roof ,,paints3 ,see ,paint4 ,,room ,,deodorizer3 ,see ,household ,formulas4 ,,ropes4 ,to protect ropes1 cordage1 and cloths made of flax and hemp against rot1 it has been recommended to leave them for #d days in a solution of copper sulphate1 #bj parts by weight to a liter1 then allow them to dry1 and then1 to prevent the copper sulphate being washed away by the water1 place in tar or a solution of soap--#a to #aj4 ,in the latter case an insoluble copper soap is formed4 ,to secure the same result with twine1 the following process has been recommended3 ,place the string for an hour in a solution of glue1 then allow to dry1 and place in a solution of tannin4 ,after removal from the tannin1 again dry1 and soak in oil4 ,the process first described has been shown by experience to be very effective2 but to prevent the washing away of the copper sulphate1 it is advisable to use the solution of soap in preference to the tar1 as articles steeped in the latter substance are apt to become stiff1 and consequently brittle4 ,the #fah treatment with glue and tannin in the second process has the drawback that it tends to make the string too stiff and inflexible1 and thus impair its usefulness4 ,,rope ,,lubricants3 ,see ,lubricant4 ,,ropes1 ,,waterproofing3 ,see ,waterproofing4 ,,rose ,,cordial3 ,see ,wines and ,liquors4 ,,rosewood3 ,see ,wood4 ,,rose ,,powders3 ,see ,cosmetics4 ,,rosin1 ,,tests ,,for1 ,,in ,,extracts3 ,see ,foods4 ,,rosin ,,oil3 ,see ,oil4 ,,rosin ,,sticks3 ,see ,depilatories4 ,,rot3 ,remedies for ,dry ,rot4--,a good remedy for dry rot is petroleum4 ,the sick parts of the wood are painted with it1 which causes the fungi to die1 turn black1 and finally drop off4 ,the best preventive of dry rot is plenty of draught4 ,if the portions are already affected so badly that they must be removed and renewed1 the freshly inserted wood is coated with 8carbolineum0 to prevent a fresh appearance of dry rot4 ,another remedy is ordinary salt1 which is known to have a highly hygroscopic action4 ,it absorbs the moisture of the wood1 whereby it is itself dissolved1 thus gradually impregnating the planks1 etc4 ,in order to combat dry rot with salt1 proceed as follows3 ,throw salt into boiling water until a perfectly saturated solution is obtained4 ,with this repeatedly wash the wood and masonry afflicted with dry rot4 ,wherever practicable the salt may be sprinkled direct upon the affected place4 ,,rouge3 ,see ,cosmetics4 ,,rouge ,,for ,,buff ,,wheels4 ,the rouge employed by machinists1 watchmakers1 and jewelers1 is obtained by directly subjecting crystals of sulphate of iron or copperas to a high heat by which the sulphuric acid is expelled and the oxide of iron remains4 ,those portions least calcined1 when ground1 are used for polishing gold and silver4 ,these are of bright crimson color4 ,the darker and more calcined portions are known as 8crocus10 and are used for polishing brass and steel4 ,others prefer for the production of rouge the peroxide of iron precipitated by ammonia from a dilute solution of sulphate of iron1 which is washed1 compressed until dry1 then exposed to a low red heat and ground to powder4 ,of course1 there are other substances besides rouge which are employed in polishing1 as powdered emery1 kieselguhr1 carborundum1 rotten stone1 etc4 ,,rouge ,,powder3 ,see ,polishes4 ,,rough ,,stuff3 ,see ,wood4 ,,roup ,,cures3 ,see ,veterinary ,formulas4 ,rubber ,,artificial ,,rubber4 ,austin ,g4 ,day tried hundreds of experiments and took out many patents for rubber substitutes4 ,he was in a measure successful1 his 8,kerite0 compound proving of great value and being a result of his seeking for something that would wholly supplant rubber4 ,as far back as #ahff he made public the results of some of his work1 giving as formulas for rubber substitutes the following compounds3 ,i4--,linseed oil #b pounds ,cottonseed oil #a pound ,petroleum #b pounds ,raw turpentine #b pounds ,sulphur #b pounds ,boil #b hours4 ,,ii4--,linseed oil #b pounds ,cottonseed oil #a pound ,petroleum #a pound ,raw turpentine #b pounds ,castor oil #a pound ,sulphur #b pounds ,boil #a_/b hour4 ,,iii4--,linseed oil #b pounds ,cottonseed oil #a pound ,petroleum #a pound ,raw turpentine #a_/b pound ,liquid coal tar #c pounds ,peanut oil #a pound ,spirits turpentine #a pound ,sulphur #d pounds ,boil #ce minutes4 ,,iv4--,linseed oil #b pounds ,cottonseed oil #a pound ,petroleum #b pounds ,raw turpentine #a_/b pound ,liquid coal tar #b pounds #fai ,spirits turpentine #a pound ,rubber pound ,sulphur #b pounds ,boil #a hour4 ,in #ahga ,mr4 ,day had brought his experimenting down to the following formula3 ,v4--,cottonseed oil #ad pounds ,linseed oil #ad pounds ,asphaltum #h pounds ,coal tar #h pounds ,sulphur #aj pounds ,camphor #a_/b pound ,in this the tar and asphaltum were first mixed with the cottonseed oil1 after which was added the linseed oil and camphor1 and1 last of all1 the sulphur1 when the temperature was about #bgj ,f4 ,a substitute designed to be used in rubber compounding in place1 say1 of reclaimed rubber1 was made as follows3 ,,vi4--,cottonseed oil #bg pounds ,coal tar #cj pounds ,earthy matter #e pounds ,to be mixed and heated to #cjj ,f41 and then strained and cooled to #bjj ,f4 ,then were added #bg pounds linseed oil1 the heat raised to #bbj ,f41 and #ae to #ah pounds of sulphur added1 the heat being continually raised until the mass was sulphurized4 ,when the heat reached #bdj ,f41 #a to #a #a_/b ounces of nitric acid were added1 and at #bgj to #bhj ,f41 from #a to #c ounces camphor were added to help the sulphurization4 ,the resultant compound was used on the following basis3 ,,vii4--,para rubber #bj pounds ,litharge #e pounds ,sulphur #a pound ,above compound #bj to #dj pounds ,mr4 ,day did not insist on the compound quoted1 but advised that the proportions be varied as widely as the exigencies of the case might demand4 ,whiting1 barytes1 infusorial earth1 white lead1 blacks1 in fact almost any of the oxides1 carbonates1 or earthy materials commonly used in compounding1 were used in connection with his substitute1 as also were any grades of crude rubber4 ,among other ingredients that he found of use in making his substitutes were vegetable and animal waxes1 together with ozokerite and paraffine4 ,these were only used in small quantities1 and always in connection with the linseed and cottonseed oils1 and generally asphaltum or coal tar4 ,one of his compounds also called for a quantity of golden sulphuret of antimony1 presumably to assist in the sulphurization1 and a small amount of tannic acid4 ,another line of experimenting that is interesting1 and that will yet produce good results1 although so far it has not amounted to much1 is in the use of cellulose4 ,a very simple formula is of ,french origin and calls for the treating of cellulose with sulphuric acid1 washing1 drying1 granulating1 treating with resinate of soda--which is afterwards precipitated by sulphate of alumina--then drying and molding under pressure4 ,as a matter of fact1 the resultant mass would not be mistaken for rubber4 ,an ,english formula is more like it4 ,this consists of ,,viii4--,cellulose #ae pounds ,pitch #be pounds ,asphalt #bj pounds ,silica #bj pounds ,mastic #e pounds ,bitumen #e pounds ,rosin #aj pounds ,coal tar #ab pounds ,this makes a thick gummy varnish which is of little use except as for its waterproof qualities4 ,allen's formula for a cellulose substitute might have a value if it were carried further4 ,it is made up of #ajj pounds of rosinous wood pulp treated with animal gelatin1 #ajj pounds asphalt1 and #aj pounds asphalt oil1 all heated and molded4 ,the ,greening process1 which is ,english1 is more elaborate than ,allen's1 but seems a bit laborious and costly4 ,this process calls for the treatment of the cellulose by a mixture of sulphuric acid and nitrate of potash1 and1 after drying1 a treatment to a bath of liquid carbonic acid4 ,when dry again1 it is mixed in a retort with refined rosin1 gum benzoin1 castor oil1 and methylated alcohol4 ,the distillate from this is dried by redistilling over anhydrous lime4 ,another curious line of substitutes is that based upon the use of glue and glycerine4 ,some of these have uses1 while others1 that look very attractive1 are of no use at all1 for the simple reason that they will absorb water almost as readily as a dry sponge4 ,the first of these is more than #cj years old and is said to be of ,french origin4 ,the formula is3 ,,ix4--,glue #d pounds ,glycerine #h ounces ,nutgall #c ounces ,acetic acid1 #a pound in #e pounds of water4 ,ten years later this was approached by an ,english formula in which in place of #fbj the nutgall and acetic acid1 chromic and tannic acids were substituted1 and a modicum of ground cork was added as a cheapener probably4 ,some four years later an ingenious ,prussian gave out a formula in which to the glue and glycerine and tannic acid were added ,marseilles soap and linseed oil4 ,none of the above have ever had a commercial value1 the nearest approach being the glue and glycerine compound used as a cover for gas tubing4 ,the substitutes that have really come into use generally are made either from linseed1 cottonseed1 or maize oil4 ,scores of these have been produced and thousands of dollars have been spent by promoters and owners in trying to make these gums do just what crude rubber will4 ,a ,german formula which was partially successful is ,x4--,linseed oil1 in solution #hj pounds ,lime-hardened rosin1 in solution #ej pounds ,add to above ,sulphur #h pounds ,linseed oil #db pounds ,add #bj pounds sulphur and heat to #cge ,f4 ,rubber and ,rubber ,articles4--,as regards the action of coal gas on rubber tubes1 it has been observed that it is weakest on ordinary gray rubber which withstands it the longest1 and gives off no odor4 ,red rubber is more readily affected1 and the black kind still more so4 ,to prevent rubber tubes from drying up and becoming brittle1 they should be coated with a #c per cent aqueous solution of carbolic acid1 which preserves them4 ,if they have already turned stiff and brittle1 they can be rendered soft and pliant again by being placed in ammonia which has been made liquid with double the amount of water4 ,in ,france rubber tubes are used as a core for casting pipes from cement and sand4 ,in order to construct a connected pipe conduit in the ground1 a groove is dug and a layer of cement mortar spread out4 ,upon this the rubber tube is laid1 which is wrapped up in canvas and inflated4 ,the remaining portion of the channel is then filled up with cement mortar1 and as soon as it has set1 the air is let out of the rubber hose and the latter is pulled out and used as before4 ,to cover cloth with rubber1 there are chiefly employed for dissolving the rubber1 naphtha1 alcohol1 and benzol4 ,they are mixed with purified solid paraffine1 and ground together4 ,rubber boots and shoes are rendered waterproof by melting #d parts of spermaceti and #a part of rubber on a moderate fire1 adding tallow or fat1 #aj parts1 and lastly #e parts of copal varnish or amber varnish4 ,this mixture is applied on the shoes with a brush4 ,it should be stated that the rubber used for this purpose must be cut up very small and allowed #d to #e hours to dissolve4 ,to rid rubber articles of unpleasant odor1 cover both sides with a layer of animal charcoal and heat to about #adj ,f4 ,to prevent gas from escaping through rubber hose1 cover it with a mixture prepared as follows3 ,dissolve #e parts of gum arabic and #c parts of molasses in #ae parts of white wine and add1 with constant stirring1 #f parts of alcohol in small quantities4 ,stirring is necessary to prevent the alcohol from precipitating the gum arabic4 ,repairing ,rubber ,goods4--,first1 clean off all adherent matter1 and dry thoroughly4 ,varnish or lacquer1 as for instance on rubber shoes1 may be removed with sand or emery paper1 or even with a file1 in the absence of one of these4 ,the surface thus produced is then rubbed with benzine4 ,a solution of ,para rubber in benzine is then painted over the surface around the break or tear1 and a strip of natural rubber fitted over it4 ,then prepare a vulcanizing solution as follows3 ,sulphur chloride #ah parts ,benzine #djj parts ,carbon disulphide #cjj parts ,this is applied to the edges of the joint by means of a pledget of cotton wrapped on the end of a little stick1 and press the jointed parts well together4 ,one may repair rubber bulbs by the following method3 ,put some pure gum in three times its bulk of benzine1 and cork tightly4 ,let stand several days4 ,get some rubber in sheet form2 it will be better if it is backed with cloth4 ,to make a patch1 dampen some little distance around the hole to be mended with benzine4 ,after a moment1 scrape with a knife2 repeat the process several times till the site to be patched is thoroughly clean4 ,cut a patch from sheet of rubber a little larger than the hole to be mended1 and apply to its surface several coats of the benzine solution4 ,then apply a good coat of the solution to both patch and about the hole1 and press the patch firmly in place4 ,again apply the solution to make coating over the patch1 and allow to dry till it will not stick to the finger4 ,do not use for several days4 ,cracked rubber goods may be #fba successfully mended in the following manner3 ,before patching1 the cracked surfaces to unite well must be dried1 entirely freed from all dirt and dust and greased well1 otherwise the surfaces will not combine4 ,in case of a cover1 waterproof coat1 or rubber boots1 etc41 take a moderately thick piece of india rubber1 suited to size of the object1 cut off the edges obliquely with a sharp knife moistened in water1 coat the defective places as well as the cut pieces of rubber with oil of turpentine1 lay the coated parts together and subject them for #bd hours to a moderate pressure4 ,the mended portions will be just as waterproof as the whole one4 ,rubber cushions or articles containing air are repaired in a very simple manner1 after being cleaned as aforesaid4 ,then take colophony1 dissolve it in alcohol 7#ij per cent7 so that a thick paste forms1 smear up the holes1 allow all to harden well1 and the rubber article1 pillow1 ball1 knee caps1 etc41 may be used again4 ,softening ,rubber4--,the hardening of gum articles is generally referable to these having been kept for a long time in some warm1 dry place1 though keeping them in the cold will produce the same effect4 ,hardness and brittleness1 under any reasonable care and conditions1 are usually signs of an inferior article of goods4 ,articles of ,para rubber1 of good workmanship1 usually maintain their elasticity for a very long time4 ,before attempting to soften hollow rubber ware1 such as flasks1 water bags1 or bottles1 etc41 they should be well scrubbed with a wire brush 7bottle cleaner7 and warm water1 so as to remove all dirt and dust4 ,this scrubbing should be continued until the wash water comes away clean and bright4 ,for softening1 the best agent is dilute water of ammonia1 prepared by mixing pharmacopial ammonia water1 #a part1 and water1 #b parts4 ,there should be enough of this to cover the articles1 inside and out4 ,let them remain in the mixture until the ammonia has evaporated4 ,warm water works better than cold4 ,from #a to #b hours will be long enough1 as a usual thing4 ,thick and massive articles such as large rubber tubing1 require more energetic treatment1 and the journal recommends for the treatment of these that they be filled nearly full with the ammonia mixture1 corked at both ends1 and coiled up in a kettle1 or other vessel1 of sufficient size1 warm water poured in sufficient to cover the coil completely1 and lightly boiled for from #a to #b hours4 ,the water lost by evaporation should be replaced from time to time1 and the vessel should never be allowed to boil violently4 ,when the proper time has arrived 7and this must be learned1 it appears1 by experience1 as the article quoted gives no directions save those translated71 remove from the fire1 and allow to cool gradually4 ,glycerine has been also recommended1 and it may be used with advantage in certain cases4 ,the articles must first be cleaned with the brush and warm water1 as above detailed4 ,heat them in water and rub them with a wad of cotton soaked in glycerine1 drawing the wad over them1 backwards and forwards4 ,this wad should be wrapped with good stout wire1 the ends of which are prolonged1 to serve as a handle4 ,where possible the articles should be stricken with the glycerine inside and out1 the article being1 naturally1 held out of the boiling water1 sufficiently1 at least1 to make bare the part being rubbed at the time4 ,let rest for #bd hours1 and repeat this process4 ,with goods kept in stock1 that show a tendency to grow brittle1 this treatment should be repeated every #f months or oftener4 ,never put away tubing1 etc41 treated in this manner until every particle of moisture has drained off or evaporated4 ,another authority1 ,zeigler1 has the following on this subject3 ,tubing1 bands1 and other articles of vulcanized caoutchouc that have become brittle and useless1 may be restored to usefulness1 indeed1 to their pristine elasticity1 by treating them as follows3 ,first1 put them in a hot aqueous solution of tannic acid and tartar emetic4 ,next1 transfer them to a cold aqueous solution of tannic acid and calcium sulphate4 ,mix the two solutions and heat to about the boiling point1 and transfer the articles to the hot solution4 ,this treatment should be maintained from #a day to #c or #d1 according to the nature and condition of the articles4 ,to restore rubber stoppers that have become too hard for usefulness1 digest them in #e per cent soda lye for about #aj days at #hf to #ajd ,f41 replacing the lye repeatedly4 ,next1 wash the stoppers in water and scrape off the softened outer layer with a knife1 until no more can be removed4 ,the stoppers 7which have become quite soft and elastic again7 are next rinsed in warm water to remove the caustic soda4 ,if it is desired to trim them it should be done with a knife moistened with soap spirit4 ,treatment and ,utilization of ,rubber ,scraps4--,the scraps1 assorted according #fbb to their composition1 are first cleaned by boiling to remove the adhering dirt1 absorbed and adhering acids1 salts1 etc41 as well as to eliminate the free sulphur4 ,next1 the waste is ground between rollers and reduced to powder in emery grinders with automatic feeding4 ,in many cases the material obtained may be added at once dry to the mixture1 but generally it first receives a chemical treatment4 ,this is carried out by boiling in caustic soda solution1 or sulphuric or hydrochloric acid respectively1 and steaming for about #bj hours with #d atmospheres pressure4 ,according to another method1 the ground scraps are steamed with soda lye under pressure1 washed twice thoroughly for the elimination of the lye1 and dried in the vacuum4 ,subsequently mix between cold rollers with #e to #aj per cent of benzol or mineral oil and steam for some hours under hydraulic pressure at #d atmospheres4 ,the product thus obtained is rolled in plates and added to the mixture4 ,the finely ground dry waste must not be stored for a long time in large quantities1 as it hardens very easily and takes fire4 ,old articles of vulcanized rubber are first 8devulcanized0 by grinding1 boiling with caustic soda1 and washing thoroughly4 ,after drying1 the scraps are heated to #cjb ,f4 with linseed oil in a kettle provided with stirring mechanism which is kept in continual motion4 ,when the rubber has dissolved1 a quantity of natural or coal-tar asphalt is added1 and as soon as the contents of the kettle have become well mixed1 the temperature is raised so high that dense fumes begin to rise and air is forced through the mass until a cooled sample shows the desired consistence4 ,this composition being very tough and flexible1 forms an excellent covering for electric cables4 ,it finds many other uses1 the proportions of rubber1 asphalt1 and oil being varied in accordance with the purpose for which it is designed4 ,vulcanization4--,besides the ,goodyear1 ,mason1 and other patented processes1 the process now usually followed in vulcanizing rubber stamps and similar small objects of rubber1 is as follows3 ,sulphur chloride is dissolved in carbon disulphide in various proportions1 according to the degree of hardness the vulcanized object is to receive2 the rubber cast is plunged in the solution and left there from #fj to #gj seconds4 ,on removing1 it is placed in a box or space warmed to #hj ,f41 and left long enough for the carbon disulphide to evaporate1 or about #ij to #ajj seconds4 ,it is then washed in a weakly alkaline bath of water1 and dried4 ,another method 7recommended by ,gerard7 depends upon letting the rubber lie in a solution of potassium ter or penta sulphide1 of #be ,b41 heated to about #bhj ,f4 for #c hours4 ,testing ,rubber ,gloves4--,in testing rubber gloves it is best to inflate them with air1 and then put them under water4 ,thus one may discover many small holes in new ones which otherwise would have been impossible to find4 ,dissolving ,old ,rubber4--,the material is shredded finely and then heated1 under pressure1 for several hours1 with a strong solution of caustic soda4 ,all cloth1 paint1 glue1 fillers1 etc41 in the rubber are disintegrated1 but the rubber is not affected4 ,the mass is then washed repeatedly with water1 to remove all alkali1 and the resultant pure rubber may then be formed into sheets4 ,rubber ,stamps4--,set up the desired name and address in common type1 oil the type and place a guard about #a_/b inch high around the form4 ,mix plaster of ,paris to the proper consistence1 pour in and allow it to set4 ,have the vulcanized rubber all ready1 as made in long strips #c inches wide and #a_/h of an inch thick1 cut off the size of the intended stamp1 remove the plaster cast from the type1 and place both the cast and the rubber in a screw press1 applying sufficient heat to thoroughly soften the rubber4 ,then turn down the screw hard and let it remain until the rubber receives the exact impression of the cast and becomes cold1 when it is removed1 neatly trimmed with a sharp knife1 and cemented to the handle ready for use4 ,,rubber ,,cements3 ,see ,adhesives4 ,,rubber ,,gloves1 ,,substitute ,,for3 ,see ,antiseptics4 ,,rubber1 ,,its ,,properties ,,and ,,uses ,,in ,,waterproofing3 ,see ,waterproofing4 ,,rubber ,,varnishes3 ,see ,varnishes4 ,,ruby ,,settings3 ,see ,watchmakers' ,formulas4 ,,ruoltz ,,metal3 ,see ,alloys4 ,,rum1 ,,bay3 ,see ,bay ,rum4 #fbc ,rust ,preventives 7,see also ,enamels1 ,glazes1 ,paints1 ,varnishes1 ,waterproofing47 ,in spite of the numerous endeavors to protect metal objects from oxidation1 a thoroughly satisfactory process has not yet been found1 and we still have to resort to coatings and embrocations4 ,by covering the metals with a pale1 colorless linseed-oil varnish1 a fat or spirit lacquer1 an unfailing protection against oxidation is obtained4 ,this method1 though frequently employed1 however1 is too laborious and expensive to admit of general use1 and instead we frequently see employed ordinary or specially composed greases1 especially for scythes1 straw-knives1 and many other bright iron goods4 ,these greases are not suited to retard oxidation1 for they are without exception acid-reacting bodies1 which absorb oxygen in the air and under the action of light1 thus rather assisting oxidation than retarding it4 ,a covering of wax dissolved in oil of turpentine would be more recommendable1 because wax is an impervious body1 and a firm and rather hard layer remains after evaporation of the oil of turpentine1 which excludes the air4 ,if the treatment with the wax salve is carefully attended to no other objection can be urged against this preserving agent than that it is likewise comparatively expensive if used in large quantities4 ,as regards the greases1 and treatment with petroleum or vaseline1 the easy attrition of these substances is another drawback1 which makes a lasting protection impossible4 ,according to ,shedlok1 cast-iron articles are treated with acids1 then exposed to the action of steam1 hot or cold water1 and dried4 ,the receptacle is exhausted of air and a solution of pitch1 rosin1 rubber1 or caoutchouc1 applied under pressure4 ,objects prepared in this manner are said to be impervious even to weak acids4 ,the inoxidizing process of ,ward is founded on the simultaneous employment of silicates and heat4 ,the cast iron or wrought iron are coated with a siliceous mass by means of a brush or by immersion4 ,this covering dries quickly1 becomes liquid when the articles are exposed to a suitable heat1 and soaks into the pores of the metal1 forming a dense and uniform coat of dull black color after cooling1 which is not changed by long-continued influence of the atmosphere1 and which neither scales nor peels from the object4 ,by the admixture of glass coloring matters to the siliceous mass1 decorated surfaces may be produced4 ,another inoxidation process for cast iron is the following3 ,the cast-iron objects1 such as whole gas chandeliers1 water pipes1 ornaments1 balcony railings1 cooking vessels1 etc41 are laid upon an iron sliding carriage #c4e meters long and are exposed in a flame furnace of special construction first #ae minutes to the influence of gas generators with oxidizing action1 then #bj minutes to such with reducing action4 ,after being drawn out and cooled off the inoxidized pieces take on a uniform slate-blue shade of color1 but can be enameled and ornamented in any manner desired4 ,in applying the enamel the corroding with acid is obviated1 for which reason the enamel stands exceedingly well4 ,a bronze-colored oxide coating which withstands outward influences fairly well1 is produced as follows3 ,the brightly polished and degreased objects are exposed from #b to #e minutes to the vapors of a heated mixture of concentrated hydrochloric acid and nitric acid 7#a3a7 until the bronze color becomes visible on the articles4 ,after these have been rubbed well with vaseline1 heat once more until the vaseline commences to decompose4 ,after cooling1 the object is smeared well with vaseline4 ,if vapors of a mixture of concentrated hydrochloric acid and nitric acid are allowed to act on the iron object1 light reddish-brown shades are obtained1 but if acetic acid is added to the above named two acids1 oxide coatings of a bronze-yellow color can be obtained by the means of the vapors4 ,by the use of different mixtures of acids any number of different colorings can be produced4 8,emaille de fer contre-oxide0 is the name of an enamel which is said to protect iron pipes cheaply4 ,the enamel is composed as follows3 ,one hundred and thirty parts powdered crystal glass1 #bj4e parts soda1 #ab parts boracic acid4 ,these substances mixed in the most careful manner are melted together in crucibles1 the mass is chilled and transformed into a fine powder by crushing and grinding4 ,the iron pipes and other objects of iron are first cleaned in the usual manner by corroding1 dried and then coated with a very dilute gum arabic solution or any other gluing agent1 and the powdered mass is spread over them by means of a sieve4 ,the objects thus powdered are put in a room which is heated to #afj ,c4 to drive out all moisture and are heated #fbd to dark redness1 at which temperature the oxide coating melts4 ,those processes1 which produce a black protoxide layer on the iron by heating iron objects in supersaturated aqueous vapor1 have not stood the test1 as the layer formed will drop off or peel off after a short time1 thus opening the way for rust after all4 ,the anti-rust composition called rubber oil is prepared as follows1 according to the specification of the patent3 ,the crude oil obtained by the dry distillation of brown oil1 peat and other earthy substances is subjected to a further distillation4 ,thinly rolled ,india rubber1 cut in narrow strips1 is saturated with four times the bulk of the oil and left alone for a week or so4 ,the mass thus composed is then subjected to the action of mineral sperm oil or a similar substance1 until an entirely uniform clear substance has formed4 ,this substance1 which is applied on the metallic surfaces in as thin a layer as possible1 forms a sort of film after slowly drying1 which is perfectly proof against atmospheric influences4 ,the rust-preventive composition of ,jones ,co41 ,sheffield1 is a composition of wax1 fat1 turpentine1 and small quantities of iron oxide4 ,according to a process patented by ,a4 ,buchner in ,germany1 the iron objects are first painted with a mixture of an alkaline glue solution and rosin soap4 ,the alkaline mass enters all the pores and fissures and prevents the rust from extending under the coating4 ,after the first coat is dry a second one is applied of the following composition3 ,five parts linseed oil boiled with peroxide of manganese2 #b4be parts turpentine2 #j4be parts benzol2 #bj parts zinc dust1 carbonate of calcium1 lead oxide1 or peroxide of manganese4 ,the mixing of the liquid with the powders must be done immediately before use1 as the mass solidifies after #aj hours1 and is then no longer of working consistency4 ,the second coating1 which should only be thin1 hardens quickly4 ,the paint is weatherproof1 does not peel off or blister1 and adheres so firmly that it can only be removed with mechanical means4 ,a patented process to prevent rusting of wrought or cast iron consists in applying with a brush a strong solution of potassium dichromate and drying in a stove or over an open fire4 ,drying at ordinary temperature is not sufficient4 ,to ascertain if the heat is strong enough the iron is moistened with a little water4 ,so long as this takes up any color the heat must be increased4 ,when the proper degree of heat is reached a fine deep black layer results1 which is not acted upon by water1 and protects the surface from the action of the atmosphere4 ,a permanent lustrous rust preventive is secured as follows3 ,the well-cleaned iron parts are suspended for a few minutes in a blue vitriol solution1 so that a delicate skin of copper forms on the surface2 if the pieces rinsed off with water are then moved about for a few minutes in a solution of sodium hyposulphite faintly acidulated with hydrochloric acid1 they assume a blue-black coating of copper sulphide1 which is equally permanent in air and in water4 ,the black surface may be immediately rinsed with water1 dried with a rag or blotting paper1 and polished at once4 ,it possesses a steel-blue luster1 adheres well to the iron1 will stand treatment with the scratch brush1 and protects against rust in a most satisfactory manner4 ,black ,sheet ,rust ,preventive4--,before black plate is ready to receive a rust protective coating1 it is necessary to render the surface free from grease and scales1 for which purpose the sheet iron is placed for some time into a warmed solution of #aj parts of sulphuric acid in #ajj parts of water1 whereby the impurities become detached1 a process which may be assisted and accelerated by scouring with sand4 ,then rinse in clean water and rub dry in sawdust4 ,the sheets thus prepared are placed for a short while into a feeble solution of blue vitriol1 where they assume a reddish coloring4 ,next1 they are rinsed in water1 and after that moved to and fro1 for a short time1 in a feeble solution of hyposulphite of soda acidulated with a little hydrochloric acid4 ,the result is a dark-blue coating on the sheets1 which prevents all oxidation4 ,to ,keep ,machinery ,bright4--,i4--,in order to keep machinery from rusting take #a ounce of camphor1 dissolve it in #a pound of melted lard2 take off the scum1 and mix as much fine black lead as will give it iron color4 ,clean the machinery and smear it with this mixture4 ,after #bd hours1 rub clean with soft linen cloth4 ,it will keep clean for months under ordinary circumstances4 ,,ii4--,mastic1 transparent grains #aj parts ,camphor #e parts ,sandarac #e parts ,gum elemi #e parts ,alcohol1 wood1 quantity sufficient to dissolve4 #fbe ,mix and cover the articles with the solution4 ,the latter will take the lacquer better if warmed slightly1 but may be easily covered in the cold1 if necessary4 ,magnetic ,oxide4--,a layer of magnetic oxide is a good preservative from rust4 ,to obtain it the objects are placed in the furnace at a temperature sufficient for decomposing steam4 ,steam superheated to #a1jdj ,f4 is then injected for from #d to #f hours4 ,the thickness of the layer of oxide formed varies with the duration of the operation4 ,this process can replace zincing1 enameling1 and tinning4 ,the deposit of magnetic oxide may also be obtained by electrolysis4 ,the iron object is placed at the anode in a bath of distilled water heated to #agf ,f4 ,the cathode is a copper plate1 or the vessel itself1 if it is of iron or copper4 ,by electrolysis a layer of magnetic oxide is formed4 ,other peroxides may be deposited in the same manner4 ,with an alkaline solution of litharge1 a very adherent1 brilliant1 black deposit of peroxide of lead is secured4 ,too energetic a current must be avoided1 as it would cause a pulverulent deposit4 ,to obtain a good coating it is necessary1 after putting the objects for a moment at the positive pole1 to place them at the other pole until the oxide is completely reduced1 and then bring them back to their first position4 ,paper as ,protection for ,iron and ,steel4--,that paraffine paper is a very good protector of iron and steel has been proven by tests conducted by ,louis ,h4 ,barker for the ,pennsylvania ,railroad4 ,the mode of applying the paraffine paper is as follows3 ,after the rust is carefully cleaned off by means of stiff wire brushes1 a tacky paint is applied4 ,the paper is then covered over and tightly pressed upon the painted surface1 the joints of the paper slightly lapping4 ,as soon as the paper is in place it is ready for the outside coat of paint4 ,iron and steel girders and beams subjected to the action of smoke and gases may thus be admirably protected from decomposition4 ,anti-,rust ,paper for ,needles4--,this is paper covered with logwood1 and prepared from a material to which fine graphite powder has been added1 and which has been sized with glue and alum4 ,it is used for wrapping around steel goods1 such as sewing needles1 etc41 and protecting them against rust4 ,according to ,lake1 the paper is treated with sulphuric acid1 like vegetable parchment1 the graphite being sprinkled on before the paper is put into the water4 ,rust ,paper4--,rust paper is produced by coating strong packing paper with linseed-oil varnish1 size1 or any other binder1 and sprinkling on the powder given in previous formula4 ,for use the paper must be moistened with petroleum4 ,anti-,rust ,pastes4--,i4--,this preparation serves for removing rust already present1 as well as for preventing same1 by greasing the article with it3 ,melt #e parts of crude vaseline on the water bath1 and mix with #e parts of finely levigated powdered pumice stone into a uniform mass4 ,to the half-way cooled mass add #a_/b part of crude acid oxalate of potassium 7sorrel salt7 in a finely powdered state and grind into complete homogeneity4 ,,ii4--,dry tallow1 #be parts2 white wax1 #bc parts2 olive oil1 #bb parts2 oil of turpentine1 #be parts2 mineral oil1 #aj parts4 ,apply with a brush at the fusing temperature of the mixture4 ,rust ,prevention for ,iron ,pipes4--,the pieces of pipe are coated with tar and filled with light wood sawdust1 which is set afire4 ,this method will fully protect the iron from rust for an unlimited period1 rendering a subsequent coat altogether superfluous4 ,rust ,preventive for ,tools1 etc4--,i4--,to preserve tools1 dies1 etc41 from rust1 they should be greased well with yellow vaseline4 ,to use oil is not advisable1 since all oils1 except the dear ones1 which are too expensive for this purpose1 contain a certain percentage of acid that has an injurious effect upon the steel and iron articles4 ,for greasing the cavities use a hard brush4 ,,ii4--,carefully heat benzine and add half its weight of white wax1 which dissolves completely in this ratio4 ,this solution is applied to the tools by means of a brush4 ,it is also said to protect against the action of acidiferous fumes4 ,,iii4--,take a pound of vaseline and melt with it #b ounces of blue ointment--what druggists call one-third--and add1 to give it a pleasant odor1 a few drops of oil of wintergreen1 cinnamon1 or sassafras4 ,when thoroughly mixed pour into a tin can--an old baking-powder can will do4 ,keep a rag saturated with the preventive to wipe tools that are liable to rust4 ,to ,separate ,rusty ,pieces4--,by boiling the objects in petroleum1 success is #fbf certain4 ,it is necessary to treat them with alcohol or spirit to avoid subsequent oxidation1 petroleum being in itself an oxidant4 ,to ,protect ,zinc ,roofing from ,rust4--,zinc sheets for roofing can easily be protected against rust by the following simple process4 ,clean the plates by immersing them in water to which #e per cent of sulphuric acid has been added1 then wash with pure water1 allow to dry and coat with asphalt varnish4 ,asphalt varnish is prepared by dissolving #a to #b parts asphalt in #aj parts benzine2 the solution should be poured evenly over the plates1 and the latter placed in an upright position to dry4 ,,rust ,,spot ,,remover3 ,see ,cleaning ,preparations and ,methods4 ,,saccharine ,,in ,,food3 ,see ,food4 ,,saddle ,,galls3 ,see ,veterinary ,formulas4 ,,saddle ,,soap3 ,see ,soap4 ,,salamandrine ,,dessert3 ,see ,pyrotechnics4 ,,salicyl 7,,sweet73 ,see ,dentifrices4 ,,salicylic ,,acid ,,in ,,food3 ,see ,foods4 ,,salicylic ,,soap3 ,see ,soap4 ,salts1 ,effervescent ,granulated effervescent salts are produced by heating mixtures of powdered citric acid1 tartaric acid1 sodium bicarbonate1 and sugar to a certain temperature1 until they assume the consistency of a paste1 which is then granulated and dried4 ,if effervescent caffeine citrate1 anti-pyrin1 lithium citrate1 etc41 are to be prepared1 the powder need not be dried before effecting the mixture1 but if sodium phosphate1 sodium sulphate1 or magnesium sulphate are to be granulated1 the water of crystallization must first be removed by drying1 otherwise a hard1 insoluble and absolutely non-granulable mass will be obtained4 ,sodium phosphate must lose #fj per cent of its weight in drying1 sodium sulphate #ef per cent1 and magnesium sulphate #bc per cent4 ,naturally1 water and carbonic acid escape on heating1 and the loss will increase with the rise of temperature4 ,for the production of the granulation mass it must not exceed #aeh ,f41 and for drying the grains a temperature of #abb ,f4 is sufficient4 ,the fineness of the mesh should vary according to the necessary admixture of sugar and the size of the grains4 ,if the ingredients should have a tendency to cling to the warm bottom1 an effort should be made immediately upon the commencement of the reaction to cause a new portion of the surface to come in contact with the hot walls4 ,when the mass is of the consistency of paste it is pressed through a wire sieve1 paper or a fabric being placed underneath4 ,afterwards dry at sufficient heat4 ,for wholesale manufacture1 surfaces of large size are employed1 which are heated by steam4 ,in the production of substances containing alkaloids1 antipyrin1 etc41 care must be taken that they do not become colored4 ,it is well1 therefore1 not to use heat1 but to allow the mixture to stand in a moist condition for #ab hours1 adding the medicinal substances afterwards and kneading the whole in a clay receptacle4 ,after another #ab hours the mass will have become sufficiently paste-like1 so that it can be granulated as above4 ,according to another much employed method1 the mass is crushed with alcohol1 then rubbed through a sieve1 and dried rapidly4 ,this process is somewhat dearer1 owing to the great loss of alcohol1 but presents the advantage of furnishing a better product than any other recipe4 ,effervescent magnesium citrate cannot be very well made2 for this reason the sulphate was used in lieu of the citrate4 ,a part of the customary admixture of sulphate is replaced by sugar and aromatized with lemon or similar substances4 ,an excellent granulation mass is obtained from the following mixture by addition of alcohol3 ,parts by weight ,sodium bicarbonate #cj ,tartaric acid #ae ,citric acid #ac ,sugar #cj ,the total loss of this mass through granulation amounts to from #aj to #ae per cent4 ,to this mass1 medicinal substances1 such as antipyrin1 caffeine citrate1 lithium citrate1 lithium salicylate1 phenacetin1 piperacin1 ferric carbonate1 and pepsin may be added1 as desired4 #fbg ,in order to produce a quinine preparation1 use tincture of quinine instead of alcohol for moistening2 the quinine tincture is prepared with alcohol of #if per cent4 ,basis for ,effervescent ,salts4-- ,sodium bicarbonate1 dried and powdered #ec parts ,tartaric acid1 dried and powdered #bh parts ,citric acid1 uneffloresced crystals #ah parts ,powder the citric acid and add the tartaric acid and sodium bicarbonate4 ,this basis may be mixed with many of the medicaments commonly used in the form of granular effervescent salts1 in the proportion which will properly represent their doses and such substances as sodium phosphate1 magnesium sulphate1 citrated caffeine1 potassium bromide1 lithium citrate1 potassium citrate1 and others1 will produce satisfactory products4 ,a typical formula for effervescent sodium phosphate would be as follows3 ,sodium phosphate1 uneffloresced crystals #ejj parts ,sodium bicarbonate1 dried and powdered #dgg parts ,tartaric acid1 dried and powdered #beb parts ,citric acid1 uneffloresced crystals #afb parts ,dry the sodium phosphate on a water bath until it ceases to lose weight2 after powdering the dried salt1 mix it intimately with the citric acid and tartaric acid1 then thoroughly incorporate the sodium bicarbonate4 ,the mixed powders are now ready for granulation4 ,the change in manipulation which is suggested to replace that usually followed1 requires either a gas stove or a blue-flame coal-oil stove1 and one of the small tin or sheet-iron ovens which are so largely used with these stoves4 ,the stove itself will be found in almost every drug store2 the oven costs from #a to #b4 ,the oven is heated to about #bjj ,f4 7the use of a thermometer is desirable at first1 but one will quickly learn how to regulate the flame to produce the desired temperature71 and the previously mixed powders are placed on1 preferably1 a glass plate1 which has been heated with the oven1 about #a_/b pound being taken at a time1 dependent upon the size of the oven4 ,the door of the oven is now closed for about one minute1 and1 when opened1 the whole mass will be found to be uniformly moist and ready to pass through a suitable sieve1 the best kind and size being a tinned iron1 ,no4 #f4 ,this moist1 granular powder may then be placed upon the top of the oven1 where the heat is quite sufficient to thoroughly dry the granules1 and the operator may proceed immediately with the next lot of mixed powder1 easily granulating #aj or more pounds within an hour4 ,sugar has often been proposed as an addition to these salts1 but experience has shown that the slight improvement in taste1 which is sometimes questioned1 does not offset the likelihood of darkening1 which is apt to occur when the salt is being heated1 or the change in color after it has been made several months4 ,it should be remembered that in making a granular effervescent salt by the method which depends upon the liberation of water of crystallization1 a loss in weight1 amounting to about #aj per cent1 will be experienced4 ,this is due1 in part1 to the loss of water which is driven off1 and also to a trifling loss of carbon dioxide when the powder is moistened4 ,,effervescent ,,powders3 ,magnesian ,lemonade ,powder4-- ,fine white sugar #b pounds ,magnesium carbonate #f ounces ,citric acid #d ounces ,essence of lemon #b drachms ,rub the essence into the dry ingredients1 work well together1 sift1 and bottle4 ,magnesian ,orgeat ,powder4-- ,fine sugar #a pound ,carbonate of magnesia #c ounces ,citric acid #a ounce ,oil of bitter almonds #c drops ,vanilla flavoring1 quantity sufficient4 ,thoroughly amalgamate the dry ingredients4 ,rub in the oil of almonds and sufficient essence of vanilla to give a slight flavor4 ,work all well together1 sift1 and bottle4 ,raspberryade ,powder4-- ,fine sugar #b pounds ,carbonate of soda #b ounces ,tartaric acid #b ounces ,essence of raspberry #d drachms ,carmine coloring1 quantity sufficient4 ,rub the essence well into the sugar1 and mix this with the soda and acid4 ,then work in sufficient liquid carmine to make the powder pale red1 sift through a fine sieve1 and pack in air-tight bottles4 #fbh ,ambrosia ,powder4-- ,fine sugar #b pounds ,carbonate of soda #ab drachms ,citric acid #aj drachms ,essence of ambrosia #bj drops ,amalgamate the whole of the above1 and afterwards sift and bottle in the usual manner4 ,noyeau ,powder4-- ,fine sugar #b pounds ,carbonate of soda #ab drachms ,tartaric acid #aj drachms ,essence of ,noyeau #f drops ,after the dry ingredients have been mixed1 and the essence rubbed into them1 sift and bottle the powder4 ,lemon ,sherbet4-- ,fine sugar #i pounds ,tartaric acid #dj ounces ,carbonate of soda #cf ounces ,oil of lemon #b drachms ,having thoroughly mixed the dry ingredients1 add the lemon1 rubbing it well in between the hands2 then sift the whole thrice through a fine sieve1 and cork down tight4 ,as oil of lemon is used in this recipe1 the blending must be quite perfect1 otherwise when the powder is put in water the oil of lemon will float4 ,any other flavoring may be substituted for lemon1 and the sherbet named accordingly4 ,cream ,soda ,powder4-- ,fine sugar #cj parts ,tartaric acid #g parts ,carbonate of soda #f parts ,finely powdered gum arabic #a part ,vanilla flavoring1 quantity sufficient4 ,proceed exactly as for lemon sherbet4 ,kissingen ,salt4-- ,potassium chloride #ag parts ,sodium chloride #cfg parts ,magnesium sulphate 7dry7 #ei parts ,sodium bicarbonate #ajg parts ,for the preparation of ,kissingen water1 dissolve #a4e grams in #ahj grams of water4 ,vichy ,salt4-- ,sodium bicarbonate #hdf parts ,potassium carbonate #ch parts ,magnesium sulphate 7dry7 #ch parts ,sodium chloride #gg parts ,for making ,vichy water dissolve #a part in #bjj parts of water4 ,seidlitz ,salt4--,this is one of the many old names for magnesium sulphate4 ,it has at various times been known as ,seidlitz salt1 ,egra salt1 canal salt1 bitter salt1 cathartic salt1 ,english salt1 and ,epsom salt4 ,its earliest source was from the salt springs of ,epsom in ,england and from this fact it took its last two names4 ,for a long time sea-salt makers supplied the markets of the world4 ,they procured it as a by-product in the making of salt4 ,the bitter water that remained after the table salt had been crystallized out was found to contain it4 ,now it is chiefly procured from such minerals as dolomite1 siliceous magnesium hydrate1 and schistose rock containing the sulphide of magnesia4 ,many medical men deem it our best saline cathartic4 ,,salts1 ,,smelling4 ,i4--,moisten coarsely powdered ammonium carbonate with a mixture of ,strong tincture of orris root #b #a_/b ounces ,extract of violet #c drachms ,spirit of ammonia #a drachm ,,ii4--,fill suitable bottles with coarsely powdered ammonium carbonate1 and add to the salt as much of the following solution as it will absorb3 ,oil of orris #e minims ,oil of lavender flowers #aj minims ,extract of violet #cj minims ,stronger water of ammonia #b ounces ,,salves3 ,see ,ointments4 ,,sand3 ,colored ,sand4--,sift fine white sand from the coarser particles and color it as follows3 ,i4--,blue4--,boil #ajf parts of sand and #d of ,berlin blue with a small quantity of water1 stirring constantly1 and dry as soon as the sand is thoroughly colored4 ,,ii4--,black ,sand4--,heat very fine quartz sand1 previously freed from dust by sifting1 and add to every #a_/d pound of it #f to #h spoonfuls of fat4 ,continue the heating as long as smoke or a flame is observed on stirring4 ,the sand is finally washed and dried4 ,this black sand will not rub off4 ,,iii4--,dark-,brown ,sand4--,boil white sand in a decoction of brazil wood and dry it over a fire4 ,,iv4--,rose-colored sand is obtained by mixing #ajj parts of white sand with #d parts of vermilion4 #fbi ,lawn ,sand4--,lawn sand may be prepared by mixing crude ammonium sulphate1 #fe parts1 with fine sand1 #ce parts4 ,this mixture will kill daisies and plantains1 but does not permanently injure the grass of lawns4 ,a most effective method of killing plantains is to put1 during dry weather1 a full teaspoonful of common salt in the head of each4 ,,sand ,,holes ,,in ,,brass3 ,see ,castings4 ,,sand ,,soap3 ,see ,soap4 ,,sandstone ,,cements3 ,see ,adhesives4 ,,sandstone ,,coating3 ,see ,acid-,proofing4 ,,sandstones1 ,,to ,,remove ,,oil ,,spots ,,from3 ,see ,cleaning ,preparations and ,methods4 ,,sand1 ,,to ,,prevent ,,adhesion ,,of ,,sand ,,to ,,castings3 ,see ,castings4 ,,sarsaparilla4 ,each fluidounce of ,ayer's sarsaparilla represents ,sarsaparilla root #aj parts ,yellow dock root #h parts ,licorice root #h parts ,buckthorn bark #d parts ,burdock root #c parts ,senna leaves #b parts ,black cohosh root #b parts ,stillingia root #d parts ,poke root #a part ,cinchona red bark #b parts ,potassium iodide #d parts ,solvent4--,alcohol1 #aj #a_/b minims to each fluidrachm2 glycerin1 syrup1 water4 ,this is the formula as given by ,dr4 ,charles ,h4 ,stowell1 of the ,ayer ,company1 to the daily papers1 for advertising purposes4 ,sarsaparilla ,flavoring4-- ,oil wintergreen #f parts ,oil sassafras #b parts ,oil cassia #a #a_/b parts ,oil clove #a #a_/b parts ,oil anise #a #a_/b parts ,alcohol #fj parts ,sarsaparilla ,syrup4-- ,simple syrup #dj ounces ,sarsaparilla flavoring #a drachm ,caramel to color4 ,,sarsaparilla ,,extract3 ,see ,essences and ,extracts4 ,,sauces1 ,,table3 ,see ,condiments4 ,,satinwood3 ,see ,wood4 ,,sausage ,,color3 ,see ,foods4 ,,sawdust ,,in ,,bran3 ,see ,bran4 ,,sawdust ,,for ,,jewelers ,,and ,,watchmakers3 ,see ,watchmakers' ,formulas4 ,,scald ,,head1 ,,soap ,,for3 ,see ,soap4 ,,scald ,,remedies3 ,see ,cosmetics4 ,,scale ,,for ,,photographic ,,reduction3 ,see ,photography4 ,,scale ,,pan ,,cleaner3 ,see ,cleaning ,preparations and ,methods4 ,,scale ,,in ,,boilers3 ,see ,boiler ,compounds4 ,,scale ,,insects1 ,,extermination ,,of3 ,see ,insecticides4 ,,scalp ,,washes3 ,see ,hair ,preparations4 ,,scissors ,,hardening3 ,see ,steel4 ,,scouring ,,liquids3 ,see ,laundry ,preparations4 ,,scratch ,,brushing3 ,see ,plating1 under ,gilding4 ,,screws3 ,to ,prevent ,screws from ,rusting and ,becoming ,fast4--,screws will sometimes rust in their seats1 even when carefully oiled before driving them to their seats1 but if they are anointed with a mixture of graphite and soft tallow they will remain unrusted and unaltered for years4 ,a screw rusted in may also be removed by placing the flat extremity of a red-hot rod of iron on it for #b or #c minutes4 ,when the screw is heated1 it will be found to turn quite easily4 ,,screws1 ,,blueing3 ,see ,steel4 ,,screws ,,in ,,watches3 ,see ,watchmakers' ,formulas4 #fcj ,,sealing 7,,burning7 ,,trick3 ,see ,pyrotechnics4 ,,sealing ,,wax3 ,see ,waxes4 ,,sea ,,sickness4 ,i4--,to prevent sea sickness1 take #b or #c grams of potassium bromide dissolved in plain or carbonated water every evening either with supper or just before retiring for several weeks before going on the voyage4 ,during the voyage1 breathing should be deep and a tight bandage should be worn around the abdomen4 ,,ii4--,menthol #j4a part ,cocaine hydrochloride #j4b parts ,alcohol #fj4j parts ,syrup #cj4j parts ,a dessertspoonful to be taken at intervals of half an hour4 ,,seasonings3 ,see ,condiments4 ,,seed1 ,,bird3 ,see ,bird ,foods4 ,,seeds1 ,,tests ,,for ,,foreign3 ,see ,foods4 ,,seidlitz ,,powders3 ,see ,salts 7,effervescent74 ,,seltzer ,,water3 ,see ,water4 ,,serpents1 ,,pharaoh',s4 ,an old form consisted of pellets of a very poisonous mercurial compound which gave off dangerous fumes when heated4 ,the 8eggs0 may be made of comparatively safe material by the following formula3 ,potassium bichromate #b parts ,potassium nitrate #a part ,white sugar #b parts ,powder each ingredient separately1 mix1 and press into small paper cones4 ,these must be kept from light and moisture4 ,of course1 neither this nor other chemical toys containing substances in the slightest degree harmful if swallowed should be placed in the hands of children not old enough fully to understand the danger of eating or even tasting unknown things4 ,,serviettes ,,magiques3 ,see ,polishes4 ,,setting ,,of ,,tools3 ,see ,tool ,setting4 ,,sewing-,,machine ,,oil3 ,see ,lubricants4 ,,shampoo ,,lotions ,,and ,,pastes3 ,see ,hair ,restorers and ,soaps4 ,,sharpening ,,pastes3 ,see ,razor ,pastes4 ,,sharpening ,,stones3 ,see ,whetstones4 ,,shaving ,,paste4 ,an emulsion of paraffine wax1 melting at #aca ,f41 should be used4 ,this is prepared with #be per cent of wax and #b per cent of tragacanth1 the wax being melted and mixed with the tragacanth previously made into a mucilage with some of the water4 ,the addition of a little stearine or lard renders the emulsification of the wax easier1 while about #aj per cent of alcohol makes the preparation more agreeable to use4 ,the fatty odor of the preparation may be covered by the addition of #a_/b to #a per cent of lavender oil1 and the finished product then appears as a thick white cream4 ,in use a small quantity is rubbed over the area to be shaved and the razor immediately applied4 ,as the water in the emulsion evaporates1 the particles of wax previously distributed in the emulsion become coherent and fill up the depressions in the surface of the skin from which the hairs arise1 thus forming a mechanical support during the passage of the razor4 ,the quantity required is very small1 #a ounce being sufficient for shaving the face about #f times4 ,,shaving ,,soap3 ,see ,soap4 ,,sheep-,,dips3 ,see ,disinfectants4 ,,sheep ,,diseases3 ,see ,veterinary ,formulas4 ,,shell ,,cameos4 ,if shell cameos and corals have become too hot in cementing and cracks have appeared in consequence1 olive oil is applied and allowed to soak in by heating4 ,the same process is employed for shell cameos which have developed white fissures1 owing to being filed smaller4 ,,shell1 ,,imitation ,,of3 ,see ,casein ,compounds4 ,,shells1 ,,lubricants ,,for ,,redrawing3 ,see ,lubricants4 #fca ,,shell ,,polishes3 ,see ,polishes4 ,,shellac3 ,see ,varnishes4 ,,shellac ,,bleaching4 ,in bleaching1 shellac is brought into contact with an acidified solution of chloride of lime for some time1 then washed1 kneaded in hot water1 placed back into the chloride of lime solution1 and brushed4 ,through this treatment with the chloride of lime solution the bleached shellac sometimes loses its solubility in alcohol1 which1 however1 can be restored if the shellac is melted in boiling water1 or if it is moistened with a little ether in a well-closed vessel4 ,a quantity of ether in the proportion of #a part to #bj parts shellac is sufficient4 ,great caution is recommended in the handling of ether4 ,the ether vapors easily ignite when in proximity to a burning light and a mixture of ether vapor and atmospheric air may cause most vehement explosions4 ,after an action of the ether upon the shellac for several hours1 the alcohol necessary to dissolve it may either be added directly or the shellac moistened with ether is placed in the open air for half an hour in a dish1 after which time the ether will have evaporated and the shellac can then be dissolved by the use of alcohol4 ,bleached shellac is known to lose its solubility in alcohol1 especially if treated with chlorine in bleaching4 ,this solubility can be readily restored1 however1 by first moistening the rosin with #a_/bj its weight of ether1 placing it in a closed vessel and allowing it to swell there4 ,shellac thus treated becomes perfectly soluble again4 ,,shims ,,in ,,engine ,,brasses4 ,in taking up the wear of engine brasses on wrist pin or crosshead pin when the key is driven clear down1 back out the key and instead of putting in sheet-iron shims1 put in a small piece of pine wood of just the right thickness to allow the key to come even with the under side of the strap1 then pour in melted babbitt4 ,a hole must be drilled through the flange of the brasses to allow for pouring the babbitt4 ,every engineer knows the trouble it is to put several shims between the brass box and the end of the strap1 especially if the box is a round-end one1 as many are4 ,by using the method described1 brasses may be worn up much closer1 even if worn through2 the babbitt will form part of the bearing4 ,shoe ,dressings 7,see also ,leather47 ,acid-,free ,blacking4-- ,lampblack #bg-cf parts ,bone black #c parts ,syrup #fj-gj parts ,put in a kettle and under gentle heat stir together until a smooth1 homogeneous mass has been attained4 ,in another kettle put #c parts of finely shredded gutta percha and warm over an open fire until it begins to run1 then add1 with constant stirring1 #e parts of olive oil1 continuing the heat until the gum is completely dissolved4 ,when this occurs dissolve in #a part of stearine1 and add the whole while still hot in a slow stream1 and under diligent and constant stirring1 to the mixture of syrup and blacks4 ,continue the agitation of the mass until it is completely homogeneous4 ,now dissolve #d parts of ,senegal gum in #ab parts of water1 and add the solution to the foregoing mass4 ,stir well in and finally add sufficient mirbane 7about #a_/e part7 to perfume4 ,blacking ,pastes4--,while shellac is not soluble in water alone1 it is soluble in water carrying borax1 the alkaline carbonates1 etc4 ,in paste blacking the object of the sulphuric acid is to remove from the bone black the residual calcium phosphate4 ,the ordinary bone black of commerce consists of only about #aj per cent of carbon1 the residue being chiefly calcium phosphate4 ,this is the reason that we cannot obtain a pure black color from it1 but a dirty brown4 ,to make a good blacking1 one that is of a black in color1 either use purified bone black1 or a mineral acid 7sulphuric or hydrochloric acid7 with crude bone black4 ,the residual acid is entirely neutralized by the sodium carbonate and has no bad effect on the leather4 ,the following formula contains no acid and makes a good paste3 ,i4--,marseilles soap #abb parts ,potassium carbonate #fa parts ,beeswax #ejj parts ,water #b1jjj parts ,mix and boil together with occasional stirring until a smooth1 homogeneous paste is obtained1 then add1 a little at a time1 and under constant stirring1 the following3 #fcb ,rock candy1 powdered #aec parts ,gum arabic1 powdered #fa parts ,ivory black #a1jjj parts ,stir until homogeneous1 then pour1 while still hot1 into boxes4 ,the following makes a very brilliant and durable black polish for shoes3 ,,ii4--,bone black #dj parts ,sulphuric acid #aj parts ,fish oil #aj parts ,sodium carbonate crystal #ah parts ,sugar1 common brown1 or molasses #bj parts ,liquid glue1 prepared as below #bj parts ,water1 sufficient4 ,soak #aj parts of good white glue in #dj parts of cold water for #d hours1 then dissolve by the application of gentle heat1 and add #a4h parts of glycerine 7commercial74 ,set aside4 ,dissolve the sodium carbonate in sufficient water to make a cold saturated solution 7about #c parts of water at #fj ,f471 and set aside4 ,in an earthenware vessel moisten the bone black with a very little water1 and stirring it about with a stick1 add the sulphuric acid1 slowly4 ,agitate until a thick dough-like mass is obtained1 then add and incorporate the fish oil4 ,any sort of animal oil1 or even colza will answer1 but it is best to avoid high-smelling oils4 ,add a little at a time1 and under vigorous stirring1 sufficient of the saturated sodium carbonate solution to cause effervescence4 ,be careful not to add so freely as to liquefy the mass4 ,stir until effervescence ceases1 then add the molasses or sugar1 the first1 if a soft1 damp paste is desired1 and the latter if a dryer one is wanted4 ,finally1 add1 a little at a time1 and under constant stirring1 sufficient of the solution of glue to make a paste of the desired consistency4 ,the exact amount of this last ingredient that is necessary must be learned by experience4 ,it is a very important factor1 as it gives the finished product a depth and brilliancy that it could not otherwise have1 as well as a certain durability1 in which most of the blackings now on the market are deficient4 ,,iii4--,soap #abb parts ,potassium carbonate #fa parts ,beeswax #ejj parts ,water #b1jjj parts ,mix and boil together until a smooth1 homogeneous paste is obtained1 then add ,bone black #a1jjj parts ,powdered sugar #aec parts ,powdered gum arabic #fa parts ,mix thoroughly1 remove from the fire1 and pour while still hot into boxes4 ,boot-,top ,liquid4-- ,solution of muriate of tin #c drachms ,french chalk 7in powder7 #a ounce ,salt of sorrel #a_/b ounce ,flake white #a ounce ,burnt alum #a_/b ounce ,cuttle-fish bones 7powdered7 #a ounce ,white arsenic #a ounce ,boiling water #a quart ,brown ,dressing for ,untanned ,shoes4-- ,yellow wax #cj parts ,soap #ab parts ,nankin yellow #ae parts ,oil of turpentine #ajj parts ,alcohol #ab parts ,water #ajj parts ,dissolve in the water bath the wax in the oil of turpentine2 dissolve1 also by the aid of heat1 the soap in the water1 and the ,nankin yellow 7or in place of that any of the yellow coal-tar colors7 in the alcohol4 ,mix the solutions while hot1 and stir constantly until cold4 ,the preparation is smeared over the shoes in the usual way1 rubbed with a brush until evenly distributed1 and finally polished with an old silk or linen cloth4 ,heel ,polish4-- ,i4--,carnauba wax #e parts ,japanese wax #e parts ,paraffine #e parts ,oil of turpentine #ej parts ,lampblack #a part ,wine black #b parts ,melt the wax and the paraffine1 and when this has become lukewarm1 add the turpentine oil1 and finally the lampblack and the wine black4 ,when the black color has become evenly distributed1 pour1 while still lukewarm1 into tin cans4 ,,ii4--,melt together ,japanese wax1 #ajj parts2 carnauba wax1 #ajj parts2 paraffine1 #ajj parts2 and mix with turpentine oil1 #ejj parts1 as well as a trituration of lampblack1 #aj parts2 wine black1 #bj parts2 turpentine oil1 #gj parts4 #fcc ,,liquid ,,blackings4 ,the following formulas make a product of excellent quality3 ,i4--,ivory black #abj parts ,brown sugar #ij parts ,olive oil #ae parts ,stale beer #ejj parts ,mix the black1 sugar and olive oil into a smooth paste1 adding the beer1 a little at a time1 under constant stirring4 ,let stand for #bd hours1 then put into flasks1 lightly stoppered4 ,,ii4--,ivory black #bjj parts ,molasses #bjj parts ,gallnuts1 bruised #ab parts ,iron sulphate #ab parts ,sulphuric acid #dj parts ,boiling water #gjj parts ,mix the molasses and ivory black in an earthen vessel4 ,in an iron vessel let the gallnuts infuse in #ajj parts of boiling water for #a hour1 then strain and set aside4 ,in another vessel dissolve the iron sulphate2 in another1 #ajj parts of the boiling water4 ,one-half of this solution is added at once to the molasses mixture4 ,to the remaining half add the sulphuric acid1 and pour the mixture1 a little at a time1 under constant stirring1 into the earthen vessel containing the molasses mixture4 ,the mass will swell up and thicken1 but as soon as it commences to subside1 add the infusion of gallnuts1 also under vigorous stirring4 ,if a paste blacking is desired the preparation is now complete4 ,for a liquid black add the remaining portion of the boiling water 7#ejj parts71 stir thoroughly and bottle4 ,patent-,leather ,polish4-- ,yellow wax or ceresine #c ounces ,spermaceti #a ounce ,oil of turpentine #aa ounces ,asphaltum varnish #a ounce ,borax #hj grains ,frankfort black #a ounce ,prussian blue #aej grains ,melt the wax1 add the borax1 and stir until an emulsion has been formed4 ,in another pan melt the spermaceti2 add the varnish1 previously mixed with the turpentine2 stir well and add to the wax2 lastly add the colors4 ,preservatives for ,shoe ,soles4--,i4--,this preparation1 destined for impregnating leather shoe soles1 is produced as follows3 ,grind #ej parts of linseed oil with #a part of litharge2 next heat for #b hours to the boiling point with #a_/d part of zinc vitriol1 which is previously calcined 7dehydrated74 ,the composition obtained in this manner1 when perfectly cold1 is mixed with #h parts of benzine and filled in bottles or other receptacles4 ,to render this preservative effective1 the soles must be coated with it until the leather absorbs it4 ,,ii4--,dissolve ordinary household soap in water2 on the other hand1 dissolve an aluminum salt--the cheapest is the commercial aluminum sulphate--in water and allow both solutions to cool4 ,now pour the aluminum salt solution1 with constant stirring1 into the soap solution1 thereby obtaining a very fine precipitate of aluminum oleate4 ,the washed-out residue is dried with moderate heat4 ,by adding #aj to #cj per cent to petroleum with slight heating1 a solid petroleum of vaseline-like consistency is received1 which may be still further solidified by additional admixture4 ,a #aj per cent solution of aluminum oleate in petroleum is a very excellent agent for preserving the soles1 a single saturation of the soles sufficing forever4 ,the sole will last about #a year4 ,,iii4--,the following mixture is prepared by melting together over the fire in an enameled iron vessel3 ,vaseline1 #djj parts2 ceresine1 #ajj parts4 ,the melted mass1 which is used as a grease1 is filled in wooden boxes or tin cans4 ,,iv4--,the oleic acid of the stearine factories is heated with strong alcohol and sulphuric acid4 ,take #af parts of oleic acid1 #b parts of alcohol 7#ij per cent71 and #a part of concentrated sulphuric acid4 ,the oleic-acid ether formed separates as a thin brownish oil4 ,it is liberated from free sulphuric acid and the alcohol in excess by agitation with warm water and allowing to settle4 ,this oleic-acid ether is mixed with the same weight of fish oil1 and #d to #h parts of nitro-benzol are added per #a1jjj parts to disguise the odor4 ,,tan ,,and ,,russet ,,shoe ,,polishes3 ,to ,renovate and ,brighten ,russet and ,yellow ,shoes4--,first1 clean off all dirt and dust with a good stiff brush1 then with a sponge dipped in benzine go over the leather1 repeating the process as soon as the benzine evaporates4 ,a few wipings will bring back the original color4 ,then use a light-yellow dressing and brush well4 ,the liquid application consists usually of a solution of yellow wax and soap in oil of turpentine1 and it should be a matter of no difficulty whatever to compound a mixture of this character at least equal #fcd to the preparations on the market4 ,as a type of the mixture occasionally recommended we may quote the following3 ,i4--,yellow wax #d ounces ,pearl ash #d drachms ,yellow soap #a drachm ,spirit of turpentine #g ounces ,phosphine 7aniline7 #d grains ,alcohol #d drachms ,water1 a sufficient quantity4 ,scrape the wax fine and add it1 together with the ash and soap1 to #ab ounces of water4 ,boil all together until a smooth1 creamy mass is obtained2 remove the heat and add the turpentine and the aniline 7previously dissolved in the alcohol74 ,mix thoroughly1 and add sufficient water to bring the finished product up to #a #a_/b pints4 ,,ii4--,water #ah parts ,rosin oil #d #a_/b parts ,spirit of sal ammoniac1 concentrated #a #a_/e parts ,white grain soap #a4ic parts ,russian glue #a4ei parts ,brown rock candy #j4eg parts ,bismarck brown #j4jg parts ,boil all the ingredients together1 excepting the pigment2 after all has been dissolved1 add the ,bismarck brown and filter4 ,the dressing is applied with a sponge4 ,,iii4--,beeswax1 yellow #b ounces ,linseed oil #c ounces ,oil turpentine #aj ounces ,dissolve by heat of a water bath1 and add #a #a_/d ounces soap shavings1 hard yellow4 ,dissolve this in #ad ounces of hot water4 ,,iv4--,a simpler form of liquid mixture consists of equal parts of yellow wax and palm oil dissolved with the aid of heat in #c parts of oil of turpentine4 ,v4--,soft or green soap #a ounce ,linseed oil1 raw #b ounces ,annatto solution 7in oil7 #g ounces ,yellow wax #b ounces ,gum turpentine #g ounces ,water #g ounces ,dissolve the soap in the water and add the solution of annatto2 melt the wax in the oil of turpentine1 and gradually stir in the soap solution1 stirring until cold4 ,the paste to accompany the foregoing mixtures is composed of yellow wax and rosin thinned with petrolatum1 say #d parts of wax1 #a part of rosin1 and #ab parts of petrolatum4 ,paste ,dressings for ,russet ,shoes4--,the paste dressings used on russet leather consist of mixtures of wax with oil and other vehicles which give a mixture of proper working quality4 ,a simple formula is3 ,i4--,yellow wax #i parts ,oil of turpentine #bj parts ,soap #a part ,boiling water #bj parts ,dissolve the wax in the turpentine on a water bath and the soap in the water and stir the two liquids together until the mixture becomes sufficiently cold to remain homogeneous4 ,another formula in which stearine is used is appended3 ,,ii4--,wax #a part ,stearine #b parts ,linseed oil #a part ,oil of turpentine #f parts ,soap #a part ,water #aj parts ,proceed as above4 ,carnauba wax is often used by manufacturers of such dressings instead of beeswax1 as it is harder and takes a higher polish4 ,these dressings are sometimes colored with finely ground yellow ocher or burnt umber4 ,if the leather be badly worn1 however1 it is best to apply a stain first1 and afterwards the waxy dressing4 ,suitable stains are made by boiling safflower in water1 and annatto is also used in the same way1 the two being sometimes mixed together4 ,oxalic acid darkens the color of the safflower4 ,aniline colors would also doubtless yield good results with less trouble and expense4 ,by adding finely ground lampblack to the waxy mixture instead of ocher1 it would answer as a dressing for black leather4 ,,waterproof ,,shoe ,,dressings4 ,i4--,caoutchouc #aj parts ,petroleum #aj parts ,carbon disulphide #aj parts ,shellac #dj parts ,lampblack #bj parts ,oil lavender #a part ,alcohol #bjj parts ,upon the caoutchouc in a bottle pour the carbon disulphide1 cork well1 and let stand a few days1 or until the caoutchouc has become thoroughly gelatinized or partly dissolved4 ,then add the petroleum1 oil of lavender1 and alcohol1 next the shellac in fine powder1 and heat it to about #abj ,f41 taking care that as little as possible is lost by evaporation4 ,when the substances are all dissolved and the liquid is tolerably clear1 add the #fce lampblack1 mix thoroughly1 and fill at once into small bottles4 ,,ii4--,a waterproof blacking which will give a fine polish without rubbing1 and will not injure the leather3 ,beeswax #ah parts ,spermaceti #f parts ,turpentine oil #ff parts ,asphalt varnish #e parts ,powdered borax #a part ,frankfort black #e parts ,prussian blue #b parts ,nitro-benzol #a part ,melt the wax1 add the powdered borax and stir till a kind of jelly has formed4 ,in another pan melt the spermaceti1 add the asphalt varnish1 previously mixed with the oil of turpentine1 stir well1 and add to the wax4 ,lastly add the color previously rubbed smooth with a little of the mass4 ,the nitro-benzol gives fragrance4 ,waterproof ,varnish for ,beach ,shoes4-- ,yellow4-- ,water #aej parts ,borax #e parts ,glycerine #c parts ,spirit of ammonia #a part ,white shellac #be parts ,yellow pigment1 water soluble #a part ,formalin1 a few drops4 ,orange4-- ,water #aej parts ,borax #e parts ,glycerine #b parts ,spirit of ammonia #a part ,ruby shellac #bb parts ,orange1 water soluble #a part ,brown #j4c parts ,formalin #j4a part ,pale ,brown4-- ,water #aej parts ,borax #e parts ,glycerine #b parts ,spirit of ammonia #j4be parts ,white shellac #be parts ,yellow1 water soluble #h parts ,orange #j4c parts ,formalin #j4a part ,stir the glycerine and the spirit of ammonia together in a special vessel before putting both into the kettle4 ,it is also advisable1 before the water boils1 to pour a little of the nearly boiling water into a clean vessel and to dissolve the colors therein with good stirring1 adding this solution to the kettle after the shellac has been dissolved4 ,white ,shoe ,dressing4-- ,i4--,cream of tartar #c ounces ,oxalic acid #a ounce ,alum #a ounce ,milk #c pints ,mix and rub on the shoes4 ,when they are thoroughly dry1 rub them with a mixture of prepared chalk and magnesium carbonate4 ,,ii4--,water #acf parts ,fine pipe clay #ded parts ,shellac1 bleached #acf parts ,borax1 powdered #fh parts ,soft soap #h parts ,ultramarine blue #e parts ,boil the shellac in the water1 adding the borax1 and keeping up the boiling until a perfect solution is obtained1 then stir in the soap 7#e or #f parts of 8ivory0 soap1 shaved up1 and melted with #b or #c parts of water1 is better than common soft soap71 pipe clay1 and ultramarine4 ,finally strain through a hair-cloth sieve4 ,this preparation1 it is said1 leaves absolutely nothing to be desired4 ,a good deal of stiffness may be imparted to the leather by it4 ,the addition of a little glycerine would remedy this4 ,the old application should be wiped away before a new one is put on4 ,this preparation is suitable for military shoes1 gloves1 belts1 and uniforms requiring a white dressing4 ,,shoes1 ,,waterproofing3 ,see ,waterproofing4 ,,shio ,,liao3 ,see ,adhesives1 under ,cements4 ,,ship ,,compositions ,,and ,,paints3 ,see ,paints4 ,,show ,,bottles ,,for ,,druggists3 ,see ,bottles4 ,,show ,,cases4 ,dents in show cases and counters1 and1 indeed1 almost all forms of 8bruises0 on shop and other furniture1 may be removed by the exercise of a little patience1 and proceeding as follows3 ,sponge the place with water as warm as can be borne by the hand4 ,take a piece of filtering or other bibulous paper large enough to fold #f or #h times and yet cover the bruise1 wet in warm water and place over the spot4 ,take a warm 7not hot7 smoothing iron and hold it on the paper until the moisture is evaporated 7renewing its heat1 if necessary74 ,if the bruise does not yield to the first trial1 repeat the process4 ,a dent as large as a #fcf dollar and #a_/d inch deep in the center1 in black walnut of tolerably close texture1 was brought up smooth and level with the surrounding surface by two applications of the paper and iron as described4 ,if the bruise be small1 a sponge dipped in warm water placed upon it1 renewing the warmth from time to time1 will be all-sufficient4 ,when the dent is removed and the wood dry1 the polish can be restored by any of the usual processes4 ,if the wood was originally finished in oil1 rub with a little boiled linseed cut with acetic acid 7oil1 #h parts2 acid1 #a part74 ,if it was 8,french polished10 apply an alcoholic solution of shellac1 and let dry2 repeat if necessary1 and when completely dry proceed as follows3 ,rub the part covered with shellac1 first with crocus cloth and a few drops of olive oil1 until the ridges1 where the new and old polish come together1 disappear2 wipe with a slightly greased but otherwise clean rag and finish with putz pomade4 ,,show-,,case ,,signs3 ,see ,lettering4 ,,show-,,cases1 ,,to ,,prevent ,,dimming ,,of3 ,see ,glass4 ,siccatives ,the oldest drier is probably litharge1 a reddish-yellow powder1 consisting of lead and oxygen4 ,formerly it was ground finely in oil1 either pure or with admixture of white vitriol and added to the dark oil paints4 ,litharge and sugar of lead are used to-day only rarely as drying agents1 having been displaced by the liquid manganese siccatives1 which are easy to handle4 ,e4 ,ebelin1 however1 is of the opinion that the neglect of the lead compounds has not been beneficial to decorative painting4 ,where these mediums were used in suitable quantities hard-drying coatings were almost always obtained4 ,ebelin believes that formerly there used to be less lamentation on account of tacky floors1 pews1 etc41 than at the present time4 ,doubtless a proposition to grind litharge into the oil again will not be favorably received1 although some old master painters have by no means discarded this method4 ,sugar of lead 7lead acetate7 is likewise used as a drier for oil paint4 ,while we may presume in general that a siccative acts by imparting its oxygen to the linseed oil or else prepares the linseed oil in such a manner as to render it capable of readily absorbing the oxygen of the air1 it is especially sugar of lead which strengthens us in this belief4 ,if1 according to ,leuchs1 a piece of charcoal is saturated with lead acetate1 the charcoal can be ignited even with a burning sponge1 and burns entirely to ashes4 7,whoever desires to make the experiment should take #b to #c parts1 by weight1 of sugar of lead per #ajj parts of charcoal47 ,this demonstrates that the sugar of lead readily parts with its oxygen1 which though not burning itself1 supports the combustion4 ,hence1 it may be assumed that it will also as a siccative freely give off its oxygen4 ,tormin reports on a siccative1 of which he says that it has been found valuable for floor coatings4 ,its production is as follows3 ,pour #a part of white lead and #a #a_/b parts each of litharge1 sugar of lead and red lead to #ab #a_/b parts of linseed oil1 and allow this mixture to boil for #h to #aj hours4 ,then remove the kettle from the fire and add to the mixture #bj parts of oil of turpentine4 ,during the boiling1 as well as during and after the pouring in of the oil turpentine1 diligent stirring is necessary1 partly to prevent anything from sticking to the kettle 7which would render the drier impure7 and partly to cause the liquid mass to cool off sooner4 ,after that1 it is allowed to stand for a few days1 whereby the whole will clarify4 ,the upper layer is then poured off and added to the light tints1 while the sediment may be used for the darker shades4 ,if white vitriol 7zinc sulphate or zinc vitriol7 has been introduced among the drying agents1 this is done in the endeavor to create a non-coloring admixture for the white pigments and also not to be compelled to add lead compounds1 which1 as experience has shown1 cause a yellowing of white coatings to zinc white4 ,for ordinary purposes1 ,dr4 ,koller recommends to add to the linseed oil #b per cent 7by weight7 of litharge and #a_/b per cent of zinc vitriol1 whereupon the mixture is freely boiled4 ,if the white vitriol is to be added in powder form1 it must be deprived of its constitutional water4 ,this is done in the simplest manner by calcining4 ,the powder1 which feels moist1 is subjected to the action of fire on a sheet-iron plate1 whereby the white vitriol is transformed into a vesicular1 crumbly mass4 ,at one time it was ground in oil for pure zinc white coatings only1 while for the other pigments litharge is added besides1 as stated above4 ,as regards the manganese preparations which are employed for siccatives1 it must be stated that they do not possess #fcg certain disadvantages of the lead preparations as1 for instance1 that of being acted upon by hydrogen sulphide gas4 ,the ordinary brown manganese driers1 however1 are very liable to render the paint yellowish1 which1 of course1 is not desirable for pure white coatings4 ,in case of too large an addition of the said siccative1 a strong subsequent yellowing is perceptible1 even if1 for instance1 zinc white has been considerably 8broken0 by blue or black4 ,but there are also manganese siccatives or drying preparations offered for sale which are colorless or white1 and therefore may unhesitatingly be used in comparatively large quantities for white coatings4 ,a pulverulent drying material of this kind consists1 for example1 of equal parts of calcined 7i4 e41 anhydrous7 manganese vitriol1 manganous acetate1 and calcined zinc vitriol4 ,of this mixture #c per cent is added to the zinc white4 ,of the other manganese compounds1 especially that containing most oxygen1 viz41 manganic peroxide1 is extensively employed4 ,this body is treated as follows3 ,it is first coarsely powdered1 feebly calcined1 and sifted4 ,next1 the substance is put into wire gauze and suspended in linseed oil1 which should be boiled slightly4 ,the weight of the linseed oil should be #aj times that of the manganese peroxide4 ,according to another recipe a pure pulverous preparation may be produced by treating the manganic peroxide with hydrochloric acid1 next filtering1 precipitating with hot borax solution1 allowing to deposit1 washing out and finally drying4 ,further recipes will probably be unnecessary1 since the painter will hardly prepare his own driers4 ,unless for special cases driers should be used but sparingly4 ,as a rule #c to #e per cent of siccative suffices2 in other words1 #c to #e pounds of siccative should be added to #ajj pounds of ground oil paint ready for use4 ,as a standard it may be proposed to endeavor to have the coating dry in #bd hours4 ,for lead colors a slight addition of drier is advisable2 for red lead1 it may be omitted altogether4 ,where non-tacky coatings are desired1 as for floors1 chairs1 etc41 as well as a priming for wood imitations1 lead color should always be employed as foundation1 and as a drier also a lead preparation4 ,on the other hand1 no lead compounds should be used for pure zinc-white coats and white lacquering4 ,testing ,siccatives4--,since it was discovered that the lead and manganese compounds of rosin acids had a better and more rapid action on linseed oil than the older form of driers1 such as red lead1 litharge1 manganese dioxide1 etc41 the number of preparations of the former class has increased enormously4 ,manufacturers are continually at work endeavoring to improve the quality of these compounds1 and to obtain a preparation which will be peculiarly their own4 ,consequently1 with such a large variety of substances to deal with1 it becomes a matter of some difficulty to distinguish the good from the bad4 ,in addition to the general appearance1 color1 hardness1 and a few other such physical properties1 there is no means of ascertaining the quality of these substances except practical testing of their drying properties1 that is1 one must mix the driers with oil and prove their value for oneself4 ,even the discovery of an apparently satisfactory variety does not end the matter1 for experience has shown that such preparations1 even when they appear the same1 do not give similar results4 ,a great deal depends upon their preparation2 for example1 manganese resinate obtained from successive consignments1 and containing the same percentage of manganese1 does not always give identical results with oil4 ,in fact1 variation is the greatest drawback to these compounds4 ,with one preparation the oil darkens1 with another it remains pale1 or sometimes decomposition of the oil takes place in part4 ,the addition of a small proportion of drier has been known to cause the separation of #ej per cent of the oil as a dark viscous mass4 ,one drier will act well1 and the oil will remain thin1 while with another1 the same oil will in the course of a few months thicken to the consistency of stand oil4 ,these various actions may all be obtained from the same compound of rosin with a metal1 the source only of the drier varying4 ,the liquid siccatives derived from these compounds by solution in turpentine or benzine also give widely divergent results4 ,sometimes a slight foot will separate1 or as much as #ej per cent may go to the bottom of the pan1 and at times the whole contents of the pan will settle to a thick1 jelly-like mass4 ,by increasing the temperature1 this mass will become thin and clear once more1 and distillation will drive over pure unaltered turpentine or benzine1 leaving behind the metallic compound of rosin in its original state4 ,the compounds of metals with fatty acids which1 in solution in turpentine1 have been used for many years by #fch varnish-makers1 show even greater variation4 ,at the same time1 a greater drying power is obtained from them than from rosin acids1 quantities being equal4 ,as these compounds leave the factory1 they are often in solution in linseed oil or turpentine1 and undoubtedly many of the products of this nature on the market are of very inferior quality4 ,the examination of these bodies may be set about in two ways3 ,a4--,by dissolving in linseed oil with or without heat4 ,b4--,by first dissolving the drier in turpentine and mixing the cooled solution 7liquid siccatives7 with linseed oil4 ,before proceeding to describe the method of carrying out the foregoing tests1 it is necessary to emphasize the important part which the linseed oil plays in the examination of the driers4 ,as part of the information to be gained by these tests depends upon the amount of solid matter which separates out1 it is essential that the linseed oil should be uniform4 ,to attain this end1 the oil used must always be freed from mucilage before being used for the test4 ,if this cannot readily be obtained1 ordinary linseed oil should be heated to a temperature of from #eah to #egb ,f41 so that it breaks1 and should then be cooled and filtered4 ,with the ordinary market linseed oil1 the amount of solid matter which separates varies within wide limits1 so that if this were not removed1 no idea of the separation of foot caused by the driers would be obtained4 ,it is not to be understood from this that unbroken linseed oil is never to be used for ordinary paint or varnish1 the warning being only given for the sake of arriving at reliable values for the quality of the driers to be tested4 ,a4--,solution of ,drier in ,linseed ,oil4--,the precipitated metallic compounds of rosin 7lead resinate1 manganese resinate and lead manganese resinate7 dissolve readily in linseed oil of ordinary temperature 7#fj to #gj ,f474 ,the oil is mixed with #a #a_/b per cent of the drier and subjected to stirring or shaking for #bd hours1 the agitation being applied at intervals of an hour4 ,fused metallic resinates are not soluble in linseed oil at ordinary temperatures1 so different treatment is required for them4 ,the oil is heated in an enameled pan together with the finely powdered drier1 until the latter is completely in solution1 care being taken not to allow the temperature to rise above #cij ,f4 ,the pan is then removed from the fire and its contents allowed to settle4 ,the quantity of drier used should not exceed #a #a_/b to #c per cent4 ,in the case of metallic linoleates 7lead linoleate1 manganese linoleate and lead-manganese linoleate71 the temperature must be raised above #bij ,f4 before they will go into solution4 ,in their case also the addition should not be greater than #c per cent4 ,note1 after all the tests have settled1 the amount of undissolved matter which is left at the bottom1 as this is one of the data upon which an idea of the value of the drier must be formed4 ,b4--,solution of ,drier in ,turpentine or ,benzine4--,for the preparation of these liquid siccatives #a to #a4d parts of the metallic resinate or linoleate are added to the benzine or turpentine and dissolved at a gentle heat1 or the drier may first be melted over a fire and added to the solvent while in the liquid state4 ,the proportion of matter which does not go into solution must be carefully noted as a factor in the valuation of the drier4 ,from #e to #aj per cent of the liquid siccative is now added to the linseed oil1 and the mixture shaken well1 at intervals during #bd hours4 ,samples of all the oils prepared as above should be placed in small clear bottles1 which are very narrow inside1 so that a thin layer of the oil may be observed4 ,the bottles are allowed to stand for #c or #d days in a temperate room1 without being touched4 ,when sufficient time has been allowed for thorough settling1 the color1 transparency1 and consistency of the samples are carefully observed1 and also the quantity and nature of any precipitate which may have settled out4 ,a note should also be made of the date for future reference4 ,naturally the drier which has colored the oil least and left it most clean and thin1 and which shows the smallest precipitate1 is the most suitable for general use4 ,the next important test is that of drying power1 and is carried out as follows3 ,a few drops of the sample are placed on a clear1 clean glass plate1 #d x #f inches1 and rubbed evenly over with the fingers4 ,the plate is then placed1 clean side up1 in a sloping position with the upper edge resting against a wall4 ,in this way any excess of oil is run off and a very thin equal layer is obtained4 ,it is best to start the test early in the morning as it can then be watched throughout the day4 ,it should be remarked that the time from the 8tacky0 stage to complete dryness is usually very short1 so that the observer must be constantly on the watch4 ,if a good drier has been used1 the time may be from #d to #e hours1 and should not be more than #ab or at the very highest #fci #ae4 ,the bleaching of the layer should also be noted4 ,many of the layers1 even after they have become as dry as they seem capable of becoming1 show a slight stickiness4 ,these tests should be set aside in a dust-free place for about #h days1 and then tested with the finger4 ,,sign ,,letters3 ,to ,remove ,black ,letters from ,white ,enameled ,signs4--,it frequently happens that a change has to be made on such signs1 one name having to be taken off and another substituted4 ,priming with white lead followed by dull and glossy zinc white paint always looks like a daub and stands out like a pad4 ,lye1 glass paper or steel chips will not attack the burned-in metallic enamel4 ,the quickest plan is to grind down carefully with a good grindstone4 ,,sign-,,letter ,,cements3 ,see ,adhesives1 under ,cements4 ,,signs1 ,,to ,,repair ,,enameled3 ,see ,enamels4 ,,silk3 ,artificial 8,rubbered0 ,silk4--,a solution of caoutchouc or similar gum in acetone is added1 in any desired proportion1 to a solution of nitro-cellulose in acetone1 and the mixture is made into threads by passing it into water or other suitable liquid4 ,the resulting threads are stated to be very brilliant in appearance1 extremely elastic1 and very resistant to the atmosphere and to water4 ,the product is not more inflammable than natural silk4 ,artificial ,ageing of ,silk ,fabrics4--,to give silk goods the appearance of age1 exposure to the sun is the simplest way1 but as this requires time it cannot always be employed4 ,a quicker method consists in preparing a dirty-greenish liquor of weak soap water1 with addition of a little blacking and gamboge solution4 ,wash the silk fabric in this liquor and dry as usual1 without rinsing in clean water1 and calender4 ,bleaching ,silk4--,the ,lyons process of bleaching skeins of silk is to draw them rapidly through a sort of aqua regia bath4 ,this bath is prepared by mixing #e parts of hydrochloric acid with #a of nitric1 leaving the mixture for #d or #e days at a gentle heat of about #gg ,f41 and then diluting with about #ae times its volume of water4 ,this dilution is effected in large tanks cut from stone4 ,the temperature of the bath should be from #fh to #he ,f41 and the skeins should not be in it over #ae minutes1 and frequently not so long as that2 they must be kept in motion during all that time4 ,when taken out1 the silk is immediately immersed successively in #b troughs of water1 to remove every trace of the acid1 after which they are dried4 ,hydrogen peroxide is used as a silk bleach1 the silk being first thoroughly washed with an alkaline soap and ammonium carbonate to free it of its gummy matter4 ,after repeated washings in the peroxide 7preferably rendered alkaline with ammonia and soda71 the silk is 8blued0 with a solution of blue aniline in alcohol4 ,washing of ,light ,silk ,goods4--,the best soap may change delicate tints4 ,the following method is therefore preferable3 ,first wash the silk tissue in warm milk4 ,prepare a light bran infusion1 which is to be decanted1 and after resting for a time1 passed over the fabric4 ,it is then rinsed in this water1 almost cold4 ,it is moved about in all directions1 and afterwards dried on a napkin4 ,,silk ,,sensitizers ,,for ,,photographic ,,purposes3 ,see ,photography1 under ,paper-,sensitizing ,processes4 ,silver ,antique ,silver 7see also ,plating74--,coat the polished silver articles with a thin paste of powdered graphite1 #f parts2 powdered bloodstone1 #a part2 and oil of turpentine4 ,after the drying take off the superfluous powder with a soft brush and rub the raised portions bright with a linen rag dipped in spirit4 ,by treatment with various sulphides an old appearance is likewise imparted to silver4 ,if1 for example1 a solution of #e parts of liver of sulphur and #aj parts of ammonium carbonate are heated in #a quart of distilled water to #ahj ,f41 placing the silver articles therein1 the latter first turn pale gray1 then dark gray1 and finally assume a deep black-blue4 ,in the case of plated ware1 the silvering must not be too thin2 in the case of thick silver plating or solid silver #a quart of water is sufficient4 ,the colors will then appear more quickly4 ,if the coloring is spotted or otherwise imperfect dip the objects into a warm potassium cyanide solution1 whereby the silver sulphide formed is immediately #fdj dissolved4 ,the bath must be renewed after a while4 ,silver containing much copper is subjected1 previous to the coloring1 to a blanching process1 which is accomplished in a boiling solution of #ae parts of powdered tartar and #cj parts of cooking salt in #b pints of water4 ,objects which are to be mat are coated with a paste of potash and water after the blanching1 then dry1 anneal1 cool in water1 and boil again4 ,imitation of ,antique ,silver4--,plated articles may be colored to resemble old objects of art made of solid silver4 ,for this purpose the deep-lying parts1 those not exposed to friction1 are provided with a blackish1 earthy coating1 the prominent parts retaining a leaden but bright color4 ,the process is simple4 ,a thin paste is made of finely powdered graphite and oil of turpentine 7a little bloodstone or red ocher may be added1 to imitate the copper tinge in articles of old silver7 and spread over the whole of the previously plated article4 ,it is then allowed to dry1 and the particles not adhering to the surface removed with a soft brush4 ,the black coating should then be carefully wiped off the exposed parts by means of a linen rag dipped in alcohol4 ,this process is very effective in making imitations of objects of antique art1 such as goblets1 candlesticks1 vessels of every description1 statues1 etc4 ,if it is desired to restore the original brightness to the object1 this can be done by washing with caustic soda or a solution of cyanide of potassium4 ,benzine can also be used for this purpose4 ,blanching ,silver4--,i4--,mix powdered charcoal1 #c parts1 and calcined borax1 #a part1 and stir with water so as to make a homogeneous paste4 ,apply this paste on the pieces to be blanched4 ,put the pieces on a charcoal fire1 taking care to cover them up well2 when they have acquired a cherry red1 withdraw them from the fire and leave to cool off4 ,next place them in a hot bath composed of #i parts of water and #a part of sulphuric acid1 without causing the bath to boil4 ,leave the articles in for about #a hour4 ,remove them1 rinse in clean water1 and dry4 ,,ii4--,if the coat of tarnish on the surface of the silver is but light and superficial1 it suffices to rub the piece well with green soap to wash it thoroughly in hot water2 then dry it in hot sawdust and pass it through alcohol1 finally rubbing with a fine cloth or brush4 ,should the coat resist this treatment1 brush with ,spanish white1 then wash1 dry1 and pass through alcohol4 ,the employment of ,spanish white has the drawback of shining the silver if the application is strong and prolonged4 ,if the oxidation has withstood these means and if it is desired to impart to the chain the handsome mat appearance of new goods1 it should be annealed in charcoal dust and passed through vitriol1 but this operation1 for those unused to it1 is very dangerous to the soldering and consequently may spoil the piece4 ,coloring ,silver4--,a rich gold tint may be imparted to silver articles by plunging them into dilute sulphuric acid1 saturated with iron rust4 ,frosting ,polished ,silver4--,articles of polished silver may be frosted by putting them into a bath of nitric acid diluted with an equal volume of distilled water and letting them remain a few minutes4 ,a better effect may be given by dipping the article frequently into the bath until the requisite degree of frosting has been attained4 ,then rinse and place for a few moments in a strong bath of potassium cyanide2 remove and rinse4 ,the fingers must not be allowed to touch the article during either process4 ,it should be held with wooden forceps or clamps4 ,fulminating ,silver4--,dissolve #a part of fine silver in #aj parts of nitric acid of #a4cf specific gravity at a moderate heat2 pour the solution into #bj parts of spirit of wine 7#he to #ij per cent7 and heat the liquid4 ,as soon as the mixture begins to boil1 it is removed from the fire and left alone until cooled off4 ,the fulminic silver crystallizes on cooling in very fine needles of dazzling whiteness1 which are edulcorated with water and dried carefully in the air4 ,hollow ,silverware4--,a good process for making hollow figures consists in covering models of the figures1 made of a base or easily soluble metal1 with a thin and uniform coating of a nobler metal1 by means of the electric current in such a way that this coating takes approximately the shape of the model1 the latter being then removed by dissolving it with acid4 ,the model is cast from zinc in one or more pieces1 a well-chased brass mold being used for this purpose1 and the separate parts are then soldered together with an easily fusible solder4 ,the figure is then covered with a galvanized coating of silver1 copper1 or other metal4 ,before receiving the coating of silver1 the figure is first covered with a thin deposit of copper1 the silver being added afterwards in the required thickness4 ,but in order #fda that the deposit of silver may be of the same thickness throughout 7this is essential if the figure is to keep the right shape71 silver anodes1 so constructed and arranged as to correspond as closely as possible to the outlines of the figure1 should be suspended in the solution of silver and cyanide of potassium on both sides of the figure1 and at equal distances from it4 ,as soon as the deposit is sufficiently thick1 the figure is removed from the bath1 washed1 and put into a bath of dilute sulphuric or hydrochloric acid1 where it is allowed to remain till the zinc core is dissolved4 ,the decomposition of the zinc can be accelerated by adding a pin of copper4 ,the figure now requires only boiling in soda and potassic tartrate to acquire a white color4 ,if the figure is to be made of copper1 the zinc model must be covered first with a thin layer of silver1 then with the copper coating1 and then once more with a thin layer of silver1 so that while the zinc is being dissolved1 the copper may be protected on either side by the silver4 ,similar precautions must be taken with other metals1 regard being paid to their peculiar properties4 ,another method is to cast the figures1 entire or in separate parts1 out of some easily fusible alloy in chased metal molds4 ,the separate portions are soldered with the same solder1 and the figure is then provided with a coating of copper1 silver1 etc41 by means of the galvanic current4 ,it is then placed in boiling water or steam1 and the inner alloys melted by the introduction of the water or steam through holes bored for this purpose4 ,lustrous ,oxide on ,silver 7see also ,plating and ,silver1 under ,polishes74--,some experience is necessary to reproduce a handsome black luster4 ,into a cup filled with water throw a little liver of sulphur and mix well4 ,scratch the silver article as bright as possible with the scratch brush and dip into the warm liquid4 ,remove the object after #b minutes and rinse off in water4 ,then scratch it up again and return it into the liquid4 ,the process should be repeated #b or #c times1 whereby a wonderful glossy black is obtained4 ,ornamental ,designs on ,silver4--,select a smooth part of the silver1 and sketch on it a monogram or any other design with a sharp lead pencil4 ,place the article in a gold solution1 with the battery in good working order1 and in a short time all the parts not sketched with the lead pencil will be covered with a coat of gold4 ,after cleaning the article the black lead is easily removed with the finger1 whereupon the silver ornament is disclosed4 ,a gold ornament may be produced by reversing the process4 ,separating ,silver from ,platinum ,waste4--,cut the waste into small pieces1 make red hot to destroy grease and organic substances1 and dissolve in aqua regia 7hydrochloric acid1 #c parts1 and nitric acid1 #a part74 ,platinum and all other metals combined with it are thus dissolved1 while silver settles on the bottom as chloride in the shape of a gray1 spongy powder4 ,the solution is then drawn off and tested by oxalic acid for gold1 which is precipitated as a fine yellowish powder4 ,the other metals remain untouched thereby4 ,the platinum still present in the solution is now obtained by a gradual addition of sal ammoniac as a yellowish-gray powder4 ,these different precipitates are washed with warm water1 dried1 and transformed into the metallic state by suitable fluxes4 ,platinum filings1 however1 have to be previously refined4 ,they are also first annealed4 ,all steel or iron filings are removed with a magnet and the rest is dipped into concentrated sulphuric acid and heated with this to the boiling point4 ,this process is continued as long as an action of the acid is noticeable4 ,the remaining powder is pure platinum4 ,hot sulphuric acid dissolves silver without touching the platinum4 ,the liquid used for the separation of the platinum is now diluted with an equal quantity of water and the silver expelled from it by means of a saturated cooking salt solution4 ,the latter is added gradually until no more action1 i4 e41 separation1 is perceptible4 ,the liquid is carefully drawn off1 the residue washed in warm water1 dried and melted with a little soda ashes as flux1 which yields pure metallic silver4 ,the old process for separating silver from waste was as follows3 ,the refuse was mixed with an equal quantity of charcoal1 placed in a crucible1 and subjected to a bright-red heat1 and in a short time a silver button formed at the bottom4 ,carbonate of soda is another good flux4 ,silvering ,glass ,globes4--,take #a_/c ounce of clean lead1 and melt it with an equal weight of pure tin2 then immediately add #a_/b ounce of bismuth1 and carefully skim off the dross2 remove the alloy from the fire and before it grows cold add #e ounces of mercury1 and stir the whole well together2 then put the fluid amalgam into a clean glass1 and it is fit for use4 ,when this amalgam is used for silvering #fdb let it be first strained through a linen rag2 then gently pour some ounces thereof into the globe intended to be silvered2 the alloy should be poured into the globe by means of a paper or glass funnel reaching almost to the bottom of the globe1 to prevent it splashing the sides2 the globe should be turned every way very slowly1 to fasten the silvering4 ,silvering ,powder for ,metals4--,copper1 brass1 and some other metals may be silvered by rubbing well with the following powder3 ,potassium cyanide1 #ab parts2 silver nitrate1 #f parts2 calcium carbonate1 #cj parts4 ,mix and keep in a well-closed bottle4 ,it must be applied with hard rubbing1 the bright surface being afterwards rinsed with water1 dried1 and polished4 ,great care must be exercised in the use of the powder on account of its poisonous nature4 ,it should not be allowed to come in contact with the hands4 ,silver ,testing4--,for this purpose a cold saturated solution of potassium bichromate in pure nitric acid of #a4b specific gravity is employed4 ,after the article to be tested has been treated with spirit of wine for the removal of any varnish coating which might be present1 a drop of the above test liquor is applied by means of a glass rod and the resultant spot rubbed off with a little water4 ,a testing solution of potassium bichromate1 #a ounce1 pure nitric acid1 #f ounces1 and water1 #b ounces1 gives the following results on surfaces of the metals named3 ,metal4 ,color in one ,color of mark minute4 left4 ,pure silver ,bright blood-red ,grayish white 4#ibe silver ,dark red ,dark brown 4#hjj silver ,chocolate ,dark brown 4#ejj silver ,green ,dark brown ,german silver ,dark blue ,light gray ,nickel ,turquoise blue ,scarcely any ,copper ,very dark blue ,cleaned copper ,brass ,dark brown ,light brown ,lead ,nut brown ,leaden ,tin ,reddish brown ,dark ,zinc ,light chocolate ,steel gray ,aluminum ,yellow ,no stain ,platinum ,vandyke brown ,no stain ,iron ,various ,black #i-;carat gold ,unchanged ,no stain ,the second column in the table shows such change of color as the liquid--not the metal--undergoes during its action for the period of #a minute4 ,the test liquid being then washed off with cold water1 the third column shows the nature of the stain that is left4 ,in the case of faintly silvered goods1 such as buttons1 this test fails1 since the slight quantity of resulting silver chromate does not become visible or dissolves in the nitric acid present4 ,but even such a thin coat of silver can be recognized with the above test liquor1 if the bichromate solution is used1 diluted with the equal volume of water1 or if a small drop of water is first put on the article and afterwards a little drop of the undiluted solution is applied by means of a capillary tube4 ,in this manner a distinct red spot was obtained in the case of very slight silvering4 ,a simpler method is as follows3 ,rub the piece to be tested on the touchstone and moisten the mark with nitric acid1 whereupon it disappears4 ,add a little hydrochloric acid with a glass rod4 ,if a white turbidness 7silver chloride7 appears which does not vanish upon addition of water1 or1 in case of faint silvering or an alloy poor in silver1 a weak opalescence1 the presence of silver is certain4 ,even alloys containing very little silver give this reaction quite distinctly4 ,pink ,color on ,silver4--,to produce a beautiful pink color upon silver1 dip the clean article for a few seconds into a hot and strong solution of cupric chloride1 swill it in water and then dry it or dip it into spirit of wine and ignite the spirit4 ,,silver1 ,,imitation3 ,see ,alloys4 ,,silvering3 ,see ,plating4 ,,silvering ,,of ,,mirrors3 ,see ,mirrors4 ,,silvering1 ,,test ,,for3 ,see ,plating4 ,,silver ,,foil ,,substitute3 ,see ,metal ,foil4 ,,silver ,,nitrate ,,spots1 ,,to ,,remove3 ,see ,cleaning ,preparations and ,methods4 ,,silver-,,plating3 ,see ,plating4 ,,silver1 ,,recovery ,,of ,,photographic3 ,see ,photography4 ,,silver ,,solders3 ,see ,solders4 #fdc ,,silver1 ,,to ,,clean3 ,see ,cleaning ,preparations and ,methods4 ,,silver1 ,,to ,,recover ,,gold ,,from3 ,see ,gold4 ,,silverware ,,polishes3 ,see ,polishes4 ,,similor3 ,see ,alloys4 ,,sinews1 ,,treatment ,,of1 ,,in ,,manufacturing ,,glue3 ,see ,adhesives4 ,,syrup 7,,raspberry73 ,see ,raspberry4 ,,syrups3 ,see ,essences and ,extracts4 ,,sizing3 ,see ,adhesives4 ,,sizing ,,walls ,,for ,,kalsomine3 ,see ,kalsomine4 ,,skin-,,cleaning ,,preparations3 ,see ,cleaning ,preparations and ,methods4 ,,skin ,,ointments3 ,see ,ointments4 ,,skin ,,foods3 ,see ,cosmetics4 ,,skin ,,troubles3 ,see ,soap4 ,,slate3 ,artificial ,slate4--,the artificial slate coating on tin consists of a mixture of finely ground slate1 lampblack1 and a water-glass solution of equal parts of potash and soda water glass 7#a4be specific gravity74 ,the process is as follows3 ,i4--,first prepare the water-glass solution by finely crushing equal parts of solid potash and soda water glass and pouring over this #f to #h times the quantity of soft river water1 which is kept boiling about #a #a_/b hours1 whereby the water glass is completely dissolved4 ,add #g parts finely crushed slate finely ground with a little water into impalpable dust1 #a part lampblack1 which is ground with it1 and grind enough of this mass with the previously prepared water-glass solution as is necessary for a thick or thin coating4 ,with this compound the roughened tin plates are painted as uniformly as possible4 ,for roofing1 zinc plate may be colored in the same manner4 ,the coating protects the zinc from oxidation and consequently from destruction4 ,for painting zinc plate1 however1 only pure potash water glass must be added to the mixture1 as the paint would loosen or peel off from the zinc if soda water glass were used4 ,,ii4--,good heavy paper or other substance is saturated with linseed-oil varnish and then painted1 several coats1 one after another with the following mixture3 ,copal varnish #a part ,oil of turpentine #b parts ,fine1 dry sand1 powdered #a part ,powdered glass #a part ,ground slate #b parts ,lampblack #a part ,,slides ,,for ,,lanterns3 ,see ,photography4 ,,slugs ,,on ,,roses3 ,see ,insecticides4 ,,smaragdine3 ,see ,alcohol 7,solid74 ,,smut1 ,,treatment ,,for3 ,see ,grain4 ,,snake ,,bites4 ,about #be years ago1 ,dr4 ,s4 ,weir ,mitchell and ,dr4 ,reichert published results of their investigations of snake venom which indicated that permanganate of potassium may prove of material value as an antidote to this lethal substance4 ,since that time permanganate has been largely used all over the world as a remedy when men and animals were bitten by poisonous snakes1 and ,sir ,lauder ,brunton devised an instrument by means of which the permanganate may be readily carried in the pocket1 and immediately injected into1 or into the neighborhood of1 the wound4 ,captain ,rodgers1 of the ,indian ,medical ,service1 recently reported several cases treated by this method1 the wounds being due to the bites of the cobra4 ,after making free crucial incisions of the bitten part1 the wound was thoroughly flushed with a hot solution of permanganate of potassium1 and then bandaged4 ,recovery occurred in each instance1 although the cauterant action of the hot solution of permanganate of potassium delayed healing so long that the part was not well for about #c weeks4 ,about #ab or #ac years ago1 ,dr4 ,amos ,barber1 of ,cheyenne1 ,wyoming1 reported cases in which excellent results had followed this method of treatment4 #fdd ,soaps 7,see also ,cleaning ,compounds and ,polishes47 ,,antiseptic ,,soap4 ,i4--,various attempts have been made to incorporate antiseptics and cosmetics with soap1 but for the most part unsuccessfully1 owing to the unfavorable action of the added components1 a good instance of this kind being sodium peroxide1 which1 though a powerful antiseptic1 soon decomposes in the soap and loses its properties1 while the caustic character of the oxide renders its use precarious1 even when the soap is fresh1 unless great care is taken4 ,however1 according to a ,german patent1 zinc peroxide is free from these defects1 since it retains its stability and has no corrosive action on the skin1 while possessing powerful antiseptic and cosmetic properties1 and has a direct curative influence when applied to cuts or wounds4 ,,ii4--,the soap is prepared by melting #hj parts of household soap in a jacketed pan1 and gradually adding #bj parts of moist zinc peroxide 7#ej per cent strength71 the whole being kept well stirred all the time4 ,the finished mixture will be about as stiff as dough1 and is easily shaped into tablets of convenient size4 ,,iii4--,take #ej parts1 by weight1 of caustic soda of #gj per cent1 and free from carbonic acid1 if possible2 #bjj parts1 by weight1 of sweet almond oil2 #afj parts1 by weight1 of glycerine of #cj ,b42 and sufficient distilled water to make up #a1jjj parts by weight4 ,first1 dissolve the alkali in double its weight of water1 then add the glycerine and oil and stir together4 ,afterwards1 add the remainder of the water and keep the whole on the water bath at a temperature of #adj to #aeh ,f41 for #bd to #cf hours2 remove the oil not saponified1 which gives a gelatinous mass4 ,mix #ijj parts1 by weight1 of it with #gj parts1 by weight1 of #ij per cent alcohol and #aj parts1 by weight1 of lemon oil1 and as much of the oil of bergamot and the oil of vervain4 ,heat for some hours at #adj ,f41 then allow to cool and filter on wadding to eliminate the needles of stearate of potash4 ,the liquid after filtering remains clear4 ,carpet ,soap4-- ,fuller's earth #d ounces ,spirits of turpentine #a ounce ,pearlash #h ounces ,rub smooth and make into a stiff paste with a sufficiency of soft soap4 ,to ,cut ,castile ,soap4--,a thin spatula must be used4 ,to cut straight1 a trough with open ends made with #a_/b-;inch boards should be taken1 the inside dimensions being #b #g_/h inches wide1 #c #c_/d inches deep1 and about #ad inches long4 ,near the end a perpendicular slit is sawed through the side pieces4 ,passing the spatula down through this slit the bar is cut neatly and straight4 ,for trimming off the corners a carpenter's small iron plane works well4 ,,coloring ,,soap4 ,the first point to be observed is to select the proper shade of flower corresponding with the perfume used1 for instance1 an almond soap is left white2 rose soap is colored pink or red2 mignonette1 green1 etc4 ,the colors from which the soapmaker may select are numerous2 not only are most of the coal-tar colors adapted for his purpose1 but also a very great number of mineral colors4 ,until recently1 the latter were almost exclusively employed1 but the great advance in the tar-color industry has brought about a change4 ,a prominent advantage of the mineral colors is their stability2 they are not changed or in any way affected by exposure to light4 ,this advantage1 however1 is offset in many cases by the more difficult method of application1 the difficulty of getting uniform shades4 ,the coal-tar colors give brilliant shades and tints1 are easy to use1 and produce uniform tints4 ,the specific gravity of mineral colors being rather high1 in most cases they will naturally tend to settle toward the bottom of soap1 and their use necessitates crutching of the soap until it is too thick to allow the color to settle4 ,for mottled soap1 however1 vermilion1 red oxide1 and ultramarine are still largely employed4 ,for transparent soap mineral colors are not applicable1 as they would detract from their transparency2 for milled toilet soap1 on the other hand1 they are very well adapted1 as also for cold-made soaps which require crutching anyway until a sufficient consistency is obtained to keep the coloring material suspended4 ,a notable disadvantage in the use of aniline colors1 besides their sensitiveness to the action of light1 is the fact that many of them are affected and partly destroyed by the action of alkali4 ,a few of them are proof against a small excess of lye1 and these may be used with good effect4 ,certain firms have made a specialty of manufacturing colors answering the peculiar requirements of soap1 being very easy of #fde application1 as they are simply dissolved in boiling water and the solution stirred into the soap4 ,to some colors a little weak lye is added2 others are mixed with a little oil before they are added to the soap4 ,for a soluble red color there were formerly used alkanet and cochineal2 at present these have been displaced to a great extent1 on account of their high cost1 by magenta1 which is very cheap and of remarkable beauty4 ,a very small amount suffices for an intense color1 nor is a large proportion desirable1 as the soap would then stain4 ,delicate tints are also produced by the eosine colors1 of which rose bengal1 phloxine1 rhodamine1 and eosine are most commonly used4 ,these colors1 when dissolved1 have a brilliant fluorescence which heightens their beautiful effect4 ,the following minerals1 after being ground and washed several times in boiling water1 will produce the colors stated3 ,hematite produces deep red4 ,purple oxide iron produces purple4 ,oxide of manganese produces brown4 ,yellow ocher produces yellow4 ,yellow ocher calcined produces orange4 ,umber produces fawn4 ,cinnabar produces medium red4 ,there are also a number of the azo dyes1 which are suitable for soaps1 and these1 as well as the eosine colors1 are used principally for transparent soaps4 ,for opaque soaps both aniline and mineral reds are used1 among the latter being vermilion1 chrome red1 and iron oxide4 ,chrome red is a basic chromate of lead1 which is now much used in place of vermilion1 but1 as it becomes black on exposure to an atmosphere containing even traces only of sulphureted hydrogen1 it is not essentially adapted for soap4 ,vermilion gives a bright color1 but its price is high4 ,iron oxide1 known in the trade as colcothar1 rouge1 etc41 is used for cheap soaps only4 ,among the natural colors for yellow are saffron1 gamboge1 turmeric1 and caramel 7sugar color72 the first named of these is now hardly used1 owing to its high cost4 ,of the yellow aniline colors special mention must be made of picric acid 7trinitrophenol71 martius yellow1 naphthol yellow1 acid yellow1 and auramine4 ,if an orange tint is wanted1 a trace of magenta or safranine may be added to the yellow colors named4 ,the use of some unbleached palm oil with the stock answers a similar purpose1 but the color fades on exposure4 ,a mineral yellow is chrome yellow 7chromate of lead71 which has the same advantages and disadvantages as chrome red4 ,of the blue aniline colors1 there may be used alkali blue1 patent blue1 and indigo extract4 ,alkali or aniline blue is soluble only in alkaline liquids2 while patent blue is soluble in water and in alcohol4 ,both blues can be had in different brands1 producing from green blues to violet blues4 ,indigo extract1 which should be classed among the natural colors rather than among the tar colors1 is added to the soap in aqueous solution4 ,of ultramarine there are two modifications1 the sulphate and the soda4 ,both of these are proof against the action of alkali1 but are decomposed by acids or salts having an acid reaction4 ,the former is much paler than the latter2 the soda ultramarine is best adapted for coloring soda soaps blue4 ,the ultramarine is added to the soap in the form of a fine powder4 ,smalt is unsuitable1 although it gives soap a color of wonderful beauty because a considerable quantity of it is required to produce a deep color1 and1 furthermore1 it makes the soap rough1 owing to the gritty nature which smalt has even when in the finest powder4 ,by mixing the blue and yellow colors named1 a great variety of greens are obtained4 ,both component colors must be entirely free from any reddish tint1 for the latter would cause the mixture to form a dirty-green color4 ,of the colors producing green directly the two tar colors1 ,victoria and brilliant green1 are to be noted2 these give a bright color1 but fade rapidly2 thereby the soap acquires an unsightly appearance4 ,for opaque soap of the better grades1 green ultramarine or chrome green are used4 ,gray and black are produced by lampblack4 ,for brown1 there is ,bismarck brown among the aniline colors and umber among the earthy pigments4 ,garment-,cleaning ,soap4--,the following is excellent3 ,i4--,white soap1 rasped or shaved #ab parts ,ammonia water #c parts ,boiling water #ah parts ,dissolve the soap in the water and when it cools down somewhat1 add to the solution the ammonia water4 ,pour the solution into a flask of sufficient capacity 7or holding about three times as much as the mixture7 and add enough water to fill it about three-quarters full4 ,shake and add1 a little at a time1 under active agitation1 enough benzine to make #ajj parts4 ,this constitutes the stock #fdf bottle4 ,to make up the mass or paste put a teaspoonful in an #h-ounce bottle and add1 a little at a time1 with constant agitation1 benzine to about fill the bottle4 ,this preparation is a rapid cleaner and does not injure the most delicate colors4 ,,ii4--,good bar soap1 shaved up #afe parts ,ammonia water #de parts ,benzine #aij parts ,water sufficient to make #a1jjj parts ,dissolve the soap in #fjj parts of water by heating on the water bath1 remove1 and add the ammonia under constant stirring4 ,finally add the benzine1 and stir until homogeneous1 and quite cold4 ,the directions to go with this paste are3 ,rub the soap well into the spot and lay the garment aside for a half hour4 ,then using a stiff brush1 rub with warm water and rinse4 ,this is especially useful in spots made by rosins1 oils1 grease1 etc4 ,should the spot be only partially removed by the first application1 repeat4 ,glycerine ,soaps4--,dr4 ,sarg's liquid glycerine soap consists of #ccd parts of potash soda soap1 and #fff parts of glycerine free from lime1 the mixture being scented with ,turkish rose oil and orange blossom oil in equal proportions1 the actual amount used being varied according to taste4 ,the soap should be perfectly free from alkali2 but as this is a condition difficult of attainment in the case of ordinary potash soaps1 it is presupposed that the soap used has been salted out with potassium chloride1 this being the only way to obtain a soap free from alkali4 ,another variety of liquid glycerine soap is prepared from purified medicinal soft soap1 #cjj parts2 glycerine free from lime1 #cjj parts2 white sugar syrup1 #cjj parts2 doubly rectified spirit 7#if per cent71 #cjj parts4 ,the mixture is scented with oil of cinnamon1 #a part2 oil of sassafras1 #b parts2 oil of citronella1 #a_/b part2 oil of wintergreen1 #a part2 ,african geranium oil1 #a part2 clove oil1 #a_/b part2 oil of bergamot1 #c parts2 pure tincture of musk1 #a_/b part4 ,these oils are dissolved in spirit1 and shaken up with the other ingredients2 then left for #h days with frequent shaking1 and #c days in absolute quiet1 after which the whole is filtered1 and is then ready for packing4 ,iodine ,soaps4--,in ,british hospitals1 preference is given to oleic acid over alcoholic preparations for iodine soaps1 as the former do not stain and can be washed off with soap and water4 ,the following formula is given3 ,i4--,iodine #a av4 ounce ,oleic acid #a fluidounce ,alcohol #f fluidrachms ,stronger water of ammonia #b fluidrachms ,this makes a soapy paste soluble in all liquids1 except fixed oils4 ,,ii4--,iodine #a av4 ounce ,oleic acid #b fluidounces ,stronger water of ammonia #c fluidrachms ,paraffine oil1 colorless1 to make #bj fluidounces ,,iii4--,iodine #a av4 ounce ,alcohol #e fluidounces ,solution of ammonium oleate #a fluidounce ,glycerine to make #bj fluidounces ,the solution of ammonium oleate is made from oleic acid and spirit of ammonia4 ,liquid ,soaps4--,liquid soaps1 or1 as they are sometimes called1 soap essences1 are made from pure olive-oil soap by dissolving it in alcohol and adding some potassium carbonate4 ,tallow or lard soaps cannot be used1 as they will not make a transparent preparation4 ,the soap is finely shaved and placed with the alcohol and potassium carbonate in a vessel over a water bath1 the temperature slowly and gradually raised1 while the mixture is kept in constant agitation by stirring4 ,the soap should be of a pure white color and the alcohol gives the best product when it is about #hj per cent strength4 ,after about three-quarters of an hour to one hour1 solution will be complete and a perfectly transparent article obtained4 ,this can be scented as desired by adding the proper essential oil as soon as the mixture is removed from the water bath4 ,if an antiseptic soap is wanted the addition of a small amount of benzoic acid1 formaldehyde1 or corrosive sublimate will give the desired product4 ,liquid soaps should contain from #bj to #dj per cent of genuine white castile soap and about #b to #b #a_/d per cent of potassium carbonate4 ,this is a common formula3 ,by weight ,i4--,olive or cottonseed oil #fj parts ,caustic potash1 ,u4,s4,p4 #ae parts ,alcohol and water1 sufficient of each4 #fdg ,dissolve the potash in #a ounce of water1 heat the oil on a water bath1 add the solution of potash previously warmed1 and stir briskly4 ,continue the heat until saponification is complete4 ,if oil globules separate out and refuse to saponify1 the potash is not of proper strength1 and more must be added--#a or #b parts dissolved in water4 ,if desired transparent add a little alcohol1 and continue the heat without stirring until a drop placed in cold water first solidifies and then dissolves4 ,commercial potash may be used1 but the strength must be ascertained and adjusted by experiment4 ,the soap thus made will be like jelly2 it is dissolved in alcohol1 #d to #f ounces of soap to #b of alcohol1 and after standing a day or two is filtered and perfumed as desired4 ,a rancid oil would be easier to saponify1 but the soap would likely be rancid or not as good4 ,,ii4--,ammonium sulphoichthyolate1 #aj parts2 distilled water1 #ae parts2 hebra's soap spirit 7a solution of potash soap1 #abj parts1 in #ij per cent spirit1 #fj parts2 and spirit of lavender1 #e parts71 #ge parts4 ,,medicated ,,soaps4 ,first make up a suitable soap body and afterwards add the medicament4 ,for instance1 carbolic soaps may be made as follows3 ,i4--,cocoanut oil #bj pounds ,tallow #d pounds ,soda lye 7#ch to #dj;,b47 #ab pounds ,phenol #a pound ,prepare the body soap by stirring the liquefied fat into the lye at #aac ,f41 and when combination has set in1 incorporate the phenol and quickly pour into molds4 ,cover the latter well4 ,instead of the phenol #b pounds of sulphur may be used1 and a sulphur soap made4 ,parts by weight ,,ii4--,cotton oil #bjj ,alcohol1 #ia per cent #cjj ,water #cbe ,caustic soda #de ,potassium carbonate #aj ,ether #ae ,carbolic acid #be ,the oil is mixed in a large bottle with water1 #ajj parts2 alcohol1 #bjj parts2 and caustic soda1 #de parts1 and after saponification the remaining alcohol and the potassium carbonate dissolved in the rest of the water1 and finally the carbolic acid and the ether are added and the whole well shaken4 ,the mixture is filled in tightly closed bottles and stored at medium temperature4 ,the preparation may be scented as desired1 and the carbolic acid replaced with other antiseptics4 ,liquid ,tar ,soap4--,mix #bjj parts of tar with #djj parts of oleic acid1 warm lightly and filter4 ,in this way the aqueous content produces no trouble4 ,now warm the filtrate on the water bath1 neutralize by stirring in an alcoholic potash solution4 ,to the soap thus produced1 add #ajj parts of alcohol1 and further a little olive oil1 in order to avoid a separation of any overplus of alkaline matter4 ,finally1 bring up to #a1jjj parts with glycerine4 ,this soap1 containing #bb per cent of tar1 answers all possible demands that may be made upon it4 ,mixed with #b parts of distilled water it leaves no deposit on the walls of the container4 ,liquid ,styrax ,soap4--,the process is identical with the foregoing4 ,for digestion with oleic acid1 the crude balsam will answer1 since filtration deprives the product of all contaminating substances4 ,while this soap will separate1 it is easily again rendered homogeneous with a vigorous shake4 ,preparations made with it should be accompanied with a 8shake0 label4 ,superfatted ,liquid ,lanolin-,glycerine ,soap4--,dissolve about #aj per cent of lanolin in oleic acid1 saponify as in the tar soap1 and perfume 7for which a solution of coumarin in geranium oil is probably the most suitable agent74 ,the prepared soap is improved by the addition of a little tincture of benzoin4 ,massage ,soaps4--,i4--,an excellent recipe for a massage soap is3 ,special cocoanut oil ground soap1 #b1ejj pounds2 lanolin1 #ej pounds2 pine-needle oil1 #bj pounds2 spike oil1 #c pounds4 ,other massage soaps are made from olive oil ground soap1 to which in special cases1 as in the treatment of certain rheumatic affections1 ichthyol is added4 ,massage soaps are always wanted white1 so that ,cochin cocoanut oil should be preferred to other kinds4 ,,ii4--,cocoanut oil1 #a1jjj pounds2 caustic soda lye1 #cg ,b41 #ejj pounds2 pine-needle oil1 #d pounds2 artificial bitter almond oil1 #b pounds4 ,there is also a 8massage cream10 which differs from the ordinary massage soaps in being made with a soft potash soap as a ground soap4 ,the oils1 etc41 incorporated with the ground mass are exactly the same in the 8cream0 as in the soap4 #fdh ,metallic ,soaps4--,metallic soaps are obtained by means of double decomposition4 ,first a soap solution is produced which is brought to a boil4 ,on the other hand1 an equally strong solution of the metallic salt of which the combination is to be made 7chlorides and sulphides are employed with preference7 is prepared1 the boiling solutions are mixed together1 and the metallic soap obtained is gathered on a linen cloth4 ,this is then put on enameled plates and dried1 first at #ajd ,f41 later at #adj ,f4 ,aluminum soap is the most important4 ,dissolved in benzine or oil of turpentine1 it furnishes an excellent varnish4 ,it has been proposed to use these solutions for the varnishing of leather2 they furthermore serve for the production of waterproof linen and cloths1 paper1 etc4 ,jarry recommended this compound for impregnating railroad ties to render them weatherproof4 ,manganese soap is used as a siccative in the preparation of linseed-oil varnish1 as well as for a drier to be added to paints4 ,zinc soap is used in the same manner4 ,copper soap enters into the composition of gilding wax1 and is also employed for bronzing plaster of ,paris articles4 ,for the same purpose1 a mixture is made use of consisting of copper soap and iron soap melted in white lead varnish and wax4 ,iron soap is used with aluminum soap for waterproofing purposes and for the production of a waterproof varnish4 ,by using wax instead of a soap1 insoluble metallic soaps are obtained1 which1 melted in oils or wax1 impart brilliant colorings to them2 but colored waterproof and weather-resisting varnishes may also be produced with them4 ,metallic rosin soaps may be produced by double decomposition of potash rosin soaps and a soluble metal salt4 ,from these1 good varnishes are obtained to render paper carriage covers1 etc41 waterproof2 they may also be employed for floor wax or lacquers4 ,petroleum ,soap4-- ,i4--,beeswax1 refined #d parts ,alcohol #e parts ,castile soap1 finely grated #aj parts ,petroleum #e parts ,put the petroleum into a suitable vessel along with the wax and alcohol and cautiously heat on the water bath1 with an occasional agitation1 until complete solution is effected4 ,add the soap and continue the heat until it is dissolved4 ,when this occurs remove from the bath and stir until the soap begins to set1 then pour into molds4 ,,ii4--,the hydrocarbons 7as petroleum1 vaseline1 etc47 are boiled with a sufficient quantity of alkali to form a soap1 during which process they absorb oxygen and unite with the alkali to form fatty acid salts4 ,the resulting soap is dissolved in water containing alkali1 and the solution is heated along with alkali and salt4 ,the mass of soap separates out in three layers1 the central one being the purest2 and from this product the fatty acids may be recovered by treatment with sulphuric acid4 ,perfumes for ,soap4--,from #a to #b ounces of the following mixtures are to be used to #aj pounds of soap3 ,i4--,oil of rose geranium #b ounces ,oil of patchouli #a_/b ounce ,oil of cloves #a_/b ounce ,oil of lavender flowers #a ounce ,oil of bergamot #a ounce ,oil of sandalwood #a ounce ,,ii4--,oil of bergamot #b ounces ,oil of orange flowers #b ounces ,oil of sassafras #b ounces ,oil of white thyme #c ounces ,oil of cassia #c ounces ,oil of cloves #c ounces ,,iii4--,oil of citronella #a ounce ,oil of cloves #a ounce ,oil of bitter almonds #b ounces ,pumice-,stone ,soaps4--,these soaps are always produced by the cold process1 either from cocoanut oil alone or in conjunction with tallow1 cotton oil1 bleached palm oil1 etc4 ,the oil is melted and the lye stirred in at about #ij ,f42 next1 the powdered pumice stone is sifted into the soap and the latter is scented4 ,following are some recipes3 ,i4--,cocoanut oil #dj1jjj parts ,cotton oil #aj1jjj parts ,caustic soda lye1 #ch ,b #bd1jjj parts ,caustic potash lye1 #cj ,b #a1jjj parts ,powdered pumice stone #be1jjj parts ,cassia oil #aej parts ,rosemary oil #ajj parts ,lavender oil #ej parts ,safrol #ej parts ,clove oil #aj parts ,,ii4--,cocoanut oil #ej1jjj parts ,caustic soda lye1 #dj ,b #be1jjj parts #fdi ,powdered pumice stone #ej1jjj parts ,lavender oil #bej parts ,caraway oil #hj parts ,shaving ,soaps4 ,i4--,palm oil soap #e pounds ,oil of cinnamon #aj drachms ,oil of caraway #b drachms ,oil of lavender #b drachms ,oil of thyme #a drachm ,oil of peppermint #de minims ,oil of bergamot #b #a_/b drachms ,melt the soap1 color if desired1 and incorporate the oils4 ,,ii4--,soap #aj pounds ,alcohol #a ounce ,oil of bitter almonds #a #a_/d ounces ,oil of bergamot #c_/d ounce ,oil of mace #c drachms ,oil of cloves #a_/b ounce ,melt the soap with just enough water to convert it into a soft paste when cold2 dissolve the oils in the alcohol1 mix with the paste1 and rub up in a mortar1 or pass several times through a kneading machine4 ,,iii4--,white castile soap #e parts ,alcohol #ae parts ,rose water #ae parts ,,soap ,,powders4 ,the raw materials of which soap powder is made are soap and soda1 to which ingredients an addition of talcum or water glass can be made1 if desired1 these materials proving very useful as a filling4 ,an excellent soap powder has been made of #bj parts of crystallized soda1 #e parts of dark-yellow soap 7rosin curd71 and #a part of ordinary soft soap4 ,at first the two last mentioned are placed in a pan1 then half the required quantity of soda is added1 and the whole is treated4 ,here it must be mentioned that the dark-yellow curd soap1 which is very rosinous1 has to be cut in small pieces before placing the quantity into the pan4 ,the heating process must continue very slowly1 and the material has to be crutched continually until the whole of the substance has been thoroughly melted4 ,care must be taken that the heating process does not reach the boiling point4 ,the fire underneath the pan must now be extinguished1 and then the remaining half of the crystallized soda is added to be crutched with the molten ingredients1 until the whole substance has become liquid4 ,the liquefaction is assisted by the residual heat of the first heated material and the pan4 ,the slow cooling facilitates the productive process by thickening the mass1 and when the soda has been absorbed1 the whole has become fairly thick4 ,with occasional stirring of the thickened liquid the mass is left for a little while longer1 and when the proper moment has arrived the material contained in the pan is spread on sheets of thin iron1 and these are removed to a cool room1 where1 after the first cooling1 they must be turned over by means of a shovel1 and the turning process has to be repeated at short intervals until the material has quite cooled down and the mixture is thoroughly broken4 ,the soap is now in a very friable condition1 and the time has now come to make it into powder1 for which purpose it is rubbed through the wire netting or the perforated sieves4 ,generally the soap is first rubbed through a coarse sieve1 and then through finer ones1 until it has reached the required conditions of the powder4 ,some of the best soap powders are coarse1 but other manufacturers making an equally good article prefer the finer powder1 which requires a little more work1 since it has to go through three sieves1 whereas the coarse powder can do with one or at most two treatments4 ,but this is1 after all1 a matter of local requirements or personal taste4 ,the powder obtained from the above-mentioned ingredients is fine and yellow colored1 and it has all the qualities needed for a good sale4 ,instead of the dark-yellow soap1 white stock soap can also be used1 and this makes only a little difference in the coloring4 ,but again white stock soap can be used1 and the same color obtained by the use of palm oil1 or other coloring ingredients1 as these materials are used for giving the toilet soaps their manifold different hues4 ,many makers state that this process is too expensive1 and not only swallows up all the profit1 but some of the color materials influence the soap and not to its advantage4 ,soft soap is used only to make the powder softer and easier soluble1 and for this reason the quantity to be used varies a little and different manufacturers believe to have a secret by adding different quantities of this material4 ,as a general statement it may be given that the quantity of soft soap for the making of soap powder should not overstep the proportion of one to three1 compared with the quantity of hard soap2 any excess in this direction would frustrate the desires of the maker1 and land him with a product which has become smeary and moist1 forming into balls and lumping together #fej in bags or cases1 to become discolored and useless4 ,it is best to stick to the proportion as given1 #e parts of hard and #a part of soft soap1 when the produced powder will be reliable and stable and not form into balls even if the material is kept for a long while4 ,this point is of special importance1 since soap powder is sold mostly in weighed-out packages of one and a half pounds4 ,most manufacturers will admit that loose soap powder forms only a small part of the quantities produced1 as only big laundries and institutions purchase same in bags or cases4 ,the retail trade requires the soap powder wrapped up in paper1 and if this has to be done the powder must not be too moist1 as the paper otherwise will fall to pieces4 ,this spoils the appearance of the package1 and likely a part of the quantity may be lost4 ,when the powder is too moist or absorbs easily external moisture1 the paper packages swell very easily and burst open4 ,the best filling material to be employed when it is desired to produce a cheaper article is talcum1 and in most cases this is preferred to water glass4 ,the superiority of the former over the latter is that water glass hardens the powder1 and this is sometimes done to such an extent1 when a large quantity of filling material is needed1 that it becomes very difficult to rub the soap through the sieves4 ,in case this difficulty arises1 only one thing can be done to lighten the task1 and that is to powderize the soap when the mixed materials are still warm1 and this facilitates the work very much4 ,it is self-evident that friction under these conditions leaves a quantity of the soap powder material on the sieves1 and this cannot be lost4 ,generally it is scraped together and returned to the pan to be included in the next batch1 when it is worked up1 and so becomes useful1 a need which does not arise when talcum has been used as a filling material4 ,again1 the soap powder made with the addition of water glass is not so soluble1 and at the same time much denser than when the preparation has been made without this material4 ,it is thus that the purchaser receives by equal weight a smaller-looking quantity1 and as the eye has generally a great influence when the consumer determines a purchase1 the small-sized parcels will impress him unfavorably4 ,this second quality of soap powder is made of the same ingredients as the other1 except that an addition of about #f parts of talcum is made1 and this is stirred up with the other material after all the soda has been dissolved4 ,some makers cheapen the products also by reducing the quantity of hard soap from #e to #c parts and they avoid the filling2 the same quantity of soda is used in all cases4 ,on the same principle a better quality is made by altering the proportions of soda and soap the other way4 ,experiments will soon show which proportions are most suitable for the purpose4 ,so-called ammonia-turpentine soap powder has been made by crutching oil of turpentine and ammonia with the materials just about the time before the whole is taken out of the heating pan4 ,some of the powder is also scented1 and the perfume is added at the same time and not before4 ,in most of the latter cases mirbane oil is used for the purpose4 ,these powders are adaptable to hard water1 as their excess of alkali neutralizes the lime that they contain3 ,i4--,curd 7hard7 soap1 powdered #d parts ,sal soda #c parts ,silicate of soda #b parts ,make as dry as possible1 and mix intimately4 ,borax ,soap ,powder4-- ,,ii4--,curd 7hard7 soap1 in powder #e parts ,soda ash #c parts ,silicate of soda #b parts ,borax 7crude7 #a part ,each ingredient is thoroughly dried1 and all mixed together by sieving4 ,london ,soap ,powder4-- ,,iii4--,yellow soap #f parts ,soda crystals #c parts ,pearl ash #a #a_/b parts ,sulphate of soda #a #a_/b parts ,palm oil #a part ,,toilet ,,soaps4 ,the question as to the qualities of toilet soaps has a high therapeutical significance4 ,impurity of complexion and morbid anomalies of the skin are produced by the use of poor and unsuitable soaps4 ,the latter1 chemically regarded1 are salts of fatty acids1 and are prepared from fats and a lye1 the two substances being mixed in a vessel and brought to a boil1 soda lye being used in the preparation of toilet soaps4 ,in boiling together a fat and a lye1 the former is resolved into its component parts1 a fatty acid and glycerine4 ,the #fea acid unites with the soda lye1 forming a salt1 which is regarded as soap4 ,by the addition of sodium chloride1 this 7the soap7 is separated and swims on the residual liquid as 8kern10 or granulated soap4 ,good soaps were formerly made only from animal fats1 but some of the vegetable oils or fats have been found to also make excellent soap4 ,among them the best is cacao butter4 ,from a hygienic standpoint it must be accepted as a law that a good toilet soap must contain no free 7uncombined7 alkali1 every particle of it must be chemically bound up with fatty acid to the condition of a salt1 and the resultant soap should be neutral in reaction4 ,many of the soaps found in commerce to-day contain free alkali1 and exert a harmful effect upon the skin of those who use them4 ,such soaps may readily be detected by bringing them into contact with the tongue4 ,if free alkali be present it will make itself known by causing a burning sensation--something that a good toilet soap should never do4 ,the efficiency of soap depends upon the fact that in the presence of an abundance of water the saponified fat is decomposed into acid and basic salts1 in which the impurities of the skin are dissolved and are washed away by the further application of water4 ,good soap exerts its effects on the outer layer of the skin1 the so-called horny 7epithelial7 layer1 which in soapy water swells up and is1 in fact1 partially dissolved in the medium and washed away4 ,this fact1 however1 is unimportant1 since the superficial skin cells are reproduced with extraordinary rapidity and ease4 ,when a soap contains or carries free alkali1 the caustic effects of the latter are carried further and deeper1 reaching below the epithelial cells and attacking the true skin1 in which it causes minute rifts and splits and renders it sore and painful4 ,good soap1 on the contrary1 makes the skin smooth and soft4 ,since the employment of poor soaps works so injuriously upon the skin1 many persons never1 or rarely ever1 use soap1 but wash the face in water alone1 or with a little almond bran added4 ,their skins cannot bear the regular application of poor soap4 ,this1 however1 applies only to poor1 free-alkali containing soaps4 ,any skin can bear without injury any amount of a good toilet soap1 free from uncombined alkali and other impurities4 ,the habit of washing the face with water only1 without the use of soap1 must be regarded as one altogether bad1 since the deposits on the skin1 mostly dust-particles and dead epithelial cells1 mingling with the oily or greasy matter exuded from the fat glands of the skin--excellent nutrient media for colonies of bacteria--cannot be got rid of by water alone4 ,rubbing only forces the mass into the openings in the skin 7the sweat glands1 fat glands1 etc471 and stops them up4 ,in this way are produced the so-called 8black heads0 and other spots and blotches on the skin usually referred to by the uneducated1 or partially educated1 as 8parasites40 ,the complexion is in this manner injured quite as much by the failure to use good soap as by the use of a poor or bad article4 ,all of the skin troubles referred to may be totally avoided by the daily use of a neutral1 alkali-free soap1 and the complexion thus kept fresh and pure4 ,completely neutral soaps1 however1 are more difficult to manufacture--requiring more skill and care than those in which no attention is paid to excess of alkali--and consequently cost more than the general public are accustomed1 or1 in fact1 care to pay for soaps4 ,while this is true1 one must not judge the quality of a soap by the price demanded for it4 ,some of the manufacturers of miserable soaps charge the public some of the most outrageous prices4 ,neither can a soap be judged by its odor or its style of package and putting on the market4 ,to give a soap an agreeable odor the manufacturers add to it1 just when it commences to cool off1 an etheric oil 7such as attar of rose1 oil of violets1 bergamot oil1 etc471 or some balsamic material 7such as tincture of benzoin1 for instance74 ,it should be known1 however1 that while grateful to the olfactory nerves1 these substances do not add one particle to the value of the soap1 either as a detergent or as a preserver of the skin or complexion4 ,especially harmful to the skin are soaps containing foreign substances1 such1 for instance1 as the starches1 gelatin1 clay1 chalk1 gums1 or rosins1 potato flour1 etc41 which are generally added to increase the weight of soap4 ,such soaps are designated1 very significantly1 8filled soaps10 and1 as a class1 are to be avoided1 if for no other reason1 on account of their lack of true soap content4 ,the use of these fillers should be regarded as a criminal falsification under the laws regarding articles of domestic use1 since they are sold at a relatively high price1 yet contain foreign matter1 harmful to health4 #feb ,,recipes ,,for ,,cold-,,stirred ,,toilet ,,soaps4 ,parts by weight ,i4--,cocoanut oil #cj ,castor oil #c ,caustic soda lye 7#ch ,b7 #ag #a_/b ,pink ,soap4-- ,parts by weight ,,ii4--,pink ,no4 #aad #aj ,lemon oil #fj ,cedar-wood oil #fj ,citronella oil #ej ,wintergreen oil #ae ,pale-,yellow ,soap4-- ,parts by weight ,,iii4--,orange ,no4 #daj #aj ,citronella oil #fj ,sassafras oil #fj ,lavender oil #de ,wintergreen oil #ae ,aniseed oil #be ,toilet ,soap ,powder4-- ,marseilles soap1 powdered #ajj parts ,bran of almonds #ej parts ,lavender oil #e parts ,thyme oil #c parts ,spike oil #b parts ,citronella oil #b parts ,soft ,toilet ,soaps4--,soft toilet soaps or creams may be prepared from fresh lard with a small addition of cocoanut oil and caustic potash solution1 by the cold process or by boiling4 ,for the cold process1 #bc parts of fresh lard and #b parts of ,cochin cocoanut oil are warmed in a jacketed pan1 and when the temperature reaches #aac ,f4 are treated with #i parts of caustic potash and #b #a_/b parts of caustic soda solution1 both of #ch ,b4 strength1 the whole being stirred until saponification is complete4 ,the soap is transferred to a large marble mortar and pounded along with the following scenting ingredients3 #j4ae parts of oil of bitter almonds and #j4jb parts of oil of geranium rose1 or #j4a part of the latter1 and #j4je parts of lemon oil4 ,the warm process is preferable1 experience having shown that boiling is essential to the proper saponification of the fats4 ,in this method1 #hj parts of lard and #bj parts of ,cochin cocoanut oil are melted together in a large pan1 #ajj parts of potash lye 7#bj ,b47 being then crutched in by degrees1 and the mass raised to boiling point4 ,the combined influence of the heat and crutching vaporizes part of the water in the lye1 and the soap thickens4 ,when the soap has combined1 the fire is made up1 and another #hj parts of the same potash lye are crutched in gradually4 ,the soap gets thicker and thicker as the water is expelled and finally throws up 8roses0 on the surface1 indicating that it is nearly finished4 ,at this stage it must be crutched vigorously1 to prevent scorching against the bottom of the pan and the resulting more or less dark coloration4 ,the evaporation period may be shortened by using only #ej to #fj parts of lye at first1 and fitting with lye of #be to #cj strength4 ,for working on the large scale iron pans heated by steam are used1 a few makers employing silver-lined vessels1 which have the advantage that they are not attacked by the alkali4 ,tinned copper pans are also useful4 ,the process takes from #g to #h hours1 and when the soap is finished it is transferred into stoneware vessels for storage4 ,clear vegetable oils 7castor oil7 may be used1 but the soaps lack the requisite nacreous luster required4 ,,transparent ,,soaps4 ,the mode of production is the same for all4 ,the fats are melted together1 sifted into a double boiler1 and the lye is stirred in at #aaa ,f4 ,cover up for an hour1 steam being allowed to enter slowly4 ,there is now a clear1 grain-like soap in the kettle1 into which the sugar solution and the alcohol are crutched1 whereupon the kettle is covered up4 ,if cuttings are to be used1 they are now added4 ,when same are melted1 the kettle will contain a thin1 clear soap1 which is colored and scented as per directions1 and subsequently filled into little iron molds and cooled4 ,rose-,glycerine ,soap4-- ,i4--,cochin cocoanut oil #gj1jjj parts ,compressed tallow #dj1jjj parts ,castor oil #cj1jjj parts ,caustic soda lye1 #ch ,b #gi1jjj parts ,sugar #ed1jjj parts ,dissolved in ,water #fj1jjj parts ,alcohol #dj1jjj parts ,geranium oil 7,african7 #bej parts ,lemon oil #bjj parts ,palmarosa oil #a1bjj parts ,bergamot oil #hj parts ,benzoin-,glycerine ,soap4-- ,,ii4--,cochin cocoanut oil #ff1jjj parts ,compressed tallow #ca1jjj parts #fec ,castor oil #ce1jjj parts ,caustic soda lye1 #ch ,b #ff1jjj parts ,sugar #ce1jjj parts ,dissolved in ,water #dj1jjj parts ,alcohol #ce1jjj parts ,brown1 ,no4 #abj #bjj parts ,powdered benzoin 7,siam7 #d1bjj parts ,styrax liquid #a1gej parts ,tincture of benzoin #a1djj parts ,peru balsam #gjj parts ,lemon oil #bjj parts ,clove oil #gj parts ,sunflower-,glycerine ,soap4-- ,,iii4--,cochin cocoanut oil #gj1jjj parts ,compressed tallow #ej1jjj parts ,castor oil #bc1jjj parts ,caustic soda lye1 #ci ,b #ga1jjj parts ,sugar #dj1jjj parts ,dissolved in ,water #cj1jjj parts ,alcohol #dj1jjj parts ,brown1 ,no4 #ee #bej parts ,geranium oil #gbj parts ,bergamot oil #cjj parts ,cedar-wood oil #abj parts ,palmarosa oil #djj parts ,vanillin #aj parts ,tonka tincture #djj parts ,,miscellaneous ,,formulas3 ,szegedin ,soap4--,tallow1 #abj parts2 palm kernel oil1 #hj parts4 ,saponify well with about #bjj parts of lye of #bd ,b4 and add1 with constant stirring1 the following fillings in rotation1 viz41 potash solution1 #bj ,b41 #aej parts1 and cooling salt solution #bj ,b41 #chj parts4 ,instrument ,soap4--,a soap for cleaning surgical instruments1 and other articles of polished steel1 which have become specked with rust by exposure1 is made by adding precipitated chalk to a strong solution of cyanide of potassium in water1 until a cream-like paste is obtained4 ,add to this white castile soap in fine shavings1 and rub the whole together in a mortar1 until thoroughly incorporated4 ,the article to be cleaned should be first immersed1 if possible1 in a solution of #a part of cyanide of potash in #d parts of water1 and kept there until the surface dirt and rust disappears4 ,it should then be polished with the soap1 made as above directed4 ,stain-,removing ,soaps4--,these are prepared in two ways1 either by making a special soap1 or by mixing ordinary soap with special detergents4 ,a good recipe is as follows3 ,i4--,ceylon cocoanut or palm seed oil #cbj pounds ,caustic soda lye1 #ch ,b #afj pounds ,carbonate of potash1 #bj ,b #ef pounds ,oil of turpentine #i pounds ,finely powdered kieselguhr #bhj pounds ,brilliant green #b pounds ,the oil having been fused1 the dye is mixed with some of it and stirred into the contents of the pan4 ,the kieselguhr is then crutched in from a sieve1 then the lye1 and then the carbonate of potash4 ,these liquids are poured in in a thin stream4 ,when the soap begins to thicken1 add the turpentine1 mold1 and cover up the molds4 ,,ii4--,rosin grain soap #a1jjj pounds ,talc 7made to a paste with weak carbonate of potash7 #ajj pounds ,oil of turpentine #d pounds ,benzine #c pounds ,mix the talc and soap by heat1 and when cool enough add the turpentine and benzine1 and mold4 ,,iii4--,cocoanut oil #fjj pounds ,tallow #djj pounds ,caustic soda lye #ejj pounds ,fresh ox gall #bjj pounds ,oil of turpentine #ab pounds ,ammonia 7sp4 gr41 #j4ia7 #f pounds ,benzine #e pounds ,saponify by heat1 cool1 add the gall and the volatile liquids1 and mold4 ,soap ,substitutes4-- ,i4--,linseed oil #bh pounds ,sulphur #h pounds ,aluminum soap #bh pounds ,oil of turpentine #d pounds ,,ii4--,aluminum soap #ae pounds ,almadina #be pounds ,caoutchouc #ej pounds ,sulphur #f pounds ,oleum succini #d pounds ,shampoo ,soap4-- ,linseed oil #bj parts ,malaga olive oil #bj parts ,caustic potash #i #a_/b parts ,alcohol #a part ,water #cj parts #fed ,warm the mixed oils on a large water bath1 then the potash and water in another vessel1 heating both to #aeh ,f41 and adding the latter hot solution to the hot oil while stirring briskly4 ,now add and thoroughly mix the alcohol4 ,stop stirring1 keep the heat at #aeh ,f4 until the mass becomes clear and a small quantity dissolves in boiling water without globules of oil separating4 ,set aside for a few days before using to make the liquid soap4 ,the alcohol may be omitted if a transparent product is immaterial4 ,sapo ,durus4-- ,olive oil #ajj parts ,soda lye1 sp4 gr41 #a4cc #ej parts ,alcohol 7#ij per cent7 #cj parts ,heat on a steam bath until saponification is complete4 ,the soap thus formed is dissolved in #cjj parts of hot distilled water1 and salted out by adding a filtered solution of #be parts of sodium chloride and #e parts of crystallized sodium carbonate in #hj parts of water4 ,sapo ,mollis4-- ,olive oil #ajj parts ,solid potassium hydroxide #ba parts ,water #ajj parts ,alcohol 7#ij per cent7 #bj parts ,boil by means of a steam bath until the oil is saponified1 adding1 if necessary1 a little more spirit to assist the saponification4 ,sand ,soap4--,cocoa oil1 #bd parts2 soda lye1 #ch ,b41 #ab parts2 sand1 finely sifted1 #bh parts2 cassia oil1 4#jajj parts2 sassafras oil1 4#jajj parts4 ,salicylic ,soap4--,when salicylic acid is used in soap it decomposes1 as a rule1 and an alkali salicylate is formed which the skin does not absorb4 ,a ,german chemist claims to have overcome this defect by thoroughly eliminating all water from potash or soda soap1 then mixing it with vaseline1 heating the mixture1 and incorporating free salicylic acid with the resulting mass4 ,the absence of moisture prevents any decomposition of the salicylic acid4 ,olein ,soap ,substitute4--,fish oil or other animal oil is stirred up with sulphuric acid1 and then treated with water4 ,after another stirring1 the whole is left to settle1 and separate into layers1 whereupon the acid and water are drawn off1 and caustic soda solution is stirred in with the oil4 ,the finishing stage consists in stirring in refined mineral oil1 magnesium chloride1 borium chloride1 and pure seal or whale oil1 in succession4 ,mottled ,soap4--,tallow1 #cj parts2 palm kernel oil1 #bgj parts2 lye1 #bj1 #cdg #a_/b parts2 potassium chloride solution1 #bj1 #cg #a_/b parts4 ,after everything has been boiled into a soap1 crutch the following dye solution into it3 ,water1 #e #a_/b parts2 blue1 red1 or black1 4#jcae parts2 water glass1 #ch1 #aj parts2 and lye1 #ch1 #a #a_/b parts4 ,laundry ,soap4--,a good1 common hard soap may be made from clean tallow or lard and caustic soda1 without any very special skill in manipulation4 ,the caustic soda indicated is a crude article which may now be obtained from wholesale druggists in quantities to suit1 at a very moderate price4 ,a lye of average strength is made by dissolving it in water in the proportion of about #b pounds to the gallon4 ,for the saponification of lard1 a given quantity of the grease is melted at a low heat1 and #a_/d its weight of lye is then added in small portions with constant stirring2 when incorporation has been thoroughly effected1 another portion of lye equal to the first is added1 as before1 and the mixture kept at a gentle heat until saponification appears to be complete4 ,if the soap does not readily separate from the liquid1 more lye should be added1 the soap being insoluble in strong lye4 ,when separation has occurred1 pour off the lye1 add water to the mass1 heat until dissolved1 and again separate by the use of more strong lye or a strong solution of common salt4 ,the latter part of the process is designed to purify the soap and may be omitted where only a cruder article is required4 ,the soap is finally remelted on a water bath1 kept at a gentle heat until as much water as possible is expelled1 and then poured into frames or molds to set4 ,dog ,soap4-- ,petroleum #e parts by weight ,wax #d parts by weight ,alcohol #e parts by weight ,good laundry soap4 #ae parts by weight ,heat the petroleum1 wax1 and alcohol on a water bath until they are well mixed1 and dissolve in the mixture the soap cut in fine shavings4 ,this may be used on man or beast for driving away vermin4 ,liquid ,tar ,soap 7,sapo ,picis liquidus74-- ,wood tar #be parts ,hebra's soap spirit #ge parts ,ox-,gall ,soap for ,cleansing ,silk ,stuffs4--,to wash fine silk stuffs1 such as #fee piece goods1 ribbons1 etc41 employ a soap containing a certain amount of ox gall1 a product that is not surpassed for the purpose4 ,in making this soap the following directions will be found of advantage3 ,heat #a pound of cocoanut oil to #ajj ,f4 in a copper kettle4 ,while stirring vigorously add #a_/b pound of caustic soda lye of #cj ,baum4 ,in a separate vessel heat #a_/b pound of white ,venice turpentine1 and stir this in the soap in the copper kettle4 ,cover the kettle well1 and let it stand1 mildly warmed for #d hours1 when the temperature can be again raised until the mass is quite hot and flows clear2 then add the pound of ox gall to it4 ,now pulverize some good1 perfectly dry grain soap1 and stir in as much of it as will make the contents of the copper kettle so hard that it will yield slightly to the pressure of the fingers4 ,from #a to #b pounds is all the grain soap required for the above quantity of gall soap4 ,when cooled1 cut out the soap and shape into bars4 ,this is an indispensable adjunct to the dyer and cleaner1 as it will not injure the most delicate color4 ,,soap-,,bubble ,,liquids4 ,i4--,white hard soap #be parts ,glycerine #ae parts ,water #a1jjj parts ,,ii4--,dry castile soap #b parts ,glycerine #cj parts ,water #dj parts ,,soap ,,polishes3 ,see ,polishes4 ,,soap1 ,,tooth3 ,see ,dentifrice4 ,,soda ,,paint3 ,see ,paint4 ,,soda ,,water3 ,see ,beverages4 ,,sodium ,,hyposulphite3 ,see ,photography4 ,,sodium ,,silicate ,,as ,a ,,cement3 ,see ,adhesives1 under ,water-,glass ,cements4 ,,sodium ,,salts1 ,,effervescent3 ,see ,salts4 ,solders ,,soldering ,,of ,,metals ,,and ,,the ,,preparation ,,of ,,solders4 ,the object of soldering is to unite two portions of the same metal or of different metals by means of a more fusible metal or metallic alloy1 applied when melted1 and known by the name of solder4 ,as the strength of the soldering depends on the nature of the solder used1 the degree of strength required for the joint must be kept in view in choosing a solder4 ,the parts to be joined must be free from oxide and thoroughly clean2 this can be secured by filing1 scouring1 scraping1 or pickling with acids4 ,the edges must fit exactly1 and be heated to the melting point of the solder4 ,the latter must have a lower melting point than either of the portions of metal that require to be joined1 and if possible only those metals should be chosen for solder which form alloys with them4 ,the solder should also as far as possible have the same color and approximately the same strength as the article whose edges are to be united4 ,to remove the layers of oxide which form during the process of soldering1 various so-called 8fluxes0 are employed4 ,these fluxes are melted and applied to the joint1 and act partly by keeping off the air1 thus preventing oxidation1 and partly by reducing and dissolving the oxides themselves4 ,the choice of a flux depends on the quantity of heat required for soldering4 ,solders are classed as soft and hard solders4 ,soft solders1 also called tin solders or white solders1 consist of soft1 readily fusible metals or alloys1 and do not possess much strength2 they are easy to handle on account of their great fusibility4 ,tin1 lead-tin1 and alloys of tin1 lead1 and bismuth are used for soft solders1 pure tin being employed only for articles made of the same metal 7pure tin74 ,the addition of some lead makes the solder less fusible but cheaper1 while that of bismuth lowers the melting point4 ,soft solders are used for soldering easily fusible metals such as ,britannia metal1 etc41 also for soldering tin plate4 ,to prepare solder1 the metals are melted together in a graphite crucible at as low a temperature as possible1 well stirred with an iron rod1 and cast into ingots in an iron mold4 ,to melt the solder when required for soldering1 the soldering iron is used2 the latter should be kept as free from oxidation as possible1 and the part applied should be tinned over4 ,to make so-called 8,sicker0 solder1 equal parts of lead and tin are melted together1 well mixed1 and allowed to stand till the mixture begins to set1 the part still in a liquid condition being then poured off4 ,this mixture can1 however1 #fef be more easily made by melting together #cg parts of lead and #fc parts of tin 7exactly measured74 ,soldering irons are usually made of copper1 as copper is easily heated and easily gives up its heat to the solder4 ,the point of the iron must be 8tinned40 ,to do this properly1 the iron should be heated hot enough easily to melt the solder2 the point should then be quickly dressed with a smooth flat file to remove the oxide1 and rubbed on a piece of tin through solder and sal ammoniac4 ,the latter causes the solder to adhere in a thin1 even coat to the point of the iron4 ,a gas or gasoline blow torch or a charcoal furnace is best for heating the iron1 but a good1 clean coal fire1 well coked1 will answer the purpose4 ,when in use1 the iron should be hot enough to melt the solder readily4 ,a cold iron produces rough work4 ,this is where the beginner usually fails4 ,if possible1 it is well to warm the pieces before applying the iron4 ,the iron must not be heated too hot1 however1 or the tin on the point will be oxidized4 ,the surfaces to be soldered must be clean4 ,polish them with sandpaper1 emery cloth1 a file1 or a scraper4 ,grease or oil will prevent solder from sticking4 ,some good soldering fluid should be used4 ,a very good fluid is made by dissolving granulated zinc in muriatic acid4 ,dissolve as much zinc as possible in the acid4 ,the gas given off will explode if ignited4 ,to granulate the zinc1 melt it in a ladle1 and pour it slowly into a barrel of water4 ,a brush or swab should be used to spread the fluid on the surfaces to be soldered4 ,if the point of the soldering iron becomes dirty1 it should be wiped on a cloth or piece of waste that has been dampened with the soldering fluid4 ,soldering of ,metallic ,articles4--,in a recently invented process the parts to be united are covered1 on the surfaces not to be soldered1 with a protective mass1 which prevents an immediate contact of the solder with the surfaces in question1 and must be brushed off only after the soldered pieces have cooled perfectly1 whereby the possibility of a change of position of these pieces seems precluded4 ,for the execution of this process the objects to be soldered1 after the surfaces to be united have been provided with a water-glass solution as the soldering agent and placed together as closely as possible or united by wires or rivets1 are coated in the places where no solder is desired with a protective mass1 consisting essentially of carbon 7graphite1 coke1 or charcoal71 powdered talc or asbestos1 ferric hydrate 7with or without ferrous hydrate71 and1 if desired1 a little aluminum oxide1 together with a binding agent of the customary kind 7glue solution1 beer74 ,following are some examples of the composition of these preparations3 ,i4--,graphite1 #ej parts2 powdered coke1 #e parts2 powdered charcoal1 #e parts2 powdered talc1 #aj parts2 glue solution1 #b4e parts2 drop beer1 #b4e parts2 ferric hydrate1 #aj parts2 aluminum oxide1 #e parts4 ,,ii4--,graphite1 burnt1 #d parts2 graphite1 unburnt1 #f parts2 powdered charcoal1 #c parts2 powdered asbestos1 #a part2 ferric hydrate1 #c parts2 ferrous hydrate1 #b parts2 glue solution1 #a part4 ,the article thus prepared is plunged1 after the drying of the protective layer applied1 in the metal bath serving as solder 7molten brass1 copper1 etc471 and left to remain therein until the part to be soldered has become red hot1 which generally requires about #ej to #fj seconds1 according to the size of the object4 ,in order to avoid1 in introducing the article into the metal bath1 the scattering of the molten metal1 it is well previously to warm the article and to dip it warm4 ,after withdrawal from the metal bath the soldered articles are allowed to cool1 and are cleaned with wire brushes1 so as to cause the bright surfaces to reappear4 ,the process is especially useful for uniting iron or steel parts1 such as machinery1 arms1 and bicycle parts in a durable manner4 ,soldering ,acid4--,a very satisfactory soldering acid may be made by the use of the ordinary soldering acid for the base and introducing a certain proportion of chloride of tin and sal ammoniac4 ,this gives an acid which is superior in every way to the old form4 ,to make #a gallon of this soldering fluid take #c quarts of common muriatic acid and allow it to dissolve as much zinc as it will take up4 ,this method1 of course1 is the usual one followed in the manufacture of ordinary soldering acid4 ,the acid1 as is well known1 must be placed in an earthenware or glass vessel4 ,the zinc may be sheet clippings or common plate spelter broken into small pieces4 ,place the acid in the vessel and add the zinc in small portions so as to prevent the whole from boiling over4 ,when all the zinc has been added and the action has stopped1 it indicates that enough has been taken up4 ,care must be taken to see that there is a little zinc left in the bottom1 as #feg otherwise the acid will be in excess4 ,the idea is to have the acid take up as much zinc as it can4 ,after this has been done there will remain some residue in the form of a black precipitate4 ,this is the lead which all zinc contains1 and which is not dissolved by the muriatic acid4 ,this lead may be removed by filtering through a funnel in the bottom of which there is a little absorbent cotton1 or the solution may be allowed to remain overnight until the lead has settled and the clear solution can then be poured off4 ,this lead precipitate is not particularly injurious to the soldering fluid1 but it is better to get rid of it so that a good1 clear solution may be obtained4 ,next1 dissolve #f ounces of sal ammoniac in a pint of warm water4 ,in another pint dissolve #d ounces of chloride of tin4 ,the chloride of tin solution will usually be cloudy1 but this will not matter4 ,now mix the #c solutions together4 ,the solution will be slightly cloudy when the #c have been mixed1 and the addition of a few drops of muriatic acid will render it perfectly clear4 ,do not add any more acid than is necessary to do this1 as the solution would then contain too much of this ingredient and the results would be injurious4 ,this soldering acid will not spatter when the iron is applied to it4 ,it has also been found that a poorer grade of solder may be used with it than with the usual soldering acid4 ,,aluminum ,,solders4 ,to solder aluminum it is necessary previously to tin the parts to be soldered4 ,this tinning is done with the iron1 using a composition of aluminum and tin4 ,replace the ordinary soldering iron by an iron of pure aluminum4 ,preparation of aluminum solder3 ,commence by fusing the copper2 then add the aluminum in several installments1 stir the mixture well with a piece of iron2 next add the zinc and a little tallow or benzine at the same time4 ,once the zinc is added do not heat too strongly1 to avoid the volatilization of the zinc4 ,i4--,take #e parts of tin and #a part of aluminum4 ,solder with the iron or with the blowpipe1 according to the article in question4 ,,ii4--,the pieces to be soldered are to be tinned1 but instead of using pure tin1 alloys of tin with other metals are employed1 preferably those of tin and aluminum4 ,for articles to be worked after soldering1 #de parts of tin and #aj parts of aluminum afford a good alloy1 malleable enough to be hammered1 cut1 or turned4 ,if they are not to be worked1 the alloy requires less aluminum and may be applied in the usual manner as in soldering iron4 ,aluminum ,bronze4--,i4--,strong solder3 ,gold1 #hi parts2 fine silver1 #e parts2 copper1 #f parts4 ,,ii4--,medium solder3 ,gold1 #ed parts2 fine silver1 #bg parts2 copper1 #ai parts4 ,,iii4--,weak solder3 ,gold1 #ad parts2 silver1 #eg parts2 copper1 #ae parts2 brass1 #ad parts4 ,,brass ,,solders4 ,brass solder consists of brass fusible at a low temperature1 and is made by melting together copper and zinc1 the latter being in excess4 ,a small quantity of tin is often added to render the solder more fusible4 ,hard solders are usually sold in the form of granules4 ,although many workers in metals make their own solder1 it is advisable to use hard solder made in factories1 as complete uniformity of quality is more easily secured where large quantities are manufactured4 ,in making hard solder the melted metal is poured through birch twigs in order to granulate it4 ,the granules are afterwards sorted by passing them through sieves4 ,when brass articles are soft-soldered1 the white color of the solder contrasts unpleasantly with the brass4 ,if this is objected to1 the soldered part can be colored yellow in the following manner3 ,dissolve #aj parts of copper sulphate in #ce parts of water2 apply the solution to the solder1 and stir with a clean iron wire4 ,this gives the part the appearance of copper4 ,to produce the yellow color1 paint the part with a mixture consisting of #a part of a solution of equal parts of zinc and water 7#a part each7 and #b parts of a solution of #aj to #ce parts respectively of copper sulphate and water and rub on with a zinc rod4 ,the resulting yellow color can1 if desired1 be improved by careful polishing4 ,the quality of soft solder is always judged in the trade from the appearance of the surface of the castings1 and it is considered important that this surface should be radiant and crystalline1 showing the so-called 8flowers40 ,these should be more brilliant than the dull background1 the latter being like mat silver in appearance4 ,if the casting has a uniform whitish-gray color1 this is an indication that the alloy contains an insufficient quantity of tin4 ,in this case #feh the alloy should be remelted and tin added1 solder too poor in tin being extremely viscid4 ,most of the varieties of brass used in the arts are composed of from #fh to #gj per cent copper and from #cb to #cj per cent zinc4 ,furthermore1 there are some kinds of brass which contain from #bd to #dj per cent zinc4 ,the greater the quantity of zinc the greater will be the resemblance of the alloy to copper4 ,consequently1 the more crystalline will the structure become4 ,for hard soldering only alloys can be employed which1 as a general rule1 contain no more than #cd per cent of zinc4 ,with an increase in copper there follows a rise in the melting point of the brass4 ,an alloy containing #ij per cent of copper will melt at #a1idj ,f42 #hj per cent copper1 at #a1hfh ,f42 #gj per cent copper1 at #a1gif ,f42 #fj per cent copper1 at #a1gdb ,f4 ,because an increase in zinc causes a change in color1 it is sometimes advisable to use tin for zinc1 at least in part1 so that the alloy becomes more bronze-like in its properties4 ,the durability of the solder is not seriously affected1 but its fusibility is lowered4 ,if more than a certain proportion of tin be added1 thin and very fluid solders are obtained of grayish-white color1 and very brittle--indeed1 so brittle that the soldering joints are apt to open if the object is bent4 ,because too great an addition of tin is injurious1 the utmost caution must be exercised4 ,if very refractory metals are to be soldered1 brass alone can be used4 ,in some cases1 a solder can be produced merely by melting brass and adding copper4 ,the following hard solders have been practically tested and found of value4 ,,yellow ,,hard ,,solders3 ,applebaum's ,compositions4-- ,i4--,copper #eh parts ,zinc #db parts ,,ii4--,sheet brass #he4db parts ,zinc #ac4eh parts ,karmarsch's ,composition4-- ,,iii4--,brass #g parts ,zinc #a part ,,iv4--,zinc #di parts ,copper #dd parts ,tin #d parts ,lead #b parts ,prechtl's ,composition4-- ,v4--,copper #ec4c parts ,zinc #dc4a parts ,tin #a4c parts ,lead #j4c parts ,all these hard-solder compositions have the fine yellow color of brass1 are very hard1 and can be fused only at high temperatures4 ,they are well adapted for all kinds of iron1 steel1 copper1 and bronze4 ,solders which fuse at somewhat lower temperatures and1 therefore1 well adapted for the working of brass1 are the following3 ,,vi4--,sheet brass #ha4ab parts ,zinc #ah4hh parts ,,vii4--,copper #ed4jh parts ,zinc #de4bi parts ,,viii4--,brass #c to #d parts ,zinc #a part ,a solder which is valuable because it can be wrought with the hammer1 rolled out1 or drawn into wire1 and because it is tough and ductile1 is the following3 ,,ix4--,brass #gh4bf parts ,zinc #ag4da parts ,silver #d4cc parts ,fusible ,white ,solder4-- ,x4--,copper #eg4d parts ,zinc #bh parts ,tin #ad4f parts ,easily ,fusible ,solders4-- ,,xi4--,brass #e parts ,zinc #b4e parts ,,xii4--,brass #e parts ,zinc #e parts ,semi-,white ,hard ,solders4-- ,,xiii4--,copper #ec4c parts ,zinc #df4g parts ,,xiv4--,brass #ab parts ,zinc #d to #g parts ,tin #a part ,,xv4--,brass #bb parts ,zinc #aj parts ,tin #a part ,,xvi4--,copper #dd parts ,zinc #di parts ,tin #c4bj parts ,lead #a4bj parts ,formulas ,,xiii and ,,xvi are fairly fusible4 ,white ,hard ,solders4-- ,,xvii4--,brass #bj parts ,zinc #a part ,tin #d parts ,,xviii4--,copper #eh parts ,zinc #ag parts ,tin #ae parts ,,xix4--,brass #aa parts ,zinc #a part ,tin #b parts #fei ,,xx4--,brass #f parts ,zinc #d parts ,tin #aj parts ,,xxi4--,copper #eg4dd parts ,zinc #bg4ih parts ,tin #ad4eh parts ,for ,brass ,tubes4--,i4--,copper1 #ajj parts2 lead1 #be parts4 ,,ii4--,a very strong solder for soldering brass tubes to be drawn1 etc41 is composed of #ah parts brass1 #d parts zinc1 and #a part fine silver4 ,for ,fastening ,brass to ,tin4--,to #bj parts of fine1 reduced copper1 add sufficient sulphuric acid to make a stiff paste4 ,to this add #gj parts of metallic mercury1 and work in1 at the same time applying heat until the mass assumes a wax-like consistency4 ,warm or heat the plates to be united1 to about the same temperature1 apply the mixture1 hot1 to each1 then press together1 and let cool4 ,,copper ,,solders4 ,the copper solders which are used for soldering copper as well as bronze are mixtures of copper and lead4 ,by increasing the quantity of lead the fusibility is increased1 but the mixture departs from the color and toughness of copper4 ,the most commonly employed copper solder is the following3 ,i4--,copper #e parts ,lead #a part ,,ii4--,copper #hj parts ,lead #ae parts ,tin #e parts ,for ,red ,copper4--,i4--,copper1 #c parts2 zinc1 #a part4 ,,ii4--,copper1 #g parts2 zinc1 #c parts2 tin1 #b parts4 ,,fats ,,for ,,soldering4 ,i4--,soldering fat or grease is commonly a mixture of rosin and tallow with the addition of a small quantity of sal ammoniac4 ,it is particularly adapted to the soldering of tinned ware1 because it is easily wiped off the surface after the joint is made1 whereas if rosin were used alone1 the scraping away might remove some of the tin and spoil the object4 ,,ii4--,the following is a well-tried recipe for a soldering grease3 ,in a pot of sufficient size and over a slow fire melt together #ejj parts of olive oil and #djj parts of tallow2 then stir in slowly #bej parts of rosin in powder1 and let the whole boil up once4 ,now let it cool down1 and add #abe parts of saturated solution of sal ammoniac1 stirring the while4 ,when cold1 this preparation will be ready for use4 ,,fluids ,,for ,,soldering4 ,i4--,to the ordinary zinc chloride1 prepared by digesting chips of zinc in strong hydrochloric acid to saturation1 add #a_/c spirits of sal ammoniac and #a_/c part rain water1 and filter the mixture4 ,this soldering liquid is especially adapted to the soft soldering of iron and steel1 because it does not make rust spots4 ,to solder zinc1 the zinc chloride may be used without any spirit sal ammoniac4 ,,ii4--,mix phosphoric acid with strong spirits of wine in the following proportions3 ,phosphoric acid solution #a quart ,spirits of wine 7#hj per cent7 #a #a_/b quarts ,more or less of the spirits of wine is used depending upon the concentration of the phosphoric acid solution4 ,when this soldering liquid is applied to the metal to be soldered1 the phosphoric acid immediately dissolves the oxide4 ,the hot soldering iron vaporizes the spirits of wine very quickly and causes the oxide released by the phosphoric acid to form a glazed mass with the surplus phosphoric acid1 which mass can be easily removed4 ,,iii4--,dissolve in hydrochloric acid3 ,zinc1 #ej parts 7by weight72 sal ammoniac1 #ej parts4 ,,iv4--,hydrochloric acid1 #fjj parts 7by weight72 sal ammoniac1 #ajj parts4 ,put zinc chips into the acid to saturation1 next add the sal ammoniac4 ,filter when dissolved and preserve in flasks4 ,v4--,eight hundred parts of water with #ajj parts of lactic acid and #ajj parts of glycerine4 ,this dispenses with the use of chloride of zinc4 ,acid-,free ,soldering ,fluid4--,i4--,five parts of zinc chloride dissolved in #be parts of boiling water4 ,or1 #bj parts of zinc chloride1 #aj parts of ammonia chloride1 dissolved in #ajj parts of boiling water and put into glass carboys4 ,,ii4--,chloride zinc #a drachm ,alcohol #a ounce ,substitute for ,soldering ,fluid4--,as a substitute for the customary soldering fluid and soldering mediums an ammonia soap is recommended1 which is obtained by the mixture of a finely powdered rosin with strong ammonia solution4 ,of this soap only the finely divided #ffj rosin remains on the soldered place after the soldering4 ,this soldering process is well adapted for soldering together copper wires for electrical conduits1 since the rosin at the same time serves as an insulator4 ,,fluxes ,,for ,,soldering4 ,the fluxes generally used in the soft-soldering of metals are powdered rosin or a solution of chloride of zinc1 alone or combined with sal ammoniac4 ,a neutral soldering liquid can be prepared by mixing #bg parts neutral zinc chloride1 #aa parts sal ammoniac1 and #fb parts water2 or1 #a part sugar of milk1 #a part glycerine1 and #h parts water4 ,a soldering fat for tin-plate1 preferable to ordinary rosin1 as it can be more easily removed after soldering1 is prepared as follows3 ,one hundred and fifty parts beef tallow1 #bej parts rosin1 and #aej parts olive oil are melted together in a crucible and well stirred1 #ej parts powdered sal ammoniac dissolved in as little water as possible being added4 ,soldering fat for iron is composed of #ej parts olive oil and #ej parts powdered sal ammoniac4 ,soldering fat for aluminum is made by melting together equal parts of rosin and tallow1 half the quantity of zinc chloride being added to the mixture4 ,soldering paste consists of neutral soldering liquid thickened with starch paste4 ,this paste must be applied more lightly than the soldering liquid4 ,soldering salt is prepared by mixing equal parts of neutral zinc chloride1 free from iron1 and powdered sal ammoniac4 ,when required for use1 #a part of the salt should be dissolved in #c or #d parts water4 ,borax is the flux most frequently used for hard-soldering2 it should be applied to the soldering seam either dry or stirred to a paste with water4 ,it is advisable to use calcined borax1 i4 e41 borax from which the water of crystallization has been driven out by heat1 as it does not become so inflated as ordinary borax4 ,borax dissolves the metallic oxides forming on the joint4 ,finely powdered cryolite1 or a mixture of #b parts powdered cryolite and #a part phosphoric acid1 is also used for hard-soldering copper and copper alloys4 ,muller's hard-soldering liquid consists of equal parts of phosphoric acid and alcohol 7#hj per cent74 ,a mixture of equal parts of cryolite and barium chloride is used as a flux in hard-soldering aluminum bronze4 ,a very good dry-soldering preparation consists of two vials1 one of which is filled with zinc chloride1 and the other with ammonium chloride4 ,to use1 dissolve a little of each salt in water1 apply the ammonium chloride to the object to be soldered and heat the latter until it begins to give off vapor of ammonium1 then apply the other1 and immediately thereafter the solder1 maintaining the heat in the meantime4 ,this answers for very soft solder4 ,for a harder solder dissolve the zinc in a very small portion of the ammonium chloride solution 7from #a_/d to #a_/b pint74 ,when steel is to be soldered on steel1 or iron on steel1 it is necessary to remove every trace of oxide of iron between the surfaces in contact4 ,melt in an earthen vessel3 ,borax1 #c parts2 colophony1 #b parts2 pulverized glass1 #c parts2 steel filings1 #b parts2 carbonate of potash1 #a part2 hard soap1 powdered1 #a part4 ,flow the melted mass on a cold plate of sheet iron1 and after cooling break up the pieces and pulverize them4 ,this powder is thrown on the surfaces a few minutes before the pieces to be soldered are brought together4 ,the borax and glass contained in the composition dissolve1 and consequently liquefy all of the impurities1 which1 if they were shut up between the pieces soldered1 might form scales1 at times dangerous1 or interfering with the resistance of the piece4 ,to prepare rosin for soldering bright tin1 mix #a #a_/b pounds of olive oil1 #a #a_/b pounds of tallow1 and #ab ounces of pulverized rosin1 and let them boil up4 ,when this mixture has become cool1 add #a #c_/h pints of water saturated with pulverized sal ammoniac1 stirring constantly4 ,,gas ,,soldering4 ,the soldering of small metallic articles where the production is a wholesale one1 is almost exclusively done by the use of gas1 a pointed flame being produced by air pressure4 ,the air pressure is obtained by the workman who does the soldering setting in motion a treadle with his foot1 which1 resting on rubber bellows1 drives by pressure on the same the aspirated air into wind bellows4 ,from here it is sent into the soldering pipe1 where it is connected with the gas and a pointed flame is produced4 ,in order to obtain a rather uniform heat the workman has to tread continually1 which1 however1 renders it almost impossible to hold the article to be soldered steady1 although this is necessary if the work is to proceed quickly4 ,hence1 absolutely skillful and expensive hands are required1 on whom the employer is often entirely dependent4 ,to improve #ffa this method of soldering and obviate its drawbacks1 the soldering may be conducted with good success in the following manner3 ,for the production of the air current a small ventilator is set up4 ,the wind is conducted through two main conduits to the work tables4 ,four or six tables may1 for instance1 be placed together1 the wind and the gas pipe ending in the center4 ,the gas is admitted as formerly1 the wind is conducted into wind bellows by means of joint and hose to obtain a constant pressure and from here into the soldering pipe4 ,in this manner any desired flame may be produced1 the workman operates quietly and without exertion1 which admits of employing youthful hands and consequently of a saving in wages4 ,the equipment is considerably cheaper1 since the rubber bellows under the treadle are done away with4 ,,german-,,silver ,,solders4 ,because of its peculiar composition ,german-silver solder is related to the ordinary hard solders4 ,just as hard solders may be regarded as varieties of brass to which zinc has been added1 ,german-silver solders may be regarded as ,german silver to which zinc has been added4 ,the ,german-silver solder becomes more easily fused with an increase in zinc1 and vice versa4 ,if the quantity of zinc be increased beyond a certain proportion1 the resultant solder becomes too brittle4 ,german-silver solders are characterized by remarkable strength1 and are therefore used not only in soldering ,german silver1 but in many cases where special strength is required4 ,as ,german silver can be made of the color of steel1 it is frequently used for soldering fine steel articles4 ,solder for ordinary ,german silver can be made of #a1jjj parts ,german-silver chips1 #abe parts sheet brass chips1 #adb parts zinc1 and #cc parts tin2 or1 of #h parts ,german silver and #b to #c parts zinc4 ,soft ,german-,silver ,solder4-- ,i4--,copper #d4e parts ,zinc #g parts ,nickel #a part ,,ii4--,copper #ce parts ,zinc #ef4e parts ,nickel #h4e parts ,,iii4--,german silver #e parts ,zinc #e parts ,compositions ,i and ,,ii have analogous properties4 ,in composition ,,iii 8,german silver0 is to be considered as a mixture of copper1 zinc1 and nickel1 for which reason it is necessary to know the exact composition of the ,german silver to be used4 ,otherwise it is advisable to experiment first with small quantities in order to ascertain how much zinc is to be added4 ,the proper proportion of ,german silver to zinc is reached when the mixture reveals a brilliancy and condition which renders it possible to barely pulverize it while hot4 ,a small quantity when brought in contact with the soldering iron should just fuse4 ,hard ,german-,silver or ,steel ,solder4-- ,i4--,copper #ce parts ,zinc #ef4e parts ,nickel #i4e parts ,,ii4--,copper #ch parts ,zinc #ej parts ,nickel #ab parts ,composition ,i requires a fairly high temperature in order to be melted4 ,composition ,,ii requires a blow pipe4 ,,gold ,,solders3 ,hard ,solder for ,gold4--,the hard solder or gold solder which the jeweler frequently requires for the execution of various works1 not only serves for soldering gold ware1 but is also often employed for soldering fine steel goods1 such as spectacles1 etc4 ,fine gold is only used for soldering articles of platinum4 ,the stronger the alloy of the gold1 the more fusible must be the solder4 ,generally the gold solder is a composition of gold1 silver1 and copper4 ,if it is to be very easily fusible1 a little zinc may be added1 but1 on the other hand1 even the copper is sometimes left out and a mixture consisting only of gold and silver 7e4 g41 equal parts of both7 is used4 ,the shade of the solder also requires attention1 which must be regulated by varying proportions of silver and copper1 so that it may be as nearly as possible the same as that of the gold to be soldered4 ,i4--,for #bd-;carat gold3 ,twenty-two parts gold 7#bd carat71 #b parts silver1 and #a part copper2 refractory4 ,,ii4--,for #ah-;carat gold3 ,nine parts gold 7#ah carat71 #b parts silver1 and #a part copper2 refractory4 ,,iii4--,for #af-;carat gold3 ,twenty-four parts gold 7#af carat71 #aj parts silver1 and #h parts copper2 refractory4 ,,iv4--,for #ad-;carat gold3 ,three parts gold 7#ad carat71 #b parts silver1 and #a part copper2 more fusible4 ,v4--,gold solder for alloys containing smaller quantities of gold is composed #ffb of #h parts gold1 #aj4e parts silver1 and #e4e parts copper1 or1 ,,vi4--,ten parts gold 7#ac4e carat71 #e parts silver1 and #a part zinc4 ,,vii4--,the following easily fusible solder is used for ordinary gold articles3 ,two parts gold1 #i parts silver1 #a part copper1 and #a part zinc4 ,articles soldered with this solder cannot be subjected to the usual process of coloring the gold1 as the solder would become black4 ,,viii4--,a refractory enamel solder for articles made of #bj-;carat and finer gold1 which can bear the high temperature required in enameling1 consists of #cg parts gold and #i parts silver1 or #af parts gold 7#ah carat71 #c parts silver1 and #a part copper4 ,which of these compositions should be employed depends upon the degree of the fusibility of the enamel to be applied4 ,if it is very difficult of fusion only the first named can be used2 otherwise it may happen that during the melting on of the enamel the soldering spots are so strongly heated that the solder itself melts4 ,for ordinary articles1 as a rule1 only readily fusible enamels are employed1 and consequently the readily fusible enameling solder may here be made use of4 ,soldering with the latter is readily accomplished with the aid of the soldering pipe4 ,although the more hardly fusible gold solders may also be melted by the use of the ordinary soldering pipe1 the employment of a special small blowing apparatus is recommended on account of the resulting ease and rapidity of the work4 ,,solders ,,for ,,glass4 ,i4--,melt tin1 and add to the melted mass enough copper1 with constant stirring1 until the melted metal consists of #ie per cent of tin and #e per cent of copper4 ,in order to render the mixture more or less hard1 add #a_/b to #a per cent of zinc or lead4 ,,ii4--,a compound of tin 7#ie parts7 and zinc 7#e parts7 melts at #cib ,f41 and can then be firmly united to glass4 ,an alloy of #ij parts of tin and #aj parts of aluminum melts at #gcd ,f41 adheres1 like the preceding1 to glass1 and is equally brilliant4 ,with either of these alloys glass may be soldered as easily as metal1 in two ways4 ,in one1 heat the pieces of glass in a furnace and rub a stick of soldering alloy over their surfaces4 ,the alloy will melt1 and can be easily spread by means of a roll of paper or a slip of aluminum4 ,press the pieces firmly together1 and keep so until cool4 ,in the other method a common soldering iron1 or a rod of aluminum1 is heated over a coal fire1 a gas jet1 or a flame supplied by petroleum4 ,the hot iron is passed over the alloy and then over the pieces to be soldered1 without the use of a dissolvent4 ,care should be taken that neither the soldering irons nor the glass be brought to a temperature above the melting point of the alloy1 lest the latter should be oxidized1 and prevented from adhering4 ,,hard ,,solders4 ,hard solders are distinguished as brass1 ,german silver1 copper1 gold1 silver1 etc41 according to the alloys used 7see ,brass ,solders1 ,copper ,solders1 etc41 for other hard solders74 ,the designation 8hard solder0 is used to distinguish it from the easily running and softer solder used by tinsmiths1 and it applies solely to a composition that will not flow under a red heat4 ,for the purposes of the jeweler solder may be classified according to its composition and purpose1 into gold or silver solder1 which means a solder consisting of an alloy of gold with silver1 copper1 tin1 or zinc-like metal or an alloy of silver with copper1 tin1 or zinc-like metal4 ,according to the uses1 the solder is made hard or soft2 thus in gold solders there is added a greater amount of silver1 whereas for silver solders there is added more tin or zinc-like metal4 ,in the production of solder for the enameler's use1 that is for combining gold with gold1 gold with silver1 or gold with copper1 which must be enameled afterwards1 it is necessary always to keep in mind that no solder can be used effectually that contains any tin1 zinc1 zinc alloys1 or tin or zinc-like metals in any great quantities1 since it is these very metals that contribute to the cracking of the enamel4 ,yet it is not possible to do without such an addition entirely1 otherwise the solder would not flow under the melting point of the precious metals themselves and we should be unable to effect a union of the parts4 ,it is therefore absolutely necessary to confine these additions to the lowest possible percentage1 so that only a trace is apparent4 ,moreover1 care must be taken to use for enameling purposes no base alloy1 because the tenacity or durability of the compound will be affected thereby2 in other words1 it must come up to the standard4 ,in hard soldering with borax1 direct1 several obstacles are encountered that make the process somewhat difficult4 ,in #ffc the first place the salt forms great bubbles in contact with the soldering iron1 and easily scales away from the surface of the parts to be soldered4 ,besides this1 the parts must be carefully cleaned each time prior to applying the salt4 ,all these difficulties vanish if instead of borax we use its component parts1 boric acid and sodium carbonate4 ,the heat of the soldering iron acting on these causes them to combine in such a way as to produce an excellent flux1 free from the difficulties mentioned4 ,composition of ,various ,hard ,solders4--,yellow solders for brass1 bronze1 copper1 and iron3 ,i4--,sheet-brass chips1 #e parts1 and zinc1 #c to #e parts1 easily fusible4 ,,ii4--,sheet brass chips1 #c parts1 and zinc1 #a part2 refractory4 ,,iii4--,sheet-brass chips1 #g parts1 and zinc1 #a part2 very refractory and firm4 ,semi-white solders1 containing tin and consequently harder3 ,i4--,sheet brass1 #ab parts2 zinc1 #d to #g parts1 and tin1 #a part4 ,,ii4--,copper1 #af parts2 zinc1 #af parts1 and tin1 #a part4 ,,iii4--,yellow solder1 #bj to #cj parts1 and tin1 #a part4 ,white solders3 ,i4--,sheet brass1 #bj parts2 zinc1 #a part1 and tin1 #d parts4 ,,ii4--,copper1 #c parts2 zinc1 #a part1 and tin1 #a part4 ,to ,hard-,solder ,parts ,formerly ,soldered with ,tin ,solder4--,to repair gold or silver articles which have been spoiled with tin solder proceed as follows3 ,heating the object carefully by means of a small spirit lamp1 brush the tin off as much as possible with a chalk brush2 place the article in a diluted solution of hydrochloric acid for about #h to #aj hours1 as required4 ,if much tin remains1 perhaps #ab hours may be necessary4 ,next withdraw it1 rinse off and dry2 whereupon it is carefully annealed and finally put in a pickle of dilute sulphuric acid1 to remove the annealing film4 ,when the article has been dipped1 it may be hard soldered again4 ,,silver ,,solders4 ,silver solder is cast in the form of ingots1 which are hammered or rolled into thin sheets4 ,from these small chips or 8links10 as they are called1 are cut off4 ,the melted solder can also be poured1 when slightly cooled1 into a dry iron mortar and pulverized while still warm4 ,the solder can also be filed and the filings used for soldering4 ,silver solders are used not only for soldering silver objects1 but also for soldering metals of which great resistance is expected4 ,a distinction must be drawn between silver solder consisting either of copper and silver alone1 and silver solder to which tin has been added4 ,very ,hard ,silver ,solder for ,fine ,silverware4-- ,i4--,copper #a part ,silver #d parts ,hard silver solder4 ,,ii4--,copper #a part ,silver #bj parts ,brass #i parts ,,iii4--,copper #b parts ,silver #bh parts ,brass #aj parts ,soft silver solder4 ,,iv4--,silver #b parts ,brass #a part ,v4--,silver #c parts ,copper #b parts ,zinc #a part ,,vi4--,silver #aj parts ,brass #aj parts ,tin #a part ,these solders are preferably to be employed for the completion of work begun with hard silver solders1 defective parts alone being treated4 ,for this purpose it is sometimes advisable to use copper-silver alloys mixed with zinc1 as for example3 ,,vii4--,silver #ab parts ,copper #d parts ,zinc #a part ,,viii4--,silver #e parts ,brass #f parts ,zinc #b parts ,this last formula 7,,viii7 is most commonly used for ordinary silverware4 ,silver ,solders for ,soldering ,iron1 ,steel1 ,cast ,iron1 and ,copper4-- ,i4--,silver #aj parts ,brass #aj parts ,,ii4--,silver #j parts ,copper #cj parts ,zinc #aj parts ,,iii4--,silver #cj parts ,copper #aj parts ,tin #j4e parts ,,iv4--,silver #fj parts ,brass #fj parts ,zinc #e parts #ffd ,in those solders in which brass is used care should be taken that none of the metals employed contains iron4 ,even an inappreciable amount of iron deleteriously affects the solder4 ,v4--,copper1 #cj parts2 zinc1 #ab4he parts2 silver1 #eg4ae parts4 ,,vi4--,copper1 #bc4cc parts2 zinc1 #aj parts2 silver1 #ff4fg parts4 ,,vii4--,copper1 #bf4ff parts2 zinc1 #aj parts2 silver1 #fc4cd parts4 ,,viii4--,silver1 #ff parts2 copper1 #bd parts1 and zinc1 #aj parts4 ,this very strong solder is frequently used for soldering silver articles1 but can also be used for soldering other metals1 such as brass1 copper1 iron1 steel band-saw blades1 etc4 ,,ix4--,silver1 #d parts1 and brass1 #c parts4 ,x4--,a very refractory silver solder1 which1 unlike the silver solder containing zinc1 is of great ductility and does not break when hammered1 is composed of #c parts silver and #a part copper4 ,soft ,silver ,solders4--,i4--,a soft silver solder for resoldering parts already soldered is made of silver1 #c parts2 copper1 #b parts1 and zinc1 #a part4 ,,ii4--,silver1 #a part1 and brass1 #a part2 or1 silver1 #g parts2 copper1 #c parts1 and zinc1 #b parts4 ,,iii4--,a readily fusible silver solder for ordinary work3 ,silver1 #e parts2 copper1 #f parts1 and zinc1 #b parts4 ,,iv4--7,soft47 ,copper1 #ad4ge parts2 zinc1 #h4bj parts2 silver1 #gg4je parts4 ,v4--,copper1 #bb4cd parts2 zinc1 #aj4dh parts2 silver1 #fg4ah parts4 ,,vi4--,tin1 #fc parts2 lead1 #cg parts4 ,french ,solders for ,silver4--,i4--,for fine silver work3 ,fine silver1 #hg parts2 brass1 #ac parts4 ,,ii4--,for work #gib fine3 ,fine silver1 #hc parts2 brass1 #ag parts4 ,,iii4--,for work #gab fine3 ,fine silver1 #ge parts2 brass1 #be parts4 ,,iv4--,for work #fcc fine3 ,fine silver1 #ff parts2 brass1 #cd parts4 ,v4--,for work #egb fine3 ,fine silver1 #ee parts2 brass1 #de parts4 ,solder for ,silversmiths1 etc4--,gold1 #aj parts2 silver1 #ee parts2 copper1 #bi parts2 zinc1 #f parts4 ,hard ,solder4--,silver1 #fj parts2 bronze1 #ci parts2 arsenic1 #a part4 ,soft ,solder4--,powdered copper1 #cj parts2 sulphate of zinc1 #aj parts2 mercury1 #fj parts2 sulphuric acid4 ,put the copper and the zinc sulphate in a porcelain mortar1 and then the sulphuric acid4 ,enough acid is required to cover the composition2 next add the mercury while stirring constantly4 ,when the amalgamation is effected1 wash several times with hot water to remove the acid1 then allow to cool4 ,for use1 it is sufficient to heat the amalgam until it takes the consistency of wax4 ,apply on the parts to be soldered and let cool4 ,solder for ,silver-,plated ,work4--,i4--,fine silver1 #b parts2 bronze1 #a part4 ,,ii4--,silver1 #fh parts2 copper1 #bd parts2 zinc1 #ag parts4 ,solder for ,silver ,chains4--,i4--,fine silver1 #gd parts2 copper1 #bd parts2 orpiment1 #b parts4 ,,ii4--,fine silver1 #dj parts2 orpiment1 #bj parts2 copper1 #dj parts4 ,,soft ,,solders3 ,see also ,brass ,solders1 ,copper ,solders1 ,gold ,solders4 ,i4--,fifty parts bismuth1 #be parts tin1 and #be parts lead4 ,this mixture melts at #cib ,f4 ,,ii4--,fifty parts bismuth1 #cj parts lead1 and #bj parts tin4 ,this will melt at #cgd ,f4 ,,iii4--,the solder that is used in soldering ,britannia metal and block tin pipes is composed of #b parts tin and #a part lead4 ,this melts in the blow-pipe flame at many degrees lower temperature than either tin or ,britannia metal1 and it is nearly of the same color4 ,care must be taken in mixing these solders to keep them well stirred when pouring into molds4 ,care should also be taken that the metal which melts at a higher temperature be melted first and then allowed to cool to the melting temperature of the next metal to be added1 and so on4 ,articles to be soldered with these solders should be joined with a blow pipe to get the best results1 but if a copper is used it must be drawn out to a long1 thin point4 ,for a flux use powdered rosin or sweet oil4 ,tin solders for soldering lead1 zinc1 tin1 tin-plate1 also copper and brass when special strength is not required1 are prepared as follows3 ,i4--,tin1 #aj parts2 lead1 #d parts2 melting point1 #cef ,f4 ,,ii4--,tin1 #aj parts2 lead1 #e parts2 melting point1 #cfe ,f4 ,,iii4--,tin1 #aj parts2 lead1 #f parts2 melting point1 #cgd ,f4 #ffe ,,iv4--,tin1 #aj parts2 lead1 #aj parts2 melting point1 #cib ,f4 ,v4--,tin1 #aj parts2 lead1 #ae parts2 melting point1 #dcb ,f4 ,,vi4--,tin1 #aj parts2 lead1 #bj parts2 melting point1 #dfd ,f4 ,the last of the above mixtures is the cheapest1 on account of the large quantity of lead4 ,bismuth solder or pewterer's solder fusible at a low temperature is prepared by melting together3 ,i4--,tin1 #b parts2 lead1 #a part2 bismuth1 #a part2 melting point1 #bff ,f4 ,,ii4--,tin1 #c parts2 lead1 #d parts2 bismuth1 #b parts2 melting point1 #big ,f4 ,,iii4--,tin1 #b parts2 lead1 #b parts2 bismuth1 #a part2 melting point1 #cbj ,f4 ,,steel ,,soldering4 ,dissolve scraps of cast steel in as small a quantity as possible of nitric acid1 add finely pulverized borax and stir vigorously until a fluid paste is formed1 then dilute by means of sal ammoniac and put in a bottle4 ,when soldering is to be done1 apply a thin layer of the solution to the two parts to be soldered1 and when these have been carried to ordinary redness1 and the mass is consequently plastic1 beat lightly on the anvil with a flat hammer4 ,this recipe is useful for cases when the steel is not to be soldered at an elevation of temperature to the bright red4 ,to ,solder a ,piece of ,hardened ,steel4--,to hard-solder a piece of hardened steel such as index 7regulator71 stop spring 7in the part which is not elastic71 click1 etc41 take a very flat charcoal if the piece is difficult to attach2 hard-solder and as soon as the soldering has been done1 plunge the piece into oil4 ,all that remains to be done is to blue it again1 and to polish4 ,soldering ,powder for ,steel4--,melt in an earthen pot #c parts of borax1 #b of colophony1 #a of potassium carbonate1 as much powdered hard soap1 to which must be added #c parts of finely powdered glass and #b parts of steel filings4 ,the melted mass is run out upon a cold plate of sheet iron1 and when it is completely chilled it is broken into small bits or finely powdered4 ,to solder1 it is necessary to sprinkle the powder on the surfaces to be joined several minutes before bringing them together4 ,soldering ,solution for ,steel4--,a soldering solution for steel that will not rust or blacken the work is made of #f ounces alcohol1 #b ounces glycerine1 and #a ounce oxide of zinc4 ,,platinum ,,solders4 ,there are many platinum solders in existence1 but the main principle to be borne in mind in jewelry work is that the soldering seam should be as little perceptible as possible2 the solder1 therefore1 should have the same color as the alloy4 ,i4--,a platinum solder which meets these requirements very satisfactorily is composed of #i parts gold and #a part palladium2 or1 #h parts gold and #b parts palladium4 ,,ii4--,the following is a readily fusible platinum solder3 ,fine silver1 #a4eee parts1 and pure platinum1 #j4ehc parts4 ,this melts easily in the ordinary draught furnace1 as well as before the soldering pipe on a piece of charcoal4 ,of similar action is a solder of the following composition1 which is very useful for places not exposed to the view3 ,,iii4--,fine gold1 #a4eee parts2 fine silver1 #j4fe parts2 and pure copper1 #j4cbd parts4 ,,solder ,,for ,,iron3 ,see also under ,silver ,solders4 ,copper1 #fg parts2 zinc1 #cc parts2 or1 copper1 #fj parts2 zinc1 #dj parts4 ,,tin ,,solders3 ,see also ,soft ,solders4 ,gold jewelry which has been rendered unsightly by tin solder may be freed from tin entirely by dipping the article for a few minutes into the following solution and then brushing off the tin3 ,pulverize #b parts of green vitriol and #a part of saltpeter and boil in a cast-iron pot with #aj parts of water until the larger part of the latter has evaporated4 ,the crystals forming upon cooling are dissolved in hydrochloric acid 7#h parts of hydrochloric acid to #a part of crystals74 ,if the articles in question have to be left in the liquid for some time1 it is well to dilute it with #c or #d parts of water4 ,the tin solder is dissolved by this solution without attacking or damaging the article in the least4 ,,various ,,recipes ,,for ,,soldering3 ,to ,conceal ,soldering4--,visible soldering may be obviated by the following methods3 ,for copper goods a concentrated solution of blue vitriol is prepared and applied to the places by means of an iron rod or iron wire4 ,the thickness of #fff the layer may be increased by a repetition of the process4 ,in order to give the places thus coppered the appearance of the others1 use a saturated solution of zinc vitriol1 #a part1 and blue vitriol1 #b parts1 and finish rubbing with a piece of zinc4 ,by sprinkling on gold powder and subsequently polishing1 the color is rendered deeper4 ,in the case of gold articles the places are first coppered over1 then covered with a thin layer of fish glue1 after which bronze filings are thrown on4 ,when the glue is dry rub off quickly to produce a fine polish4 ,the places can1 of course1 also be electro-gilt1 whereby a greater uniformity of the shade is obtained4 ,in silver objects1 the soldering seams1 etc41 are likewise coppered in the above-described manner2 next they are rubbed with a brush dipped into silver powder and freshly polished4 ,solder for ,articles which will not ,bear a ,high ,temperature4--,take powdered copper1 the precipitate of a solution of the sulphate by means of zinc1 and mix it with concentrated sulphuric acid4 ,according to the degree of hardness required1 take from #bj to #cj or #cf parts of copper4 ,add1 while constantly shaking1 #gj parts of quicksilver1 and when the amalgam is complete1 wash with warm water to remove the acid2 then allow it to cool4 ,in #aj or #ab hours the composition will be hard enough to scratch tin4 ,for use1 warm it until it reaches the consistency of wax1 and spread it where needed4 ,when cold it will adhere with great tenacity4 ,soldering a ,ring ,containing a ,jewel4--,i4--,fill a small crucible with wet sand and bury the part with the jewel in the sand4 ,now solder with soft gold solder1 holding the crucible in the hand4 ,the stone will remain uninjured4 ,,ii4--,take tissue paper1 tear it into strips about #c inches in width1 and make them into ropes2 wet them thoroughly and wrap the stone in them1 passing around the stone and through the ring until the center of the latter is slightly more than half filled with paper1 closely wound around4 ,now fix on charcoal1 permitting the stone to protrude over the edge of the charcoal1 and solder rapidly4 ,the paper will not only protect the stone1 but also prevent oxidation of the portion of the ring which is covered4 ,soldering without ,heat4--,for soldering objects without heating1 take a large copper wire filed to a point2 dip into soldering water and rub the parts to be soldered4 ,then heat the copper wire and apply the solder1 which melts on contact4 ,it may then be applied to the desired spot without heating the object4 ,,cold ,,soldering3 ,see also ,adhesives and ,cements4 ,for soldering articles which cannot stand a high temperature1 the following process may be employed3 ,i4--,take powdered copper precipitated from a solution of sulphate by means of zinc and mix it in a cast-iron or porcelain mortar with concentrated sulphuric acid4 ,the number of parts of copper varies according to the degree of hardness which it is wished to obtain4 ,next add1 stirring constantly1 #gj parts of mercury1 and when the amalgam is finished1 allow to cool4 ,at the end of #aj to #ab hours the composition is sufficiently hard4 ,for use1 heat until it acquires the consistency of wax4 ,apply to the surface4 ,when cool it will adhere with great tenacity4 ,,ii4--,crush and mix #f parts of sulphur1 #f parts of white lead1 and #a part of borax4 ,make a rather thick cement of this powder by triturating it with sulphuric acid4 ,the paste is spread on the surfaces to be welded1 and the articles pressed firmly together4 ,in #f or #g days the soldering is so strong that the two pieces cannot be separated1 even by striking them with a hammer4 ,cast-,iron ,soldering4--,a new process consists in decarbonizing the surfaces of the cast iron to be soldered1 the molten hard solder being at the same time brought into contact with the red-hot metallic surfaces4 ,the admission of air1 however1 should be carefully guarded against4 ,first pickle the surfaces of the pieces to be soldered1 as usual1 with acid and fasten the two pieces together4 ,the place to be soldered is now covered with a metallic oxygen compound and any one of the customary fluxes and heated until red hot4 ,the preparation best suited for this purpose is a paste made by intimately mingling together cuprous oxide and borax4 ,the latter melts in soldering and protects the pickled surfaces as well as the cuprous oxide from oxidation through the action of the air4 ,during the heating the cuprous oxide imparts its oxygen to the carbon contained in the cast iron and burns it4 ,metallic copper separates in fine subdivision4 ,now apply hard solder to the place to be united1 which in melting forms an alloy with the eliminated copper1 the alloy combining with the decarburized surfaces of the cast iron4 #ffg ,soldering ,block4--,this name is given to a very useful support for hard soldering and can be readily made4 ,the ingredients are3 ,charcoal1 asbestos1 and plaster of ,paris4 ,these are powdered in equal parts1 made into a thick paste with water1 and poured into a suitable mold4 ,thus a sort of thick plate is obtained4 ,when this mass has dried it is removed from the mold and a very thin cork plate is affixed on one surface by means of thin glue4 ,the mission of this plate is to receive the points of the wire clamps with which the articles to be soldered are attached to the soldering block1 the asbestos not affording sufficient hold for them4 ,,solders ,,for ,,jewelers3 ,see ,jewelers' ,formulas4 ,,solder ,,from ,,gold1 ,,to ,,remove3 ,see ,gold4 ,,soldering ,,paste4 ,the semi-liquid mass termed soldering paste is produced by mixing zinc chloride solution or that of ammonia-zinc chloride with starch paste4 ,for preparing this composition1 ordinary potato starch is made with water into a milky liquid1 the latter is heated to a boil with constant stirring1 and enough of this mass1 which becomes gelatinous after cooling1 is added to the above-mentioned solutions as to cause a liquid resembling thin syrup to result4 ,the use of all zinc preparations for soldering presents the drawback that vapors of a strongly acid odor are generated by the heat of the soldering iron1 but this evil is offset by the extraordinary convenience afforded when working with these preparations4 ,it is not necessary to subject the places to be soldered to any special cleaning or preparation4 ,all that is required is to coat them with the soldering medium1 to apply the solder to the seam1 etc41 and to wipe the places with a sponge or moistened rag after the solder has cooled4 ,since the solder adheres readily with the use of these substances1 a skillful workman can soon reach such perfection that he has no1 or very little1 subsequent polishing to do on the soldering seams4 ,soft ,soldering ,paste4--,small articles of any metals that would be very delicate to solder with a stick of solder1 especially where parts fit into another and only require a little solder to hold them together1 can best be joined with a soldering paste4 ,this paste contains the solder and flux combined1 and is easily applied to seams1 or a little applied before the parts are put together4 ,the soldering flame will cause the tin in the paste to amalgamate quickly4 ,the paste is made out of starch paste mixed with a solution of chloride of tin to the consistency of syrup4 ,,solutions1 ,,percentage3 ,see ,tables4 ,,soothing ,,syrup3 ,see ,pain ,killers4 ,,soup ,,herb ,,extract3 ,see ,condiments4 ,,sozodont3 ,see ,dentifrices4 ,,sparks ,,from ,,the ,,finger ,,tips3 ,see ,pyrotechnics4 ,,spatter ,,work3 ,see ,lettering4 ,,spavin ,,cures3 ,see ,veterinary ,formulas4 ,,speculum ,,metal3 ,see ,alloys4 ,,spices1 ,,adulterated3 ,see ,foods4 ,,spices ,,for ,,flavoring3 ,see ,condiments4 ,spirit ,,industrial ,,and ,,potable ,,alcohol3 ,,sources ,,and ,,manufacture4 ,abstract of a ,farmers' ,bulletin prepared for the ,united ,states ,department of ,agriculture by ,dr4 ,harvey ,w4 ,wiley4 ,the term 8industrial alcohol10 or spirit1 is used for brevity1 and also because it differentiates sharply between alcohol used for beverages or for medicine and alcohol used for technical purposes in the arts4 ,alcohol ,defined4--,the term 8alcohol0 as here used and as generally used means that particular product which is obtained by the fermentation of a sugar1 or a starch converted into sugar1 and which1 from a chemical point of view1 is a compound of the hypothetical substance 8ethyl0 with water1 or with that part of water remaining after the separation of one of the atoms of hydrogen4 ,this is a rather technical expression1 but it is very difficult1 without using technical language1 to give a definition of alcohol from the chemical point of view4 ,there are three elementary substances represented in alcohol3 ,carbon1 the chemical symbol of which is ,c2 hydrogen1 symbol #ffh ,h2 and oxygen1 symbol ,o4 ,these atoms are put together to form common alcohol1 or1 as it is called1 ethyl alcohol1 in which preparation #b atoms of carbon and #e atoms of hydrogen form the hypothetical substance 8ethyl10 and #a atom of oxygen and #a atom of hydrogen form the hydroxyl derived from water4 ,the chemical symbol of alcohol therefore is ,c#b;,h#e,,oh4 ,absolutely pure ethyl alcohol is made only with great difficulty1 and the purest commercial forms still have associated with them traces of other volatile products formed at the time of the distillation1 chief among which is that group of alcohols to which the name 8fused oil0 is applied4 ,so far as industrial purposes are concerned1 however1 ethyl alcohol is the only component of any consequence1 just as in regard to the character of beverages the ethyl alcohol is the component of least consequence4 ,sources of ,potable ,alcohol4--,the raw materials from which alcohol is made consist of those crops which contain sugar1 starch1 gum1 and cellulose 7woody fiber7 capable of being easily converted into a fermentable sugar4 ,alcohol as such is not used as a beverage4 ,the alcohol occurring in distilled beverages is principally derived from ,indian corn1 rye1 barley1 and molasses4 ,alcohol is also produced for drinking purposes from fermented fruit juices such as the juice of grapes1 apples1 peaches1 etc4 ,in the production of alcoholic beverages a careful selection of the materials is required in order that the desired character of drink may be secured4 ,for instance1 in the production of rum1 the molasses derived from the manufacture of sugar from sugar cane is the principal raw material4 ,in the fermentation of molasses a particular product is formed which by distillation gives the alcohol compound possessing the aroma and flavor of rum4 ,in the making of brandy1 only sound wine can be used as the raw material1 and this sound wine1 when subjected to distillation1 gives a product containing the same kind of alcohol as that found in rum1 but associated with the products of fermentation which give to the distillate a character entirely distinct and separate from that of rum4 ,again1 when barley malt or a mixture of barley malt and rye is properly mashed1 fermented1 and subjected to distillation1 a product is obtained which1 when properly concentrated and aged1 becomes potable malt or rye whisky4 ,in a similar manner1 if ,indian corn and barley malt are properly mashed1 with a small portion of rye1 the mash fermented and subjected to distillation1 and the distillate properly prepared and aged1 the product is known as ,bourbon whisky4 ,thus1 every kind of alcoholic beverage gets its real character1 taste1 and aroma1 not from the alcohol which it contains but from the products of fermentation which are obtained at the same time the alcohol is made and which are carried over with the alcohol at the time of distillation4 ,agricultural ,sources of ,industrial ,alcohol4--,the chief alcohol-yielding material produced in farm crops is starch1 the second important material is sugar1 and the third and least important raw material is cellulose1 or woody fiber4 ,the quantity of alcohol produced from cellulose is so small as to be of no importance at the present time1 and therefore this source of alcohol will only be discussed under the headings 8,utilization of ,waste ,material or ,by-,products0 and 8,wood ,pulp and ,sawdust40 ,starch-,producing ,plants4--,starch is a compound which1 from the chemical point of view1 belongs to the class known as carbohydrates1 that is1 compounds in which the element carbon is associated by a chemical union with water4 ,starch is therefore a compound made of carbon1 hydrogen1 and oxygen1 existing in the proportion of #b atoms of hydrogen to #a atom of oxygen4 ,each molecule of starch contains at least #f atoms of carbon1 #aj atoms of hydrogen1 and #e atoms of oxygen4 ,the simplest expression for starch is therefore ,c#f;,h#aj,o#e4 ,inasmuch as this is the simplest expression for what the chemist knows as a molecule of starch1 and it is very probable that very many1 perhaps a hundred or more1 of these molecules exist together1 the proper expression for starch from a chemical point of view would be 7,c#f;,h#aj,o#e7x4 ,the principal starch-producing plants are the cereals1 the potato1 and cassava4 ,with the potato may be classed1 though not botanically related thereto1 the sweet potato and the yam4 ,among cereals rice has the largest percentage of starch and oats the smallest4 ,the potato1 as grown for the table1 has an average content of about #ae per cent of starch4 ,when a potato is grown specifically for the production of alcohol it contains a larger quantity1 or nearly #bj per cent4 ,cassava contains a larger percentage of starch than the potato1 varying from #bj to #cj per cent4 ,sugar-,producing ,plants4--,sugar cane1 #ffi etc4 ,while sugar is present in some degree in all vegetable growths1 there are some plants which produce it in larger quantities than are required for immediate needs1 and this sugar is stored in some part of the plant4 ,two plants are preminently known for their richness in sugar1 namely1 the sugar cane and the sugar beet4 ,in ,louisiana the sugar canes contain from #i to #ad per cent of sugar1 and tropical canes contain a still larger amount4 ,the juices of the sugar beet contain from #ab to #ah per cent of sugar4 ,there are other plants which produce large quantities of sugar1 but which are less available for sugar-making purposes than those just mentioned4 ,among these1 the sorghum must be first mentioned1 containing in the stalk at the time the seed is just mature and the starch hardened from #i to #ae per cent of sugar4 ,sorghum seed will also yield as much alcohol as equal weights of ,indian corn4 ,the juices of the stalks of ,indian corn contain at the time the grain is hardening and for some time thereafter large quantities of sugar1 varying from #h to #ae per cent4 ,in the case of the sorghum and the ,indian-corn stalk a large part of the sugar present is not cane sugar or sucrose as it is commonly known1 but the invert sugar derived therefrom4 ,for the purposes of making alcohol the invert sugar is even more suitable than cane sugar4 ,many other plants contain notable quantities of sugar1 but1 with the exception of fruits1 discussed under the following caption1 not in sufficient quantities to be able to compete with those just mentioned for making either sugar or alcohol4 ,cane sugar is not directly susceptible to fermentation4 ,chemically considered1 it has the formula expressed by the symbols3 ,c#ab;,h#bb,o#aa4 ,when cane sugar having the above composition becomes inverted1 it is due to a process known as hydrolysis1 which consists in the molecule of cane sugar taking up #a molecule of water and splitting off into #b molecules of sugar having the same formula but different physical and chemical properties4 ,thus the process may be represented as follows3 ,c#ab;,h#bb,o#aa 7cane sugar7 ,h#b,o 7water7 ,c#f;,h#ab,o#f 7dextrose7 ,c#f;,h#ab,o#f 7levulose74 ,these two sugars 7dextrose and levulose7 taken together are known as invert sugar and are directly susceptible to fermentation4 ,all cane sugar assumes the form of invert sugar before it becomes fermented4 ,fruits4--,nearly all fruit juices are rich in sugar1 varying in content from #e to #cj per cent4 ,the sugar in fruits is composed of both cane sugar and its invert products 7dextrose and levulose71 in some fruits principally the latter4 ,of the common fruits the grape yields the largest percentage of sugar4 ,the normal grape used for wine making contains from #af to #cj per cent of sugar1 the usual amount being about #bj per cent4 ,fruit juices are not usually employed in any country for making industrial alcohol1 because of their very much greater value for the production of beverages4 ,composition and ,yield of ,alcohol-,producing ,crops4--,the weight of alcohol that may be produced from a given crop is estimated at a little less than one-half of the amount of fermentable substance present1 it being understood that the fermentable substance is expressed in terms of sugar4 ,pasteur was the first to point out the fact that when sugar was fermented it yielded theoretically a little over one-half of its weight of alcohol4 ,it must be remembered1 however1 that in the production of alcohol a process of hydrolysis is taking place which adds a certain quantity of alcohol to the products which are formed4 ,for this reason #ajj parts of sugar yield more than #ajj parts of fermentable products4 ,the distribution of the weights produced1 as theoretically calculated by ,pasteur1 is as follows3 ,one hundred parts of sugar yield the following quantities of the products of fermentation3 ,alcohol #ea4aj parts ,carbonic acid #di4bj parts ,glycerine #c4dj parts ,organic acids1 chiefly succinic 4#fe parts ,ethers1 aldehydes1 furfural1 fat1 etc4 #a4cj parts ,total weight fermentation products produced #aje4fe parts ,artichokes4--,the artichoke has been highly recommended for the manufacture of alcohol4 ,the fermentable material in the artichoke is neither starch nor sugar1 but consists of a mixture of a number of carbohydrates of which inulin and levulin are the principal constituents4 ,when these carbohydrate materials are hydrolized into sugars they produce levulose instead of dextrose4 ,the levulose is equally as valuable as dextrose for the production of alcohol4 ,artichokes may be harvested either in the autumn or in the spring4 ,as they keep well during the winter1 and in a few places #fgj may be kept in hot weather1 they form a raw material which can be stored for a long period and still be valuable for fermentation purposes4 ,under the term 8inulin0 are included all the fermentable carbohydrates4 ,the above data show1 in round numbers1 #ag per cent of fermentable matter4 ,theoretically1 therefore1 #ajj pounds of artichokes would yield approximately #h #a_/b pounds of industrial alcohol1 or about #a #a_/d gallons4 ,bananas4--,the banana is a crop which grows in luxurious abundance in tropical countries1 especially ,guatemala and ,nicaragua4 ,the fruit contains large quantities of starch and sugar suitable for alcohol making4 ,from #bj to #be per cent of the weight of the banana consists of fermentable material4 ,it is evident that in the countries where the banana grows in such luxuriance it would be a cheap source of industrial alcohol4 ,barley and the ,manufacture of ,malt4--,a very important cereal in connection with the manufacture of alcohol is barley which is quite universally employed for making malt1 the malt in its turn being used for the conversion of the starch of other cereals into sugar in their preparation for fermentation4 ,malt is made by the sprouting of barley at a low temperature 7from #ej to #fj ,f47 until the small roots are formed and the germ has grown to the length of #a_/b an inch or more4 ,the best malts are made at a low temperature requiring from #aj to #ad days for the growth of the barley4 ,the barley is moistened and spread upon a floor1 usually of cement1 to the depth of #a foot or #ah inches4 ,as the barley becomes warm by the process of germination1 it is turned from time to time and the room is kept well ventilated and cool4 ,it is better at this point in the manufacture of malt to keep the temperature below #fj ,f4 ,after the sprouting has been continued as above noted for the proper length of time1 the barley is transferred to a drier1 where it is subjected to a low temperature at first and finally to a temperature not to exceed #adj or #aeh ,f41 until all the water is driven off1 except #b or #c per cent4 ,great care must be exercised in drying the barley not to raise the temperature too high1 lest the diastase which is formed be deprived of its active qualities4 ,the malt has a sweetish taste1 the principal portion of the starch having been converted into sugar1 which is known chemically as 8maltose40 ,this sugar is1 of course1 utilized in the fermentation for the production of alcohol4 ,malt is chiefly valuable1 however1 not because of the amount of alcohol that may be produced therefrom1 but from the fact that in quantities of about #aj per cent it is capable of converting the starch of the whole of the unmalted grains1 whatever their origin may be1 into maltose1 thus preparing the starch for fermentation4 ,barley is not itself used in this country as a source of industrial alcohol1 but it is employed for producing the highest grades of whisky1 made of pure barley malt1 which1 after fermentation1 is distilled in a pot still1 concentrated in another pot still to the proper strength1 placed in wood1 and stored for a number of years4 ,barley malt is too expensive a source of alcohol to justify its use for industrial purposes4 ,it is1 however1 one of the cheapest and best methods of converting the starch of other cereals into sugar preparatory to fermentation4 ,barley has1 in round numbers1 about #fh per cent of fermentable matter4 ,the weight of a bushel of barley 7#dh pounds7 multiplied by #j4fh gives #cb pounds of fermentable matter in a bushel of barley4 ,cassava4--,cassava is grown over a large area of the ,south ,atlantic and ,gulf ,states of this country4 ,of all the substances which have been mentioned1 except the cereals1 cassava contains the largest amount of alcoholic or fermentable substances4 ,the root1 deprived of its outer envelope1 contains a little over #cj per cent of starch1 while the undetermined matter in the analyses is principally sugar4 ,if this be added to the starch1 it is seen that approximately #ce per cent of the fresh root is fermentable4 ,this of course represents a very high grade of cassava1 the ordinary roots containing very much less fermentable matter4 ,if1 however1 it is assumed that the fermentable matter of cassava root will average #be per cent1 this amount is much greater than the average of the potato1 or even of the sweet potato and the yam4 ,twenty-five per cent is undoubtedly a low average content of fermentable matter4 ,in the dry root there is found nearly #gb per cent of starch and #ag per cent of extract1 principally sugar4 ,assuming that #ae per cent of this is fermentable1 and adding this to the #gb per cent1 it is seen that #hg per cent of the dry matter of the cassava is fermentable4 ,this appears to be a very high figure1 but it doubtless represents almost exactly the conditions which exist4 ,it would be perfectly safe to say1 discounting any exceptional qualities of the samples examined1 that #hj per cent of the dry matter of the cassava root is #fga capable of being converted into alcohol4 ,it thus becomes in a dry state a source of alcohol almost as valuable1 pound for pound1 as rice4 ,careful examinations1 however1 of actual conditions show that if #e tons per acre of roots are obtained it is an average yield4 ,in very many cases1 where no fertilizer is used and where the roots are grown in the ordinary manner1 the yield is far less than this1 while with improved methods of agriculture it is greater4 ,the bark of the root1 has very little fermentable matter in it4 ,if the whole root be considered1 the percentage of starch is less than it would be for the peeled root4 ,if cassava yields #d tons1 or #h1jjj pounds1 per acre and contains #be per cent of fermentable matter1 the total weight of fermentable matter is #b1jjj pounds1 yielding approximately #a1jjj pounds of #ie per cent alcohol1 or #adc gallons of #ie per cent alcohol per acre4 ,corn 7,indian ,corn or ,maize74--,the crop which at the present time is the source of almost all of the alcohol made in the ,united ,states is ,indian corn4 ,the fermentable matter in ,indian corn--that is1 the part which is capable of being converted into alcohol--amounts to nearly #gj per cent of the total weight1 since the unfermentable cellulose and pentosans included in carbohydrates do not exceed #b per cent4 ,inasmuch as a bushel of ,indian corn weighs #ef pounds1 the total weight of fermentable matter therein1 in round numbers1 is #ci pounds4 ,the weight of the alcohol which is produced under the best conditions is little less than one-half of the fermentable matter4 ,therefore the total weight of alcohol which would be yielded by a bushel of average ,indian corn would be1 in round numbers1 about #ai pounds4 ,the weight of a gallon of #ie per cent alcohol is nearly #g pounds4 ,hence #a bushel of corn would produce #b4g gallons4 ,if the average price of ,indian corn be placed1 in round numbers1 at #dj cents a bushel1 the cost of the raw material--that is1 of the ,indian corn--for manufacturing #ie per cent industrial alcohol is about #ae cents a gallon4 ,to this must be added the cost of manufacture1 storage1 etc41 which is perhaps as much more1 making the estimated actual cost of industrial alcohol of #ie per cent strength made from ,indian corn about #cj cents per gallon4 ,if to this be added the profits of the manufacturer and dealer1 it appears that under the conditions cited1 industrial alcohol1 untaxed1 should be sold for about #dj cents per gallon4 ,potatoes4--,the weight of a bushel of potatoes is #fj pounds4 ,as the average amount of fermentable matter in potatoes grown in the ,united ,states is #bj per cent1 the total weight of fermentable matter in a bushel of potatoes is #ab pounds1 which would yield approximately #f pounds or #c4f quarts of alcohol4 ,the quantity of starch in ,american-grown potatoes varies from #ae to #bj per cent4 ,probably #ah per cent might be stated as the general average of the best grades of potatoes4 ,under the microscope the granules of potato starch have a distinctive appearance4 ,they appear as egg-shaped bodies on which1 especially the larger ones1 various ring-like lines are seen4 ,with a modified light under certain conditions of observation a black cross is developed upon the granule4 ,it is not difficult for an expert microscopist to distinguish potato from other forms of starch by this appearance4 ,the potato contains very little material which is capable of fermentation aside from starch and sugars4 ,although the potato is not sweet to the taste in a fresh state1 it contains notable quantities of sugar4 ,this sugar is lost whenever the potato is used for starch-making purposes1 but is utilized when it is used for the manufacture of industrial alcohol4 ,the percentage of sugar of all kinds in the potato rarely goes above #a per cent4 ,the average quantity is probably not far from #j4ce per cent1 including sugar1 reducing sugar1 and dextrin1 all of which are soluble in water4 ,in the treatment of potatoes for starch making1 therefore1 it may be estimated that #j4ce per cent of fermentable matter is lost in the wash water4 ,average ,composition4--,the average composition of potatoes is3 ,water #ge4jj per cent ,starch #ai4hg per cent ,sugars and dextrin 4#gg per cent ,fat 4#jh per cent ,cellulose 4#cc per cent ,ash #a4jj per cent ,according to ,maercker1 the sugar content1 including all forms of sugar1 varies greatly4 ,perfectly ripe potatoes contain generally no sugar or only a fractional per cent4 ,when potatoes are stored under unfavorable conditions1 large quantities of sugar may be developed1 amounting to as high as #e per cent altogether4 ,in general1 it may be stated that the content of sugar of all kinds will vary from #j4d per cent to #c4d per cent1 according to conditions4 #fgb ,the liberal application of nitrogenous fertilizers increases the yield per acre of tubers and of starch to a very marked extent1 although the average percentage of starch present is increased very little4 ,of all the common root crops1 the potatoes1 including the yam and the sweet potato1 are the most valuable for the production of alcohol1 meaning by this term that they contain more fermentable matter per #ajj pounds than other root crops4 ,while sugar beets1 carrots1 and parsnips contain relatively large amounts of fermentable matter1 these roots could not compete with potatoes even if they could all be produced at the same price per #ajj pounds4 ,a general review of all the data indicates that under the most favorable circumstances and with potatoes which have been grown especially for the purpose an average content of fermentable matter of about #bj per cent may be reasonably expected4 ,it is thus seen that approximately #aj pounds of industrial alcohol can be made from #ajj pounds of potatoes4 ,if #fj pounds be taken as the average weight of a bushel of potatoes1 there are found therein #ab pounds of fermentable matter1 from which #f pounds of industrial alcohol can be produced1 or #f_/g of a gallon4 ,it has also been shown that the amount of ,indian corn necessary for the production of a gallon of industrial alcohol costs not less than #ae cents4 ,from this it is evident that the potatoes for alcohol making will have to be produced at a cost not to exceed #ae cents per bushel1 before they can compete with ,indian corn for the manufacture of industrial alcohol4 ,rice4--,rice is not used to any great extent in this country for making alcohol1 but it is extensively used for this purpose in ,japan and some other countries1 and has the largest percentage of fermentable matter of all the cereals4 ,the percentage of fermentable matter in rice is nearly #gh per cent4 ,a bushel of rice weighs1 unhulled1 #de pounds1 hulled1 #ef pounds1 and it therefore has about #cd and #dc pounds1 respectively1 of fermentable matter for the unhulled and the hulled rice4 ,it is not probable that rice will ever be used to any extent in this country as a source of industrial alcohol1 although it is used to a large extent in the manufacture of beverages1 as for instance in beers1 which are often made partly of rice4 ,rye4--,large quantities of alcohol1 chiefly in the form of alcoholic beverages1 are manufactured from rye4 ,it is1 in connection with ,indian corn1 the principal source of the whiskies made in the ,united ,states4 ,rye1 however1 is not used to any extent in this or other countries for making industrial alcohol4 ,rye contains almost as much fermentable matter as ,indian corn4 ,a bushel of rye weighs #ef pounds4 ,wheat and other cereals1 not mentioned above1 are not used in this country to any appreciable extent in the manufacture of alcohol4 ,spelt4--,this grain1 which is botanically a variety of wheat1 more closely resembles barley4 ,under favorable conditions as much as #gc bushels per acre have been reported1 and analyses show #gj per cent of fermentable carbohydrates4 ,the weight per bushel is about the same as that of oats4 ,it would appear that this crop might be worthy of consideration as a profitable source of industrial alcohol4 ,sugar ,beets4--,the sugar beet is often used directly as a source of alcohol4 ,working on a practical scale in ,france1 it has been found that from #aj1dcj tons of beets there were produced #ahc1fbd gallons of crude alcohol of #ajj per cent strength4 ,the beets contain #aa4cc per cent of sugar4 ,from #bbj pounds of sugar #ae4fd gallons of alcohol were produced4 ,the weight of pure alcohol obtained is a little less than one-half the weight of the dry fermentable matter calculated as sugar subjected to fermentation4 ,about #ah gallons of alcohol are produced for each ton of sugar beets employed4 ,sweet ,potatoes4--,experiments show that as much as #aa1jjj pounds of sweet potatoes can be grown per acre4 ,the average yield of sweet potatoes1 of course1 is very much less4 ,on plots to which no fertilizer is added the yield is about #h1jjj pounds of sweet potatoes per acre1 yielding in round numbers #a1ijj pounds of starch4 ,the quantity of sugar in the #h1jjj pounds is about #cej pounds1 which added to the starch1 makes #b1bej pounds of fermentable matter per acre4 ,this will yield #a1abe pounds of industrial alcohol of #ie per cent strength1 or approximately #afj gallons per acre4 ,the percentage of starch is markedly greater than in the white or ,irish potato4 ,in all cases over #bj per cent of starch was obtained in the ,south ,carolina sweet potatoes1 and in one instance over #bd per cent4 ,as much as #b1fjj pounds of starch were produced per acre4 ,in addition to starch1 the sweet potato contains notable quantities of sugar1 sometimes as high as #f per cent being present1 so that the total fermentable matter in the sweet potato may be #fgc reckoned at the minimum at #be per cent4 ,a bushel of sweet potatoes weighs #ee pounds1 and one-quarter of this is fermentable matter1 or nearly #ad pounds4 ,this would yield1 approximately1 #g pounds1 or a little over #a gallon of #ie per cent alcohol4 ,it may be fairly stated1 therefore1 in a general way1 that a bushel of sweet potatoes will yield #a gallon of industrial alcohol4 ,experiments have shown that the quantity of starch diminishes and the quantity of sugar increases on storing4 ,further1 it may be stated that in the varieties of sweet potatoes which are most esteemed for table use there is less starch and perhaps more sugar than stated above4 ,the total quantity of fermentable matter1 however1 does not greatly change1 although there is probably a slight loss4 ,utilization of ,waste ,material or ,by-,products4--,molasses4--,the utilization of the waste materials from the sugar factories and sugar refineries for the purpose of making alcohol is a well-established industry4 ,the use of these sources of supply depends1 of course1 upon the cost of the molasses4 ,when the sugar has been exhausted as fully as possible from the molasses the latter consists of a saccharine product1 containing a considerable quantity of unfermentable carbohydrate matter1 large quantities of mineral salts1 and water4 ,in molasses of this kind there is probably not more than #ej pounds of fermentable matter to #ajj pounds of the product4 ,assuming that a gallon of such molasses weighs #aa pounds1 it is seen that it contains #e #a_/b pounds of fermentable matter1 yielding #b #a_/d pounds of industrial alcohol of #ie per cent strength4 ,it requires about #c gallons of such molasses to make #a gallon of industrial alcohol4 ,when the price of molasses delivered to the refineries falls as low as #e or #f cents a gallon it may be considered a profitable source of alcohol4 ,wood ,pulp and ,sawdust4--,many attempts have been made to produce alcohol for industrial purposes from sawdust1 wood pulp1 or waste wood material4 ,the principle of the process rests upon the fact that the woody substance is composed of cellulose and kindred matters which1 under the action of dilute acid 7preferably sulphuric or sulphurous7 and heat1 with or without pressure1 undergo hydrolysis and are changed into sugars4 ,a large part of the sugar which is formed is non-fermentable1 consisting of a substance known as xylose4 ,another part of the sugar produced is dextrose1 made from the true cellulose which the wood contains4 ,the yield of alcohol in many of the experiments which have been made has not been very satisfactory4 ,it is claimed1 however1 by some authors that paying quantities of alcohol are secured4 ,in ,simmonsen's process for the manufacture of alcohol #a_/b per cent sulphuric acid is employed and from #d to #e parts of the liquid heated with #a part of the finely comminuted wood for a quarter of an hour under a pressure of #i atmospheres4 ,it is claimed by ,simmonsen that he obtained a yield of #f quarts of alcohol from #aaj pounds of air-dried shavings4 ,another process which has been tried in this and other countries for converting comminuted wood into alcohol is known as ,classen's4 ,the comminuted wood is heated for #ae minutes in a closed apparatus at a temperature of from #bdh to #bic ,f4 in the presence of sulphurous acid 7fumes of burning sulphur7 instead of sulphuric acid4 ,it is claimed by the inventor that he has made as much as #ab quarts of alcohol from #aaj pounds of the air-dried shavings4 ,there is reason to doubt the possibility of securing such high yields in actual practice as are claimed in the above processes4 ,that alcohol can be made from sawdust and wood shavings is undoubtedly true1 but whether or not it can be made profitably must be determined by actual manufacturing operations4 ,waste ,products of ,canneries1 etc4--,the principal waste materials which may be considered in this connection are the refuse of wine making1 fruit evaporating1 and canning industries1 especially the waste of factories devoted to the canning of tomatoes and ,indian corn4 ,in addition to this1 the waste fruit products themselves1 which are not utilized at all1 as1 for instance1 the imperfect and rotten apples1 tomatoes1 grapes1 etc41 may be favorably considered4 ,the quantity of waste products varies greatly in different materials4 ,the quantities of waste material in grapes and apples1 as shown by ,lazenby1 are as follows3 ,about #be per cent of the total weight in grapes1 with the exception of the wild grape1 where it is about #fj per cent2 with apples the average percentage of waste was found to be #bc4h per cent from #be varieties4 ,this included the waste in the core1 skin1 and the defective apples caused by insects1 fungi1 bruises1 etc4 ,in general it may be said that in the preparation of fruits for #fgd preserving purposes about #be per cent of their weight is waste1 and this1 it is evident1 could be utilized for the manufacture of alcohol4 ,if apples be taken as a type of fruits1 we may assume that the waste portions contain #aj per cent of fermentable matters1 which1 however1 is perhaps rather a high estimate4 ,five per cent of this might be recovered as industrial alcohol4 ,thus1 each #ajj pounds of fruit waste in the most favorable circumstances might be expected to produce #e pounds of industrial alcohol4 ,the quantity of waste which could be utilized for this purpose would hardly render it profitable to engage in the manufacture4 ,a smaller percentage could be expected from the waste of the tomato1 where the quantity of sugar is not so great4 ,in the waste of the sweet-corn factory the amount of fermentable matter would depend largely on the care with which the grain was removed4 ,there is usually a considerable quantity of starchy material left on the cobs1 and this1 with the natural sugars which the grown cobs contain1 might yield quite large quantities of fermentable matter4 ,it would not be profitable to erect distilleries simply for the utilization of waste of this kind1 but if these wastes could be utilized in distilleries already established it might be profitable to devote them to this purpose4 ,manufacture of ,alcohol4--,the three principal steps in the manufacture of alcohol are 7#a7 the preparation of the mash or wort1 7#b7 the fermentation of the mash or wort drawn off from the mash tun1 and 7#c7 the distillation of the dilute alcohol formed in the beer or wash from the fermentation tanks4 ,the preparation of the mash includes 7#a7 the treatment of the material used with hot water to form a paste of the starch or the sugar1 and 7#b7 the action of the malt or ferment on the paste to convert the starch into fermentable sugar4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #a4--,,mash ,,tun ,,in ,,an ,,irish ,,distillery4 ,mashing4--,figs4 #a and #b show two views of the mashing tun or tank1 the first figure giving the general appearance1 and the second a view of the interior of the tun1 showing the machinery by which the stirring is effected and the series of pipes for cooling the finished product down to the proper temperature for the application of the malt4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #b4--,,mashing ,,and ,,cooling ,,apparatus1 ,,cross ,,section4 ,the object of the mash tun is to reduce the starch in the ground grain to a pasty1 gummy mass1 in order that the ferment of the malt may act upon it vigorously and convert it into sugar4 ,if the mashing be done before the addition #fgf of the malt the temperature may be raised to that of boiling water4 ,if1 however1 the malt be added before the mashing begins1 the temperature should not rise much1 if any1 above #adj ,f41 since the fermenting power is retarded and disturbed at higher temperatures4 ,the mashing is simply a mechanical process by means of which the starch is reduced to a form of paste and the temperature maintained at that point which is best suited to the conversion of the starch into sugar4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #c4--;,,fermentation ,,tanks ,,in ,,an ,,irish ,,distillery4 ,fermentation4--,the mash1 after the starch has all been converted into sugar1 goes into fermenting tanks1 which in ,scotland are called 8wash backs10 when the yeast is added4 ,a view of the typical wash back is shown in ,fig4 #c4 ,they often have a stirring apparatus1 as indicated in the figure2 whereby the contents can be thoroughly mixed with the yeast and kept in motion4 ,this is not necessary after the fermentation is once well established1 but it is advisable1 especially in the early stages1 to keep the yeast well distributed throughout the mass4 ,in these tanks the fermentations are conducted1 the temperature being varied according to the nature of the product to be made4 ,for industrial alcohol the sole purpose should be to secure the largest possible percentage of alcohol without reference to its palatable properties4 ,an organism belonging to the vegetable family and to which the name 8yeast0 has been given is the active agent in fermentation4 ,the organism itself does not take a direct part in the process1 but it secretes another ferment of an unorganized character known as an 8enzym0 or a 8diastase40 ,this enzym has the property1 under proper conditions of food1 temperature1 and dilution1 of acting upon sugar and converting it into alcohol and carbonic acid4 ,anyone who has ever seen a fermenting vat in full operation and noticed the violent boiling or ebullition of the liquor1 can understand how rapidly the gas 8carbon dioxide0 or 8carbonic acid10 as it is usually called1 may be formed1 as it is the escape of this gas which gives the appearance to the tank of being in a violent state of ebullition4 ,the yeast which produces the fermentation belongs to the same general family as the ordinary yeast which is used in the leavening of bread4 ,the leavening of bread under the action of yeast is due to the conversion of the sugar in the dough into alcohol and carbon dioxide or carbonic acid4 ,the gas thus formed becomes entangled in the particles of the gluten1 and these expanding cause the whole mass to swell or 8rise10 as it is commonly expressed4 ,starch cannot be directly fermented1 but must be first converted into sugar1 either by the action of a chemical like an acid1 or a ferment or enzym1 known as diastase1 which is one of the abundant constituents of malt1 especially of barley malt4 ,in the preparation of a cereal1 for instance1 for fermentation1 it is properly softened and ground1 and then usually heated with water to the boiling point or above in order that the starch may be diffused throughout the water4 ,after cooling1 it is treated with barley malt1 the diastase of which acts vigorously upon the starch1 converting it into a form of sugar1 namely1 maltose1 which lends itself readily to the activities of the yeast fermentation4 7,fig4 #d47 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #d4--,,yeast ,,from ,,beer ,,sediment ,,showing ,,budding 7 #abgj74 ,when ordinary sugar 7cane sugar1 beet sugar1 and sucrose7 is subjected to fermentation it is necessary that the yeast1 which also exerts an activity similar to that of malt1 should first convert the cane sugar into invert sugar 7equal mixtures of dextrose and levulose7 before the alcoholic fermentation is set up4 ,the cane sugar is also easily inverted by heating with an acid4 ,when different kinds of sugars and starches are fermented for the purpose of making a beverage it is important that the temperature of fermentation be carefully controlled1 since the character of the product depends largely upon the temperature at which the fermentation takes place4 ,on the contrary1 when industrial alcohol is made1 the sole object is to get as large a yield as possible1 and for this reason that temperature should be employed which produces the most alcohol and the least by-products1 irrespective of the flavor or character of the product made4 ,also1 in the making of alcoholic beverages1 it is important that the malt be of the very best quality in #fgg order that the resulting product may have the proper flavor4 ,in the production of alcohol for industrial purposes this is of no consequence1 and the sole purpose here should be to produce the largest possible yield4 ,for this reason there is no objection to the use of acids for converting the starch1 cane sugar1 and cellulose into fermentable sugars4 ,therefore1 the heating of the raw materials under pressure with dilute acids in order to procure the largest quantity of sugar is a perfectly legitimate method of procedure in the manufacture of industrial alcohols4 ,sugars and starches are usually associated in nature with another variety of carbohydrates known as cellulose1 and this cellulose itself1 when acted upon by an acid1 is converted very largely into sugars1 which1 on fermentation1 yield alcohol4 ,for industrial purposes1 the alcohol produced in this manner is just as valuable as that made from sugar and starch4 ,whether the diastatic method of converting the starch and sugar into fermentable sugars be used1 or the acid method1 is simply a question of economy and yield4 ,on the other hand1 when alcoholic beverages are to be made1 those processes must be employed1 irrespective of the magnitude of the yield1 which give the finest and best flavors to the products4 ,distillation4--,the object of distillation is to separate the alcohol which has been formed from the non-volatile substances with which it is mixed4 ,a typical form of distilling apparatus for the concentration of the dilute alcohol which is formed in the beer or wash from the fermentation tanks1 is represented in ,fig4 #e4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #e4--;,,continuous ,,distilling ,,apparatus4 ,this apparatus is of the continuous type common to ,europe and ,america4 ,it consists of a 8beer still0 provided with a number of chambers fitted with perforated plates and suitable overflow pipes4 ,it is operated as follows3 ,the syrup and alcohol are pumped into the top of the beer still through a pipe ,g2 the tank ,g may also be placed above the center of the still and the contents allowed to flow into the still by gravity2 steam is admitted through an open pipe into the kettle ,a at the bottom of the column or is produced by heating the spent liquor by means of a coil4 ,the steam ascends through the perforations in the plates1 becoming richer and richer in alcohol as it passes through each layer of liquor1 while the latter gradually descends by means of the overflow pipes to the bottom of the column ,b and finally reaches the kettle completely exhausted of alcohol1 whence it is removed by means of a pump connected with the pipe line ,h4 ,on reaching the top of the beer still ,b the vapors of the alcohol and the steam continue to rise and pass into the alcohol column ,c4 ,this column is also divided into chambers1 but by solid instead of perforated plates1 as shown at ,k4 ,each chamber is provided with a return or overflow pipe and an opening through which the vapors ascend4 ,in the alcohol column the vapors are so directed as to pass through a layer of #fgh liquid more or less rich in alcohol which is retained by the plate separating the compartments4 ,an excess of liquids in these compartments overflows through the down pipes1 gradually works its way into the beer still1 and thence to the kettle4 ,on reaching the top of the column the vapors1 which have now become quite rich in alcohol1 are passed into a coil provided with an outlet at the lowest part of each bend4 ,these outlets lead into the return pipe ,p1 which connects with the top chamber of the alcohol column4 ,this coil is technically termed the 8goose0 and is immersed in a tank called the 8goose tub40 ,a suitable arrangement is provided for controlling the temperature of the water in the tub by means of outlet and inlet water pipes4 ,when the still is in operation the temperature of the 8goose0 is regulated according to the required density of the alcohol4 ,the object of the 8goose0 is the return to the column of all low products which condense at a temperature below the boiling point of ethyl alcohol of the desired strength4 ,on leaving the 8goose0 the vapors enter a condenser ,e1 whence the liquid alcohol is conducted into a separator ,f4 ,this separator consists simply of a glass box provided with a cylinder through which a current of alcohol is constantly flowing4 ,an alcohol spindle is inserted in this cylinder and shows the density of the spirit at all times4 ,a pipe1 with a funnel-shaped opening at its upper extremity1 connects with the pipe leading from the condenser and gives vent to any objectionable fumes4 ,the separator is connected by means of a pipe with the alcohol storage tank4 ,the pipe ,o is for emptying the upper chambers when necessary4 ,the valves ,n1 communicating by means of a small pipe with a condenser ,m1 are for testing the vapors in the lower chambers for alcohol4 ,substances ,used for ,denaturing ,alcohol4--,the process of rendering alcohol unsuitable for drinking is called 8denaturing10 and consists1 essentially1 in adding to the alcohol a substance soluble therein of a bad taste or odor1 or both1 of an intensity which would render it impossible or impracticable to use the mixture as a drink4 ,among the denaturing substances which have been proposed are the following3 ,gum shellac 7with or without the addition of camphor1 turpentine1 wood spirit1 etc471 colophonium1 copal rosin1 ,manila gum1 camphor1 turpentine1 acetic acid1 acetic ether1 ethylic ether1 methyl alcohol 7wood alcohol71 pyridine1 acetone1 methyl acetate1 methyl violet1 methylene blue1 aniline blue1 eosin1 fluorescein1 naphthalene1 castor oil1 benzine1 carbolic acid1 caustic soda1 musk1 animal oils1 etc4 ,methyl 7wood7 alcohol and benzine are the denaturing agents authorized in the ,united ,states1 in the following proportions3 ,to #ajj parts1 by volume1 of ethyl alcohol 7not less than #ij per cent strength7 add #aj parts of approved methyl 7wood7 alcohol and #a_/b of #a part of approved benzine4 ,such alcohol is classed as completely denatured4 ,formulas for special denaturation may be submitted for approval by manufacturers to the ,commissioner of ,internal ,revenue1 who will determine whether they may be used or not1 and only one special denaturant will be authorized for the same class of industries unless it shall be shown that there is good reason for additional special denaturants4 ,not less than #cjj wine gallons can be withdrawn from a bonded warehouse at one time for denaturing purposes4 ,spirit4--,proof spirit is a term used by the revenue department in assessing the tax on alcoholic liquors4 ,it means a liquid in which there is #ej per cent 7by volume7 of absolute alcohol4 ,as it is the actual alcohol in the whisky1 brandy1 dilute alcohol1 etc41 which is taxed1 and as this varies so widely1 it is necessary that the actual wine gallons be converted into proof gallons before the tax rate can be fixed4 ,a sample that is half alcohol and half water 7let us say for convenience7 is 8#ajj proof40 ,a sample that is #c_/d alcohol and #a_/d water is #aej proof1 and the tax on every gallon of it is #a #a_/b times the regular government rate per proof gallon4 ,absolute alcohol is #bjj proof and has to pay a double tax4 ,the legal definition of proof spirit is1 8that alcoholic liquor which contains one-half its volume of alcohol of a specific gravity of #j4gici at #fj ,f40 ,,sponges3 ,bleaching ,sponges4--,i4--,soak in dilute hydrochloric acid to remove the lime1 then wash in water1 and place for #aj minutes in a #b per cent solution of potassium permanganate4 ,the brown color on removal from this solution is due to the deposition of manganous oxide1 and this may be removed by steeping for a few minutes in very dilute sulphuric acid4 ,as soon as the sponges appear white1 they are washed out in water to remove the acid4 ,,ii4--,a sponge that has been used in #fgi surgical operations or for other purposes1 should first be washed in warm water1 to every quart of which #bj drops of liquor of soda have been added2 afterwards washed in pure water1 wrung or pressed out and put into a jar of bromine water1 where it is left until bleached4 ,bleaching is accelerated by exposing the vessel containing the bromine water to the direct rays of the sun4 ,when the sponge is bleached it is removed from the bromine water1 and put for a few minutes in the water containing soda lye4 ,finally it is rinsed in running water until the odor of bromine disappears4 ,it should be dried as rapidly as possible by hanging it in the direct sunlight4 ,sterilization of ,sponges4--,i4--,allow the sponges to lie for #bd hours in an #h per cent hydrochloric acid solution1 to eliminate lime and coarse impurities2 wash in clean water1 and place the sponges in a solution of caustic potash1 #aj parts2 tannin1 #aj parts2 and water1 #a1jjj parts4 ,after they have been saturated for #e to #bj minutes with this liquid1 they are washed out in sterilized water or a solution of carbolic acid or corrosive sublimate1 until they have entirely lost the brown coloring acquired by the treatment with tannin4 ,the sponges thus sterilized are kept in a #b per cent or #ae per cent carbolic solution4 ,sponge ,window ,display4--,soak a large piece of coarse sponge in water1 squeeze half dry1 then sprinkle in the openings red clover seed1 millet1 barley1 lawn grass1 oats1 rice1 etc4 ,hang this in the window1 where the sun shines a portion of the day1 and sprinkle lightly with water daily4 ,it will soon form a mass of living green vegetation very refreshing to the eyes4 ,while the windows are kept warm this may be done at any season4 ,the seeds used may be varied1 according to fancy4 ,,sponges ,,as ,,filters3 ,see ,filters4 ,,sponge ,,cleaners3 ,see ,cleaning ,preparations and ,methods1 under ,miscellaneous ,methods4 ,,sponge-,,trick1 ,,burning3 ,see ,pyrotechnics4 ,,spot ,,eradicators3 ,see ,cleaning ,preparations and ,methods and ,soaps4 ,,spot ,,gilding3 ,see ,plating4 ,,spray ,,solution3 ,see ,balsams4 ,,spearmint ,,cordial3 ,see ,wines and ,liquors4 ,,sprain ,,washes3 ,see ,veterinary ,formulas4 ,,spring ,,cleaning3 ,see ,cleaning ,preparations and ,methods4 ,,spring ,,hardening3 ,see ,steel4 ,,springs ,,of ,,watches3 ,see ,watchmakers' ,formulas4 ,,spruce ,,beer3 ,see ,beverages4 ,,stain ,,removers3 ,see ,cleaning ,preparations and ,methods4 ,,stains3 ,see ,paints1 ,varnishes and ,wood ,stains4 ,,stains ,,for ,,lacquers3 ,see ,lacquers4 ,stamping 7,see also ,dyes47 ,stamping ,colors for ,use with ,rubber ,stamps4--,blue3 #j4c parts of water-blue #a ,b1 #a4e parts of dextrin1 #a4e parts of distilled water4 ,dissolve the aniline dye and the dextrin in the distilled water1 over a water bath1 and add #g parts of refined glycerine1 #bh ,b4 ,other colors may be made according to the same formula1 substituting the following quantities of dyes for the water-blue3 ,methyl violet #c ,b1 #j4jb parts2 diamond fuchsine ,i1 #j4jb parts2 aniline green ,d1 #j4jd parts2 vesuvine ,b1 #j4je parts2 phenol black1 #j4jc parts4 ,oleaginous colors are mostly used for metallic stamps1 but glycerine colors can be used in case of necessity4 ,oleaginous ,stamping ,colors4--,mix #j4h parts of indigo1 ground fine with #b4e parts of linseed-oil varnish1 and #j4e parts of olein4 ,add #b parts of castor oil and #e parts of linseed oil4 ,for other colors according to the same formula1 use the following quantities3 ,cinnabar1 #b #a_/b parts2 verdigris1 #b #a_/b parts2 lampblack1 #a4b parts2 oil-soluble aniline blue ,a1 #j4ce parts2 oil-soluble aniline scarlet ,b1 #j4c parts2 aniline yellow 7oil-soluble71 #j4de parts2 oil-soluble aniline black ,l1 #j4f parts4 ,stamping ,liquids and ,powders4--,dissolve #a drachm each of rosin and copal #fhj in #d fluidounces of benzine and with a little of this liquid triturate #a_/b drachm of ,prussian blue and finally mix thoroughly with the remainder4 ,ultramarine1 to which has been added a small proportion of powdered rosin1 is generally used for stamping embroidery patterns on white goods4 ,the powder is dusted through the perforated pattern1 which is then covered with a paper and a hot iron passed over it to melt the rosin and cause the powder to adhere to the cloth4 ,the following are said to be excellent powders3 ,i4--,white4--,one part each of rosin1 copal1 damar1 mastic1 sandarac1 borax1 and bronze powder1 and #b parts white lead4 ,,ii4--,black4--,equal parts of rosin1 damar1 copal1 sandarac1 ,prussian blue1 ivory black1 and bronze powder4 ,,iii4--,blue4--,equal parts of rosin1 damar1 copal1 sandarac1 ,prussian blue1 ultramarine1 and bronze powder4 ,in all these powders the gums are first to be thoroughly triturated and mixed by passing through a sieve1 and the other ingredients carefully added4 ,other colors may be made by using chrome yellow1 burnt or raw sienna1 raw or burnt umber1 ,vandyke brown1 etc4 ,for stamping fabrics liable to be injured by heat1 the stamping is done by moistening a suitable powder with alcohol and using it like a stencil ink4 ,stamping ,powder for ,embroideries4--8,stamping powders0 used for outlining embroidery patterns are made by mixing a little finely powdered rosin with a suitable pigment4 ,after dusting the powder through the perforated pattern it is fixed on the fabric by laying over it a piece of paper and then passing a hot iron carefully over the paper4 ,by this means the rosin is melted and the mixture adheres4 ,when white goods are to be 8stamped10 ultramarine is commonly used as the pigment2 for dark goods1 zinc white may be substituted4 ,especial care should be taken to avoid lead compounds and other poisonous pigments1 as they may do mischief by dusting off4 ,on velvets or other materials likely to be injured by heat1 stamping is said to be done by moistening a suitable powder with alcohol and using it as stencil paint4 ,a small addition of rosinous matter would seem required here also4 ,starch ,black ,starch4--,add to the starch a certain amount of logwood extract before the starch mixture is boiled4 ,the quantity varies according to the depth of the black and the amount of starch4 ,a small quantity of potassium bichromate dissolved in hot water is used to bring out the proper shade of black4 ,in place of bichromate1 black iron liquor may be used4 ,this comes ready prepared4 ,starch ,gloss4--,i4--,melt #b #a_/b pounds of the best paraffine wax over a slow fire4 ,when liquefied remove from the fire to stir in #ajj drops of oil of citronella4 ,place several new pie tins on a level table1 coat them slightly with sweet oil1 and pour about #f tablespoonfuls of the melted paraffine wax into each tin4 ,the pan may be floated in water sufficiently to permit the mixture to be cut or stamped out with a tin cutter into small cakes about the size of a peppermint lozenge4 ,two of these cakes added to each pint of starch will cause the smoothing iron to impart the finest possible finish to muslin or linen1 besides perfuming the clothes4 ,,ii4--,gum arabic1 powdered #c parts ,spermaceti wax #f parts ,borax1 powdered #d parts ,white cornstarch #h parts ,all these are to be intimately mixed in the powder form by sifting through a sieve several times4 ,as the wax is in a solid form and does not readily become reduced to powder by pounding in a mortar1 the best method of reducing it to such a condition is to put the wax into a bottle with some sulphuric or rectified ether and then allow the fluid to evaporate4 ,after it has dissolved the wax1 as the evaporation proceeds1 the wax will be deposited again in the solid form1 but in fine thin flakes1 which will easily break down to a powder form when rubbed up with the other ingredients in a cold mortar4 ,pack in paper or in cardboard boxes4 ,to use1 #d teaspoonfuls per pound of dry starch are to be added to all dry starch1 and then the starch made in the usual way as boiled starch4 ,refining of ,potato ,starch4--,a suitable quantity of chloride of lime1 fluctuating according to its quality between #a_/b to #a part per #ajj parts of starch1 is made with little water into a thick paste4 ,to this paste add gradually with constant stirring #aj to #ae times the quantity of water1 and filter4 ,the filtrate is now added to the starch stirred up with water2 #a_/b part of ordinary #fha hydrochloric acid of #bj ,b4 previously diluted with four times the quantity of water is mixed in1 for every part of chloride of lime1 the whole is stirred thoroughly1 and the starch allowed to stand4 ,when the starch has settled1 the supernatant water is let off and the starch is washed with fresh water until all odor of chlorine has entirely disappeared4 ,the starch now obtained is the resulting final product4 ,if the starch thus treated is to be worked up into dextrin1 it is treated in the usual manner with hydrochloric acid or nitric acid and will then furnish a dextrin perfectly free from taste and smell4 ,in case the starch is to be turned into 8soluble0 starch proceed as usual1 in a similar manner as in the production of dextrin1 with the single difference that the starch treated with hydrochloric or nitric acid remains exposed to a temperature of #bab ,f41 only until a test with tincture of iodine gives a bluish-violet reaction4 ,the soluble starch thus produced1 which is clearly soluble in boiling water1 is odorless and tasteless4 ,starch ,powder4--,finely powdered starch is a very desirable absorbent1 according to ,snively1 who says that for toilet preparations it is usually scented by a little otto or sachet powder4 ,frangipanin powder1 used in the proportion of #a part to #cj of the starch1 he adds1 gives a satisfactory odor4 ,,starches3 ,see ,laundry ,preparations4 ,,starch ,,in ,,jelly1 ,,tests ,,for3 ,see ,foods4 ,,starch ,,paste3 ,see ,adhesives4 ,,statue ,,cleaning3 ,see ,cleaning ,preparations and ,methods4 ,,statuettes1 ,,cleaning ,,of3 ,see ,plaster4 ,,statuettes ,,of ,,lipowitz ,,metal3 ,see ,alloys4 ,steel 7,see also ,iron and ,metals47 ,,annealing ,,steel3 ,see also ,hardening ,steel and ,tempering ,steel4 ,this work requires the use of substances which yield their carbon readily and quickly to the tools on contact at a high temperature4 ,experience has shown that the best results are obtained by the use of yellow blood-lye salt 7yellow prussiate of potash71 which1 when brought in contact with the tool at a cherry-red heat1 becomes fluid1 and in this condition has a strong cementing effect4 ,the annealing process is as follows3 ,the tool is heated to a cherry red and the blood-lye salt sprinkled over the surface which is to be annealed4 ,a fine sieve should be used1 to secure an even distribution of the substance4 ,the tool is then put back into the fire1 heated to the proper temperature for tempering1 and tempered4 ,if it is desired to give a higher or more thorough tempering to iron or soft steel1 the annealing process is repeated #b or #c times4 ,the surface of the tool must1 of course1 be entirely free from scale4 ,small tools to which it is desired to impart a considerable degree of hardness by annealing with blood-lye salt are tempered as follows3 ,blood-lye salt is melted in an iron vessel over a moderate fire1 and the tool1 heated to a brown-red heat1 placed in the melted salt1 where it is allowed to remain for about #ae minutes4 ,it is then heated to the hardening temperature and hardened4 ,a similar but milder effect is produced in small1 thin tools by making them repeatedly red hot1 immersing them slowly in oil or grease1 reheating them1 and finally tempering them in water4 ,to increase the effect1 soot or powdered charcoal is added to the oil or grease 7train oil7 till a thick paste is formed1 into which the red-hot tool is plunged4 ,by this means the tool is covered with a thick1 not very combustible1 coating1 which produces a powerful cementation at the next heating4 ,by mixing flour1 yellow blood-lye salt1 saltpeter1 horn shavings1 or ground hoofs1 grease1 and wax1 a paste is formed which serves the same purpose4 ,a choice may be made of any of the preparations sold as a 8hardening paste02 they are all more or less of the same composition4 ,this is a sample3 ,melt #ejj grains of wax1 #ejj grains tallow1 #ajj grains rosin1 add a mixture of leather-coal1 horn shavings1 and ground hoofs in equal parts till a paste is formed1 then add #aj grains saltpeter and #ej to #ajj grains powdered yellow blood-lye salt1 and stir well4 ,the tools are put into this paste while red hot1 allowed to cool in it1 then reheated and tempered4 ,more steel is injured1 and sometimes spoiled1 by over-annealing than in any other way4 ,steel heated too hot in annealing will shrink badly when being hardened2 besides1 it takes the life out of it4 ,it should never be heated above a #fhb low cherry red1 and it should be a lower heat than it is when being hardened4 ,it should be heated slowly and given a uniform heat all over and through the piece4 ,this is difficult to do in long bars and in an ordinary furnace4 ,the best way to heat a piece of steel1 either for annealing or hardening1 is in red-hot1 pure lead4 ,by this method it is done uniformly1 and one can see the color all the time4 ,some heating for annealing is done in this way3 ,simply cover up the piece in sawdust1 and let it cool there1 and good results will be obtained4 ,good screw threads cannot be cut in steel that is too soft4 ,soft annealing produces a much greater shrinkage and spoils the lead of the thread4 ,this mixture protects the appearance of polished or matted steel objects on heating to redness3 ,mix #a part of white soap1 #f parts of chemically pure boracic acid1 and #d parts of phosphate of soda1 after pulverizing1 and make with water into a paste4 ,for use1 apply this to the article before the annealing4 ,,coloring ,,steel3 ,black4--,i4--,oil or wax may be employed on hard steel tools2 with both methods the tool loses more or less of its hardness and the blacking process therefore is suited only for tools which are used for working wood or at least need not be very hard1 at any rate not for tools which are employed for working steel or cast iron4 ,the handsomest glossy black color is obtained by first polishing the tool neatly again after it as been hardened in water1 next causing it to assume on a grate or a hot plate the necessary tempering color1 yellow1 violet blue1 etc41 then dipping it in molten1 not too hot1 yellow wax and burning off the adhering wax1 after withdrawal1 at a fire1 without1 however1 further heating the tool4 ,finally dip the tool again into the wax and repeat the burning off at the flame until the shade is a nice lustrous black1 whereupon the tool may be cooled off in water4 ,the wax is supposed to impart greater toughness to the tool4 ,it is advisable for all tools to have a trough of fat ready1 which has been heated to the necessary tempering degree1 and the tools after hardening in water are suspended in the fat until they have acquired the temperature of the fat bath4 ,when the parts are taken out and slowly allowed to cool1 they will be a nice1 but not lustrous1 black4 ,,ii4--,the following has been suggested for either steel or iron3 ,bismuth chloride #a part ,mercury bichloride #b parts ,copper chloride #a part ,hydrochloric acid #f parts ,alcohol #e parts ,water sufficient to make #fd parts4 ,mix4 ,as in all such processes a great deal depends upon having the article to be treated absolutely clean and free from grease4 ,unless this is the case uniform results are impossible4 ,the liquid may be applied with a swab1 or a brush1 but if the object is small enough to dip into the liquid better results may thus be obtained than in any other way4 ,the covering thus put on is said to be very lasting1 and a sure protection against oxidation4 ,blue4--,i4--,heat an iron bar to redness and lay it on a receptacle filled with water4 ,on this bar place the objects to be blued1 with the polished side up4 ,as soon as the article has acquired the desired color cause it to fall quickly into the water4 ,the pieces to be blued must always previously be polished with pumice stone or fine emery4 ,,ii4--,for screws3 ,take an old watch barrel and drill as many holes into the head of it as the number of screws to be blued4 ,fill it about one-fourth full of brass or iron filings1 put in the head1 and then fit a wire long enough to bend over for a handle1 into the arbor holes--head of the barrel upward4 ,brighten the heads of the screws1 set them1 point downward1 into the holes already drilled1 and expose the bottom of the barrel to the lamp1 until the screws assume the color you wish4 ,,iii4--,to blue gun-barrels1 etc41 dissolve #b parts of crystallized chloride of iron2 #b parts solid chloride of antimony2 #a part gallic acid in #d or #e parts of water2 apply with a small sponge1 and let dry in the air4 ,repeat this two or three times1 then wash with water1 and dry4 ,rub with boiled linseed oil to deepen the shade4 ,repeat this until satisfied with the result4 ,,iv4--,the bluing of gun barrels is effected by heating evenly in a muffle until the desired blue color is raised1 the barrel being first made clean and bright with emery cloth1 leaving no marks of grease or dirt upon the metal when the bluing takes place1 and then allow to cool in the air4 ,it requires considerable experience to obtain an even clear blue4 ,brown4--,i4--,the following recipe for browning is from the ,united ,states ,ordnance ,manual3 ,spirits of wine1 #a #a_/b #fhc ounces2 tincture of iron1 #a #a_/b ounces2 corrosive sublimate1 #a #a_/b ounces2 sweet spirits of niter1 #a #a_/b ounces2 blue vitriol1 #a ounce2 nitric acid1 #c_/d ounce4 ,mix and dissolve in #a quart of warm water and keep in a glass jar4 ,clean the barrel well with caustic soda water to remove grease or oil4 ,then clean the surface of all stains and marks with emery paper or cloth1 so as to produce an even1 bright surface for the acid to act upon1 and one without finger marks4 ,stop the bore and vent with wooden plugs4 ,then apply the mixture to every part with a sponge or rag1 and expose to the air for #bd hours1 when the loose rust should be rubbed off with a steel scratch brush4 ,use the mixture and the scratch brush twice1 and more if necessary1 and finally wash in boiling water1 dry quickly1 and wipe with linseed oil or varnish with shellac4 ,,ii4--,apply four coats of the following solution1 allowing each several hours to dry4 ,brush after each coat if necessary4 ,after the last coat is dry1 rub down hard4 ,sulphate of copper #a ounce ,sweet spirits of niter #a ounce ,distilled water #a pint ,niello4--,this is a brightly polished metal1 which is provided with a black or blue-black foundation by heating1 is covered with a design by the use of a suitable matrix and then treated with hydrochloric acid in such a manner that only the black ground is attacked1 the metal underneath remaining untouched4 ,next1 the acid is rinsed off and the reserve is removed with suitable solvents4 ,the parts of the metal bared by the acid may also be provided with a galvanic coating of silver or other metal4 ,another method is to plunge the articles for a few minutes into a solution of oxalic acid and to clean them by passing them through alcohol4 ,in this way the polish can even be brought back without the use of rouge or diamantine4 ,whitening or ,blanching4--,if dissatisfied with the color acquired in tempering1 dip the article into an acid bath1 which whitens it1 after which the bluing operation is repeated4 ,this method is of great service1 but it is important to remember always thoroughly to wash after the use of acid and then allow the object to remain for a few minutes in alcohol4 ,sulphuric acid does not whiten well1 often leaving dark shades on the surface4 ,hydrochloric acid gives better results4 ,small pieces of steel are also whitened with a piece of pith moistened with dilute sulphuric acid1 else the fine steel work1 such as a watch hand1 is fixed with lacquer on a plate and whitened by means of pith and polishing rouge1 or a small stiff brush is charged with the same material4 ,it is then detached by heating and cleaned in hot alcohol4 ,,tempering ,,steel4 ,the best temperature at which to quench in the tempering of tool steel is the one just above the transformation point of the steel1 and this temperature may be accurately determined in the following manner1 without the use of a pyrometer4 ,the pieces of steel are introduced successively at equal intervals of time into a muffle heated to a temperature a little above the transformation point of the steel4 ,if1 after a certain time1 the pieces be taken out in the reverse order they will at first show progressively increasing degrees of brightness1 these pieces being at the transformation point4 ,when this point is passed the pieces again rapidly acquire a brightness superior to that of their neighbors1 and should then be immediately quenched4 ,i4--,heat red hot and dip in an unguent made of mercury and the fat of bacon4 ,this produces a remarkable degree of hardness and the steel preserves its tenacity and an elasticity which cannot be obtained by other means4 ,,ii4--,heat to the red white and thrust quickly into a stick of sealing wax4 ,leave it a second1 and then change it to another place1 and so continue until the metal is too cool to penetrate the wax4 ,to pierce with drills hardened in this way1 moisten them with essence of turpentine4 ,to ,temper ,small ,coil ,springs and ,tools4--,to temper small coil springs in a furnace burning wood the springs are exposed to the heat of the flame and are quenched in a composition of the following preparation3 ,to a barrel of fish oil1 #aj quarts of rosin and #ab quarts of tallow are added4 ,if the springs tempered in this mixture break1 more tallow is added1 but if the break indicates brittleness of the steel rather than excessive hardness1 a ball of yellow beeswax about #f inches in diameter is added4 ,the springs are drawn to a reddish purple by being placed on a frame having horizontally radiating arms like a star which is mounted on the end of a vertical rod4 ,the springs are laid on the star and are lowered into a pot of melted lead1 being held there for such time as is required to draw to the desired color4 ,it is well known that the addition of #fhd certain soluble substances powerfully affects the action of tempering water4 ,this action is strengthened if the heat-conducting power of the water is raised by means of these substances2 it is retarded if this power is reduced1 or the boiling point substantially lowered4 ,the substance most frequently used for the purpose of increasing the heat-conducting power of tempering water is common salt4 ,this is dissolved in varying proportions of weight1 a saturated solution being generally used as a quenching mixture4 ,the use of this solution is always advisable when tools of complicated shape1 for which a considerable degree of hardness is necessary1 are to be tempered in large quantities or in frequent succession4 ,in using these cooling fluids1 care must be taken that a sufficient quantity is added to the water to prevent any great rise of temperature when the tempering process is protracted4 ,for this reason the largest possible vessels should be used1 wide and shallow1 rather than narrow and deep1 vessels being selected4 ,carbonate of soda and sal ammoniac do not increase the tempering action to the same extent as common salt1 and are therefore not so frequently employed1 though they form excellent additions to tempering water in certain cases4 ,tools of very complicated construction1 such as fraises1 where the danger of fracture of superficial parts has always to be kept in view1 can with advantage be tempered in a solution of soda or sal ammoniac4 ,acids increase the action of tempering water considerably1 and to a far greater extent than common salt4 ,they are added in quantities up to #b per cent1 and frequently in combination with salts4 ,organic acids 7e4 g41 acetic or citric7 have a milder action than mineral acids 7e4 g41 hydrochloric1 nitric1 or sulphuric74 ,acidulous water is employed in tempering tools for which the utmost degree of hardness is necessary1 such as instruments for cutting exceptionally hard objects1 or when a sufficiently hard surface has to be given to a kind of steel not capable of much hardening4 ,alcohol lowers the boiling point of water1 and causes so vigorous an evaporation when the water comes in contact with the red-hot metal1 that the tempering is greatly retarded 7in proportion to the amount of alcohol in the mixture74 ,water containing a large quantity of alcohol will not temper4 ,soap and soap suds will not temper steel2 this property is made use of in the rapid cooling of steel for which a great degree of hardness is not desirable4 ,when certain parts of completely tempered steel have to be rendered soft1 these parts are heated to a red heat and then cooled in soap suds4 ,this is done with the tangs of files1 knives1 swords1 saws1 etc4 ,soluble organic substances retard the tempering process in proportion to the quantity used1 and thus lessen the effect of pure water4 ,such substances 7e4 g41 milk1 sour beer1 etc47 are employed only to a limited extent4 ,to ,caseharden ,locally4--,in casehardening certain articles it is sometimes necessary1 or desirable1 to leave spots or sections in the original soft uncarbonized condition while the remainder is carbonized and hardened4 ,this may be effected by first covering the parts to be hardened with a protecting coat of japan1 and allowing it to dry4 ,then put the piece in an electroplating bath and deposit a heavy coat of nickel over the parts not protected by the japan4 ,the piece thus prepared may be treated in the usual manner in casehardening4 ,the coat of nickel prevents the metal beneath being carbonized1 so it does not harden when dipped in the bath4 ,a plating of copper answers the same purpose as nickel and is often used4 ,a simpler plan1 where the shape of the piece permits1 is to protect it from the action of the carbonizing material with an iron pipe or plate closely fitted or luted with clay4 ,another scheme is to machine the parts wanted soft after carbonizing but before hardening4 ,by this procedure the carbonized material is removed where the metal is desired soft1 and when heated and dipped these parts do not harden4 ,to ,harden a ,hammer4--,to avoid the danger of 8checking0 a hammer at the eye1 heat the hammer to a good uniform hardening heat and then dip the small end almost up to the eye and cool as quickly as possible by moving about in the hardening bath2 then dip the large end4 ,to harden a hammer successfully by this method one must work quickly and cool the end dipped first enough to harden before the heat is lost on the other end4 ,draw the temper from the heat left about the eye4 ,the result is a hammer hard only where it should be and free from 8checks40 ,hardening ,steel ,wire4--,pass the steel wire through a lead bath heated to a temperature of #a1bjj to #a1ejj ,f4 after it has previously been coated with a paste of chalk1 so as to prevent the formation #fhe of oxides4 ,the wire is thus heated in a uniform manner and1 according to whether it is desired hard or elastic1 it is cooled in water or in oil4 ,hardening of ,springs4--,a variety of steel must be chosen which is suitable for the production of springs1 a very tough quality with about #j4h per cent of carbon being probably the best4 ,any steel works of good reputation would no doubt recommend a certain kind of steel4 ,in shaping a spring1 forging and hammering should be avoided if possible4 ,in forging1 an uneven treatment can scarcely be avoided2 one portion is worked more than the other1 causing tensions which1 especially in springs1 must be guarded against4 ,it is most advantageous if a material of the thickness and shape of the spring can be obtained1 which1 by bending and pressing through1 is shaped into the desired spring4 ,since this also entails slight tension1 a careful annealing is advisable1 so as to prevent cracking or distorting in hardening4 ,the annealing is best conducted with exclusion of the air1 by placing the springs in a sheet-iron box provided with a cover1 smearing all the joints well up with loam4 ,the heating may be done in a muffled furnace2 the box1 with contents1 is1 not too slowly1 heated to cherry red and then allowed to cool gradually1 together with the stove4 ,the springs must only be taken out when they have cooled off enough that they will give off no hissing sound when touched by water4 ,in order to uniformly heat the springs for hardening1 a muffle furnace is likewise employed1 wherein they are heated to cherry-red heat4 ,for cooling liquid1 a mixture of oil1 tallow1 and petroleum is employed4 ,a mass consisting of fish oil1 tallow1 and wax also renders good service1 but one should see to it that there is a sufficient quantity of these cooling liquids1 so that the springs may be moved about1 same as when cooled in water1 without causing an appreciable increase in the temperature of the liquid4 ,in most cases too small a quantity of the liquid is responsible for the many failures in hardening4 ,when the springs have cooled in the hardening liquid1 they are taken out1 dried off superficially1 and the oil still adhering is burned off over a charcoal fire4 ,this enables one to moderate the temper according to the duration of the burning off and to produce the desired elasticity4 ,an even heating being of great importance in hardening springs1 the electric current has of late been successfully employed for this purpose4 ,to ,temper a ,tap4--,after the tap has been cut and finished heat it in a pair of tongs to a blood-red heat over a charcoal fire or the blue flame of a ,bunsen burner or blow pipe1 turning it around so that one point does not get heated before another4 ,have ready a pail of clean1 cold water1 into which a handful of common salt has been put4 ,stir the water in the pail so that a whirlpool is set up4 ,then plunge the tap1 point first and vertically1 into the vortex to cool4 ,the turning of the tap during heating1 as well as the swirl of the quenching water1 prevents distortion4 ,in tempering1 the temper of the tap requires to be drawn to a light straw color1 and this may be done as follows3 ,get a piece of cast-iron tube about #c inches in diameter and heat it to a dull-red heat for about #d inches of its length4 ,then hold the tap1 with the tongs1 up the center of the tube1 meanwhile turning the tap around until the straw color appears all over it4 ,then dip the tap in the water1 when it will be found perfectly hard4 ,the depth of the color1 whether light or dark straw1 must be determined by the nature of the cast steel being used1 which can be gained only from experience of the steel4 ,scissors ,hardening4--,the united legs of the scissors are uniformly heated to a dark cherry red1 extending from the point to the screw or rivet hole4 ,this may be done in the naked fire1 a feeble current of air being admitted until the steel commences to glow4 ,then the fire is left to itself and the scissor parts are drawn to and fro in the fire1 until all the parts to be hardened show a uniform dark cherry red4 ,the two legs are hardened together in water and then tempered purple red to violet4 ,the simultaneous heating1 hardening1 and tempering of the parts belonging together is necessary1 so that the degree of heat is the same and the harder part does not cut the softer one4 ,in accordance with well-known rules1 the immersion in the hardening bath should be done with the point first1 slowly and vertically up to above the riveting hole4 ,hardening without ,scaling4--,articles made of tool steel and polished may be hardened without raising a scale1 thereby destroying the polish1 by the following method3 ,prepare equal parts in bulk of common salt and 7fine7 corn meal1 well mixed4 ,dip the article to be hardened first into water1 then into the mixture and place it carefully into the fire4 ,when hot enough to melt the mixture1 take from #fhf the fire and dip or roll in the salt and meal1 replace in the fire and bring to the required heat for hardening4 ,watch the piece closely and if any part of it shows signs of getting dry1 sprinkle some of the mixture on it4 ,the mixture1 when exposed to heat1 forms a flux over the surface of the steel which excludes the air and prevents oxidation1 and when cooled in water or oil comes off easily1 leaving the surface as smooth as before heating4 ,borax would possibly give the same result1 but is sometimes difficult to remove when cold4 ,hardening with ,glycerine4--,i4--,the glycerine employed must be of the density of #a4jh to #a4bf taken at the temperature of #cjb ,f4 ,its weight must be equal to about #f times the weight of the pieces to be tempered4 ,for hard temper add to the glycerine #a_/d to #d per cent of sulphate of potash or of manganese1 and for soft temper #a to #aj per cent of chloride of manganese1 or #a to #d per cent of chloride of potassium4 ,the temperature of the tempering bath is varied according to the results desired4 ,,ii4--,glycerine1 #h1jjj parts1 by weight2 cooking salt1 #ejj parts1 by weight2 sal ammoniac1 #ajj parts1 by weight2 concentrated hydrochloric acid1 #ej parts2 and water1 #aj1jjj parts1 by weight4 ,into this liquid the steel1 heated1 for example1 to a cherry red1 is dipped4 ,a reheating of the steel is not necessary4 ,to ,remove ,burnt ,oil from ,hardened ,steel4--,to remove excess oil from parts that have been hardened in oil1 place the articles in a small tank of gasoline1 which1 when exposed to the air1 will dry off immediately1 allowing the part to be polished and tempered without the confusing and unsightly marks of burnt oil4 ,,various ,,recipes3 ,to ,put an ,edge on ,steel ,tools4--,aluminum will put an edge on fine cutting instruments such as surgical knives1 razors1 etc4 ,it acts exactly like a razor-hone of the finest quality4 ,when steel is rubbed on the aluminum1 as1 for instance1 in honing a knife blade1 the metal disintegrates1 forming an infinitely minute powder of a greasy unctuous quality that clings to steel with great tenacity and thus assists in cutting away the surface of the harder metal4 ,so fine is the edge produced that it can in no wise be made finer by the strop1 which used in the ordinary way merely tends to round the edge4 ,to ,restore ,burnt ,steel4--,to restore burnt cast steel heat the piece to a red heat and sprinkle over it a mixture of #h parts red chromate of potassium2 #d parts saltpeter2 #a_/h part aloes2 #a_/h part gum arabic2 and #a_/d part rosin4 ,to ,remove ,strains in ,metal by ,heating4--,in making springs of piano wire1 or1 in fact1 any wire1 if the metal is heated to a moderate degree the spring will be improved4 ,piano or any steel wire should be heated to a blue1 brass wire to a degree sufficient to cause tallow to smoke4 ,heating makes the metal homogeneous2 before heating1 it is full of strains4 ,if a piece of metal of any kind is straightened cold and then put into a lathe and a chip turned off1 it will be far from true4 ,before turning1 it was held true by the strain of the particles on the outside1 they having changed position1 while the particles near the axis are only sprung4 ,the outside particles being removed by the lathe tool1 the sprung particles at the center return to their old positions4 ,if1 after straightening1 the metal is heated to a temperature of #djj ,f41 the particles settle together and the strains are removed4 ,this is the case in the manufacture of saws4 ,the saw is first hardened and tempered and then straightened on an anvil by means of a hammer4 ,after it is hammered true1 it is ground and polished a little1 then blued to stiffen it and then is subjected to the grinding process4 ,before bluing1 the metal is full of strains2 these are entirely removed by the heat required to produce the blue color4 ,often a piano-wire spring will not stand long wear if used without heating1 while if heated it will last for years4 ,to ,render ,fine ,cracks in ,tools ,visible4--,it is often of importance to recognize small cracks which appear in the metal of the tools4 ,for this purpose it is recommended to moisten the fissured surface with petroleum2 next rub and dry with a rag and rub again1 but this time with chalk4 ,the petroleum which has entered the cracks soon comes out again and the trace is plainly shown by the chalk4 ,to ,utilize ,drill ,chips4--,there is one modern machining process that produces a shaving that has more value than that of mere scrap1 and that is drilling rifle barrels with the oil-tube drill4 ,the cutting edge of this drill is broken up into steps and the chips produced are literally shavings1 being long hair-like threads of steel4 ,these shavings are considerably used in woodworking factories for smoothing purposes4 #fhg ,to ,remove ,fragments of ,steel from ,other ,metals4--,the removal of broken spiral drills and taps is an operation which even the most skillful machinist has to perform at times4 ,a practical process for removing such broken steel pieces consists in preparing in a suitable kettle 7not iron7 a solution of #a part1 by weight1 of commercial alum in #d to #e parts1 by weight1 of water and boiling the object in this solution until the piece which is stuck works itself out4 ,care must be taken to place the piece in such a position that the evolving gas bubbles may rise and not adhere to the steel to protect it from the action of the alum solution4 ,testing ,steel4--,a bar of the steel to be tested is provided with about nine notches running around it in distances of about #e_/h of an inch4 ,next1 the foremost notched piece is heated in a forge in such a manner that the remaining portion of the bar is heated less by the fire proper than by the transmitted heat4 ,when the foremost piece is heated to burning1 i4 e41 to combustion1 and the color of the succeeding pieces gradually passes to dark-brownish redness1 the whole rod is hardened4 ,a test with the file will now show that the foremost burned piece possesses the greatest hardness1 that several softer pieces will follow1 and that again a piece ordinarily situated in the second third1 whose temperature was the right one for hardening1 is almost as hard as the first one4 ,if the different pieces are knocked off1 the fracture of the piece hardened at the correct temperature exhibits the finest grain4 ,this will give one an idea of the temperature to be employed for hardening the steel in question and its behavior in general4 ,very hard steel will readily crack in this process4 ,welding ,compound4--,boracic acid1 #da #a_/b parts2 common salt #ce parts2 ferrocyanide of potassium1 #bj parts2 rosin1 #g #a_/b parts2 carbonate of sodium1 #d parts4 ,heat the pieces to be welded to a light-red heat and apply the compound2 then heat to a strong yellow heat and the welding may be accomplished in the usual manner4 ,the precaution should be observed1 the same as with any of the cyanides1 to avoid breathing the poisonous fumes4 ,softening ,steel4--,heat the steel to a brown red and plunge into soft water1 river water being the best4 ,care should be taken1 however1 not to heat over brown red1 otherwise it will be hard when immersed4 ,the steel will be soft enough to be cut with ease if it is plunged in the water as soon as it turns red4 ,draw-,tempering ,cast ,steel4--,first heat the steel lightly by means of charcoal until of a cherry-red shade1 whereupon it is withdrawn to be put quickly into ashes or dry charcoal dust until completely cooled4 ,the steel may also be heated in the forge to a red cherry color1 then hammered until it turns blue and then plunged into water4 ,drilling ,hard ,steel4--,to accomplish the object quickly1 a drill of cast steel should be made1 the point gradually heated to the red1 the scales taken off1 and the extremity of the point immersed at once in quicksilver2 then the whole quenched in cold water4 ,thus prepared1 the drill is equal to any emergency2 it will bore through the hardest pieces4 ,the quantity of quicksilver needed is trifling4 ,engraving or ,etching on ,steel4--,dissolve in #aej parts of vinegar1 sulphate of copper1 #cj parts2 alum1 #h parts2 kitchen salt1 #aa parts4 ,add a few drops of nitric acid4 ,according to whether this liquid is allowed to act a longer or shorter time1 the steel may be engraved upon deeply or the surface may be given a very ornamental1 frosted appearance4 ,to ,distinguish ,steel from ,iron4--,take a very clean file and file over the flame of an alcohol lamp4 ,if the filed piece is made of steel1 little burning and crackling sparks will be seen4 ,if it consists of iron1 the sparks will not crackle4 ,,steel1 ,,browning ,,of3 ,see ,plating4 ,,steel1 ,,distinguishing ,,iron ,,from3 ,see ,iron4 ,,steel ,,etching3 ,see ,etching4 ,,steel-,,hardening ,,powder3 ,see ,iron4 ,,steel1 ,,oxidized3 ,see ,plating4 ,,steel ,,plating3 ,see ,plating4 ,,steel ,,polishes3 ,see ,polishes4 ,,steel1 ,,to ,,clean3 ,see ,cleaning ,preparations and ,methods4 #fhh ,,stencils ,,for ,,plotting ,,letters ,,of ,,sign ,,plates3 ,see ,enameling4 ,,stencil ,,inks3 ,see ,inks4 ,,stereochromy4 ,stereochromatic colors can be bought ground in a thickly liquid water-glass solution4 ,they are only diluted with water-glass solution before application on the walls4 ,the two solutions are generally slightly dissimilar in their composition1 the former containing less silicic acid1 but more alkali1 than the latter1 which is necessary for the better preservation of the paint4 ,suitable pigments are zinc white1 ocher with its different shades of light yellow1 red1 and dark brown1 black consisting of a mixture of manganese and lampblack1 etc41 etc4 ,white lead cannot be used1 as it coagulates with the water glass1 nor vermilion1 because it fades greatly under the action of the light4 ,the plastering to be coated must be porous1 not fresh1 but somewhat hardened4 ,otherwise the caustic lime of the plaster will quickly decompose the water glass4 ,this circumstance may account for the unsatisfactory results which have frequently been obtained with water-glass coatings4 ,before applying the paint the wall should first be impregnated with a water-glass solution4 ,the colors may be kept on hand ground1 but must be protected from contact with the air4 ,if air is admitted a partial separation of silica in the form of a jelly takes place4 ,only pure potash water glass1 or1 at least1 such as only contains little soda1 should be used1 as soda will cause efflorescence4 ,,stereopticon ,,slides3 ,see ,photography4 ,,stereotype ,,metal3 ,see ,alloys4 ,,stone1 ,,artificial4 ,the following is a process of manufacture in which the alkaline silicates prepared industrially are employed4 ,the function of the alkaline silicates1 or soluble glass1 as constituents of artificial stone1 is to act as a cement1 forming with the alkaline earths1 alumina1 and oxide of lead1 insoluble silicates1 which weld together the materials 7quartz sand1 pebbles1 granite1 fluorspar1 and the waste of clay bricks74 ,the mass may be colored black by the addition of a quantity of charcoal or graphite to the extent of #aj per cent at the maximum1 binoxide of manganese1 or ocher2 red1 by #f per cent of colcothar2 brick red1 by #d to #g per cent of cinnabar2 orange1 by #f to #h per cent of red lead2 yellow1 by #f per cent of yellow ocher1 or #e per cent of chrome yellow2 green1 by #h per cent of chrome green2 blue1 by #f to #aj per cent of ,neuwied blue1 ,bremen blue1 ,cassel blue1 or ,napoleon blue2 and white1 by #bj per cent1 at the maximum1 of zinc white4 ,chrome green and zinc oxide produce an imitation of malachite4 ,an imitation of lapis lazuli is obtained by the simultaneous employment of ,cassel blue and pyrites in grains4 ,the metallic oxides yield the corresponding silicates1 and zinc oxide1 mixed with cleansed chalk1 yields a brilliant marble4 ,the ingredients are mixed in a kind of mechanical kneading trough1 furnished with stirrers1 in variable proportions1 according to the percentage of the solution of alkaline silicate4 ,the whole is afterwards molded or compressed by the ordinary processes4 ,the imitation of granite is obtained by mixing lime1 #ajj parts2 sodium silicate 7#db ,b471 #ce parts2 fine quartz sand1 #abj to #ahj parts2 and coarse sand1 #ahj to #bej parts4 ,artificial basalt may be prepared by adding potassium sulphite and lead acetate1 or equal parts of antimony ore and iron filings4 ,to obtain artificial marble1 #ajj pounds of marble dust or levigated chalk are mixed with #bj parts of ground glass and #h parts of fine lime and sodium silicate4 ,the coloring matter is mixed in proportion depending on the effect to be produced4 ,a fine product for molding is obtained by mixing alkaline silicate1 #ajj parts2 washed chalk1 #ajj parts2 slaked lime1 #dj parts2 quick lime1 #dj parts1 fine quartz sand1 #bjj parts2 pounded glass1 #hj parts2 infusorial earths1 #hj parts2 fluorspar1 #aej parts4 ,on hardening1 there is much contraction4 ,other kinds of artificial stone are prepared by mixing hydraulic lime or cement1 #ej parts2 sand1 #bjj parts2 sodium silicate1 in dry powder1 #ej parts2 the whole is moistened with #aj per cent of water and molded4 ,a hydraulic cement may be employed1 to which an alkaline silicate is added4 ,the stone or object molded ought to be covered with a layer of fluosilicate4 #fhi ,a weather-proof water-resisting stone is manufactured from sea mud1 to which #e per cent of calcic hydrate is added4 ,the mass is then dried1 lixiviated1 and dried once more at #bab ,f41 whereupon the stones are burned4 ,by an admixture of crystallized iron sulphate the firmness of these stones is still increased4 ,sand-,lime ,brick4--,in a ,french patent for making bricks from pitch and coal tar1 powdered coke and sea sand are gently heated in a suitable vessel1 and #bj per cent of pitch and #aj per cent of coal tar added1 with stirring4 ,the pasty mass obtained is then molded under pressure4 ,the product obtained may be employed alone1 or together with a framework of iron1 or with hydraulic lime or cement4 ,according to a ,french patent for veining marble1 etc41 in one or more colors1 coloring matters of all kinds are mixed with a sticky liquid1 which is then spread in a very thin layer on the surface of another immiscible and heavier liquid4 ,by agitating the surface1 colored veins1 etc41 are obtained1 which are then transferred to the object to be decorated 7which may be of most varied kind7 by applying it to the surface of the heavy liquid4 ,a suitable composition with which the colors may be mixed consists of3 ,oil of turpentine1 #ajj parts2 colophony1 #aj parts2 linseed oil1 #aj parts2 siccatif soleil1 #e parts4 ,the heavy liquid may be water1 mercury1 etc42 and any colors1 organic or mineral1 may be used4 ,,concrete4 ,concrete is the name applied to an artificial combination of various mineral substances which under chemical action become incorporated into a solid mass4 ,there are one or two compositions of comparatively trifling importance which receive the same name1 though differing fundamentally from true concrete1 their solidification being independent of chemical influence4 ,these compositions only call for passing mention2 they are3 ,tar concrete1 made of broken stones 7macadam7 and tar2 iron concrete1 composed of iron turnings1 asphalt1 bitumen1 and pitch2 and lead concrete1 consisting of broken bricks set in molten lead4 ,the last two varieties1 with rare exceptions1 are only used in connection with military engineering1 such as for fortifications4 ,concrete proper consists essentially of two groups or classes of ingredients4 ,the first1 termed the aggregate1 is a heterogeneous mass1 in itself inactive1 of mineral material1 such as shingle1 broken stone1 broken brick1 gravel1 and sand4 ,these are the substances most commonly in evidence1 but other ingredients are also occasionally employed1 such as slag from iron furnaces4 ,burnt clay1 in any form1 and earthenware1 make admirable material for incorporation4 ,the second class constitutes the active agency which produces adhesion and solidification4 ,it is termed the matrix1 and consists of hydraulic lime or cement1 combined with water4 ,one of the essential features in good concrete is cleanliness and an entire absence of dirt1 dust1 greasy matter1 and impurities of any description4 ,the material will preferably be sharp and angular1 with a rough1 porous surface1 to which the matrix will more readily adhere than to smooth1 vitreous substances4 ,the specific gravity of the aggregate will depend upon the purpose for which the concrete is to be used4 ,for beams and lintels1 a light aggregate1 such as coke breeze from gasworks1 is permissible1 especially when the work is designed to receive nails4 ,on the other hand1 for retaining walls1 the heaviest possible aggregate is desirable on the ground of stability4 ,the aggregate by no means should be uniform in size4 ,fragments of different dimensions are most essential1 so that the smaller material may fill up the interstices of the larger4 ,it is not infrequently stipulated by engineers that no individual fragment shall be more than #d inches across1 and the material is often specified to pass through a ring #a #a_/b to #b inches in diameter4 ,the absolute limits to size for the aggregate1 however1 are determinable by a number of considerations1 not the least important of which is the magnitude and bulk of the work in which it is to be employed4 ,the particles of sand should also be of varying degrees of coarseness4 ,a fine1 dust-like sand is objectionable2 its minute subdivision prevents complete contact with the cement on all its faces4 ,another desideratum is that the particles should not be too spherical1 a condition brought about by continued attrition4 ,hence1 pit sand is better in many cases than river sand or shore sand4 ,the matrix is almost universally ,portland cement4 ,it should not be used in too hot a condition1 to which end it is usually spread over a wooden floor to a depth of a few inches1 for a few days prior to use4 ,by this means1 the aluminate of lime becomes partially hydrated1 and its activity is thereby modified4 #fij ,roman cement and hydraulic lime may also be used as matrices4 ,portland cement will take a larger proportion of sand than either ,roman cement or hydraulic lime2 but with the larger ratios of sand1 its tenacity is1 of course1 correspondingly reduced4 ,one part of cement to #d parts of sand should therefore be looked upon as the upper limit1 while for the strongest mortar the proportion need hardly exceed #a part of cement to #a #a_/b or #b parts of sand4 ,in the ensuing calculations there is assumed a ratio of #a to #c4 ,for impermeability1 the proportion of #a to #b should be observed1 and for ,roman cement this proportion should never be exceeded4 ,the ratio will even advantageously be limited to #b to #c4 ,for hydraulic lime equal parts of sand and cement are suitable1 though #b parts of sand to #a part of cement may be used4 ,the quantity of mortar required in reference to the aggregate is based on the vacuities in the latter4 ,for any particular aggregate the amount of empty space may be determined by filling a tank of known volume with the minerals and then adding sufficient water to bring to a level surface4 ,the volume of water added 7provided1 of course1 the aggregate be impervious or previously saturated7 gives the net volume of mortar required4 ,to this it is necessary to make some addition 7say #aj per cent of the whole71 in order to insure the thorough flushing of every part of the work4 ,assuming that the proportion of interstices is #cj per cent and adding #aj for the reason just stated1 we derive #dj parts as the quantity of mortar to #ajj #aj #ij parts of the aggregate4 ,an allowance of #a_/d volume for shrinkage brings the volume of the dry materials 7sand and cement7 of the mortar to #dj #dj_/c #ec #a_/c parts1 which1 divided in the ratio of #a to #c1 yields3 ,cement 7#ec #a_/c7_/d #ac #a_/c parts ,sand1 #c_/d x #ec #a_/c #dj parts ,aggregate #ij parts ,total #adc #a_/c parts ,as the resultant concrete is #ajj parts1 the total shrinkage is #cj per cent4 ,expressed in terms of the cement1 the concrete would have a composition of #a part cement1 #c parts sand1 #g parts gravel and broken stone1 and it would form1 approximately1 what is commonly known as #g to #a concrete4 ,there are other ratios depending on the proportion of sand4 ,thus we have3 ,cement ,sand ,aggregate #a #a #a_/b #d #a_/c #a #b #e #a #b #a_/b #f #a #c #g #a #c #a_/b #g #a_/b #a #d #h #a_/d ,the cost of concrete may be materially reduced without affecting the strength or efficacy of the work1 by a plentiful use of stone 8plums0 or 8burrs40 ,these are bedded in the fluid concrete during its deposition in situ1 but care must be taken to see that they are thoroughly surrounded by mortar and not in contact with each other4 ,furthermore1 if they are of a porous nature1 they should be well wetted before use4 ,the mixing of concrete is important4 ,if done by hand1 the materials forming the aggregate will be laid out on a platform and covered by the cement in a thin layer4 ,the whole should be turned over thrice in the dry state1 and as many times wet1 before depositing1 in order to bring about thorough and complete amalgamation4 ,once mixed1 the concrete is to be deposited immediately and allowed to remain undisturbed until the action of setting is finished4 ,deposition should be effected1 wherever possible1 without tipping from a height of more than about #f feet1 as in greater falls there is a likelihood of the heavier portions of the aggregate separating from the lighter4 ,in extensive undertakings1 concrete is more economically mixed by mechanical appliances4 ,the water used for mixing may be either salt or fresh1 so far as the strength of the concrete is concerned4 ,for surface work above the ground level1 salinity in any of the ingredients is objectionable1 since it tends to produce efflorescence--an unsightly1 floury deposit1 difficult to get rid of4 ,the quantity of water required cannot be stated with exactitude2 it will depend upon the proportion of the aggregate and its porosity4 ,it is best determined by experiment in each particular case4 ,without being profuse enough to 8drown0 the concrete1 it should be plentiful enough to act as an efficient intermediary between every particle of the aggregate and every particle of the matrix4 ,insufficient moisture is1 in fact1 as deleterious as an excess4 ,voids4--,the strength of concrete depends greatly upon its density1 and this is secured by using coarse material which contains the smallest amount of voids or empty spaces4 ,different kinds of sand1 #fia gravel1 and stone vary greatly in the amount of voids they contain1 and by judiciously mixing coarse and fine material the voids may be much reduced and the density increased4 ,the density and percentage of voids in concrete material may be determined by filling a box of #a cubic foot capacity and weighing it4 ,one cubic foot of solid quartz or limestone1 entirely free from voids1 would weigh #afe pounds1 and the amount by which a cubic foot of any loose material falls short of this weight represents the proportion of voids contained in it4 ,for example1 if a cubic foot of sand weighs #aae #a_/b pounds1 the voids would be #di #a_/b-afeths of the total volume1 or #cj per cent4 ,the following table gives the per cent of voids and weight per cubic foot of some common concrete materials3 ,per ,cent ,wt4 per ,voids ,cu4 ,ft4 ,sandusky ,bay sand #cb4c #aaa4g pounds ,same through #bj-mesh screen #ch4e #aja4e pounds ,gravel1 #a_/h to #a_/d inch #db4d #ie4j pounds ,broken limestone1 egg-size #dg4j #hg4d pounds ,limestone screenings1 dust to #a_/b inch #bf4j #abb4b pounds ,it will be noted that screening the sand through a #bj-mesh sieve1 and thus taking out the coarse grains1 considerably increased the voids and reduced the weight2 thus decidedly injuring the sand for making concrete4 ,the following figures show how weight can be increased and voids reduced by mixing fine and coarse material3 ,per ,cent ,wt4 per ,voids ,cu4 ,ft4 ,pebbles1 about #a inch #ch4g #aja4b pounds ,sand1 #cj to #dj mesh #ce4i #aje4h pounds ,pebbles plus #ch4g per cent sand1 by vol4 #ai4b #acc4e pounds ,experiments have shown that the strength of concrete increases greatly with its density2 in fact1 a slight increase in weight per cubic foot adds very decidedly to the strength4 ,the gain in strength obtained by adding coarse material to mixtures of cement and sand is shown in the following table of results of experiments made in ,germany by ,r4 ,dykerhoff4 ,the blocks tested were #b #a_/b-;inch cubes1 #a day in air and #bg days in water4 ,proportions by ,measure4 ,per ,compression ,cent4 ,strength4 ,cement4 ,cement4 ,sand4 ,gravel4 ,by ,lbs4 per ,volume4 ,sq4 ,in4 #a #b -- #cc4j #b1abe #a #b #e #ab4e #b1chg #a #c -- #be4j #a1chc #a #c #f #a_/b #i4e #a1eae #a #d -- #bj4j #a1jec #a #d #h #a_/b #g4d #a1bjd ,these figures show how greatly the strength is improved by adding coarse material1 even though the proportion of cement is thereby reduced4 ,a mixture of #a to #ab #a_/b of properly proportioned sand and gravel is1 in fact1 stronger than #a to #d1 and nearly as strong as #a to #c1 of cement and sand only4 ,in selecting materials for concrete1 those should be chosen which give the greatest density4 ,if it is practicable to mix two materials1 as sand and gravel1 the proportion which gives the greatest density should be determined by experiment1 and rigidly adhered to in making concrete1 whatever proportion of cement it is decided to use4 ,well-proportioned dry sand and gravel or sand and broken stone1 well shaken down1 should weigh at least #abe pounds per cubic foot4 ,limestone screenings1 owing to minute pores in the stone itself1 are somewhat lighter1 though giving equally strong concrete4 ,they should weigh at least #abj pounds per cubic foot4 ,if the weight is less1 there is probably too much fine dust in the mixture4 ,the density and strength of concrete are also greatly improved by use of a liberal amount of water4 ,enough water must be used to make the concrete thoroughly soft and plastic1 so as to quake strongly when rammed4 ,if mixed too dry it will never harden properly1 and will be light1 porous1 and crumbling4 ,thorough mixing of concrete materials is essential1 to increase the density and give the cement used a chance to produce its full strength4 ,the cement1 sand1 and gravel should be intimately mixed dry1 then the water added and the mixing continued4 ,if stone or coarse gravel is added1 this should be well wetted and thoroughly mixed with the mortar4 ,materials for ,concrete ,building ,blocks4--,in the making of building blocks the spaces to be filled with concrete are generally too narrow to permit the use of very coarse material1 and the #fib blockmaker is limited to gravel or stone not exceeding #a_/b or #c_/d inch in size4 ,a considerable proportion of coarse material is1 however1 just as necessary as in other kinds of concrete work1 and gravel or screenings should be chosen which will give the greatest possible density4 ,for good results1 at least one-third of the material1 by weight1 should be coarser than #a_/h inch4 ,blocks made from such gravel or screenings1 #a to #e1 will be found as good as #a to #c with sand only4 ,it is a mistake to suppose that the coarse fragments will show on the surface2 if the mixing is thorough this will not be the case4 ,a moderate degree of roughness or variety in the surface of blocks is1 in fact1 desirable1 and would go far to overcome the prejudice which many architects hold against the smooth1 lifeless surface of cement work4 ,sand and gravel are1 in most cases1 the cheapest material to use for block work4 ,the presence of a few per cent of clay or loam is not harmful provided the mixing is thorough4 ,stone screenings1 if of good quality1 give fully as strong concrete as sand and gravel1 and usually yield blocks of somewhat lighter color4 ,screenings from soft stone should be avoided1 also such as contain too much dust4 ,this can be determined from the weight per cubic foot1 and by a sifting test4 ,if more than two-thirds pass #a_/h inch1 and the weight 7well jarred down7 is less than #abj pounds1 the material is not the best4 ,cinders are sometimes used for block work2 they vary greatly in quality1 but if clean and of medium coarseness will give fair results4 ,cinder concrete never develops great strength1 owing to the porous character and crushability of the cinders themselves4 ,cinder blocks may1 however1 be strong enough for many purposes1 and suitable for work in which great strength is not required4 ,lime4--,it is well known that slaked lime is a valuable addition to cement mortar1 especially for use in air4 ,in sand mixtures1 #a to #d or #a to #e1 at least one-third of the cement may be replaced by slaked lime without loss of strength4 ,the most convenient form of lime for use in block-making is the dry-slaked or hydrate lime1 now a common article of commerce4 ,this is1 however1 about as expensive as ,portland cement1 and there is no great saving in its use4 ,added to block concrete1 in the proportion of #a_/d to #a_/b the cement used1 it will be found to make the blocks lighter in color1 denser1 and decidedly less permeable by water4 ,cement4--,portland cement is the only hydraulic material to be seriously considered by the blockmaker4 ,natural and slag cements and hydraulic lime are useful for work which remains constantly wet1 but greatly inferior in strength and durability when exposed to dry air4 ,a further advantage of ,portland cement is the promptness with which it hardens and develops its full strength2 this quality alone is sufficient to put all other cements out of consideration for block work4 ,proportions4--,there are three important considerations to be kept in view in adjusting the proportions of materials for block concrete--strength1 permeability1 and cost4 ,so far as strength goes1 it may easily be shown that concretes very poor in cement1 as #a to #h or #a to #aj1 will have a crushing resistance far beyond any load that they may be called upon to sustain4 ,such concretes are1 however1 extremely porous1 and absorb water like a sponge4 ,the blocks must bear a certain amount of rough handling at the factory and while being carted to work and set up in the wall4 ,safety in this respect calls for a much greater degree of hardness than would be needed to bear the weight of the building4 ,again1 strength and hardness1 with a given proportion of cement1 depend greatly on the character of the other materials used2 blocks made of cement and sand1 #a to #c1 will not be so strong or so impermeable to water as those made from a good mixed sand and gravel1 #a to #e4 ,on the whole1 it is doubtful whether blocks of satisfactory quality can be made1 by hand mixing and tamping1 under ordinary factory conditions1 from a poorer mixture than #a to #e4 ,even this proportion requires for good results the use of properly graded sand and gravel or screenings1 a liberal amount of water1 and thorough mixing and tamping4 ,when suitable gravel is not obtainable1 and coarse mixed sand only is used1 the proportion should not be less than #a to #d4 ,fine sand alone is a very bad material1 and good blocks cannot be made from it except by the use of an amount of cement which would make the cost very high4 ,the mixtures above recommended1 #a to #d and #a to #e1 will necessarily be somewhat porous1 and may be decidedly so if the gravel or screenings used is not properly graded4 ,the water-resisting qualities may be greatly improved1 without loss of strength1 by replacing a part of the cement by hydrate lime4 ,this is a light1 extremely fine material1 and a given weight of it goes much further than the #fic same amount of cement in filling the pores of the concrete4 ,it has also the effect of making the wet mixture more plastic and more easily compacted by ramming1 and gives the finished blocks a lighter color4 ,the following mixtures1 then1 are to be recommended for concrete blocks4 ,by 8gravel0 is meant a suitable mixture of sand and gravel1 or stone screenings1 containing grains of all sizes1 from fine to #a_/b inch4 #a to #d ,mixtures1 by ,weight4 ,cement1 #aej parts2 gravel1 #fjj parts4 ,cement1 #abe parts2 hydrated lime1 #be parts2 gravel1 #fjj parts4 ,cement1 #ajj parts2 hydrated lime1 #ej parts2 gravel1 #fjj parts4 #a to #e ,mixtures1 by ,weight4 ,cement1 #abj parts2 gravel1 #fjj parts4 ,cement1 #ajj parts2 hydrated lime1 #bj parts2 gravel1 #fjj parts4 ,proportion of ,water4--,this is a matter of the utmost consequence1 and has more effect on the quality of the work than is generally supposed4 ,blocks made from too dry concrete will always remain soft and weak1 no matter how thoroughly sprinkled afterwards4 ,on the other hand1 if blocks are to be removed from the machine as soon as made1 too much water will cause them to stick to the plates and sag out of shape4 ,it is perfectly possible1 however1 to give the concrete enough water for maximum density and first-class hardening properties1 and still to remove the blocks at once from the mold4 ,a good proportion of coarse material allows the mixture to be made wetter without sticking or sagging4 ,use of plenty of water vastly improves the strength1 hardness1 and waterproof qualities of blocks1 and makes them decidedly lighter in color4 ,the rule should be3 ,use as much water as possible without causing the blocks to stick to the plates or to sag out of shape on removing from the machine4 ,the amount of water required to produce this result varies with the materials used1 but is generally from #h to #i per cent of the weight of the dry mixture4 ,a practiced blockmaker can judge closely when the right amount of water has been added1 by squeezing some of the mixture in the hand4 ,very slight variations in proportion of water make such a marked difference in the quality and color of the blocks that the water1 when the proper quantity for the materials used has been determined1 should always be accurately measured out for each batch4 ,in this way much time is saved and uncertainty avoided4 ,facing4--,some blockmakers put on a facing of richer and finer mixture1 making the body of the block of poorer and coarser material4 ,as will be explained later1 the advantage of the practice is1 in most cases1 questionable1 but facings may serve a good purpose in case a colored or specially waterproof surface is required4 ,facings are generally made of cement and sand1 or fine screenings1 passing a #a_/h-;inch sieve4 ,to get the same hardness and strength as a #a to #e gravel mixture1 at least as rich a facing as #a to #c will be found necessary4 ,probably #a to #b will be found better1 and if one-third the cement be replaced by hydrate lime the waterproof qualities and appearance of the blocks will be improved4 ,a richer facing than #a to #b is liable to show greater shrinkage than the body of the block1 and to adhere imperfectly or develop hair-cracks in consequence4 ,poured ,work4--,the above suggestions on the question of proportions of cement1 sand1 and gravel for tamped blocks apply equally to concrete made very wet1 poured into the mold1 and allowed to harden a day or longer before removing4 ,castings in a sand mold are made by the use of very liquid concrete2 sand and gravel settle out too rapidly from such thin mixtures1 and rather fine limestone screenings are generally used4 ,mixing4--,to get the full benefit of the cement used it is necessary that all the materials shall be very thoroughly mixed together4 ,the strength of the block as a whole will be only as great as that of its weakest part1 and it is the height of folly1 after putting a liberal measure of cement1 to so slight the mixing as to get no better result than half as much cement1 properly mixed1 would have given4 ,the poor1 shoddy1 and crumbly blocks turned out by many small-scale makers owe their faults chiefly to careless mixing and use of too little water1 rather than to too small proportion of cement4 ,the materials should be mixed dry1 until the cement is uniformly distributed and perfectly mingled with the sand and gravel or screenings2 then the water is to be added and the mixing continued until all parts of the mass are equally moist and every particle is coated with the cement paste4 ,concrete ,mixers4--,hand mixing is always imperfect1 laborious1 and slow1 #fid and it is impossible by this method to secure the thorough stirring and kneading action which a good mixing machine gives4 ,if a machine taking #e or #aj horse-power requires #e minutes to mix one-third of a yard of concrete1 it is of course absurd to expect that two men will do the same work by hand in the same time4 ,and the machine never gets tired or shirks if not constantly urged1 as it is the nature of men to do4 ,it is hard to see how the manufacture of concrete blocks can be successfully carried on without a concrete mixer4 ,even for a small business it will pay well in economy of labor and excellence of work to install such a machine1 which may be driven by a small electric motor or gasoline engine4 ,in work necessarily so exact as this1 requiring perfectly uniform mixtures and use of a constant percentage of water1 batch mixers1 which take a measured quantity of material1 mix it1 and discharge it1 at each operation1 are the only satisfactory type1 and continuous mixers are unsuitable4 ,those of the pug-mill type1 consisting of an open trough with revolving paddles and bottom discharge1 are positive and thorough in their action1 and permit the whole operation to be watched and controlled4 ,they should be provided with extensible arms of chilled iron1 which can be lengthened as the ends become worn4 ,concrete ,block ,systems4--,for smaller and less costly buildings1 separate blocks1 made at the factory and built up into the walls in the same manner as brick or blocks of stone1 are simpler1 less expensive1 and much more rapid in construction than monolithic work4 ,they also avoid some of the faults to which solid concrete work1 unless skillfully done1 is subject1 such as the formation of shrinkage cracks4 ,there are two systems of block making1 differing in the consistency of the concrete used3 #a4 ,blocks tamped or pressed from semi-wet concrete1 and removed at once from the mold4 #b4 ,blocks poured or tamped from wet concrete1 and allowed to remain in the mold until hardened4 ,tamped ,blocks from ,semi-,wet ,mixture4--,these are practically always made on a block machine1 so arranged that as soon as a block is formed the cores and side plates are removed and the block lifted from the machine4 ,by far the larger part of the blocks on the market are made in this way4 ,usually these are of the one-piece type1 in which a single block1 provided with hollow cores1 makes the whole thickness of the wall4 ,another plan is the two-piece system1 in which the face and back of the wall are made up of different blocks1 so lapping over each other as to give a bond and hold the wall together4 ,blocks of the two-piece type are generally formed in a hand or hydraulic press4 ,various shapes and sizes of blocks are commonly made2 the builders of the most popular machines have1 however1 adopted the standard length of #cb inches and height of #i inches for the full-sized block1 with thickness of #h1 #aj1 and #ab inches4 ,lengths of #bd1 #af1 and #h inches are also obtained on the same machines by the use of parting plates and suitably divided face plates2 any intermediate lengths and any desired heights may be produced by simple adjustments or blocking off4 ,blocks are commonly made plain1 rock-faced1 tool-faced1 paneled1 and of various ornamental patterns4 ,new designs of face plates are constantly being added by the most progressive machine makers4 ,block ,machines4--,there are many good machines on the market1 most of which are of the same general type1 and differ only in mechanical details4 ,they may be divided into two classes3 those with vertical and those with horizontal face4 ,in the former the face plate stands vertically1 and the block is simply lifted from the machine on its base plate as soon as tamped4 ,in the other type the face plate forms the bottom of the mold2 the cores are withdrawn horizontally1 and by the motion of a lever the block with its face plate is tipped up into a vertical position for removal4 ,in case it is desired to put a facing on the blocks1 machines of the horizontal-face type are considered the more convenient1 though a facing may easily be put on with the vertical-face machine by the use of a parting plate4 ,blocks ,poured from ,wet ,concrete4--,as already stated1 concrete made too dry is practically worthless1 and an excess of water is better than a deficiency4 ,the above-described machine process1 in which blocks are tamped from damp concrete and at once removed1 gives blocks of admirable hardness and quality if the maximum of water is used4 ,a method of making blocks from very wet concrete1 by the use of a large number of separable molds of sheet steel1 into which the wet concrete is poured and in which the blocks are left to harden for #bd #fie hours or longer1 has come into considerable use4 ,by this method blocks of excellent hardening and resistance to water are certainly obtained4 ,whether the process is the equal of the ordinary machine method in respect of economy and beauty of product must be left to the decision of those who have had actual experience with it4 ,the well-known cast-stone process consists in pouring liquid concrete mixture into a sand mold made from a pattern in a manner similar to that in which molds for iron castings are produced4 ,the sand absorbs the surplus water from the liquid mixture1 and the casting is left in the mold for #bd hours or longer until thoroughly set4 ,this process necessitates the making of a new sand mold for every casting1 and is necessarily much less rapid than the machine method4 ,it is less extensively used for building blocks than for special ornamental architectural work1 sills1 lintels1 columns1 capitals1 etc41 and for purposes of this kind it turns out products of the highest quality and beauty4 ,tamping of ,concrete ,blocks4--,this is generally done by means of hand rammers4 ,pneumatic tampers1 operated by an air compressor1 are in use at a few plants1 apparently with considerable saving in time and labor and improvements in quality of work4 ,hand tamping must be conscientious and thorough1 or poor work will result4 ,it is important that the mold should be filled a little at a time1 tamping after each addition2 at least four fillings and tampings should be given to each block4 ,if the mixture is wet enough no noticeable layers will be formed by this process4 ,hardening and ,storage4--,triple-decked cars to receive the blocks from the machines will be found a great saving of labor1 and are essential in factories of considerable size4 ,blocks will generally require to be left on the plates for at least #bd hours1 and must then be kept under roof1 in a well-warmed room1 with frequent sprinkling1 for not less than #e days more4 ,they may then be piled up out of doors1 and in dry weather should be wetted daily with a hose4 ,alternate wetting and drying is especially favorable for the hardening of cement1 and concrete so treated gains much greater strength than if kept continuously in water or dry air4 ,blocks should not be used in building until at least #d weeks from the time they are made4 ,during this period of seasoning1 blocks will be found to shrink at least #a_/af inch in length1 and if built up in a wall when freshly made1 shrinkage cracks in the joints or across the blocks will surely appear4 ,efflorescence1 or the appearance of a white coating on the surfaces1 sometimes takes place when blocks are repeatedly saturated with water and then dried out2 blocks laid on the ground are more liable to show this defect4 ,it results from diffusion of soluble sulphates of lime and alkalies to the surface4 ,it tends to disappear in time1 and rarely is sufficient in amount to cause any complaint4 ,properties of ,concrete ,blocks--,strength4--,in the use of concrete blocks for the walls of buildings1 the stress to which they are subjected is almost entirely one of compression4 ,in compressive strength well-made concrete does not differ greatly from ordinary building stone4 ,it is difficult to find reliable records of tests of sand and gravel concrete1 #a to #d and #a to #e1 such as is used in making blocks2 the following figures show strength of concrete of approximately this richness1 also the average of several samples each of well-known building stones1 as stated by the authorities named3 ,limestone1 ,bedford1 ,ind4 7,indiana ,geographical ,survey7 #g1gib pounds ,limestone1 ,marblehead1 ,ohio 7,q4 ,a4 ,gillmore7 #g1cic pounds ,sandstone1 ,n4 ,amherst1 ,ohio 7,q4 ,a4 ,gillmore7 #e1hca pounds ,gravel concrete1 #a3a4f3b4h1 at #a year 7,candlot7 #e1ejj pounds ,gravel concrete1 #a3a4f3c4g1 at #a year 7,candlot7 #e1jej pounds ,stone concrete1 #a3b3d at #a year 7,boston ,el4 ,r4 ,r47 #c1ijd pounds ,actual tests of compression strength of hollow concrete blocks are difficult to make1 because it is almost impossible to apply the load uniformly over the whole surface1 and also because a block #af inches long and #h inches wide will bear a load of #aej1jjj to #bjj1jjj pounds1 or more than the capacity of any but the largest testing machines4 ,three one-quarter blocks1 #h inches long1 #h inches wide1 and #i inches high1 with hollow space equal to one-third of the surface1 tested at the ,case ,school of ,science1 showed strengths of #a1hje1 #b1jjj1 and #fif #a1ecj pounds per square inch1 respectively1 when #aj weeks old4 ,two blocks #f x #h x #i inches1 #bb months old1 showed crushing strength of #b1ecj and #b1faj pounds per square inch4 ,these blocks were made of cement #a #a_/d parts1 lime #a_/b part1 sand and gravel #f parts1 and were tamped from damp mixture4 ,it is probably safe to assume that the minimum crushing strength of well-made blocks1 #a to #e1 is #a1jjj pounds per square inch at #a month and #b1jjj pounds at #a year4 ,a block #ab inches wide and #bd inches long has a total surface of #bhh square inches1 or1 deducting #a_/c for openings1 a net area of #aib inches4 ,such a block1 #i inches high1 weighs #acj pounds4 ,assuming a strength of #a1jjj pounds and a factor of safety of #e1 the safe load would be #bjj pounds per square inch1 or #bjj #aib #ch1djj pounds for the whole surface of the block4 ,dividing this by the weight of the block1 #acj pounds1 we find that #bie such blocks could be placed one upon another1 making a total height of wall of #bbb feet1 and still the pressure on the lowest block would be less than one-fifth of what it would actually bear4 ,this shows how greatly the strength of concrete blocks exceeds any demands that are ever made upon it in ordinary building construction4 ,the safe load above assumed1 #bjj pounds1 seems low enough to guard against any possible failure4 ,in ,taylor and ,thompson's work on concrete1 a safe load of #dej pounds for concrete #a to #b to #d is recommended2 this allows a factor of safety of #e #a_/b4 ,on the other hand1 the ,building ,code of the city of ,cleveland permits concrete to be loaded only to #aej pounds per square inch1 and limits the height of walls of #ab-;inch blocks to #dd feet4 ,the pressure of such a wall would be only #dj pounds per square inch2 adding the weight of two floors at #be pounds per square foot each1 and roof with snow and wind pressure1 #dj pounds per square foot1 we find that with a span of #be feet the total weight on the lowest blocks would be only #eb pounds per square inch1 or about one-twentieth of their minimum compression strength4 ,blocks with openings equal to only one-third the surface1 as required in many city regulations1 are heavy to handle1 especially for walls #ab inches and more in thickness1 and1 as the above figures show1 are enormously stronger than there is any need of4 ,blocks with openings of #ej per cent would be far more acceptable to the building trade1 and if used in walls not over #dd feet high1 with floors and roof calculated as above for #be feet span1 would be loaded only to #ef pounds per square inch of actual surface4 ,this would give a factor of safety of #ah1 assuming a minimum compression strength of #a1jjj pounds4 ,there is no doubt that blocks with one-third opening are inconveniently and unnecessarily heavy4 ,such a block1 #cb inches long1 #ab inches wide1 and #i inches high1 has walls about #c #a_/b inches thick1 and weighs #ahj pounds4 ,a block with #ej per cent open space would have walls and partitions #b inches in thickness1 and would weigh about #acj pounds4 ,with proper care in manufacture1 especially by using as much water as possible1 blocks with this thickness of walls may be made thoroughly strong1 sound1 and durable4 ,it is certainly better for strength and water-resisting qualities to make thin-walled blocks of rich mixture1 rather than heavy blocks of poor and porous material4 ,filling the voids with cement is a rather expensive method of securing waterproof qualities1 and gives stronger concretes than are needed4 ,the same may be accomplished more cheaply by replacing part of the cement by slaked lime1 which is an extremely fine-grained material1 and therefore very effective in closing pores4 ,hydrate lime is the most convenient material to use1 but nearly as costly as ,portland cement at present prices4 ,a #a to #d mixture in which one-third the cement is replaced by hydrate lime will be found equal to a #a to #c mixture without the lime4 ,a #a to #d concrete made from cement1 #a2 hydrate lime1 #a_/b2 sand and gravel1 #f 7by weight71 will be found fairly water-tight1 and much superior in this respect to one of the same richness consisting of cement1 #a #a_/b2 sand and gravel1 #f4 ,the cost of lime may be greatly reduced by using ordinary lump lime slaked to a paste4 ,the lime must1 however1 be very thoroughly hydrated1 so that no unslaked fragments may remain to make trouble by subsequent expansion4 ,lime paste is also very difficult to mix1 and can be used successfully only in a concrete mixer of the pug-mill type4 ,ordinary stiff lime paste contains about #ej per cent water2 twice as much of it1 by weight1 should therefore be used as of dry hydrate lime4 ,waterproof ,qualities4--,the chief fault of concrete building blocks1 as ordinarily made1 is their tendency to absorb water4 ,in this respect they are generally no #fig worse than sandstone or common brick2 it is well known that stone or brick walls are too permeable to allow plastering directly on the inside surface1 and must be furred and lathed before plastering1 to avoid dampness4 ,this practice is generally followed with concrete blocks1 but their use and popularity would be greatly increased if they were made sufficiently waterproof to allow plastering directly on the inside surface4 ,for this purpose it is not necessary that blocks should be perfectly waterproof1 but only that the absorption of water shall be slow1 so that it may penetrate only part way through the wall during a long-continued rain4 ,walls made entirely water-tight are1 in fact1 objectionable1 owing to their tendency to 8sweat0 from condensation of moisture on the inside surface4 ,for health and comfort1 walls must be slightly porous1 so that any moisture formed on the inside may be gradually absorbed and carried away4 ,excessive water absorption may be avoided in the following ways3 #a4 ,use of ,properly ,graded ,materials4--,it has been shown by ,feret and others that porosity and permeability are two different things2 porosity is the total proportion of voids or open spaces in the mass1 while permeability is the rate at which water1 under a given pressure1 will pass through it4 ,permeability depends on the size of the openings as well as on their total amount4 ,in two masses of the same porosity or percentage of voids1 one consisting of coarse and the other of fine particles1 the permeability will be greater in the case of the coarse material4 ,the least permeability1 and also the least porosity1 are1 however1 obtained by use of a suitable mixture of coarse and fine particles4 ,properly graded gravel or screenings1 containing plenty of coarse fragments and also enough fine material to fill up the pores1 will be found to give a much less permeable concrete than fine or coarse sand used alone4 #b4 ,use of ,rich ,mixtures4--,all concretes are somewhat permeable by water under sufficient pressure4 ,mixtures rich in cement are of course much less permeable than poorer mixtures4 ,if the amount of cement used is more than sufficient to fill the voids in the sand and gravel1 a very dense concrete is obtained1 into which the penetration of water is extremely slow4 ,the permeability also decreases considerably with age1 owing to the gradual crystallization of the cement in the pores1 so that concrete which is at first quite absorbent may become practically impermeable after exposure to weather for a few weeks or months4 ,there appears to be a very decided increase in permeability when the cement is reduced below the amount necessary to fill the voids4 ,for example1 a well-mixed sand and gravel weighing #abc pounds per cubic foot1 and therefore containing #be per cent voids1 will give a fairly impermeable concrete in mixtures up to #a to #d1 but with less cement will be found quite absorbent4 ,a gravel with only #bj per cent voids would give about equally good results with a #a to #e mixture2 such gravel is1 however1 rarely met with in practice4 ,on the other hand1 the best sand1 mixed fine and coarse1 seldom contains less than #cc per cent voids1 and concrete made from such material will prove permeable if poorer than #a to #c4 #c4 ,use of a ,facing4--,penetration of water may be effectively prevented by giving the blocks a facing of richer mixture than the body4 ,for the sake of smooth appearance1 facings are generally made of cement and fine sand1 and it is often noticed that these do not harden well4 ,it should be remembered that a #a to #c sand mixture is no stronger and little if any better in water absorption than a #a to #e mixture of well-graded sand and gravel4 ,to secure good hardness and resistance to moisture a facing as rich as #a to #b should be used4 #d4 ,use of an ,impervious ,partition4--,when blocks are made on a horizontal-face machine1 it is a simple matter1 after the face is tamped and cores pushed into place1 to throw into each opening a small amount of rich and rather wet mortar1 spread this fairly evenly1 and then go on tamping in the ordinary mixture until the mold is filled4 ,a dense layer across each of the cross walls is thus obtained1 which effectually prevents moisture from passing beyond it4 ,a method of accomplishing the same result with vertical-face machines1 by inserting tapered wooden blocks in the middle of the cross walls1 withdrawing these blocks after tamping1 and filling the spaces with rich mortar1 has been patented4 ,in the two-piece system the penetration of moisture through the wall is prevented by leaving an empty space between the web of the block and the inside face1 or by filling this space with rich mortar4 #e4 ,use of ,waterproof ,compounds4--,there are compounds on the market1 of a fatty or waxy nature1 which1 when mixed with cement to the amount of #fih only #a or #b per cent of its weight1 increase its water-resisting qualities in a remarkable degree4 ,by thoroughly mixing #a to #b pounds of suitable compound with each sack of cement used1 blocks which are practically waterproof may be made1 at very small additional cost1 from #a to #d or #a to #e mixtures4 ,in purchasing waterproof compound1 however1 care should be taken to select such as has been proved to be permanent in its effect1 and some of the materials used for this purpose lose their effect after a few days' exposure to weather1 and are entirely worthless4 #f4 ,application to ,surface after ,erecting4--,various washes1 to make concrete and stone impervious to water1 have been used with some success4 ,among these the best known is the ,sylvester wash of alum and soap solution4 ,it is stated that this requires frequent renewal1 and it is hardly likely to prove of any value in the concrete industry4 ,the writer's experience has been that the most effective remedy1 in case a concrete building proves damp1 is to give the outside walls a very thin wash of cement suspended in water4 ,one or two coats will be found sufficient4 ,if too thick a coating is formed it will show hair cracks4 ,the effect of the cement wash is to make the walls appear lighter in color1 and if the coating is thin the appearance is in no way injured4 ,general ,hints on ,waterproof ,qualities4--,to obtain good water-resisting properties the first precaution is to make the concrete sufficiently wet4 ,dry-tamped backs1 even from rich mixture1 will always be porous and absorbent1 while the same mixture in plastic condition will give blocks which are dense1 strong1 and water-tight4 ,the difference in this respect is shown by the following tests of small concrete blocks1 made by the writer4 ,the concrete used was made of #a part cement and #e parts mixed fine and coarse sand1 by weight4 ,no4 #a4 ,with #h per cent water1 rather dryer than ordinary block concrete1 tamped in mold4 ,no4 #b4 ,with #aj per cent water1 tamped in the mold1 and the mold removed at once4 ,no4 #c4 ,with #be per cent water1 poured into a mold resting on a flat surface of dry sand2 after #a hour the surface was troweled smooth2 mold not removed until set4 ,these blocks were allowed to harden a week in moist air1 then dried4 ,the weights1 voids1 and water absorption were as follows3 #a #b #c ,damp- ,wet- ,poured tamped tamped ,weight1 per cubic foot1 pounds #abb4b #abc4i #aaj4j ,voids1 calculated1 per cent of volume #be4i #bd4i #cc4c ,water required to fill voids1 per cent of weight #i4h #i4d #ab4e ,water absorbed1 after #b hours1 per cent of weight #h4h #f4d #aj4e ,the rate at which these blocks absorbed water was then determined by drying them thoroughly1 then placing them in a tray containing water #a_/d inch in depth1 and weighing them at intervals4 #a #b #c ,damp- ,wet- ,poured tamped tamped #a_/b hour #b4j #j4i #a4h #a hour #c4b #a4a #b4e #b hours #d4a #a4f #c4b #d hours #e4b #b4j #c4h #bd hours #f4a #c4d #g4j #dh hours #f4d #d4c #g4e ,these figures show that concrete which is sufficiently wet to be thoroughly plastic absorbs water much more slowly than dryer concrete1 and prove the importance of using as much water as possible in the damp-tamping process4 ,cost4--,concrete blocks can be sold and laid up at a good profit at #be cents per cubic foot of wall4 ,common red brick costs 7at this writing7 generally about #ab per thousand1 laid4 ,at #bd to the cubic foot1 a thousand brick are equal to #da4g cubic foot of wall2 or1 #ab1 #bi cents per cubic foot4 ,brick walls with pressed brick facing cost from #dj cents to #ej cents per cubic foot1 and dressed stone from #a to #a4ej per foot4 ,the factory cost of concrete blocks varies according to the cost of materials4 ,let us assume cement to be #a4ej per barrel of #chj pounds1 and sand and gravel #be cents per ton4 ,with a #a to #d mixture1 #a barrel cement will make #a1ijj pounds of solid concrete1 or at #acj pounds per cubic foot1 #ad4f cubic feet4 ,the cost of materials will then be3 ,cement1 #chj pounds #a4ej ,sand and gravel1 #a1ejj pounds #j4ai ,total #a4fi or #aa4e cents per cubic foot solid concrete4 ,now1 blocks #i inches high and #cb inches long make #b square feet of face of wall1 each4 ,blocks of this height #fii and length1 #h inches thick1 make #a #a_/c cubic feet of wall2 and blocks #ab inches thick make #b cubic feet of wall4 ,from these figures we may calculate the cost of materials for these blocks1 with cores or openings equal to #a_/c or #a_/b the total volume1 as follows3 ,per cubic foot of block1 #a_/c opening #g4g cts4 ,per cubic foot of block1 #a_/b opening #e4h cts4 ,block #h x #i x #cb inches1 #a_/c opening #aj4c cts4 ,block #h x #i x #cb inches1 #a_/b opening #g4g cts4 ,block #ab x #i x #cb inches1 #a_/c opening #ae4d cts4 ,block #ab x #i x #cb inches1 #a_/b opening #aa4f cts4 ,if one-third of the cement is replaced by hydrate lime the quality of the blocks will be improved1 and the cost of material reduced about #aj per cent4 ,the cost of labor required in manufacturing1 handling1 and delivering blocks will vary with the locality and the size and equipment of factory4 ,with hand mixing1 #c men at an average of #a4ge each will easily make #ge #h-;inch or #ej #ab-;inch blocks1 with #a_/c openings1 per day4 ,the labor cost for these sizes of blocks will therefore be #g cents and #aj #a_/b cents respectively4 ,at a factory equipped with power concrete mixer and cars for transporting blocks1 in which a number of machines are kept busy1 the labor cost will be considerably less4 ,an extensive industry located in a large city is1 however1 subject to many expenses which are avoided in a small country plant1 such as high wages1 management1 office rent1 advertising1 etc41 so that the total cost of production is likely to be about the same in both cases4 ,a fair estimate of total factory cost is as follows3 ,material ,labor ,total #h x #cb inch1 #a_/c space #aj4c #g #ag4c cts4 #h x #cb inch1 #a_/b space #g4g #f #ac4g cts4 #ab x #cb inch1 #a_/c space #ae4d #aj4e #be4i cts4 #ab x #cb inch1 #a_/b space #aa4f #i #bj4f cts4 ,with fair allowance for outside expenses and profit1 #h-;inch blocks may be sold at #cj cents and #ab-;inch at #dj cents each4 ,for laying #ab-;inch blocks in the wall1 contractors generally figure about #aj cents each4 ,adding #e cents for teaming1 the blocks will cost #ee cents each1 erected1 or #bg #a_/b cents per cubic foot of wall4 ,this is less than the cost of common brick1 and the above figures show that this price could be shaded somewhat1 if necessary1 to meet competition4--,s4 ,b4 ,newberry in a monograph issued by the ,american ,association of ,portland ,cement ,manufacturers4 ,artificial ,marbles4--,i4--,the mass used by ,beaumel consists of alum and heavy spar 7barium sulphate7 with addition of water and the requisite pigments4 ,the following proportions have been found to be serviceable3 ,alum1 #a1jjj parts2 heavy spar1 #aj to #ajj parts2 water1 #ajj parts2 the amount of heavy spar being governed by the degree of translucence desired4 ,the alum is dissolved in water with the use of heat4 ,as soon as the solution boils the heavy spar is mixed in1 stirred with water and the pigment2 this is then boiled down until the mixture has lost about #c per cent of its weight1 at which moment the mass exhibits a density of #cd ,b4 at a temperature of #bab ,f4 ,the mixture is allowed to cool with constant stirring until the substance is semi-liquid4 ,the resultant mass is poured into a mold covered on the inside with several layers of collodion and the cast permitted to cool completely in the mold1 whereupon it is taken out and dried entirely in an airy room4 ,subsequently the object may be polished1 patinized1 or finished in some other way4 ,,ii4--,imitation ,black ,marble4--,a black marble of similar character to that exported from ,belgium--the latter product being simply prepared slate--may be produced in the following manner3 ,the slate suitable for the purpose is first smoothly polished with a sandstone1 so that no visible impression is made on it with a chisel--this being rough--after which it is polished finely with artificial pumice stone1 and lastly finished with extremely light natural pumice stone1 the surface then presenting a soft1 velvet-like appearance4 ,after drying and thoroughly heating the finely polished surface is impregnated with a heated mixture of oil and fine lampblack4 ,this is allowed to remain #ab hours2 and1 according to whether the slate used is more or less gray1 the process is repeated until the gray appearance is lost4 ,polishing thoroughly with emery on a linen rag follows1 and the finishing polish is done with tin ashes1 to which is added some lampblack4 ,a finish being made thus1 wax dissolved in turpentine1 with some lampblack1 is spread on the polished plate and warmed again1 which after a while is rubbed off vigorously with a #gjj clean linen rag4 ,treated thus1 the slate has the appearance of black marble4 ,,stone ,,cements3 ,see ,adhesives4 ,,stone ,,cleaning3 ,see ,cleaning ,preparations and ,methods4 ,,stones ,,for ,,sharpening3 ,see ,tool ,setting and ,whetstones4 ,,stones 7,,precious71 ,,imitation ,,of3 ,see ,gems1 ,artificial4 ,,stoneware3 ,see ,ceramics4 ,,stoneware ,,cements3 ,see ,adhesives and ,lutes4 ,,stoppers4 ,i4--,to make an anti-leak and lubricating mixture for plug-cocks use #b parts of tried suet and #a part of beeswax melted together2 stir thoroughly1 strain1 and cool4 ,,ii4--,a mixture for making glass stoppers tight is made by melting together equal parts of glycerine and paraffine4 ,to ,loosen a ,glass ,stopper4--,i4--,make a mixture of ,alcohol #b drachms ,glycerine #a drachm ,sodium chloride #a drachm ,let a portion of this stand in the space above the stopper for a few hours1 when a slight tap will loosen the stopper4 ,,ii4--,a circular adjustable clamp1 to which is attached a strip of asbestos in which coils of platinum wire are imbedded1 is obtained4 ,by placing this on the neck of the bottle1 and passing a current of electricity through the coils of wire1 sufficient heat will be generated to expand the neck and liberate the stopper4 ,heat may also be generated by passing a yard of cord once around the bottle neck and1 by taking one end of the cord in each hand1 drawing it rapidly back and forth4 ,care should be taken that the contents of the bottle are not spilled on the hand or thrown into the face when the stopper does come out--or when the bottle breaks4 ,,stopper ,,lubricants3 ,see ,lubricants4 ,,stove ,,polish3 ,see also ,polishes4 ,the following formula gives a liquid stove blacking3 ,graphite1 in fine powder #a pound ,lampblack #a ounce ,rosin #d ounces ,turpentine #a gallon ,the mixture must be well shaken when used1 and must not be applied when there is a fire or light near on account of the inflammability of the vapor4 ,this form may be esteemed a convenience by some1 but the rosin and turpentine will1 of course1 give rise to some disagreeable odor on first heating the stove1 after the liquid is applied4 ,graphite is the foundation ingredient in many stove polishes2 lampblack1 which is sometimes added1 as in the foregoing formula1 deepens the color1 but the latter form of carbon is of course much more readily burned off than the former4 ,graphite may be applied by merely mixing with water1 and then no odor follows the heating of the iron4 ,the coating must be well rubbed with a brush to obtain a good luster4 ,the solid cakes of stove polish found in the market are made by subjecting the powdered graphite1 mixed with spirit of turpentine1 to great pressure4 ,they have to be reduced to powder and mixed with water before being applied4 ,any of them must be well rubbed with a brush after application to give a handsome finish4 ,,stove ,,cement3 ,see ,cement4 ,,stove ,,cleaners3 ,see ,cleaning ,compounds4 ,,stove ,,lacquer3 ,see ,lacquers4 ,,stove ,,varnishes3 ,see ,varnishes4 ,,stramonium1 ,,antidote ,,for3 ,see ,atropine4 ,,strap ,,lubricant3 ,see ,lubricant4 ,,straw ,,fireproofing3 ,see ,fireproofing4 ,,strawberries1 ,,frozen3 ,see ,ice ,creams4 ,,strawberry ,,juice3 ,see ,essences and ,extracts4 ,,straw-,,hat ,,cleaners3 ,see ,cleaning ,preparations and ,methods4 ,,straw-,,hat ,,dyes3 ,see ,hats4 #gja ,,stropping ,,pastes3 ,see ,razor ,pastes4 ,,styptics4 ,styptics are substances which arrest local bleeding4 ,creosote1 tannic acid1 alcohol1 alum1 and most of the astringent salts belong to this class4 ,brocchieri's ,styptic4--,a nostrum consisting of the water distilled from pine tops4 ,helvetius's ,styptic4--,iron filings 7fine7 and cream of tartar mixed to a proper consistence with ,french brandy4 ,eaton's ,styptic4--,a solution of sulphate disguised by the addition of some unimportant substances4 ,helvetius's styptic was for a long time employed under this title4 ,styptic ,paste of ,gutta ,percha4--,gutta percha1 #a ounce2 ,stockholm tar1 #a #a_/b or #b ounces2 creosote1 #a drachm2 shellac1 #a ounce2 or quantity sufficient to render it sufficiently hard4 ,to be boiled together with constant stirring1 till it forms a homogeneous mass4 ,for alveolar hemorrhage1 and as a styptic in toothache4 ,to be softened by molding with the fingers4 ,,sulphate ,,stains1 ,,to ,,remove3 ,see ,cleaning ,preparations and ,methods4 ,,sultana ,,roll3 ,see ,ice ,creams4 ,,sunburn ,,remedies3 ,see ,cosmetics4 ,,sutures ,,of ,,catgut1 ,,their ,,preparation3 ,see ,catgut4 ,,syndeticon3 ,see ,adhesives4 ,syrups 7,see also ,essences and ,extracts47 ,the syrups should either be made from the best granulated sugar1 free from ultramarine1 or else rock-candy syrup4 ,if the former1 pure distilled water should be used in making the syrup1 as only in this manner can a syrup be obtained that will be free from impurities and odor4 ,there are two methods by which syrup can be made1 namely1 by the cold process1 or by boiling4 ,the advantage of the former is its convenience2 of the latter1 that it has better keeping qualities4 ,in the cold process1 the sugar is either stirred up in the water until it is dissolved1 or water is percolated or filtered through the sugar1 thus forming a solution4 ,in the hot process1 the sugar is simply dissolved in the water by the aid of heat1 stirring until solution is effected4 ,the strength of the syrup for fountain use should be about #f pounds in the gallon of finished syrup2 it is best1 however1 to make the stock syrup heavier1 as it will keep much better1 using #ae pounds of granulated sugar1 and #a gallon of water4 ,when wanted for use it can be diluted to the proper density with water4 ,the syrups of the market are of this concentrated variety4 ,unless the apartments of the dispenser are larger than is usual1 it is often best to buy the syrup1 the difference in cost being so small that when the time is taken into consideration the profit is entirely lost4 ,foamed syrups should1 however1 never be purchased2 they are either contaminated with foreign flavor1 or are more prone to fermentation than plain syrup4 ,fruit ,syrups4--,these may be prepared from fruit juices1 and the desired quantity of syrup1 then adding soda foam1 color1 and generally a small amount of fruit-acid solution4 ,they may also be made by reducing the concentrated fruit syrups of the market with syrup1 otherwise proceeding as above4 ,as the fruit juices and concentrated syrups always have a tried formula attached1 it is needless to use space for this purpose4 ,when a flavor is weak it may be fortified by adding a small amount of flavoring extract1 but under no condition should a syrup flavored entirely with an essence be handed out to the consumer as a fruit syrup1 for there is really no great resemblance between the two4 ,fruit syrups may be dispensed solid by adding the syrup to the soda water and stirring with a spoon4 ,use nothing but the best ingredients in making syrups4 ,preservation of ,syrups4--,the preservation of syrups is purely a pharmaceutical question4 ,they must be made right in order to keep right4 ,syrups1 particularly fruit syrups1 must be kept aseptic1 especially when made without heat4 ,the containers should be made of glass1 porcelain1 or pure block tin1 so that they may be sterilized1 and should be easily and quickly removed1 so that the operation may be effected with promptness and facility4 ,as is well known1 the operation of sterilization is #gjb very simple1 consisting in scalding the article with boiling water4 ,no syrup should ever be filled into a container without first sterilizing the container4 ,the fruit acids1 in the presence of sugar1 serve as a media for the growth and development of germ life upon exposure to the air4 ,hence the employment of heat as pasteurization and sterilization in the preserving of fruits1 etc4 ,a pure fruit syrup1 filled into a glass bottle1 porcelain jar1 or block-tin can1 which has been rendered sterile with boiling water1 maintained at a cool temperature1 will keep for any reasonable length of time4 ,all danger of fracturing the glass1 by pouring water into it1 may be obviated by first wetting the interior of the bottle with cold water4 ,the fruits for syrups must not only be fully ripe1 but they must be used immediately after gathering4 ,the fruit must be freed from stems1 seeds1 etc41 filled into lightly tied linen sacks1 and thus subjected to pressure1 to obtain their juices4 ,immediately after pressure the juice should be heated quickly to #afg ,f41 and filtered through a felt bag4 ,the filtrate should fall directly upon the sugar necessary to make it a syrup4 ,the heating serves the purpose of coagulating the albuminous bodies present in the juices1 and thus to purify the latter4 ,syrups thus prepared have not only a most agreeable1 fresh taste1 but are very stable1 remaining in a good condition for years4 ,hints on ,preparation of ,syrups4--,keep the extracts in a cool1 dark place4 ,never add flavoring extracts to hot syrup4 ,it will cause them to evaporate1 and weaken the flavor4 ,keep all the mixing utensils scrupulously clean4 ,never mix fruit syrups1 nor let them stand in the same vessels in which sarsaparilla1 ginger1 and similar extract flavors are mixed and kept4 ,if possible1 always use distilled water in making syrup4 ,never allow a syrup containing acid to come in contact with any metal except pure block tin4 ,clean the syrup jars each time before refilling4 ,keep all packages of concentrated syrups and crushed fruits tightly corked4 ,mix only a small quantity of crushed fruit in the bowl at a time1 so as to have it always fresh4 ,how to ,make ,simple ,syrups--,hot ,process4--,put #be pounds granulated sugar in a large pail1 or kettle1 and pour on and stir hot water enough to make #d gallons1 more or less depending on how thick the syrup is desired4 ,then strain while hot through fine cheese cloth4 ,cold ,process4--,by agitation4 ,sugar1 #be pounds2 water1 #b gallons4 ,put the sugar in a container1 add the water1 and agitate with a wooden paddle until the sugar is dissolved4 ,an earthenware jar with a cover and a faucet at the bottom makes a very convenient container4 ,cold ,process4--,by percolation4 ,a good1 easy way to keep syrup on hand all the time3 ,have made a galvanized iron percolator1 #b feet long1 #h inches across top1 and #d inches at base1 with a #d-;inch wire sieve in bottom4 ,finish the bottom in shape of a funnel4 ,put a syrup faucet in a barrel1 and set on a box1 so that the syrup can be drawn into a gallon measure4 ,bore a hole in the barrel head1 and insert the percolator4 ,fill three-fourths full of sugar1 and fill with water4 ,as fast as the syrup runs into the barrel fill the percolator1 always putting in plenty of sugar4 ,by this method #bj to #be gallons heavy syrup can be made in a day4 ,rock-,candy ,syrup4--,sugar1 #cb pounds2 water1 #b gallons4 ,put the sugar and water in a suitable container1 set on stove1 and keep stirring until the mixture boils up once4 ,strain and allow to cool4 ,when cool there will be on top a crust1 or film1 of crystallized sugar4 ,strain again to remove this film1 and the product will be what is commonly known as rock-candy syrup4 ,this may be reduced with one-fifth of its bulk of water when wanted for use4 ,,colors ,,for ,,syrups3 ,caramel4--,place #c pounds of crushed sugar in a kettle with #a pint of water1 and heat4 ,the sugar will at first dissolve1 but as the water evaporates a solid mass will be formed4 ,this must be broken up4 ,continue to heat1 with constant stirring1 until the mass has again become liquefied4 ,keep on a slow fire until the mass becomes very dark2 then remove the kettle from the fire and pour in slowly #c pints of boiling water4 ,set the kettle back on the fire and permit contents to boil for a short time1 then remove1 and cool4 ,add simple syrup to produce any required consistency4 ,blue4-- ,i4--,indigo carmine #a part ,water #bj parts ,indigo carmine may usually be obtained commercially2 ,,ii4--,tincture of indigo also makes a harmless blue4 #gjc ,sap ,blue4-- ,dark blue #c parts ,grape sugar #a part ,water #f parts ,green4--,the addition of indigo-carmine solution to any yellow solution will give various shades of green4 ,indigo carmine added to a mixture of tincture of crocus and glycerine will give a fine green color4 ,a solution of commercial chlorophyll yields grass-green shades4 ,pink4-- ,i4--,carmine #a part ,liquor potass #f parts ,rose water to make #dh parts ,mix4 ,if the color is too high1 dilute with distilled water until the required tint is obtained4 ,,ii4--,soak red-apple parings in ,california brandy4 ,the addition of rose leaves makes a fine flavoring as well as coloring agent4 ,red4-- ,carmine1 ,no4 #dj #a part ,strong ammonia water #d parts ,distilled water to make #bd parts ,rub up the carmine and ammonia water and to the solution add the water under trituration4 ,if1 in standing1 this shows a tendency to separate1 a drop or two of water of ammonia will correct the trouble4 ,this statement should be put on the label of the bottle as the volatile ammonia soon escapes even in glass-stoppered vials4 ,various shades of red may be obtained by using fruit juices1 such as black cherry1 raspberry1 etc41 and also the tinctures of sudbear1 alkanet1 red saunders1 erythroxylon1 etc4 ,orange4-- ,tincture of red sandalwood #a part ,ethereal tincture of ,orlean1 q4 s4 ,add the orlean tincture to the sandalwood gradually until the desired tint is obtained4 ,a red color added to a yellow one gives an orange color4 ,purple4--,a mixture of tincture of indigo1 or a solution of indigo carmine1 added to cochineal red gives a fine purple4 ,yellow4--,various shades of yellow may be obtained by the maceration of saffron or turmeric in alcohol until a strong tincture is obtained4 ,dilute with water until the desired tint is reached4 ,,syrup1 ,,table3 ,see ,tables4 ,tables ,,alcohol ,,dilution4 ,the following table gives the percentage1 by weight1 of alcohol of #ie per cent and of distilled water to make #a liter 7about #a quart71 or #a kilogram 7#b4b pounds71 of alcohol of various dilutions4 ,,table ,,for ,,the ,,dilution ,,of ,,alcohol4 #a ,liter #a ,kilogram contains ,specific contains ,percentage ,percentage ,gravity by ,weight4 by ,volume4,alcohol ,distilled at #fj ,f4 ,alcohol ,distilled #ie4 ,water4 #ie4 ,water4 ,gms4 ,gms4 ,gms4 ,gms4 #e #db4hg #iej4ac #j4iic #dc4ag #ief4hc #c4ii #aj #he4hi #ijj4aa #j4ihf #hg4aa #iab4hi #h4je #ae #abh4hg #heb4ac #j4iha #aca4cg #hfh4fc #ab4ad #bj #aga4hc #hjd4ag #j4igf #agf4jf #hbc4id #af4bg #be #bad4gg #gef4bc #j4iga #bba4ah #ggh4hb #bj4dd #cj #beg4ic #gjg4jg #j4ife #bfg4bh #gcb4gb #bd4gj #ce #cjj4gd #feh4bf #j4iei #cac4fj #fhf4dj #bh4ih #dj #cdc4gg #fjh4bc #j4ieb #cfa4aj #fch4ij #cc4cg #de #chf4ge #eeg4be #j4idd #dji4fi #eij4ca #cg4hf #ej #dbi4fe #ejd4ce #j4icd #dfj4ja #eci4ii #db4ea #ee #dgb4fd #dea4cf #j4ibd #eaa4eb #dhh4dh #dg4bg #fj #eae4fj #cih4dj #j4iad #efd4aa #dce4hi #eb4ac #fe #eeh4fa #cdc4ci #j4ijb #fai4cj #chj4gj #eg4bc #gj #fja4ee #bhh4de #j4hij #fge4ij #cbd4aj #fb4df #ge #fdd4eh #bcb4db #j4hgg #gcd4ih #bfe4jb #fg4ib #hj #fhg4eg #agf4dc #j4hfd #gie4hj #bjd4bj #gc4ed #he #gcj4ea #ai4di #j4hej #hei4dc #adj4eg #gi4db #ij #ggc4ec #j4dg #j4hcd #ibg4di #gb4ea #he4ga ,capacities of ,common ,utensils4--,for ordinary measuring purposes a wineglass may be said to hold #b ounces4 ,a tablespoon1 #a_/b ounce4 ,a dessertspoon1 #a_/d ounce4 ,a teaspoon1 #a_/h ounce1 or #a drachm4 ,a teacupful of sugar weighs #a_/b pound4 ,three tablespoonfuls weigh #a_/d pound4 ,cook's ,table4--,two teacupfuls 7well heaped7 of coffee and of sugar weigh #a pound4 ,two teacupfuls 7level7 of granulated sugar weigh #a pound4 ,two teacupfuls soft butter 7well packed7 weigh #a pound4 ,one and one-third pints of powdered sugar weigh #a pound4 ,two tablespoonfuls of powdered sugar or flour weigh #a pound4 ,four teaspoonfuls are equal to #a tablespoon4 ,two and one-half teacupfuls 7level7 of the best brown sugar weigh #a pound4 ,two and three-fourths teacupfuls 7level7 of powdered sugar weigh #a pound4 ,one tablespoonful 7well heaped7 of granulated or best brown sugar equals #a ounce4 #gjd ,one generous pint of liquid1 or #a pint finely chopped meat1 packed solidly1 weighs #a pound4 ,table of ,drops4--,used in estimating the amount of a flavoring extract necessary to flavor a gallon of syrup4 ,based on the assumption of #dej drops being equal to #a ounce4 ,one drop of extract to an ounce of syrup is equal to #b drachms to a gallon4 ,two drops of extract to an ounce of syrup are equal to #d #a_/b drachms to a gallon4 ,three drops of extract to an ounce of syrup are equal to #f #a_/b drachms to a gallon4 ,four drops of extract to an ounce of syrup are equal to #a ounce and #a drachm to a gallon4 ,five drops of extract to an ounce of syrup are equal to #a ounce and #c #a_/h drachms to a gallon4 ,six drops of extract to an ounce of syrup are equal to #a ounce and #e #a_/b drachms to a gallon4 ,seven drops of extract to an ounce of syrup are equal to #b ounces to the gallon4 ,eight drops of extract to an ounce of syrup are equal to #b ounces and #b #a_/b drachms to a gallon4 ,nine drops of extract to an ounce of syrup are equal to #b ounces and #d #a_/b drachms to a gallon4 ,ten drops of extract to an ounce of syrup are equal to #b ounces and #f #c_/d drachms to a gallon4 ,twelve drops of extract to an ounce of syrup are equal to #c ounces and #c #a_/d drachms to a gallon4 ,fourteen drops of extract to an ounce of syrup are equal to #d ounces to a gallon4 ,sixteen drops of extract to an ounce of syrup are equal to #d ounces and #d #a_/h drachms to a gallon4 ,eighteen drops of extract to an ounce of syrup are equal to #e ounces and #a drachm to a gallon4 ,,note4--,the estimate #dej drops to the ounce1 while accurate and reliable enough in this particular relation1 must not be relied upon for very exact purposes1 in which1 as has frequently been demonstrated1 the drop varies within a very wide range1 according to the nature of the liquid1 its consistency1 specific gravity1 temperature2 the size and shape of the aperture from which it is allowed to escape1 etc4 ,fluid ,measure4--,u4 ,s4 ,standard1 or ,wine ,measure4--,sixty minims are equal to #a fluidrachm4 ,eight fluidrachms are equal to #a fluidounce4 ,sixteen fluidounces are equal to #a pint4 ,two pints are equal to #a quart4 ,four quarts are equal to #a gallon4 ,one pint of distilled water weighs about #a pound4 ,percentage ,solutions4--,to prepare the following approximately correct solutions1 dissolve the amount of medicament indicated in sufficient water to make one imperial pint4 ,for #a_/ej per cent1 or #a in #e1jjj solution1 use #a #c_/d grains of the medicament4 ,for #a_/bj per cent1 or #a in #b1jjj solution1 use #d #c_/h grains of the medicament4 ,for #a_/aj per cent1 or #a in #a1jjj solution1 use #h #c_/d grains of the medicament4 ,for #a_/d per cent1 or #a in #djj solution1 use #ba #g_/h grains of the medicament4 ,for #a_/b per cent1 or #a in #bjj solution1 use #dc #c_/d grains of the medicament4 ,for #a per cent1 or #a in #ajj solution1 use #hg #a_/b grains of the medicament4 ,for #b per cent1 or #a in #ej solution1 use #age grains of the medicament4 ,for #d per cent1 or #a in #be solution1 use #cej grains of the medicament4 ,for #e per cent1 or #a in #bj solution1 use #dcg #a_/b grains of the medicament4 ,for #aj per cent1 or #a in #aj solution1 use #hge grains of the medicament4 ,to make smaller quantities of any solution1 use less water and reduce the medicament in proportion to the amount of water employed2 thus #a_/b imperial pint of a #a per cent solution will require #dc #c_/d grains of the medicament4 ,pressure ,table4--,this table shows the amount of commercial sulphuric acid 7,h#b,,so#d7 and sodium bicarbonate necessary to produce a given pressure3 #abj ,pounds ,pressure4 ,water1 ,soda ,bicar41 ,acid ,sulph41 gallons ,av4 ounces ,av4 ounces #aj #hf #ej #bj #abc #ga #cj #afa #ic #dj #aih #aah #ej #bcf #ach #ace ,pounds ,pressure4 ,water1 ,soda ,bicar41 ,acid ,sulph41 gallons ,av4 ounces ,av4 ounces4 #aj #if #ef #bj #acd #gc #cj #aga #ajj #dj #bji #abb #ej #bdf #add ,if marble dust be used1 reckon at the rate of #ah ounces hot water for use4 ,syrup ,table4--,the following table shows the amount of syrup obtained from #a4 ,the addition of pounds of sugar to #a gallon of water2 and the #gje #b4 ,amount of sugar in each gallon of syrup resulting therefrom3 ,pounds ,quantity of syrup actually ,pounds of sugar obtained4 of sugar added to in one one gallon gallon of of cold ,gallons4 ,pints4 ,fluidounces4 syrup4 water4 #a #a -- #aj 4#ic #b #a #a #d #a4gc #c #a #a #ad #b4dc #d #a #b #c #c4je #e #a #c #b #c4f #f #a #c #ab #d4ji #g #a #d #f #d4eb #h #a #e -- #d4ib #i #a #e #aj #e4bh #aj #a #f #d #e4fb #aa #a #f #ad #e4ib #ab #a #g #h #f4ah #ac #b -- #b #f4ch #ad #b -- #ab #f4g #ae #b #a #f #f4ia ,,table-,,tops1 ,,acid-,,proof3 ,see ,acid-,proofing4 ,,tables ,,for ,,photographers3 ,see ,photography4 ,,taffy3 ,see ,confectionery4 ,,talcum ,,powder3 ,see ,cosmetics4 ,,tallow3 ,see ,fats4 ,,talmi ,,gold3 ,see ,alloys4 ,,tampring3 ,see ,tampring1 under ,steel4 ,,tan ,,remedy3 ,see ,cosmetics4 ,,tank3 ,to ,estimate ,contents of a ,circular ,tank4--,the capacity of a circular tank may be determined by multiplying the diameter in inches by itself and by 4#ghed and by the length 7or depth7 in inches1 which gives the capacity of the tank in inches1 and then dividing by #bca1 the number of cubic inches in a ,united ,states gallon4 ,,tanning3 ,see ,leather4 ,,taps1 ,,to ,,remove ,,broken4 ,first clean the hole by means of a small squirt gun filled with kerosene4 ,all broken pieces of the tap can be removed with a pair of tweezers1 which should be as large as possible4 ,then insert the tweezers between the hole and flutes of the tap4 ,by slowly working back and forth and occasionally blowing out with kerosene1 the broken piece is easily released4 ,,tar ,,paints3 ,see ,wood4 ,,tar-,,spots ,,on ,,woodwork3 ,see ,paint4 ,,tar-,,sulphur ,,soap3 ,see ,soap4 ,,tar ,,syrup3 ,see ,essences and ,extracts4 ,,tattoo ,,marks1 ,,removal ,,of4 ,apply a highly concentrated tannin solution on the tattooed places and treat them with the tattooing needle as the tattooer does4 ,next vigorously rub the places with a lunar caustic stick and allow the silver nitrate to act for some time1 until the tattooed portions have turned entirely black4 ,then take off by dabbing4 ,at first a silver tannate forms on the upper layers of the skin1 which dyes the tattooing black2 with slight symptoms of inflammation a scurf ensues which comes off after #ad to #af days1 leaving behind a reddish scar4 ,the latter assumes the natural color of the skin after some time4 ,the process is said to have given good results4 ,,tawing3 ,see ,leather4 ,,tea ,,extract3 ,see ,essences and ,extracts4 ,,teeth1 ,,to ,,whiten ,,discolored4 ,moisten the corner of a linen handkerchief with hydrogen peroxide1 and with it rub the teeth1 repeating the rubbing occasionally4 ,use some exceedingly finely pulverized infusorial earth1 or pumice ground to an impalpable powder1 in connection with the hydrogen peroxide1 and the job will be quicker than with the peroxide alone4 ,,tempering ,,of ,,steel3 ,see ,steel4 ,,terra ,,cotta ,,substitute4 ,a substance1 under this name1 designed to take the place of terra cotta and plaster of ,paris in the manufacture of small ornamental objects1 consists of #gjf ,albumen #aj parts ,magnesium sulphate #d parts ,alum #i parts ,calcium sulphate1 calcined #de parts ,borax #b parts ,water #cj parts ,the albumen and alum are dissolved in the water and with the solution so obtained the other ingredients are made into a paste4 ,this paste is molded at once in the usual way and when set the articles are exposed in an oven to a heat of #adj ,f4 ,,terra ,,cotta ,,cleaning3 ,see ,cleaning ,preparations and ,methods4 ,,textile ,,cleaning3 ,see ,cleaning ,preparations and ,methods and ,household ,formulas4 ,thermometers ,table ,showing the ,comparison of the ,readings of ,thermometers4 ,,celsius1 ,,or ,,centigrade 7,c74 ,r,,aumur 7,r74 ,,fahrenheit 7,f74 ,c4 ,r4 ,f4 #cj #bd4j #bb4j #be #bj4j #ac4j #bj #af4j #d4j #ae #ab4j #e4j #aj #h4j #ad4j #e #d4j #bc4j #d #c4b #bd4h #c #b4d #bf4f #b #a4f #bh4d #a #j4h #cj4b #j #j4j #cb4j ,freezing point of water4 #a #j4h #cc4h #b #a4f #ce4f #c #b4d #cg4d #d #c4b #ci4b #e #d4j #da4j #f #d4h #db4h #g #e4f #dd4f #h #f4d #df4d #i #g4b #dh4b #aj #h4j #ej4j #aa #h4h #ea4h #ab #i4f #ec4f #ac #aj4d #ee4d #ad #aa4b #eg4b #ae #ab4j #ei4j #af #ab4h #fj4h #ag #ac4f #fb4f #ah #ad4d #fd4d #ai #ae4b #ff4b #bj #af4j #fh4j #ba #af4h #fi4h #bb #ag4f #ga4f #bc #ah4d #gc4d #bd #ai4b #ge4b #be #bj4j #gg4j #bf #bj4h #gh4h #bg #ba4f #hj4f #bh #bb4d #hb4d #bi #bc4b #hd4b #cj #bd4j #hf4j #ca #bd4h #hg4h #cb #be4f #hi4f #cc #bf4d #ia4d #cd #bg4b #ic4b #ce #bh4j #ie4j #cf #bh4h #if4h #cg #bi4f #ih4f #ch #cj4d #ajj4d #ci #ca4b #ajb4b #dj #cb4j #ajd4j #da #cb4h #aje4h #db #cc4f #ajg4f #dc #cd4d #aji4d #dd #ce4b #aaa4b #de #cf4j #aac4j #ej #dj4j #abb4j #ee #dd4j #aca4j #fj #dh4j #adj4j #fe #eb4j #adi4j #gj #ef4j #aeh4j #ge #fj4j #afg4j #hj #fd4j #agf4j #he #fh4j #ahe4j #ij #gb4j #aid4j #ie #gf4j #bjc4j #ajj #hj4j #bab4j ,boiling point of water4 ,readings on one scale can be changed into another by the following formulas1 in which t indicates degrees of temperature3 ,rau4 to ,fahr4 #i_/dt ,r #cb t ,f ,rau4 to ,cent4 #e_/dt ,r t ,c ,cent4 to ,fahr4 #i_/et ,c #cb t ,f ,cent4 to ,rau4 #d_/et ,c t ,r ,fahr4 to ,cent4 #e_/i7t ,f #cb7 t ,c ,fahr4 to ,rau4 #d_/i7t ,f #cb7 t ,r ,,thread3 ,see also ,cordage4 ,dressing for ,sewing ,thread4--,for colored thread3 ,irish moss1 #c pounds2 gum arabic1 #b #a_/b pounds2 ,japan wax1 #a_/b pound2 stearine1 #ahe grams2 borax1 #ie grams2 boil together for #a_/d hour4 ,for white thread3 ,irish moss1 #b pounds2 tapioca1 #a #a_/b pounds2 spermaceti1 #c_/d pound2 stearine1 #aaj grams2 borax1 #ie grams2 boil together for #bj minutes4 ,for black thread3 ,irish moss1 #c pounds2 gum ,senegal1 #b #a_/b pounds2 ceresin1 #a pound2 borax1 #ie grams2 logwood extract1 #ie grams2 blue vitriol1 #cj grams2 boil together for #bj minutes4 ,soak the ,irish moss in each case overnight in #de liters of water1 then boil for #a hour1 strain and add the other ingredients to the resulting solution4 ,it is of advantage to add the borax to the ,irish moss before the boiling4 ,,throat ,,lozenges3 ,see ,confectionery4 ,,thymol3 ,see ,antiseptics4 ,,ticks1 ,,cattle ,,dip ,,for3 ,see ,insecticides4 ,,tierces3 ,see ,disinfectants4 ,,tilemakers' ,,notes3 ,see ,ceramics4 ,tin ,etching ,bath for ,tin4--,the design is either freely drawn upon the metal with a needle or a lead pencil1 or pricked into the metal through tracing paper with a needle4 ,the outlines are filled with a varnish 7wax1 colophony1 asphalt74 ,the varnish is rendered fluid with turpentine and applied with a brush4 ,the article after having dried is laid in a #a_/b solution of nitric acid for #a #a_/b to #b hours4 ,it is then washed and dried with blotting #gjg paper4 ,the protective coating of asphalt is removed by heating4 ,the zinc oxide in the deeper portions is cleaned away with a silver soap and brush4 ,recovery of ,tin and ,iron in ,tinned-,plate ,clippings4--,the process of utilizing tinned-plate scrap consists essentially in the removal of the tin4 ,this must be very completely carried out if the remaining iron is to be available for casting4 ,the removal of the outer layer of pure tin from the tinned plate is an easy matter4 ,beneath this1 however1 is another crystalline layer consisting of an alloy of tin and iron1 which is more difficult of treatment4 ,it renders the iron unavailable for casting1 as even #j4b per cent of tin causes brittleness4 ,its removal is best accomplished by electrolysis4 ,if dilute sulphuric acid is used as an electrolyte1 the deposit is spongy at first1 and afterwards1 when the acid has been partly neutralized1 crystalline4 ,after #f hours the clippings are taken out and the iron completely dissolved in dilute sulphuric acid2 the residue of tin is then combined with the tin obtained by the electrolysis4 ,green vitriol is therefore a by-product in this process4 ,gutensohn's process has two objects3 ,to obtain tin and to render the iron fit for use4 ,the tin is obtained by treating the tinned plate repeatedly with hydrochloric acid4 ,the tin is then removed from the solution by means of the electric current4 ,the tinned plate as the positive pole is placed in a tank made of some insulating material impervious to the action of acids1 such as slate4 ,a copper plate forms the cathode4 ,the bichloride of tin solution1 freed from acid1 is put round the carbon cylinder in the ,bunsen element4 ,another innovation in this process is that the tank with the tinned-plate clippings is itself turned into an electric battery with the aid of the tin4 ,a still better source of electricity is1 however1 obtained during the treatment of the untinned iron which will be described presently4 ,the final elimination of the tin takes place in the clay cup of the ,bunsen elements4 ,besides the chloride of tin solution 7free from acid71 another tin solution1 preferably chromate of tin1 nitrate of tin1 or sulphate of tin1 according to the strength of the current desired1 may be used4 ,to render the iron of the tinned plate serviceable the acid is drawn off as long as the iron is covered with a thin layer of an alloy of iron and tin4 ,the latter makes the iron unfit for use in rolling mills or for the precipitation of copper4 ,fresh hydrochloric acid or sulphuric acid is therefore poured over the plate to remove the alloy1 after the treatment with the bichloride of tin solution4 ,this acid is also systematically used in different vats to the point of approximate saturation4 ,this solution forms the most suitable source of electricity1 a zinc-iron element being formed by means of a clay cell and a zinc cylinder4 ,the electrical force developed serves to accelerate the solution in the next tank1 which contains tinned plate1 either fresh or treated with hydrochloric acid4 ,ferrous oxide1 or spongy metallic iron if the current is very strong1 is liberated in the iron battery4 ,both substances are easily oxidized1 and form red oxide of iron when heated4 ,the remaining solution can be crystallized by evaporation1 so that ferrous sulphate 7green vitriol7 or ferric chloride can be obtained1 or it can be treated to form red oxide of iron4 ,tin in ,powder ,form4--,to obtain tin in powder form the metal is first melted2 next pour it into a box whose sides1 etc41 are coated with powdered chalk4 ,agitate the box vigorously and without discontinuing1 until the metal is entirely cold4 ,now pass this powder through a sieve and keep in a closed flask4 ,this tin powder is eligible for various uses and makes a handsome effect1 especially in bronzing4 ,it can be browned4 ,,tinfoil3 ,see also ,metal ,foil4 ,by pouring tin from a funnel with a very long and narrow mouth upon a linen surface1 the latter being tightly stretched1 covered with a mixture of chalk and white of egg1 and placed in a sloping position1 very thin sheets can be produced1 and capable of being easily transformed into thin foil4 ,pure tin should never be used in the preparation of foil intended for packing tobacco1 chocolate1 etc41 but an alloy containing #e to #dj per cent of lead4 ,lead has also been recently plated on both sides with tin by the following method3 ,a lead sheet from #j4fd to 4#hj inches thick is poured on a casting table as long as it is hot1 a layer of tin from #j4af to #j4bj inches in thickness added1 the sheet then turned over and coated on the other side with tin in the same manner4 ,the sheet is then stretched between rollers4 ,very thin sheet tin can also be made in the same way as sheet lead1 by cutting up a tin cylinder into spiral sections4 ,colored tinfoil is prepared by making the foil thoroughly bright by rubbing with purified chalk #gjh and cotton1 then adding a coat of gelatin1 colored as required1 and covering the whole finally with a transparent spirit varnish4 ,in place of this somewhat troublesome process1 the following much simpler method has lately been introduced3 ,aniline dyes dissolved in alcohol are applied on the purified foil1 and the coat1 when dry1 covered with a very thin layer of a colorless varnish4 ,this is done by pouring the varnish on the surface and then inclining the latter so that the varnish may reach every part and flow off4 ,,tin1 ,,silver-,,plating3 ,see ,plating4 ,,tin ,,varnishes3 ,see ,varnishes4 ,,tinning3 ,see ,plating4 ,,tire3 ,anti-,leak ,rubber ,tire4--,pneumatic tires can be made quite safe from punctures by using a liberal amount of the following cheap mixture3 ,one pound of sheet glue dissolved in hot water in the usual manner1 and #c pints of molasses4 ,this mixture injected into the tire through the valve stem1 semi-hardens into an elastic jelly1 being1 in fact1 about the same as the well-known ink roller composition used for the rollers of printing presses4 ,this treatment will usually be found to effectually stop leaks in punctured or porous tires4 ,,tire ,,cements3 ,see ,adhesives1 under ,rubber ,cements4 ,,tissier',s ,,metal3 ,see ,alloys4 ,,titanium ,,steel3 ,see ,steel4 ,,toddy1 ,,hot ,,soda3 ,see ,beverages4 ,,toilet ,,creams1 ,,milks1 ,,powders1 ,,etc43 ,see ,cosmetics4 ,,tolidol ,,developer3 ,see ,photography4 ,,tomato ,,bouillon ,,extract3 ,see ,condiments4 ,,tomback3 ,see ,jewelers' ,formulas4 ,,toning ,,baths3 ,see ,photography4 ,,tonka ,,extract3 ,see ,essences and ,extracts4 ,,tonka1 ,,its ,,detection ,,in ,,vanilla ,,extracts3 ,see ,vanilla4 ,,tool ,,setting4 ,the term 8setting0 7grinding7 is applied to the operation of giving an edge to the tools designed for cutting1 scraping1 or sawing4 ,cutting tools are rubbed either on flat sandstones or on rapidly turned grindstones4 ,the wear on the faces of the tools diminishes their thickness and renders the cutting angle sharper4 ,good edges cannot be obtained except with the aid of the grindstone2 it is therefore important to select this instrument with care4 ,it should be soft1 rather than hard1 of fine1 smooth grain1 perfectly free from seams or flaws4 ,the last condition is essential1 for it often happens that1 under the influence of the revolving motion1 a defective stone suddenly yields to the centrifugal force1 bursts and scatters its pieces with such violence as to wound the operator4 ,this accident may also happen with perfectly formed stones4 ,on this account artificial stones have been substituted1 more homogeneous and coherent than the natural ones4 ,whatever may be the stone selected1 it ought to be kept constantly moist during the operation4 ,if not1 the tools will soon get heated and their temper will be impaired4 ,when a tool has for a certain time undergone the erosive action of the stone1 the cutting angle becomes too acute1 too thin1 and bends over on itself1 constituting what is called 8the feather edge40 ,this condition renders a new setting necessary1 which is usually effected by bending back the feather edge1 if it is long1 and whetting the blade on a stone called a 8setter40 ,there are several varieties of stones used for this purpose1 though they are mostly composed of calcareous or argilaceous matter1 mixed with a certain proportion of silica4 ,the scythestone1 of very fine grain1 serves for grinding off the feather edge of scythes1 knives1 and other large tools4 ,the ,lorraine stone1 of chocolate color and fine grain1 is employed with oil for carpenters' tools4 ,american carborundum is very erosive4 ,it is used with water and with oil to obtain a fine edge4 ,the lancet stone is not inferior to any of the preceding4 ,as its name indicates1 it is used for sharpening surgical instruments1 and only with oil4 ,the ,levant stone 7,turkish sandstone7 is the best of all for whetting4 ,it is gray and semitransparent2 when of inferior quality1 it #gji is somewhat spotted with red4 ,it is usually quite soft4 ,to restore stones and efface the inequalities and hollows caused by the friction of the tools1 they are laid flat on a marble or level stone1 spread over with fine1 well-pulverized sandstone1 and rubbed briskly4 ,when tools have a curved edge1 they are subjected to a composition formed of pulverized stone1 molded into a form convenient for the concavity or convexity4 ,tools are also whetted with slabs of walnut or aspen wood coated with emery of different numbers1 which produces an excellent setting4 ,,tool ,,lubricant3 ,see ,lubricant4 ,toothache ,,toothache ,,gums3 ,see also ,pain ,killers4 ,i4--,paraffine #id grains ,burgundy pitch #hjj grains ,oil of cloves #a_/b fluidrachm ,creosote #a_/b fluidrachm ,melt the first two ingredients1 and1 when nearly cool1 add the rest1 stirring well4 ,may be made into small pills or turned out in form of small cones or cylinders4 ,,ii4--,melt white wax or spermaceti1 #b parts1 and when melted add carbolic-acid crystals1 #a part1 and chloral-hydrate crystals1 #b parts2 stir well until dissolved4 ,while still liquid1 immerse thin layers of carbolized absorbent cotton wool and allow them to dry4 ,when required for use a small piece may be snipped off and slightly warmed1 when it can be inserted into the hollow tooth1 where it will solidify4 ,toothache ,remedy4-- ,camphor #d drachms ,chloral hydrate #d drachms ,oil of cloves #b drachms ,oil of cajeput #b drachms ,chloroform #ab drachms ,tincture of capsicum #bd drachms ,,tooth ,,cements3 ,see ,cements4 ,,tooth ,,pastes1 ,,powders1 ,,soaps1 ,,and ,,washes3 ,see ,dentifrices4 ,,tortoise-,,shell ,,polishes3 ,see ,polishes4 ,,tooth ,,straightening3 ,see ,watchmakers' ,formulas4 ,,touchstone1 ,,aquafortis ,,for ,,the3 ,see ,aquafortis4 ,,toy ,,paint3 ,see ,paint4 ,,tracing-,,cloth ,,cleaners3 ,see ,cleaning ,preparations and ,methods4 ,,tragacanth1 ,,mucilage ,,of3 ,see ,adhesives1 under ,mucilages4 ,,transparencies3 ,see also ,photography4 ,a good method of preparing handsome ,london transparencies is as follows3 ,white paper is coated with a liquid whose chief constituent is ,iceland moss strongly boiled down in water to which a slight quantity of previously dissolved gelatin is added4 ,in applying the mass1 which should always be kept in a hot condition1 the paper should be covered uniformly throughout4 ,after it has been dried well it is smoothed on the coated side and used for a proof4 ,the transparent colors to be used must be ground in stronger varnish than the opaque ones4 ,in order to produce a handsome red1 yellow lake and red sienna are used2 the tone of the latter is considerably warmer than that of the yellow lake4 ,where the cost is no consideration1 aurosolin may also be employed4 ,for pale red1 madder lakes should be employed1 but for darker shades1 crimson lakes and scarlet cochineal lakes4 ,the vivid geranium lake gives a magnificent shade1 which1 however1 is not at all fast in sunlight4 ,the most translucent blue will always be ,berlin blue4 ,for purple1 madder purple is the most reliable color1 but possesses little gloss4 ,luminous effects can be obtained with the assistance of aniline colors1 but these are only of little permanence in transparencies4 ,light1 transparent green is hardly available4 ,recourse has to be taken to mixing ,berlin blue with yellow lake1 or red sienna4 ,green chromic oxide may be used if its sober1 cool tone has no disturbing influence4 ,almost all brown coloring bodies give transparent colors1 but the most useful are madder lakes and burnt umber4 ,gray is produced by mixing purple tone colors with suitable brown1 but a gray color hardly ever #gaj occurs in transparent prints4 ,liquid siccative must always be added to the colors1 otherwise the drying will occupy too much time4 ,after the drying1 the prints are varnished on both sides4 ,for this purpose1 a well-covering1 quickly drying1 colorless1 not too thick varnish must be used1 which is elastic enough not to crack nor to break in bending4 ,frequently the varnishing of the placards is done with gelatin4 ,this imparts to the picture an especially handsome1 luminous luster4 ,after an equal quantity of alcohol has been added to a readily flowing solution of gelatin1 kept for use in a zinc vessel1 the gelatin solution is poured on the glass plates destined for the transparencies4 ,after a quarter of an hour1 take the placard1 moisten its back uniformly1 and lay it upon a gelatin film which has meanwhile formed on the glass plate1 where it remains #b to #c days4 ,when it is to be removed from the plate1 the edge of the gelatin film protruding over the edge of the placard is lifted up with a dull knife1 and it is thus drawn off4 ,a fine1 transparent gloss remains on the placard proper4 ,in order to render the covering waterproof and pliable1 it is given a coating of collodion1 which does not detract from the transparence4 ,the glass plates and their frames must be cleaned of adhering gelatin particles before renewed use4 ,,transfer ,,processes3 ,to ,transfer ,designs4--,designs can be transferred on painted surfaces1 cloth1 leather1 velvet1 oil cloth1 and linen sharply and in all the details with little trouble4 ,take the original design1 lay it on a layer of paper1 and trace the lines of design accurately with a packing needle1 the eye of which is held by a piece of wood for a handle4 ,it is necessary to press down well4 ,the design becomes visible on the back by an elevation4 ,when everything has been accurately pressed through1 take1 e4 g41 for dark objects1 whiting 7formed in pieces71 lay the design face downward on the knee and pass mildly with the whiting over the elevations2 on every elevation a chalk line will appear4 ,then dust off the superfluous whiting with the fingers1 lay the whiting side on the cloth to hold it so that it cannot slide1 and pass over it with a soft brush4 ,for light articles take powdered lead pencil1 which is rubbed on with the finger1 or limewood charcoal4 ,for tracing use oil paint on cloth and ,india ink on linen4 ,to ,copy ,engravings4--,to make a facsimile of an engraving expose it in a warm1 closed box to the vapor of iodine1 then place it1 inkside downward1 on a smooth1 dry sheet of clean white paper1 which has been brushed with starch water4 ,after the two prepared surfaces have been in contact for a short time a facsimile of the engraving will be reproduced more or less accurately1 according to the skill of the operator4 ,to ,transfer ,engravings4--,the best way to transfer engraving from one piece to another is to rub transfer wax into the engraved letters4 ,this wax is made of beeswax1 #c parts2 tallow1 #c parts2 ,canada balsam1 #a part2 olive oil1 #a part4 ,if the wax becomes too hard1 add a few drops of olive oil1 and if too soft1 a little more beeswax4 ,care should be taken that the wax does not remain on the surface about the engraving1 otherwise the impression would be blurred4 ,then moisten a piece of paper by drawing it over the tongue and lay it on the engraving4 ,upon this is laid another piece of dry paper1 and securing both with the thumb and forefinger of the left hand1 so they will not be moved1 go over the entire surface with a burnisher made of steel or bone1 with a pointed end4 ,this will press the lower paper into the engraving and cause the wax to adhere to it4 ,then the top paper is removed and the corner of the lower one gently raised4 ,the whole is then carefully peeled off1 and underneath will be found a reversed1 sharp impression of the engraving4 ,the edges of the paper are then cut so it can be fitted in a position on the other articles similar to that on the original one4 ,when this is done lay the paper in the proper position and rub the index finger lightly over it1 which will transfer a clear likeness of the original engraving4 ,if due care is taken two dozen or more transfers can be made from a single impression4 ,,tricks ,,with ,,fire3 ,see ,pyrotechnics4 ,,tubers1 ,,their ,,preservation3 ,see ,roots4 ,,tubs3 ,,to ,,render ,,shrunken ,,tubs ,,water-,,tight3 ,see ,casks4 ,,tungsten ,,steel3 ,see ,steel4 ,,turmeric ,,in ,,food3 ,see ,foods4 ,,turpentine ,,stains3 ,see ,wood4 #gaa ,,turtle 7,,mock7 ,,extract3 ,see ,condiments4 ,,twine3 ,see also ,thread and ,cordage4 ,tough twine may be greatly strengthened by dissolving plenty of alum in water and laying the twine in this solution4 ,after drying1 the twine will have much increased tensile strength4 ,typewriter ,ribbons 7,see also ,inks47 ,the constituents of an ink for typewriter ribbons may be broadly divided into four elements3 #a1 the pigment2 #b1 the vehicle2 #c1 the corrigent2 #d1 the solvent4 ,the elements will differ with the kind of ink desired1 whether permanent or copying4 ,permanent 7,record7 ,ink4--,any finely divided1 non-fading color may be used as the pigment2 vaseline is the best vehicle and wax the best corrigent4 ,in order to make the ribbon last a long time with one inking1 as much pigment as feasible should be used4 ,to make black record ink3 ,take some vaseline1 melt it on a slow fire or water bath1 and incorporate by constant stirring as much lampblack as it will take up without becoming granular4 ,take from the fire and allow it to cool4 ,the ink is now practically finished1 except1 if not entirely suitable on trial1 it may be improved by adding the corrigent wax in small quantity4 ,the ribbon should be charged with a very thin1 evenly divided amount of ink4 ,hence the necessity of a solvent--in this instance a mixture of equal parts of petroleum benzine and rectified spirit of turpentine4 ,in this mixture dissolve a sufficient amount of the solid ink by vigorous agitation to make a thin paint4 ,try the ink on one extremity of the ribbon2 if too soft1 add a little wax to make it harder2 if too pale1 add more coloring matter2 if too hard1 add more vaseline4 ,if carefully applied to the ribbon1 and the excess brushed off1 the result will be satisfactory4 ,on the same principle1 other colors may be made into ink2 but for delicate colors1 albolene and bleached wax should be the vehicle and corrigent1 respectively4 ,the various printing inks may be used if properly corrected4 ,they require the addition of vaseline to make them non-drying on the ribbon1 and of some wax if found too soft4 ,where printing inks are available1 they will be found to give excellent results if thus modified1 as the pigment is well milled and finely divided4 ,even black cosmetic may be made to answer1 by the addition of some lampblack to the solution in the mixture of benzine and turpentine4 ,after thus having explained the principles underlying the manufacture of permanent inks1 we can pass more rapidly over the subject of copying inks1 which is governed by the same general rules4 ,for copying inks1 aniline colors form the pigment2 a mixture of about #c parts of water and #a part of glycerine1 the vehicle2 transparent soap 7about #a_/d part71 the corrigent2 stronger alcohol 7about #f parts71 the solvent4 ,the desired aniline color will easily dissolve in the hot vehicle1 soap will give the ink the necessary body and counteract the hygroscopic tendency of the glycerine1 and in the stronger alcohol the ink will readily dissolve1 so that it can be applied in a finely divided state to the ribbon1 where the evaporation of the alcohol will leave it in a thin film4 ,there is little more to add4 ,after the ink is made and tried--if too soft1 add a little more soap2 if too hard1 a little more glycerine2 if too pale1 a little more pigment4 ,printer's copying ink can be utilized here likewise4 ,users of the typewriter should so set a fresh ribbon as to start at the edge nearest the operator1 allowing it to run back and forth with the same adjustment until exhausted along that strip2 then shift the ribbon forward the width of one letter1 running until exhausted1 and so on4 ,finally1 when the whole ribbon is exhausted1 the color will have been equably used up1 and on reinking1 the work will appear even in color1 while it will look patchy if some of the old ink has been left here and there and fresh ink applied over it4 ,,udder ,,inflammation3 ,see ,veterinary ,formulas4 ,,valves4 ,the manufacturers of valves test each valve under hydraulic pressure before it is sent out from the factory1 yet they frequently leak when erected in the pipe lines4 ,this is due to the misuse of the erector in most cases4 ,the following are the most noteworthy bad practices to be avoided when fitting in valves3 ,i4--,screwing a valve on a pipe very tightly1 without first closing the valve4 ,closing the valve makes the body much #gab more rigid and able to withstand greater strains and also keeps the iron chips from lodging under the seats1 or in the working parts of the valves4 ,this1 of course1 does not apply to check valves4 ,,ii4--,screwing a long mill thread into a valve4 ,the threads on commercial pipes are very long and should never be screwed into a valve4 ,an elbow or tee will stand the length of thread very well1 but a suitable length thread should be cut in every case on the pipe1 when used to screw into a valve4 ,if not1 the end of pipe will shoulder against the seat of valve and so distort it that the valve will leak very badly4 ,,iii4--,the application of a pipe wrench on the opposite end of the valve from the end which is being screwed on the pipe4 ,this should never be done1 as it invariably springs or forces the valve seats from their true original bearing with the disks4 ,,iv4--,never place the body of a valve in the vise to remove the bonnet or centerpiece from a valve1 as it will squeeze together the soft brass body and throw all parts out of alignment4 ,properly to remove the bonnet or centerpiece from a valve1 either screw into each end of the valve a short piece of pipe and place one piece of the pipe in the vise1 using a wrench on the square of bonnet2 or if the vise is properly constructed1 place the square of the bonnet in same and use the short piece of pipe screwed in each end as a lever4 ,when using a wrench on square of bonnet or centerpiece1 use a ,stillson or ,trimo wrench with a piece of tin between the teeth of the jaws and the finished brass4 ,it may mark the brass slightly1 but this is preferable to rounding off all the corners with an old monkey wrench which is worn out and sprung4 ,as the threads on all bonnets or centerpieces are doped with litharge or cement1 a sharp jerk or jar on the wrench will start the bonnet much more quickly than a steady pull4 ,under no circumstances try to replace or remove the bonnet or centerpiece of a valve without first opening it wide4 ,this will prevent the bending of the stem1 forcing the disk down through the seat or stripping the threads on bonnet where it screws into body4 ,if it is impossible to remove bonnet or centerpiece by ordinary methods1 heat the body of the valve just outside the thread4 ,then tap lightly all around the thread with a soft hammer4 ,this method never fails1 as the heat expands the body ring and breaks the joint made by the litharge or cement4 ,v4--,the application of a large monkey wrench to the stuffing box of valve4 ,many valves are returned with the stuffing boxes split1 or the threads in same stripped4 ,this is due to the fact that the fitter or engineer has used a large-sized monkey wrench on this small part4 ,,vi4--,the screwing into a valve of a long length of unsupported pipe4 ,for example1 if the fitter is doing some repair work and starts out with a run of #b-;inch horizontal pipe from a #b-;inch valve connected to main steam header1 the pipe being about #ah feet long1 after he has screwed the pipe tightly into the valve1 he leaves the helper to support the pipe at the other end1 while he gets the hanger ready4 ,the helper in the meantime has become tired and drops his shoulder on which the pipe rests about #c inches and in consequence the full weight of this #ah-;foot length of pipe bears on the valve4 ,the valve is badly sprung and when the engineer raises steam the next morning the valve leaks4 ,when a valve is placed in the center of a long run of pipe1 the pipe on each side1 and close to the valve1 should be well supported4 ,,vii4--,the use of pipe cement in valves4 ,when it is necessary to use pipe cement in joints1 this mixture should always be placed on the pipe thread which screws into the valve1 and never in the valve itself4 ,if the cement is placed in the valve1 as the pipe is screwed into the valve it forces the cement between the seats and disks1 where it will soon harden and thus prevent the valve from seating properly4 ,,viii4--,thread chips and scale in pipe4 ,before a pipe is screwed into a valve it should be stood in a vertical position and struck sharply with a hammer4 ,this will release the chips from the thread cutting1 and loosen the scale inside of pipe4 ,when a pipe line containing valves is connected up1 the valves should all be opened wide and the pipe well blown out before they are again closed4 ,this will remove foreign substances which are liable to cut and scratch the seats and disks4 ,,ix4--,expansion and contraction4 ,ample allowance must be provided for expansion and contraction in all steam lines1 especially when brass valves are included4 ,the pipe and fittings are much more rigid and stiff than the brass valves and in consequence the expansion strains will relieve themselves at the weakest point1 unless otherwise provided for4 #gac ,x4--,the use of wrenches or bars on valve wheels to close the valves tightly4 ,this should never be done1 as it springs the entire valve and throws all parts out of alignment1 thus making the valve leak4 ,the manufacturer furnishes a wheel sufficiently large properly to close against any pressure for which it is suitable4 ,if the valves cannot be closed tightly by this means1 there is something between the disks and seats or they have been cut or scratched by foreign substances4 ,vanilla 7,see also ,essences and ,extracts47 ,the best ,mexican vanilla yields only in the neighborhood of #a4g per cent of vanillin2 that from ,reunion and ,guadeloupe about #b4e per cent2 and that from ,java #b4ge per cent4 ,there seems to be but little connection between the quantity of vanillin contained in vanilla pods and their quality as a flavor producer4 ,mexican beans are esteemed the best and yet they contain far less than the ,java4 ,those from ,brazil and ,peru contain much less than those from ,mexico1 and yet they are considered inferior in quality to most others4 ,the vanillin of the market is chiefly1 if not entirely1 artificial and is made from the coniferin of such pines and firs as abies excelsa1 a4 pectinata1 pinus cembra1 and p4 strobus1 as well as from the eugenol of cloves and allspice4 ,vanillin also exists in asparagus1 lupine seeds1 the seeds of the common wild rose1 asafetida1 and gum benzoin4 ,a good formula for a vanilla extract is the following3 ,vanilla #a ounce ,tonka #b ounces ,alcohol1 deodorized #cb fluidounces ,syrup #h fluidounces ,cut and bruise the vanilla1 afterwards adding and bruising the ,tonka2 macerate for #ad days in #af fluidounces of the alcohol1 with occasional agitation2 pour off the clear liquid and set aside2 pour the remaining alcohol on the magma1 and heat by means of a water bath to about #afh ,f41 in a closely covered vessel4 ,keep it at that temperature for #b or #c hours1 then strain through flannel with slight pressure2 mix the two portions of liquid and filter through felt4 ,lastly1 add the syrup4 ,to render this tincture perfectly clear it may be treated with pulverized magnesium carbonate1 using from #a_/b to #a drachm to each pint4 ,to ,detect ,artificial ,vanillin in ,vanilla ,extracts 7see also ,foods74-,there is no well-defined test for vanillin1 but one can get at it in a negative way4 ,the artificial vanillin contains vanillin identical with the vanillin contained in the vanilla bean2 but the vanilla bean1 as the vanilla extract1 contains among its many 8extractive matters0 which enter into the food and fragrant value of vanilla extract1 certain rosins which can be identified with certainty in analysis by a number of determining reactions4 ,extract made without true vanilla can be detected by negative results in all these reactions4 ,vanilla beans contain #d to #aa per cent of this rosin4 ,it is of a dark red to brown color and furnishes about one-half the color of the extract of vanilla4 ,this rosin is soluble in #ej per cent alcohol1 so that in extracts of high grade1 where sufficient alcohol is used1 all rosin is kept in solution4 ,in cheap extracts1 where as little as #bj per cent of alcohol by volume is sometimes used1 an alkali--usually potassium bicarbonate--is added to aid in getting rosin1 gums1 etc41 in solution1 and to prevent subsequent turpidity4 ,this treatment deepens the color very materially4 ,place some of the extract to be examined in a glass evaporating dish and evaporate the alcohol on the water bath4 ,when alcohol is removed1 make up about the original volume with hot water4 ,if alkali has not been used in the manufacture of the extract1 the rosin will appear as a flocculent red to brown residue4 ,acidify with acetic acid to free rosin from bases1 separating the whole of the rosin and leaving a partly decolorized1 clear supernatant liquid after standing a short time4 ,collect the rosin on a filter1 wash with water1 and reserve the filtrate for further tests4 ,place a portion of the filter with the attached rosin in a few cubic centimeters of dilute caustic potash4 ,the rosin is dissolved to a deep-red solution4 ,acidify4 ,the rosin is thereby precipitated4 ,dissolve a portion of the rosin in alcohol2 to one fraction add a few drops of ferric chloride2 no striking coloration is produced4 ,to another portion add hydrochloric acid2 again there is little change in color4 ,in alcoholic solution most rosins give color reactions with ferric chloride or hydrochloric acid4 ,to a portion of the filtrate obtained above add a few drops of basic lead acetate4 ,the precipitate is so bulky as to almost #gad solidify1 due to the excessive amount of organic acids1 gums1 and other extractive matter4 ,the filtrate from this precipitate is nearly1 but not quite1 colorless4 ,test another portion of the filtrate from the rosin for tannin with a solution of gelatin4 ,tannin is present in varying but small quantities4 ,it should not be present in great excess4 ,to ,detect ,tonka in ,vanilla ,extract4--,the following test depends on the chemical difference between coumarin and vanillin1 the odorous principles of the two beans4 ,coumarin is the anhydride of coumaric acid1 and on fusion with a caustic alkali yields acetic and salicylic acids1 while vanillin is methyl protocatechin aldehyde1 and when treated similarly yields protocatechuic acid4 ,the test is performed by evaporating a small quantity of the extract to dryness1 and melting the residue with caustic potash4 ,transfer the fused mass to a test tube1 neutralize with hydrochloric acid1 and add a few drops of ferric chloride solution4 ,if ,tonka be present in the extract1 the beautiful violet coloration characteristic of salicylic acid will at once become evident4 ,vanilla ,substitute4--,a substitute for vanilla extract is made from synthetic vanillin4 ,the vanillin is simply dissolved in diluted alcohol and the solution colored with a little caramel and sweetened perhaps with syrup4 ,the following is a typical formula3 ,vanillin #a ounce ,alcohol #f quarts ,water #e quarts ,syrup #a quart ,caramel sufficient to color4 ,an extract so made does not wholly represent the flavor of the bean2 while vanillin is the chief flavoring constituent of the bean1 there are present other substances which contribute to the flavor2 and connoisseurs prefer this combination1 the remaining members of which have not yet been made artificially4 ,,vanillin3 ,see ,vanilla4 ,varnishes 7,see also ,enamels1 ,glazes1 ,oils1 ,paints1 ,rust ,preventives1 ,stains1 and ,waterproofing47 ,varnish is a solution of resinous matter forming a clear1 limpid fluid capable of hardening without losing its transparency4 ,it is used to give a shining1 transparent1 hard1 and preservative covering to the finished surface of woodwork1 capable of resisting in a greater or less degree the influence of the air and moisture4 ,this coating1 when applied to metal or mineral surfaces1 takes the name of lacquer1 and must be prepared from rosins at once more adhesive and tenacious than those entering into varnish4 ,the rosins1 commonly called gums1 suitable for varnish are of two kinds--the hard and the soft4 ,the hard varieties are copal1 amber1 and the lac rosins4 ,the dry soft rosins are juniper gum 7commonly called sandarac71 mastic1 and dammar4 ,the elastic soft rosins are benzoin1 elemi1 anime1 and turpentine4 ,the science of preparing varnish consists in combining these classes of rosins in a suitable solvent1 so that each conveys its good qualities and counteracts the bad ones of the others1 and in giving the desired color to this solution without affecting the suspension of the rosins1 or detracting from the drying and hardening properties of the varnish4 ,in spirit varnish 7that made with alcohol7 the hard and the elastic gums must be mixed to insure tenderness and solidity1 as the alcohol evaporates at once after applying1 leaving the varnish wholly dependent on the gums for the tenacious and adhesive properties2 and if the soft rosins predominate1 the varnish will remain1 8tacky0 for a long time4 ,spirit varnish1 however good and convenient to work with1 must always be inferior to oil varnish1 as the latter is at the same time more tender and more solid1 for the oil in oxidizing and evaporating thickens and forms rosin which continues its softening and binding presence1 whereas in a spirit varnish the alcohol is promptly dissipated1 and leaves the gums on the surface of the work in a more or less granular and brittle precipitate which chips readily and peels off4 ,varnish must be tender and in a manner soft4 ,it must yield to the movements of the wood in expanding or contracting with the heat or cold1 and must not inclose the wood like a sheet of glass4 ,this is why oil varnish is superior to spirit varnish4 ,to obtain this suppleness the gums must be dissolved in some liquid not highly volatile like spirit1 but one which mixes with them in substance permanently to counteract their extreme friability4 ,such solvents are the oils of lavender1 spike1 rosemary1 and turpentine1 combined with linseed oil4 ,the vehicle in which the rosins are dissolved must be soft and remain so in order to #gae keep the rosins soft which are of themselves naturally hard4 ,any varnish from which the solvent has completely dried out must of necessity become hard and glassy and chip off4 ,but1 on the other hand1 if the varnish remains too soft and 8tacky10 it will 8cake0 in time and destroy the effect desired4 ,aside from this1 close observers if not chemists will agree that for this work it is much more desirable to dissolve these rosins in a liquid closely related to them in chemical composition1 rather than in a liquid of no chemical relation and which no doubt changes certain properties of the rosins1 and cuts them into solution more sharply than does turpentine or linseed oil4 ,it is a well-known fact that each time glue is liquefied it loses some of its adhesive properties4 ,on this same principle it is not desirable to dissolve varnish rosins in a liquid very unlike them1 nor in one in which they are quickly and highly soluble4 ,modern effort has been bent on inventing a cheap varnish1 easily prepared1 that will take the place of oil varnish1 and the market is flooded with benzine1 carbon bisulphide1 and various ether products which are next to worthless where wearing and durable properties are desired4 ,alcohol will hold in solution only about one-third of its weight in rosins4 ,turpentine must be added always last to spirit varnish4 ,turpentine in its clear recently distilled state will not mix with alcohol1 but must first be oxidized by exposing it to the air in an uncorked bottle until a small quantity taken therefrom mixes perfectly with alcohol4 ,this usually takes from a month to six weeks4 ,mastic must be added last of all to the ingredients of spirit varnish1 as it is not wholly soluble in alcohol but entirely so in a solution of rosins in alcohol4 ,spirit varnishes that prove too hard and brittle may be improved by the addition of either of the oils of turpentine1 castor seed1 lavender1 rosemary1 or spike1 in the proportion required to bring the varnish to the proper temper4 ,coloring 8,spirit0 ,varnishes4--,in modern works the following coloring substances are used1 separately and in blends3 ,saffron 7brilliant golden yellow71 dragon's blood 7deep reddish brown71 gamboge 7bright yellow71 ,socotrine or ,bombay aloes 7liver brown71 asphalt1 ivory1 and bone black 7black71 sandalwood1 pterocarpus santalinus1 the heartwood 7dark red71 ,indian sandalwood1 pterocarpus indica1 the heartwood 7orange red71 brazil wood 7dark yellow71 myrrh 7yellowish to reddish brown2 darkens on exposure71 madder 7reddish brown71 logwood 7brown71 red scammony rosin 7light red71 turmeric 7orange yellow71 and many others according to the various shades desired4 ,manufacturing ,hints4--,glass1 coarsely powdered1 is often added to varnish when mixed in large quantities for the purpose of cutting the rosins and preventing them from adhering to the bottom and sides of the container4 ,when possible1 varnish should always be compounded without the use of heat1 as this carbonizes and otherwise changes the constituents1 and1 besides1 danger always ensues from the highly inflammable nature of the material employed4 ,however1 when heat is necessary1 a water bath should always be used2 the varnish should never fill the vessel over a half to three-fourths of its capacity4 ,the ,gums ,used in ,making ,varnish4--,juniper gum or true sandarac comes in long1 yellowish1 dusty tears1 and requires a high temperature for its manipulation in oil4 ,the oil must be so hot as to scorch a feather dipped into it1 before this gum is added2 otherwise the gum is burned4 ,because of this1 juniper gum is usually displaced in oil varnish by gum dammar4 ,both of these gums1 by their dryness1 counteract the elasticity of oil as well as of other gums4 ,the usual sandarac of commerce is a brittle1 yellow1 transparent rosin from ,africa1 more soluble in turpentine than in alcohol4 ,its excess renders varnish hard and brittle4 ,commercial sandarac is also often a mixture of the ,african rosin with dammar or hard ,indian copal1 the place of the ,african rosin being sometimes taken by true juniper gum4 ,this mixture is the pounce of the shops1 and is almost insoluble in alcohol or turpentine4 ,dammar also largely takes the place of tender copal1 gum anime1 white amber1 white incense1 and white rosin4 ,the latter three names are also often applied to a mixture of oil and ,grecian wax1 sometimes used in varnish4 ,when gum dammar is used as the main rosin in a varnish1 it should be first fused and brought to a boiling point1 but not thawed4 ,this eliminates the property that renders dammar varnish soft and 8tacky0 if not treated as above4 ,venetian turpentine has a tendency to render varnish 8tacky0 and must be skillfully counteracted if this effect is to be avoided4 ,benzoin in varnish exposed to any degree of dampness has a #gaf tendency to swell1 and must in such cases be avoided4 ,elemi1 a fragrant rosin from ,egypt1 in time grows hard and brittle1 and is not so soluble in alcohol as anime1 which is highly esteemed for its more tender qualities4 ,copal is a name given rather indiscriminately to various gums and rosins4 ,the ,east ,indian or ,african is the tender copal1 and is softer and more transparent than the other varieties2 when pure it is freely soluble in oil of turpentine or rosemary4 ,hard copal comes in its best form from ,mexico1 and is not readily soluble in oil unless first fused4 ,the brilliant1 deep-red color of old varnish is said to be based on dragon's blood1 but not the kind that comes in sticks1 cones1 etc4 7which is always adulterated71 but the clear1 pure tear1 deeper in color than a carbuncle1 and as crystal as a ruby4 ,this is seldom seen in the market1 as is also the tear of gamboge1 which1 mixed with the tear of dragon's blood1 is said to be the basis of the brilliant orange and gold varnish of the ancients4 ,of all applications used to adorn and protect the surface of objects1 oil varnishes or lacquers containing hard rosins are the best1 as they furnish a hard1 glossy coating which does not crack and is very durable even when exposed to wind and rain4 ,to obtain a varnish of these desirable qualities the best old linseed oil1 or varnish made from it1 must be combined with the residue left by the dry distillation of amber or very hard copal4 ,this distillation removes a quantity of volatile oil amounting to one-fourth or one-fifth of the original weight4 ,the residue is pulverized and dissolved in hot linseed-oil varnish1 forming a thick1 viscous1 yellow-brown liquid1 which1 as a rule1 must be thinned with oil of turpentine before being applied4 ,hard rosin oil varnish of this sort may conveniently be mixed with the solution of asphalt in the oil of turpentine with the aid of the simple apparatus described below1 as the stiffness of the two liquids makes hand stirring slow and laborious4 ,a cask is mounted on an axle which projects through both heads1 but is inclined to the axis of the cask1 so that when the ends of the axle are set in bearings and the cask is revolved1 each end of the cask will rise and fall alternately1 and any liquid which only partly fills the cask will be thoroughly mixed and churned in a short time4 ,the cask is two-thirds filled with the two thick varnishes 7hard rosin in linseed oil and asphalt in the oil of turpentine7 in the desired proportion1 and after these have been intimately mixed by turning the cask1 a sufficient quantity of rectified oil of turpentine to give proper consistence is added and the rotation is continued until the mixture is perfectly uniform4 ,to obtain the best and most durable result with this mixed oil1 rosin1 and asphalt varnish it is advisable to dilute it freely with oil of turpentine and to apply #b or #c coats1 allowing each coat to dry before the next is put on4 ,in this way a deep black and very glossy surface is obtained which cannot be distinguished from genuine ,japanese lacquer4 ,many formulas for making these mixed asphalt varnishes contain rosin--usually ,american rosin4 ,the result is the production of a cheaper but inferior varnish4 ,the addition of such soft rosins as elemi and copaiba1 however1 is made for another reason1 and it improves the quality of the varnish for certain purposes4 ,though these rosins soften the lacquer1 they also make it more elastic1 and therefore more suitable for coating leather and textile fabrics1 as it does not crack in consequence of repeated bending1 rolling1 and folding4 ,in coloring spirit varnish the alcohol should always be colored first to the desired shade before mixing with the rosin1 except where ivory or bone black is used4 ,if the color is taken from a gum1 due allowance for the same must be made in the rosins of the varnish4 ,for instance1 in a varnish based on mastic1 #aj parts1 and tender copal1 #e parts1 in #ajj parts1 if this is to be colored with1 say1 #h parts of dragon's blood 7or any other color gum71 the rosins must be reduced to mastic1 #h parts1 and tender copal1 #d parts4 ,eight parts of color gum are here equivalent to #c parts of varnish rosin4 ,this holds true with gamboge1 aloes1 myrrh1 and the other gum rosins used for their color4 ,this seeming disproportion is due to the inert matter and gum insoluble in alcohol1 always present in these gum rosins4 ,shellac ,varnish4--,this is made in the general proportion of #c pounds of shellac to a gallon of alcohol1 the color1 temper1 etc41 to be determined by the requirements of the purchaser1 and the nature of the wood to which the varnish is to be applied4 ,shellac varnish is usually tempered with sandarac1 elemi1 dammar1 and the oil of linseed1 turpentine1 spike1 or rosemary4 ,various impurities held in suspension in shellac varnish may be entirely precipitated by the gradual addition of some #gag crystals of oxalic acid1 stirring the varnish to aid their solution1 and then setting it aside overnight to permit the impurities to settle4 ,no more acid should be used than is really necessary4 ,rules for ,varnishing4--#a4 ,avoid as far as possible all manipulations with the varnishes2 do not dilute them with oil of turpentine1 and least of all with siccative1 to expedite the drying4 ,if the varnish has become too thick in consequence of faulty storing1 it should be heated and receive an addition of hot1 well-boiled linseed-oil varnish and oil of turpentine4 ,linseed-oil varnish or oil of turpentine added to the varnish at a common temperature renders it streaky 7flacculent7 and dim and has an unfavorable influence on the drying2 oil of turpentine takes away the gloss of varnish4 #b4 ,varnishing must be done only on smooth1 clean surfaces1 if a fine1 mirror-like gloss is desired4 #c4 ,varnish must be poured only into clean vessels1 and from these never back into the stationary vessels1 if it has been in contact with the brush4 ,use only dry brushes for varnishing1 which are not moist with oil of turpentine or linseed oil or varnish4 #d4 ,apply varnishes of all kinds as uniformly as possible2 spread them out evenly on the surfaces so that they form neither too thick nor too thin a layer4 ,if the varnish is put on too thin the coating shows no gloss2 if applied too thick it does not get even and does not form a smooth surface1 but a wavy one4 #e4 ,like all oil-paint coatings1 every coat of varnish must be perfectly dry before a new one is put on2 otherwise it is likely that the whole work will show cracks4 ,the consumer of varnish is only too apt to blame the varnish for all defects which appear in his work or develop after some time1 although this can only be proven in rare cases4 ,as a rule1 the ground was not prepared right and the different layers of paint were not sufficiently dry1 if the surfaces crack after a comparatively short time and have the appearance of maps4 ,the cracking of paint must not be confounded with the cracking of the varnish1 for the cracking of the paint will cause the varnish to crack prematurely4 ,the varnish has to stand more than the paint2 it protects the latter1 and as it is transparent1 the defects of the paint are visible through the varnish1 which frequently causes one to form the erroneous conclusion that the varnish has cracked4 #f4 ,all varnish coatings must dry slowly1 and during the drying must be absolutely protected from dust1 flies1 etc41 until they have reached that stage when we can pass the back of the hand or a finger over them without sticking to it4 ,the production of faultless varnishing in most cases depends on the accuracy of the varnisher1 on the treatment of his brush1 his varnish pot1 and all the other accessories4 ,a brush which still holds the split points of the bristles never varnishes clear2 they are rubbed off easily and spoil the varnished work4 ,a brush which has never been used does not produce clean work2 it should be tried several times1 and when it is found that the varnishing accomplished by its use is neat and satisfactory it should be kept very carefully4 ,the preservation of the brush is thus accomplished3 ,first of all do not place it in oil or varnish1 for this would form a skin1 parts of which would adhere to it1 rendering the varnished surface unclean and grainy2 besides these skins there are other particles which accumulate in the corners and cannot be removed by dusting off2 these will also injure the work4 ,in order to preserve the brush properly1 insert it in a glass of suitable size through a cork in the middle of which a hole has been bored exactly fitting the handle4 ,into the glass pour a mixture of equal parts of alcohol and oil of turpentine1 and allow only the point of the brush to touch the mixture1 if at all4 ,if the cork is air-tight the brush cannot dry in the vapor of oil of turpentine and spirit4 ,from time to time the liquids in the glass should be replenished4 ,if the varnish remains in the varnish receptacle1 a little alcohol may be poured on1 which can do the varnish no harm4 ,at all events the varnish will be prevented from drying on the walls of the vessel and from becoming covered by a skin which is produced by the linseed oil1 and which indicates that the varnish is both fat and permanent4 ,no skin forms on a meager varnish1 even when it drys thick4 ,after complete drying of the coat of varnish it sometimes happens that the varnish becomes white1 blue1 dim1 or blind4 ,if varnish turns white on exposure to the air the quality is at fault4 ,the varnish is either not fat enough or it contains a rosin unsuitable for exterior work 7copal74 ,the whitening occurs a few days after the drying of the varnish and can be removed only by rubbing off the varnish4 ,preventing ,varnish from ,crawling4--,rub down the surface to be varnished #gah with sharp vinegar4 ,coating with strongly diluted ox gall is also of advantage4 ,amber ,varnish4--,this varnish is capable of giving a very superior polish or surface1 and is especially valuable for coach and other high-class work4 ,the amber is first bleached by placing a quantity--say about #g pounds--of yellow amber in a suitable receptacle1 such as an earthenware crucible1 of sufficient strength1 adding #ad pounds of sal gemm 7rock or fossil salt71 and then pouring in as much spring water as will dissolve the sal gemm4 ,when the latter is dissolved more water is added1 and the crucible is placed over a fire until the color of the amber is changed to a perfect white4 ,the bleached amber is then placed in an iron pot and heated over a common fire until it is completely dissolved1 after which the melting pot is removed from the fire1 and when sufficiently cool the amber is taken from the pot and immersed in spring water to eliminate the sal gemm1 after which the amber is put back into the pot and is again heated over the fire till the amber is dissolved4 ,when the operation is finished the amber is removed from the pot and spread out upon a clean marble slab to dry until all the water has evaporated1 and is afterwards exposed to a gentle heat to entirely deprive it of humidity4 ,asphalt ,varnishes4--,natural asphalt is not entirely soluble in any liquid4 ,alcohol dissolves only a small percentage of it1 ether a much larger proportion4 ,the best solvents are benzol1 benzine1 rectified petroleum1 the essential oils1 and chloroform1 which leave only a small residue undissolved4 ,the employment of ether as a solvent is impracticable because of its low boiling point1 #ig ,f41 and great volatility4 ,the varnish would dry almost under the brush4 ,chloroform is not open to this objection1 but it is too expensive for ordinary use4 ,rectified petroleum is a good solvent of asphalt1 but it is not a desirable ingredient of varnish because1 though the greater part of it soon evaporates1 a small quantity of less volatile substances1 which is usually present in even the most thoroughly rectified petroleum1 causes the varnish to remain 8tacky0 for a considerable time and to retain a disagreeable odor much longer4 ,common coal-tar benzine is also a good solvent and has the merit of cheapness1 but its great volatility makes the varnish dry too quickly for convenient use1 especially in summer4 ,the best solvent1 probably1 is oil of turpentine1 which dissolves asphalt almost completely1 producing a varnish which dries quickly and forms a perfect coating if the turpentine has been well rectified4 ,the turpentine should be a 8water white10 or entirely colorless1 liquid of strong optical refractive power and agreeable odor1 without a trace of smokiness4 ,a layer #a_/e of an inch in depth should evaporate in a short time so completely as to leave no stain on a glass dish4 ,but even solutions of the best ,syrian asphalt in the purest oil of turpentine1 if they are allowed to stand undisturbed for a long time in large vessels1 deposit a thick1 semi-fluid precipitate which a large addition of oil of turpentine fails to convert into a uniform thin liquid4 ,it may be assumed that this deposit consists of an insoluble or nearly insoluble part of the asphalt which1 perhaps1 has been deprived of solubility by the action of light4 ,hence1 in order to obtain a uniform solution1 this thick part must be removed4 ,this can be done1 though imperfectly1 by carefully decanting the solution after it has stood for a long time in large vessels4 ,this tedious and troublesome process may be avoided by filtering the solution as it is made1 by the following simple and quite satisfactory method3 ,the solution is made in a large cask1 lying on its side1 with a round hole about #h inches in diameter in its upper bilge4 ,this opening is provided with a well-fitting cover1 to the bottom of which a hook is attached4 ,the asphalt is placed in a bag of closely woven canvas1 which is inclosed in a second bag of the same material4 ,the diameter of the double bag1 when filled1 should be such as to allow it to pass easily through the opening in the cask1 and its length such that1 when it is hung on the hook1 its lower end is about #h inches above the bottom of the cask4 ,the cask is then filled with rectified oil of turpentine1 closed1 and left undisturbed for several days4 ,the oil of turpentine penetrates into the bag and dissolves the asphalt1 and the solution1 which is heavier than pure oil of turpentine1 exudes through the canvas and sinks to the bottom of the cask4 ,those parts of the asphalt which are quite insoluble1 or merely swell in the oil of turpentine1 cannot pass through the canvas1 and are removed with the bag1 leaving a perfect solution4 ,when all soluble portions have been dissolved1 the bag1 with the cover1 is raised and hung over the opening to drain4 ,if pulverized asphalt has #gai been used the bag is found to contain only a small quantity of semi-fluid residue4 ,this1 thinned with oil of turpentine and applied with a stiff brush and considerable force1 forms a thick1 weather-resisting1 and very durable coating for planks1 etc4 ,the proportion of asphalt to oil of turpentine is so chosen as to produce1 in the cask1 a pretty thick varnish1 which may be thinned to any desired degree by adding more turpentine4 ,for use1 it should be just thick enough to cover bright tin and entirely conceal the metal with a single coat4 ,when dry1 this coat is very thin1 but it adheres very firmly1 and continually increases in hardness1 probably because of the effect of light4 ,this supposition is supported by the difficulty of removing an old coat of asphalt varnish1 which will not dissolve in turpentine even after long immersion1 and usually must be removed by mechanical means4 ,for a perfect1 quick-drying asphalt varnish the purest asphalt must be used1 such as ,syrian1 or the best ,trinidad4 ,trinidad seconds1 though better than some other asphalts1 yield an inferior varnish1 owing to the presence of impurities4 ,of artificial asphalt1 the best for this purpose is the sort known as 8mineral caoutchouc10 which is especially suitable for the manufacture of elastic dressings for leather and other flexible substances4 ,for wood and metal it is less desirable1 as it never becomes as hard as natural asphalt4 ,,formulas3 ,i4--,a solution of #a part of caoutchouc in #af parts of oil of turpentine or kerosene is mixed with a solution of #af parts of copal in #h parts of linseed-oil varnish4 ,to the mixture is added a solution of #b parts of asphalt in #c or #d parts of linseed-oil varnish diluted with #h or #aj parts of oil of turpentine1 and the whole is filtered4 ,this is a fine elastic varnish4 ,,ii4--,coal-tar asphalt1 ,american asphalt1 rosin1 benzine1 each #bj parts2 linseed-oil varnish1 oil of turpentine1 coal-tar oil1 each #aj parts2 binoxide of manganese1 roasted lampblack1 each #b parts4 ,the solid ingredients are melted together and mixed with the linseed-oil varnish1 into which the lampblack has been stirred1 and1 finally1 the other liquids are added4 ,the varnish is strained through tow4 ,bicycle ,varnish4--,this is a spirit varnish1 preferably made by a cold process1 and requires less technical knowledge than the preparation of fatty varnishes4 ,the chief dependence is upon the choice of the raw materials4 ,these raw materials1 copal1 shellac1 etc41 are first broken up small and placed in a barrel adapted for turning upon an axis1 with a hand crank1 or with a belt and pulley from a power shaft4 ,the barrel is of course simply mounted in a frame of wood or iron1 whichever is the most convenient4 ,after the barrel has received its raw material1 it may be started and kept revolving for #bd hours4 ,long interruptions in the turning must be carefully avoided1 particularly in summer1 for the material in the barrel1 when at rest1 will1 at this season1 soon form a large lump1 to dissolve which will consume much time and labor4 ,to prevent the formation of a semi-solid mass1 as well as to facilitate the dissolving of the gum1 it would be well to put some hard1 smooth stones into the barrel with the varnish ingredients4 ,bicycle ,dipping ,varnish 7,baking ,varnish74--,take #ej parts1 by weight1 of ,syrian asphalt2 #ej parts1 by weight1 of copal oil2 #ej parts1 by weight1 of thick varnish oil1 and #aje parts1 by weight1 turpentine oil1 to which add #g parts1 by weight1 of drier4 ,when the asphalt is melted through and through1 add the copal oil and heat it until the water is driven off1 as copal oil is seldom free from water4 ,now take it off the fire and allow it to cool2 add first the siccative1 then the turpentine and linseed oil1 which have been previously thoroughly mixed together4 ,this bicycle varnish does not get completely black until it is baked4 ,black ,varnishes4--,black spirit lacquers are employed in the wood and metal industries4 ,different kinds are produced according to their use4 ,they are called black ,japanese varnishes1 or black brilliant varnishes4 ,black ,japanese ,varnish4--,i4--,sculpture varnish1 #e parts2 red acaroid varnish1 #b parts2 aniline black1 #a_/d part2 ,lyons blue1 4#jjae parts4 ,if a sculpture varnish prepared with heated copal is employed1 a black lacquer of especially good quality is obtained4 ,usually #a per cent of oil of lavender is added4 ,,ii4--,shellac #d parts ,borax #b parts ,glycerine #b parts ,aniline black #e parts ,water #ej parts ,dissolve the borax in the water1 add #gbj the shellac1 and heat until solution is effected2 then add the other ingredients4 ,this is a mat-black varnish4 ,for ,blackboards4--,for blackening these boards mix #a_/b liter 7#a4je pints7 good alcohol1 #gj grams 7#a1jhj grains7 shellac1 #f grams 7#ib grains7 fine lampblack1 #c grams 7#df grains7 fine chalk free from sand4 ,if red lines are to be drawn1 mix the necessary quantity of red lead in alcohol and shellac4 ,bookbinders' ,varnishes4-- ,i ,,ii ,,iii ,,iv ,v ,per ,per ,per ,per ,per ,cent ,cent ,cent ,cent ,cent ,shellac #ad4e #f4e #ac4e #f4c #h4c ,mastic #f4j #b4j -- -- #a4a ,sandarac #f4j #ac4j -- #a4c #a4a ,camphor #a4j -- #j4e #a4e -- ,benzoin -- -- -- -- #ac4g ,alcohol #gb4e #gh4e #hf4j #gi4b #ge4h ,scent with oil of benzoin1 of lavender1 or of rosemary4 ,other authors give the following recipes3 ,,vi ,,vii ,,viii ,,ix ,per ,per ,per ,per ,cent ,cent ,cent ,cent ,blond shellac #aa4e #ac4j #i4j -- ,white shellac #aa4e -- -- -- ,camphor -- #j4g -- -- ,powdered sugar -- #j4g -- -- ,sandarac -- -- #ah4j #f4f ,mastic -- -- -- #ac4j ,venice turpentine -- -- #b4j #f4f ,alcohol #gg4j #he4f #ga4j #gc4h ,all solutions may be prepared in the cold1 but the fact that mastic does not dissolve entirely1 must not be lost sight of4 ,bottle ,varnish4--,bottles may be made to exclude light pretty well by coating them with asphaltum lacquer or varnish4 ,a formula recommended for this purpose is as follows3 ,dissolve asphaltum1 #a part1 in light coal-tar oil1 #b parts1 and add to the solution about #a per cent of castor oil4 ,this lacquer dries somewhat slowly1 but adheres very firmly to the glass4 ,asphaltum lacquer may also be rendered less brittle by the addition of elemi4 ,melt together asphaltum1 #aj parts1 and elemi1 #a part1 and dissolve the cold fused mass in light coal-tar oil1 #ab parts4 ,amber-colored bottles for substances acted upon by the actinic rays of light may be obtained from almost any manufacturer of bottles4 ,can ,varnish4--,dissolve shellac1 #ae parts1 by weight2 ,venice turpentine1 #b parts1 by weight2 and sandarac1 #h parts1 by weight1 in spirit1 #ge parts1 by weight4 ,copal ,varnish4--,very fine copal varnish for those parts of carriages which require the highest polish1 is prepared as follows3 ,i4--,melt #h pounds best copal and mix with #bj pounds very clear matured oil4 ,then boil #d to #e hours at moderate heat until it draws threads2 now mix with #ce pounds oil of turpentine1 strain and keep for use4 ,this varnish dries rather slowly1 therefore varnishers generally mix it one-half with another varnish1 which is prepared by boiling for #d hours1 #bj pounds clear linseed oil and #h pounds very pure1 white anime rosin1 to which is subsequently added #ce pounds oil of turpentine4 ,,ii4--,mix the following two varnishes3 7a7 ,eight pounds copal1 #aj pounds linseed oil1 #a_/b pound dried sugar of lead1 #ce pounds oil of turpentine4 7b7 ,eight pounds good anime rosin1 #aj pounds linseed oil1 #a_/d pound zinc vitriol1 #ce pounds oil of turpentine4 ,each of these two sets is boiled separately into varnish and strained1 and then both are mixed4 ,this varnish dries in #f hours in winter1 and in #d hours in summer4 ,for old articles which are to be re-varnished black1 it is very suitable4 ,elastic ,limpid ,gum ,varnishes4--,i4--,in order to obtain a limpid rubber varnish1 it is essential to have the rubber entirely free from water4 ,this can be obtained by cutting the rubber into thin strips1 or better1 into shreds as fine as possible1 and drying them1 at a temperature of from #ajd to #abb ,f41 for several days or until they are water free1 then proceed as follows3 ,,ii4--,dissolve #a part of the desiccated rubber in #h parts of petroleum ether 7benzine7 and add #b parts of fat copal varnish and stir in4 ,or1 cover #b parts of dried rubber with #a part of ether2 let stand for several days1 or until the rubber has taken up as much of the ether as it will1 then liquefy by standing in a vessel of moderately warm water4 ,while still warm1 stir in #b parts of linseed oil1 cut with #b parts of turpentine oil4 ,,enamel ,,varnishes3 ,antiseptic ,enamel4--,this consists of a solution of spirituous gum lac1 rosin1 and copal1 with addition of salicylic acid1 etc4 ,its purpose is mainly the prevention or removal of mold or fungous formation4 ,the salicylic acid contained in the mass acts as an antiseptic during the painting1 and destroys all fungi present4 #gba ,bath-,tub ,enamel ,unaffected by ,hot ,water4--,i4--,in order to make paint hold on the zinc or tinned copper lining of a bath tub1 a wash must be used to produce a film to which oil paint will adhere4 ,first remove all grease1 etc41 with a solution of soda or ammonia and dry the surface thoroughly2 then apply with a wide1 soft brush equal parts1 by weight1 of chloride of copper1 nitrate of copper1 and sal ammoniac1 dissolved in #fd parts1 by weight1 of water4 ,when dissolved add #a part1 by weight1 of commercial muriatic acid4 ,this solution must be kept in glass or earthenware4 ,it will dry in about #ab hours1 giving a grayish-black coating to which paint will firmly adhere4 ,the priming coat should be white lead thinned with turpentine1 with only just sufficient linseed oil to bind it4 ,after this is thoroughly dry1 apply one or more coats of special bath-tub enamel1 or a gloss paint made by mixing coach colors ground in ,japan with hard-drying varnish of the best quality4 ,most first-class manufacturers have special grades that will stand hot water4 ,,ii4--,the following preparation produces a brilliant surface on metals and is very durable1 resisting the effect of blows without scaling or chipping off1 and being therefore highly suitable for cycles and any other articles exposed to shock3 ,for the manufacture of #dd gallons1 #aa pounds of red copper1 #h4h pounds of yellow copper1 #d4d pounds of hard steel1 and #d4d pounds of soft steel1 all in a comminuted condition1 are well washed in petroleum or mineral spirit1 and are then treated with concentrated sulphuric acid in a lead-lined vessel1 with continued stirring for #b hours4 ,after #ab hours' rest the sulphuric acid is neutralized with ,javel extract1 and the fine powder left in the vessel is passed through a silk sieve to remove any fragments of metal1 then ground along with linseed oil1 ivory black1 and petroleum1 the finely divided mass being afterwards filtered through flannel and incorporated with a mixture of ,bombay gum1 #bb pounds2 ,damascus gum1 #aa pounds2 ,judea bitumen1 #bb pounds2 ,norwegian tar rosin1 #aa pounds2 and #aa pounds of ivory black ground very fine in refined petroleum4 ,when perfectly homogeneous the mass is again filtered1 and is then ready for use4 ,it is laid on with a brush1 and then fixed by exposure to a temperature of between #djj and #hjj ,f4 ,the ivory black may be replaced by other coloring matters1 according to requirements4 ,a ,color ,enamel4--,on the piece to be enameled apply oil varnish or white lead1 and add a powder giving brilliant reflections1 such as diamantine1 brilliantine1 or argentine4 ,dry in a stove4 ,apply a new coat of varnish4 ,apply the powder again1 and finally heat in the oven4 ,afterwards1 apply several layers of varnish2 dry each layer in the oven4 ,apply pumice stone in powder or tripoli1 and finally apply a layer of ,swedish varnish1 drying in the oven4 ,this enamel does not crack4 ,it adheres perfectly1 and is advantageous for the pieces of cycles and other mobiles4 ,cold ,enameling4--,this style of enameling is generally employed for repairing purposes4 ,the various colors are either prepared with copal varnish and a little oil of turpentine1 or else they are melted together with mastic and a trifle of oil of spike4 ,in using the former1 the surface usually settles down on drying1 and ordinarily the latter is preferred1 which is run on the cracked-off spot by warming the article4 ,after the cooling1 file the cold enamel off uniformly1 and restore the gloss by quickly drawing it through the flame4 ,for black cold enamel melt mastic together with lampblack1 which is easily obtained by causing the flame of a wick dipped into linseed oil to touch a piece of tin4 ,white4--,white lead or flake white4 ,red4--,carmine or cinnabar 7vermilion74 ,blue4--,ultramarine or ,prussian blue4 ,green4--,scheele's green or ,schweinfurt green4 ,brown4--,umber4 ,yellow4--,ocher or chrome yellow4 ,the different shades are produced by mixing the colors4 ,enamel for ,vats1 etc4--,two different enamels are usually employed1 viz41 one for the ground and one for the top1 the latter being somewhat harder than the former4 ,ground enamel is prepared by melting in an enameled iron kettle #fbe parts brown shellac1 #abe parts ,french oil of turpentine1 with #hj parts colophony1 and warming in another vessel #d1ejj parts of spirit 7#ij per cent74 ,as soon as the rosins are melted1 remove the pot from the fire and add the spirit in portions of #bej parts at a time1 seeing to it that the spirit added is completely combined with the rosins by stirring before adding any more4 ,when all the spirit is added1 warm the whole again for several minutes on the water bath 7free fire should #gbb be avoided1 on account of danger of fire71 and allow to settle4 ,if a yellow color is desired1 add yellow ocher1 in which case the mixture may also be used as floor varnish4 ,the top enamel 7hard7 consists of #ejj parts shellac1 #abe parts ,french oil of turpentine1 and #c1ejj parts spirit 7#ij per cent74 ,boiling in the water bath until the solution appears clear can only be of advantage4 ,according to the thickness desired1 one may still dilute in the cold with high-strength spirit4 ,tinting may be done1 as desired1 with earth colors1 viz41 coffee brown with umber1 red with ,english red1 yellow with ocher1 silver gray with earthy cerussite1 and some lampblack4 ,before painting1 dry out the vats and putty up the joints with a strip of dough which is prepared from ground enamel and finely sifted charcoal or brown coal ashes1 and apply the enamel after the putty is dry4 ,the varnish dries quickly1 is odorless and tasteless1 and extraordinarily durable4 ,if a little annealed soot black is added to this vat enamel1 a fine iron varnish is obtained which adheres very firmly4 ,leather 7spattering leather on carriages7 can also be nicely varnished with it4 ,finishing ,enamel for ,white ,furniture4--,various methods are practiced in finishing furniture in white enamel1 and while numerous preparations intended for the purpose named are generally purchasable of local dealers in paint supplies1 it is often really difficult1 and frequently impossible1 to obtain a first-class ready-made enamel4 ,to prepare such an article take #a_/b pint of white lead and add to it #a_/d pint of pure turpentine1 #a_/d gill of pale coach ,japan1 and #a_/b gill of white dammar varnish4 ,mix all the ingredients together thoroughly4 ,apply with a camel's-hair brush1 and for large surfaces use a #b-;inch double thick brush4 ,there should be at least three coats for good work1 applied after an interval of #bd hours between coats2 and for strictly high-class work four coats will be necessary4 ,each coat should be put on thin and entirely free from brush marks1 sandpapering being carefully done upon each coat of pigment4 ,work that has been already painted or varnished needs to be cut down with1 say1 ,no4 #a_/b sandpaper1 and then smoothed fine with ,no4 #a_/b paper4 ,then thin white lead to a free working consistency with turpentine1 retaining only a weak binder of oil in the pigment1 and apply two coats of it to the surface4 ,give each coat plenty of time to harden 7#cf hours should suffice71 after which sandpapering with ,no4 #a #a_/b paper had best be done4 ,ordinarily1 upon two coats of white lead1 the enamel finish1 as above detailed1 may be successfully produced4 ,for the fine1 rich enamel finish adapted to rare specimens of furniture and developed in the mansions of the multimillionaires1 a more elaborate and complex process becomes necessary4 ,quick-,drying ,enamel ,colors4--,enamel colors which dry quickly1 but remain elastic so that applied on tin they will stand stamping without cracking off1 can be produced as follows3 ,in a closed stirrer or rolling cask place #ba4e parts1 by weight1 of finely powdered pale ,french rosin1 #bd #a_/b parts1 by weight1 of ,manila copal1 as well as #ce parts1 by weight1 of denaturized spirit 7#ie per cent71 causing the cask or the stirrer to rotate until all the gum has completely dissolved1 which1 according to the temperature of the room in which the stirrer is and the hardness of the gums1 requires #bd to #dh hours4 ,when the gums are entirely dissolved add to the mixture a solution of #ba #a_/b parts1 by weight1 of ,venice oil turpentine in #j4jbe parts1 by weight1 of denaturized spirit of #ie per cent1 allowing the stirrer to run another #b to #c hours4 ,for the purpose of removing any impurities present or any undissolved rosin from the varnish1 it is poured through a hair sieve or through a threefold layer of fine muslin 7organdie7 into suitable tin vessels or zinc-lined barrels for further clarification4 ,after #aj to #ad days the varnish is ready for use4 ,by grinding this varnish with the corresponding dry pigments the desired shades of color may be obtained2 but it is well to remark that chemically pure zinc white cannot be used with advantage because it thickens and loses its covering power4 ,the grinding is best carried out twice on an ordinary funnel mill4 ,following are some recipes3 ,i4--,enamel ,white4--,lithopone1 #b parts1 by weight2 white lead1 purest1 #a_/b part1 by weight2 varnish1 #bj parts1 by weight4 ,,ii4--,enamel ,black4--,ivory black1 #b parts1 by weight2 ,paris blue1 #j4ja part1 by weight2 varnish1 #bc parts1 by weight4 ,,iii4--,pale ,gray4--,graphite1 #b parts1 by weight2 ultramarine1 #j4ja part1 by weight2 lithopone1 #dj parts1 by weight2 varnish1 #ajj parts1 by weight4 ,,iv4--,dark ,gray4--,graphite1 #c parts1 by weight2 ivory black1 #b parts1 by weight2 lithopone1 #dj parts1 by weight2 varnish1 #aaj parts1 by weight4 #gbc ,v4--,chrome ,yellow1 ,pale4--,chrome yellow1 #b parts1 by weight2 lithopone1 #b parts1 by weight2 varnish1 #dj parts1 by weight2 benzine1 #a #a_/b parts1 by weight4 ,,vi4--,chrome ,yellow1 ,dark4--,chrome yellow1 dark1 #b parts1 by weight2 chrome orange1 #a_/h part1 by weight2 lithopone1 #a part1 by weight2 varnish1 #ce parts1 by weight2 benzine1 #a part1 by weight4 ,,vii4--,pink1 ,pale4--,carmine1 #a_/b part1 by weight2 lithopone1 #ae parts1 by weight2 varnish1 #dj parts1 by weight2 benzine1 #a #a_/b parts1 by weight4 ,,viii4--,pink1 ,dark4--,carmine1 #a_/b part1 by weight2 ,turkey red1 #a part1 by weight2 lithopone1 #ae parts1 by weight2 varnish1 #dj parts1 by weight4 ,,ix4--,turkey ,red4--,turkey red1 pale1 #b parts1 by weight2 lithopone1 #a part1 by weight2 ,turkey red1 dark1 #a part1 by weight2 white lead1 pure1 #a_/b part1 by weight2 varnish1 #ah parts1 by weight2 benzine1 #a_/b part1 by weight4 ,x4--,flesh ,tint4--,chrome yellow1 pale1 #a #a_/b parts1 by weight2 graphite1 #a_/h part1 by weight2 lithopone1 #ae parts1 by weight2 ,turkey red1 pale1 #b parts1 by weight2 varnish1 #db parts1 by weight2 benzine1 #a_/b part1 by weight4 ,,xi4--,carmine ,red4--,lead sulphate1 #e parts1 by weight2 ,turkey red1 pale1 #f parts1 by weight2 carmine1 #a #a_/b parts1 by weight2 orange minium1 #c parts1 by weight2 vermilion1 #b parts1 by weight2 varnish1 #ej parts1 by weight2 benzine1 #a #a_/b parts1 by weight4 ,,xii4--,sky ,blue4--,ultramarine1 #e parts1 by weight2 lithopone1 #e parts1 by weight2 ultramarine green1 #j4je parts1 by weight2 varnish1 #cj parts1 by weight2 benzine1 #a part1 by weight4 ,,xiii4--,ultramarine4--,ultra blue1 #e parts1 by weight2 varnish1 #ab parts1 by weight2 benzine1 #a_/b part1 by weight4 ,,xiv4--,violet4--,ultramarine1 with red tinge1 #aj parts1 by weight2 carmine1 #j4e parts1 by weight2 varnish1 #be parts1 by weight4 ,,xv4--,azure4--,paris blue1 #aj parts1 by weight2 lithopone1 #ajj parts1 by weight2 varnish1 #cjj parts1 by weight4 ,,xvi4--,leaf ,green4--,chrome green1 pale1 #e parts1 by weight2 varnish1 #be parts1 by weight2 benzine1 #a_/b part1 by weight4 ,,xvii4--,silk ,green4--,silk green1 #aj parts1 by weight2 chrome yellow1 pale1 #a_/b part1 by weight2 lead sulphate1 #e parts1 by weight2 varnish1 #cj parts1 by weight2 benzine1 #a_/b part1 by weight4 ,,xviii4--,brown4--,english red1 #aj parts1 by weight2 ocher1 light1 #c parts1 by weight2 varnish1 #cj parts1 by weight2 benzine1 #a_/b part1 by weight4 ,,xix4--,ocher4--,french ocher1 #aj parts1 by weight2 chrome yellow1 dark1 #a_/b part1 by weight2 varnish1 #cj parts1 by weight2 benzine1 #a_/b part1 by weight4 ,,xx4--,chocolate4--,umber1 #aj parts1 by weight2 ,florentine lake1 #a_/h part1 by weight2 varnish1 #be parts1 by weight2 benzine1 #a_/b part1 by weight4 ,,xxi4--,terra ,cotta4--,chrome yellow1 pale1 #aj parts1 by weight2 ,turkey red1 dark1 #c parts1 by weight2 varnish1 #ce parts1 by weight4 ,,xxii4--,olive1 ,greenish4--,french ocher1 #e parts1 by weight2 ,paris blue1 #a_/b part1 by weight2 graphite1 #a_/b part1 by weight2 varnish1 #be parts1 by weight2 lithopone1 #e parts1 by weight4 ,,xxiii4--,olive1 ,brownish4--,chrome orange1 #e parts1 by weight2 ,paris blue1 #b parts1 by weight2 lead sulphate1 #aj parts1 by weight2 ,english red1 #a part1 by weight2 varnish1 #dj parts1 by weight2 benzine1 #a #a_/b parts1 by weight4 ,,xxiv4--,olive1 ,reddish4--,turkey red1 dark1 #ge parts1 by weight2 sap green1 #ge parts1 by weight2 ocher1 pale1 #e parts1 by weight2 varnish1 #cjj parts1 by weight2 benzine1 #a #a_/b parts1 by weight4 ,,engravers' ,,varnishes4 ,in copper-plate engraving the plate must be covered with a dark-colored coating which1 though entirely unaffected by the etching fluid1 must be soft enough to allow the finest lines to be drawn with the needle and must also be susceptible of complete and easy removal when the etching is finished4 ,varnishes which possess these properties are called 8etching grounds40 ,they are made according to various formulas1 but in all cases the principal ingredient is asphalt1 of which only the best natural varieties are suitable for this purpose4 ,another common ingredient is beeswax1 or tallow4 ,etching grounds are usually made in small quantities1 at a single operation1 by melting and stirring the solid ingredients together and allowing the mass to cool in thin sheets1 which are then dissolved in oil of turpentine4 ,the plate is coated uniformly with this varnish through which the engraver's tool readily penetrates1 laying bare the metal beneath4 ,after the lines thus drawn have been etched by immersing the plate in acid1 the varnish is washed off with oil of turpentine4 ,the following formulas for etching grounds have been extensively used by engravers3 #gbd ,i ,,ii ,,iii ,,iv ,yellow wax #ej #cj #aaj #dj parts ,syrian asphalt #bj #bj #be #dj parts ,rosin -- -- -- #bj parts ,amber -- -- #bj -- parts ,mastic #be #be #be -- parts ,tallow -- -- -- #b parts ,bergundy pitch -- -- -- #aj parts ,,floor ,,varnishes4 ,i4--,manila copal1 spirit-soluble #ab parts ,ruby shellac1 powdered #fb parts ,venice1 turpentine #ab parts ,spirit1 #if per cent #bej parts ,the materials are dissolved cold in a covered vat with constant stirring1 or better still1 in a stirring machine1 and filtered4 ,for the pale shades take light ocher2 for dark ones1 ,amberg earth1 which are well ground with the varnish in a paint mill4 ,,ii4--,shellac1 ,a ,c leaf1 #a4b parts2 sandarac1 #h parts2 ,manila copal1 #b parts2 rosin1 #e parts2 castor or linoleic acid or wood oil acid1 #a4ej parts2 spirit 7#if per cent71 #fe parts4 ,french ,varnish4--,so-called ,french varnish is made by dissolving ,i part of bleached or orange shellac in #e parts of alcohol1 the solution being allowed to stand and the clear portion then being decanted4 ,the varnish may be colored by materials which are soluble in alcohol4 ,for red1 use #a part of eosin to #di parts of the bleached shellac solution4 ,for blue1 use #a part of aniline blue to #bd parts of the bleached shellac solution1 as the orange shellac solution would impart a greenish cast4 ,for green1 use #a part of aniline green 7brilliant green7 to #di parts of the orange shellac solution4 ,for yellow1 use either #b parts of extract of turmeric or #a part of gamboge to #bd parts of the solution1 or #a part of aniline yellow to #di parts of the solution4 ,for golden yellow1 use #b parts of gamboge and #a part of dragon's blood to #dg parts of the orange shellac solution4 ,the gamboge and dragon's blood should be dissolved first in a little alcohol4 ,golden ,varnishes4-- ,i4--,powdered benzoin #a part ,alcohol enough to make #aj parts4 ,pure saffron1 roughly broken up1 about #f threads to the ounce4 ,macerate #c days and filter4 ,vary the quantity of saffron according to the shade desired4 ,mastic and juniper gum may be added to this varnish if a heavier body is desired4 ,,ii4--,benzoin1 juniper gum1 gum mastic1 equal parts4 ,dissolve the gums in #i times their weight of alcohol 7varied more or less according to the consistency wanted71 and color to the desired shade with threads of pure saffron4 ,this varnish is very brilliant and dries at once4 ,india-,rubber ,varnishes4--,i4--,dissolve #aj pounds of ,india rubber in a mixture of #aj pounds of turpentine and #bj pounds of petroleum by treating same on a water bath4 ,when the solution is completed add #de pounds of drying oil and #e pounds of lampblack and mix thoroughly4 ,,ii4--,dissolve #g pounds of ,india rubber in #be pounds of oil of turpentine4 ,by continued heating dissolve #ad pounds of rosin in the mixture4 ,color while hot with #c pounds of lampblack4 ,inlay ,varnish4-- ,ozokerite #ag parts ,carnauba wax #c parts ,turpentine oil #ae parts ,melt the ozokerite and ,carnauba wax1 then stir in the turpentine oil4 ,this varnish is applied like a polish and imparts to the wood a dark natural color and a dull luster4 ,japanning ,tin4--,the first thing to be done when a vessel is to be japanned1 is to free it from all grease and oil1 by rubbing it with turpentine4 ,should the oil1 however1 be linseed1 it may be allowed to remain on the vessel1 which must in that case be put in an oven and heated till the oil becomes quite hard4 ,after these preliminaries1 a paint of the shade desired1 ground in linseed oil1 is applied4 ,for brown1 umber may be used4 ,when the paint has been satisfactorily applied it should be hardened by heating1 and then smoothed down by rubbing with ground pumice stone applied gently by means of a piece of felt moistened with water4 ,to be done well1 this requires care and patience1 and1 it might be added1 some experience4 ,the vessel is next coated with a varnish1 made by the following formula3 ,turpentine spirit #h ounces ,oil of lavender #f ounces ,camphor #a drachm ,bruised copal #b ounces ,perhaps some other good varnish would give equally satisfactory results4 ,after this the vessel is put in an oven and heated to as high a temperature as it will bear without causing the varnish to #gbe blister or run4 ,when the varnish has become hard1 the vessel is taken out and another coat is put on1 which is submitted to heat as before4 ,this process may be repeated till the judgment of the operator tells him that it is no longer advisable4 ,some operators mix the coloring matter directly with the varnish2 when this is done1 care should be taken that the pigment is first reduced to an impalpable powder1 and then thoroughly mixed with the liquid4 ,,label ,,varnishes4 ,i4--,sandarac #c ounces av4 ,mastic #c_/d ounce av4 ,venice turpentine #aej grains ,alcohol #af fluidounces ,macerate with repeated stirring until solution is effected1 and then filter4 ,the paper labels are first sized with diluted mucilage1 then dried1 and then coated with this varnish4 ,if the labels have been written with water-soluble inks or color1 they are first coated with #b coats of collodion1 and then varnished4 ,,ii4--,the varnished labels of stock vessels often suffer damage from the spilling of the contents and the dripping after much pouring4 ,formalin gelatin is capable of withstanding the baneful influence of ether1 benzine1 water1 spirit of wine1 oil1 and most substances4 ,the following method of applying the preservative is recommended3 ,having thoroughly cleaned the surface of the vessel1 paste the label on and allow it to dry well4 ,give it a coat of thin collodion to protect the letters from being dissolved out or caused to run1 then after a few minutes paint over it a coat of gelatin warmed to fluidity--#e to #be--;being careful to cover in all the edges4 ,just before it solidifies go over it with a tuft of cotton dipped into a #dj per cent formalin solution4 ,it soon dries and becomes as glossy as varnish1 and may be coated again and again without danger of impairing the clear white of the label or decreasing its transparency4 ,leather ,varnishes4--,i4--,an excellent varnish for leather can be made from the following recipe3 ,heat #djj pounds of boiled oil to #bab ,f41 and add little by little #b pounds of bichromate of potash1 keeping the same temperature4 ,the addition of the bichromate should take about #ae minutes4 ,raise to #caj ,f41 and add gradually during #a hour at that temperature1 #dj pounds ,prussian blue4 ,heat for #c hours more1 gradually raising to #dhb to #egb ,f41 with constant stirring4 ,in the meantime1 heat together at #cib ,f41 for #a_/b an hour1 #be pounds linseed oil1 #ce pounds copal1 #ge pounds turpentine1 and #g pounds ceresine4 ,mix the two varnishes1 and dilute1 if necessary1 when cold with turpentine4 ,the varnish should require to be warmed for easy application with the brush4 ,,ii4--,caoutchouc1 #a part2 petroleum1 #a part2 carbon bisulphide1 #a part2 shellac1 #d parts2 bone black1 #b parts2 alcohol1 #bj parts4 ,first the caoutchouc is brought together with carbon bisulphide in a well-closed bottle and stood aside for a few days4 ,as soon as the caoutchouc is soaked add the petroleum and the alcohol1 then the finely powdered shellac1 and heat to about #abe ,f4 ,when the liquid appears pretty clear1 which indicates the solution of all substances1 the bone black is added by shaking thoroughly and the varnish is at once filled in bottles which are well closed4 ,this pouch composition excels in drying quickly and produces upon the leather a smooth1 deep black coating1 which possesses a certain elasticity4 ,,metal ,,varnishes4 ,the purpose of these varnishes is to protect the metals from oxidation and to render them glossy4 ,aluminum ,varnish4--,the following is a process giving a special varnish for aluminum1 but it may also be employed for other metals1 giving a coating unalterable and indestructible by water or atmospheric influences3 ,dissolve1 preferably in an enameled vessel1 #aj parts1 by weight1 of gum lac in #cj parts of liquid ammonia4 ,heat on the water bath for about #a hour and cool4 ,the aluminum to be covered with this varnish is carefully cleaned in potash1 and1 having applied the varnish1 the article is placed in a stove1 where it is heated1 during a certain time1 at a suitable temperature 7about #ajfb ,f474 ,brass ,varnishes ,imitating ,gold4--,i4--,an excellent gold varnish for brass objects1 surgical or optical instruments1 etc41 is prepared as follows3 ,gum lac1 in grains1 pulverized1 #cj parts2 dragon's blood1 #a part2 red sanders wood1 #a part2 pounded glass1 #aj parts2 strong alcohol1 #fjj parts2 after sufficient maceration1 filter4 ,the powdered glass simply serves for accelerating the dissolving1 by interposing between the particles of gum lac and opal4 ,,ii4--,reduce to powder1 #afj parts1 by weight1 of turmeric of best quality1 and pour over it #b parts1 by weight1 of saffron1 #gbf and #a4gjj parts1 by weight1 of spirit2 digest in a warm place #bd hours1 and filter4 ,next dissolve #hj parts1 by weight1 of dragon's blood2 #hj parts1 by weight1 of sandarac2 #hj parts1 by weight1 of elemi gum2 #ej parts1 by weight1 of gamboge2 #gj parts1 by weight1 of seedlac4 ,mix these substances with #bej parts1 by weight1 of crushed glass1 place them in a flask1 and pour over this mixture the alcohol colored as above described4 ,assist the solution by means of a sand or water bath1 and filter at the close of the operation4 ,this is a fine varnish for brass scientific instruments4 ,bronze ,varnishes4--,i4--,the following process yields a top varnish for bronze goods and other metallic ware in the most varying shades1 the varnish excelling1 besides1 in high gloss and durability4 ,fill in a bottle1 pale shellac1 best quality1 #dj parts1 by weight2 powdered ,florentine lake1 #ab parts1 by weight2 gamboge1 #cj parts1 by weight2 dragon's blood1 also powdered1 #f parts1 by weight2 and add #djj parts1 by weight1 of spirit of wine4 ,this mixture is allowed to dissolve1 the best way being to heat the bottle on the water bath until the boiling point of water is almost reached1 shaking from time to time until all is dissolved4 ,upon cooling1 decant the liquid1 which constitutes a varnish of dark-red color1 from any sediment that may be present4 ,in a second bottle dissolve in the same manner #bd parts1 by weight1 of gamboge in #djj parts1 by weight1 of spirit of wine1 from which will result a varnish of golden-yellow tint4 ,according to the hue desired1 mix the red varnish with the yellow variety1 producing in this way any shade from the deepest red to the color of gold4 ,if required1 dilute with spirit of wine4 ,the application of the varnish should be conducted as usual1 that is1 the article should be slightly warm1 it being necessary to adhere strictly to a certain temperature1 which can be easily determined by trials and maintained by experience4 ,in order to give this varnish a pale-yellow to greenish-yellow tone1 mix #aj drops of picric acid with about #c parts1 by weight1 of spirit of wine1 and add to a small quantity of the varnish some of this mixture until the desired shade has been reached4 ,picric acid is poisonous1 and the keeping of varnish mixed with this acid in a closed bottle is not advisable1 because there is danger of an explosion4 ,therefore1 it is best to prepare only so much varnish at one time as is necessary for the immediate purpose4 ,brown ,varnish4--,an excellent and quickly drying brown varnish for metals is made by dissolving #bj ounces of gum kino and #e ounces of gum benjamin in #fj ounces of the best cold alcohol2 #bj ounces of common shellac and #b ounces of thick turpentine in #cf ounces of alcohol also give a very good varnish4 ,if the brown is to have a reddish tint1 dissolve #ej ounces of ruby shellac1 #e ounces balsam of copaiba1 and #b to #e ounces of aniline brown1 with or without #a_/b to #a ounce of aniline violet1 in #aej ounces of alcohol4 ,copper ,varnishes4--,these two are for polished objects3 ,i4--,one hundred and ten parts of sandarac and #cj parts of rosin1 dissolved in sufficient quantity of alcohol2 #e parts of glycerine are to be added4 ,,ii4--,sandarac #aj parts ,rosin #c parts ,glycerine #a_/b part ,alcohol1 a sufficient quantity4 ,dissolve the two rosins in sufficient alcohol and add the glycerine4 ,decorative ,metal ,varnishes4-- ,i ,,ii ,,iii ,,iv ,per ,per ,per ,per ,cent ,cent ,cent ,cent ,seed lac #aa4e -- -- -- ,amber #g4f -- -- #ac4e ,gamboge #g4f -- -- -- ,dragon's blood #j4ah -- -- -- ,saffron #j4af -- -- -- ,sandarac -- #aa4b #ae4i #af4f ,mastic -- #f4e #ad4j #c4d ,elemi -- #c4c -- -- ,venice turpentine -- -- #a4j #c4d ,camphor -- #a4e -- -- ,aloe -- -- #g4j -- ,alcohol #gb4if #gg4e #ff4a #fc4b ,as will be seen1 only natural colors are used4 ,the so-called 8gold lacquer0 is composed as follows3 ,sandarac1 #f4be parts2 mastic1 #c parts2 shellac1 #ab4e parts2 ,venice turpentine1 #b4e parts2 aloe1 #j4ge parts2 gamboge1 #c parts2 alcohol1 #gb parts4 ,the solution is filtered4 ,applied in a thin coating this varnish shows a handsome golden shade4 ,other metal varnishes have the following composition3 ,v ,,vi ,,vii ,per ,per ,per ,cent ,cent ,cent ,shellac #ag4e -- #ah4j ,yellow acaroid gum #ac4a #be4j -- ,manila -- #h4j #i4j ,alcohol #fi4d #fg4j #fc4j #gbg ,gold ,varnish4--,i4--,a good gold varnish for coating moldings which produces great brilliancy is prepared as follows3 ,dissolve #c pounds of shellac in #cj quarts of alcohol1 #e pounds of mastic in #e quarts of alcohol1 #c pounds of sandarac in #e quarts of alcohol1 #e pounds of gamboge in #e quarts of alcohol1 #a pound of dragon's blood in #a quart of alcohol1 #c pounds of saunders in #e quarts of alcohol1 #c pounds of turpentine in #c quarts of alcohol4 ,after all the ingredients have been dissolved separately in the given quantity of absolute alcohol and filtered1 the solutions are mixed at a moderate heat4 ,,ii4--,a varnish which will give a splendid luster1 and any gold color from deep red to golden yellow1 is prepared by taking #ej ounces pale shellac1 #ae pounds ,florentine lake 7precipitated from cochineal or redwood decoction by alum onto strach1 kaolin1 or gypsum71 #be ounces of sandalwood1 and #h ounces of dragon's blood4 ,these in fine powder are dissolved on the water bath1 in #ejj ounces rectified spirit4 ,the spirit must boil and remain1 with occasional shaking1 for #b to #c hours on the bath4 ,then cool and decant4 ,in the meantime heat in another flask on the bath #cj ounces of gamboge in #ejj ounces of the same spirit4 ,the two liquids are mixed until the right color needed for the particular purpose in hand is obtained4 ,dilute with spirit if too thick4 ,the addition of a little picric acid gives a greenish-yellow bronze but makes the varnish very liable to explode4 ,these varnishes are applied to gently warmed surfaces with a soft bristle brush4 ,gold ,varnish for ,tin4--,this is obtained in the following manner3 ,spread out #e parts1 by weight1 of finely powdered crystallized copper acetate in a warm spot1 allowing it to lie for some time2 then grind the powder1 which will have acquired a light-brown shade1 with oil of turpentine and add1 with stirring1 #ae parts1 by weight1 of fat copal varnish heated to #adj ,f4 ,when the copper acetate has dissolved 7in about #a_/d hour71 the mass is filled in a bottle and allowed to stand warm1 for several days1 shaking frequently4 ,the gold varnish is then ready for use4 ,coat the articles uniformly with it1 and heat in a drying chamber1 whereupon1 according to the degree of temperature1 varying colorations are obtained1 changing from green to yellow1 then golden yellow1 and finally orange to brown4 ,when good copal varnish is employed1 the varnish will adhere very firmly1 so that the article can be pressed without damage4 ,iron ,varnishes4--,i4--,a varnish obtained by dissolving wax in turpentine is useful4 ,it gives a fairly hard coat1 but has the drawback of filling up fine grooves1 and so injuring the appearance of many metal ornaments4 ,,ii4--,shellac1 #ae pounds2 ,siam benjamin1 #ac pounds2 alcohol1 #hj pounds2 formylchloride1 #bj pounds4 ,,iii4--,sierra ,leone copal1 #f pounds2 dammar1 #ah pounds2 oleic acid1 #c pounds2 alcohol1 #dj pounds2 oil of turpentine1 #bj pounds2 formylchloride1 #ae pounds4 ,the formylchloride not only effects the rapid drying necessary to prevent the varnish gravitating into hollows1 but enables the alcohol to make a perfect solution of the rosin4 ,the varnishes are excessively volatile1 and must be stored accordingly4 ,stove ,varnishes4-- ,shellac #ab parts ,manila copal #ad parts ,rosin #ab parts ,gallipot #b parts ,benzoin #a part ,lampblack #e parts ,nigrosin1 spirit-soluble #a #a_/b parts ,alcohol #bej parts ,tin ,varnishes4--,i4--,for ,tin ,boxes4-- ,in #ge parts of alcohol dissolve #ae parts of shellac1 #b parts of ,venice turpentine1 and #h parts of sandarac4 ,,ii4--,for ,trays and ,other ,tinware4--,the ground is prepared by adding to the white lead the tinting colors ground in good rubbing varnish and half oil of turpentine4 ,for drier an admixture of 8terebine0 is recommended4 ,with this lean and dull paint1 coat the tins #b or #c times and blend4 ,next1 grain with water or vinegar glaze1 and varnish with pure ,zanzibar copal varnish1 or finest amber table-top varnish4 ,there are other tried methods for varnishing tin1 which are applicable for new goods1 manufactured in large quantities1 while they are less advantageous for the restoration of old1 repeatedly used articles4 ,,varnish ,,substitutes4 ,a substitute for varnish is produced by adding to #ajj parts of casein #aj to #be parts of a #a to #aj per cent soap solution and then #bj to #be parts of slaked lime4 ,the mixture is carefully kneaded until a perfectly homogeneous mass results4 ,then gradually add #be to #dj parts of turpentine oil and sufficient #gbh water for the mass to assume the consistency of varnish4 ,if it is desired to preserve it for some time a little ammonia is added so that the casein lime does not separate4 ,the surrogate is considerably cheaper than varnish and dries so quickly that paint ground with it may be applied twice in quick succession4 ,zapon ,varnishes4--,in the case of many articles which have been colored mechanically or by the battery1 particularly with large pieces1 an opaque varnish is used as a protection against atmospheric influences4 ,the so-called brassoline1 of a brown color1 negroline1 black1 and zapon which is colorless1 are employed1 according to the color of the article4 ,the last-named varnish is most commonly used1 and gives a fine and durable coating1 insoluble in almost all liquids which would come into consideration here1 except that it will wash off in soap and water4 ,zapon varnish is a solution of collodion cotton and camphor in amyl acetate and amyl alcohol1 and was formerly used to preserve old manuscripts and legal documents4 ,in the process of zaponizing1 the article is slightly warmed and immersed in the varnish1 or the latter is applied with a brush4 ,the solution is very durable1 and has the advantage that after drying it will not show edges1 rings1 or spots4 ,zapon varnish which has become too thick must be diluted1 and the brushes must be kept from becoming dry4 ,if it is desired to give an especially warm tone1 the article is treated with brushes which have been drawn over beeswax or mineral wax4 ,for the production of zapon or celluloid varnish1 pour #bj parts of acetone over #b parts of colorless celluloid waste1 allowing it to stand for several days in a closed vessel1 stirring frequently until the whole has dissolved into a clear1 thick mass4 ,admix #gh parts of amyl acetate and clarify the zapon varnish by allowing it to settle for weeks4 ,,varnish1 ,,how ,,to ,,pour ,,out3 ,see ,castor ,oil4 ,,varnishes1 ,,insulating3 ,see ,insulation4 ,,varnishes1 ,,photographic ,,retouching3 ,see ,photography4 ,,varnish ,,removers3 ,see ,cleaning ,preparations and ,methods4 ,,vaseline ,,stains1 ,,to ,,remove ,,from ,,clothing3 ,see ,cleaning ,preparations and ,methods4 ,,vasolimentum4 ,this unguent is of two kinds1 liquid and semi-solid4 ,the former is prepared by mixing #ejj parts of olein1 #bej parts of alcoholic ammonia1 and #a1jjj parts of liquid paraffine1 the whole being warmed until completely dissolved1 and any loss in weight made up by addition of spirit4 ,the semi-solid preparation is made of the same ingredients1 except the paraffine salve is substituted for the liquid4 ,the product is used as a basis for ointments in place of vasogene1 and can be incorporated with a number of medicaments1 such as #aj per cent of naphthol1 #bj per cent of guaiacol1 #be per cent of juniper tar1 #e per cent of thiol1 #f per cent of iodine1 #e per cent of creosote1 #aj per cent of ichthyol1 #e per cent of creolin1 #b per cent of menthol1 etc4 ,,vat ,,enamels ,,and ,,varnishes3 ,see ,varnishes4 ,,vegetables1 ,,tests ,,for ,,canned3 ,see ,foods4 ,,vegetable ,,parchment3 ,see ,parchment4 ,,vichy3 ,see ,waters4 ,,vichy ,,salt3 ,see ,salts 7,effervescent74 ,veterinary ,formulas ,,for ,,birds3 ,asthma in ,canaries4-- ,tincture capsicum #e drachms ,spirits chloroform #ij minims ,iron citrate1 soluble #de grains ,fennel water #c #a_/b ounces ,give a few drops on lump of sugar in the cage once daily4 ,colas4-- ,tincture ferri perchloride #a drachm ,acid hydrochloric1 dil4 #a_/b drachm ,glycerine #a #a_/b drachms ,aqua camphor1 q4 s4 #a ounce ,use #c to #f drops in drinking water4 ,ointment for ,healing4-- ,peru balsam #fj grains ,cola cream #a ounce ,apply4 #gbi ,constipation in ,birds4-- ,f4 ,e4 senna #b drachms ,syrup manna #a ounce ,fennel water1 q4 s4 #d ounces ,give a few drops on sugar in cage once daily4 ,diarrha4-- ,tincture iron chloride #b drachms ,paregoric #b drachms ,caraway water #c #a_/b ounces ,give few drops on lump of sugar once daily4 ,mocking-,bird ,food4-- ,crackers #h ounces ,corn #i ounces ,rice #b ounces ,hemp seed #a ounce ,capsicum #aj grains ,mix and reduce to a coarse powder4 ,foods for ,red ,birds4-- ,sunflower seed #h ounces ,hemp seed #af ounces ,canary seed #aj ounces ,cracked wheat #h ounces ,unshelled rice #f ounces ,mix and grind to a coarse powder4 ,canary-,bird ,food4-- ,yolk of egg 7dry7 #b ounces ,poppy heads 7powdered7 #a ounce ,cuttlefish bone 7powdered7 #a ounce ,sugar #b ounces ,powdered crackers #h ounces ,bird ,tonic4-- ,powdered capsicum #bj grains ,powdered gentian #a drachm ,ferri peroxide #a_/b ounce ,powdered sugar #a_/b ounce ,syrup1 q4 s4 ,put a piece size of pea in cage daily4 ,tonic4-- ,i4--,tincture cinchona #a_/b drachm ,tincture iron #b drops ,glycerine #a drachm ,caraway water #a ounce ,put a few drops on lump of sugar in cage daily4 ,,ii4--,compound tincture cinchona #b drachms ,compound tincture gentian #b drachms ,syrup orange #a ounce ,simple elixir #b #a_/b ounces ,put a few drops on lump of sugar in the cage daily4 ,antiseptic ,wash for ,cage ,birds4-- ,chinosol1 ,f4 #b drachms ,sugar 7burnt7 #bj minims ,aqua cinnamon #d ounces ,aqua #bj ounces ,add #a or #b teaspoonfuls to the bath water and allow the birds to use it1 when it will quickly destroy all parasites or germs in the feathers4 ,to wash out the cages1 use a mixture of #a tablespoonful in a pint of hot water4 ,mixed ,bird ,seed4-- ,sicily canary #aj ounces ,german rape #b ounces ,russian hemp #a ounce ,german millet #c ounces ,,for ,,horses ,,and ,,cattle3 ,blistering4--,tincture cantharides1 #a ounce2 camphorated oil1 #a_/b ounce4 ,apply a portion with friction #c times a day until a blister shows4 ,as it subsides apply again4 ,horse-,colic ,remedy4--,i4--,in making a horse-colic remedy containing tincture of opium1 ether and chloroform1 to be given in tablespoonful doses1 apportion the ingredients about equally1 and mix the dose with a pint of water4 ,other formulas are3 ,,ii4--,chloroform anodyne #a ounce ,spirit of nitrous ether #b ounces ,linseed oil #ac ounces ,give in one dose and repeat in an hour if necessary4 ,condition ,powders4--,i4--,sulphur1 #b pounds2 ,glauber salts1 #a pound2 black antimony1 #a_/b pound2 powdered bloodroot1 #d ounces2 copperas1 #a_/b pound2 rosin1 #a_/b pound2 asafetida1 #b ounces2 saltpeter #a_/b pound4 ,powder and mix well4 ,,ii4--,gentian1 #d ounces2 potassium nitrate1 #a ounce2 sulphur1 #d ounces2 ginger 7,african71 #d ounces2 antimony1 #d ounces2 rosin1 #b ounces2 ,fnugreek1 #b ounces2 capsicum1 #b ounces2 serpentaria1 #b ounces2 sodium sulphate1 #i ounces2 flaxseed meal1 #af ounces4 ,all ingredients in fine powder4 ,dose3 #a tablespoonful in feed twice a day4 ,veterinary ,dose ,table4--,for a colt #a month old give #a_/bd of the full dose2 #c months old1 #a_/ab2 #f months old1#a_/f2 #a year old1 #a_/c2 #b years old1 #a_/b2 #c years old1 #c_/d4 ,fluids for cattle usually the same dose as for the horse4 ,solids for cattle usually #a #a_/b times the dose for the horse4 #gcj ,drug4 ,horses4 ,cattle4 ,aloes #a to #h dr4 #a_/b to #b oz4 ,alum #a to #c dr4 #a to #c dr4 ,aqua ammonia #c to #e dr4 #c to #e dr4 ,ammonia bromide #a_/d to #b oz4 #a_/d to #b oz4 ,ammonia carbonate #a to #c dr4 #b to #e dr4 ,ammonia iodide #a_/b to #c dr4 #a to #e dr4 ,antimony black #ae to #ej gr4 ---- ---- ,areca nut #c to #e dr4 ---- ---- ,arsenic #e to #ab gr4 #e to #ab gr4 ,asafetida #a to #d dr4 #a_/b to #b oz4 ,belladonna leaves #a_/b to #b oz4 #a_/b to #b oz4 ,buchu leaves #a_/b to #c oz4 #a_/b to #d oz4 ,calaber bean #d to #ab gr4 #d to #ab gr4 ,camphor #a_/b to #b dr4 #b to #c dr4 ,cantharides #e to #be gr4 #ab to #cj gr4 ,capsicum #a to #b dr4 #a to #c dr4 ,catechu #a to #b dr4 #b to #d dr4 ,chalk preparation #b to #c oz4 #b to #d oz4 ,chloral hydrate #a_/b to #a #a_/b oz4 #a_/b to #a #a_/b oz4 ,chloroform #a_/b to #a dr4 #a_/b to #b dr4 ,cinchona #a to #c dr4 #a_/b to #b oz4 ,copper sulphate #a_/b to #b dr4 #a_/b to #c dr4 ,creolin #a to #e dr4 #b to #e dr4 ,creosote #ae to #cj min4 #a to #b dr4 ,digitalis leaves #aj to #bj gr4 #bj to #ej gr4 ,dover powder #a_/b to #b dr4 #a_/b to #b dr4 ,ergot #a_/d to #a oz4 #a_/d to #a oz4 ,ether #a_/b to #b #a_/b oz4 #a to #c oz4 ,ex4 belladonna fluid #a_/b to #b dr4 #b to #d dr4 ,extract buchu fluid #a to #e dr4 ---- ---- ,extract cannabis indica #a_/d to #a_/b dr4 #a_/d to #a dr4 ,fnugreek #a_/b to #c oz4 #a to #c oz4 ,gallnuts #b to #d dr4 #a_/b to #a oz4 ,gentian #b to #f dr4 #a_/b to #a oz4 ,ginger #c to #e dr4 #a_/b to #b oz4 ,ipecac #a_/b to #b dr4 #a_/b to #c dr4 ,iron carbonate #a to #b dr4 ---- ---- ,iron sulphate #a_/b to #b dr4 #a to #c dr4 ,juniper berries #a to #b oz4 #a to #c oz4 ,limewater #c to #f oz4 #c to #f oz4 ,magnesia sulphate #a_/b to #c lb4 #a_/b to #c lb4 ,mustard #b to #d dr4 #b to #f dr4 ,nux vomica #a_/b to #a dr4 #b to #c dr4 ,oil castor #a_/b to #a pt4 #a_/b to #a pt4 ,oil ,croton #aj to #bj min4 #a to #b dr4 ,oil juniper #a_/b to #b dr4 #a_/b to #b dr4 ,oil linseed #a_/b to #a pt4 #a_/b to #b pt4 ,oil olive #a_/b to #b pt4 #a to #b pt4 ,oil savin #a to #c dr4 #a to #c dr4 ,oil turpentine #a_/b to #b oz4 #a_/b to #b oz4 ,opium #a_/b to #b dr4 #a_/b to #b dr4 ,potassium iodide #b to #d dr4 #b to #f dr4 ,potassium nitrate #a to #b oz4 #a to #b oz4 ,potassium sulphide #a to #b dr4 #a to #b dr4 ,quinine #aj to #cj gr4 #bj to #dj gr4 ,rhubarb #a_/b to #a oz4 #a to #b oz4 ,santonine #ae to #dj gr4 #a_/b to #a dr4 ,sodium hyposulphite #a_/b to #a oz4 #a to #c oz4 ,sodium sulphate #a_/b to #b lb4 #a to #b lb4 ,sodium sulphite #a_/b to #a oz4 #a to #c oz4 ,spirits ammonia1 aromatic #a_/b to #b oz4 #a to #c oz4 ,spirits chloroform #a_/b to #a oz4 #a to #b oz4 ,spirits nitrous ether #a to #c oz4 #a to #c oz4 ,spirits peppermint #a to #b oz4 #a to #b oz4 ,strychnine sulphite #a_/b to #a gr4 #a to #c gr4 ,sulphur #b to #d oz4 #b to #d oz4 ,tincture aconite #e to #cj min4 #e to #bj min4 ,tincture asafetida #a to #d dr4 ---- ---- ,tincture belladonna #a to #c dr4 #b to #d dr4 ,tincture cantharides #a to #b oz4 #a_/b to #a oz4 ,tincture columbo #a_/b to #b oz4 #a to #b oz4 ,tincture digitalis #a to #c dr4 #b to #d dr4 ,tincture iron #a to #b oz4 #a to #b oz4 ,tincture ginger #a_/b to #b oz4 #a to #b oz4 ,tincture nux vomica #b to #d dr4 #a_/b to #a oz4 ,tincture opium #a_/b to #c oz4 #a to #c oz4 ,tobacco #a_/b to #a dr4 #a_/b to #a dr4 ,vinegar #a to #c oz4 #b to #f oz4 ,whisky #b to #aj oz4 ---- ---- ,white vitriol #e to #ae gr4 #e to #ae gr4 ,astringent4-- ,i4--,opium #ab grains ,camphor #a_/b drachm ,catechu #a drachm ,one dose4 ,,ii4--,opium #ab grains ,camphor #a drachm ,ginger #b drachms ,castile soap #b drachms ,anise #c drachms ,licorice #b drachms ,contracted ,hoof or ,sore ,feet4-- ,i4--,lard #a part ,yellow wax #a part ,linseed oil #a part ,venice turpentine #a part ,tar #a part ,apply to the edge of the hair once a day4 ,,ii4--,rosin #d ounces ,lard #h ounces ,melt and add ,powdered vertigris #a ounce ,stir well2 when partly cool add ,turpentine #b ounces ,apply to hoof about #a inch down from the hair4 ,cough4-- ,i4--,sodii bromide #ahj grains ,creosote water #b ounces ,fennel water #d ounces ,half tablespoonful #d times daily4 ,,ii4--,ammonia bromide #ahj grains ,fennel water #d ounces ,syrup licorice #d ounces ,teaspoonful #d times daily4 ,cow ,powder4-- ,powdered catechu #fj grains ,powdered ginger #bdj grains ,powdered gentian #bdj grains ,powdered opium #cj grains ,,cuts1 ,,wounds1 ,,sores4 ,i4--,tincture opium1 #b ounces2 tannin1 #a_/d ounce4 ,,ii4--,tincture aloes1 #a ounce2 tincture of myrrh1 #a_/b ounce2 tincture of opium1 #a_/b ounce2 water1 #d ounces4 ,apply night and morning4 ,,iii4--,lard1 #d ounces2 beeswax1 #d ounces2 rosin1 #b ounces2 carbolic acid1 #a_/d ounce4 ,diarrha4-- ,i4--,opium #ae grains ,peppermint #a_/d ounce ,linseed meal #a ounce ,give half in morning and remainder in evening in a pint of warm water4 #gca ,,ii4--,prepared chalk #f ounces ,catechu #c ounces ,opium #a #a_/b ounces ,ginger #c ounces ,gentian #c ounces ,one powder #c times a day in half a pint of warm water4 ,one-sixth of dose for calves4 ,diuretic ,ball4-- ,i4--,oil juniper #a_/b drachm ,rosin #b drachms ,saltpeter #b drachms ,camphor #a_/b drachm ,castile soap #a ounce ,flaxseed meal #a ounce ,make #a pill4 ,,ii4--,rosin #ij grains ,potassium nitrate #ij grains ,po buchu leaves #de grains ,dose3 #a twice a day4 ,drying ,drink4-- ,powdered alum #f ounces ,armenian bole #b ounces ,powdered juniper berries #a_/b ounce ,once daily in #a quart of warm gruel4 ,epizooty or ,pinkeye4-- ,sublimed sulphur #a_/b ounce ,epsom salt #a ounce ,charcoal #a_/b ounce ,extract licorice #a ounce ,fever4-- ,i4--,salicylic acid #c_/d ounce ,sodium bicarbonate #a_/b ounce ,magnesium sulphate #aj ounces ,give half in quart of warm bran water at night4 ,,ii4--,spirits niter #c ounces ,tincture aconite #b drachms ,fluid extract belladonna #a_/b ounce ,nitrate potash #b ounces ,muriate ammonia #b ounces ,water1 q4s #a quart ,dose3 ,teaspoonful every #b or #c hours till better4 ,heaves4--,i4--,balsam copaiba1 #a ounce2 spirits of turpentine1 #b ounces2 balsam fir1 #a ounce2 cider vinegar1 #af ounces4 ,tablespoonful once a day4 ,,ii4--,saltpeter1 #a ounce2 indigo1 #a_/b ounce2 rain or distilled water1 #d pints4 ,dose3 #a pint twice a day4 ,hide ,bound4-- ,elecampane #b ounces ,licorice root #b ounces ,fnugreek #b ounces ,rosin #b ounces ,copperas #a_/b ounce ,ginger #b drachms ,gentian #a drachm ,saltpeter #a drachm ,valerian #a drachm ,linseed meal #c ounces ,sublimed sulphur #a ounce ,black antimony #d drachms ,tablespoonful twice a day4 ,,horse ,,embrocations ,,and ,,liniments4 ,i4--,camphor #a ounce ,acetic acid #ae ounces ,alcohol #ah ounces ,oil turpentine #ea ounces ,eggs #f ,distilled witch hazel #de ounces ,,ii4--,iodine #ej grains ,pot iodide #abe grains ,soap liniment #f ounces ,,influenza4 ,i4--,ammonia muriate #a #a_/b ounces ,gum camphor #a_/b ounce ,pot chloride #a ounce ,extract licorice1 powdered #b ounces ,molasses1 q4s4 ,make a mass4 ,dose3 ,tablespoonful in form of pill night and morning4 ,,ii4--,ammonium chloride #cj parts ,potassium nitrate #cj parts ,potassium sulphate in little crystals #ajj parts ,licorice powder #fe parts ,mix4 ,dose3 ,a tablespoonful1 in a warm mash1 #c times daily4 ,,inflammation ,,of ,,the ,,udder4 ,i4--,salicylic acid #dj grains ,mercurial ointment #a ounce ,liniment of camphor #c #a_/d ounces ,apply and rub the udder carefully twice a day4 ,,ii4--,belladonna root #a drachm ,oil turpentine #a ounce ,camphor #a drachm ,solution green soap1 q4s4 #f ounces ,mix and make a liniment4 ,bathe the udder several times with hot water4 ,dry and apply above liniment4 ,,mange4 ,sulphur is a specific for mange2 the trouble consists in its application4 ,the #gcb old-fashioned lotion of train oil and black sulphur serves well enough1 but for stabled animals something is wanted which will effectually destroy the parasites in harness and saddlery without injury to those expensive materials4 ,the creosote emulsions and coal-tar derivatives generally are fatal to the sarcopts if brought into actual contact1 but a harness pad with ridges of accumulated grease is a sufficient retreat for a few pregnant females during a perfunctory disinfection1 and but a few days will be needed to reproduce a new and vigorous stock4 ,a cheap and efficient application can be made by boiling together flowers of sulphur and calcis hydras in the proportion of #d parts of the former to #a of the latter1 and #ajj of water1 for half an hour4 ,it should be applied warm1 or immediately after washing with soft soap4 ,milk ,powder for ,cows4--,for increasing the flow of milk1 in cows1 ,hager recommends the following mixture3 ,potassium nitrate #a part ,alum #a part ,sublimed sulphur #a part ,prepared chalk #a part ,white bole #b parts ,red clover #e parts ,anise #aj parts ,fennel #aj parts ,salt #aj parts ,all should be in tolerably fine powder and should be well mixed4 ,the directions are to give #a or #b handfuls with the morning feed4 ,,laxatives4 ,i4--,aloes #a drachm ,soap #ab drachms ,caraway #d drachms ,ginger #d drachms ,treacle1 q4s4 ,make #d balls4 ,dose3 #a daily4 ,,ii4--,rochelle salts #b ounces ,aloes1 powdered #aej grains ,linseed meal #aej grains ,one dose1 given in warm water4 ,lice4-- ,crude oil #a ounce ,oil tar #a ounce ,oil cedar #a drachm ,cottonseed oil #e ounces ,apply to parts4 ,,domestic ,,pets4 ,the sarcoptic itch of the dog1 as well as that of the cat1 is transmissible to man4 ,the ,tinea tonsurans1 the so-called barbers' itch1 due to a trychophyton1 and affecting both the dog and cat1 is highly contagious to man4 ,favus1 ,tinea favos1 caused by achorion schoenleini1 of both animals1 is readily transmissible to human beings4 ,the dog carries in his intestines many kinds of tnia 7tapeworm71 among them ,tnia echinococcus1 the eggs of which cause hydatic cysts4 ,hydatic cysts occur in persons who are always surrounded with dogs1 or in constant contact with them4 ,aviar diphtheria 7i4e41 the diphtheria of birds71 caused by at least two microbes 7bacillus of ,klebs-,loeffler and bacillus coli71 may easily be transmitted to man and cause in him symptoms analogous to those of true diphtheritic angina4 ,parrots are subject to an infectious enteritis which may be communicated to human beings1 giving rise to the so-called psittacosis 7from the ,greek1 psitta1 a parrot71 of which there have been a number of epidemics in ,france4 ,it is determined by the bacillus of ,nocard4 ,human tuberculosis is certainly transmitted to dogs1 cats1 and birds4 ,cadiot1 ,gibert1 ,roger1 ,benjamin1 ,petit1 and ,basset1 as well as other observers1 cite cases where dogs1 cats1 and parrots1 presenting all the lesions of tuberculosis1 were shown to have contracted it from contact with human beings2 while there are no recorded cases1 there can scarcely be a natural doubt that man may1 in a similar manner1 become attainted through them1 and that their tuberculosis constitutes an actual danger to man4 ,need we recall here the extraordinary facility with which hydrophobia is communicated to man through the dog1 cat1 etc48 ,we may1 therefore1 conclude that we should not permit these animals to take up so much space in our apartments1 nor should they be petted and caressed either by adults or children in the reckless manner common in many households4 ,the disgusting habit of teaching animals to take bits of food1 lumps of sugar1 etc41 from between the lips of members of the family is also to be shunned4 ,finally1 any or all of them should be banished from the house the moment that they display certain morbid symptoms4 ,besides1 in certain cases1 there should be a rigid prophylaxis against certain diseases--as echinococcus1 for instance4 ,worms4--,in cats and dogs1 round worms1 of which ascaris mystax is the #gcc most common in cats1 are found chiefly in young animals4 ,this worm has hirsute appendages somewhat resembling a mustache4 ,to treat an animal infected with such 8guests10 the patient should be made to fast for #bd hours4 ,for a small kitten #a_/b grain of santonin1 up to a grain or two for large cats1 followed in an hour by a dose of castor oil1 is recommended4 ,to avoid spilling the oil on the animal's coat the 8doctor0 should have it heated and whipped with warm milk4 ,another way to get cats to take it is to smear it on the bottoms of their front feet1 when they will lick it off4 ,areca nut1 freshly ground by the druggist himself and administered in liberal doses1 say #cj to #fj grains1 will usually drive out any worms in the alimentary canal4 ,it is important that animals successfully treated for worms once should undergo the treatment a second or third time1 as all the parasites may not have been killed or removed the first time1 or their progeny may have developed in the field vacated by the parents4 ,the following is an effective formula3 ,german wormseed1 powdered #a drachm ,fluid extract of spigelia #c drachms ,fluid extract of senna #a drachm ,fluid extract of valerian #a drachm ,syrup of buckthorn #b ounces ,dose3 ,from #a_/b to #a teaspoonful night and morning4 ,foot ,itch4--,the itch that affects the feet of poultry is contagious in a most insidious way4 ,the various birds of a poultry yard in which the disease is prevalent1 rarely contract it until after a comparatively long period of exposure1 but sooner or later every bird will contract it4 ,one infected bird is enough to infect a whole yard full1 and once infected1 it is exceedingly difficult to get rid of4 ,the disease1 however1 affects birds only4 ,the treatment is simple4 ,having softened the feet by keeping them for some minutes in tepid water1 the scabs that cover them are carefully detached1 avoiding1 as far as possible1 causing them to bleed1 and taking the precaution of throwing every scab into the fire4 ,the feet are then carefully dried1 with a bit of soft cotton material1 which should afterwards be burned2 then the entire surface is covered with ointment 7,unguentum sulphuris kalinum74 ,an alcoholic solution of ,canada balsam is preferred by some4 ,protect the ointment by a proper appliance1 and allow it to remain in contact #b or #c days4 ,at the end of this time remove the applications and wash off with tepid suds4 ,the bird will generally be found cured1 but if not1 repeat the treatment--removing the remaining scabs1 which will be found soft enough without resorting to soaking in tepid water1 and apply the ointment directly4 ,there is another method of treatment that has been found successful1 which not only cures the infected birds but prevents the infection of others4 ,it is simply providing a sand bath for the birds1 under a little shed1 where they can indulge themselves in rolling and scratching1 the bath being composed of equal parts fine sand1 charcoal in fine powder1 ashes1 and flowers of sulphur1 sifted together4 ,the bath should be renewed every week4 ,in the course of a few weeks the cure is complete4 ,foods4-- ,i4--,powdered egg shell or phosphate of lime #d ounces ,iron sulphate #d ounces ,powdered capsicum #d ounces ,powdered ,fnugreek #b ounces ,powdered black pepper #a ounce ,silver sand #b ounces ,powdered lentils #f ounces ,a tablespoonful to be mixed with sufficient feed for #bj hens4 ,,ii4--,oyster shell1 ground #e ounces ,magnesia #a ounce ,calcium carbonate #c ounces ,bone1 ground #a #a_/b ounces ,mustard bran #a #a_/b ounces ,capsicum #a ounce ,powders4-- ,i4--,cayenne pepper #b parts ,allspice #d parts ,ginger #f parts ,powder and mix well together4 ,a teaspoonful to be mixed with every pound of food1 and fed #b or #c times a week4 ,also feed fresh meat1 finely chopped4 ,,ii4--,powdered egg shells #d parts ,powdered capsicum #d parts ,sulphate of iron #d parts ,powdered ,fnugreek #b parts ,powdered black pepper #a part ,sand #b parts ,powdered dog biscuit #f parts ,a tablespoonful to be mixed with sufficient meal or porridge to feed #bj hens4 #gcd ,lice ,powders4-- ,i4--,sulphur #d ounces ,tobacco dust #f ounces ,cedar oil #a_/d ounce ,white hellebore #d ounces ,crude naphthol #a ounce ,powdered chalk1 q4s4 #b pounds ,,ii4--,sulphur #a ounce ,carbolic acid #a_/d ounce ,crude naphthol #a ounce ,powdered chalk #a pound ,roup or ,gapes4--,roup in poultry is caused by the presence of parasites or entozoa in the windpipe4 ,young birds are most commonly affected4 ,the best method of treatment is to expose the affected bird to the fumes of heated carbolic acid until on the point of suffocation4 ,the bird may be placed in a box with a hot brick1 and carbolic acid placed thereon4 ,the fowls soon recover from the incipient suffocation1 and are almost always freed from the disease4 ,care must be taken to burn the parasites coughed out1 and the bodies of any birds which may die of the disease4 ,the following powders for the treatment of 8roup0 in poultry have been recommended3 ,i4--,potassium chlorate #a ounce ,powdered cubebs #a ounce ,powdered anise #a_/b ounce ,powdered licorice #a #a_/b ounces ,mix a teaspoonful with the food for #bj hens4 ,,ii4--,ammonium chloride #a ounce ,black antimony #a_/d ounce ,powdered anise #a_/b ounce ,powdered squill #a_/d ounce ,powdered licorice #b ounces ,mix and use in the foregoing4 ,,for ,,sheep3 ,dips4--,for the prevention of 8scab0 in sheep1 which results from the burrowing of an acarus or the destruction of the parasite when present1 various preparations of a somewhat similar character are used4 ,the following formulas for sheep dips are recommended by the ,united ,states ,department of ,agriculture3 ,i4--,soap #a pound ,crude carbolic acid #a pint ,water #ej gallons ,dissolve the soap in a gallon or more of boiling water1 add the acid1 and stir thoroughly4 ,,ii4--,fresh skimmed milk #a gallon ,kerosene #b gallons ,churn together until emulsified1 or mix and put into the mixture a force pump and direct the stream from the pump back into the mixture4 ,the emulsification will take place more rapidly if the milk be added while boiling hot4 ,use #a gallon of this emulsion to each #aj gallons of water required4 ,constipation4-- ,i4--,green soap #aej grains ,linseed oil #a #a_/b ounces ,water #ae ounces ,give #a_/e every #a_/b hour till action takes place4 ,,ii4--,calomel #a #a_/b grains ,sugar #ae grains ,one dose4 ,loss of ,appetite4-- ,sodium sulphate1 dried #ij grains ,sodium bicarbonate #cj grains ,rhubarb #cj grains ,calamus #ij grains ,form the mass into #f pills4 ,give one twice daily4 ,inflammation of the ,eyes4-- ,zinc sulphate #bj grains ,mucilage quince seed #d ounces ,distilled water #d ounces ,bathe eyes twice daily4 ,vinegar ,i4--,into a hogshead with a large bunghole put #a1ejj parts1 by weight1 of honey1 #abe parts of carob-pods1 cut into pieces1 #ej parts of powdered red or white potassium bitartrate1 #abe parts of powdered tartaric acid1 #b1jjj parts of raisin stems1 #djj parts of the best brewers' yeast1 or #ejj of leaven rubbed up in water2 add #af1jjj parts of triple vinegar and #cd1jjj parts of #dj per cent spirit1 containing no fusel oil4 ,stir all vigorously together2 fill up the hogshead with hot water 7#ajj ,f471 close the bunghole with gauze to keep out insects1 and let the contents of the cask stand for from #d to #f weeks or until they have turned to vinegar4 ,the temperature of the room should be from #gg to #hh ,f4 ,draw off half the vinegar1 and fill the hogshead up again with #ae parts of soft water and #a part of spirit 7#dj per cent74 ,do this #d times1 then draw off all the vinegar and begin the first process over again4 ,this method of making vinegar is suitable for households and small dealers1 but would not suffice for #gce wholesale manufacturers1 since it would take too long to produce any large amount4 ,,ii4--,put into an upright wine cask open at the top1 #ad1jjj parts1 by weight1 of lukewarm water1 #b1ccc parts of #fj per cent alcohol1 #ejj parts of brown sugar1 #abe parts of powdered red or white potassium bitartrate1 #bej parts of good brewers' yeast1 or #abe parts of leaven1 #a1abe parts of triple vinegar1 and stir until the substances are dissolved4 ,lay a cloth and a perforated cover over the cask and let it stand in a temperature of #gb to #gg ,f4 from #d to #f weeks2 then draw off the vinegar4 ,the thick deposit at the bottom1 the 8mother of vinegar10 so called1 can be used in making more vinegar4 ,pour over it the same quantities of water and alcohol used at first2 but after the vinegar has been drawn off twice1 half the first quantity of sugar and potassium bitartrate1 and the whole quantity of yeast1 must be added4 ,this makes excellent vinegar4 ,,iii4--,a good strong vinegar for household use may be made from apple or pear peelings4 ,put the peelings in a stone jar 7not glazed with lead7 or in a cask1 and pour over them water and a little vinegar1 fermented beer1 soured wine1 or beet juice4 ,stir well1 cover with a linen cloth and leave in a warm room4 ,the vinegar will be ready in #b or #c weeks4 ,,iv4--,two wooden casks of any desired size1 with light covers1 are provided4 ,they may be called ,a and ,b4 ,a is filled with vinegar1 a tenth part of this is poured off into ,b1 and an equal amount of fermented beer1 wine1 or any other sweet or vinous liquid1 or a mixture of #a1abe parts1 by weight1 of alcohol1 #aa1ejj to #ad1jjj parts of water1 and #a1abe parts of beet juice1 put into ,a4 ,when vinegar is needed1 it is drawn out of ,b1 an equal quantity is poured from ,a into ,b and the same quantity of vinegar-making liquids put into ,a4 ,in this way vinegar is constantly being made and the process may go on for years1 provided that the casks are large enough so that not more than a tenth of the contents of ,a is used in a week4 ,if too much is used1 so that the vinegar in the first cask becomes weak1 the course of the vinegar making is disturbed for a long time1 and this fact1 whose importance has not been understood1 prevents this method--in its essential principles the best--from being employed on a large scale4 ,the surplus in ,a acts as a fermentative4 ,aromatic ,vinegar4--,i4--,sixteen ounces glacial acetic acid1 #dj drops oil of cloves1 #dj drops oil of rosemary1 #dj drops oil of bergamot1 #af drops oil of neroli1 #cj drops oil of lavender1 #a drachm benzoic acid1 #a_/b ounce camphor1 #cj to #dj drops compound tincture of lavender1 #c ounces spirit of wine4 ,dissolve the oils1 the benzoic acid1 and the camphor in the spirit of wine1 mix with acetic acid and shake until bright1 lastly adding the tincture of lavender to color4 ,,ii4--,dried leaves of rosemary1 rue1 wormwood1 sage1 mint1 and lavender flowers1 each #a_/b ounce2 bruised nutmegs1 cloves1 angelica root1 and camphor1 each #a_/d of an ounce2 rectified alcohol1 #d ounces2 concentrated acetic acid1 #af ounces4 ,macerate the materials for a day in the alcohol2 then add the acid and digest for #a week longer at a temperature of #dij ,f4 ,finally press out the now aromatised acid and filter it4 ,cider ,vinegar4--,by 8artificial vinegar0 is meant vinegar made by the quick method with beechwood shavings4 ,this cannot be carried out with any economy on a small scale1 and requires a plant4 ,a modification of the regular plan is as follows3 ,remove the head from a good tight whisky barrel1 and put in a wooden faucet near the bottom4 ,fill the barrel with corn cobs and lay an empty coffee sack over them4 ,moisten the cobs by sprinkling them with some good1 strong1 natural vinegar1 and let them soak for a few hours4 ,after the lapse of #b or #c hours draw off the vinegar and again moisten the cobs1 repeating this until they are rendered sour throughout1 adding each time #a quart of high wines to the vinegar before throwing it back on the cobs4 ,this prevents the vinegar from becoming flat1 by the absorption of its acetic acid by the cobs4 ,mix a gallon of molasses with a gallon of high wine and #ad gallons of water and pour it on the cobs4 ,soak for #h hours1 then draw off and pour on the cobs again4 ,repeat this twice daily1 until the vinegar becomes sour enough to suit4 ,by having a battery of barrels1 say #d barrels prepared as above1 the manufacture may be made remunerative1 especially if the residue of sugar casks in place of molasses1 and the remnants of ale1 etc41 from the bar-rooms around town are used4 ,all sugar-containing fruit may be utilized for vinegar making4 ,,vinegar1 ,,tests ,,for3 ,see ,foods4 ,,vinegar1 ,,toilet3 ,see ,cosmetics4 #gcf ,,violet ,,ammonia3 ,see ,cosmetics4 ,,violet ,,water3 ,see ,perfumes4 ,,violin ,,rosin3 ,see ,rosin4 ,,violin ,,varnish3 ,see ,varnishes4 ,,viscose3 ,see ,celluloid4 ,,voice ,,lozenges3 ,see ,confectionery4 ,,vulcanization ,,of ,,rubber3 ,see ,rubber4 ,,wagon ,,grease3 ,see ,lubricants4 ,,walls1 ,,damp3 ,see ,household ,formulas4 ,,wall ,,and ,,wall-,,paper ,,cleaners3 ,see ,cleaning ,preparations and ,methods1 also ,household ,formulas4 ,,wall-,,paper ,,dyes3 ,see ,dyes4 ,,wall-,,paper ,,paste3 ,see ,adhesives4 ,,wall ,,paper1 ,,removal ,,of3 ,see ,household ,formulas4 ,,wall ,,waterproofing3 ,see ,waterproofing and ,household ,formulas4 ,,wall ,,priming3 ,see ,paints4 ,,walnut3 ,see ,wood4 ,,warming ,,bottle3 ,see ,bottles4 ,,warping1 ,,prevention ,,of3 ,see ,wood4 ,warts ,wart ,cure4--,the following is especially useful in cases where the warts are very numerous3 ,i4--,chloral hydrate #a part ,acetic acid #a part ,salicylic acid #d parts ,sulphuric ether #d parts ,collodion #e parts ,mix4 ,directions3 ,every morning apply the foregoing to the warts1 painting one coat on another4 ,should the mass fall off without taking the warts with it1 repeat the operation4 ,take1 internally #aj grains of burnt magnesia daily4 ,,ii4--,sulphur #aj parts ,acetic acid #e parts ,glycerine #be parts ,keep the warts covered with this mixture4 ,,washing ,,fluids ,,and ,,powders3 ,see ,laundry ,preparations4 ,,waste1 ,,photographic1 ,,its ,,disposition3 ,see ,photography4 ,,watch--,,dial ,,cements3 ,see ,adhesives1 under ,jewelers' ,cements4 ,,watch ,,gilding3 ,see ,plating4 ,watchmakers' ,formulas ,,watch ,,manufacturers' ,,alloys4 ,some very tenacious and hard alloys1 for making the parts of watches which are not sensitive to magnetism1 are as follows3 ,i ,,ii ,,iii ,,iv ,v ,,vi ,,vii ,platinum #fb4ge #fb4ge #fb4ge #ed4cb #j4e #j4e -- ,copper #ah #af4bj #af4bj #af #ah4e #ah4e #be ,nickel #ah #ah #af4ej #bd4gj -- #b #a ,cadmium #a4be #a4be #a4be #a4be -- -- -- ,cobalt -- -- #a4ej #a4if -- -- -- ,tungsten -- #a4hj #a4hj #a4gg -- -- -- ,palladium -- -- -- -- #gb #gb #gj ,silver -- -- -- -- #f4e #g #d ,rhodium -- -- -- -- #a -- -- ,gold -- -- -- -- #a4e -- -- ,a non-magnetic alloy for watch-springs1 wheels1 etc43 ,gold1 #cj to #dj parts2 palladium1 #cj to #dj parts2 copper1 #aj to #bj parts2 silver1 #j4a to #e per cent2 cobalt1 #j4a to #b4e per cent2 tungsten1 #j4a to #e per cent2 rhodium1 #j4a to #e per cent2 platinum1 #j4a to #e per cent4 ,an ,alloy for ,watch ,pinion ,sockets4--,gold1 #ca parts2 silver1 #ai parts2 copper1 #ci parts2 palladium1 #a part4 ,replacing ,rubies whose ,settings have ,deteriorated4--,enlarge1 with the squarer 7steel brooch for enlarging holes71 the hole of the old setting1 and adjust it1 with hard rubbing1 to the extremity of a stem of pierced brass wire4 ,take the stem in an ,american nippers1 and set the ruby at the extremity 7the setting may be driven back by using a flat burnishing tool1 very gently74 ,then take off with a cleaving file the part of the stem where the ruby is set1 and diminish it to the thickness desired1 by filing on the finger1 or on cork4 ,these operations finished1 #gcg a set stopper is obtained which now needs only to be solidly fixed at the suitable height1 in the hole prepared4 ,to ,straighten ,bent ,teeth4--,bent teeth are straightened by means of the screwdriver used as a lever against the root of the adjacent teeth1 and bent pivots may be held in the jaws of the pliers and the pinion bent with the fingers in the direction and to the extent required4 ,for such a purpose1 pliers having the jaws lined with brass are used so that the pivot is not bruised1 and the bending has to be done with great care4 ,to ,renew a ,broken ,barrel ,tooth4--,frequently1 in consequence of the breaking of a spring1 a tooth of a barrel is broken4 ,sometimes it may only be bent1 in which case the blade of a penknife may be used with care4 ,if #b or #c successive teeth are lacking1 the best way is to change the barrel1 but a single tooth may be easily renewed in this way3 ,drill a hole through the thickness of the tooth1 taking care not to penetrate the drum2 then fit in a piece of metal tightly and give it1 as well as possible1 the correct form of the tooth4 ,to assure solidity1 solder it2 then clean and round the edges4 ,properly executed the repair will scarcely be noticed4 ,heated ,sawdust4--,sawdust is known to have been employed from time immemorial by watchmakers and goldsmiths for the purpose of drying rinsed articles4 ,the process of drying can be accelerated four-fold if the sawdust is heated before use4 ,this must1 however1 be done with great caution and constant stirring4 ,to ,repair a ,dial1 etc41 with ,enamel ,applied ,cold4--,there are two kinds of false enamel for application1 when cold1 to damaged dials4 ,the first1 a mixture of white rosin and white lead1 melts like sealing wax1 which it closely resembles4 ,it is advisable when about to apply it to gently heat the dial and the blade of a knife1 and with the knife cut the piece of enamel of the requisite size and lay it on the dial4 ,the new enamel must project somewhat above the old4 ,when cold the surface is leveled by scraping1 and a shining surface is at once produced by holding at a little distance from the flame of a spirit lamp4 ,it is necessary to be very careful in conducting this operation1 as the least excess of heat will burn the enamel and turn it yellow4 ,it is1 however1 preferable to the following although more difficult to apply1 as it is harder and does not become dirty so soon4 ,the second false enamel contains white lead mixed with melted white wax4 ,it is applied like cement1 neatly filling up the space and afterwards rubbing with tissue paper to produce a shining surface4 ,if rubbed with a knife blade or other steel implement its surface will be discolored4 ,lettering a ,clock ,dial4--,painting ,roman characters on a clock dial is not such a difficult task as might at first be imagined4 ,if one has a set of drawing instruments and properly proportions the letters1 it is really simple4 ,the letters should be proportioned as follows3 ,the breadth of an 8,i0 and a space should equal #a_/b the breadth of an 8,x10 that is1 if the 8,x0 is #a_/b inch broad1 the 8,i0 will be #c_/af inch broad and the space between letters inch1 thus making the 8,i0 plus one space equal to #a_/d inch or half the breadth of an 8,x40 ,the 8,v's0 should be the same breadth as the 8,x's40 ,after the letters have been laid off in pencil1 outline them with a ruling pen and fill in with a small camel's-hair brush1 using gloss black paint thinned to the proper consistency to work well in the ruling pen4 ,using the ruling pen to outline the letters gives sharp straight edges1 which it would be impossible to obtain with a brush in the hands of an inexperienced person4 ,verification of the ,depthings4--,in the verge watches1 the ,english watches1 and those of analogous caliber1 it is often difficult to verify the depthings1 except by the touch4 ,for this reason we often find the upper plate pierced over each depth4 ,in the jeweled places1 instead of perforating the upper plate1 it suffices to deposit a drop of very limpid oil on the ruby1 taking care that it does not scatter4 ,in this manner a lens is formed and one may readily distinguish the depthing4 ,to ,make or ,enlarge a ,dial ,hole4--,by wetting the graver or the file with spirit of turpentine1 cracks may be avoided and the work will be accomplished much quicker4 ,to ,repair a ,repeating ,clock-,bell4--,when the bell is broken1 whether short off or at a distance1 file it away and pierce it1 and after having sharpened a little the stem of the spring which remains1 push by force1 in the hole just made1 a thin piece of solder 7pewter74 ,the sound will not have changed in any appreciable manner4 ,a seconds pendulum of a regulator1 which has no compensation for temperature will cause the clock to lose about #gch #a second per day for each #c degrees of increase in heat4 ,a watch without a compensation balance will lose #f4aa seconds in #bd hours for each increase of #a ,f4 in heat4 ,to ,remedy ,worn ,pinions4--,turn the leaves or rollers so that the worn places upon them will be toward the arbor or shaft and fasten them in that position4 ,if they are 8rolling pinions10 and they cannot be secured otherwise1 a little soft solder should be used4 ,watchmakers' ,oil4--,i4--,put some lead shavings into neat's foot oil1 and allow to stand for some time1 the longer the better4 ,the lead neutralizes the acid1 and the result is an oil that never corrodes or thickens4 ,,ii4--,stir up for some time best olive oil with water kept at the boiling point2 then after the two fluids have separated1 decant the oil and shake up with a little freshly burned lime4 ,let the mixture stand for some weeks in a bottle exposed to the sunlight and air1 but protected from wet and dirt4 ,when filtered1 the oil will be nearly colorless1 perfectly limpid1 and will never thicken or become rancid4 ,to ,weaken a ,balance ,spring4--,a balance spring may need weakening2 this is effected by grinding the spring thinner4 ,remove the spring from the collet and place it upon a piece of pegwood cut to fit the center cod4 ,a piece of soft iron wire1 flattened so as to pass freely between the coils and charged with a little powdered oilstone1 will serve as a grinder1 and with it the strength of the spring may soon be reduced4 ,operations will be confined to the center coil1 for no other part of the spring will rest sufficiently against the wood to enable it to be ground1 but this will generally suffice4 ,the effect will be rather rapid2 therefore care should be taken or the spring may be made too weak4 ,to ,make a ,clock ,strike ,correctly4--,pry the plates apart on the striking side1 slip the pivots of the upper wheels out1 and having disconnected them from the train1 turn them partly around and put them back4 ,if still incorrect1 repeat the experiment4 ,a few efforts at most will get them to work properly4 ,the sound in cuckoo clocks is caused by a wire acting on a small bellows which is connected with two small pipes like organ pipes4 ,to ,reblack ,clock ,hands4--,one coat of asphaltum varnish will make old rusty hands look as good as new1 and will dry in a few minutes4 ,to ,tighten a ,ruby ,pin4--,set the ruby pin in asphaltum varnish4 ,it will become hard in a few minutes and be much firmer and better than the gum shellac1 generally used4 ,to ,loosen a ,rusty ,screw in a ,watch ,movement4--,put a little oil around the screw2 heat the head lightly by means of a red-hot iron rod1 applying the same for #b or #c minutes4 ,the rusty screw may then be removed as easily as though it had just been put in4 ,gilding ,watch ,movements4 7,see also ,gilding47--,in gilding watch movements1 the greatest care must be observed with regard to cleanliness4 ,the work is first to be placed into a weak solution of caustic potash for a few minutes1 and then rinsed in cold water4 ,the movements are now to be dipped into pickling acid 7nitrous acid7 for an instant1 and then plunged immediately into cold water4 ,after being finally rinsed in hot water1 they may be placed in the gilding bath and allowed to remain therein until they have received the required coating4 ,a few seconds will generally be sufficient1 as this class of work does not require to be very strongly gilt4 ,when gilt1 the movements are to be rinsed in warm water1 and scratch-brushed2 they may then be returned to the bath1 for an instant1 to give them a good color4 ,lastly1 rinse in hot water and place the movements in clean box sawdust4 ,an economical mode of gilding watch movements is to employ a copper anode--working from the solution1 add #aj parts of cream of tartar and a corresponding quantity of elutriated chalk to obtain a pulp that can be put on with the brush4 ,the gilding or silvering obtained in this manner is pretty1 but of slight durability4 ,at the present time this method is only seldom employed1 since the electroplating affords a means of producing gilding and silvering in a handsome and comparatively cheap manner1 the metallic coating having to be but very thin4 ,gold and silver for this kind of work are used in the form of potassium cyanide of gold or potassium cyanide of silver solutions1 it being a custom to copper the zinc articles previously by the aid of a battery1 since the appearance will then be much handsomer than on zinc alone4 ,gilding or silvering with leaf metal is done by polishing the surface of the zinc bright and coating it with a very tough linseed-oil varnish diluted with #aj times the quantity of benzol4 ,the metallic leaf is then laid on and polished with an agate4 #gci ,,watchmakers' ,,cleaning ,,preparations3 ,see ,cleaning ,preparations and ,methods4 ,,watch ,,movements1 ,,palladium ,,plating ,,of3 ,see ,plating4 ,water1 ,natural and ,artificial ,in making an artificial mineral water it must be remembered that it is seldom possible to reproduce the water by merely combining its chemical components4 ,in other words1 the analysis of the water cannot serve as a basis from which to prepare it1 because even though all of the components were put together1 many would be found insoluble1 and others would form new chemical combinations1 so that the result would differ widely from the mineral water imitated4 ,for example1 carbonate of magnesia and carbonate of lime1 which are important ingredients in most mineral waters1 will not make a clear solution unless freshly precipitated4 ,hence1 when these are to be reproduced in a mineral water it is customary to employ other substances1 which will dissolve at once1 and which will1 upon combining1 produce these salts4 ,the order in which the salts are added is also a very important matter1 for by dissolving the salts separately and then carefully combining them1 solutions may be effected which would be impossible were all the salts added together to the water in the portable fountain4 ,in this connection the following table will be found useful3 ,group ,i ,ammonium carbonate4 ,ammonium chloride4 ,sodium borate 7borax74 ,potassium carbonate4 ,potassium chloride4 ,potassium nitrate4 ,potassium sulphate4 ,sodium bromide4 ,sodium carbonate4 ,sodium chloride4 ,sodium fluoride4 ,sodium iodide4 ,sodium nitrate4 ,sodium phosphate4 ,sodium pyrophosphate4 ,sodium silicate4 ,sodium sulphate4 ,group #b ,lithium carbonate4 ,group #c ,aluminum chloride4 ,barium chloride4 ,calcium bromide4 ,calcium chloride4 ,calcium nitrate4 ,magnesium nitrate4 ,strontium chloride4 ,lithium chloride4 ,group #d ,magnesium sulphate4 ,alum 7potassa or soda alum74 ,group #e ,lime carbonate4 ,magnesium carbonate hydrate4 ,lime sulphate precipitate4 ,group #f ,lithium carbonate4 ,acid hydrochloric4 ,acid sulphuric4 ,iron chloride4 ,iron pyrophosphate4 ,iron sulphate4 ,manganese chloride4 ,manganese sulphate4 ,group #g ,sodium arseniate1 or sodium sulphide1 or acid hydrosulphuric4 ,explanation of ,groups4--,the explanation of the use of these groups is simple4 ,when about to prepare an artificial mineral water1 first ascertain from the formula which of the ingredients belong to group #a4 ,these should be dissolved in water1 and then be filtered and added to distilled water1 and thoroughly agitated4 ,next the substance or substances belonging to group #b should be dissolved in water1 then filtered and added to the water1 which should again be agitated4 ,and so the operation should proceed2 whatever ingredients are required from each group should be taken in turn1 a solution made1 and this solution1 after being filtered1 should be separately added to the fountain1 and the latter be well agitated before the following solution is added4 ,for groups #a1 #c1 and #d1 the salts should be dissolved in #e times their weight of boiling1 or #aj times their weight of cold1 water4 ,for group #b 7lithium carbonate7 the proportions should be #a part of lithium carbonate to about #acj parts of cold or boiling water4 ,the substances mentioned in group #e are added to the portable fountain in their solid state1 and dissolve best when freshly precipitated4 ,as carbonic acid gas aids their solution1 it is best to charge the fountain after they are added1 and agitate thoroughly1 blowing off the charge afterwards if necessary4 ,in group #e the lithium carbonate is dissolved in the acids 7see also group #b71 the iron and manganese salts are dissolved in #e parts of boiling1 or #aj parts of cold1 water1 the solution quickly filtered1 the acids added to it1 and the whole mixture added to the fountain already charged with gas1 the cap being quickly taken off1 and the solution poured in4 ,the iron and manganese salts easily oxidize and produce turbidity1 therefore the atmospheric air should be carefully #gdj blown off under high pressure several times while charging fountains4 ,the substances mentioned in group #g are never put into the fountain1 except the arseniate of sodium in the case of ,vichy water1 which contains but a trifling amount of this compound4 ,most of the solutions may be prepared beforehand and be used when required1 thus saving considerable time4 ,formulas for various waters will be given at the end of this article4 ,a question which arises in preparing mineral waters is3 ,what is the best charging pressure8 ,as a general rule1 they are charged to a lower pressure than plain soda2 good authorities even recommend charging certain mineral waters as low as #cj pounds pressure to the square inch1 but this seems much too low a pressure for the dispensing counter4 ,from #ej to #abj pounds pressure would be a good limit1 while plain soda may be served out as high as #ahj pounds4 ,there must be enough pressure completely to empty the fountain1 while enabling sufficient gas to be retained by the water to give it a thorough pungency4 ,moreover1 a high pressure to the mineral water enables a druggist at a pinch1 when he runs out of plain soda1 to use his ,vichy water1 instead1 with the syruped drinks4 ,the taste of the ,vichy is not very perceptible when covered by the syrup1 and most customers will not notice it4 ,apollinaris ,water4-- ,sodium carbonate #b1hce grains ,sodium sulphate #cce grains ,sodium silicate #aj grains ,magnesium chloride #aih grains ,calcium chloride #dj grains ,potassa alum #eg grains ,magnesium carbonate hydrate #aeh grains ,iron sulphate #ba grains ,hunyadi ,water4-- ,magnesium sulphate #djj parts ,sodium sulphate #djj parts ,potassium sulphate #b parts ,sodium chloride #ca parts ,sodium bicarbonate #ab parts ,water #a quart ,lithia ,water4-- ,lithium carbonate #abj grains ,sodium bicarbonate #a1ajj grains ,carbonated water #aj gallons ,for 8still0 lithia water1 substitute lithium citrate for the carbonate in the above formula4 ,seltzer ,water4--,hydrochloric acid 7chemically pure71 #b1ebj grains2 pure water1 #dj ounces4 ,mix and add marble dust1 #bdj grains2 carbonate of magnesium1 #dbj grains4 ,dissolve1 and after #a hour add bicarbonate of sodium1 #b1edj grains4 ,dissolve1 then add sufficient pure water to make #aj gallons4 ,filter and charge to #ajj pounds pressure4 ,vichy ,water4--,the following formula1 based on the analysis of ,bauer-,struve1 yields an imitation of ,vichy 7,grande ,grille74 ,sodium iodide #j4jaf parts ,sodium bromide #j4jh parts ,sodium phosphate #b parts ,sodium silicate #hj parts ,potassium sulphate #abe parts ,sodium chloride #aci parts ,sodium carbonate #f1gib parts ,aluminum chloride #a part ,strontium chloride #a part ,ammonium chloride #c parts ,magnesium chloride #bd parts ,calcium chloride #agj parts ,manganese sulphate #j4df parts ,iron sulphate #a part ,sulphuric acid #dj parts ,water to make #aj gallons ,mix the first #g ingredients with about #aj times their weight of water and filter4 ,in the same manner1 mix the next #e ingredients with water and filter2 and then the last #c ingredients4 ,pour these solutions into sufficient water contained in a fountain to make #aj gallons1 and charge at once with carbon dioxide gas4 ,waters like the above are more correctly named 8imitation0 than 8artificial10 as the acidic and basic radicals may bear different relations to one another in the natural and the other4 ,,purifying ,,water4 ,see also ,filters4 ,if an emulsion of clay is poured into a soap solution1 the clay gradually separates out without clarifying the liquid4 ,when a few drops of hydrochloric acid1 however1 are added to a soap solution and a small quantity--about #a4e per cent--of a clay emulsion poured in1 the liquid clarifies at once1 with formation of a plentiful sediment4 ,exactly the same process takes place when the waste waters from the combing process in spinning are treated with clay4 ,the waters which remain turbid for several days contain #ejj to #hjj grams of fatty substances per cubic meter4 ,if to #a liter of this liquid #a gram of clay is added1 with #ae to #bj per cent of water1 the liquid clarifies with separation of a sediment and assumes a golden-brown #gda color4 ,besides the fatty substances1 this deposit also contains a certain quantity of nitrogenous bodies4 ,dried at 7#ajj ,c47 #bab ,f41 it weighs about #a4f grams and contains #cj per cent of fat4 ,the grease obtained from it is clear1 of good quality1 and deliquesces at #ie ,f4 ,after removal of this fat1 the mass still contains #a4ai per cent of nitrogen4 ,sterilization of ,water with ,lime ,chloride4--,in order to disinfect and sterilize #a1jjj parts of drinking water1 #j4ae parts of dry chloride of lime are sufficient4 ,the lime is stirred with a little water into a thin paste and introduced1 with stirring1 into the water to be disinfected and a few drops of officinal hydrochloric acid are added4 ,after #a_/b hour the clarification and disinfection is accomplished1 whereupon #j4c parts of calcium sulphite are added1 in order to kill the unpleasant smell and taste of the chlorine4 ,clarifying ,muddy ,water4--,the water supply from rivers is so muddy at times that it will not go through the filter4 ,when this happens agitate each barrel of water with #b pounds of phosphate of lime and allow it to settle4 ,this will take but a few minutes1 and it will be found that most of the impurities have been carried down to the bottom4 ,the water can then be drawn off carefully and filtered4 ,removal of ,iron from ,drinking ,water4--,the simplest method for removing the taste of iron in spring water is to pass the water through a filter containing a layer of tricalcic phosphate either in connection with other filtering materials or alone4 ,the phosphate is first recovered in a gelatinous form1 then dried and powdered4 ,for ,hardness4--,a solution perfectly adapted to this purpose1 and one which may be kept a long time1 is prepared as follows3 ,thirty-five parts of almond oil are mixed with #ej parts of glycerine of #a4bf specific gravity and #h4e parts of #ej per cent soda lye1 and boiled to saponification4 ,to this mixture1 when it has cooled to from #he to #ij ,c4 7#ahe to #aid ,f471 are added #ajj to #abe parts of boiling water4 ,after cooling again1 #ejj parts of water are added1 and the solution is poured into a quart flask1 with #id per cent alcohol to make up a quart4 ,after standing #b months it is filtered4 ,twenty hydrolimeter degrees of this solution make1 with #dj parts of a solution of #j4ee grams of barium chloride in #a quart of water1 a dense lather #a centimeter high4 ,,water 7,,copper73 ,see ,copper4 ,,water ,,ices3 ,see ,ice ,creams4 ,,water1 ,,to ,,freeze3 ,see ,refrigeration4 ,,water ,,jackets1 ,,anti-,,freezing ,,solutions ,,for3 ,see ,freezing ,preventives4 ,,water ,,spots1 ,,priming ,,for3 ,see ,paint4 ,,water ,,stains3 ,see ,wood4 ,,water-,,lily ,,roots3 ,see ,pyrotechnics4 ,,water1 ,,stirred ,,yellow1 ,,scarlet ,,and ,,colorless3 ,see ,pyrotechnics4 ,,waters 7,,toilet73 ,see ,cosmetics4 ,,water-,,glass ,,cements3 ,see ,adhesives4 ,,water ,,glass ,,in ,,stereochromatic ,,painting3 ,see ,stereochromy4 ,waterproofing 7,see also ,enamels1 ,glazes1 ,paints1 ,preservatives1 ,varnishes47 ,waterproofing ,brick ,arches4--,waterproofing of brick arches is done in the following manner3 ,the masonry is first smoothed over with cement mortar4 ,this is then covered with a special compound on which a layer of ,hydrex felt is laid so as to lap at least #ab inches on the transverse seams4 ,five layers of compound and #e of felt are used1 and special attention is paid to securing tightness around the drain pipes and at the spandrel walls4 ,in fact the belt is carried up the back of the latter and turned into the joint under the coping about #b inches1 where it is held with cement mortar4 ,the waterproofing on the arches is protected with #a inch of cement mortar and that on the walls with a single course of brickwork4 ,waterproofing ,blue ,prints4--,use refined paraffine1 and apply by immersing the print in the melted wax1 or more conveniently as follows3 ,immerse in melted paraffine until saturated1 a number of pieces of an absorbent cloth a foot or more square4 ,when withdrawn and cooled they are ready for use at any time4 #gdb ,to apply to a blue print1 spread one of the saturated cloths on a smooth surface1 place the dry print on it with a second waxed cloth on top1 and iron with a moderately hot flatiron4 ,the paper immediately absorbs paraffine until saturated1 and becomes translucent and highly waterproofed4 ,the lines of the print are intensified by the process1 and there is no shrinking or distortion4 ,as the wax is withdrawn from the cloths1 more can be added by melting small pieces directly under the iron4 ,by immersing the print in a bath of melted paraffine the process is hastened1 but the ironing is necessary to remove the surplus wax from the surface1 unless the paper is to be directly exposed to the weather and not to be handled4 ,the irons can be heated in most offices by gas or over a lamp1 and a supply of saturated cloths obviates the necessity of the bath4 ,this process1 which was originally applied to blue prints to be carried by the engineer corps in wet mines1 is equally applicable to any kind of paper1 and is convenient for waterproofing typewritten or other notices to be posted up and exposed to the weather4 ,waterproof ,coatings4--,i4--,rosin oil1 #ej parts2 rosin1 #cj parts2 white soap1 #i parts4 ,apply hot on the surfaces to be protected4 ,,ii4--,it has been observed that when gluten dried at an ordinary temperature1 hence capable of absorbing water1 is mixed with glycerine and heated1 it becomes water-repelling and suitable for a waterproof paint4 ,one part of gluten is mixed with parts of glycerine1 whereby a slimy mass is obtained which is applied on fabrics subsequently subjected to a heat of #bdh ,f4 ,the heating should not last until all glycerine has evaporated1 otherwise the coating becomes brittle and peels off4 ,waterproofing ,canvas4--,i4--,the canvas is coated with a mixture of the three solutions named below3 #a4 ,gelatin1 #ej parts2 by weight1 boiled in #c1jjj parts of water free from lime4 #b4 ,alum1 #ajj parts1 dissolved in #c1jjj parts of water4 #c4 ,soda soap dissolved in #b1jjj parts of water4 ,,ii4--,prepare a zinc soap by entirely dissolving #ef parts of soft soap in #abe to #aej parts of water4 ,to the boiling liquid add1 with constant stirring1 #bh to #cc parts of zinc vitriol 7white vitriol74 ,the zinc soap floats on top and forms1 after cooling1 a hard white mass1 which is taken out4 ,in order to clean it of admixed carbonic alkali1 it must be remelted in boiling fresh water4 ,next place #bcb4e parts of raw linseed oil 7free from mucus7 in a kettle with #b4e parts of best potash1 and #e parts of water4 ,this mass is boiled until it has become white and opaque and forms a liquid1 soap-like compound4 ,now1 add sugar of lead1 #a4be parts2 litharge1 #a part2 red lead1 #b parts2 and brown rosin1 #aj4e parts4 ,the whole is boiled together about #a hour1 the temperature not being allowed to exceed #bab ,f41 and stirring well from time to time4 ,after this add #ae parts of zinc soap and stir the whole until the metal soap has combined with the oil1 the temperature not exceeding #bab ,f4 ,when the mixture is complete1 add a solution of caoutchouc1 #a4b parts1 and oil of turpentine1 #h4ef parts1 which must be well incorporated by stirring4 ,the material is first coated on one side by means of a brush with this composition1 which must have a temperature of #aeh ,f4 ,thereupon hang it up to dry1 then apply a second layer of composition possessing the same temperature1 which is likewise allowed to dry4 ,the fiber is now filled out1 so that the canvas is waterproof4 ,waterproofing ,corks4--,for the purpose of making corks as impervious as possible1 while at the same time keeping them elastic1 saturate them with caoutchouc solution4 ,dissolve caoutchouc in benzine in the ratio of #a part of caoutchouc to #ai parts of benzine4 ,into this liquid lay the corks to be impregnated and subject them to a pressure of #aej to #ahj pounds by means of a force pump1 so that the liquid can thoroughly enter4 ,the corks thus treated must next be exposed to a strong draught of air until all trace of benzine has entirely evaporated and no more smell is noticeable4 ,,waterproofing ,,fabrics4 ,it will be convenient to divide waterproof fabrics into two classes1 viz41 those which are impervious to water1 and those which are water-repellent4 ,it is important to make this distinction1 for1 although all waterproof material is made for the purpose of resisting water1 there is a vast difference between the two classes4 ,the physical difference between them can be briefly summed up as follows3 ,fabrics which are completely impervious to water comprise oil-skins1 mackintoshes1 and all materials having a water-resisting film on one or both sides1 or in the interior of the fabric4 ,those coming under the second heading of water-repellent materials do not possess #gdc this film1 but have their fibers so treated as to offer less attraction to the water than the water molecules have for themselves4 ,the principal members of the first group are the rubber-proofed goods2 in these the agent employed is rubber in greater or less quantity1 together with other bodies of varying properties4 ,before enlarging on this class1 it will be necessary to give a short description of the chemical and physical properties of rubber4 ,rubber1 or caoutchouc1 is a natural gum exuding from a large number of plants1 those of the ,euphorbiace being the chief source for the commercial variety4 ,the raw material appears on the market in the shape of blocks1 cakes1 or bottle-shaped masses1 according to the manner in which it has been collected4 ,it possesses a dark-brown--sometimes nearly black-exterior2 the interior of the mass is of a lighter shade1 and varies from a dingy brown to a dirty white1 the color depending on the different brands and sources4 ,in the raw state its properties are very different from what they are after going through the various manufacturing processes1 and it has only a few of the characteristics which are generally associated with ,india rubber4 ,chemically it is a complex hydrocarbon with the formula ,c#de;,h#cf1 and appears to consist of a highly porous network of cells having several different rosins in their interstices4 ,it is perfectly soluble in no single solvent1 but will yield some of its constituents to many different solvents4 ,at a temperature of #aj ,c4 7#ej ,f47 raw caoutchouc is a solid body and possesses very little elasticity4 ,at #cf ,c4 7#ig ,f47 it is soft and elastic to a high degree1 and is capable of being stretched #af times its length4 ,further increase of temperature lessens its elastic properties1 and at #abj ,c4 7#bdh ,f47 it melts4 ,while in the raw condition it has several peculiar properties1 one of which is3 ,after stretching1 and cooling suddenly while stretched1 it retains its new form1 and only regains its former shape on being warmed4 ,another striking feature is its strong adhesive capacity2 this property is so powerful that the rubber cannot be cut with a knife unless the blade is wet2 and freshly cut portions1 if pressed together1 will adhere and form a homogeneous mass4 ,from these facts it will be seen how it differs from rubber in the shape of a cycle tire or other manufactured form4 ,the most valuable property possessed by raw caoutchouc is that of entering into chemical combination with sulphur1 after which its elasticity is much increased2 it will then bear far greater gradations of heat and cold4 ,this chemical treatment of caoutchouc with sulphur is known as 8vulcanizing10 and1 if properly carried out1 will yield either soft vulcanized rubber or the hard variety known as vulcanite4 ,on the other hand1 caoutchouc1 after vulcanizing1 has lost its plastic nature1 and can no longer be molded into various shapes1 so that in the production of stamped or molded objects1 the customary method is to form them in unvulcanized rubber and then to vulcanize them4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #a4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #b4 ,raw caoutchouc contains a number of natural impurities1 such as sand1 twigs1 soil1 etc42 these require removing before the manufacturing processes can be carried out4 ,the first operation1 after rough washing1 is to shred the raw material into small strips1 so as to enable the impurities to be washed out4 ,this process is carried out by pressing the rubber against the surface of a revolving drum 7,a1 ,fig4 #a71 carrying a number of diagonally arranged knives1 ,b1 on its surface4 ,a lever1 ,c1 presses the rubber against the knives2 ,d is the fulcrum on which ,c works1 ,e being a weight which throws back the lever on the pressure being removed4 ,during #gdd this operation a jet of water is kept playing onto the knives to cool and enable them to cut4 ,following this comes the passage between a pair of corrugated steel rollers 7as shown in ,fig4 #b74 ,these rollers have each a different speed1 so that the rubber gets stretched and squeezed at the same time4 ,immediately over the rollers a water pipe is fixed1 so that a steady stream of water washes out all the sand and other extraneous matter4 ,in ,fig4 #b1 ,,aa are the steel rollers1 while ,b is a screw working springs which regulate the pressure between the rollers4 ,the power is transmitted from below from the pulley1 ,c1 and thence to the gearing4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #c4 ,the next operation1 after well drying1 is to thoroughly masticate the shredded rubber between hot steel rollers1 which resemble those already described1 but usually have a screw-thread cut on their surfaces4 ,fig4 #c shows the front view of this masticating machine1 ,a being the rollers1 while the steam pipe for heating is shown at ,b4 ,fig4 #c;a gives a top view of the same machine1 showing the two rollers4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #c;,a4 ,after passing several times through these1 the rubber will be in the form of homogeneous strips1 and is then ready either for molding or dissolving4 ,as we are dealing solely with waterproofed textiles1 the next process which concerns us is the dissolving of the rubber in a suitable solvent4 ,benzol1 carbon bisulphide1 oil of turpentine1 ether1 and absolute alcohol1 will each dissolve a certain amount of rubber1 but no one of them used alone gives a thorough solution4 ,the agent commonly employed is carbon bisulphide1 together with #aj per cent of absolute alcohol4 ,whatever solvent is used1 after being steeped in it for some hours the caoutchouc swells out enormously1 and then requires the addition of some other solvent to effect a complete solution4 ,a general method is to place the finely shredded rubber in a closed vessel1 to cover it with carbon bisulphide1 and allow to stand for some hours4 ,toward the end of the time the vessel is warmed by means of a steam coil or jacket1 and #aj parts absolute alcohol are added for every #ajj parts of carbon bisulphide4 ,the whole is then kept gently stirred for a few hours4 ,fig4 #d shows a common type of the vessel used for dissolving rubber4 ,in this diagram ,a is the interior of the vessel1 and ,b a revolving mixer in the same4 ,the whole vessel is surrounded by a steam jacket1 ,c1 with a steam inlet at ,d and a tap for condensed water at ,e4 ,f is the cock by which the solution is drawn off4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #d4 ,after the rubber is dissolved1 about #ab to #bd per cent of sulphur is added1 and thoroughly incorporated with the solution4 ,the sulphur may be in the form of chloride of sulphur1 or as sulphur pure and simple4 ,a very small quantity of sulphur is required to give the necessary result1 #b to #c per cent being sufficient to effect vulcanization2 but a large quantity is always added to hasten the operation4 ,even after prolonged treatment with the two solvents1 a solution of uniform consistency is never obtained3 clots of a thicker nature will be found floating in the solution1 and the next operation is to knead it up so as to obtain equal #gde density throughout4 ,fig4 #e will give an idea of how this mixing is done4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #e4 ,at the top of a closed wooden chamber is a covered reservoir1 ,a1 containing the solution of rubber4 ,a long slit at the base of this reservoir allows the solution to fall between sets of metal rollers1 ,,bbb below4 ,neighboring rollers are revolving in opposite directions1 and at different speeds1 so that1 after passing all three sets of rollers1 and emerging at the bottom1 the solution should be of uniform consistency4 ,,ccc are the guiding funnels1 and ,,ee are scrapers to clear the solution from the rollers4 ,d is a wedge-shaped plug worked by a rack and pinion1 and regulates the flow of the solution4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #f4 ,it now remains to apply the rubber to the fabric and vulcanize it4 ,up to this stage the sulphur has only been mechanically mixed with the rubber2 the aid of heat is now required to bring about chemical combination between the two4 ,this process1 which is known as 8burning10 consists in subjecting the rubber-covered fabric to a temperature of about #bdh ,f4 ,sulphur itself melts at #bci ,f41 and the temperature at which combination takes place must be above this4 ,fig4 #f shows one of the methods of spreading the rubber on the cloth4 ,a is the tank containing the solution with an outlet at the bottom arranged so as to regulate the flow of solution4 ,the fabric passes slowly underneath this1 receiving as it travels a thin coating of the waterproofing4 ,the two rollers at ,b press the solution into the fabric and distribute the proofing evenly over the entire surface4 ,after leaving the two squeezing rollers1 the cloth travels slowly through a covered chamber1 ,c1 having a series of steam pipes1 ,,ee1 underneath1 to evaporate the solvent2 this condenses on the upper portion of the chamber1 which is kept cooled1 and flows down the sides into suitable receptacles4 ,after this the proofed cloth is vulcanized by passing round metal cylinders heated to the necessary temperature1 or by passing through a heated chamber4 ,fig4 #g shows the spreading of rubber between two fabrics4 ,the two cloths are wound evenly on the rollers1 ,,bb2 from this they are drawn conjointly through the rollers1 ,d1 the stream of proofing solution flowing down between the rollers1 which then press the two fabrics together with the rubber inside4 ,the lower rollers marked ,,cc are heated to the necessary degree1 and cause the rubber and sulphur to combine in chemical union4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #g4 ,so far the operation of proofing has been described as though pure rubber only was used2 in practice the rubber forms only a small percentage of the proofing material1 its place being taken by cheaper bodies4 ,one of the common ingredients of proofing mixtures is boiled linseed oil1 together with a small quantity of litharge2 this dries very quickly1 and forms a glassy flexible film4 ,coal tar1 shellac1 colophony1 etc41 are all used1 together with ,india-rubber varnish1 to make #gdf different waterproof compositions4 ,oil of turpentine and benzol form good solvents for rubber1 but it is absolutely essential that both rubber and solvent be perfectly anhydrous before mixing4 ,oil of turpentine1 alcohol1 etc41 can be best deprived of water by mixing with either sulphuric acid or dehydrated copper sulphate1 and allowing to stand4 ,the acid or the copper salt will absorb the water and sink to the bottom1 leaving a supernatant layer of dehydrated turpentine or whatever solvent is used4 ,all the sulphur in a rubber-proofed cloth is not in combination with the rubber2 it is frequently found that1 after a lapse of time1 rubber-proofed material shows an efflorescence of sulphur on the surface1 due to excess of sulphur1 and occasionally the fabric becomes stiff and the proofing scales off4 ,whenever a large proportion of sulphur is present1 there is always the danger of the rubbers forming slowly into the hard vulcanite state1 as the substance commonly called vulcanite consists only of ordinary vulcanized rubber carried a stage further by more sulphur being used and extra heat applied4 ,if after vulcanizing1 rubber is treated with caustic soda1 all this superfluous sulphur can be extracted2 if it is then well washed the rubber will retain its elasticity for a long period4 ,with the old methods of proofing1 a sheet of vulcanized rubber was cemented to a fabric with rubber varnish1 and frequently this desulphurizing was performed before cementing together4 ,the result was a flexible and durable cloth1 but of great weight and thickness1 and expensive to produce4 ,the chemistry of rubber is very little understood2 as mentioned previously1 rubber is a highly complex body1 liable to go through many changes4 ,these changes are likely to be greater in rubber varnish1 consisting of half a dozen or more ingredients1 than in the case of rubber alone4 ,the action of sunlight has a powerful effect on rubber1 much to its detriment1 and appears to increase its tendency to oxidize4 ,vulcanized rubber keeps its properties better under water than when exposed to the air1 and changes more slowly if kept away from the light4 ,it appears as though a slight decomposition always takes place even with pure rubber2 but the presence of so many differently constituted substances as sometimes occur in rubber solutions no doubt makes things worse4 ,whenever a number of different bodies with varying properties are consolidated together by heat1 as in the case of rubber compositions1 it is only reasonable to expect there will be some molecular rearrangement going on in the mass2 and this can be assigned as the reason why some proofings last as long again as others4 ,some metallic salts have a very injurious action on rubber1 one of the worst being copper sulphate4 ,dyers are frequently warned that goods for rubber-proofing must be free from this metal1 as its action on rubber is very powerful1 though but little understood4 ,as is generally known1 grease in any form is exceedingly destructive to rubber1 and it should never be allowed in contact in the smallest proportion4 ,some compositions are made up by dissolving rubber in turpentine and coal tar2 but in this case some of the rubber's most valuable properties are destroyed1 and it is doubtful if it can be properly vulcanized4 ,owing to rubber being a bad conductor of heat1 it requires considerable care to vulcanize it in any thickness4 ,a high degree of heat applied during a short period would tend to form a layer of hard vulcanite on the surface1 while that immediately below would be softer and would gradually merge into raw rubber in the center4 ,the different brands of rubber vary so much1 especially with regard to solubility1 that it is always advisable to treat each brand by itself1 and not to make a solution of two or more kinds4 ,oilskins and tarpaulins1 etc41 are mostly proofed by boiled linseed oil1 with or without thickening bodies added4 ,they are not of sufficient interest to enlarge upon in this article1 so the second1 or 8water-repellent10 class has now to be dealt with4 ,all the shower-proof fabrics come under this heading1 as well as every cloth which is pervious to air and repulsive to water4 ,the most time-honored recipe for proofing woollen goods is a mixture of sugar of lead and alum1 and dates back hundreds of years4 ,the system of using this is as follows3 ,the two ingredients are dissolved separately1 and the solutions mixed together4 ,a mutual decomposition results1 the base of the lead salt uniting with the sulphuric acid out of the alum to form lead sulphate1 which precipitates to the bottom4 ,the clear solution contains alumina in the form of acetate1 and this supplies the proofing quality to the fabric4 ,it is applied in a form of machine shown in ,fig4 #h1 which will be seen to consist of a trough containing the proofing solution1 ,c1 with a pair of squeezing rollers1 ,a1 over the top4 ,the fabric is drawn down through the solution and up through the squeezers in the direction of the arrows4 ,at the #gdg back of the machine the cloth automatically winds itself onto a roll1 ,b1 and then only requires drying to develop the water-resisting power4 ,d is a weight acting on a lever which presses the two rollers1 ,a1 together4 ,the water-repelling property is gained as follows3 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #h4 ,drying the fabric1 which is impregnated with acetate of alumina1 drives off some of the volatile acetic acid1 leaving a film of basic acetate of alumina on each wool fiber4 ,this basic salt is very difficult to wet1 and has so little attraction for moisture that in a shower of rain the drops remain in a spheroidal state1 and fall off4 ,in a strong wind1 or under pressure1 water eventually penetrates through fabrics proofed in this manner2 but they will effectually resist a sharp shower4 ,unfortunately1 shower-proofed goods1 with wear1 gradually lose this property of repelling water4 ,the equation representing the change between alum and sugar of lead is given below4 ,in the case of common alum there would1 of course1 be potassium acetate in solution besides the alumina4 ,alum4 ,sugar of lead4 ,al#b,k#b7,so#d7d #d ,pb7,c#b;,h#c,o#b7b ,lead ,potassium ,aluminum sulphate4 acetate4 acetate4 #d ,pb,so#d #b ,,kc#b;,h#c,o#b ,al#b7;,c#b;,h#c,o#b7f ,now that sulphate of alumina is in common use1 alum need not be used1 as the potash in it serves no purpose in proofing4 ,there are many compositions conferring water resisting powers upon textiles1 but unfortunately they either affect the general handle of the material and make it stiff1 or they stain and discolor it1 which is equally bad4 ,a large range of waterproof compositions can be got by using stearates of the metals2 these1 in nearly every case1 are insoluble bodies1 and when deposited in the interior of a fabric form a water-resisting 8filling0 which is very effective4 ,as a rule these stearates are deposited on the material by means of double baths2 for example1 by passing the fabric through 7say7 a bath of aluminum acetate1 and then1 after squeezing out the excess of liquid1 passing it through a bath of soap4 ,the aluminum salt on the fabric decomposes the soap1 resulting in a deposit of insoluble stearate of alumina4 ,this system of proofing in two baths is cleaner and more economical than adding all the ingredients together1 as the stearate formed is just where it is required 8on the fibers10 and not at the bottom of the bath4 ,one of the most important patents now worked for waterproofing purposes is on the lines of the old alumina process4 ,in this case the factor used is rosin1 dissolved in a very large bulk of petroleum spirit4 ,the fabrics to be proofed 7usually dress materials7 are passed through a bath of this solution1 and carefully dried to drive off the solvent4 ,following this1 the goods are treated by pressing with hot polished metal rollers4 ,this last process melts the small quantity of rosin1 which is deposited on the cloth1 and leaves each single fiber with an exceedingly thin film of rosin on it4 ,it will be understood that only a very attenuated solution of rosin is permissible1 so that the fibers of the threads and not the threads themselves are coated with it4 ,if the solution contains too much rosin the fabric is stiffened1 and the threads cemented together2 whereas if used at the correct strength 7or1 rather1 weakness7 neither fabric nor dye suffers1 and there is no evidence of stickiness of any description4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #i4 ,fig4 #i shows a machine used for spreading a coat of either proofing or any other fluid on one side of the fabric4 #gdh ,this is done by means of a roller1 ,a1 running in the proofing solution1 the material to be coated traveling slowly over the top and just in contact with the roller1 ,a1 which transfers the proofing to it4 ,should the solution used be of a thick nature1 then a smooth metal roller will transfer sufficient to the fabric4 ,if the reverse is the case1 and the liquid used is very thin1 then the roller is covered with felt1 which very materially adds to its carrying power4 ,as shown in ,fig4 #i1 after leaving the two squeezing rollers1 ,,bb1 the fabric passes slowly round a large steam-heated cylinder1 ,c1 with the coated side uppermost4 ,this dries the proofing and fastens it1 and the cloth is taken off at ,d4 ,besides stearates of the metals1 glues and gelatins have been used for proofing purposes1 but owing to their stiffening effect1 they are only of use in some few isolated cases4 ,with glue and gelatin the fixing agent is either tannic acid or some metallic salt4 ,tannic acid converts gelatin into an insoluble leather-like body2 this can be deposited in the interstices of the fabric by passing the latter through a gelatin bath first1 and then squeezing and passing through the tannic acid4 ,bichromate of potash also possesses the property of fixing the proteid bodies and rendering them insoluble4 ,the following are special processes used to advantage in the manufacture of waterproof fabrics3 ,i4--,ordinary ,fabrics1 ,dressing ,apparel1 etc4--,immerse in a vat of acetate of alumina 7#e ,b47 for #ab hours1 lift1 dry1 and let evaporate at a temperature of from #adj to #adi ,f4 ,,ii4--,sailcloth1 ,awnings1 ,thick ,blankets1 etc4--,soak in a #g per cent solution of gelatin at #ajd ,f41 dry1 pass through a #d per cent solution of alum1 dry again1 rinse in water1 and dry4 ,,iii4--,fabrics of ,cotton1 ,linen1 ,jute1 and ,hemp4--,put into a bath of ammoniacal cupric sulphate of #aj ,b4 at a temperature of #hg ,f42 let steep thoroughly1 then put in a bath of caustic soda 7#bj ,b47 and dry4 ,to increase the impermeability1 a bath of sulphate of alumina may be substituted for the caustic-soda bath4 ,,iv4--,saturate the fabrics with the following odorless compound1 subjecting them several times to a brushing machine having several rollers1 where the warp threads will be well smoothed1 and a waterproof product of fine sheen and scarcely fading will be the result4 ,the compound is made with #cj parts1 by weight1 of ,japan wax1 #bb #a_/b parts1 by weight1 of paraffine1 #ab parts1 by weight1 of rosin soap1 #ce parts1 by weight1 of starch1 and #e parts1 by weight1 of a #e per cent solution of alum4 ,fabrics thus prepared are particularly adapted to the manufacture of haversacks1 shoes1 etc4 ,v4--,white or ,light ,fabrics4--,pass first through a bath of acetate of alumina of #d to #e ,b4 at a temperature of #ajd ,f41 then through the rollers to rid of all liquid2 put into a warm solution of soap 7#e parts1 by weight1 of olive-oil soap to #ajj parts1 by weight1 of fresh water7 and finally pass through a #b per cent solution of alum1 dry for #b or #c days on the dropping horse1 and brush off all particles of soap4 ,,vi4--,dissolve #a #a_/b parts1 by weight1 of gelatin in #ej parts1 by weight1 of boiling water1 add #a #a_/b parts1 by weight1 of scraped tallow soap and #b #a_/b parts1 by weight1 of alum1 the latter being put in gradually2 lower the temperature of the bath to #abb ,f41 lift out the fabric1 dry1 and calender4 ,,vii4--,tent ,cloth4--,soak in a warm solution of #a part1 by weight1 of gelatin1 #a part1 by weight1 of glycerine1 and #a part1 by weight1 of tannin in #ab parts1 by weight1 of wood vinegar 7pyroligneous acid7 of #ab ,b4 ,the whole is melted in a kettle and carefully mixed4 ,the mass is poured into the receiver of the brushing machine1 care being taken to keep it liquid4 ,for a piece of #ejj feet in length and #bj inches in width1 #ej to #hj parts1 by weight1 of this compound are needed4 ,,viii4--,to freshen worn waterproof material1 cover with the following3 ,fifty-five thousand parts1 by weight1 of gelatin2 #ajj parts1 by weight1 of bichromate of potash2 #ajj parts1 by weight1 of acetic acid 7to keep glue from congealing71 and from #c1jjj to #e1jjj parts1 by weight1 of water2 to this add #ejj parts1 by weight1 of peroxide of ammoniacal copper1 #ajj ,b4 ,this compound is put on the fabric with a brush and then exposed to air and light4 ,,ix4--,soft ,hats4--,the hats are stiffened as usual1 then put through the following three baths3 ,dissolve #a_/b part1 by weight1 of tallow soap in from #dj to #ej parts1 by weight1 of warm water 7#adj ,f474 ,put #c to #d dozen hats into this solution1 leave them in it for half an hour1 then take out and put them as they are into another bath prepared with #dj to #ej parts1 by weight1 of water and #a_/b part1 by weight1 of alum and heated to #hf to #ajd ,f4 ,after #gdi having been left in the second bath for #a_/d or #a_/b hour1 take out as before1 put into the third bath of #dj to #ej parts1 by weight1 of water1 #a_/b part1 by weight1 of alum1 and about #ac parts1 by weight1 of fish glue4 ,in this cold bath the hats are left for another #a_/b hour or more until they are completely saturated with the liquid1 then dried and the other operations continued4 ,x4--,woolen cloth may be soaked in a vat filled with aluminum acetate1 of #e ,b41 for #ab hours1 then removed1 dried1 and dried again at a temperature of #adj ,f4 ,,xi4--,wagon covers1 awnings1 and sails are saturated with a #g per cent gelatin solution1 at a temperature of #ajd ,f41 dried in the air1 put through a #d per cent solution of alum1 dried again in the air1 carried through water1 and dried a third time4 ,,xii4--,cotton1 linen1 jute1 and hemp fabrics are first thoroughly saturated in a bath of ammonio-cupric sulphate1 of #aj ,b41 at a temperature of #gg ,f41 then put into a solution of caustic soda1 #b ,b41 and dried4 ,they may be made still more impervious to water by substituting a solution of aluminum sulphate for the caustic soda4 ,,xiii4--,white and light-colored fabrics are first put into a bath of aluminum acetate1 #d to #e ,b41 at a temperature of #ajb ,f41 the superfluous liquid being removed from the fabric by press rollers4 ,the fabric is put into a soap solution 7#e parts of good ,marseilles soap in #ajj parts of soft water74 ,finally it is put through a #b per cent alum solution1 and left to dry for #b or #c days on racks4 ,the adhering particles of soap are removed by brushing with machinery4 ,,xiv4--,dissolve #a4e parts of gelatin in #ej parts of boiling water1 add #a4e parts of shavings of tallow grain soap1 and gradually1 #b4e parts of alum4 ,let this cool to #abb ,f41 draw the fabric through it1 dry and calender4 ,,xv4--,cellular tissues are made waterproof by impregnating them with a warm solution of #a part1 by weight1 of gelatin1 #a part1 by weight1 of glycerine1 and #a part1 by weight1 of tannin1 in #ab parts1 by weight1 of wood vinegar1 #ab ,b4 ,,xvi4--,linen1 hemp1 jute1 cotton1 and other fabrics can be given a good odorless waterproof finish by impregnating them1 and afterwards subjecting them to the action of several mechanical brush rollers4 ,by this process the fabric is brushed dry1 the fibers are laid smooth1 the threads of the warp brought out1 and a glossy1 odorless1 unfading waterproof stuff results4 ,fabrics manufactured in the usual way from rough and colored yarns are put through a bath of this waterproof finish1 whose composition is as follows3 ,thirty parts1 by weight1 of ,japanese wax2 #bb4e parts1 by weight1 of paraffine2 #ae parts1 by weight1 of rosin soap2 #ce parts1 by weight1 of starch1 and #e parts1 by weight1 of a #e per cent alum solution4 ,the first three components are melted in a kettle1 the starch and1 lastly1 the alum added1 and the whole stirred vigorously4 ,,xvii4--,one hundred parts1 by weight1 of castor oil are heated to nearly #bjd ,f41 with #ej parts1 by weight1 of caustic potash1 of #ej ,b41 to which #ej parts1 by weight1 of water have previously been added4 ,forty parts1 by weight1 of cooler water are then added slowly1 care being taken to keep the temperature of the mixture constant4 ,as soon as the liquor begins to rise1 #dj parts1 by weight1 of cooler water are again added1 with the same precaution to keep the temperature from falling below #bjd ,f4 ,at the same time care must be taken to prevent the liquor boiling1 as this would produce too great saponification4 ,by the prolonged action of heat below the boiling point1 the oil absorbs water and caustic potash without being changed1 and the whole finally forms a perfectly limpid1 nearly black liquid4 ,this is diluted with #e times its weight of hot or cold water1 and is then ready for use without any further preparation4 ,other vegetable oils may be employed besides castor oil1 and the quantity of unsaponified oil present may be increased by stirring the prepared liquid with a fresh quantity of castor or other vegetable oil4 ,the product is slightly alkaline1 but wool fiber is not injured1 as the oiling may be done in the cold4 ,the solution is clear and limpid1 and will not separate out on standing like an emulsion4 ,this product in spinning gives a #aj per cent better utilization of the raw material owing to the greater evenness and regularity with which the fibers are oiled2 in weaving less oiling is required4 ,the product can be completely removed by water1 preferably by cold water1 and scouring of the goods subsequently with soap1 soda1 or fuller's earth can thus be dispensed with4 ,,xviii4--,cloth may be rendered waterproof by rubbing the under side with a lump of beeswax until the surface presents a uniform white or grayish appearance4 ,this method it is said renders the cloth #gej practically waterproof1 although still leaving it porous to air4 ,,xix4--,coating the under side of the cloth with a solution of isinglass and then applying an infusion of galls is another method1 a compound being thus formed which is a variety of leather4 ,,xx4--,an easy method is the formation of aluminum stearate in the fiber of the cloth1 which may readily be done by immersing it in a solution of aluminum sulphate in water 7#a in #aj7 and without allowing it to dry passing through a solution of soap made from soda and tallow or similar fat1 in hot water4 ,reaction between the aluminum sulphate and the soap produces aluminum stearate and sodium sulphate4 ,the former is insoluble and remains in the fiber2 the latter is removed by subsequently rinsing the fabric in water4 ,,xxi4--,a favorite method for cloth is as follows3 ,dissolve in a receptacle1 preferably of copper1 over a bright coal fire1 #a liter 7#a4gf pints7 of pure linseed oil1 #a liter 7#a4gf pints7 of petroleum1 #a_/b liter 7#j4hh pints7 of oil turpentine1 and #abe grams 7#d4cg ounces7 of yellow wax1 the last named in small bits4 ,as there is danger of fire1 boiling of this mass should be avoided4 ,with this hot solution removed from the fire1 of course the felt material is impregnated2 next it is hung up in a warm1 dry room or spread out1 but in such a manner that the uniform temperature can act upon all parts4 ,waterproofing ,leather4--,i4--,tenning's process is as follows3 ,melt together equal parts of zinc and linseed oil1 at a temperature not above #bbe ,f4 ,put the leather in the molten mixture and let it remain until saturated4 ,the 8zinc soap0 is made by dissolving #f parts of white soap in #af parts of water1 and stirring into the solution #f parts of zinc sulphate4 ,to make sure of a homogeneous mixture remelt the whole and stir until it begins to cool4 ,the process1 including the saturation of the leather1 requires about #dh hours4 ,instead of zinc sulphate1 copper or iron sulphate may be used4 ,the philosophy of the process is that the moisture and air contained in the pores of the leather are driven out by the heat of the soap mixture1 and their place is taken1 on cooling1 by the mixture4 ,the surface of the leather is scraped after cooling1 and the article is dried1 either by heating over an open fire or by hanging in a drying room1 strongly heated4 ,,ii4--,prideaux' process consists in submitting the leather to treatment with a solution of caoutchouc until it is thoroughly saturated with the liquid4 ,the latter consists of #cj parts of caoutchouc in #ejj parts of oil of turpentine4 ,complete impregnation of the leather requires several days1 during which the solution must be frequently applied to the surface of the leather and rubbed in4 ,,iii4--,villon's process consists in applying a soap solution to the leather1 about as follows3 ,the leather is first treated to a solution of #fb parts of soap1 #abd parts of glue1 and #b1jjj parts of water4 ,when it has become saturated with the solution1 it is treated to rubbing with a mixture of #dfj parts of common salt and #djj parts of alum1 in sufficient water to dissolve the same4 ,after this it is washed with tepid water and dried4 ,this process is much the quickest4 ,the application of the soap requires about #b hours1 and the subsequent treatment about as much more1 or #d or #e hours in all4 ,oilskins4--,the art of painting over textile fabrics with oily preparations to make them waterproof is probably nearly as old as textile manufacture itself1 an industry of prehistoric1 nay1 geologic1 origin4 ,it is certainly more ancient than the craft of the artistic painter in oils1 whose canvases are nothing more nor less than art oilskins1 and when out of their frames1 have served the usual purpose of those things in protecting goods or the human body before now4 ,the art of waterproofing has been extended beyond the domain of the oilskin by chemical processes1 especially those in which alum or lead salts1 or tannin1 are used1 as well as by the discovery of ,india rubber and gutta percha4 ,these two have revolutionized the waterproofing industry in quite a special manner1 and the oilskin manufacture1 although it still exists and is in a fairly flourishing condition1 has found its products to a very large extent replaced by rubber goods4 ,the natural result has been that the processes used in the former industry have remained now unchanged for a good many years4 ,they had already been brought to a very perfect state when the rubber-waterproofing business sprang up1 so that improvements were even then difficult to hit upon in oilskin making1 and the check put upon the trade by ,india rubber made people less willing to spend time and money in experimenting with a view to improving what many years had already made it difficult to better4 ,hence the three cardinal defects of the oilskin3 its weight1 its stiffness1 and the liability of #gea its folds to stick together when it is wrapped up1 or in the other extreme to crack1 still remains4 ,the weight1 of course1 is inevitable4 ,an oilskin must be heavy1 comparatively1 from the very essence of the process by which it is made1 but there seems no reason why it should not in time be made much more pliable 7an old-time oilskin coat could often stand up on end when empty7 and free from the danger of cracking or being compacted into a solid block when it has been stored folded on a shelf4 ,probably the best oilskins ever made are those prepared by combining ,dr4 ,stenhouse's process 7patented in #ahfd7 with the ordinary method1 which consists in the main of painting over the fabric with two or more coats of boiled linseed oil1 allowing each coat to dry before the next is applied4 ,this1 with a few variations in detail1 is the whole method of making oilskins4 ,dr4 ,stenhouse's waterproofing method is to impregnate the fabric with a mixture of hard paraffine and boiled oil in proportions varying according to circumstances from #ie per cent of paraffine and #e of oil to #gj per cent of the former and #cj of the latter4 ,the most usual percentages are #hj and #bj4 ,the mixture is made with the aid of heat1 and is then cast into blocks for storage4 ,it is applied to the cloth stretched on a hot plate by rubbing the fabric thoroughly all over with a block of the composition1 which may be applied on one or both sides as may be wished4 ,the saturation is then made complete1 and excess of composition is removed by passing the cloth between hot rollers4 ,when the cloth is quite cold the process is complete4 ,the paraffine and the drying oil combine their waterproofing powers1 and the paraffine prevents the oil from exerting any injurious action upon the material4 ,drying oil1 partly on account of the metallic compounds in it1 and partly on account of its absorbing oxygen from the atmosphere1 has a decided slow weakening effect upon textile fibers4 ,dr4 ,stenhouse points out that the inflammability of oilskins may be much lessened by the use of the ordinary fireproofing salts1 such as tungstate of soda1 or alum1 either before or after the waterproofing process is carried out4 ,the following are some of the best recommended recipes for making oilskins3 ,i4--,dissolve #a ounce of yellow soap in #a #a_/b pints of boiling water4 ,then stir in #a quart of boiled oil4 ,when cold1 add #a_/d pint of gold size4 ,,ii4--,take fine twilled calico4 ,soak it in bullock's blood and dry it4 ,then give it #b or #c coats of boiled oil1 mixed with a little litharge1 or with an ounce of gold size to every pint of the oil4 ,,iii4--,make ordinary paint ready to be applied thin with a strong solution of soap4 ,,iv4--,make #if pounds of ocher to a thin paste with boiled oil1 and then add #af pounds of ordinary black paint mixed ready for use4 ,apply the first coat of this with soap1 the subsequent coats without soap4 ,v4--,dissolve rosin in hot boiled oil till it begins to thicken4 ,,vi4--,mix chalk or pipe clay in the finest powder1 and in the purest state obtainable to a thin paste with boiled oil4 ,,vii4--,melt together boiled oil1 #a pint2 beeswax and rosin1 each1 #b ounces4 ,,viii4--,dissolve soft soap in hot water and add solution of protosulphate of iron till no further precipitate is produced4 ,filter off1 wash1 and dry1 and form the mass into a thin paste with boiled oil4 ,all these compositions are painted on with an ordinary painter's brush4 ,the fabric should be slightly stretched1 both to avoid folds and to facilitate the penetration of the waterproofing mixture4 ,to aid the penetration still further1 the mixture should be applied hot4 ,it is of the greatest importance that the fabric should not be damp when the composition is applied to it4 ,it is best to have it warm as well as the composition4 ,if more than one coat is applied1 which is practically always the case1 three being the usual number1 it is essential that the last coat should be perfectly dry before the next is applied4 ,neglect of this precaution is the chief cause of stickiness1 which frequently results in serious damage to the oilskins when they have to be unfolded4 ,in fact1 it is advisable to avoid folding an oilskin when it can be avoided4 ,they should be hung up when not in use1 whenever practicable1 and be allowed plenty of room4 ,it goes without saying that no attempt should be made to sell or use the oilskin1 whether garment or tarpaulin1 until the final coat of composition is perfectly dry and set4 ,it is unadvisable to use artificial heat in the drying at any stage in the manufacture4 ,waterproofing ,paper4--,any convenient and appropriate machinery or apparatus may be employed2 but the best method for waterproofing paper is as follows3 ,the treatment may be applied #geb while the pulp is being formed into paper1 or the finished paper may be treated4 ,if the material is to be treated while being formed into paper1 then the better method is to begin the treatment when the web of pulpy material leaves the ,foudrinier wire or the cylinders1 it then being in a damp condition1 but with the larger percentage of moisture removed4 ,from this point the treatment of the paper is the same whether it be pulp in a sheet1 as above stated1 or finished paper4 ,the treatment consists1 first1 in saturating the paper with glutinous material1 preferably animal glue1 and by preference the bath of glutinous material should be hot1 to effect the more rapid absorption and more perfect permeation1 impregnation1 and deposit of the glutinous material within all the microscopic interstices throughout the body of the paper being treated4 ,by preference a suitable tank is provided in which the glutinous material is deposited1 and in which it may be kept heated to a constant temperature1 the paper being passed through the tank and saturated during its passage4 ,the material being treated should pass in a continuous sheet--that is1 be fed from a roll and the finished product be wound in a roll after final treatment4 ,this saves time and the patentee finds that the requisite permeation or incorporation of glutinous matter in the fiber will with some papers--for instance1 lightly sized manila hemp--require but a few seconds4 ,as the paper passes from the glutin tank the surplus of the glutinous matter is removed from the surface by mechanical means1 as contradistinguished from simply allowing it to pass off by gravity1 and in most instances it is preferred to pass the paper between suitable pressure rolls to remove such surplus4 ,the strength and consistency of the glutinous bath may be varied1 depending upon the material being treated and the uses for which such material is designed4 ,it may1 however1 be stated that1 in a majority of cases1 a hot solution of about #a part of animal glue to about #aj parts of water1 by weight1 gives the best results4 ,after leaving the bath of glutinous material and having the surplus adhering to the surfaces removed1 the paper before drying is passed into or through a solution of formaldehyde and water to 8set0 the glutinous material4 ,the strength of this solution may also be variable1 depending1 as heretofore stated1 upon the paper and uses for which it is designed4 ,in the majority of cases1 however1 a solution of #a part of formaldehyde 7#ce per cent solution7 to #e parts of water1 by weight1 gives good results1 and the best result is attained if this bath is cold instead of hot1 though any particular temperature is not essentially necessary4 ,the effect of the formaldehyde solution upon the glutin-saturated paper is to precipitate the glutinous matter and render it insoluble4 ,as the material comes from the formaldehyde bath1 the surplus adhering to the surfaces is removed by mechanical means1 pressure rolls being probably most convenient4 ,the paper is then dried in any convenient manner4 ,the best result in drying is attained by the air-blast1 i4 e41 projecting blasts of air against both surfaces of the paper4 ,this drying removes all the watery constituents and leaves the paper in a toughened or greatly strengthened condition1 but not in practical condition for commercial uses1 as it is brittle1 horny1 and stiff1 and has an objectionable odor and taste on account of the presence of the aldehydes1 paraldehydes1 formic acid1 and other products1 the result of oxidation4 ,hence it needs to be 8tempered40 ,now while the glutinous material is rendered insoluble--that is1 it is so acted upon by formaldehyde and the chemical action which takes place while the united solutions are giving off their watery constituents that it will not fully dissolve--it is1 however1 in a condition to be acted on by moisture1 as it will swell and absorb1 or take up permanently by either chemical or mechanical action a percentage of water1 and will also become improved in many respects1 so that to temper and render the paper soft and pliable and adapt it for most commercial uses it is subjected to moisture1 which penetrates the paper1 causing a welling in all directions1 filling the interstices perfectly and resulting in 8hydration0 throughout the entire cellular structure4 ,two actions1 mechanical and chemical1 appear to take place1 the mechanical action being the temporary absorption of water analogous to the absorption of water by a dry sponge1 the chemical action being the permanent union of water with the treated paper1 analogous to the union of water and tapioca1 causing swelling1 or like the chemical combination of water with lime or cement4 ,for this purpose it is preferred to pass the paper into a bath of hot water1 saturated steam or equivalent heat-and-moisture medium1 thus causing the fibers and the non-soluble glutinous material filling the interstices to expand in all directions and forcing #gec the glutinous material into all the microscopic pores or openings and into the masses of fiber1 causing a commingling or thorough incorporation of the fibers and the glutinous compound4 ,at the same time1 as heretofore indicated1 a change 7hydration7 takes place1 whereby the hardened mass of fiber1 glutinous material1 and formaldehyde become tempered and softened and the strength imparted by the previous treatment increased4 ,to heighten the tempering and softening effect1 glycerine may1 in some instances1 be introduced in the tempering bath1 and in most cases one two-hundredths in volume of glycerine gives the best results4 ,the paper may be dried in any convenient manner and is in condition for most commercial uses1 it being greatly strengthened1 more flexible1 more impervious to moisture1 acids1 grease1 or alkalies1 and is suitable for the manufacture of binding-twine1 carpets1 and many novelties1 for dry wrappings and lining packing cases1 etc41 but is liable to have a disagreeable taste and may carry traces of acids1 rendering it impracticable for some uses--for instance1 wrapping butter1 meats1 cheese1 etc41 after receiving the alkali treatment4 ,the paper is also valuable as a packing for joints in steam1 water1 and other pipes or connections4 ,for the purpose1 therefore1 of rendering the material absolutely free from all traces of acidity and all taste and odors and1 in fact1 to render it absolutely hygienic1 it is passed through a bath of water and a volatile alkali 7ammonium hydrate71 the proportion by preference in a majority of cases being one-hundredth of ammonium hydrate to ninety-nine one-hundredths of water by volume4 ,a small percentage of wood alcohol may be added4 ,this bath is preferably cool1 but a variation in its temperature will not interfere to a serious extent with the results4 ,the effect of this bath followed by drying is to complete the chemical reaction and destroy all taste or odor1 removing all traces of acids and rendering the paper hygienic in all respects4 ,the material may be calendered or cut and used for any of the purposes desired4 ,if the material is to be subjected to the volatile alkali bath1 it is not necessary to dry it between the tempering and volatile alkali baths4 ,the paper made in accordance with the foregoing will1 it is claimed1 be found to be greatly strengthened1 some materials being increased in strength from #ajj to #gjj per cent4 ,it will be nonabsorbent to acids1 greases1 and alkalies1 and substantially waterproof1 and owing to its component integrate structure will be practically non-conductive to electricity1 adapting it as a superior insulating material4 ,it may with perfect safety be employed for wrapping butter1 meats1 spices1 groceries1 and all materials1 whether unctuous or otherwise4 ,the term 8hydration0 means the subjecting of the material 7after treatment with glutinous material and formaldehyde and drying7 to moisture1 whereby the action described takes place4 ,a sheet or web of paper can be treated by the process as rapidly as it is manufactured1 as the time for exposure to the action of the glutinous material need not be longer than the time required for it to become saturated1 this1 of course1 varying with different thicknesses and densities1 and the length of time of exposure may be fixed without checking the speed by making the tank of such length that the requisite time will elapse while the sheet is passing through it and the guides so arranged as to maintain the sheet in position to be acted on by such solution the requisite length of time4 ,four seconds' exposure to the action of formaldehyde is found sufficient in most cases4 ,waterproof ,ropes4--,for making ropes and lines impervious to weather1 the process of tarring is recommended1 which can be done either in the separate strands or after the rope is twisted4 ,an addition of tallow gives greater pliability4 ,waterproof ,wood4--,i4--,soak in a mixture of boracic acid1 #f parts2 ammonium chloride1 #e parts2 sodium borate1 #c parts1 and water1 #ajj parts4 ,,ii4--,saturate in a solution of zinc chloride4 ,wax ,adulteration of ,wax4--,wax is adulterated with the following among other substances3 ,rosins1 pitch1 flowers of sulphur1 starch1 fecula1 stearine1 paraffine1 tallow1 palm oil1 calcined bones1 yellow ocher1 water1 and wood sawdust4 ,rosins are detected by cold alcohol1 which dissolves all rosinous substances and exercises no action on the wax4 ,the rosins having been extracted from the alcoholic solution by the evaporation of the alcohol1 the various kinds may be distinguished by the odors disengaged by burning the mass several times on a plate of heated iron4 ,all earthy substances may be readily #ged separated from wax by means of oil of turpentine1 which dissolves the wax1 while the earthy matters form a residue4 ,oil of turpentine also completely separates wax from starchy substances1 which1 like earthy matters1 do not dissolve1 but form a residue4 ,a simpler method consists in heating the wax with boiling water2 the gelatinous consistency assumed by the water1 and the blue coloration in presence of iodine1 indicate that the wax contains starchy substances4 ,adulteration by means of starch and fecula is quite frequent4 ,these substances are sometimes added to the wax in a proportion of nearly #fj per cent4 ,to separate either1 the suspected product is treated hot with very dilute sulphuric acid 7#b parts of acid per #ajj parts of water74 ,all amylaceous substances1 converted into dextrin1 remain dissolved in the liquid1 while the wax1 in cooling1 forms a crust on the surface4 ,it is taken off and weighed2 the difference between its weight and that of the product analyzed will give the quantity of the amylaceous substances4 ,flowers of sulphur are recognized readily from the odor of sulphurous acid during combustion on red-hot iron4 ,tallow may be detected by the taste and odor4 ,pure wax has an aromatic1 agreeable taste1 while that mixed with tallow is repulsive both in taste and smell4 ,pure wax1 worked between the fingers1 grows soft1 preserving a certain cohesion in all parts4 ,it divides into lumps1 which adhere to the fingers1 if it is mixed with tallow4 ,the adulteration may also be detected by the thick and nauseating fumes produced when it is burned on heated iron4 ,stearic acid may be recognized by means of boiling alcohol1 which dissolves it in nearly all proportions and causes it to deposit crystals on cooling1 while it is without action on the wax4 ,blue litmus paper1 immersed in alcohol solution1 reddens on drying in air1 and thus serves for detecting the presence of stearic acid4 ,ocher is found by treating the wax with boiling water4 ,a lemon-yellow deposit results1 which1 taken up with chlorhydric acid1 yields with ammonia a lemon-yellow precipitate of ferric oxide4 ,the powder of burnt bones separates and forms a residue1 when the wax is heated with oil of turpentine4 ,artificial ,beeswax4--,this is obtained by mixing the following substances1 in approximately the proportions stated3 ,paraffine1 #de parts1 by weight2 white ,japan vegetable wax1 #cj parts1 by weight2 rosins1 or colophonies1 #aj parts1 by weight2 white pitch1 #aj parts1 by weight2 tallow1 #e parts1 by weight2 ceresine1 colorant1 #j4jcj parts1 by weight2 wax perfume1 #j4ajj parts1 by weight4 ,if desired1 the paraffine may be replaced with ozokerite1 or by a mixture of vaseline and ozokerite1 for the purpose of varying the fusing temperature1 or rendering it more advantageous for the various applications designed4 ,the following is the method of preparation3 ,melt on the boiling water bath1 shaking constantly1 the paraffine1 the ,japan wax1 the rosins1 the pitch1 and the tallow4 ,when the fusion is complete1 add the colorant and the perfume4 ,when these products are perfectly mingled1 remove from the fire1 allow the mixture to cool1 and run it into suitable molds4 ,the wax thus obtained may be employed specially for encaustics for furniture and floors1 or for purposes where varnish is employed4 ,waxes for ,floors1 ,furniture1 etc4-- ,i4--,white beeswax #af parts ,colophony #d parts ,venice turpentine #a part ,melt the articles together over a gentle fire1 and when completely melted and homogeneous1 pour into a sizable earthenware vessel1 and stir in1 while still warm1 #f parts of the best ,french turpentine4 ,cool for #bd hours1 by which time the mass has acquired the consistence of soft butter1 and is ready for use4 ,its method of use is very simple4 ,it is smeared1 in small quantities1 on woolen cloths1 and with these is rubbed into the wood4 ,this is the best preparation1 but one in which the beeswax is merely dissolved in the turpentine in such a way as to have the consistence of a not too thin oil color1 will answer4 ,the wood is treated with this1 taking care that the surface is evenly covered with the mixture1 and that it does not sink too deeply in the ornaments1 corners1 etc41 of the woodwork4 ,this is best achieved by taking care to scrape off from the cloths all excess of the wax4 ,if1 in the course of #bd hours1 the surface is hard1 then with a stiff brush go over it1 much after the way of polishing a boot4 ,for the corners and angles smaller brushes are used2 when necessary1 stiff pencils may be employed4 ,finally1 the whole is polished with plush1 or velvet rags1 in order not to injure the original polish4 ,give the article a good coat of linseed oil or a washing with petroleum before beginning work4 ,,ii4--,articles that are always exposed to the water1 floors1 doors1 especially of oak1 should1 from time to time1 be #gee saturated with oil or wax4 ,a house door1 plentifully decorated with wood carving1 will not shrink or warp1 even where the sun shines hottest on it1 when it is frequently treated to saturation with wax and oil4 ,here a plain dosage with linseed oil is sufficient4 ,varnish1 without the addition of turpentine1 should never be used1 or if used it should be followed by a coat of wax4 ,,iii4--,a good floor wax is composed of #b parts of wax and #c parts of ,venice turpentine1 melted on the water bath1 and the mixture applied while still hot1 using a pencil1 or brush1 for the application1 and when it has become solid and dry1 diligently rubbed1 or polished down with a woolen cloth1 or with a floor brush1 especially made for the purpose4 ,,iv4--,an emulsion of #e parts of yellow wax1 #b parts of crude potassium carbonate1 and #ab parts of water1 boiled together until they assume a milky color and the solids are dissolved1 used cold1 makes an excellent composition for floors4 ,any desired color may be given this dressing by stirring in the powdered coloring matter4 ,use it exactly as described for the first mass4 ,gilders' ,wax4--,for the production of various colorings of gold in fire gilding1 the respective places are frequently covered with so-called gilders' wax4 ,these consist of mixtures of various chemicals which have an etching action in the red heat upon the bronze mass1 thus causing roughness of unequal depth1 as well as through the fact that the composition of the bronze is changed somewhat on the surface1 a relief of the gold color being effected in consequence of these two circumstances4 ,the gilding wax is prepared by melting together the finely powdered chemicals with wax according to the following recipes3 ,i ,,ii ,,iii ,,iv ,v ,yellow wax #cb #cb #cb #if #cf ,red chalk #c #bd #ah #dh #ah ,verdigris #b #d #ah #cb #ah ,burnt alum #b #d -- -- -- ,burnt borax -- -- #b #a #c ,copper ash -- #d #f #bj #h ,zinc vitriol -- -- -- #cb #ah ,green vitriol -- -- -- #a #f ,grafting ,wax4-- ,i4--,beeswax #g parts ,purified rosin #ab parts ,turpentine #c parts ,rape oil #a part ,venice turpentine #b4e parts ,zinc white #b4e parts ,color yellow with turmeric4 ,,ii4--,japan wax #a part ,yellow wax #c parts ,rosin #h parts ,turpentine #d parts ,hard paraffine #a part ,suet #c parts ,venice turpentine #f parts ,harness ,wax4-- ,oil of turpentine #ij parts ,wax1 yellow #i parts ,prussian blue #a part ,indigo #j4e parts ,bone black #e parts ,dissolve the wax in the oil by aid of a low heat1 on a water bath4 ,mix the remaining ingredients1 which must be well powdered1 and work up with a portion of the solution of wax4 ,finally1 add the mixture to the solution1 and mix thoroughly on the bath4 ,when a homogeneous liquid is obtained1 pour into earthen boxes4 ,modeling ,wax4--,i4--,yellow wax1 #a1jjj parts2 ,venice turpentine1 #acj parts2 lard1 #fe parts2 bole1 #gbe parts4 ,the mixture when still liquid is poured into tepid water and kneaded until a plastic mass is obtained4 ,,ii4--,summer ,modeling ,wax4--,white wax1 #bj parts2 ordinary turpentine1 #d parts2 sesame oil1 #a part2 vermilion1 #b parts4 ,,iii4--,winter ,modeling ,wax4--,white wax1 #bj parts2 ordinary turpentine1 #f parts2 sesame oil1 #b parts2 vermilion1 #b parts4 ,preparation same as for ,formula ,i4 ,sealing ,waxes4--,the following formulas may be followed for making sealing wax3 ,take #d pounds of shellac1 #a pound of ,venice turpentine1 and #c pounds of vermilion4 ,melt the lac in a copper pan suspended over a clear charcoal fire1 then add the turpentine slowly to it1 and soon afterwards add the vermilion1 stirring briskly all the time with a rod in either hand4 ,in forming the round sticks of sealing wax1 a certain portion of the mass should be weighed while it is ductile1 divided into the desired number of pieces1 and then rolled out upon a warm marble slab by means of a smooth wooden block like that used by apothecaries for rolling a mass of pills4 ,the oval and square sticks of sealing wax are cast in molds1 with the above compound1 in a state of fusion4 ,the marks of the lines of junction of the mold box may be afterwards removed by holding the sticks over a clear fire1 or passing them over a blue gas flame4 ,marbled sealing wax is made by mixing #gef two1 three1 or more colored kinds together while they are in a semi-fluid state4 ,from the viscidity of the several portions their incorporation is left incomplete1 so as to produce the appearance of marbling4 ,gold sealing wax is made simply by adding gold chrome instead of vermilion into the melted rosins4 ,wax may be scented by introducing a little essential oil1 essence of musk1 or other perfume4 ,if #a part of balsam of ,peru be melted along with #ii parts of the sealing-wax composition1 an agreeable fragrance will be exhaled in the act of sealing with it4 ,either lampblack or ivory black serves for the coloring matter of black wax4 ,sealing wax is often adulterated with rosin1 in which case it runs into thin drops at the flame of a candle4 ,the following mistakes are sometimes made in the manufacture of sealing wax3 ,i4--,use of filling agents which are too coarsely ground4 ,,ii4--,excessive use of filling agents4 ,,iii4--,insufficient binding of the pigments and fillings with a suitable adhesive agent1 which causes these bodies to absorb the adhesive power of the gums4 ,,iv4--,excessive heating of the mass1 caused by improper melting or faulty admixture of the gummy bodies4 ,turpentine and rosin must be heated before entering the shellac4 ,if this rule is inverted1 as is often the case1 the shellac sticks to the bottom and burns partly4 ,great care must be taken to mix the coloring matter to a paste with spirit or oil of turpentine before adding to the other ingredients4 ,unless this is done the wax will not be of a regular tint4 ,dark ,blue ,wax4--,three ounces ,venetian turpentine1 #d ounces shellac1 #a ounce rosin1 #a ounce ,prussian blue1 #a_/b ounce magnesia4 ,green ,wax4--,two ounces ,venetian turpentine1 #d ounces shellac1 #a #a_/d ounces rosin1 #a_/b ounce chrome yellow1 #a_/d ounce ,prussian blue1 #a ounce magnesia4 ,carmine ,red ,wax4--,one ounce ,venetian turpentine1 #d ounces shellac1 #a ounce rosin1 colophony1 #a #a_/d ounces ,chinese red1 #a drachm magnesia1 with oil of turpentine4 ,gold ,wax4--,four ounces ,venetian turpentine1 #h ounces shellac1 #ad sheets of genuine leaf gold1 #a_/b ounce bronze1 #a_/b ounce magnesia1 with oil of turpentine4 ,white ,wax4--,i4--,the wax is bleached by exposing to moist air and to the sun1 but it must first be prepared in thin sheets or ribbons or in grains4 ,for this purpose it is first washed1 to free it from the honey which may adhere1 melted1 and poured into a tin vessel1 whose bottom is perforated with narrow slits4 ,the melted wax falls in a thin stream on a wooden cylinder arranged below and half immersed in cold water4 ,this cylinder is turned1 and the wax1 rolling round in thin leaves1 afterwards falls into the water4 ,to melt it in grains1 a vessel is made use of1 perforated with small openings1 which can be rotated4 ,the wax is projected in grains into the cold water4 ,it is spread on frames of muslin1 moistened with water several times a day1 and exposed to the sun until the wax assumes a fine white4 ,this whiteness1 however1 is not perfect4 ,the operation of melting and separating into ribbons or grains must be renewed4 ,finally1 it is melted and flowed into molds4 ,the duration of the bleaching may be abridged by adding to the wax1 treated as above1 from #a4be to #a4ge per cent of rectified oil of turpentine1 free from rosin4 ,in #f or #h days a result will be secured which would otherwise require #e or #f weeks4 ,,ii4--,bleached shellac #bh parts ,venetian turpentine #ac parts ,plaster of ,paris #cj parts ,,wax ,,for ,,bottles3 ,see ,photography4 ,,wax1 ,,burning1 ,,trick3 ,see ,pyrotechnics4 ,,waxes1 ,,decomposition ,,of3 ,see ,oil4 ,,wax ,,for ,,ironing3 ,see ,laundry ,preparations4 ,,wax ,,for ,,linoleum3 ,see ,linoleum4 ,weather ,forecasters 7,see also ,hygrometers and ,hygroscopes47 ,i4--,it is known that a leaf of blotting paper or a strip of fabric made to change color according to the hygrometric state of the atmosphere has been employed for weather indications in place of a barometer4 ,the following compound is recommended for this purpose3 ,one part of cobalt chloride1 #ge parts of nickel oxide1 #bj parts of gelatin1 and #bjj parts of water4 ,a strip of calico1 soaked in this solution1 will appear green in fine weather1 but when moisture intervenes the color disappears4 #geg ,,ii4--,copper chloride #a part ,gelatin #aj parts ,water #ajj parts ,,iii4--,this is a method of making old-fashioned weather glasses containing a liquid that clouds or solidifies under certain atmospheric conditions3 ,camphor #b #a_/b drachms ,alcohol #aa drachms ,water #i drachms ,saltpeter #ch grains ,sal ammoniac #ch grains ,dissolve the camphor in the alcohol and the salts in the water and mix the solutions together4 ,pour in test tubes1 cover with wax after corking and make a hole through the cork with a red-hot needle1 or draw out the tube until only a pin hole remains4 ,when the camphor1 etc41 appear soft and powdery1 and almost filling the tube1 rain with south or southwest winds may be expected2 when crystalline1 north1 northeast1 or northwest winds1 with fine weather1 may be expected2 when a portion crystallizes on one side of the tube1 wind may be expected from that direction4 ,fine weather3 ,the substance remains entirely at bottom of tube and the liquid perfectly clear4 ,coming rain3 ,substance will rise gradually1 liquid will be very clear1 with a small star in motion4 ,a coming storm or very high wind3 ,substance partly at top of tube1 and of a leaflike form1 liquid very heavy and in a fermenting state4 ,these effects are noticeable #bd hours before the change sets in4 ,in winter3 ,generally the substance lies higher in the tube4 ,snow or white frost3 ,substance very white and small stars in motion4 ,summer weather3 ,the substance will lie quite low4 ,the substance will lie closer to the tube on the opposite side to the quarter from which the storm is coming4 ,the instrument is nothing more than a scientific toy4 ,,weatherproofing3 ,see ,paints4 ,,weed ,,killers3 ,see ,disinfectants4 ,weights and ,measures ,,international ,,atomic ,,weights4 ,the ,international ,committee on ,atomic ,weights have presented this table as corrected3 ,o#af ,h#a ,aluminum ,al #bg4a #bf4i ,antimony ,sb #abj4b #aai4c ,argon ,a #ci4i #ci4f ,arsenic ,as #ge #gd4d ,barium ,ba #acg4d #acf4d ,bismuth ,bi #bjh4e #bjf4i ,boron ,b #aa #aj4i ,bromine ,br #gi4if #gi4cf ,cadmium ,cd #aab4d #aaa4f ,csium ,cs #acb4i #aca4i ,calcium ,ca #dj4a #ci4g ,carbon ,c #ab #aa4ia ,cerium ,ce #adj4be #aci4b ,chlorine ,cl #ce4de #ce4ah ,chromium ,cr #eb4a #ea4g ,cobalt ,co #ei #eh4ee ,columbium ,cb #id #ic4c ,copper ,cu #fc4f #fc4a ,erbium ,er #aff #afd4h ,fluorine ,f #ai #ah4i ,gadolinium ,gd #aef #aed4h ,gallium ,ga #gj #fi4e ,germanium ,ge #gb4e #gb ,glucinum ,gl #i4a #i4jc ,gold ,au #aig4b #aie4g ,helium ,he #d #d ,hydrogen ,h #a4jjh #a ,indium ,in #aae #aad4a ,iodine ,i #abf4ig #abf4ja ,iridium ,ir #aic #aia4e ,iron ,fe #ee4i #ee4e ,krypton ,kr #ha4h #ha4b ,lanthanum ,la #ach4i #acg4i ,lead ,pb #bjf4i #bje4ce ,lithium ,li #g4jc #f4ih ,magnesium ,mg #bd4cf #bd4ah ,manganese ,mn #ee #ed4f ,mercury ,hg #bjj #aih4e ,molybdenum ,mo #if #ie4c ,neodymium ,nd #adc4f #adb4e ,neon ,ne #bj #ai4i ,nickel ,ni #eh4g #eh4c ,nitrogen ,n #ad4jd #ac4ic ,osmium ,os #aia #ahi4f ,oxygen ,o #af #ae4hh ,palladium ,pd #ajf4e #aje4g ,phosphorus ,p #ca #cj4gg ,platinum ,pt #aid4h #aic4c ,potassium ,k #ci4ae #ch4he ,praseodymium ,pr #adj4e #aci4d ,radium ,ra #bbe #bbc4c ,rhodium ,rh #ajc #ajb4b ,rubidium ,rb #he4e #hd4i ,ruthenium ,ru #aja4g #ajj4i ,samarium ,sm #aej4c #adi4b ,scandium ,sc #dd4a #dc4h ,selenium ,se #gi4b #gh4f ,silicon ,si #bh4d #bh4b ,silver ,ag #ajg4ic #ajg4aa ,sodium ,na #bc4je #bb4hh ,strontium ,sr #hg4f #hf4id ,sulphur ,s #cb4jf #ca4hb ,tantalum ,ta #ahc #aha4f ,tellurium ,te #abg4f #abf4f ,terbium ,th #afj #aeh4h ,thallium ,tl #bjd4a #bjb4f #geh ,thorium ,th #bcb4e #bcj4h ,thulium ,tm #aga #afi4g ,tin ,sn #aai #aah4a ,titanium ,ti #dh4a #dg4g ,tungsten ,w #ahd #ahb4f ,uranium ,u #bch4e #bcf4g ,vanadium ,v #ea4b #ej4h ,xenon ,xe #abh #abg ,ytterbium ,yb #agc #aga4g ,yttrium ,yt #hi #hh4c ,zinc ,zn #fe4d #fd4i ,zirconium ,zr #ij4f #hi4i ,,united ,,states ,,weights ,,and ,,measures 7,according to existing standards7 ,,lineal ,inches4 ,feet4 ,yards4 ,rods4 ,fur's4 ,mile4 #ab inches #a foot4 #ab #a #c feet #a yard4 #cf #c #a #e4e yards #a rod4 #aih #af4e #e4e #a #dj rods #a furlong4 #g1ibj #ffj #bbj #dj #a #h furlongs #a mile4 #fc1cfj #e1bhj #a1gfj #cbj #h #a ,,surface--,,land #add sq4 inches #a square foot4 ,feet4 ,yards4 ,rods4 ,roods4 ,acres4 #i square feet #a square yard4 #i #a #cj4be square yards #a square rod4 #bgb4be #cj4be #a #dj square rods #a square rood4 #aj1hij #a1baj #dj #a #d square roods #a acre4 #dc1efj #d1hdj #afj #d #a #fdj acres #a square mile4 #bg1hgh1djj #c1jig1fjj #ajb1djj #b1efj #fdj ,,volume--,,liquid #d gills #a pint4 ,gills4 ,pints4 ,gallon4 ,cub4 ,in4 #b pints #a quart4 #cb #h #a #bca #d quarts #a gallon4 ,,fluid ,,measure ,gallon4 ,pints4 ,ounces4 ,drachms4 ,minims4 ,cubic ,centimeters4 #a #h #abh #a1jbd #fa1ddj #c1ghe4dce #a #af #abh #g1fhj #dgc4agi #a #h #dhj #bi4egd #a #fj #c4fig #af ounces1 or a pint1 is sometimes called a fluidpound4 ,,troy ,,weight ,pound4 ,ounces4 ,pennyweights4 ,grains4 ,grams4 #a #ab #bdj #e1gfj #cgc4bd #a #bj #dhj #ca4aj #a #bd #a4ef ,,apothecaries' ,,weight gr4 ,pound4 ,ounces4 ,drachms4 ,scruples4 ,grains4 ,grams4 #a #ab #if #bhh #e1gfj #cgc4bd #a #h #bd #dhj #ca4aj #a #c #fj #c4hi #a #bj #a4cj #a 4#jf ,the pound1 ounce1 and grain are the same as in ,troy weight4 ,,avoirdupois ,,weight ,pound4 ,ounces4 ,drachms4 ,grains 7,troy7 ,grams4 #a #af #bef #g1jjj #dec4fj #a #af #dcg4e #bh4ce #a #bg4cd #a4gg ,,english ,,weights ,,and ,,measures ,,apothecaries' ,,weight #bj grains #a scruple #bj grains #c scruples #a drachm #fj grains #h drachms #a ounce #dhj grains #ab ounces #a pound #e1gfj grains ,,fluid ,,measure #fj minims #a fluidrachm #h drachms #a fluidounce #bj ounces #a pint #h pints #a gallon ,the above weights are usually adopted in formulas4 ,all chemicals are usually sold by ,,avoirdupois ,,weight #bg #aa_/cb grains #a drachm #bg #aa_/cb grains #af drachms #a ounce #dcg #a_/b grains #af ounces #a pound #g1jjj grains ,precious metals are usually sold by ,,troy ,,weight #bd grains #a pennyweight #bd grains #bj pennyweights #a ounce #dhj grains #ab ounces #a pound #e1gfj grains ,,note4--,an ounce of metallic silver contains #dhj grains1 but an ounce of nitrate of silver contains only #dcg #a_/b grains4 #gei ,,metric ,,system ,,of ,,weights ,,and ,,measures ,,measures ,,of ,,length ,,denominations ,,and ,,values4 ,,equivalents ,,in ,,use4 ,myriameter #aj1jjj meters #f4bacg miles ,kilometer #a1jjj meters 4#fbacg miles1 or #c1bhj feet1 #aj inches ,hectometer #ajj meters #cbh feet and #a inch ,dekameter #aj meters #cic4g inches ,meter #a meter #ci4cg inches ,decimeter #a-ajth of a meter #c4icg inches ,centimeter #a-ajjth of a meter 4#cicg inches ,millimeter #a-a1jjjth of a meter 4#jcid inches ,,measures ,,of ,,surface ,,denominations ,,and ,,values4 ,,equivalents ,,in ,,use4 ,hectare #aj1jjj square meters #b4dga acres ,are #ajj square meters #aai4f square yards ,centare #a square meter #a1eej square inches ,,measures ,,of ,,volume ,,denominations ,,and ,,values4 ,,equivalents ,,in ,,use4 ,,names4 ,,no4 ,,of ,,cubic ,,measures4 ,,dry ,,measure4 ,,wine ,,measure4 ,,liters4 ,kiloliter or stere #a1jjj #a cubic meter #a4cjh cubic yards #bfd4ag gallons ,hectoliter #ajja-ajth cubic meter #b bushels and #bf4dag gallons #c4ce pecks ,dekaliter #aj #aj cubic decimeters #i4jh quarts #b4fdag gallons ,liter #a #a cubic decimeter 4#ijh quarts #a4jefg quarts ,deciliter #a-aja-ajth cubic decimeter #f4ajbc cubic inches 4#hde gills ,centiliter #a-ajj #aj cubic centimeters 4#fajb cubic inches 4#cch fluidounces ,milliliter #a-a1jjj #a cubic centimeter 4#jfa cubic inches 4#bg fluidrachms ,,weights ,,denominations ,,and ,,values4 ,,equivalents ,,in ,,use4 ,,names4 ,,number ,,weight ,,of ,,volume ,,of ,,water ,,avoirdupois ,,of ,,grams4 ,,at ,,its ,,maximum ,,density4 ,,weight4 ,millier or ,tonneau #a1jjj1jjj #a cubic meter #b1bjd4f pounds ,quintal #ajj1jjj #a hectoliter #bbj4df pounds ,myriagram #aj1jjj #aj liters #bb4jdf pounds ,kilogram or ,kilo #a1jjj #a liter #b4bjdf pounds ,hectogram #ajj #a deciliter #c4ebgd ounces ,dekagram #aj #aj cubic centimeters 4#cebg ounces ,gram #a #a cubic centimeter #ae4dcb grains ,decigram #a-aj #a-ajth of a cubic centimeter #a4edcb grains ,centigram #a-ajj #aj cubic millimeters 4#aedc grains ,milligram #a-a1jjj #a cubic millimeter 4#jaed grains ,for measuring surfaces1 the square dekameter is used under the term of ,,are2 the hectare1 or #ajj ares1 is equal to about #b #a_/b acres4 ,the unit of capacity is the cubic decimeter or ,,liter1 and the series of measures is formed in the same way as in the case of the table of lengths4 ,the cubic meter is the unit of measure for solid bodies1 and is termed ,,stere4 ,the unit of weight is the ,,gram1 which is the weight of one cubic centimeter of pure water weighed in a vacuum at the temperature of #d ,c4 or #ci4b ,f41 which is about its temperature of maximum density4 ,in practice1 the term cubic centimeter1 abbreviated c4c41 is generally used instead of milliliter1 and cubic meter instead of kiloliter4 #gfj ,,the ,,conversion ,,of ,,metric ,,into ,,english ,,weight ,the following table1 which contains no error greater than one-tenth of a grain1 will suffice for most practical purposes3 #a gram #ae #b_/e grains #b grams #cj #d_/e grains #c grams #df #a_/e grains #d grams #fa #d_/e grains1 or #a drachm1 #a #d_/e grains #e grams #gg #a_/e grains1 or #a drachm1 #ag #a_/e grains #f grams #ib #c_/e grains1 or #a drachm1 #cb #c_/e grains #g grams #ajh grains1 or #a drachm1 #dh grains #h grams #abc #b_/e grains1 or #b drachms1 #c #b_/e grains #i grams #ach #d_/e grains1 or #b drachms1 #ah #d_/e grains #aj grams #aed #b_/e grains1 or #b drachms1 #cd #b_/e grains #aa grams #afi #d_/e grains1 or #b drachms1 #di #d_/e grains #ab grams #ahe #a_/e grains1 or #c drachms1 #bj #a_/e grains #ac grams #bjj #c_/e grains1 or #c drachms1 #bj #c_/e grains #ad grams #baf grains1 or #c drachms1 #cf grains #ae grams #bca #b_/e grains1 or #c drachms1 #ea #b_/e grains #af grams #bdg grains1 or #d drachms1 #g grains #ag grams #bfb #b_/e grains1 or #d drachms1 #bb #b_/e grains #ah grams #bgg #d_/e grains1 or #d drachms1 #cg #d_/e grains #ai grams #bic #a_/e grains1 or #d drachms1 #ec #a_/e grains #bj grams #cjh #c_/e grains1 or #e drachms1 #h #c_/e grains #cj grams #dfc grains1 or #g drachms1 #dc grains #dj grams #fag #a_/e grains1 or #aj drachms1 #ag #a_/e grains #ej grams #gga #c_/e grains1 or #ab drachms1 #ea #c_/e grains #fj grams #ibf grains1 or #ae drachms1 #bf grains #gj grams #a1jhj #a_/e grains1 or #ah drachms1 #j #a_/e grains #hj grams #a1bcd #c_/e grains1 or #bj drachms1 #cd #c_/e grains #ij grams #a1chi grains1 or #bc drachms1 #i grains #ajj grams #a1edc #a_/e grains1 or #be drachms1 #dc #a_/e grains #a1jjj grams #a kilogram #cb ounces1 #a drachm1 #ab #b_/e grains ,,the ,,conversion ,,of ,,metric ,,into ,,english ,,measure #a cubic centimeter #ag minims #b cubic centimeters #cd minims #c cubic centimeters #ea minims #d cubic centimeters #fh minims1 or #a drachm1 #h minims #e cubic centimeters #he minims1 or #a drachm1 #be minims #f cubic centimeters #aja minims1 or #a drachm1 #da minims #g cubic centimeters #aah minims1 or #a drachm1 #eh minims #h cubic centimeters #ace minims1 or #a drachms1 #ae minims #i cubic centimeters #aeb minims1 or #b drachms1 #cb minims #aj cubic centimeters #afi minims1 or #b drachms1 #di minims #bj cubic centimeters #cch minims1 or #e drachms1 #ch minims #cj cubic centimeters #ejg minims1 or #a ounce1 #j drachm1 #bg minims #dj cubic centimeters #fgf minims1 or #a ounce1 #c drachms1 #af minims #ej cubic centimeters #hde minims1 or #a ounce1 #f drachms1 #e minims #fj cubic centimeters #a1jad minims1 or #b ounces1 #j drachms1 #ed minims #gj cubic centimeters #a1ahc minims1 or #b ounces1 #c drachms1 #dc minims #hj cubic centimeters #a1ceb minims1 or #b ounces1 #f drachms1 #cb minims #ij cubic centimeters #a1eba minims1 or #c ounces1 #a drachm1 #ba minims #ajj cubic centimeters #a1fij minims1 or #c ounces1 #d drachms1 #aj minims #a1jjj cubic centimeters #a liter #cd fluidounces nearly1 or #b #a_/h pints4 #gfa ,,welding ,,powders4 ,see also ,steel4 ,powder to ,weld ,wrought ,iron at ,pale-red ,heat with ,wrought ,iron4--,i4--,borax1 #a part 7by weight72 sal ammoniac1 #a_/b part2 water1 #a_/b part4 ,these ingredients are boiled with constant stirring until the mass is stiff2 then it is allowed to harden over the fire4 ,upon cooling1 the mass is rubbed up into a powder and mixed with one-third wrought-iron filings free from rust4 ,when the iron has reached red heat1 this powder is sprinkled on the parts to be welded1 and after it has liquefied1 a few blows are sufficient to unite the pieces4 ,,ii4--,borax1 #b parts2 wrought-iron filings1 free from rust1 #b parts2 sal ammoniac1 #a part4 ,these pulverized parts are moistened with copaiba balsam and made into a paste1 then slowly dried over a fire and again powdered4 ,the application is the same as for ,formula ,i4 ,welding ,powder to ,weld ,steel on ,wrought ,iron at ,pale-red ,heat4--,borax1 #c parts2 potassium cyanide1 #b parts2 ,berlin blue1 #a-ajj part4 ,these substances are powdered well1 moistened with water2 next they are boiled with constant stirring until stiff2 then dry over a fire4 ,upon cooling1 the mass is finely pulverized and mixed with #a part of wrought-iron filings1 free from rust4 ,this powder is sprinkled repeatedly upon the hot pieces1 and after it has burned in the welding is taken in hand4 ,,wheel ,,grease3 ,see ,lubricants4 ,,whetstones4 ,to make artificial whetstones1 take gelatin of good quality1 dissolve it in equal weight of water1 operating in almost complete darkness1 and add #a #a_/b per cent of bichromate of potash1 previously dissolved4 ,next take about #i times the weight of the gelatin employed of very fine emery or fine powdered gun stone1 which is mixed intimately with the gelatinized solution4 ,the paste thus obtained is molded into the desired shape1 taking care to exercise an energetic pressure in order to consolidate the mass4 ,finally dry by exposure to the sun4 ,,whiting3 ,to ,form ,masses of ,whiting4--,mix the whiting into a stiff paste with water1 and the mass will retain its coherence when dry4 ,whitewash 7,see also ,paint47 ,wash the ceiling by wetting it twice with water1 laying on as much as can well be floated on1 then rub the old color up with a stumpy brush and wipe off with a large sponge4 ,stop all cracks with whiting and plaster of ,paris4 ,when dry1 claricole with size and a little of the whitewash when this is dry4 ,if very much stained1 paint those parts with turps1 color1 and1 if necessary1 claricole again4 ,to make the whitewash1 take a dozen pounds of whiting 7in large balls71 break them up in a pail1 and cover with water to soak4 ,during this time melt over a slow fire #d pounds common size1 and at the same time1 with a palette knife or small trowel1 rub up fine about a dessertspoonful of blue-black with water to a fine paste2 then pour the water off the top of the whiting and with a stick stir in the black2 when well mixed1 stir in the melted size and strain4 ,when cold1 it is fit for use4 ,if the jelly is too stiff for use1 beat it up well and add a little cold water4 ,commence whitewashing over the window and so work from the light4 ,distemper color of any tint may be made by using any other color instead of the blue-black--as ocher1 chrome1 ,dutch pink1 raw sienna for yellows and buff2 ,venetian red1 burnt sienna1 ,indian red or purple brown for reds2 celestial blue1 ultramarine1 indigo for blues2 red and blue for purple1 gray or lavender2 red lead and chrome for orange2 ,brunswick green for greens4 ,ox blood in lime paint is an excellent binding agent for the lime1 as it is chiefly composed of albumin1 which1 like casein or milk1 is capable of transforming the lime into casein paint4 ,but the ox blood must be mixed in the lime paint2 to use it separately is useless1 if not harmful4 ,whitewashing rough mortar-plastering to saturation is very practical1 as it closes all the pores and small holes4 ,a formula used by the ,united ,states ,government in making whitewash for light-houses and other public buildings is as follows3 ,unslaked lime #b pecks ,common salt #a peck ,rice flour #c pounds ,spanish whiting #a_/b pound ,glue 7clean and white7 #a pound ,water1 a sufficient quantity4 ,slake the lime in a vessel of about #aj gallons capacity2 cover it1 strain1 and add #gfb the salt previously dissolved in warm water4 ,boil the rice flour in water2 soak the glue in water and dissolve on a water bath1 and add both1 together with the whiting and #e gallons of hot water to the mixture1 stirring all well together4 ,cover to protect from dirt1 and let it stand for a few days1 when it will be ready for use4 ,it is to be applied hot1 and for that reason should be used from a kettle over a portable furnace4 ,to ,soften ,old ,whitewash4--,wet the whitewash thoroughly with a wash made of #a pound of potash dissolved in #aj quarts of water4 ,,whitewash1 ,,to ,,remove3 ,see ,cleaning ,preparations and ,methods4 ,,white ,,metal3 ,see ,alloys4 ,,window-,,cleaning ,,compound3 ,see ,cleaning ,compounds4 ,,window ,,display3 ,see also ,sponges4 ,an attractive window display for stores can be prepared as follows3 ,in a wide-mouth jar put some sand1 say1 about #f inches in depth4 ,make a mixture of equal parts of aluminum sulphate1 copper sulphate1 and iron sulphate1 coarsely powdered1 and strew it over the surface of the sand4 ,over this layer gently pour a solution of sodium silicate1 dissolved in #c parts of hot water1 taking care not to disturb the layer of sulphates4 ,in about a week or #aj days the surface will be covered with crystals of different colors1 being silicates of different metals employed4 ,now take some pure water and let it run into the vessel by a small tube1 using a little more of it than you used of the water-glass solution4 ,this will displace the water-glass solution1 and a fresh crop of crystals will come in the silicates1 and makes1 when properly done1 a pretty scene4 ,take care in pouring in the water to let the point of the tube be so arranged as not to disturb the crop of silicates4 ,,window ,,perfume4 ,in ,paris an apparatus has been introduced consisting of a small tube which is attached lengthwise on the exterior of the shop windows4 ,through numerous little holes a warm1 lightly perfumed current of air is passed1 which pleasantly tickles the olfactory nerves of the looker-on and at the same time keeps the panes clear and clean1 so that the goods exhibited present the best possible appearance4 ,,window ,,polishes3 ,see ,polishes4 ,,windows1 ,,frosted3 ,see ,glass4 ,,windows1 ,,to ,,prevent ,,dimming ,,of3 ,see ,glass4 ,wines and ,liquors ,,bitters4 ,bitters1 as the name indicates1 are merely tinctures of bitter roots and barks1 with the addition of spices to flavor1 and depend for their effect upon their tonic action on the stomach4 ,taken too frequently1 however1 they may do harm1 by overstimulating the digestive organs4 ,the recipes for some of these preparations run to great lengths1 one for ,angostura bitters containing no fewer than #bh ingredients4 ,a very good article1 however1 may be made without all this elaboration4 ,the following1 for instance1 make a very good preparation3 ,gentian root 7sliced7 #ab ounces ,cinnamon bark #aj ounces ,caraway seeds #aj ounces ,juniper berries #b ounces ,cloves #a ounce ,alcohol1 #ij per cent #g pints ,macerate for a week2 strain1 press out1 and filter1 then add ,capillaire #a #a_/d pints ,water to make up #b #a_/b gallons ,strength about #de u4 p4 ,still another formula calls for ,angostura bark1 #b #a_/b ounces2 gentian root1 #a ounce2 cardamom seeds1 #a_/b ounce2 ,turkey rhubarb1 #a_/b ounce2 orange peel1 #d ounces2 caraways1 #a_/b ounce2 cinnamon bark1 #a_/b ounce2 cloves1 #a_/d ounce4 ,brandy ,bitters4-- ,sliced gentian root #c pounds ,dried orange peel #b pounds ,cardamom seed #a pound ,bruised cinnamon #a_/b pound ,cochineal #b ounces ,brandy #aj pints ,macerate for #ad days and strain4 ,hostetter's ,bitters4-- ,calamus root #a pound ,orange peel #a pound ,peruvian bark #a pound ,gentian root #a pound #gfc ,calumba root #a pound ,rhubarb root #d ounces ,cinnamon bark #b ounces ,cloves #a ounce ,diluted alcohol #b gallons ,water #a gallon ,sugar #a pound ,macerate together for #b weeks4 ,,cordials4 ,cordials1 according to the ,spatula1 are flavored liquors containing from #dj to #ej per cent of alcohol 7from #eb to #fd fluidounces to each gallon7 and from #bj to #be per cent of sugar 7from #be to #cb ounces avoirdupois to each gallon74 ,cordials1 while used in this country to some degree1 have their greatest consumption in foreign lands1 especially in ,france and ,germany4 ,usually such mixtures as these are clarified or 8fined0 only with considerable difficulty1 as the finally divided particles of oil pass easily through the pores of the filter paper4 ,purified talcum will be found to be an excellent clarifying medium2 it should be agitated with the liquid and the liquid then passed through a thoroughly wetted filter4 ,the filtrate should be returned again and again to the filter until it filters perfectly bright4 ,purified talcum being chemically inert is superior to magnesium carbonate and other substances which are recommended for this purpose4 ,when the filtering process is completed the liquids should at once be put into suitable bottles which should be filled and tightly corked and sealed4 ,wrap the bottles in paper and store away1 laying the bottles on their sides in a moderately warm place4 ,a shelf near the ceiling is a good place4 ,warmth and age improve the beverages1 as it appears to more perfectly blend the flavors1 so that the older the liquor becomes the better it is4 ,these liquids must never be kept in a cold place1 as the cold might cause the volatile oils to separate4 ,the following formulas are for the production of cordials of the best quality1 and therefore only the very best of materials should be used2 the essential oils should be of unquestionable quality and strictly fresh1 while the alcohol must be free from fusel oil1 the water distilled1 and the sugar white1 free from bluing1 and if liquors of any kind should be called for in any formula only the very best should be used4 ,the oils and other flavoring substances should be dissolved in the alcohol and the sugar in the water4 ,then mix the two solutions and filter clear4 ,alkermes ,cordial4-- ,mace #a #a_/b avoirdupois ounces ,ceylon cinnamon #a #a_/h avoirdupois ounces ,cloves #c_/d avoirdupois ounce ,rose water 7best7 #f fluidounces ,sugar #bh avoirdupois ounces ,deodorized alcohol #eb fluidounces ,distilled water1 q4 s4 #a gallon ,reduce the mace1 cinnamon1 and cloves to a coarse powder macerate with the alcohol for several days1 agitating occasionally1 then add the remaining ingredients1 and filter clear4 ,anise ,cordial4-- ,anethol #g fluidrachms ,oil of fennel seed #hj minims ,oil of bitter almonds #af drops ,deodorized alcohol #h pints ,simple syrup #e pints ,distilled water1 q4 s4 #af pints ,mix the oils and anethol with the alcohol and the syrup with the water2 mix the two and filter clear1 as directed4 ,blackberry ,cordial4--,this beverage is usually misnamed 8blackberry brandy0 or 8blackberry wine40 ,this latter belongs only to wines obtained by the fermentation of the blackberry juice4 ,when this is distilled then a true blackberry brandy is obtained1 just as ordinary brandy is obtained by distilling ordinary wines4 ,the name is frequently applied to a preparation containing blackberry root often combined with other astringents1 but the true blackberry cordial is made according to the formulas given herewith4 ,most of these mention brandy1 and this article should be good and fusel free1 or it may be replaced by good whisky1 or even by diluted alcohol1 depending on whether a high-priced or cheap cordial is desired4 ,i4--,fresh blackberry juice1 #c pints2 sugar1 #g #a_/b ounces2 water1 #cj fluidounces2 brandy1 #g #a_/b pints2 oil of cloves1 #c drops2 oil of cinnamon1 #c drops2 alcohol1 #f fluidrachms4 ,dissolve the sugar in the water and juice1 then add the liquor4 ,dissolve the oils in the alcohol and add #a_/b to the first solution1 and if not sufficiently flavored add more of the second solution4 ,then filter4 ,,ii4--,fresh blackberry juice1 #d pints2 powdered nutmeg 7fresh71 #a ounce2 powdered cinnamon 7fresh71 #a ounce2 powdered pimento 7fresh71 #a_/b ounce2 powdered cloves #gfd 7fresh71 #a_/b ounce2 brandy1 #b #a_/b pints2 sugar1 #b #a_/b pounds4 ,macerate the spices in the brandy for several days4 ,dissolve the sugar in the juice and mix and filter clear4 ,cherry ,cordials4-- ,i4--,oil of bitter almonds #h drops ,oil of cinnamon #a drop ,oil of cloves #a drop ,acetic ether #ab drops ,ceuanthic ether #a drop ,vanilla extract #a drachm ,alcohol #c pints ,sugar #c pounds ,cherry juice #bj ounces ,distilled water1 q4 s4 #a gallon ,the oils1 ethers1 and extracts must be dissolved in the alcohol1 the sugar in part of the water1 then mix1 add the juice and filter clear4 ,when the juice is not sufficiently sour1 add a small amount of solution of citric acid4 ,to color1 use caramel4 ,,ii4--,vanilla extract #aj drops ,oil of cinnamon #aj drops ,oil of bitter almonds #aj drops ,oil of cloves #c drops ,oil of nutmeg #c drops ,alcohol #b #a_/b pints ,cherry juice #b #a_/b pints ,simple syrup #c pints ,dissolve the oils in the alcohol1 then add the other ingredients and filter clear4 ,it is better to make this cordial during the cherry season so as to obtain the fresh expressed juice of the cherry4 ,curacoa ,cordials4-- ,i4--,curacoa orange peel #f ounces ,cinnamon #c_/d ounce ,mace #b #a_/b drachms ,alcohol #c #a_/b pints ,water #d #a_/b pints ,sugar #ab ounces ,mix the first three ingredients and reduce them to a coarse powder1 then mix with the alcohol and #d pints of water and macerate for #h days with an occasional agitation1 express1 add the sugar and enough water to make a gallon of finished product4 ,filter clear4 ,,ii4--,curacoa or bitter orange peel #b ounces ,cloves #hj grains ,cinnamon #hj grains ,cochineal #fj grains ,oil of orange 7best7 #a drachm ,orange-flower water #a_/b pint ,holland gin #a pint ,alcohol #b pints ,sugar #c pints ,water1 q4 s4 #a gallon ,reduce the solids to a coarse powder1 add the alcohol and macerate #c days4 ,then add the oil1 gin1 and #c pints of water and continue the maceration for #h days more1 agitating once a day1 strain and add sugar dissolved in balance of the water4 ,then add the orange-flower water and filter4 ,kola ,cordial4-- ,kola nuts1 roasted and powdered #g ounces ,cochineal powder #cj grains ,extract of vanilla #c drachms ,arrac #c ounces ,sugar #g pounds ,alcohol #f pints ,water1 distilled #f pints ,macerate kola and cochineal with alcohol for #aj days1 agitate daily1 add arrac1 vanilla1 and sugar dissolved in water4 ,filter4 ,kmmel ,cordials4-- ,i4--,oil of caraway #cj drops ,oil of peppermint #c drops ,oil of lemon #c drops ,acetic ether #cj drops ,spirit of nitrous ether #cj drops ,sugar #gb ounces ,alcohol #if ounces ,water #if ounces ,dissolve the oils and ethers in the alcohol1 and the sugar in the water4 ,mix and filter4 ,,ii4--,oil of caraway #bj drops ,oil of sweet fennel #b drops ,oil of cinnamon #a drop ,sugar #ad ounces ,alcohol #b pints ,water #d pints ,prepare as in ,formula ,i4 ,orange ,cordials4--,many of the preparations sold under this name are not really orange cordials1 but are varying mixtures of uncertain composition1 possibly flavored with orange4 ,the following are made by the use of oranges3 ,i4--,sugar #h avoirdupois pounds ,water #b #c_/d gallons ,oranges #ae ,dissolve the sugar in the water by the aid of a gentle heat1 express the oranges1 add the juice and rinds to the syrup1 put the mixture into a cask1 keep the whole in a warm place for #c or #d days1 stirring frequently1 then close the cask1 set aside in a cool cellar and draw off the clear liquid4 ,,ii4--,express the juice from sweet oranges1 add water equal to the volume #gfe of juice obtained1 and macerate the expressed oranges with the juice and water for about #ab hours4 ,for each gallon of juice1 add #a pound of granulated sugar1 grape sugar1 or glucose1 put the whole into a suitable vessel1 covering to exclude the dust1 place in a warm location until fermentation is completed1 draw off the clear liquid1 and preserve in well-stoppered stout bottles in a cool place4 ,,iii4--,orange wine suitable for 8soda0 purposes may be prepared by mixing #c fluidounces of orange essence with #ac fluidounces of sweet ,catawba or other mild wine4 ,some syrup may be added to this if desired4 ,rose ,cordial4-- ,oil of rose1 very best #c drops ,palmarosa oil #c drops ,sugar #bh ounces ,alcohol #eb ounces ,distilled water1 q4 s4 #h pints ,dissolve the sugar in the water and the oils in the alcohol2 mix the solutions1 color a rose tint1 and filter clear4 ,spearmint ,cordial4-- ,oil of spearmint #cj drops ,sugar #bh ounces ,alcohol #eb ounces ,distilled water1 q4 s4 #h pints ,dissolve the sugar in the water and the oil in the alcohol2 mix the two solutions1 color green1 and filter clear4 ,absinthe4-- ,i4--,oil of wormwood #if drops ,oil of star anise #gb drops ,oil of aniseed #dh drops ,oil of coriander #dh drops ,oil of fennel1 pure #dh drops ,oil of angelica root #bd drops ,oil of thyme #bd drops ,alcohol 7pure7 #afb fluidounces ,distilled water #cj fluidounces ,dissolve the oils in the alcohol1 add the water1 color green1 and filter clear4 ,,ii4--,oil of wormwood #cf drops ,oil of orange peel #cj drops ,oil of star anise #ab drops ,oil of neroli petate #e drops ,fresh oil of lemon #i drops ,acetic ether #bd drops ,sugar #cj avoirdupois ounces ,alcohol1 deodorized #ij fluidounces ,distilled water #gh fluidounces ,dissolve the oils and ether in the alcohol and the sugar in the water2 then mix thoroughly1 color green1 and filter clear4 ,,detannating ,,wine4 ,according to ,caspari1 the presence of appreciable quantities of tannin in wine is decidedly objectionable if the wine is to be used in connection with iron and other metallic salts2 moreover1 tannin is incompatible with alkaloids1 and hence wine not deprived of its tannin should never be used as a menstruum for alkaloidal drugs4 ,the process of freeing wines from tannin is termed detannation1 and is a very simple operation4 ,the easiest plan is to add #a_/b ounce of gelatin in number #dj or number #fj powder to #a gallon of the wine1 to agitate occasionally during #bd or #dh hours1 and then to filter4 ,the operation is preferably carried out during cold weather or in a cold apartment1 as heat will cause the gelatin to dissolve1 and the maceration must be continued until a small portion of the wine mixed with a few drops of ferric chloride solution shows no darkening of color4 ,gelatin in large pieces is not suitable1 especially with wines containing much tannin1 since the newly formed tannate of gelatin will be deposited on the surface and prevent further intimate contact of the gelatin with the wine4 ,formerly freshly prepared ferric hydroxide was much employed for detannating wine1 but the chief objection to its use was due to the fact that some iron invariably was taken up by the acid present in the wine2 moreover1 the process was more tedious than in the case of gelatin4 ,as the removal of tannin from wine in no way interferes with its quality--alcoholic strength and aroma remaining the same1 and only coloring matter being lost--a supply of detannated wine should be kept on hand1 for it requires very little more labor to detannate a gallon than a pint4 ,if ferric hydroxide is to be used1 it must be freshly prepared1 and a convenient quantity then be added to the wine--about #h ounces of the expressed1 but moist1 precipitate to a gallon4 ,,prevention ,,of ,,fermentation4 ,fermentation may be prevented in either of two ways3 7#a7 ,by chemical methods1 which consist in the addition of germ poisons or antiseptics1 which either kill the germs or prevent their growth4 ,of these the principal ones used are salicylic1 sulphurous1 boracic1 and benzoic acids1 formalin1 fluorides1 and saccharine4 ,as these substances are generally regarded as adulterants and injurious1 their use is not recommended4 7#b7 ,the germs are either removed by #gff some mechanical means such as a filtering or a centrifugal apparatus1 or they are destroyed by heat or electricity4 ,heat has so far been found the most practical4 ,when a liquid is heated to a sufficiently high temperature all organisms in it are killed4 ,the degree of heat required1 however1 differs not only with the particular kind of organism1 but also with the liquid in which it is held4 ,time is also a factor4 ,an organism may not be killed if heated to a high temperature and quickly cooled4 ,if1 however1 the temperature is kept at the same high degree for some time1 it will be killed4 ,it must also be borne in mind that fungi1 including yeasts1 exist in the growing and the resting states1 the latter being much more resistant than the former4 ,one characteristic of the fungi and their spores is their great resistance to heat when dry4 ,in this state they can be heated to #bab ,f4 without being killed4 ,the spores of the common mold are even more resistant4 ,this should be well considered in sterilizing bottles and corks1 which should be steamed to #bdj ,f4 for at least #ae minutes4 ,practical tests so far made indicate that grape juice can be safely sterilized at from #afe to #agf ,f4 ,at this temperature the flavor is hardly changed1 while at a temperature much above #bjj ,f4 it is4 ,this is an important point1 as the flavor and quality of the product depend on it4 ,use only clean1 sound1 well-ripened1 but not over-ripe grapes4 ,if an ordinary cider mill is at hand1 it may be used for crushing and pressing1 or the grapes may be crushed and pressed with the hands4 ,if a light-colored juice is desired1 put the crushed grapes in a cleanly washed cloth sack and tie up4 ,then either hang up securely and twist it or let two persons take hold1 one on each end of the sack and twist until the greater part of the juice is expressed4 ,next gradually heat the juice in a double boiler or a large stone jar in a pan of hot water1 so that the juice does not come in direct contact with the fire at a temperature of #ahj to #bjj ,f41 never above #bjj ,f4 ,it is best to use a thermometer1 but if there be none at hand heat the juice until it steams1 but do not allow it to boil4 ,put it in a glass or enameled vessel to settle for #bd hours2 carefully drain the juice from the sediment1 and run it through several thicknesses of clean flannel1 or a conic filter made from woolen cloth or felt may be used4 ,this filter is fixed to a hoop of iron1 which can be suspended wherever necessary4 ,after this fill into clean bottles4 ,do not fill entirely1 but leave room for the liquid to expand when again heated4 ,fit a thin board over the bottom of an ordinary wash boiler1 set the filled bottles 7ordinary glass fruit jars are just as good7 in it1 fill in with water around the bottles to within about an inch of the tops1 and gradually heat until it is about to simmer4 ,then take the bottles out and cork or seal immediately4 ,it is a good idea to take the further precaution of sealing the corks over with sealing wax or paraffine to prevent mold germs from entering through the corks4 ,should it be desired to make red juice1 heat the crushed grapes to not above #bjj ,f41 strain through a clean cloth or drip bag 7no pressure should be used71 set away to cool and settle1 and proceed the same as with light-colored juice4 ,many people do not even go to the trouble of letting the juice settle after straining it1 but reheat and seal it up immediately1 simply setting the vessel away in a cool place in an upright position where they will be undisturbed4 ,the juice is thus allowed to settle1 and when wanted for use the clear juice is simply taken off the sediment4 ,any person familiar with the process of canning fruit can also preserve grape juice1 for the principles involved are identical4 ,one of the leading defects so far found in unfermented juice is that much of it is not clear1 a condition which very much detracts from its otherwise attractive appearance1 and due to two causes already alluded to4 ,either the final sterilization in bottles has been at a higher temperature than the preceding one1 or the juice has not been properly filtered or has not been filtered at all4 ,in other cases the juice has been sterilized at such a high temperature that it has a disagreeable scorched taste4 ,it should be remembered that attempts to sterilize at a temperature above #aie ,f4 are dangerous so far as the flavor of the finished product is concerned4 ,another serious mistake is sometimes made by putting the juice into bottles so large that much of it becomes spoiled before it is used after the bottles are opened4 ,unfermented grape juice properly made and bottled will keep indefinitely1 if it is not exposed to the atmosphere or mold germs2 but when a bottle is once opened it should1 like canned goods1 be used as soon as possible to keep from spoiling4 ,another method of making unfermented grape juice1 which is often #gfg resorted to where a sufficiently large quantity is made at one time1 consists in this3 ,take a clean keg or barrel 7one that has previously been made sweet74 ,lay this upon a skid consisting of two scantlings or pieces of timber of perhaps #bj feet long1 in such a manner as to make a runway4 ,then take a sulphur match1 made by dipping strips of clean muslin about #a inch wide and #aj inches long into melted brimstone1 cool it and attach it to a piece of wire fastened in the lower end of a bung and bent over at the end1 so as to form a hook4 ,light the match and by means of the wire suspend it in the barrel1 bung the barrel up tight1 and allow it to burn as long as it will4 ,repeat this until fresh sulphur matches will no longer burn in the barrel4 ,then take enough fresh grape juice to fill the barrel one-third full1 bung up tight1 roll and agitate violently on the skid for a few minutes4 ,next burn more sulphur matches in it until no more will burn1 fill in more juice until the barrel is about two-thirds full2 agitate and roll again4 ,repeat the burning process as before1 after which fill the barrel completely with grape juice and roll4 ,the barrel should then be bunged tightly and stored in a cool place with the bung up1 and so secured that the package cannot be shaken4 ,in the course of a few weeks the juice will have become clear and can then be racked off and filled into bottles or jars direct1 sterilized1 and corked or sealed up ready for use4 ,by this method1 however1 unless skillfully handled1 the juice is apt to have a slight taste of the sulphur4 ,the following are the component parts of a ,california and a ,concord unfermented grape juice3 ,concord ,california ,per ,per ,cent ,cent ,solid contents #bj4cg #bj4fj ,total acids 7as tartaric7 4#ffc 4#ec ,volatile acids 4#jbc 4#jc ,grape sugar #ah4ed #ai4ae ,free tartaric acids 4#jbe 4#jg ,ash 4#bee 4#ai ,phosphoric acids 4#jbg 4#jd ,cream of tartar 4#ee 4#ei ,this table is interesting in so far that the ,california unfermented grape juice was made from ,viniferas or foreign varieties1 whereas the ,concord was a ,labruska or one of the ,american sorts4 ,the difference in taste and smell is even more pronounced than the analysis would indicate4 ,small quantities of grape juice may be preserved in bottles4 ,fruit is likely to be dusty and to be soiled in other ways1 and grapes1 like other fruits1 should be well washed before using4 ,leaves or other extraneous matter should also be removed4 ,the juice is obtained by moderate pressure in an ordinary screw press1 and strained through felt4 ,by gently heating1 the albuminous matter is coagulated and may be skimmed off1 and further clarification may be effected by filtering through paper1 but such filtration must be done as rapidly as possible1 using a number of filters and excluding the air as much as possible4 ,the juice so obtained may be preserved by sterilization1 in the following manner3 ,put the juice in the bottles in which it is to be kept1 filling them very nearly full2 place the bottles1 unstoppered1 in a kettle filled with cold water1 so arranging them on a wooden perforated 8false bottom0 or other like contrivance as to prevent their immediate contact with the metal1 this preventing unequal heating and possible fracture4 ,now heat the water1 gradually raising the temperature to the boiling point1 and maintain at that until the juice attains a boiling temperature2 then close the bottles with perfectly fitting corks1 which have been kept immersed in boiling water for a short time before use4 ,the corks should not be fastened in any way1 for1 if the sterilization is not complete1 fermentation and consequent explosion of the bottle may occur unless the cork should be forced out4 ,if the juice is to be used for syrup1 as for use at the soda fountain1 the best method is to make a concentrated syrup at once1 using about #b pounds of refined sugar to #a pint of juice1 dissolving by a gentle heat4 ,this syrup may be made by simple agitation without heat2 and a finer flavor thus results1 but its keeping quality would be uncertain4 ,the juices found in the market are frequently preserved by means of antiseptics1 but so far none have been proposed for this purpose which can be considered entirely wholesome4 ,physiological experiments have shown that while bodies suited for this purpose may be apparently without bad effect at first1 their repeated ingestion is likely to cause gastric disturbance4 ,,sparkling ,,wines4 ,an apparatus for converting still into foaming wines1 and doing this efficiently1 simply1 and rapidly1 consists of a vertical steel tube1 which turns on an axis1 and #gfh bears several adjustable glass globes that are in connection with each other by means of distributing valves1 the latter being of silver-plated bronze4 ,the glass globes serve as containers for carbonic acid1 and are kept supplied with this gas from a cylinder connected therewith4 ,the wine to be impregnated with the acid is taken from a cask1 through a special tube1 which also produces a light pressure of carbonic acid on the cask1 the object of which is to prevent the access of atmospheric air to the wine within1 and1 besides1 to cause the liquid to pass into the bottle without jar or stroke4 ,the bottles stand under the distributing valves1 or levers1 placed above and below them4 ,now1 if the cock1 by means of which the glass bulbs and the bottles are brought into connection1 is slightly opened1 and the desired lever is put in action1 the carbonic acid at once forces the air out of the bottles1 and sterilizes them4 ,the upper bottles are now gradually filled4 ,the whole apparatus1 including the filled bottles1 is now tilted over1 and the wine1 of its own weight1 flows through collectors filled with carbonic acid1 and passes1 impregnated with the gas1 into other bottles placed below4 ,each bottle is filled in course1 the time required for each being some #de seconds4 ,the saturation of the liquid with carbonic acid is so complete and plentiful that there is no need of hurry in corking4 ,by means of this apparatus any desired still wine is at once converted into a sparkling one1 preserving at the same time its own peculiarities of taste1 bouquet1 etc4 ,the apparatus may be used equally well upon fruit juices1 milk1 and1 in fact1 any kind of liquid1 its extreme simplicity permitting of easy and rapid cleansing4 ,,artificial ,,french ,,brandy4 ,i4--,the following is ,eugene ,dieterich's formula for ,spiritus vini ,gallici artificialis3 ,tincture of gallapples #aj parts ,aromatic tincture #e parts ,purified wood vinegar #e parts ,spirit of nitrous ether #aj parts ,acetic ether #a part ,alcohol1 #fh per cent #egj parts ,distilled water #djj parts ,mix1 adding the water last1 let stand for several days1 then filter4 ,,ii4--,the ,mnchener ,apotheker ,verein has adopted the following formula for the same thing3 ,acetic acid1 dilute1 #ij per cent #d parts ,acetic ether #d parts ,tincture aromatic #dj parts ,cognac essence #dj parts ,spirit of nitrous ether #bj parts ,alcohol1 #ij per cent #e1jjj parts ,water1 distilled #b1ejj parts ,add the acids1 ethers1 etc41 to the alcohol1 and finally add the water4 ,let stand several days1 and1 if necessary1 filter4 ,,iii4--,the ,berlin ,apothecaries have adopted the following as a magistral formula3 ,aromatic tincture #d parts ,spirit of nitrous ether #e parts ,alcohol1 #ij per cent #a1jjj parts ,distilled water1 quantity sufficient to make #b1jjj parts ,mix the tincture and ether with the alcohol1 add the water and for every ounce add one drop of tincture of rhatany4 ,of these formulas the first is to be preferred as a close imitation of the taste of the genuine article4 ,to imitate the color use burnt sugar4 ,,liqueurs4 ,many are familiar with the properties of liqueurs but believe them to be very complex and even mysterious compounds4 ,this is1 of course1 due to the fact that the formulas are of foreign origin and many of them have been kept more or less secret for some time4 ,owing to the peculiar combination of the bouquet oils and flavors1 it is impossible to make accurate analyses of them4 ,but by the use of formulas now given1 these products seem to be very nearly duplicated4 ,it is necessary to use the best sugar and oils obtainable in the preparation of the liqueurs4 ,as there are so many grades of essential oils on the market1 it is difficult to obtain the best indirectly4 ,the value of the cordials is enhanced by the richness and odor and flavor of the oils1 so only the best qualities should be used4 ,for filtering1 flannel or felt is valuable4 ,flannel is cheaper and more easily washed4 ,it is necessary to return filtrate several times with any of the filtering media4 ,as a clarifying agent talcum allowed to stand several days acts well4 ,these rules are common to all4 #gfi ,the operations are all simple3 ,first3 ,heat all mixtures4 ,second3 ,keep the product in the dark4 ,third3 ,keep in warm place4 ,the liqueurs are heated to ripen the bouquet flavor1 it having effect similar to age4 ,to protect the ethereal oils1 air and light are excluded2 hence it is recommended that the bottles be filled to the stopper4 ,the liqueurs taste best at a temperature not exceeding #ee ,f4 ,they are all improved with age1 especially many of the bouquet oils4 ,bndictine4-- ,i4--,bitter almonds #dj grams ,powdered nutmeg #d4ejj grams ,extract vanilla #abj grams ,powdered cloves #b grams ,lemons1 sliced #b grams ,true saffron 4#fjj grams ,sugar #b1jjj grams ,boiling milk #a1jjj c4c4 ,alcohol1 #ie per cent #b1jjj c4c4 ,distilled water #b1ejj c4c4 ,mix4 ,let stand #i days with occasional agitation4 ,filter sufficiently4 ,,ii4--,essence ,bndictine #ge c4c ,alcohol1 #ie per cent #a1gjj c4c4 ,mix4 ,sugar #a1gej grams ,water1 distilled #a1fjj c4c4 ,mix together1 when clear solution of sugar is obtained4 ,color with caramel4 ,filter sufficiently4 ,,note4--,this liqueur should be at least #a year old before used4 ,essence ,bndictine for ,bndictine ,no4 ,,ii4-- ,i4--,myrrh #a part ,decorticated cardamom #a part ,mace #a part ,ginger #aj parts ,galanga root #aj parts ,orange peel 7cut7 #aj parts ,extract aloe #d parts ,alcohol #afj parts ,water #hj parts ,mix1 macerate #aj days and filter4 ,,ii4--,extract licorice #bj parts ,sweet spirits niter #bjj parts ,acetic ether #cj parts ,spirits ammonia #a part ,coumarin 4#ab parts ,vanillin #a part ,,iii4--,oil lemon #c drops ,oil orange peel #c drops ,oil wormwood #b4e drops ,oil galanga #b drops ,oil ginger #a drop ,oil anise #ae drops ,oil cascarilla #ae drops ,oil bitter almond #ab drops ,oil milfoil #aj drops ,oil sassafras #g drops ,oil angelica #f drops ,oil hyssop #d drops ,oil cardamom #b drops ,oil hops #b drops ,oil juniper #a drop ,oil rosemary #a drop ,mix ,a1 ,b1 and ,c4 ,,note4--,this essence should stand #b years before being used for liqueurs4 ,chartreuse4--,i4--,elixir vgtal de la ,grande ,chartreuse4 ,fresh balm mint herbs #fd parts ,fresh hyssop herbs #fd parts ,angelica herbs and root1 fresh1 together #cb parts ,cinnamon #af parts ,saffron #d parts ,mace #d parts ,subject the above ingredients to maceration for a week with alcohol 7#if per cent71 #a1jjj parts1 then squeeze off and distill the liquid obtained over a certain quantity of fresh herbs of balm and hyssop4 ,after #abe parts of sugar have been added to the resultant liqueur1 filter4 ,the genuine ,chartreuse comes in three different colors1 viz41 green1 white1 and yellow4 ,the coloration1 however1 is not artificial1 but is determined by the addition of varying quantities of fresh herbs in the distillation4 ,but since it would require long and tedious trials to produce the right color in a small manufacture1 the yellow shade is best imparted by a little tincture of saffron1 and the green one by the addition of a few drops of indigo solution4 ,,ii4--,eau des ,carmes #c #a_/b ounces ,alcohol #a quart ,distilled water #a quart ,sugar #a #a_/b pounds ,tincture of saffron #a ounce ,mix4 ,dissolve sugar in warm water1 cool1 strain1 add remainder of ingredients1 and filter4 ,this is known as yellow ,chartreuse4 #ggj ,curaao ,liqueur4-- ,a4--,oil lemon1 q4 s4 #aj drops ,oil bitter almond1 q4 s4 #e drops ,oil curaoa orange #ae parts ,oil sweet orange #a part ,oil bitter orange #a part ,cochineal #a part ,french brandy #ej parts ,b4--,alcohol #d1ejj parts ,c4--,sugar #c1ejj parts ,water 7distilled7 #d1jjj parts ,mix ,a1 ,b1 and ,c4 ,filter4 ,color with caramel4 ,may ,bowl or ,may ,wine4--,the principal ingredient of ,may bowl1 or that which gives it its flavor and bouquet1 is fresh ,waldmeisterkraut 7,asperula odorata71 the 8woodruff0 or 8sweet grass10 8star grass10 and a dozen other aliases1 of a plant growing wild all over ,europe1 both continental and insular1 and cultivated by some gardeners in this country4 ,it is accredited with being a diuretic1 deobstruent and hepatic stimulant1 of no mean order1 though it has long been banished from the pharmacopia4 ,in ,baden and in ,bavaria in preparing ,maitrank the practice was formerly to first make an essence--,maitrankessenz1 for the preparation of which every housewife had a formula of her own4 ,the following was that generally used in the south of ,germany3 ,i4--,fresh1 budding woodruff1 cut fine #ejj parts ,alcohol1 commercial 7#ij per cent7 #a1jjj parts ,digest together for #ad days1 then filter and press off4 ,many add to this some flavoring oil4 ,as coumarin has been found to be the principle to which the ,waldmeister owes its odor1 many add to the above ,tonka bean1 chopped fine1 #a part to the thousand4 ,from about #ab to #ae drachms of this essence is added to make a gallon of the wine1 which has about the following formula3 ,french brandy1 say #d drachms ,oil of unripe oranges #hj drops ,sugar #d to #h ounces ,essence #ab drachms ,wine to make #a gallon ,,ii4--,take enough good woodruff 7,waldmeister7 of fine aroma and flavor4 ,remove all parts that will not add to the excellence of the product1 such as wilted1 dead1 or imperfect leaves1 stems1 etc41 and wash the residue thoroughly in cold water1 and with as little pressure as possible4 ,now choose a flask with a neck sufficiently wide to receive the stems without pressing or bruising them1 and let the pieces fall into it4 ,pour in sufficient strong alcohol 7#if per cent7 to cover the herbs completely4 ,in from #cj to #dj minutes the entire aroma is taken up by the alcohol1 which takes on a beautiful green color1 which1 unfortunately1 does not last1 disappearing in a few days1 but without affecting the aroma in the least4 ,the alcohol should now be poured off1 for if left to macerate longer1 while it would gain in aroma1 it will also take up a certain bitter principle that detracts from the delicacy of flavor and aroma4 ,the extract is now poured on a fresh quantity of the herb1 and continue proceeding in this manner until a sufficiently concentrated extract is obtained to give aroma to #ajj times its weight of wine or cider4 ,,iii4--,fresh woodruff1 in bloom or flower1 is freed from the lower part of its stem and leaves1 and also of all foreign or inert matter4 ,the herb is then lightly stuck into a wide-mouth bottle1 and covered with strong alcohol4 ,after #cj minutes pour off the liquor on fresh woodruff4 ,in another half hour the essence is ready1 though it should not be used immediately4 ,it should be kept at cellar heat 7about #fj ,f47 for a few days1 or until the green color vanishes4 ,any addition to the essence of aromatics1 such as orange peel1 lemons1 spices1 etc41 is to be avoided4 ,to prepare the ,maitrank1 add the essence to any good white wine1 tasting and testing1 until the flavor suits4 ,the following are other formulas for the drink3 ,,iv4--,good white wine or cider #fe parts ,alcohol1 dilute #bj parts ,sugar #aj parts ,maitrankessenz #a part ,mix4 ,maraschino ,liqueur4-- ,oil bitter almonds #ae minims ,essence vanilla #a drachm ,jasmine extract #b drops ,raspberry essence #aj drops ,oil neroli #aj drops ,oil lemon #ae minims ,spirits nitrous ether #b drachms ,alcohol #f pints ,sugar #h pounds ,rose water #aj ounces ,water sufficient to make #b gallons ,make a liquor in the usual manner4 ,to ,clarify ,liqueurs4--,for the clarification of turbid liqueurs1 burnt #gga powdered alum is frequently employed4 ,make a trial with #bjj parts of the dim liqueur1 to which #a4e parts of burnt powdered alum is added2 shake well and let stand until the liquid is clear4 ,then decant and filter the last portion4 ,if the trial is successful1 the whole stock may be clarified in this manner4 ,,medicinal ,,wines3 ,beef and ,iron4--,the following formula is recommended by the ,american ,pharmaceutical ,association3 ,i4--,extract of beef #ce grams ,tincture of citro-chloride of iron #ce c4c4 ,compound spirit of orange #a c4c4 ,hot water #fj c4c4 ,alcohol #abe c4c4 ,syrup #abe c4c4 ,sherry wine sufficient to make #a1jjj c4c4 ,rub the extract of beef with the hot water1 and add1 while stirring1 the alcohol4 ,allow to stand #c days or more1 then filter and distill off the alcohol4 ,add to the residue #gej cubic centimeters of the wine1 to which the compound spirit of orange has been previously added4 ,finally add the tincture of citro-chloride of iron1 syrup1 and enough wine to make #a1jjj cubic centimeters4 ,filter if necessary4 ,,ii4--,for ,poultry and ,stock4--,a good formula for wine of beef and iron is as follows3 ,beef extract #bef grains ,tincture of iron citro-chloride #bef minims ,hot water #a fluidounce ,sherry wine enough to make #a pint ,pour the hot water in the beef extract and triturate until a smooth mixture is made4 ,to this add1 gradually and under constant stirring1 #ab ounces of the wine4 ,add now1 under same conditions1 the iron1 stir in well1 and finally add the remainder of the wine4 ,cinchona4--,i4--,macerate #ajj parts of cinchona succirubra in coarse powder for #cj minutes in #ajj parts of boiling water4 ,strain off the liquor and set aside4 ,macerate the residuum in #a1jjj parts of ,california ,malaga for #bd hours1 strain off the liquid and set aside4 ,finally macerate the magma in #ejj parts of alcohol1 of #ej per cent1 for #a hour1 strain off and set aside4 ,wash the residue with a little water to recover all the alcoholic tincture2 then unite all the liquids1 let stand for #bd hours1 and filter4 ,to the filtrate add #hjj parts loaf sugar and dissolve by the aid of gentle heat and again filter4 ,the product is all that could be asked of a wine of cinchona4 ,to make a ferrated wine of this1 dissolve #a part of citro-ammoniacal pyrophosphate of iron to every #a1jjj parts of wine4 ,,ii4--,yvon recommends the following formula3 ,red cinchona1 coarse powder #e parts ,alcohol1 #fj per cent #aj parts ,diluted hydrochloric acid #a part ,bordeaux wine #ajj parts ,macerate the bark with the acid and alcohol for #f days1 shaking from time to time1 add the wine1 macerate for #bd hours1 agitating frequently1 then filter4 ,removal of ,musty ,taste and ,smell from ,wine4--,for the removal of this unpleasant quality1 ,kulisch recommends the use of a piece of charcoal of about the size of a hazel nut--#e to #aj parts per #a1jjj parts of wine4 ,after this has remained in the cask for #f to #h weeks1 and during this time has been treated once a week with a chain or with a stirring rod1 the wine can be racked off4 ,obstinate turbidness1 as well as stalk taste and pot flavor1 can also be obviated by the use of the remedy4 ,,wintergreen1 ,,to ,,distinguish ,,methyl ,,salicylate ,,from ,,oil ,,of4 ,a quantity of the sample is mixed in a test tube with an equal volume of pure concentrated sulphuric acid4 ,under these conditions the artificial compound shows no rise in temperature and acquires only a slight yellowish tint1 while with the natural oil there is a marked rise in temperature and the mixture assumes a rose-red color1 gradually passing into darker shades4 ,,wire ,,rope4 ,see also ,steel4 ,a valuable anti-friction and preservative compound for mine cables is as follows3 ,seven parts soft tallow and #c parts plumbago1 mixed thoroughly2 make a long1 hollow box or trough1 gouge out a #d by #f piece of scantling about #b feet long1 sawing it down lengthwise and hollowing out the box or trough enough to hold several pounds of the compound1 making also a hole lengthwise of the #ggb trough for the cable to run through2 then affix to rope and clamp securely1 having the box or trough so fixed that it cannot play1 and letting the cable pass through it while going up or down1 so that it will get a thorough coating4 ,this1 it is found1 will preserve a round cable very well1 and can be used at least once a week4 ,for a flat steel cable raw linseed oil can be used instead of the tallow1 in about the proportion of #f parts oil and #c plumbago4 ,if tar is used1 linseed oil is to be added to keep the tar from adhering1 both ingredients to be mixed while warm4 ,to preserve wire rope laid under ground1 or under water1 coat it with a mixture of mineral tar and fresh slaked lime in the proportion of #a bushel of lime to #a barrel of tar4 ,the mixture is to be boiled1 and the rope saturated with it while hot2 sawdust is sometimes added to give the mixture body4 ,wire rope exposed to the weather is coated with raw linseed oil1 or with a paint composed of equal parts of ,spanish brown or lampblack with linseed oil4 ,,wire ,,hardening3 ,see ,steel4 ,,witch-,,hazel ,,jelly3 ,see ,cosmetics4 ,wood ,,decorative ,,wood-,,finish4 ,paint or stencil wood with white-lime paint4 ,when it has dried slowly in the shade1 brush it off and a handsome dark-brown tone will be imparted to the oakwood4 ,some portions which may be desired darker and redder are stained again with lime1 whereby these places become deeper4 ,it is essential that the lime be applied in even thickness and dried slowly1 for only then the staining will be red and uniform4 ,after the staining saturate the wood with a mixture of varnish1 #b parts2 oil of turpentine1 #a part2 turpentine1 #a_/b part4 ,when the oil ground is dry apply #b coatings of pale amber varnish4 ,colored decorations on pinewood can be produced as follows3 ,the most difficult part of the work is to remove the rosin accumulations without causing a spot to appear4 ,burn out the places carefully with a red-hot iron4 ,great care is necessary to prevent the iron from setting the rosin on fire1 thus causing black smoke clouds4 ,the resulting holes are filled up with plaster to which a little light ocher is added to imitate the shade of the wood as perfectly as possible4 ,plaster up no more than is necessary4 ,rub the wood down with very fine sandpaper1 taking especial care to rub only with the grain of the wood1 since all cross scratches will remain permanently visible4 ,after this preliminary work cover the wood with a solution of white shellac1 in order not to injure the handsome golden portions of the wood and to preserve the pure light tone of the wood in general4 ,on this shellac ground paint and stencil with glazing colors1 ground with isinglass solution4 ,the smaller1 more delicate portions1 such as flowers and figures1 are simply worked out in wash style with water colors1 using the tone of the wood to remain as high lights1 surrounding the whole with a black contour4 ,after this treatment the panels and decorated parts are twice varnished with dammar varnish4 ,the friezes and pilaster strips are glazed darker and set off with stripes2 to varnish them use amber varnish4 ,the style just mentioned does not exclude any other4 ,thus1 for instance1 a very good effect is produced by decorating the panels only with a black covering color or with black and transparent red 7burnt sienna and a little carmine7 after the fashion of boule work in rich ornaments1 in such a way that the natural wood forms the main part and yet quite a considerable portion of the ornament4 ,intarsia imitation is likewise well adapted1 since the use of variegated covering colors is in perfect keeping with the decoration of natural wood4 ,how it should be applied1 and how much of it1 depends upon one's taste1 as well as the purpose and kind of the object4 ,it is a well-known fact that the large pores of oak always look rather smeary1 according to whether the workshop is more or less dusty4 ,if this is to be avoided1 which is essential for neat work1 take good wheat starch1 pound it fine with a hammer and stir by means of a wooden spatula good strong polish with the wheat starch to a paste and work the paste into the pores by passing it cross-wise over the wood4 ,after about #a_/b hour1 rub down the wood thus treated in such a manner that the pores are filled4 ,in case any open pores remain1 repeat the process as before4 ,after that1 rub down1 polish or deaden4 ,if this operation is not performed1 the pores will always look somewhat dirty1 despite all #ggc care4 ,every cabinetmaker will readily perceive that this filling of the pores will save both time and polish in the subsequent finishing4 ,,wood ,,fillers4 ,the novice in coach painting is quite as likely to get bewildered as to be aided by much of the information given about roughstuff1 the more so as the methods differ so widely4 ,one authority tells us to use a large proportion of lead ground in oil with the coarser pigment1 while another says use dry lead and but a small percentage1 and still another insists that lead must be tabooed altogether4 ,there are withal a good many moss-grown superstitions associated with the subject4 ,not the least of these is the remarkably absorbent nature which the surface that has been roughstuffed and 8scoured0 is supposed to possess4 ,by many this power of absorption is believed to be equal to swallowing up1 not only all the color applied1 but at least #c coats of varnish1 and none of these would think of applying a coat of color to a roughstuffed surface without first giving it a coat of liquid filler as a sort of sacrificial oblation in recognition of this absorbing propensity4 ,another authority on the subject has laid down the rule that in the process of scouring1 the block of pumice stone must always be moved in one direction1 presumably for the reason that some trace of the stone is likely to be visible after the surface is finished4 ,if the block of stone is scratching1 perhaps the appearance of the finished panel may be less objectionable with the furrows in parallel lines than in what engravers call 8cross-hatching10 but if the rubbing is properly done it is not easy to discover what difference it could make whether the stone is moved in a straight line or a circle4 ,as to absorption1 it cannot be distinguished in the finished panel between the surface that was coated with liquid filler and that to which the color was applied directly1 except that cracking always occurs much sooner in the former1 and this will be found to be the case with surfaces that have been coated with liquid filler and finished without roughstuff4 ,among the pigments that may be used for roughstuff1 and there are half a dozen or more1 any of which may be used with success1 there is no doubt but that known as 8,english filler0 is best1 but it is not always to be had without delay and inconveniences4 ,yellow ocher1 ,reno umber and ,keystone filler are all suitable for roughstuff1 the ocher having been used many years for the purpose1 but1 as already remarked1 the ,english filler is best4 ,this is the rule for mixing given by ,nobles and ,hoare3 ,four pounds filler1 #a pound ground white lead1 #a pint gold size1 #a pint varnish and #a #a_/d pints turpentine1 or #c_/d pint good size and #a_/b pint boiled oil in lieu of the varnish4 ,in regard to the use of white lead ground in oil1 it makes the rubbing more laborious1 increases the liability to scratching1 and requires a much longer time to harden before the scouring can be done1 without in any appreciable manner improving the quality of the surface when finished4 ,it may be remarked here that the addition of white lead1 whether ground in oil or added dry to the coarser pigment1 increases the labor of scouring just in proportion as it is used until sufficient may be used to render the scouring process impossible2 hence1 it follows that the mixing should be governed by the character of the job in hand4 ,if the job is of a cheap class the use of very little or no lead at all is advisable1 and the proportion of ,japan and turpentine may also be increased1 with the result that a fairly good surface may be obtained with much less labor than in the formula given4 ,the number of coats of filler required to effect the purpose in any given case must depend upon how well the builder has done his part of the work4 ,if he has left the surface very uneven it follows1 as a matter of course1 that more coats will be required to make it level1 and more of the roughstuff will remain after the leveling process than if the woodwork had been more perfectly done4 ,while the merits of a system or method are not to be judged by its antiquity1 there should be a good reason to justify the substitution of a new method for one that has given perfect satisfaction for generations and been used by the best coach painters who ever handled a brush4 ,a well-known writer on paints says that the effect of a varnish is usually attributed to the manner of its application and the quantity of thinners used for diluting the melted gums1 with the prepared oils and the oxidizing agents used in its manufacture4 ,while this has undoubtedly much to do with the successful application of varnish1 there are other facts in this connection that should not be overlooked4 ,for example1 varnish is sometimes acted on by the breaking up1 or the disintegration of the filling coats2 which in turn is evidently acted on by the wood itself1 according to its nature4 #ggd ,with the aid of the microscope in examining the component parts of wood a cellular tissue is observed which varies in form according to the species and the parts which are inspected4 ,this cellular tissue is made up of small cavities called pores or cells1 which are filled with a widely diversified matter and are covered with a hard and usually brittle substance called lignin4 ,this diversified matter consists of mineral salts and various organic substances1 gelatinous in their nature and held in solution by a viscous liquid and containing nitrogenous matter in different combinations1 the whole being designated by the general name of albuminous substances4 ,the older the wood the more viscous is the matter2 while wood of recent growth 7sapwood7 contains less viscous matter holding these substances in solution4 ,this albumen in wood acts on substances like filler and varnish in one way or the other1 good or bad4 ,the seasoning of wood does not dispose of these substances4 ,the water evaporates1 leaving them adhering to the sides of the cells4 ,the drier these substances are the less action they exert on the filler or whatever substance is coated on the surface4 ,if the filler disintegrates1 it affects the varnish4 ,all albuminous substances1 be they dry or in liquid form1 are subject1 more or less1 according to the protein they contain--which seems1 or rather is1 the essential principle of all albuminous matter--to the influence of caustic potash and soda4 ,thus1 the albumen of an egg is exactly like that contained in the composition of wood4 ,as albumen in wood becomes solid by drying1 it is easily dissolved again1 and will then be acted on chemically by any extraneous substance with which it comes in contact4 ,some of the shellacs1 substitutes for shellacs1 and some of the liquid fillers are manufactured from some of the following substances3 ,old linseed oil1 old varnish1 old and hard driers1 turpentine1 benzine1 often gasoline1 rosin1 whiting1 cornstarch flour1 nulls1 paint skins1 silica1 and so on4 ,the list is long4 ,to these must be added a large volume of potash1 to bring it to and hold it in solution4 ,there must be an excess of potash which is not combined into a chemical compound1 which if it did1 might mitigate its influence on the albumen of the wood4 ,but as there is potash in its pure state remaining in the solution it necessarily attacks the albumen of the wood1 causing disintegration1 which releases it from the wood1 causing white1 grayish flakes1 and the formation of a powder4 ,this is not a conclusion drawn from an inference but an established scientific fact resulting from experiments with fillers the various compositions of which were known4 ,all alkalies act on albumen4 ,no one would knowingly varnish over a surface such as it would be were the white of an egg applied to it and then washed with an alkali solution2 but that is just what is done when varnish is put over a wood surface filled with a filler which contains an alkali4 ,most of the combinations of material used in the painting trade are mixtures2 that is1 each part remains the same--exerting the same chemical action on another substance1 or any other substance coming in contact with a paint mixture will exert the same chemical action on any part1 or on any ingredient it contains1 the same as if that part was by itself4 ,we can now account for some of the numerous peculiarities of varnish4 ,we know that any alkali when coming in contact with albumen forms a compound1 which on drying is a white1 brittle substance easily disintegrated4 ,this is why potash1 sal soda1 and kindred substances will remove paint4 ,the alkali attacks the albumen in the oil1 softening it1 causing easy removal1 whereas if it were allowed to dry1 the albumen in the oil would take on a grayish color quite brittle4 ,potash or other alkalies in filler not only attack the albumen in the wood1 but also attack the albumen in the oil by forming a compound with it4 ,probably this compound is very slight1 only forming a compound in part1 enough1 nevertheless1 to start a destroying influence1 which is demonstrated by the following results of experiments4 ,the reader has1 perhaps1 some time in his career applied a rosin varnish over a potash filler and has been surprised by the good results1 a more permanent effect being obtained than in other instances where the best of varnish was used4 ,this is accounted for by the rosin of the potash4 ,again1 the reader may have had occasion to remove varnish with potash and found that potash would not touch it4 ,this is because of its being a rosin varnish4 ,potash in filler may be rendered somewhat inert1 by reason of its compounding with other parts of the filler1 but owing to the quantity used in some of the commercial fillers it is not possible that all the alkali is rendered inert4 ,hence it will attack the albumen wherever found1 as all albumen is identical in its chemical composition4 ,alkalies have but little effect on the #gge higher classes of gums1 because of their effect on the albumen in the wood and oil4 ,all alcohol varnishes or varnishes made by the aid of heat stand well over an alkali filler4 ,varnishes which contain little oil seem to stand well4 ,this is accounted for by the fact that alcohol renders albumen insoluble4 ,alkalies of all kinds readily attack shellac and several other of the cheap gums1 forming unstable compounds on which oil has but little effect4 ,close-grained wood contains less albumen and more lignin than open-grained varieties1 and consequently does not take so much filler1 which accounts for the finish invariably lasting longer than the same kind used on an open-grained wood4 ,open-grained wood contains more sap than close grained2 consequently there is more albumen to adhere to the sides of the cells4 ,the more albumen1 the more readily it is attacked by the potash1 and the more readily decomposed1 or rather destroyed4 ,alcohol renders albumen insoluble immediately on application4 ,it prevents it from compounding with any other substance1 or any other substance compounding with it4 ,hence1 we must conclude that an application of alcohol to wood before the filler is applied is valuable1 which is proven to be a fact by experiment4 ,wash one half of a board with alcohol1 then apply the potash filler over all4 ,again1 wash the portion of the board on which is the filler and apply a heavy-bodied oil varnish4 ,expose to sunlight and air the same as a finished door or the like1 and wait for the result4 ,at the end of a few months a vast difference will be found in the two parts of the surface4 ,the one on which there is no alcohol will show the ravages of time and the elements much sooner than the one on which it is4 ,wood finishers demand a difference in the composition of fillers1 paste and liquid1 for open- and close-grained wood1 respectively2 but unfortunately they do not demand a difference between either kind in themselves1 according to the kind of wood4 ,paste fillers are used indiscriminately for open-grained wood and liquid for close-grained wood4 ,to find the fillers best adapted for a certain wood1 and to classify them in this respect will require a large amount of chemical work and practical experiments2 but that it should be done is evidenced by the fact that both success and failure result from the use of the same filler on different varieties of wood4 ,after once being classified 7owing to the large number now on the market71 they will not number nearly so many in the aggregate as might be supposed2 as it will be found in many instances that two entirely different varieties of wood resemble each other more closely in their vascular formation and cell characteristics than do two other specimens of the same variety4 ,it is a recognized fact that paste fillers whose base is starch or the like work better and give better results in certain instances1 while those whose base is mineral matter seem to do better in other cases4 ,it is noticed that rosewood as a finishing veneer is obsolete4 ,this is not because of its scarcity1 but because it is so hard to finish without having been seasoned for a long time4 ,in these days1 manufacturers cannot wait4 ,it takes longer for the sap of rosewood to become inactive1 or in trade parlance to 8die10 than any other wood4 ,this is because it takes so long for the albumen in the sap to coagulate4 ,rosewood has always been a source of trouble to piano makers1 on account of the action of the sap on the varnish4 ,however1 if this wood1 previously to filling1 was washed with a weak solution of phosphoric acid1 and then with wood spirit1 it might be more easily finished4 ,the phosphoric acid would coagulate the albumen on the surface of the wood immediately1 while alcohol would reduce it to an insoluble state4 ,the idea here is to destroy the activity of the sap1 on the same principle as sappy places and knot sap are destroyed by alcohol-shellac before being painted4 ,oak is another wood which gives the painter trouble to finish4 ,this may be accounted for as follows3 ,oak contains a sour acid principle called tannic acid4 ,it is a very active property4 ,wood during the growing season contains more albumen2 thus in the circulation of the sap a large quantity of soft matter is deposited on the lignin which lines the cells1 which lignin1 if it contains any acid matter1 acts on the material of the filler4 ,tannic acid has a deleterious effect on some of the material of which a number of fillers are made4 ,starch and many gums are susceptible to its influence1 making some of them quite soft4 ,oak1 like most other timber cut at the season when the least sap is in circulation1 is the more easily finished4 ,the vascular formation may1 and no doubt has1 something to do with wood finishing4 ,different species of wood differ materially in their vascular and cellular formation4 ,wood finishers recognize a difference in treatment of ,french burl walnut and the common ,american #ggf variety4 ,circassian and ,italian walnut1 although of the same species1 demand widely different treatment in finishing to get the best results4 ,the only way to find the best materials to use in certain cases is to study and experiment with that end in view4 ,if1 by aid of a microscope1 a certain piece of wood shows the same cellular formation that another piece did which was successfully finished by a certain process1 it may be regarded as safe to treat both alike4 ,if observation on this line is indulged in1 it will not take the finisher very long to learn just what treatment is best for the work in hand4 ,how often it has been noticed in something of two parts1 like a door1 that the panels when finished will pit1 run1 or sag1 while the sides will present a surface in every way desirable and vice versa4 ,this is due to the difference in the cellular construction of the wood and to the cellulose1 and cannot be otherwise for the parts have been seasoned the same time and treated exactly alike4 ,the physiology of wood is imperfectly understood1 but enough is known to warrant us in saying with a certainty that the chemicals in fillers do act upon the principles embodied in its formation4 99 99 99 99 99 ,some tried formulas follow3 ,i4--,make a paste to fill the cracks as follows3 ,old furniture polish3 ,whiting1 plaster of ,paris1 pumice stone1 litharge1 equal parts1 ,japan drier1 boiled linseed oil1 turpentine1 coloring matter1 of each a sufficient quantity4 ,rub the solids intimately with a mixture of #a part of the ,japan1 #b parts of the linseed oil1 and #c parts of turpentine1 coloring to suit with vandyke brown or sienna4 ,lay the filling on with a brush1 let it set for about #bj minutes1 and then rub off clean except where it is to remain4 ,in #b days it will be hard enough to polish4 ,after the surface has been thus prepared1 the application of a coat of first-class copal varnish is in order4 ,it is recommended that the varnish be applied in a moderately warm room1 as it is injured by becoming chilled in drying4 ,to get the best results in varnishing1 some skill and experience are required4 ,the varnish must be kept in an evenly warm temperature1 and put on neither too plentifully nor too gingerly4 ,after a satisfactorily smooth and regular surface has been obtained1 the polishing proper may be done4 ,this may be accomplished by manual labor and dexterity1 or by the application of a very thin1 even coat of a very fine1 transparent varnish4 ,if the hand-polishing method be preferred1 it may be pursued by rubbing briskly and thoroughly with the following finishing polish3 ,alcohol #h ounces ,shellac #b drachms ,gum benzoin #b drachms ,best poppy oil #b drachms ,dissolve the shellac and gum in the alcohol in a warm place1 with frequent agitation1 and1 when cold1 add the poppy oil4 ,this may be applied on the end of a cylindrical rubber made by tightly rolling a piece of flannel1 which has been torn1 not cut1 into strips #d to #f inches wide4 ,it should be borne in mind that the surface of the cabinet work of a piano is generally veneered1 and this being so1 necessitates the exercise of much skill and caution in polishing4 ,,ii4--,prepare a paste from fine starch flour and a thick solution of brown shellac1 with the spatula upon a grinding stone1 and rub the wooden object with this4 ,after the drying1 rub off with sandpaper and polish lightly with a rag moistened with a thin shellac solution and a few drops of oil4 ,the ground thus prepared varnish once or twice and a fine luster will be obtained4 ,this method is well adapted for any wood with large pores1 such as oak4 ,removal of ,heat ,stains from ,polished ,wood4--,fold a sheet of blotting paper a couple of times 7making #d thicknesses of the paper71 cover the place with it1 and put a hot smoothing iron thereon4 ,have ready at hand some bits of flannel1 also folded and made quite hot4 ,as soon as the iron has made the surface of the wood quite warm1 remove the paper1 etc41 and go over the spot with a piece of paraffine1 rubbing it hard enough to leave a coating of the substance4 ,now with one of the hot pieces of flannel rub the injured surface4 ,continue the rubbing1 using freshly warmed cloths until the whiteness leaves the varnish or polish4 ,the operation may have to be repeated4 ,,preservation ,,of ,,wood4 ,i4--,an excellent way of preserving wood is to cut it between ,august and ,october4 ,the branches are removed1 leaving only the leaves at the top4 ,the trunks1 carefully cut or sawn 7so that their pores remain open71 are immediately placed upright1 with the lower part immersed in tanks three-quarters filled with water1 into which #c or #d kilograms of powdered cupric sulphate per hectoliter have been introduced4 ,the mass of #ggg leaves left at the extremity of each trunk is sufficient to cause the ascent of the liquid by means of the capillary force and a reserve of energy in the sap4 ,,ii4--,wood which can be well preserved may be obtained by making a circular incision in the bark of the trees a certain time before cutting them down4 ,the woodcutters employed in the immense teak forests of ,siam have adopted in an empirical way a similar process1 which has been productive of good results4 ,the tree is bled1 making around the trunk1 at the height of #d feet above ground1 a circular incision #h inches wide and #d inches deep1 at the time when it is in bloom and the sap rising4 ,sometimes the tree is left standing for #c years after this operation4 ,frequently1 also1 a deep incision reaching the heart is made on two opposite sides1 and then it takes sometimes only #f months to extract the sap4 ,it is probable that it is partly in consequence of this method that the teakwood acquires its exceptional resistance to various destructive agents4 ,,iii4--,a good preservation of piles1 stakes1 and palisades is obtained by leaving the wood in a bath of cupric sulphate of #d of the ordinary acidimeter for a time which may vary from #h to #ae days1 according to greater or less dryness of the wood and its size4 ,after they are half dried they are immersed in a bath of lime water2 this forms with the sulphate an insoluble compound1 preventing the rain from dissolving the sulphate which has penetrated the wood4 ,this process is particularly useful for vine props and the wood of white poplars4 ,a good way to prevent the decay of stakes would be to plant them upside down2 that is1 to bury the upper extremity of the branch in the ground4 ,in this way1 the capillary tubes do not so easily absorb the moisture which is the cause of decay4 ,it frequently happens that for one or another reason1 the impregnation of woods designed to be planted in the ground1 such as masts1 posts1 and supports has been neglected4 ,it would be impracticable1 after they are placed1 to take up these pieces in order to coat them with carbolineum or tar1 especially if they are fixed in a wall1 masonry1 or other structure4 ,recourse must be had to other means4 ,near the point where the piece rises from the ground1 a hole about one centimeter in width is made in a downward slanting direction1 filled with carbolineum1 and closed with a wooden plug4 ,it depends upon the consistency of the wood whether the liquid will be absorbed in #a or #b days4 ,the hole is filled again for a week4 ,the carbolineum replaces by degrees the water contained in the wood4 ,when it is well impregnated1 the hole is definitely closed with a plug of wood1 which is sawn level with the opening4 ,the wood will thus be preserved quite as well as if it had been previously coated with carbolineum4 ,,iv4--,wooden objects remaining in the open air may be effectually protected against the inclemency of the weather by means of the following coating3 ,finely powdered zinc oxide is worked into a paste with water and serves for whitewashing walls1 garden fences1 benches1 and other wooden objects4 ,after drying1 probably at the end of #b or #c hours1 the objects must be whitewashed again with a very dilute solution of zinc chloride in glue or water4 ,zinc oxide and zinc chloride form a brilliant1 solid compound1 which resists the inclemency of the weather4 ,as a paint for boards1 planks for covering greenhouses1 garden-frames1 etc41 ,inspector ,lucas1 of ,reutlingen 7,wrtemberg71 has recommended the following coating3 ,take fresh cement of the best quality1 which has been kept in a cool place1 work it up with milk on a stone until it is of the consistency of oil paint4 ,the wood designed to receive it must not be smooth1 but left rough after sawing4 ,two or #c coats are also a protection from fire4 ,wood to be thus treated must be very dry4 ,v4--,wood treated with creosote resists the attacks of marine animals1 such as the teredo4 ,elm1 beech1 and fir absorb creosote very readily1 provided the wood is sound and dry4 ,beechwood absorbs it the best4 ,in fir the penetration is complete1 when the wood is of a species of rapid growth1 and of rather compact grain4 ,besides1 with the aid of pressure it is always possible to force the creosote into the wood4 ,pieces of wood treated with creosote have resisted for #aj or #aa years under conditions in which oak wood not treated in this way would have been completely destroyed4 ,the prepared wood must remain in store at least #f months before use4 ,the creosote becomes denser during this time and causes a greater cohesion in the fibers4 ,in certain woods1 as pitch pine1 the injection is impossible1 even under pressure1 on account of the presence of rosin in the capillary vessels4 ,,vi4--,m4 ,zironi advises heating the wood #ggh in vacuo4 ,the sap is eliminated in this way4 ,then the receiver is filled with rosin in solution with a hydrocarbide4 ,the saturation takes place in two hours1 when the liquid is allowed to run off1 and a jet of vapor is introduced1 which carries off the solvent1 whole the rosin remains in the pores of the wood1 increasing its weight considerably4 ,,vii4--,wood can be well preserved by impregnating it with a solution of tannate of ferric protoxide4 ,this method is due to ,hazfeld4 ,,viii4--,the ,hasselmann process 7xylolized wood71 which consists in immersing the wood in a saline solution kept boiling under moderate pressure1 the liquid containing copper and iron sulphates 7#bj per cent of the first and #hj per cent of the second71 as well as aluminum and kainit1 a substance until recently used only as a fertilizer1 is now much employed on the railways in ,germany4 ,,ix4--,recently the discovery has been made that wood may be preserved with dissolved betuline1 a vegetable product of the consistency of paste1 called also birchwood rosin4 ,betuline must first be dissolved4 ,it is procurable in the crude state at a low price4 ,the wood is immersed for about #ab hours in the solution1 at a temperature of from #eg to #fj ,f4 ,after the first bath the wood is plunged into a second1 formed of a solution of pectic acid of #dj to #de ,b41 and with a certain percentage of an alkaline carbonate--for instance1 potassium carbonate of commerce--in the proportion of #a part of carbonate to about #d parts of the solution4 ,the wood remains immersed in this composition for #ab hours2 then it is taken out and drained from #h to #ae hours1 the time varying according to the nature of the wood and the temperature4 ,in consequence of this second bath1 the betulin which was introduced through the first immersion1 is fixed in the interior of the mass4 ,if it is desirable to make the wood more durable and to give it special qualities of density1 hardness1 and elasticity1 it must be submitted to strong pressure4 ,in thus supplementing the chemical with mechanical treatment1 the best results are obtained4 ,x4--,a receiver of any form or dimensions is filled with a fluid whose boiling point is above #bab ,f41 such as heavy tar oil1 saline solutions1 etc4 ,this is kept at an intermediate temperature varying between #bab ,f4 and the boiling point2 the latter will not be reached1 but if into this liquid a piece of wood is plunged1 an agitation analogous to boiling is manifested1 produced by the water and sap contained in the pores of the wood4 ,these1 under the action of a temperature above #bab ,f41 are dissolved into vapor and traverse the bath4 ,if the wood is left immersed and a constant temperature maintained until every trace of agitation has disappeared1 the water in the pores of the wood will be expelled1 with the exception of a slight quantity1 which1 being in the form of vapor1 represents only the seventeen-hundredth part of the original weight of the water contained2 the air which was present in the pores having been likewise expelled4 ,if the liquid is left to cool1 this vapor is condensed1 forming a vacuum1 which is immediately filled under the action of the atmospheric pressure4 ,in this way the wood is completely saturated by the contents of the bath1 whatever may be its form1 proportions or condensation4 ,to attain the desired effect it is not necessary to employ heavy oils4 ,the latter have1 however1 the advantage of leaving on the surface of the prepared pieces a kind of varnish1 which contributes to protect them against mold1 worms1 moisture1 and dry rot4 ,the same phenomenon of penetration is produced when1 without letting the wood grow cold in the bath1 it is taken out and plunged immediately into a cold bath of the same or of a different fluid4 ,this point is important1 because it is possible to employ as fluids to be absorbed matters having a boiling point below #bab ,f41 and differing in this respect from the first bath1 which must be composed of a liquid having a boiling point above #bab ,f4 ,if1 instead of a cold bath of a homogeneous nature1 two liquids of different density separated in two layers1 are employed1 the wood can1 with necessary precautions1 be immersed successively in them1 so that it can be penetrated with given quantities of each4 ,such liquids are heavy tar oil and a solution of zinc chloride of #b to #d ,b4 ,the first1 which is denser1 remains at the bottom of the vessel1 and the second above4 ,if the wood is first immersed in a saline solution1 it penetrates deep into the pores1 and when finally the heavy oil is absorbed1 the latter forms a superficial layer1 which prevents the washing out of the saline solution in the interior1 as well as the penetration of moisture from the outside4 #ggi ,,xi4--,numerous experiments have been made with all kinds of wood1 even with hard oak4 ,in the preparation of oak railway ties it was discovered that pieces subjected to a temperature of #bab ,f4 in a bath of heavy tar oil for #d hours lost from #f to #g per cent of their weight1 represented by water and albuminous substances1 and that they absorbed in heavy oil and zinc chloride enough to represent an increase of from #b to #c per cent on their natural original weight4 ,the oak wood in question had been cut for more than a year and was of a density of #a4jd to #a4jg4 ,this system offers the advantage of allowing the absorption of antiseptic liquids without any deformation of the constituent elements of the wood1 the more as the operation is performed altogether in open vessels4 ,another advantage is the greater resistance of the wood to warping and bending1 and to the extraction of metallic pieces1 such as nails1 cramp irons1 etc4 ,,xii4--,in the ,kyanizing process seasoned timber is soaked in a solution of bichloride of mercury 7corrosive sublimate7 which coagulates the albumen4 ,the solution is very poisonous and corrodes iron and steel1 hence is unsuited for structural purposes in which metallic fastenings are used4 ,the process is effective1 but dangerous to the health of the workers employed4 ,,xiii4--,the ,wellhouse process also uses zinc chloride1 but adds a small percentage of glue4 ,after the timber has been treated under pressure the zinc chloride solution is drawn off and one of tannin is substituted4 ,the tannin combines with the glue and forms an insoluble substance that effectually seals the pores4 ,,xiv4--,the ,allardyce process makes use of zinc chloride and dead oil of tar1 the latter being applied last1 and the manner of application being essentially the same for both as explained in the other processes4 ,,xv4--,the timber is boiled in a solution of copper1 iron1 and aluminum sulphate1 to which a small quantity of kainit is added4 ,,xvi4--,in the creo-rosinate process the timber is first subjected to a steaming process at #bjj ,f4 to evaporate the moisture in the cells2 the temperature is then gradually increased to #cbj ,f4 and a pressure of #hj pounds per square inch4 ,the pressure is slowly reduced to #bf inches vacuum1 and then a solution of dead oil of tar1 melted rosin1 and formaldehyde is injected4 ,after this process the timber is placed in another cylinder where a solution of milk of lime is applied at a temperature of #aej ,f4 and a pressure of #bjj pounds per square inch4 ,,xvii4--,the vulcanizing process of treating timber consists essentially in subjecting it to a baking process in hot air which is heated to a temperature of about #ejj ,f4 by passing over steam coils4 ,the heat coagulates the albumen1 expels the water from the cells1 kills the organisms therein1 and seals the cells by transforming the sap into a preservative compound4 ,this method is used with success by the elevated railway systems of several cities4 ,,xviii4--,a durable coating for wood is obtained by extracting petroleum asphalt1 with light petroleum1 benzine1 or gasoline4 ,for this purpose the asphalt1 coarsely powdered1 is digested for #a to #b days with benzine in well-closed vessels1 at a moderately warm spot4 ,petroleum asphalt results when the distillation of petroleum continued until a glossy1 firm1 pulverizable mass of conchoidal fracture and resembling colophony in consistency remains4 ,the benzine dissolves from this asphalt only a yellowish-brown dyestuff1 which deeply enters the wood and protects it from the action of the weather1 worms1 dry rot1 etc4 ,the paint is not opaque1 hence the wood retains its natural fiber4 ,it is very pleasant to look at1 because the wood treated with it keeps its natural appearance4 ,the wood can be washed off with soap1 and is especially suited for country and summer houses4 ,,xix4--,a liquid to preserve wood from mold and dry rot which destroys the albuminous matter of the wood and the organisms which feed on it1 so there are neither germs nor food for them if there were any1 is sold under the name of carbolineum4 ,the specific gravity of a carbolineum should exceed #a4aje1 and should give the wood a fine brown color4 ,it should1 too1 be perfectly waterproof4 ,the three following recipes can be absolutely relied on3 a4 ,heat together and mix thoroughly #ie pounds of coal-tar oil and #e pounds of asphalt from coal tar4 b4 ,amalgamate together #cj pounds of heavy coal-tar oil1 #fj pounds of crude wood-tar oil1 and #be pounds of heavy rosin oil4 c4 ,mix thoroughly #c pounds of asphalt1 #be pounds of heavy coal-tar oil1 and #dj pounds of heavy rosin oil4 ,,xx4--,often the wooden portions of machines are so damaged by dampness prevailing in the shops that the #ghj following compound will be found useful for their protection3 ,melt #cge parts of colophony in an iron vessel1 and add #aj1jjj parts of tar1 and #ejj parts of sulphur4 ,color with brown ocher or any other coloring matter diluted with linseed oil4 ,make a first light application of this mixture while warm1 and after drying apply a second coat4 ,,xxi4--,for enameling vats1 etc41 #a1jjj parts of brown shellac and #abe parts of colophony are melted in a spacious kettle4 ,after the mass has cooled somewhat1 but is still thinly liquid1 #f4a parts of alcohol 7#ij per cent7 is gradually added4 ,in order to prevent the ignition of the spirit vapor1 the admixture of spirit is made at a distance from the stove4 ,by this addition the shellac swells up into a semi-liquid mass1 and a larger amount of enamel is obtained than by dissolving it cold4 ,the enamel may be used for wood or iron4 ,the wood must be well dried2 only then will the enamel penetrate into the pores4 ,two or three coats suffice to close up the pores of the wood thoroughly and to render the surface smooth and glossy4 ,each coating will harden perfectly in several hours4 ,the covering endures a heat of #adj to #aej ,f4 without injury4 ,this glaze can also be mixed with earth colors4 ,drying quickly and being tasteless1 its applications are manifold4 ,mixed with ocher1 for instance1 it gives an elegant and durable floor varnish1 which may safely be washed off with weak soda solution4 ,if it is not essential that the objects be provided with a smooth and glossy coating1 only a preservation being aimed at the following coat is recommended by the same source3 ,thin1 soluble glass 7water glass7 as it is found in commerce1 with about #bd per cent of water1 and paint the dry vessel rather hot with this solution4 ,when this has been absorbed1 repeat the application1 allow to dry1 and coat with a solution of about #a part of sodium bicarbonate in #h parts of water4 ,in this coating silicic acid is separated by the carbonic acid of the bicarbonate2 from the water glass 7sodium silicate7 absorbed by the pores of the wood1 which1 as it were1 silicifies the wooden surfaces1 rendering them resistive against the penetration of liquids4 ,the advantages claimed for both processes are increased durability and facilitated cleaning4 ,,xxii4--,tar paints1 called also mineral or metallic paints1 are sold in barrels or boxes1 at varying prices4 ,some dealers color them--yellow ocher1 red ocher1 brown1 gray1 etc4 ,they are prepared by mixing equal parts of coal tar and oil of turpentine or mineral essence 7gasoline74 ,the product1 if it is not colored artificially1 is of a brilliant black1 even when cold4 ,it dries in a few hours1 especially when prepared with oil of turpentine4 ,the paints with mineral essence are1 however1 generally preferred1 on account of their lower cost4 ,either should be spread on with a hard brush1 in coats as thin as possible4 ,they penetrate soft woods1 and even semi-hard woods sufficiently deep1 and preserve them completely4 ,they adhere perfectly to metals4 ,their employment can1 therefore1 be confidently advised1 so far as concerns the preservation directly of iron cables1 reservoirs1 the interior surface of generators1 etc4 ,however1 it has been shown that atmospheric influence or variations of temperature cause the formation of ammoniacal solutions1 which corrode the metals4 ,several companies for the care and insurance of steam engines have for some time recommended the abandonment of tar products for applications of this kind and the substitution of hot linseed oil4 ,,xxiii4--,coal-tar paints are prepared according to various formulas4 ,one in current use has coal tar for a base1 with the addition of gum rosin4 ,it is very black4 ,two thin coats give a fine brilliancy4 ,it is employed on metals1 iron1 sheet iron1 etc41 as well as on wood4 ,it dries much quicker than the tars used separately4 ,its preserving influence against rust is very strong4 ,the following ,tissandier formula has afforded excellent results4 ,its facility of preparation and its low cost are among its advantages4 ,mix #aj parts of coal tar1 #a to #a4f parts of slaked lime1 #d1jjj parts of oil of turpentine1 and #djj parts of strong vinegar1 in which #a_/e part of cupric sulphate has been previously boiled4 ,the addition of #b or #c cloves of garlic in the solution of cupric sulphate aids in producing a varnish1 brilliant as well as permanent4 ,the compound can be colored like ordinary paints4 ,,xxiv4--,rectified rosinous oil for painting must not be confounded with oils used in the preparation of lubricants for metallic surfaces exposed to friction4 ,it contains a certain quantity of rosin in solution1 which1 on drying1 fills the pores of the wood completely1 and prevents decomposition from the action of various saprophytic fungi4 ,it is well adapted to the preservation of pieces to be buried in the ground or exposed to the inclemency #gha of the weather4 ,paints can also be prepared with it by the addition of coloring powders1 yellow1 brown1 red1 green1 blue1 etc41 in the proportion of #a kilo to #e liters of oil4 ,the addition ought to take place slowly1 while shaking1 in order to obtain quite a homogeneous mixture4 ,paints of this kind are economical1 in consequence of the low price of rosin1 but they cannot be used in the interior of dwellings by reason of the strong and disagreeable odor disengaged1 even a long time after their application4 ,as an offset1 they can be used like tar and carbonyl1 for stalls1 stables1 etc4 ,to ,prevent ,warping4--,immerse the wood to be worked upon in a concentrated solution of sea salt for a week or so4 ,the wood thus prepared1 after having been worked upon1 will resist all changes of temperature4 ,,stains ,,for ,,wood4 ,in the staining of wood it is not enough to know merely how to prepare and how to apply the various staining solutions2 a rational exercise of the art of wood staining demands rather a certain acquaintance with the varieties of wood to be operated upon1 a knowledge of their separate relations to the individual stains themselves2 for with one and the same stain very different effects are obtained when applied to the varying species of wood4 ,such a diversity of effects arises from the varying chemical composition of wood4 ,no unimportant rle is played by the presence in greater or lesser quantities of tannin1 which acts chemically upon many of the stains and forms with them various colored varnishes in the fibers4 ,two examples will suffice to make this clear4 7#a7 ,let us take pine or fir1 in which but little of the tanning principle is found1 and stain it with a solution of #ej parts of potassium chromate in #a1jjj parts of pure water2 the result will be a plain pale yellow color1 corresponding with the potassium chromate1 which is not fast and as a consequence is of no value4 ,if1 with the same solution1 on the contrary1 we stain oak1 in which the tanning principle is very abundant1 we obtain a beautiful yellowish-brown color which is capable of withstanding the effects of both light and air for some time2 for the tannin of the oak combines with the penetrating potassium chromate to form a brown dyestuff which deposits in the woody cells4 ,a similar procedure occurs in the staining of mahogany and walnut with the chromate because these varieties of wood are very rich in tannin4 7#b7 ,take some of the same pine or fir and stain it with a solution of #bj parts of sulphate of iron in #a1jjj parts of water and there will be no perceptible color4 ,apply this stain1 however1 to the oak and we get a beautiful light gray1 and if the stain be painted with a brush on the smoother oaken board1 in a short time a strong bluish-gray tint will appear4 ,this effect of the stain is the result of the combination of the green vitriol with the tannin2 the more tannin present1 the darker the stain becomes4 ,the hardness or density of the wood1 too1 exerts a marked influence upon the resulting stain4 ,in a soft wood1 having large pores1 the stain not only sinks further in1 but much more of it is required than in a hard dense wood2 hence in the first place a stronger1 greasier stain will be obtained with the same solution than in the latter4 ,from this we learn that in soft woods it is more advisable to use a thinner stain to arrive at a certain tone2 while the solution may be made thicker or stronger for hard woods4 ,the same formula or the same staining solution cannot be relied upon to give the same results at all times even when applied to the same kinds of wood4 ,a greater or lesser amount of rosin or sap in the wood at the time the tree is felled1 will offer more or less resistance to the permeating tendencies of the stain1 so that the color may be at one time much lighter1 at another darker4 ,much after the same manner we find that the amount of the tanning principle is not always equal in the same species of wood4 ,here much depends upon the age of the tree as well as upon the climatic conditions surrounding the place where it grew4 ,moreover1 the fundamental color of the wood itself may vary greatly in examples of the same species and thus1 particularly in light1 delicate shades1 cause an important delay in the realization of the final color tone4 ,because of this diversification1 not only in the different species of wood1 but even in separate specimens of the same species1 it is almost impossible always1 and at the first attempt1 to match a certain predetermined color4 ,it is desirable that trials at staining should first be made upon pieces of board from the same wood as the object to be stained2 the results of such experiments furnishing exact data concerning the strength and composition of the stain to be employed for the exact reproduction of a prescribed color4 #ghb ,many cases occur in which the color tone obtained by staining cannot always be judged directly after applying the stain4 ,especially is this the case when stain is employed which slowly develops under the action of the air or when the dyestuff penetrates only slowly into the pores of the wood4 ,in such cases the effect of the staining may only be fully and completely appreciated after the lapse of #bd or #dh hours4 ,wood that has been stained should always be allowed #bd or #dh hours to dry in ordinary temperatures1 before a coat of varnish1 polish1 or wax is applied4 ,if any dampness be left in the wood this will make itself apparent upon the varnish or polish4 ,it will become dull1 lose its glossy appearance1 and exhibit white spots which can only be removed with difficulty4 ,if a certain effect demand the application of two or more stains one upon the other1 this may only be done by affording each distinct coat time to dry1 which requires at least #bd hours4 ,not all the dyes1 which are applicable to wood staining1 can be profitably used together1 either when separately applied or mixed4 ,this injunction is to be carefully noted in the application of coal tar or aniline colors4 ,among the aniline dyes suitable for staining woods are two groups--the so-called acid dyes and the basic dyes4 ,if a solution of an acid dye be mixed with a basic dye the effect of their antagonistic dispositions is shown in the clouding up of the stain1 a fine precipitate is visible and often a rosin-like separation is noticeable4 ,it is needless to say that such a staining solution is useless for any practical purpose4 ,it cannot penetrate the wood fibers and would present but an unseemly and for the most part a flaky appearance4 ,in preparing the stains it is therefore of the greatest importance that they remain lastingly clear4 ,it would be considerably of advantage1 before mixing aniline solutions of which the acid or basic characteristics are unknown1 to make a test on a small scale in a champagne glass and after standing a short time carefully examine the solution4 ,if it has become cloudy or wanting in transparency it is a sign that a separation of the coloring matter has taken place4 ,the mixing of acid or basic dyestuffs even in dry powdered form is attended with the same disadvantages as in the state of solubility1 for just as soon as they are dissolved in water the reactions commence and the natural process of precipitation takes place with all its attending disagreeable consequences4 ,,color ,,stains3 ,bronze4--,i4--,prepare first a thin glue size by soaking good animal glue over night in cold water and melting it next morning in the usual water bath4 ,strain it1 before using1 through old linen or cheese cloth into a clean vessel4 ,sandpaper smooth and dust the articles1 then apply with a soft bristle brush #b or #c coats of the size1 allowing sufficient time for each coat to harden before applying the next4 ,now1 a ground coat made by thoroughly mixing finely bolted gilders' whiting and glue size is applied1 and when this has become hard it is rubbed to a smooth1 even surface with selected fine pumice1 and then given #a coat of thin copal varnish4 ,when this is nearly but not quite dry1 the bronze powder is applied with a suitable brush or wad of cotton1 and when dry the surplus bronze is removed with the same tool4 ,if collected on clean paper1 the dusted-off bronze powder may be used again4 ,,ii4--,diluted water-glass solution makes a good ground for bronze4 ,bronze powder is sprinkled on from a wide-necked glass tied up with gauze1 and the excess removed by gently knocking4 ,the bronze powder adheres so firmly after drying that a polish may be put on by means of an agate4 ,the process is especially useful for repairing worn-off picture frames1 book ornamentations1 etc4 ,the following bronze ground also yields good results3 ,boil #aa1jjj parts of linseed oil with #be parts of impure zinc carbonate1 #ajj parts of red lead1 #be parts of litharge1 and #j4c parts of mercuric chloride1 until a drop taken out will stand like a pea upon a glass surface4 ,before complete cooling1 the mass is diluted with oil of turpentine to a thick syrup4 ,ebony ,stains4--,i4--,to #a pint of boiling water add #c_/d ounce of copperas and #a ounce logwood chips4 ,apply this to the wood hot4 ,when the surface has dried thoroughly wet it with a solution composed of #g ounces steel filings dissolved in #a_/d pint of vinegar4 ,,ii4--,give the wood several applications of a stout decoction of logwood chips1 finishing off with a free smear of vinegar in which rusty nails have been for some time submerged4 ,,iii4--,in #a quart of water boil #a_/d pound of logwood chips1 subsequently adding #a_/b ounce pearl ash1 applying the mixture #ghc hot4 ,then again boil the same quantity of logwood in the same quantity of water1 adding #a_/d ounce of verdigris and #a_/d ounce of copperas1 after which strain and put in #a_/d pound of rusty steel filings4 ,with this latter mixture coat the work1 and1 should the wood not be sufficiently black1 repeat the application4 ,metallic ,luster4--,a valuable process to impart the luster of metal to ordinary wood1 without injuring its natural qualities1 is as follows3 ,the wood is laid1 according to its weight1 for #c or #d days in a caustic alkaline solution1 such as1 for instance1 of calcined soda1 at a temperature of #agj ,f4 ,then it is at once placed in a bath of calcium hydrosulphite1 to which1 after #bd to #cf hours1 a saturated solution of sulphur in caustic potash is added4 ,in this mixture the wood is left for #dh hours at #ajj to #abj ,f4 ,the wood thus prepared1 after having been dried at a moderate temperature1 is polished by means of a smoothing iron1 and the surface assumes a very handsome metallic luster4 ,the effect of this metallic gloss is still more pleasing if the wood is rubbed with a piece of lead1 zinc1 or tin4 ,if it is subsequently polished with a burnisher of glass or porcelain1 the wood gains the brilliancy of a metallic mirror4 ,nutwood4--,one part permanganate of potassium is dissolved in #cj parts clear water2 with this the wood to be stained is coated twice4 ,after an action of #e minutes1 rinse off with water1 dry1 oil1 and polish4 ,it is best to prepare a fresh solution each time4 ,oak4--,i4--,water-color stains do not penetrate deep enough into wood to make the effect strong enough1 hence solutions of other material than color are being employed for the purpose4 ,aqua ammonia alone1 applied with a rag or brush repeatedly1 will darken the color of oak to a weathered effect1 but it is not very desirable1 because of its tendency to raise the grain4 ,bichromate of potash1 dissolved in cold water1 applied in a like manner1 until the desired depth is obtained1 will serve the purpose4 ,these washes or solutions1 however1 do not give the dark1 almost black1 effect that is at the present time expected for weathered oak1 and in order to produce this1 #d ounces of logwood chips and #c ounces of green copperas should be boiled together in #b quarts of water for #dj minutes and the solution applied hot4 ,when this has dried it should be gone over with a wash made from #d ounces steel filings and #a pint of strong vinegar4 ,the steel filings are previously put into the vinegar and allowed to stand for several days4 ,this will penetrate into the wood deeply1 and the stain will be permanent4 ,picture-frame manufacturers use a quick-drying stain1 made from aniline blacks4 ,,ii4--,dissolve #a_/d part of permanganate of potassium in #a1jjj parts of cold water and paint the wood with the violet solution obtained4 ,as soon as the solution comes in contact with the wood it decomposes in consequence of chemical action1 and a handsome light-brown precipitate is produced in the wood4 ,the brushes used must be washed out immediately1 as the permanganate of potassium destroys animal bristles1 but it is preferable to use sponges or brushes of glass threads for staining4 ,boil #b parts of cutch in #f parts of water for #a hour1 stir while boiling1 so that the rosiniferous catechu cannot burn on the bottom of the vessel2 strain the liquid as soon as the cutch is dissolved1 through linen1 and bring again to a boil4 ,now dissolve therein #a_/e part of alum1 free from iron2 apply the stain while hot1 and cover after the drying1 with a solution of #a part of bichromate of potassium in #be parts of water4 ,rosewood4--,first procure #a_/b pound logwood1 boiling it in #c pints water4 ,continue the boiling until the liquid assumes a very dark color1 at which point add #a ounce salt of tartar4 ,when at the boiling point stain your wood with #b or #c coats1 but not in quick succession1 as the latest coat must be nearly dry before the succeeding one is applied4 ,the use of a fiat graining brush1 deftly handled1 will produce a very excellent imitation of dark rosewood4 ,silver ,gray4--,this stain is prepared by dissolving #a part of pyrogallic acid in #be parts of warm water and the wood is coated with this4 ,allow this coating to dry and prepare1 meanwhile1 a solution of #b parts of green vitriol in #ej parts of boiling water1 with which the first coating is covered again to obtain the silver-gray shade4 ,walnut4--,i4--,prepare a solution of #f ounces of a solution of permanganate of potassium1 and #f ounces of sulphate of magnesia in #b quarts of hot water4 ,the solution is applied on the wood with a brush and the application should be repeated once4 ,in contact with the wood the permanganate decomposes1 and a handsome1 lasting walnut color results4 ,if small pieces of wood are to be thus stained1 a very dilute bath is prepared #ghd according to the above description1 then the wooden pieces are immersed and left therein from #a to #e minutes1 according to whether a lighter or darker coloring is desired4 ,,ii4--,one hundredweight ,vandyke brown1 ground fine in water1 and #bh pounds of soda1 dissolved in hot water1 are mixed while the solutions are hot in a revolving mixer4 ,the mixture is then dried in sheet-iron trays4 ,yellow4--,the wood is coated with a hot concentrated solution of picric acid1 dried1 and polished4 7,picric acid is poisonous47 ,,imitation ,,stains4 ,yellow1 green1 blue1 or gray staining on wood can be easily imitated with a little glazing color in oil or vinegar1 which will prove better and more permanent than the staining4 ,if the pores of the wood are opened by a lye or a salt1 almost any diluted color can be worked into it4 ,with most stains the surface is thus prepared previously4 ,light-,fast ,stains4--,stains fast to light are obtained by saturating wood in a vacuum chamber1 first with dilute sulphuric acid1 then with dilute alkali to neutralize the acid1 and finally with a solution with or without the addition of a mordant4 ,the action of the acid is to increase the affinity of the wood for dye very materially4 ,as wood consists largely of cellulose1 mercerization1 which always increases the affinity of that substance for dyes1 may be caused to some extent by the acid4 ,,spirit ,,stains3 ,black4-- ,i4--,white shellac #ab ounces ,vegetable black #f ounces ,methylated spirit #c pints ,,ii4--,lampblack #a pound ,ground iron scale #e pounds ,vinegar #a gallon ,mahogany ,brown4--,put into a vessel1 say #d pounds of bichromate of potash1 and as many ounces of burnt umber1 let it stand a day or two1 then strain or lawn for use4 ,vandyke ,brown4-- ,spirit of wine #b pints ,burnt umber #c ounces ,vandyke brown color #a ounce ,carbonate of soda #a ounce ,potash #a_/b ounce ,mahogany4--,rub the wood with a solution of nitrous acid1 and then apply with a brush the following3 ,i4--,dragon's blood #a ounce ,sodium carbonate #f drachms ,alcohol #bj ounces ,filter just before use4 ,,ii4--,rub the wood with a solution of potassium carbonate1 #a drachm to a pint of water1 and then apply a dye made by boiling together3 ,madder #b ounces ,logwood chips #a_/b ounce ,water #a quart ,maple4-- ,i4--,pale button lac #c pounds ,bismarck brown #a_/h ounce ,vandyke brown #a_/b ounce ,gamboge #d ounces ,methylated spirit #a gallon ,,ii4--,use #a gallon of methylated spirit1 #d ounces gamboge 7powdered71 #a_/b ounce ,vandyke brown1 #a drachm ,bismarck brown1 #c pounds shellac4 ,maroon4--,to produce a rich maroon or ruby1 steep red ,janders wood in rectified naphtha and stir into the solution a little cochineal2 strain or lawn for use4 ,turpentine ,stains4--,turpentine stains are chiefly solutions of oil-soluble coal-tar dyes in turpentine oil1 with small quantities of wax also in solution4 ,they do not roughen the wood1 making a final polishing unnecessary4 ,they enter the wood slowly1 so that an even stain1 especially on large surfaces1 is secured4 ,the disadvantages of turpentine stains are the lack of permanence of the coloring1 when exposed to light and air1 and their high price4 ,varnish ,stains4--,shellac is the chief article forming the basis of varnish stains the coloring matter being usually coal tar or aniline dyes1 as they give better results than dye wood tincture4 ,to prevent the varnish stain being too brittle1 the addition of elemi rosin is a much better one than common rosin1 as the latter retards the drying quality1 and if too much be used1 renders the stain sticky4 ,water ,stains4--,water stains are solutions of chemicals1 dye extracts1 astringent substances1 and coal-tar dyes in water4 ,they roughen the wood1 a disadvantage1 however1 which can be remedied to a large extent by previous treatment1 as follows3 ,the wood is moistened with a wet sponge1 allowed to dry1 #ghe and then rubbed with sandpaper1 or made smooth by other agencies4 ,this almost entirely prevents roughening of the surface by the stain4 ,another disadvantage of these stains is that they are rapidly absorbed by the wood1 which makes an even staining of large surfaces difficult4 ,for this too there is a remedy4 ,the surface of the wood is rubbed all over evenly with raw linseed oil1 applied with a woolen cloth1 allowed to dry1 and then thoroughly smoothed with sandpaper4 ,the water stain1 applied with a sponge1 now spreads evenly1 and is but slightly absorbed by the wood4 ,among good water stains are the long-known ,cassel brown and nut brown1 in granules4 ,catechine is recommended for brown shades1 with tannin or pyrogallic acid and green vitriol for gray4 ,for bright-colored stains the tar-dyes azine green1 croceine scarlet1 ,parisian red1 tartrazine1 water-soluble nigrosin1 walnut1 and oak brown are very suitable4 ,with proper mixing of these dyes1 all colors except blue and violet can be produced1 and prove very fast to light and air1 and superior to turpentine stains4 ,only the blue and violet dyes1 methyl blue1 naphthol blue1 and pure violet1 do not come up to the standard1 and require a second staining with tannin4 ,a very simple method of preparing water stains is as follows3 ,solutions are made of the dyes most used1 by dissolving #ejj parts of the dye in #aj1jjj parts of hot water1 and these are kept in bottles or casks4 ,any desired stain can be prepared by mixing proper quantities of the solutions1 which can be diluted with water to make lighter stains4 ,stains for ,wood ,attacked by ,alkalies or ,acids4-- ,solution ,a ,copper sulphate #abe grams ,potassium chlorate #abe grams ,water #a1jjj cu4 cm4 ,boil until all is dissolved4 ,solution ,b ,aniline hydrochloride #aej grams ,water #a1jjj cu4 cm ,apply ,solution ,a twice by means of a brush1 allowing time to dry after each coat2 next1 put on ,solution ,b and let dry again4 ,on the day following1 rub on a little oil with a cloth and repeat this once a month4 ,,substitutes ,,for ,,wood4 ,i4--,acetic paraldehyde or acetic aldehyde respectively1 or polymerized formaldehyde is mixed with methylic alcohol and carbolic acid1 as well as fusel oil saturated with hydrochloric acid gas or sulphuric acid gas or methylic alcohol1 respectively1 are added to the mixture4 ,the mass thus obtained is treated with paraffine4 ,the final product is useful as a substitute for ebonite and wood as well as for insulating purposes4 ,,ii4--8,carton ,pierre0 is the name of a mass which is used as a substitute for carved wood4 ,it is prepared in the following manner3 ,glue is dissolved and boiled2 to this1 tissue paper in suitable quantity is added1 which will readily go to pieces4 ,then linseed oil is added1 and finally chalk is stirred in4 ,the hot mass forms a thick dough which crumbles in the cold1 but softens between the fingers and becomes kneadable1 so that it can be pressed into molds 7of glue1 gypsum1 and sulphur74 ,after a few days the mass will become dry and almost as hard as stone4 ,the paper imparts to it a high degree of firmness1 and it is less apt to be injured than wood4 ,it binds well and readily adheres to wood4 ,,iii4--,wood ,pulp4--,the boards for painters' utensils are manufactured in the following manner3 ,the ordinary wood fiber 7not the chemical wood cellulose7 is well mixed with soluble glass of #cc ,b41 then spread like cake upon an even surface1 and beaten or rolled until smooth4 ,before completely dry1 the cake is removed1 faintly satined 7for various other purposes it is embossed7 and finally dried thoroughly at a temperature of about #acc ,f41 whereupon the mass may be sawed1 carved1 polished1 etc41 like wood4 ,any desired wood color can be obtained by the admixture of the corresponding pulverized pigment to the mass4 ,the wood veining is produced by placing a board of the species of timber to be imitated1 in vinegar1 which causes the soft parts of the wood to deepen1 and making an impression with the original board thus treated upon the wood pulp when the latter is not quite hard4 ,by means of one of these original boards 7with the veins embossed71 impressions can be made upon a large number of artificial wood plates4 ,the veins will show to a greater advantage if the artificial wood is subsequently saturated and treated with colored oil1 colored stain and colored polish1 as is done with palettes4 ,,wood1 ,,acid-,,proof3 ,see ,acid-,proofing4 ,,wood ,,cements3 ,see ,adhesives4 #ghf ,,wood1 ,,chlorine-,,proofing3 ,see ,acid-,proofing4 ,,wood1 ,,fireproofing3 ,see ,fireproofing4 ,,wood ,,gilding3 ,see ,plating4 ,,wood1 ,,imitation3 ,see ,plaster4 ,,wood ,,polishes3 ,see ,polishes4 ,,wood ,,renovators3 ,see ,cleaning ,preparations and ,methods under ,paint1 ,varnish1 and ,enamel ,removers4 ,,wood1 ,,securing ,,metals ,,to3 ,see ,adhesives4 ,,wood1 ,,waterproofing3 ,see ,waterproofing4 ,,wood',s ,,metal3 ,see ,alloys4 ,,wool ,,fat3 ,see ,fats4 ,,worm ,,powder ,,for ,,stock3 ,see ,veterinary ,formulas4 ,,writing1 ,,restoring ,,faded3 ,writing on old manuscripts1 parchments1 and old letters that has faded into nearly or complete invisibility can be restored by rubbing over it a solution of ammonium sulphide1 hydrogen sulphide or of 8liver of sulphur40 ,on parchment the restored color is fairly permanent but on paper it does not last long4 ,the letters however could be easily retraced1 after such treatment1 by the use of ,india ink and thus made permanent4 ,this treatment will not restore faded aniline ink4 ,it only works with ink containing a metal-like iron that forms a black sulphide4 ,,wrinkles1 ,,removal ,,of3 ,see ,cosmetics4 ,yeast ,,dry ,,yeast4 ,boil together for #a_/b hour1 #ie parts of the finest1 grated hops and #d1jjj parts of water4 ,strain4 ,add to the warm liquor #a1gej parts of rye meal or flour4 ,when the temperature has fallen to that of the room add #afg parts of good yeast4 ,on the following day the mass will be in a state of fermentation4 ,while it is in this condition add #d1jjj parts of barley flour1 so as to form a dough4 ,this dough is cut up into thin disks1 which are dried as rapidly as possible in the open air or sun4 ,for use1 the disks are broken into small pieces and soaked overnight in warm water4 ,the yeast can be used on the following day as if it were ordinary brewers' yeast4 ,,preservation ,,of ,,yeast4 ,i4--,the yeast is laid in a vessel of cold water which is thereupon placed in a well-ventilated1 cool spot4 ,in this manner the yeast can be preserved for several weeks4 ,in order to preserve the yeast for several months a different process must be followed4 ,the yeast1 after having been pressed1 is thoroughly dried4 ,for this purpose the yeast is cut up into small pieces which are rolled out1 placed on blotting paper1 and allowed to dry in a place which is not reached by the sun4 ,these rolls are then grated1 again dried1 and finally placed in glass bottles4 ,for use1 the yeast is dissolved1 whereupon it immediately regains its freshness4 ,this process is particularly to be recommended because it preserves the yeast for a long period4 ,,ii4--,for liquid yeast add one-eighth of its volume in glycerine4 ,in the case of compressed yeast1 the cakes are to be covered with glycerine and kept in closed vessels4 ,another method of preserving compressed yeast is to mix it intimately with animal charcoal to a dough1 which is to be dried by exposure to sunlight4 ,when it is to be used1 it is treated with water1 which will take up the ferment matter1 while the charcoal will be deposited4 ,liquid and compressed yeast have been kept for a considerable time1 without alteration1 by saturating the former with chloroform and keeping the latter under chloroform water4 ,,yeast ,,tests4 ,i4--,pour a few drops of yeast into boiling water4 ,if the yeast sinks1 it is spoiled2 if it floats1 it is good4 ,,ii4--,to #a pound yeast add #a_/b tablespoonful of corn whisky or brandy1 a pinch of sugar1 and #b tablespoonfuls of wheat flour4 ,mix thoroughly and allow the resultant compound to stand in a warm place4 ,if the yeast is good it will rise in about an hour4 ,,yeast ,,and ,,fertilizers3 ,see ,fertilizers4 ,,yellow 7,,chrome71 ,,test ,,for3 ,see ,pigments4 #ghg ,,index ,a ,absinthe1 #gfe ,absolute ,alcohol1 #de ,abrasion ,remedy1 #bbe1 #dhf ,acacia1 ,mucilage of1 #dc ,acid-free ,soldering ,fluid1 #fei ,acid-proof ,alloy1 #fb ,cement1 #bf ,corks1 #aj ,glass1 #cgd ,acid-proofing1 #i ,acid-proof ,pastes1 #ch ,putty1 #fjg ,table ,top1 #i ,acid ,receptacles1 ,lining for1 #aj ,acid-resisting ,paint1 #dii ,acids1 ,soldering1 #fef ,acid ,stains ,removed1 #ahd ,test for ,gold1 #dcb for ,vinegar1 #ceh ,aconite-,monkshood ,poison1 #ic ,adhesion1 #aje ,belt ,pastes for ,increasing1 #aje ,adhesive ,paste1 #cg1 #ci ,adhesives1 #aj ,advertising ,matter1 to ,scent1 #eaj ,adulterants in ,foods1 #cdh ,adulteration of ,linseed ,oil1 #dfj of ,wax1 #gec ,adurol ,developer1 #ebg ,affixing ,labels to ,glass1 #db ,agar ,agar ,paste1 #cg ,agate1 ,buttons of ,artificial1 #dd ,agate 7,imitation71 #cgj ,age of ,eggs1 #bhc ,aging of ,silk1 #fci ,agricultural ,sources of ,industrial ,alcohol1 #ffh ,air ,bath1 #dd ,bubbles in ,gelatine1 #cgj ,exclusion of1 #eec ,air-purifying1 #dd ,albata ,metal1 #fc ,albumen1 #cd in ,urine1 ,detection of1 #dd ,paste1 #cg ,alcohol1 #dd ,absolute1 #de ,defined1 #ffg ,deodorized1 #de1 #ead ,dilution of1 #de1 #gjc in ,beer1 #de ,manufacture1 #ffg1 #fgd ,solid1 #de ,tests for ,absolute1 #de ,ale1 #df ,ginger1 #ajg ,alfenide ,metal1 #fc ,alkali ,blue and ,nicholson's ,blue ,dye1 #bfg ,alkalis and ,their ,salts ,poison1 #ic ,alkaline ,glycerine of ,thymol1 #ajj ,alkaloids1 ,antidotes to1 #ajb ,alkermes ,cordial1 #gfc ,alloy1 ,acid-proof1 #fb for ,caliper and ,gage-rod ,castings1 #hj for ,watch ,pinion ,sockets1 #gcf ,lipowitz's1 #fa ,moussets'1 #gf ,alloys1 #dg ,copper1 ,silver1 ,cadmium1 #gf for ,casting ,coins1 etc41 #fb for ,cementing ,glass1 #eb for ,drawing ,colors on ,steel1 #hj for ,metal ,foil1 #dgd for ,small ,casting ,molds1 #hj having a ,density1 #dh ,silver1 ,nickel1 ,zinc1 #gf ,tin1 #gg ,unclassified1 #hj ,almond ,blossom ,perfumery1 #eah ,cold ,cream1 #bce ,extracts1 #cab ,powders for the ,toilet1 #bdb ,altars1 to ,clean1 #ahe ,alum1 #hj ,baking ,powder1 #ajb ,bath1 #ece ,process of ,water ,purification1 #cdj ,aluminum ,alloys1 #dh ,electrical ,conductivity of1 #ej ,aluminum-brass1 #ej ,aluminum ,bronze1 #ef1 #feg ,castings1 #aej ,aluminum-,copper1 #ej ,aluminum ,gilding1 #egf ,gold1 #fh ,etching ,fluid for1 #cbd ,how to ,color1 #hj ,lacquer for1 #dch ,paper1 #ejg ,plating1 #egb1 #eha ,polishes1 #eij ,aluminum-,silver1 #ej1 #ge ,aluminum ,solders1 #feg ,aluminum-,tin1 #ej ,aluminum1 to ,clean1 #bjd ,toughness1 ,density and ,tenacity1 #hc ,aluminum-,tungsten1 #ej ,aluminum ,varnish1 #gbe ,working of ,sheet1 #hc ,aluminum-,zinc1 #ej ,amalgam for ,cementing ,glass1 etc41 #ij for ,plaster1 #fe for ,silvering ,glass ,balls1 #ij for the ,rubber of ,electric ,machines1 #ij ,gold ,plating1 #egf ,amalgams1 #fd1 #he for ,mirrors1 #gb ,amber1 #ij ,cements1 #bf ,varnish1 #gah ,ambrosia ,powder1 #fbh ,american ,champagne1 #aah ,factory ,cheese1 #agf ,lemonade1 #aaj ,soda ,fountain ,company's ,whipped ,cream1 #bdh ,amethyst 7,imitation71 #cgj ,amidol ,developer1 #ebh ,ammon-carbonite1 #cca ,ammonia1 #ia for ,fixing ,prints1 #ecf ,household1 #ia ,poison1 #ic ,violet ,color for1 #ia ,water1 #bde1 #eai ,perfumed1 #ia ,anchovies1 ,essence of1 #ih ,anchovy ,paste1 #ih ,preparations1 #ih ,sauce1 ,extemporaneous1 #ih ,angostura ,bitters1 #gfb ,anise ,cordial1 #gfc ,aniline1 #bff ,black ,dye1 #bff1 #bgi ,substitutes1 #bgi ,black ,lake ,dye1 #bgh ,blue ,dye1 #bfh ,green ,dye for ,wool1 #bfi for ,silk1 #bfi in ,pigments1 ,tests for1 #efj ,scarlet ,dye1 #bga ,stains1 to ,remove1 #ahe ,yellow ,dye1 #bga ,animals1 ,fly ,protection for1 #dai ,ankara1 #adb ,annealing ,bronze1 #ef ,copper1 #bai ,annealing of ,steel1 ,wire1 etc41 #fha ,anodynes1 #dhf ,ansco ,platinum ,paper1 #ebi ,ant ,destroyers1 #dbj ,anti-corrosive or ,asiatic ,ink1 #dad ,antidotes for ,belladonna1 #ic for ,poisons1 #ib ,anti-ferments1 #ig ,anti-fouling ,compositions1 #dih ,anti-freezing ,solution1 #cfb1 #cfc for ,automobilists1 #cfc ,anti-friction ,bearing or ,babbitt ,metals1 #ej ,metal1 #eh ,anti-frost ,solution1 #cfc ,anti-leak ,rubber ,tire1 #gjh ,antimony ,poison1 #ic ,baths1 #eha ,antique ,bronzes1 #eff ,silver1 #ehg1 #fci ,imitation of1 #fdj ,antiques1 to ,preserve1 #ih ,anti-rust ,compositions1 #fbe ,paper for ,needles1 #fbe ,pastes1 #fbe ,antiseptic ,bromine ,solution1 #ajj ,enamel1 #gbj ,nervine ,ointment1 #dhg ,oil of ,cinnamon1 #ajj ,paste 7,poison71 #ii ,pencils1 #ii ,powders1 #ih ,soap1 #fdd ,solution1 ,coloring for1 #ajj ,tooth ,powder1 #bec ,antiseptics1 #ih for ,caged ,birds1 #gbi ,mouth1 #ii ,aphtite1 #gj ,apollinaris ,lemonade1 #aaj ,water1 #gdj ,apple ,extract1 #cab ,syrup1 #cab ,applications for ,prickly ,heat1 #cih of ,barium ,amalgams1 #hf of ,bismuth ,amalgams1 #hh of ,cadmium ,amalgams1 #hg of ,copper ,amalgams1 #hg of ,gold ,amalgams1 #hi of ,lead ,amalgams1 #hh of ,manganese ,amalgams1 #hg ,applications of ,potassium ,amalgams1 #hf of ,silver ,amalgams1 #hh of ,sodium ,amalgams1 #hf of ,strontium ,amalgams1 #hf of ,tin ,amalgams1 #hg of ,zinc ,amalgams1 #hg ,applying ,decalcomania ,pictures1 #bej ,apricot ,extract1 #cab ,aquarium ,putty1 #fjh ,argentan1 #fi ,arguzoid1 #gj ,armenian ,cement1 #bj ,arms1 ,oil for1 #dfj ,arnica ,salve1 #dhf ,aromatic ,cod-,liver ,oil1 #dhb ,cotton1 #bdf ,rhubarb ,remedy1 #ahj ,vinegar1 #gce ,arsenic ,alloys1 #fc1 #ge ,arsenic ,poison1 #ic1 #fad ,art ,bronzes1 #eg1 #eef of ,lacquering1 #dcg ,artificial ,aging of ,fabrics1 #fci ,beeswax1 #ged ,butter1 #adb ,ciders1 #aha ,coloring of ,flowers1 #cdf ,egg ,oil1 #bhd ,fertilizers for ,pot ,plants1 #ccf ,flowers1 ,dyes for1 #bgb ,flower ,fertilizer1 #ccg ,horn1 #cif ,leather1 #ddg ,marbles1 #fii ,rubber1 #fah 8,rubbered0 ,silk1 #fci ,slate1 #fdc ,violet ,perfumery1 #eah ,water1 #gci ,asbestos ,cement1 #cj ,fabric1 #cdb ,asphalt and ,pitch1 #cc as ,ingredient of ,rubber1 #fai in ,painting1 #gah ,varnishes1 #gah ,assaying of ,gold1 #cha ,asthma ,cures1 #aja ,fumigating ,powders1 #aja in ,canaries1 #gbh ,papers1 #aja ,astringent for ,horses1 #gcj ,wash for ,flabby ,skin1 #bcd ,atomic ,weights1 #geh ,atomizer ,liquid for ,sick ,rooms1 #bfd ,attaching ,enamel ,letters to ,glass1 #ai by ,cement1 #ag ,atropine1 ,antidote to1 #ajb ,aqua ,aromatica1 #ajb ,fortis for the ,touchstone1 #chc ,poison1 #ib ,regia1 #ajb ,aquarium ,cements1 #ca ,automobile ,engines1 ,cooling1 #cfc ,automobiles1 ,anti-freezing ,solution1 #cfc ,axle ,grease1 #dfb ,b ,babbitt-,metals1 #ej ,baking ,powders1 #ajb ,balance ,spring1 #gch ,baldness1 #cib ,balkan ,paste1 #ch ,ball ,blue1 #bha1 #ddd ,ball-,room ,floor ,powder1 #cde ,balsam1 ,birch1 #ajc of ,sulphur1 #chj ,spray ,solution1 #ajc ,balsam1 ,stains1 to ,remove1 #aid ,wild-cherry1 #ajc ,balsams1 #ajb ,balsamic ,cough ,syrup1 #baa ,banana ,bronzing ,solution1 #dhi ,cream1 #aae ,trick1 the ,burning1 #faa ,syrup1 #cab ,banjo ,sour1 #aaj ,barbers' ,itch1 #dhf ,powder1 #bdc ,barium ,amalgams1 #hf ,poison1 #fae ,barometers 7,paper71 #djb ,bath1 ,air1 #dd ,metal1 #fc ,powder1 #bdb ,tablets1 ,effervescent1 #ajc ,bath-tub ,enamel1 #gba ,paint1 #eja ,batteries1 ,solution for1 #ajd ,basis for ,effervescent ,salts1 #fbg ,baudoin ,metal1 #fc ,bavaroise au ,cognac1 #aah ,bay ,rum1 #ajd1 #eac ,bear ,fat1 #ccc ,bearing ,lubricant1 #dfa ,metal1 #ej ,beauty ,cream1 #bca ,water1 #bdd ,bedbug ,destroyers1 #dbj ,beechwood ,furniture ,polish1 #eic ,beef and ,iron1 #gga ,iron1 and ,wine1 #ajd ,beef-marrow ,pomade1 #bbg ,beef ,peptonoids1 #eji ,preservatives1 #cfj ,tea1 #aab ,beer1 #aah ,ginger1 #ajh ,lemon1 #ajh ,restoration of ,spoiled1 #aje ,spruce1 #aai ,treacle1 #aai ,weiss1 #aai ,beers1 ,alcohol in1 #de ,beetle ,powder1 #dbe ,bees1 ,foul ,brood in1 #aje ,beeswax1 ,artificial1 #ged ,belladonna1 ,antidotes to1 #ic ,bell ,metal1 #ea ,belt ,cement1 #ca ,glue1 #ae ,lubricant1 #dfb ,pastes for ,increasing ,adhesion1 #aje ,bndictine1 #gfi ,bengal ,lights1 #fji ,bent ,glass1 #cga ,benzine1 #ajf ,cleaning with1 #bji ,purification of1 #ajf to ,color ,green1 #ajf ,benzoic ,acid1 ,detection of1 #cej in ,food1 #cej ,benzoic-acid ,pastilles1 #baa ,benzoin-,glycerine ,soap1 #feb ,benzoparal1 #ajg ,berge's ,blasting ,powder1 #ccj ,beverages1 #ajg ,yellow ,coloring for1 #aai ,bibra ,alloy1 #ga ,bicycle ,dipping ,varnish1 #gai ,bicycle-tire ,cement1 #bc ,bicycle ,varnishes1 #gai ,bicycles1 ,black ,paint for1 #die ,bidery ,metal1 #hj ,billiard ,balls1 #adh1 #dbh ,birch ,balsam1 #ajc ,birch-,bud ,water1 #eai ,birch ,water1 #bdd1 #chi ,bird ,diseases1 ,remedies1 #gbh ,foods1 #abj1 #gbi ,bird ,lime1 #deh ,paste1 #ade ,tonic1 #gbi ,birds1 ,antiseptic ,wash for1 #gbi ,constipation in1 #gbi ,diarrha in1 #gbi ,biscuit1 ,dog1 #bfe ,bismarck ,brown ,dye1 #bfg ,bismuth1 #di ,alloys1 #eb ,amalgams1 ,applications of1 #hh ,bronze1 #gj ,purification of1 #chj to ,purify1 #chj ,biting ,off ,red-hot ,iron1 #fab ,bitter ,almond ,oil ,poison1 #ic ,bitters1 #gfb ,blackberry ,cholera ,mixture1 #ahj ,cordial1 #gfc ,blackboard ,paint and ,varnish1 #dhi ,varnish1 #gbj ,black ,color on ,brass1 #abi ,dye for ,tanned ,leather1 #ddg on ,cotton1 #bff on ,wool1 for ,mixtures1 #bfg ,blackening ,iron1 #die 8,black ,eye0 ,lotion1 #ccc ,black ,finish for ,brass1 #abi ,grease ,paints1 #bbi ,hair ,dye without ,silver1 #cij ,blackhead ,remedies1 #bcb ,blacking ,copper1 #bba for ,harness1 #dej for ,shoes1 #fca ,stove1 #gjj ,black ,japanese ,varnish1 #gai ,lake ,dyes for ,wall-paper1 #bgh ,marble1 ,imitation1 #fii ,marking ,inks1 #djg ,paint for ,polished ,iron1 #die ,patina1 #ehe ,putty1 #fjg ,ruling ,ink1 #djc ,sheet ,rust ,preventive1 #fbd ,starch1 #fhj ,straw ,hat ,varnish1 #bff ,varnish1 #edc1 #edd1 #gai ,wash for ,casting ,molds1 #aej ,blanching ,silver1 #fdj ,blanket ,washing1 #cii ,blasting ,powder1 #ccj ,blazing ,sponge ,trick1 #faa ,bleach for ,hands1 #bcc ,bleaches1 ,bone1 #dcj ,bleaching1 #abj and ,coloring ,feathers1 #cce ,bone ,fat1 #ccc ,cotton by ,steaming1 #bde ,cotton1 #bde ,feathers1 #aba1 #cce ,linen1 #abj of ,linseed ,oil1 #dei of ,vegetable ,fibers with ,hydrogen ,peroxide1 #bde ,oils1 #dhd ,photographic ,prints ,white1 #eec ,silk1 #abj1 #fci ,skin ,salves1 #bcd ,solution1 #aba for ,photographs1 #eec ,solutions for the ,laundry1 #ddf ,sponges1 #fgh ,straw1 #abj ,tallows and ,fats1 #ccd ,wool1 #abj ,bleeding1 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,hard-finished1 #dii ,walnut1 #ghc ,warming ,bottle1 #abg ,warping1 ,prevention of1 #gha ,warts1 #gcf ,washes1 ,nail-cleaning1 #bbg ,washing ,blankets1 #cii ,brushes1 #ada ,fluids and ,powders1 #dde of ,light ,silk ,goods1 #fci ,waste1 ,photographic1 ,its ,disposition1 #ecd ,watch ,chains1 to ,clean1 #bjf ,watch-dial ,cements1 #bj ,watch ,gilding1 #gch ,watch-lid ,cement1 #bj ,watchmakers' ,alloys1 #gcf and ,jewelers' ,cleaning ,preparations1 #bjf ,formulas1 #gcf ,oil1 #gch ,watch ,manufacturers' ,alloys1 #gcf ,movements1 ,palladium ,plating of1 #ehc ,waterproof and ,acid-proof ,pastes1 #ch ,cements for ,glass1 ,stoneware1 and ,metal1 #ba ,coatings1 #gdb ,glues1 #ac ,harness ,composition1 #dea ,ink1 #dag ,paints1 #dia ,papers1 #eje ,putties1 #fjh ,ropes1 #gec ,shoe ,dressings1 #fcd ,stiffening for ,straw ,hats1 #ahg ,varnish for ,beach ,shoes1 #fce ,wood1 #gec ,waterproofing1 #gda ,blue ,prints1 #gda ,brick ,arches1 #gda ,canvas1 #gdb ,cellars1 #djj ,corks1 #gdb ,fabrics1 #gdb ,leather1 #gej ,paper1 #gea ,water- and ,acid-resisting ,paint1 #dii ,water-closets1 ,deodorants for1 #bfc ,water1 ,copper1 #bba ,filters for1 #cci ,water-glass ,cements1 #ai ,water ,glass in ,stereochromatic ,painting1 #fhh ,jackets1 ,anti-freezing ,solutions for1 #cfc ,natural and ,artificial1 #gci ,purification1 ,alum ,process of1 #cdj ,spots1 ,priming for1 #eja ,stains1 #ghd ,water ,stirred ,yellow1 ,scarlet and ,colorless1 #fab ,water-tight ,casks1 #adi ,glass1 #cgc ,roofs1 #cgc 8,water ,tone0 ,platinum ,paper1 #ebi to ,freeze1 #faf ,varnish1 #edd ,waters1 ,toilet1 #bdd ,wax1 #gec ,burning1 ,trick1 #faa for ,bottles1 #eec for ,ironing1 #ddd for ,linoleum1 #dei ,paper1 #eje ,waxes for ,floors1 ,furniture1 etc41 #ged ,weather ,forecasters1 #gef ,weatherproofing1 #dii ,casts1 #efe ,weed ,killers1 #bfb ,weights and ,measures1 #geg of ,eggs1 #bhd ,weiss ,beer1 #aai ,welding ,compound1 #fhg ,powder to ,weld ,steel on ,wrought ,iron at ,pale-red ,heat1 #gfa ,powders1 #gfa ,westphalian ,cheese1 #agg ,wheel ,grease1 #dfb ,whetstones1 #gfa ,whipped ,cream1 #bdg1 #bdh ,white ,brass1 #ee ,bricks1 #afd ,coating for ,signs1 etc41 #dij ,cosmetique1 #bbh ,face ,powder1 #bdc ,flint ,glass ,containing ,lead1 #cgc ,furniture1 ,enamel for1 #gbb ,glass for ,ordinary ,molded ,bottles1 #cgc ,glazes1 #afg ,white-gold ,plates ,without ,solder1 #chd ,white ,grease ,paints1 #bbi ,ink1 #dag ,metals1 #gh ,white-metal ,alloys1 #gi ,white ,metals ,based on ,copper1 #gi ,based on ,platinum1 #gi ,pine and ,tar ,syrup1 #cbj ,petroleum ,jelly1 #dfb ,portland ,cement1 #afb ,rose ,perfumery1 #eah ,shoe ,dressing1 #fce ,solder for ,silver1 #dcd ,stamping ,ink1 #dag for ,embroidery1 #daa ,vitriol1 ,poison1 #ig ,whitewash1 #gfa to ,remove1 #aij ,whiting1 #gfa ,whooping-cough ,remedies1 #baa ,wild-cherry ,balsam1 #ajc ,extract1 #cba ,wiltshire ,cheese1 #agg ,window-cleaning ,compound1 #bjh ,window ,display1 #gfb ,panes1 ,cleaning1 #bjh ,opaque1 to ,render1 #cge ,perfume1 #gfb ,polishes1 #eic ,windows1 ,frosted1 #cgf to ,prevent ,dimming of1 #cgf ,wine ,color ,dye1 #bgj ,wines and ,liquors1 #gfb ,medicinal1 #gga ,removal of ,musty ,taste1 #gga ,winter ,beverages1 #aag ,wintergreen1 to ,distinguish ,methyl ,salicylate from ,oil of1 #gga ,wire ,hardening1 #fhd ,rope1 #gga ,witch-hazel ,creams1 #bch ,jelly1 #bbh ,violet1 #bde ,wood1 #ggb ,acid-proof1 #i ,cements1 #bf ,chlorine-proofing1 #i ,fillers1 #ggc ,fireproofing1 #cdb ,wooden ,gears1 #dfc ,wood ,gilding1 #ehj ,polishes1 #eih ,pulp1 ,fireproofing1 #cdc ,renovators1 #aid1 #aig ,securing ,metals to1 #cg ,stain for1 #gha ,substitutes for1 #ghe ,warping1 to ,prevent1 #gha ,waterproofing1 #gec ,wood's ,metal1 #fd ,woodwork1 ,cleaning1 #aid ,wool ,oil1 #dhe ,silk1 or ,straw ,bleaching1 #abj to ,clean1 #bgc ,woorara ,poison1 #ig ,worcestershire ,sauce1 #bac ,working of ,sheet ,aluminum1 #hc ,worm ,powder for ,stock1 #gcb ,wrapping ,paper for ,silverware1 #ejf ,wrinkles1 ,removal of1 #bca1 #bcc ,writing ,inks1 #dad on ,glass1 #cgf1 #dje on ,ivory1 ,glass1 etc41 #dje on ,zinc1 #dje ,restoring ,faded1 #ghf ,y ,yama1 #aaf ,yeast1 #ghf and ,fertilizers1 #cci ,yellow ,coloring for ,beverages1 #aai ,dye for ,cotton1 #bga for ,silk1 #bga ,hard ,solders1 #feh ,ink1 #dag ,orange and ,bronze ,dyes1 #bga ,stain for ,wood1 #ghd ,ylang-,ylang ,perfume1 #eah ,yolk of ,egg as an ,emulsifier1 #bij ,york ,cheese1 #agg ,z ,zapon1 #gbh for ,impregnating ,paper1 #ejf ,varnishes1 #gbh ,zinc1 #di ,alloys1 #hj ,amalgam for ,electric ,batteries1 #hi for ,dentists' ,zinc1 #afc ,amalgams1 ,applications of1 #hg ,articles1 ,bronzing1 #acf to ,clean1 #bjc ,bronzing1 #acg1 #efg ,contact ,silver-plating1 #ehi ,etching1 #cbc ,gilding1 #ehj ,zinc-,nickel1 #hj ,zinc ,plates1 ,coppering1 #egc ,poison1 #ig to ,clean1 #bje ,,transcriber',s ,,note ,original spelling and grammar are generally retained1 with some exceptions noted below4 ,original page numbers look like this3 #cf4 ,original italics look like this4 ,scanned page images of the original book are available from archive4org1 search for henleystwentieth#jj;hiscrich4 ,illustrations have been moved from within paragraphs to nearby locations between paragraphs4 ,the transcriber produced the cover image1 and hereby places it in the public domain4 ,large curly brackets 80 intended to combine information over more than one line of text have been removed1 replaced by appropriate text to retain the original meaning4 ,subscripts are in this simple text edition indicated by the form 84401 as in 8,c#ab;,h#bb,o#aa04 ,original small caps have been converted to uppercase4 ,page #be4 ,the phrase 8add the flower0 was changed to 8add the flour04 ,page #bg4 ,changed egg1 in 8,have the broken egg very clean0 to edge4 ,page #dg4 ,there're probably a word or two missing from the phrase 8,thus1 in melting lead and tin together for solder1 rosin or tallow is thrown upon the surface is rubbed with sal ammoniac01 which has been retained as printed4 ,page #dh4 ,there may be an error in the phrase 8alloys containing aluminum1 magnetism1 chromium01 retained as printed4 ,page #ha4 ,changed 8finally elutriated graphite0 to 8finely elutriated graphite04 ,page #afg4 8,chain clay0 is retained1 though it may be wrong4 ,page #cdi4 ,a paragraph of ,caution about hydrochloric acid was originally printed as an ordinary paragraph in the middle of a list of ,reagents4 ,herein1 this paragraph has been converted to a footnote1 and moved below the list4 ,page #dji4 ,removed the extra drachms2 from 8and ,prussian blue1 each #e drachms2 drachms204 ,page #dgj4 ,changed acquer to lacquer1 in 8with a thin spirit or zapon acquer04 ,page #ejb4 ,there are evidently a word or two missing from the phrase 8water1 #c ounces2 #d ounces 7avoirdupois7204 ,page #ejf4 ,the meaning of 8allowing to settle forweeks40 is not clear4 ,page #ebi4 ,the scanned image of the first paragraph of page #ebi was unclear in a small area4 ,guesswork was required4 ,page #ecj4 ,the phrase 8pense and flat0 was changed to 8dense and flat04 ,page #fai4 ,in the first table on the page1 the amount printed for 8,rubber0 was blank4 ,in this edition1 8 0 indicates this4 ,page #fbd4 8,the crude oil 4 4 4 are01 changed to 8,the crude oil 4 4 4 is04 ,page #feh4 ,in the phrase of copper will meet at #a1idj1 meet was changed to melt4 ,page #gjj4 ,the phrase 8#b parts of tried suet0 is retained4 ,page #gjc4 ,the sentence ,three tablespoonfuls weigh #a_/d pound4 is retained4 ,other similar errors are retained4 ,page #gdh4 ,the phrase 8conferring water3 resisting powers0 was changed to 8conferring water resisting powers0 ,pages #ghg-hjg4 ,the ,index as originally printed uses white space indents to combine information on multiple lines4 ,it is sometimes obscure1 and possibly inconsistent4 ,many of the entries indent about #g of column width per word meant to be repeated4 ,the entry starting with 8,wood ,gilding0 on page #hjg is an example of inconsistency3 the #ad indent for the sixth line 8,stain for0 evidently refers back to the first line1 so that 8,wood ,gilding10 is to be understood as repeated1 but more often1 it seems1 the indents refer back to the line immediately preceeding4 ,page #gig4 ,the link for ,lichen ,removers is changed from page #d to page #bji4