:i* includes ! m ?an #bjj orig9al illu/rations4 ,see #ecaci-;h4htm or #ecaci-;h4zip3 7https3_/_/www4gut5b]g4org_/ca*e_/epub_/ #ecaci_/pg#ecaci-;images4html7 or 7https3_/_/www4gut5b]g4org_/files_/#ecac i_/ecaci-;h4zip7 ,images ( ! orig9al pages are available ?r\gh ,int]net ,ar*ive4 ,see https3_/_/ar*ive4org_/details_/maxims9/r uctio#jj;hawk ,transcrib]'s note3 ,text enclos$ by und]scores is 9 italics 7italics74 ,text enclos$ by equal signs is 9 bold face 7bold74 ,text enclos$ by plus signs is 9 bold face & und]scor$ 7bold & und]scor$74 ,a detail$ transcrib]'s note is at ! end ( ! book4 ,,maxims ,,& ,,in/ructions ,,= ,,! ,,boil] ,,room4 ,illu/ration3 ,,hawk9s' ,,educational ,,works ,,= ,,eng9e]s ,?is ,"w is ,frat]nally inscrib$ to ,w4 ,r4 ,hawk9s1 ,r4 ,f4 ,hawk9s & ,f4 ,p4 ,hawk9s4 ,illu/ration3 ,,ri*>d ,,trevi?ick4 ,,maxims ,,& ,,in/ructions ,,= ,,! ,,boil] ,,room4 ,useful to ,eng9e]s1 ,firem5 ,me*anics1 ,relat+ to ,/eam ,g5]ators1 ,pumps1 ,appliances1 ,/eam ,heat+1 ,practical ,plumb+1 etc4 ,illu/ration by ,n4 ,,hawk9s1 ,m4 ,e41 ,honor>y ,memb] ,national ,association ( ,/ation>y ,eng9e]s1 ,editorial ,writ]1 ,au?or ( ,h& ,book ( ,calculations = ,eng9e]s & ,firem51 ,etc41 ,etc4 ,compris+ ,in/ructions & ,sugge/ions on ! ,con/ruction1 ,sett+1 ,control & ,managem5t ( ,v>i\s ,=ms ( ,/eam ,boil]s2 on ! ,!ory & ,practical ,op]ation ( ! ,/eam ,pump2 ,/eam ,heat+2 ,practical ,plumb+2 also ,rules = ! ,safety ,valve1 ,/r5g? ( ,boil]s1 ,capacity ( ,pumps1 etc4 ,!o4 ,audel ,co41 ,publi%]s1 #fc ,fif? ,ave41 ,cor4 #ac? ,/41 ,new ,york4 ,copyright$ #ahig--ahih--aijc by ,!o1 ,audel ,co4 ,,preface4 ,! *ief apology = ! prep>ation & issue ( ^! ,maxims & ,in/ructions1 = ! use ( ,/eam us]s1 ,eng9e]s & ,firem51 is ! m ?an k9d reception ( ,calculations4 ,b !re are o!r reasons4 ,!re is ! :olesome desire to b5efit ! class1 ) :om1 9 "o way & ano!r1 ! au?or has be5 associat$ ne>ly two score ye>s4 ,! plan foll[$ 9 ?is "w w be ! same z t s g5]ally approv$ 9 ,calculations2 ! complet$ volume w be a "w ( ref]5ce & in/ruction ^u ^? works set =? 9 ! title page4 ,z a "w ( ref]5ce ! "w w be especially helpful ?r\gh comb9$ ,index & ,def9ition ,tables to be ins]t$ at ! close ( ! book4 ,by ! use ( ^! ! mean+ ( e ma*9e1 mat]ial & p]=mance ( ! boil] room c be easily f\nd & ! 8po9ts0 ( in/ruction made use (4 ,?is "w be+ issu$ 9 p>ts1 n[ 9 manuscript1 & capable ( *ange or enl>gem5t1 ! editor w be ?ankful = heal?ful sugge/ions f 8 pr(essional bre?r51 be=e x is put into p]man5t book =m4 ,illu/ration3 ,,oliv] ,,evans4 ,,george ,,/eph5son4 ,,rob]t ,,fulton4 ,,cont5ts4 ,page ,,preface #g ,,introduction #i ,,mat]ials #ab ,coal #ac ,wood #ad ,peat #ad ,tan #ae ,/raw #ae ,coke1 ,*>coal1 ,peat ,*>coal #ae ,liquid & ,gas ,fuels #ae ,air #af ,table ( ,evaporation #ah ,fire ,irons #ai ,h&y ,tools #ba ,! ,tool ,box #bb ,,! ,,fir+ ,,( ,,/eam ,,boil]s #bd ,directions = ,fir+ ) ,v>i\s ,fuels #bh ,fir+ ) ,coke #bh ,fir+ ) ,coal ,t> #cj ,fir+ ) ,/raw #ca ,fir+ ) ,oil #cb ,fir+ on an ,ocean ,/eam] #cb ,fir+ ( ,sawdu/ & ,%av+s #cc ,fir+ a ,locomotive #cf ,fir+ ) ,tan ,b>k #cf ,po9ts ,relat+ to ,fir+ #cg ,foam+ 9 ,boil]s #db ,a ,,*apt] ,,( ,,don',,ts #dd ,,/eam ,,g5]ators #dh ,description #di ,an ,upright ,/eam ,boil] #ej ,! ,gr[? ( ! ,/eam ,boil] #eb ,m>9e ,boil]s #fj ,! ,surface ,cond5s] #fe ,op]ation ( ! ,cond5s] #ff ,wat] ,tube ,/eam ,boil]s #fg ,c>e ( ,wat] ,tube ,boil]s #gj ,sectional ,boil]s #ga ,locomotive ,boil]s #gb ,/&>d ,horizontal ,tubul> ,/eam ,boil] #gi ,p>ts ( ! ,tubul> ,boil] #ha ,! ,triple ,draught ,tubul> ,boil] #hc ,,specification ,,= #abe ,,horse ,,p[] ,,boil] #he ,type #he ,dim5sions #he ,quality & ,?ickness ( ,/eel ,plates #he ,flanges #he ,rivet+ #hf ,braces #hf ,manholes1 ,h& ,holes & ,?imbles #hf ,lugs #hf ,ca/+s #hf ,te/+ #hg ,quality & ,workman%ip #hg ,fitt+s & ,m\nt+s #hg ,draw+s #hg ,duty ( ,boil] #hg ,,m>ks ,,on ,,boil] ,,plates #hh ,,con/ruction ,,( ,,boil]s #hi ,quality ( ,/eel ,plates #ij ,nickel ,/eel ,boil] ,plates #ia ,rivet+ #ia ,brac+ ( ,/eam ,boil]s #if ,rule = ,f9d+ ,pressure or ,/ra9 on ,bolts #ii ,gusset ,/ays #ajj ,rivet$ or ,screw ,/ays #aja ,inspector's ,rules ,relat+ to ,braces 9 ,/eam ,boil]s #ajb ,rules & ,tables #aje ,boil] ,tubes #aaj ,portions ( ! ,m>9e ,boil] :i* become ,?9 by ,we> #aab ,,examples ,,( ,,con/ruction ,,& ,,draw+ #aac ,rule = ,safe ,int]nal ,pressure #aag ,,def9ition ,,( ,,t]ms #aba ,t5sile /r5g? #aba ,contraction ( area #aba ,elongation #aba ,%e>+ /r5g? #aba ,ela/ic limit #aba ,t\gh #aba ,ductile #aba ,ela/icity #abb ,fatigu$ #abb ,malleable #abb ,weldable #abb ,cold-%ort #abb ,hot-%ort #abb ,homog5e\s #abb ,,boil] ,,repairs #abc ,repair+ ,cracks #abc ,defects & ,necess>y ,repairs #abd ,que/ions by ! ,proprietor to ! ,eng9e] 9 ,*>ge1 ,relat+ to ,condition ( ! ,boil] #abg ,que/ions ask$ ( a ,c&idate ,= a ,m>9e ,lic5se ,relat+ to ,defects 9 ,boil] #abg ,,! ,,inspection ,,( ,,/eam ,,boil]s #abi ,h[ to prep>e = ,/eam ,boil] ,inspection #acj ,issu+ ,c]tificates #aca ,! ,hydraulic ,te/ #aca ,,eng9e]s' ,,exam9ations #acc ,,me*anical ,,/ok]s #acd ,,*emical ,,t]ms ,,& ,,explanations ,,relat+ ,,to ,,fe$ ,,wat]s #acf ,*emi/ry #acf ,elem5t #acf ,re-ag5t #acf ,oxide #acf ,c>bonate #acf ,acid #acg ,alkalies #acg ,*loride #acg ,sulphates #acg ,silica #acg ,magnesia #ach ,c>bonate ( ,magnesia #ach ,lime #ach ,soda #ach ,sodium #ach ,salt #aci ,,analysis ,,( ,,fe$ ,,wat] #adj ,directions #adj ,,f ,,argos1 ,,ind4 #adj ,,f ,,si\x ,,falls1 ,s4 ,d4 #adj ,,f ,,lit*field1 ,,ill4 #ada ,,f ,,*elsea1 ,,mass4 #ada ,,f ,,memphis1 ,,t5n4 #ada ,,f ,,pek91 ,,ill4 #ada ,,f ,,tiff91 ,,ohio #ada ,,corrosion ,,& ,,incru/ation ,,( ,,/eam ,,boil]s #adb ,prelim9>y ,precipitation ( ,wat] #add ,a precipitator = ,sea ,wat] #ade ,scale ,deposit$ 9 ,m>9e ,boil]s #adf ,a locomotive-,boil] ,comp\nd #adi 8,po9ts0 ,relat+ to ! ,scal+ ( ,/eam ,boil]s #adi ,,eng9e]s' ,,te/s ,,= ,,impurities ,,9 ,,fe$ ,,wat] #aec ,use ( ,petroleum ,oil 9 ,boil]s #aee ,k]os5e ,oil 9 ,boil]s #aef ,me*anical ,boil] ,clean]s #aei ,scumm+ ,app>atus #afa ,use ( ,z9c 9 ,m>9e ,boil]s #afb ,,boil] ,,fixtures ,,& ,,belong+s #afd ,boil] ,fronts #afe ,furnace ,doors #afh ,fusible ,plugs #aga ,grate ,b>s #agc ,wat] ,gauge ,cocks #agf ,glass ,gauges #agg ,! ,mud ,drum #agi ,baffle ,plates #ahj ,dead ,plate #ahj ,/eam ,:i/les #ahj ,! ,/eam ,gauge #aha ,/eam ,sep>ator #ahc ,s5t9el ,valve #ahd ,damp] ,regulators #ahe ,fuel ,economiz] & ,fe$ ,wat] ,purifi] #ahe ,safety ,valves #ahg ,u4 ,s4 ,rules ,relat+ to ,safety ,valves #ahi ,fe$ ,wat] ,heat]s #aif ,capacity ( ,ci/]ns #bjb ,wat] ,met]s #bjc 8,po9ts0 ,relat+ to ,wat] ,met]s #bjd ,! ,/eam ,boil] ,injector #bjf 8,po9ts0 ,relat+ to ! ,injector #bji ,,laws ,,( ,,heat #bab ,,! ,,/eam ,,pump #bae ,classification ( ,pumps #bag ,po9ts ,relat+ to ,pumps #bai ,calculations ,relat+ to ,pumps #bbb ,,important ,,pr9ciples ,,relat+ ,,to ,,wat] #bbd ,,/or+ ,,& ,,h&l+ ,,( ,,coal #bbe ,,*emi/ry ,,( ,,! ,,furnace #bbf ,oxyg5 #bbi ,c>bon #bbi ,hydrog5 #bcj ,nitrog5 #bcj ,sulphur #bcj ,c>bonic ,acid ,gas #bcj ,c>bonic ,oxide #bca ,table #bca ,,heatpro( ,,& ,,ornam5tal ,,pa9ts #bcb ,,pressure ,,record+ ,,gauge #bcc ,,horse ,,p[] ,,z ,,appli$ ,,to ,,boil]s #bcd ,rule ,= ,e/imat+ ,horse ,p[] ( ,horizontal ,tubul> ,/eam ,boil]s #bce ,,boil] ,,sett+ #bcf ,sett+ ( ,wat] ,tube ,boil]s #bci ,po9ts ,relat+ to ,boil] ,sett+ #bci ,,k9dl+ ,a ,,furnace ,,fire #bda ,sawdu/ ,furnace #bdb ,,pipes ,,& ,,pip+ #bdd ,jo9ts ( ,pipes & ,fitt+s #bdh ,,/eam ,,& ,,hot ,,wat] ,,heat+ #bea ,po9ts ,relat+ to ,/eam ,heat+ #bed ,v5tilation #bfe ,heat+ by ,exhau/ ,/eam #bfg ,c>e ( ,/eam ,fitt+s #bfh ,tools us$ 9 ,/eam ,fitt+ #bfi ,cocks #bgj ,valves #bga ,/eam ,fitt+s #bgd ,/eam ,pipe & ,boil] ,cov]+s #bge ,l9e> ,expansion ( ,/eam ,pipes #bgf ,! ,/eam ,loop #bgh ,,boil] ,,mak]s' ,,tools ,,& ,,ma*9]y #bha ,,/eam #bhb ,,wat] ,,hamm] #bhc ,,haz>ds ,,( ,,! ,,boil] ,,room #bhe ,fuel ,oil #bhi ,,wat] ,,circulation #bid ,,*imneys ,,& ,,draught #bif ,,plumb+ #bih ,pip+ & ,dra9age #bii ,lead ,pipe ,jo9ts #cjj ,repair+ ,pipes ) ,putty ,jo9ts #cjc ,b5d+ ,lead ,pipe #cjd ,plumb]'s ,sold] #cje ,plumb]'s ,tools #cjf ,,useful ,,tables ,,( ,,weights ,,( ,,iron ,,& ,,comp>isons ,,( ,,gauges #cji ,,noiseless ,,wat] ,,heat] #cab ,,accid5ts ,,& ,,em]g5cies #cac ,burns & ,scalds #cac ,glue ,burn ,mixture #cae ,ins5sibility f ,smoke #cae ,heat-/roke or ,sun-/roke #caf ,cuts & ,w\nds #caf ,ble$+ #cag ,fro/ ,bite #cah ,brok5 ,bones #cah ,p\ltices #cai ,h[ to ,c>ry an ,injur$ ,p]son #cai ,,p]sonal #cbj ,,index #cba ,,adv]tism5ts #ccc ,,introduction4 ,ea* successive g5]ation ( eng9e]s has add$ c]ta9 unwritt5 exp]i5ces to ! g5]al /ock ( k relat+ to /eam production1 :i* h be5 communicat$ to _! successors1 & by !m add$ to1 9 _! turn2 x is )9 ! prov9ce ( ?is book to put 9 =m = ref]5ce1 ^! unwritt5 laws ( conduct1 :i* h pass$ into ,,maxims among eng9e]s & firem5--a maxim be+ an undisput$ tru?1 express$ 9 ! %orte/ t]ms4 ,,soliloquy ,,( ,,an ,,eng9e]4 8,/&+ 9 ! boil] room & look+ ar\nd me1 !re are _m ?+s ,i ought to "k a good deal ab\t4 ,coal6 ,:at is its quality8 ,h[ mu* is us$ 9 t5 h\rs or tw5ty-f\r h\rs8 ,is ! grate "u ! boil] ! be/ = an economical consumption ( fuel8 ,c ,i1 by a *ange 9 me?od ( fir+1 save any coal8 ,! safety-valve4 ,d ,i "k at :at pressure x w bl[ (f8 ,c ,i calculate ! safety-valve s z to be c]ta9 ! weight is plac$ "r8 ,d ,i "k h[ to calculate ! area ( ! grate1 ! heat+ surface ( ! tubes & %ell8 ,d ,i "k ! con/ruction ( ! /eam-gauge & vacuum-gauge8 ,am ,i c]ta9 ! /eam-gauge is indicat+ correctly1 nei!r ov] nor "u ! pressure ( ! /eam8 ,:at d ,i "k ab\t ! sett+ ( boil]s8 ,ab\t ! size & quality ( fire bricks8 ,ab\t ! comb9ation ( c>bon & hydrog5 ( ! fuel ) ! oxyg5 ( ! atmosph]e8 ,ab\t oxyg51 hydrog5 & nitrog58 ,ab\t ! laws ( combu/ion8 ,ab\t radiation & heat surfaces8 8,d ,i "k :at are good non-conductors = cov]+ ( pipes1 & :y !y are good8 ,d ,i "k h[ _m gallons ( wat] are 9 ! boil]8 8,:at d ,i "k ab\t wat] & /eam8 ,h[ _m gallons ( wat] are evaporat$ 9 tw5ty-f\r h\rs8 ,:at d ,i "k ab\t iron & /eel1 boil] evaporation1 horse p[] ( eng9es1 boil] app5dages & fitt+s4 8,c ,i calculate ! area & capacity ( ! eng9e cyl9d]8 ,c ,i take an indicator diagram & read x8 ,c ,i set ! ecc5tric8 ,c ,i set valves8 ,d ,i und]/& ! con/ruction ( ! !rmomet]1 & "k some?+ ab\t ! pressure ( ! atmosph]e1 temp]ature & ! be/ means = v5tilation8 ,c ,i use a pyromet] & a sal9omet]8 8,)\t go+ outside ( my boil] & eng9e room ,i f9d ^! ?+s are all ab\t me--air1 wat]1 /eam1 heat1 gases1 motion1 spe$1 /rokes & revolutions1 areas & capacities--h[ mu* d ,i "k ab\t ^!8 8,h[ mu* c be le>n$ f "o lump ( coal8 ,:at 0 x1 :]e did x come f8 ,:5 x is burn$1 :at gases w x give (f8 8,& s ) wat]4 ,:at is ! composition ( wat]8 ,:at are ! effects ( heat ^u x8 ,h[ does x circulate8 ,:at is ! temp]ature ( boil+ wat]8 ,:at are ! temp]atures "u diff]5t pressures8 ,:at is lat5t heat8 ,:at is expansive =ce80 ,^! are ! que/ion+ ?\ghts :i* fill1 :ile on duty1 m or less vividly1 ! m9ds ( bo? eng9e]s & firem51 & x is ! purpose ( ?is volume to answ] ! enquiries1 z f> z may be )\t attempt+ too mu*2 = ! p]fect k ( ! op]ations c>ri$ on )9 ! boil]-room involves an acqua9tance ) _m bran*es ( sci5ce4 ,9 matt]s relat+ to /eam eng9e]+1 x mu/ be rememb]$ t 8art is long & "t is %ort40 ,! utility ( su* a book z ?is is int5d$ to be1 no "o w "q1 & he :o w\ld n be a 8hew] ( wood & a draw] ( wat]0 to ! m intellig5t & well-in=m$ me*anic1 mu/ possess to a consid]able ext5t ! pr9ciples & rules embrac$ 9 ?is book2 & m especially1 if he w\ld be ma/] ( 8 pr(ession & reput$ z "o ^: skill & decisions c be implicitly reli$ ^u4 ,! au?or 9 ! prep>ation ( ! "w has _h two objects con/antly 9 view2 fir/ to cause ! /ud5t to become famili>ly acqua9t$ ) ! lead+ pr9ciples ( 8 pr(ession z !y are m5tion$1 & secondly1 to furni% him ) z mu* advice & in=mation z possible )9 ! reasonable limits ( ! "w4 ,:ile x is a fact t "s ( ! matt] conta9$ 9 ?is "w is v simple1 & all ( x int5d$ to be v pla91 x yet rema9s true t ! mo/ exp]t liv+ eng9e] 0 at "o "t ignorant ( ! lea/ ( ! facts & pr9ciples "h giv51 & at no "t 9 8 active c>e] c he ev] get beyond ! necessity ( kn[+ ! prim>y /eps by :i* he fir/ a*iev$ 8 success4 ,! foll[+ tak5 f ! editorial columns ( ! lead+ me*anical j\rnal ( ! c\ntry conta9s ! same sugge/ive ideas already indicat$ 9 ! 8soliloquy ( an eng9e]30 8,!re is among/ eng9e]s 9 ?is c\ntry a quiet educational movem5t go+ on 9 matt]s relat+ to facts & pr9ciples und]ly+ _! "w t is likely to h an important influ5ce on indu/rial affairs4 ,?is educational movem5t is noticeable 9 all classes ( workm51 b among/ none m ?an among ! m5 9 *>ge ( ! p[] plants ( ! c\ntry4 ,x is =tunate t ?is is s1 = progress once begun 9 su* matt]s is nev] likely to /op4 8,eng9e]s comprise v>i\s grades f ! *ief eng9e] ( "s l>ge e/abli%m5t1 :o is usually an accompli%$ me*anic1 c>ry+ along grave responsibilities1 to ! m]e /opp] & />t]1 :o is eng9e] by c\rtesy only1 & ^: place is likely to be soon fill$ by q ano!r man1 s f> z qualifications are conc]n$4 ,m5 ignorant ( ev]y?+ except ! m]e me*anical details ( _! "w w soon h no place4 8,sc>cely a week passes t sev]al que/ions are n ask$ by eng9e]s1 ei!r ( :i* c\ld be made ! subject ( a l5g?y article4 ,?is is ( int]e/ 9 t x %[s t eng9e]s1 are n at ! pres5t "t beh9d 9 ! way ( seek+ in=mation4 ,out ( ab\t a ?\s& que/ions t w5t into pr9t1 consid]able m ?an half 7 ask$ by /ation>y eng9e]s4 ,^! que/ions embrace _m ?+s 9 ! way ( /eam eng9e]+1 /eam eng9e managem5t1 con/ruction1 etc40 ,! old mean+ ( ! ^w lev] 0 8a lift]0 & ?is book is int5d$ to be to its att5tive /ud5t1 a real lev] to advance him 9 8 life "w2 x is also to be us$ l a ladd]1 :i* is to be asc5d$ /ep by /ep1 ! l[] r\nds ( :i*1 are z important z ! highe/4 ,x is moreov]1 ! e>ne/ wi% ( ! editor t :5 "s1 p]*ance may h 8climb$ up0 by ! means ( ?is1 8 "w1 !y may 9 _! turn s]ve z lift]s to advance o!rs1 & by t means ! b5efits ( ! "w widely ext5d$4 ,,mat]ials4 ,! ?+s ) :i* ! eng9e] has to deal 9 t place :]e /eam is to be produc$ z an indu/rial ag5t1 are #a4 ,! ,/eam ,g5]ator4 #b4 ,air4 #c4 ,fuel4 #d4 ,wat]4 #e4 ,/eam ,appliances4 ,/>t+ ) ^! po9ts :i* =m a "p ( e /eam plant1 h[ev] limit$1 h[ev] va/1 ! subject c easily be enl>g$ until x embraces a ?\s& v>i$ divisions ext5d+ ?r\gh all "t & into e portion ( ! civiliz$ _w4 ,x is )9 ! scope ( ?is "w to s pres5t ! subjects specifi$1 t ! /ud5t may classify & arrange ! matt] into truly sci5tific ord]4 ,,mat]ials4 ,9 ent]+ ! /eam dep>tm5t1 :]e he is to be employ$1 ! eye ( ! beg9n] is greet$ ) ! sight ( coal1 wat]1 oil1 etc41 & he is told ( invisible mat]ials1 su* z air1 /eam & gases2 x is ! prop] manipulation ( ^! se5 & unse5 mat]ial products z well z ! ma*9es1 t is to become 8 life task4 ,9 aid+ to ! prop] accompli%m5t ( ! yet untri$ problems no?+ c be m useful ?an to "k some?+ ( ! nature & hi/ory ( ! diff]5t =ms ( matt] ent]+ into ! bus9ess ( /eam production4 ,let u beg9 ) ,,coal4 ,! s\rce ( all ! p[] 9 ! /eam eng9e is /or$ up 9 coal 9 ! =m ( heat4 ,& ?is heat becomes effective by burn+ x1 t is1 by its combu/ion4 ,coal consi/s ( c>bon1 hydrog51 nitrog51 sulphur1 oxyg5 & a%4 ,^! elem5ts exi/ 9 all coals b 9 v>y+ quantities4 ,^! are ! common proportions ( ! be/ sorts3 ,,wood ,,peat ,,an?racite ,,bitum9\s 7,,av]age7 ,,peat #a_/d ,,dry4 ,,wat] ---------------------------------------- -------------------- ,c>bon #ij-a_/b #ha #ej #ei #dd ,hydrog5 #b-a_/b #e-a_/d #f #f #d-a_/b ,nitrog5 #j-a_/d #a #a #a-a_/d #a ,sulphur #jj #a-a_/b #j 8 7#be7 ,oxyg5 #b-a_/b #f-a_/b #da #cj #bb-a_/b ,a% #d-a_/d #d-c_/d #b #c-c_/d #c ----- ------ ------ ------ -------- #ajj #ajj #ajj #ajj #ajj ,9 burn+ coal or o!r fuel atmosph]ic air mu/ be introduc$ be=e x w burn2 ! air furni%es ! oxyg51 )\t :i* combu/ion _c take place4 ,x is f\nd t 9 burn+ "o lb4 ( coal "o hundr$ & fifty cubic feet ( air mu/ be us$ & 9 e day practice x is necess>y to supply twice z mu*2 ?is is suppli$ to ! coal p>tly ?r\gh ! grate b>s1 p>tly ?r\gh ! p]=at$ doors1 & ! diff]5t devices = apply+ x already heat$ to ! furnace4 ,,wood4 ,wood z a combu/ible1 is divisible into two classes3 #a/1 ! h>d1 compact & comp>atively heavy1 su* z oak1 a%1 bee*1 elm4 #b;d1 ! light color$ s(t1 & comp>atively light woods z p9e1 bir*1 popl>4 ,wood :5 cut d[n conta9s ne>ly half moi/ure & :5 kept 9 a dry place1 = sev]al ye>s ev51 reta9s f #ae to #bj p] c5t4 ( x4 ,! /eam produc+ p[] ( wood by te/s has be5 f\nd to be b little ov] half t ( coal & ! m wat] 9 x ! less its heat+ p[]4 ,9 ord] to obta9 ! mo/ heat+ p[] f wood x is ! practice 9 "s works 9 ,europe :]e fuel is co/ly1 to dry ! wood fuel ?or\ghly1 ev5 us+ /oves = ! purpose1 be=e us+ x4 ,?is 8h9t0 may s]ve a good purpose on occasion4 ,! composition ( wood r$uc$ to its elem5t>y condition w be f\nd 9 ! table ) coal4 ,,peat4 ,peat is ! organic matt] or vegetable soil ( bogs1 swamps & m>%es--decay$ mosses1 co>se grasses1 etc4 ,! peat next ! surface1 less advanc$ 9 decomposition1 is light1 spongy & fibr\s1 ( a yell[ or light r$di%-br[n color2 l[] d[n x is m compact1 ( a d>k]-br[n color1 & 9 ! l[e/ /rata x is ( a blacki% br[n1 or almo/ a black color1 ( a pit*y or unctu\s feel4 ,peat 9 its natural condition g5]ally conta9s f #ge to #hj p] c5t4 ( wat]4 ,x sometimes am\nts to #he or #ij p] c5t4 9 :i* case ! peat is ( ! consi/5cy ( mire4 ,:5 wet peat is mill$ or gr\nd s t ! fibre is brok51 cru%$ or cut1 ! contraction 9 dry+ is mu* increas$ by ?is treatm5t2 & ! peat becomes d5s]1 & is bett] consolidat$ ?an :5 x is dri$ z x is cut f ! bog2 peat s prep>$ is kn[n z cond5s$ peat1 & ! degree ( cond5sation v>ies accord+ to ! natural heav9ess ( ! peat4 ,s effectively is peat consolidat$ & cond5s$ by ! simple process ( break+ ! fibres :il/ wet1 t no m]ely me*anical =ce ( compression is equal to x4 ,9 ! table ! elem5ts ( peat are pres5t$ 9 two conditions4 ,"o p]fectly dri$ into a p[d] be=e analyz+ & ! o!r ) #be p] c5t4 ( moi/ure4 ,! value ( peat z a fuel ( ! future is an int]e/+ problem 9 view ( ! num]\s inroads made ^u our great natural coal fields4 ,,tan4 ,tan1 or oak b>k1 aft] hav+ be5 us$ 9 ! process ( tann+ is burn$ z fuel4 ,! sp5t tan consi/s ( ! fibr\s portion ( ! b>k4 ,five p>ts ( oak b>k produce f\r p>ts ( dry tan4 ,,/raw4 ,two compositions ( /raw 7z a fuel7 is z foll[s3 ,wat]1 #ad p] c5t4 ,combu/ible matt]1 #gi ,a%1 #g ,,coke1 ,,*>coal1 ,,peat ,,*>coal4 ,^! are simil> sub/ances produc$ by l processes f coal1 wood1 & peat & !y v>y 9 _! /eam-produc+ p[] accord+ to ! p[] ( ! fuels f :i* !y are produc$4 ,! me?od by :i* !y are made is t]m$ c>bonization1 :i* means t all ! gases are remov$ by heat 9 clos$ vessels or heaps1 leav+ only ! c>bon & ! m solid p>ts l a%es4 ,,liquid ,,& ,,gas ,,fuels4 ,"u ?is head come petroleum & coal gas1 :i* are obta9$ 9 great v>iety & v>y+ value f coal & coal oil4 ,! heat+ p[] ( ^! fuels /&s 9 ! front rank1 z w be se5 by ! table annex$4 ,!re are k9ds ( fuel o!r ?an coal1 su* z wood1 coke1 sawdu/1 tan b>k1 peat & petroleum oil & ! refuse f oil4 ,^! are all burn$ ) atmosph]ic air ( :i* ! oxyg5 comb9es ) ! combu/ible "p ( ! fuel :ile ! nitrog5 passes (f into ! *imney z wa/e4 ,! combu/ible p>ts ( coal are c>bon1 hydrog5 & sulphur & ! unburnable p>ts are nitrog51 wat] & ! incombu/ible solid matt]s su* z a%es & c9d]4 ,9 ! op]ation ( fir+ "u a boil] ! ?ree fir/ elem5ts are totally consum$ & =m heat2 ! nitrog51 & wat] 9 ! =m ( /eam1 escapes to ! flue1 & ! a%es & c9d]s fall "u ! grates4 ,! an?racite coal reta9 _! %ape :ile burn+1 ?\gh if too rapidly heat$ !y fall to pieces4 ,! flame is g5]ally %ort1 ( a blue color4 ,! coal is ignit$ ) difficulty2 x yields an int5se local or conc5trat$ heat2 & ! combu/ion g5]ally becomes ext9ct :ile yet a consid]able quantity ( ! fuel rema9s on ! grate4 ,! dry or free burn+ bitum9\s coals are r light] ?an ! an?racites1 & !y soon & easily arrive at ! burn+ temp]ature4 ,!y swell consid]ably 9 cok+1 & ?us is facilitat$ ! access ( air & ! rapid & complete combu/ion ( _! fix$ c>bon4 ,! me?od ( fir+ ) diff]5t sorts ( fuel w be treat$ else:]e4 ,,air4 ,! eng9e]'s success 9 ! managem5t ( ! furnace dep5ds q z mu* ^u 8 h&l+ ! air 9 ! "r mixtures & proportions z x does 9 8 us+ ! fuel--= #a4 ,al?\gh invisible to ! eye air is z mu* a mat]ial sub/ance z coal or /one4 ,if !re 7 an op5+ into ! int]ior ( ! e>? :i* w\ld p]mit ! air to desc5d its d5sity w\ld increase 9 ! same mann] at x dim9i%es 9 ! opposite direction4 ,at ! dep? ( ab\t #cd miles x w\ld be z d5se z wat]1 & at ! dep? ( #dh miles x w\ld be z d5se z quicksilv]1 & at ! dep? ( ab\t #ej miles z d5se z gold4 #b4 ,air is n only a sub/ance1 b an imp5etrable body2 z = example3 if we make a holl[ cyl9d]1 smoo? & clos$ at ! bottom1 & put a /opp] or solid pi/on to x1 no =ce w enable u to br+ x into contact ) ! bottom ( ! cyl9d]1 unless we p]mit ! air )9 x to escape4 #c4 ,air is a fluid :i* is prov$ by ! great movability ( its p>ts1 fl[+ 9 all directions 9 great hurricanes & 9 g5tle breezes2 & also by ! fact t a pressure or bl[ is propagat$ ?r\gh all p>ts & affects all p>ts alike4 #d4 ,x is also an ela/ic fluid1 ?us :5 an inflat$ bladd] is compress$ x imm$iately re/ores itself to its =m] situation2 inde$1 s9ce air :5 compress$ re/ores itself or t5ds to re/ore itself1 ) ! same =ce z t ) :i* x is compress$1 x is a p]fectly ela/ic body4 #e4 ,! weight ( a column ( air "o squ>e foot at ! bottom is f\nd to be #baef lbs4 or v ne>ly #ae lbs4 to ! squ>e in*1 h5ce x is common to /ate ! pressure ( ! atmosph]e z equal to #ae lbs4 to ! squ>e in*4 ,x foll[s f ^! five po9ts t ! eng9e] mu/ consid] air z a positive1 al?\gh unse51 factor ) :i* 8 "w is to be accompli%$4 ,:at air is compos$ ( is a v important item ( k4 ,x is made ( a mixture ( two invisible gases ^: m9ute & inconceivably small atoms are m+l$ toge!r l a p>cel ( m>bles & bullets--t is :ile toge!r !y d n lose any ( _! di/9ctive qualities4 ,! two gases are call$ nitrog5 & oxyg51 & ( #ajj p>ts or volumes ( air #gi p>ts are ( nitrog5 & #ba p>ts ( oxyg52 b by weight 7= ! oxyg5 is ! heavie/7 #gg ( nitrog5 & #bc ( oxyg54 ,! oxyg5 is ! "p t furni%es ! heat by unit+ ) ! coal--inde$ )\t x ! process ( combu/ion w\ld be impossible3 ( ! two gases ! oxyg5 is burn$ 9 ! furnace1 m or less imp]fectly1 & ! nitrog5 is wa/$4 ,,table ,,( ,,evaporation4 ,9 ord] to arrive at ! money value ( ! v>i\s fuels h]et(ore describ$ a me?od ( composition has be5 arriv$ at :i* gives v accurately _! comp>ative wor?4 ,! rule is too advanc$ = ?is elem5t>y "w1 b ! foll[+ results are pla9ly to be und]/ood1 & w be f\nd to be ( value4 ,lbs4 ( ,fuel4 ,temp]ature ( ,wat] #bab ,coal1 #ad4fb lbs ( ,wat]4 ,coke1 #ad4jb ,wood1 #h4jg ,wood2 #be ( wat]1 #f4je ,wood ,*>coal1 #ac4ac ,peat1 p]fectly dry1 #aj4cj ,peat1 ) #be moi/ure1 #g4da ,peat1 ,*>coal 7dry71 #ab4gf ,tan1 dry1 #f4ca ,tan1 #cj moi/ure1 #d4dd ,petroleum1 #bj4cc ,coal gas #a lb4 or 7#ca-a_/c cub4 feet7 #dg4ea ,! way to read ?is table is z foll[s3 8"o lb4 coal has an av]age evaporative capacity ( #ad4fb lbs4 ( wat]10 or ,"o lb4 ( peat ) "o-qu>t] moi/ure w evaporate1 if all ! heat is utiliz$ #g4da lbs4 ( wat]4 ,9 practice b little ov] half ( ^! results are atta9$1 b = a matt] ( comp>ison ( ! value ( "o k9d ( fuel ) ano!r ! figures are ( great value2 a boil] burn+ wood or tan ne$s to be mu* l>g] ?an "o burn+ petroleum oil4 ,,fire ,,irons4 ,! mak+ or production ( /eam requires ! h&l+ ( ! fuel1 m or less1 until its de/ruction is complete1 leav+ no?+ beh9d 9 ! boil] room1 except a%es & cl9k]s4 ,! pr9cipal tools us$ by ! att5dant1 to d ! task mo/ effici5tly are3 #a4 ,! scoop %ovel4 #b4 ,! pok]4 #c4 ,! slice b>4 #d4 ,! b>r[4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #a4 ,fig4 #a4 repres5ts ! regul> scoop %ovel commonly call$ 8a coal %ovel10 b among railroad m5 & o!rs1 kn[n z a locomotive or *>g+ scoop4 ,! cut also repres5ts a regul> %ovel4 ,bo? ^! are necess>y = ! ord9>y bus9ess ( ! boil] room4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #b4 ,9 cut #b are repres5t$ a furnace pok]1 ,a1 & two =ms ( ! slice b>4 ,!y are all made by blacksmi?s f r\nd iron1 "s #g or #h feet long & only v>y 9 ! =m ( ! end4 ,! regul> slice b> is %[n 9 ,c1 ,fig4 #b2 & 8! d>t0 a special =m us$ l>gely on locomotives is %[n 9 ,b4 ,! dext]\s use ( ^! important implem5ts c m]ely be indicat$ 9 pr9t1 z x is "p ( ! trade :i* is imp>t$ by oral in/ruction4 ,"o 8po9t0 9 mak+ ! slice b> may be m5tion$ to advantage--! l[] side %\ld be p]fectly flat s t x may slide on ! surface ( ! grate b>s z x is =c$ b5ea? ! fire--& ! upp] portion ( ! edge %\ld be 9 ! %ape ( a half w$ge1 s z to cr[d upw>ds ! a%es & cl9k]s :ile ! l[] portion slides along4 ,!re is sometimes us$ 9 connection ) ^! tools an appliance call$ a ,,lazy ,,b>4 ,?is is v useful = ! fireman :5 clean+ a bitum9\s or o!r coal fire3 x saves bo? "t & fuel z well z /eam4 ,x is a hook %ap$ iron1 +5i\sly atta*$ above ! furnace door1 s t x supports ! pr9cipal "p ( ! weight ( ! heavy slice b> or pok] :5 be+ us$ 9 clean+ out ! fires4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #c4 ,equally necess>y to ! "w ( ! boil]-room is ! b>r[ %[n 9 cut4 ,!re are _m /yles ( ! vehicle d5om9at$ respectively--! railroad b>r[1 ! ore & /one b>r[1 ! dirt b>r[1 etc42 b ! "o repres5t$ 9 fig4 #c is ! regul> coal b>r[4 ,9 convey+ coal to 8batt]ies0 ( boil]s1 9 gas h\ses & o!r suitable situations ! portable c> & iron track are ne>ly always us$ in/ead ( ! b>r[4 ,9 fe$+ furnaces ) saw du/ & %av+s l>ge iron screw conveyors are frequ5tly employ$1 z well z bl[]s--,9 ! h&l+ ( ! imm5se quantities ( fuel requir$1 ! real +5uity ( ! eng9e] 9 *>ge has ample opportunity = ex]cise4 ,!re are also us$ 9 ne>ly all boil] rooms ,,hoes made ( heavy plate iron1 ) h&les simil> to ^? %[n 9 ! cuts repres5t+ ! slice b> & pok]4 ,a set ( two to f\r hoes ( v>i\s sizes is a v conv5i5t addition to ! li/ ( fire tools2 a light g>d5 hoe = h&l+ a%es is n to be omitt$ z a labor sav+ tool4 ,,h&y ,,tools4 ,besides ! =ego+ devices = conduct+ ! prelim9>y process ( ! /eam g5]ation1 ! att5dant %\ld h close at h& a s]vicable ,,h& ,,hamm]1 a ,,sl$ge = break+ coal & simil> "w1 & ,a ,,screw ,,wr5* & also a light ,,ladd] = use ab\t ! boil] & %aft+4 ,9 addition to ^! !re are v>i\s o!r ?+s almo/ ess5tial = ! prop] do+ ( ! "w ( ! boil] room1--,,fire ,,& ,,wat] ,,pails1 ,,lant]ns1 ,,rubb] ,,hose1 etc41 :i* e wise /eam us] w provide ( ! be/ quality & :i* ! eng9e] w z c>efully keep 9 _! appo9t$ places ready = in/ant s]vice4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #d4 ,to ^! famili> tools c be add$ ,,files1 ,,lace ,,cutt]s1 ,,boil]-,,flue ,,bru%es1 ,,/ock & ,,dies1 ,,pipe-,,tongs1 ,,screw ,,jacks1 ,,vises1 etc41 all ( :i* :5 us$ ) skill & ^u "r occasion pay a l>ge return on _! co/4 ,,! ,,tool ,,box4 ,! complex op]ations ( ! boil] room1 its em]g5cies & v>y+ conditions dem& ! use ( _m implem5ts :i* might at fir/ ?\ght be out ( place4 ,! foll[+ illu/rations exhibit "s ( ^! conv5i5ces4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #e4 ,fig4 #e1 lett] ,a1 %[ ! common =m ( ,,compasses :i* are made f #c to #h in*es long4 ,lett] ,b1 illu/rates ! common /eel compass divid]s1 :i* are made f #e to #bd in*es 9 l5g?4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #f4 ,9 ?is illu/ration1 ,a exhibits d\ble1 inside & outside ,,calip]s2 ,b1 adju/able outside ,calip]s2 ,c1 inside2 & ,d outside1 pla9 calip]s4 ,illu/ration3 ,v>i\s ,tools4 ,,! ,,fir+ ,,( ,,/eam ,,boil]s4 ,! c>e & managem5t ( a /eam boil] comprises ?ree ?+s3 #a4 ,! prep>ation1 :i* includes ! p>tial fill+ ) wat] & ! k9dl+ ( ! fire4 #b4 ,! runn+1 embrac+ ! fe$+1 fir+ & ext9ction or bank+ ( ! fire4 #c4 ,! clean+ out aft] x has be5 work$ = "s "t4 ,to d ?is to ! be/ advantage1 alike to own] & employee1 c be le>n$ only by practice "u ! tuition ( an exp]i5c$ p]son4 ,! 8trick0 or unwritt5 sci5ce ( ! duties ( ! skillful fireman mu/ be communicat$ to ! beg9n]1 by already exp]i5c$ eng9e]s or firem5 or f exp]ts :o h made ! matt] a special /udy4 ,let x be und]/ood t ! art ( fir+ _c be self taught4 ,! importance ( ?is k is illu/rat$ by a rem>kable diff]5ce %[n 9 competitive te/s 9 ,g]many betwe5 tra9$ & untra9$ firem5 9 ! matt] ( secur+ a high evaporation p] p\nd ( coal4 ,! tra9$ m5 succe$$ 9 evaporat+ #aa lbs4 ( wat]1 z aga9/ #f4hi lbs4 :i* 0 ! be/ t ! untra9$ m5 c\ld obta94 ,x is c]ta9 t a poor fireman is a de> man at any price1 & t a compet5t "o may be *eap at twice ! wages n[ paid4 ,suppose1 = in/ance1 a man :o burns ?ree tons a day is paid #b4jj = su* s]vice1 & t 9 s do+ he is wa/+ z little z #aj p] c5t4 ,if ! coal co/ #d4ej p] ton ! loss w be #a4ce p] day1 or :at is equival5t to pay+ a man #c4ce p] day :o c save ?is am\nt4 ,! late ,*ief ,eng9e] ( ,philadelphia ,wat] ,works effect$ an annual sav+ to ! city ( some?+ l #ej1jjj2 & rec5tly ! weekly consumption ( a well e/abli%$ wool5 mill 0 r$uc$ f #ga to #di tons1 a cle> sav+ ( #bb tons by c>eful att5tion to ?is po9t4 ,x is app>5t t any rules or directions :i* might be giv5 = "o sy/em w\ld n apply equally to o!r =ms ( boil]s & ?is may be ! pr9cipal reason t ! art is "o s l>gely ( p]sonal in/ruction4 ,"s rules & h9ts w1 h[ev]1 be giv5 to ! beg9n]1 :i* may prove ( advantage 9 fitt+ ! fireman = an advanc$ position2 or to assure him p]man5ce 9 8 pres5t "o4 ,no two boil]s alike4 ,x is said t no two boil]s1 ev5 ?\gh !y seem$ to be exactly alike--absolute duplicates--ev] did ! same1 or equal s]vice4 ,e /eam boil]1 l e /eam eng9e1 has an individuality ( its own1 ) :i* ! p]son 9 *>ge has to become acqua9t$1 9 ord] to obta9 ! be/ results f x4 ,! unlik5ess 9 ! requir$ c>e ( /eam eng9es :i* seem to be exactly ! same1 is /ill m m>k$ 9 ! diff]5t skill & exp]i5ce dem&$ 9 h&l+ locomotive1 m>9e1 /ation>y1 portable boil]s & o!r =ms ( /eam g5]ators4 ,,be=e ,,light+ ,,! ,,fire "u ! boil] 9 ! morn+1 ! eng9e] or fireman %\ld make a rapid yet dilig5t exam9ation ( v>i\s ?+s1 viz43 #a4 ,he %\ld make sure t ! boil] has ! "r quantity ( wat] 9 x--t x has n run out dur+ ! night or be5 tamp]$ ) by "s outside p>ty2 v _m boil]s h be5 ru9$ by neglect+ ?is fir/ simple precaution4 #b4 ,he %\ld see t ! safety-valve is 9 work+ ord]2 ?is is done by lift+ by rod or h& ! valve :i* holds ! weight ^u ! safety valve rod4 #c4 ,he %\ld op5 ! upp] gauge-cock to let out ! air f ! boil] :ile ! /eam is =m+4 #d4 ,he %\ld exam9e ! condition ( ! grate-b>s & see t no cl9k]s & b few a%es are left f la/ night's fir+4 #e4 ,& f9ally1 aft] see+ t ev]y?+ is 9 good %ape1 proce$ to build ! fire z foll[s3 ,,on ,,light+ ,,! ,,fire4 ,:5 q c]ta9 t ev]y?+ is 9 good condition1 put a good armful ( %av+s or f9e wood ^u ! grate1 !n ^u ?is "s l>g] pieces ( wood to =m a b$ ( coals1 & !n a little ( ! fuel t is to be us$ :ile runn+4 ,sometimes x is bett] to light be=e putt+ on ! regul> fuel1 b 9 any case give x pl5ty ( air4 ,close ! fire doors1 & op5 ! a% pit1 giv+ ! *imney full draught4 ,:5 ! fire is well ignit$1 ?r[ 9 "s ( ! regul> fuel1 & :5 ?is is burn+ add m1 a little at a "t1 & cont9ue until ! fire is 9 its normal condition1 tak+ c>e1 h[ev]1 n to let x burn too freely = fe> ( injury to ! %eets by a too rapid heat+4 ,x is usually m conv5i5t to light ! fire ?r\gh ! fire door1 b :]e ?is _c be done1 a tor* may be us$ b5ea? ! grates1 or ev5 a light fire ( %av+s may be k9dl$ 9 ! a% pit4 ,at ! "t ( light+1 all ! draughts %\ld be wide op54 ,z soon z ! /eam is se5 to issue f ! op5 upp] gauge-cock x is pro( t ! air is out4 ,x %\ld n[ be clos$ & ! /eam gauge w soon indicate a rise 9 temp]ature4 ,:5 ! /eam beg9s to rise x %\ld next be obs]v$ t3 #a4 ,all ! cocks & valves are 9 work+ ord]--t !y move easily4 #b4 ,t all ! jo9ts & pack+s are tight4 ,9 ! foll[+ two cuts are exhibit$ 9 an impressive way ! diff]5ce betwe5 prop] & improp] fir+4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #a4 ,fig4 #a repres5ts ! prop] mode ( keep+ an ev5 dep? ( coal on ! grate b>s2 ! result ( :i* w be1 a uni=m g5]ation ( gas ?r\gh\t ! *>ge1 & a uni=m temp]ature 9 ! flues4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #b4 ,fig4 #b repres5ts a v frequ5t me?od ( fe$+ furnaces2 *>g+ ! front half z high1 & z ne> ! door1 z possible1 leav+ ! bridge end comp>atively b>e4 ,! result necess>ily is t m air obta9s access ?r\gh ! uncov]$ b>s ?an is requir$1 :i* causes imp]fect combu/ion & consequ5t wa/e4 ,! duties ( ! fireman 9 ! r\t9e ( ! day may ?us be summ$ up3 #a/4--,beg9 to *>ge ! furnace at ! bridge end & keep fir+ to )9 a few in*es ( ! dead plate4 #b;d4--,nev] all[ ! fire to be s l[ be=e a fre% *>ge is ?r[n 91 t !re %all n be at lea/ ?ree to five in*es deep ( clean1 inc&esc5t fuel on ! b>s1 & equally spread ov] ! :ole4 #c;d4--,keep ! b>s con/antly & equally cov]$1 p>ticul>ly at ! sides & ! bridge end1 :]e ! fuel burns away mo/ rapidly4 #d?4--,if ! fuel burns unequally or into holes1 x mu/ be level$1 & ! vacant spaces mu/ be fill$4 #e?4--,! l>ge coals mu/ be brok5 into pieces n bigg] ?an a man's fi/4 #f?4--,:5 ! a% pit is %all[1 x mu/ be ! m frequ5tly cle>$ out4 ,a body ( hot c9d]s1 b5ea? !m1 ov]heats & burns ! b>s4 #g?4--,! fire mu/ n be hurri$ too mu*1 b %\ld be left to increase 9 int5sity gradually4 ,:5 fir$ prop]ly ! fuel is consum$ 9 ! be/ possible way1 no m be+ burn$ ?an is ne$$ = produc+ a suffici5t quantity ( /eam & keep+ ! /eam pressure ev54 ,,directions ,,= ,,fir+ ,,) ,,v>i\s ,,fuels4 ,,fir+ ,,boil]s ,,newly ,,set1 ,,etc4--,boil]s newly set %\ld be heat$ up v sl[ly inde$1 & ! fires %\ld n be light$ "u ! boil]s = at lea/ two weeks aft] sett+1 if x is possible to wait ?is l5g? ( "t4 ,?is two weeks enables all p>ts ( ! mason "w to set gradually & h>d5 naturally2 ! walls w be mu* m likely to rema9 p]fect ?an :5 fires are light$ :ile ! mort> is yet gre54 ,:5 fire is />t$ "u a new boil] ! fir/ "t1 x %\ld be a v small "o1 & no attempt %\ld be made to d m ?an mod]ately w>m all p>ts ( ! brick "w4 ,a sl[ fire %\ld be kept up = tw5ty-f\r h\rs1 & on ! second day x may be slightly increas$4 ,?ree full days %\ld elapse be=e ! boil] is all[$ to make any /eam at all4 ,:5 ! pressure rises1 x %\ld n be all[$ to g above f\r or five p\nds1 & ! safety valve weight %\ld be tak5 (f to prev5t any possibility ( an increase4 ,/eam %\ld be all[$ to g ?r\gh all ! pipes atta*$ = /eam1 & bl[ ?r\gh ! eng9e be=e any attempt is made to get pressure on !m4 ,! object ( all ^! precautions & ?is c>e is to prev5t injury by sudd5 expansion1 :i* may cause great damage4 ,,fir+ ,,) ,,coke4 ,coke1 9 ord] to be completely consum$1 ne$s a great] volume ( air p] p\nd ( fuel ?an coal4 ,!oretically x ne$s f #i to #aj lbs4 ( air to burn a p\nd ( coal1 & #ab to #ac lbs4 ( air to burn a p\nd ( coke4 ,coke1 !re=e1 requires a m en]getic draft1 :i* is increas$ by ! fact t x c only burn economically 9 a ?ick b$4 ,x is also necess>y to take into acc\nt ! size ( ! pieces4 ,! ratio betwe5 ! heat+ & grate surface %\ld be less ) coke ?an ) coal2 t is to say1 ! grate %\ld be l>g]4 ,! diff]5ce am\nts to ab\t #cc p] c5t4 ,9 fact1 ab\t #i-c_/d lbs4 ( coke %\ld be burn$ p] h\r on ea* squ>e foot ( grate area1 :ile at lea/ #ad-a_/b lbs4 ( coal c be burn$ ^u ! same space4 ,! high initial temp]ature :i* is develop$ by ! combu/ion ( coke requires conduct+ walls4 ,!re=e ! furnace %\ld n be entirely surr\nd$ by masonry2 & ! plates ( ! boil] %\ld =m at lea/ ! cr[n ( ! fire-box4 ,9 ext]nally fir$ boil]s1 ! furnace %\ld be locat$ b5ea? & n 9 front ( ! boil]4 ,int]nal fire-boxes may be us$1 b ! greate/ c>e %\ld be ex]cis$ to avoid any incru/ation ( ! plates1 & 9 ord] t ?is may be done1 only ! simple/ =ms ( boil]s %\ld be us$4 ,) coke x is n ess5tial t long passages %\ld be provid$ = ! passage ( ! products ( combu/ion1 s9ce ! great] "p ( ! heat develop$ is transmitt$ to ! %eets 9 ! neighborhood ( ! furnace4 ,s9ce coke conta9s v little hydrog51 ! quick flam+ combu/ion :i* *>act]izes coal is n produc$1 b ! fire is m ev5 & regul>4 ,&1 f9ally1 ! combu/ion ( coal is di/+ui%$ by ! fact t 9 ! e>li] phases !re is usually an insuffici5cy ( air1 :ile 9 ! la/ !re is no excess4 ,! advantage ( coke ov] raw s(t coal z a fuel is t o!rwise useless slack c be made available by admixture 9 its manufacture1 & especially t x c be p]fectly & smokelessly burnt )\t ! ne$ ( skill$ labor4 ,& we _c d\bt t ! public dem& = a cle> & heal?y atmosph]e w f9ally result 9 ! almo/ complete sub/itution ( coke fuel = s(t lump coal4 ,,sixte5 ,,/eam ,,boil]s 9 a l>ge mill 9 ,massa*usetts ( #ed & #fj in*es 9 diamet] are fir$ z foll[s3 ,!re are ?ree sep>ate batt]ies2 "o ( five boil]s1 "o ( eight & "o ( ?ree4 ,ea* boil] is fir$ e five m9utes4 ,!re are two firem5 = ! batt]y ( twelve & "o = ea* ( ! o!rs4 ,a gong 9 ea* fire-room is op]at$ by electricity 9 connection ) a clock4 ,! duty ( ! fireman is ?is1 t :5 ! gong /rikes he comm5ces at "o end ( 8 fire-room & fires z rapidly z possible1 op5+ "o-half ( ea* furnace door4 ,! coal is ?r[n only on "o-half ( ! grate space z he rapidly fires ea* boil]1 ! o!r half is cov]$ at ! next s\nd+ ( ! gong4 ,! old /yle ( /raight grate is us$4 ,! fires are kept six in*es ?ick or a little ?ick]4 ,no slic+ is done4 ,x is1 ( c\rse1 to be und]/ood t ! firem5 arrange ! quantity ( coal fir$ accord+ to ! app>5t necessity ( ! case4 ,bitum9\s coal is us$1 & x is brok5 into small pieces1 s z to di/ribute well4 ,accurate acc\nt is kept ( ! quantity ( coal us$ & ! eng9es are frequ5tly indicat$4 ,,tw5ty ,,horse ,,p[]4--,an old eng9e] says ! way he h&l$ 8 boil] ( ?is size1 burn+ #hjj lbs4 ( scre5+s p] day1 is z foll[s3 ,my me?od is to run z heavy a fire z my fire-box w all[ to be kept "u ! bridge wall1 & n to di/urb x m ?an once 9 a t5-h\rs run1 !n clean out ) c>e & z spe$ily z possible1 dress light & let x come up & get ready to bank4 ,9 bank+ ,i make sure to h an ev5 fire1 z deep z ! bridge wall w all[4 ,!n ,i %ut my damp]s & let x lie4 ,9 ! morn+ ,i op5 & gov]n by ! damp]s4 ,i d n t\* my fire until #c4cj or #d o'clock 9 ! aft]noon1 & !n proce$ to clean z be=e4 ,,fir+ ,,) ,,coal ,,t>4--,! "q ( fir+ retort b5*es ) t> in/ead ( coke has engag$ ! att5tion ( gas manag]s = _m ye>s1 & v>i\s modes h be5 adopt$ = its managem5t4 ,! *ief difficulty has be5 9 gett+ a con/ant fl[ ( t> into ! furnace1 un9t]rupt$ by /oppages caus$ by ! regulat+ cock or o!r appliance n answ]+ its purpose & by ! c>boniz+ ( ! t> 9 ! deliv]y pipe1 ?us *ok+ x up & r5d]+ x unc]ta9 9 action4 ,to obviate ^! difficulties v>i\s plans h be5 resort$ to1 b ! be/ means = ov]com+ !m are ?us describ$2 fix ! t> supply tank z ne> ! furnace to be suppli$ z conv5i5t1 & "o foot high] ?an ! t>-injector inlet4 ,a cock is screw$ into ! side ( ! tank1 to :i* is atta*$ a piece ( composition pipe #c_/h-;in* 9 diamet]1 t5 in*es long4 ,to ?is a #a_/b-;in* iron s]vice pipe is connect$1 ! o!r end ( :i* is jo9$ to ! injector4 ,by ^! means x is f\nd t at ! ord9>y temp]ature ( ! t> well 7cold wea!r except$7 f\r gallons ( t> p] h\r are deliv]$ 9 a con/ant /eam into ! furnace4 ,if m t> is requir$1 ! piece ( #c_/h-;in* tube mu/ be %ort5$1 or a l>g] tube sub/itut$1 & if less t> is requir$ x mu/ be l5g!n$4 ,! risk ( /oppage 9 ! nozzle ( ! injector is ov]come by ! /eam jet1 :i* scatt]s ! t> into spray & ?us keeps ev]y?+ cle>4 ,tr\ble be+ occasion$ by ! retorts becom+ too hot1 9 :i* case1 on %utt+ (f ! fl[ ( t> = a :ile1 ! t> 9 ! pipe c>boniz$ & caus$ a /oppage1 a removable plug injector is fitt$ & gr\nd 9 l ! plug ( a cock1 hav+ inlets on ei!r side = t> & /eam4 ,?is plug injector c be remov$1 ! t> /opp$ 9 two seconds & refix$ 9 a simil> "t4 ,! %ell ( ! injector is firmly bolt$ to ! top "p ( ! door frame4 ,! door is swung horizontally1 hav+ a rack 9 ! =m ( a quadrant1 by :i* x is regulat$ to any requir$ height1 & to admit any quantity ( air4 ,,fir+ ,,) ,,/raw4--,! op]ation ( burn+ /raw "u a boil] consi/s 9 ! fuel be+ f$ into ! furnace only z fa/ z ne$$4 ,:5 ! /raw is h&l$ "r1 x makes a beautiful & v hot flame & no smoke is se5 com+ f ! /ack4 ,! :ole secret ( gett+ ! be/ results f ?is fuel is to fe$ x into ! furnace 9 a gradual /ream z fa/ z consum$4 ,:5 ?is is done complete combu/ion is ! result4 ,a little hole maybe drill$ 9 ! smoke-box door1 s t ! color ( ! fire c be se5 & fire is h&l$ accord+ly4 ,:5 ! smoke comes f ! /ack ! color ( ! flame is t ( a good gas jet4 ,by fe$+ a little fa/] ! color becomes d>k] & a little smoke comes f ! /ack2 fe$+ a little fa/] ! flame gets q d>k & ! smoke black]2 fa/] /ill1 ! flame is ext+ui%$1 cl\ds ( black smoke come f ! /ack1 & ! pressure is fall+ rapidly4 ,,fir+ ,,) ,,oil4--,great int]e/ is n[ manife/$ 9 ! use ( oil z fuel4 ,!re are v>i\s devices us$ = ?is purpose1 mo/ ( !m dep5d+ ^u a /eam jet to atomize ! oil1 or a sy/em ( retorts to fir/ heat ! oil & conv]t x into gas1 be=e be+ burn$4 ,ano!r me?od 9 successful op]ation is ! use ( compress$ air = atomiz+ ! oil--air be+ ! elem5t nature provides = ! complete combu/ion ( all matt]4 ,! cleanl9ess ( ! latt] sy/em & its comp>ative fre$om f any odor ( oil or gas & its p]fect combu/ion1 all recomm5d x4 ,among ! advantages claim$ = ! use ( oil ov] coal are #a1 uni=m heat2 #b1 con/ant pressure ( /eam2 #c1 no a%es1 cl9k]s1 soot or smoke1 & consequ5tly clean flues2 #d1 uni=m di/ribution ( heat & !re=e less /ra9 ^u ! plates4 ,,fir+ ,,on ,,an ,,ocean ,,/eam] l ! 8,umbria40--,! m5 come on 9 gangs ( eighte5 /ok]s or firem5 & twelve coal pass]s1 & ! 8wat*0 la/s f\r h\rs4 ,! 8,umbria0 has #gb furnaces1 :i* require ne>ly #cej tons ( coal a day1 at a co/ ( almo/ #bj1jjj p] voyage4 ,"o hundr$ & f\r m5 are employ$ to man ! furnaces1 & !y h en\gh to d4 ,!y include ! *ief eng9e]1 8 ?ree assi/ants1 & n9ety /ok]s & coal pass]s4 ,! /ok] comes to "w we>+ only a ?9 und]%irt1 light tr\s]s & wood5 %oes4 ,on ! 8,umbria0 ea* /ok] t5ds f\r furnaces4 ,he fir/ rakes op5 ! furnaces1 tosses 9 ! coal1 & !n cleans ! fire2 t is1 pries ! coal ap>t ) a heavy iron b>1 9 ord] t ! fire may burn freely4 ,he ru%es f "o furnace to ano!r1 sp5d+ p]haps two or ?ree m9utes at ea*4 ,!n he da%es to ! air pipe1 takes 8 turn at cool+ (f1 & waits = ano!r call to 8 furnace1 :i* comes spe$ily4 ,:5 ! 8wat*0 is ov]1 ! m5 s*uffle (f1 dripp+ ) sweat f head to foot1 ?r\gh long1 cold gall]ies to ! =eca/le1 :]e !y turn 9 = eight h\rs4 ,f\r h\rs ( scor*+ & eight h\rs sleep make up ! r\t9e ( a fireman's life on a voyage4 ,! temp]ature is ord9>ily #abj1 b sometimes rea*es #afj2 & ! "w is !n t]ribly h>d4 ,! space betwe5 ! furnaces is s n>r[ t :5 ! m5 ?r[ 9 coal !y mu/ take c>e :5 !y sw+ back _! %ovels1 le/ !y ?r[ _! arms on ! furnace back ( !m4 ,9 a rec5t trial ( a gov]nm5t /eam] ! m5 work$ will+ly 9 a temp]ature ( #age1 :i*1 h[ev]1 rose to #bab or ! heat ( boil+ wat]4 ,! %ifts ( f\r h\rs 7 r$uc$ to #b h\rs ea*1 b aft] sixte5 m5 _h be5 pro/rat$1 ! :ole =ce ( ?irty-six m5 refus$ to submit to ! heat any long] & ! trial 0 ab&on$4 ,!re is no place on ocean or l& :]e m suff]+ is inflict$ & endur$ by human be+s ?an 9 ^! h----holes1 q prop]ly s call$2 x is to be hop$ t ! ef=ts t[>ds re=m 9 ! matt] w n cease until completely successful4 ,,fir+ ,,( ,,sawdu/ ,,& ,,%av+s4--8,! air 0 =c$ into ! furnace ) ! plan] %av+s at a velocity ( ab\t #ab feet p] second1 & at an av]age temp]ature ( ab\t #fj degrees ,fahr5heit4 ,! %av+s 7 =c$ ?r\gh a pipe #ab in*es 9 diamet]1 above grate1 into ! combu/ion *amb]4 ,! pipe _h a bla/ gate to regulate ! air 9 ord] to ma9ta9 a pressure 9 ! furnace1 :i* a little m ?an balanc$ ! asc5d+ gases 9 ! funnel or *imney4 ,all ! fireman _h to d 0 to keep ! furnace doors clos$ & wat* ! wat] 9 ! gauges ( 8 boil]4 ,! combu/ion 9 ! furnace 0 complete1 z no smoke 0 visible4 ,! %av+s 7 =c$ into ! combu/ion *amb] 9 a spray-l mann]1 & 7 caught into a blaze ! mom5t !y ent]$4 ,! oxyg5 ( ! air s =c$ into ! furnace along ) ! %av+s gave full support to ! combu/ion4 ,! am\nt ( %av+s consum$ by be+ ?us =c$ into ! furnace 0 ab\t fifty p] c5t4 less ?an ! am\nt consum$ :5 ! fireman _h to ?r[ !m 9 ) 8 %ovel40 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #i4 ,x is an important 8po9t0 :5 burn+ %av+s or sawdu/ ) a bla/1 to keep ! bl[] go+ )\t cessation1 z !re h be5 disa/r\s accid5ts caus$ by ! flames go+ up ! %utes1 !nce ?r\gh ! small du/ tubes lead+ f ! b9 to ! v>i\s ma*9es4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #aj4 ,9 fir+ 8%av+s0 by h& x is necess>y to burn !m f ! top z o!rwise ! fire & heat are only produc$ :5 all ! %av+s are *>r$4 ,to d ?is1 provide a half-in* gas pipe1 to be us$ z a light pok]2 light ! %av+ fire1 & :5 ne>ly burn$ take ! half-in* pipe & divide ! burn+ %av+s ?r\gh ! middle1 bank+ !m aga9/ ! side-walls1 z %[n 9 ,fig4 #i4 ,n[ fe$ a pile ( new %av+s into ! c5tre on ! clean grate b>s1 z %[n 9 ,fig4 #aj1 & close ! furnace doors4 ,! %av+s w beg9 to burn f above1 light$ f ! two side fires1 ! air w pass ?r\gh ! b>s into ! %av+s1 :]e x w be heat$ & unite ) ! gas1 mak+ ! combu/ion p]fect1 g5]at+ heat1 & no smoke1 & ! fire w la/ mu* long] & require n half ! labor 9 /ok+4 ,,fir+ ,a ,,locomotive4 ,illu/ration ,?is figure exhibits ! int]ior ( ! furnace ( a locomotive eng9e1 :i* v>ies greatly f ! furnace ( ei!r a l& or m>9e boil]4 ,?is diff]5ce is l>gely caus$ by ! me?od ( apply+ ! draught = ! air supply2 9 ! locomotive ?is is effect$ by conduct+ ! exhau/ /eam ?r\gh pipes f ! cyl9d]s to ! smoke-box & all[+ x to escape up ! smoke /ack f ap]tures call$ exhau/ nozzles2 ! velocity ( ! /eam produces a vacuum1 by :i* ! products ( combu/ion are drawn into ! smoke-box ) great p[] & =c$ out ( ! smoke /ack into ! op5 air4 ,to prev5t ! too quick passage ( ! gases into ! flues an appliance call$ a fire brick ar* has be5 adopt$ & has prov$ v effici5t4 ,9 ord] to be self support+ x is built 9 ! =m ( an ar*1 support$ by ! two sides ( ! fire box :i* s]ve = abutm5ts4 ,! ar* has be5 sometimes replac$ by a holl[ rivet$ arrangem5t call$ a wat] table design$ to increase ! fire surface ( ! boil]4 ,,fir+ ,a ,,locomotive4--,no rules c possibly be giv5 = fir+ a locomotive :i* w\ld n be m mislead+ ?an helpful4 ,?is is ow+ to ! great v>iations :i* exi/ 9 ! circum/ances ( ! use ( ! ma*9e1 z well z ! diff]5ces :i* exi/ 9 ! v>i\s types ( ! locomotive4 ,^! v>iations may be allud$ to1 b n :olly describ$4 #a4 ,!y consi/ ( ! sorts ( fuel us$ 9 diff]5t sections ( ! c\ntry & frequ5tly on diff]5t ends ( ! same railroad2 h>d coal1 s(t coal1 & wood all require diff]5t managem5t 9 ! furnace4 #b4 ,! spe$ & weight ( ! tra91 ! v>y+ numb] ( c>s & frequ5cy ( /opp+ places1 all influ5ce ! duties ( ! fireman & tax 8 skill4 #c4 ,! temp]ature ( ! air1 :e!r cold or w>m1 dry wea!r or ra91 & night "t & day "t ea* taxes ! skill ( ! fireman4 ,h5ce1 to be an exp]i5c$ fireman 9 "o section ( ! c\ntry & "u c]ta9 circum/ances does n w>rant ! assurance ( success "u o!r conditions & 9 ano!r location4 ,! subject requires con/ant /udy & op]ation among n only 8new m50 b ^? longe/ 9 ! s]vice4 ,m ?an 9 any o!r case to be recall$1 mu/ ! fireman ( a locomotive dep5d ^u ! p]sonal in/ruction ( ! eng9e] 9 *>ge ( ! locomotive4 ,,fir+ ,,) ,,tan ,,b>k4--,tan b>k c be burn$ ^u common grates & 9 ! ord9>y furnace by a mixture ( bitum9\s scre5+s4 ,"o %ovel full ( scre5+s to f\r or five ( b>k w produce a m economical result ?an ! tan b>k sep>ate1 z ! coal gives body to ! fire & =ms a hot cl9k] b$ ^u :i* ! b>k may re/ )\t fall+ ?r\gh ! spaces 9 ! grate b>s1 & ) ! coal1 m air c be introduc$ to ! furnace4 ,! above relates to common furnaces1 b special fire boxes h be5 rec5tly put into op]ation1 f$ by p[] appliances1 :i* "w admirably4 ,! 8po9t0 pr9cipally to be not$ z to ! efficacy ( tan b>k z a fuel1 is to ! effect1 t l peat1 ! dri] x is ! m valuable is x z a fuel4 ,,po9ts ,,relat+ ,,to ,,fir+4 ,,! ,,process ,,( ,,boil+4 ,let x be rememb]$ t ! boil+ spok5 ( s (t5 is really caus$ by ! =mation ( ! /eam p>ticles1 & t )\t ! boil+ !re c be b a v slight quantity ( /eam produc$4 ,:ile pure wat] boils at #bab1 if x is saturat$ ) common salt1 x boils only on atta9+ #bbd1 alum boils at #bbj1 sal ammoniac at #bcf1 acetate ( soda at #bef1 pure nitric acid boils at #bdh1 & pure sulphuric acid at #fbj4 ,,on ,,! ,,fir/ ,,application ,,( ,,heat to wat] small bubbles soon beg9 to =m & rise to ! surface2 ^! consi/ ( air1 :i* all wat] conta9s dissolv$ 9 x4 ,:5 x rea*es ! boil+ po9t ! bubbles t rise 9 x are pr9cipally /eam4 ,,9 ,,! ,,case ,,( ,a ,,new ,,plant1 or :]e ! boil] has "s "t be5 idle x is frequ5tly advisable to build a small fire 9 ! base ( ! *imney be=e />t+ ! boil] fires4 ,?is w s]ve to heat ! *imney & drive out any moi/ure t may h collect$ 9 ! int]ior & w frequ5tly prev5t ! disagreeable smok+ t (t5 foll[s ! build+ ( a fire 9 ! furnace4 ,,always ,,be> ,,9 ,,m9d t ! /eam 9 ! boil]s & eng9es is press+ outw>d on ! walls t conf9e x 9 e direction2 & t ! enorm\s =ces y are h&l+1 w>n y to be c>eful4 ,:5 />t+ fires close ! gauge cocks & safety valve z soon z /eam beg9s to =m4 ,,g ,,sl[4 ,x is necess>y to />t all new boil]s v sl[ly4 ,! *ange f hot to cold is an imm5se "o 9 its effects on ! contraction & expansion ( ! boil]1 ! *ange ( dim5sion by expansion is a =ce ( ! greate/ magnitude & _c be ov]-e/imat$4 ,leaks :i* />t 9 boil]s t 7 well made & p]fectly tight c be attribut$ to ?is cause4 ,some?+ mu/ give if fires are driv5 on ! />t1 & ?is entails tr\ble & exp5se t !re is no occasion =4 ,?is cu/om applies to eng9es & /eam pipes z well z to boil]s4 ,no "o ( any exp]i5ce w op5 a /op valve & let a full head ( live /eam into a cold l9e ( pipe or a cold eng9e4 ,to pres]ve ! grate b>s f excessive heat1 :5 fir/ fir+ a boil]1 x is well to spr9kle a ?9 lay] ( coal ^u ! grates be=e putt+ 9 ! %av+s & wood = />t+ ! fire4 ,?is practice t5ds greatly to prolong ! life ( ! grate-b>s4 ,! fuel %\ld g5]ally be dry :5 us$4 ,h>d coal1 h[ev]1 may be damp5$ a little to good advantage1 z x is !n less liable to cr[d & w burn m freely4 ,air1 high temp]ature & suffici5t "t are ! pr9cipal po9ts 9 fir+ a /eam boil]4 ,9 fir/ fir+ up make sure t ! ?rottle valve is clos$1 9 ord] t ! /eam fir/ =m$ may n pass ov] into ! eng9e cyl9d] & fill x ) wat] ( cond5sation4 ,if ! ?rottle valve leak /eam x %\ld be repair$ at ! fir/ opportunity4 ,keep all heat+ surfaces free f soot & a%es4 ,radiant rays g 9 all directions1 yet !y act 9 ! mo/ effici5t mann] :5 /rik+ a surface exactly at a "r angle to _! l9e ( movem5t4 ,! sides ( a fire-box are = t reason n z effici5t z ! surface ov] ! fire1 & a flat surface ov] ! fire is ! be/ t c be _h1 s f> z t fact alone is conc]n$4 ,:5 combu/ion is complet$ 9 a furnace1 !n ! balance ( ! boil] beyond ! bridge wall c be utiliz$ = tak+ up heat f ! gases4 ,! mo/ ( ?is heat has to be absorb$ by actual contact2 ?us by ! tubes ! gases are f9ally divid$1 all[+ t necess>y contact4 ,combu/ion %\ld be complet$ on ! grates = ! reason t x c be effect$ !re at ! highe/ temp]ature4 ,:5 ?is is accompli%$1 ! fulle/ b5efit is _h f radiant heat /rik+ ! bottom ( ! boil]--x is j !re t ! bulk ( ! "w is done4 ,!re mu/ necess>ily be "s wa/e ( heat by its pass+ up ! *imney to ma9ta9 draft4 ,x is well to h ! gases1 z !y ent] ! *imney1 z mu* bel[ #fjj deg4 ,f4 7d[n to ne> ! temp]ature ( ! /eam7 z y c & yet ma9ta9 p]fect combu/ion4 ,e /eam eng9e has c]ta9 well-def9$ s\nds 9 action :i* we call noises1 = want ( a bett] t]m1 & x is ^u !m & _! cont9uance t an eng9e] dep5ds = assurance t all is go+ well4 ,?is rem>k also applies to ! /eam boil]1 :i* has1 s to speak1 a language ( its own1 v>y+ 9 volume f ! slight :isp] :i* ann\nces a leak+ jo9t to ! ?und] bur/ :i* t]ribly foll[s a de/ructive explosion4 ,! ho>se note ( ! safety-valve is none ! less significant because common4 ,! damp]s & doors to ! furnace & a%-pit %\ld always be clos$ aft] ! fire has be5 drawn1 9 ord] to keep ! heat ( ! boil] z long z possible4 ,b ! damp] mu/ nev] be entirely clos$ :ile !re is fire on ! grate1 z explosions dang]\s 9 _! "* might occur 9 ! furnace f ! accumulat$ gases4 ,flues or tubes %\ld (t5 be swept1 z soot1 9 addition to its liability to becom+ *>g$ ) a corrod+ acid1 is a non-conductor ( heat1 & ! %ort "t sp5t 9 clean+ !m w be repaid by ! sav+ ( labor 9 keep+ up /eam4 ,9 an e/abli%m5t :]e !y us$ b half a ton ( bitum9\s coal p] day1 ! "t ( rais+ /eam 9 ! morn+ 0 fifty p] c5t4 long] :5 ! tubes 7 unswept = "o week ?an :5 !y 7 swept ?ree times a week4 ,,smoke w n be se5 if combu/ion is p]fect4 ,good fir+ w abate mo/ ( ! smoke4 ,coals1 at ! highe/ furnace temp]ature1 radiate mu* heat1 :]eas gases ignit$ at & beyond ! bridge wall radiate comp>atively little heat--x is a law 9 nature = a solid body highly heat$ to radiate heat to ano!r solid body4 ,,dry ,,& ,,clean is ! condition 9 :i* ! boil] %\ld be kept1 i4e41 dry outside & clean bo? inside & out4 ,to haul 8 furnace fire & op5 ! safety valve be=e seek+ 8 own safety or ! pres]vation ( prop]ty1 is ! duty ( ! fireman 9 ! ev5t ( fire ?reat5+ to burn a :ole e/abli%m5t4 ,_m1 n[ prom95t1 eng9e]s h made _! fir/ reputation by rememb]+ to d ?is at a critical "t4 ,,:5 ,,wat] ,,is ,,pump$ into ! boil] or all[$ to run 91 "s op5+ mu/ be giv5 = ! escape ( ! conta9$ air2 usually ! mo/ conv5i5t way is to op5 ! upp] gauge cock aft] ! fire has be5 light$ until cl\dy /eam beg9s to escape4 ,9 a summ>y ( exp]im5ts made 9 ,engl&1 x is /at$ t3-- 8,a mod]ately ?ick & hot fire ) rapid draft uni=mly gave ! be/ results4 8,combu/ion ( black smoke by additional air 0 a loss4 8,9 all exp]im5ts ! highe/ result 0 always obta9$ :5 all ! air 0 introduc$ ?r\gh ! fire b>s4 8,diff]5ce 9 mode ( fir+ only may produce a diff]5ce ( #ac p] c5t4 79 economy740 ,! ?ickness ( ! fire "u ! boil] %\ld be 9 accordance ) ! quality & size ( ! fuel4 ,= h>d coal ! fire %\ld be z ?9 z possible1 f ?ree to six in*es deep2 :5 s(t coal is us$1 ! fire %\ld be ?ick]1 f five to eight in*es deep4 ,if x is requir$ to burn coal du/ )\t any *ange ( grates1 wett+ ! coal is ( advantage2 n t x increases its heat p[]1 b because x keeps x f fall+ ?r\gh ! grates or go+ up ! *imneys4 ,! same is true ( burn+ %av+s2 by wat]+ !y are held 9 ! furnace1 & ! fir+ is done m easily & ) bett] results4 ,,/irr+ ,,! ,,fire %\ld be avoid$ z mu* z possible2 fir+ %\ld be p]=m$ ev5ly & regul>ly1 a little at a "t1 z x causes wa/e fuel to di/urb ! combu/ion & by mak+ ! fuel fall ?r\gh ! grates into ! a% pit2 h5ce d n 8clean0 fires (t5] ?an absolutely necess>y4 ,! sl[] ! velocity ( ! gases be=e !y pass ! damp]1 ! m ne>ly c !y be br\ght d[n to ! temp]ature ( ! /eam1 h5ce ) a high *imney & /rong draft ! damp]s %\ld be kept ne>ly clos$1 if ! boil] capacity w p]mit x4 ,no arbitr>y rule c be laid d[n = keep+ fires ?ick or ?94 ,"u "s conditions a ?9 fire is ! be/1 "u o!rs a ?ick fire gives be/ economy4 ,?is rule1 h[ev]1 gov]ns ei!r case3 y mu/ h s active a fire z to give /rong radiant heat4 ,"o ( ! highe/ aims ( an exp]t fireman %\ld be to keep ! l>ge/ possible portion ( 8 grate area 9 a condition to give great radiant heat ! l>ge/ possible "p ( ! day--us+ an?racite coal by fir+ light1 quick & (t51 n cov]+ all ( ! inc&esc5t coals4 ,us+ bitum9\s coal1 h& fir+1 by cok+ x v ne> ! dead plate1 all[+ "s air to g ?r\gh op5+s 9 ! door1 & by pu%+ t[>d ! bridge wall only live coals--:5 slic+1 to op5 ! door only f> en\gh to "w ! b>2 ?is is done ) great skill 9 "s cases4 ,,regulat+ ,,! ,,draft4--,?is %\ld be done s z to admit ! exact quantity ( air into ! furnace1 nei!r too mu* nor too little4 ,x %\ld be rememb]$ t fuel _c be burn$ )\t air & if too mu* air is admitt$ x cools ! furnace & *ecks combu/ion4 ,x is a good plan to decrease ! draft :5 fir+ or clean+ out1 by p>tly clos+ ! damp] or %utt+ (f ! air usually admitt$ f bel[ ! grates2 ?is is to h j draft en\gh to prev5t ! flame f ru%+ out :5 ! door is op5$4 ,by lum9\s flame is g5]ally meant t :i* burns ) a bright yell[ to :ite color4 ,all flame "u a boil] is n lum9\s1 sometimes ! :ole or a "p ( x w be r$ or blue4 ,! m lum9\s ! flame1 t is to say1 ! ne>] :ite x is1 ! bett] combu/ion4 ,,to ,,det]m9e ,,! ,,temp]ature ,,( ,a ,,furnace ,,fire ! foll[+ table is ( use4 ,! colors are to be obs]v$ & ! correspond+ degrees ( heat w be approximately z foll[s3 ,fa9t r$ #ifj ,f4 ,bright r$ #a1cjj ,f4 ,*]ry r$ #a1fjj ,f4 ,dull orange #b1jjj ,f4 ,bright orange #b1ajj ,f4 ,:ite heat #b1djj ,f4 ,brilliant :ite heat #b1gjj ,f4 ,t is to say1 :5 ! furnace is at a 8:ite heat0 ! heat equals #b1djj degrees ,fahr5heit1 etc4 ,ano!r me?od ( f9d+ ! furnace heat is by submitt+ a small portion ( a p>ticul> metal to ! heat4 ,t9 melts at #ddb ,f4 ,lead #fag ,f4 ,z9c #gjj ,f4 ne>ly4 ,antimony melts at #haj to #a1aej ,f4 ,silv] melts at #a1hcb to #a1hgc ,f4 ,ca/ ,iron melts at #b1jjj ,f4 ne>ly4 ,/eel #b1ejj ,f4 ,wr\ght ,iron melts at #b1gjj ,f4 ,hamm]$ ,iron melts at #b1ijj ,f4 ,,foam+ ,,9 ,,boil]s4 ,! causes are--dirty wat]1 try+ to evaporate m wat] ?an ! size & con/ruction ( ! boil] is int5d$ =1 tak+ ! /eam too l[ d[n1 insuffici5t /eam room1 imp]fect con/ruction ( boil]1 too small a /eam pipe & sometimes x is produc$ by c>ry+ ! wat] l9e too high4 ,too little att5tion is paid to boil]s ) reg>d to _! evaporat+ p[]4 ,:]e ! boil] is l>ge en\gh = ! wat] to circulate1 & !re is surface en\gh to give (f ! /eam1 foam+ nev] occurs4 ,z ! p>ticles ( ! /eam h to escape to ! surface ( ! wat] 9 ! boil]1 unless t is 9 proportion to ! am\nt ( /eam to be g5]at$1 x w be deliv]$ ) su* viol5ce t ! wat] w be mix$ ) x1 & cause foam+4 ,= viol5t ebullition a plate hung ov] ! hole :]e ! /eam ent]s ! dome f ! boil]1 is a good ?+1 & prev5ts a ru% ( wat] by break+ x1 :5 ! ?rottle is op5$ sudd5ly4 ,9 cases ( v viol5t foam+ x is imp]ative to *eck ! draft & cov] ! fires4 ,! /eam pipe may be c>ri$ ?r\gh ! flange six in*es into ! dome--:i* w prev5t ! wat] f ent]+ ! pipes by foll[+ ! sides ( ! dome z x does4 ,a simil> case ( prim+ ( ! boil]s ( ! ,u4 ,s4 ,/eam] ,gal5a 0 /opp$ by remov+ "s ( ! tubes "u ! smoke /ack & sub/itut+ bolts4 ,clean wat]1 pl5ty ( surface1 pl5ty ( /eam room1 l>ge /eam pipes1 boil]s l>ge en\gh to g5]ate /eam )\t =c+ ! fires1 are all t is requir$ to prev5t foam+4 ,a high pressure insures tranquillity at ! surface1 & ! /eam itself be+ m d5se x comes away 9 a m compact =m1 & ! ebullition at ! surface is no great] ?an at a l[] pressure4 ,:5 a boil] foams x is be/ usually to close ! ?rottle to *eck ! fl[1 & t keeps up ! pressure & less5s ! sudd5 deliv]y4 ,too _m flues 9 a boil] ob/ruct ! passage ( ! /eam f ! l[] "p ( ! boil] on its way to ! surface--?is is a fault 9 con/ruction4 ,an eng9e] :o _h be5 tr\bl$ ) prim+1 f9ally remov$ #cf ( ! tubes 9 ! c5tre ( ! boil]1 s z to c5tralize ! heat+ effect ( ! fire1 !reby increas+ ! rapidity ( ebullition at ! c5tre1 :ile r$uc+ x at ! circumf]5ce4 ,! effect ( ! *ange 0 v m>k$4 ,! prim+ disappe>$ at once4 ,! wat] l9e became ne>ly con/ant1 ! extreme v>iation be+ r$uc$ to two in*es4 ,a ,,*apt] ,,( ,,don',,ts4 ,:i* is ano!r way ( repeat+ :at has already be5 said4 #a4 ,don't empty ! boil] :5 ! brick "w is hot4 #b4 ,don't pump cold wat] into a hot boil]4 #c4 ,don't all[ fil? ( any k9d to accumulate ar\nd ! boil] or boil] room4 #d4 ,don't leave y\r %ovel or any o!r tool out ( its appo9t$ place :5 n 9 use4 #e4 ,don't fail to keep all ! bright "w ab\t ! boil] neat & 8%9y40 #f4 ,don't =get t neglig5ce causes great loss & dang]4 #g4 ,don't fail to be al]t & ready-m9d$ & ready-head$ ab\t ! boil] & furnace4 #h4 ,don't read newspap]s :5 on duty4 #i4 ,don't fire up too quickly4 #aj4 ,don't let any wat] or dampness come on ! outside ( y\r boil]4 #aa4 ,don't let any dampness get into ! boil] & pipe cov]+s4 #ab4 ,don't fail to see t y h pl5ty ( wat] 9 ! boil] 9 ! morn+4 #ac4 ,don't fail to keep ! wat] at ! same height 9 ! boil] all day4 #ad4 ,don't let any "o talk to y :5 fir+4 #ae4 ,don't all[ wat] to rema9 on ! floor ab\t ! boil]4 #af4 ,don't fail to bl[ (f /eam once or twice p] day accord+ z ! wat] is m or less pure4 #ag4 ,don't fail to close ! bl[-(f cock1 :5 bl[+ (f1 :5 ! wat] 9 ! boil] has sunk to "o & a half in*es4 #ah4 ,don't fail1 :ile clean+ ! boil]1 to exam9e & clean all cocks1 valves & pipes & look to all jo9ts & pack+s4 #ai4 ,don't comm5ce clean+ ! boil] until x has _h "t to cool4 #bj4 ,don't =get daily to see t ! safety-valve moves freely & is tight4 #ba4 ,don't fail to clean ! boil] inside frequ5tly & c>efully4 #bb4 ,don't fail to notice t ! /eam gauge is 9 ord]4 #bc4 ,don't fail to keep an eye out = leaks & h !m repair$ imm$iately1 no matt] h[ small4 #bd4 ,don't fail to empty ! boil] e week or two & re-fill x ) fre% wat]4 #be4 ,don't let any air into ! furnace1 except :at goes ?r\gh ! grate-b>s1 or ! smoke burn]s1 s call$1 by :i* ! air is highly heat$4 #bf4 ,don't increase ! load on ! safety-valve beyond ! pressure all[$ by ! inspector4 #bg4 ,don't fail to op5 ! doors ( ! furnace & />t ! pump :5 ! pressure is increas$ beyond ! am\nt all[$1 b #bh4 ,don't fail to draw ! fires :5 !re is dang] f ! wat] hav+ fall5 too l[4 #bi4 ,don't fail to *eck ! fire--if too hot to draw1 d x ) fre% coal1 damp a%es1 cl9k]s or soil2 & #cj4 ,don't fail to op5 ! doors ( ! furnace & close ! a%-pit doors at ! "t ! fire is *eck$--& #ca4 ,don't decrease ! /eam pressure by fe$+ 9 wat] or sudd5ly bl[+ (f /eam1 & #cb4 ,don't t\* ! safety-valve1 ev5 if x be op5$ or clos$1 & #cc4 ,don't *ange ! fe$ app>atus if x is work+1 or ! ?rottle-valve be op52 let !m bo? rema9 z !y are = a %ort "t1 & #cd4 ,don't fail to *ange !m v cauti\sly & sl[ly :5 y close !m1 & #ce4 ,don't fail to be v cool & brave :ile resolute 9 obs]v+ ^! la/ sev5 8,don'ts40 #cf4 ,don't fail to keep y\rself neat & tidy4 #cg4 ,don't fail to be polite z well z neat & brave4 #ch4 ,don't fail to keep ! tubes cle> & free f soot & a%es4 #ci4 ,don't let too _m a%es ga!r 9 ! a%-pit4 #dj4 ,don't di/urb ! fire :5 x is burn+ good nor /ir x up too (t54 #da4 ,don't be afraid to get in/ruction f books & eng9e]+ pap]s4 #db4 ,don't fail to make an hone/ self-exam9ation z to po9ts ^u :i* y may be ignorant1 & really ne$ to "k 9 ord] to prop]ly att5d to y\r duties4 #dc4 ,don't all[ too mu* smoke to issue f ! top ( ! *imney if ! cause lies )9 y\r p[] to prev5t x4 #dd4 ,don't ?9k t aft] work+ at fir+ & its k9dr$ duties = a ye> or two t ! :ole subject ( eng9e]+ has be5 le>n$4 #de4 ,don't =get t "o ( ! be/ helps 9 gett+ =w>d is ! possession ( a vigor\s & well-balanc$ m9d & body--?is cov]s temp]ance & k9dr$ virtues & a will+ness to acquire & imp>t k4 #df4 ,don't =get to h y\r /eam-gauge te/$ at lea/ once 9 ?ree mon?s4 #dg4 ,don't use a wire or metallic rod z a h&le to a swab 9 clean+ ! glass tube ( a wat]-gauge = ! glass may sudd5ly fly to pieces :5 9 use )9 a %ort "t aft]w>ds4 #dh4 ,don't =get t /eam pumps require z mu* att5tion z a /eam eng9e4 #di4 ,don't run a /eam pump pi/on1 unless 9 an em]g5cy1 at a spe$ exce$+ #hj to #ajj feet p] m9ute4 #ej4 ,don't d any?+ )\t a good reason = x ab\t ! eng9e or boil]1 b :5 y are oblig$ to d any?+1 d x ?or\ghly & z quickly z possible4 #ea4 ,don't =get to spr9kle a ?9 lay] ( coal on ! grates be=e light+ ! %av+s & wood 9 ! morn+4 ,?is practice pres]ves ! grate b>s4 #eb4 ,don't take ! cap (f a be>+ & remove ! upp] brass simply to see if ?+s are work+ well2 if !re is any tr\ble x w soon give y notice1 &1 besides1 y nev] c replace ! brass 9 exactly its =m] position1 s t y may f9d t ! be>+ w heat soon aft]w>ds1 ow+ to y\r own uncall$-= int]f]5ce4 #ec4 ,don't put sulphur on a hot be>+1 unless y int5d to ru9 ! brasses4 #ed4 ,don't use wa%$ wa/e t has a h>% feel1 z ! *emicals us$ 9 cleans+ x h n be5 ?or\ghly remov$4 #ee4 ,don't1 9 case ( an ext5sive fire1 involv+ ! :ole bus9ess1 ru% (f )\t draw+ ! fires1 & rais+ & propp+ op5 ! safety valve ( ! boil]4 #ef4 ,don't fail to pres]ve y\r heal?1 = 8a s\nd m9d 9 a s\nd body0 is beyond a money valuation4 #eg4 ,don't fail to rememb] t eng9e]s & firem5 are 9 control ( ! great und]ly+ =ce ( mod]n civilization2 h5ce1 to d no?+ to l[] ! dignity ( ! pr(ession4 #eh4 ,don't =get t 9 ! c>e & managem5t ( ! /eam boil] ! fir/ ?+ requir$ is an unceas+ wat*fulness--wat*-c>e4 #ei4 ,don't =get t an intemp]ate1 reckless or indiff]5t man has no bus9ess 9 ! place ( tru/ ( a /eam boil] att5dant4 #fj4 ,don't all[ ev5 a day to pass )\t add+ "o or m facts to y\r k ( eng9e]+ 9 "s ( its bran*es4 ,,/eam ,,g5]ators4 ,9 ! exam9ations held by duly appo9t$ (fic]s to det]m9e ! fitness ( c&idates = receiv+ an eng9e]'s lic5se ! pr9cipal /ress is laid ^u ! applicant's k ( ! p>ts & true proportions ( ! v>i\s designs ( /eam boil]s1 & 8 exp]i5ce 9 manag+ !m4 ,9 fact1 if !re 7 no boil]s !re w\ld be no exam9ations1 z ! laws are fram$1 c]tificates issu$ & /eam boil] inspection companies =m$ to assure ! public safety 9 life1 limb & prop]ty1 f ! dang]s aris+ f s-call$ my/]i\s boil] explosions4 ,h5ce an almo/ undue proportion ( eng9e]s' exam9ations are devot$ to ! /eam boil]1 its managem5t & con/ruction4 ,b ! subject is wor?y ( ! be/ & mo/ ?\ghtful att5tion4 ,e ye> adds to ! numb] ( /eam boil]s 9 use4 ,) ! exp&+ area & gr[? ( population1 ! numb] ( /eam plants are multipli$ & 9 turn ea* new /eam boil] dem&s a c>eful att5dant4 ,!re is ?is diff]5ce betwe5 ! boil] & ! eng9e4 ,:5 ! latt] is deliv]$ f ! %op & set up1 x does its "w ) an almo/ unv>y+ uni=mity1 :ile ! boil] is a con/ant c>e4 ,x is admitt$ t ! eng9e has rea*$ a mu* great] /ate ( p]fection & does its duty ) v mu* m reliability ?an ! boil]4 ,ev5 :5 vigilant precautions are obs]v$1 f ! mom5t a /eam boil] is con/ruct$ until x is f9ally de/roy$ !re are num]\s insidi\s ag5ts p]petually at "w :i* t5d to weak5 x4 ,!re is no?+ f :i* ! iron c draw su/5ance to replace its losses4 ,! atmosph]e )\t & ! air )9 ! boil]1 ! wat] z x ent]s ?r\gh ! fe$-pipe & conta9+ m9]al & organic sub/ances1 /eam into :i* ! wat] is conv]t$1 ! s$im5t :i* is precipitat$ by boil+ ! wat]1 ! fire & ! sulphur\s & o!r acids ( ! fuel1 are all natural enemies ( ! iron2 !y sap its /r5g?1 n only :ile ! boil] is at "w & und]go+ con/ant /ra91 b 9 ! morn+ be=e fire is />t$1 & at noon1 night1 ,sundays1 & o!r holidays x is prey$ ^u by ^! & o!r corrod+ ag5ts4 ,^! are ! reasons :i* impress ! true eng9e] ) a con/ant solicitude reg>d+ ! daily & ev5 mom5t>y action ( ! /eam g5]ator4 ,,description4 ,! ,/eam ,boil] 9 its simple/ =m 0 simply a clos$ vessel p>tly fill$ ) wat] & :i* 0 heat$ by a fire box1 b z /eam plants are divid$ into two pr9cipal p>ts1 ! eng9e & ! boil]1 s ! latt] is divid$ aga9 into ! furnace & boil]1 ea* ( :i* is ess5tial to ! o!r4 ,! furnace conta9s ! fuel to be burnt1 ! boil] conta9s ! wat] to be evaporat$4 ,!re mu/ be a /eam space to hold ! /eam :5 g5]at$2 heat+ surface to transmit ! heat f ! burn+ fuel to ! wat]2 a *imney or o!r app>atus to cause a draught to ! furnace & to c>ry away ! products ( combu/ion2 & v>i\s fitt+s = supply+ ! boil] ) wat]1 = c>ry+ away ! /eam :5 =m$ to ! eng9e 9 :i* x is us$2 = all[+ /eam to escape into ! op5 air :5 x =ms fa/] ?an x c be us$2 = asc]ta9+ ! quantity ( wat] 9 ! boil]1 = asc]ta9+ ! pressure ( ! /eam1 etc41 all ( :i*1 toge!r ) ! eng9e & its appliances is call$ ,a ,,/eam ,,plant4 ,! =ms 9 :i* /eam g5]ators are built are num]\s1 b may be divid$ into ?ree classes1 viz3 /ation>y1 locomotive & m>9e boil]s1 :i* t]ms designate ! uses = :i* !y are int5d$2 9 ?is "w we h to deal ma9ly ) ! fir/-nam$1 al?\gh a description ) illu/ration is giv5 ( ea* type or =m4 ,,an ,,upright ,,/eam ,,boil]4 ,to illu/rate ! op]ations ( a /eam g5]ator1 we give ! details ( an appliance1 :i* may be comp>$ to ! lett] ,a ( ! alphabet1 or ! figure #a ( ! num]als1 s simple is x4 ,fig4 #aa1 is an elevation ( boil]1 fig4 #ab a v]tical section ?r\gh its axis1 & fig4 #ac a horizontal section ?r\gh ! furnace b>s4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #aa4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ab4 ,! type ( /eam g5]ator "h exhibit$ is :at is kn[n z a v]tical tubul> boil]4 ,! outside cas+ or %ell is cyl9drical 9 %ape1 & is compos$ ( iron or /eel plates rivet$ toge!r4 ,! top1 :i* is likewise compos$ ( ! same plates is slightly dome-%ap$1 except at ! c5t]1 :i* is away 9 ord] to receive ! *imney a1 :i* is r\nd 9 %ape & =m$ ( ?9 wr\ght iron plates4 ,! int]ior is %[n 9 v]tical section 9 fig4 #ab4 ,x consi/s ( a furnace *amb]1 b1 :i* conta9s ! fire4 ,! furnace is =m$ l ! %ell ( ! boil] ( wr\ght iron or /eel plates by flang+ & rivet+4 ,! bottom is occupi$ by ! grat+1 on :i* re/s ! inc&esc5t fuel4 ,! grat+ consi/s ( a numb] ( ca/-iron b>s1 d 7fig4 #ab71 & %[n 9 plan 9 fig4 #ac1 plac$ s z to h int]/ices betwe5 !m l ! grate ( an ord9>y fireplace4 ,! bottom ( ! furnace is firmly secur$ to ! outside %ell ( ! boil] 9 ! mann] %[n 9 fig4 #ab4 ,! top cov]+ plate cc1 is p]=at$ ) a numb] ( circul> holes ( f "o & a half to ?ree in*es diamet]1 accord+ to ! size ( ! boil]4 ,into ea* ( ^! holes is fix$ a v]tical tube made ( brass1 wr\ght iron1 or /eel1 %[n at fff 7fig4 #ab74 ,^! tubes pass ?r\gh simil> holes1 at _! top ends 9 ! plate g1 :i* latt] is firmly rivet$ to ! outside %ell ( ! boil]4 ,! tubes are also firmly atta*$ to ! two plates1 cc1 g4 ,!y s]ve to convey ! flame1 smoke1 & hot air f ! fire to ! smoke box1 h1 & ! *imney1 a1 & at ! same "t _! sides provide ample heat+ surface to all[ ! heat conta9$ 9 ! products ( combu/ion to escape into ! wat]4 ,! fre% fuel is ?r[n on ! grat+ :5 requir$ ?r\gh ! fire door1 ,a 7fig4 #aa74 ,! a%es1 c9d]s1 etc41 fall betwe5 ! fire b>s into ! a% pit1 ,b 7fig4 #ab74 ,! wat] is conta9$ 9 ! space betwe5 ! %ell ( ! boil]1 ! furnace *amb]1 & ! tubes4 ,x is kept at or ab\t ! level1 ww 7fig4 #ab71 ! space above ?is "p be+ res]v$ = ! /eam z x rises4 ,! heat1 ( c\rse1 escapes into ! wat]1 ?r\gh ! sides & top plate ( ! furnace1 & ?r\gh ! sides ( ! tubes4 ,! /eam :i*1 z x rises f ! boil+ wat]1 asc5ds into ! space above ww1 is !nce l$ away by ! /eam pipe to ! eng9e4 ,unless consum$ quickly en\gh by ! eng9e1 ! /eam w\ld accumulate too mu* )9 ! boil]1 & its pressure w\ld rise to a dang]\s po9t4 ,to provide aga9/ ?is cont+5cy ! /eam is enabl$ to escape :5 x rises above a c]ta9 pressure ?r\gh ! safety-valve1 :i* is %[n 9 sket* on ! top ( ! boil] 9 fig4 #aa4 ,! details ( ! con/ruction ( safety-valves w be f\nd fully describ$ 9 ano!r section ( ?is "w1 :i* is devot$ exclusively to ! consid]ation ( boil] fitt+s4 ,9 ! same *apt]s w be f\nd full descriptions ( ! v>i\s fitt+s & accessories ( boil]s1 su* z ! wat] & pressure gauges1 ! app>atus = fe$+ ! boil] ) wat]1 = produc+ ! requisite draught ( air to ma9ta9 ! combu/ion1 & also ! p>ticul>s ( ! con/ruction ( ! boil]s !mselves & _! furnaces4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ac4 ,,! ,,gr[? ,,( ,,! ,,/eam ,,boil]4 ,aft] ! fir/ crude =ms1 su* z t us$ 9 connection ) ! ,b>anca & ,newcom5 eng9e1 & num]\s o!rs1 ! /eam boil] :i* came into v g5]al use 0 ! pla9 cyl9d] boil]4 ,an illu/ration is giv5 ( ?is 9 figures #ad & #ae4 ,x consi/s ( a cyl9d] ,a1 =m$ ( iron plate ) hemisph]ical ends ,b4 ,b4 set horizontally 9 brick "w ,c4 ,! l[] "p ( ?is cyl9d] conta9s ! wat]1 ! upp] "p ! /eam4 ,! furnace ,d is outside ! cyl9d]1 be+ b5ea? "o end2 x consi/s simply ( grate b>s e e set 9 ! brick "w at a conv5i5t di/ance bel[ ! bottom ( ! boil]4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ad4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ae4 ,! sides & front ( ! furnace are walls ( brick "w1 :i*1 be+ cont9u$ upw>ds support ! end ( ! cyl9d]4 ,! fuel is ?r[n on ! b>s ?r\gh ! door :i* is set 9 ! front brick "w4 ,! air ent]s betwe5 ! grate b>s f bel[4 ,! portion bel[ ! b>s is call$ ! a% pit4 ,! flame & hot gases1 :5 =m$1 fir/ /rike on ! bottom ( ! boil]1 & are !n c>ri$ =w>d by ! draft1 to ! s-call$ bridge wall o1 :i* is a project+ piece ( brick "w :i* contracts ! area ( ! flue n & =ces all ! products ( combu/ion to keep close to ! bottom ( ! boil]4 ,!nce ! gases pass along ! flue n1 & return "p "o side ( ! cyl9d] 9 ! flue m 7fig4 #ae7 & back aga9 by ! o!r side flue m to ! f> end ( ! boil]1 :5ce !y escape up ! *imney4 ,?is latt] is provid$ ) a door or damp] p1 :i* c be clos$ or op5$ at w1 s z to regulate ! draught4 ,?is boil] has be5 9 use = ne>ly "o hundr$ ye>s1 b has two great defects4 ,! fir/ is t ! area ( heat+ surface1 t is ! p>ts ( ! boil] 9 contact ) ! flames1 is too small 9 proportion to ! bulk ( ! boil]2 ! second is1 t if ! wat] conta9s solid matt] 9 solution1 z ne>ly all ! wat] does to a great] or less ext5t1 ?is matt] becomes deposit$ on ! bottom ( ! boil] j :]e ! greate/ evaporation takes place4 ,! deposit1 be+ a non-conductor1 prev5ts ! heat ( ! fuel f rea*+ ! wat] 9 suffici5t quantities1 ?us r5d]+ ! heat+ surface ineffici5t2 & fur!r1 by prev5t+ ! heat f escap+ to ! wat]1 x causes ! plates to become unduly heat$1 & quickly burnt out4 ,!re is ano!r defect belong+ to ?is sy/em ( boil] to :i* _m eng9e]s atta* great importance1 viz43 t ! temp]ature 9 ea* ( ! ?ree flues n1 m1 m is v diff]5t1 & consequ5tly t ! metal ( :i* ! %ell ( ! boil] is compos$ exp&s v unequally 9 ea* ( ! flues1 & cracks are v likely to take place :5 ! effects ( ! *anges ( temp]ature are mo/ felt4 ,x w be not$ t ! flames & gases 9 ?is e>lie/ type ( /eam boil] make ?ree turns be=e rea*+ ! *imney1 & z ^! boil]s 7 made frequ5tly z mu* z #dj feet long x gave ! extreme l5g? ( #abj feet to ! heat products4 ,,! ,,corni% ,,boil] is ! next =m 9 "t & excell5ce4 ,?is is illu/rat$ 9 figures #af & #ag4 ,x consi/s also ( a cyl9drical %ell ,a1 ) flat ends z exhibit$ 9 cuts4 ,! furnace1 h[ev]1 in/ead ( be+ situat$ und]nea? ! front end ( ! %ell1 is enclos$ 9 x 9 a second cyl9d] ,b1 hav+ usually a diamet] a little great] ?an half t ( ! boil] %ell4 ,! arrangem5t ( ! grate & bridge is evid5t f ! diagram4 ,aft] pass+ ! bridge wall ! heat products travel along ?r\gh ! int]nal cyl9d] ,b1 till !y rea* ! back end ( ! boil]2 !n return to ! front aga91 by ! two side flues m1 m1 & !nce back aga9 to ! *imney by ! bottom ( flue n4 ,9 ?is =m ( boil] ! heat+ surface exce$s t ( ! la/ describ$ by an am\nt equal to ! area ( ! int]nal flues1 :ile ! int]nal capacity is dim9i%$ by its cubic cont5ts2 h5ce = boil]s ( equal ext]nal dim5sions1 ! ratio ( heat+ surface to mass ( wat] to be heat$1 is greatly increas$4 ,boil]s ( ?is sort c1 h[ev]1 nev] be made ( z small diamet]s z ! pla9 cyl9drical sort1 on acc\nt ( ! necessity ( f9d+ room inside1 bel[ ! wat] level1 = ! furnace & flue4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #af4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ag4 ,! disadvantage1 too1 ( ! deposits m5tion$ 9 ! pla9 cyl9d] is1 to a great ext5t got ov] 9 ! ,corni% boil]1 = ! bottom1 :]e ! deposit *iefly takes place1 is ! coole/ in/ead ( be+ ! hotte/ "p ( ! heat+ surface4 ,b ! disadvantage ( unequal expansion also exi/s 9 ?is type ( boil]1 z ! int]nal flue 9 ! ,corni% sy/em is ! hotte/ portion ( ! boil]1 & consequ5tly und]goes a great] l5g?ways expansion ?an ! flues4 ,! result is to bulge out ! ends1 & :5 ! boil] is out ( use1 ! flue returns to its regul> size1 & ?us has a t5d5cy to "w loose f ! ends to :i* x is rivet$ & if ! ends are too rigid to move1 a v s]i\s /ra9 comes on ! po9ts ( ! flue4 ,ev5 :ile 9 use ! flue ( a ,corni% boil] is liable to und]go great *anges 9 temp]ature1 accord+ to ! /ate ( ! fire2 :5 ?is latt] is v l[1 or :5 fre% fuel has be5 ?r[n on1 ! temp]ature is a m9imum & rea*es a maximum aga9 :5 ! fre% fuel comm5ces to burn fi]cely4 ,?is con/ant expansion & contraction is f\nd 9 practice to also s weak5 ! tube t x frequ5tly collapses or is press$ toge!r1 result+ 9 great disa/]4 ,?is l$ to ! production & adoption ( !-- ,,lanca%ire ,,boil]1 contriv$ to rem$y ?is inconv5i5ce & also to atta9 a m p]fect combu/ion1 ! arrangem5t ( ! furnaces ( :i* is %[n 9 fig4 #ai & fig4 #bj4 ,x w be obs]v$ t !re are two int]nal furnaces in/ead ( "o1 z 9 ! ,corni% type4 ,^! furnaces are sometimes ea* cont9u$ z a sep>ate flue to ! o!r end ( ! boil] z %[n 9 ! cuts2 b z a rule !y em]ge into "o int]nal flue4 ,!y are suppos$ to be fir$ alt]nately1 & ! smoke & unburn$ gases issu+ f ! fre% fuel are ignit$ 9 ! flue by ! hot air proce$+ f ! o!r furnace1 ! fuel 9 :i* is 9 a /ate ( inc&esc5ce4 ,?us all viol5t *anges 9 ! temp]ature are avoid$1 & ! wa/e ( fuel due to unburn$ gases is avoid$1 if ! fir+ is prop]ly conduct$4 ,illu/ration3 ,,lanca%ire ,,boil]--,fig4 #ah4 ,! disadvantage ( ! ,lanca%ire boil] is ! difficulty ( f9d+ adequate room = ! two furnaces )\t unduly increas+ ! diamet] ( ! %ell4 ,l[ furnaces are extremely unfavorable to complete combu/ion1 ! comp>atively cold cr[n plates1 :5 !y are 9 contact ) ! wat] ( ! boil]1 ext+ui%+ ! flames f ! fuel1 :5 !y are j =m$1 :ile ! n>r[ space betwe5 ! fuel & ! cr[n does n admit ! prop] quantity ( air be+ suppli$ above ! fuel to complete ! combu/ion ( ! gases1 z !y arise4 ,on ! o!r h&1 ?\gh ?is boil] favors ! =mation ( ! smoke1 x supplies ! means ( complet+ ! combu/ion aft]w>ds1 z be=e expla9$1 by means ( ! hot air f ! second furnace4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ah 7a7 ,ano!r disadvantage is ! dang] ( collaps+ ! int]nal flue already spok5 (2 ?is is rem$i$ by ! introduction ( :at are call$ ! gall[ay tubes1 illu/rat$ 9 ! cut %[n on ?is page1 :i* is a cross section ( ! wat] tubes %[n 9 ,figs4 #ah & #bj4 ,^! tubes n only contribute to /r5g!n ! flues b !y add to ! heat+ surface & greatly promote ! circulation s important 9 ! wat] space4 ,,note4 ,^! descriptions & illu/rations ( ! ,lanca%ire boil] are ( g5]al value1 ow+ to ! fact t v _m exhau/ive te/s & exp]im5ts ^u /eam economy h be5 made & p]man5tly record$ 9 connection ) ?is =m ( /eam g5]ator4 ,9 ! ,,gall[ay =m ( boil] ! flue is su/a9$ & /iff5$ by ! introduction ( num]\s conical tubes1 flang$ at ! two ends & rivet$ across ! flue4 ,^! tubes1 a sket* ( :i* are giv5 9 fig4 #ah 7a71 are 9 free communication ) ! wat] ( ! boil]1 & besides act+ z /iff5]s1 !y also s]ve to increase ! heat+ surface & to promote circulation4 ,illu/ration3 ,figs4 #ai1 #bj4 ,! illu/ration 7figs4 #ah1 #ai & #bj7 give all ! pr9cipal details ( a ,lanca%ire boil] fitt$ ) ,gall[ay tubes4 ,fig4 #ah repres5ts a longitud9al section & figs4 #ai & #bj %[s on a l>ge scale an end view ( ! front ( ! boil] ) its fitt+s & also a transv]se section4 ,! arrangem5t ( ! furnaces1 flues1 & ! ,gall[ay tubes is suffici5tly obvi\s f ! draw+s4 ,! usual l5g? ( ^! boil]s is #bg feet1 ?\gh !y are occasionally made z %ort z #ba feet4 ,! m9imum diamet] ( ! furnaces is #cc in*es1 & 9 ord] to conta9 ^! com=tably ! diamet] ( ! boil] %\ld n be less ?an #g feet4 ,! ends ( ! boil] are flat1 & are prev5t$ f bulg+ outw>ds by be+ held 9 place by ! furnaces & flues :i* /ay ! two ends toge!r & also by ! s-call$ gusset /ays e1 e4 ,9 addition to ! latt] ! flat ends ( ! boil] h longitud9al rods to tie !m toge!r2 "o ( ^! is %[n at ,a1 ,a1 fig4 #ah4 ,! /eam is collect$ 9 ! pipe ,s1 :i* is p]=at$ all along ! top s z to admit ! /eam & exclude ! wat] spray :i* may rise to ! surface dur+ ebullition4 ,! /eam !nce passes to ! /op valve ,t outside ! boil] & !nce to ! /eam pipes to ! eng9es4 ,!re are two safety valves on top ( ! boil] on ,b 7fig4 #ah71 be+ ( ! dead weight type describ$ h]eaft]1 & ! o!r1 ,c1 be+ a s-call$ l[ wat] safety valve4 ,x is atta*$ by means ( a lev] & rod to ! float ,f1 :i* ord9>ily re/s on ! surface ( ! wat]4 ,:5 ?r\gh any neglect1 ! wat] s9ks bel[ its prop] level ! float s9ks also1 caus+ ! valve to op51 ?us all[+ /eam to escape & giv+ an al>m4 ,m is ! manhole ) its cov]+ plate1 :i* admits ( access to ! int]ior ( ! boil] & ,h is ! mud hole by :i* ! s$im5t :i* accumulates all along ! bottom is rak$ out4 ,bel[ ! front end & und]nea?1 ! pipe & /ay valve are %[n1 by :i* ! boil] c be empti$ or bl[n (f4 ,on ! front ( ! boil] 7fig4 #ai7 are %[n1 ! pressure gauges1 ! wat] gauges & ! furnace door2 ,k is ! fe$ pipe2 ,r1 ,r1 a pipe & cock = bl[+ (f /eam4 ,9 ! front ( ! sett+ are %[n two iron doors by :i* access may be ga9$ to ! two l[] ext]nal flues = clean+ purposes4 ,9 ! ,lanca%ire boil] x is consid]$ advisable to take ! products ( combu/ion1 aft] !y leave ! int]nal flues1 along ! bottom ( ! boil]1 & !n back to ! *imney by ! side4 ,:5 ?is plan is adopt$ ! bottom is kept hott] ?an w\ld o!rwise be ! case1 & circulation is promot$1 :i* prev5ts ! colde/ wat] f accumulat+ at ! bottom4 ,! ,gall[ay 7or ,lanca%ire7 boil] is consid]$ ! mo/ economical boil] us$ 9 ,engl&1 & is be+ introduc$ into ! ,unit$ ,/ates ) success4 ,! long trav]se ( heat provid$ 7?ree turns ( ab\t #bg feet ea*7 contributes greatly to its effici5cy4 ,x may be useful to add ! foll[+ data relat+ to ?is approv$ /eam g5]ator1 be+ ! pr9cipal dim5sions & o!r data ( ! boil] %[n 9 fig4 #ah3 ,/eam pressure1 #ge lbs4 p] sq4 in*4 ,l5g?1 #bg feet4 ,diamet]1 #g feet4 ,weight1 total1 #ae-a_/b tons4 ,%ell plates1 #g_/af in*4 ,furnace diamet]1 #cc in*es4 ,furnace ,plates1 #c_/h in*4 ,end plates1 #a_/b in*4 ,grate area1 #cc sq4 feet4 ,heat+ surface3 ,9 furnace & flues #dej sq4 feet4 ,9 ,gall[ay pipes1 #cj ,9 ext]nal flues1 #cgj ---- #hej sq4 feet4 ,we h ?us detail$ /ep by /ep ! improvem5t ( ! /eam boil] to a po9t :]e x is necess>y to describe at l5g? ! locomotive1 ! m>9e1 ! horizontal tubul> & ! wat] tube boil]s1 :i* f\r =ms compreh5d n9ety-n9e out ( "o hundr$ /eam g5]ators 9 use 9 ! civiliz$ _w at ! pres5t "t4 ,,m>9e ,,boil]s4 ,! boil]s us$ on bo>d /eam%ips are ( two pr9cipal types4 ,! old] sort us$ = /eam ( comp>atively l[ temp]ature1 viz43 up to #ce lbs4 p] squ>e in*1 is usually made ( flat plates /ay$ toge!r1 aft] ! mann] ( ! ext]ior & int]ior fire boxes ( a locomotive boil]4 ,m$ium high pressure m>9e boil]s1 con/ruct$ = /eam ( #fj to #aej lbs4 p] squ>e in*1 are circul> or oval 9 cross section1 & are fitt$ ) r\nd int]ior furnaces & flues l l& boil]s4 ,!re are _m v>iations ( m>9e boil]s1 adapt$ to suit special circum/ances4 ,fig4 #bb %[s a front elevation & p>tial sections ( a pair ( su* boil]s & ,fig4 #bc %[s "o ( !m 9 longitud9al v]tical section4 ,,! ,,m>9e ,,/eam ,,boil] ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #bb4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #bc4 ,x w be se5 f ^! draw+s t !re are ?ree int]nal cyl9drical furnaces at ea* end ( ^! boil]s1 mak+ 9 all six furnaces p] boil]4 ,! fir+ takes place at bo? ends4 ,! flame & hot gases f ea* furnace1 aft] pass+ ov] ! bridge wall ent] a flat-sid$ rectangul> combu/ion *amb] & !n travel ?r\gh tubes to ! front uptake 7i4e4 ! smoke bonnet or brea*+71 & s on to ! *imney4 ,! sides ( ! combu/ion *amb]s are /ay$ to ea* o!r & to ! %ell plate ( ! boil]2 ! tops are /r5g!n$ 9 ! same mann] z ! cr[ns ( locomotive boil]s1 & ! flat plates ( ! boil] %ell are /ay$ toge!r by means ( long bolts1 :i* c be l5g!n$ up by means ( nuts at _! ends4 ,access is ga9$ to ! uptakes = purposes ( clean+1 repairs ( tubes1 etc41 by means ( _! doors on _! fronts j above ! furnace doors4 ,! /eam is collect$ 9 ! l>ge cyl9drical receiv]s %[n above ea* boil]4 ,! mat]ial ( con/ruction is mild /eel4 ,! foll[+ are ! pr9cipal dim5sions & o!r p>ticul>s ( "o ( ^! boil]s3 ,l5g? f front to back1 #bj feet4 ,diamet] ( %ell1 #ae feet #f in*es4 ,l5g? ( furnace1 #f feet #aj in*es4 ,diamet] ( furnace1 #c feet #aj in*es4 ,l5g? ( tubes1 #f feet #i in*es4 ,diamet] ( tubes1 #c-a_/b in*es4 ,no4 ( tubes1 #eaf4 ,?ickness ( %ell plates1 #ae_/af4 ,?ickness ( tube plates1 #c_/d4 ,grate area1 #abf-a_/b squ>e feet4 ,heat+ surface1 #djae squ>e feet4 ,/eam pressure1 #hj lbs4 p] sq4 in*4 ,fig4 #bd is a sket* ( a mod]n m>9e boil]1 :i* is only fir$ f "o end1 & is 9 consequ5ce mu* %ort] 9 proportion to its diamet] ?an ! type illu/rat$ 9 figs4 #bb & #bc4 ,m>9e boil]s ov] n9e feet 9 diamet] h g5]ally two furnaces1 ^? ov] #ac to #ad feet1 ?ree1 :ile ! v l>ge/ boil]s us$ on fir/-class mail /eam]s1 & :i* (t5 exce$ fifte5 feet 9 diamet]1 h f\r furnaces4 ,9 ! m>9e boil] ! c\rse tak5 by ! products ( combu/ion is z foll[s2 ! coal ent]s ?r\gh ! furnace doors on to ! fire-b>s1 ! heat & flames pass ov] ! fire bridge into ! flame or combu/ion *amb]1 !nce ?r\gh ! tubes into ! smoke-box1 up ! up-take & funnel into ! air4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #bd4 ,! fitt+s to a m>9e boil] are--funnel & air cas+s1 up-takes & air cas+s1 smoke boxes & doors1 fire doors1 b>s1 bridges1 & be>]s1 ma9 /eam /op valve1 donkey valve1 safety valves & dra9 pipes1 ma9 & donkey fe$ *eck valves1 bl[-(f & scum cocks1 wat] gauge glasses on front & back ( boil]1 te/ wat] cock = try+ d5sity ( wat]1 /eam cock = :i/le1 & ano!r = w9*es on deck4 ,a fitt+1 call$ a bla/ pipe1 is sometimes plac$ 9 ! ?roat ( ! funnel4 ,x consi/s ( a wr\ght iron pipe1 hav+ a conical nozzle )9 ! funnel po9t+ upw>ds1 ! o!r end be+ connect$ to a cock1 :i* latt] is bolt$ on to ! /eam space or dome ( ! boil]4 ,x is us$ = increas+ ! int5sity ( ! draft1 ! upw>d curr5t ( /eam =c+ ! air out ( ! funnel at a great velocity2 & ! air hav+ to be replac$ by a fre% supply ?r\gh ! a%-pits & b>s ( ! furnaces1 a great] spe$ ( combu/ion is obta9$ ?an w\ld o!rwise be due to simple draft alone4 ,boil]s are fitt$ ) dry & wet uptakes1 :i* diff] f ea* o!r z foll[s3--,! dry uptake is :olly outside ! boil]1 & consi/s ( an ext]nal cas+ bolt$ on to ! fir+ end ( ! boil]1 cov]+ ! tubes & =m+ ! smoke-box1 & is fitt$ ) suitable tube doors4 ,a wet uptake is c>ri$ back f ! fir+ ends ( ! boil] into its /eam space1 & is :olly surr\nd$ by wat] & /eam4 ,! dry uptake seldom requires s]i\s repair2 b ! wet uptake1 ow+ to its exposure to pressure1 /eam1 & wat]1 requires con/ant att5tion & repair1 & is v liable to corrosion1 be+ con/antly wett$ & dri$ 9 ! neighborhood ( ! wat]-l9e4 ,! n>r[ wat] space betwe5 bo? front uptakes is also v liable to become burnt1 ow+ to accumulation ( salt4 ,! flue boil]s ( _m tugs & f]ry boats are fitt$ ) wet uptakes4 ,a sup]heat] is a vessel usually plac$ 9 ! uptake1 or at ! base ( ! funnel ( a m>9e boil]1 & s arrang$ t ! wa/e heat f ! furnaces %all pass ar\nd & ?r\gh x prior to escap+ up ! *imney4 ,x is us$ = dry+ or heat+ ! /eam f ! ma9 boil] be=e x ent]s ! /eam pipes to ! eng9e4 ,! simple/ =m ( sup]heat] consi/s ( a wr\ght iron drum fill$ ) tubes4 ,! heat or flame passes ?r\gh ! tubes & ar\nd ! %ell ( ! drum1 ! /eam be+ inside ! drum4 ,sup]heat]s are usually fitt$ ) a /op valve 9 connection ) ! boil]1 by means ( :i* x c be %ut (f2 & also "o to ! /eam pipe ( ! eng9e2 arrangem5ts are also usually made = mix+ ! /eam or work+ indep5d5tly ( ! sup]heat]4 ,a safety-valve is also fitt$ & a gauge glass2 ! latt] is to %[ :e!r ! sup]heat] is cle> ( wat]1 z prim+ w sometimes fill x up4 ,! special fitt+s ( ! m>9e boil] w be m p>ticul>ly describ$ h]eaft] z well z ! /ays1 rivet+1 /r5g?1 etc41 etc4 ,! use ( ! surface cond5s] 9 connection ) ! m>9e boil] 0 an imm5se /ep t[>d increas+ its effici5cy4 ,9 #ahdj ! av]age pressure us$ 9 m>9e boil]s 0 only #g or #h lbs4 to ! squ>e in*1 ! /eam be+ made ) ! two-flue patt]n ( boil]1 sea wat] be+ us$ = fe$2 z ! /eam pressure increas$ z n[ to #aej to #bjj lbs4 to ! squ>e in*1 great] & great] difficulty 0 exp]i5c$ f salt incru/ation--9 _m cases ! tubes did n la/ long & frequ5tly gave mu* tr\ble1 until ! introduction ( ! surface cond5s]1 :i* suppli$ fre% wat] to ! boil]s4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #be ,,! ,,surface ,,cond5s]4 ,! cond5s] is an oblong or circul> box ( ca/ iron fitt$ 9 "o ( two ways1 ei!r ) ! tubes horizontal or v]tical2 at ea* end are fix$ ! tube plates1 g5]ally made ( brass1 & ! tubes pass ?r\gh ! plates z well z ?r\gh a support+ plate 9 ! middle ( ! cond5s]4 ,ea* end ( ! cond5s] is fitt$ ) doors = ! purpose ( enabl+ ! tube ends to be exam9$1 drawn1 or pack$1 z may be necess>y4 ,! tube ends are pack$ 9 v>i\s ways1 & ! tubes are made ( brass1 s z to resi/ ! action ( ! wat]4 ,! wat] is g5]ally suck$ ?r\gh ! tubes by ! circulat+ pump1 & ! /eam is cond5s$ by com+ 9 contact ) ! ext]nal surface ( ! tubes4 ,9 "s cases ! wat] is appli$ to ! ext]nal surface1 & ! /eam exhau/$ ?r\gh ! tubes2 b ?is practice is n[ g5]ally giv5 up 9 mod]n surface cond5s]s4 ,! pack+ r\nd ! tube ends keeps !m q tight1 & 9 ! ev5t ( a split tube1 a wood5 plug is put 9 ea* end until an opportunity (f]s = draw+ x & replac+ ) a new "o4 ,! cond5s] may be made ( any conv5i5t %ape4 ,x sometimes =ms "p ( ! ca/+ support+ ! cyl9d]s ( v]tical eng9es2 x is also frequ5tly made cyl9drical ) flat ends1 z 9 fig4 #be4 ,! ends =m ! tube plates to :i* ! tubes are secur$4 ,! tubes are1 ( c\rse1 op5 at ! ends1 & a space is left betwe5 ! tube plate & ! out] cov]s1 %[n at ea* end ( ! cond5s]1 to all[ ( ! circulation ( wat] z %[n by ! arr[s4 ,,op]ation ,,( ,,! ,,cond5s]4 ,! cold wat]1 :i* is =c$ ?r\gh by a circulat+ pump1 ent]s at ! bottom1 & is compell$ to pass =w>d ?r\gh ! l[] set ( tubes by a horizontal divid+ plate2 x !n returns ?r\gh ! upp] r[s ( tubes & passes out at ! ov]fl[2 ! tubes are ?us ma9ta9$ at a l[ temp]ature4 ,! tubes are made to pass "r ?r\gh ! cond5s+ *amb]1 & s z to h no connection ) its int]nal space4 ,! /eam is pass$ into ! cond5s] & !re comes 9 contact ) ! cold ext]nal surface ( ! tube1 & is cond5s$1 & remov$ z be=e1 by ! air pump1 z may be readily se5 9 ! illu/ration 7p4 #fe47 ,! advantages ga9$ by ! use ( ! surface cond5s] are3 #a4 ,! fe$ wat] is hott] & fre%2 be+ hott]1 x saves ! fuel t w\ld be us$ to br+ x up to ?is heat2 & be+ fre% x boils at a l[] temp]ature4 #b4 ,n =m+ s mu* scale inside ! boil]1 ! heat passes ?r\gh to ! wat] m readily2 & z ! scum cock is n us$ s freely1 all ! heat t w\ld h be5 bl[n (f is sav$4 ,its disadvantages are t be+ fre% wat] & =m+ no scale on ! boil]1 x causes ! boil] to ru/4 ,x is (t5 said t "o eng9e] w get m out ( a %ip ?an ano!r4 ,9 g5]al x w be f\nd t ! mo/ successful eng9e] is ! man :o manages 8 /ok]s be/4 ,x is v difficult on pap] to def9e :at is meant4 ,x is a ?+ to be felt or se51 n describ$4 99 99 99 99 ,! eng9e] :o really kn[s 8 bus9ess w give 8 fires a fair *ance to get away4 ,he w "w 8 eng9es up by degrees & run a little sl[ly = ! fir/ few mom5ts4 ,,wat] ,,tube ,,/eam ,,boil]s4 ,illu/ration3 ,,wat] ,,tube ,,boil]4--,fig4 #bf4 ,a popul> =m ( /eam boil] 9 use 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates & ,europe is :at is call$ ! wat] tube boil]4 ,?is t]m is appli$ to a class ( boil] 9 :i* ! wat] is conta9$ 9 a s]ies ( tubes1 ( comp>atively small diamet]1 :i* communicate ) ea* o!r & ) a common /eam-*amb]4 ,! flames & hot gases circulate betwe5 ! tubes & are usually guid$ by p>titions s z to act equally on all portions ( ! tubes4 ,!re are _m v>ieties ( ?is type ( boil] ( :i* ! cut illu/rates "o3 9 ?is ea* tube is secur$ at ei!r end into a squ>e ca/-iron head1 & ea* ( ^! heads has two op5+s1 "o communicat+ ) ! tube bel[ & ! o!r ) ! tube above2 ! communication is effect$ by means ( holl[ ca/-iron caps %[n at ! end ( ! tubes2 ! caps h op5+s 9 !m correspond+ ) ! op5+s 9 ! tube heads to :i* !y are bolt$4 ,9 ! be/ =ms ( ! wat] tube boil]s1 x is susp5d$ entirely indep5d5t ( ! brick "w f wr\ght iron gird]s re/+ on iron columns4 ,?is avoids any /ra9+ ( ! boil] f unequal expansion betwe5 x & its enclos+ walls & p]mits ! brick "w to be repair$ or remov$1 if necess>y1 )\t 9 any way di/urb+ ! boil]4 ,?is design is %[n 9 ,fig4 #bf4 ,! di/+ui%+ diff]5ce1 :i* m>ks ! wat] tube boil] f o!rs1 consi/s 9 ! fact t 9 ! =m] ! small tubes are fill$ ) wat] in/ead ( ! products ( combu/ions2 h5ce ! comp>ison1 frequ5tly made1 betwe5 wat]-tube & fire tube boil]s--! diff]5ce has be5 express$ 9 ano!r way1 8,wat]-tube vs4 %ell boil]s10 b ! pr9ciple ( /eam production 9 bo? sy/ems rema9s ! same2 ! heat f ! combu/ible is transf]r$ to ! wat] ?r\gh ! m$ium ( iron plates & 9 bo?1 ! furnaces1 /eam appliances1 application ( ! draught1 etc41 is sub/antially ! same4 ,9 ano!r important po9t d ! sy/ems agree1 i4e41 9 ! av]age numb] ( p\nds ( wat] evaporat$ p] lb4 ( combu/ible2 x is 9 ! ?or\ghness ( con/ruction & skillfulness ( adaptation to surr\nd+s t produce ! be/ results4 ,wat] tube or sectional boil]s1 h be5 made s9ce ! days ( ,james ,watt1 9 #agff1 9 _m diff]5t =ms & "u v>i\s names4 ,ow+1 h[ev]1 to ! imp]fection ( manufacture ! sy/em1 z comp>$ to %ell boil]s1 has be5 a failure until v rec5tly2 v>i\s patt]ns ( wat]-tube boil]s are n[ 9 mo/ favorable & satisfactory use4 ,! advantages claim$ = ?is =m ( /eam g5]ator are z foll[s3 #a4 ,safety f disa/r\s explosions1 aris+ f ! division ( ! cont5ts into small portions1 & especially f details ( con/ruction :i* make x tol]ably c]ta9 t ! rupture w be local in/ead ( a g5]al viol5t explosion :i* lib]ates at once l>ge masses ( /eam & wat]4 #b4 ,! small diamet] ( ! tubes ( :i* !y are compos$ r5d] !m mu* /rong] ?an ord9>y boil]s4 #c4 ,!y c be *eaply built & easily repair$1 z duplicate pieces c be kept on h&4 ,! v>i\s p>ts ( a boil] c be transport$ )\t great exp5se1 tr\ble or delay2 ! =m & proportions ( a boil] c be suit$ to any available space2 &1 aga91 ! p[] c be increas$ by simply add+ m r[s ( tubes & increas+ ! grate area4 #d4 ,_! evaporative effici5cy c be made equal to t ( o!r boil]s1 &1 9 fact1 = equal proportions ( heat+ & grate surfaces1 x is (t5 a trifle high]4 #e4 ,?9 heat+ surface 9 ! furnace1 avoid+ ! ?ick plates necess>ily us$ 9 ord9>y boil]s :i* n only h9d] ! transmission ( heat to ! wat]1 b admit ( ov]heat+4 #f4 ,jo9ts remov$ f ! fire4 ,! use ( lap weld$ wat] tubes ) _! jo9ts remov$ f ! fire also avoid ! unequal expansion ( rivet$ jo9ts consequ5t ^u _! d\ble ?ickness4 #g4 ,quick /eam+4 #h4 ,accessibility = clean+4 #i4 ,ease ( h&l+ & erect+4 #aj4 ,economy & spe$9ess ( repairs4 ,! kn[n disadvantages ( ^! boil]s are #a4 ,!y g5]ally occupy m space & require m masonry ?an ord9>y boil]s4 #b4 ,on acc\nt ( ! small quantity ( wat] :i* !y conta91 sudd5 fluctuations ( pressure are caus$ by any irregul>ities 9 supply+ ! fe$-wat] or 9 h&l+ ! fires1 & ! rapid & at times viol5t g5]ation ( /eam causes x to accumulate 9 ! contract$ wat]-*amb]s1 & leads to prim+1 ) a consequ5t loss ( wat]1 & to ov]heat$ tubes4 #c4 ,! horizontal or incl9$ wat] tubes :i* ma9ly compose ^! boil]s1 d n af=d a ready outlet = ! /eam g5]at$ 9 !m4 ,! /eam bubbles _c foll[ _! natural t5d5cy & rise directly1 b are g5]ally oblig$ by friction to trav]se ! tube sl[ly1 & at times ! accumulation ( /eam at ! heat$ surfaces causes ! tubes to be split or burn$4 #d4 ,! use ( wat] :i* =ms deposits ( solid matt] /ill fur!r increases ! liability to ov]heat+ ( ! tubes4 ,x has be5 claim$ by "s inv5tors t ! rapid circulation ( ! wat] ?r\gh ! tubes w\ld prev5t any deposit ( scale or s$im5t 9 !m1 b exp]i5ce has prov$ ?is to be a grave error4 ,o!rs h said t ! expansion ( ! tube w\ld deta* ! scale z fa/ z x 0 deposit$ & prev5t any dang]\s accumulation1 b ?is also has be5 prov$ an error4 ,aga91 ! use ( ca/ iron ab\t ^! boil]s has frequ5tly be5 a con/ant s\rce ( tr\ble f cracks1 etc4 ,,c>e ,,( ,,wat] ,,tube ,,boil]s4 ,! soot & a%es collect on ! ext]ior ( ! tubes 9 ?is =m ( boil]s1 in/ead ( inside ! tubes1 z 9 ! tubul>1 & !y mu/ be z c>efully remov$ 9 "o case z 9 ! o!r2 ?is c be done by ! use ( bl[+ pipe & hose ?r\gh op5+s left 9 ! brick "w2 9 us+ bitum9\s coal ! soot %\ld be bru%$ (f :5 /eam is d[n4 ,all ! inside & outside surfaces %\ld be kept clean to avoid wa/e ( fuel2 to aid 9 ?is s]vice ! be/ =ms are provid$ ) extra facilities = clean+4 ,= inspection1 remove ! h& holes at bo? ends ( ! tubes1 & by hold+ a lamp at "o end & look+ 9 at ! o!r ! condition ( ! surface c be freely se54 ,pu% ! scrap] ?r\gh ! tube to remove s$im5t1 or if ! scale is h>d1 use ! *ipp+ scrap] made = t purpose4 ,h& holes %\ld be frequ5tly remov$ & surfaces exam9$1 p>ticul>ly 9 case ( a new boil]4 ,9 replac+ h& hole caps1 clean ! surfaces )\t scrat*+ or bruis+1 sme> ) oil & screw up tight4 ,! mud drum %\ld be p]iodically exam9$ & ! s$im5t remov$2 bl[-(f cocks & *eck valves %\ld be exam9$ ea* "t ! boil] is clean$2 :5 surface bl[-cocks are us$ !y %\ld be (t5 op5$ = a few m9utes at a "t2 be sure t all op5+s = air to boil] or flues except ?r\gh ! fire1 are c>efully /opp$4 ,if a boil] is n requir$ = "s "t1 empty & dry x ?or\ghly4 ,if ?is is impracticable1 fill x q full ( wat] & put 9 a quantity ( wa%+ soda2 & ext]nal p>ts expos$ to dampness %\ld receive a coat+ ( l9se$ oil4 ,avoid all dampness 9 seat+s or cov]+s & see t no wat] comes 9 contact ) ! boil] f any cause4 ,al?\gh ?is =m ( boil] is n liable to de/ructive explosion1 ! same c>e %\ld be ex]cis$ to avoid possible damage to boil]s & exp5sive delays4 ,,sectional ,,boil]s4 ,probably "o ( ! fir/ sectional boil]s br\ght into practical use is "o made ( holl[ ca/ iron sph]es1 ea* #h in*es 9 diamet]1 ext]nally1 & #c_/h ( an in* ?ick1 connect$ by curv$ necks #c-a_/b in*es 9 diamet]4 ,^! sph]es are held toge!r by wr\ght iron bolts & caps1 & 9 "o direction are ca/ 9 sets ( #b or #d1 :i* are aft]w>ds drawn toge!r s z to give m or less heat+ surface to ! boil] accord+ to ! numb] us$4 ,,note4 ,ow+ to _! multiplication ( p>ts all sectional1 includ+ wat] tube boil]s1 %\ld be made ) unusual c>e 9 _! details ( con/ruction1 sett+1 fitt+s & proportions4 ,x is to ! att5tion paid to ^! 8po9ts0 t ! sectional boil]s are n[ com+ into m g5]al favor4 ,,locomotive ,,boil]s4 ,! ess5tial features ( locomotive boil]s are dictat$ by ! duties :i* !y h to p]=m "u peculi> conditions4 ,! size & ! weight are limit$ by ! fact t ! boil] has to be transport$ rapidly f place to place1 & also t x has to fit 9 betwe5 ! frames ( ! locomotive2 :ile at ! same "t1 ! pressure ( ! /eam has to be v great 9 ord] t ) comp>atively small cyl9d] ! eng9e may develop great p[]2 moreov]1 ! quantity ( wat] :i* has to be evaporat$ 9 a giv5 "t is v consid]able4 ,to fulfil ^! latt] conditions a l>ge quantity ( coal mu/ be burn$ on a fire grate ( limit$ area2 h5ce int5se combu/ion is necess>y "u a =c$ bla/4 ,to utilize advantage\sly ! heat ?us g5]at$1 a l>ge heat+ surface mu/ be provid$ & ?is c only be obta9$ by pass+ ! products ( combu/ion ?r\gh a great numb] ( tubes ( small diamet]4 ,! =c$ draught 9 a locomotive boil] is obta9$ by caus+ ! /eam f ! cyl9d]s1 aft] x has done its "w1 to be dis*>g$ into ! *imney by means ( a pipe call$ ! bla/ pipe2 ! l[] portion ( ?is consi/s ( two bran*es1 "o 9 communication ) ! exhau/ port ( ea* cyl9d]4 ,z ea* puff ( /eam f ! bla/ pipe escapes up ! *imney x =ces ! air out 9 front ( x1 caus+ a p>tial vacuum1 :i* c only be suppli$ by ! air ru%+ ?r\gh ! furnace & tubes4 ,! great] ! body ( /eam escap+ at ea* puff1 & ! m rapid ! succession ( puffs1 ! m viol5t is ! action ( ! bla/ pipe 9 produc+ a draught1 & consequ5tly ?is contrivance regulates ! consumption ( fuel & ! evaporation ( wat] to a c]ta9 ext5t automatically1 because :5 ! eng9e is work+ its h>de/ & us+ ! mo/ /eam1 ! bla/ is at ! same "t mo/ efficaci\s4 ,illu/ration3 ,,locomotive ,,boil]4--,fig4 #bg4 ,! bla/ pipe is p]haps1 ! mo/ di/9ctive feature ( ! locomotive boil]1 & ! "o :i* has alone r5d]$ x possible to obta9 l>ge quantities ( /eam f s small a g5]ator4 ,! /eam bla/ ( a locomotive has be5 comp>$ to ! brea?+ app>atus ( a man1 & has r5d]$ ! me*anism describ$ ne>] a live ?+ ?an any o!r device man has ev] produc$4 ,on acc\nt ( ! oscillations1 or viol5t motions to :i* ! boil] ( locomotive eng9es are subject1 weight$ safety-valves are n possible to be us$ & spr+s are us$ in/ead to hold ! valves 9 place4 ,! locomotive =m ( /eam boil] is sometimes us$ = /ation>y eng9es1 b ow+ to extra co/ & increas$ liability to corrode 9 ! small] passage !y are n favorites4 ,,description ,,( ,,page ,,illu/ration4 ,9 fig4 #bg1 ,f ,b repres5ts ! fire box or furnace2 ,f ,d1 fire door2 ,d ,p1 deflector plate2 ,f ,t ,p1 fire box tube plate2 ,f ,b ,r ,s1 fire box ro( /ays2 ,s ,t ,p1 smoke box tube plate2 ,s ,b1 smoke box2 ,s ,b ,d1 smoke box door2 ,s ,d1 /eam dome2 ,o ,s1 out] %ell2 ,r ,s ,v1 ,ramsbottom safety-valve2 ,f1 funnel or *imney4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #bh4 ,! cr[n plate ( ! fire-box be+ flat requires to be effici5tly /ay$1 & = ?is purpose gird] /ays call$ fox ro( /ays are mo/ly us$1 z %[n 9 ! figure4 ,! /ays are n[ made ( ca/ /eel = locomotives4 ,!y re/ at ! two ends on ! v]tical plates ( ! fire-box1 & su/a9 ! pressure on ! fire-box cr[n by a s]ies ( bolts pass+ ?r\gh ! plate & gird] /ay1 secur$ by nuts & wa%]s4 ,fig4 #bh is a plan & elevation ( a wr\ght-iron ro( /ay4 ,ano!r me?od adopt$ 9 locomotive types ( m>9e boil]s = /ay+ ! flat cr[n ( ! fire-box to ! circul> upp] plate is %[n 9 fig4 #bi--namely1 by wr\ght-iron v]tical b> /ays secur$ by nuts & wa%]s to ! fire-box ) a =k end & p9 to angle-iron pieces rivet$ to ! boil] %ell4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #bi4 ,! lett]s 9 ?is figure ref] to ! same p>ts ( ! boil] z d ^? 9 fig4 #bg1 i4e41 ,f ,b to ! fire-box1 etc41 etc4 ,x 0 =m]ly ! cu/om to make ! tubes mu* long] ?an %[n 9 ! fig41 ) ! object ( ga9+ heat+ surface2 b mod]n exp]i5ce has %[n t ! la/ ?ree or f\r feet next ! smoke box 7 ( little or no use1 because1 by ! "t ! products ( combu/ion rea*$ ?is "p ( ! heat+ surface1 _! temp]ature 0 s r$uc$ t b little additional heat c\ld be ab/ract$ f !m4 ,! tubes1 9 addition to act+ z flues & heat+ surface1 fulfil also ! function ( /ays to ! flat end ( ! b>rel ( ! boil]1 & ! portion ( ! fire box opposite to x4 ,9 addition to ! /ay+ p[] d]iv$ f ! tubes1 ! smoke box1 tube plate & ! front %ell plate are /ay$ toge!r by sev]al long rods4 ,illu/ration3 ,,! ,,horizontal ,,tubul> ,,boil]4--,fig4 #cj4 ,,/&>d ,,horizontal ,,tubul> ,,/eam ,,boil]4 ,,table ,,( ,,sizes1 ,,proportions1 ,,etc43 ,diamet] ,l5g? ,gauge ,gauge ,numb],diamet] ,l5g? ,squ>e ,nom9al ( ( ( ( ( ( ( feet ( ,horse ,%ell4 ,%ell4 ,%ell4 ,heads4,tubes4 ,tubes4 ,tubes4 ,heat+ ,p[]4 ,surface4 ---------------------------------------- ---------------------------- #gb 94#ai;ft4#d;9#c_/h 94 #a_/b;94 #hj #d 94#ah;ft4#j;94 #a1ejj #ajj #gb #ah #d #c_/h #a_/b #hf #c-a_/b #ag #j #a1ejj #ajj #gb #ag #d #c_/h #a_/b #ajh #c #af #j #a1ejj #ajj ---------------------------------------- ---------------------------- #ff #ah #d #c_/h #a_/b #gd #c-a_/b #ag #j #a1cej #ij #ff #ag #d #c_/h #a_/b #ib #c #af #j #a1cej #ij ---------------------------------------- ---------------------------- #fj #ah #c #c_/h #a_/b #gh #c #ag #j #a1bjj #hj #fj #ag #c #c_/h #a_/b #gf #c #af #j #a1abe #ge #fj #af #c #c_/h #a_/b #gg #c #ae #j #a1jej #gj #fj #af #c #c_/h #a_/b #gj #c #ae #j #ige #fe #fj #af #c #c_/h #a_/b #fd #c #ae #j #ijj #fj ---------------------------------------- ---------------------------- #ed #ag #c #e_/af #g_/af #fj #c #af #j #ijj #ej #ed #ag #c #e_/af #g_/af #ef #c #af #j #hbe #ee #ed #af #c #e_/af #g_/af #eb #c #ae #j #gej #ej #ed #af #c #e_/af #g_/af #df #c #ae #j #fge #de #ed #af #c #e_/af #g_/af #dj #c #ae #j #fjj #dj ---------------------------------------- ---------------------------- #dh #ag #b #e_/af #g_/af #ej #c #af #j #gej #ej #dh #af #b #e_/af #g_/af #dh #c #ae #j #fge #de #dh #af #b #e_/af #g_/af #db #c #ae #j #fjj #dj ---------------------------------------- ---------------------------- #db #af #b #a_/d #c_/h #cf #c #ae #j #ebe #he #db #ae #b #a_/d #c_/h #cb #c #ad #j #dej #cj #db #ad #b #a_/d #c_/h #bh #c #ac #j #cge #be ---------------------------------------- ---------------------------- #cf #ad #b #a_/d #c_/h #cf #b-a_/b #ac #j #cge #be #cf #ad #b #a_/d #c_/h #bh #b-a_/b #ac #j #cjj #bj #cf #ac #b #a_/d #c_/h #bj #b-a_/b #ab #j #bbe #ae #cf #ab #b #a_/d #c_/h #ad #b-a_/b #aa #j #aej #aj ,,note4 ,9 e/imat+ ! horse p[] by means ( ! above table1 #ae squ>e feet has be5 all[$ = ea* horse p[]1 & ! numb] ( feet 9 ea* boil] is giv5 9 r\nd numb]s4 ,?is table is "o us$ 9 e-day practice by boil] mak]s4 ,,! ,,flue ,,boil]4 ,illu/ration3 ,,! ,,two ,,flue ,,boil]4--,fig4 #ca4 ,illu/ration3 ,,! ,,six ,,in* ,,flue ,,boil]4--,fig4 #cb4 ,,! ,,horizontal ,,tubul> ,,/eam ,,boil]4 ,! great majority ( /ation>y boil]s are cyl9drical or r\nd %ap$1 because-- #a4 ,! cyl9drical =m is ! /ronge/4 #b4 ,x is ! *eape/4 #c4 ,x p]mits ! use ( ?9n] metal4 #d4 ,x is ! safe/4 #e4 ,x is inspect$ )\t difficulty4 #f4 ,x is mo/ symmetrical4 #g4 ,x is manufactur$ easi]4 #h4 ,x resi/s int]nal /ra9 bett]4 #i4 ,x resi/s ext]nal /ra9 also4 #aj4 ,x c be /ay$ or /r5g!n$ bett]4 #aa4 ,x encloses ! greate/ volume ) lea/ mat]ial4 #ab4 ,x is ! result ( _m ye>s' exp]i5ce 9 boil] practice4 #ac4 ,x is ! =m adopt$ or pref]r$ by all exp]i5c$ eng9e]s4 ,x foll[s1 too1 t ! horizontal tubul> boil]1 sub/antially z %[n 9 fig4 #cj1 is ! /&>d /eam boil]2 eng9e]s & /eam p[] own]s cl+ ) great t5acity to ?is approv$ =m1 :i* is an outgr[? ( "o hundr$ ye>s' exp]i5ce 9 /eam production4 ,9 ! pla9 horizontal tubul> boil] %[n 9 cuts1 ! %ell is fill$ ) z _m small tubes v>y+ f two in*es to f\r in*es 9 diamet] z is consi/5t ) ! circulation & /eam space4 ,9 fir+ ?is type ( boil] ! combu/ion fir/ takes place "u ! %ell1 & ! products1 su* z heat1 flame1 & gas1 pass ?r\gh ! small tubes to ! *imney1 al?\gh 9 ! triple draught patt]n ( ! tubul> boil]1 ! heat products pass1 z w h]eaft] be expla9$1 a second "t ?r\gh ! boil] tubes1 mak+ ?ree turns be=e ! f9al loss ( ! extra heat takes place4 ,! illu/rations on pages #gh & #hj exhibit ! gradual advances to ! horizontal tubul> by ! two-flu$ boil] 7fig4 #ca7 ( ! six flues 7fig4 #cb7 & ( ! locomotive ,portable ,boil] 7fig4 #cc74 ,! v]tical or upright tubul> boil] is b ano!r modification ( ! horizontal tubul>4 ,illu/ration3 ,,! ,,locomotive ,,portable ,,boil]4--,fig4 #cc4 ,9 p>ts ( ! v]tical boil] !re is v little circulation & ! corrosion on ! inn] side is su* z to we> ! boil] rapidly4 ,9 ! a% pit1 a%es & any dampness t may be ab\t ! place also causes rapid corrosion4 ,! upp] "p ( ! tubes & tube %eet are frequ5tly injur$2 = in/ance1 if ! tubes pass all ! way ?r\gh to ! upp] tube %eet1 provid+ !re is no cone top1 :5 ! fire is fir/ made "u ! boil]1 combu/ion at times does n take place until ! gases pass ne>ly ?r\gh ! tubes4 ,! wat] usually be+ c>ri$ bel[ ! tube %eet !re is a space left above ! wat] l9e1 :]e !re is nei!r /eam nor wat]1 & ! heat is s great t ! ends ( ! tubes are burn$ & cry/aliz$1 & ! tube %eet is (t5 crack$ & brok5 by ?is excessive heat be=e ! /eam is g5]at$4 ,! fir/ difficulty is exp]i5c$ 9 8! legs0 ( ! ,portable ,locomotive boil]--h5ce ! g5]al v]dict ( /eam us]s 9 favor ( ! r\nd %ell1 _m-tub$ boil]4 ,,p>ts ,,( ,,! ,,tubul> ,,boil]4 ,,! ,,%ell4 ,?is is ! r\nd or cyl9drical /ructure :i* is commonly describ$ z ! boil]1 9 :i* are ins]t$ ! braces & tubes1 & :i* su/a9s ! int]nal /ra9 ( ! pressure ( ! /eam1 ! action ( ! wat] )91 & ! fire )\t4 ,,! ,,drum4 ,?is "p is sometimes call$ ! dome1 & consi/s ( an upp] *amb] rivet$ to ! top ( ! boil] = ! purpose ( af=d+ m /eam space4 ,,! ,,tube ,,%eets4 ,^! are ! r\nd1 flat flang$ %eets =m+ ! two ends ( ! boil]1 into :i* ! tubes are fa/5$4 ,,! ,,manhole ,,cov]4 ,?is is a plate & frame commonly op5+ inw>ds & l>ge en\gh to admit a man into ! int]ior ( ! boil]4 ,^! op5+s are sometimes made on ! top & sometimes at ! end ( ! boil]4 ,manhole op5+s 9 /eam boil]s %\ld inv>iably be locat$ 9 ! head ( ! boil]1 except 9 r>e cases t may arise1 :5 circum/ances require x to be plac$ 9 ! %ell4 ,! manhole1 s plac$1 w n mat]ially r$uce ! /r5g? ( ! boil]1 & f ?is position x c m readily be se5 t ! boil] is kept 9 prop] condition4 ,! prop] sizes = manholes are #ie & #ajaf1 accord+ to circum/ances4 ,^! are amply l>ge = g5]al use & no mat]ial advantage is ga9$ by increas+ !m4 ,,! ,,h& ,,hole ,,plates4 ,^! are simil> arrangem5ts to ! manhole cov]1 except z to size4 ,!y are made l>ge en\gh to admit ! h& into ! boil]s = ! purpose ( remov+ s$im5t & !y are also us$ = ! purpose ( inspect+ ! int]ior ( ! boil]4 ,two are usually put 9 ea* boil]1 "o front & "o 9 ! re>4 ,,! ,,bl[ ,,(f4 ,?is consi/s ( pipes & a cock communicat+ ) ! bottom ( ! boil] = ! purpose ( bl[+ (f ! boil] or ( runn+ (f ! wat] :5 ! =m] ne$s clean+4 ,illu/ration3 ,,! ,,triple ,,draught ,,tubul> ,,boil]4--,fig4 #cd4 ,,! ,,triple ,,draught ,,tubul> ,,boil]4 ,?is boil]1 :i* is ext5sively us$ by ! manufactur]s ( ,new ,engl&1 is1 z w be se5 by ! illu/ration1 ( ! horizontal tubul> class1 & is ess5tially diff]5t f ! well kn[n type only 9 ! arrangem5t ( ! tubes4 ,! me?od secures ! passage ( ! products ( combu/ion ?r\gh ! same %ell twice2 =w>d ?r\gh a "p ( ! tubes1 & backw>ds ?r\gh ! rema9+ ones4 ,! mann] ( accompli%+ ?is result c be be/ describ$ by expla9+ h[ a common tubul> boil] may be remodell$ s z to c>ry out ?is pr9ciple4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ce4 ,a cyl9drical %ell1 z %[n 9 ,fig4 #cd--( suffici5t size to encircle ab\t "o-half ( ! tubes1 is atta*$ to ! outside ( ! re> head bel[ ! wat] l9e1 & ext5d$ backw>d to ! back end ( ! sett+4 ,! encircl$ tubes are l5g!n$ & c>ri$ backw>d to ! same po9t2 ! ext5sion is clos$ 9 & made to communicate ) ! boil] prop]2 ! inn] tubes em]ge to ! flue lead+ to ! *imney & ! old connection f ! smoke ar* is cut (f4 ,) ?is arrangem5t1 ! out] tubes ( ! boil]--a clu/] on ea* side ( ! supplem5t>y %ell c>ry ! products ( combu/ion =w>d to ! front smoke ar*1 & ! inn] tubes c>ry !m backw>d to ! *imney4 ,fig4 #ce exhibits ! boil] 9 half section & %[s ! c\rse ( ! heat products ?r\gh "o ( ! out] tubes & return+ ?r\gh ! boil] by "o ( ! inn] clu/]4 ,fig4 #cf 7page #hd7 %[s ! boil] sectionally1 ov] ! bridge wall2 ! %ad$ tube ends exhibit ! clu/] :i* return ! heat products to ! re> ( ! boil]1 aft] be+ br\ght =w>d by ! two out] clu/]s :i* are left un%ad$4 ,?is arrangem5t ( ! tubes gives sev]al advantages3 #a4 ,x enables an exce$+ly high furnace temp]ature1 )\t loss at ! *imney4 #b4 ,by divid+ ! heat into ^! curr5ts a m equal expansion & contraction is secur$4 ,?is is an important po9t secur$4 #c4 ,9 ?is sy/em ! tubes are almo/ equally op]ative4 #d4 ,! extra body ( wat] imm$iately ov] ! furnace is bo? an elem5t ( safety & a res]voir ( p[]4 #e4 ,! outlet = ! wa/e products ( combu/ion is f\nd 9 ?is /yle ( boil] 9 a m conv5i5t position at ! re> end ( ! boil]4 #f4 ,! boil] be+ self-conta9$1 c be us$ 9 places :]e height ( /ory is limit$4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #cf4 ,,specification ,,= #abe ,,horse ,,p[] ,,boil]4 ,= "o ,horizontal ,tubul> ,boil] #gb in*es diamet] #ah feet long ='''''''''''''''''''''(''''''''' ,type4 ,! boil] to be ( ! ,horizontal ,tubul> type ) all ca/+s & m\nt+s complete4 ,dim5sions4 ,boil] #gb in*es diamet] & #ah feet long4 ,ea* boil] to conta9 #ij be/ lap weld$ tubes #c-a_/b in*es diamet] by #ah feet long1 set 9 v]tical & horizontal r[s ) a space betwe5 !m v]tically & horizontally ( no less ?an "o in* & "o-qu>t] 7#a-a_/d7 except c5tral v]tical space1 :i* is to be ?ree in*es 7#c74 ,no tube to be ne>] ?an two & "o-half in*es 7#b-a_/b7 to %ell or boil]4 ,holes ?r\gh heads to be neatly *amf]$ (f4 ,all tubes to be set by ,dudgeon ,exp&] & slightly fl>$ at front end1 turn$ ov] & bead$ d[n at back end4 ,quality & ,?ickness ( ,/eel ,plates4 ,%ell plates to be #a_/b-;in* ?ick ( homog5e\s /eel ( uni=m quality hav+ a t5sile /r5g? ( n less ?an #fe1jjj lbs4 ,"n ( mak]1 br& & t5sile /r5g? to be pla9ly /amp$ on ea* plate4 ,heads to be ( same quality z plates ( %ell 9 all p>ticul>s #c_/d-;in* ?ick4 ,bottom ( %ell to be ( "o plate1 & no plate to be less ?an #g feet wide4 ,top ( %ell to be 9 ?ree plates4 ,all plates plan$ be=e roll+1 & all jo9ts full]$ n caulk$4 ,flanges4 ,all flanges to be turn$ 9 a neat mann] to an int]nal radius ( n less ?an two in*es 7#b7 & to be cle> ( cracks1 *ecks or flaws4 ,rivet+4 ,boil]s to be rivet$ ) #c_/d-;in* rivet ?r\gh\t4 ,all gir? seams to be d\ble rivet$4 ,all horizontal seams to be d\ble rivet$4 ,rivet holes to be pun*$ or drill$ s z to come fair 9 con/ruction4 ,no drift p9s to be us$ 9 con/ruction ( ! boil]s4 ,braces4 ,all braces to be ( ! cr[foot patt]n1 "o & "o eigh? 7#a-a_/h7 in* diamet] & ! %orte/ to be no less ?an f\r feet 7#d7 long & ( suffici5t numb] = ?or\gh brac+1 & to be> uni=m t5sion4 ,manholes1 ,h& ,holes & ,?imbles4 ,"o manhole 9 top ( ea* boil] ) heavy ca/ iron frame rivet$ on middle ( c5tre plate2 "o manhole ne> ! bottom ( ea* front head2 head re9=c$ ) a wr\ght iron r+ two in*es 7#b7 squ>e1 rivet$ to heads ) flu% c\nt]sunk rivets two in*es 7#b7 pit* & to h all ! necess>y bolts1 plates1 gu>ds & gaskets2 two six-in* ?imbles rivet$ to top ( ea* boil]1 ea* to h a plan$ face2 "o heavy #f-;in* flange on bottom ( ea* boil]1 #ab in*es f back end to c5tre ( flange4 ,!re mu/ be two braces1 "o on ea* side ( manhole 9 front head2 also to h ?ree braces opposite manhole on back head bel[ tubes4 ,lugs4 ,f\r 7#d7 lugs rivet$ on ea* side ( boil]s1 ( good & suffici5t size1 ) six "o-in* rivets 9 ea* lug4 ,ca/+s4 ,ea* boil] to h a complete set ( ca/+s consi/+ ( ornam5tal flu% fronts conta9+ tube1 fire & a%-pit doors1 & provide ! be/ /ation>y grate b>s z may be select$ by buy]1 ) ! necess>y fixtures1 all be>+ b>s1 brit*+ plates1 dead plates1 b9d] b>s1 back clean+ out doors ) frames4 ,an*or bolts & buck /ays4 ,! fire door to conta9 adju/able air op5+ & to be protect$ ) fire %ields4 ,"o heavy ca/ iron ar* ov] ea* boil]4 ,te/+4 ,boil]s to be te/$ ) a wat] pressure ( #bjj lbs4 p] squ>e in* & c]tificate ( su* te/ hav+ be5 made %all be furni%$ ) boil]4 ,te/ ( boil] to be "u direction ( su* /eam boil] ,insurance ,company z may be select$ by buy]4 ,quality & ,workman%ip4 ,all boil]s to be made 9 ! be/ workmanlike mann] & all mat]ial ( _! respective k9ds to be ( ! be/1 & 9 /rict accordance ) specification4 ,fitt+s & ,m\nt+s4 ,! boil] to be furni%$ ) ! foll[+3 ,"o f\r in* heavy m\nt$ safety valve4 ,"o six in* flang$ globe valve4 ,two two in* be/ globe valves4 ,two two in* *eck valves4 ,"o eight in* dial nickel plat$ /eam gauge4 ,"o l[ wat] al>m gauge4 ,"o set ( fire irons = two boil]s consi/+ ( hoe1 pok]1 slice b> & %ovel4 ,draw+s4 ,all draw+s furni%$ = masons 9 sett+ ! boil]s4 ,duty ( ,boil]4 ,! boil] to develop #abj horse p[] & to "w "u a con/ant pressure v>y+ f #abe to #aej lbs4 to ! squ>e in*4 ,all rivets are to be #b-a_/b & #a-a_/b in* pit*4 ,! pit* l9e ( ! rivets to be n ne>] #a-a_/h in*es to ! edge ( ! %eet4 ,to be #h lug plates = ea* boil] n less ?an #b feet long1 #h in*es wide1 & "o in* ?ick4 ,!re %all be six #a in* an*or rods runn+ front to re> ( ea* boil]1 9 ! brick "w4 ,^! boil]s & all _! fronts1 fitt+s & connections w be subject to ! inspection (''''''''''''''''''''' ,,m>ks ,,on ,,boil] ,,plates4 ,some?+ has be5 said "u ano!r head+ ( ! nature & requisite quality ( ! mat]ials ent]+ into ! /ructure ( ! boil]4 ,too mu* emphasis _c be laid ^u ! necessity = ! use ( ! v be/ iron & /eel t c be manufactur$1 & ! mo/ skillful & ?or\gh workman%ip t c be p]=m$ 9 con/ruct+ ! boil]4 ,x is becom+ ! practice1 bo? = l& & m>9e boil]s1 = boil] plate mak]s to furni% 8te/ pieces0 f ea* %eet or plate t goes into ! con/ruction ( a boil]1 & a %eet %[+ ! t5sile /r5g? ( ea* %eet or plate t ent]s into its make up4 ,b irrespective ( ?is practice ea* plate ent]+ into boil] con/ruction w be f\nd to h "o ( ! foll[+ m>ks1 :i* designate its quality & me?od ( manufacture4 ,! "n 8,*>coal ,iron0 is us$ because 9 its manufacture wood *>coal is employ$ in/ead ( m9]al fuel4 8,*>coal ,no4 #a ,iron0 7,c4 ,no4 #a7 is made entirely ( *>coal iron4 ,x has a t5acity ( #dj1jjj p\nds p] squ>e in* 9 ! direction ( ! fibre4 ,x is h>d1 b n v ductile1 & %\ld nev] be us$ = flang+4 8,*>coal ,hamm]$ ,no4 #a ,%ell ,iron0 7,c4 ,h4 ,no4 #a ,s471 al?\gh n necess>ily hamm]$1 has be5 work$ up be=e x is roll$ into plates4 ,x has a t5acity ( #ej1jjj to #ee1jjj p\nds p] squ>e in* 9 ! direction ( ! fibre4 ,x is r h>d iron1 & %\ld n be flang$4 ,x is us$ = ! outside %ell ( boil]s4 8,flange ,iron0 7,c4 ,h4 ,no4 #a ,f471 is a ductile mat]ial :i* c be flang$ 9 e direction4 ,x has a t5acity ( #ej1jjj to #ee1jjj p\nds p] squ>e in* along ! fibre4 8,fire ,box ,iron0 7,c4 ,h4 ,no4 #a ,f4 ,b471 is a h>d] quality1 design$ especially to )/& ! de/ructive effect ( ! imp++ flame1 & is us$ = boxes & flue-%eets4 ,! lett]s 9 ! brackets exhibit ! plate /amp4 ,ca/ iron & copp] 7 us$ 9 an e>ly day = /eam boil]s & ! =m] is /ill ext5sively us$ = c]ta9 =ms ( l[ pressure /eam heat]s made = v>i\s purposes1 su* z gre5 h\ses1 etc4 ,,con/ruction ,,( ,,boil]s4 ,9 select+ a boil]1 ! mo/ effici5t design w be f\nd to be t 9 :i* ! greate/ am\nt ( %ell surface is expos$ to direct heat4 ,x is ! direct heat+ surface t does ! bulk ( ! "w & e t5d5cy to r$uce x1 ei!r 9 ! con/ruction or sett+ ( ! boil]1 %\ld be avoid$4 ,! small] ! am\nt ( surface enclos$ by or 9 contact ) ! sett+1 ! bett] results w be obta9$4 ,a boil] ) a bad circulation is ! bane ( an eng9e]'s exi/5ce4 ,prop] circulation facilities con/itute "o ( ! *ief factors 9 ! con/ruction ( a successful & economical boil]4 ,9 tubul> boil]s ! be/ practice places ! tubes 9 v]tical r[s1 leav+ out :at w\ld be ! c5tre r[4 ,! circulation is up ! sides ( ! boil] & d[n ! c5tre4 ,tubes set zig-zag to break spaces imp$e ! circulation & are n consid]$ productive ( ! be/ results4 ,! surface f :i* evaporation takes place %\ld be made great] z ! /eam pressure is r$uc$1 t is to say1 z ! size ( ! bubbles ( /eam become great]4 ,to produce #ajj lbs4 ( /eam p] h\r at atmosph]ic pressure ?is surface %\ld n be less ?an #gcb squ>e feet1 :i* may be r$uc$ to #adf squ>e feet = /eam at #ge lbs4 pressure1 & to #gc feet = /eam at a pressure ( #aej lbs4 ,x is = ?is reason t triple-expansion eng9es c be work$ ) small] boil]s ?an are requir$ ) eng9es us+ /eam ( l[] pressure4 ,! am\nt ( /eam space to be p]mitt$ dep5ds ^u ! volume ( ! cyl9d]s & ! numb] ( revolutions made p] m9ute4 ,= ord9>y eng9es x may be made a hundr$ times z great z ! av]age volume ( /eam g5]at$ p] second4 ,a volume ( heat$ wat] 9 a boil] p]=ms ! same (fice 9 furni%+ a /eady supply ( /eam z a fly-:eel does to an eng9e 9 insur+ uni=mity ( spe$2 h5ce ! c5tre space ( a boil] %\ld be ample1 9 ord] to take advantage ( ?is res]ve =ce4 ,,quality ,,( ,,/eel ,,plates4 ,/eel = boil]s is always ( ! k9d kn[n z l[ /eel1 or s(t /eel1 & is1 prop]ly speak+1 +ot iron1 all ( its *>act]i/ics be+ ^? ( a t5aci\s1 b5d+1 equal gra9$ iron1 & q diff]5t f true /eels1 su* z knife blades1 cutt+ tools1 etc41 are compos$ (4 ,/eel is rapidly displac+ iron 9 boil] con/ruction1 z x has great] /r5g? = ! same ?ickness1 ?an iron2 &1 except 9 r>e in/ances1 :]e ! nature ( ! wat] available = fe$ r5d]s /eel undesirable1 iron %\ld n be us$ = mak+ boil]s1 c>eful te/s hav+ %[n x to be va/ly inf]ior to /eel 9 _m important features4 ,good boil] /eel up to "o-half in* 9 ?ickness %\ld be capable ( be+ d\bl$ ov] & hamm]$ d[n on itself )\t %[+ any signs ( fracture1 & above t ?ickness x %\ld be capable ( be+ b5t ar\nd a m&rel ( a diamet] equal to "o & "o-half times ! ?ickness ( ! plate1 to an angle ( #ahj degrees )\t sign ( di/ress4 ,su* b5d+ pieces %\ld n be less 9 l5g? ?an sixte5 times ! ?ickness ( ! plate4 ,on ?is te/ piece ! metal %\ld %[ ! foll[+ physical qualities3 ,t5sile /r5g?1 #ee1jjj to #fe1jjj p\nds p] squ>e in*4 ,elongation1 #bj p] c5t4 = plates ?ree-eigh?s in* ?ick or less4 ,elongation1 #bb p] c5t4 = plates f ?ree-eigh?s to ?ree-f\r?s in* ?ick4 ,elongation1 #be p] c5t4 = plates ov] ?ree-f\r?s in* ?ick4 ,! cross sectional area ( ! te/ piece %\ld be n less ?an "o-half ( "o squ>e in*1 i4e41 if ! piece is "o-f\r? in* ?ick1 its wid? %\ld be two in*es2 if x be "o-half in* ?ick1 its wid? %\ld be "o in*4 ,b = heavi] mat]ial ! wid? %all 9 no case be less ?an ! ?ickness ( ! plate4 ,,nickel ,,/eel ,,boil] ,,plates4 ,x has be5 f\nd t ! addition ( ab\t ?ree p] c5t4 7#c4af to #c4cb7 ( nickel to ord9>y s(t /eel produces mo/ favorable results2 ?us x has be5 %[n by ,riley t a p>ticul> v>iety ( nickel /eel pres5ts to ! eng9e] ! means ( ne>ly d\bl+ boil] pressures )\t increas+ weight or dim5sions4 ,9 a rec5t exp]im5t made ) ,bessem] /eel roll$ into ?ree-f\r?s in* plates f :i* a numb] ( te/ specim5s 7 cut1 ! ela/ic limit 0 respectively #ei1jjj p\nds & #fj1jjj p\nds4 ,! ultimate t5sile /r5g? 0 #ajj1jjj p\nds & #ajb1jjj p\nds1 respectively4 ,! elongation 0 #ae-a_/b p] c5t4 9 ea* specim51 & ! r$uction ( area at fracture 0 #bi-a_/b p] c5t4 & #bf-a_/b p] c5t4 respectively4 ,^! figures %[ t ! ela/ic limit & ultimate t5sile /r5g? 0 rais$ by ! nickel alloy to almo/ d\ble ! limits rea*$ 9 ! be/ grades ( boil] plate /eel1 & ! elongation 0 r$uc$ to a sc>cely appreciable ext5t4 ,! exp]im5t _h = its object1 ! reproduction1 z ne>ly z possible1 ( ! alloy us$ 9 ! nickel /eel armor plate made at ,le ,creusot1 ,france1 & ! result 0 report$ to ! ,secret>y ( ! ,navy at ,wa%+ton4 ,! new plate %[$ a p]c5tage ( #c4af nickel1 z aga9/ #c4cb = ! import$ plate4 ,,rivet+4 ,:5 ! mat]ials are ( be/ quality1 !n !re only rema9s to rivet & /ay ! boil]4 ,rivet+ is ( two k9ds1 s+le & d\ble4 ,fig4 #cg %[s ! me?od ( s+le rivet+1 & ,figs4 #ch & #ci %[ ! plan & cross-section ( d\ble rivet$ %eets4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #cg4 ,d\ble ,rivet+ consi/s 9 mak+ ! jo9ts ( boil] "w ) two r[s ( rivets in/ead ( "o--ne>ly always1 horizontal seams are d\ble rivet$ z well z domes :]e !y jo9 ^u ! boil]4 ,usually all gir? seams1--^? runn+ r\nd ! body ( ! boil]1 are s+le rivet$4 ,! size ( ! rivets is 9 proportion to ! diamet] ( ! boil]1 be+ #e_/h1 #c_/d & #g_/h z requir$ 9 ! specification4 ,rivet holes are made by pun*+ or drill+1 accord+ to ! mat]ial 9 :i* !y are made4 ,9 s(t iron & mild /eel !y may safely be pun*$1 b 9 metal at all brittle ! holes %\ld be drill$4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ch4 ,rivets are driv5 by h&1 by /eam rivet+ ma*9es or by an improv$ pneumatic ma*9e :i* holds ! %eet toge!r & /rikes a succession ( light bl[s to =m ! head ( ! rivet :ile hot4 ,rivets are made bo? ( iron & /eel1 & !re are c]ta9 well-kn[n br&s ( su* excell5t quality t !y are almo/ exclusively us$ 9 boil] "w4 ,a place :]e skill is %[n 9 boil] con/ruction is 9 lay+ out ! rivet holes1 ) a templet1 s t ! %eets come exactly toge!r ) ! holes s ne>ly opposite t ! dread$ drift p9 does n h to be us$4 ,9 ^! figures ! lett]s ,p & p ref] to ! 8pit* ( ! rivets10 i4e41 ! "p f c5tre to c5tre1 & ! dim5sions giv5 at ! sides indicate ! am\nt ( lap giv5 9 in*es & t5?s ( in*es--! diamet] ( ! rivet 7#a7 is also %[n1 & ! turn$ ov] portion ( ! %ank ( ! rivet is %[n by dott$ l9es4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ci4 ,no rivet$ boil] "w c be consid]$ fairly proportion$ unless ! /r5g? ( ! plate betwe5 ! rivets is fully equal to ! /r5g? ( ! rivets !mselves4 ,a m>g9 7or net di/ance f outside ( holes to edge ( plate7 equal to ! diamet] ( ! drill$ hole has be5 f\nd suffici5t4 ,rivets %\ld be made ( good *>coal iron or ( a v s(t mild /eel1 runn+ betwe5 #ej1jjj & #fj1jjj p\nds t5sile /r5g? & %[+ an elongation ( n less ?an n9ety p] c5t4 9 eight in*es1 & hav+ ! same *emical composition z specifi$ = plates4 ,a long rivet1 hold+ ?ick plates toge!r1 is r>ely tight except imm$iately "u ! head4 ,! heads are set & ! c5tre cool$ be=e ! hole is prop]ly fill$4 ,if x is a v long rivet !re is a *ance ( ! contraction fractur+ ! head ( ! rivet4 ,9 ! ,=? ,bridge1 :i* is made ( v heavy plate gird]s1 ! rivets1 fir/ c>efully fitt$1 7 driv5 tight into ! holes1 ! burr ar\nd ! holes 7 remov$1 & ! ends ( ! rivets heat$ to a suffici5t degree to enable !m to be clos$ ov]4 ,a simple ma!matical d$uction %[s t a circle seam has j "o-half ! /ra9 to c>ry z a longitud9al seam1 "u ! same pressure & ) ! same ?ickness ( metal1 h5ce ! cu/om ( s+le rivet+ ! =m] & d\ble rivet+ ! latt]1 or longwise seams4 ,,diff]5t ,,modes ,,( ,,rivet+4 ---------------------------------------- ,,*a9 ,,zig ,,zag ,,treble ,,unequal ,,rivet+4 ,,rivet+4 ,,rivet+4 ,,pit*es4 ---------------------------------------- ,o ,o ,o ,o ,o ,o ,o ,o ,o ,o ,o ,o ,o ,o ,o ,o ,o ,o ,o ,o ,o ,o ,o ,o ,o ,o ,o ,o ,o ,o ,o ,o ,o ,o ,o ,o ,o ,o ,o ,o ,o ,o ,o ,o ,o ,o ---------------------------------------- ,9 fig4 #da may be se5 an example ( zig-zag rivet+4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #da4 ,,caulk+4--,by ?is is meant ! clos+ ( ! edges ( ! seams ( boil]s or plates4 ,9 prep>+ ! seams = caulk+1 ! edges are fir/ plan$ true inside & outside2 & aft] ! plates h be5 rivet$ toge!r1 ! edges are caulk$ or clos$ by a blunt *isel ab\t #a_/d-;in* ?ick at ! edge1 :i* %\ld be /ruck ) a #c or #d-lb4 hamm]2 sometimes "o man do+ ! "w alone & sometimes "o hold+ ! *isel & ano!r /rik+4 ,full]+ a boil] plate is done by a r\nd-nos$ tool1 :ile caulk+ is execut$ by a %>p] in/rum5t4 ,! ?9ne/ plate :i* %\ld be us$ 9 a boil] is "o-f\r? ( an in*1 on acc\nt ( ! almo/ impossibility ( caulk+ ! seams ( ?9n] plates4 ,x is a rule well kn[n to all practical boil] mak]s t ! ?9n] ! metal 7compatible ) due /r5g?7 ! long] ! life ( ! boil] "u its v>y+ /resses & ! bett] ! caulk+ w /&4 ,,/eel ,,rivets4 ,hi!rto !re has be5 "s prejudice aga9/ /eel rivets1 & :ile ?is may h "s f\ndation :5 iron plates are us$1 x is c]ta9ly baseless :5 /eel plates are conc]n$4 ,! ,unit$ ,/ates gov]nm5t has cle>ly demon/rat$ ?is4 ,all ! %ips ( ! new navy h /eel boil]s1 rivet$ ) /eel rivets1 & an exam9ation ( ! "* ( ! mat]ial prescrib$ & ! sev]ity ( ! te/s to :i* x is subject$ %[ t ^! /eel-rivet$ /eel boil]s are probably ! be/ boil]s ev] con/ruct$4 ,unit$ ,/ates ,gov]nm5t ,requirem5ts = ,boil] ,rivets4 ,!y are subject$ to ! mo/ sev]e hamm] te/s1 su* z flatt5+ out cold to a ?ickness ( "o-half ! diamet]1 & flatt5+ out hot to a ?ickness ( "o-?ird ! diamet]4 ,9 nei!r case mu/ !y %[ cracks or flaws4 ,k9d ( ,mat]ial4--,/eel = boil] rivets mu/ be made by ei!r ! op5-he>? or ,clapp-,griffi? process1 & mu/ n %[ m ?an 4#jce ( "o p] c5tum ( phosphorus nor m ?an 4#jd ( "o p] c5tum ( sulphur1 & mu/ be ( ! be/ quality 9 o!r respects4 ,ea* ton ( rivets f ! same heat or bl[ %all con/itute a lot4 ,f\r specim5s = t5sile te/s %all be cut f ! b>s f :i* ! lot ( rivets is made4 ,t5sile ,te/s4--,! rivets = use 9 ! longitud9al seams ( boil] %ells %all h f #eh1jjj to #fg1jjj p\nds t5sile /r5g?1 ) an elongation ( n less ?an #bf p] c5tum2 & all o!rs %all h a t5sile /r5g? ( f #ej1jjj to #eh1jjj p\nds1 ) an elongation ( n less ?an #cj p] c5tum 9 eight 7#h7 in*es4 ,hamm] ,te/4--,f ea* lot twelve 7#ab7 rivets are to be tak5 at r&om & submitt$ to ! foll[+ te/s3 ,f\r 7#d7 rivets to be flatt5$ out cold "u ! hamm] to a ?ickness ( "o-half ! diamet] )\t %[+ cracks or flaws4 ,f\r 7#d7 rivets to be flatt5$ out hot "u ! hamm] to a ?ickness ( "o-?ird ! diamet] )\t %[+ cracks or flaws--! heat to be ! work+ heat :5 driv54 ,f\r 7#d7 rivets to be b5t cold into ! =m ( a hook ) p>allel sides1 )\t %[+ cracks or flaws4 ,surface ,inspection4--,rivets mu/ be true to =m1 free f scale1 f9s1 seams & all o!r unsightly or injuri\s defects4 ,9 view ( ! fact t ! gov]nm5t is us+ _m hundr$ tons ( ^! rivets1 %[n by ! records ( ! te/s to be va/ly sup]ior to any iron rivet made1 9 all ! ess5tials ( a good rivet1 x w\ld seem t x w\ld b5efit ! boil] mak]1 ! pur*as] ( ! boil] & also ! mak] ( ! rivet by adopt+ a /&>d /eel rivet to be us$ 9 all /eel boil]s4 ,,brac+ ,,( ,,/eam ,,boil]s4 ,! mat]ial ( a boil] be+ satisfactory & ! plates be+ ?or\ghly & skillfully rivet$ !re rema9s ! important matt] ( /r5g!n+ ! boil] aga9/ ! enorm\s int]nal pressure n altoge!r provid$ =4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #db4 ,to illu/rate ! importance ( att5tion to ?is po9t x may be rem>k$ t a boil] eighte5 feet 9 l5g? by five feet 9 diamet]1 ) #dj f\r-in* tubes1 "u a head ( #hj p\nds ( /eam1 has a pressure ( ne>ly #aac tons on ea* head1 #a1fbe tons on ! %ell & #d1ccc tons on ! tubes1 mak+ a total ( #f1ahd tons on ! :ole ( ! expos$ surfaces4 ,n only is ?is imm5se =ce to be )/ood1 b ow+ to ! fact t ! boil] gr[s weak ) age--a safety factor ( six has be5 adopt$ by inspectors1 i4e41 ! boil] mu/ be made six times z /rong z ne$$ 9 e day work+ practice4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #dc4 ,,braces ,,9 ,,! ,,boil]4--,! prop] brac+ ( flat surfaces expos$ to pressure1 is a matt] ( ! greate/ importance1 z ! p[] ( resi/ance to bulg+ possess$ by any consid]able ext5t ( su* a surface1 made z !y mu/ be 9 ! majority ( cases ( ?9 plates1 is s small t practically ! :ole load has to be c>ri$ by ! braces4 ,?is be+ ! case1 x is evid5t t z mu* att5tion %\ld be giv5 to prop]ly design+1 proportion+1 di/ribut+ & con/ruct+ ! brace z to any o!r portion ( ! boil]4 ,all flat surfaces %\ld be /rongly support$ ) braces ( ! be/ ref9$ iron1 or mild /eel1 hav+ a t5sile /r5g? ( n less ?an #eh1jjj lbs4 to ! squ>e in*4 ,^! braces mu/ be provid$ ) cr[ feet or heavy angle iron prop]ly di/ribut$ ?r\gh\t ! boil]4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #dd4 ,fig4 #db %[s ! me?od usually foll[$ 9 /ay+ small horizontal tubul> boil]s4 ,! cut repres5ts a #cf-;in* head & !re are five braces 9 ea* head3 two %ort ones & ?ree long ones4 ,! braces %\ld be atta*$ to %ell & head by two rivets at ea* end4 ,! rivets %\ld be ( su* size t ! comb9$ area ( _! %anks w be at lea/ equal to ! body ( ! brace1 & _! l5g? %\ld be suffici5t to give a good l>ge head on ! outside to realize /r5g? equal to ! body ( ! brace4 ,9 boil]s ) l>g] diamet]s1 #e to #h feet1 /ay ends are made ( angle or ,t iron2 by ?is arrangem5t ! /ays c be plac$ fur!r ap>t1 ! angle irons v effectively /ay+ ! plate betwe5 ! /ays1 & ?us af=d+ m room 9 ! body ( ! boil]4 ,! size ( ! /ays h to be increas$ 9 proportion to ! great] load !y h to su/a94 ,see ,fig4 #dc4 ,9 a #ff-;in* boil] x is prop] to h n less ?an #aj braces 9 ea* head1 none "u ?ree feet 9 l5g?1 made ( ! be/ r\nd iron "o in* 9 diamet]1 ) ends ( braces made ( iron #b-a_/b #a_/b in*es ) ?ree pieces ( ,t iron rivet$ to head above ! tubes to :i* ! braces are atta*$ ) suitable p9s or turn$ bolts4 ,see ,fig4 #dd4 ,,/ay+ ,,( ,,flat ,,surfaces4--,:5 boil]s are =m$ pr9cipally ( flat plates1 l l[-pressure m>9e boil]s1 or ! fire-boxes ( locomotive boil]s1 ! =m contributes no?+ to ! /r5g?1 :i* mu/1 !re=e1 be provid$ = by /ay+ ! opposite furnaces toge!r4 ,fig4 #de %[s ! arrangem5t ( ! /ays 9 a locomotive fire-box4 ,!y are usually pit*$ ab\t #d in*es f c5tre to c5tre1 & are fa/5$ into ! opposite plates by screw+1 z %[n1 ! heads be+ rivet$ ov]4 ,ea* /ay has to be> ! pressure ( /eam on a squ>e aa1 & ! sectional area ( ! /ay mu/ be s *os5 t ! t5sile /r5g? w be suffici5t to be> ! /ra9 ) ! prop] factor ( safety4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #de4 ,if ! spaces betwe5 ! /ays are too great1 or ! plate too ?91 !re is a dang] ( ! /ructure yield+ ?r\gh ! plate bulg+ outw>ds betwe5 ! po9ts ( atta*m5t ( ! /ays1 ?us all[+ ! latt] to draw ?r\gh ! screw$ holes made 9 ! plates4 ,9 design+ boil]s ) /ay$ surfaces1 c>e %\ld be tak5 t ! opposite plates connect$ by any sy/em ( /ays %\ld1 z f> z possible1 be ( equal area1 o!rwise !re is sure to be an unequal di/ribution ( load 9 ! /ays1 "s receiv+ m ?an _! prop] %>e1 & moreov]1 ! lea/ support$ plate is expos$ to ! dang] ( buckl+4 ,,rule ,,= ,,f9d+ ,,pressure ,,or ,,/ra9 ,,on ,,bolts4 ,! absolute /ress or /ra9 on a flat surface ( a /eam boil]1 :i* is c>ri$ by ! /ays1 c be easily det]m9$ by a simple rule3 ,*oose #c /ays z ,a ,b ,c 9 ,fig4 #df1 measure f ,a to ,b 9 in*es1 & f ,a to ,c4 ,multiply ^! two numb]s toge!r & ! result is ! numb] ( squ>e in*es ( surface dep5d+ ^u "o bolt = support+ /r5g?4 ,,example4 ,suppose ! /ays measure f c5t] to c5t] #e in*es ea* way ) /eam at #hj lbs41 !n #e #e #be #hj #b1jjj lbs4 borne by #a /ay4 ,,note4 ,! pressure on ! surface does n include ! space occupi$ by ! area ( ! /ay bolt1 h5ce1 to be absolutely correct t mu/ be d$uct$4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #df4 ,,gusset ,,/ays4 ,! flat ends ( cyl9drical boil]s are1 especially 9 m>9e boil]s1 /ay$ to ! r\nd portions ( triangul> plates ( iron call$ gusset /ays4 ,^! are simply pieces ( plate iron secur$ to ! boil] front or back1 ne> ! top or bottom1 by means ( two pieces ( angle iron1 !n c>ri$ to ! %ell plat+1 & aga9 secur$ by o!r pieces ( angle b>4 ,?is arrangem5t is %[n 9 ,fig4 #dg4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #dg4 ,,palm ,,/ays4--,^! are %[n 9 ,fig4 #dh1 & are (t5 us$ 9 ! same position z a gusset /ay2 t is1 f ! back or front end ( ! boil] to ! %ell plates2 !y are sometimes us$ to /ay ! curv$ tops ( combu/ion *amb]s4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #dh4 ,! two opposite ends are also /ay$ toge!r by long b> /ays1 runn+ ! :ole l5g? ( ! boil]1 x is dang]\s1 h[ev]1 to tru/ too mu* to ! latt] class ( /ays2 =1 9 consequ5ce ( ! alt]nate expansion & contraction :i* takes place e "t ! boil] is heat$ & cool$1 !y h a t5d5cy to "w loose at ! jo9ts2 & if ! portion ( ! boil] 9 :i* !y are situat$ %\ld happ5 to be hott] ?an ! outside %ell1 !y h a t5d5cy to droop & are !n p]fectly useless4 ,,rivet$ ,,or ,,screw ,,/ays4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #di4 ,9 addition to palm & gusset /ays1 !re are 9 use rivet$ or screw$ /ays1 z %[n 9 ,fig4 #di4 ,?is w\ld n answ] 9 furnaces1 ow+ to ! burn+ (f ( ! heads1 h5ce driv5 /ays are us$ !re4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ej4 ,^! screw$ /ays1 %[n 9 ,fig4 #ej1 are us$ 79 m>9e & simil> boil]s7 betwe5 ! combu/ion *amb] back & boil] back & also betwe5 ! sides ( ! combu/ion *amb]s4 ,! g5]al plan is to h a l>ge nut & wa%] inside & outside ! boil] ) ! outside wa%] consid]ably l>g] ?an ! inside1 s z to hold m effici5tly ! back & front ends toge!r4 ,9 m>9e boil]s x is cu/om>y to place ! /ays #ae to #ah in*es ap>t = ease ( access to ! p>ts ( ! boil]1 & to make !m ( #b-a_/d to #b-a_/b in* iron ( ! be/ quality4 ,,inspector',s ,,rules ,,relat+ ,,to ,,braces ,,9 ,,/eam ,,boil]s1 ,,also ,,to ,,be ,,obs]v$ ,,by ,,eng9e]s4 ,:]e flat surfaces exi/1 ! inspector mu/ satisfy himself t ! spac+ & di/ance ap>t ( ! brac+1 & all o!r p>ts ( ! boil]1 are s arrang$ t all w be ( n less /r5g? ?an ! %ell1 & he mu/ also aft] apply+ ! hydro/atic te/1 ?or\ghly exam9e e "p ( ! boil]4 ,no braces or /ays employ$ 9 ! con/ruction ( m>9e boil]s %all be all[$ a great] /ra9 ?an six ?\s& p\nds p] squ>e in* ( section1 & no screw /ay bolt %all be all[$ to be us$ 9 ! con/ruction ( m>9e boil]s 9 :i* salt wat] is us$ to g5]ate /eam1 unless said /ay bolt is protect$ by a socket4 ,b su* screw /ay bolts1 )\t sockets1 may be us$ 9 /ay+ ! fire boxes & furnaces ( su* boil]1 & n else:]e1 :5 fre% wat] is us$ = g5]at+ /eam 9 said boil]4 ,wat] us$ f a surface cond5s] %all be deem$ fre% wat]4 ,& no brace or /ay bolt us$ 9 a m>9e boil] w be all[$ to be plac$ m ?an eight & "o-half in*es f c5tre to c5tre1 except t flat surfaces1 o!r ?an ^? on fire boxes1 furnaces & back connections1 may be re9=c$ by a wa%] or ,t iron ( su* size & ?ickness z w\ld n leave su* flat surface unsupport$ at a great] di/ance1 9 any case1 ?an eight & "o-half in*es1 & su* flat surface %all n be ( less /r5g? ?an ! %ell ( ! boil]1 & able to resi/ ! same /ra9 & pressure to ! squ>e in*1 & no braces support+ su* flat re9=c$ surfaces1 w be all[$ m ?an #af in*es ap>t4 ,9 all[+ ! /ra9 on a screw /ay bolt1 ! diamet] ( ! same %all be det]m9$ by ! diamet] at ! bottom ( ! ?read4 ,_m ,/ate laws & ,city ord9ances all[ a /ra9 ( sev5 ?\s& five hundr$ p\nds p] squ>e in* ( section on good brac+ )\t welds4 ,! foll[+ table gives ! safe load ( r\nd iron braces or /ays4 ,,diamet] ,,( ,,brace4 ---------------------------------------- ------------------- ,t5sile /r5g? p] squ>e#a_/be_/hc_/dg_/h #a #a-a_/ha-a_/da-a_/ba-c_/d #b in* ( section all[$ ---------------------------------------- ------------------- #ejjj #ihaaeccbbjhcjjfcibg #digj #facf #hhce #abjbf #aegjh #fjjj #aaghahdjbfejcfjgdgab #eifd #gcfc #ajfjb #addca #ahhdi #gjjj #acgdbefgcjibdbjiedig #fieh #heij #abcfi #afhcg #baiia #gejj #adgbbgejccacdejiehij #gdee #ibjd #acbec #ahjci #bcefb ---------------------------------------- ------------------- ,,%op ,,names ,,= ,,boil] ,,braces4--#a4 ,gusset brace 7fig4 #dg74 #b4 ,cr[foot brace4 #c4 ,jaw brace 7fig4 #dd74 #d4 ,head to head brace 7fig4 #ej74 ,^! %op t]ms ref] to braces us$ 9 ! tubul> =m ( boil]4 ,a ,,/ay ,,& ,a ,,brace 9 a /eam boil] fulfil ! same (fice1 t ( )/&+ ! pressure ex]t$ outw>d ( ! exp&$ & ela/ic /eam4 ,,socket ,,bolts are frequ5tly us$ in/ead ( ! screw /ay betwe5 ! inside & outside plates t =m ! c5tre space4 ,socket bolts are driv5 hot ! same z rivets4 ,! me?od ( brac+ ) ,t b>s is consid]$ ! be/2 ! b>s make ! flat surface rigid & unyield+ ev5 be=e ! brace is appli$4 ,! braces %\ld be spac$ ab\t #h in*es ap>t on ! ,t b> & #g in*es f ! edge ( ! flange ,t ! b> %\ld be #d #d-a_/b ,t iron & rivet$ to ! head or flat surface ) #aa_/af rivets spac$ #d-a_/b in*es ap>t4 ,,holl[ ,,/ay ,,bolts are us$ 9 locomotive fire boxes to %[ :5 fracture has occurr$ by p]mitt+ an escape ( /eam or wat]4 ,! flange ( a boil] head #a_/b ?ick w amply support #f in*es f ! edge ( ! flange4 ,a radius ( #b in*es is ample = b5d ( flange on ! head4 ,! l[] braces %\ld be />t$ #f in*es above ! top r[ ( tubes4 ,braces %\ld be fitt$ s z to h a /raight pull1 i4e4 p>allel ) ! boil] %ell4 ,! heads ( ! boil] %\ld be p]fectly /raight be=e ! braces are fitt$ 9 place4 ,gusset brace plates %\ld n be less ?an #cj in*es long & #ad in*es wide4 ,braces are be/ made ( #a in* ,o iron ( highe/ efficacy ) t5sile /r5g? ( n less ?an #eh1jjj lbs4 to ! squ>e in*4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ea4 ,! rivet$ /ay %[n 9 ,fig4 #ea1 consi/s ( a long rivet1 pass$ ?r\gh a ?imble or di/ance piece ( wr\ght iron pipe plac$ betwe5 plates1 to be /ay$ toge!r1 & !n rivet$ ov] 9 ! usual mann]4 ,an +5i\s device is 9 use to %[ :5 a bolt has brok54 ,a small hole is drill$ into ! head1 ext5d+ a little way beyond ! plate1 & z exp]i5ce %[s t ! fracture ne>ly always occurs next to ! outside plate1 t is ! end tak5 = ! bor$ out head3 :5 ! bolt is brok5 ! ru% ( /eam ?r\gh ! small hole %[s ! dang] )\t caus+ s]i\s di/urbance4 ,ev5 :]e ! be/ ( iron is us$ = /ay bolts !y %\ld nev] be expos$ to m ?an #a_/aj? or #a_/ab? _! break+ /r5g?4 ,! /ays %\ld be well fitt$1 & ea* "o c>efully tight5$1 &1 z f> z possible ea* /ay 9 a gr\p %\ld h ! same regul> /ra9 ^u x--if ! 8pull0 all %\ld come on "o ! :ole are liable to give way4 ,,dim5sions ,,& ,,%ape ,,( ,,angle ,,& ,t ,,iron4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #eb4 ,! condition ( a boil] c be le>n$ by tapp+ on ! %eets1 rivets1 seams1 etc41 to asc]ta9 :e!r !re are any brok5 /ays1 lam9at$ places1 brok5 rivets1 etc4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 ,a4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 ,b4 ,fig4 ,a repres5ts ! me?od ( prep>+ te/+ pieces ( boil] plate1 = ! ma*9es prep>$ specially to measure _! elongation be=e break+1 & also ! numb] ( p\nds !y w be> /ret*+ be=e giv+ way4 ,fig4 ,b exhibits ! same ) ref]5ce to ! brace & o!r ,o iron4 ,,rules ,,& ,,tables ,,= ,,det]m9+ ,,areas ,,& ,,calculat+ ,,! ,,cont5ts ,,( ,,/eam ,,& ,,wat] ,,spaces ,,9 ,,! ,,/eam ,,boil]4 ,9 ord] to asc]ta9 ! numb] ( braces1 :i* are necess>y to /r5g!n t "p ( ! boil] head1 :i* is n /ay$ by ! tubes1 x is fir/ necess>y to "k its area2 ! "p to be /ay$ is a segm5t ( a circle4 ,! l5g? ( ! segm5t is measur$ above ! top r[ ( ! tubes1 & its height or wid? is equal to ! di/ance f ! top ( ! tubes to ! top ( ! boil] %ell4 ,s9ce1 h[ev]1 "p ( ?is segm5t is brac$ by ! boil] %ell1 & also by ! top r[ ( ! tubes1 x has be5 g5]ally agre$ t ! l5g? ( ! segm5t %\ld be measur$ two in*es above ! tubes1 & ! height or wid?1 %\ld be measur$ f a l9e1 drawn two in*es above ! tubes1 to a po9t )9 ?ree in*es f ! top ( ! boil] %ell1 z %[n 9 ! illu/ration by ! dott$ l9e4 ,?us1 ref]r+ to ,fig4 ,d1 ! l5g? ( ! segm5t is equal to l1 & ! height is equal to h4 ,,rule4 ,! area ( a segm5t may be obta9$1 v approximately1 by divid+ ! cube ( ! wid? 7or height7 by twice ! l5g? ( ! *ord1 & add+ to ! quoti5t ! product ( ! wid? into two-?irds ( ! *ord4 ,,example4 ,if we suppose ! height h ( ! segm5t 9 ,fig4 ,d to be equal to #ah in*es1 & ! l5g? l to be equal to #dh in*es1 we h #ah 7#dh #b7 7#dh #b_/c #ah7 #fj4g #egf4j #fcf4g squ>e in*es4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 ,c4 ,fig4 ,d4 ,9 ord] to calculate ! cont5ts ( ! /eam & wat] spaces ( a boil]1 ! same rule1 z above1 may be employ$4 ,! volume ( ! /eam space may be readily obta9$ by ! above rule1 tak+ ! di/ance f ! wat] level to ! top ( ! %ell = ! height1 & ! diamet] ( ! %ell1 measur$ at ! wat] l9e1 = ! l5g? ( ! segm5t l9es4 ,! area ( ! segm5t ?us f\nd1 express$ 9 squ>e in*es1 divid$ by #add1 & multipli$ by ! l5g? ( ! boil] 9 feet1 is equal to ! /eam space1 9 cubic feet1 ?is result is slightly r$uc$ by ! space occupi$ by ! braces4 ,9 ord] to f9d ! volume ( ! wat] space1 x is fir/ necess>y to f9d ! total area ( ! boil] head1 & ?is m9us ! area ( ! segm5t above ! wat] l9e1 is equal to ! area ( ! segm5t bel[ ! wat] l9e4 ,f ?is mu/ also be subtract$ ! comb9$ cross sectional area ( ! tubes4 ,?us1 ! rule = f9d+ ! volume ( ! /eam space 9 cubic feet4 #a4 ,f9d ! area ( ! segm5t ( ! boil] head1 above ! wat] l9e1 9 squ>e in*es4 #b4 ,divide ?is by #add1 & multiply ! quoti5t by ! l5g? ( ! boil] 9 feet4 ,to f9d ! volume ( ! wat]space 9 cubic feet4 #a4 ,f9d ! area ( ! boil] head 9 squ>e in*es4 #b4 ,multiply ! squ>e ( ! outside diamet] ( "o tube by 4#ghed1 & multiply ?is by ! numb] ( tubes1 & add to ! product1 ! area ( ! segm5t above ! wat]l9e4 #c4 ,subtract #b f #a1 & divide ! rema9d] by #add4 #d4 ,multiply ! quoti5t by ! l5g? ( ! boil] 9 feet4 ,to f9d ! numb] ( braces1 necess>y = ! flat surface above ! tubes4 #a4 ,f9d ! area ( ! segm5t ( ! boil] head1 :i* is to be brac$1 9 squ>e in*es4 #b4 ,multiply ! area1 ?us f\nd1 by ! /eam pressure 9 p\nds p] squ>e in*4 #c4 ,multiply ! cross sectional area ( "o brace by ! numb] ( p\nds1 :i* x is all[$ to c>ry1 p] squ>e in* ( section4 #d4 ,divide product #b by product #c1 & ! result is ! numb] ( braces1 requir$ = ! head4 ,table ,no4 #a gives ! total area 9 squ>e in*es4 ,no4 #b1 areas to be brac$4 ,no4 #c1 numb] ( braces ( "o in* r\nd iron requir$1 all[+ sev5 ?\s& five hundr$ p\nds p] squ>e in* ( section at "o hundr$ p\nds /eam pressure4 ,table ,no4 #c w be f\nd ( m practical use ?an ,table #b1 = x gives directly ! numb] ( braces requir$ 9 any giv5 boil]1 in/ead ( ! area to be brac$4 ,x 0 calculat$ f ,table #b4 ,! iron us$ 9 braces w safely /& a cont9u\s pull ( #g1ejj p\nds to ! squ>e in*1 :i* is ! figure us$ 9 comput+ ! =ego+ table4 ,a r\nd brace an in* 9 diamet] has a sectional area ( 4#ghed ( an in*1 & ! /ra9 t x w safely )/& is f\nd by multiply+ 4#ghed by #g1ejj1 :i* gives #e1hij p\nds z ! safe work+ /ra9 on a brace ( "o-in* r\nd iron4 ,9 a #fj-;in* boil]1 ^: upp] tubes are #bh in*es bel[ ! %ell1 ! area to be brac$ is1 accord+ to table #b1 #icj squ>e in*es4 ,if ! pressure at :i* x is to be run is #ajj p\nds to ! squ>e in*1 ! entire pressure on ! area to be brac$ w be #ic1jjj p\nds1 & ?is is ! /ra9 t mu/ be )/ood by ! braces4 ,z "o brace ( in*-r\nd iron w safely /& #e1hij p\nds1 ! boil] w ne$ z _m braces z #e1hij is conta9$ 9 #ic1jjj1 :i* is #ae4h4 ,t is1 #af braces w be requir$4 ,! table is made out on ! basis ( #ajj lbs4 pressure to ! squ>e in*1 because t is a v conv5i5t numb]4 ,,table ,,no4 #a4 ,,total ,,area ,,above ,,tubes ,,or ,,flues4 7,,squ>e ,,in*es47 ---------------------------------------- ----------- ,height ,,diamet] ,,( ,,boil] ,,9 ,,in*es4 f tubes----------------------------------- to %ell4 #cf #db #dh #ed #fj #ff #gb ---------------------------------------- ----- #ae #chi #af #dai #ag #deh #ebf #ah #eff #fbj #ffg #ai #fjh #ffg #gbj #bj #fej #gad #ggj #hbd #ba #gef #hbd #hhb #bb #hjh #hgh #icg #bc #icj #iif #ajei #bd #ihb #ajef #aaba #be #ajcg #aaaf #aahd #bf #ajij #abji #abeb #acbd #bg #aade #abcd #acaf #acid #bh #abia #acha #adfe #bi #aceb #adde #aecf #cj #adad #aeaa #afjh #ca #aegf #afgd #cb #afda #agdf #cc #ahah #cd #ahif ---------------------------------------- ----- ,,table #b4 ,,areas ,,to ,,be ,,brac$4 7,,squ>e ,,in*es47 ---------------------------------------- ----------- ,height ,,diamet] ,,( ,,boil] ,,9 ,,in*es4 f tubes----------------------------------- to %ell4 #cf #db #dh #ed #fj #ff #gb ---------------------------------------- ----- #ae #bjf #af #bce #ag #bfd #big #ah #cca #cfe #cif #ai #caf #djd #dci #bj #dja #ddd #dhc #eai #ba #dhe #ebh #efh #bb #ebf #egd #fah #bc #fbj #ffh #gad #bd #ffg #gbj #gfi #be #gad #ggb #hbe #bf #gfa #hbd #hhb #icg #bg #hji #hgg #idj #iih #bh #icj #iih #ajfa #bi #ihc #ajef #aabd #cj #ajcg #aaae #aahg #ca #aagd #abeb #cb #abcd #acag #cc #achb #cd #addg ---------------------------------------- ----- ,,table #c4 ,,numb] ,,( ,,braces ,,requir$1 ,,at #ajj ,,lbs4 ,,pressure4 ---------------------------------------- ----------- ,height ,,diamet] ,,( ,,boil] ,,9 ,,in*es4 f tubes----------------------------------- to %ell4 #cf #db #dh #ed #fj #ff #gb ---------------------------------------- ----- #ae #c4e #af #d4j #ag #d4e #e4j #ah #e4f #f4b #f4g #ai #f4b #f4i #g4e #bj #f4h #g4e #h4b #h4i #ba #h4b #i4j #i4f #bb #h4i #i4h #aj4e #bc #aj4e #aa4c #ab4a #bd #aa4c #ab4b #ac4a #be #ab4a #ac4a #ad4j #bf #ab4i #ad4j #ae4j #ae4i #bg #ac4g #ad4i #af4j #af4i #bh #ae4h #af4i #ah4j #bi #af4g #ag4i #ai4a #cj #ag4f #ah4i #bj4b #ca #ai4i #ba4c #cb #ba4j #bb4d #cc #bc4e #cd #bd4i ---------------------------------------- ----- ,9 ,table #b ?is calculation has be5 made = all sizes ( boil]s t are ord9>ily met )4 ,! area to be brac$ has be5 calculat$ z above 9 ea* case1 ! two-in* /rip above ! tubes1 & ! ?ree-in* /rip ar\nd ! %ell be+ tak5 into acc\nt4 ,z an example ( its use1 let u suppose t ^u measur+ a boil] we f9d t its diamet] is #ed in*es1 & t ! di/ance f ! upp] tubes to ! top ( ! %ell is #be in*es4 ,!n by look+ 9 ! table "u #ed & opposite #be we f9d #gad1 :i* is ! numb] ( squ>e in*es t requires /ay+ on ea* head4 ,,boil] ,,tubes4 ,,table4 ,dim5sions ( ,lap ,weld$ ,boil] ,tubes4 --------------------------------- ,size outside ,wire ,weight p] diamet]4 ,gauge4 foot4 --------------------------------- #a in*4 #ae #j4gjh #a-a_/d #ae #j4i #a-a_/b #ad #a4bej #a-c_/d #ac #a4ffe #b #ac #a4iha #b-a_/d #ac #b4bch #b-a_/b #ab #b4gee #b-c_/d #ab #c4jde #c #ab #c4ccc #c-a_/d #aa #c4ieh #c-a_/b #aa #d4bgb #c-c_/d #aa #d4eij #d #aj #e4cbj #d-a_/b #aj #f4jaj #e #i #g4bbf #f #h #i4cdf #g #h #ab4dce #h #h #ae4aji #i #g-a_/b #aj #f-a_/b --------------------------------- ,! above is ! regul> manufactures' li/ ( sizes & weights4 ,,note4 ,boil] tubes are li/$ & describ$ f ! outside diamet]4 ,?is %\ld be not$1 z gas-pipe is describ$ f ! inside diamet]4 ,?us a #a-;in* gas-pipe is ne>ly #a-a_/d outside diamet] :ile a #a-;in* boil] tube is exactly "o in*4 ,ano!r diff]5ce betwe5 ! two consi/s 9 ! fact t ! outside ( boil] tubes is roll$ smoo? & ev52 gas-pipe is left comp>atively r\gh & unev54 ,:5 ! boil] tubes are new & prop]ly exp&$ !re is a l>ge res]ve or surplus ( hold+ p[] = t "p ( ! tube %eet support$ by !m1 ?is has be5 prov$ by exp]im5t made by *ief eng9e] ,w4 ,h4 ,/ock1 ,u4 ,s4 ,n41 z %[n 9 ! foll[+ ,,table ,,( ,,hold+ ,,p[] ,,( ,,boil] ,,tubes4 ---------------------------------------- ------------------------ ,outside ,area ( ,?ickness,/ra9 diamet] cross ( tube 9 ,me?od ( ,fa/5+4 ( end ( tubesection plate 4p\nds4 :]e fracture( body ,mean took place4 ( tube4 result4 ---------------------------------------- ------------------------ ,in*es4 ,sq4 ins4 ,in*es4 ,p\nds4 #b-e_/h 4#iha #g_/af #bbfej ,exp&$ by ,dudgeon tool1 end rivet$ ov]4 #b-e_/h 4#iha #g_/af #bbaej ,exp&$ by ,dudgeon tool1 end p>tly rivet$ ov]4 #b-c_/h 4#iha #c_/h #beebe ,exp&$ by ,dudgeon tool1 end rivet$ ov]4 #b-c_/h 4#iha #c_/h #bifge ,exp&$ by ,dudgeon tool1 f]rul$1 n rivet$ ov]4 #b-c_/h 4#iha #c_/h #acjej ,simply exp&$ by ,dudgeon tool4 ---------------------------------------- ------------------------ ,mr4 ,c4 ,b4 ,ri*>ds1 consult+ eng9e] at ,colt's ,armory at ,h>t=d1 ,conn41 made "s exp]im5ts z to ! hold+ p[] ( tubes 9 /eam boil]s1 ) ! foll[+ results3 ,! tubes 7 #c in*es 9 ext]nal diamet]1 & #j4aji ( an in* ?ick1 simply exp&$ into a %eet #c_/h ( an in* ?ick by a ,dudgeon exp&]4 ,! greate/ /ress )\t ! tubes yield+ 9 ! plate 0 #d1ejj p\nds1 & at #e1jjj p\nds 0 drawn f ! %eet4 ,^! exp]im5ts 7 repeat$ ) ! ends ( ! tubes :i* project$ ?r\gh ! %eet ?ree-sixte5?s ( an in*1 be+ fl>$ s t ! ext]nal diamet] 9 ! %eet 0 exp&$ to #c4a in*es4 ,! greate/ /ress )\t yield+ 0 #ah1ejj p\nds2 at #ai1jjj p\nds yield+ 0 obs]v$2 & at #ai1ejj p\nds x 0 drawn f ! %eet4 ,! =ce 0 appli$ p>allel to ! axis ( ! tube1 & ! %eet surfaces 7 held at "r angles to ! tube axis4 ,,note4 ,:5 ! tube %eet & tube ends ne> ! %eet become coat$ ) scale or ! tubes become ov]heat$1 ! hold+ p[] ( ! tubes becomes l>gely r$uc$1 & caution mu/ be us$ 9 hav+ ! tube ends re-exp&$ & accumulat$ scale remov$4 ,,note #b4--;,9 consid]+ ! /ress or /ra9 ^u ! exp&$ or rivet$ ov] ends ( a set ( boil] tubes1 x may be rememb]$ t ! /ra9 to be provid$ aga9/ is only t com+ ^u tube plate1 expos$ to pressure1 betwe5 ! tube ends--! space occupi$ by ! tubes has no /ra9 ^u x4 ,! gauge to be employ$ by inspectors to det]m9e ! ?ickness ( boil] plates w be any /&>d ,am]ican gauge furni%$ by ! ,treasury ,dep>tm5t4 ,all samples int5d$ to be te/$ on ! ,riehle1 ,fairbanks1 ,olson1 or o!r reliable te/+ ma*9e1 mu/ be prep>$ 9 =m accord+ to ! foll[+ diagram1 viz43 eight in*es 9 l5g?1 two in*es 9 wid?1 cut out _! c5tres z indicat$4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 ,e4 ,,portions ,,( ,,! ,,m>9e ,,boil] ,,:i* ,,become ,,?9 ,,by ,,we>4 ,^! are g5]ally situat$1 #a/1 at or a little above ! l9e ( fire b>s 9 ! furnace2 #b;d1 ! a% pits2 #c;d1 combu/ion *amb] backs2 #d?1 %ell at wat] l9e2 #e?1 front & bottom ( boil]4 ,! ?9n+ c usually be detect$ by exam9ation1 s\nd+ ) a r\nd nos$ hamm]1 or drill+ small holes 9 suspect$ p>ts n o!rwise accessible = exam9ation4 ,,examples ,,( ,,con/ruction ,,& ,,draw+ ---------------------------------- d t d t ---------------------------------- #i_/af #a_/d #ae_/af #e_/h ---------------------------------- #aa_/af #e_/afa-a_/af #c_/d ---------------------------------- #c_/d #c_/h #a-a_/h #g_/h ---------------------------------- #g_/h #a_/b #a-c_/af #a ---------------------------------- d ,,diam4 ,,( ,,rivet4 t ,,?ickness ,,( ,,plate4 ,! small table above is ( use 9 ?is & ! f\r succe$+ pages2 9 all places 9 ! draw+s :]e 8d0 is us$ x indicates ! diamet] ( ! rivet2 8t0 means ! ?ickness ( ! plate2 8p0 /&s = pit*4 ,! table also %[s ! proportion ( rivet to ! plate--?us1 a #a_/d-;in* plate requires a #i_/af rivet1 etc4 ,x is recomm5d$1 9 view ( ! increas$ disposition on ! "p ( (ficial exam9]s to te/ ! applicant's k ( draw+1 = any "o int]e/$1 to r$raw to a full size all ! rivets1 plates1 & me?ods ( jo9+ ! two conta9$ on pages #aac-aaf4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ec4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ed4 ,! figures #ec to #fj w be und]/ood )\t mu* explanation4 ,9 figures #ec & #ed ! cup head1 ! conical head & pan head rivets are %[n4 ,figs4 #ee & #ef exhibit ! details 7& draw+s7 ( s+le & d\ble rivet+4 ,:]e ! cut reads p 7#b-a_/b7;d1 x means t ! di/ance f ! c5tre ( "o rivet to ! c5tre ( ! next %all be #b-a_/b ! diamet] ( ! rivet1 see example1 page #aae4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ee4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ef4 ,,example4 ,if ! size ( ! rivet us$ is #g_/h?s1 !n #g_/h #b-a_/b #b-b_/aj in*es ne>ly1 & ?is gives ! proportionate /r5g? ( ! plate & ! rivet1 see page #aac4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #eg4 ,figs4 #eg1 #eh1 #ei & #fj %[ q cle>ly ! jo9ts & rivet "w done 9 locomotive & m>9e "w4 ,fig4 #fj %[s me?od ( rivet+ #c plates1 ,a1 ,b1 & ,c1 toge!r4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #eh4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ei4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #fj4 ,,rule ,,= ,,safe ,,int]nal ,,pressure ,! safe int]nal pressure on cyl9drical %ells is f\nd accord+ to ! foll[+ rule1 :i* has be5 adopt$ by ! ,unit$ ,/ates ,bo>d ( ,sup]vis+ ,inspectors1 & any boil] %ell n f\nd 9 ! tables c be det]m9$ by ?is rule4 ,,rule4--,multiply "o-six? ( ! l[e/ t5sile /r5g? f\nd /amp$ on any plate 9 ! cyl9drical %ell by ! ?ickness--express$ 9 in*es or p>ts ( an in*--( ! ?9ne/ plate 9 ! same cyl9drical %ell1 & divide by ! radius or half diamet]--also express$ 9 in*es--& ! result w be ! pressure all[able p] squ>e in* ( surface = s+le rivet+1 to :i* add tw5ty p] c5tum = d\ble rivet+4 ,! hydro/atic pressure appli$1 "u ?is table & rule1 mu/ be 9 ! proportion ( "o hundr$ & fifty p\nds to ! squ>e in*1 to "o hundr$ p\nds to ! squ>e in* ( ! work+ pressure all[$4 ,,example4 ,:at pressure %\ld be all[$ to be c>ri$ on a boil] #fj diamet]1 made ( plates #c_/h ?ick1 hav+ a t5sile /r5g? ( #fj1jjj p\nds8 ,n[ !n3 #f7fj1jjj ------ #aj1jjj #c ------ #h7cj1jjj ------ ,half diam4 #cj7cgej7abe4 lbs4--if s+le rivet$4 #cj ---- #ge #fj ---- #aej #abe #be lbs4 7#bj feet7 #aej = #aej d\ble rivet$4 ,,tables ,,safe ,,int]nal ,,pressure4 ---------------------------------------- ------------------------ ,pressure4 ,pressure4 ,pressure4 ---------------------------------------- -- ,diamet] ,?ickness,s+le ,d\ble ,s+le ,d\ble ,s+le ,d\ble ( ( ,rivet$,rivet$,rivet$,rivet$,rivet$,rive t$ ,boil]4 ,plates4 ---------------------------------------- -- #de1jjj ,t5sile #ej1jjj ,t5sile #ee1jjj ,t5sile ,/r5g?4 ,/r5g?4 ,/r5g?4 #a-f1 #g1ejj #a-f1 #h1ccc4c #a-f1 #i1aff4f ---------------------------------------- --------------------- #cf ,in*es4 4#ba #hg4e #aje4 #ig4ba #aaf4fe #ajf4id #abh4c 4#bc #ie4hc #aad4ii #ajf4dg #abg4gf #aag4ab #adj4ed 4#be #ajd4af #abd4ii #aae4gd #ach4hh #abg4ca #aeb4gg 4#bf #ajh4cc #abi4ii #abj4cg #add4dd #acb4d #aeh4hh 4#bi #abj4hc #add4ii #acd4be #afa4aa #adg4fh #agg4ba 4#cc #acg4e #afe4 #aeb4gg #ahc4cb #afh4je #bja4ff 4#ce #ade4hc #agd4ii #afb4jc #aid4dc #agh4bc #bac4hg 4#cge #aef4be #ahg4e #agc4fa #bjh4cc #aij4ig #bbi4af ---------------------------------------- ----------- #fj1jjj ,t5sile #fe1jjj ,t5sile #gj1jjj ,t5sile ,/r5g?4 ,/r5g?4 ,/r5g?4 #a-f1 #aj1jjj #a-f1 #aj1hcc4c #a-f1 #aa1fff4f ---------------------------------------- -- 4#ba #aaf4ff #aci4ii #abf4ch #aea4fe #acf4aa #afc4cc 4#bc #abg4gg #aec4cb #ach4da #aff4ji #adi4jg #agh4hh 4#be #ach4hh #aff4fe #aej4df #ahj4ee #afb4jc #aid4dc 4#bf #add4dd #agc4cb #aef4dh #ahg4gg #afh4ea #bjb4ba 4#bi #afa4aa #aic4cc #agd4ec #bji4dc #ahg4ij #bbe4dh 4#cc #ahc4cc #bai4ii #aih4fa #bch4cc #bac4hh #bef4fe 4#ce #aid4dd #bcc4cb #baj4fd #beb4gf #bbf4hd #bgb4bj 4#cge #bjh4cc #bdi4ii #bbe4fi #bga4hb #bdc4je #bia4ff ---------------------------------------- --------------------- #de1jjj ,t5sile #ej1jjj ,t5sile #ee1jjj ,t5sile ,/r5g?4 ,/r5g?4 ,/r5g?4 #a-f1 #g1ejj #a-f1 #h1ccc4c #a-f1 #i1aff4f ---------------------------------------- -- #dj ,in*es4 4#ba #gh4ge #id4ej #hg4di #ajd4ih #if4bd #aae4dh 4#bc #hf4be #ajc4e #ie4hc #aad4ii #aje4da #abf4di 4#be #ic4ge #aab4e #ajd4af #abd4ii #aad4eh #acg4di 4#bf #ig4e #aag4 #ajh4cc #abi4ii #aai4af #adb4ii 4#bi #ajh4ge #acj4e #abj4hc #add4ii #acb4ia #aei4di 4#cabe #aag4ah #adj4fa #acj4b #aef4bd #adc4bb #aga4hf 4#cc #abc4ge #adh4e #acg4di #afd4ih #aea4bd #aha4dh 4#ce #aca4be #aeg4e #ade4hc #agd4ii #afj4da #aib4di 4#cge #adj4fb #afh4gd #aef4bd #ahg4dh #aga4hg #bjf4bd ---------------------------------------- ----------- #fj1jjj ,t5sile #fe1jjjj ,t5sile#gj1jjj ,t5sile ,/r5g?4 ,/r5g?4 ,/r5g?4 #a-f1 #aj1jjj #a-f1 #aj1hcc4c #a-f1 #aa1fff4f ---------------------------------------- -- 4#ba #aje4 #abf4 #aac4gd #acf4dh #abb4di #adf4ih 4#bc #aae4 #ach4 #abd4eh #adi4di #acd4af #afj4ii 4#be #abe4 #aej4 #ace4da #afb4di #ade4hc #agd4ii 4#bf #acj4 #aef4 #adj4hc #fh4ii #aea4ff #aha4ii 4#bi #ade4 #agd4 #aeg4jh #ahh4di #afi4af #bjb4ii 4#cabe #aef4be #ahg4de #afi4bg #bjc4ab #ahb4bi #bah4gd 4#cc #afe4 #aih4 #agh4gd #bad4dh #aib4di #bcj4ih 4#ce #age4 #baj4 #ahi4eh #bbg4di #bjd4af #bdd4ii 4#cge #ahg4e #bbe4 #bjc4ab #bdc4gd #bah4gd #bfb4dh ---------------------------------------- --------------------- #de1jjj ,t5sile #ej1jjj ,t5sile #ee1jjj ,t5sile ,/r5g?4 ,/r5g?4 ,/r5g?4 #a-f1 #g1ejj #a-f1 #h1ccc4c #a-f1 #i1aff4f ---------------------------------------- -- #db ,in*es4 4#ba #ge4 #ij4jj #hc4cb #ii4ii #ia4ff #aji4ii 4#bc #hb4ad #ih4ef #ia4bc #aji4ea #ajj4ci #abj4df 4#be #hi4bh #ajg4ac #ii4b #aai4jd #aji4ab #acj4id 4#bf #ib4he #aaa4db #ajc4ag #abc4h #aac4di #acf4ah 4#bi #ajc4eg #abd4bh #aae4jg #ach4jh #abf4eg #aea4he 4#cabe #aaa4f #acc4ib #abd4 #adh4h #acf4d #afc4fh 4#cc #aag4he #ada4db #acj4id #aeg4ab #add4jd #agb4hd 4#ce #abe4 #aej4 #ach4hh #aff4fe #aeb4gg #ahc4cb 4#cge #acc4ib #afj4g #adh4h #agh4ef #afc4fh #aif4dj ---------------------------------------- ----------- #fj1jjj ,t5sile #fe1jjj ,t5sile #gj1jjj ,t5sile ,/r5g?4 ,/r5g?4 ,/r5g?4 #a-f1 #aj1jjj #a-f1 #aj1hcc4c #a-f1 #aa1fff4f ---------------------------------------- -- 4#ba #ajj4 #abj4 #ajh4cc #abi4ii #aaf4ff #aci4ii 4#bc #aji4eb #aca4db #aah4fe #adb4ch #abg4gg #aec4cb 4#be #aai4jd #adb4hd #abh4if #aed4ge #ach4hh #aff4fe 4#bf #abc4h #adh4ef #acd4ab #afj4id #add4dd #agc4cb 4#bi #ach4ji #afe4g #adi4f #agi4eb #afa4aa #aic4cc 4#cabe #adh4gd #agh4ef #afa4b #aic4dd #agc4fa #bjh4bc 4#cc #aeg4ad #ahh4ef #agj4bc #bjd4bg #ahc4cc #bai4ii 4#ce #aff4ff #aii4ii #ahj4ee #baf4ff #aid4dd #bcc4cb 4#cge #agh4eg #bad4bh #aic4de #bcb4ad #bjh4cc #bdi4ii ---------------------------------------- --------------------- #de1jjj ,t5sile #ej1jjj ,t5sile #ee1jjj ,t5sile ,/r5g?4 ,/r5g?4 ,/r5g?4 #a-f1 #g1ejj #a-f1 #h1ccc4c #a-f1 #i1aff4f ---------------------------------------- -- #dh ,in*es4 4#ba #fe4fb #gh4gd #gb4ia #hg4di #hj4b #if4bd 4#bc #ga4hg #hf4bd #gi4he #ie4hb #hg4hd #aje4d 4#be #gh4ab #ic4gd #hf4h #ajd4af #ie4dh #aad4eg 4#bf #ha4be #ig4ej #ij4bg #ajh4cb #ii4c #aai4af 4#bi #ij4fb #ajh4gd #ajj4fi #abj4hb #aaj4gf #acb4ia 4#cabe #ig4fe #aag4ah #ajh4e #acj4b #aai4ce #adc4bb 4#cc #ajc4ab #abc4gd #aad4eh #acg4di #abf4jd #aea4bd 4#ce #aji4cg #aca4bd #aba4eb #ade4hb #acc4fg #afj4d 4#cge #aag4ah #adj4fa #acj4b #aef4bd #adc4bb #aga4hf ---------------------------------------- ----------- #fj1jjj ,t5sile #fe1jjj ,t5sile #gj1jjj ,t5sile ,/r5g?4 ,/r5g?4 ,/r5g?4 #a-f1 #aj1jjj #a-f1 #aj1hcc4c #a-f1 #aa1fff4f ---------------------------------------- -- 4#ba #hg4di #ajd4ih #id4gi #aac4gd #ajb4jh #abb4di 4#bc #ie4hc #aad4ii #ajc4ha #abd4eg #aaa4h #acc4af 4#be #ajd4af #abd4ii #aab4hd #ace4d #aba4eb #ade4hb 4#bf #ajh4cc #abi4ii #aag4cf #adj4hc #abf4ch #aea4fe 4#bi #abj4hc #add4ii #acj4i #aeg4jh #adj4ig #afi4af 4#cabe #acj4ba #aef4be #ada4je #afi4bf #aea4i #ahb4bh 4#cc #acg4e #afe4 #adh4ie #agh4gd #afj4da #aib4di 4#ce #ade4hc #agd4ii #aeg4ih #ahi4eg #agj4ac #bjd4ad 4#cge #aef4be #ahg4ej #afi4bg #bjc4ab #ahb4bi #bah4gd ---------------------------------------- --------------------- #de1jjj ,t5sile #ej1jjj ,t5sile #ee1jjj ,t5sile ,/r5g?4 ,/r5g?4 ,/r5g?4 #a-f1 #g1ejj #a-f1 #h1ccc4c #a-f1 #i1aff4f ---------------------------------------- -- #ed ,in*es4 4#ba #eh4cc #fi4ii #fd4ha #gg4gg #ga4bi #he4ed 4#bc #fc4hh #gf4fe #gj4ih #he4ag #gh4jh #ic4fi 4#be #fi4dd #hc4cb #gg4af #ib4eb #hd4hg #aja4hd 4#bf #gb4bb #hf4ff #hj4bd #if4bh #hh4bg #aje4ib 4#bi #hj4ee #if4ff #hi4e #ajg4dj #ih4de #aah4ad 4#cabe #hf4h #ajd4af #if4dd #aae4gb #ajf4ji #abg4cj 4#cc #ia4ff #aji4ii #aja4hd #abb4bb #aab4jc #acd4dc 4#ce #ig4bb #aaf4ff #ajh4jb #abi4fb #aah4hb #adb4eh 4#cge #ajd4af #abd4ii #aae4gd #ach4hh #abg4ca #aeb4gg ---------------------------------------- -- #fj1jjj ,t5sile #fe1jjj ,t5sile #gj1jjj ,t5sile ,/r5g?4 ,/r5g?4 ,/r5g?4 #a-f1 #aj1jjj #a-f1 #aj1hcc4c #a-f1 #aa1fff4f ---------------------------------------- -- 4#ba #gg4gg #ic4cb #hd4be #aja4a #ij4gd #ajh4hh 4#bc #he4ah #ajb4ba #ib4bh #aaj4gc #ii4ch #aai4be 4#be #ib4ei #aaa4aj #ajj4c #abj4cf #ajh4jb #abi4fb 4#bf #if4bi #aae4ed #ajd4ca #abe4ag #aab4dd #acd4h 4#bi #ajg4da #abh4hh #aaf4ce #aci4fb #abe4c #aej4cf 4#cabe #aae4ee #ach4ff #abe4ch #aej4de #ace4jc #afb4jc 4#cc #abb4bb #adf4ff #acb4d #aeh4hh #adb4ei #aga4aj 4#ce #abi4fi #aee4ed #adj4dc #afh4ea #aea4bc #aha4dg 4#cge #ach4hh #aff4fe #aej4df #ahj4ee #afb4jc #aid4dc ---------------------------------------- --------------------- #de1jjj ,t5sile #ej1jjj ,t5sile #ee1jjj ,t5sile ,/r5g?4 ,/r5g?4 ,/r5g?4 #a-f1 #g1ejj #a-f1 #h1ccc4c #a-f1 #i1aff4f ---------------------------------------- -- #fj ,in*es4 4#ba #eb4e #fc4 #eh4cc #fi4ii #fd4af #gf4ii 4#bc #eg4e #fi4 #fc4hh #gf4fe #gj4bg #hd4cb 4#be #fb4e #ge4 #fi4dd #hc4cb #gf4ch #ia4fe 4#bf #fe4 #gh4 #gb4bb #hf4ff #gi4dd #ie4cb 4#bi #gb4e #hg4 #hj4ee #if4ff #hh4fa #ajf4cc 4#cabe #gh4ab #ic4gd #hf4h #ajd4af #ie4dh #aad4eg 4#cc #hb4e #ii4 #ia4ff #aji4ii #ajj4hc #abj4ii 4#ce #hg4e #aje4 #ig4bb #aaf4ff #ajf4id #abh4cb 4#cge #ic4ge #aab4e #ajd4af #abd4ii #aad4eh #acg4di ---------------------------------------- -- #fj1jjj ,t5sile #fe1jjj ,t5sile #gj1jjj ,t5sile ,/r5g?4 ,/r5g?4 ,/r5g?4 #a-f1 #aj1jjj #a-f1 #aj1hcc4c #a-f1 #aa1fff4f ---------------------------------------- -- 4#ba #fi4ii #hd4 #ge4hc #ij4ii #ha4ff #ig4ii 4#bc #gf4ff #ia4ii #hc4je #ii4ff #hi4dd #ajg4cb 4#be #hc4hc #ii4ii #ij4bg #ajh4cb #ig4bb #aaf4ff 4#bf #hf4ff #ajc4ii #ic4hh #aab4fe #aja4aa #aba4cc 4#bi #if4ff #aae4ii #ajd4gb #abe4ff #aab4gg #ace4cb 4#cabe #ajd4ah #abd4ii #aab4ie #ace4ed #aba4eb #ade4hb 4#cc #aji4ii #acb4 #aai4af #adb4ii #abh4cc #aec4ii 4#ce #aaf4ff #aci4ii #abf4ch #aea4fe #acf4aa #afc4cc 4#cge #abe4 #aej4 #ace4da #afb4di #ade4hh #agd4ii ---------------------------------------- --------------------- #de1jjj ,t5sile #ej1jjj ,t5sile #ee1jjj ,t5sile ,/r5g?4 ,/r5g?4 ,/r5g?4 #a-f1 #g1ejj #a-f1 #h1ccc4c #a-f1 #i1aff4f ---------------------------------------- -- #ff ,in*es4 4#ahge #db4fa #ea4ac #dg4cd #ef4h #eb4jg #fb4di 4#ba #db4gb #eg4bf #ec4 #fc4fc #eh4cc #fi4ii 4#bc #eb4bg #fb4gb #eh4 #fi4fi #fc4hh #gf4fe 4#be #ef4ha #fh4ag #fc4ac #ge4ge #fi4dd #hc4cb 4#bf #ei4ji #gj4i #fe4fe #gh4gh #gb4bb #hf4ff 4#bi #fe4ij #gi4jh #gc4bc #hg4hg #hj4ee #if4ff 4#cabe #ga4 #he4b #gh4ia #id4fi #hf4hi #ajd4af 4#cc #ge4 #ij4 #hc4cc #ii4ii #ia4ff #aji4ii 4#ce #gi4ef #ie4dg #hh4ch #ajf4je #ig4bb #aaf4ff 4#cge #he4bb #ajb4bf #id4fi #aac4fb #ajd4af #abd4ii ---------------------------------------- -- #fj1jjj ,t5sile #fe1jjj ,t5sile #gj1jjj ,t5sile ,/r5g?4 ,/r5g?4 ,/r5g?4 #a-f1 #aj1jjj #a-f1 #aj1hcc4c #a-f1 #aa1fff4f ---------------------------------------- -- 4#ahge #ef4ha #fh4ag #fa4ee #gc4hf #ff4bh #gi4ec 4#ba #fc4fc #gf4ce #fh4ic #hb4ga #gd4bd #hi4jh 4#bc #fi4fi #hc4fb #ge4e #ij4f #ha4ca #ig4eg 4#be #ge4ge #ij4ij #hb4jg #ih4dh #hh4cg #ajf4jd 4#bf #gh4gh #id4ec #he4ce #ajb4db #ia4ia #aaj4bi 4#bi #hg4hg #aje4dd #ie4b #aad4bd #ajb4eb #abc4jb 4#cabe #hd4fi #aac4fb #ajb4eh #abc4ji #aaj4dg #acb4ef 4#cc #ii4ii #abj4 #ajh4cc #abi4ii #aaf4ff #aci4ii 4#ce #ajf4 #abg4bg #aad4hi #acg4hf #abc4gc #adh4dg 4#cge #aac4fb #acf4cd #abc4a #adg4gb #acb4eg #aei4jh ---------------------------------------- --------------------- #de1jjj ,t5sile #ej1jjj ,t5sile #ee1jjj ,t5sile ,/r5g?4 ,/r5g?4 ,/r5g?4 #a-f1 #g1ejj #a-f1 #h1ccc4c #a-f1 #i1aff4f ---------------------------------------- -- #gb ,in*es4 4#ahge #ci4jf #df4hg #dc4d #eb4jh #dg4gd #eg4bh 4#ba #dc4ge #eb4e #dh4f #eh4cc #ec4dg #fd4af 4#bc #dg4ia #eg4di #ec4bd #fc4hh #eh4ef #gj4bg 4#be #eb4jh #fb4di #eg4hg #fi4dd #fc4fe #gf4ch 4#bf #ed4af #fd4ii #fj4ah #gb4bb #ff4b #gi4dd 4#bi #fj4da #gb4di #fg4ab #hj4ee #gc4hd #hh4fj 4#cabe #fe4aj #gh4ab #gb4cc #hf4h #gi4eg #ie4dh 4#cc #fh4ge #hb4e #gf4ch #ia4fb #hd4jb #ajj4hb 4#ce #gb4ia #hg4di #ha4ja #ig4ba #hi4aa #ajf4ic 4#cge #gh4ab #ic4gd #hf4h #ajd4af #ie4dh #aad4eg ---------------------------------------- -- #fj1jjj ,t5sile #fe1jjj ,t5sile #gj1jjj ,t5sile ,/r5g?4 ,/r5g?4 ,/r5g?4 #a-f1 #aj1jjj #a-f1 #aj1hcc4c #a-f1 #aa1fff4f ---------------------------------------- -- 4#ahge #eb4jh #fb4di #ef4db #fg4gj #fj4gf #gb4ia 4#ba #ec4cc #fi4ii #fc4ai #ge4hb #fh4jf #ha4ff 4#bc #ec4hh #gf4fe #ff4ba #hc4je #gd4eh #hi4dc 4#be #fi4dd #hc4cb #ge4bb #ij4bf #ha4ja #ig4ba 4#bf #gb4bb #hf4ff #gh4bd #ic4hh #hd4be #aja4aj 4#bi #hj4ee #if4ff #hg4bf #ajd4ga #ic4ih #aab4gg 4#cabe #hf4h #ajd4af #id4jc #aab4hh #aja4bg #aba4eb 4#cc #ia4ff #aji4ii #ii4c #aai4af #ajf4id #abh4cb 4#ce #ig4bb #aaf4ff #aje4cb #abf4ch #aac4db #acf4a 4#cge #ajd4af #abd4ii #aab4hd #ace4dc #aba4eb #ade4cb ---------------------------------------- --------------------- ,,def9ition ,,( ,,t]ms4 ,9 ! accompany+ sections1 "s ( ! prop]ties ( iron & /eel1 z employ$ 9 ! con/ruction ( boil]s1 are giv54 ,x is1 !re=e1 desirable t ! mean+s appli$ to ! v>i\s t]ms us$ %\ld be cle>ly und]/ood4 ,! def9itions necess>y are1 !n1 briefly z foll[s3-- ,t5sile /r5g? is equival5t to ! am\nt ( =ce :i*1 /eadily & sl[ly appli$ 9 a l9e ) ! axis ( ! te/ piece1 j ov]comes ! cohesion ( ! p>ticles1 & pulls x into sep>ate p>ts4 ,contraction ( area is ! am\nt by :i* ! area1 at ! po9t :]e ! specim5 has brok51 is r$uc$ bel[ :at x 0 be=e any /ra9 or pull+ =ce 0 appli$4 ,elongation is ! am\nt to :i* ! specim5 /ret*es1 betwe5 two fix$ po9ts1 due to a /eady & sl[ly appli$ =ce1 :i* pulls & sep>ates x into p>ts4 ,elongation is made up ( two p>ts3 "o due to ! g5]al /ret*1 m or less1 ov] ! l5g?2 ! o!r1 due to contraction ( area at ab\t ! po9t ( fracture4 ,%e>+ /r5g? is equival5t to ! =ce :i*1 if /eadily & sl[ly appli$ at "r angles1 or ne>ly s1 to ! l9e ( axis ( ! rivet1 causes x to sep>ate into p>ts1 :i* slide ov] ea* o!r1 ! planes ( ! surface at ! po9t ( sep>ation be+ at "r angles1 or ne>ly s1 to ! axis ( ! rivet4 ,ela/ic limit is ! po9t :]e ! addition to ! p]man5t set produc$ by ea* equal increm5t ( load or =ce1 /eadily & sl[ly appli$1 ceases to be fairly uni=m1 & is sudd5ly1 aft] ! po9t is rea*$1 increas$ 9 am\nt4 ,x is express$ z a p]c5tage ( ! t5sile /r5g?4 ,t\gh4--,! mat]ial is said to be 8t\gh0 :5 x c be b5t fir/ 9 "o direction1 !n 9 ! o!r1 )\t fractur+4 ,! great] ! angles x b5ds ?r\gh 7c\pl$ ) ! numb] ( times x b5ds71 ! t\gh] x is4 ,ductile4--,! mat]ial is 8ductile0 :5 x c be ext5d$ by a pull+ or t5sile =ce & rema9 ext5d$ aft] ! =ce is remov$4 ,! great] ! p]man5t ext5sion1 ! m ductile ! mat]ial4 ,ela/icity is t quality 9 a mat]ial by :i*1 aft] be+ /ret*$ or compress$ by =ce1 x app>5tly rega9s its orig9al dim5sions :5 ! =ce is remov$4 ,fatigu$ is a t]m appli$ to ! mat]ial :5 x has lo/ 9 "s degree its p[] ( resi/ance to fracture1 due to ! repeat$ application ( =ces1 m p>ticul>ly :5 ! =ces or /ra9s h v>i$ consid]able 9 am\nt4 ,malleable is a t]m appli$ to ! mat]ial :5 x c be ext5d$ by hamm]+1 roll+1 or o!rwise1 )\t fractur+1 & rema9s ext5d$4 ,! m x c be ext5d$ )\t be+ fractur$1 ! m malleable x is4 ,weldable is a t]m appli$ to ! mat]ial if x c be unit$1 :5 hot1 by hamm]+ or press+ toge!r ! heat$ p>ts4 ,! ne>] ! prop]ties ( ! mat]ial1 aft] be+ weld$1 are to :at !y 7 be=e be+ heat$ & weld$1 ! m weldable x is4 ,cold-%ort is a "n giv5 to ! mat]ial :5 x _c be work$ "u ! hamm] or by roll+1 or be b5t :5 cold )\t crack+ at ! edges4 ,su* a mat]ial may be work$ or b5t :5 at a great heat1 b n at any temp]ature :i* is l[] ?an ab\t t assign$ to dull r$4 ,hot-%ort is :5 ! mat]ial _c be easily work$ "u ! hamm]1 or by roll+ at a r$-heat at any temp]ature :i* is high] ?an ab\t t assign$ to a r$-heat1 )\t fractur+ or crack+4 ,su* a mat]ial may be work$ or b5t at a less heat4 ,homog5e\s describes a mat]ial :i* is all ( ! same /ructure & nature4 ,a homog5e\s mat]ial is ! be/ = boil]s1 & x %\ld be ( suitable t5sile /r5g? ) contraction ( area & elongation be/ suit$ = ! purpose1 hav+ an ela/ic limit t w insure ! /ructure be+ reliable2 x %\ld be t\gh & ductile1 & its ela/icity fairly good1 & be capable ( endur+ /ra9s )\t becom+ too quickly or easily fatigu$4 ,! mat]ial %\ld be malleable & 9 "s cases weldable2 t :i* is ( a decid$ly cold-%ort or hot-%ort nature %\ld be avoid$4 ,,boil] ,,repairs4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ff4 ,?is cut repres5ts a =m ( clamp us$ 9 hold+ ! plates aga9/ ea* o!r :5 be+ rivet$4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #fg4 ,fig4 #fg repres5ts a peculi> =m ( bolt = screw+ a pat* to a boil]4 ,x is ?read$ into ! boil] plate1 ! *amf] re/s aga9/ ! pat* & ! squ>e is = ! application ( ! wr5*4 ,aft] ! bolt is well 9 place1 ! head c be cut (f ) a cold *isel4 ,,repair+ ,,cracks4 ,cracks 9 ! cr[n-%eet or side ( a fire-box boil]1 or top head ( ! upright boil] c be tempor>ily repair$ by a r[ ( holes drill$ & tapp$ t\*+ "o ano!r1 ) #c_/h or #a_/b in* copp] plugs or bolts1 screw$ into ! plates & aft]w>ds all hamm]$ toge!r4 ,= a p]man5t job1 cut out ! defect & rivet on a pat*4 ,?is _h bett] be put on ! inside1 s z to avoid a 8pocket0 = hold+ ! dirt4 ,9 putt+ on all pat*es1 ! defective "p mu/ be entirely remov$ to ! solid iron1 especially :5 expos$ to ! fire4 ,,note4--,:5 fire comes to two surfaces ( any consid]able ext5t1 ! plate next to ! fire becomes r$-hot & weak5s1 h5ce ! inside plate1 9 repairs1 mu/ be remov$4 ,! application ( /eel pat*es to iron boil]s is injudici\s4 ,/eel & iron diff] /ructurally & 9 e o!r p>ticul>1 & _! expansion & contraction "u ! influ5ce ( *ang+ temp]atures1 is su* t tr\ble is sure to result f _! comb9ation4 ,,defects ,,& ,,necess>y ,,repairs4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #fh4 ,fig4 #fh repres5ts a pat* call$ a 8spectacle piece40 ,?is is us$ to repair a crack situat$ betwe5 ! tube ends4 ,^! are usually caus$ 7if ! metal is n ( bad quality7 by all[+ incru/ation to collect on ! plate inside ! boil]1 or by op5+ ! furnace & smoke doors1 ?us all[+ a curr5t ( cold air to contract ! metal ( ! plates r\nd ! heat$ & exp&$ tubes4 ,! 8spectacle piece0 is bor$ out to encircle ! tubes adjac5t to ! crack1 or 9 o!r words1 to be a duplicate ( a portion ( ! tube plate crack$4 ,^! plates are !n p9n$ on to ! tube cov]+ ! crack4 ,/eam g5]ators1 z !y are expos$ to m or less ( try+ s]vice 9 /eam production1 develop almo/ an un5d+ numb] & v>iety ( defects4 ,:5 a boil] is new & fir/ set up x is suppos$ to be clean1 inside & out1 b ev5 "o day's s]vice *anges its condition2 s$im5t has collect$ )9 & soot & a%es )\t4 ,unlike animals & plants !y h no recup]ative p[]s ( _! own--:5ev] !y become weak5$ at any po9t ! natural c\rse ( ! defect is to become cont9ually worse4 ,9 no?+ c an eng9e] bett] %[ 8 true fitness ?an 9 ! treatm5t ( ! beg9n+s ( defects z !y %[ !mselves by well-kn[n signs ( di/ress1 su* z leaks ( wat] ab\t ! tube ends1 & 9 ! boil] bel[ ! wat] l9e1 or escap+ /eam above x4 ,9 m s]i\s cases1 ! pr(essional s]vices ( a skillful & hone/ boil] mak] is ! be/ = ! occasion4 ,9 a rec5t report giv5 9 by ! ,inspectors ! foll[+ li/ ( defects 9 boil]s com+ "u _! obs]vation 0 report$4 ,! items indicate ! nature ( ! natural decay to :i* /eam boil]s 9 active use are expos$4 ,! add$ column "u ! head+ ( 8dang]\s0 c>ries its own lesson1 urg+ ! importance ( vigilance & skill on ! "p ( ! eng9e] 9 *>ge4 ,nature ( ,defects4 ,:ole ,numb]4 ,dang]\s4 ,cases ( deposit ( s$im5t #dai #cf ,cases ( incru/ation & scale #eif #dd ,cases ( int]nal groov+ #be #af ,cases ( int]nal corrosion #aci #ba ,cases ( ext]nal corrosion #cdg #aad ,brok5 & loose braces & /ays #hc #ej ,sett+s defective #abi #ad ,furnaces out ( %ape #aga #ad ,fractur$ plates #aha #hd ,burn$ plates #ic #ca ,bli/]$ plates #bcb #bb ,cases ( defective rivet+ #cjf #cd ,defective heads #cf #bj ,s]i\s leakage ar\nd tube ends #edi #eg ,s]i\s leakage at seams #bad #ec ,defective wat] gauges #abh #ad ,defective bl[-(fs #de #i ,cases ( defici5cy ( wat] #i #d ,safety-valves ov]load$ #bb #g ,safety-valves defective 9 con/ruction #da #af ,pressure-gauges defective #baa #bi ,boil] )\t pressure-gauges #c #j ,?is li/ cov]s ne>ly1 if n all1 ! po9ts ( dang] aga9/ :i* ! vigilance ( bo? eng9e] & fireman %\ld be cont9ually on gu>d2 & is wor? con/ant /udy until ?or\ghly memoriz$4 ,,note4 ,probably "o-qu>t]1 if n "o-?ird1 ( all boil]-"w is done 9 ! way ( repairs1 h5ce ! advice ( m5 :o h _h long exp]i5ce 9 ! trade is ! "o safe ?+ to foll[ = ! avoidance ( dang] & great] losses1 & = ! be/ results ! unit$ op9ion ( #a1 ! eng9e]1 exp]i5c$ 9 8 own boil] & #b1 ! boil]-mak] ) 8 wid] obs]vation & #c1 ! own] ( ! /eam plant1 all ( :om are mo/ int]e/$4 ,corrosion is a tr\ble f :i* few if any boil]s escape4 ,! pr9cipal causes ( ext]nal corrosion arise f undue exposure to ! wea!r1 improp] sett+1 or possibly damp brick "w1 leakage consequ5t ^u faulty con/ruction1 or neglig5ce on ! "p ( ^? hav+ !m 9 *>ge4 ,int]nal corrosion maybe divid$ into ord9>y corrod+1 or ru/+ & pitt+4 ,ord9>y corrosion is sometimes uni=m ?r\gh a l>ge portion ( ! boil]1 b is (t5 f\nd 9 isolat$ pat*es :i* h be5 difficult to acc\nt =4 ,pitt+ is /ill m caprici\s 9 ! location ( its attack2 x may be describ$ z a s]ies ( holes (t5 runn+ into ea* o!r 9 l9es & pat*es1 eat5 into ! surface ( ! iron to a dep? sometimes ( "o-qu>t] ( an in*4 ,pitt+ is ! m dang]\s =m ( corrosion1 & ! dang]s are increas$ :5 its exi/5ce is hidd5 b5ea? a coat+ ( scale4 ,!re is ano!r =m ( decay 9 boil]s kn[n z groov+2 x may be describ$ z surface crack+ ( iron1 caus$ by its expansion & contraction1 "u ! influ5ce ( diff]+ temp]atures4 ,x is attributable g5]ally to ! too great rigidity ( ! p>ts ( ! boil] affect$1 & x may be look$ ^u z result+ f faulty con/ruction4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #fi4 ,9 plugg+ a leaky tube ) a p9e plug1 make a small hole1 ( #c_/af ( an in* diamet]1 or less1 runn+ ?r\gh x f end to end4 ,^! plugs %\ld nev] h a tap] ( m ?an #a_/h ( an in* to ! foot4 ,x is well to h a few plugs always on h&4 ,fig4 #fi exhibits ! be/ %ape = ! wood5 plug4 ,,que/ions ,,by ,,! ,,proprietor ,,to ,,! ,,eng9e] ,,9 ,,*>ge1 ,,relat+ ,,to ,,condition ,,( ,,! ,,boil]1 ,h[ long s9ce y 7 inside y\r boil]8 ,7 any ( ! braces slack8 ,7 any ( ! p9s out ( ! braces8 ,did all ! braces r+ alike8 ,did n "s ( !m s\nd l a fiddle-/r+8 ,did y notice any scale on flues or cr[n %eet8 ,if y did1 :5 d y int5d to remove x8 ,h y notic$ any evid5ce ( bulg+ 9 ! fire-box plates8 ,d y "k ( any leaky socket bolts8 ,are any ( ! flange jo9ts leak+8 ,w y\r safety-valve bl[ (f itself1 or does x /ick a little sometimes8 ,are !re any globe valves betwe5 ! safety-valve & ! boil]8 ,!y %\ld be tak5 out at once1 if !re are4 ,are !re any defective plates any:]e ab\t y\r boil]8 ,is ! boil] s set t y c inspect e "p ( x :5 necess>y8 ,if n1 h[ c y tell 9 :at condition ! plates are8 ,are n "s ( ! l[] c\rses ( tubes or flues 9 y\r boil] *ok$ ) soot or a%es8 ,d y absolutely "k1 ( y\r own k1 t y\r boil] is 9 safe & economical work+ ord]1 or d y m]ely suppose x is8 ,,que/ions ,,ask$ ,,( ,a ,,c&idate ,,= ,a ,,m>9e ,,lic5se ,,relat+ ,,to ,,defects ,,9 ,,boil] ,,) ,,answ]s4 ,if y f9d a ?9 plate1 :at w\ld y d8 ,put a pat* on4 ,w\ld y put x on inside or outside8 ,inside4 ,:y s8 ,because ! action t has weak5$ ! plate w !n act on ! pat*1 & :5 ?is is worn x c be replac$2 b ! plate rema9s z we f\nd x4 ,if ! pat* 7 put on ! outside1 ! action w\ld /ill be on ! plate1 :i* w\ld 9 "t be worn ?r\gh1 !n ! pressure ( ! /eam w\ld =ce ! wat] betwe5 ! plate & ! pat*1 & s corrode x2 & dur+ a j]k or extra pressure1 ! pat* might be bl[n (f4 ,x is on ! same pr9ciple t mud-hole doors are on ! inside4 ,if y f\nd sev]al ?9 places1 :at w\ld y d8 ,pat* ea*1 & r$uce ! pressure4 ,if y f\nd a bli/]$ plate8 ,put a pat* on ! fire side4 ,if y f\nd a plate at ! bottom buckl$8 ,put a /ay ?r\gh ! c5tre ( ! buckle4 ,if y f\nd sev]al8 ,/ay ea*1 & r$uce ! pressure4 ,! cr[n ( ! furnace d[n8 ,put a /ay ?r\gh ! middle1 & a dog across ! top4 ,if a l5g? ( ! cr[n 7 d[n1 put a s]ies ( /ays & dogs4 ,a crack$ plate8 ,drill a hole at ea* end ( ! crack2 caulk ! crack1 or put a pat* ov] x4 ,if ! wat] 9 ! boil] is suff]$ to get too l[1 :at may be ! consequ5ce8 ,burn ! top ( ! combu/ion *amb] & ! tubes2 p]haps cause an explosion4 ,if suff]$ to get too high8 ,cause prim+2 p]haps cause ! break+ ( ! cyl9d] cov]s4 ,,! ,,inspection ,,( ,,/eam ,,boil]s4 ,let x be cle>ly und]/ood t if !re 7 no /eam g5]ators us+ /eam "u pressure !re w\ld he no boil] inspection1 & no lic5s+ ( eng9e]s2 x requires no lic5se to be a ma*9i/ or a ma*9e t5d]1 no m w\ld a lic5se be ess5tial to run a /eam eng9e1 except x 7 connect$ ) ! boil]4 ,! dang] to ! public aris+ f _! use requires t ! c>e & managem5t ( high-pressure /eam boil]s %all be 9 h&s ( c>eful1 exp]i5c$ & naturally +5i\s m51 h5ce x is on ! affairs ( ! ,boil] ,room t ! fir/ te/s are made1 z to ! wor?9ess ( an aspirant = an eng9e]'s lic5se1 h5ce1 too1 ! success ( _m firem5 9 obta9+ ! pref]5ce ov] eng9e-build]s or s*ool graduates1 9 ! l9e ( promotion z /eam eng9e]s4 ,! inspection laws ( ! v>i\s /ates & cities are fram$ aft] sub/antially ! same lead+ ideas1 & 9 pres5t+ "o ! o!rs may be assum$ to be ne>ly ! same4 ,! special prov9ce ( ! ,/eam ,boil] ,inspection & ,eng9e]s' ,bureau 9 ! police dep>tm5t 9 ,new ,york ,city is to inspect & te/ all ! /eam boil]s 9 ! city1 at c]ta9 /at$ p]iods1 & to exam9e e applicant = ! position ( eng9e] z to 8 ability & qualifications = runn+ an eng9e & boil] ) safety4 ,accord+ to ! laws ( ! ,/ate1 e own]1 ag5t or lessee1 ( a /eam boil] or boil]s1 9 ! city ( ,new ,york1 %all annually report to ! bo>d ( police1 ! location ( said boil] or boil]s1 &1 !reupon1 ! (fic]s 9 comm& ( ! sanit>y company %all detail a practical eng9e]1 :o %all proce$ to inspect su* /eam boil] or boil]s1 & all app>atus & appliances connect$ !re)4 ,:5 a notice is receiv$ f any own] or ag5t t he has "o or m boil]s = inspection1 a pr9t$ blank is return$ to him /at+ t on ! day nam$ !re9 ! boil]s w be te/$1 & he is ask$ to make full prep>ation = ! inspection by comply+ ) ! foll[+ rules3 ,be ready to te/ at ! above-nam$ "t4 ,h boil] fill$ ) wat] to safety-valve4 ,h #a-a_/d-;in* connection4 ,h /eam gauge4 ,/eam all[$ two-?irds am\nt ( hydro/atic pressure4 ,m p>ticul>ly /at$1 ! foll[+ h be5 adopt$ by "o or m ,inspection ,companies3 ,,h[ ,,to ,,prep>e ,,= ,,/eam-,,boil] ,,inspection4 #a4 ,haul fires & all a%es f furnaces & a% pits4 #b4 ,if "t w p]mit1 all[ boil] & sett+s to cool gradually until !re is no /eam pressure1 !n all[ wat] to run out ( boil]s4 ,x is be/ t /eam pressure %\ld n exce$ t5 p\nds if us$ to bl[ wat] out4 #c4 ,inside ( boil] %\ld be wa%$ & dri$ ?r\gh manholes & h&holes by hose s]vice & wip+4 #d4 ,keep safety-valves & gauge-cocks op54 #e4 ,take (f manhole & h&hole plates z soon z possible aft] /eam is out ( boil]1 t boil] may cool inside suffici5tly = exam9ation2 also keep all doors %ut ab\t boil]s & sett+s1 except ! furnace & a%-pit doors4 ,keep damp]s op5 9 pipes & *imneys4 #f4 ,h all a%es remov$ f "u boil]s1 & fire surfaces ( %ell & heads swept clean4 #g4 ,h sp>e pack+ ready = use on manhole & h&hole plates1 if ! old pack+ is made useless 9 tak+ (f or is burn$4 ,! boil] att5dant is to take (f & replace ^! plates4 #h4 ,keep all w9d[s & doors to boil] room op51 aft] fires are haul$1 s t boil]s & sett+s may cool z quickly z possible4 #i4 ,p>ticul> att5tion is call$ to ,rule #e1 respect+ doors--:i* %\ld be op5 & :i* clos$--also arrangem5t ( damp]4 ,! importance ( cool+ ! inside ( ! boil] by removal ( manhole & h&hole plates at ! same "t ! outside is cool+1 is 9 equaliz+ ! process ( contraction4 ,,issu+ ,,c]tificates4 ,^! conditions hav+ be5 compli$ )1 ! boil] is ?or\ghly te/$1 & if x is deem$ capable ( do+ ! "w requir$ ( x1 a numb] by :i* x %all h]eaft] be kn[n & designat$ is plac$ ^u x 9 accordance ) ! city ord9ance3 ,failure to comply ) ?is provision is puni%able by a f9e ( #be4 ,a c]tificate ( inspection is !n giv5 to ! own]1 = :i* a fee ( #b is paid4 ,?is c]tificate sets =? t on ! day nam$ ! boil] !re9 describ$ 0 subject to a hydro/atic pressure ( a c]ta9 numb] ( p\nds to ! squ>e in*4 ,! c]tificate tells :]e ! boil] 0 built1 its /yle or "* & 8n[ appe>s to be 9 good condition & safe to su/a9 a work+ pressure ( ---- to ! squ>e in*4 ,! safety-valve has be5 set to said pressure40 ,a duplicate ( ?is c]tificate is po/$ 9 full view 9 ! boil]-room4 ,9 case ! boil] does n /& ! te/ to :i* x is subject1 x mu/ be imm$iately repair$ & put 9 good work+ ord] be=e a c]tificate w be issu$4 ,,! ,,hydraulic ,,te/4 ,! hydraulic te/ is a v conv5i5t me?od ( te/+ ! tightness ( ! "w 9 a new boil]1 9 conjunction ) inspection to a great] or less] degree1 9 ! pass+ ( new "w4 ,z a detector ( leakages x has no rival1 & its application enables faulty caulk+ to be made good be=e ! boil] has left ! works1 & be=e a leak has "t to ent] on its insidi\s c>e] ( corrosion4 ,! ext5t to :i* x enables ! s\ndness & quality ( ! "w to be asc]ta9$ is ano!r matt]1 & dep5ds on sev]al conditions4 ,x w be evid5t t if ! te/ be appli$ ) ?is object to a new boil]1 ! pressure %\ld range to "s po9t 9 excess ( ! work+ load if su* a te/ is to be ( any practical value4 ,:at ! excess %\ld be s z to rema9 )9 safe limits _c be /at$ )\t reg>d be+ paid to ! factor ( safety adopt$ 9 ! /ructure4 ,9 addition to ! advantage :i* ! hydraulic te/ af=ds z a means ( prov+ ! tightness ( ! rivet$ seams & "w g5]ally1 x is also ( frequ5t assi/ance 9 det]m9+ ! suffici5cy ( ! /ay+ ( flat surfaces1 especially :5 ( indet]m9ate %ape1 or :5 ! /resses ?r[n ^u !m by ! peculi> con/ruction ( ! boil] are ( unc]ta9 magnitude4 ,= ! hydraulic te/1 h[ev]1 to be ( any real value 9 ! special cases to :i* we ref]1 x is ess5tial t x %\ld be conduct$ by an exp]t1 & ! application ( ! pressure accompani$ by c>eful gaug+s1 s z to enable ! am\nt ( bulg+ & p]man5t set to be asc]ta9$4 ,)\t su* read+s ! application ( ! te/ 9 su* cases is wor?less1 & may be delusive4 ,inde$1 ! c>eful gaug+ ( a boil] z a record ( its behavior %\ld be a condition ( e te/1 & is a duty requir+ = its adequate p]=mance a skill$ inspector4 ,! duty ( inspect+ a new boil] or witness+ ! hydraulic te/ prop]ly belongs to "o ( ! regul> inspect+ companies1 :o h m5 9 _! employ specially tra9$ = ! p]=mance ( su* "w4 ,! advantage accru+ f su* a c\rse is well wor? ! fee *>g$ = ! s]vice1 & secures a se>*+ inspection ( ! workman%ip1 :i* frequ5tly br+s to light defects & ov]sights t a m]e pump+-up ( ! boil] w\ld nev] reveal4 ,su* a proce$+ 9 fact1 c only prove t ! boil] is wat]-tight1 & a boil] may be tight "u te/ al?\gh ! workman%ip is ( ! poore/ "*4 ,besides1 x is well to be> 9 m9d t ! tightness ( a boil] "u te/ is no gu>antee ( its tightness aft] x is got to "w4 ,9 a ^w1 z f> z new boil]s are conc]n$1 ! application ( hydraulic pressure unaccompani$ by c>eful inspection & gaug+s may be almo/ wor?less1 :ile ) ^! additions x may be extremely valuable1 especially 9 ! case ( boil]s ( peculi> %ape1 & is a precaution t %\ld n be neglect$4 ,,eng9e]s' ,,exam9ations4 ,keep+ 9 m9d ! fact t if !re 7 no /eam-boil]s !re w\ld be no exam9ations & no public necessity = lic5ses1 ^! 8po9ts0 are add$4 ,exam9ations are try+ p]iods ) all eng9e]s1 z ! be/ are liable to fail 9 _! answ]s f a n]v\s dread ( ! ordeal1 b ! grant+ ( ! docum5t is v l>gely influ5c$ by ! p]sonal exp]i5ce ( ! c&idate 9 ! practical duties ( ! eng9e & boil]-room1 :i* mu/ be /at$ & c]tifi$ to by ! evid5ce ( o!rs4 ,a g5]al k ( ! subject ( /eam eng9e]+ is ! fir/ requisite to success4 ,a few sample que/ions are "h giv5 to %[ ! ord9>y c\rse pursu$ by exam9]s to det]m9e ! fitness ( applicants3 ,h[ long h y be5 employ$ z an eng9e]1 & :]e8 ,are y a me*anic8 ,:]e did y le>n y\r trade8 ,give "s idea ( ! ext5t ( y\r exp]i5ce z an eng9e]8 ,:at k9d ( boil]s h y _h *>ge (8 ,describe a horizontal tubul> boil]4 ,describe a locomotive /yle boil]4 ,describe a v]tical /yle boil]4 ,describe a sectional wat] tube boil]4 ,h[ ?ick is ! iron 9 ! %ell ( y\r boil]8 ,h[ ?ick %\ld x be 9 ! %ell ( y\r boil]8 ,h[ ?ick are ! heads 9 y\r boil]8 ,h[ ?ick %\ld !y be 9 y\r boil]8 ,h[ are ! heads fa/5$ to ! %ell8 ,:at is ! be/ way to put heads 9 a boil]8 ,h[ is ! %ell rivet$8 ,:at size rivets are us$8 ,:at di/ance ap>t are !y8 ,h[ %\ld ! %ell be rivet$8 ,:y d !y d\ble rivet "s seams8 ,:at ones are be/ d\ble rivet$8 ,h[ is a horizontal boil] brac$8 ,h[ is a locomotive boil] brac$8 ,:at is ! size ( & =ms ( braces g5]ally us$8 ,:at is ! size ( y\r boil] or boil]s1 l5g? & diamet]8 ,h[ _m h y 9 *>ge8 ,"n ! horse p[]4 ,h[ _m tubes are 9 ! boil]8 ,:at size are !y1 & h[ ?ick8 ,h[ long are !y8 ,h[ are !y secur$8 ,:at is ! diff]5ce betwe5 a socket & a /ay bolt8 ,:at is ! t5sile /r5g? ( ,boil] ,iron8 ,:at is ! t5sile /r5g? ( ,boil] ,/eel8 ,:at is mild /eel8 ,:at is ,,* ,no4 #a ,iron8 ,:at is ,flange ,iron8 ,:at is ,hot ,%ort & ,cold ,%ort ,iron8 ,:at is ! common dim5sions ( a ,man ,hole8 ,:at is x =8 ,:at are ,h& ,holes =8 ,d y op5 !m (t58 ,h[ (t58 ,:at are ,cr[n ,b>s & :]e are !y us$8 ,h[ is a ,boil] ,caulk$8 ,:at is a ,drift ,p98 ,,me*anical ,,/ok]s4 ,9 ! back c\nties ( ,engl& = _m g5]ations be=e ! /eam eng9e 0 evolv$ f ! bra9s ( ,trevi?ick1 ,watt & ,/eph5son1 ! ^w 8/oke0 0 us$1 mean+ to 8/ir ! fire40 ,! ^w 0 d]iv$ f an anci5t ^w1 /oke1 mean+ a /ick1 /ock or po/4 ,to-day !re are v _m m5 :o are call$ 8/ok]s10 employ$ pr9cipally on locomotive eng9es1 /eam vessels1 etc41 & !n !re is ! 8/oke hole10 s-call$1 9 :i* !y d _! "w4 ,illu/ration3 ,me*anical ,/ok] ,b1 n[ comes ! 8me*anical /ok]10 :i* is well nam$1 z its (fice is to fe$ & 8/ir ! fire0 by a ma*9e1 ?us reliev+ ! fireman f mu* excessively h>d toil & all[+ ! "t & en]gy ?us sav$ to be m pr(itably us$ else:]e4 ,! figure %[s a view ( ! ,am]ican ,/ok] :i* is a device ( ! mo/ advanc$ type4 ,! pr9cipal p>ts ( ! ma*9e are3 #a1 ! ,hopp]1 :i* may be fill$ ei!r by h& %ovel+ or by elevat+ & convey+ ma*9]y2 #b1 ! ,conveyor ,screw1 :i* =ces ! coal1 or inde$1 any description ( fuel1 =w>d to ! #c1 ,magaz9e1 %[n 9 ! figure to ! left2 #d1 a ,driv+ ,me*anism1 :i* is a /eam motor arrang$ conv5i5tly 9 front ( ! hopp]2 #e1 ! ,retort1 s call$ f its be+ ! place 7above ! conveyor7 :]e ! coal is di/ill$ into gas4 ,,note4--,an illu/rat$ pr9t$ description ( ?is ma*9e is issu$ & s5t free ^u application by ! mak]s4 ,! ,am]ican ,/ok] ,co41 ,wa%+ton ,life ,build+1 ,cor4 ,broadway & ,lib]ty ,/41 ,new ,york4 ,! rate ( fe$+ coal is controll$ by ! spe$ ( ! motor1 ?is be+ effect$ by ! simple means ( ?rottl+ ! /eam 9 ! supply pipe to ! motor4 ,! %ields cov]+ ! motor effectually protect ! me*anism f dirt & du/4 ,! motor has a simple reciprocat+ pi/on2 its pi/on rod c>ries a cros%ead1 :i*1 by means ( suitable connect+ l9ks1 op]ates a rock] arm hav+ a pawl me*anism1 :i* 9 turn actuates ! rat*et :eel atta*$ to ! conveyor %aft4 ,! /ok] is ?us entirely self-conta9$ & complete 9 itself4 ,a screw conveyor or worm is locat$ 9 ! conveyor pipe & ext5ds ! entire l5g? ( ! magaz9e4 ,imm$iately b5ea? ! conveyor pipe is locat$ ! w9d-box1 hav+ an op5+ b5ea? ! hopp]4 ,at ?is po9t is connect$ ! pip+ = ! air supply1 furni%$ at l[ pressure by a volume bl[]4 ,! o!r end ( ! w9d-box op5s into ! air space betwe5 ! magaz9e & out] cas+4 ,! upp] edge ( ! magaz9e is surr\nd$ by tuy]es1 or air blocks1 ^! be+ provid$ ) op5+s = ! dis*>ge ( air1 inw>dly & outw>dly4 ,! /ok] re/s on ! front & re> be>+ b>s2 ! space betwe5 ! sides ( ! /ok] & side walls is fill$ ) iron plates1 t]m$ 8dead grates40 ,/eam is c>ri$ to ! motor by a #c_/d-;in* /eam pipe4 ,! exhau/ /eam f ! motor is dis*>g$ into ! a% pit4 ,9 op]ation ! coal is f$ into ! hopp]1 c>ri$ by ! conveyor into ! magaz9e1 :i* x fills1 8ov]fl[s0 on bo? sides1 & spreads ^u ! sides ( ! grates4 ,! coal is f$ sl[ly & cont9u\sly1 &1 approa*+ ! fire 9 its upw>d c\rse1 x is sl[ly roa/$ & cok$1 & ! gases releas$ f x are tak5 up by ! fre% air ent]+ ?r\gh ! tuy]es1 :i* explodes ^! gases & deliv]s ! coal z coke on ! grates above4 ,! cont9u\s fe$+ gives a brea?+ motion to ?is coke b$1 ?us keep+ x op5 & free = ! circulation ( air4 ,x w be not$ t 9 ?is ma*9e ! fuel is introduc$ f ! bottom ( ! b$ ( fuel1 te*nically speak+1 ^u ! pr9ciple ( 8und]fe$+40 ,,*emical ,,t]ms ,,& ,,explanations ,,relat+ ,,to ,,fe$ ,,wat]s4 ,*emi/ry is a sci5ce :i* inve/igates ! composition & prop]ties ( mat]ial sub/ances4 ,nature is compos$ ( elem5t>y elem5ts2 k ( ^! bodies1 ( _! mutual comb9ations1 ( ! =ces by :i* ^! comb9ations are br\ght ab\t1 & ! laws 9 accordance ) :i* ^! =ces act1 con/itute *emi/ry1 & ! *emi/ry ( /eam eng9e]+ l>gely deals ) ! =eign bodies conta9$ 9 ! fe$ wat] ( /eam boil]s4 ,elem5t4 ,9 g5]al1 ! ^w elem5t is appli$ to any sub/ance :i* has z yet nev] be5 decompos$ into con/itu5ts or transmut$ to any o!r sub/ance1 & :i* diff]s 9 "s ess5tial prop]ty f e o!r kn[n body4 ,! t]m simple or undecompos$ sub/ance is (t5 us$ synonym\sly ) elem5t4 ,!re are ab\t #gj simple elem5ts1 ?ree-qu>t]s ( :i* are to be met ) only 9 m9ute quantities & are call$ r>e elem5ts4 ,copp]1 silv]1 gold1 iron1 & sulphur are simple elem5ts--! metal irridium1 = example1 is a r>e elem5t--x is ! metal :i* tips ! ends ( gold p5s--x is heavi] ?an gold & mu* m valuable4 ,probably !re are n two tons ( x 9 exi/5ce4 ,a ,re-ag5t is a *emical us$ to inve/igate ! qualities ( "s o!r *emical--example1 hydro*loric acid is a re-ag5t 9 f9d+ c>bonic acid 9 lime/one1 or c>bonate ( lime1 :i* :5 treat$ by x w give up its free c>bonic acid gas1 :i* is ! same z ! gas 9 soda wat]4 ,an ,oxide is any elem5t1 su* z iron1 alum9ium1 lime1 magnesia1 etc41 comb9$ ) oxyg54 ,to be an oxide x mu/ pass ?r\gh ! /ate ( oxidization4 ,iron aft] x is ru/$ is ! oxide ( iron1 etc4 ,a ,c>bonate is an elem5t1 su* z iron1 sodium1 etc41 :i* =ms a union ) c>bonic acid--! latt] is a mixture ( c>bon & oxyg5 9 ! proportion ( #a "p ( c>bon to #b ( oxyg54 ,c>bonic acid1 z is well kn[n1 does n support combu/ion & is "o ( ! gases :i* come f p]fect combu/ion4 ,?is acid1 or :at may be bett] t]m$ a gas1 is pl5tifully di/ribut$ by nature & is f\nd pr9cipally comb9$ ) lime & magnesia1 & 9 ?is /ate 7i4e41 c>bonate ( lime & c>bonate ( magnesia7 is "o ( ! wor/ enemies to a boil]4 ,an ,acid is a liquid :i* conta9s bo? hydrog5 & oxyg5 comb9$ ) "s simple elem5t su* z *lor9e1 sulphur1 etc4 ,x w always turn blue litmus r$1 & has t peculi> ta/e kn[n z acidity2 acids range 9 _! p[] f ! corrosive oil ( vitriol to ! pleasant picric acid :i* gives its flavor to fruits4 ,alkalies are ! opposite to an acid2 !y are pr9cipally pota%1 soda & ammonia--^! comb9$ ) c>bonic acid =m c>bonates4 ,sal-soda is c>bonate ( soda4 ,a ,*loride is an elem5t comb9$ ) hydro *loric acid--common salt is a good example ( a *loride--be+ sodium unit$ ) ! elem5t *lor9e1 :i* is ! basis ( hydro *loric acid4 ,*lorides are n abundant 9 nature b all wat]s conta9 traces ( !m m or less & !y are n p>ticul>ly dang]\s to a boil]4 ,sulphates are =m$ by ! action ( sulphuric acid 7comm]cially kn[n z ! oil ( vitriol7 ^u an elem5t1 su* z sodium1 magnesia1 etc4 ,! union ( sodium & sulphuric acid is ! well-kn[n ,glaub] salts--?is is no?+ m ?an sulphate ( soda2 sulphate ( lime is no?+ m ?an gypsum4 ,sulphates are dang]\s to boil]s1 if 9 l>ge quantities %\ld !y give up _! free acid--! action ( ! latt] be+ to corrode ! metal4 ,silica is ! gritty "p ( s&--x is also ! basis ( all fibr\s vegetable matt]--a famili> example ( ?is is ! a% :i* %[s 9 pack+1 :i* has be5 burnt by ! heat 9 /eam2 by a peculi> *emical treatm5t silica has be5 made into soluble glass--a liquid4 #fe p] c5t4 ( ! e>?'s cru/ is compos$ ( silica--x is ! pr9cipal "p ( rock--pure :ite s& is silica itself--x is compos$ ( an elem5t call$ silicum comb9$ ) ! oxyg5 ( ! air4 ,ow+ to its abundance 9 nature & its peculi> solubility x is f\nd l>gely 9 all wat]s t come f ! e>? & is pres5t 9 all boil] scale4 ,9 wat] analysis ! t]m insoluble matt]1 is silica4 ,?is is "o ( ! lea/ dang]\s ( all ! impurities t are 9 fe$ wat]4 ,magnesia is a f9e1 light1 :ite p[d]1 hav+ nei!r ta/e nor smell1 almo/ insoluble 9 boil+1 b less s 9 cold wat]4 ,magnesia z f\nd 9 fe$ wat] exi/s 9 two /ates1 oxide & a c>bonate1 :5 9 ! latt] =m & free f ! traces ( iron1 t5ds to give ! yell[ color+ matt] to scale--9 ,r4 ,r4 "w1 yell[ scale is call$ magnesia scale4 ,c>bonate ( ,magnesia is some:at m soluble 9 cold ?an 9 hot wat]1 b /ill requires to dissolve x #i1jjj p>ts ( ! latt] & #b1dic ( =m]4 ,magnesia1 9 comb9ation ) silica1 ent]s l>gely into ! composition ( _m rocks & m9]als1 su* z soap/one1 asbe/os1 etc4 ,lime1 ^: *emical "n is calcium1 is a :ite alkal9e e>?y p[d] obta9$ f ! native c>bonates ( lime1 su* z ! diff]5t calc]\s /ones & sea %ells1 by driv+ (f ! c>bonic acid 9 ! process ( calc9ation or burn+4 ,lime is procur$ on a l>ge scale by burn+ ! /one 9 furnaces call$ kilns1 ei!r mix$ ) ! fuel or expos$ to ! heat$ air & flames t proce$ f side fires ?r\gh ! c5tral cavity ( ! furnace 9 :i* ! /ones are collect$4 ,! calc9$ /ones may reta9 _! orig9al =m or crumble 9 "p to p[d]2 if protect$ f air & moi/ure !y c aft]w>ds be pres]v$ )\t *ange4 ,soda is a grayi% :ite solid1 fus+ at a r$ heat1 volatile ) difficulty1 & hav+ an int5se aff9ity = wat]1 ) :i* x comb9es ) great evolution ( heat4 ,! only reag5t :i* is available = di/+ui%+ its salts f ^? ( ! o!r alkalies is a solution ( antimoniate ( pota%1 :i* gives a :ite precipitate ev5 9 dilut$ solutions4 ,sodium is ! metallic base ( soda4 ,x is silv] :ite ) a high lu/re2 cry/allizes 9 cubes2 ( ! consi/5ce ( wax at ord9>y temp]atures1 & completely liquid at #aid1 & volatilizes at a bright r$ heat4 ,x is v g5]ally diffus$ ?r\gh\t nature ?\gh app>5tly some:at less abundantly ?an potassium 9 ! solid cru/ ( ! globe4 ,salt1 ! *loride ( sodium1 a natural comp\nd ( "o atom ( *loride & "o ( sodium4 ,x occurs z a rock int]-/ratifi$ ) m>l1 & s&/ones1 & gypsum1 & z an elem5t ( salt spr+s1 sea wat]1 & salt wat] lakes4 ,! proportions ( its elem5ts are #fj4d p] c5t4 ( *lor9e & #ci4f p] c5t4 ( sodium4 ,9 salt made ( sea wat] ! salts ( magnesia ) a little sulphate ( lime are ! pr9cipal impurities4 ,! above m5tion$ *emical sub/ances c be classifi$ into two di/9ct classes1 i4e41 incru/+ & non-incru/+4 ,( ! incru/+ salts1 c>bonate ( magnesia is ! mo/ objectionable1 & any fe$ wat] t conta9s a doz5 gra9s p] gallon ( magnesia c be expect$ to h a mo/ injuri\s effect on ! boil]1 caus+ corrosion & pitt+4 ,c>bonate ( lime1 :ile n z bad z ! magnesia c>bonate1 yet has a v de/ructive action on a boil] & #bj gra9s p] gallon ( ?is is consid]$ bad wat]4 ,all silicates1 oxides ( iron1 & alum9ium1 & sulphate ( lime are also incru/+4 ,! non-incru/+ sub/ances are ?ree1 viz41 *loride ( sodium 7common salt71 & sulphate & c>bonate ( soda4 ,,note4 ,9 view ( ! increas+ importance laid ^u a k ( ! *emical =mation ( fe$ wat]1 ^! *apt]s ( ,*emical ,t]ms & ,analysis ( ,fe$ ,wat]s are giv5 to indicate ! direction 9 :i* ! advanc$ eng9e] mu/ pu% 8 inquiries4 ,!re are m millions ( treasure to be made by prop]ly 8treat+0 ! wat] :i* ent]s ! /eam g5]ators ( ! _w ?an c be extract$ f its gold m9es4 ,an important 8po9t0 is to make sure1 be=e adopt+ any p]man5t sy/em = purify+ ! wat]s ( a /eam plant1 t x is always ! same 9 its +r$i5ts1 i4e41 t ! impurities conta9$ 9 ! wat] are ! same at all times4 ,,analysis ,,( ,,fe$ ,,wat]4 ,9 response to a g5]\s (f] made by a lead+ eng9e]+ j\rnal1 ! foll[+ compositions ( fe$ wat] 7 asc]ta9$ & publi%$4 ,! 8,directions0 %[ h[ ! wat] 0 =w>d$1 & ! tables1 ! result ( c>eful exam9ation1 ( samples s5t f widely sep>at$ sections ( ! c\ntry4 ,,directions4 #a4 ,get a clean gallon jug or bottle & a new cork 7or1 at all ev5ts1 a ?or\ghly clean "o74 #b4 ,wa% out ! vessel two or ?ree times ) ! same wat] t is go+ to be s5t 9 x4 ,?is is to make sure t ! sample may n be contam9at$ ) any 8=eign0 +r$i5t4 #c4 ,tie ! cork1 aft] ! bottle is fill$ ) ! wat]1 ) a /rong /r+ or wire4 ,pack ! bottle s secure1 ) hay or /raw1 sawdu/1 or newspap]s1 t x may n knock itself to pieces aga9/ ! sides ( ! box4 ,,f ,,argos1 ,,ind4 ,gra9s p] ,gallon4 ,silica #a4ajif ,oxides ( iron & alum9ium 4#ageb ,c>bonate ( lime #aa4ijaj ,c>bonate ( magnesia #e4deig ,c>bonate ( soda #a4acbd ,*loride ( sodium 4#jgae ------- ,total solids #ai4hdid ,,f ,,si\x ,,falls1 ,s4 ,d4 ,gra9s p] ,gallon4 ,silica 4#hbib ,oxides ( iron & alum9ium 4#bdeb ,c>bonate ( lime #i4jfii ,c>bonate ( magnesia #e4dcgf ,*loride ( sodium #a4gagb ,sulphate ( sodium #d4ebde ,sulphate ( lime #b4figf ------- ,total solids #be4jicf ,,f ,,lit*field1 ,,ill4 ,gra9s p] ,gallon4 ,silica 4#dgaa ,oxides ( iron & alum9ium 4#gdge ,c>bonate ( lime 4#chjj ,c>bonate ( magnesia #b4biaa ,*loride ( sodium #h4gedc ,sulphate ( soda #af4jcbi ,sulphate ( lime #b4hafh ------- ,total solids #ca4dhce ,,f ,,*elsea1 ,,mass4 ,gra9s p] ,gallon4 ,silica 4#aafh ,oxides ( iron & alum9ium 4#fedj ,c>bonate ( lime #cd4ebfj ,c>bonate ( magnesia #bb4hdgj ,*loride ( sodium #fc4bjda ,sulphate ( soda #bh4dgaa ,c>bonate ( soda #cb4bcba -------- ,total solids #ahb4jeaa ,,f ,,memphis1 ,,t5n4 ,gra9s p] ,gallon4 ,silica 4#hbib ,oxides ( iron & alum9ium 4#dghi ,c>bonate ( lime #a4hccg ,c>bonate ( magnesia 4#iief ,c>bonate ( soda #a4igib ------ ,total solids #f4aaff ,,f ,,pek91 ,,ill4 ,gra9s p] ,gallon4 ,silica #a4jfbh ,oxides ( iron & alum9ium ,trace ,c>bonate ( lime #aj4jiae ,c>bonate ( magnesia #e4hbbd ,*loride ( soda ,trace ,sulphate ( soda #a4bdef ------- ,total solids #ah4fdga ,,f ,,tiff91 ,,ohio4 ,gra9s p] ,gallon4 ,silica 4#ebef ,oxides ( iron & alum9ium 4#bccf ,c>bonate ( lime #ab4fadd ,c>bonate ( magnesia #aj4bfeb ,c>bonate ( soda #b4dacg ,sulphate ( soda #f4hbif ,*loride ( sodium #a4jdhd ------- ,total solids #cc4icie ,,corrosion ,,& ,,incru/ation ,,( ,,/eam ,,boil]s4 ,no m p]plex+ "q pres5ts itself to ! eng9e] & /eam us] ?an ! "o to be inf]r$ f ! above head+4 ,enorm\s losses ( money1 dang] to life & prop]ty & ! loss ( position & ! reputation ( ! eng9e] are involv$ 9 x4 ,h[ to avoid ^! actual evils is ( ! fir/ importance 9 /eam economy4 ,! subject at fir/ sight seems to ! av]age /ud5t a difficult "o to ma/]1 b l all o!r matt]s p]ta9+ to me*anics1 inve/igation t is back$ ) reason1 w %[ t mu* t appe>s obscure is really v pla9 inde$2 ?is is because nature1 ev5 d[n to ! s$im5t rema9+ 9 a boil] aft] ! conv]sion ( wat] into /eam1 op]ates 9 its =mation ) inf9ite exactness & along well kn[n l9es4 ,"q4--,:at is corrosion8 ,answ]4--,corrosion is simply ru/+ or ! wa/+ away ( ! surfaces ( metals1 = p>ticul>s ( :i* see page #abf4 ,"q4--,:at is incru/ation8 ,answ]4--,incru/ation means simply a coat+ ov]4 ,wat]1 on becom+ /eam1 is sep>at$ f ! impurities :i* x may h conta9$1 & ^! =m s$im5t & incru/ation4 ,boil]s corrode on ! outside z well z )91 & to a great ext5t unless c>efully clean$ & pa9t$2 b x is ! damage caus$ by 8h>d0 & acidulat$ wat] )9 ! boil] t is to be pr9cipally gu>d$ aga9/4 ,an extreme example ( incru/ation has be5 describ$ 9 t ( a locomotive type ( a /ation>y boil]4 ,its dim5sions 73 sev5ty-two in*es 9 diamet]1 tw5ty-two feet long1 ) #aec ?ree-in* tubes2 %ell1 ?ree-eigh?s2 head1 ?ree-eigh?s1 & made ( iron4 ,! scale aga9/ ! back head 0 ne>ly two in*es ?ick & completely fill$ ! space betwe5 ! tubes1 s t circulation 0 impossible1 ! only wond] be+ t ! boil] did n give out soon] ?an x f9ally did4 ,! scale 0 ev5 ) ! top r[ ( tubes1 ! only "p ( ! boil] g5]at+ /eam be+ ! fire box & ! upp] r[ ( tubes1 ! o!rs act+ simply z smoke conduits4 ,!re 0 c]ta9ly a great loss ( fuel1 q fifty p] c5t4 ,_h x be5 a horizontal boil] x w\ld h burn$ out be=e ! scale became s heavy4 ,9 ! above in/ance1 ! loss 9 fuel is e/imat$ at "o-half4 ,c>eful exp]im5t has prov$ an av]age loss ( fuel z foll[s3 #a_/af in* ( scale causes a loss ( #ac p] c5t4 ( fuel4 #a_/d in* ( scale causes a loss ( #ch p] c5t4 ( fuel4 #a_/b in* ( scale causes a loss ( #fj p] c5t4 ( fuel4 ,x mu/ be rememb]$ t dry /eam1 z x is us$ ?r\gh ! eng9e or = o!r purposes1 c>ries away none ( ! impurities :i* pass ) ! wat] into ! boil]2 h5ce1 9 a batt]y ( boil]s burn+1 say1 #bj tons ( coal p] day & evaporat+ #aj lbs4 ( wat] to a p\nd ( coal1 !re is a body ( wat] go+ ?r\gh !m e day ( #bjj tons4 ,multiply ?is by #cjj days = a ye> #fj1jjj tons1 & x w be se5 h[ v great is ! problem ( keep+ ! int]ior ( ! boil]s free f scale & deposit4 ,*emically pure wat] is t :i* has no impurities1 & may be describ$ z colorless1 ta/eless1 )\t smell1 transp>5t1 & 9 a v slight degree compressible1 &1 7 a quantity evaporat$ f a p]fectly clean vessel1 !re w\ld be no solid matt] rema9+4 ,b1 /rangely1 inve/igation has prov$ t wat] ( ?is purity rapidly corrodes iron1 & attacks ev5 pure iron & /eel m readily ?an 8h>d0 wat] does1 & sometimes gives a great deal ( tr\ble :]e ! metal is n homog5e\s4 ,m>9e boil]s w\ld be rapidly ru9$ by pure di/ill$ wat] if n previ\sly 8scal$0 ab\t #a_/cb ( an in*4 ,wat] is =m$ by ! union ( two gases--oxyg5 & hydrog54 ,^! two are simple bodies1 =m$ by ! ,creator 9 ! beg9n+1 :i* are f\nd 9 comb9ation 9 ?\s&s ( diff]5t =ms4 ,bo? :5 alone are invisible4 ,take "o volume ( oxyg5 & mix x ) two volumes ( hydrog5 & !y w *emically unite & =m wat]4 ,?is is by measure4 ,by weight wat] is compos$ ( #hh4i ( oxyg5 to #aa4a ( hydrog5 #ajj p>ts4 ,see pages #bbi1 #bcj = fur!r in=mation4 ,x is an important po9t to rememb] t :5 wat] is exp&$ ab\t #a1gjj times into /eam1 x is simply exp&$ wat]1 z ice is h>d5$ wat]1 i4e41 9 exp&+ into /eam ! two con/itu5t gases d n sep>ate4 ,h5ce1 9 deal+ ) ! impurities inside ! boil]1 x is to be obs]v$ t 9 no s5se d !y *ange ! ess5tial nature ( wat] itself4 ,! impurities are simply =eign bodies1 :i* h no legitimate place 9 ! boil]1 & are to be expell$ z dang]\s foes4 ,z a g5]al pr9ciple1 x may be /at$ t x is m pr(itable to s(t5 & filt] ! wat] us$ 9 boil]s ?an to tru/ to bl[+ out or dissolv+ ! s$im5t & scale t w be o!rwise =m$1 = obs]vations %[ t 8anti-incru/ators0 conta9+ organic matt] help r ?an h9d] incru/ations1 & are !re=e to be avoid$4 ,= ! rem$y ( f\l wat] !re are num]\s contrivances to prev5t x f ent]+ ! boil]1 :i* is f> bett] ?an try+ to extract ! s$im5t aft] x is !re1 ?\gh !re are _m +5i\s me?ods = do+ t also1 "s ( :i* w be detail$ h]eaft]4 ,,prelim9>y ,,precipitation ,,( ,,wat]4 ,a good me?od ( avoid+ incru/ations 9 /eam boil]s is evid5tly a prelim9>y purification ( ! fe$-wat]1 provid$ x c be done by means suffici5tly simple4 ,?is is a problem :i* x is claim$ has be5 solv$ by ,m4 ,dehne ( ,halle1 by means ( an arrangem5t :i* we w h]e) describe4 ,! fre% wat]1 :i* is tak5 up by a fe$ pump1 is s5t into a heat] :]e x is rais$ to a temp]ature t w be favorable to *emical reaction4 ,x !n passes into a mix] :]e x enc\nt]s c]ta9 react+ ag5ts :i* h be5 pump$ 9 !re by a pump ( special design4 ,^! react+ ag5ts are compos$ ( a mixture ( c>bonate ( soda & ( cau/ic soda1 ! c>bonate ( soda s]v+ to precipitate ! sulphate ( lime conta9$ 9 ! fe$ wat]1 :ile ! cau/ic soda precipitates ! c>bonate ( lime & ! magnesia4 ,! relative dim5sions betwe5 ! special pump & ! fe$ pump are calculat$ 9 su* a way t ! proportions ( c>bonate ( soda & cau/ic soda 9 ! mixture h always a c]ta9 relation to ! am\nt ( lime & magnesia to be precipitat$4 ,! wat] ( ! mixture is frequ5tly v mu* di/urb$ by ! precipitations :i* are =m$1 & passes into a filt] :]e all ! matt]s t are held 9 susp5sion are reta9$4 ,x !n goes into ! boil]4 ,9 cases :]e ! fe$-wat] is tak5 f a tank1 ! heat]1 ! mix]1 & filt] are put 9 ! suction pipe ( ! fe$ pump1 b if1 z (t5 happ5s1 ! wat] is already "u pressure & w pass directly ?r\gh ! ?ree1 ! fe$ pump w take ! wat] directly f ! filt] & pump x directly into ! boil]4 ,a ,,precipitator ,,= ,,sea ,,wat]4 ,x is q possible to prep>e sea wat] 9 su* a way z to practically prev5t any s]i\s deposit =m+ f x4 ,! process employ$ is to add to ! sea wat] a kn[n quantity ( precipitator p[d] consi/+ *iefly ( soda a%1 & hav+ done ?is 9 a clos$ vessel1 to heat ! mixture by bl[+ into x wa/e /eam1 until a pressure ( f #elbs4 to #ajlbs4 is creat$2 "u ^! circum/ances practically all ! magnesium & calcium salts sep>ate f ! wat] & are easily got rid ( by filt]+ x "u pressure into ! hot-well4 ,a precipitator #f ft4 #d 94 high & #c ft4 9 diamet]1 holds a ton ( wat]1 & ! "t tak51 f ! fir/ runn+ ! sea wat] 91 to its deliv]y into ! hot-well1 ne$ n exce$ #a h\r & #ae m9utes1 s t 9 practice1 giv+ pl5ty ( "t betwe5 ! makes1 x w\ld be p]fectly easy to prep>e #h to #ab tons 9 ! #bd h\rs ) a small precipitator ( ! size nam$4 ,! prep>$ wat] has a d5sity ( l_/#cbnd1 & may ) safety be evaporat$ until its d5sity is #e_/cbnds1 ! salts pres5t n cry/aliz+ out until a d5sity ( f #f_/cbnds to #g_/cbnds is rea*$4 ,9 prep>+ sea wat] 9 ! way propos$1 e precaution mu/ be tak5 to add slightly less ( ! precipitant ?an is necess>y to entirely ?r[ d[n ! calcium & magnesium salts1 z x is manife/ly impossible 9 practice to gu>d aga9/ small quantities ( sea wat] f9d+ way into ! boil] ei!r f leaky cond5s]s or else be+ f$ 9 by ! eng9e] dur+ "s em]g5cy1 & if "u ^! conditions any excess ( ! precipitant 7 pres5t 9 ! boil]1 a bulky precipitate w\ld be ?r[n d[n & cause tr\ble1 al?\gh x w\ld n b9d into a solid scale4 ,briefly recapitulat$ ! means :i* are be/ adapt$ = prev5t+ ! =mation ( ! dang]\s organic & oily deposits consid]$ are3 ,i4 ,filtration ( cond5s$ wat] ?r\gh a coke column4 ,,ii4 ,free use ( ! scum cocks4 ,,iii4 ,! use ( wat] ( consid]able d5sity r ?an ( fre% wat]4 ,,iv4 ,! use ( pure m9]al oil lubricants 9 ! smalle/ possible quantity4 ,,scale ,,deposit$ ,,9 ,,m>9e ,,boil]s4 ,! analysis giv5 bel[ may be look$ ^u z typical ( ! incru/ation =m$ by fre% wat]1 bracki% wat] & sea wat] respectively 9 m>9e boil]s3 ,con/itu5t4 ,riv]4 ,bracki%4 ,sea4 ,calcic c>bonate #ge4he #dc4fe #j4ig sulphate #c4fh #cd4gh #he4ec ,magnesic hydrate #b4ef #d4cd #c4ci ,sodic *loride #j4de #j4ef #b4gi ,silica #g4ff #g4eb #a4aj ,oxides ( iron & alum9a #b4if #c4dd #j4cb ,organic matt] #c4fd #a4ee trace ,moi/ure #c4bj #d4af #e4ij ------ ------ ------ #ajj4jj #ajj4jj #ajj4jj ,f ?is x is evid5t we may look ^u ! incru/ation f fre% wat] z consi/+ ( impure calcic c>bonate1 :il/ t f sea wat] is impure calcic sulphate1 ! bracki% wat] f ! m\?s ( riv]s yield+1 z might be expect$1 an incru/ation 9 :i* bo? ^! comp\nds are pres5t 9 ne>ly equal quantities4 ,! importance ( ^! diff]5ces 9 ! deposit =m$ is v great1 z x enables ! %ip[n] to arrive at ! conclusion z to ! treatm5t t ! boil]s h receiv$ dur+ ! voyage1 by exam9ation & analysis ( ! scale t ^? boil]s conta94 ,tak+1 = in/ance1 ! case ( a %ip :i* uses fre% wat] bo? = fill+ & make up1 x is manife/ t on h] return to port ! scale %\ld be v slight & %\ld consi/ ma9ly ( calcic c>bonate1 :il/ if ! scale exce$s #a_/af 941 & %[s a prepond]ance ( calcic sulphate1 x is manife/ t su* scale c\ld only h be5 =m$ by sea wat]1 ei!r leak+ 9 f faulty cond5s]s or be+ delib]ately f$ into ! boil]s4 ,) ! introduction ( high pressure /eam a new & dang]\s =m ( deposit has add$ to ! tr\ble ( ! m>9e eng9e]2 hav+ ent]$ ! boil]1 ! m9ute globules ( oil1 if 9 great quantity1 coalesce to =m an oily scum on ! surface ( ! wat]1 or if pres5t 9 small] quantities1 rema9 z sep>ate drops2 b %[ no t5d5cy to s9k1 z !y are light] ?an wat]4 ,sl[ly1 h[ev]1 !y come 9 contact ) small p>ticles ( o!r solids sep>at+ f ! wat] & /ick+ to !m1 !y gradually coat ! p>ticles ) a cov]+ ( oil1 :i* 9 "t enables ! p>ticles to cl+ toge!r or to ! surfaces :i* !y come 9 contact )4 ,^! solid p>ticles ( calcic c>bonate1 calcic sulphate1 etc41 are heavi] ?an ! wat]1 &1 z ! oil becomes m & m load$ ) !m1 a po9t is rea*$ at :i* !y h ! same specific gravity z ! wat]1 & !n ! p>ticles rise & fall ) ! convection curr5ts :i* are go+ on 9 ! wat]1 & /ick to any surface ) :i* !y come 9 contact1 9 ?is way deposit+ !mselves1 n z 9 common boil] incru/ation1 :]e !y are *iefly on ! upp] surfaces1 b q z mu* on ! "u sides ( ! tubes z on top4 ,! deposit s =m$ is a wond]ful non-conductor ( heat1 & also f its oily surface t5ds to prev5t intimate contact betwe5 itself & ! wat]4 ,on ! cr[n ( ! furnaces ?is soon leads to ov]heat+ ( ! plates1 & ! deposit beg9s to decompose by heat1 ! l[] lay] 9 contact ) ! hot plates giv+ (f v>i\s gases :i* bl[ ! greasy lay]1 ord9>ily only #a_/fd in* 9 ?ickness1 up to a spongy lea!ry mass (t5 #a_/c in* ?ick1 :i*1 because ( its porosity is an ev5 bett] non-conductor ( heat ?an be=e1 & ! plate becomes heat$ to r$ness4 ,:5 wat] atta9s a temp]ature1 z x does "u increas+ pressure1 rang+ f #age to ab\t #dbj ,fahr41 all c>bonates1 sulphates & *lorides are deposit$ 9 ! foll[+ ord]3 ,fir/4 ,c>bonate ( lime at #agf & #bdh ,fahr4 ,second4 ,sulphate ( lime at #bdh & #dbj4 ,?ird4 ,magnesia1 or *lorides ( magnesium1 at #cbd & #cfd4 ,x is to take advantage ( ?is fact t me*anically arrang$ jets1 spr9kl]s & long p]=at$ pipes are introduc$ into ! int]ior ( ! boil]2 ^! t5d to scatt] ! deposit+ impurities & also to br+ ! fe$ wat] m quickly to ! highe/ heat possible4 ,) reg>d to ! oxide ( iron or iron salts 9 solution1 ^! c be/ be treat$ ) small quantities ( lime4 ,by add+ re-ag5ts1 !y set up *emical *anges1 :i* result 9 precipitation1 :i* give ! wat] a milky appe>ance2 !y divide into p>ticles1 & ultimately settle1 leav+ ! wat] pure & bright4 ,! me*anical treatm5t on a limit$ scale w\ld be easy1 a settl+ tank suffic+2 b ?is becomes a diff]5t matt] :5 l>ge quantities h to be dealt )4 ,,analysis ,,( ,,av]age ,,boil] ,,scale4 ,p>ts p] #ajj p>ts ( deposit4 ,silica 4#jdb p>ts4 ,oxides ( iron & alum9ium 4#jdd ,c>bonate ( lime #cj4ghj ,c>bonate ( magnesia #ea4gcc ,sulphate ( soda ,trace ,*loride ( sodium ,trace ,c>bonate ( soda #i4cda ,organic matt] #h4jfj -------------- ,total solids #ajj4 ,p>ts ,! p]c5tage only ( ea* +r$i5t ! scale is compos$ ( is giv51 z x _c be told h[ mu* wat] 0 evaporat$ to leave ?is am\nt ( solid matt]4 ,a ,,locomotive-,,boil] ,,comp\nd4 ,! l9es ( a c]ta9 great ,r4 ,r4 trav]se a c\ntry :]e ! wat] is v h>d & !y are compell$ to resort to "s me?od ( precipitat+ ! lime t is held 9 solution4 ,aft] _m te/s & exp]im5ts !y h made a comp\nd & use x z foll[s3 9 a b>rel ( wat] ( a capacity ( fifty gallons !y put #ba lbs4 ( c>bonate ( soda1 or be/ :ite soda a% ( comm]ce1 & #ce lbs4 ( :ite cau/ic soda4 ,! co/1 p] gallon1 is ab\t #b-a_/b c5ts4 ,! comp\nd is c>ri$ 9 ?is conc5trat$ =m1 9 calom9e cans on ! t5d] ( ea* locomotive4 ,a c]ta9 am\nt1 accord+ to ! necessities ( ! case1 is p\r$ into ! t5d] at ! wat] tank at ea* fill+4 ,?is am\nt is det]m9$ by analysis1 & v>ies all ! way f two to fifte5 p9ts to two ?\s& gallons ( wat]4 ,! precipitat+ p[] ( ?is comp\nd may be tak5 r\ghly at #b_/c ( a p\nd ( ! c>bonate ( lime1 or equival5t am\nt ( o!r mat]ial1 p] p9t ( ! comp\nd4 ,on _! we/]n l9es :]e !y are deal+ ) alkali wat]s & ^? conta9+ sulphates1 ! company use m]ely #fj p\nds ( soda a% to a b>rel ( wat]4 ,:5 ! wat] is pump$ into ! boil] ! heat completes ! precipitation & aggregation ( ! p>ticles1 & ?is does away ) all tr\ble ( ! t5d]s or injector tubes clogg+ up4 ,! case is an int]e/+ "o to /ation>y eng9e]s1 because :]e ! wat] is pump$ into ! boil] f tanks ! same comp\nd c be us$1 provid$ ! wat] conta9s ! prop] con/itu5ts to be precipitat$ by x2 & :]e ! wat] is tak5 f city wat] ma9s1 x w\ld be a simple matt] to devise an app>atus to admit ! comp\nd to ! fe$ pipes4 8,,po9ts0 ,,relat+ ,,to ,,! ,,scal+ ,,( ,,/eam ,,boil]s4 ,! peculi>ity ab\t ! sulphate ( lime is t ! cold] ! wat] ! m ( x w be held 9 solution4 ,wat] ( ord9>y temp]ature may hold z high z #g p] c5t4 ( lime sulphate 9 solution1 b :5 ! temp]ature ( ! wat] is rais$ to ! boil+ po9t a portion ( x is precipitat$1 leav+ ab\t 4#e ( "o p] c5t4 /ill 9 solution4 ,!n z ! temp]ature ( ! wat] is rais$1 /ill m ( ! sub/ance is precipitat$ & ?is cont9ues until a gauge pressure ( #da p\nds has be5 rea*$ :i* gives a temp]ature ( ab\t #bjj degrees2 at ?is po9t all ! sulphate ( lime has be5 precipitat$4 ,_m o!r scale =m+ sub/ances act 9 a simil> mann]4 ,?is %[s q pla9ly t any temp]ature t c be produc$ by ! use ( exhau/ /eam w\ld n be suffici5t to cause ! precipitation ( all ! sub/ances :i* might be conta9$ 9 ! wat]4 ,t boil] incru/ations are ! imm$iate causes ( ! majority ( /eam boil] explosions is no long] a d\btable "q4 ,ne>ly all =eign matt] held 9 solution 9 wat]1 on fir/ becom+ sep>at$ by boil+1 rises to ! top 9 ! =m ( :at is commonly call$ scum1 9 :i* condition mu* ( x may be remov$ by ! surface bl[-(f4 ,if n remov$1 h[ev]1 ! heavi] p>ticles w be attract$ to ea* o!r until !y h become suffici5tly d5se to fall to ! bottom1 :]e !y w be deposit$ 9 ! =m ( scale1 cov]+ ! :ole int]nal surface ( ! boil] bel[ ! wat] l9e1 ) a m or less p]fect non-conductor ( heat4 ,x is record$ t ! eng9e] ( ! ,fr5* ocean /eam] ,/4 ,laur5t omitt$ to remove a b> ( z9c :5 repair+ & clean+ out 8 boil]s4 ,on op5+ ! boil]s at ! end ( ! voyage to 8 great surprise he f\nd t ! z9c _h disappe>$1 b 8 boil]s 7 entirely free f scale & ! boil] plates n injur$ 9 ! lea/4 ,x has be5 rec5tly det]m9$ by "s ,g]man exp]im5t]s t sug> effects a /rong action ^u boil]s4 ,x has an acid reaction ^u ! iron :i* dissolves x ) a dis5gagem5t ( hydrog54 ,! am\nt ( damage done increases ) ! am\nt ( sug> 9 ! wat]4 ,^! results are wor?y ( note 9 sug> ref9]ies & places :]e sug> sometimes f9ds its way into ! boil]s by means ( ! wat] suppli$4 ,! exp]im5t]s 9 "q also f9d t z9c is /rongly attack$ by sug>2 copp]1 t91 lead & alum9ium are n attack$4 ,two reasons1 relat+ to incru/ations1 = n bl[+ out a boil] :ile "u /eam pressure may be giv5 z foll[s3 ,"o is1 t ! =eign matt] float+ on top ( ! wat] w be deposit$ on ! %ell ( ! boil] z ! wat] gradually subsides1 &1 second1 ! heat$ walls ( ! furnace w communicate a suffici5tly high temp]ature to ! boil] to dry & flake ! s$im5t t w\ld o!rwise rema9 9 ! boil] 9 ! %ape ( mud1 :i* c\ld easily be wa%$ out 7 x n = ! bak+ process4 ,b>k1 su* z is us$ by tann]s1 has an excell5t effect on boil] incru/ations4 ,x may be us$ z foll[s3 ,?r[ into ! tank or res]voir f :i* ! boil]s are f$ a quantity ( b>k 9 ! piece1 9 suffici5t quantity to turn ! wat] to a light br[n color4 ,repeat ?is op]ation e mon? at lea/1 us+ only half ! quantity aft] ! fir/ mon?4 ,add a v small quantity ( ! muriate ( ammonia1 ab\t "o p\nd = e #b1jjj gallons ( wat] us$4 ,?is w h ! effect ( s(t5+ z well z dis9tegrat+ ! c>bonate ( lime & o!r impurities deposit$ by ! action ( evaporation4 ,,note4--,c>e mu/ be ex]cis$ 9 keep+ ! b>k1 z x becomes brok5 up1 f ! pump valves & bl[-(f valves4 ,?is may be accompli%$ by ?r[+ x into ! res]voir conf9$ 9 a sack4 ,among ! be/ samples ( boil] comp\nds ev] s5t to ! laboratory = analysis 0 f\nd to be compos$ (3 ,p\nds ,sal soda #dj ,cate*u #e ,sal ammoniac #e ,?is solution 0 =m]ly sold at a good r\nd figure1 b s9ce its nature became m g5]ally kn[n1 x is n f\nd 9 m>ket1 b is l>gely us$1 consum]s putt+ x up 9 lots suffici5t to la/ a ye> or s at a "t4 ,! above is /rongly recomm5d$ by ^? :o h us$ x1 "o p\nd ( ! mixture be+ add$ to ea* b>rel ( wat] us$ b aft] ! scale is once ?or\ghly remov$ f ! boil]1 ! use ( sal soda alone is all t is necess>y4 ,by ! use ( t5 p\nds p] week a boil] #bf feet long & #dj in*es 9 diamet] 9 "o ( ! iron mills ( ,new ,albany1 ,ind41 has be5 kept clean ( scale equal to a new boil]4 ,!re are o!r evils sometimes inh]5t 9 h>d wat]s ov] & above ! m]e production ( a cru/4 ,"s wat]s conta9 a great deal ( soluble magnesia salts1 toge!r ) common salt4 ,:5 ?is is ! case !re is a great *ance ( corrosion1 = ! =m] is act$ on by /eam at high pressure 9 su* a way t muriatic acid fumes are produc$1 :i* s]i\sly corrodes ! boil]1 &1 :at is f> worse1 passes ) ! /eam into ! eng9e1 & produces corrosion 9 ! cyl9d]s & o!r delicate fitt+s into contact ) :i* ! /eam passes4 ,all ?is c1 h[ev]1 be obviat$ by ! removal ( ! magnesia f ! wat]4 ,!re has n be51 & nev] c be1 made a me*anical device :i* w precipitate all ! +r$i5ts conta9$ 9 a wat] tak5 f a natural s\rce ( supply1 & if x 7 possible to d s x w\ld be ! mo/ ru9\s ?+ "o c\ld d = ! boil]s1 z wat] is ! greate/ solv5t kn[n to *emi/ry1 & its nature is to hold 9 solution & be impregnat$ ) ! diff]5t elem5ts x comes 9 contact )1 to a c]ta9 p] c5t41 & if its lime1 magnesia1 & ! m9]al salts are tak5 away1 & ! pure wat] is pump$ into ! boil]s1 x w take up ! iron1 caus+ pitt+ & groov+ ( ! boil]s4 ,x is bett] to let nature take its c\rse1 to a c]ta9 ext5t1 & neutralize :at little m9]al deposit =ms 9 ! boil]s ) z small an am\nt ( vegetable matt] z possible4 ,x is well to note t diff]5t wat]s require diff]5t treatm5t2 :at w be ( b5efit 9 "o in/ance w be ( no value :atev] 9 a diff]5t wat]1 _m ( ! 8comp\nds0 sold to prev5t & remove scale w c]ta9ly de/roy a boil] if !y are us$ p]si/5tly1 because !y are compos$ ( ! exact opposite *emicals :i* %\ld be us$2 z an example x is /at$ t at "o e/abli%m5t "o ?\s& doll>s 7 exp5d$ annually = a mixture :i* x is said result$ 9 ! r$uction ( ! life & usefulness ( ! boil]s ( #ej p] c5t4 ,,eng9e]s' ,,te/s ,,= ,,impurities ,,9 ,,fe$ ,,wat]4 ,mu* exp5se c be sav$ 9 fuel & boil] repairs by a little prelim9>y exp5diture ( money 9 secur+ a supply ( good wat] = ! /eam boil]s ( a new e/abli%m5t4 ,well wat] is ne>ly always inf]ior to ! runn+ wat] ( /reams2 wat] f m9es is especially hurtful1 conta9+1 z !y d1 l>ge quantities ( free sulphuric acid4 ,wells along ! sea %ore or on ! banks ( riv]s affect$ by ! tides1 are likely to be saturat$ ) *loride ( magnesium4 ,x is 9 det]m9+ ^! po9ts t ^! ready te/s ( fe$ wat] are mo/ useful4 ,a ?or\gh & really sci5tific analysis ( fe$ wat] is a co/ly & t$i\s process1 b a simple & p]haps suffici5tly accurate te/ may be made z foll[s3 take a l>ge 7or tall7 cle> glass vessel & fill x ) ! wat] to be te/$2 add a few drops ( wat] ( ammonia1 until ! wat] is di/9ctly alkal9e2 next add a little phosphate ( soda2 ! action ( ?is is to *ange ! lime1 magnesia1 etc41 into phosphates1 9 :i* =m !y are deposit$ 9 ! bottom ( ! glass4 ,! am\nt ( ! matt] ?us collect$ gives a crude idea ( ! relative quality ( s$im5t & scale-mak+ mat]ial 9 ! wat]4 ,wat] turn+ blue litmus pap] r$1 be=e boil+1 conta9s an acid1 & if ! blue color c be re/or$ by heat+1 ! wat] conta9s c>bonic acid4 ,litmus pap] is sold by druggi/s4 ,if ! wat] has a f\l odor1 giv+ a black precipitate ) acetate ( lead1 x is sulphur\s4 ,an exp]im5t may be tri$ by dissolv+ common :ite or o!r pure soap 9 a glass ( wat]1 & !n /irr+ into ! glasses ( wat] to be te/$ a few teaspoonsful ( ! solution2 ! matt] :i* w be deposit$ w %[ ! comp>ative am\nt ( ! scale-mak+ mat]ial conta9$ 9 ! fe$ wat]4 ,9 ord] to asc]ta9 ! proportion ( soda to ! fe$ wat] ! foll[+ me?od is recomm5d$3 #a4 ,add #a_/af? "p ( an ounce ( ! soda to a gallon ( ! fe$ wat] & boil x4 #b4 ,:5 ! s$im5t ?r[n d[n by ! boil+ has settl$ to ! bottom ( ! kettle1 p\r ! cle> wat] (f1 & #c1 add #a_/b dra*m ( soda4 ,n[1 if ! wat] rema9s cle>1 ! soda1 :i* 0 fir/ put 91 has remov$ ! lime1 b if x becomes muddy1 ! second addition ( soda is necess>y4 ,9 ?is way a suffici5tly accurate e/imate ( ! quantity ( soda requir$ to elim9ate ! impurities ( ! fe$ wat] c be made & ! due proportion add$ to ! fe$ wat]4 ,by ex]cis+ a little judgm5t1 ! use ( pure *emicals1 ) well clean$ vessels1 te/ tubes1 etc41 ! foll[+ reag5ts w det]m9e ! "* ( ! mo/ important elem5ts :i* injure ! iron surfaces ( a /eam boil]4 ,c>bonic acid is indicat$ by b>yta wat]4 ,sulphates are indicat$ by *loride ( b>ium4 ,*lorides are indicat$ by nitrate ( silv]4 ,lime salts are indicat$ by oxalate ( ammonia4 ,organic matt] is indicat$ by *loride ( m]cury4 ,! 8base0 ( ! bett] class ( ! v>i\s pat5t$ boil] comp\nds is tann9 7:5ce tannic acid7 & "s =m ( alkali1 & if ! comp\nds 7 to be depriv$ ( ^! two elem5ts !y w\ld be absolutely wor?less4 ,:]e !y conta91 z "s c]ta9ly d1 sal-ammoniac1 muriatic1 hydro*loric & sulphuric acids1 !y _c b act z boil] de/roy+ ag5ts4 ,tann9 or tannic acid is ! pr9cipal +r$i5t us$ 9 prep>+ lea!r4 ,x is f\nd 9 a great v>iety ( plants--sassafras root has x 9 l>ge proportion1 ! gall nut & ! b>k ( v>i\s trees1 especially ! oak produce x4 ,x is ! pres5ce ( ?is acid t gives _! only value to v _m 8comp\nds10 tan b>k1 gum cate*u 7:i* sometimes conta9s "o-half "p ( tannic acid71 etc4 ,! acid seems to h b little effect :]e l>ge quantities ( sulphate ( lime are pres5t1 b 9 wat]s :]e c>bonate ( lime pr$om9ates its det]sive qualities are m m>k$4 ,! records ( ! ,pat5t ,(fice %[ t "o boil] comp\nd conta9s #bc p] c5t4 ( cate*u1 & o!rs1 #fj1 #ha1 #e1 respectively1 by :i* may be inf]r$ ! l>ge quantity ( ?is ag5t1 :i* has be5 sold 9 comb9ation ) o!r *emicals1 pr9cipally soda4 ,,note4 ,:ile ! product ( wat] /eep$ 9 clean tan b>k may be favorable 9 its action ^u boil] incru/ation1 x has be5 f\nd to be v unsafe1 9 practice1 to use ! 8tan liquor0 tak5 f ! vats4 ,! dang] arises f ! fact t sometimes dur+ ! process ( tann+ lea!r1 ! requir$ acidity _c be produc$ by natural f]m5tation :5 sulphuric acid is add$1 9 ord] to br+ ! liquor to its requir$ /r5g?--9 due c\rse1 ?is corrosive sub/ance acts injuri\sly on ! boil]4 ,,use ,,( ,,petroleum ,,oil ,,9 ,,boil]s4 ,! use ( crude 7unref9$7 m9]al oil 9 /eam boil]s is att5d$ by risks caus$ by impurities & =eign sub/ances mix$ ) x4 ,^! are likely to comb9e ) ! e>?y matt] 9 ! wat] & t5d to =m in/ead ( prev5t+ scale2 ! t> & wax conta9$ 9 crude petroleum comb9e ) ! s$im5t 9 /eam boil]s1 & ! pa/e prev5ts ! wat] f rea*+ & protect+ ! plates4 ,?is is true p>ticul>ly 9 %ell boil]s :i* h flat surfaces ov] ! fire4 ,ref9$ m9]al oil has none ( ^! disadvantages4 ,k]os5e oil has all ! advantages to be d]iv$ f ! use ( crude petroleum & ! above objections q remov$4 ,9 "o sy/em ( ! application ( /eam ! use ( k]os5e & petroleum _c be recomm5d$3 t is :5 live /eam is us$ = cook+ purposes1 ! odor f ! oil w impregnate ! meat & o!r products design$ = food consumption4 ,,k]os5e ,,oil ,,9 ,,boil]s4 ,"u c]ta9 conditions1 & ) c>e & judgm5t1 ! use ( ref9$ petroleum has be5 f\nd to be ( great advantage 9 remov+ & prev5t+ scal+ 9 /eam boil]s4 ,!re is no well au!nticat$ case :]e a sy/ematic1 regul> & uni=m fe$ ( pure k]os5e oil to a /eam boil] has fail$ to op]ate b5eficially ^u ! scale =mation4 ,! be/ results are obta9$ by ! use ( ! oil "u ! same arrangem5t t cyl9d] oil is f$ to an eng9e4 ,! k]os5e is sometimes introduc$ ?r\gh a "o-f\r? in* bran* to ! suction pipe ( ! fe$ pump1 lead+ to ! vessel conta9+ ! oil1 s t any quantity1 l>ge or small1 c be put into ! boil] simultane\sly ) ! usual fe$4 ,! drawback to ?is arrangem5t is t :5 ! fe$ wat] heat] has to be clean$1 a gallon or m ( ! oil is (t5 lo/1 :i* toge!r ) a v unpleasant odor1 :5 us$ 9 ?is mann]1 t5ds to condemn its use4 ,b :5 pip$ betwe5 ! boil] & heat]1 ^! objections cease4 ,we pres5t an arrangem5t :i* is illu/rat$ by cut on page #aeg4 ,?is is no?+ m ?an a /orage sy/em ) sight fe$1 by use ( :i* ! oil c be f$ drop by drop z desir$--= ea* drop ( wat] ent]+ ! res]voir a drop ( oil is =c$ d[n ! small #a_/d-;94 pipe1 up ! glass tube & on into ! boil]4 ,9 pip+ x is necess>y to h ! wat] or l>g] pipe 7#a_/b 947 atta*$ ?r\gh ! l[] plug z %[n 9 cut1 & ! oil z %[n1 go+ ?r\gh ! small] or #a_/d-;94 pipe--i4e41 ! oil pipe mu/1 "u all circum/ances1 be ! small] ( ! two4 ,9 ! figure is %[n a piece ( #f-;94 gaspipe1 ab\t a foot 9 l5g?1 plugg$ at ea* end2 ! top plug has "o op5+1 = an in* nipple 8a0 ) top4 ,?is op5+ is to be us$ 9 fill+ ! res]voir ) oil4 ,! bottom plug has two holes1 "o = ! #a_/b-;in* wat] pipe1 & ! second = a small pet cock 8,b10 to let ! wat] out1 :5ev] x is necess>y to refill ! tank ) k]os5e4 ,! wat] gauge connection is ! ord9>y1 *eap brass fixture1 ) boxes1 nipples1 etc41 us$ 9 boil]s1 ) gasket ( rubb] bottom & top ( ! glass4 ,! glass pla9ly exhibits ! dep? ( wat] & oil 9 ! res]voir z well z ! fe$ ( m9ute drops ( oil z !y spe$ on _! b5efic5t mission s(t5+ ! injuri\s scale4 ,!re are ! usual #b valves on ! wat] glass2 by op5+ ! l[] "o m or less1 ! am\nt ( oil us$ c be regulat$ to a nicety4 ,! valves c be us$ to entirely cut (f ! app>atus at any "t desir$4 ,illu/ration3 ,,me?od ,,( ,,fe$+ ,,k]os5e ,,oil ,,to ,,boil]4--,fig4 #fi4 ,,note4--,%\ld ! end ( ! screw connection inside ! hold] :i* ea* "o ( ^! valves control1 n be #a_/d in*1 a r$uc$ elb[ %\ld be us$1 z #a_/d-;94 pipe w give ! be/ satisfaction :5 us$ z a /& pipe inside ! res]voir4 ,! quantity ( oil to be f$ to a boil] is v l>gely to be det]m9$ by exp]im5t comm5c+ ) a m9imum & increas+ ! am\nt z f\nd necess>y to keep d[n ! scale =mation4 ,! use ( #b qts4 ( ! oil p] week has be5 f\nd to be suffici5t = a boil] #d feet 9 diamet] & #ab feet long1 & ?ree qu>ts p] week on boil]s #e feet 9 diamet]4 ,?is quantity may be reg>d$ z ! smalle/ advisable to use & f t up to #a to #b gallons p] diem 9 boil]s1 say ( #abe horse p[]1 :5 pu%$ to _! capacity 9 evaporat+ wat]4 ,! result ( c>eful exp]im5ts ju/ifies ! use ( k]os5e1 ! scale be+ less ?an 9 f\r ye>s' previ\s exp]i5ce1 & a l>ge portion ( ! boil] %[+ ! clean black /eel1 9 z app>5tly good condition z :5 new4 ,despite ! small quantity ( k]os5e us$ 9 ! boil]s 9 ?is case1 ! odor 0 p]ceptible by op5+ an air valve to any /eam radiator 9 any ( ! build+s4 ,:5 z mu* z a gallon p] week 0 us$1 ! odor 0 v /rong1 b ) "o half t am\nt x 0 h>dly p]ceptible1 & only to be notic$ :5 an air valve _h be5 op5 a long "t4 ,& s9ce comm5c+ to use ! oil a mu* great] deposit ( ru/ scales ?an usual has be5 f\nd 9 ! v>i\s /eam traps 9 ! build+s1 indicat+ t ! oil is also ex]t+ a cleans+ influ5ce on ! pipes ( ! :ole sy/em4 ,,note4--,provision mu/ be made = ! removal ( ! scale z x drops f ! int]nal surfaces ( ! boil]1 z at times _m bu%els ( x h be5 deposit$ directly ov] ! furnace2 h5ce1 if a boil] is kn[n to be badly incru/$1 ! k]os5e %\ld n be put 9 ! fir/ "t m ?an ?ree days be=e x is int5d$ to wa% ! boil]4 ,,note #b4--,! safety valve %\ld be op5$ to all[ ! escape ( ! gas aris+ f ! k]os5e be=e clean+ out ! boil]2 :]e a light$ lamp or c&le is us$1 z x mu/ necess>ily be--inde$ ?is is a precaution :i* ought always to be obs]v$ 9 all cases1 viz41 prop]ly to v5tilate boil]s1 heat]s1 & tanks ( all descriptions be=e ent]+ !m ) light$ lamps & tor*es4 ,:ile ^! gases are n likely to cause an explosion1 !y burn q rapidly & %\ld be promptly remov$ )\t giv+ opportunity = an accid5t4 ,! accumulation ( gas is n conf9$ to ! use ( k]os5e oil = ! prev5tion ( scale 9 /eam boil]s1 b is also f\nd 9 fl\r mills1 confection]s'1 conduits = electric wires1 brew]s' vats1 etc4 ,s1 ) common s5se precautions1 no extra risk is run 9 us+ k]os5e oil 9 /eam boil]s4 ,,me*anical ,,boil] ,,clean]s4 ,ow+ to ! fact 7#a7 t ne>ly1 if n q all1 ! impurities :i* exi/ 9 fe$ wat] are set free by a high temp]ature atta9$ "u pressure2 7#b7 t ^! impurities are left 9 ! boil] by ! con/ant use ( ! /eam1 !re foll[s ! result t ! wat] rema9+ is m & m impregnat$ ) ! residuum compos$ ( ! =eign matt]s :i* 7! wat] remov$7 con/itutes mud1 scale1 etc4 ,! cu/om has be5 & is n[ to regul>ly 8bl[ (f0 "o or two gauges ( ?is wat] once or twice p] day replac+ x ) fre% wat] ( less d5sity2 t ?is is a v imp]fect me?od = remov+ ! =eign matt] is readily all[$1 besides wa/+ absolutely all ! units ( heat conta9$ 9 ! wat] bl[n (f4 ,n[1 )9 ! boil] :ile 9 use1 "u ! op]ation ( ! fi]ce heat ( ! furnaces1 are con/ant *anges 9 ! position ( ! wat] caus$ by ! boil+1 by ! )drawal ( ! /eam & by ! con/ant ef=t ( ! hot wat] to rise & ! cold wat] to fall4 ,! wat] ?us keeps 9 circulation ev]y?+ )9 ! boil]1 includ+ ! s$im5t1 except 9 places :]e ! wat] is f any cause )\t motion4 ,9 ^! quiet nooks !re is a con/ant deposit+ ( ! else:]e active =eign matt]s conta9$ 9 ! wat]1 :i* deposits1 9 ! =m ( mud & scale1 left undi/urb$1 causes loss & dang]4 ,x is 9 tak+ advantage ( ^! facts1 & ( ! pr9ciples ( ! circulation ( hot & cold wat]1 t me*anical boil] clean]s are br\ght into successful use4 ,^! devices = ! /ill+ ( ! wat] & collection ( ! s$im5t are made 9 v>i\s =ms & all sizes & capacities1 & are locat$ at ! sides or back ( ! boil] sett+ & ev5 on top ( ! boil]4 ,!re is a sy/em :]e pipes 9 a coil are fix$ 9 ! sides ( ! furnace & expos$ to its greate/ heat1 & :i*1 ow+ to _! enl>g$ area1 act z mo/ effici5t res]voirs4 ,9 all ^! devices !re is an upfl[ pipe connect$ ) ! l[] & coole/ wat]1 & a return pipe connect+ ) ! top ( ! wat] :]e x is hotte/4 ,?is arrangem5t assures a con/ant curr5t :i* is m or less rapid accord+ to ! int5sity ( ! fire & :i* keeps up z long z ! fir+ is done4 ,:]e ?is curr5t passes ?r\gh ! res]voir1 ! enl>g$ area & comp>ative quiet is favorable = ! deposit ( ! s$im5t & 9 practical exp]i5ce x does deposit ne>ly all ( x4 ,! collection ( ! impurities is help$ by a funnel-%ap$ appliance plac$ at ! op5+ ( ! upfl[ pipe1 :i*1 aid$ by ! rapid fl[ ( ! hot wat]1 c>ries ! float+ scum t[>ds x into ! res]voir4 ,atta*$ to ! res]voir is ! bl[-(f pipe ?r\gh :i* ! deposit$ matt] is remov$ z (t5 z necess>y4 ,! use ( ^! me*anical clean]s is readily und]/ood3 7#a7 !y provide a place ( accumulation = ! s$im5t2 7#b7 !y save ! necessity ( op5+ ! boil]s to remove by h&1 ! refuse ( ! boil]2 7#c7 save fuel by avoid+ ! necessity ( frequ5t bl[+ (f "o or two gauges ( wat]1 & 7#d7 by ! prev5t+ ! =mation ( scale ) its att5dant evils4 ,,scumm+ ,,app>atus4 ,9 addition to ! bottom bl[-out app>atus e boil] %\ld be provid$ ) means = bl[+ out wat] f ! surface 9 ord] to remove ! f9e p>ticles ( =eign matt] float+ !re1 :i* aft]w>d settle & consolidate z scale on ! heat+ surfaces4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #gj4 ,scum ,cock ,x consi/s1 9 its simple/ =m1 ( a pan1 or a conical scoop1 ne> ! surface ( ! wat]1 b bel[ x1 connect$ ) a pipe pass+ ?r\gh ! boil]-%ell1 on :i* is a cock1 or valve1 = regulat+ ! escape ( ! wat] lad5 ) ! impurities deposit$ 9 ! pan4 ,!re are pat5t$ app>atus = ?is purpose :i* are well design$ & easily fitt$ to a boil]4 ,! (fice ( ! surface bl[-(f1 illu/rat$ 9 ,fig4 #gj1 is to remove ! =eign matt] :i* is precipitat$ f its solution 9 ! wat]4 ,a surface bl[-(f us$ occasionally w remove ! great] portion ( ?is scum & keep ! boil]s reasonably free f scale & mud4 ,:]e dirty or muddy wat] is f$ into ! boil]s ! surface bl[-(f is "o ( ! *eape/ & mo/ effici5t means = keep+ ! boil] clean4 ,! effici5cy ( ! surface bl[-(f is n s great z t ( "s ( ! me*anical boil]-clean]s1 z by _! use x is n requir$ t any hot wat] %all be wa/$1 & ?is is ! greate/ objection to ! surface bl[-(f1 z 9 ! h&s ( "s p a l>ge am\nt ( boil+ wat] is wa/$ ea* "t x is us$4 ,b bo? ( ^! arrangem5ts are virtually skimm]s1 z !y remove ! precipitat$ m9]al & vegetable matt] f ! surface ( ! wat] 9 ! boil]4 ,"o does x by bl[+ out ! scum & "s wat] at ! same "t1 :ile ! me*anical boil]-clean] removes ! scum1 b returns ! wat] to ! boil]4 ,!re are sev]al effici5t ways ( arrang+ a surface bl[-(f4 ,! pr9cipal "p ( ! bl[-(f is a pan or p]=at$ pipe plac$ horizontally at ! wat] level hav+ a pipe lead+ outside ! boil] to any conv5i5t place :]e ! scum may be bl[n4 ,:5 a p]=at$ pipe is us$ ! action is to =ce ! scum f ! top ( ! wat] dur+ ! "t ! valve is op51 & bl[ x ?r\gh ! pipe4 ,9 us+ an app>atus ( ?is k9d x %\ld be bl[n (t51 b only = a mom5t at a "t1 z all ! scum ne> ! pipe is remov$ imm$iately1 & to keep ! valve op5 long] ?an necess>y to remove ! scum ne> ! pipe w\ld all[ ! escape ( clean wat] or /eam :i* w\ld be wa/eful4 ,if a pan is us$ & is fa/5$ s t ! top is secur$ at ! ord9>y wat] level1 z %[n 9 ,fig4 #gj1 ! bl[-(f pipe lead+ f ne> ! bottom ( ! pan1 x w be m effici5t ?an ! p]=at$ pipe arrangem5t z x w n require to be us$ s (t51 & ! wa/e ( wat] & /eam w n be s great4 ,! pan1 by produc+ an eddy 9 ! wat]1 causes all ! scum to ga!r ov] ! top1 & z ! wat] is quiet !re x w gradually settle into ! pan1 :]e x w rema9 z mud4 ,:5 ! bl[-(f valve is op5$ ! great] "p ( ! mud :i* is ga!r$ is bl[n out1 & b v little wat] is c>ri$ ) x4 ,,use ,,( ,,z9c ,,9 ,,m>9e ,,boil]s4 ,z9c has be5 us$ 9 m>9e boil]s = _m ye>s1 b x 0 n until ! publication 9 #ahhj ( ! report ( ! ,admiralty committee t ! use ( z9c became g5]al4 ,x has be5 us$ 9 v>i\s ways3 #a4--,virg9 spelt]1 z import$ 9 oblong slabs ( v>i\s sizes4 #b4--;,ca/1 or remelt$ z9c4 #c4--;,ca/ z9c buttons1 g5]ally made f virg9 spelt] or new clean z9c trimm+s4 #d4--,z9c sph]es4 #e4--,roll$ z9c blocks1 g5]ally #ab in*es by #f in*es1 & ?icknesses v>y+ f #a_/d in* to #a-a_/b in*1 g5]ally ) a #ac_/af-;in* hole 9 ! c5tre4 ,x is desirable t close-gra9$ z9c ( uni=m /ructure & free f impurities %\ld be us$1 & roll$ z9c appe>s to meet ?is want4 ,! we> is entirely conf9$ to ! surface4 ,x does n appe> to become di/ort$ or brok5 up4 ,on ! contr>y1 x gradually wa/es away till only a slight %r$1 a sort ( skeleton frame "w1 rema9s to indicate :at x has be54 ,! prim>y object 9 ! use ( z9c 9 boil]s is ! prev5tion ( corrosion1 b x has also "s effect 9 r$uc+ ! am\nt ( incru/ation1 & r5d]+ x s(t] & less adh]5t4 ,,table ,%[+ ,am\nt ( ,s$im5t collect+ 9 a /eam boil] :5 evaporat+ #f1jjj gallons p] week1 ( #eh1cah gra9s ea*4 ---------------------------------------- --- ,:5 a gallon ( fe$ wat] evaporat$ to ,! am\nt ( solid dryness at #bab degrees matt] collect+ ,fahr5heit1 leaves ( 9 boil] p] week solid matt] 9 gra9s3 w be3 ---------------------------------------- -- ,gra9s4 ,p\nds4 ,ounces4 #a #ac4gad #b #a #aa4dbh #c #b #i4adc #d #c #f4heg #e #d #d4ega #f #e #b4bhe #g #f #h #f #ac4gad #i #g #aa4dbh #aj #h #i4adb #ae #ab #ac4gac #bj #ag #b4bhd #be #ba #f4hee #cj #be #aa4dbf #ce #cj #dj #cd #d4ega #de #ch #i4adc #ej #db #ac4gad #ee #dg #b4bhe #fj #ea #f4heg #fe #ee #aa4dbh #gj #fj #ge #fd #d4ega #hj #fh #i4adc #he #gb #ac4gad #ij #gg #b4bhe #ie #ha #f4heg #ajj #he #aa4dbh #aaj #id #d4ega #abj #ajb #ac4gad #acj #aaa #f4heg #adj #abj #aej #abh #i4adb #afj #acg #b4bhe #agj #ade #aa4dbh #ahj #aed #d4ega ---------------------------------------- -- ,,boil] ,,fixtures ,,& ,,belong+s4 ,a boil] is n complete )\t c]ta9 fixtures4 ,!re mu/ be a fe$-pump or injector1 ) a supply-pipe1 fe$-valve1 safety fe$-valve1 & *eck-valve1 9 ord] to supply wat] prop]ly to ! boil]2 gauge-cocks1 a glass wat]-gauge1 a bl[-pipe1 ) its valve1 to r$uce ! height ( ! wat] 9 ! boil]1 or to empty x entirely2 a safety-valve to all[ ! /eam to escape f ! boil] :5 x exce$s a fix$ pressure2 a scumm+ app>atus to remove ! =eign matt]s f ! wat] z mu* z possible2 a /eam-pipe to convey ! /eam to ! place :]e x is want$2 man-holes & h&-holes1 ) _! cov]s & gu>ds1 = exam9ation & clean+2 a non-corrosive /eam-gauge1 to accurately indicate at all times ! am\nt ( pressure 9 ! boil]2 & a fusible plug to give w>n+ 9 case ( 8l[ wat]40 ,?us we see t 9 speak+ ( a boil]1 n only ! boil] prop] is meant1 b also ! :ole ( its fixtures & belong+s1 ( :i* ! foll[+ is only a p>tial li/3 ,fe$ ,pump1 ,injector or ,inspirator1 ,*eck ,valve1 ,gauge ,cocks1 ,glass ,wat] ,gauge1 ,try ,cocks1 ,bl[-out ,app>atus1 ,bl[-(f ,valve1 ,safety ,valve1 ,scum ,app>atus1 ,/eam ,gauge1 ,fusible ,plug1 ,surface ,bl[ ,cocks1 ,grate ,b>s1 ,baffle or ,%ield ,plates1 ,mud ,drum1 ,fe$ ,wat] ,heat]s1 ,boil] ,fronts1 ,dead ,plate1 ,/eam ,pressure ,record+ ,gauge1 ,dra9 ,cock = ,/eam ,gauge1 ,/eam ,trap1 ,/eam ,:i/le4 ,all ^! are atta*m5ts to ! boil] prop]1 hav+ direct ref]5ce to its int]nal functions2 b 9 addition !re are ! lugs1 p$e/als1 or brackets :i* support ! boil]2 ! masonry 9 :i* x is set1 ) its b9d]s1 rods1 & wall-plates2 ! boil] front1 ) its doors1 an*or-bolts1 etc42 ! ar*-plates1 be>]-b>s1 grate-b>s1 & damp]s1 & la/1 b n lea/1 ! *imney4 ,^! are all equally necess>y to enable ! boil] to p]=m its duty prop]ly4 ,& besides1 !re are requir$ fire-tools1 flue bru%es & scrap]s1 & scal+ tools1 ) hose also1 to wa% out ! boil]1 to say no?+ ( hamm]s1 *isels1 wr5*es1 etc4 ,! fitt+s & atta*m5ts ( ! m>9e boil] are simil> to ^? belong+ to ! l& /eam g5]ators1 & v>y only 9 accommodat+ !mselves to _! peculi> surr\nd+s4 ,! prop] op]ation ( ! boil] z to effici5cy & economy is l>gely dep5d5t ^u ! numb]1 appropriate proportion & h>mony ( action ( its num]\s atta*m5ts1 & ! utmo/ c>e & skill are requisite = design+ & atta*+ !m4 ,x mu/ n be suppos$ t a complete li/ & description ( all /eam boil] atta*m5ts are "h pres5t$--t 7 a task beyond ! limits ( ! entire volume4 ,,boil] ,,fronts4 ,boil] fronts are made 9 _m diff]5t /yles1 almo/ e mak] hav+ "s peculi> po9ts 9 design t he uses on 8 own boil]s & :i* nobody else uses4 ,9 ! illu/rations "h giv5 may be se5 ! f\r pr9cipal designs3 #a4 ,! flu% front is %[n 9 ,fig4 #gb4 #b4 ,! ov]hang+ front z se5 9 ,fig4 #gc4 #c4 ,! cutaway front1 ,fig4 #gd4 #d4 ,fronts ) brea*+ z %[n 9 ,fig4 #ge4 ,! flu% front is "o ( ! e>lie/ =ms ( fronts1 & ?\gh x (t5 gives good satisfaction1 yet x is liable to c]ta9 accid5ts4 ,illu/ration3 ,front = ,wat] ,tube ,boil]4--,fig4 #ga4 ,illu/ration3 ,flu% ,front4--,fig4 #gb4 ,z w be se5 f cut #gb1 ! front ( ! smoke ar*1 9 ?is =m ( sett+1 is flu% ) ! front ( ! brickwork1 & ! dry %eet j outside ( ! front head is built into ! brickwork4 ,! heat f ! fire1 /rik+ ?r\gh ! brickwork1 imp+es on ?is %eet1 :i* is unprotect$ by wat] on ! inside4 ,s long z ! furnace walls are 9 prop] condition ! heat ?us transmitt$ %\ld n be suffici5t to give tr\ble2 b aft] runn+ "s "t bricks are v apt to fall away f ov] ! fire door1 & ?us expose portions ( ! dry %eet to ! direct action ( ! fire1 caus+ x to be burn$ or o!rwise injur$ by ! heat1 & p]haps />t+ a leakage ar\nd ! front r[ ( rivets :5 ! head is atta*$ to ! %ell4 ,9 ! ov]hang+ front ?is t5d5cy is entirely prev5t$ by sett+ ! boil] 9 su* a mann] t ! dry %eet projects out into ! boil] room4 ,if ! brickwork ov] ! fire door falls away :5 a boil] is set 9 ?is mann]1 ! only effect is to slightly increase ! heat+ surface4 ,no damage c be done1 s9ce ! %eet aga9/ :i* ! heat w\ld /rike is protect$ by wat] on ! inside4 ,illu/ration3 ,ov]hang+ ,front4--,fig4 #gc4 ,! objection is sometimes rais$ aga9/ ! project+ front1 t x is 9 ! way ( ! fireman4 ,to meet ?is po9t & yet pres]ve all ! advantages ( ?is k9d ( front1 ! cutaway /yle has come into use4 ,9 ?is =m ! l[] portion or ! front %eet is cut obliquely away1 s t at ! l[e/ po9t ! boil] projects b little beyond ! brickwork4 ,illu/ration3 ,cutaway ,front--,fig4 #gd4 ,x w be notic$ t 9 ! flu% & ov]hang+ fronts1 ! doors op5 sidewise1 sw+ ab\t on v]tical h+es2 9 ! cutaway front ! be/ way to arrange ! tube door is to run a h+e along ! top ( x1 horizontally1 & to h ! door op5 upw>d4 ,b ) su* a disposition ( ?+s ! door is n easy to h&le4 ,= ! purpose ( support a hook & *a91 hang+ f ! ro( %\ld be provid$4 ,illu/ration3 ,front = ,manhole4--,fig4 #ge4 ,fig4 #ge %[s a boil] ! sett+ ( :i* is simil> 9 g5]al design to ! o!r ?ree1 except t 9 ! place ( a ca/-iron front x has bolt$ to x a %eet iron bree*+ t comes d[n ov] ! tubes & receives ! gases ( combu/ion f !m4 ,9 ,fig4 #ge a manhole is %[n "u ! tubes4 ,?is1 ( c\rse1 is n an ess5tial feature ( ! bree*+1 b x w be se5 t manholes c readily be put bel[ ! tubes on fronts ( ?is k9d1 9 su* a mann] z to be v conv5i5t ( access4 ,9 addition to ^! m g5]al /yles ( boil] fronts1 !re are fronts design$ p>ticul>ly = pat5t boil]s1 wat]-front boil]s1 etc41 :i* are made1 v (t51 9 ornam5tal & attractive designs4 ,9 ,fig4 #ga is %[n a beautiful & appropriate design 9 use 9 connection ) wat] tubul> boil]s4 ,,furnace ,,doors4 ,! *ief po9ts to be consid]$ 9 ! design ( furnace doors are to prev5t ! radiation ( heat ?r\gh !m1 & to provide = ! admission ( air above ! burn+ fuel 9 ord] to aid 9 ! consumption ( smoke & unburnt gases4 ,9 all cases :]e ! doors are expos$ to v r\gh usage--su*1 = in/ance1 z 9 locomotive & m>9e boil]s--! means = admitt+ air mu/ be ( ! simple/1 & consi/ g5]ally ( small p]=ations z %[n 9 ,fig4 #gf :i* repres5ts a front view1 & section ( ! furnace door ( a locomotive boil]4 ,! heat f ! burn+ fuel is prev5t$ f radiat+ ?r\gh ! p]=ation 9 ! out] door1 by atta*+ to x a second or baffle plate1 a1 at a di/ance ( ab\t #a-a_/b in*es1 ! holes 9 :i* d n co9cide 9 direction ) ! door prop]4 ,by ! con/ant entry ( cold air f ! outside ! great] "p ( any heat :i* may be communicat$ to ! door by radiation or conduction is return$ to ! furnace4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #gf4 ,doors simil> to ! above provide = ! con/ant addition ( limit$ quantities ( fre% air above ! fuel1 b 9 actual practice1 h[ev]1 air is only ne$$ above ! fire = a few m9utes aft] fre% fuel has be5 ?r[n on ! grates & !n is requir$ 9 consid]able quantities4 ,9 ! case ( l& boil]s1 ! furnace doors ( :i* und]go comp>atively mild treatm5t1 x is possible to introduce ! necess>y complications to effect ?is object4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #gg4 ,fig4 #gg %[s an arrangem5t l>gely 9 use 9 ,new ,engl&1 9 :i*1 by means ( a diaphragm1 ! air is pass$ back & =? across ! heat$ inn] or baffle plate ) ! v be/ results4 ,! air is fir/ drawn by ! natural draught into ! holl[ space betwe5 ! iron door & its l9+1 ?r\gh a r[ ( holes ,a1 9 ! l[] "p ( ! door1 controll$ h[ev]1 by a slide n %[n 9 ! cut1 !n caus$ to fl[ back & =? across ! wid? ( ! door by simply arrang$ diaphragms1 & f9ally inject$ into ! furnace ?r\gh a s]ies ( m9ute ap]tures drill$ 9 ! upp] "p ( ! door l9]1 z indicat$ 9 cut at ,b4 ,x w be se5 t :ile ! air may ent] ! door at a l[ temp]ature1 x con/antly becomes heat$ dur+ its circulation until ! in/ant x ent]s ! furnace1 x is ready to fla% into flame ) int5se heat ^u its incorporation ) ! exp&+ gases ( ! furnace4 ,an arrangem5t 9 common use 9 ,corni% & ,lanca%ire boil]s consi/s ( a numb] ( radial slits 9 ! out] door :i* c be clos$ or op5$ at w 9 ! same mann] z an ord9>y w9d[ v5tilator4 ,o!r & m complicat$ arrangem5ts h be5 frequ5tly devis$1 :i* "w admirably s long z !y rema9 9 ord]1 b ! frequ5t bang+ to :i* furnace doors are subject$1 ev5 9 factory boil]s1 soon d]anges delicate me*anism4 ,furnace doors %\ld be made z small z possible consid]+ ! prop] di/ribution ( fuel ov] ! grate area1 z o!rwise ! great ru% ( cold air1 :5 ! door is op5$ rapidly1 cools d[n ! flues & does consid]able injury to tube plates1 etc42 = ?is reason x is desirable1 :5 grates are ov] =ty in*es 9 wid? to h two doors to ea* furnace1 :i* c be fir$ alt]nately4 ,! great loss aris+ f a ru% ( cold air on op5+ ! furnace doors = repl5i%+ ! fires ) fuel has l$ to co/ly exp]im5ts to produce 8a me*anical /ok]10 or self boil] fe$+ arrangem5t = supply+ ! coal z ne$$4 ,,fusible ,,plugs4 ,9 "s ,/ates ! ins]tion ( fusible plugs at ! highe/ fire l9e 9 boil]s is compell$ by law "u a heavy p5alty4 ,its design is to give ! mo/ emphatic w>n+ ( l[ wat]1 & at ! same "t relieve ! boil] ( dang]\s pressure4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #gh4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #gi4 ,figs4 #gh & #gi exhibit two ( ! =ms mo/ commonly us$1 & on ! succe$+ page1 9 cut #hj1 is %[n ! device 9 op]ation :]e ! wat] has sunk to a dang]\sly l[ level4 ,9 ! illu/ration ! device is %[n 9 connection ) a locomotive boil]1 9 ! common tubul> boil] ! plug is usually ins]t$ 9 ! re> head ( ! boil]1 s t 9 case ( its op]ation x w n endang] ! fireman4 ,^! devices are design$ to be screw$ into ! boil] %ell at ! safety l9e4 ,! ,figs4 #gh #gi exhibit _! con/ruction4 ,! "p to be screw$ into ! boil] is call$ ! %ell & is commonly made ( brass2 ! int]nal "p is plug & is made ( a s(t metal l banca t9 or a comp\nd consi/+ ( lead1 t9 & bismu?4 ,?is composition melts easily at ! prop] po9t to all[ escape1 :]e ! wat] has sunk to a dang]\sly l[ level4 ,!re is consid]able div]sity 9 ! make up ( ! mat]ial us$ = fill+ ! plug1 :i* mu/ n h its melt+ po9t at any?+ less ?an ! temp]ature ( ! /eam le/ x %\ld 8g (f0 at ! wrong "t4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fusible ,,safety ,,plug ,fig4 #hj4 ,if ! accid5t ( l[ wat] occurs at a "t :]e x is important to cont9ue op]ations ) ! lea/ possible delay1 a p9e plug may be driv5 9 ! op5+ left by ! melt+ ( ! fusible metal4 ,9 any ev5t x is b a %ort job to r5ew ! fusible cap1 x be+ only necess>y to unscrew ! nut & ins]t a new cap1 ! re/ ( ! device rema9+ intact4 ,! plug %\ld be r5ew$ occasionally & ! surface expos$ inside ! boil] be kept free f scale & deposit4 ,x is to be und]/ood t ! fusible portion ext5ds entirely ?r\gh ! %ell ( ! boil] & :5 melt$ out makes a v5t = ! wat] or /eam4 ,all m>9e boil]s 9 s]vice 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates are requir$ to h fusible plugs1 "o-half in* 9 diamet]1 made ( pure t91 & ne>ly all fir/-class boil] mak]s put !m 9 ea* boil] !y build4 ,,grate ,,b>s4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ha4 ,,! ,,grate ,,b>s are a v important "p ( ! furnace appliances4 ,^! consi/ ( a numb] ( ca/ iron b>s support$ on iron be>]s plac$ at & across ! front & back ( ! furnace4 ,innum]able =ms ( grate b>s h be5 contriv$ to meet ! cases ( special k9ds ( fuel4 ,! type 9 common use is repres5t$ 9 ,fig4 #hb4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #hb4 ,^! cuts %[ a side view & a section ( a s+le b>1 & a plan ( ?ree b>s 9 position4 ,ea* b> is 9 fact a small gird]1 ! top surface ( :i* is wid] ?an ! bottom4 ,on ea* b> are ca/ lugs1 ! wid? ( :i* det]m9es ! size ( ! op5+ = ! passage ( air4 ,?is op5+ v>ies 9 wid? accord+ to ! "* ( ! fuel2 = an?racite #c_/d in* is a maximum1 :ile ! s(t coals #e_/h to #c_/d in* is (t5 us$2 = pea & nut coal /ill small] op5+s ?an ei!r ( ^? are us$1 i4e4 #a_/d & #c_/h in*es4 ,= wood ! op5+ %\ld be a full in* 9 wid?4 ,= long furnaces ! b>s are usually made into two l5g?s1 ) a be>] 9 ! middle ( ! grate1 z %[n 9 ,fig4 #hc4 ,z a rule long grates are set ) a consid]able slope t[>ds ! bridge 9 ord] to facilitate ! di/ribution ( ! fuel2 an in* to a foot is ! rule commonly approv$4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #hc4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #hd4 ,rock+ & %ak+ grates are n[ v ext5sively us$2 ^! comb9e a dump+ arrangem5t1 & v l>gely less5 ! great labor ( ! fireman1 & by all[+ ! use ( slack & o!r *eap =ms ( fuel are v economical4 ,sev]al pat5ts are issu$ ^u ?is =m ( grate b>s all work+ on ess5tially ! same pr9ciple4 ,fig4 #hd exhibits an effici5t =m ( a %ak+ grate4 ,z %[n 9 ! cut1 ! grates are arrang$ to dump ! a%es & cl9k]s4 ,by ! rev]se motion ! flat surface ( ! grates are re/or$4 ,tr\ble ) grate b>s comes f w>p+ or twi/+ caus$ by excessive heat1 & burn+ out1 produc$ by ! same cause--?is expla9s ! peculi> %ape 9 :i* grates are made--v n>r[ & v deep4 ,a free introduction ( air n only causes p]fect combu/ion b t5ds t[>ds ! pres]vation ( ! b>s4 ,grate b>s are usually plac$ s z to incl9e t[>ds ! re>1 ! incl9ation be+ f "o to two in*es2 ?is facilitates some:at ! ?r[+ ( ! coal into ! furnace4 ,! proportion betwe5 grate & heat+ surface %\ld be det]m9$ by ! k9d ( fuel to be us$4 ,! greate/ economy w be atta9$ :5 ! grate is ( a size to cause ! fire to be =c$1 & h ! gases ent] ! *imney only a few degrees hott] ?an ! wat] 9 ! boil]4 ,if ! grate is too l>ge to admit ( =c+ ! fire1 ! combu/ion is naturally sl[]1 & consequ5tly ! temp]ature 9 ! furnace is l[]1 & ! loss f ! escap+ gases is great]4 ,x mu/ be borne 9 m9d t ! only heat :i* c be utiliz$ is t due to ! diff]5ce 9 temp]ature betwe5 ! fire & ! wat] 9 ! boil]4 ,= example1 if ! temp]ature 9 ! furnace be #ige1 & ! wat] 9 ! boil] h a temp]ature due to #hj p\nds ( /eam1 viz43 #cbe1 x is evid5t t ! heat :i* c be utiliz$ is ! diff]5ce betwe5 !m1 or #b_/c ( ! total heat4 ,n[ if ! fire be =c$1 & ! furnace temp]ature rais$ to #bfjj1 #g_/h ( ! total heat c be utiliz$2 s x c be readily se5 t ! grate %\ld be ( su* a size z to h ! fire burn rapidly4 ,! actual ratio ( grate to heat+ surface %\ld n 9 any case be less ?an #a to #dj1 & may ) advantage1 9 _m cases1 be #a to #ej4 ,?is proportion w admit ( v %>p fires1 & /ill insure ! great] portion ( ! heat be+ transmitt$ to ! wat] 9 ! boil]4 ,! wat] grate b>s1 inv5t$ 9 #ahbd1 & s9ce frequ5tly appli$ to locomotives & m>9e boil]s1 d n seem to gr[ 9 popul> favor1 & are sc>cely kn[n 9 /ation>y boil]s4 ,! objections urg$ aga9/ !m are ! exp5se ( ma9t5ance1 _! fitt+s & atta*m5ts1 & ! possibility ( s]i\s consequ5ces %\ld !y rupture or burn out4 ,,wat] ,,gauge ,,cocks4 ,x is ( ! fir/ importance t ^? 9 *>ge ( a boil] %all "k ) c]ta9ty ! position ( ! wat] level )9 ! boil]4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #he4 ,^! atta*m5ts1 also call$ ,try cocks1 are usually plac$ 9 a conspicu\s & accessible position on ! front ( boil]s4 ,!y are s arrang$ t "o w bl[ only /eam1 "o at ! work+ level ( ! wat]1 & ! ?ird at ! l[e/ wat] level or say ?ree in*es above ! highe/ po9t ( ! fire l9e ( ! boil]4 ,! cut1 ,fig4 #he1 exhibits !m z commonly arrang$4 ,x is n ess5tially requisite1 t ! cocks !mselves %\ld be plac$ at ! po9t indicat$1 s long z !y h pipes project+ int]nally into ! boil]1 ) _! ends correspond+ to ! height ( wat] above m5tion$4 ,9 ord] t ^! cocks may readily be clean$ out1 a plug is usually fitt$ into bit ( cock opposite ! port or op5+ ( ! plug1 ^u remov+ :i* a prick] c be readily ins]t$4 ,! gauge or cocks %\ld be te/$ _m times ea* day1 & :5 op5$ ! top "o %\ld always give /eam & ! bottom "o wat]4 ,!y %\ld be all[$ to rema9 op5 long en\gh to make sure :e!r /eam or wat] is issu+ f ! cock4 ,?is is a matt] ( in/ruction1 b ! beg9n] ) a little exp]i5ce c detect ! diff]5ce by ! s\nd4 ,9 s univ]sal an appliance z ?is !re are v _m =ms & arrangem5ts1 b !y all "w ^u ! same pr9ciple z /at$ above4 ,,glass ,,gauges4 ,^! are ! second & auxili>y arrangem5ts = asc]ta9+ ! wat] l9e4 ,ne>ly all boil]s are suppli$ ) bo? try cocks & glass gauges1 & s important is x consid]$ to be correctly in=m$ z to ! wat] l9e t a ?ird me?od consi/+ ( a float :i* is c>ri$ on ! wat] surface1 is sometimes add$ to ! two nam$4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #hf4 ,! glass wat] gauge column consi/s ( an upright ca/+ bolt$ to ! front ( ! boil]1 9 :i* are fix$ two cocks hav+ /uff+ boxes = receiv+ ! gauge glass4 ,! l[] ( ^! cocks is also fitt$ ) a dra9 cock = bl[+ out ! glass4 ,! try cocks are frequ5tly plac$ on ! above-m5tion$ /&>d or column4 ,! action ( ! gauge glass is to %[ ! level ( ! wat] 9 ! boil] by natural gravitation & ! be/ position = x is 9 view ( ! eng9e room1 z close to ! boil] z possible & pref]ably 9 ! middle l9e ( its diamet]1 at su* height t its l[e/ portion is ab\t two in*es above ! highe/ "p ( ! fire l9e ( ! boil]1 & its c5tre1 n9e in*es above t1 mak+ ! total visible portion ( glass eighte5 in*es long4 ,glass wat] gauges sometimes h pipe connections top & bottom4 ,! object ( ?is arrangem5t is to h an undi/urb$ wat] level 9 ! glass by c>ry+ "o pipe to ! /eam dome & ! o!r ne> to ! bottom ( ! boil]2 ! "o position n be+ s liable to be affect$ by foam+ & ! o!r by ! boil+ ( ! wat]4 ,cocks %\ld always be fitt$ to ! boil] ends ( ^! pipes1 9 ord] t 9 case ( accid5t to ! pipes1 /eam & wat] may be %ut (f4 ,! glasses are liable to bur/ & become *ok$ up ) dirt4 ,! =m] defect is easily repair$ by %utt+ (f ! cocks 9 connection ) ! boil] & putt+ 9 a new glass4 ,! mud or s$im5t is clean$ out by op5+ ! above-m5tion$ dra9 or bl[-out cock & all[+ ! /eam or wat]1 or bo?1 to ru% ?r\gh ! glass1 :i* w effectually bl[ out all s$im5t & leave ! glass 9 good condition aga9 to %[ ! height ( ! wat] 9 ! boil]4 ,9 op5+ ! cocks connect$ ) ! glasses1 x %\ld be done cauti\sly1 z ! glass is liable to bur/4 ,a /rip ( :ite runn+ ! :ole l5g? ( ! glass on ! side t[>d ! boil] is a great help 9 obs]v+ ! v>iations ( ! wat] l9e 9 ! tube4 ,x is n ne$$ to remove ! gauge glasses to clean !m4 ,!re are good fixtures 9 ! m>ket t by tak+ out ! plug 9 ! top1 ! glass may be clean$ ) a bit ( wick+ on ! end ( a /ick4 ,a slight scrat* w break ! glass1 h5ce d n use wire4 ,use s(t rubb] gaskets :5 sett+ ! glass1 screw up until all leak+ /ops4 ,don't let ! glass come 9 contact ) ! metal any:]e4 ,don't try to reset ! glass ) an old h>d gasket4 ,two glasses f ! same bundle w n act alike4 ,! glasses us$ to %[ ! wat] l9e are made ( a s(t glass kn[n z 8lead glass10 & are easily cut1 or brok5 squ>e across4 ,mo/ ( !m c be brok5 by fil+ a not* at ! po9t at :i* x is necess>y to break !m4 ,aft] fil+ ! not*1 place ! ?umbs z if y w\ld break ! glass2 x w crack easily1 & ! fracture be /raight & clean4 ,if ! tube be brittle1 z "s are1 to avoid cutt+ ! h&s wrap two pieces ( pap] ar\nd ! glass1 ea* side ( ! not*4 ,if ! ends are r\gh or unev51 !y c be made smoo? by fil+ or by ! gr9d/one4 ,! ,man*e/]1 ,eng41 ,boil] ,association attribute m accid5ts to inatt5tion to wat] gauges ?an to all o!r causes put toge!r4 ,x is1 !re=e1 ( mu* importance t ^! glasses %\ld be kept clean4 ,x is n an uncommon ?+ to g into a boil] room & f9d t a leaky /uff+ box has all[$ ! /eam or wat] to bl[ out1 &1 by runn+ d[n ! outside ( ! glass1 leave a deposit ( lime scale4 ,aft] ?is deposit has be5 =m$1 x is sometimes difficult to remove--& m ?an a few glasses h be5 brok5 by ! eng9e] attempt+ to remove ! scale4 ,aft] ?is scale has once be5 =m$1 unless x is s(t en\gh to be wip$ (f ) a piece ( wa/e1 x is be/ to take ! glass out & soak or wa% x 9 a solution ( "o-half muriatic acid & "o-half wat] until x is clean or ! scale s s(t5$ t x may be readily wip$ (f4 ,to prev5t ! scale f aga9 =m+ & h>d5+1 ! glass %\ld be dipp$ 9 glyc]9e be=e replac+4 ,,! ,,mud ,,drum4 ,! mud drum is atta*$ to a boil] ) ! expectation t x w cat* & hold ! l>g] portion ( ! s$im5t precipitat$ f ! wat]4 ,! mud drum to be effective %\ld be protect$ f ! heat ( ! fire1 = s soon z x receives suffici5t heat to boil ! wat] )9 x c no long] s]ve ! purpose = :i* x 0 int5d$ z all ! s$im5t :i* may h ga!r$ w\ld be expell$ by ! ebullition ( ! wat]4 ,:5 ! drum is locat$ "u ! boil] x is n 9 a good position to cat* ! s$im5t1 z ! boil+ wat] produces suffici5t curr5t to c>ry ! s$im5t to ! top1 or keep x viol5tly agitat$1 s t !re is little opportunity = x to be deposit$ any:]e s long z ! boil] is mak+ /eam4 ,aft]w>d :5 ! wat] is quiet ! s$im5t = ! mo/ "p is deposit$ on ! tubes & ! curve ( ! %ell2 ! small portion fall+ into ! neck ( ! drum s]ves pr9cipally to %[ ! ineffici5cy ( ! device4 ,locat$ "u ! boil] z x g5]ally is1 makes x extremely difficult to get at = exam9ation1 & z a consequ5ce ( its be+ enclos$1 z x mu/ be1 to be ( mu* importance1 x is subject to great] det]ioration ?an w\ld o!rwise be ! case1 & z ! enclosure to be mo/ effici5t w\ld enclose ! neck also1 ! diff]5ce ( expansion at or ne> ! junction w\ld soon produce leak+ if n worse4 ,:5 ! mud drum is locat$ outside ! boil] walls :]e x w\ld be mo/ effici5t1 if prop]ly connect$1 x loses its id5tity & becomes a me*anical boil] clean]4 ,9 consequ5ce ( ^! drawbacks ! mud drum is becom+ antiquat$ z a boil] appliance1 & is n[ seldom us$4 ,,baffle ,,plates4 ,^! are a device sometimes us$ inside /eam boil]s to *eck ! too sudd5 fl[ ( /eam t[>ds ! exit pipe1 !y are simply plate to baffle ! ru% ( ! /eam s z to avoid foam+4 ,9 ,fig4 #ij baffle plate is illu/rat$ by ! division ca/+ aga9/ :i* ! /eam /rikes on its passage f ! boil] to ! eng9e4 ,! l9]s or inn] plates ( ! boil] doors are baffle plates4 ,,dead ,,plate4 ,?is is a flat plate ( iron imm$iately inside ! furnace door & is us$ 9 _m boil]s 9 ord] to insure ! m p]fect combu/ion ( ! coal4 ,:5 ! fre% fuel is laid on1 x is plac$ on ! dead plate in/ead ( on ! grate2 9 ?is position ! coal is cok$1 ! gases f ! coal be+ ignit$ z !y pass ov] ! already int5sely hot fuel 9 ! furnace1 ! fuel f ! dead plate is pu%$ =w>d to make place = ano!r *>ge to be put on ! dead plate4 ,b m frequ5tly1 z else:]e describ$1 ! fuel is ?r[n ov] & across ! dead plate directly ^u ! hot fire4 ,,/eam ,,:i/les4 ,^! are ( two k9ds1 kn[n z ! bell-:i/le & organ-tube :i/le2 ! latt] is n[ fa/ sup]s$+ ! =m] on acc\nt ( ! simplicity ( con/ruction & sup]ior tone4 ,an improv$ =m has a division 9 ! tube s z to emit two di/9ct notes1 :i* may be 9 h>mony1 or discord1 & :5 s\nd$ toge!r may be he>d a long di/ance4 ,x is important t ! :i/le %all s\nd z soon z ! /eam is turn$ on2 to ensure ?is great c>e mu/ be tak5 to keep ! :i/le-pipe free f wat]4 ,,! ,,/eam ,,gauge4 ,! pr9ciple ( con/ruction ( ! dial /eam gauge is1 t ! pressure may be indicat$ by means ( a po9t] 9 a divid$ dial simil> to a clock face1 b m>k$ 9 division1 indicat+ p\nds pressure p] squ>e in* in/ead ( h\rs & m9utes4 ,figs4 #hg & #hh %[ ! ord9>y /yle ( gauge :i* consi/s ( an elliptical tube1 connect$ at "o end to a /eam pipe 9 communication ) ! boil] pressure & at ! o!r end ) ge>+ to a po9t] sp9dle z %[n 9 cut4 ,an inv]t$ syphon pipe is usually =m$ "u ! gauge1 its object be+ to conta9 wat] & ?us prev5t ! heat ( ! /eam injur+ ! ma*9]y ( ! gauge1 or di/ort+ its action by expansion4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #hg4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #hh4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #hi4 ,a small dra9 cock %\ld be fitt$ to ! leg ( ! syphon ( a /eam gauge1 lead+ to ! boil]1 at a level ) ! highe/ po9t ! wat] c rise 9 ! o!r leg1 o!rwise an increas$ pressure w be indicat$1 due to ! head ( wat] :i* w\ld o!rwise collect 9 ! boil] leg ( ! syphon4 ,/eam gauges indicate ! pressure ( /eam above ! atmosph]e only1 ! total pressure be+ measur$ f a p]fect vacuum :i* w add #ad-g_/aj lbs4 on ! av]age to ! pressure %[n on ! /eam gauge4 ,^! gauges are apt to get out ( ord] 9 consequ5ce ( wat] lodg+ 9 ! end ( ! heat tube & corrod+ ! latt]4 ,x may be easily kn[n :5 !y are out ( ord] by rais+ ! pressure ( ! /eam 9 ! boil] & wat*+ :5 x comm5ces to bl[ (f at ! safety valve1 & !n not+ ! position ( ! index f+]4 ,! pressure regi/]$ by ! f+] %\ld1 ( c\rse1 !n correspond ) ! kn[n bl[ (f pressure ( ! valves2 if x does n1 "o or ! o!r or bo? ( ^! in/rum5ts mu/ be out ( ord]2 !re=e1 :5 ?is is ! case & a disagreem5t occurs1 ! /eam gauge may be presum$ to ne$ correction4 ,x %\ld also be not$ t ! /eam gauge f+] po9ts to z]o :5 /eam pressure is cut (f4 ,a two-way cock %\ld be us$ = clos+ ! connection betwe5 ! /eam gauge & ! boil]1 & at ! same "t to let air into ! /eam gauge4 ,! /eam %\ld nev] be all[$ to act directly on a /eam gauge :5 locat$ 9 cold situations :]e !y are liable to freeze4 ,! valve on ! boil] %\ld be clos$ & ! wat] all[$ to drip out1 &1 be=e ! /eam is turn$ on f ! boil]1 ! drip on ! gauge %\ld be clos$1 9 ord] t suffici5t /eam may be cond5s$ 9 ! pipe to furni% ! quantity ( wat] necess>y to keep ! /eam f /rik+ ! gauge4 ,a ready me?od = be+ always able to prove ! correctness ( y\r /eam gauge4 ,:5 /eam is at "s po9t n ov] half ! usual pressure1 place ! ball on ! safety valve at ! po9t :]e x comm5ces to bl[ (f & m>k ! place4 ,move ! ball twice z f> f ! fulcrum z ?is m>k1 & x %\ld bl[ (f at twice ! pressure z indicat$ by ! gauge1 or x is n "r4 ,any o!r relative di/ance may be us$ to advantage4 ,,/eam ,,sep>ator4 ,?is appliance1 :i* is also call$ an int]ceptor or cat* wat]1 is g5]ally a ,t %ap$ pipe4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ij4 ,?is1 al?\gh n a boil] fixture or fitt+1 is intimately connect$ ) !m3 x is an appliance fa/ com+ into use bo? = l& & m>9e eng9es1 to gu>d aga9/ ! dang] to /eam eng9e cyl9d]s aris+ f 8! prim+0 ( ! boil]s :5 ! /eam is us$ at a high pressure ) high spe$ ( ! pi/on4 ,! sep>ator is usually plac$ 9 ! eng9e room1 s z to be well 9 sight4 ,! /eam is l$ d[n ! pipe r\nd a diaphragm plate & !n up aga9 to ! eng9e /eam pipe4 ,by ?is means any prim+ or p>ticles ( wat] t may be br\ght f ! boil] ) ! /eam w fall to ! bottom ( ! int]ceptor or cat* wat]1 f :5ce x c be bl[n out1 accord+ to ! arrangem5t ( ! pipes1 by op5+ ! dra9 cock fix$ on ! bottom4 ,x has a wat] gauge fix$ on ! l[] end1 s z to %[ :e!r wat] is accumulat+2 & ! eng9e]s att5tion is requir$ to see t ?is wat] is f "t to "t bl[n (f4 ,9 ! illu/ration1 ,fig4 #ij1 is %[n ! simple/ =m 9 :i* ! device c be made4 ,! arr[s exhibit ! direction 9 :i* ! /eam travels1 ! ap]ture :5ce ! wat] is to be bl[n out & ! place = atta*m5t ( a wat] column4 ,9 practical con/ruction ! sep>ator %\ld h a diamet] twice t ( ! /eam pipe & be #b-a_/b to #c diamet]s long4 ,x is (t5 made ) a r\nd top & flat bottom & sometimes ) bo? ends hemisph]ical4 ,! division plate %\ld ext5d half ! diamet] ( ! /eam pipe bel[ ! level ( ! bottom ( ! /eam pipe4 ,9 ,fig4 #ia is %[n an improv$ =m ( a /eam sep>ator :i* consi/s ( a %ell or cas+ 9 :i* !re is firmly secur$ a d\ble-end$ cone4 ,on ?is cone !re are ca/ a numb] ( w+s1 ext5d+ spirally along its ext]ior4 ,on ent]+ ! sep>ator ! /eam is spread & ?r[n outw>d by ! cone & giv5 a c5trifugal motion by ! spiral w+s4 ,^! w+s are con/ruct$ ) a curv$ surface4 ,x w be notic$ t ! /eam on ent]+ ! sep>ator is imm$iately exp&$ f a solid body into an annul> space ( equal volume to ! /eam pipe1 :]eby its p>ticles are remov$ f ! c5tre & ?us receive a great] am\nt ( c5trifugal motion4 ,! entra9$ wat] or grease1 etc41 is ?us precipitat$ aga9/1 & fl[s along ! %ell ( ! sep>ator1 & is collect$ 9 a well ( ample proportions at base ( sep>ator1 :]e x is entirely isolat$ f ! fl[ ( dry /eam4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ia4 ,,s5t9el ,,valve4 ,x 0 =m]ly requir$ = ea* m>9e boil] to h a small valve load$ ) a weight to a few p\nds p] squ>e in* above ! work+ pressure1 s t 9 case ( ! safety valves /ick+ fa/ & ! gauge be+ false1 an al>m might be giv5 :5 !re 0 an excess ( pressure4 ,su* valves 7 ab\t #c_/d in* 9 diamet] & sometimes z small z #c_/h4 ,an arrangem5t ( a small safety valve atta*$ to a :i/le has be5 introduc$1 b ) advances 9 o!r directions relat+ to safety ^! specialties are n[ gett+ to be only kn[n by "n4 ,,damp] ,,regulators4 ,^! are well-kn[n devices = s controll+ ! draught ( ! *imney t ! /eam pressure 9 ! boil] w be increas$ or decreas$ automatically1 t is1 )\t ! aid ( a p]son4 ,! regulator %[n 9 ,fig4 #ib1 :i* is "o ( _m excell5t =ms on ! m>ket1 has ! p[] to move ! damp] 9 bo? directions by wat] pressure1 ex]t+ a =ce on ! end ( ! lev] ( ne>ly #bjj lbs41 ?us compell+ a c]ta9 & positive motion ( ! damp] :5 a v>iation 9 ! boil] pressure takes place4 ,x w op5 or close ! damp] ^u ! v>iation ( less ?an "o p\nd ( pressure4 ,! close regulation af=ds a te/ = ! correctness ( ! /eam gauge4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ib4 ,?is regulator1 by us+ ! wat] pressure f ! boil] z a motive p[]1 becomes a complete eng9e )\t ! connect+ rod & crank1 hav+ a balanc$ pi/on valve1 ! valve /em ( :i* is enl>g$ :]e x passes ?r\gh ! upp] end ( ! *e/ into a pi/on ( small area1 work+ 9 a small op5 end$ cyl9d] ca/ on ! *e/4 ,! pressure =c+ ?is pi/on outw>d is c\nt]balanc$ by weights z %[n 9 illu/ration4 ,! diff]5tial motion is accompli%$ by ! device %[n at ! top ( small cyl9d]4 ,,fuel ,,economiz] ,,& ,,fe$ ,,wat] ,,purifi]4 ,?is device1 %[n 9 ,fig4 #ic1 is design$ to utilize ! wa/e products ( combu/ion z !y pass f ! furnace to ! *imney4 ,its use p]mits a high & consequ5tly effici5t temp]ature "u ! boil]s & yet saves ! excess ( heat4 ,x acts also z a me*anical boil] clean]1 furni%+ a settl+ *amb] = ! deposit ( ! impurities sep>at$ by ! heat :i* ne>ly equals t ( ! live /eam 9 ! boil]4 ,?is device adds l>gely to ! wat] capacity ( ! boil]1 frequ5tly conta9+ "o-half ! weight ( ! wat] held 9 ! boil] itself4 ,x w be readily und]/ood t ! op5+s betwe5 ! v]tical tubes are ample = ! *imney flue area & t ! device is locat$ betwe5 ! *imney & ! boil]1 ) ! wa/e furnace heat pass+ betwe5 ! tubes4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ic4 ,! economiz] %[n 9 ,fig4 #ic consi/s ( sections ( v]tical #d-a_/b boil] tubes fitt$ to _! top & bottom head]s by tap] jo9ts4 ,! top head]s are provid$ ) caps ov] ea* tube to p]mit clean+ out ! s$im5t & remove & replace any tube t may become damag$4 ,! sev]al top head]s are connect$ toge!r at "o end by lat]al op5+s & ! bottom head]s are also connect$ z %[n 9 cut1 hav+ h& holes opposite ea* bottom head] to provide = clean+ out4 ,me*anical scrap]s are made to travel up & d[n ea* tube to keep !m cle> ( soot4 ,^! are controll$ by an automatic me*anism & driv+ head1 z %[n 9 ,fig4 #ic4 ,! important features ab\t ! economiz] are1 #a1 its adaptability to any type ( boil]1 #b1 ! sav+ atta9$ by utiliz+ t heat :i* has necess>ily be5 an almo/ total wa/e1 #c1 ! purify+ ( ! wat] by means ( ! int5se heat & sl[ circulation ( ! fe$ wat]4 ,,safety ,,valves4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #id4 7,,sectional ,,view47 ,! safety valve is a circul> valve seat$ on ! top ( ! boil]1 & weight$ to su* an ext5t1 t :5 ! pressure ( ! /eam exce$s a c]ta9 po9t1 ! valve is lift$ f its seat+ & all[s ! /eam to escape4 ,safety valves c be load$ directly ) weights1 or ! load c be transmitt$ to ! valve by a lev]4 ,aga91 ! end ( ! lev] is sometimes held d[n by a spr+1 or ! spr+ may be appli$ directly to ! valve seat4 ,fig4 #id 7#b views7 exhibits a spr+ load$ safety valve4 ,^! are g5]ally provid$ ) a reaction lip1 surr\nd+ ! seat1 :i* causes !m to op5 mu* fur!r1 & ?us enables !m to dis*>ge a l>g] volume ( /eam ?an a lev] valve ( equal diamet]4 ,! op]ation c be easily und]/ood by exam9+ ! figures4 ,z soon z ! /eam pressure is high en\gh to lift ! valve disc cle> f its seat1 ! /eam w escape ar\nd ! valve seat z 9 an ord9>y lev] safety valve1 b in/ead ( escap+ directly into ! atmosph]e1 ! curr5t ( /eam is turn$ d[nw>d aga9/ ! reaction lip1 by ! curv$ projection on ! valve disc1 :i* c be se5 9 ! figure4 ,! /eam pressure is ?us assi/$ 9 hold+ ! valve op51 z well z rais+ x mu* high]1 giv+ a l>g] op5+ ?an w\ld be ! case if ! valve 7 lift$ by ! pressure alone4 ,spr+ load$ valves are mo/ly us$ on m>9e boil]s1 locomotives & portable boil]s1 & :]ev] outside di/urbances int]f]e ) ! action ( a weight4 ,a 8pop0 safety valve is a common =m ( safety valve & takes its "n f ! fact t x takes a little m pressure to raise x (f its seat ?an :at x is set at1 consequ5tly x releases itself ) a 8pop40 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ie4 ,fig4 #ie %[s a =m ( dead weight safety valves :5 a is ! valve :i* re/s on ! seat+ b4 ,! valve is atta*$ to ! circul> ca/+ ,a1 ,a1 ,a1 s t bo? rise & fall toge!r4 ,! weights ,w1 ,w1 etc41 are dispos$ on ! ca/+ 9 r+s1 :i* c be adju/$ to ! desir$ bl[ (f pressure4 ,ow+ to ! c5t] ( gravity ( ! ca/+ & weight be+ bel[ ! valve1 ! latt] requires no requires no guides to keep x 9 position4 ,?is is a great advantage z guides frequ5tly /ick1 & prev5t ! valve f act+4 ,ano!r advantage ( ?is =m ( valve is1 t x is difficult to tamp] )4 ,= in/ance1 a f\r-in* valve1 int5d$ to bl[ (f at #ajj lbs4 p] squ>e in* w\ld require weight ( ov] #a1bjj lbs41 :i* require a consid]able bulk4 ,an unau?oriz$ addition ( a few p\nds to su* a mass w\ld make no appreciable addition to ! bl[+ (f pressure1 :ile any effectual am\nt add$ to ! weight w\ld be imm$iately notic$4 ,x is q diff]5t ) ! lev] safety valve ab\t to be describ$1 a small addition to ! weight at ! end ( ! lev] is multipli$ sev]al times at ! valve4 ,u4 ,s4 ,,rules ,,relat+ ,,to ,,safety ,,valves4 ,extract f rules & regulations pass$ & approv$ ,feb4 #be1 #ahhe1 by ! ,unit$ ,/ates ,bo>d ( ,sup]vis+ ,inspectors ( ,/eam ,vessels3 ,,section #bd4 8,lev] safety valves to be atta*$ to m>9e boil]s %all h an area ( n less ?an "o squ>e in* to two squ>e feet ( ! grate surface 9 ! boil]1 & ! seats ( all su* safety valves %all h an angle ( incl9ation ( =ty-five degrees to ! c5tre l9e ( _! axis4 8,! valves %all be s arrang$ t ea* boil] %all h "o sep>ate safety valve1 unless ! arrangem5t is su* z to preclude ! possibility ( %utt+ (f ! communication ( any boil] ) ! safety valve or valves employ$4 ,?is arrangem5t %all also apply to lock-up safety valves :5 !y are employ$4 8,any spr+-load$ safety valves con/ruct$ s z to give an increas$ lift by ! op]ation ( /eam1 aft] be+ rais$ f _! seats1 or any spr+-load$ safety valve con/ruct$ 9 any o!r mann]1 or s z to give an effective area equal to t ( ! a=em5tion$ spr+-load$ safety valve1 may be us$ 9 lieu ( ! common lev]-weight$ valve on all boil]s on /eam vessels1 & all su* spr+-load$ safety valves %all be requir$ to h an area ( n less ?an "o squ>e in* to ?ree squ>e feet ( grate surface ( ! boil]1 & ea* spr+-load$ valve %all be suppli$ ) a lev] t w raise ! valve f its seat a di/ance ( n less ?an t equal to "o-eigh? ! diamet] ( ! valve op5+1 & ! seats ( all su* safety valves %all h an angle ( incl9ation to ! c5tre-l9e ( _! axis ( =ty-five degrees4 ,b 9 no case %all any spr+-load$ safety valve be us$ 9 lieu ( ! lev]-weight$ safety valve1 )\t fir/ hav+ be5 approv$ by ! ,bo>d ( ,sup]vis+ ,inspectors40 ,! foll[+ size 8,pop0 ,safety ,valves are requir$ = boil]s hav+ grate surfaces z bel[3 #b in* 8,pop0 ,valve = #i4db squ>e feet ( grate surface4 #b-a_/b in* 8,pop0 ,valve = #ad4gb squ>e feet ( grate surface4 #c in* 8,pop0 ,valve = #ba4bj squ>e feet ( grate surface4 #d in* 8,pop0 ,valve = #cg4fi squ>e feet ( grate surface4 #e in* 8,pop0 ,valve = #eh4ij squ>e feet ( grate surface4 #f in* 8,pop0 ,valve = #hd4hb squ>e feet ( grate surface4 ,,pr(essor ,,rank9',s ,,rule4--,multiply ! numb] ( p\nds ( wat] evaporat$ p] h\r by 4#jjf1 & ! product w be ! area 9 squ>e in*es ( ! valve4 ,! ,u4 ,s4 ,/eamboat ,inspection ,law requires = ! common lev] valve "o squ>e in* ( area ( valve = e two squ>e feet ( area ( grate surface4 ,unit$ ,/ates ,navy ,dep>tm5t d$uc$ f a s]ies ( exp]im5ts ! foll[+ rule3 ,multiply ! numb] ( p\nds ( wat] evaporat$ p] h\r by 4#jje1 & ! product w be ! area ( ! valve 9 squ>e in*es4 ,rule adopt$ by ! ,philadelphia ,dep>tm5t ( ,/eam ,eng9e & ,boil] ,inspection3 #a4 ,multiply ! area ( grate 9 squ>e feet by ! numb] #bb4e4 #b4 ,add ! numb] #h4fb to ! pressure all[$ p] squ>e in*4 ,divide 7#a7 by 7#b7 & ! quoti5t w be ! area ( ! valve 9 squ>e in*es4 ,?is is ! same z ! ,fr5* rule4 ,! maximum desirable diamet] = safety valves is f\r in*es1 = beyond ?is ! area & co/ increase mu* m rapidly ?an ! effective dis*>g+ ar\nd ! circumf]5ce4 ,!re %\ld n be any /op valve betwe5 ! boil] & safety valve4 ,! common =m ( safety valve is %[n 9 ,fig4 #if4 ,"h ! load is atta*$ to ! end ,b ( ! lev] ,a1 ,b1 ! fulcrum ( :i* is at c4 ,! effective pressure on ! valve1 & consequ5tly ! bl[+ (f pressure 9 ! boil] c be regulat$ )9 c]ta9 limits1 by slid+ ! weight ,w along ! arm ( ! lev]4 ,9 locomotive eng9es1 z well z on m>9e boil]s1 ! weight w\ld on acc\nt ( ! oscillations1 be inadmissible & a spr+ is us$ to hold d[n ! lev]4 ,9 ! calculations reg>d+ ! lev] safety valve1 !re are five po9ts to be det]m9$1 & x is necess>y to "k f\r ( ^! 9 ord] to f9d ! fif?4 ,^! are3 7#a7 ,! ,/eam ,pressure1 7#b7 ,! ,weight ( ,ball1 7#c7 ,! ,area ( ,valve1 7#d7 ,! ,l5g? ( ,lev]1 7#e7 ,! ,di/ance f ! ,valve ,c5tre to ! ,fulcrum4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #if4 ,9 mak+ ^! calculations x is necess>y to take into acc\nt ! load on ! valve due to ! weight ( ! valve-/em & lev]4 ,! lev]age ) :i* ?is weight acts is measur$ by ! di/ance ( its c5tre ( gravity f ! fulcrum4 ,! c5tre ( gravity is f\nd by balanc+ ! lev] on a knife edge1 & ! weight ( ! valve-/em & lev] c be f\nd by actual weigh+4 ,?is load c also be f\nd by atta*+ a spr+ balance to ! lev] exactly ov] ! c5tre ( ! valve /em :5 !y are 9 position4 ,! foll[+ examples w be comput$ "u ^! conditions3 7#a7 ,/eam ,pressure1 #abj p\nds2 7#b7 ,weight ( ,ball1 #ajj p\nds2 7#c7 ,weight ( ,valve & ,lev]1 #fj p\nds1 weigh$ 9 position2 7#d7 ,l5g? ( ,lev]1 #de in*es2 7#e7 ,l5g? ( ,di/ance f ,valve ,c5tre to ,fulcrum1 #e in*es2 7#f7 ,area ( ,valve1 #h squ>e in*es4 ,to f9d ! area ( ! valve3 ,,rule4--,multiply ! l5g? ( ! lev] by ! weight ( ! ball1 & divide ! product by ! di/ance f ! valve c5tre to ! fulcrum1 & to ! quoti5t add ! effective weight ( ! valve & lev]1 & divide ! sum by ! /eam pressure4 ,example4 #de in*es1 l5g? ( ! lev]1 #ajj p\nds1 weight ( ! ball1 ---- ,fulcrum1 #e 94 7#dejj ---- #ijj #fj p\nds1 weight ( valve & lev]1 ---- ,/eam pressure #abj lbs4 7#ifj 7#h squ>e in*es1 area ( valve4 #ifj ,to f9d ! pressure at :i* ! valve w bl[ (f3 ,,rule4--,multiply ! l5g? ( ! lev] by ! weight ( ! ball2 divide ?is product by ! di/ance f ! valve c5tre to ! fulcrum1 & to ! quoti5t add ! effective weight ( ! lev] & valve1 & divide ! sum by ! area ( ! valve4 ,example4 #de in*es1 l5g? ( lev]1 #ajj p\nds1 weight ( ball1 ---- ,fulcrum1 #e 94 7#dejj ---- #ijj #fj p\nds1 weight ( valve & lev]1 ---- ,area ( ,valve #h 7 #ifj ---- #abj p\nds1 pressure at :i* valve w bl[4 ,to f9d ! weight ( ball3 ,,rule4--,multiply ! /eam pressure by ! area ( ! valve1 & f ! product subtract ! effective weight ( ! valve & lev]1 !n multiply ! rema9d] by ! di/ance f ! valve c5tre to ! fulcrum1 & divide ! product by ! l5g? ( ! lev]4 ,example4 #abj p\nds1 /eam pressure1 #h in*es1 area ( valve1 ---- #ifj #fj p\nds1 weight ( valve & lev]1 ---- #ijj #e in*es1 fulcrum1 ---- ,l5g? ( lev]1 #de 94 7#dejj ---- #ajj p\nds1 weight ( ball4 ,to f9d ! l5g? ( lev]3 ,,rule4--,multiply ! /eam pressure by ! area ( ! valve1 & f ! product subtract ! effective weight ( ! valve & lev]1 !n multiply ! rema9d] by ! di/ance f ! valve c5tre to ! fulcrum1 & divide ! product by ! weight ( ! ball4 ,example4 #abj p\nds1 /eam pressure1 #h in*es1 area ( valve1 ---- #ifj #fj p\nds1 weight ( valve & lev]1 ---- #ijj #e ---- #ajj7dejj7de l5g? ( lev]4 ,e boil] %\ld be provid$ ) two safety valves1 "o ( :i* %\ld be put beyond ! control ( ! att5dant4 ,safety valves t /ick w d s ev5 ?\gh tri$ e day1 if !y are simply lift$ & dropp$ to ! old place on ! seat aga94 ,if a boil] %\ld be f\nd ) an excessively high pressure1 x w\ld be "o ( ! wor/ ?+s to d to />t ! safety valve f its seat unless extra weight 0 add$1 = %\ld ! valve once />t1 x w\ld s sudd5ly relieve ! boil] ( su* a volume ( /eam z w\ld cause a ru% ( wat] to ! op5+1 & by a bl[1 j ! same z 9 wat] hamm]1 rupture ! boil]4 ,su* a condition is v possible to occur ( itself :5 a safety valve /icks4 ,! valve holds ! pressure1 t gets high] & high]1 until s high t ! safety valve does give way & all[s s mu* /eam to escape t ! sudd5 *ang+ ( conditions sets ! wat] 9 motion1 & an explosion may result4 ,! noise made by a safety valve :5 x is bl[+ (f may be reg>d$ 9 two ways4 ,fir/1 by x is kn[n t ! valve is capable ( p]=m+ its prop] function1 & t !re is1 !re=e1 a reasonable assurance t no explosion w result f excessive pressure ( /eam or o!r gas1 & on ! o!r h& too mu* noise ( ?is k9d indicates wa/$ fuel4 ,! hole ( ! safety valve may be #b1 #c or #d in*es2 t does n say t ! area is #c4adaf1 #g4jf or #ab4ef squ>e in*es1 b ! area is t :i* is inside ( ! jo9t4 ,! valve op5+ may be1 say #b in*es1 b ! circle ( contact ( valve to seat may be ( an av]age diamet] ( #b-a_/h in*es1 if s1 all ! close calculations o!rwise w n avail4 ,9 ! fir/ place1 ! area ( #b in*es equals #c4adaf2 t ( #b-a_/h diamet] equals #c4edff1 %[+ a diff]5ce ( 4#d squ>e in*es4 ,,note4 ,v ext5d$ rules issu$ by ! ,u4 ,s4 ,gov]nm5t = calculat+ ! safe work+ pressure1 dim5sions & proportions ( ! safety valves = m>9e boil]s are repr9t$ 9 8,hawk9s' ,calculations0 = eng9e]s4 ,:5 a safety valve is describ$ z a 8#b in* safety valve10 etc41 x means t two in*es is ! diamet] ( ! pipe2 h5ce ! foll[+ rule & examples = f9d+ ! area4 ,,rule ,,= ,,f9d+ ,,area ,,( ,,valve ,,op5+4 ,squ>e ! diamet] ( ! op5+ & multiply ! product by ! decimal 4#ghed4 ,,example4 ,:at is ! area ( a ?ree in* valve8 ,n[ !n3 #c #c #i 4#ghed #g4jf squ>e in*es1 ,ans4 ,,note4--,a %ort] me?od ( calculat+ by 4#ghed 9 l>g] sums is to multiply by #aa & divide by #ad1 = decimal 4#ghee ! fraction #aa_/ad?4 ,note3 4#ghed is ! area ( a circul> in*4 ,:5 valves rise f _! seats "u increas+ /eam pressure !y d s by a con/antly dim9i%$ ratio :i* has be5 c>efully det]m9$ by exp]im5t & r$uc$ to ! foll[+ table4 -------------------------------- ,pressure 9 ,lbs4 ,rise ( ,valve4 -------------------------------- #ab #a-cf #bj #a-dh #ce #a-ed #de #a-fe #ej #a-hf #fj #a-hf #gj #a-acb #hj #a-afh #ij #a-afh -------------------------------- ,! foll[+ useful table 0 prep>$ by ! ,novelty ,iron ,works1 ,new ,york4 -------------------------------- ,boil] ,pressure ,area ( ,orifice 9 ,lbs4 ,above 9 ,sq4 ,94 = ! ,atmosph]e4 ,ea* ,sq4 ,ft4 ( ,heat+ ,surface4 -------------------------------- #j4be 4#jbbgid #j4e 4#jbaafd #a4 4#jaheae #b4 4#jadhad #c4 4#jabcde #d4 4#jajehb #e4 4#jjibei #aj4 4#jjefih #bj4 4#jjcbba #cj4 4#jjbbdd #dj4 4#jjagbc #ej4 4#jjachi #fj4 4#jjaagf #gj4 4#jjajae #hj4 4#jjjhib #ij4 4#jjjgif #ajj4 4#jjjgai #aej4 4#jjjdha #bjj4 4#jjjcfd -------------------------------- ,,fe$ ,,wat] ,,heat]s4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ig4 ,!re are two =ms ( fe$ wat] heat]s3 7#a7 ,! clos$ heat]1 :]e ! fe$ wat] passes ?r\gh tubes1 :i* are enclos$ 9 a %ell1 ?r\gh :i* ! exhau/ /eam passes47#b7 ,! op5 heat]1 9 :i* ! /eam & wat] come into contact4 ,9 ! latt] ! wat] is spray$ into a space1 ?r\gh :i* ! exhau/ /eam passes1 or is run ov] a numb] ( incl9$ p]=at$ copp] plates1 m+l$ ) ! exhau/ /eam4 ,! orig9al fe$ wat] heat] call$ a 8pot heat]10 consi/$ ( a vessel s con/ruct$ t ! fe$ wat] 0 spray$ ?r\gh ! exhau/ /eam into a globe =m$ tank1 f ! bottom ( :i* ! heat$ wat] 0 pump$ into ! boil]2 its "n 0 orig9ally ! 8pot heat]10 b z x 0 op5 to ! air ?r\gh ! exhau/ pipe1 x 01 ) its successively improv$ =ms call$ ! op5 heat]4 ,all ! heat imp>t$ to ! fe$ wat]1 be=e x ent]s ! boil]1 is s mu* sav$1 n only 9 ! co/ ( fuel1 b by ! increas$ capacity ( ! boil]1 z ! fuel 9 ! furnace w n h ?is duty to p]=m4 ,!re are two s\rces ( wa/e heat :i* c be utiliz$ = ?is purpose3 ! *imney gases & ! exhau/ /eam4 ,! gases escap+ to ! *imney aft] be+ r$uc$ to ! l[e/ possible temp]ature conta9 a consid]able quantity ( heat4 ,?is wa/e ( heat en]gy may be l>gely sav$ by ! device illu/rat$ on page #ahf4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ih4 ,h[ mu* sav+ is obta9$ "u any giv5 condition is a "q requir+ = its solution a c>eful calculation ( all ( ! conditions :i* h a be>+ on ! subject4 ,exhau/ /eam "u atmosph]ic pressure only has a s5sible temp]ature ( #bab degrees1 b exhau/ /eam conta9s also a l>ge numb] ( heat units :i* are giv5 up :5 ! /eam is cond5s$ into wat]2 = ?is reason x might be ?\ght possible to raise ! temp]ature ( ! fe$ wat] a few degrees high] ev5 ?an ! s5sible temp]ature ( ! exhau/ /eam4 ,b ?is %\ld n be expect$1 on acc\nt ( ! radiation ( heat t w\ld occur above t ( ! /eam4 ,! /eam :i* escapes f ! exhau/ pipe dissipates into ! atmosph]e or dis*>ges into ! cond5s] ov] n9e t5?s ( ! heat x conta9$ :5 leav+ ! boil]4 ,?is c be be/ utiliz$ by exhau/ fe$ wat] heat]s1 = ! use ( live /eam heat]s repres5ts no sav+ 9 fuel1 z all ! heat imp>t$ to ! fe$ wat] by _! use comes directly f ! boil]4 ,! purpose = :i* !y are us$ is to elevate ! temp]ature ( ! fe$ wat] above ! boil+ po9t1 s z to precipitate ! sulphate ( lime & o!r scale =m+ sub/ances1 & prev5t !m f ent]+ ! boil]4 ,nei!r does ! heat 9 ! fe$ wat] introduc$ by an injector repres5t sav+1 z x comes f ! boil] & 0 g5]at$ by ! fuel4 ,x is important to note ^! two /atem5ts3 #a1 ,t nei!r live /eam fe$ wat] heat]s1 nor #b1 injectors save ! heat f ! escap+ /eam4 ,x is also well to rememb] t x requires a p\nd ( wat] to absorb #a4adf heat units1 & t ?is quantity ( heat is di/ribut$ ?r\gh ! :ole quantity ( wat]1 & z a p\nd ( /eam is ! same z a p\nd ( wat]1 x may be und]/ood t at #bab ea* p\nd ( exhau/ /eam conta9s #a1adf heat units2 t5 p\nds ( /eam conta9 #aa1dfj heat units di/ribut$ ?r\gh ! mass1 etc43 ?us1 to expla9 /ill fur!r3 ,to evaporate wat] into /eam1 x mu/ fir/ be heat$ to ! boil+ po9t1 & !n suffici5t heat /ill fur!r add$ to *ange x f ! liquid to ! gase\s /ate1 or /eam4 ,take "o p\nd ( wat] at #cb degrees & heat x to ! boil+ po9t1 x w h receiv$ #bab - #cb #ahj heat units4 ,a heat unit be+ ! am\nt ( heat necess>y to raise "o p\nd ( wat] ?r\gh "o degree at its greate/ d5sity4 ,to conv]t x into /eam aft] x has be5 rais$ to ! boil+ po9t1 requires ! addition ( #iff heat units1 :i* are call$ lat5t1 z !y _c be detect$ by ! !rmomet]4 ,?is makes #ahj #iff #aadf heat units1 :i* is ! total heat conta9$ 9 "o p\nd ( wat] made into /eam at ! atmosph]ic pressure4 ,& at atmosph]ic d5sity ! volume ( ?is /eam is equal to #bf4cf cubic feet1 & ?is am\nt ( /eam conta9s #a1adf units ( heat1 di/ribut$ ?r\gh\t ! :ole quantity1 :ile ! temp]ature at any giv5 po9t at :i* ! !rmomet] may be ins]t$ is #bab degrees4 ,if two p\nds ( wat] be evaporat$1 mak+ a volume ( #eb4gb cubic feet1 !n ! numb] ( heat units pres5t w\ld be d\bl$1 :ile ! temp]ature w\ld /ill rema9 at #bab1 ! same z ) "o p\nd4 ,if by utiliz+ ! heat t w\ld o!rwise g to wa/e1 ! temp]ature ( ! fe$ wat] is rais$ #abe degrees1 ! sav+ w\ld be #abe_/aadf ( ! total am\nt ( heat requir$ = its evaporation1 or ab\t #aa p] c5t4 ,?us x c be se5 ! p]c5tage ( sav+ dep5ds ^u ! initial temp]ature ( ! fe$ wat]1 & ! pressure at :i* x is evaporat$4 ,= example1 a boil] c>ry+ /eam at #ajj p\nds pressure has ! temp]ature ( ! fe$ wat] rais$ f #fj to #bjj degrees1 :at is ! p]c5tage ( ga98 ,by ref]r+ to a table pressure ( 8saturat$ /eam10 x w be se5 t ! total heat 9 /eam at #ajj p\nds pressure is #aahe heat units4 ,^! calculations are f #cb degrees above z]o1 consequ5tly ! fe$ mu/ be comput$ likewise4 ,9 ! fir/ case1 ! heat to be suppli$ by ! furnace is ! total heat1 less t :i* ! fe$ wat] conta9s1 or #aahe - #bh #aaeg heat units4 ,9 ! second case x is #aahe - #afh #ajag heat units1 ! diff]5ce be+ #aaeg - #ajag #adj1 :i* repres5ts a sav+ ( #adj_/aaeg or ab\t #ab p] c5t4 ,:]e fe$ wat] is heat$ no m ?an #bj degrees above its normal temp]ature ! ga9 effect$ _c am\nt to m ?an #b1 n suffici5t to pay = ! introduction & ma9t5ance ( a fe$ wat] heat+ device1 no matt] h[ simple1 b if ! temp]ature ( ! wat] c be increas$ #fj degrees ! ga9 w be 9 ! neighborhood ( #e4 ,to make fe$ wat] heat+ practical & economical x w\ld be necess>y to increase ! temp]ature ( ! wat] ab\t #ahj degrees at lea/1 & to d ?is1 us+ ! exhau/ f a non-cond5s+ eng9e )\t back pressure1 w\ld require su* a capacity ( heat] z w\ld give fully #aj squ>e feet ( heat+ surface to ea* horse p[] ( "w develop$1 & to raise ! temp]ature above ?is w\ld require a c]ta9 am\nt ( back pressure or an increas$ capacity ( heat]1 s t ! subject resolves itself into a "q ( l>ge capacity ( heat]1 or a high] temp]ature ( ! exhau/ /eam1 :i* c\ld only be obta9$ ?r\gh a giv5 am\nt ( back pressure4 ,9 ! same way has be5 calculat$ ! foll[+ table1 %[+ p]c5tages ( sav+ ( fuel by heat+ fe$-wat] to v>i\s temp]atures by exhau/ /eam1 o!rwise wa/e3 ,p]c5tage ( sav+4 7,/eam at #fj p\nds gauge pressure47 ---------------------------------------- --------------------------- ,f9al ,initial ,temp]ature ( ,wat] 7,fahr5heit74 ,temp4---------------------------------- ---------------------- ,fahr4 #cb ,deg4 #dj ,deg4 #ej ,deg4 #fj ,deg4 #gj ,deg4 #hj ,deg4 #ij ,deg4 ---------------------------------------- --------------------- #fj #b4ci #a4ga #i4hf ''' ''' ''' ''' #hj #d4ji #c4dc #b4ei #a4gd #j4hh ''' ''' #ajj #e4gi #e4ad #d4cb #c4di #b4fd #a4gg 4#ij #abj #g4ej #f4he #f4je #e4bc #d4dj #c4ee #b4fh #adj #i4bj #h4eg #g4gg #f4ig #f4ae #e4cb #d4dg #afj #aj4ij #aj4bh #i4ej #h4gb #g4ia #g4ji #f4bf #ahj #ab4fj #ab4jj #aa4bc #aj4df #i4fh #h4hg #h4jf #bjj #ad4cf #ac4ga #ac4jj #ab4bj #aa4dc #aj4fe #i4he #bbj #af4jj #ae4db #ad4gj #ad4jj #ac4ai #ab4cc #aa4fd ---------------------------------------- --------------------- #ajj ,deg4#abj ,deg4#adj ,deg4#afj ,deg4#ahj ,deg4#bjj ,deg4 ---------------------------------------- --------------------- #fj ''' ''' ''' ''' ''' ''' #hj ''' ''' ''' ''' ''' ''' #ajj ''' ''' ''' ''' ''' ''' #abj #a4hj ''' ''' ''' ''' ''' #adj #c4fa #a4hd ''' ''' ''' ''' #afj #e4db #c4fg #a4hg ''' ''' ''' #ahj #g4bc #e4eb #c4ge #a4ia ''' ''' #bjj #i4jc #g4cf #e4fb #c4hb #a4if ''' #bbj #aj4hd #i4bj #g4ej #e4gc #c4ic #a4ih ---------------------------------------- --------------------- ,a good fe$-wat] heat] ( adequate proportions %\ld readily raise ! temp]ature ( fe$-wat] up to #bjj ,fahr41 &1 z is se5 by inspection ( ! table1 ?us effect a sav+ ( fuel1 rang+ f #ad4c p] c5t4 to #i4jc p] c5t41 accord+ z ! atmosph]ic or normal temp]ature ( ! wat] v>ies f #cb ,fahr4 9 ! height ( w9t]1 to #ajj ,fahr4 9 ! height ( summ]4 ,! p]c5tage ( sav+ :i* may be obta9$ f ! use ( exhau/ /eam = heat+ ! fe$ wat]1 ) :i* ! boil] is suppli$1 w dep5d ^u ! temp]ature to :i* ! wat] is rais$1 & ?is1 9 turn1 w dep5d ^u ! l5g? ( "t t ! wat] rema9s "u ! influ5ce ( ! exhau/ /eam4 ,?is %\ld be z long z possible1 & unless a suffici5t am\nt ( heat+ surface is employ$ 9 ! heat] be/ results _c be expect$4 ,x does n necess>ily require all ! exhau/ /eam--or ! :ole volume ( wa/e /eam pass+ f ! eng9e to br+ ! fe$ wat] up to ! temp]ature desir$1 & ! l>g] ! heat+ appliance ! small] proportion is ne$$--h5ce heat]s are be/ made ) two exits nicely proportion$ to avoid back pressure & at ! same "t utilize en\gh ( ! exhau/ to heat ! fe$ wat]4 ,an impression prevails among _m :o are runn+ a cond5s] on _! eng9e t a fe$ wat] heat] c n be us$ 9 connection ) x2 l>ge numb]s ( heat]s runn+ on cond5s+ eng9es ) results z foll[s3 ! fe$ wat] is deliv]$ to ! boil] at a temp]ature ( #aej to #afj ,fahr41 dep5d+ on ! vacuum3 ! high] ! vacuum ! less ! heat 9 ! fe$ wat]4 ,a heat] appli$ to a cond5s+ eng9e g5]ally increases ! vacuum "o to two in*es4 ,:5 cold wat] is us$ = ! fe$ wat]1 ! sav+ 9 fuel by ! use ( ! heat] is f #g to #ad p] c5t4 ,:5 fe$ wat] is tak5 f ! hot well1 x w save #g to #h p] c5t4 ,:]e all ! /eam g5]at$ by a boil] is us$ 9 ! eng9e & ! exhau/ pass$ ?r\gh a heat] x is f\nd by actual exp]im5t1 :]e iron tubes are us$ 9 ! heat]1 t approximately t5 squ>e feet ( heat+ surface w be requir$ = ea* #cj lbs4 ( wat] suppli$ to ! boil] at a temp]ature ( #bjj degrees ,fahr4 ,t5 squ>e feet ( heat+ surface 9 ! fe$ wat] heat] also repres5ts "o horse p[]4 ,,capacity ,,( ,,ci/]ns4 ,! foll[+ table gives ! capacity ( ci/]ns = ea* twelve in*es 9 dep?3 ,diamet]4 ,gallons4 #be feet #cfga #bj #bcdi #ae #acba #ad #aaej #ac #iib #ab #hdf #aa #gaj #aj #ehg #i #dge #h #cgf #g #bhg #f-a_/b #bdg #f #baa #e #adg #d-a_/b #aai #d #id #c #ec #b-a_/b #cf #b #bc ,suppos+ x 0 requir$ to f9d ! weight ( ! wat] 9 any ci/]n or tank2 x c be asc]ta9$ by multiply+ ! numb] ( gallons by ! weight ( "o gallon1 :i* is #h-a_/c p\nds1 #h4ccc4 ,= in/ance1 tak+ ! l>ge/ ci/]n 9 ! above table conta9+ #cfga gallons3 #cfga #h4cc #cjegi4dc p\nds4 ,! table above gives ! capacities ( r\nd ci/]ns or tanks4 ,if ! ci/]n is rectangul> ! numb] ( gallons & weight ( wat] are f\nd by multiply+ ! dim5sions ( ! ci/]n to get ! cubical cont5ts4 ,= in/ance1 = a ci/]n or tank #if in*es long1 #gb in*es wide1 & #dh in*es deep1 ! =mula w\ld be3 #if #gb #dh #cca1ggf cubic in*es4 ,z a gallon conta9s #bca cubic in*es2 #cca1ggf divid$ by #bca gives l1#dcf gallons1 :i* multipli$ by #h4cc w give ! weight ( wat] 9 ! ci/]n4 ,= r\nd ci/]ns or tanks1 ! rule is3 ,area ( bottom on inside multipli$ by ! height1 equals cubical capacity4 ,= in/ance1 tak+ ! la/ tank or ci/]n 9 ! table3 ,area ( #bd in*es 7diamet]7 is #deb4ci1 :i* multipli$ by #ab in*es 7height7 gives #edbg4f cubic in*es1 & ?is divid$ by #bca cubic in*es 9 a gallon gives #bc gallons4 ,suppos+ ! tank to be #bd in*es deep in/ead ( #ab in*es1 ! result w\ld be1 ( c\rse1 twice ! numb] ( gallons4 ,,rule ,,= ,,obta9+ ,,cont5ts ,,( ,a ,,b>rel ,,9 ,,gallons4 ,take diamet] at bung1 !n squ>e x1 d\ble x1 !n add squ>e ( head diamet]2 multiply ?is sum by l5g? ( cask1 & t product by 4#bfah :i* w give volume 9 cubic in*es2 ?is1 divid$ by #bca1 w give result 9 gallons4 ,,wat] ,,met]s4 ,wat] met]s1 or measur]s 7app>atus = ! measurem5t ( wat]71 are con/ruct$ ^u two g5]al pr9ciples3 #a1 an arrangem5t call$ an 8inf]5tial met]0 made to div]t a c]ta9 proportion ( ! wat] pass+ 9 ! ma9 pipe & by measur+ accurately ! small /ream div]t$1 to inf]1 or e/imate ! l>g] quantity2 #b1 ! positive met]2 rot>y pi/on met]s are ( ! latt] class & ! =m usually f\nd 9 connection ) /eam plants4 ,!y are con/ruct$ on ! positive displacem5t pr9ciple1 & h only "o work+ "p--a h>d rubb] roll+ pi/on--r5d]+ x almo/1 if n entirely1 exempt f liability to d]angem5t4 ,x measures equally well on all siz$ op5+s1 :e!r ! pressure be small or great2 & its pi/on1 be+ p]fectly balanc$1 is almo/ frictionless 9 its op]ation4 ,con/ruct$ ( composition 7gun-metal7 & h>d rubb]1 x is n liable to corrosion4 ,an +5i\s /uff+-box insures at all times a p]fectly dry & legible dial1 or ! regi/]+ me*anism :i* is made ( a comb9ation ( metals especially *os5 = durability & we>1 & inclos$ 9 a case ( gun-metal4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ii4 ,fig4 #ii is a p]spective view ( ! met]1 %[+ ! index on ! top4 ,x is %[n "h z :5 plac$ 9 position4 ,! prop] ?reads at ! inlet & outlet make x easy ( atta*m5t to ! supply & dis*>ge pipes4 ,! h>d rubb] pi/on 7! only work+ "p ( ! ,met]7 is made ) sp9dle = mov+ ! lev] communicat+ ) ! int]m$iate ge> by :i* ! dial is mov$4 ,! wat]1 ?r\gh ! cont9u\s movem5t ( ! pi/on1 passes ?r\gh ! met] 9 an unbrok5 /ream1 9 ! same quantity z ) ! pipe to :i* x is atta*$ :5 ! op5+ 9 ! met] equals t ( ! s]vice pipe2 ! app>atus is noiseless & practically )\t ess5tial we>4 8,,po9ts0 ,,relat+ ,,to ,,wat] ,,met]s4 ,9 sett+ a met] 9 position let x be plumb1 & prop]ly secur$ to rema9 s4 ,x %\ld be well protect$ f fro/4 ,if us$ 9 connection ) a /eam boil]1 or "u any o!r conditions :]e x is expos$ to a back pressure ( /eam or hot wat]1 x mu/ be protect$ by a *eck valve1 plac$ betwe5 ! outlet ( ! met] & ! vessel x supplies4 ,x is absolutely necess>y to bl[ out ! supply pipe be=e sett+ a new met]1 s t if !re be any accumulation ( s&1 gravel1 etc41 9 x1 ! same may be expell$1 & ?us prev5t$ f ent]+ ! met]4 ,avoid us+ r$ lead 9 mak+ jo9ts4 ,x is liable to "w into ! met] & cause mu* annoyance by clogg+ ! pi/on4 ,?is engrav+1 ,fig4 #ajj1 %[s ! c\nt] ( ! ,met]4 ,x regi/]s cubic feet--"o cubic foot be+ #g-dh_/ajj ,u4 ,s4 gallons & is read 9 ! same way z ! c\nt]s ( gas met]s4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ajj4 ,! foll[+ example & directions may be ( s]vice to ^? unacqua9t$ ) ! me?od3 ,if a po9t] be betwe5 two figures1 ! smalle/ "o mu/ always be tak54 ,:5 ! po9t] is s ne> a figure t x seems to indicate t figure exactly1 look at ! dial next bel[ x 9 numb]1 & if ! po9t] !re has pass$ #j1 !n ! c\nt %\ld be read = t figure4 ,let x be suppos$ t ! po9t]s /& z 9 ! above engrav+1 !y !n read #bh1ahg cubic feet4 ,! figures are omitt$ f ! dial m>k$ 8,,"o10 because !y repres5t b t5?s ( "o cubic foot1 & h5ce are unimportant4 ,f dial m>k$ 8#aj10 we get #g2 f ! next m>k$ 8#ajj10 we get #h2 f ! next m>k$ 8#a1jjj10 we get ! figure #a2 f ! next m>k$ 8#aj1jjj10 ! figure #h2 f ! next m>k$ 8#ajj1jjj10 ! figure #b4 ,,! ,,fi% ,,trap us$ 9 connection ) wat] met]s is an app>atus 7z its "n d5otes7 = hold+ back fi%es1 etc4 ,,! ,,/eam ,,boil] ,,injector4 ,= safety sake1 e boil] ought to h two fe$s 9 ord] to avoid accid5ts :5 "o ( !m gets out ( ord]1 & "o ( ^! %\ld be an injector4 ,?is consi/s 9 its mo/ simple =m1 ( a /eam nozzle1 ! end ( :i* ext5ds some:at into ! second nozzle1 call$ ! comb9+ or suction nozzle2 ?is connects ) or r t]m9ates 9 a ?ird nozzle or tube1 t]m$ ! 8=c]40 ,at ! end ( ! comb9+ tube1 & be=e ent]+ ! =c]1 is an op5+ connect+ ! int]ior ( ! nozzle at ?is po9t ) ! surr\nd+ area4 ,?is area is connect$ ) ! outside air by a *eck valve1 op5+ outw>d 9 ! automatic injectors1 & by a valve t]m$ ! ov]fl[ valve4 ,! op]ation ( ! injector is bas$ on ! fact1 fir/ demon/rat$ by ,gif=d1 t ! motion imp>t$ by a jet ( /eam to a surr\nd+ column ( wat] is suffici5t to =ce x into ! boil] f :i* ! /eam 0 tak51 &1 inde$1 into a boil] work+ at a high] pressure4 ,! /eam escap+ f "u pressure has1 9 fact1 a mu* high] velocity ?an wat] w\ld h "u ! same pressure & condition4 ,! rate ( spe$ at :i* /eam--tak+ x at an av]age boil] pressure ( sixty p\nds--travels :5 dis*>g$ into ! atmosph]e1 is ab\t #a1gjj feet p] second4 ,:5 dis*>g$ ) ! full velocity develop$ by ! boil] pressure ?r\gh a pipe1 say an in* 9 diamet]1 ! /eam enc\nt]s ! wat] 9 ! comb9+ *amb]4 ,x is imm$iately cond5s$ & its bulk w be r$uc$ say #a1jjj times1 b its velocity rema9s practically undim9i%$4 ,unit+ ) ! body ( wat] 9 ! comb9+ tube1 x imp>ts to x a l>ge %>e ( its spe$1 & ! body ( wat] ?us set 9 motion1 op]at+ aga9/ a comp>atively small area ( boil] pressure1 is able to ov]come x & pass into ! boil]4 ,! weight ( ! wat] to :i* /eam imp>ts its velocity gives x a mom5tum t is great] 9 ! small area 9 :i* its =ce is ex]t$ ?an ! boil] pressure1 al?\gh its =ce has actually be5 d]iv$ f ! boil] pressure itself4 ,! foll[+ cut #aja repres5ts ! outl9e ( "o ( ! be/ ( a l>ge numb] ( injectors ^u ! m>ket1 f :i* ! op]ation ( injectors may be illu/rat$4 ,illu/ration3 ,s4 ,/eam jet4 ,v4 ,suction jet4 ,r4 ,r+ or auxili>y *eck4 ,m4 ,/eam valve & /em1 h&le4 ,x4 ,ov]fl[ cap4 ,c-,d4 ,comb9+ & deliv]y tube4 ,p4 ,ov]fl[ valve4 ,o4 ,/eam plug4 ,n4 ,pack+ nut4 ,k4 ,/eam valve ,fig4 #aja4 ,! /eam ent]s f above1 ! fl[ be+ regulat$ by ! h&le ,k4 ,! /eam passes ?r\gh ! tube ,s & exp&s 9 ! tube ,v1 :]e x meets ! wat] com+ f ! suction pipe4 ,! cond5sation takes place 9 ! tubes ,v & ,c1 & a jet ( wat] is deliv]$ ?r\gh ! =c] tube ,d to ! boil]4 ,connection passages are made to ! *amb] surr\nd+ ! tubes ,c1 ,d1 & to ! end ( tube ,v4 ,if ! pressure 9 ?is surr\nd+ *amb] becomes great] ?an t ( ! atmosph]e1 ! *eck valve ,p is lift$ & ! cont5ts are dis*>g$ ?r\gh ! ov]fl[4 ,s long z ! pressure 9 ?is *amb] is atmosph]ic1 ! *eck valve ,p rema9s clos$1 & all ! cont5ts mu/ be dis*>g$ ?r\gh ! tube ,d4 ,!re are ?ree di/9ct types ( live /eam injectors1 ! 8simple fix$ nozzle10 ! 8adju/able nozzle10 & ! 8d\ble40 ,! fir/ has "o /eam & "o wat] nozzle :i* are fix$ 9 position b are s proportion$ z to yield a good result4 ,!re is a /eam pressure = e in/rum5t ( ?is type at :i* x w give a maximum deliv]y1 great] ?an ! maximum deliv]y = any o!r /eam pressure ei!r high] or l[]4 ,! second type has b "o set ( nozzles1 b !y c be s adju/$ relative to ea* o!r z to produce ! be/ results ?r\gh\t a long range ( action2 t is to say1 x s adju/s itself t its maximum deliv]y cont9ually increases ) ! increase ( /eam pressure4 ,! d\ble injector makes use ( two sets ( nozzles1 ! 8lift]0 & 8=c]40 ,! lift] draws ! wat] f ! res]voir & deliv]s x to ! =c]1 :i* s5ds x into ! boil]4 ,all d\ble injectors are fix$ nozzle4 ,all injectors are simil> 9 _! op]ation4 ,!y are design$ to br+ a jet ( live /eam f ! boil] 9 contact ) a jet ( wat] s z to cause x to fl[ cont9u\sly 9 ! direction foll[$ by ! /eam1 ! velocity ( :i* x 9 "p assumes1 back into ! boil] & aga9/ its own pressure4 ,z a !rmodynamical ma*9e1 ! injector is ne>ly p]fect1 s9ce all ! heat receiv$ by x is return$ to ! boil]1 except su* a v small "p z may be lo/ by radiation2 consequ5tly its !rmal effici5cy %\ld be 9 e case ne>ly #ajj p] c5t4 ,on ! o!r h&1 because ( ! fact t its heat en]gy is pr9cipally us$ 9 w>m+ up ! cold wat] z x ent]s ! injector1 its me*anical effici5cy1 or "w done 9 lift+ wat]1 comp>$ ) ! heat exp5d$1 is v l[4 ,! action ( ! injector is z foll[s3 ,/eam be+ turn$ on1 x ru%es ) great velocity ?r\gh ! /eam nozzle into & ?r\gh ! comb9+ tube4 ,?is action induces a fl[ ( air f ! suction pipe1 :i* is connect$ to ! comb9+ tube1 ) ! result t a m or less p]fect vacuum is =m$1 ?us induc+ a fl[ ( wat]4 ,aft] ! wat] comm5ces to fl[ to ! injector x receives motion f ! jet ( /eam2 x absorbs heat f ! /eam & f9ally cond5ses x1 & !reaft] moves on into ! =c] tube simply z a /ream ( wat]1 at a l[ velocity comp>$ ) t ( ! /eam4 ,at ! beg9n+ ( ! =c] tube x is subject$ only to atmosph]ic pressure1 b f ?is po9t ! pressure increases & ! wat] moves =w>d at dim9i%$ velocity4 8,,po9ts0 ,,relat+ ,,to ,,! ,,injector4 ,9 n9e cases out ( t51 :]e ! injector fails to d good s]vice1 x w be ei!r because ( its improp] treatm5t or location1 or because too mu* is expect$ ( x4 ,! exp]i5ce ( ?or\ghly compet5t eng9e]s e/abli%es ! fact t 9 almo/ e in/ance 9 :i* a reliable boil] fe$ is requir$1 an injector c be f\nd to d ! "w1 provid$ prop] c>e is ex]cis$ 9 its selection4 ,! exhau/ /eam injector is a type diff]5t f any ( ! above-nam$1 9 t x uses ! exhau/ /eam f a non-cond5s+ eng9e4 ,exhau/ /eam has f\rte5 & sev5-t5?s 7#ad4g7 p\nds ( "w1 & ! /eam ent]+ ! injector is cond5s$ & ! wat] =c$ into ! boil] ^u ! same g5]al pr9ciple z 9 all injectors4 ,! exhau/ /eam injector w\ld be /ill m ext5sively us$ 7 x n = a practical objection :i* has aris5--x c>ries ov] into ! boil] ! wa/e oil ( ! /eam cyl9d]4 ,"s injectors are call$ by special names by _! mak]s1 su* z ejectors & inspirators1 b ! t]m injectors is ! g5]al "n cov]+ ! pr9ciple ^u :i* all ! devices act4 ,! injector c be1 & sometimes is1 us$ z a pump to raise wat] f "o level to ano!r4 ,x has be5 us$ z an air compressor1 & also = receiv+ ! exhau/ f a /eam eng9e1 tak+ ! place 9 t case ( bo? cond5s] & air pump4 ,! injector nozzles are tubes1 ) ends r\nd$ to receive & deliv] ! fluids ) ! lea/ possible loss by friction & eddies4 ,d\ble injectors are ^? 9 :i* ! deliv]y f "o injector is made ! supply ( a second1 & !y w h&le wat] at a some:at high] temp]ature ?an s+le ones ) fix$ nozzles4 ,! motive =ce ( ! injector is f\nd 9 ! heat receiv$ f ! /eam4 ,! /eam is cond5s$ & surr5d]s its lat5t heat & "s ( its s5sible heat4 ,! en]gy s giv5 up by ea* p\nd ( /eam am\nts to ab\t #ijj !rmal units1 ea* ( :i* is equival5t to a me*anical =ce ( #ggh foot p\nds4 ,?is w\ld be suffici5t to raise a great _m p\nds ( wat] aga9/ a v great pressure c\ld x be s appli$1 b a l>ge portion ( x is us$ simply to heat ! wat] rais$ by ! injector4 ,! above explanation w apply to e injector 9 ! m>ket1 b +5i\s modifications ( ! pr9ciples ( con/ruction h be5 devis$ 9 ord] to meet a v>iety ( requirem5ts4 ,t ! cond5sation ( ! /eam is necess>y to complete ! process w be evid5t1 = if ! /eam 7 n cond5s$ 9 ! comb9+ *amb]1 x w\ld rema9 a light body &1 ?\gh mov+ at high spe$1 w\ld h a l[ degree ( en]gy4 ,c]ta9 injectors w n "w well :5 ! /eam pressure is too high4 ,9 ord] to "w at all ! injector mu/ cond5se ! /eam :i* fl[s into ! comb9+ tube4 ,!re=e1 :5 ! /eam pressure is too high1 & z a consequ5ce ! heat is v great1 x is difficult to secure complete cond5sation2 s t = high pressure ( /eam good results c only be obta9$ ) cold wat]4 ,x w\ld be well :5 ! fe$ wat] is too w>m to p]mit ! injector to "w well1 to r$uce ! pressure1 & consequ5tly ! temp]ature ( ! /eam suppli$ to ! injector1 z l[ pressure /eam cond5ses mu* easi]1 & consequ5tly c be employ$ ) bett] result4 ,?rottl+ ! /eam suppli$ by means ( /op valves w (t5 answ] well 9 ?is case4 ,! /eam %\ld n be cold or x w n conta9 heat units en\gh to all[ x to cond5se into a cross section small en\gh to be driv5 into ! boil]4 ,?is is ! reason :y exhau/ injectors fail to "w :5 ! exhau/ /eam is v cold4 ,x also expla9s :y su* injectors "w well :5 a little live /eam is admitt$ into ! exhau/ suffici5t to heat x above a temp]ature ( #bab4 ,leaks affect injectors ! same z pumps1 & 9 addition1 ! accumulation ( lime & o!r m9]al deposits 9 ! jets /ops ! free fl[+ ( ! wat]4 ,! heat ( ! /eam is ! usual cause ( ! deposits1 & :]e ?is is excessive x w\ld be well to disc>d ! injector & fe$ ) ! pump4 ,! effici5t work+ ( ! injector dep5ds mat]ially ^u ! size ( ! jet :i* %\ld be left z ! manufactur] makes x2 h5ce 9 repairs & clean+ a scrap] or file %\ld n be us$4 ,= clean+ injectors1 :]e ! jets h become scal$1 use a solution ( "o "p muriatic acid to f n9e to twelve p>ts ( wat]4 ,all[ ! tubes to rema9 9 ! acid until ! scale is dissolv$ or is s s(t z to wa% out readily4 ,! lift+ atta*m5t1 z appli$ to any injector1 is simply a /eam jet pump4 ,x is comb9$ ) ! injector prop] & is op]at$ by a portion ( ! /eam admitt$ to ! in/rum5t4 ,ne>ly all ! successful injectors on ! m>ket are made ) ^! atta*m5ts1 & w raise wat] ab\t #be feet1 if requir$1 f a well or tank bel[ ! boil] level4 ,:]e an injector is requir$ to "w at diff]5t pressures x mu/ be s con/ruct$ t ! space betwe5 ! receiv+ tube & ! comb9+ tube c be v>i$ 9 size4 ,z a rule ?is is accompli%$ by mak+ bo? comb9+ & receiv+ tubes conical 9 =m & arrang+ ! comb9+ tube s t x c be mov$ to or f ! receiv+ tube1 & ! wat] space !reby enl>g$ or contract$ at w4 ,! adju/m5t ( ! space betwe5 ! two tubes by h& is a matt] ( "s difficulty1 h[ev]2 at lea/ x takes m "t & pati5ce ?an ! av]age eng9e] has to devote to x1 & ! majority ( ! injectors 9 use are !re=e made automatic 9 _! regulation4 ,! injector is n an economical device1 b x is simple & conv5i5t1 x occupies b a small am\nt ( space1 is n exp5sive & is free f sev]e /ra9s on its durability2 moreov]1 :]e a numb] ( boil]s are us$ 9 "o e/abli%m5t1 x is v conv5i5t to h ! fe$+ arrangem5ts sep>ate1 s t ea* boil] is a complete g5]at+ sy/em 9 itself & indep5d5t ( its neighbors4 ,,laws ,,( ,,heat4 ,heat is a ^w freely us$1 yet difficult to def9e4 ,! ^w 8heat0 is commonly us$ 9 two s5ses3 7#a7 to express ! s5sation ( w>m?2 7#b7 ! /ate ( ?+s 9 bodies :i* causes t s5sation4 ,! expression h]e9 mu/ be tak5 9 ! latt] s5se4 ,heat is transmitt$ 9 ?ree ways--by conduction1 z :5 ! end ( a %ort rod ( iron is plac$ 9 a fire1 & ! opposite end becomes w>m$--?is is conduct$ heat2 by convection 7means ( curr5ts7 su* z ! w>m+ ( a mass ( wat] 9 a boil]1 furnace1 or saucepan2 & by radiation1 z t diffus$ f a piece ( hot metal or an op5 fire4 ,radiant heat is transmitt$1 l s\nd or light1 9 /raight l9es 9 e direction1 & its int5sity dim9i%es inv]sely z ! squ>e ( ! di/ance f its c5t] or po9t ( radiation4 ,suppose ! di/ance f ! c5t] ( radiation to be #a1 #b1 #c & #d y>ds1 ! surface cov]$ by heat rays w increase #a1 #d1 #i & #af squ>e feet2 ! int5sity ( heat w dim9i% #a1 #a_/d1 #a_/i1 & #a_/af4 & s on 9 l proportions1 until ! heat becomes absorb$1 or its s\rce ( supply /opp$4 ,:5ev] a diff]5ce 9 temp]ature exi/s1 ei!r 9 solids or liquids t come 9 contact ) or 9 close proximity to ea* o!r1 !re is a t5d5cy = ! temp]ature to become equaliz$2 if wat] at #ajj be p\r$ into a vessel conta9+ an equal quantity ( wat] at #ej1 ! t5d5cy w be = ! :ole to assume a temp]ature ( #ge2 & suppose ! temp]ature ( ! surr\nd+ air be #cj1 ! cool+ process w cont9ue until ! wat] & ! surr\nd+ air become ne>ly equal1 ! temp]ature ( ! air be+ increas$ 9 proportion z t ( ! wat] is decreas$4 ,! heat g5]at$ by a fire "u ! boil] is transmitt$ to ! wat] inside ! boil]1 :5 ! diff]5ce 9 ! specific gravities1 or1 9 o!r words1 ! cold wat] 9 ! pipes be+ heavi] ?an t 9 ! boil] s9ks & =ces ! light] hot wat] upw>d4 ,?is heat is radiat$ f ! pipes1 :i* are good conductors ( heat to ! air 9 ! room1 & raises x to ! requir$ temp]ature4 ,t :i* absorbs heat rapidly1 & p>ts ) x rapidly1 is call$ a good conductor1 & t :i* is sl[ to receive heat1 & p>ts ) x sl[ly1 is t]m$ a bad conductor4 ,! foll[+ tables ( conductivity1 & ( ! radiat+ prop]ties ( v>i\s mat]ials1 may be ( s]vice3 ,,conduct+ ,,p[] ,,( ,,v>i\s ,,sub/ances4--,,despritz4 ,mat]ial4 ,conductivity4 ,gold #ajj ,silv] #ig ,copp] #hi ,brass #ge ,ca/ iron #ef ,wr\ght iron #cg ,z9c #cf ,t9 #cj ,lead #ah ,m>ble #b4d ,fire clay #a4a ,wat] #j4i ,,radiat+ ,,p[] ,,( ,,v>i\s ,,sub/ances4--,,leslie ,radiat+ ,mat]ial4 ,p[]4 ,lampblack #ajj ,wat] #ajj ,writ+ pap] #ih ,glass #ij ,tissue pap] #hh ,ice #he ,wr\ght lead #de ,m]cury #bj ,poli%$ lead #ai ,poli%$ iron #ae ,gold1 silv] #ab ,copp]1 t9 #ab ,f ! above tables1 x w be se5 t wat]1 be+ an excell5t radiator1 & ( great specific heat1 & iron a good conductor1 ^! qualities1 toge!r ) ! small co/ ( ! mat]ials1 comb9e to r5d] !m effici5t1 economic & conv5i5t = ! transmission & di/ribution ( artificial heat4 ,by adopt+ c]ta9 /&>ds we are enabl$ to def9e1 comp>e & calculate s z to arrive at def9ite results1 h5ce ! adoption ( a /&>d unit ( heat1 unit ( p[]1 unit ( "w1 etc4 ,! /&>d unit ( heat is ! am\nt necess>y to raise ! temp]ature ( "o p\nd ( wat] at #cb ,fahr4 "o degree1 i4e41 f #cb to #cc4 ,specific heat is ! am\nt ( heat necess>y to raise ! temp]ature ( a solid or liquid body a c]ta9 numb] ( degrees2 wat] is adopt$ z ! unit or /&>d ( comp>ison4 ,! heat necess>y to raise "o p\nd ( wat] "o degree1 w raise "o p\nd ( m]cury ab\t #cj degrees1 & "o p\nd ( lead ab\t #cb degrees4 ,,table ,,( ,,! ,,specific ,,heat ,,( ,,equal ,,weights ,,( ,,v>i\s ,,sub/ances4 ,specific ,solid bodies4 ,heat4 ,wood 7fir & p9e7 #j4fej 7oak7 #j4egj ,ice #j4ejd ,coal #j4bhj ,*>coal 7animal7 #j4bfj 7vegetable7 #j4bda ,iron 7ca/7 #j4bda ,coke #j4bja ,lime/one #j4bjj ,glass #j4aie ,/eel 7h>d7 #j4aag 7s(t7 #j4aaf ,iron 7wr\ght7 #j4aaa ,z9c #j4jie ,copp] 7anneal$7 #j4jid 7cold hamm]$7 #j4jic ,t9 #j4jef ,lead #j4jca ,liquids4 ,wat] #a4jjj ,alcohol #j4aeh ,acid 7pyroligne\s7 #j4eij ,e!r #j4ebj ,acid 7acetic7 #j4eji ,oil 7olive7 #j4cji ,m]cury #j4jcc ,gases4 ,hydrog5 #c4dji ,vapor ( alcohol #j4edg ,/eam #j4dhj ,c>bonic oxide #j4bde ,nitrog5 #j4bdc ,oxyg5 #j4bag ,atmosph]ic air #j4bcg ,c>bonic acid #j4bjb ,,! ,,/eam ,,pump4 ,x is difficult to ov]e/imate ! importance1 9 connection ) a /eam plant1 ( ! appliance :i* supplies wat] = ! boil]1 n only1 b a hundr$ o!r uses4 ,^u ! /eady op]ation ( ! pump dep5ds ! safety & com=t ( ! eng9e]1 own] & employee1 & indirectly ( ! success ( ! bus9ess ) :i* ! 8plant0 is connect$4 ,h5ce ! necessity ( acquir+ complete k ( ! op]ation ( a device s important4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ajb4 ,pumps n[ raise1 convey & deliv] wat]1 be]1 molasses1 acids1 oils1 melt$ lead4 ,pumps also h&le1 among ! gases1 air1 ammonia1 light+ gas1 & oxyg54 ,pumps are also us$ to increase or decrease ! pressure ( a fluid4 ,pumps are made 9 _m ways1 & def9$ z rope1 *a91 diaphragm1 jet1 c5trifugal1 rot>y1 oscillat+1 cyl9d]4 ,cyl9d] pumps are ( two classes1 s+le act+ & d\ble act+4 ,9 s+le act+--9 effect is s+le end$--9 d\ble act+1 ! motion ( ! cyl9d] 9 "o direction causes an infl[ ( wat] & a dis*>ge at ! same "t1 9 ! o!r2 & on ! return /roke ! action is r5ew$ z ! dis*>ge end becomes ! suction end4 ,! pump is ?us d\ble act+4 ,a direct pressure /eam pump is "o 9 :i* ! liquid is press$ out by ! action ( /eam ^u its surface1 )\t ! int]v5tion ( a pi/on4 ,a direct act+ /eam pump is an eng9e & pump comb9$4 ,a cyl9d] or reciprocat+ pump is "o 9 :i* ! pi/on or plung]1 9 "o direction1 causes a p>tial vacuum1 to fill :i* ! wat] ru%es 9 press$ by ! air on its head4 ,,note4--,a suction valve prev5ts ! return ( ?is wat] on ! return /roke ( ! pi/on1 & a dis*>ge valve p]mits ! outw>d passage ( ! fluid f ! pump b n its return !reto or to ! res]voir ?r\gh ! suction pipe4 ,! =ce aga9/ :i* ! pump works is gravity or ! attraction ( ! e>? :i* prev5ts ! wat] f be+ lift$4 ,?is is %[n by ! fact t wat] c be l$1 or trail$1 an imm5se di/ance1 limit$ only by ! friction1 by a pump4 ,,note4--,x may be not$ t ! diff]5ce betwe5 a fluid & liquid is %[n 9 ! fact t ! latt] c be p\r$ f "o vessel to ano!r1 ?us3 air & wat] are bo? fluids1 b ( ! two wat] alone is liquid3 air1 ammonia1 etc41 are gases1 :ile !y are also fluids1 i4e41 !y fl[4 ,! idea ent]ta9$ by _m t wat] is rais$ by suction1 is errone\s4 ,wat] or o!r liquids are rais$ ?r\gh a tube or hose by ! pressure ( ! atmosph]e on _! surface4 ,:5 ! atmosph]e is remov$ f ! tube !re w be no resi/ance to prev5t ! wat] f ris+1 z ! wat] outside ! pipe1 /ill hav+ ! pressure ( ! atmosph]e ^u its surface1 =ces wat] up into ! pipe1 supply+ ! place ( ! exclud$ air1 :ile ! wat] inside ! pipe w rise above ! level ( t outside ( x proportionally to ! ext5t to :i* x is reliev$ ( ! pressure ( ! air4 ,if ! fir/ /roke ( a pump r$uces ! pressure ( ! air 9 ! pipe f #ae p\nds on ! squ>e in* to #ad p\nds1 ! wat] w be =c$ up ! pipe to ! di/ance ( #b-a_/d feet1 s9ce a column ( wat] an in* squ>e & #b-a_/d feet high is equal 9 weight to ab\t #a p\nd4 ,n[ if ! second /roke ( ! pump r$uces ! pressure ( ! atmosph]e 9 ! pipe to #ac p\nds p] in*1 ! wat] w rise ano!r #b-a_/d feet2 ?is rule is uni=m1 & %[s t ! rise ( ! column ( wat] )9 ! pipe is equal 9 weight to ! pressure ( ! air ^u ! surface ( ! wat] )\t4 ,!re are pumps 7,c5trifugal7 especially design$ = pump+ wat] m+l$ ) mud1 s&1 gravel1 %ells1 /ones1 coal1 etc41 b ) ^! ! eng9e] has b little to d1 z !y are us$ mo/ly = wreck+ & dra9age4 ,! v>iety ( patt]n 9 :i* pumps are manufactur$ & ! /ill great] v>iation 9 capacity =bids an attempt to fully illu/rate & describe fur!r ?an _! g5]al pr9ciples1 & to "n ! foll[+ g5]al ,,classification ,,( ,,pumps4 #a/4 ,pumps are divid$ into ,v]tical & ,horizontal4 ,v]tical pumps are aga9 divid$ into3 #a4 ,ord9>y ,suction or ,bucket ,pumps4 #b4 ,suction & ,lift ,pumps4 #c4 ,plung] or ,=ce ,pumps4 #d4 ,bucket & ,plung] ,pumps4 #e4 ,pi/on & ,plung] ,pumps4 ,horizontal ,pumps are divid$ into3 #a4 ,d\ble-act+ ,pi/on ,pumps4 #b4 ,s+le-act+ ,plung] ,pumps4 #c4 ,d\ble-act+ ,plung] ,pumps4 #d4 ,bucket & ,plung] ,pumps4 #e4 ,pi/on & ,plung] ,pumps4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ajc4 ,a--,air ,*amb]4 ,b--,wat] ,cyl9d] ,cap4 ,c--,wat] ,cyl9d] ) ,valves & ,seats 94 ,d--,rock] ,%afts1 ea*1 ,long or ,%ort4 ,e--,removable ,cyl9d]s1 ea*4 ,f--,wat] ,pi/on & ,foll[]1 ea*4 --,wat] ,pi/on ,foll[]s1 ea*4 ,g--,rock] ,/&4 ,h--,suction ,flange1 ?read$4 ,i--,dis*>ge ,flange1 ?read$4 ,j--,int]m$iate ,flanges1 ea*4 ,k--,wat] ,cyl9d] ,heads1 ea*4 ,l--,concaves complete1 ) ,/uff+ ,boxes1 ea*4 ,m--,/eam ,cyl9d]1 )\t ,head1 ,bonnet & ,valve4 ,n--,/eam ,cyl9d] ,foot4 ,o--,cros%ead ,l9ks1 ea*4 ,p--,/eam ,pi/on complete ) ,r+s & ,foll[]1 ea*4 m--,/eam ,pi/on ,head4 n--,/eam ,pi/on ,foll[]4 ,/eam ,pi/on ,r+s1 includ+ ,spr+ & ,breakjo9t4 ,q--,side ,wat] ,cyl9d] ,bonnet1 ea*4 ,r--,/eam ,*e/ ,bonnet1 ea*4 ,s--,/eam ,*e/ ,/uff+ ,box ,gl&1 ea*4 ,t--,/eam ,slide ,valve1 ea*4 ,u--,pi/on ,rods1 ea*4 ,v--,cros%eads1 ea*4 ,w--,rock] ,arms1 ea*1 ,long or ,%ort4 ,x--,valve ,rod ,l9ks1 ea*1 ,long or ,%ort4 ,y--,/eam ,valve ,/ems1 ea*4 ,z--,/eam ,cyl9d] ,heads1 ea*4 aa--,pi/on ,rod ,nuts1 ea*4 hh--,pi/on ,rod ,/uff+ ,gl&s1 ea*4 ii--,wat] ,valve ,seats1 ea*4 jj--,rubb] ,valves1 ea*4 kk--,wat] ,valve ,/ems1 ea*4 ll--,wat] ,valve ,spr+s1 ea*4 gg--,removable ,cyl9d] ,screws1 ea*4 b--,/eam ,valve ,/em ,=ks1 ea*4 c--,/eam ,valve ,/em ,=k ,bolts1 ea*4 e--,valve ,rod ,l9k ,bolts1 ea*4 d--,rock] ,arm ,p9s1 ea*4 f--,cros%ead ,l9k ,bolts1 ea*4 o--,coll> ,bolts1 ea*4 pp--,brass ,/eam ,cyl9d] ,dra9 ,cocks1 ea*4 ,wat] ,pack+s1 ea*4 ,brass ,pi/on ,rods1 ea*4 ,brass ,l9$ ,removable ,cyl9d]s1 extra1 ea*4 ,pi/on ,rod ,/uff+ ,gl& ,bolts1 ea*4 ,wat] ,cyl9d] ,cap ,bonnets1 ea*4 ,top ,valve ,caps1 ea*4 ,valve ,cap ,clamps1 ea*4 ,9 ,figs4 #ajb & #ajc are exhibit$ ! outl9es ( ! d\ble act+ /eam pump1 :i* is und\bt$ly ! patt]n mo/ ?or\ghly adapt$ = fe$+ /eam boil]s1 z x is equipp$ = ! sl[e/ motion ) less risk ( /opp+ on a c5tre4 ,f ! draw+ ) ref]5ce lett]s may be le>n$ ! t]ms appli$ g5]ally to ! p>ts ( all /eam pumps3 example3 8k0 %[s ! wat] valve /ems1 8,k0 ! wat] cyl9d] heads4 ,x may be rem>k$ t ne>ly all pump mak]s furni% valuable pr9t$ matt]1 giv+ directions z to repairs1 & be/ me?od ( us+ _! p>ticul> pumps--especially valuable are _! repair %eets 9 :i* are giv5 cuts ( 8p>ts0 ( ! pumps4 ,x 7 well = ! /eam us] & eng9e] to reque/ su* matt] f ! manufactur]s = ! special pump !y use4 ,,po9ts ,,relat+ ,,to ,,pumps4 ,bl[ out ! /eam pipe ?or\ghly ) /eam be=e connect+ x to ! eng9e2 o!rwise any dirt or rubbi% !re might be 9 ! pipe w be c>ri$ into ! /eam cyl9d]1 & cut ! valves & pi/on4 ,nev] *ange ! valve movem5t ( ! eng9e end ( ! pump4 ,if any ( ! work+ p>ts become loose1 b5t or brok51 replace !m or ins]t new ones1 9 precisely ! same position z be=e4 ,keep ! /uff+ boxes ne>ly full ( good pack+ well oil$1 & set j tight en\gh to prev5t leakage )\t excessive friction4 ,use good oil only1 & oil ! /eam end j be=e /opp+ ! pump4 ,x is absolutely necess>y to h a full supply ( wat] to ! pump4 ,if possible avoid ! use ( valves & elb[s 9 ! suction pipe1 & see t x is z /raight z possible2 = b5ds1 valves & elb[s mat]ially increase ! friction ( ! wat] fl[+ into ! pump4 ,see t ! suction pipe is n imb$d$ 9 s& or mud1 b is free & unob/ruct$4 ,all ! pipes lead+ f ! s\rce ( supply to ! pump mu/ be air-tight1 = a v small air-leak w de/roy ! vacuum1 ! pump w n fill prop]ly2 its motion w be j]ky & un/eady1 & ! eng9e w be liable to breakage4 ,a suction air *amb] 7made ( a %ort nipple1 a tee1 a piece ( pipe ( a diamet] n less ?an ! suction pipe & f two to ?ree feet long1 & a cap1 screw$ upright into ! suction pipe close to ! pump7 is always useful2 & :]e ! suction pipe is long1 9 high lifts1 or :5 ! pump is runn+ at high spe$1 x is a positive necessity4 ,nev] take a pump ap>t be=e us+ x4 ,if at any "t subsequ5tly ! pump %\ld act badly1 always exam9e ! pump end fir/4 ,& if !re is any ob/ruction 9 ! valve1 remove x4 ,see t ! pump is well pack$1 & t !re are no cracks 9 pipes or pump1 nor any air-leaks4 ,9 select+ a pump = boil] fe$+ x is well to h x pl5ty l>ge en\gh1 & also ^! o!r desirable features3 few p>ts1 h no dead po9ts or c5t]1 be quiet 9 op]ation1 economical ( /eam & repairs1 & positive "u any pressure4 ,grant$ motion to ! pi/on or plung]1 a pump fails because x leaks4 ,!re c be no o!r reason1 & ! leak %\ld be f\nd & repair$4 ,leaky valves are common & %\ld be gr\nd4 ,leaky pi/ons are n s common1 b sometimes occur4 ,repair+ is ! rem$y4 ,leaky plung]s are common4 ,!y ne$ re-turn+4 ,! rod mu/ be /raight z f> z 9 contact ) ! pack+4 ,! pack+ ar\nd ! plung]s is sometimes neglect$ too long1 gets fill$ ) dirt & s$im5t1 & h>d5s & scores an o!rwise p]fect rod1 & s leaks4 ,! lift+ capacity ( a pump dep5ds ^u prop] proportion ( cle>ance 9 ! cyl9d] & valve *amb]1 to displacem5t ( ! pi/on & plung]4 ,an injector is a sample ( a jet pump--?is may ei!r lift or =ce or bo?4 ,! mo/ necess>y condition to ! satisfactory work+ ( ! /eam pump is a full & /eady supply ( wat]4 ,! pipe connections %\ld 9 no case be small] ?an ! op5+s 9 ! pump4 ,! suction lift & deliv]y pipes %\ld be z /raight & smoo? on ! inside z possible4 ,:5 ! lift is high1 or ! suction long1 a foot valve %\ld be plac$ on ! end ( ! suction pipe1 & ! area ( ! foot valve %\ld exce$ ! area ( ! pipe4 ,! area ( ! /eam & exhau/ pipes %\ld 9 all cases be fully z l>ge z ! nipples 9 ! pump to :i* !y are atta*$4 ,! di/ance t a pump w lift or draw wat]1 z x is t]m$1 is ab\t #cc feet1 because wat] ( "o in* area #cc feet weighs #ad4g p\nds2 b pumps mu/ be 9 good ord] to lift #cc feet1 & all pipes mu/ be air-tight4 ,pumps w give bett] satisfaction lift+ f #bb to #be feet4 ,9 cold wea!r op5 all ! cocks & dra9 plugs to prev5t freez+ :5 ! pump is n 9 use4 ,:5 pur*as+ a /eam pump to supply a /eam boil]1 "o %\ld be select$ capable ( deliv]+ "o cubic foot ( wat] p] horse-p[] p] h\r4 ,no pump1 h[ev] good1 w lift hot wat]1 because z soon z ! air is expell$ f ! b>rel ( ! pump ! vapor occupies ! space1 de/roys ! vacuum1 & int]f]es ) ! supply ( wat]4 ,z a result ( all ?is ! pump knocks4 ,:5 x becomes necess>y to pump hot wat]1 ! pump %\ld be plac$ bel[ ! supply1 s t ! wat] may fl[ into ! valve *amb]4 ,! air vessel on ! deliv]y pipe ( ! /eam pump %\ld nev] be less ?an five times ! area ( ! wat] cyl9d]4 ,!re are _m ?+s to be consid]$ 9 locat+ /eam pumps1 su* z ! s\rce f :i* wat] is obta9$1 ! po9t ( deliv]y1 & ! quantity requir$ 9 a giv5 "t2 :e!r ! wat] is to be lift$ or fl[s to ! pump2 :e!r x is to be =c$ directly into ! boil]1 or rais$ into a tank #be1 #ej or #ajj feet above ! pump4 ,! suction *amb] is us$ to prev5t p\nd+ :5 ! pump rev]ses & to enable ! pump b>rel to fill :5 ! spe$ is high4 ,suction is ! unbalanc$ pressure ( ! air :i* is at sea level #ad-g_/aj p] in*1 or #bjif4h p] squ>e foot4 ,:5 a valve is spok5 ( 9 connection ) a pump x may be und]/ood t !re may be sev]al valves divid+ & p]=m+ ! functions ( "o4 ,a simple me?od ( obta9+ tight pump-valves consi/s simply 9 groov+ ! valve-%eets & ins]t+ a rubb] cord 9 ! grooves4 ,z ! valves seat !mselves ! cord is compress$ & =ms a tight jo9t4 ,an additional advantage is t x prev5ts ! %ock ord9>ily produc$ by rapid clos+ & prolongs ! life ( ! valve seat4 ,! rubb] cord :5 worn c be easily & quickly replac$4 ,,calculations ,,relat+ ,,to ,,pumps4 ,to f9d ! pressure 9 p\nds p] squ>e in* ( a column ( wat]1 multiply ! height ( ! column 9 feet by 4#dcd1 ,approximately1 we say t e foot elevation is equal to #a_/b lb4 pressure p] squ>e in*2 ?is all[s = ord9>y friction4 ,to f9d ! diamet] ( a pump cyl9d] to move a giv5 quantity ( wat] p] m9ute 7#ajj feet ( pi/on be+ ! /&>d ( spe$71 divide ! numb] ( gallons by #d1 !n extract ! squ>e root1 & ! product w be ! diamet] 9 in*es ( ! pump cyl9d]4 ,to f9d quantity ( wat] elevat$ 9 "o m9ute runn+ at #ajj feet ( pi/on spe$ p] m9ute4 ,squ>e ! diamet] ( ! wat] cyl9d] 9 in*es & multiply by #d4 ,example3 capacity ( a #e in* cyl9d] is desir$4 ,! squ>e ( ! diamet] 7#e in*es7 is #be1 :i*1 multipli$ by #d1 gives #ajj1 ! numb] ( gallons p] m9ute 7approximately74 ,to f9d ! horse p[] necess>y to elevate wat] to a giv5 height1 multiply ! weight ( ! wat] elevat$ p] m9ute 9 lbs4 by ! height 9 feet1 & divide ! product by #cc1jjj 7an all[ance %\ld be add$ = wat] friction1 & a fur!r all[ance = loss 9 /eam cyl9d]1 say f #bj to #cj p] c5t474 ,! area ( ! /eam pi/on1 multipli$ by ! /eam pressure1 gives ! total am\nt ( pressure t c be ex]t$4 ,! area ( ! wat] pi/on1 multipli$ by ! pressure ( wat] p] squ>e in*1 gives ! resi/ance4 ,a m>g9 mu/ be made betwe5 ! p[] & ! resi/ance to move ! pi/on at ! requir$ spe$--say f #bj to #dj p] c5t41 accord+ to spe$ & o!r conditions4 ,to f9d ! capacity ( a cyl9d] 9 gallons4 ,multiply+ ! area 9 in*es by ! l5g? ( /roke 9 in*es w give ! total numb] ( cubic in*es2 divide ?is am\nt by #bca 7:i* is ! cubical cont5ts ( a ,u4 ,s4 gallon 9 in*es71 & product is ! capacity 9 gallons4 ,! temp]ature #fb ,f4 is ! temp]ature ( wat] us$ 9 calculat+ ! specific gravity ( bodies1 ) respect to ! gravity or d5sity ( wat] z a basis1 or z unity4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ajd4 ,important /ress has be5 laid ^u keep+ all float+ objects1 gravel1 etc41 away f ! act+ p>ts ( ! pump4 ,9 ,fig4 #ajd is pres5t$ a cut ( an approv$ /ra9] :i* c be remov$1 fre$ f ob/ruction1 & replac$ by simply slack+ "o bolt1 ! entire op]ation occupy+ "o m9ute4 ,! advantages ( ?is /ra9] w be readily app>5t4 ,,important ,,pr9ciples ,,relat+ ,,to ,,wat]4 ,!re are "s und]ly+ natural laws & o!r data relat+ to wat] :i* e eng9e] %\ld ?or\ghly und]/&4 ,heat1 wat]1 /eam1 are ! ?ree prop]ties ) :i* he has fir/ to deal4 ,weight ( "o cubic foot ( ,pure ,wat]4 ,at #cb ,f4 #fb4dah p\nds4 ,at #ci4a;,f #fb4dbe ,at #fb 7,/&>d temp]ature7 #fb4cee ,at #bab #ei4fdj ,! weight ( a cubic foot ( wat] is ab\t #ajjj ounces 7exactly #iih4h ounces71 at ! temp]ature ( maximum d5sity4 ,! weight ( a cyl9drical foot ( wat] at #fb ,f4 is #di lbs4 7ne>ly74 ,! weight ( a cyl9drical in* is #j4decc oz4 ,!re are f\r notable temp]atures = wat]1 namely1 #cb ,f41 or #j ,c4 ! freez+ po9t "u "o atmosph]e4 #ci4a or #d ! po9t ( maximum d5sity4 #fb or #af4ff ! /&>d temp]ature4 #bab or #ajj ! boil+ po9t1 "u "o atmosph]e4 ,wat] rises to ! same level 9 ! opposite arms ( a recurv$ tube1 h5ce wat] w rise 9 pipes z high z its s\rce4 ,! pressure on any p>ticle ( wat] is proportion$ to its dep? bel[ ! surface1 & z ! side pressure is equal to ! d[nw>d pressure4 ,wat] at re/ presses equally 9 all directions4 ,?is is a mo/ rem>kable prop]ty1 ! upw>d direction ( ! pressure ( wat] is equal to t press+ d[nw>ds1 & ! side pressure is also equal4 ,any quantity ( wat]1 h[ev] small1 may be made to balance any quantity1 h[ev] great4 ,?is is call$ ! ,hydro/atic ,p>adox1 & is sometimes exemplifi$ by p\r+ liquids into casks ?r\gh long tubes ins]t$ 9 ! bung holes4 ,z soon z ! cask is full & ! wat] rises 9 ! pipe to a c]ta9 height ! cask bur/s ) viol5ce4 ,wat] is practically non-ela/ic4 ,a pressure has be5 appli$ ( #cj1jjj p\nds to ! squ>e in* & ! contraction has be5 f\nd to be less ?an "o-twelf?4 ,! surface ( wat] at re/ is horizontal4 ,a famili> example ( ?is may be not$ 9 ! fact t ! wat] 9 a batt]y ( boil]s seeks a uni=m level1 no matt] h[ mu* ! cyl9d]s may v>y 9 size4 ,a giv5 pressure or bl[ impress$ on any portion ( a mass ( wat] conf9$ 9 a vessel is di/ribut$ equally ?r\gh all p>ts ( ! mass2 = example a plug =c$ inw>ds on a squ>e in* ( ! surface ( wat]1 is sudd5ly communicat$ to e squ>e in* ( ! vessel's surface1 h[ev] l>ge1 & to e in* ( ! surface ( any body imm]s$ 9 x4 ,,weight ,,& ,,capacity ,,( ,,diff]5t ,,/&>d ,,gallons ,,( ,,wat]4 ---------------------------------------- --------------------- ,cubic in*es,weight ( a ,gallons 9 a,weight ( a 9 a ,gallon4 ,gallon 9 cubic foot4 cubic foot p\nds4 ( wat]1 ---------------------------------------- --------- ,engli% ,imp]ial or /&>d1 ,engli% #bgg4bfd #aj4jj #f4bcbajb #fb4bba lbs4 ,unit$ ,/ates #bca4 #h4ccaaa #g4dhjeai ,avoirdupois4 ---------------------------------------- --------------------- ,,/or+ ,,& ,,h&l+ ,,( ,,coal4 ,! be/ me?od ( /or+ coal is a matt] ( economy & ne$s ! att5tion ( ! eng9e]4 ,coal1 z x comes f ! m9e1 is 9 ! be/ possible condition = burn+ 9 a furnace2 its fracture is bright & clean1 & x ought to be pres]v$ up to ! "t ( us+ x 9 su* mann] z to avoid z mu* z possible any alt]ation ( its condition s z to prev5t det]ioration4 ,s f> z actual exp]i5ce goes x has be5 f\nd t a brick build+1 ) d\ble walls to promote coolness1 ) high n>r[ slits in/ead ( w9d[s1 ) v5tilat+ holes along ! bottom ( ! walls1 hav+ a high-pit*$ ro( ) ov]hang+ eaves1 & holes = v5tilation well %elt]$ "u ! eaves1 & ) v5tilators along ! edge ( ! ro(1 is be/ suit$ to keep ! coal 9 ! condition mo/ ne>ly approa*+ t ( ! fre%ly m9$4 ,! floor ( ! build+ %\ld be pref]ably pav$ ) brick on edge or flag/ones2 ! doors %\ld be l>ge & kept op5 9 damp wea!r1 & clos$ :5 ! wea!r is hot4 ,"s p]sons recomm5d spr9kl+ ! coal occasionally dur+ ! hot wea!r1 b x is mu* bett] to wet d[n ! pav+ all ar\nd ! build+ outside1 & ! expos$ floor ( ! build+1 z well z ! walls inside & outside1 & let ! moi/ure ( ! evaporation h its effect ^u ! coal4 ,x w be f\nd to be amply suffici5t = ! purpose4 ,x has be5 f\nd long s9ce t x is bett] to h coal %$s d>k1 z light assi/s greatly 9 impair+ ! fuel4 ,! be/ arrangem5t = a boil] room floor is to h a coal-b91 pav$ ) /one flags1 op5+ into ! fire-room by a door1 :ile ! fire-room itself %\ld be pav$ diagonally ) brick1 set on edge ^u a concrete f\ndation1 well ramm$ to )9 ab\t ?ree feet ( ! boil] front1 & ! rema9+ space %\ld be floor$ ) iron plates4 ,! coal %\ld be :eel$ f ! b9s & dump$ ^u ^! plates1 nev] on ! brick floor4 ,^! plates %\ld be laid on an incl9e ( ab\t an in* t[>d ! boil]s1 & x is well to h a tr\gh or gutt]1 ( ab\t six in*es 9 wid?1 & hav+ a dep? ( ab\t "o & a half in*es ca/ 9 !m1 at ! edge ly+ ne>e/ ! boil]s1 s t ! wat] f ! gauge-cock1 drip-pipes1 & t f wett+ d[n ! a%es may run into x & dra9 into a prop] sew]-pipe laid "u ! floor+4 ,,*emi/ry ,,( ,,! ,,furnace4 ,a c>eful e/imate by a ,broadway ,*emi/ ( ! cont5ts or con/itu5ts ( a ton ( coal pres5ts "s int]e/+ facts1 n famili> c]ta9ly to unsci5tific m9ds4 ,x is f\nd t1 besides gas1 a ton ( ord9>y gas coal w yield #c1ejj p\nds ( coke1 tw5ty gallons ( ammonia wat] & #adj p\nds ( coal t>4 ,n[1 de/ructive di/illation ( ?is am\nt ( coal t> gives ab\t sev5ty p\nds ( pit*1 sev5te5 p\nds ( creosote1 f\rte5 p\nds ( heavy oils1 ab\t n9e & a half p\nds ( naph?a yell[1 six & "o-?ird p\nds ( naph?al9e1 f\r & ?ree-f\r? p\nds ( aliz>9e1 two & a f\r? p\nds ( solv5t naph?a1 "o & a fif? p\nd ( anil9e1 sev5ty-n9e hundr$?s ( a p\nd ( tolud9e1 =ty-six hundr$?s ( a p\nd ( an?rac9e1 & n9e-t5?s ( a p\nd ( tolu*es--f ! la/-nam$ sub/ance be+ obta9$ ! new product1 sac*>9e1 said to be #bcj times z sweet z ! be/ cane sug>4 ,f an eng9e]'s /&po9t ! ma9 con/itu5ts ( all coal are c>bon & hydrog52 9 ! natural /ate ( coal ^! two are unit$ & solid2 _! respective *>act]s & modes ( ent]+ into combu/ion1 are h[ev] ess5tially diff]5t4 ,! hydrog5 is conv]table into heat only 9 ! gase\s /ate2 ! c>bon1 on ! contr>y1 is combu/ible only 9 ! solid condition4 ,x mu/ be borne 9 m9d t nei!r is combu/ible :ile !y are unit$4 ,!re are1 h[ev]1 o!r elem5ts exi/+ 9 coal 9 its natural /ate1 & new ones are =m$ dur+ burn+ or combu/ion z w be not$ 9 ! succe$+ p>agraphs4 ,= rais+ /eam ! process ( combu/ion consi/s 9 dis5tangl+1 lett+ loose or evolv+ ! diff]5t elem5ts lock$ up 9 coal2 ! p[] employ$ 9 accompli%+ ?is is heat4 ,! *emical results ( ?is consumption ( ! fuels may be divid$ into f\r /ages or p>ts4 ,fir/ /age1 application ( exi/+ heat to dis5gage ! con/itu5t gases ( ! fuel4 ,9 coals ?is is pr9cipally mix$ c>bon & hydrog54 ,second /age1 application or employm5t ( exi/+ heat to sep>ate ! c>bon f ! hydrog54 ,?ird /age1 fur!r employm5t ( exi/+ heat to increase ! temp]ature ( ! two combu/ibles1 c>bon & hydrog51 until !y rea* ! heat necess>y = comb9ation ) ! air4 ,if ?is heat is n obta9$1 *emical union does n take place & ! combu/ion is imp]fect4 ,f\r? & la/ /age1 ! union ( ! oxyg5 ( ! air ) ! c>bon & hydrog5 ( ! furnace 9 _! prop] proportions1 :5 int5se heat is g5]at$ & light is also giv5 (f f ! ignit$ c>bon4 ,! temp]ature ( ! products ( combu/ion at ?is f9al /age dep5d ^u ! quantity ( air 9 dilution4 ,sir ,h4 ,davy e/imates ?is heat z great] ?an ! :ite heat ( metals4 ,9 ! fir/ /ages heat is absorb$1 b is giv5 out 9 ! la/4 ,:5 ! *emical atoms ( heat are n unit$ 9 _! prop] proportions1 !n c>bonic oxide1 mix$ c>bon & hydrog51 & o!r combu/ible gases escape invisibly1 ) a correspond+ loss ( heat f ! fuel4 ,:5 ! prop] union takes place1 !n only /eam1 c>bonic acid & nitrog51 all ( :i* are incombu/ible1 escape4 ,! pr9cipal products1 !re=e1 ( p]fect combu/ion are3 /eam1 invisible & incombu/ible2 c>bonic acid1 invisible & incombu/ible4 ,! products ( imp]fect combu/ion are3 c>bonic oxide1 invisible b combu/ible2 smoke1 p>tly invisible & p>tly incombu/ible4 ,/eam is =m$ f ! hydrog5 gas giv5 out by ! coals comb9+ ) its equival5t ( oxyg5 f ! air4 ,smoke is =m$ f ! hydrog5 & c>bon :i* h n receiv$ _! respective equival5ts ( oxyg5 f ! air1 & ?us pass (f unconsum$4 ,! color ( ! smoke dep5ds ^u ! c>bon pass+ (f 9 its d>k1 p[d]y /ate4 ,! heat lo/ is n dep5d5t ^u ! am\nt ( c>bon alone1 b also ^u ! invisible b combu/ible gases1 hydrog5 & c>bonic oxide2 s t :ile ! color may indicate ! am\nt ( c>bon 9 ! smoke1 x does n indicate ! am\nt ( ! heat lo/2 h5ce1 ! smokeless locomotive burn+ coke may lose m heat 9 ?is way ?an t aris+ f ! imp]fect burn+ ( coal "u ! /ation>y eng9e boil]4 ,a practical & famili> in/ance ( imp]fect combu/ion is exhibit$ :5 a lamp smokes & ! unconsum$ c>bon is deposit$ all ab\t 9 ! =m ( soot4 ,:5 ! evolv+ or dis5gagem5t ( ! c>bon is r$uc$ by l[]+ ! wick to meet ! supply ( oxyg51 ! c>bon is all consum$ & ! smoke ceases4 ,:at takes place 9 a lamp also occurs 9 a furnace1 s t ! prop] supply ( air is a prim>y ?+1 relat+ to economy1 bo? z reg>ds its quantity & its mode ( admission to a fire4 ,! economical g5]ation ( heat is "o ?+1 ! use made ( t heat aft]w>ds is ano!r4 ,combu/ion may be p]fect1 b ! absorption ( heat by a boil] may be inf]ior4 ,! *ief ag5ts op]at+ 9 ! furnace are c>bon1 hydrog5 & oxyg51 & _! union 9 c]ta9 proportions produces o!r bodies1 z wat] or /eam1 c>bonic acid1 besides o!rs ( less practical importance4 ,,oxyg5 is an invisible gas1 has no smell1 & rema9s p]man5tly 9 receptacles1 un*ang$ by "t4 ,x c be obta9$ 9 an exp]im5tal quantity by heat+ ! *lorate ( pota%1 & collect+ ! gas giv5 (f 9 a bladd] or j>4 ,x is a trifle heavi] ?an common air1 i4e41 #a4ajf times & a cubic foot at #cb temp]ature weighs #a4dbh ounces4 ,x is "o ( ! mo/ abundant bodies 9 nature1 & is comb9$ ) _m o!rs 9 a great v>iety ( ways4 ,,c>bon is "o ( ! mo/ int]e/+ elem5t>y sub/ances 9 nature4 ,x is combu/ible & =ms ! base ( *>coal1 & ent]s l>gely into m9]al coal4 ,x is a m9]al capable ( be+ r$uc$ to a fea!ry p[d]1 & is f\nd 9 _m diff]5t =ms4 ,x is obta9$ by v>i\s processes3 f oil lamps z lamp-black2 f coal z coke1 & f wood z *>coal2 ! m9]al p>ticles ( c>bon 9 a /ate ( combu/ion r5d] flame lum9\s f ei!r gas1 oil or c&les4 ,c>bon unites ) iron to =m /eel1 & ) hydrog5 to =m ! common /reet gas4 ,c>bon is consid]$ z ! next mo/ abundant body 9 nature to oxyg54 ,9 ! furnace ! c>bon ( ! fuel unites ) ! oxyg5 ( ! air to produce heat2 if ! supply ( air is correctly regulat$1 !re w be p]fect combu/ion1 b if ! supply ( air be defici5t1 combu/ion w be imp]fect4 ,,hydrog5 is an invisible gas1 & ! lighte/ kn[n body 9 ! _w1 be+ _m times light] ?an oxyg54 ,x is combu/ible & gives out mu* heat4 ,9 our gas e/abli%m5ts x is made 9 l>ge quantities & comb9$ ) c>bon = illum9at+ /reets1 %ops & dwell+s4 ,x is ! s\rce ( all common flame4 ,:5 unit$ ) sulphur 9 coal m9es x becomes explosive4 ,by pass+ a curr5t ( /eam ?r\gh a hot iron tube p>tly fill$ ) fil+s1 hydrog5 gas is giv5 (f & burns ) a pale yell[ flame4 ,! m hydrog51 !re=e1 !re is 9 ! fuel1 ! great] 9 g5]al is its heat+ p[]4 ,b x mu/ be borne 9 m9d t ! elem5t ( hydrog5 is1 nev]!less1 to a great] or less degree neutraliz$ by ! o!r elem5t1 oxyg51 :5 x is pres5t z a con/itu5t ( ! fuel2 s9ce ! aff9ity ( hydrog5 = oxyg5 is sup]ior to t ( c>bon1 & ! oxyg5 saturat$ ) hydrog5 is conv]t$ into /eam & rises 9 ?is =m f ! fuel b$ )\t produc+ heat4 ,?us x is t ! m oxyg5 !re is 9 ! fuel ! less is its p[] = develop+ heat by combu/ion4 ,,nitrog5 is also an elem5t>y body4 ,x nei!r supports life nor combu/ion2 x is light] ?an air & has no ta/e or smell4 ,"o cubic foot at #cb temp]ature weighs a trifle less ?an "o ounce4 ,,sulphur is also an elem5t>y body1 ( a yell[ color1 brittle1 does n dissolve 9 wat]1 is easily melt$1 & inflammable4 ,x is also call$ brim/one or burn/one1 f its great combu/ibility4 ,x burns ) a blue flame1 & ) a peculi>1 suffocat+ odor4 ,,c>bonic ,,acid ,,gas is =m$ by ! burn+ ( sixte5 p>ts ( oxyg5 & six p>ts ( c>bon4 ,its specific gravity is #a4ebi2 x is fatal to life1 & x also ext+ui%es fire4 ,,c>bonic ,,oxide is a colorless1 transp>5t1 combu/ible gas1 :i* burns ) a pale blue flame1 z may be se5 at times on op5+ a locomotive fire-box door4 ,its pres5ce 9 a furnace is evid5ce ( imp]fect combu/ion f a defici5t supply ( air1 z x indicates t only eight p>ts ( oxyg5 in/ead ( sixte5 p>ts h unit$ ) six p>ts ( c>bon4 ,,table4 ,! foll[+ table exhibits ! comp>ative am\nts ( wat] :i* c be1 "u p]fect conditions1 evaporat$ f ! sub/ances nam$3 ,"o p\nd burn$4 ,wat] evaporat$4 ,hydrog5 #fd4bh ,c>bon 7av]age ( sev]al exp]im5ts7 #ad4gg ,c>bonic ,oxide #d4dh ,sulphur #d4ah ,alcohol #ac4dj ,oil gas #bb4aa ,turp5t9e #bj4bf ,! la/ f\r sub/ances are comp\nds1 & ! la/ ?ree consi/ almo/ :olly1 or *iefly ( c>bon & hydrog54 ,! total heat+ p[] ( av]age coal is1 x may be not$ to advantage1 ab\t #ab4hc p\nds ( wat] ^u ! same conditions z above describ$4 ,hydrog51 x is se51 /&s pre-em95tly at ! head ( ! li/ = heat+ p[]1 repres5t$ by ! evaporation ( #fd-a_/d p\nds ( wat]1 :il/ c>bon1 ! next 9 ord]1 & ! /aple combu/ible elem5t 9 fuel1 has only a heat+ p[] ( #ad-c_/d p\nds ( wat]4 ,,heat-,,pro( ,,& ,,ornam5tal ,,pa9ts4 ,/eam pipes1 boil] fronts1 smoke connections & iron *imneys are (t5 s highly heat$ t ! pa9t ^u !m burns1 *anges color1 bli/]s & (t5 flakes (f4 ,aft] long protract$ use "u v>y+ circum/ances1 x has be5 f\nd t a silica-graphite pa9t is well adapt$ to ov]come ^! evils4 ,no?+ b boil$ l9se$ oil is requir$ to ?9 ! pa9t to ! desir$ consi/5cy = application1 no dry] be+ necess>y4 ,! pa9t is appli$ 9 ! usual mann] ) an ord9>y bru%4 ,! color1 ( c\rse1 is black4 ,ano!r pa9t1 :i* admits ( "s v>iety 9 color1 is made by mix+ soap/one1 9 a /ate ( f9e p[d]1 ) a quick-dry+ v>ni% ( great t5acity & h>dness4 ,?is w give ! pa9t$ object a seem+ly-enamel$ surface1 :i* is durable & n affect$ by heat1 acids1 or ! action ( ! atmosph]e4 ,:5 appli$ to wood x prev5ts rott+1 & x arre/s dis9tegration :5 appli$ to /one4 ,x is well kn[n t ! inside ( an iron %ip is mu* m sev]ely affect$ by corrosion ?an ! outside1 & ?is pa9t has prov5 itself to be a mo/ effici5t protection f inside corrosion4 ,x is light1 ( f9e gra91 c be t9t$ ) suitable pigm5ts1 spreads easily1 & takes hold ( ! fibre ( ! iron or /eel quickly & t5aci\sly4 ,turp5t9e well mix$ ) black v>ni% also makes a good coat+ = iron smoke pipes4 ,mu* bright] & m pleasant appe>+ eng9e rooms c be made by mak+ ! surfaces :ite4 ,lime is a good non-conductor ( heat1 & x has ! fur!r quality ( protect+ iron f ru/1 s x w\ld appe> t :itewa% 0 z good a mat]ial ) :i* to cov] boil] fronts1 smoke /acks1 /eam pipes1 etc41 z any o!r sub/ance4 ,to prep>e :itewa% = ?is purpose x is only necess>y to add a little salt or glue to ! wat] us$ = dissolv+ ! lime1 z ei!r ( ^! sub/ances w make x /ick readily & x _c aft]w>d be easily rubb$ (f2 b p]haps ! be/ way to prep>e ! :itewa% w\ld be to boil a p\nd ( rice until x has become ! consi/5cy ( />*1 all ( ! solid p>ticles hav+ be5 brok5 up by boil+1 & add ?is solution to ! solution ( lime 9 wat]4 ,?is la/ prep>ation is also v good = outside "w1 = aft] x has be5 appli$ & has an opportunity to dry1 no am\nt ( ra9 w wa% x (f & its appe>ance is almo/ equal to :ite pa9t1 & no am\nt ( heat ord9>ily met ) w discolor x1 al?\gh ! heat ( ! fire box doors1 if x 0 appli$ 9 su* place1 w\ld give x a br[ni% ca/ ( color4 ,ev5 ! brick sett+ ( a boil] looks v mu* bett] :5 nicely :itewa%$ ?an :5 ( its natural color1 & if ! ceil+ & walls ( ! boil] room are also :itewa%$ ! effect is q pleas+1 m heal?ful & conduces greatly to cleanl9ess4 ,any eng9e] :o tries ?is1 r5ew+ ! :itewa% z frequ5tly z he w\ld pa9t1 w give ?is plan ( pa9t+ pipes & boil] front ! pref]5ce ov] ! use ( any k9d ( black pa9t4 ,,pressure ,,record+ ,,gauge4 ,?is device is an +5i\s me*anism actuat$ by clock "w & ! v>y+ pressures ( /eam =m$ )9 ! boil]2 x records ! "t & ! pressure ^u a revolv+ roll ( pap] & pres]ves an accurate acc\nt ( ! v>y+ conditions :i* h exi/$ )9 ! boil]4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #aje4 ,! advantages d]iv$ f its use may be ?us summ>iz$3 #a1 ,x is a monitor con/antly tea*+ ! fireman to be c>eful to ma9ta9 an equal pressure ( /eam4 #b1 ,?is uni=m /eam made possible by ! use ( ! gauge is productive ( ! greate/ possible economy4 #c1 ,! ev5 /ra9 ma9ta9$ insures a long life to ! boil] & a m9imum ( repairs4 #d1 ,x is ! v9dication ( an att5tive & c>eful fireman & all[s him due cr$it = 8 skill & fai?fulness1 :i* is too (t5 ill appreciat$ = lack ( a reliable record4 ,al?\gh describ$ z a boil] room fixture1 :]e x is frequ5tly f\nd 9 position1 ! prop] place = ?is admirable device is 9 ! /eam us]'s (fice1 ?us e/abli%+ a n]ve connection1 betwe5 eng9e] & own]1 relat+ to ! safety & economy ( ! p[]-plant to _! mutual great advantage4 ,,horse ,,p[] ,,z ,,appli$ ,,to ,,boil]s4 ,by g5]al agreem5t a horse p[] z appli$ to /eam boil]s is ?irty 7#cj7 p\nds ( fe$ wat] at a temp]ature ( #ajj degrees ,fahr4 conv]t$ into /eam 9 #a h\r at #gj p\nds gauge pressure4 ,! /&>d is all t c be ask$ because ! same te/ w det]m9e two ?+s2 fir/ ! /eam mak+ capacity ( ! boil] & second its evaporative effici5cy1 :i* is all t is necess>y to "k 9 det]m9+ ! comm]cial rat+ ( boil]s4 ,b x is a fact t1 )\t an eng9e atta*$1 !re is no su* ?+ z calculat+ ! horse p[] ( a boil] ^u g5]al pr9ciples4 ,a well con/ruct$ eng9e ) a giv5 pressure ( /eam ^u a pi/on ( a giv5 area & mov+ at a c]ta9 velocity 9 feet p] m9ute1 w always & "u all conditions develop ! same p[] s long z ! boil] is able to furni% a suffici5t quantity ( /eam to keep up t pressure2 & x matt]s n :e!r ! /eam is tak5 f a boil] rat$ at #fj horse p[] or #cj4 ,an evid5ce ( ! fact t !re is no /&>d rule = calculat+ ! horse p[] ( boil]s t c be dep5d$ ^u1 is t no two eng9e build]s s5d out ! same siz$ boil]s ) ! eng9e ( ! same rat$ p[]4 ,exp]i5ce has taught !m t to furni% /eam suffici5t to "w _! eng9es up to _! rat+s t a c]ta9 siz$ boil] is requir$1 & :at w\ld be consid]$ #cj horse p[] by "o manufactur] might be consid]$ #ce or m by ano!r--! diff]5ce be+ 9 ! economy ( ! eng9e ( us+ ! /eam1 & n 9 ! boil] = mak+ x4 ,!n1 aga91 a boil] t might furni% a suffici5t quantity ( /eam to "w a c]ta9 type ( eng9e up to #dj horse p[] )\t =c+ ! fire might1 ) ano!r /yle ( eng9e1 9 ord] to g5]ate ! same p[] & p]=m ! same duty1 require to be =c$ beyond ! limits ( safety or economy4 ,!re=e1 consid]+ ! v>y+ conditions "u :i* all /eam boil]s are plac$1 !re is no su* a ?+ z any reliable /&>d rule = calculat+ ! horse p[] ( boil]s1 b only an approximate "o at ! be/4 ,h5ce x is be/ to select an eng9e ( a c]ta9 p[]1 & !n let ! same manufactur]s furni% a boil] to correspond ) x2 & s long z ! two are adapt$ to ea* o!r & ! boil] ( suffici5t capacity to "w ! eng9e up to its full rat+s1 x matt]s b little :e!r ! boil] figures ! same horse p[] or n4 ,x has be5 f\nd 9 practice t x is n good economy to c>ry pressure high] ?an eighty p\nds 9 s+le cyl9d] automatic cut (f eng9es4 ,z pressures increase1 x becomes possible to use m economical eng9es1 r$uc+ wat] consumption p] horse p[] p] h\r1 ?us requir+ a small] am\nt ( heat+ surface & grate surface1 t is to say1 a small] boil] & furnace = a giv5 p[]4 ,= pressure betwe5 eighty & "o hundr$ & tw5ty p\nds1 ! comp\nd eng9e gives ! be/ results1 :ile = high] pressures triple & quadruple expansion eng9es are ! mo/ economical4 ,,rule ,,= ,,e/imat+ ,,horse ,,p[] ,,( ,,horizontal ,,tubul> ,,/eam ,,boil]s4 ,f9d ! squ>e feet ( heat+ surface 9 ! %ell1 heads & tubes1 & divide by #ae = ! nom9al horse p[]4 ,! (fice ( a boil] is to make /eam & its real effici5cy or ! measure ( its utility to ! pur*as] is measur$ by ! am\nt ( wat] x c turn into /eam 9 a c]ta9 l5g? ( "t & ! am\nt ( coal x requires to d ?is "w4 ,an ord9>y #edaf boil] ) =ty #d tubes1 #be sq4 ft4 ( grate surface & #hjj sq4 ft4 ( heat+ surface1 9 a g5]al way is a #ge h4 p4 boil]1 b good practice w get f x #ajj h4 p41 & ! v be/ mod]n eng9es #bjj h4 p4 ,,boil] ,,sett+4 ,! me?od1 ei!r ill or good 9 :i* /eam boil]s are 8set0 or arrang$ 9 _! brick "w & connections1 w v>y ! quantity ( fuel us$ by z mu* z "o-fif?2 h5ce ! importance ( kn[+ ! correct pr9ciples ^u :i* ! "w %\ld be done4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ajf4 ,! portion ( ! /eam plant call$ 8! boil]0 is compos$ ( two p>ts--! boil] & ! furnace1 & ! latt] may be consid]$ a "p ( ! 8sett+0 z x is ma9ly compos$ ( brick "w4 ,two k9ds ( brick are us$ 9 boil] sett+--! common brick = walls1 f\ndations & back+ to ! furnace1 & s-call$ fire-brick1 :i* %\ld be laid at e po9t :]e ! fire op]ates directly ^u ! furnace & passages4 ,fire brick %\ld be us$ 9 all p>ts ( ! sett+ :i* are expos$ to ! hot gases4 ,x is bett] to h fire brick l9+ ti$ 9 ) r$ brickwork1 unless ! l9+ is made #ac-a_/b in*es ?ick1 :5 x c be built up sep>ate f outside walls4 ,?is arrangem5t w require v heavy walls4 ,z usual1 b #i in*es fire brick l9+ is us$ 9 ! fireplace & #d-a_/b in*es beh9d ! bridge wall4 ,jo9ts 9 ! fire brick-"w %\ld be z ?9 z possible4 ,fig4 #ajf repres5ts "s ( ! diff]5t %apes 9 :i* fire brick are made to fit ! side ( ! furnace4 ,!y are call$ by special names indicat$ by _! peculi> =m1 circle-brick1 angle-brick1 jamb-brick1 ar*-brick1 etc4 ,! common fire brick are #id-a_/bb-a_/b 9 size1 z %[n 9 ! figure4 ,! peculi> quality 9 fire bricks is _! p[] to resi/ = a long "t ! highe/ temp]atures )\t fusion2 !y %\ld be capable ( be+ subject$ to sudd5 *anges ( temp]ature )\t injury1 & !y %\ld be able to resi/ ! action ( melt$ copp] or iron slag4 ,fire brick are cem5t$ toge!r ) fire clay :i* is q unlike ! ord9>y mort> :i* is mo/ suitable = common brick4 ,! sett+ z well z con/ruction ( boil]s diff]s greatly1 b 9 all ! end to be s\ght = is a high furnace heat1 ) z little wa/e z possible1 at ! *imney end4 ,to atta9 ?is !re mu/ be 7#a7 a suffici5t ?ickness ( wall ar\nd ! furnace1 includ+ ! bridge1 to reta9 z ne>ly z may be e unit ( heat4 7#b7 ,a due mixture ( air admitt$ at ! prop] "t & temp]ature to ! furnace4 7#c7 ,a proportionate area betwe5 ! boil] & ! surface ( ! grates = ! prop] mix+ ( ! gases aris+ f combu/ion4 7#d7 ,a correct proportion betwe5 ! grate surface1 ! total area ( ! tubes & ! height & area ( ! *imney4 ,! pr9cipal p>ts & app5dages ( a furnace are z foll[s3 ,! furnace prop] or fire box1 be+ ! *amb] 9 :i* ! solid con/itu5ts ( ! fuel & ! :ole or "p ( its gase\s con/itu5ts are consum$4 ,! grate1 :i* is compos$ ( alt]nate b>s & spaces1 to support ! fuel & to admit ! air4 ,! dead-plate1 t "p ( ! bottom ( ! furnace :i* consi/s ( an iron plate simply4 ,! m\? piece1 ?r\gh :i* ! fuel is introduc$ & (t5 "s air4 ,! l[] side ( ! m\? piece is ! dead plate4 ,! fire door3 ,sometimes ! duty ( ! fire door is p]=m$ by a heap ( fuel clos+ up ! m\? ( ! furnace4 ,! furnace front is above & on ei!r side ( ! fire door4 ,! a% pit4 ,z a g5]al rule ! a% pit is level1 or ne>ly s1 ) ! floor on :i* ! fireman /&s1 & z = conv5i5t fir+1 ! grate %\ld n be high] ?an #bh to #cj in*es1 ! dep? ( a% pit is !reby det]m9$4 ,! a% pit door is us$ to regulate ! admission ( air4 ,! bridge wall4 ,! combu/ion or flame *amb]4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ajg4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ajh4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #aji4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #aaj4 ,! arrangem5t ( ! space beh9d ! bridge wall is f\nd usually to be 9 "s "o ( ! foll[+ =ms3 ,level f bridge wall to back 7,fig4 #ajg74 ,a squ>e box1 dep? rang+ f #ae in*es to #f feet 7,fig4 #ajh74 ,a gradual rise f bridge to back end ( boil]1 :]e only six in*es is f\nd & g5]ally circul> 9 =m 7,fig4 #aji74 ,a gradual slope t[>d back1 leav+ a di/ance ( ab\t #cf in*es f boil] 7,fig4 #aaj74 ,! advocates ( ,fig4 #ajg claim t ! (fice ( ! flame is to get into z close contact ) ! bottom z possible1 & ?is =m compels ! flame to d s4 ,9 burn+ s(t coal ?is =m is f\nd to soot up ! bottom ( ! boil] v badly4 ,fig4 #ajh is foll[$ m ext5sively ?an any o!r1 ! v>iations be+ ! dep? ( *amb]2 ) dep? g5]ally f #cf to #dj in*es4 ,fig4 #aji has no?+ to comm5d x1 except 9 cases :]e bridge is too l[4 ,fig4 #aaj is foll[$ a great deal & gives v good satisfaction4 ,?is =m all[s = ! !ory ( combu/ion1 namely1 ! expansion ( ! gases aft] leav+ bridge wall4 ,space beh9d ! bridge wall %\ld be enl>g$1 z x w r$uce ! velocity ( fire gases1 & ?us h !m give up m ( _! heat to ! boil]4 ,! bridge wall %\ld n be less ?an #ah in*es at bottom1 b may be tap]$ (f t[>d top to #i or #ac in*es4 ,,sett+ ,,( ,,wat] ,,tube ,,boil]s4 ,on page #fg1 ,fig4 #bf1 is exhibit$ a /eam boil] ) incl9$ tubes4 ,! sett+ 9 ?is /yle ( boil]s is z foll[s3 ,a brick wall is laid = ! front ) suitable op5+s = ! doors ( ! furnace & a% pit1 & protect$ on ! outside by a front ( ca/ iron1 & on ! inside by a l9+ ( fire brick4 ,at ! back ( ! grates a bridge wall is run up to ! bottom ( ! incl9$ wat] tubes1 s t ! hot gases t arise ov] x mu/ circulate among ! tubes4 ,a c\nt] wall is laid on an incl9e f ! top ( ! tubes to ! back ( ! drum4 ,?is is laid on p]=at$ plates or b>s & is cov]$ ) fire brick4 ,a wall is also built at ! l[] & back end ( ! tubes to c>ry !m4 ,back ( ! :ole is ! out] wall ) op5+s = giv+ access to ! tubes & smoke *amb]s4 ,side walls are rais$ to enclose ! same & are ar*$ at ! top to come ne>ly 9 contact ) ! drum1 :i* is c>ri$ p>tly by brackets & p>tly by ! connections to ! tubes4 ,,po9ts ,,relat+ ,,to ,,boil] ,,sett+4 ,long & heavy boil]s are be/ susp5d$ f two beams or gird]s by two or ?ree bolts at ea* end4 ,boil]s ov] #dj feet long %\ld h ?ree or ev5 f\r sets ( hang]s1 z ! case may require4 ,side brackets re/+ on masonry may be us$ = %ort boil]s4 ,if us$ on long boil]s1 side plates or expansion roll]s %\ld be us$ at "o end ( boil]4 ,!re ought to be n m ?an two brackets on "o side1 s divid$ t ! di/ance betwe5 !m is ab\t ?ree-fif?s ( ! total l5g? ( ! boil]1 or ! di/ance f ends ( boil] to c5t] ( bracket is equal to "o-fif? ! l5g? ( boil]4 ,! side walls 9 boil]-sett+ %\ld n be less ?an tw5ty in*es ) a two in* air space2 ! re> wall may v>y f #ab to #af in*es accord+ to ! size ( ! boil]2 ! front wall #i in*es & ! bridge wall may be f #ah to #bd & p]fectly /raight across ! re> ( ! furnace4 ,if ! boil]s are support$ by side walls1 ! outside walls %\ld be n less ?an #ac in*es ?ick & h pila/]s :]e ! boil] is re/+4 ,flues t\*+ ! boil] above ! wat] space %\ld be emphatically condemn$4 ,unless ! boil] walls are v heavy1 !y %\ld be /ay$ by ca/ or wr\ght iron bun* /ays1 held toge!r by rods at tops & bottoms4 ,x is dang]\s to h l>ge spaces 9 :i* gases may collect = sudd5 ignition1 produc+ ! s-call$ 8back draft40 ,connections betwe5 ! re> end ( ! boil] & brickwork is be/ made ) ca/-iron plates or fire-brick1 susp5d$1 :5 boil]s are susp5d$1 z ! expansion & contraction w de/roy an ar* 9 a %ort "t4 ,if re/+ on mud-drum /&1 ?is connection c be ar*$1 z 9 ?is case ! re> end ( boil] w rema9 /ation>y4 ,if ! draughts f ! diff]5t boil]s come 9 ! same direction1 or ne>ly s1 no special provision is necess>y1 b if ! draught ent]s f directly opposite directions a c5tre wall %\ld be provid$4 ,an advantage claim$ = wat] 9 ! a% pit is3 by ! dropp+ ( hot a%es & c9d]s f ! grate into ! wat]1 /eam is g5]at$1 :i*1 9 pass+ ?r\gh ! hot coal ly+ on ! grate1 is !re divid$ into oxyg5 & hydrog51 ?us help+ ! combu/ion4 ,a dry brick w absorb a p\nd ( wat]1 & x is ! wat] 9 ! mort> t causes x to set1 & h>d54 ,to prev5t ?is loss ( ! wat] ( cry/alization1 & give x "t to h>d5 & adh]e to ! brick1 ! brick mu/ be well saturat$ ) wat]1 be=e !y are laid4 ,:5ev] /eam is all[$ to come 9 contact ) mort> or cem5t an injuri\s effect is produc$4 ,! action ( ! /eam is mu* m rapid ?an t ( air & wat]1 or wat] alone1 :5 9 abundance1 z ! effect ( ! /eam 9 e case is to s(t5 ! mort> & p5etrate to a great] dep? ?an wat] c\ld possibly d4 ,! di/ance betwe5 ! re> head ( ! boil] & brickwork %\ld n be less ?an #ab in*es4 ,9 sett+ /eam boil]s1 all[ance mu/ be made = ! expansion & contraction ( ! /ructure & ?is is usually done by plac+ roll]s "u ! re> lug or side be>+ ( ! boil]4 ,c>e %\ld be ex]cis$ t ! boil] re/s are always 9 good condition s t !y may move freely & n place ! boil] 9 any dang] ( /ick+ & buckl+4 ,,k9dl+ ,a ,,furnace ,,fire4 ,9 k9dl+ a coal fire 9 a furnace ! phosphorus ( a mat* inflames at s l[ a temp]ature 7#aej degrees ,fahr47 t m]e friction ignites x1 & 9 burn+ 7comb9+ ) oxyg5 ( ! air7 x gives out heat en\gh to raise ! sulphur ( ! mat* to ! temp]ature ( ignition 7#ejj degrees ,fahr471 :i*1 comb9+ 9 its turn ) ! oxyg5 ( ! atmosph]e1 gives out suffici5t heat to raise ! temp]ature ( ! wood to ! po9t ( ignition 7#hjj degrees ,fahr471 & at ?is temp]ature ! wood comb9es ) oxyg5 suppli$ by ! air1 giv+ out a temp]ature suffici5t to raise ! coal to ! po9t ( ignition 7#ajjj degrees ,fahr471 & ! coal !n comb9es ) ! free oxyg5 ( ! air1 ! ensu+ temp]ature 9 ! furnace v>y+1 accord+ to circum/ances1 f #cjjj degrees to #djjj degrees ,fahr4 ,?us we see t ! ignition ( ! coal is ! la/ ( a s]ies ( progressive /eps1 ea* increas+ 9 temp]ature4 ,& 9 ea* /ep x w be not$ t a comb9ation ( oxyg5 is ! ess5tial connect+ l9k & t ! oxyg5 is suppli$ 9 ea* in/ance at ! same av]age temp]ature--?is fact conta9s a 8po9t0 relat+ to supply+ furnaces ) s call$ 8hot air40 ,,sawdu/ ,,furnace4 ,illu/ration3 ,sawdu/ ,furnace ,section ,ref]r+ also to page #cc = in=mation relat+ to ! burn+ ( sawdu/ & %av+s ,s4 ,s4 ,+ham1 9 ! ,/ation>y ,eng9e]1 says ^u ?is important matt]3 8,reg>d+ a furnace = burn+ sawdu/1 ,i submit ! accompany+ cuts4 ,i h built numb]s ( ^! ov5 furnaces = burn+ ?is fuel 9 ! s\?1 & all h giv5 excell5t results4 ,! dim5sions are = #fj #af return tubul> 7#d tubes7 boil] ) /ack #ej p] c5t4 great] area ?an ! flues2 a good draft is necess>y40 ,x w be und]/ood t ! upp] cut is design$ to %[ end view ( ! furnace ^: side is %[n 9 sectional view at ! bottom ( ! page4 ,illu/ration3 ,sawdu/ ,furnace ,side ,view ,,gas ,,pipe4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #aaa4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #aab4 ,,pipes ,,& ,,pip+4 ,next 9 importance aft] ! skill necess>y = ! /eam g5]ator & ! eng9e1 is ! prop] arrangem5t & c>e & managem5t ( ! pipes & valves belong+ to a /eam plant4 ,x is ! fir/ ?+ an eng9e] does 9 tak+ *>ge ( a new place1 to asc]ta9 ! exact c\rse & op]ation ( ! wat]1 /eam1 dra9 & o!r pipes4 ,exam9]s = lic5s+ m>9e & l& eng9e]s base _! que/ions mu* m to asc]ta9 ! applicant's k ( pip+ ?an is g5]ally kn[n2 h5ce ! importance ( ! 8po9ts0 9 ! succe$+ pages relat+ to ?is subject4 ,pipes are us$ = v _m purposes 9 connection ) ! boil] room1 & ( c\rse v>y 9 size1 9 mat]ial & 9 /r5g?1 accord+ to ! purposes = :i* !y are design$4 ,!re are pipes = convey+ & deliv]+ illum9at+ gas2 pipes = convey+ & deliv]+ dr9k+ wat]1 & = fire purposes2 pipes = dra9+ & c>ry+ (f sewage & surface wat]2 pipes = deliv]+ hot wat] "u high pressure1 = heat+ purposes & p[]2 pipes = deliv]+ live /eam "u pressure1 = heat+ purposes & p[]2 pipes = deliv]+ compress$ air1 = purposes ( p[] & v5tilation2 pipes = convey+ m9]al oils1 etc4 ,9 ,figs4 #aaa1 #aab #aac & #aad are giv5 approximate sizes ( gas pipe & boil] tubes1 tak5 f ! catalogue ( "o ( ! olde/ /eamfitt+ e/abli%m5ts 9 ! c\ntry4 ,x w be obs]v$ t ! size ( gas pipe is comput$ f ! int]nal diamet]1 :ile boil] tubes are e/imat$ f ! outside3 ?us1 #c 94 gas pipe has an ext]nal diamet] ( #c-a_/b in*es1 :ile #c 94 boil] tubes h an outside diamet] ( #c in*es only4 ,x may be not$ t boil]-tubes are made mu* m accurately z to size ?an gas pipe2 ?is is especially true ( ! outside surfaces :i* are mu* smoo!r 9 "o case ?an 9 ! o!r4 ,,boil] ,,tubes4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #aac4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #aad4 ,,surfaces ,,& ,,capacities ,,( ,,pipes4 ---------------------------------------- --------- ,,sizes ,,( ,,pipes4 #a_/b #c_/d #a #a-a_/d #a-a_/b #b 94 94 94 94 94 94 ---------------------------------------- --------- #a4 ,outside circumf]5ces ( pipes 9 in*es #b4febc4biid4acf #e4bae #e4ifig4dfa #b4 ,l5g? ( ,pipe 9 feet to give a squ>e foot ( outside surface #d4eb #c4fc #b4ij #b4cj #b4ja #a4fa #c4 ,numb] ( squ>e feet ( outside surface 9 t5 l9eal feet ( ,pipe #b4ba #b4gd #c4dd #d4cd #d4ig #f4ba #d4 ,cubic 94 ( int]nal capacity 9 t5 l9eal feet ( pipe #cf4e #fc4i #ajc4e #agi4e #bdd4edjb4f #e4 ,weight 9 lbs4 ( wat] 9 t5 l9eal feet ( pipe #a4ch #b4ca #c4ge #f4e #h4h #ad4f ---------------------------------------- --------- ---------------------------------------- --------- ,,sizes ,,( ,,pipes4#b-a_/b #c #c-a_/b #d #d-a_/b #e 94 94 94 94 94 94 ---------------------------------------- --------- #a4 ,outside circumf]5ces ( pipes 9 in*es #i4icbaj4ii #ab4ef #ad4ac #ae4gjag4dg #b4 ,l5g? ( ,pipe 9 feet to give a squ>e foot ( outside surface #a4cb #a4ji 4#ied 4#hdi 4#gfc 4#fhf #c4 ,numb] ( squ>e feet ( outside surface 9 t5 l9eal feet ( ,pipe #g4eb #i4af #aj4dd #aa4gh #ac4jiaf4ef #d4 ,cubic 94 ( int]nal capacity 9 t5 l9eal feet ( pipe #egc4ihhf4faahf4daebg4faiab4fbcih4h #e4 ,weight 9 lbs4 ( wat] 9 t5 l9eal feet ( pipe #bj4h #cb4a #dc4f #ee4d #fi4c #hf4i ---------------------------------------- --------- ,pipe manufactur$ f d\ble ?ick iron is call$ ,x-/rong pipe1 & pipe made d\ble ! ?ickness ( ,x-/rong is kn[n z ,,xx-/rong pipe4 ,bo? ,x-/rong & ,,xx-/rong pipe are furni%$ pla9 ends--no ?reads1 unless specially ord]$4 ,! table 8,data relat+ to iron pipe0 w be f\nd especially useful to ! eng9e] & /eam fitt]4 ,! size ( pipes ref]r$ to 9 ! table range f #a_/h to #aj in*es 9 diamet]4 ,9 ! successive columns are giv5 ! figures = ! foll[+ important in=mation3 #a4 ,inside diamet] ( ea* size4 #b4 ,outside diamet] ( ea* size4 #c4 ,ext]nal circumf]5ce ( ea* size4 #d4 ,l5g? ( pipe p] squ>e foot ( outside surface4 #e4 ,int]nal area ( ea* size4 #f4 ,ext]nal area ( ea* size4 #g4 ,l5g? ( pipe conta9+ "o cubic foot4 #h4 ,weight p] foot ( l5g? ( pipes4 #i4 ,numb] ( ?reads p] in* ( screw4 #aj4 ,cont5ts 9 gallons 7,u4 ,s4 measure7 p] foot4 #aa4 ,weight ( wat] p] foot ( l5g?4 ,,data ,,relat+ ,,to ,,iron ,,pipe4 ---------------------------------------- -------------------- ,l5g? ( ,inside ,outside ,ext]nal ,pipe p] ,int]nal ,ext]nal ,diamet]4,diamet]4,circumf]5ce4 sq4 ft4 ,area4 ,area4 ( ,outside ,surface4 ---------------------------------------- -------------------- ,in*es4 ,in*es4 ,in*es4 ,feet4 ,in*es4 ,in*es4 #a_/h 4#dj #a4bgb #i4dd 4#jab 4#abi #a_/d 4#ed #a4fif #g4jge 4#jdi 4#bbi #c_/h 4#fg #b4aba #e4feg 4#aaj 4#ceh #a_/b 4#hd #b4feb #d4ejb 4#aif 4#eed #c_/d #a4je #c4bii #c4fcg 4#dda 4#hff #a #a4ca #d4acd #b4ijc 4#ghe #a4ceg #a-a_/d #a4ff #e4bae #b4cja #a4bbg #b4afd #a-a_/b #a4i #e4ifi #b4ja #a4gfg #b4hce #b #b4cg #g4dfa #a4faa #c4ada #d4dcj #b-a_/b #b4hg #i4jcb #a4cbh #d4ijh #f4dia #c #c4e #aj4iif #a4jia #g4jfh #i4fba #c-a_/b #d4 #ab4eff 4#iee #i4fba #ab4eff #d #d4e #ad4acg 4#hdi #ab4eff #ae4ijd #d-a_/b #e4 #ae4gjh 4#gfe #ae4ijd #ai4fce #e #e4ef #ag4dge 4#fbi #ai4fce #bd4bii #f #f4fb #bj4hac 4#egg #bh4bgd #cd4dga #g #g4fb #bc4ied 4#eje #ch4dhd #de4ffc #h #h4fb #bg4jif 4#ddd #ej4bfe #eh4dbf #i #i4fh #cj4ddc 4#cid #fc4fag #gc4gae #aj #aj4ge #cc4jjj 4#cee #gh4edj #ij4gib ---------------------------------------- -------------------- ---------------------------------------- -------------------- ,l5g? ,weight ,no4 ( ,cont5ts ,weight ( ,inside ( ,pipe p] ft4 ,?reads 9 ,wat] p] ,diamet]4conta9+ ( p] in* ,gallons,a foot ( "o ,cubic ,l5g?4 ( ,screw4 p] foot4 ,l5g?4 ,foot4 ---------------------------------------- -------------------- ,in*es4 ,feet4 ,lbs4 ,lbs4 #a_/h #bejj4 4#bd #bg 4#jjjf 4#jje #a_/d #ache4 4#db #ah 4#jjbf 4#jba #c_/h #gea4e 4#ef #ah 4#jjeg 4#jdg #a_/b #dgb4d 4#hd #ad 4#jajb 4#jhe #c_/d #bgj4 #a4ab #ad 4#jbcj 4#aij #a #aff4i #a4fg #aa-a_/b 4#jdjh 4#cdi #a-a_/d #if4be #b4be #aa-a_/b 4#jfch 4#ebg #a-a_/b #gj4fe #b4fi #aa-a_/b 4#jiah 4#gfj #b #db4cf #c4ff #aa-a_/b 4#afcb #a4cef #b-a_/b #cj4aa #e4gg #h 4#beej #b4aaf #c #ai4di #g4ed #h 4#cfgc #c4jdi #c-a_/b #ad4ef #i4je #h 4#diih #d4aee #d #aa4ca #aj4gb #h 4#febh #e4dje #d-a_/b #i4jc #ab4di #h 4#hbfc #f4hea #e #g4bj #ad4ef #h #a4jbj #h4ejj #f #d4ih #ah4gf #h #a4dfi #ab4cab #g #c4gb #bc4da #h #a4iii #af4ffb #h #b4hh #bh4cd #h #b4faa #ba4gej #i #b4bf #cd4fg #h #c4cjj #bg4ejj #aj #a4hj #dj4fd #h #d4jha #cd4jjj ---------------------------------------- -------------------- ,footnote ,a3 ,! ,/&>d ,u4 ,s4 gallon ( #bca cubic in*es4 ,! division ( process 9 ! manufacture ( pipe1 takes place at #a-a_/d in*1 #a-a_/d in* & small] sizes be+ call$ butt-weld$ pipe1 & #a-a_/b in* & l>g] sizes be+ kn[n z lap-weld$ pipe2 ?is rule holds good = /&>d1 ,x-/rong & ,,xx-/rong4 ,,jo9ts ,,( ,,pipes ,,& ,,fitt+s4 ,! accompany+ illu/rations repres5t c]ta9 jo9ts1 c\pl+s & connections us$ 9 /eam & hot wat] heat+ sy/ems4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #aae4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #aaf4 ,= _m ye>s 9 ! matt] ( pipe jo9ts !re has be5 little *ange4 ,! ca/-iron hub & spigot jo9t1 ,fig4 #aae1 caulk$ ) iron bor+s1 is probably ! olde/ k9d ( jo9t4 ,?is is /ill g5]ally adopt$ 9 hot wat] heat+ ( a c]ta9 class1 & 0 =m]ly us$ ) l[-pressure /eam4 ,a fairly regul> smoo? int]nal s]vice is obta9$1 & once made tight is v durable4 ,ca/-iron flang$ pipes h also be5 a long "t 9 use4 ,^! jo9ts are made ) a wr\ght-iron r+ gasket1 wrapp$ closely ) y>n1 ,fig4 #aaf1 :i* is sometimes dipp$ 9 a mixture ( r$ & :ite lead4 ,x is plac$ betwe5 ! flanges1 x be+ ( su* a diamet] z to fit )9 ! bolts by :i* ! jo9t 0 screw$ up & a ne/ or iron jo9t1 ,b ,b1 caulk$ outside ! annul> gasket betwe5 ! faces ( ! flanges4 ,! next /ep 9 ca/-iron flange pipe jo9ts 0 ! fac+ or turn+ up ( ! flanges & ! use ( a gasket ( rubb]1 copp]1 pap] or cem5t1 ) bolts = draw+ ! faces toge!r4 ,^! jo9ts = ca/-iron pipes h n be5 *ang$ except+ = "s classes ( "w :]e a lip & recess1 ,fig4 #aag1 =m$ on opposite flanges1 :i* makes ! int]nal surfaces smoo? & aid 9 prev5t+ ! gaskets f be+ bl[n out4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #aag4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #aah4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #aai4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #abj4 ,! introduction ( wr\ght iron weld$ pipes has dim9i%$ ! use ( ca/-iron pipes = _m purposes1 especially 9 heat+ app>atus & o!r pipe sy/ems4 ,its advantages are lightness1 ! ease ) :i* v>i\s l5g?s c be obta9$ & its /r5g?4 ,9 wr\ght-iron pipe "w ! g5]al practice 9 mak+ jo9ts betwe5 pipes is a wr\ght-iron c\pl+1 ,fig4 #aah1 ) tap]$ ?reads at bo? ends4 ,! pipes d n meet at _! ends1 & a recess ( ab\t #c_/d in* or m long by ! dep? ( ! ?ickness ( ! pipes is left at e pipe end4 ,a simil> tap]$ ?read is us$ 9 connect+ ! ca/-iron fitt+s1 elb[s1 tees1 etc41 ,fig4 #aai1 to ! pipe1 & a l>ge recess is necess>y 9 ea* fitt+ to all[ = ! tapp+ ( ! ?reads4 ,?us ! inside diamet] ( ! fitt+ is l>g] by #a_/h in* ?an ! outside diamet] ( ! pipe1 & ! int]nal projection ( ! ?ickness ( ! pipe & t ( ! ?read ( ! fitt+ increases mat]ially ! friction due to ! int]ior surfaces ( pipe & fitt+4 ,?is class ( jo9t requires c>e 9 ! tapp+ ( ! fitt+s & 9 ! cutt+ ( tap]$ ?reads on ! pipes2 mu* tr\ble is caus$ by an inaccurately cut ?read1 z x may ?r[ a l9e ( pipes sev]al in*es out ( place & put fitt+s & jo9ts "u undue & irregul> /ra9s4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #aba4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #abb4 ,! "r & left ?read$ nipple1 ,fig4 #aai1 is us$ z a f9i%+ connection jo9t & betwe5 fitt+s4 ,space equal to ! l5g? ( ! two ?reads is requir$ betwe5 ! two fitt+s to be connect$ 9 ord] to ent] ! nipple1 & "o or bo? fitt+s %\ld be free to move 9 a /raight l9e :5 ! nipple is be+ screw$ up4 ,to make up ?is jo9t "t & c>e are necess>y4 ,! "r ?read$ end on nipple %\ld be fir/ firmly screw$ ) ! tongs or wr5* into ! "r ?read$ end ( fitt+1 !n slack$ out & screw$ up aga9 by h& until tight1 :5 x is screw$ back by h&1 at ! same "t c\nt+ ! numb] ( ?reads x has ent]$ by h&4 ,! same is done ) ! left ?read$ end ( nipple & fitt+4 ,if ! "r & left ?reads ( nipple h c\nt$ ! same numb] ( ?reads1 ea* ?read1 :5 mak+ ! jo9t up1 %\ld ent] ! fitt+s at ! same "t if possible1 & p>ticul> c>e mu/ be tak5 t ! fitt+s are exactly opposite1 to facilitate cat*+ on1 prev5t cross+ ?reads1 & t no irregul> /ra9 comes on ! nipple :ile be+ screw$ up4 ,9 screw+ up ^! nipples ! c\pl+ has to be turn$ ) flats on ! ext]nal surface to fit an int]nal wr5*3 9 su* cases ! ?read on nipple has "o cont9u\s tap]4 ,^! special c\pl+s are m>k$ ) ribs on ! outside to di/+ui% !m4 ,fig4 #abj repres5ts ano!r jo9t 9 wr\ght-iron pip+ kn[n z ! 8union0 compos$ ( ?ree pieces ( ! wa%]4 ,unions are also made ) gr\nd jo9ts1 & ! wa%] disp5s$ )4 ,radiator valves are n[ g5]ally connect$ by !m1 b if ! hole 9 ! radiator is n tapp$ accurately1 ! union :5 drawn up w n be tight1 or if tight1 ! valve w n be /raight4 ,fig4 #aba %[s "r & left ?read$ nipple connect+ elb[ & tee ) wr\ght-iron pipes4 ,! flange union1 ,fig4 #abb1 is ano!r jo9t g5]ally us$ on wr\ght-iron pipes above #d or #e in*es 9 diamet] 9 mak+ connections to valves1 etc41 & on small] pipes 9 positions :]e x is a conv5i5t jo9t4 ,?is jo9t consi/s ( two circul> ca/-iron flanges ) ! requisite numb] ( holes = bolts1 & c5tral hole tapp$ tap]$ to receive ?read ( pipe4 ,! abutt+ faces ( ! flanges are g5]ally turn$ & ! hold+ bolts fitt$ into ! holes4 ,,/eam ,,& ,,hot ,,wat] ,,heat+4 ,! heat+ by means ( pipes ?r\gh :i* are convey$ hot wat] & /eam is a sci5ce by itself & yet "o claim+ "s degree ( famili>ity by all eng9e]s1 /eam us]s1 & ar*itects4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #abc4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #abd4 ,9 practice x requires a k ( /eam1 air & temp]atures1 ( pressure & supply2 a famili>ity ) heat & heat+ surfaces & ) all contrivances1 appliances & devices t ent] into ! w>m+ & v5tilation ( build+s4 ,s long z factories1 public & private build+s are erect$1 s long w w>m+ & v5tilation keep progress ) /eam eng9e]+ & rema9 a "p ( ! g5]al me*anical sci5ce requir$ ( ! sup]visory & practical eng9e]4 ,9 :at is call$ ! sy/em ( op5 circulation1 a supply ma9 conveys ! /eam to ! radiat+ surfaces1 :5ce a return ma9 conducts ! cond5s$ wat] ei!r into an op5 tank = fe$+ ! boil]1 or into a dra9 to run to wa/e1 ! boil] be+ f$ f "s o!r s\rce2 ! sy/em ( :at is call$ clos$ circulation is c>ri$ out ei!r ) sep>ate supply & return ma9s1 bo? ( :i* ext5d to ! fur!/ di/ance to :i* ! heat has to be di/ribut$1 or else ) a s+le ma91 :i* answ]s at once = bo? ! supply & ! return1 ei!r ) or )\t a longitud9al p>tition inside x = sep>at+ ! outw>d curr5t ( /eam supply f ! return curr5t ( cond5s$ wat]4 ,9 ei!r case suitable traps h to be provid$ on ! return ma91 = pres]v+ ! /eam pressure )9 ! supply ma9 & radiators4 ,^! two sy/ems1 9 any ( _! modifications1 may also be comb9$1 z is mo/ g5]ally done 9 any ext5sive w>m+ app>atus4 ,! sy/em ( clos$ circulation requires ! boil] to be plac$ s l[ z w all[ all ! return pipes to dra9 freely back to x above its wat]-level4 ,?is condition has be5 modifi$ me*anically by ! automatic 8trap10 a device frequ5tly employ$ = lift+ f a l[] level1 "p or all ( ! cond5s$ wat]1 & deliv]+ x into ! boil]2 x is1 9 fact1 a displacem5t pump4 ,! same result has be5 atta9$ by dra9+ into a clos$ tank1 plac$ l[ en\gh to accommodate all ! return pipes1 & made /rong en\gh to /& ! full boil] pressure ) safety1 & !n employ+ a /eam pump1 ei!r reciprocat+ or c5trifugal1 to raise ! wat] f ?is tank to ! prop] level = enabl+ x to fl[ back into ! boil]1 ! :ole ( ! circulation be+ clos$ f communication ) ! atmosph]e4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #abe4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #abf4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #abg4 ,!re are two sy/ems ( /eam heat+1 kn[n z ! direct & ! indirect sy/em4 ,direct radiat+ surfaces embrace all heat]s plac$ )9 a room or build+ to w>m ! air1 & are n directly connect$ ) a sy/em ( v5tilation4 ,indirect radiation embraces all heat+ surfaces plac$ outside ! rooms to be heat$1 & c only be us$ 9 connection ) "s sy/em ( v5tilation4 ,= w>m+ by direct radiation1 ! radiators usually consi/ ( coils1 compos$ ( #c_/d-;in* & #a-;in* /eam pipes1 :i* are arrang$ 9 p>allel l9es & are c\pl$ to bran* tees or heads4 ,9 a few exceptional cases1 radiators ( peculi> %apes are specially con/ruct$4 ,9 all cases ! coils mu/ h ei!r v]tical or horizontal elb[s ( mod]ate l5g?1 = all[+ ea* pipe to exp& sep>ately & freely4 ,sometimes %ort l5g?s ( pipe are c\pl$ by return-b5ds1 d\bl+ backw>ds & =w>ds 9 sev]al replications "o above ano!r1 & =m+ :at are call$ 8return-b5d coils10 & :5 sev]al ( ^! sections are connect$ by bran*1 tees into a compact mass ( tub+1 ! :ole is kn[n z a 8box-coil40 ,/eam & ,hot ,wat] heat+ h long be5 ackn[l$g$ z altoge!r mo/ practical & economical 9 e way--& _! univ]sal adoption 9 all ! bett] class ( build+s ?r\gh\t ! c\ntry is positive pro( ( _! sup]iority4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #abh4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #abi4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #acj4 ,! heat f /eam is almo/ exactly id5tical ) t f hot wat]1 & few c di/+ui% betwe5 ! two sy/ems :5 prop]ly erect$4 ,!y are bo? heal?ful1 economical & satisfactory me?ods ( w>m+4 ,!y give no gas1 du/ nor smoke2 are automatically regulat$1 & !re=e all[ ( an ev5 & con/ant temp]ature ?r\gh\t ! h\se1 :atev] be ! condition ( ! wea!r outside4 ,! circulation ( ! /eam ?r\gh ! w>m+ pipes is effect$ 9 an almo/ unlimit$ v>iety ( ways1 & ! cause produc+ ! circulation ?r\gh\t ! pipes ( ! w>m+ app>atus is solely ! diff]5ce ( pressure :i* results f ! m or less rapid cond5sation ( ! /eam 9 contact ) ! radiat+ surfaces4 ,a p>tial vacuum is =m$ by ?is diff]5ce ( pressure )9 ! radiat+ portions ( ! app>atus1 & ! column ( /eam or ( wat] equival5t to ?is dim9ution ( pressure1 con/itutes ! effective head produc+ ! fl[ ( /eam f ! boil]1 at ! same "t ! return curr5t ( cond5s$ wat] is det]m9$ by ! d[nw>d incl9ation ( ! pipes = ! return c\rse4 ,,po9ts ,,relat+ ,,to ,,/eam ,,heat+4 ,no two pipes %\ld dis*>ge into a ,t f opposite directions1 ?us ret>d+ ! motion ( bo? or "o ( ! return+ curr5ts4 ,?is is call$ 8butt+0 & is "o ( ! mo/ vexati\s ?+s to enc\nt] 9 pipe fitt+4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #aca4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #acb4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #acc4 ,all /eam pip$ rooms %\ld be frequ5tly du/$1 clean$ & kept free f accumulation ( inflammable mat]ial4 ,! use ( ! air valve is z foll[s3 ,9 g5]at+ /eam f cold wat] all ! free air is lib]at$ & driv5 (f into ! pipe1 ) ! air left 9 !m1 all ( :i* is =c$ up to ! highe/ po9t ( ! coils or radiators1 & compress$ equal to ! /eam pressure foll[+ x4 ,n[1 by plac+ a valve or v5t at ! return end ( ! pieces to be heat$1 ! air w be driv5 out by ! compression4 ,:y ! v5t is plac$ at ! return is1 t ! mom5tum ( ! /eam1 x be+ ! lighte/ body1 w pass 9 ! direction ( x1 fall+ d[n into ! return z x cond5ses1 ?us lib]at+ ! air4 ,o!rwise1 %\ld ! v5t n "w1 & ! air is left 9 ! radiator1 x w act z an air spr+1 & ! cont5ts ( ! pipes left /ation>y w be ! result2 no circulation1 no heat2 & ! great] /eam pressure put on1 ! great] ! *ances are ( n gett+ any heat2 & ?us a little device1 ) an op5+ no l>g] ?an a f9e ne$le1 w />t :at a ton ( pressure w\ld n d 9 its abs5ce4 ,if ! drip & supply pipes are l>ge !re is v little dang] ( freez+1 provid$ suitable precautions are tak5 to leave ! pipes cle>4 ,!y %\ld be bl[n ?r\gh1 :5 left1 & ! /eam valve %\ld be clos$4 ,!re %\ld also be a free *ance = air to escape 9 all sy/ems ( pip+4 ,no rule c be giv5 relat+ to capacity = heat+ pipes & radiators :i* d n require to be l>gely modifi$ by surr\nd+s4 ,! field ( /eam heat+ w\ld seem to be limitless--9 "o public build+ x requir$ rec5tly #dhj1jjj doll>s to meet ! exp5ditures 9 ?is s+le l9e4 ,z an example ( w>m+ on an ext5sive scale may be tak5 a l>ge (fice 9 ,new ,york1 ( :i* ! foll[+ are ! p>ticul>s3 ,total numb] ( rooms1 includ+ halls & vaults4 #bhf ,total area ( floor surface4 sq4 ft4 #acg1cgj ,total volume ( rooms4 cub4 ft4 #a1ibc1eij ,a second example is furni%$ by ! ,/ate ,lunatic ,asylum at ,indianapolis3 ,l5g? ( frontage ( build+1 m ?an4 #b1jjj l94 ft4 ,total volume ( rooms4 #b1egd1jhd cub4 ft4 ,w>m+ indirect radiat+ surface #bc1bif ,app>atus ,direct #aj1hjd ,total #cd1ajj sq4 ft4 ,boil]s ,grate area #ahj sq4 ft4 ,heat+ surface #e1hfc sq4 ft4 ,! 8ov]head0 sy/em ( heat+ ) /eam pipes has sev]al advantages4 #a4 ,! pipes are entirely out ( ! way #b4 ,!y d n become cov]$ ) odds & ends ( unus$ mat]ials4 #c4 ,if !y leak ! drip fixes ! exact location ( place ne$$ to be repair$4 #d4 ,! room occupi$ ov]head _c be well o!rwise utiliz$1 h5ce 9 %ops ! sy/em has prov$ effici5t4 ,b = (fices or /ore rooms ! ov]head sy/em is n approv$ ( ow+ to ! heat beat+ d[n ^u ! occupants & caus+ heada*e4 ,:5 ov]head heat+ pipes are us$1 !y %\ld n be hung too ne> ! ceil+4 ,if ! room be a high "o1 x is bett] to hang !m bel[1 r ?an above1 ! level ( ! belts runn+ across ! room1 & !y %\ld n be less ?an ?ree or f\r feet f ! wall4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #acd4 ,x is important to protect all wood "w or o!r inflammable mat]ial ar\nd /eam pipes f imm$iate contact ) !m1 especially :]e pipes pass ?r\gh floors & p>titions4 ,a metal ?imble %\ld be plac$ ar\nd ! /eam pipe1 & firmly fa/5$ on bo? sides ( ! floor1 9 su* a way z to leave an air space ar\nd ! /eam pipe4 ,= indirect radiat+ surfaces1 ! box coils are ! =ms mo/ us$4 ,! *amb]s or cas+s = conta9+ !m are made ei!r ( brickwork1 or (t5 ( galvaniz$ %eet-iron ( ,no4 #bf gauge1 ) fold$ jo9ts4 ,! coils are susp5d$ freely )9 ! *amb]s1 :i* are !mselves atta*$ to ! walls conta9+ ! air inlet flues4 ,besides coils ( wr\ght iron tubes1 ca/-iron tablets or holl[ slabs1 hav+ v]tical surfaces ) project+ /uds or ribs1 h be5 ext5sively us$ = ! radiat+ surfaces4 ,z ! am\nt ( heat giv5 (f f ! radiator _c be satisfactorily controll$ by ?rottl+ ! /eam supply1 x is usual to divide all radiators into sections1 ea* ( :i* c be %ut (f f ! supply & return ma9s1 sep>ately f ! re/ ( ! sections4 ,?is me?od ( regulation applies to radiators = indirect heat+ z well z = direct4 ,v]tical pipe coils1 con/itute a di/9ctive =m ( radiator n[ l>gely us$4 ,9 ^! a numb] ( %ort upright #a-;in* tubes1 f two feet #h in*es to #b feet #aj in*es long1 are screw$ into a holl[ ca/ iron base or box2 & are ei!r connect$ toge!r 9 pairs by return-b5ds at _! upp] ends1 or else ea* tube /&s s+ly ) its upp] end clos$1 & hav+ a hoop iron p>tition ext5d+ up inside x f ! bottom to ne>ly ! top4 ,! supply ( /eam is admitt$ into ! bottom ca/+2 & ! /eam on ent]+1 be+ light] ?an ! air1 asc5ds ?r\gh "o leg ( ea* siphon pipe & desc5ds ?r\gh ! o!r1 :ile ! cond5s$ wat] trickles d[n ei!r leg1 & ) x ! displac$ air s9ks also into ! bottom box4 ,= gett+ rid ( ! air1 a trap is provid$1 hav+ an outlet controll$ by metallic rods2 z soon z all ! air has escap$ & ! rods become heat$ by ! pres5ce ( unmix$ /eam1 _! expansion closes ! outlet4 ,a ?or\gh dra9age ( /eam pipes w effectually prev5t crack+ & p\nd+ noises4 ,! w9dw>d side ( build+s require m radiat+ surface ?an does ! %elt]$ side4 ,:5 floor radiators are us$1 _! location %\ld be det]m9$ by circum/ances2 ! be/ situations are usually ne> ! walls ( ! room1 9 front ( ! w9d[s4 ,! cold air1 :i* always creates an indraft ar\nd ! w9d[ frames1 is ?us1 to "s ext5t1 w>m$ z x passes ov] ! ! radiators1 & also assi/s 9 ! g5]al circulation4 ,wat] ( cond5sation w freeze quick] ?an wat] t has n be5 evaporat$1 = ! reason t x has p>t$ ) all its air & is !re=e solid4 ,:atev] ! size ( ! circulat+ pipes1 ! supply & drip pipes %\ld be l>ge1 to insure good circulation2 ! drip pipes especially s4 ,?is is also ! m necess>y :5 ! pipes are expos$1 or :5 !re is dang] ( freez+ aft] ! /eam is %ut (f4 ,x is important to see t no bli/]s or ragg$ pipes g into ! returns1 & also to make sure t ! ends are n 8burr$ 90 ) a dull pipe cutt] :eel s z to =m a place ( lodgm5t = loose matt] 9 ! pipe to /op aga9/4 ,illu/ration3 ,figs4 #ace-acg4 ,exp]im5ts rec5tly made on ! /r5g? ( b5t pipes h develop$ "s ?+s n commonly kn[n1 or at lea/ n recogniz$1 t is1 ! /ra9 on ! inside ( ! angles1 due to ! ef=t ( ! pipes to /raight5 !mselves "u pressure4 ,! problem is "o ( consid]able intricacy1 resolvable1 h[ev]1 by computation1 & is a good "o = practice4 ,9 ! exp]im5t ref]r$ to1 a copp] pipe ( #f-c_/d 94 bore1 #c_/af 94 ?ick1 0 us$4 ,! angle 0 #ij degrees1 & ! legs ab\t #af 94 long f ! c5t]4 ,at a pressure ( #iab p\nds to an in*1 ! deflection ( ! pipe 0 ne>ly #c_/h 941 %[+ an enorm\s /ra9 on ! inn] side1 9 addition to ! pressure4 ,/eam valves %\ld be connect$ 9 su* a mann] t ! valve closes aga9/ ! con/ant /eam pressure4 ,int]e/+ exp]im5ts %[ t ! loss by cond5sation 9 c>ry+ /eam "o mile is #e p] c5t4 ( ! capacity ( ! ma91 & a /eam pressure ( sev5ty-five p\nds c>ri$ 9 five miles ( ma9s1 end+ at a po9t "o-half mile f ! boil] h\se only %[s a loss ( pressure ( two p\nds4 ,9 /eam w>m+ x is necess>y to br+ ! wat] to a boil+ po9t to get any heat :atev]2 9 hot wat] w>m+1 a l[ temp]ature w radiate a correspond+ am\nt ( heat4 ,nev] use a valve 9 putt+ 9 a l[ pressure app>atus if x is possible to get along )\t x4 ,all ! valves or cocks t are actually requir$ 9 a well-proportion$ l[ pressure app>atus are1 a cock to bl[ (f ! wat] & clean out ! return pipes1 ano!r to turn on ! fe$ wat]4 ,( c\rse ! safety valves1 gauge cocks1 & ^? to %ut fire regulators & su* z are a "p ( ! boil]1 are n includ$ 9 ?is 8po9t40 ,! mo/ important ?+ 9 connect+ ! relief to return pipes is1 t x %\ld always be c>ri$ d[n bel[ ! l9e1 ! same z all v]tical return pipes4 ,9 connect+ ! reliefs1 s t ! l[] op5+ c at any "t be expos$ to ! /eam1 !re w be ! difficulty ( hav+ ! /eam go+ 9 "o direction1 & ! wat] 9 ano!r4 ,! relief pipe %\ld 8tap0 ! /eam at its l[e/ or mo/ depress$ po9ts4 ,x %\ld always be put 9 at ! base ( all /eam 8ris]s0 tak+ /eam to upp] floors4 ,9 leav+ ! boil] ) ma9 /eam pipe1 raise to a height t w all[ ( "o in* fall f ! boil] to e t5 feet ( runn+ /eam pipe2 ?is is suffici5t1 & a great] fall or pit* w cause ! cond5s$ wat] 9 ! pipe to make at times a disagreeable noise or 8gurgl+40 ,! fl[ pipe %\ld nev] />t f ! boil] 9 a horizontal direction1 z ?is w cause delay & tr\ble 9 ! circulation4 ,?is pipe %\ld always />t 9 a v]tical direction1 ev5 if x has to proce$ horizontally )9 a %ort di/ance f ! boil]4 ,reflection w %[ t ! p]fect app>atus is "o t c>ries ! fl[ pipe 9 a direct v]tical l9e to ! cyl9d] or tank2 ?is is nev]1 or b r>ely possible1 b skill & +5uity %\ld be ex]cis$ to c>ry ! pipes z ne>ly z possible 9 ?is direction4 ,! fl[ ( /eam ought n to be fa/ en\gh to prev5t ! wat] ( cond5sation f return+ freely4 ,all ! circulat+ pipes %\ld be l[e/ at ! dis*>ge end1 & ! incl9ation giv5 !m %\ld n be less ?an "o foot 9 fifty4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ach4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #aci4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #adj4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ada4 ,! g5]al rule is to lay ! ma9 pipes f ! boil] s t ! pipe w dra9 f ! boil]4 ,:]e ?is is done x is necess>y to h a drip j be=e ! /eam ent]s ! circulation4 ,?is drip is connect$ to a trap1 or1 if ! cond5s$ wat] is return$ to ! boil]1 ! drip is arrang$ accord+ly4 ,b x is ! be/ practice to lay ! ma9 pipe ) ! l[e/ "p at ! boil]1 s t ! drip w take c>e ( itself1 & n require an extra trap1 nor int]f]e ) ! return circulation4 ,:5 /eam is turn$ into cold pipes ! wat] ( cond5sation gets cold aft] runn+ a %ort di/ance1 & if x has to g ?r\gh a small drip pipe full ( fro/ x w probably be froz54 ,!n1 unless x is foll[$ up ) a pail ( hot wat]1 ! :ole arrangem5t w be froz5 & a great _m bur/$ pipes w result4 ,:5ev] turn+ /eam on 9 a sy/em ( v cold pipes1 only "o room %\ld be tak5 at a "t1 & a pail ( hot wat] %\ld be h&y s t if ! pipe becomes ob/ruct$ x c be ?aw$ imm$iately )\t damage4 ,:5 pipes become ext5sively froz5 !re is no?+ to d b take !m out & put 9 new ones4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #adb4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #adc4 ,! mann] 9 :i* a temp]ature too l[ to />t rapid combu/ion 9 wood 9 /eam pipes1 op]ates 9 orig9at+ a fire is by fir/ r$uc+ ! oxide ( iron 7ru/7 to a metallic condition4 ,?is is possible only "u c]ta9 ext]nal conditions1 among !m a dry atmosph]e4 ,j z soon z ! air is re*>g$ ) moi/ure1 ! r$uc$ iron is liable to rega91 at a b\nd1 its lo/ oxyg51 & 9 do+ s become r$ hot4 ,?is is ! heat t sets ! already t9d]$ wood or pap] ablaze4 ,:]e !re is no ru/ !re is no dang] f fire ) a less ?an scor*+ temp]ature 9 ! pipe or flue4 ,h5ce ! necessity ( keep+ /eam or hot wat] fitt+s 9 good ord]4 ,! indirect sy/em ( heat+ is ! mo/ exp5sive to put 92 z to ! co/ ( provid+ ne>ly d\ble ! heat+ surface 9 ! coils mu/ be add$ ! co/ ( suitable air boxes1 pipes & regi/]s4 ,= a l>ge in/allation1 ?is is a s]i\s matt]1 al?\gh = (fice w>m+ ! advantages ga9$ on ! score ( heal?fulness & great] effici5cy ( employees mu* m ?an c\nt]balance ! extra exp5se4 ,"o horse p[] ( boil] w approximately heat #f1jjj to #aj1jjj cubic feet 9 %ops1 mills & factories--dwell+s require only "o horse p[] = f #aj1jjj to #bj1jjj cubic feet4 ,f sev5 to t5 squ>e feet ( radiat+ surface c be heat$ f "o squ>e foot ( boil] surface1 i4e41 ! heat+ surface ( ! boil] & ea* horse p[] ( boil] w heat #bdj to #cfj feet ( #a-;in* pipe4 ,! pr(ession mo/ ne>ly relat$ to t ( /eam eng9e]s is ! work+ /eam fitt]s' occupation4 ,/rictly speak+1 ! eng9e] %\ld produce ! /eam1 & x is ! /eam fitt]s' place to fix up all ! /eam pipes & make all ! necess>y connections3 b :]e ! /eam plants are small1 ! eng9e] may be /eam fitt] also3 h5ce ! introduction 9 ?is "w ( ^! 8,po9ts0 :i* are necess>y to be kn[n = ! prop] c>e & managem5t ( any sy/em ( /eam or hot wat] heat+4 ,! c>e & pati5ce1 ! m5tal /ra9 & n infrequ5tly ! physical torture incid5t to fitt+ up a complicat$ pipe sy/em _c adequately be set =? 9 words4 ,x is /at$ to be a fact1 t 9 high pressure hot wat] heat+ ! wat] frequ5tly becomes r$ hot1 pressures ( #ajjj to #abjj p\nds p] squ>e in* be+ rea*$1 & :5 ! circulation ( ! sy/em is defective ! pipe becomes visibly r$ 9 ! d>k4 ,pipes "u "w b5*es %\ld be avoid$1 unless !re is an op5+ at ! back to p]mit ! escape ( ! heat$ air1 :i* w\ld o!rwise come out at ! front4 ,:5 bo? exhau/ & live /eam are us$ = heat+1 _m eng9e]s pref] to use indep5d5t l9es ( pipe = ea*1 r ?an run ! risk ( int]f]5ce & wa/e caus$ by admitt+ exhau/ & live /eam into ! same sy/em at ! same "t4 ,nev]!less1 ! advantages ga9$ by be+ able to increase ! heat+ p[] ( a sy/em 9 extremely cold wea!r by utiliz+ ! entire radiat+ surface = high pressure /eam1 are s great t x is probably bett] s to arrange ! sy/em ( pipes & connections t ?is c be done4 ,d\ble extra heavy pipe 7,,xx7 is us$ = ice & refrig]at+ ma*9es 7see page #bdf71 z a g5]al rule1 mak]s ( ?is class ( ma*9]y obta9 b little satisfaction 9 ! use ( ! ord9>y ?read jo9+ & use special dies ) uni=m tap]--bo? = c\pl+s1 flanges & ?read+ ! pipe itself4 ,!y d ?is to protect _! reputation & gu>antees4 ,weld+ boil] & o!r tubes4--,! foll[+ is a good way 9 cases ( em]g5cy & c be done on a common =ge3 ,enl>ge "o end ( ! %orte/ piece1 & "o end ( ! long piece make small]1 !n telescope ! two ab\t #c_/d ( an in*4 ,next get an iron %aft z l>ge z w g into ! tube & lay across ! =ge ) ! tube slipp$ ov] x4 ,block ! %aft up s t ! tube w hang d[n f ! top ( ! %aft4 ,by su* an arrangem5t ! inside ( ! tube w be smoo? = a scrap]4 ,:5 ! tube gets to a weld+ heat /rike on ! end ( ! %ort piece fir/1 ) a heavy hamm]1 !n ) a light & broad-fac$ hamm] make ! weld4 ,borax c be us$ to good advantage1 b x is n necess>y4 ,! next ?+ is to te/ ! tube1 :i* c be done 9 ! foll[+ mann]3 ,drive a plug 9 "o end ( ! tube1 /& x up on t end1 & fill x ) wat]1 if x does n leak ! job is well done1 if a leak exi/s ! weld+ mu/ be aga9 done4 ,,solid-,,drawn ,,iron ,,tubes3 ,,calculat$ ,,bur/+ ,,& ,,collaps+ ,,pressures4 ---------------------------------------- -------------------------- ,,bur/+ ,,pressure4,,collaps+ ,,pressure4 ,ext]nal ,int]nal -------------------------------------- ,diamet]4,?ickness4,diamet]4,p] ,squ>e ,in* (,p] ,squ>e ,in* ( ------------------------------------ ,int]nal ,section ,ext]nal ,section ,surface4( ,metal4,surface4 ( ,metal4 ---------------------------------------- ------------------------ ,in*es4 ,in*4 ,in*es4 ,lbs4 ,tons4 ,lbs4 ,tons4 #a-a_/d 4#jhc #a4jhd #ggjj #bb4d #fejj #ba4g #a-c_/h 4#jhc #a4bji #fijj #bb4d #ehjj #ba4c #a-a_/b 4#jhc #a4ccd #fbjj #bb4d #ebjj #ba4j #a-c_/d 4#jhc #a4ehd #ecjj #bb4d #dcjj #bj4c #b 4#jhc #a4hcd #dejj #bb4d #cgjj #ai4g #b-a_/d 4#jie #b4jfj #dfjj #bb4d #cfjj #ai4j #b-a_/b 4#aji #b4bhb #dhjj #bb4d #cfjj #ah4c #b-c_/d 4#aji #b4ecb #ddjj #bb4d #cajj #ag4g #c 4#abj #b4gfj #dcjj #bb4d #cjjj #ag4j #c-a_/b 4#acd #c4bcb #dbjj #bb4d #bgjj #ae4g #c-c_/d 4#acd #c4dhb #cijj #bb4d #bdjj #ae4j #d 4#acd #c4gcb #cfjj #bb4d #bajj #ad4c #d-a_/b 4#acd #d4bcb #cbjj #bb4d #agjj #ac4j #d-c_/d 4#acd #d4dhb #cjjj #bb4d #afjj #ab4c #e 4#acd #d4gcb #bhjj #bb4d #adjj #aa4g #e-a_/b 4#adh #e4bjd #bhjj #bb4d #abjj #aj4c #f #e4gjd #bfjj #bb4d #ajjj #i4j ---------------------------------------- ------------------------ ,,v5tilation4 ,! quantity ( air = ea* m9ute = "o p]son is f f\r to fifte5 feet--& f "o-half to "o foot %\ld be all[$ = ea* gas jet or lamp4 ,heat$ air _c be made to ent] a room unless means are provid$ = p]mitt+ an equal quantity to escape1 & ! be/ places = su* exit op5+s is ne> ! floor4 ,= heal?ful v5tilation ! indirect sy/em ( /eam heat+ is by f> ! be/ yet devis$1 = x n only w>ms ! room1 b insures p]fect v5tilation z well4 ,9 ?is sy/em1 ! air = w>m+ ! room is introduc$ ?r\gh regi/]s1 hav+ fir/ be5 heat$ by pass+ ov] coils ( pipe or radiators suitably locat$ 9 ! air ducts4 ,!re is a l>ge volume ( pure air con/antly ent]+ ! room1 :i* mu/ displace & drive out an equal quantity ( impure air4 ,?is escapes pr9cipally ar\nd ! doors & w9d[s1 s t n only is ! v5tilation effect$ automatically )\t ! use ( special devices1 b all disagreeable indraft ( cold air is prev5t$4 ,"o ( ! *eape/ & be/ me?ods ( v5tilation is to h an op5+ ne> ! floor1 op5+ directly into ! flue1 or "s o!r outlet especially con/ruct$ = x1 ) hot wat] or /eam pipes 9 ?is op5+4 ,a mod]ate degree ( heat 9 ^! pipes w create a draft1 & draw out ! bad air4 ,only a few ( ^! pipes are necess>y1 & ! am\nt ( hot wat] or /eam requir$ to heat !m is too small to be wor?y ( consid]ation4 ,! use ( a small gas-jet1 burn+ cont9u\sly1 9 a pipe or %aft has be5 f\nd to be a mo/ admirable me?od ( v5tilat+ inside rooms1 closets & simil> places :]e f\l air might collect if n replac$ by fre%4 ,! foll[+ table exhibits ! result ( c>eful exp]im5ts made by ,mr4 ,?omas ,flet*]1 ( ,engl&1 ) a v]tical flue #f in*es 9 diamet] & #ab feet high3 ,,table4 ---------------------------------------- ---------------------- ,gas ,burnt ,spe$ ( ,total ,air ,air ,exhau/$ ,temp]ature at p] ,h\r4 ,curr5t p] ,exhau/$ p] ,cubic foot outlet4 ,normal ,m9ute4 p] ,h\r4 ( ,gas ,burnt4 #fb ,fahr4 ---------------------------------------- ---------------------- ,cubic ,feet4 ,feet4 ,cubic ,feet4 ,cubic ,feet4 #a #bje #b1dfj #b1dfj #hb #b #bde #b1idj #a1dgj #ib #d #cbe #c1ijj #ige #aaj #h #dae #d1ihj #fbb #acg ---------------------------------------- ---------------------- ,illu/ration3 ,,exhau/ ,,/eam ,,heat+4 ,fig4 #add4 ,tak+ ! exp]im5ts z a :ole1 x w be se5 t 9 a flue #f in*es 9 diamet]1 ! maximum spe$ ( curr5t :i* c be obta9$ ) economy is ab\t #bjj feet p] m9ute2 & ?is 0 realiz$ ) a gas consumption ( #a cubic foot p] h\r--#a cubic foot ( gas remov+ #b1dfj cubic feet ( air4 ,x %\ld1 h[ev]1 n be requir$ ( any sy/em ( heat+ to m ?an aid 9 v5tilation4 ,x is ! ar*itect's or build]'s p]=mance to s arrange l[] & upp] op5+s to drive out ! bad air4 ,,heat+ ,,by ,,exhau/ ,,/eam4 ,!re are two me?ods ( w>m+ by /eam heat--"o ) live /eam direct f ! boil]1 & ! o!r ) exhau/ /eam4 ,^! two are frequ5tly c>ri$ out 9 comb9ation1 & 9 fact g5]ally s :]e exhau/ /eam is us$ at all = w>m+4 ,9 ne>ly all manufactur+ e/abli%m5ts1 (fice build+s1 etc41 ! exhau/ /eam produc$ w v ne>ly1 if n q supply suffici5t exhau/ /eam to furni% all ! heat requir$ = heat+ ! build+ dur+ av]age wea!r1 al?\gh 9 extremely cold wea!r1 a c]ta9 am\nt ( live /eam might be necess>y to use 9 connection ) ! exhau/ to supply ! requir$ am\nt ( heat4 ,a simple & conv5i5t device op]at+ ^u ! suction pr9ciple has be5 f\nd to be mo/ effici5t4 ,by ?is ! exhau/ /eam is drawn almo/ in/antly ?r\gh ! mo/ ext5sive pip+2 prev5t+ cond5sation1 freez+ & hamm]+1 aft] :i* x is cond5s$ & purifi$1 & f$ back into ! boil] by ! means ( a reciprocat+ pump4 ,x is claim$ t a giv5 quantity ( exhau/ /eam c be circulat$ by ?is vacuum sy/em & uni=mly di/ribut$ ?r\gh d\ble ! am\nt ( heat+ pipes ?an c\ld be accompli%$ by ! same quantity ( exhau/ /eam :5 =c$ into ! heat+ sy/em by pressure4 ,fig4 #add is a well-tri$ sy/em ( heat+ by exhau/ /eam 9 :i* 8#g0 repres5ts ! /eam exhau/ pipe1 ) 8#f0 %[+ back pressure valve ) weight to adju/ am\nt ( back pressure2 8#d0 8#d0 are /eam supply pipes to radiators2 8#e0 8#e0 are ris]s2 8#i0 8#i0 are cond5sation return pipes f ! radiators2 8#h0 is ! pressure regulat+ valve f ! boil]s4 ,fig4 #add may also be said to repres5t ! g5]al me?od ( pip+ us$ 9 /eam & hot wat] heat+1 :i* is difficult ( illu/ration ow+ to ! fact t ea* locality :]e x is us$ requires a diff]5t adaptation4 ,,c>e ,,( ,,/eam ,,fitt+s4 ,_m /eam fitt+s are lo/ ?r\gh c>elessness1 p>ticul>ly 9 tak+ d[n old "w1 b ! great bulk are simply 8lo/0 = lack ( me?od 9 c>+ = !m4 ,?is task prop]ly falls ^u ! eng9e]1 z he usually is intru/$ ) ! selection & ord]+ ( ! necess>y "w4 ,a great sav+ 9 ! bill ( 8f9d+s0 c be effect$ by prop] att5tion4 ,! same sy/ematic c>e ex]cis$ ov] ! o!r fitt+s1 tools1 appliances1 oil1 fuel1 etc41 us$ or consum$ 9 ! eng9e & boil] room may be urg$ ) equal emphasis4 ---------------------------------------- --------------------- #a_/d & #c_/h 94 ---------------------------------------- --------------------- #a_/b 94 ---------------------------------------- --------------------- #a 94 ---------------------------------------- --------------------- #a-a_/d 94 ---------------------------------------- --------------------- #a-a_/b 94 ---------------------------------------- --------------------- ,r's #b 94 ,elb[s ,tees4 ,nipples4 ,plugs4,r$uc]s4 & ,unions c\pl+s4 ,l's4 ---------------------------------------- --------------------- ,fig4 #ade4 ,fig4 #ade %[s a case = keep+ fitt+s1 :i* w enable "o to f9d any p>ticul> piece )\t a mom5t's delay4 ,9 ?is admirable arrangem5t x w be se5 t ! heavy fitt+s are all at ! bottom1 ! light ones at ! top4 ,9 ! top r[ ( all1 ! "o-qu>t] & ?ree-eigh? in* fitt+s are plac$1 be+ s small t a p>tition may be put into t r[ ( boxes1 & !n h pl5ty ( room1 & giv+ twice ! capacity to t r[ ( pigeon holes4 ,above ?is case1 :i* is built ( "o in* bo>ds1 may be put a set ( f\r cupbo>ds1 d\ble doors be+ fitt$ to ea*1 & ?us mak+ a door ov] ea* comp>tm5t 9 ! fitt+ rack4 ,! %elves run ?r\gh ^! cupbo>ds f end to end1 & are n divid$ by v]tical p>titions4 ,! necess>y brass fitt+s are kept on ^! %elves1 & ! doors are secur$ by good locks4 ,! lighte/ fitt+s are plac$ on ! l[] %elves 9 ?is cupbo>d1 be+ 9 greate/ dem&4 ,,tools ,,us$ ,,9 ,,/eam ,,fitt+4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #adf4 ,fig4 #adf repres5ts "o =m ( a pipe cutt] :i* is made to use by h&2 cutt]s are also made = use by p[]1 :i* are capable ( cutt+ (f pipes ( imm5se size4 ,9 an eng9e]'s outfit ( /eam fitt+ tools #b sets are advisable--"o to cut pipe #a_/h? in* to #a in*1 & ! o!r to cut #a to #b-;in* pipe4 ,figs4 #adg1 #adh1 repres5t diff]5t =ms ( pipe tongs--! =m] call$ 8*a90 tongs :i* w readily hold ?ree-in* pipe4 ,fig4 #adi repres5ts a /eam fitt]'s vise :i* w 8take0 say1 #b-a_/b-;in* pipe d[n to #a_/h?4 ,fig4 #aej %[s a set ( taps & dies = small bolts & nuts :i* is ord9>ily to be f\nd 9 a /eam fitt]'s outfit al?\gh us$ v g5]ally by ma*9i/s & o!rs4 ,fig4 #aea %[s a pair ( gas-pli]s :i* are us$ by /eam fitt]s 9 gas-pipe jobs4 ,fig4 #aeb exhibits ! old-fa%ion$ alligator wr5*4 ,9 ice & refrig]at+ jobs ( pipe fitt+ special tubes are us$ to assure a nic5ess ( jo9ts & fitt+ :i* is n call$ = 9 /eam & wat] s]vice4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #adg4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #adh4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #adi4 ,,cocks4 ,! fir/ means 9 ! e>lie/ times ( /eam eng9e]+1 = op5+ & %utt+ ! passages 9 ! pipes ( /eam eng9es 7 cocks & ^! 7 all work$ by h& & requir$ close att5tion4 ,a boy nam$ ,humphry ,pott] be+ 9 *>ge ( "o ( ! cocks ( ,newcom5's pump+-eng9es1 & desir+ "t = play1 x is said1 manag$ to fa/5 ! lev]-h&les ( ! spigots by means ( rods & /r+ to ! walk+ beam ( ! eng9e1 s t ea* recurr5t motion ( ! beam effect$ ! *ange requir$4 ,?is 0 ! fir/ automatic valve-motion4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #aej4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #aea4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #aeb4 ,,valves4 ,! valve is any device or appliance us$ to control ! fl[ ( a liquid1 vapor or gas1 ?r\gh a pipe1 outlet1 or inlet 9 any =m ( vessel4 ,9 ?is s5se ! def9ition includes air1 gas1 /eam1 & wat] cocks ( any k9d4 ,! bell[s 0 probably ! fir/ in/rum5t ( :i* !y =m$ a "p4 ,no o!r ma*9e equally anci5t c be po9t$ out 9 :i* !y 7 requir$4 ,by f> ! mo/ important improvem5t on ! primitive bell[s or bag 0 ! admission ( air by a sep>ate op5+--a contrivance t l$ to ! inv5tion ( ! valve1 "o ( ! mo/ ess5tial elem5ts ( /eam1 ( wat]1 z well z pneumatic ma*9]y4 ,valves & ,cocks4--,g5]ally describ$1 a valve is a lid or cov] to an op5+1 s =m$ z to op5 a communication 9 "o direction & close x 9 ano!r by lift+1 turn+1 or slid+--among ! v>ieties may be class$ z1 ! cock1 ! slide-valve1 ! poppet valve & ! clack-valve4 ,a common =m ( ?is valve is %[n 9 ,fig4 #aci1 page #bfa4 ,an e day example ( a valve1 & almo/ ! simple/ kn[n1 is t ( an ord9>y pump :]e ! valve op5s upw>d to admit ! wat] & closes d[nw>d to prev5t its return4 ,a valve has a seat1 :e!r x be a gate or circul> valve1 & is g5]ally turn$ by a circul> h&le fitt$ to ! sp9dle4 ,diff]5ce betwe5 a cock & valve4--,! cock is a valve1 b a valve is n a cock2 ! cock is a conical plug slott$ & fitt$ ) a h&le = turn+ ! cone-%ap$ valve1 ) its op5+ 9 l9e1 or o!rwise1 ) ! op5+ ( ! pipe4 ,globe ,valve is a valve enclos$ 9 a globul> *amb]1 ,fig4 #ace4 ,?is1 l _m o!r valves1 takes its "n f its %ape4 ,globe valves1 :5ev] possible1 %\ld be plac$ s t ! pressure comes "u ! valve1 or at ! side1 = if ! valve %\ld become loose f ! /em 7:i* !y (t5 d7 if ! pressure is on top1 !re w\ld be a total /oppage ( ! /eam4 ,relief ,valve is a valve s arrang$ t x op5s outw>d :5 a dang]\s pressure or %ock occurs2 a valve belong+ to ! fe$+ app>atus ( a m>9e eng9e1 ?r\gh :i* ! wat] escapes into ! hot well :5 x is %ut (f f ! boil]4 ,h+$ ,valves con/itute a l>ge class1 z = example ! butt]fly-valve1 clack-valves1 & o!r =ms 9 :i* ! leaf or plate ( ! valve is fa/5$ on "o side ( ! valve seat or op5+4 ,valve-bracket is a bracket fitt$ ) a valve4 ,! ,valve-*amb] is :]e a pump valve or /eam valve op]ates4 ,valve-cock4--,a =m ( cock or faucet :i* is clos$ by dropp+ ( a valve on its seat4 ,valve-c\pl+ is a pipe c\pl+ conta9+ a valve4 ,valve-seat is ! surface ^u :i* a valve re/s4 ,back pressure valves are ball or clack valves 9 a pipe :i* in/antly assume ! seat :5 a back pressure occurs4 ,!y are illu/rat$ 9 8#f10 ,fig4 #add4 ,_! "n signifies _! use--to ma9ta9 a con/ant back pressure 9 heat+ sy/ems4 ,ball-valve--a faucet :i* is op5$ or clos$ by means ( a ball float+ 9 ! wat]4 ,x con/itutes an automatic arrangem5t = keep+ ! wat] at a c]ta9 level4 ,bib-cock--a faucet hav+ a b5t-d[n nozzle4 ,*eck-valve--a valve plac$ betwe5 ! fe$ pipe & ! boil] to prev5t ! return ( ! wat]1 etc4 ,br9e-valve--a valve :i* is op5$ to all[ wat] saturat$ ) salt to escape4 ,9 m>9e s]vice x is 8a bl[-(f valve40 ,ball-valve--a valve occupy+ a holl[ seat4 ,^! valves are rais$ by ! passage ( a fluid & desc5d+ are clos$ by gravity4 ,angle-valve is "o :i* =ms "p ( an angle1 see ,fig4 #acg4 ,! d\ble-seat valve or d\ble-beat valve pres5ts two outlets = ! wat]4 ,9 ! ,corni% /eam eng9e ?is is call$ ! equilibrium-valve1 because ! pressure on ! two is v ne>ly equaliz$4 ,?ree-way cock is "o hav+ ?ree positions direct+ ! fluid 9 ei!r ( ?ree directions4 ,?is is illu/rat$ 9 ,fig4 #ach4 ,! ?ree-way valve is also illu/rat$ on page #bei1 ,fig4 #acf4 ,f\r-way cock is "o hav+ two sep>ate passages 9 ! plug & communicat+ ) f\r pipes4 ,gate-valve--a valve clos$ by a gate4 ,?is is illu/rat$ 9 ,fig4 #adj4 ,sw+ or /raight-way valve--?is is %[n 9 ,fig4 #ada1 page #bfa4 ,?rottle-valve4--,?is is ! valve us$ to admit /eam to ! eng9e & s t]m$ to di/+ui% x f ! ma9 /op-valve locat$ ne> ! boil]--to ?rottle means to *oke--h5ce ! ?rottl+ ( ! /eam4 ,rot>y valves are ^? 9 :i* ! disc1 or plug1 or o!r device us$ to close ! passage1 is made to revolve = op5+ or clos+1 ! common /op cock be+ an illu/ration4 ,lift+ valves are ^? 9 :i* ! full cone or /opp] is lift$ f ! valve seat by pressure f bel[1 ! poppet1 & safety valves be+ examples4 ,pressure regulator valve--?is is sometimes call$ a r$uc+ valve & is illu/rat$ 9 ,figs4 #adb1 #adc1 on page #bfb4 ,x is design$ to r$uce ! pressure f a high po9t 9 ! boil] to a l[] "o 9 a sy/em ( pip+1 etc4 ,usually ! small] valves1 n exce$+ #a-a_/d in* 9 diamet]1 are :olly ( gun-metal2 ! l>g] are commonly made ) ca/-iron bodies & gun-metal fitt+s4 ,! smalle/ valves1 f #a_/d up to #a_/b in* inclusive1 h ! disk solid ) ! sp9dle1 & h an ord9>y /uff+-box ) ext]nal gl&4 ,valves ( #c_/d in* & upw>ds h ! disk loose f ! sp9dle2 up to #c in* valves ! sp9dles are screw$ to "w inside ! cas+2 above t size ! screw$ portion is outside ! cas+4 ,above ! #c-;in* size ! nozzles ( ! ca/-iron bodies are g5]ally flang$ in/ead ( tapp$4 ,,/eam ,,fitt+s4 ,a few ( ! pr9cipal sorts h be5 illu/rat$ 9 ?is "w & /ill o!rs w be describ$ 9 ! 8,index0 at ! close ( ! "w4 ,fig4 #abc1 page #bea1 illu/rates an elb[ ) outlet4 ,?is is sometimes spell$ ) ! capital ,l1 & aga9 z an ell4 ,fig4 #abd %[s a long nipple4 ,fig4 #abe1 page #bec1 exhibits a bu%+1 us$ to r$uce "o size pipe 9 a l9e to ano!r4 ,fig4 #abf is a cross tee4 ,?is is frequ5tly spell$ ) a capital ,t4 ,fig4 #abg is a plug--us$ to /op ap]tures 9 plates or pipes4 ,fig4 #abh1 page #bed1 illu/rates a lock nut4 ,fig4 #abi %[s a ,t1 z illu/rat+ ! diff]5ce betwe5 a ,t & a cross ,t1 ,fig4 #abf4 ,fig4 #acj is a c\pl+4 ,fig4 #aca1 page #bee1 repres5ts a r$uc+ c\pl+4 ,fig4 #acb is an illu/ration ( a pipe union4 ,fig4 #acc is a pla9 elb[ 7see also ,fig4 #abc47 ,,/eam ,,pipe ,,& ,,boil] ,,cov]+s4 ,?is subject relates to ! radiation ( heat1 :i* all[s a ref]5ce to ! laws ( heat & tables ( radiat+ p[] ( v>i\s sub/ances1 z set =? on pages #bab1 #bae4 ,! importance ( a protection ( expos$ surfaces f radiation ( heat is n[ undisput$1 & _m exp]im5ts h det]m9$ v closely ! relative value ( ! v>i\s non-conduct+ sub/ances4 ,table ( ! ,,conduct+ ,,p[] ( v>i\s sub/ances4 ------------------------------------- ,sub/ance4 ,conduct+ ,p[]4 ------------------------------------- ,blott+ ,pap] 4#bgd ,eid]d[n 4#cad ,cotton or ,wool1 any d5sity 4#cbc ,hemp1 ,canvas 4#dah ,mahogany ,du/ 4#ebc ,wood ,a%es 4#eca ,/raw 4#efc ,*>coal ,p[d] 4#fcf ,wood1 across fibre 4#hc ,cork #a4ae ,coke1 pulv]iz$ #a4bi ,india ,rubb] #a4cg ,wood1 ) fibre #a4dj ,pla/] ( ,p>is #c4hf ,bak$ ,clay #d4hc ,glass #f4f ,/one #ac4fh ------------------------------------- ,by ! above table may be judg$ ! comp>ative value ( diff]5t cov]+s2 blott+ pap] ) its conf9$ air1 /&+ at "o end ( ! li/1 /one at ! o!r4 ,x %\ld be not$ t ! less ! conduct+ p[] ! bett] protection aga9/ radiation4 ,a non-conduct+ coat+ = /eam pipes1 etc41 us$ = _m ye>s ) p]fect satisfaction1 c be prep>$ by any /eam us]4 ,x consi/s ( a mixture ( wood sawdu/ ) common />*1 us$ 9 a /ate ( ?ick pa/e4 ,if ! surfaces to be cov]$ are well clean$ f all trace ( grease1 ! adh]5ce ( ! pa/e is p]fect = ei!r ca/ or wr\ght iron2 & a ?ickness ( #a in* w produce ! same effect z t ( ! mo/ co/ly non-conductors4 ,= copp] pipes !re %\ld be us$ a prim+ coat or two ( pott]'s clay1 mix$ ?9 ) wat] & laid on ) a bru%4 ,! sawdu/ is sift$ to remove too l>ge pieces1 & mix$ ) v ?9 />*4 ,a mixture ( two-?irds ( :eat />* ) "o-?ird ( rye />* is ! be/ = ?is purpose4 ,x is ! common practice to w9d /r+ spirally ar\nd ! pipes to be treat$ to secure adhesion = ! fir/ coat1 :i* is ab\t l_/#e? ( an in* ?ick4 ,:5 ?is sets1 a second & a ?ird coat are successfully appli$1 & s on until ! requir$ ?ickness is atta9$4 ,:5 x is all dry1 two or ?ree coats ( coal t>1 appli$ ) a bru%1 protect x f ! wea!r4 ,a v effici5t cov]+ may be made z foll[s3 #a1 wrap ! pipe 9 asbe/os pap]--?\gh ?is may be disp5s$ )2 #b1 lay slips ( wood l5g?ways1 f #f to #ab accord+ to size ( pipe--b9d+ !m 9 position ) wire or cord2 #c1 ar\nd ! framework ?us con/ruct$ wrap ro(+ pap]1 fa/5+ x by pa/e or tw9e4 ,= flang$ pipe1 space may be left = access to ! bolts1 :i* space %\ld be fill$ ) felt4 ,use t>r$ pap]--or pa9t ! ext]ior4 ,:ile a v effici5t non-conductor1 hair or wool felt has ! disadvantage ( becom+ soon *>r$ f ! heat ( /eam at high pressure1 & sometimes tak+ fire4 ,! foll[+ table1 prep>$ by ,*as4 ,e4 ,emory1 ,ph4 ,d41 %[s ! value ( v>i\s sub/ances1 tak+ wool felt z a unit4 ,,table ,,( ,,relative ,,value ,,( ,,non-,,conductors4 ------------------------------ ,non-,conductor4 ,value4 ------------------------------ ,wood ,felt #a4jjj ,m9]al ,wool ,no4 #b 4#hcb ,d4 ) t> 4#gae ,sawdu/ 4#fhj ,m9]al ,wool ,no4 #a 4#fgf ,*>coal 4#fcb ,p9e ,wood1 across fibre 4#eec ,loam1 dry & op5 4#eej ,slak$ ,lime 4#dhj ,gas ,h\se ,c>bon 4#dgj ,asbe/os 4#cfc ,coal ,a%es 4#cde ,coke 9 lumps 4#bgg ,air space1 undivid$ 4#acf ------------------------------ ,,l9e> ,,expansion ,,( ,,/eam ,,pipes4 ,wr\ght iron is said to exp& #a_/aej1jjj ( an in* = ea* degree ( heat communicat$ to x2 to make ! calculation take ! l5g? ( ! pipe 9 in*es1 multiply x by ! numb] ( degrees betwe5 ! normal temp]ature x is requir$ to atta9 :5 heat$1 & divide ?is by #aej1jjj4 ,suppose ! pipe is #ajj feet long1 & its temp]ature z]o1 & x is desir$ to use x to c>ry /eam at #ajj p\nds pressure--equal to a temp]ature ( #cch degrees--multiply #ajj feet by #ab to r$uce x to in*es1 & by #cch1 ! diff]5ce 9 temp]ature2 divide ?is by #aej1jjj1 & ! result w be #b4g in*es1 :i* w\ld be ! am\nt ( play t w\ld be requir$1 9 ?is in/ance1 9 ! expansion jo9t4 ,illu/ration3 ,figs4 #aec & #aed4 ,figs4 #aec & #aed %[ a prop]ly design$ arrangem5t ( /eam connections = a batt]y ( boil]s4 ,to ! nozzles1 ris]s are atta*$ by means ( flanges1 & f ! upp] ends ( ^! ris]s pipes are l$ horizontally backw>ds into ! ma9 /eam pipe4 ,9 ?is horizontal pipe1 ! /op valves1 "o to ea* boil]1 are plac$4 ,^! valves %\ld h flang$ ends z %[n1 s t !y may be easily remov$1 if repairs become necess>y1 )\t di/urb+ any o!r portion ( ! pip+4 ,unlike ! engrav+1 ! valve ,c %\ld be arrang$ 9 ano!r position3 ! /em %\ld1 ( c\rse1 be horizontal or ne>ly s1 9 ord] t ! valve may n trap wat]4 ,by ?is arrangem5t x w be se5 t ! movem5ts ( ! boil]s & ! pip+ itself are comp5sat$ = by ! spr+ ( ! pipes4 ,! height ( ! ris]s %\ld nev] be less ?an ?ree feet1 & :5 !re are eight or t5 boil]s 9 "o batt]y1 !y %\ld be1 if room p]mits1 six to eight feet high1 & ! horizontal pipes lead+ to ma9 /eam pipe %\ld be t5 or twelve feet or m4 ,,! ,,/eam ,,loop4 ,?is is an atta*m5t to a /eam boil]1 design$ to return wat] ( cond5sation4 ,x inv>iably consi/s ( ?ree p>ts1 viz43 ! 8ris]10 ! 8horizontal0 & ! 8drop leg10 & usually ( pipes v>y+ 9 size f ?ree-f\r? in* to two in*es4 ,ea* "p has its special & well-def9$ duties to p]=m1 & _! proportions & imm$iate relations decide & make up ! capacity & /r5g? ( ! sy/em4 ,x is1 9 fact1 no?+ b a simple return pipe lead+ f ! s\rce ( cond5sation to ! boil]1 &1 beyond ?is m]e /atem5t1 x is h>dly possible to expla9 x2 x has1 l ! injector & ! pulsomet] pump1 be5 call$ a p>adox4 ,! range ( application ( ! /eam loop practically cov]s e requirem5t = ! return ( wat] ( cond5sation4 ,if us$ 9 connection ) a /eam eng9e1 pump1 etc41 a sep>ator ( any simple =m is connect$ 9 ! /eam pipe z close z possible to ! ?rottle4 ,f ! bottom ( ! sep>ator ! loop is l$ back to ! boil]1 & ! circulation ma9ta9$ by x w dry ! /eam be=e x is admitt$ to ! cyl9d]4 ,!re is necess>y to its op]ation a slight fall 9 temp]ature at ! head ( ! loop1 :i* is accompani$ by a correspond+ fall 9 pressure4 ,! wat] accumulat+ 9 ! l[] end ( ! loop next to ! sep>ator1 z soon z x fills ! diamet] ( pipe1 is sudd5ly drawn or =c$ to ! horizontal by t diff]5ce 9 pressure4 ,x is immat]ial h[ f> ! wat] has to be tak5 back1 or h[ high x is to be lift$4 ,!re is "o sy/em n[ 9 daily op]ation lift+ ! cond5s$ wat] ov] ?irty-n9e feet1 & ano!r lift+ x ov] sixty-?ree feet4 ,! /r5g? ( ! sy/em is increas$ by l5g? & height1 ! only limit to its op]ation be+ ! practicability ( erect+ ! necess>y drop leg1 ! height ( :i* dep5ds on diff]5ce 9 pressures4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #aee4 ,fig4 #aee is an illu/ration ( its application to a radiat+ coil4 ,to und]/& ! philosophy ( its action1 & ref]r+ to ! illu/ration1 let u assume t all ! valves are op51 & full boil] pressure is freely admitt$ ?r\gh\t ! /eam pipe1 coil & loop4 ,n[1 if ! pressure 7 exactly uni=m ?r\gh\t ! :ole sy/em1 ! wat] 9 ! loop w\ld /& at a on ! same level z ! wat] 9 ! boil]4 ,b1 z a matt] ( fact1 ! pressure is n uni=m ?r\gh\t ! sy/em1 b /eadily r$uces f ! mom5t ( leav+ ! dome4 ,?is r$uction 9 pressure is due 9 "p to cond5sation & 9 "p to friction1 & al?\gh g5]ally small is always pres5t 9 "s degree4 ,! pressure may be int5tionally r$uc$ at ! valve on ! coil1 & r$uction necess>ily results f cond5sation )9 ! coil itself4 ,a /ill fur!r r$uction takes place ?r\gh ! loop1 s t ! l[e/ pressure 9 ! :ole sy/em w be f\nd at a1 ! po9t 9 ! loop fur!/ f ! boil]1 reckon$ by ! fl[ ( /eam4 ,n[ x is kn[n t wat] ( cond5sation inv>iably works t[>ds1 & accumulates 91 a 8dead end40 ,?is is due to ! fact t1 z already %[n1 ! pressure is l[] at ! 8dead end0 ?an at any o!r po9t 9 ! sy/em1 &1 z a consequ5ce1 !re is a con/ant fl[1 or sweep1 ( /eam t[>ds ! po9t ( lea/ pressure1 :i* fl[ cont9ues z long z cond5sation goes on4 ,?is sweep ( /eam c>ries along ) x all ! wat] =m$ by cond5sation or conta9$ 9 ! /eam1 at fir/ 9 ! =m ( a ?9 film1 swept along ! inn] surface ( ! loop1 & aft]w>ds1 :5 ! accumulation ( wat] is suffici5t1 9 ! =m ( small slugs or pi/ons ( wat]1 :i* completely fill ! pipe at int]vals1 travel+ rapidly t[>ds ! dead end4 ,! action ( ! /eam sweep is va/ly m p[]ful ?an is usually suppos$1 &1 ( c\rse1 op]ates cont9u\sly & infallibly to deposit ! wat] 9 ! dead end z fa/ z accumulat$4 ,9 practice1 wat] w spe$ily be c>ri$ ov] by ! loop & accumulate 9 ! drop leg until x rises to ! level b1 :i* w\ld balance ! diff]5ce 9 pressure4 ,z ! loop w /ill cont9ue to br+ ov] wat]1 x foll[s t z fa/ z a slug or pi/on ( wat] is deposit$ by ! /eam on ! top ( ! column at b1 x ov]balances ! equilibrium & an equal am\nt ( wat] is dis*>g$ f ! bottom ( ! column ?r\gh ! *eck valve into ! boil]4 ,! result ( ! practical op]ation ( _m sy/ems ( ?is +5i\s device %[ advantages z foll[s3 #a4 ,return ( pure wat] to ! boil] & sav+ ! heat conta9$ 9 said wat]4 #b4 ,pres]v+ m uni=m temp]atures1 ?us avoid+ ! dang]s due to expansion & contraction4 #c4 ,prev5tion ( loss f op5 dra9s1 drips1 tanks1 etc4 #d4 ,ma9ta9+ high] pressure 9 long l9es ( pip+1 9 jackets1 dri]s1 etc4 #e4 ,enabl+ eng9es to />t promptly4 #f4 ,sav+ /eam sy/ems f wat]1 !reby r$uc+ liability to accid5t4 ,,boil] ,,mak]s' ,,tools ,,& ,,ma*9]y4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #aef4 ,fig4 #aef repres5ts a pair ( jack screws4 ,^! are invaluable devices = use 9 boil]-%ops1 & also 9 e/abli%m5ts :]e pond]\s ma*9]y has to be %ift$ or o!rwise h&l$4 ,b few ma*9e tools are us$ 9 mak+ /eam boil]s1 & !y are g5]ally z foll[s3 #a/4--,! ,rolls1 op]at$ ei!r by h& lev]s or p[]2 us$ = b5d+ ! iron or /eel plates into circul> =m4 #b;d4--,a wide p[] plan] = trimm+ ! edges ( ! %eet p]fectly /raight & true4 #c;d4--,heavy ,%e>s = trimm+ & cutt+ ! plates4 #d?4--,a ,p[] ,pun* = mak+ ! rivet holes4 #e?4--,a ,disc = mak+ ! l>ge holes 9 ! tube %eets to receive ! ends ( ! tubes4 #f?4--,rivet heat+ furnaces & frequ5tly /eam rivet+ ma*9es4 ,! h& tools ne$$ by boil] mak]s are equally few1 consi/+ ( rivet+ hamm]s & hamm]s = /rik+ ! *isels1 tongs to h&le hot rivets1 *ipp+ *isels us$ 9 trimm+ ! edges ( plates1 cape *isels = cutt+ (f iron or mak+ holes 9 ! %eets1 exp&]s to set ! tubes1 & also drift p9s to br+ ! pun*$ %eet exactly 9 l9e4 ,fig4 #aeg exhibits an improv$ patt]n ( ! well-kn[n tool--dudgeon exp&]4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #aeg4 ,,/eam4 ,/eam is wat] 9 a gase\s /ate2 ! gas or vapor ( wat]2 x liquifies "u a pressure ( #ad4g & temp]ature ( #bab ,f4 ,/eam is a jo9t production ( ! int]m+l+ ( wat] & heat4 ,wat] is compos$ ( two gases :i* h nei!r color nor ta/e1 & /eam is made up ( ! same two gases ) ! addition only ( t my/]i\s prop]ty call$ heat by :i* ! wat] becomes greatly exp&$ & is r5d]$ invisible4 ,! ,fr5* h a t]m = /eam :i* seems appropriate :5 !y call x wat]-du/4 ,?is is :at takes place 9 ! =mation ( /eam 9 a vessel conta9+ wat] 9 free communication ) ! atmosph]e4 ,at fir/1 a vapor is se5 to rise t seems to come f ! surface ( ! liquid1 gett+ m & m d5se z ! wat] becomes hott]4 ,!n a tremor ( ! surface is produc$1 accompani$ by a peculi> noise :i* has be5 call$ ! s++ ( ! liquid2 &1 f9ally1 bubbles1 simil> to air bubbles1 =m 9 t "p ( ! vessel :i* is ne>e/ to ! fire1 !n rise to ! surface :]e !y bur/1 giv+ =? fre% vapor4 ,! curi\s fact mu/ be "h not$ t if wat] be introduc$ into a space entirely void ( air1 l a vacuum1 x vaporizes in/antane\sly1 no matt] h[ hot or cold1 s t ( an app>5t & fluid body !re only rema9s an invisible gas l air4 ,t /eam is dry at high pressure is prov$ by an exp]im5t :i* is v int]e/+4 ,if a common mat* head is held 9 ! invisible portion ( ! /eam jet close to ! nozzle1 x at once lights1 & ! fact seems conv9c+ z to complete dryness1 z ! fa9te/ moi/ure w\ld prev5t ignition ev5 at ! highe/ temp]ature4 ,?is exp]im5t proves dryness ( ! /eam at ! po9t ( contact1 b if ?rottl+ exi/s beh9d ! jet1 ! /eam suppli$ by ! boil] may be 9 itself wet & dri$ by wire draw+4 ,dead /eam is ! same z exhau/ /eam4 ,live /eam is /eam :i* has done no "w4 ,dry /eam is saturat$ /eam )\t any admixture ( me*anically susp5d$ wat]4 ,high-pressure /eam is commonly und]/ood to be /eam us$ 9 high-pressure eng9es4 ,l[-pressure /eam is t us$ at l[ pressure 9 cond5s+ eng9es1 heat+ app>atus1 etc41 at #ae lbs4 to ! in* or "u4 ,saturat$ /eam is t 9 contact ) wat] at ! same temp]ature2 saturat$ /eam is always at its cond5s+ po9t1 :i* is always ! boil+ po9t ( ! wat]1 ) :i* x is 9 contact2 9 ?is x diff]s f sup]heat$ /eam4 ,sup]heat$ /eam1 also call$ /eam-gas1 is /eam dri$ ) heat appli$ aft] x has left ! boil]4 ,total heat ( /eam is ! same z /eam heat4 ,wet /eam1 /eam hold+ wat] me*anically susp5d$1 ! wat] be+ 9 ! =m ( spray4 ,specific gravity ( /eam is 4#fbe z comp>$ to air "u ! same pressure4 ,! prop]ties :i* make x s valuable to u are3 #a4 ,! ease ) :i* we c cond5se x4 #b4 ,its great expansive p[]4 #c4 ,! small space 9 :i* x %r9ks :5 x is cond5s$ ei!r 9 a vacuum *amb] or ! air4 ,a cubic in* ( wat] turn$ into /eam at ! pressure ( ! atmosph]e w exp& into #a1ffi cubic in*es4 ,,wat] ,,hamm]4 ,! fact t /eam pip+ me?ods h n kept pace ) ! dem&s ( high] pressures & mod]n practice is evid5c$ by ! increas+ numb] ( accid5ts f ! failure ( pipes & fitt+s4 ,!re has n be51 = ! rapid increase ( pressure us$1 a proportionate increase 9 /r5g? ( flanges1 numb] & size ( bolts us$1 & m g5]\s provision = expansion & contraction4 ,valves & fitt+s also require great] att5tion 9 _! design1 con/ruction & manipulation4 ,x is well kn[n t ! pres5ce ( cond5s$ wat] 9 pipes is a s\rce ( dang]1 b little is kn[n ( :at exactly goes on 9 ! pipe4 ,we h ! incompressible liquid1 ! expansive gas1 & ! tube ) a 8dead head0 or dead end z x is call$1 or :]e ! end ( ! pipe is clos$4 ,see+ t ! tube or pipe is capable ( )/&+ all ! pressure t ! /eam c give1 x is difficult to acc\nt = ! trem5d\s repell+ =ce1 :i* is1 und\bt$ly1 br\ght into op]ation 9 explosions or ruptures ( /eam pipes c>ry+ :at are n[ comp>atively l[ pressures4 ,! cause ( ! bur/+ is und\bt$ly wat] hamm] or wat] ram1 :i* accompanies l>ge1 long /eam pipes1 fill$ ) cond5s$ wat]4 ,if /eam be bl[n into a l>ge incl9$ pipe full ( wat]1 x w rise by diff]5ce ( gravity to ! top ( ! pipe1 =m+ a bubble2 :5 cond5sation takes place1 ! wat] bel[ ! bubble w ru% up to fill ! vacuum1 giv+ a bl[ directly aga9/ ! side ( ! pipe4 ,z ! wat] /ill fur!r rec$es ! bubble w get l>g]1 & move f>!r & f>!r up ! pipe1 ! bl[ ea* "t increas+ 9 int5sity1 = ! reason t ! /eam has pass$ a l>g] mass ( wat]1 :i* is =c$ =w>d by ! incom+ /eam to fill ! vacuum4 ,! maximum effect g5]ally takes place at a 8dead end40 ,9 fact1 "u c]ta9 conditions1 a m =cible bl[ is /ruck :5 ! end ( ! pipe is op51 z1 = in/ance1 :5 a pipe cr[n$ upw>d is fill$ ) wat]1 "o end be+ op5 & ! /eam introduc$ at ! o!r4 ,a bubble w 9 due "t be =m$ at ! top ( ! cr[n1 :5 ! wat] w be =c$ 9 by atmosph]ic pressure f "o end & by /eam pressure f ! o!r1 & ! meet+ ( ! two columns frequ5tly ruptures ! pipe4 ,! rem$y = ?is is simple1 ! pipes mu/ be prop]ly locat$ s z to dra9 !mselves or be dra9$ by rightly locat$ drip cocks4 ,! drip %\ld be ! o!r side ( ! ?rottle valve1 & if /eam is left on ov] night ?is valve %\ld be left op5 en\gh to dra9 out all ! wat]4 ,,haz>ds ,,( ,,! ,,boil] ,,room4 ,:]e !re is great p[]1 !re is great dang]4 ,:5 ! pressure is increas$1 ! dang] is increas$4 ,:5 ! pressure is increas$1 dilig5ce1 c>e & scrut9y %\ld be increas$4 ,dur+ ! twelve ye>s betwe5 #ahgi & #ahia !re 7 record$ #b1aei boil] explosions2 ^! result$ 9 ! dea? ( #c1abc p]sons1 & 9 m or less s]i\s injury to #d1ceb o!rs4 ,besides ^! !re 7 innum]able o!r accid5ts dur+ ! same p]iod1 caus$ by o!r means1 :i* emphasizes ! gravity ( ?is caution>y 8*apt] ( accid5ts40 ,e boil] con/ruct$ ( rivet$ plate & c>ry+ a high head ( /eam1 holds 9 con/ant abeyance1 ?r\gh ! /r5g? ( a disruptive %ell1 a =ce1 m de/ructive 9 its escap+ viol5ce ?an burn+ gunp[d]4 ,to ! casual obs]v] !re is no evid5ce ( ?is2 & x is only :5 a rupture takes place ( su* a "* z to lib]ate on ! in/ant ! entire cont5ts ( ! boil] t we get a real demon/ration ( ! fact4 ,un=tunately a /eam boil] nev] gr[s /rong]1 b det]iorates ) e day's age & labor1 subject$1 z x is1 to all sorts ( weak5+ influ5ces2 & fractures (t5 occur1 :i*1 if n at once repair$1 w\ld spe$ily r$uce ! /r5g? ( ! boil] to ! po9t ( explosion4 ,9 ! case ( a boil] we h1 fir/1 a vessel ( c]ta9 /r5g?1 to resi/ /ra9s2 & second1 expansive /eam & wat] conta9$ !re94 ,x mu/ be pla9 t if ! /r5g? ( ! vessel is sup]ior to ! int]nal pressure !re c be no explosion1 & also1 on ! contr>y1 if we all[ ! pressure to g above ! /r5g? ( ! vessel1 t !re mu/ be a ruptur+ & an explosion1 b x w be 9 ! weake/ place ( t vessel4 ,exp]im5ts by ! mo/ em95t m5 h fail$ to discov] any my/]i\s gas =m$ by boil+ wat]1 or by any mixture ( air & wat]4 ,boil]s h be5 built = ! express purpose ( try+ to explode !m "u v>i\s conditions ( high & l[ wat]1 & no?+ 9 reg>d to ! sudd5 g5]ation ( any gas has be5 discov]$4 ,aga91 disa/r\s explosions t h occurr$ h be5 ( vessels t conta9$ no wat]1 & 7 n 9 contact ) fire1 flame or heat$ air1 b 7 suppli$ by /eam "s di/ance away4 ,! de/ructive ef=ts ( ! vaporization att5dant ^u explosions seem to be due to ! subsequ5t expansion ( ! /eam s =m$1 r ?an to ! int5sity ( its pressure2 l[ or high /eam alone has v little to d ) boil] explosions2 nor high or l[ wat] necess>ily4 ,! "o great cause ( boil] explosion is ! inability ( ! boil] to )/& ! pressure to :i* x is subject$ at ! "t1 & ?is may be br\ght ab\t by any "o ( ! foll[+ causes1 viz43 #a4 ,bad design1 9 :i* ! boil] may n be prop]ly /r5g!n$ by /ays & braces2 defici5t wat] space1 prev5t+ ! prop] circulation ( ! wat]4 #b4 ,bad workman%ip1 caus$ by ! pun*+ & rivet+ be+ done by unskill$ workm54 #c4 ,bad mat]ial1 bli/]s1 lam9ation1 & ! adhesion ( s& or c9d]s 9 ! roll+ ( ! plate4 #d4 ,by excessive pressure1 caus$ by ! recklessness ( ! eng9e]1 or by defective /eam-gauges or inop]ative safety-valves4 #e4 ,ov]heat+ ( ! plates1 caus$ by %ortness ( wat]4 ,:5 wat] is p\r$ on r$-hot surfaces x does n t\* ! surface1 b rema9s 9 ! sph]oidal /ate at a little di/ance f x1 be+ app>5tly surr\nd$ by an atmosph]e ( /eam4 ,x assumes ?is /ate above #cdj2 :5 ! temp]ature falls to ab\t #bhh x t\*es ! surface & comm5ces boil+4 #f4 ,by accumulation ( scale1 mud1 or o!r deposit1 :i* prev5ts ! wat] ga9+ access to ! iron4 ,?is causes ! seams to leak1 ! cr[n-%eet to bulge or come d[n4 ,"o is unable to f9d any pro( t boil]s d g5]ally explode at ab\t />t+ "t1 nor is t /atem5t1 to ! be/ ( in=mation1 f\nd$ on any basis ( fact1 b 0 fir/ affirm$ by p>ties :o _h design$ a boil] especially arrang$ to avoid t imag9>y dang]4 ,no "o supposes t inspection w absolutely prev5t all explosions2 b rigid inspection w discov] defects t might end 9 explosion4 ,l[ wat] is dang]\s f ! fact t x leaves p>ts ( ! boil] to be ov]heat$ & ! /r5g? ( iron rapidly decreases 9 su* a case4 ,9 fact1 an explosion caus$ by l[ wat] might be expect$ to be less disa/r\s ?an if ! wat] 0 high]1 o!r conditions be+ equal1 f ! fact ( !re be+ less wat] at a high temp]ature ready to fla% into /eam at ! mom5t ( lib]ation4 ,te/+ new boil]s "u /eam pressure is bo? dang]\s & unwise--! hot wat] expansion te/ is j z effici5t1 less co/ly & safe 9 e respect--h5ce1 !re is no occasion = a /eam te/4 ,a manufactur] 0 te/+ a boil] 9 ! way m5tion$ :5 a rivet 9 a brace blew out & ! cont5ts ( ! boil] ru%$ out1 /rik+ a man 9 ! face1 & p>boil+ him f head to foot4 ,ano!r :o 0 inspect+ ! boil]1 0 /ruck on ! head & envelop$ 9 /eam & wat]2 ano!r 0 also scald$ f ! %\ld]s d[n2 ano!r 0 injur$ ab\t ! arms2 a fif? man 0 scald$ & sev]ely injur$ ab\t ! back4 ,! ap>tm5t 0 s fill$ ) /eam t ! victims c\ld n be rescu$ until all ! damage m5tion$ _h be5 done to !m4 ,dang] f explod+ /eam pipes is great] ?an suppos$4 ,an inspector 9 a pipe works 0 te/+ a tube by means ( a d\ble-action hydraulic pump2 ! pipe sudd5ly bur/ ) ! pressure ( #e1jjj p\nds to ! squ>e in*1 & ! wat] /rik+ ! un=tunate man on 8 face1 he 0 kill$ on ! spot4 ,!re is a t5d5cy on ! "p ( eng9e]s to tru/ too implicitly 9 _! /eam gauges4 ,^! are usually ! only resort = det]m9+ ! /eam pressure "u :i* ! boil] may be work+4 ,b ! be/ gauges are liable to err1 & aft] long use to require a readju/m5t4 ,x is =tunate1 h[ev]1 t ! error is usually ^u ! safe side ( indicat+ m ?an ! actual pressure4 ,any boil] t has be5 /&+ idle = a few weeks or mon?s is a dang]\s ?+ to ent]1 & no "o %\ld attempt x until x has be5 ?or\ghly v5tilat$ by tak+ (f all ! man hole & h&-hole plates & ?r[+ wat] into x4 ,?is is due to ! pres5ce ( a gas :i* is g5]at$ f ! refuse & mud1 or scale1 :i*1 to a great] or less degree1 rema9s 9 all boil]s4 ,contact ) fire is c]ta9 to result 9 an explosion4 ,n long s9ce a locomotive 0 9 a r\ndh\se1 :]e x _h be5 wait+ "s weeks = repairs4 ,"s ( ! tubes 7 split & a man 0 pull+ !m out4 ,he _h only remov$ "o or two :51 putt+ 9 8 lamp to see :at rema9$1 !re 0 a fe>ful explosion :i* %ook ! %op4 ,!re are _m o!r places :i* are unsafe to ent] :5 !y h be5 long clos$1 su* z wells1 pits ( any k9d1 & tanks4 ,precisely :at ! nature ( ! gas is no "o seems to "k1 b x is assur$ly settl$ t a man :o goes into x ) a light seldom comes out unh>m$4 ,! gas mo/ likely to fill idle boil]s 9 cities is sew] gas1 t gets 9 ?r\gh ! bl[-(f pipe1 :i* is left op5 & g5]ally connects ) ! sew]2 h5ce1 ! connection ) ! sew] by ! bl[-(f pipes %\ld receive att5tion4 ,boil]s are sometimes unexpect$ly empti$ ( _! cont5ts by ! op]ation ( ! pr9ciple ( ! syphon2 a boil] is s pip$ t a column ( wat] may be s =m$ z to draw out ( ! boil] its entire cont5ts4 ,dang] ensues if ?is is done :ile ! boil] is be+ fir$4 ,,fuel ,,oil4 ,illu/ration3 ,oil ,valve ,! long exp]im5tal use ( petroleum or natural oil z a combu/ible has develop$ b "o s]i\s objection to its wide spread & popul> adoption2 t objection arises f its liability to ignite & cause de/ruction by fire2 b ,,! ,,haz>ds ,,( ,,fuel ,,oil may be rem$i$ by ! obs]vance ( ! foll[+ rules adopt$ by a c]ta9 fire und]writ]s' association3 8,vault to be locat$ s t ! oil x conta9s c burn )\t endang]+ prop]ty & h a capacity suffici5t to hold twice ! entire quantity ( oil ! tanks )9 c conta94 ,location ( vault to be left to ! approval ( ! ,sup]9t5d5t ( ,surveys4 ,di/ance f any prop]ty to be regulat$ by size ( tank4 ,vaults to be und]gr\nd1 built ( brick1 sides & ends to be at lea/ #af in*es ?ick & to be made wat] tight ) hydraulic cem5t2 bottom to be wat] tight1 concrete1 di%$ t[>d c5tre1 & incl9$ to "o end s z to dra9 all ov]fl[ or seepage to t end1 said incl9e to be to ! end opposite to t f :i* ! tank is to be tapp$2 top to be support$ ) heavy iron ,i-beams1 ) ar*es ( solid brick sprung f "o beam to its neighbors1 & to h at lea/ twelve in*es ( dirt ov] ! masonry4 ,vault to be accessible by "o or m l>ge man-holes1 :i*1 :5 n 9 use1 are to be kept lock$ by a l>ge padlock ( ?ree or m tumbl]s1 key to be held by "s responsible p>ty4 ,a tr\gh mu/ run f "o end ( ! vault to ! o!r1 directly "u ea* tank1 & 9 ! same direction z ! tank or tanks4 ,tank to be ( boil] iron or /eel1 at lea/ #c_/af in* 9 ?ickness1 to be cold rivet$1 rivets to be n less ?an #c_/h in* 9 diamet] & n ov] #a in* ap>t betwe5 c5tres2 ! entire out] surface ( tank to h two good coats ( coal t> or m9]al pa9t be=e ! tank is plac$ 9 position4 ,no tank %all be ov] #h feet 9 diamet] by #be 9 l5g?1 nor %all any vault h ov] two tanks4 ,:5 tank is set1 ! bottom ( ! tank mu/ be #c in*es above ! concrete floor ( ! vault1 & mu/ be 9 saddles ( masonry n less ?an twelve in*es 9 ?ickness1 built f ! concrete floor ( ! vault1 said saddles n to be m ?an #c feet ap>t betwe5 c5tres1 & laid 9 hydraulic cem5t1 ) an op5+ ?r\gh c5tre = dra9age4 ,tank mu/ incl9e #a in* p] #aj feet 9 l5g? t[>d ! end f :i* x is to be tapp$1 said incl9e ( ! tank to be opposite to ! incl9e at ! bottom ( ! vault4 ,! fill+ pipe1 man-hole1 telltale or indicator1 pump supply connection1 /eam connection1 ov]fl[ pipe & v5tilat+ pipes1 :]e !y connect ) tank1 mu/ be made petroleum tight by ! use ( li?>ge & glyc]9e cem5t4 ,flanges to make tank #c_/d in* 9 ?ickness to be rivet$ on ! inside s z to furni% a satisfactory jo9t :]e connections are made1 mu/ be us$4 ,fill+ pipe connection mu/ h gas-tight valve betwe5 ! tank & hose c\pl+1 :i* mu/ be kept clos$ & lock$ unless ! tank is be+ fill$4 ,ea* tank mu/ h v5tilat+ pipes at lea/ #a-a_/b in*es 9 diamet]1 "o ( :i* mu/ connect ) "o end ( ! top ( ! tank & mu/ be 9 ! =m ( an inv]t$ ,j1 a union to be plac$ 9 pipe j bel[ ! b5d1 )9 :i* %all be plac$ a diaphragm ( f9e wire gauze2 ! o!r v5tilat+ pipe mu/ be at ! o!r end ( ! top ( ! tank & mu/ be conduct$ to ! inside ( ! smoke /ack or into ! op5 air at lea/ #aj feet above ! surface1 s t all ! gases t =m 9 ! tank w be con/antly *ang$4 ,tank mu/ h indicator to %[ height ( oil 9 tank at all times1 said indicator to be s arrang$ z to all[ no escapem5t ( gases f tank4 ,all pipes lead+ f ! tank to ! pump or place ( burn+1 mu/ incl9e t[>d ! tank1 & h a fall ( at lea/ #b feet f bottom ( /& pipe to top ( /orage tank1 & mu/ be s con/ruct$ t ! fe$ pipe f /& pipe to burn]s %all be entirely above burn]s1 s t no pockets ( oil c be =m$ 9 any "o ( ! pipes betwe5 ! ma9 tank1 /& pipe1 oil pump or place ( burn+4 ,! vault %all be air tight z ne> z possible1 & mu/ h two v5tilat+ pipes ( iron ( #d in*es diamet]1 bo? inlet & outlet pipes to rea* )9 #f in*es ( ! bottom ( ! vault1 ! outlet v5tilat+ pipe to rise above surface #h feet1 & ! inlet v5tilat+ pipe to rise above surface #f feet4 ,syphon to be arrang$ s z c>ry out any seepage or leakage into ! vault1 & dis*>ge same ^u ! gr\nd1 :]e its burn+ w\ld n endang] surr\nd+ prop]ty40 ,! foll[+ are a "p ( ! rules adopt$ by ! ,g]man ,gov]nm5t to prev5t accid5ts 9 mills & factories3 !y are equally applicable 9 all places :]e /eam p[] is us$3 8,all "w on transmissions1 especially ! clean+ & lubricat+ ( %afts1 be>+s & pulleys1 z well z ! b9d+1 lac+1 %ipp+ & un%ipp+ ( belts1 mu/ be p]=m$ only by m5 especially in/ruct$ 9 or *>g$ ) su* labors4 ,females & boys are n p]mitt$ to d ?is "w4 ,! lac+1 b9d+ or pack+ ( belts1 if !y lie ^u ei!r %aft+ or pulleys dur+ ! op]ation1 mu/ be /rictly prohibit$4 ,dur+ ! lac+ & connect+ ( belts1 /rict att5tion is to be paid to _! removal f revolv+ p>ts1 ei!r by hang+ !m ^u a hook fa/5$ to ! ceil+1 or 9 any o!r practical mann]2 ! same applies to small] belts :i* are occasionally un%ipp$ & run idle4 ,:ile ! %afts are 9 motion !y are to be lubricat$1 or ! lubricat+ devices exam9$ only :5 obs]v+ ! foll[+ rules3 7#a7 ,! p]son p]=m+ ?is labor mu/ ei!r d x :ile /&+ ^u ! floor1 or by ! use ( 7#b7 firmly locat$ /&s on /eps1 especially con/ruct$ = ! purpose s z to af=d a good & sub/antial foot+ = ! workman2 7#c7 firmly con/ruct$ slid+ ladd]s1 runn+ on b>s2 7#d7 suffici5tly high & /rong ladd]s1 especially con/ruct$ = ?is purpose1 :i* by appropriate safegu>ds 7hooks above or iron po9ts bel[7 af=d security aga9/ slipp+4 ,all %aft be>+s are to be provid$ ) automatic lubricat+ app>atus4 ,only aft] ! eng9e] has giv5 ! well-und]/ood signal1 pla9ly audible 9 ! workrooms1 is ! eng9e to be />t$4 ,if any "w o!r ?an lubricat+ & clean+ ( ! %aft+ is to be p]=m$ :ile ! eng9e is /&+ idle1 ! eng9e] is to be notifi$ ( x1 & 9 :at room or place su* "w is go+ on1 & he mu/ !n all[ ! eng9e to rema9 idle until he has be5 in=m$ by prop] p>ties t ! "w is f9i%$4 ,pla9ly visible & easy accessible al>m app>atus %all be locat$ at prop] places 9 ! workrooms1 to be us$ 9 case ( accid5t to signal to ! eng9e] to /op ! eng9e at once4 ,all project+ w$ges1 keys1 set-screws1 nuts1 grooves or o!r p>ts ( ma*9]y1 hav+ %>p edges1 %all be sub/antially cov]$4 ,all belts or ropes :i* pass f ! %aft+ ( "o /ory to t ( ano!r %all be gu>d$ by f5c+ or cas+ ( wood1 %eet-iron or wire nett+ f\r feet1 #f in*es high4 ,! belts pass+ f %aft+ 9 ! /ory und]nea? & actuat+ ma*9]y 9 ! room ov]head1 !reby pass+ ?r\gh ! ceil+ mu/ be enclos$ ) prop] cas+ or nett+ correspond+ 9 height f ! floor to ! con/ruction ( ! ma*9e4 ,:5 ! con/ruction ( ! ma*9e does n admit ( ! introduction ( cas+1 !n1 at lea/1 ! op5+ 9 ! floor ?r\gh :i* ! belt or rope passes %\ld be inclos$ ) a l[ cas+ at lea/ f\r in*es high4 ,fix$ %afts1 z well z ord9>y %afts1 pulleys & fly-:eels1 runn+ at a little height above ! floor1 & be+ )9 ! locality :]e "w is p]=m$1 %all be securely cov]$40 ,! mo/ simple & effici5t ( all sub/ances = fire ext+ui%m5t is sulphur4 ,?is1 by heat1 absorbs oxyg5 & =ms sulphur\s acid1 ! fumes ( :i* are mu* heavi] ?an ! air4 ,! quantity requir$ w\ld be small4 ,besides sulphur1 :i* gives e satisfaction1 bo? 9 its effects & f its l[ co/1 we f9d a simil> prop]ty 9 ano!r active & *eap sub/ance1 ammonia4 ,an automatic sulphur ext+ui%+ app>atus c be made ( v>i\s =ms4 ,if night repairs1 ,sunday1 or any o!r "w :i* requires ! use ( artificial light 7especially portable lights ( any k9d7 becomes necess>y1 m ?an "o man %\ld be employ$1 "o ( :om %\ld be capable ( />t+ ! eng9e or pump in/antly 9 case ( fire4 ,9 gu>d+ aga9/ explosion x is conc$$ t ! ma9 reliance is to h ! boil] made /rong en\gh to /& bo? ! regul> load or any unexpect$ /ra9 caus$ by ! /oppage ( ! eng9e2 x is also ! t5d5cy ( ! times to proce$ t[>ds high] & high] figures 9 /eam pressure1 until n[ x is n unfrequ5t to see #aej lbs4 to ! squ>e in* indicat$ by ! gauge2 ! l>g] ! boil]1 also1 ! m economically x c be run & ?is1 z 9 ! two cases be=e cit$1 requires extra precautions 9 build+ ! boil] ) great reg>d to /r5g? 9 e "p4 ,! foll[+ rules po/$ 9 a c]ta9 factory are mo/ excell5t = _! directness3 8,we> close-fitt+ clo!s2 h a bl\se or jacket to button close ar\nd ! wai/ & body2 h sleeves to fit arms closely z f> up z ! elb[2 nev] we> a coat ar\nd ma*9]y2 nev] approa* a pair ( ge>s or pulleys f ! driv+ side2 nev] attempt to save "t by pott+1 or try+ to pot on any fa/-mov+ belts )\t slack+ up or /opp+ entirely to d x4 ,nev] all[ an inexp]i5c$ p]son to g ?r\gh ! mills )\t an att5dant2 nev] all[ a woman to g ?r\gh a mill1 no matt] h[ _m att5dants1 :ile 9 motion2 nev] attempt to g ?r\gh ! mill 9 ! d>k1 y may =get ! exact location ( "s dang]\s object & seek to avoid x1 b x is /ill !re1 noiselessly wait+ a *ance to wreck y2 nev] all[ any dang]\s place to g ungu>d$2 keep y\r eye op5 :ile oil+2 nev] relax y\r vigilance = an in/ant1 x may co/ y y\r life4 ,if y feel a g5tle tug on y\r clo!s1 grab1 & grab quick1 any?+ y c cl+ to1 & don't let g till aft] ! clo!s d40 ,,wat] ,,circulation4 ,wat] consi/s ( an innum]able quantity ( extremely m9ute p>ticles call$ molecules4 ,^! p>ticles h ! prop]ty ( be+ able to glide ov]1 "u1 & to & f ea* o!r almo/ )\t resi/ance or friction4 ,:5 wat] is heat$ 9 a boil] ! action t takes place is ?is3 ,z ! heat is appli$1 ! p>ticles ne>e/ ! heat$ surfaces become exp&$ or swoll51 & are s r5d]$ light] 7bulk = bulk7 ?an ! cold] p>ticles1 !y are !re=e compell$ to rise to ! highe/ po9t 9 ! boil]4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #aeh4 ,?is upw>d action is vividly %[n by ! illu/ration on page #bdb1 & by ,fig4 #aeh1 :]e ! w>m] p>ticles are asc5d+ & ! cool] ones are desc5d+ by a process :i* is endless s long z heat is appli$ to ! l[] "p ( ! conta9+ vessel4 ,! cause ( circulation is ! result ( an immutable law ( nature 7! law ( gravitation71 & is s simple t ) mod]ate c>e 9 its manipulation failures 9 arrang+ /eam heat+ app>atus are next to impossible4 ,a v slight exp]i5ce suffices to %[ t a pipe tak5 f ! top ( a boil] & giv5 a direct or gradual rise to ! po9t fur!/ f ! boil]1 & !n return$ & connect$ into x at ! bottom w1 ^u ! application ( heat1 cause ! wat] to circulate4 ,x is n necess>y t ! wat] %\ld boil or ev5 approa* boil+ po9t1 to cause circulation1 z 9 a prop]ly con/ruct$ app>atus ! circulation comm5ces soon aft] ! heat is appli$ & imm$iately ! temp]ature is rais$ 9 ! boil]4 ,x is a v common error to suppose t ! circulation comm5ces 9 ! fl[ or up pipe1 :]eas x is j ! rev]se4 ,! circulation is caus$ by ! wat] 9 ! return pipe & c be describ$ z a /ream ( heat$ p>ticles fl[+ up "o pipe f ! boil] & a /ream ( cool] p>ticles fl[+ d[n ano!r pipe into ! boil]2 or x might be describ$ z a means ( automatically transport+ heat$ wat] f ! l[] to ! upp] p>ts ( a build+1 & provid+ a d[n fl[ ( cold wat] to ! boil] to be heat$ 9 turn4 ,^? hav+ 9 *>ge ! erection ( hot-wat] sy/ems = heat+ build+s1 w d well to rememb] t ! circulation !y expect dep5ds entirely ^u ! expansion ( p>ticles :5 heat$1 & t !y mu/ avoid z mu* z possible friction1 exposure ( fl[ pipes to v l[ temp]ature1 & frequ5t or num]\s %ort b5ds4 ,:5 prop]ly arrang$ ! action ( 8! /eam loop0 is a v good illu/ration ( ! circulation ( hot wat] & /eam1 ! fl[ is cont9u\s1 rapid & positive4 ,,note4--,:5 ! /eam loop is prop]ly connect$1 ! /op valve at ! boil] %\ld always be left op5 & full pressure ma9ta9$ 9 ! /eam pipe ov] night or ov] ,sunday4 ,! loop w keep up a p[]ful circulation1 return+ all wat] to ! boil] z fa/ z cond5s$4 ,on />t+ up 9 ! morn+1 x is only necess>y to op5 ! wa/e cocks & bl[ out :at little wat] may h cond5s$ 9 ! cyl9d]s !mselves4 ,! ?rottle may !n be op5$ & ! eng9e />t$ ) ! /eam z dry z if x _h be5 runn+ cont9u\sly4 ,,*imneys ,,& ,,draught4 ,draught1 9 *imneys1 is caus$ by ! diff]5ce betwe5 ! weight ( ! air outside & t inside ! *imney4 ,?is diff]5ce 9 weight is produc$ by diff]5ce 9 heat4 ,n[1 heat$ air has a /rong t5d5cy to rise above cool air & a v slight diff]5ce w cause an upw>d fl[ ( ! heat$ p>ticles1 & ! hott] ! air1 ! brisk] ! fl[4 ,z ^! p>ticles asc5d x leaves a space :i* ! cool] air eag]ly ha/5s to fill2 9 ! boil] furnace1 ! hot air pu%+ its way up ! *imney1 is replac$ ?r\gh ! grate b>s ) cool1 fre% air4 ,x is ! m+l+ ( ?is fre% air ) ! combu/ibles t produces heat1 & ! p[] ( ! draught is absolutely necess>y to ! reliable op]ation ( ! furnace4 ,an excess ( draught c be correct$ by ! use ( a damp] or ev5 by ! clos+ ( ! a% pit doors1 b no m unhappy position = an eng9e] c be imag9$ ?an a defici5cy ( draught4 ,?is lack is produc$ by1 #a/1 too little area 9 ! *imney flue2 #b;d1 by too l[ a *imney2 #c;d1 by ob/ructions to ! fl[ ( ! gases2 #d?1 by ! ov]topp+ ( ! *imney by adjac5t build+s1 hills or tree tops4 ,!re are o!r causes ( failure :i* practice develops2 h5ce1 ! draught ( a new *imney is v (t5 an unc]ta9 ?+ until e-day trial demon/rates its action4 ,! draught ( /eam boil]s & o!r furnaces %\ld be regulat$ bel[ ! grate & n 9 ! *imney4 ,! a% pit door %\ld be capable ( be+ clos$ air tight1 & ! damp] 9 ! *imney %\ld be kept wide op5 at all times unless x is absolutely necess>y to h ! area ( ! *imney r$uc$ 9 ord] to prev5t ! gases f escap+ too fa/ to make /eam4 ,:5 two flues ent] a l>g] "o at "r angles to x1 opposite ea* o!r1 z is frequ5tly ! case :]e !re is a l>ge numb] ( boil]s 9 a batt]y1 & ! *imney is plac$ ne> ! c5t] ( ! batt]y1 ! ma9 flue %\ld always h a division plate 9 its c5t] betwe5 ! two ent]+ flues to give direction to ! incom+ curr5ts ( gases1 & prev5t _! 8butt+10 z x may be t]m$4 ,! same ?+ %\ld always be done :]e two horizontal flues ent] a *imney at ! same height at opposite sides4 ,9 /ation>y boil]s ! *imney area %\ld be "o-fif? great] ?an ! comb9$ area ( all ! tubes or flues4 ,= m>9e boil]s ! rule is to all[ f\rte5 squ>e in*es ( *imney area = ea* nom9al horse p[]4 ,! draught ( a *imney is usually measur$ 9 in*es ( wat]4 ,! arrangem5t mo/ commonly made use ( = ?is purpose consi/s ( a ,u-%ap$ glass tube connect$ by rubb] tub+1 iron pipe1 or o!r arrangem5t1 ) "s "p ( ! *imney 9 su* a way t ! draught w produce a diff]5ce ( level ( wat] 9 ! two legs ( ! b5t glass tube4 ,! 8,locomotive0 sugge/s t ! unit = *imney con/ruction %\ld be a flue #ha feet high above ! level ( ! grates1 hav+ an area equal to ! collective area ( ! tubes ( all ! boil]s lead+ to x1 ! boil]s be+ ( ! ord9>y horizontal return tubul> type1 hav+ ab\t #a squ>e foot ( heat+ surface to #de squ>e feet ( heat+ surface4 ,note ! above conditions1 &1 9 case ( *ang+ ! above proportions1 x %\ld be obs]v$ t ! draught p[] ( *imneys is proportional to ! squ>e root ( ! height1 s we may r$uce its area bel[ ! collective area ( ! boil] tubes 9 ! same proportion t ! squ>e root ( its height exce$s ! squ>e root ( #ha4 ,= example1 suppose we h to design a *imney = t5 boil]s1 #ff 94 9 diamet]1 ea* hav+ #gb tubes1 #c-a_/b 94 9 diamet]1 :at w\ld be its proportion8 ,! collective area ( ! #gbj #c-a_/b-;94 tubes w\ld be #f1jag squ>e in*es1 & if ! *imney is to be b #ha feet high1 x %\ld h ?is area1 :i* w\ld require a flue #f ft4 #e-a_/b 94 squ>e4 ,b1 suppose1 = "s reason1 x is decid$ to h a *imney #aej feet 9 height1 in/ead ( #ha feet4 ,! squ>e root ( #aej is #ab-a_/d2 ! squ>e root ( #ha is #i2 & we r$uce ! area ( ! *imney by ! foll[+ proportion3 #ab4be3i #f1jag3d1dbj squ>e in*es1 :i* w\ld be ! prop] area1 & w\ld call = a *imney #e ft4 #f 94 squ>e1 & simil>ly if any o!r height 7 decid$ ^u4 ,,plumb+4 ,illu/ration3 ,pipe ,trap ,illu/ration3 ,p ,trap ,! art ( work+ 9 lead is old] ?an ! pyramids4 ,= ?\s&s ( ye>s hydraulics & plumb+ z an occupation engag$ ! pr9cipal att5tion ( eng9e]s4 ,k+ ,david us$ lead pipe1 s did ,ar*im$es2 ! t]races & g>d5s ( ,babylon 7 suppli$ ) wat] ?r\gh lead5 pipes4 ,/eam fitt+1 ) galvaniz$ pipe & an elaborate sy/em ( connections & devices is a new dep>tm5t ( me*anism--almo/ ( ! pres5t g5]ation--& at fir/ sight w\ld seem able soon to sup]c$e lead pip+ ( all k9ds1 b x is safe to say t no?+ c ev] take ! place ( lead1 = ?is admirable metal c be made to answ] :]e no o!r mat]ial c be work$2 = in/ance1 lead pipe c be made to con=m to any angle or ob/ruction :]e no o!r sy/em ( pip+ w4 ,h5ce1 plumb+ z a useful & ornam5tal art w nev] g out ( date1 & eng9e]s ( e bran* w d well to /udy its pr9ciples & me?ods s z to meet ! ev]-recurr+ & p]plex+ que/ions connect$ ) sew]age1 wat] supply1 etc4 ,illu/ration3 ,s ,trap ,e eng9e] %\ld at lea/ "k h[ #a1 to jo9 lead pipe--to make a 8wipe jo9t10--z 9 a hundr$ em]g5cies ?is k w be ( wor?4 #b1 h[ to make a tempor>y /opp+ ( leaks2 #c1 h[ to b5d pipe ) s& or spr+s2 #d1 h[ to 8back air pipes0 f s9ks2 #e1 h[ to use =ce pumps2 #f1 h[ to arrange ! circulat+ pipes 9 hot-wat] boil]s2 #g1 h[ to make sold]2 #h1 h[ to repair valves1 etc41 etc4 ,,pip+ ,,& ,,dra9age4 ,! ?ree illu/rations on page #bih are design$ to repres5t traps set 9 lead pipe & %[ vividly ! diff]5ce betwe5 ?is mat]ial & iron pip+4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #aei4 ,lead is "o ( ! elem5t>y sub/ances ( :i* ! _w is =m$2 x ranks ) gold1 silv]1 t91 etc41 9 be+ an unmix$ metal4 ,x melts at ab\t #fag ,fahr5heit1 & is1 bulk = bulk1 #aa-d_/aj heavi] ?an wat] 7gold be+ #ag-e_/aj heavi] & wr\ght iron #g-g_/aj heavi]74 ,! t5acity ( lead is extremely l[1 a wire #a_/ah? ( an in* breaks ) a weight ( #bh lbs42 9 comp>ison1 its t5acity is only "o-tw5tie? t ( iron2 x is s s(t t x may be scrat*$ ) ! ?umb nail4 ,if a v /rong heat is appli$ lead boils & evaporates2 x transmits heat v sl[ly2 ( sev5 common metals x is ! wor/ conductor1 !re=e x is good = hot wat] pipes4 ,mix$ ) a suffici5t quantity ( quicksilv] x rema9s liquid4 ,an advantage to be f\nd 9 ! use ( lead is its durability & comp>ative fre$om f repairs4 ,9 ,london1 soil & dra9 wat] pipes :i* h be5 fix$ #cjj to #ejj ye>s are z good n[ z ! day !y 7 fir/ made--:ile iron pipe _c be expect$ to la/ ov] #aj or #bj ye>s or #cj at ! utmo/4 ,fig4 #aei repres5ts ! g5]al sy/em ( h\se pip+ & dra9age applicable also to %ops1 public build+s1 etc4 ,a exhibits ! dra9 or sew]4 ,a-,c repres5ts ! sew] connection1 s call$ ) a runn+ trap1 ,b4 8,c0 at ! end ( ! l[] pipe exhibits a soil pipe elb[1 ) h& hole = clean+ out clos$ by a screw plug4 ,?is dra9 %\ld h a regul> fall or incl9ation & ?is elb[ provides = t4 ,c-,d %[s ! ra9 wat] lead] 7conductor74 ,e & ,f is a soil pipe #c1 #d1 #e1 or #f in*es 9 diamet]4 ,note1 pipes dra9+ wat] closets are call$ 8soil pipes02 ^? dra9+ o!r fixtures 8wa/e pipes40 ,n & ,o repres5t wat]-closet flanges2 ,f & ,h are ro( connections2 ,l exhibits d\ble & s+le ,y bran*es to receive wa/e-pipes f ba?s1 b[ls1 or s9ks4 ,! plumb] makes ?is connection1 always trapp+ ! lead wa/e-pipe & !n sold]+ x to a brass nipple4 ,,lead ,,pipe ,,jo9ts4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #afj4 ,x has be5 rem>k$ t aft] le>n+ h[ to make 8a wipe jo9t10 ev]y?+ is easy relat+ to ! plumb]'s trade2 h5ce1 ! importance ( ! foll[+ directions4 ,to le>n ! art1 previ\s practice ) %ort pieces ( pipe is recomm5d$4 ,?is trial piece c be clamp$ z %[n 9 ,fig4 #afj & us$ ov] & ov] until practice has be5 _h4 ,!re are _m names = ! process ( lead jo9t-mak+1 su* z ! fl[-jo9t1 ! ribbon jo9t1 ! bl[n jo9t1 ! a/ragal jo9t1 etc41 to express ! diff]5t positions & uses = :i* !y are ne$$1 b 9 ! ma9 !y are made z foll[s3 #a4 ,! lead pipe to be jo9$ is sawn squ>e (f ) ! prop] too!d saw--att5tion be+ paid to mak+ ! end absolutely true1 across ! pipe4 #b4 ,"o end ( ! pipe to be jo9$ is fir/ op5$ by driv+ 9 a wood5 w$ge1 %ap$ l a plumb-bob1 call$ ! 8turn p940 ,c>e %\ld be ex]cis$ at ?is "t n to split ! end1 #a_/d in* op5+ is usually en\gh1 :i* leaves ! pipe z %[n at ,d1 ,fig4 #afa4 ,n[1 clean ! int]nal "p ( ! jo9t all ar\nd ! "p requir$ = sold]+--?is clean+ c be done ) ! plumb]'s %ave hook or ) a pocket knife4 ,to complete ?is prep>ation 8t\*0 ! "p ) grease f a tall[ c&le4 #c4 ,next is ! prep>ation ( ! male "p ( ! jo9t4 ,?is mu/ be rasp-fil$ d[n to fit ! enl>g$ op5+4 ,x is important to h a good fit ?r\gh\t2 h5ce1 inside ! enl>g$ op5+ mu/ be also rasp-fil$ & ! two surfaces to come nicely toge!r be=e ! sold] is appli$4 #d4 ,at ?is /age a pa/e call$ 8plumb]'s soil0 mu/ be appli$ outside #c in*es f ! end ( ea* piece ( pipe2 ?is is %[n by ! l9e ,e ,f 9 ,fig4 #afa1 also at ,a ,b1 ,fig4 #afj2 ! l9e ( ! soil+ %\ld be v ev5 & true 9 ord] to assure a workmanlike job & ! soil+ put on z be=e /at$1 #c to #e in*es beyond ! sold] l9e on ea* side4 ,z ! melt+ po9t ( lead is #fab degrees or !reab\ts1 x is necess>y to h sold] melt at a l[] temp]ature1 & t made "u ! rule giv5 w melt at #ddj to #dge degrees4 ,no tool to a plumb] is m important ?an ! clo? us$ 9 jo9t mak+4 ,to make x1 take a piece ( new mole sk9 or fu/ian1 ( mod]ate ?ickness1 #ab in*es long by #i in*es wide1 fold x up "o side #d in*es2 !n #d in*es aga91 & aga9 #d in*es2 !n fold x 9 ! middle1 :i* w make y\r clo? #d #d-a_/b in*es1 & ( #f ?ickness4 ,aft] ?is is done1 sew up ! ragg$ ends to keep x f op5+4 ,!n p\r a little hot tall[ on "o side & ! clo? is ready = use4 ,9 ,fig4 #afj-;a is %[n1 ,h1 a h& hold+ ! clo? ,c 9 ! process ( 8wip+ ! jo9t10 :i* w n[ be describ$4 ,fir/ place a small piece ( pap] "u ! jo9t to cat* ! surplus sold] ,d & beg9 sold]+ z foll[s3 ,take ! felt ,f 9 ! "r h& & ) x hold ! ladle ?ree p>ts full ( sold]4 ,to see t x is n too hot hold y\r h& )9 #b in*es or s ( ! sold]2 if x quickly burns y\r h& x is too hot2 if y c only j hold y\r h& ?is di/ance1 use x2 b if y _c feel ! heat1 ! sold] is too cold4 ,:5 y beg9 to p\r y\r sold] ^u ! jo9t d x v lightly & n too mu* at a "t 9 "o place1 b keep ! ladle mov+ backw>d & =w>d1 p\r+ f ,e to ,j1 fir/ on "o side ( ! jo9t to ! o!r & f end to end4 ,p\r also an in* or two up ! soil+1 z %[n at ,e to make ! pipe ( prop] temp]ature1 i4e41 to ! same heat z ! sold]4 ,! fur!r1 9 reason1 ! heat is run or tak5 along ! pipe1 ! bett] ! *ance ( mak+ ! jo9t4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #afj-;a4 ,keep p\r+ & ) ! left h& hold ! clo? ,c to cat* ! sold] & also cause ! same to t9 ! l[] side ( ! pipe & to keep ! sold] f dropp+ d[n4 ,?is clo?1 s important 9 jo9t mak+ is else:]e describ$4 ,by ! process ( /eady p\r+ ! sold] n[ becomes nice & s(t & beg9s to feel %ap$1 firm & bulky4 ,:5 9 ?is %ape & 9 a semi-fluid condition quickly put ! ladle d[n1 & in/antly ) ! left h& %ape "o side ( ! jo9t always beg9n+ at ! outsides1 or at t "p next ! soil+2 !n take ! clo? 9 ! "r h& & d ! o!r side1 f9i%+ on ! top2 a light run ( ! clo? all r\nd ! jo9t w1 if ! sold] has n set & y h be5 quick ) y\r "w1 give ! appe>ance ( a turn$ jo9t4 ,aft] a little practice ! jo9t may be made )\t *ang+ ! clo? f "o h& to ! o!r4 ,! secret ( jo9t mak+ is gett+ ! lead to ! heat ( ! sold] & 9 r\ghly %ap+ ! sold]1 :ile 9 ! semi-fluid /ate4 ,good me*anical fitt+ is ! result ( two ?+s--good judgm5t & a delicate s5se ( t\*4 ,,repair+ ,,pipes ,,) ,,putty ,,jo9ts4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #afa4 ,fir/ get ! pipe ?or\ghly dri$1 & ) "s quick dry+ gold size pa9t ! "p to be repair$2 !n get "s :ite lead & /iff5 x ) "s p[d]$ r$ lead1 s z to make x a h>di% putty1 place a ?9 lay] ( ?is1 say #c_/h? in* to #a_/b in* 9 ?ickness1 ov] ! bur/$ "p ( ! pipe1 & ) "s good /rong calico1 pa9t$ ) ! gold size1 neatly wrap ! r$ lead to ! pipe1 us+ #c or #d ?icknesses ( ! pa9t$ calico2 !n ) "s tw9e beg9 at "o end1 lay+ ! tw9e 9 sev]al lay]s 9 rotation until x has1 l ! calico1 sev]al ?icknesses4 ,if prop]ly done ?is w be /rong en\gh to )/& any ord9>y pressure on ! pipes & if m is requir$ ! putty c be made f dry r$ lead & gold size4 ,9 mak+ all :ite & r$ lead jo9ts1 fir/1 see t ! p>ts are ?or\ghly dry2 second1 see t ! p>ts are n dirty ) ru/1 c42 next1 well pa9t ! p>ts ) good1 /iff pa9t be=e putt+ ! putty on to =m ! jo9t4 ,,b5d+ ,,lead ,,pipe4 ,if any ord9>y piece ( light lead pipe #a-a_/b in*es 9 diamet] is tak5 & pull$ or b5t %>ply ar\nd x w crimple or cr9kle at ! ?roat2 ! l>g] & ?9n] ! pipe ! m x w become di/ort$4 ,!re are _m me?ods ( mak+ ^! b5ds 9 lead pipe1 "s ) dummies1 o!rs ) bolts1 balls1 etc41 o!rs cut ! b5ds at ! back1 at ! ?roat1 or ! two sides ( ! b5d4 ,= small pipes1 su* z #a_/b to #a in* & extra heavy1 !y may be pull$ r\nd )\t tr\ble or dang]1 b = a little l>g] size ,,s& ,,b5d+ is l>gely practic$ z foll[s3 ,take ! l5g? ( pipe1 say #e feet1 fill & well ram x ) s& #b feet up1 !n h ready a metal pot ( v hot s& to fill ! pipe #a foot up1 next fill ! pipe up ) m cold s&1 ramm+ x z firmly z possible1 /op ! end & pull r\nd ! pipe1 at ! same "t hamm]+ quickly work+ ! lead f ! ?roat t[>ds ! back1 :i* c be done if prop]ly work$4 ,n4 ,b4--,c>e mu/ be us$ n to r$uce or enl>ge ! size ( ! bore at ! b5d4 ,,b5d+ ,,) ,,wat]4--,x is a well-kn[n fact t = su* "w1 wat] is incompressible1 b may be turn$ or twi/$ ab\t = any %ape provid$ x is enclos$ 9 a solid case4 ,to make ! b5d--! end ( ! pipe is /opp$ & a /op cock sold]$ into ! o!r end2 take ! pipe at ! end & pull x ar\nd1 be+ c>eful t ! wat] does n cool & %r9k1 & hamm]+ quickly to take out ! cr9kle4 ,,b5d+ ,,) ,,balls4--,?is me?od is practic$ ) small pipe & also to take 8d9ts0 out 9 case ( s& & wat] b5d+ :5 a ball is s5t ?r\gh4 ,me?od3 suppose ! pipe to be two in*es1 !n a ball is requir$ #a_/af 94 less ?an ! pipe1 s t x w run ?r\gh ! pipe freely4 ,n[ pull ! pipe r\nd until x j beg9s to flatt51 put ! ball into ! pipe & ) "s %ort pieces ( wood1 say #b 94 long by #a-a_/b 94 9 diam41 =ce ! ball ?r\gh ! d5t$ "p ( ! pipe4 ,! ball w run ?r\gh all ! easi] if 8t\*$0 ov] ) a c&le end4 ,c>e mu/ be us$ 9 =c+ ! ball back & =? n to drive x ?r\gh ! b5d4 ,,table4--,,weight ,,( ,,%eet ,,lead4 ---------------------------------------- -------------- ,inside #c_/h #a_/b #e_/h #c_/d #a #a-a_/da-a_/ba-c_/d #b ,diamet] ---------------------------------------- -------------- weight p] foot1 lbs41 oz4 ,,aaa1 #b- #h #c- #j #c- #h #d-ab #f- #j -- -- -- -- ,,aa1 #a- #h #b- #j #b-ab #c-ab #d-ab #f- #j #h- #j #h- #h #i- #j ,a1 #a- #d #a-ab #b- #h #c- #j #d- #c #d-ab #f- #h #f- #h #g- #j ,b1 #a- #d #a- #d #b- #j #b- #d #c- #d #c-ab #e- #j #e- #j #f- #j ,c1 -#aj #a- #j #a- #h #a-ab #b- #h #c- #j #d- #d #d- #j #d-ab ,d1 - #g -#ab #a- #j #a- #d #b- #j #b- #h #c- #h -- -- ,e1 -- - #i -#ab #a- #j #a-aj #b- #j #c- #j -- -- ,%eet lead is n ! same weight1 bulk = bulk1 ow+ to diff]5ce 9 organic =mation1 b a cubic foot may be said to weigh #gji lbs4 ,a squ>e foot #a ?ick1 #ei #a_/h #g-a_/b #a_/aj #f #a_/ab #e #a_/ae #d #a_/bj #c ,%eet lead is sometimes made z ?9 z writ+ pap]4 ,,plumb]',s ,,sold]4 ,rule = mak+4--,take #ajj lbs4 good old lead or lead cutt+s1 run x d[n ?or\ghly1 /ir x up & take (f all dirt or dross3 !n take #ej lbs4 pure t91 let ?is run d[n1 & :5 ne>ly all is melt$ & is a little cool] ?r[ 9 #a_/b lb4 ( black ros91 & well /ir ! lot up4 ,la/ br+ up ! heat to #fjj degrees :i* may be kn[n by ! burn+ ( a bit ( newspap] put 9 ! pot4 ,! sold] is n[ hot en\gh & %\ld be well /irr$ & !n run into m\lds4 ,,plumb]',s ,,tools4 ,! processes ( lead work+ are execut$ by manual dext]ity acquir$ by long practice1 & to d ! "w prop]ly requires _m special tools4 ,"s ( ^! are us$ 9 common ) o!r dep>tm5ts ( me*anics1 b are none ! less necess>y 9 lead work+4 ,we pres5t cuts ( ! pr9cipal tools us$1 "s ( :i* are self-expla9+1 & "s are nam$ ) fur!r description ( p>ticul> use4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #afb4 ,fig4 #afb repres5ts "o =m ( ! plumb]'s tap bor] or ream] us$ = mak+ & enl>g+ holes 9 pipe4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #afc4 ,fig4 #afc repres5ts plumb]'s snips4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #afd4 ,fig4 #afd is ! well-kn[n & always useful ladle4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #afe4 ,fig4 #afe is ! r\nd nose pe9 hamm]1 us$ 9 plumb]'s "w to op5 ! inside pipe be=e jo9t+4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #aff4 ,fig4 #aff is ! plumb bob4 ,! same cut w also convey an idea ( ! wood5 in/rum5t us$ to =ce op5 ! pipe be=e jo9t+1 i4e41 8! turn p940 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #afg4 ,fig4 #afg repres5ts 8! r\nd nose *isel40 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #afh4 ,fig4 #afh is ! 8wood *isel0 us$ 9 cutt+ away wood "w4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #afi4 ,fig4 #afi is ! well-kn[n 8cape *isel40 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #agj4 ,fig4 #agj is ! half r\nd *isel4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #aga4 ,fig4 #aga is ! equally well-kn[n 8flat cold *isel40 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #agb4 ,fig4 #agb is ! 8diamond po9t *isel40 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #agc4 ,fig4 #agc %[s a rivet set = small "w connect$ ) plumb+ & %eet metal "w4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #agd4 ,fig4 #agd exhibits ! plumb]'s tor*2 ?is is also us$ by eng9e]s to explore int]iors ( boil]s1 *imney flues1 & o!r d>k places ab\t ! /eam plant4 ,fig4 #age is a compass saw4 ,fig4 #agf is a d\ble-edg$ plumb]'s saw4 ,fig4 #agg is a _s level4 ,fig4 #agh is a look+-glass us$ 9 mak+ und]h& jo9ts & 9 _m useful ways ab\t a /eam plant4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #age4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #agf4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #agg4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #agh4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #agi4 ,fig4 #agi is a caulk+ tool4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ahj4 ,fig4 #ahj is a gasket *isel4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #aha4 ,fig4 #aha is a sold]+ tool kn[n among plumb]s z 8a copp] po9t$ bolt40 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ahb4 ,fig4 #ahb is a copp]-po9t$ bolt1 flat4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ahc4 ,fig4 #ahc repres5ts a hang]1 = susp5d+ iron & lead pipe2 its excell5ce consi/s 9 enabl+ pipes to be rais$ or l[]$ aft] be+ hung )\t tak+ ! hang] ap>t4 ,,useful ,,tables ,,( ,,weights ,,( ,,iron ,,& ,,comp>isons ,,( ,,gauges4 ,weight ( a ,sup]ficial ,foot ( ,plate & ,%eet ,iron4 ---------------------------------------- -------------- ,,plate ,,iron4 ---------------------------------------- ------------- ,weight ,?ickness4 p] squ>e foot4 ---------------------------------------- ------------- ,,in*es4 ,,p\nds4 ---------------------------------------- ------------- #a_/af 94 #b-a_/b #a_/h #e #c_/af #g-a_/b #a_/d #aj #e_/af #ab-a_/b #c_/h #ae #g_/af #ag-a_/b #a_/b #bj #i_/af #bb-a_/b #e_/h #be #aa_/af #bg-a_/b #c_/d #cj #ac_/af #cb-a_/b #g_/h #ce #ae_/af #cg-a_/b #a #dj ---------------------------------------- ------------- ,,%eet ,,iron4 ---------------------------------------- ------------- ,,unit$ ,,/ates ,,/&>d ,,gauge4 ,adopt$ by ,congress1 to take effect ,july #a/1 #ahic4 ---------------------------------------- ----------- ,,numb] #ajjj',s ,,weight ,,ne>e/ ,,( ,,( ,,p] ,,fraction ,,( ,,gauge4 an ,in*4 squ>e foot4 an in*4 ,,ounces ---------------------------------------- ----------- ,no4 #a 4#bha #ahj oz4 #i_/cb 94 #b 4#bfe #agj #ag_/fd #c 4#bej #afj #a_/d #d 4#bcd #aej #ae_/fd #e 4#bah #adj #g_/cb #f 4#bjc #acj #ac_/fd #g 4#ahg #abj #c_/af #h 4#aga #aaj #aa_/fd #i 4#aef #ajj #e_/cb #aj 4#adj #ij #i_/fd #aa 4#abe #hj #a_/h #ab 4#aji #gj #g_/fd #ac 4#jic #fj #c_/cb #ad 4#jgh #ej #e_/fd #ae 4#jgj #de #i_/abh #af 4#jfb #dj #a_/af #ag 4#jef #cf #i_/afj #ah 4#jej #cb #a_/bj #ai 4#jdc #bh #g_/afj #bj 4#jcg #bd #c_/hj #ba 4#jcd #bb #aa_/cbj #bb 4#jca #bj #a_/cb #bc 4#jbh #ah #i_/cbj #bd 4#jbe #af #a_/dj #be 4#jba #ad #g_/cbj #bf 4#jah #ab #c_/afj #bg 4#jag #aa #aa_/fdj #bh 4#jae #aj #a_/fd #bi 4#jad #i #i_/fdj #cj 4#jab #h #a_/hj ---------------------------------------- ----------- ,weight ( ,"o ,foot ( ,r\nd ,iron4 ------------------------------------- ,,size4 ,weight pr4 ,foot4 ------------------------------------- ,,lbs4 ------------------------------------- #a_/h 94 4#jda #c_/af 4#jib #a_/d 4#afd #e_/af 4#bef #c_/h 4#cfh #g_/af 4#eja #a_/b 4#fed #i_/af 4#hbh #e_/h #a4jb #aa_/af #a4bd #c_/d #a4dg #ac_/af #a4gc #g_/h #b4jj #ae_/af #b4cj #a #b4fb #a-a_/af #b4ie #a-a_/h #c4ca #a-c_/af #c4fi #a-a_/d #d4ji #a-e_/af #d4ea #a-c_/h #d4ie #a-g_/af #e4da #a-a_/b #e4hi #a-i_/af #f4ci #a-e_/h #f4ia #a-aa_/af #g4de #a-c_/d #h4jb #a-ac_/af #h4fj #a-g_/h #i4bj #a-ae_/af #i4hc #b #aj4dg #b-a_/h #aa4hb #b-a_/d #ac4be #b-c_/h #ad4gg #b-a_/b #af4cf #b-c_/h #ah4jd #b-c_/d #ai4hj #b-g_/h #ba4fd #c #bc4ef #c-a_/h #be4eg #c-a_/d #bg4fe #c-c_/h #bi4hb #c-a_/b #cb4jg #c-e_/h #cd4dj #c-c_/d #cf4hb #c-g_/h #ci4ca #d #da4hi #d-a_/h #dd4ee #d-a_/d #dg4bi #d-c_/h #ej4aa #d-a_/b #ec4ja #d-e_/h #ef4jj #d-c_/d #ei4jg #d-g_/h #fb4bb #e #fe4de #e-a_/h #fh4gf #e-a_/d #gb4af #e-c_/h #ge4fd #e-a_/b #gi4ai #e-e_/h #hb4hc #e-c_/d #hf4ef #e-g_/h #ij4cf #f #id4be ------------------------------------- ,weight ( ,"o ,foot ( ,squ>e ,iron4 ------------------------------------- ,,size4 ,weight pr4 ,foot4 ------------------------------------- ,,lbs4 ------------------------------------- #a_/h 94 4#jeb #c_/af 4#aag #a_/d 4#bjh #e_/af 4#cbf #c_/h 4#dfi #g_/af 4#fch #a_/b 4#hcc #i_/af #a4jf #e_/h #a4cj #aa_/af #a4eh #c_/d #a4hg #ac_/af #b4bj #g_/h #b4ee #ae_/af #b4ic #a #c4cc #a-a_/af #c4gf #a-a_/h #d4bb #a-c_/af #d4gj #a-a_/d #e4ba #a-e_/af #e4gd #a-c_/h #f4cj #a-g_/af #f4hi #a-a_/b #g4ej #a-i_/af #h4ad #a-e_/h #h4hj #a-aa_/af #i4di #a-c_/d #aj4ba #a-ac_/af #aj4ie #a-g_/h #aa4gb #a-ae_/af #ab4ea #b #ac4cc #b-a_/h #ae4je #b-a_/d #af4hh #b-c_/h #ah4hj #b-a_/b #bj4hc #b-c_/h #bb4ig #b-c_/d #be4ba #b-g_/h #bg4ee #c #cj4jj #c-a_/h #cb4ee #c-a_/d #ce4ba #c-c_/h #cg4ig #c-a_/b #dj4hc #c-e_/h #dc4hj #c-c_/d #df4hh #c-g_/h #ej4je #d #ec4cc #d-a_/h #ef4gb #d-a_/d #fj4ba #d-c_/h #fc4hj #d-a_/b #fg4ej #d-e_/h #ga4cj #d-c_/d #ge4ba #d-g_/h #gi4bb #e #hc4cc #e-a_/h #hg4ee #e-a_/d #ia4hh #e-c_/h #if4cj #e-a_/b #ajj4hj #e-e_/h #aje4ej #e-c_/d #aaj4bj #e-g_/h #aae4aj #f #abj4jj ,weight p] ,runn+ ,foot ( ,ca/ ,/eel4 --------------------------------------- ,,size4 ,,lbs4 ,,size4 ,,lbs4 --------------------------------------- #a_/d 94 ,sq4 4#bac #a_/d 94 ,rd4 4#afg #a_/b 4#hee #a_/b 4#ffi #c_/d #a4ia #c_/d #a4ej #a #c4dj #a #b4fg #a-a_/d #e4cb #a-a_/d #d4ah #a-a_/b #g4fg #a-a_/b #f4jb #b #ac4fc #b #aj4ga --------------------------------------- #a #a_/d 4#heb #a_/b 94 ,oct4 4#gde #a-a_/h #c_/h #a4dc #e_/h #a4af #a-a_/d #a_/b #b4ac #c_/d #a4fg #a-a_/b #e_/h #c4ai #g_/h #b4bh #a-c_/d #c_/d #d4df #a #b4ih #b #a_/b #c4dj #a-a_/h #c4gg #e_/h #d4be #a-a_/d #d4fe ,comp>ison ( ,pr9cipal ,gauges 9 use4 ---------------------------------------- ------------------------ ,,unit$ ,,/ates ,,/ubbs' ,,br[n ,,%>p4 ,,/&>d4 ,,birm+ham4 ---------------------------------------- -------------- ,numb]4 ,p\nds ,p\nds ,p\nds #ajjj's p] squ>e #ajjj's p] squ>e #ajjj's p] squ>e ( foot4 ( foot4 ( foot4 an in*4 an in*4 an in*4 ,,iron4 ,,iron4 ,,iron4 ---------------------------------------- --------------------- ,no4 #a 4#bha #aa4be 4#cjj #ab4jd 4#bhi #aa4fa #b 4#bfe #aj4fb 4#bhd #aa4dj 4#beg #aj4cd #c 4#bej #aj4 4#bei #aj4ci 4#bbi #i4ba #d 4#bcd #i4cg 4#bch #i4ee 4#bjd #h4bj #e 4#bah #h4ge 4#bbj #h4hc 4#aha #g4cj #f 4#bjc #h4ab 4#bjc #h4ae 4#afb #f4ej #g 4#ahg #g4ej 4#ahj #g4bb 4#add #e4gi #h 4#aga #f4hg 4#afe #f4fb 4#abh #e4af #i 4#aef #f4be 4#adh #e4id 4#aad #d4ei #aj 4#adj #e4fb 4#acd #f4ch 4#ajb #d4ji #aa 4#abe #e4jj 4#abj #d4hb 4#jia #c4fd #ab 4#aji #d4cg 4#aji #d4cg 4#jhj #c4bd #ac 4#jic #c4ge 4#jie #c4ha 4#jgb #b4hi #ad 4#jgh #c4ab 4#jhc #c4cc 4#jfd #b4eg #ae 4#jgj #b4ha 4#jgb #b4hi 4#jeg #b4bi #af 4#jfb #b4ej 4#jfe #b4fa 4#jej #b4jd #ag 4#jef #b4be 4#jeh #b4cc 4#jde #a4hb #ah 4#jej #b4jj 4#jdi #a4ig 4#jdj #a4fb #ai 4#jdc #a4ge 4#jdb #a4fi 4#jcf #a4dd #bj 4#jcg #a4ej 4#jce #a4dj 4#jcb #a4bh #ba 4#jcd #a4cg 4#jcb #a4bh 4#jbh #a4ad #bb 4#jca #a4be 4#jbh #a4ab 4#jbe #a4jb #bc 4#jbh #a4ab 4#jbe #a4jj 4#jbb 4#ij #bd 4#jbe #a4jj 4#jbb 4#hh 4#jbj 4#hj #be 4#jba 4#hg 4#jbj 4#hj 4#jah 4#gb #bf 4#jah 4#ge 4#jah 4#gb 4#jaf 4#fd #bg 4#jag 4#fh 4#jaf 4#fd 4#jad 4#eg #bh 4#jae 4#fb 4#jad 4#ef 4#jab 4#ej #bi 4#jad 4#ef 4#jac 4#eb 4#jaa 4#de #cj 4#jab 4#ej 4#jab 4#dh 4#jaj 4#dj ,,noiseless ,,wat] ,,heat]4 ,?is device is v effective = heat+ wat] 9 op5 or clos$ tanks by direct /eam pressure )\t noise4 ,! heat] consi/s ( an outw>d & upw>d dis*>g+ /eam nozzle1 cov]$ by a %ield :i* has num]\s op5+s = ! admission ( wat] s t ! dis*>ge jet takes ! =m ( an inv]t$ cone1 dis*>g+ upw>ds4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ahd4 ,a small pipe admits air to ! /eam jet1 & by mix+ !re) prev5ts a collapse ( ! /eam bubbles1 & ! noise1 :i* is su* a great objection to heat+ by direct /eam 9 ! old way4 ,a valve or cock on ! small air pipe regulates ! op5+ z may appe> mo/ desirable4 ,exhau/ /eam c by ! same me?od be dispos$ ( "u wat] )\t noise4 ,,accid5ts ,,& ,,em]g5cies4 ,few subjects c m usefully employ ! att5tion & /udy ( eng9e]s ?an ! prop] treatm5t & fir/ rem$ies made necess>y by ! peculi> & di/ress+ accid5ts to :i* p]sons are liable :o are employ$ 9 or ar\nd a /eam plant4 ,^! & _m o!r ?+s ( a l nature are likely to call = a cool head1 a /eady h& & "s practical k ( :at is to be done4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ahe4 ,9 ! fir/ mom5ts ( sudd5 disa/]1 ( any k9d1 ! ?or\ghly tra9$ eng9e] is ne>ly always f\nd1 9 ! confusion incid5t to su* a "t1 to be ! "o mo/ compet5t to advise & direct ! ef=ts made to av]t ! dang] to life limb or prop]ty1 & to rem$y ! wor/ aft] effects4 ,to fulfil ?is responsibility is wor? mu* previ\s prep>ation1 s t ! be/ ?+s "u ! circum/ances may be done quickly & effici5tly4 ,to ?is end ! foll[+ advice is giv5 relat+ to ! mo/ common accid5ts :i* are likely to happ51 9 spite ( ! utmo/ ex]cise ( c>e & prud5ce4 ,burns & ,scalds4--,burns are produc$ by heat$ solids or by flames ( "s combu/ible sub/ance2 scalds are produc$ by /eam or a heat$ liquid4 ,! sev]ity ( ! accid5t dep5ds ma9ly1 #a1 on ! int5sity ( ! heat ( ! burn+ body1 toge!r )1 #b1 ! ext5t ( surface1 &1 #c1 ! vitality ( ! p>ts involv$ 9 ! injury1 ?us3 a p]son may h a f+] burn$ (f ) less dang] to life ?an an ext5sive scald ( 8 back4 ,! imm$iate effect ( scalds is g5]ally less viol5t ?an t ( burns2 fluids n be+ capable ( acquir+ s high a temp]ature z "s solids1 b fl[+ ab\t ) great facility1 _! effects become mo/ s]i\s by ext5d+ to a l>ge surface ( ! body4 ,a burn :i* in/antly de/roys ! "p :i* x t\*es may be free f dang]\s complications1 if ! injur$ "p is conf9$ )9 a small compass2 ?is is ow+ to ! peculi> =mation ( ! sk94 ,! sk9 is made up ( two lay]s2 ! out] "o has nei!r blood vessels nor n]ves1 & is call$ ! sc>f-sk9 or cuticle2 ! l[] lay] is call$ ! true sk91 or cutis4 ,! latt] is ri*ly suppli$ ) n]ves & blood vessels1 & is s highly s5sitive we c\ld n endure life unless protect$ by ! cuticle4 ,! sk91 :ile s(t & ?91 is yet /rong en\gh to enable u to come 9 contact ) objects )\t pa9 or inconv5i5ce4 ,! ext5t ( ! surface involv$1 ! dep? ( ! injury1 ! vitality & s5sibility ( ! p>ts affect$ mu/ all be duly weigh$ 9 e/imat+ ! sev]ity & dang] ( an accid5t 9 any giv5 case4 ,9 sev]e cases ( burns or scalds ! clo!s %\ld be remov$ ) ! greate/ c>e--!y %\ld be c>efully cut1 at ! seams1 & n pull$ (f4 ,9 scald+ by boil+ wat] or /eam1 cold wat] %\ld be pl5tifully p\r$ ov] ! p]son & clo!s1 & ! pati5t !n be c>ri$ to a w>m room1 laid on ! floor or a table b n put to b$1 z !re x becomes difficult to att5d fur!r to ! injuries4 ,! secret ( ! treatm5t is to avoid *af+1 & to keep out ! air4 ,save ! sk9 unbrok51 if possible1 tak+ c>e n to break ! bli/]s2 aft] removal ( ! clo?+ an application1 to ! injur$ surface1 ( a mixture ( soot & l>d1 is1 accord+ to practical exp]i5ce1 an excell5t & effici5t rem$y4 ,! two or ?ree foll[+ me?ods ( treatm5t also are recomm5d$ accord+ to conv5i5ce 9 obta9+ ! rem$ies4 ,take ice well cru%$ or scrap$1 z dry z possible1 !n mix x ) fre% l>d until a brok5 pa/e is =m$2 ! mass %\ld be put 9 a ?9 cambric bag1 laid ^u ! burn or scald & replac$ z requir$4 ,s long z ! ice & l>d are melt+ !re is no pa9 f ! burn1 return ( pa9 calls = a repetition ( ! rem$y4 ,! free use ( s(t soap ^u a fre% burn w remove ! fire f ! fle% 9 a v little "t1 9 #a_/d to #a_/b an h\r4 ,if ! burn be sev]e1 aft] relief f ! burn1 use l9se$ oil & !n sift ^u x :eat fl\r4 ,:5 ?is is dri$ repeat ! oil & fl\r until a complete cov]+ is =m$4 ,let ?is dry until x falls (f1 & a new sk9 w be =m$ )\t a sc>4 ,9 burns ) lime1 soap lye1 or any cau/ic alkali1 wa% abundantly ) wat] 7d n rub71 & !n ) weak v9eg> or wat] conta9+ a little sulphuric acid2 f9ally apply oil1 pa/e or mixture z 9 ord9>y burns4 ,x w\ld be well to always keep ready mix$ an o9tm5t = burns2 9 fact a previ\s read9ess = an accid5t robs x ( half its ill effects4 ,,glue ,,burn ,,mixture4 ,a me?od 9 use 9 ! ,n4 ,y4 ,city ,hospital kn[n z ! 8glue burn mixture0 is compos$ z foll[s3 8#g-a_/b ,troy oz4 :ite glue1 #af fluid oz4 wat]1 #a fluid oz4 glyc]9e1 #b fluid dra*ms c>bolic acid4 ,soak ! glue 9 ! wat] until x is s(t1 !n heat on a wat] ba? until melt$2 add ! glyc]9e & c>bolic acid & cont9ue heat+ until1 9 ! int]vals ( /irr+1 a glossy /rong sk9 beg9s to =m ov] ! surface4 ,p\r ! mass into small j>s1 cov] ) p>af9e pap]s & t9 foil be=e ! lid ( ! j> is put on & aft]w>ds protect by pap] pa/$ r\nd ! edge ( ! lid4 ,9 ?is mann] ! mixture may be pres]v$ indef9itely4 8,:5 want$ = use1 heat 9 a wat] ba? & apply ) a flat bru% ov] ! burn$ "p40 ,ins5sibility f ,smoke4--,to recov] a p]son f ?is da% cold wat] 9 ! face1 or cold & hot wat] alt]nately4 ,%\ld ?is fail turn ! pati5t on 8 face ) ! arms fold$ "u 8 =ehead2 apply pressure along ! back & ribs & turn ! body gradually on ! side2 !n aga9 sl[ly on ! face1 repeat+ ! pressure on ! back3 cont9ue ! alt]nate roll+ movem5ts ab\t sixte5 times a m9ute until brea?+ is re/or$4 ,a w>m ba? w complete ! cure4 ,heat-/roke or ,sun-/roke4--,! wor/ cases occur :]e ! sun's rays nev] p5etrate & are caus$ by ! extreme heat ( close & conf9$ rooms1 ov]heat$ work%ops1 boil]-rooms1 etc4 ,! symptoms are3 #a1 a sudd5 loss ( consci\sness2 #b1 heavy brea?+2 #c1 great heat ( ! sk92 & #d1 a m>k$ abs5ce ( sweat4 ,treatm5t4--,! ma9 ?+ is to l[] ! temp]ature4 ,to d ?is1 /rip (f ! clo?+1 apply *opp$ ice wrapp$ 9 flannel to ! head2 rub ice ov] ! *e/1 & place pieces "u ! armpits & at ! side4 ,if no ice c be _h use %eets or clo?s wet ) cold wat]1 or ! body c be /ripp$ & spr9kl$ ) cold wat] f a common wat]+ pot4 ,cuts & ,w\nds4--,9 ^! ! *ief po9ts to be att5d$ to are3 #a1 arre/ ! ble$+2 #b1 remove f ! w\nd all =eign bodies z soon z possible2 #c1 br+ ! w\nd$ p>ts opposite to ea* o!r & keep !m s2 ?is is be/ done by means ( /rips ( adhesive pla/]1 fir/ appli$ to "o side ( ! w\nd & !n secur$ to ! o!r2 ^! /rips %\ld n be too broad1 & space mu/ be left betwe5 ! /rips to all[ any matt] to escape4 ,w\nds too ext5sive to be held toge!r by pla/] mu/ be /it*$ by a surgeon1 :o %\ld always be s5t = 9 all sev]e cases4 ,= wa%+ a w\nd1 to e p9t ( wat] add #b-a_/b teaspoonfuls ( c>bolic acid & #b tablespoonfuls ( glyc]9e--if ^! are n obta9able1 add #d tablespoonsful ( borax to ! p9t ( wat]--wa% ! w\nd1 close x1 & apply a compress ( a fold$ squ>e ( cotton or l952 wet x 9 ! solution us$ = wa%+ ! w\nd & b&age d[n quickly & firmly4 ,if ! ble$+ is pr(use1 a sponge dipp$ 9 v hot wat] & wrung out 9 a clo? %\ld be appli$ z quickly z possible--if ?is is n to be _h1 use ice or clo? wrung out 9 ice wat]4 ,w\nds heal 9 two ways4 #a1 rapidly by prim>y union1 )\t suppuration1 & leav+ only a v f9e sc>4 #b1 sl[ly by suppuration & ! =mation ( granulations & leav+ a l>ge r$ sc>4 ,ble$+4--,?is is ( ?ree k9ds3 #a1 f ! art]ies :i* lead f ! he>t2 #b1 t :i* comes f ! ve9s1 :i* take ! blood back to ! he>t2 #c1 t f ! small ve9s :i* c>ry ! blood to ! surface ( ! body4 ,9 ! fir/1 ! blood is bright sc>let & escapes z ?\gh x 0 be+ pump$4 ,9 ! second1 ! blood is d>k r$ & fl[s away 9 an un9t]rupt$ /ream4 ,9 ! ?ird1 ! blood oozes out4 ,9 "s w\nds all ?ree k9ds ( ble$+ occur at ! same "t4 ,! simple/ & be/ rem$y to /op ! ble$+ is to apply direct pressure on ! ext]nal w\nd by ! f+]s4 ,%\ld ! w\nd be long & gap+1 a compress ( "s s(t mat]ial l>ge en\gh to fill ! cavity may be press$ into x2 b ?is %\ld always be avoid$1 if possible1 z x prev5ts ! natural clos+ ( ! w\nd4 ,pressure ) ! h&s w n suffice to re/ra9 ble$+ 9 sev]e cases = a great l5g? ( "t & rec\rse mu/ be _h to a ligature2 ?is c be/ be made ) a pocket h&k]*ief or o!r article ( app>el1 long en\gh & /rong en\gh to b9d ! limb4 ,fold ! article neck-tie fa%ion1 !n place a smoo? /one1 or any?+ s]v+ = a firm pad1 on ! art]y1 tie ! h&k]*ief loosely1 ins]t any available /ick 9 ! loop & proce$ to twi/ x1 z if wr++ a t[el1 until j tight en\gh to /op ! fl[4 ,exam9e ! w\nd f "t to "t1 less5 ! compression if x becomes v cold or purple1 or tight5 up ! h&k]*ief if x comm5ces ble$+4 ,"s k ( anatomy is necess>y to guide ! op]ator :]e to press4 ,ble$+ f ! head & upp] neck requires pressure to be plac$ on ! l>ge art]y :i* passes up beside ! w9dpipe & j above ! coll> bone4 ,! art]y supply+ ! arm & h& runs d[n ! inside ( ! upp] arm1 almo/ 9 l9e ) ! coat seam1 & %\ld be press$ z %[n 9 ,fig4 #ahe4 ,! art]y fe$+ ! leg & foot c be felt 9 ! crease ( ! gro91 j :]e ! fle% ( ! ?igh seems to meet ! fle% ( ! abdom5 & ?is is ! be/ place to apply ! ligature4 ,9 art]ial ble$+ ! pressure mu/ be put betwe5 ! he>t & ! w\nd1 :ile 9 v5\s ble$+ x mu/ be beyond ! w\nd to /op ! fl[ z x goes t[>ds ! he>t4 ,9 any case ( ble$+1 ! p]son may become weak & fa9t2 unless ! blood is fl[+ actively ?is is n a s]i\s sign1 & ! quiet condition ( ! fa9t (t5 assi/s nature 9 /ay+ ! ble$+1 by all[+ ! blood to clot & s block up any w\nd 9 a blood vessel4 ,unless ! fa9t is prolong$ or ! pati5t is los+ mu* blood1 x is bett] n to ha/5 to relieve ! fa9t condition2 :5 9 ?is /ate any?+ l excitem5t %\ld be avoid$1 ext]nal w>m? %\ld be appli$1 ! p]son cov]$ ) blankets1 & bottles ( hot wat] or hot bricks appli$ to ! feet & arm-pits4 ,fro/-bite4--,no w>m air1 w>m wat]1 or fire %\ld be all[$ ne> ! froz5 p>ts until ! natural temp]ature is ne>ly re/or$2 rub ! affect$ p>ts g5tly ) sn[ or sn[ wat] 9 a cold room2 ! circulation %\ld be re/or$ v sl[ly2 & great c>e mu/ be tak5 9 ! aft] treatm5t4 ,brok5 ,bones4--,! treatm5t consi/s (1 #a1 c>efully remov+ or cutt+ away1 if m conv5i5t1 any ( ! clo!s :i* are compress+ or hurt+ ! injur$ p>ts2 #b1 v g5tly replac+ ! bones 9 _! natural position & %ape1 z ne>ly z possible1 & putt+ ! "p 9 a position :i* gives mo/ ease to ! pati5t2 #c1 apply+ "s tempor>y spl9t or appliance1 :i* w keep ! brok5 bones f mov+ ab\t & te>+ ! fle%2 = ?is purpose1 pieces ( wood1 pa/ebo>d1 /raw1 or firmly fold$ clo? may be us$1 tak+ c>e to pad ! spl9ts ) "s s(t mat]ial & n to apply !m too tightly1 :ile ! spl9ts may be ti$ by loops ( rope1 /r+1 or /rips ( clo?2 #d1 convey+ ! pati5t home or to a hospital4 ,! be>] !n places 8 arm beh9d ! back ( ! pati5t & grasps 8 opposite hip1 at ! same "t cat*+ firmly hold ( ! h& ( ! pati5t re/+ on 8 %\ld]1 ) 8 o!r h&2 !n by putt+ 8 hip beh9d ! ne> hip ( ! pati5t1 mu* support is giv51 & if necess>y1 ! be>] c lift him (f ! gr\nd & z x 71 c>ry him along4 ,p\ltices4--,^! outw>d applications are useful to relieve sudd5 cramps & pa9s due to sev]e injuries1 spra9s & colds4 ,! secret ( apply+ a mu/>d is to apply x hot & keep x s by frequ5t *anges--if x gets cold & clammy x w d m h>m ?an good4 ,p\ltices to be ( any s]vice & hold its heat %\ld be f "o-half to "o in* ?ick4 ,to make x1 take flaxse$1 oatmeal1 rye meal1 bread1 or gr\nd slipp]y elm2 /ir ! meal sl[ly into a b[l ( boil+ wat]1 until a ?9 & smoo? d\gh is =m$4 ,to apply x1 take a piece ( old l95 ( ! "r size1 fold x 9 ! middle2 spread ! d\gh ev5ly on "o half ( ! clo? & cov] x ) ! o!r4 ,to make a 8mu/>d pa/e0 z x is call$1 mix "o or two tablespoonfuls ( mu/>d & ! same ( f9e fl\r1 ) en\gh wat] to make ! mixture an ev5 pa/e2 spread x neatly ) a table knife on a piece ( old l951 or ev5 cotton clo?4 ,cov] ! face ( ! pa/e ) a piece ( ?9 musl94 ,h[ to ,c>ry an ,injur$ ,p]son4--,9 case ( an injury :]e walk+ is impossible1 & ly+ d[n is n absolutely necess>y1 ! injur$ p]son may be seat$ 9 a *air1 & c>ri$2 or he may sit ^u a bo>d1 ! ends ( :i* are c>ri$ by two m51 ar\nd ^: necks he %\ld place 8 arms s z to /eady himself4 ,:]e an injur$ p]son c walk he w get mu* help by putt+ 8 arms ov] ! %\ld]s & r\nd ! necks ( two o!rs4 ,a seat may be made ) f\r h&s & ! p]son may be ?us c>ri$ & /eadi$ by clasp+ 8 arms ar\nd ! necks ( 8 be>]s4 ,if only "o p]son is available & ! pati5t c /& up1 let him place "o arm r\nd ! neck ( ! be>]1 br++ 8 h& on & 9 front ( ! opposite %\ld] ( ! be>]4 ,to get at a brok5 limb1 or rib1 ! clo?+ mu/ be remov$1 & x is ess5tial t ?is be done )\t injury to ! pati5t2 ! simple/ plan is to rip up ! seams ( su* g>m5ts z are 9 ! way4 ,boots mu/ be cut (f4 ,x is n imp]atively necess>y to d any?+ to a brok5 limb be=e ! arrival ( a doctor except to keep x p]fectly at re/4 ,to c>ry an injur$ p]son by a /ret*] 7:i* c be made ( a door1 %utt]1 or settee--) blankets or %awls or coats = pill[s7 ?ree p]sons are necess>y4 ,9 lift+ ! pati5t on ! /ret*] x %\ld be laid ) its foot to 8 head1 s t bo? are 9 ! same /raight l9e2 !n "o or two p]sons %\ld /& on ea* side ( him1 & raise him f ! gr\nd1 slip him on ! /ret*]2 ?is to avoid ! necessity ( any "o /epp+ ov] ! /ret*]1 & ! liability ( /umbl+4 ,if a limb is cru%$ or brok51 x may be laid ^u a pill[ ) b&ages ti$ ar\nd ! :ole 7i4e41 pill[ & limb7 to keep x f slipp+ ab\t4 ,9 c>ry+ ! /ret*] ! be>]s %\ld 8break /ep0 ) %ort paces2 hurry+ & jolt+ %\ld be avoid$ & ! /ret*] %\ld be c>ri$ s t ! pati5t may be 9 pla9 sight ( ! be>]s4 ,,p]sonal4 ,! fireman1 s call$1 9 /eam s]vice ( any description1 %\ld & does on ! av]age receive d\ble ! comp5sation ( a man :o has only 8 labor to b>ga9 =4 ,9 addition1 he ex]cises 8 skillful vocation 9 %elt]$ places & is almo/ ! la/ ( ! employees ( a plant to be 8laid (f0 & is c]ta9ly ! fir/ to be call$ on aga9 aft] /oppage4 ,/ill fur!r1 ! fireman has an almo/ equal opportunity1 ) ! be/ %op tra9$ ma*9i/1 = advancem5t to ! position ( eng9e] 9 *>ge ( ! mo/ ext5sive /eam plants4 ,n[6 ?is increas$ pay ov] ord9>y labor & o!r num]\s advantages accru+ f ! position1 dem& a g5]\s return1 & 9 end+ ?is "w1 ! au?or sugge/s ^! 8po9ts0 = obs]vance to ! aspir+ /ud5t1 :e!r eng9e]1 fireman1 or ma*9i/1 namely--t sobriety %\ld be held "o ( ! fir/ elem5ts ( /rict obs]vance2 an unre/+ tid9ess ( p]son & premises2 dignity ( conduct1 z be+ ow$ to ! ris+ pr(ession ( /eam eng9e]+2 & la/ly1 an unsw]v+ fidelity ( tru/1 :i* may include hone/y1 tru?fulness & c\rage4 ,,index ,,= ,,maxims ,,& ,,in/ructions4 ,accid5ts & ,em]g5cies1 #cac4 ,factory rules to prev5t1 #bic4 ,gov]nm5t rules to prev5t1 #bij4 ,acid1 def9ition1 #acg4 ,advantages ( triple draught tubul> boil]1 #hd4 ,air us$ 9 burn+ #a lb4 ( coal1 #ad4 ditto1 h[ suppli$ to ! coal1 #ad4 ,description1 #af4 ,z a mat]ial sub/ance1 #af4 ,d5sity at diff]5t dep?s1 #af4 ,weight ( a column ( air1 #ag4 ,z a fluid1 #ag4 ,z an imp5etrable body1 #ag4 ,five 8po9ts0 = ! eng9e]1 #ag4 ,composition (1 #ag4 ,specific heat (1 #bae4 ,air valve1 use (1 #bee4 ,alcohol1 specific heat (1 #bad4 ,alkalies1 def9ition1 #acg4 ,alum1 boil+ po9t (1 #cg4 ,ammoniac 7,sal71 boil+ po9t (1 #cg4 ,analysis ( an?racite coal1 #ac4 ,( bitum9\s coal1 #ac4 ,( wood1 #ac4 ,( heat1 #ac4 ,( scale deposit$ 9 m>9e boil]s1 #adf4 ,( fe$ wat]s1 #aci-adj4 ,angle & ,t iron1 dim5sions & %ape1 #ajd4 ,angle brick1 #bcg4 ,angle-valve1 description1 #bgc4 ,an?racite coal1 analysis (1 #ac4 ,ignit$ ) difficulty1 #af4 ,antimony1 melt+ po9t1 #db4 ,answ]s ( applicants = a m>9e lic5se1 #abg4 ,ar*-brick1 #bcg4 ,area ( safety valve1 rule = f9d+1 #aib4 ,a% pit1 !1 #bch4 ,h[ kept dur+ fir+1 #bg4 ,assi/ant eng9e]s1 classification (1 #caj4 ,back pressure valves1 description1 #bgc4 ,baffle plate1 description1 #afi1 #ahj4 ,ball valve1 description1 #bgc4 ,b>k1 effect on /eam boil]s1 #aea4 ,b>rel1 rule = f9d+ cont5ts (1 #bjc4 ,b>s1 grate1 description1 #agc4 ,be=e light+ ! fire1 directions1 #be4 ,belts1 h[ to safely run on pullies1 #bia4 ,b5d+ lead pipe1 #cjd4 ,bib cock1 description1 #bgc4 ,bitum9\s coal1 analysis (1 #ac4 ,h[ burn$1 #af4 ,bla/ pipe = m>9e boil]1 #fc4 ,ble$+1 treatm5t (1 #cag4 ,bl[]s = %av+s1 #bj4 ,bl[ (f1 description1 #ha4 ,surface1 description1 #afa4 ,boil]s1 description1 #dh4 ,upright /eam1 #ej4 ,crude =m1 #eb4 ,pla9 cyl9d]1 description1 #eb4 ,corni%1 description1 #ed4 ,lanca%ire1 description1 #ee4 ,gall[ay1 description (1 #eh4 ,m>9e1 description (1 #fj4 ,m>9e1 table ( dim5sions1 #fb4 ,locomotive portable1 #hj4 ,con/ruction (1 #hi4 ,caulk+1 #id4 ,dang]s f syphon+1 #bhh4 ,dang]s f gas1 #bhh4 ,foam+ 91 #db4 ,fulcr+1 #id4 ,horse p[] (1 #bcd4 ,prop] /eam connection =1 #bgf4 ,boil] braces1 8po9ts0 relat+ to1 #ajd4 ,boil] cov]+s1 #bgc4 ,boil]1 ,comp\nd1 composition (1 #aea-aeb4 ,comp\nd1 = locomotives1 #adi4 ,boil] ca/+s1 specification (1 #hf4 ,boil] clean]s1 me*anical description1 #aei1 #afj4 ,boil] explosions1 causes (1 #bhf4 ,boil] fitt+s & m\nt+s1 #hg4 ,fixtures1 description1 #afd4 ,boil] flue bru%es1 use (1 #ba4 ,boil] fronts1 description1 #afe4 ,boil] injector1 description1 #bjf4 ,boil+1 process (1 #cg4 ,boil+ po9ts ( v>i\s sub/ances1 #cg4 ,boil] mak]'s tools & ma*9]y1 #bha4 ,boil]s newly set1 h[ fir$1 #bh4 ,no two alike1 #be4 ,boil] & pipe cov]+1 mixtures =1 #bge-bgf4 ,boil] plates1 example ( rivet+1 #aad4 ,m>ks on1 #hh4 ,boil] repairs1 #abc4 ,note1 #abe4 ,boil] scale1 analysis (1 #adh4 ,boil] scum1 h[ =m$1 #aej4 ,boil] sett+1 #bcf4 ,boil] /eel1 description ( quality1 #ij4 ,boil] tubes1 dim5sions ( lap weld$ tubes1 #aaj4 ,table ( hold+ p[]1 #aaa4 ,exp]im5ts 9 /r5g? (1 #aaa4 ,notes1 #aaj1 #aab4 ,illu/ration ( size1 #bde4 ,boil] te/+1 specification1 #hg4 ,bolts1 /ra9 on1 rule1 #ii4 ,socket1 description1 #ajc4 ,bolt1 plumb]'s copp] po9t$1 #cjh4 ,bones1 brok51 treatm5t (1 #cah4 ,bor]1 tap1 plumb]'s1 #cjf4 ,box coil1 description1 #beg4 ,brace1 diff]5ce betwe51 & /ay1 #ajc4 ,head to head1 description1 #ajc4 ,cr[ foot1 #ajc4 ,braces1 %op names =1 #ajc4 ,table = calculations1 #ajg-aji4 ,table ( diamet]s1 #ajc4 ,inspector's rules1 #ajb4 ,specification =1 #hf4 8,po9ts0 relat+ to1 #ajd4 ,brac+ ( /eam boil]s1 #if4 ,bracket1 valve1 description1 #bgb4 ,brass1 conduct+ p[] (1 #bac4 ,brick1 furnace1 #bcg4 ,br9e valve1 description1 #bgg4 ,brok5 bones1 treatm5t (1 #cah4 ,burns & scalds1 treatm5t (1 #cac4 ,burn mixture1 #cae4 ,bu%+1 description1 #bgd4 ,butt jo9t1 illu/ration1 #aae4 ,calculations relat+ to /eam heat+1 #bfb4 ,relat+ to pumps1 #bb4 ,relat+ to safety valves1 #aia4 ,calip]s1 use (1 #bb4 ,cape *isel1 #cjg1 #bha4 ,c>bon1 description (1 #bbi4 ,c>bonate1 def9ition1 #acf4 ,( magnesia1 def9ition1 #ach4 ,( lime1 at :at temp]ature deposit$1 #adh4 ,c>bonic acid1 9 wat] h[ detect$1 #aec-aed4 ,specific heat (1 #bae4 ,c>bonic acid gas1 description (1 #bcj4 ,c>bonic oxide1 description (1 #bca4 ,specific heat (1 #bae4 ,c>bonization1 me?od (1 #ae4 ,c>e & managem5t ( ! /eam boil]1 #bd4 ,c>e ( /eam fitt+s1 #bfh4 ,c>e ( wat] tube boil]s1 #gj4 ,ca/+s1 = boil]1 specification1 #hf4 ,caulk+1 description1 #id4 ,caulk+ tools1 plumb]'s1 #cjh4 ,c]tificates ( ,inspection1 issu+ (1 #aca4 ,*a9 rivet+1 example1 #ic4 ,*apt] ( 8,don'ts10 #dd-dg4 ,*>coal1 description1 #ae4 ,specific heat (1 #bad4 ,*>coal ,iron1 description1 #hh4 ,*eck valve1 description1 #bgc4 ,*emical t]ms relat+ to fe$ wat]1 #acf4 ,*emi/ry1 def9ition1 #acf4 ,*emi/ry ( ! furnace1 #bbf4 ,*ief eng9e]s1 classification (1 #caj4 ,*imney draught1 #bif4 ,*isel1 cold1 #cjg4 ,cape1 #cjg4 ,r\nd nose1 #cjg4 ,half r\nd nose1 #cjg4 ,wood1 #cjg4 ,diamond nose1 #cjg4 ,gasket1 #cjh4 ,*loride1 def9ition1 #acg4 ,*lorides1 h[ indicat$ 9 wat]1 #aeg4 ,c4 ,h4 ,no4 #a ,f1 #hh4 ,c4 ,h4 ,no4 #a ,,fb1 #hh4 ,circle brick1 #bcg4 ,circulation1 wat]1 #bid4 ,ci/]ns1 capacity (1 #bjb4 ,clamp1 boil]1 description & cut1 #abc4 ,classification ( m>9e eng9e]s1 #caj4 ,clean]s1 me*anical boil]1 description1 #aei-ahj4 ,clean+ out boil]s "u fir+1 #bj4 ,coal t>1 h[ be/ fir$1 #cj4 ,coal1 #ac4 ,:at x consi/s (1 #ac4 ,common proportions1 #ac4 ,introduction ( air 9 burn+1 #ac4 ,bitum9\s1 h[ x burns1 #af4 ,an?racite1 h[ x burns1 #af4 ,comp>ative evaporation1 #ah4 ,specific heat (1 #bad4 ,/or+ & h&l+ (1 #bbe4 ,cocks1 description1 #bgj4 ,valve1 description1 #bgb4 ,gauge1 description1 #agj4 ,bib1 description1 #bgc4 ,?ree way1 description1 #bgc4 ,f\r way1 description1 #bgc4 ,coil1 box1 description1 #beg4 ,pipe1 description1 #beg4 ,coke1 description1 #ae4 ,comp>ative evaporation1 #ah4 ,ratio betwe5 heat+ & grate surface1 #bh4 ,h[ be/ fir$1 #bh4 ,specific heat (1 #bad4 ,cold *isel1 #cjg4 ,cold %ort1 def9ition1 #aba4 ,columns1 glass wat] gauge1 #agg4 ,combu/ible p>ts ( coal1 #af4 ,combu/ion1 op]ation on mat]ials1 #af4 ,*amb]1 #bch4 ,*amb]s ( m>9e boil]s1 #fb4 ,compasses1 use (1 #bb4 ,compass saw1 #cjh4 ,comp\nd1 boil]1 composition1 #aea-b4 ,= locomotive boil]s1 #adi4 ,c ,no4 #a1 iron1 #hh4 ,cond5s]1 surface description1 #fe4 ,op]ation (1 #ff4 ,conduct+ p[] ( v>i\s sub/ances1 #bac4 ,conical head ( rivets1 description1 #aac4 ,con/ruction ( boil]s1 description1 #hi4 ,& draw+ rivet heads1 #aac4 ,contraction ( area1 def9ition1 #aba4 ,conveyors1 screw1 #bj4 ,copp]1 conduct+ p[] (1 #bac4 ,radiat+ p[] (1 #bac4 ,specific heat (1 #bad4 ,corni% boil]1 description (1 #ed4 ,defects (1 #ed4 ,corrosion ( /eam boil]s1 #abf1 #adb1 #add4 ,cov]+s = pipes & boil]s1 #bge4 ,c\pl+1 description1 #bgd4 ,= pipe1 #bej4 ,cracks 9 boil]s1 h[ to repair1 #abc4 ,cross ,t1 description1 #bgd4 ,cr[foot brace1 #ajc4 ,cup head ( rivets1 description1 #aah4 ,cutaway front1 description1 #afe-afg4 ,cuts & w\nds1 treatm5t (1 #caf4 ,cyl9d] boil]1 description1 #eb4 ,defects (1 #ec4 ,damp]s & doors to ! furnace1 #ci4 ,damp] regulators1 description1 #ahe4 ,dang]1 po9ts1 9 /eam boil]1 #abe4 ,d>t1 description & cut1 #ai4 ,dead end ( pipe1 #bhd4 ,dead plate1 description1 #ahj1 #bcg4 ,dead /eam1 description1 #bhb4 ,d$ication1 #e4 ,defects1 table (1 #abe4 ,defects & necess>y repairs to boil]s1 #abc4 ,def9ition ( ,t]ms1 #aba4 ,design+ boil]s1 relat+ to /ay$ surfaces1 #ii4 ,device = us+ k]os5e oil1 #aeh4 ,diamond nose *isel1 #cjg4 ,directions be=e light+ ! fire1 #be4 ,= fir+ ) v>i\s fuels1 #bg4 ,disc = boil] mak]s1 #bha4 8,don'ts10 a *apt] (1 #dd-dg4 ,doors1 furnace1 description1 #afh-agj4 ,d\ble seat valve1 description1 #bgc4 ,also see ,fig4 #aeh4 ,dra91 ! /eam1 description1 #ha4 ,dra9age & pip+1 description & illu/ration1 #bii4 ,dra9 cock1 description1 #aha4 ,draughts1 at "t ( light+ ! fire1 #bf4 ,( *imney1 #bif4 ,regulat+ ! draught1 #da4 ,draw+s ( rivet heads1 #aah4 ,drum1 mud1 description1 #agi4 ,dry /eam1 description1 #bhb4 ,ductile1 def9ition1 #aba4 ,dudgeon exp&]s1 description1 #bha4 ,duties ( ! fireman1 #bg4 ,duty ( boil]1 specification1 #hg4 ,du/ 7coal71 fir+ (1 #dj4 ,economiz]1 fuel1 description1 #ahe4 ,ela/icity1 def9ition1 #aba4 ,ela/ic limit1 def9ition1 #aba4 ,elb[1 description1 #bgd4 ,elem5t1 def9ition1 #acf4 ,ell1 description1 #bgd4 ,elongation ( /eel plate1 #ij4 ,def9ition1 #aba4 ,e!r1 specific heat (1 #bad4 ,eng9e]'s que/ions1 #acc4 ,exam9ations1 8po9ts10 #acc4 ,te/s = impurities 9 wat]1 #aec4 ,evans1 ,oliv]41 viii4 ,exam9ation ( eng9e]s1 #acc4 ,exhau/ /eam heat+1 #bfg4 ,exp&]s 7dudgeon71 #bha4 ,expansion 7l9e>71 ( /eam pipe1 #bgj4 ,explosions1 boil]1 #bhf4 ,( /eam pipe1 #bhg4 ,factory rules to prev5t accid5t1 #bic4 ,fatigu$1 def9ition1 #aba4 ,fe$ wat]1 analysis (1 #aci-adj4 ,eng9e]'s te/s1 #aec4 ,a precipitator = sea wat]1 #adf4 ,examples ( analysis1 #adj-ada4 ,prelim9>y precipitation1 #add4 ,description1 #aif4 ,heat]s1 8po9ts0 relat+ to1 #bja4 ,heat]s1 table ( sav+s1 #bjj4 ,purifi]1 description1 #ahe4 ,fire1 ?ickness (1 #dj4 ,:at to d 9 case (1 #dj4 ,fire box iron1 description1 #hh4 ,fire brick ar* 9 locomotive1 #ce4 ,fire clay1 conduct+ p[] (1 #bac4 ,fire door1 #bcg4 ,fire irons1 #ba4 ,firem51 advantages ( tra9$1 #bd4 ,fire pails1 use (1 #ba4 ,fir+1 trick (1 #bd4 ,boil]s newly set1 #bh4 ,) /raw1 description1 #ca4 ,duties ( ! fireman1 #bg4 ,ocean /eam]1 description1 #cb4 ,improp] me?od1 #bg4 ,prop] me?od1 #bf4 ,) oil1 description1 #cb4 ,) coal t>1 description1 #cj4 ,( tw5ty horse p[]1 description1 #cj4 ,sixte5 /eam boil]s1 description1 #bi4 ,) %av+s1 #cc4 ,) coke1 directions1 #bh4 ,( /eam boil]s1 #bd4 ,"u a boil]1 gases & solids produc$1 #af4 ,) saw du/1 #cc4 ,a new plant1 #cg4 ,) coal du/ & scre5+s1 #dj4 ,fir+ ) tan b>k1 #cf4 ,boil]s1 exp]im5ts 9 ,engl&1 #dj1 ,a locomotive1 #ce4 ,files1 use (1 #ba4 ,fi% trap1 #bje4 ,fitt+s ( m>9e boil]s1 #fc4 ,= boil]1 specification1 #hg4 ,fixtures1 boil]1 description1 #afd4 ,flame1 lum9\s1 #da4 ,( an?racite coal1 #af4 ,flange iron1 description1 #hh4 ,flange ( boil] head1 prop] radius1 #ajc4 ,flanges = pipe1 #bdh4 ,flanges1 h[ to be turn$1 etc41 #he4 ,flat surfaces 9 boil]s1 h[ to /ay1 #ih4 ,flues & tubes1 sweep+1 #ci4 ,flu% front1 description1 #afe-aff4 ,foam+ 9 boil]s1 #db4 ,f\r way cock1 description1 #bgc4 ,fronts1 boil]1 description1 #afe4 ,fro/-bite1 treatm5t (1 #cag4 ,fuel1 loss (1 by incru/ation1 #adc4 ,fuel economiz]1 description1 #ahe4 ,fuel-oil1 #bhi4 ,rules relat+ to1 #bij4 ,fuels1 liquid & gas1 #ae4 ,table ( comp>ative evaporative value1 #ah4 ,full]+1 description1 #id4 ,fulton1 ,rob]t1 viii4 ,furnace1 temp]ature (1 #db4 ,fire1 k9dl+ (1 #bda4 ,*emi/ry (1 #bbi4 ,damp]s & doors1 #ci4 ,doors1 description1 #afh-agj4 ,!1 #bcg4 ,fusible plugs1 description1 #aga1 #agb4 ,gall[ay boil]1 description (1 #eh4 ,table ( dim5sions1 #fj4 ,gas1 diff]5ce betwe5 x & a liquid1 #baf4 ,z a fuel1 #ae4 ,f coal1 comp>ative evaporation1 #ah4 ,dang]s f1 9 idle boil]s1 #bhh4 ,am\nt burn$ 9 v5tilat+ pipes1 #bfe4 ,gasket *isel1 #cjh4 ,gas pipe1 illu/rations ( size1 #bdc4 ,gas pli]s1 description1 #bfi4 ,gate valve1 description1 #bgc4 ,g5]ators1 /eam1 description1 #dh4 ,glass1 specific heat (1 #bad4 ,radiat+ p[] (1 #bac4 ,glass gauges1 description1 #agg4 ,glass wat] gauge columns1 #agg4 ,globe valve1 description1 #bgb4 ,gold1 radiat+ p[] (1 #bac4 ,conduct+ p[] (1 #bac4 ,grate1 !1 #bcg4 ,grate b>s1 description1 #agc4 ,h[ to pres]ve f excessive heat1 #ch4 ,%ak+ grates1 #agd4 ,h[ kept dur+ fir+1 #bg4 ,groov+ ( /eam boil]s1 #abf4 ,li/ ( cases1 #abe4 ,gr[? ( ! /eam boil]1 #eb4 ,gauge1 /eam1 description1 #aha4 ,gauge cocks1 description1 #agf4 ,gauges1 glass1 description1 #agg4 ,gauges1 pressure record+1 description1 #bcc4 ,gusset /ays1 description1 #ajj1 #ajc4 ,hamm]1 wat]1 description1 #bhc4 ,pe91 #cjf4 ,hamm] te/ ( rivets1 #ie4 ,h&-hole plates1 description1 #ha4 ,hang] = pipes1 #cjh4 ,haz>ds ( fuel-oil1 #bhi4 ,( ! boil] room1 #bhe4 ,heads ( rivets1 cup1 conical1 pan heads1 #aac4 ,head to head brace1 description1 #ajc4 ,heat1 laws (1 #bab4 ,unit (1 #bad4 ,specific1 #bad4 ,h[ x becomes effective1 #ac4 ,heat]s1 fe$ wat]1 description1 #aif4 ,heat+1 /eam & hot wat]1 #bea4 ,by exhau/ /eam1 #bfg4 ,heat pro( pa9ts1 #bcb4 ,heat /roke1 treatm5t (1 #cae4 ,high pressure /eam1 #bhc4 ,h+$ valves1 description1 #bgb4 ,hoes1 use (1 #ba4 ,homog5e\s1 def9ition1 #aba4 ,horizontal tubul> boil]1 description1 #gi4 ,p>ts (1 #ha4 ,table ( sizes1 #gg4 ,horse p[]1 rule = e/imat+1 #bce4 ,z appli$ to boil]s1 #bcd4 ,hose1 rubb]1 use (1 #ba4 ,hot %ort1 def9ition1 #abb4 ,h[ to c>ry injur$ p]sons1 #cai4 ,h[ to prep>e = inspection ( /eam boil]s1 #acj4 ,hydrog51 specific heat (1 #bae4 ,description (1 #bcj4 ,hydraulic te/1 #aca4 ,ice1 radiat+ p[] (1 #bac4 ,specific heat (1 #bad4 ,improp] me?od ( fir+1 cuts & description1 #bg4 ,incru/ation ( /eam boil]s1 #adb-add4 ,example (1 #adb4 ,& scale1 li/ ( cases1 #abe4 ,table %[+ quantity collect+1 #ajc4 ,( boil]s1 8po9ts0 relation to1 #adi-aeb4 ,individuality ( ea* /eam boil]1 #be4 ,injector1 description1 #bjf4 ,injur$ p]sons1 h[ to c>ry1 #cai1 #cbj4 ,inspection ( /eam boil]s1 #abi4 ,h[ to make ready =1 #abi-acj4 ,inspector's que/ions to applicant1 #abh4 ,inspector's rules relat+ to braces1 #ajb4 ,int]ceptor1 /eam1 description1 #ahc4 ,introduction1 #aj4 ,iron1 ,t1 description (1 #ajc4 7,hamm]$71 melt+ po9t1 #db4 7,wr\ght71 melt+ po9t1 #db4 ,fire box1 description1 #hh4 ,*>coal iron1 description1 #hh4 7,wr\ght71 conduct+ p[] (1 #bac4 ,poli%$1 radiat+ p[] (1 #bac4 ,specific heat (1 #bad4 ,melt+ po9t1 #db4 ,flange1 description1 #hh4 ,ca/1 conduct+ p[] (1 #bac4 ,irons1 fire1 #ba4 ,issu+ c]tificates ( inspection1 #aca4 ,jackscrews1 description1 #bha4 ,jam brick1 #bcg4 ,jo9ts1 putty1 h[ to make1 #cjc4 ,jo9ts ( lead pipe1 #cjj4 ,jo9ts ( pipes1 #bdh4 ,k]os5e oil 9 boil]s1 8po9ts0 (1 #aef-g4 ,k9dl+ a furnace fire1 #bda4 ,l1 description1 #bgd4 ,lace cutt]s1 use (1 #ba4 ,ladd]s1 use (1 #ba4 ,ladle1 #cjf4 ,lamp black1 radiat+ p[] (1 #bac4 ,lanca%ire boil]1 description1 #ee4 ,defects (1 #ee4 ,language ( /eam boil]s1 #ci4 ,lant]ns1 use (1 #ba4 ,lap jo9t1 illu/ration1 #aae4 ,laws ( heat1 #bab4 ,lazy b>1 description1 #bj4 ,lead1 #bii4 ,advantages 9 use (1 #bii4 ,melt+ po9t1 #db4 ,conduct+ p[] (1 #bac4 ,wr\ght1 radiat+ p[] (1 #bac4 ,specific heat (1 #bad4 ,poli%$1 radiat+ p[] (1 #bac4 ,lead pipe1 h[ to make putty jo9ts1 #cjd4 ,table ( sizes & weights1 #cje4 ,h[ to b5d1 #cjd4 ,lead pipe jo9ts1 #cjj4 ,lev]1 l5g?1 rule1 #aic4 ,lift+ valves1 description1 #bgc4 ,lime1 def9ition1 #ach4 ,liquid1 diff]5ce betwe5 x & a gas1 #baf4 ,litmus pap]1 def9ition1 #aec4 ,live /eam1 description1 #bhb4 ,locknut1 description1 #bgd4 ,locomotive1 fir+ (1 #ce4 ,boil] ,comp\nd1 #adi4 ,or *>g+ %ovel1 description1 #ai4 ,locomotive boil]s1 description1 #gb4 ,h[ to rivet1 #aae4 ,locomotive portable boil]1 description1 #hj4 ,look+ glass1 #cjg4 ,loop1 7/eam71 description (1 #bgh-bhj4 ,l[ pressure /eam1 #bhc4 ,lugs1 specification (1 #hf4 ,lum9\s flame1 #da4 ,magnesia1 def9ition1 #ach4 ,at :at temp]ature deposit$1 #adh4 ,c>bonate (1 def9ition1 #ach4 ,malleable1 def9ition1 #aba4 ,manhole cov]1 description1 #ha4 ,manhole plates1 specification1 #hf4 ,m>9e boil]s1 description (1 #fj4 ,h[ to rivet1 #aae4 ,fitt+s =1 #fc4 ,table ( dim5sions1 #fb4 ,sup] heat]s1 #fd4 ,use ( z9c 91 #afb4 ,bla/ pipe =1 #fc4 ,uptakes1 #fd4 ,p>ts :i* fir/ give way1 #aab4 ,incru/ation & scal+ (1 #adf-adg4 ,m>9e eng9e]s classification (1 #caj4 ,rules relat+ to1 #cji4 ,m>ks on boil] plates1 #hh4 ,m>ble1 conduct+ p[] (1 #bac4 ,mat]ials1 #ab1 #ac4 ,me*anical scrap]s1 #ahg4 ,me*anical /ok]s1 #acd-ace4 ,m]cury1 specific heat (1 #bad4 ,radiat+ p[] (1 #bac4 ,met]s1 wat]1 description1 #bjc4 ,moi/ure1 9 wood1 #ad4 ,m\? piece1 furnace1 #bcf4 ,mud drum1 description1 #agi4 ,newly set boil]s1 h[ fir$1 #bh4 ,nickel /eel boil] plates1 description1 #ia4 ,nipple1 description1 #bgd4 ,nitric acid1 boil+ po9t (1 #cg4 ,nitrog51 specific heat (1 #bae4 ,description (1 #bcj4 ,non-conductors1 #bgf4 ,noiseless wat]-heat]1 #cab4 ,ocean /eam]1 h[ to fire1 #cb4 ,oil1 fuel1 #bhi4 ,k]os5e1 9 boil]s1 8po9ts0 (1 #aef-aeg4 ,specific heat (1 #bad4 ,fir+ )1 #cb4 ,ore b>r[1 use (1 #bj4 ,organic matt] 9 wat]1 h[ indicat$1 #aed4 ,ornam5tal pa9ts1 #bcb4 ,ov]hang+ front1 description1 #afe-afg4 ,ov]head sy/em ( heat+1 #bef4 ,oxide1 def9ition1 #acf4 ,( iron h[ be/ treat$1 #adh4 ,oxyg51 description (1 #bbi4 ,specific heat (1 #bae4 ,unit$ ) coal1 #ag4 ,pa9ts1 heat pro(1 #bcb4 ,palm /ays1 description1 #ajj4 ,pan head ( rivets1 description1 #aac4 ,pat*-screw1 description & cut1 #abc4 ,peat1 description1 #ad4 ,analysis (1 #ac4 ,*>coal1 description1 #ae4 ,comp>ative evaporation1 #ah4 ,pe9 hamm]1 #cjf4 ,petroleum1 z a fuel1 #ae4 ,oil1 comp>ative evaporation1 #ah4 ,9 boil]s1 use (1 #aee4 ,philadelphia ,wat] ,works example ( ga9 9 good firem51 #be4 ,pipes1 table ( surfaces & capacities1 #bdf4 ,jo9ts (1 #bdh4 ,h[ to weld1 #bfd4 ,us$ = ice ma*9]y1 #bfc4 ,table ( 8data0 relative to1 #bdg4 ,pipes & pip+1 description1 #bdd4 ,pipe coil1 description1 #beg4 ,pipe c\pl+s1 #bej4 ,pipe cutt]1 description & cut1 #bfi4 ,pipe hang]1 #cjh4 ,pipe1 gas1 illu/ration ( size1 #bdc4 ,pipe tongs1 description1 #bfi4 ,pipe union1 description1 #bgd4 ,pip+1 dead end1 #bhd4 ,pip+ & dra9age1 description & illu/ration1 #bji4 ,pitt+1 ( /eam boil]s1 #abf4 ,plan]1 7p[]71 = boil] mak]s1 #bha4 ,plate1 dead1 description1 #ahj4 ,quality ( /eel1 #ij4 ,plates1 baffle1 description1 #ahj4 ,burn$ & bli/]$1 li/1 #abe4 ,= boil]s1 table ( ?icknesses1 #aac4 ,pli]s1 gas1 description1 #bfi4 ,plug1 description1 #bgd4 ,plugs1 fusible1 description1 #aga-agb4 ,plumb-bob1 description1 #cjf4 ,plumb]'s sold]1 h[ to make1 #cje4 ,plumb]'s tools1 description1 #cjf-cji4 ,sold]1 rule = mak+1 #cje4 ,plumb]'s wipe jo9t1 #bih4 ,plumb+1 description & cuts1 #bih4 ,:at eng9e]s %\ld "k1 #bih4 8,po9ts0 relat+ to fir+1 #cg4 ,relat+ to boil] braces1 #ajd4 ,( dang] 9 /eam boil]1 #abe4 ,relat+ to grate b>s1 #age4 ,relat+ to wat] gauge cocks1 #agf4 ,relat+ to glass gauges1 #agg4 ,relat+ to ! /eam gauge1 #ahb4 ,relat+ to safety valves1 #aid4 ,relat+ to fe$ wat] heat]s1 #bja4 ,relat+ to wat] met]s1 #bjd4 ,relat+ to injectors1 #bji4 ,relat+ to pumps1 #bah-bba4 ,relat+ to boil] sett+1 #bci-bda4 ,relat+ to /eam heat+1 #bed4 ,relat+ to *imneys & draught1 #big4 ,pok]1 description & cuts1 #ai4 ,portable boil]1 locomotive1 description1 #hj4 ,c> track1 use (1 #bj4 ,pott]1 ,humphry1 inv5tor ( valve motion1 #bgj4 ,p\ltices1 h[ to make1 #cai4 ,p[] plan] = boil] mak]s1 #bha4 ,p[] pun* = boil] mak]s1 #bha4 ,precipitation ( impurities 9 fe$ wat]1 #add4 ,preface1 #g4 ,prep>ation = fir+ /eam boil]s1 #bd4 ,pressure gauges1 li/ ( defective cases1 #abc4 ,regulator valve1 #bgd4 ,pressure ( safety valve1 rule1 #aib4 ,pr9ciples relat+ to wat]1 #bbc4 ,prop] me?od ( fir+1 cut & description1 #ba4 ,pun* = boil] mak]s1 #bha4 ,pump1 description1 #bae4 ,classification1 #bag4 ,p>ts (1 ,illu/ration1 #bah4 ,d\ble act+1 #bah4 ,direct pressure1 #baf4 ,calculations relat+ to1 #bbb4 ,/ra9]1 =1 description1 #bbc4 ,po9ts relat+ to1 #bah-bba4 ,putty jo9ts1 h[ to make1 #cjc4 ,que/ions ( applicant = m>9e lic5se1 #abg4 ,ask$ by exam9+ eng9e]s1 #cji4 ,( proprietor1 relat+ to /eam boil]1 #abg4 ,radiant rays ( heat1 8po9t10 #ch4 ,radiat+ p[] ( v>i\s sub/ances1 #bac4 ,radiation ( heat1 law relat+ to1 #ci4 ,railroad b>r[1 use (1 #bj4 ,ram1 wat]1 #bhd4 ,ratio ( grate to heat+ surface1 #age4 ,re-ag5t1 def9ition1 #acf4 ,ream]1 plumb]'s1 #cjf4 ,record+ pressure gauges1 description1 #bcc4 ,r$uc+ c\pl+1 description1 #bgd4 ,regulat+ ! draught1 #da4 ,regulations relat+ to m>9e eng9e]s1 #cji4 ,regulators1 damp]1 description1 #ahe4 ,relief valve1 description1 #bgb4 ,repair+ leaky tubes1 #abf4 ,repairs to boil]s1 8po9ts0 on1 #abd-f4 ,rivet+1 modes (1 #ic4 ,specification =1 #hf4 ,description1 #ia4 ,d\ble description1 #ia4 ,*a91 example1 #ic4 ,zig-,zag1 example1 #ic4 ,treble1 example1 #ic4 ,unequal pit*es1 example1 #ic4 ,example ( rivet+ boil] plates1 #aad-aaf4 ,hamm]s = boil] mak]s1 #bha4 ,li/ ( defective cases1 #abe4 ,rivet heads ( cup1 conical1 pan heads1 #aac4 ,rivet heat+ ma*9es1 #bfa4 ,rivets1 description1 #ic4 ,/eel1 description1 #ie4 ,table ( diamet]s1 #aac4 ,rivet set1 #cjg4 ,te/s1 #ie4 ,rivet$ /ays1 description1 #ajf4 ,rolls = boil] mak]s1 #bha4 ,rot>y valves1 description1 #bgc4 ,r\nd nose *isel1 #cjg4 ,rubb] hose1 use (1 #ba4 ,rule = e/imat+ horse p[] ( boil]s1 #bce4 ,= f9d+ area ( valve op5+1 #aie4 ,to f9d pressure 9 lbs4 ( column ( wat]1 #bbb4 ,to f9d area ( /eam pi/on ( pump1 #bbb4 ,to f9d quantity ( wat] elevat$1 #bbb4 ,= f9d+ cont5ts ( a b>rel1 #bjc4 ,= read+ wat] met]s1 #bjd4 ,= mak+ boil] & pipe cov]+1 #bge-bgf4 ,= mak+ sold]1 #cje4 ,= f9d+ /ra9 on bolts1 #ii4 ,= safe int]nal pressure1 #aag4 ,= det]m9+ areas ( /eam boil]s1 #aje4 ,= calculat+ cont5ts ( /eam & wat] 9 ! /eam boil]1 #aje4 ,rules1 ,u4 ,s41 reg>d+ safety valves1 #ahi4 ,= safety valves1 #aic4 ,inspectors1 relat+ to brac+1 #ajb4 ,relat+ to fuel oil1 #bij4 ,factory1 to prev5t accid5t1 #bic4 ,gov]nm5t1 to prev5t accid5t1 #bij4 ,be=e light+ ! furnace fire1 #be4 ,runn+ ( /eam boil]s "u fire1 #bd4 ,safe int]nal pressure1 rule & example1 #aag4 ,tables1 #aah-abj4 ,safety factor ( /eam boil]s1 #if4 ,safety valves1 description1 #ahg4 ,rules1 #aia1 #aic4 ,rule to f9d area ( op5+1 #aie4 ,table %[+ rise ( valve1 #aie4 ,li/ ( defects1 #abe4 ,po9ts relat+ to1 #aid4 ,salt1 def9ition1 #ach4 ,s&-b5d+ ( lead pipe1 #cjd4 ,saturat$ /eam1 #bhc4 ,saw1 compass4 #cjh4 ,plumb]'s1 #cjg4 ,saw du/1 fir+ )1 #cc 1 #bdb4 ,z a fuel1 #af4 ,sea wat] precipitator1 #ade4 ,sectional /eam boil]s1 description1 #ga4 ,s5t9el valve1 description1 #ahd4 ,sep>ator1 /eam1 description1 #ahc4 ,set screws1 dang]s aris+ f1 #bib4 ,sett+ ( /eam boil]s1 #bcf4 ,( wat] tube boil]s1 #bci4 ,scalds1 treatm5t (1 #cac4 ,scale deposit$ 9 m>9e boil]s1 analysis1 #adf-adg4 ,boil]1 analysis (1 #adh4 ,scal+ ( /eam boil]s1 8po9ts10 #adi-aeb4 ,scope ( ! "w1 #ab4 ,scoop %ovel1 cut & description1 #ai4 ,scrap]s1 me*anical1 #ahg4 ,scre5+s1 fir+ ( coal du/ &1 #dj4 ,screw conveyors1 use (1 #bj4 ,screw-jacks1 use (1 #ba4 ,screw /ays1 description1 #aja4 ,scum ( boil]s1 h[ =m$4 #aej4 ,scumm+ app>atus1 description1 #afa4 ,%ak+ grates1 description1 #agd4 ,%av+s1 fir+ )1 #cc4 ,bl[]s1 use (1 #bj4 ,%e>+ /r5g?1 def9ition1 #aba4 ,%e>s = boil] mak]s1 #bha4 ,%ell ( boil]1 description1 #ha4 ,%ovels1 cut & description (1 #ai4 ,side brackets = boil]s1 #bdj4 ,silica1 def9ition1 #acg4 ,silv]1 radiat+ p[] (1 #bac4 ,conduct+ p[] (1 #bac4 ,melt+ po9t1 #db4 ,six in* flue1 boil]1 #gh4 ,slice b>1 description & cuts1 #ai4 8,po9t0 relat+ to its use1 #cj4 ,smoke1 ins5sibility f1 treatm5t1 #cae4 ,snips1 plumb]'s1 #cjf4 ,socket bolts1 description1 #ajc4 ,soda1 def9ition1 #ach4 ,proportion (1 9 wat]1 #aed4 ,acetate (1 boil+ po9t (1 #cg4 ,sodium1 def9ition1 #ach4 ,sold]1 rule = mak+ plumb]'s1 #cje4 ,s\nds1 or language ( /eam boil]s1 #ci4 ,s\rce ( p[] 9 ! /eam eng9e1 #ac4 ,specifications = #abe ,h4 ,p4 /eam boil]1 #he4 ,specific heat1 description1 #bad4 ,table1 #bad4 ,spectacle piece1 #abd4 ,_s level1 #cjg4 ,/ay bolts1 holl[1 description1 #ajc4 ,/ay+ ( flat surfaces1 #ih4 ,/ays & braces1 li/ ( defective cases1 #abe4 ,/ays1 gusset1 description1 #ajj4 ,( m>9e boil]s1 #ge4 ,( locomotive boil]s1 #ge4 8,po9ts0 relat+ to boil] /ays1 #ajd4 ,palm1 description1 #ajj4 ,screw$1 description1 #aja4 ,& brace1 diff]5ce1 #ajc4 ,table = calculations1 #ajg-aji4 ,/eam1 description1 #bhb4 ,specific heat (1 #bae4 ,dry1 #bhb4 ,dead1 #bhb4 ,live1 #bhb4 ,saturat$1 #bhc4 ,wet1 #bhc4 ,high pressure1 #bhc4 ,l[ pressure1 #bhc4 ,sup]heat$1 #bhc4 ,specific gravity (1 #bhc4 ,total heat (1 #bhc4 ,/eam & hot wat] heat+1 #bea4 ,/eam boil]1 gr[? ( !1 #eb4 ,wat] tube1 #fg4 ,sectional1 description (1 #ga4 ,triple draught1 #ha-hb4 ,six-in* flue1 #gh4 ,two-flue1 #gh4 ,/eam boil]s1 locomotive1 #gb4 ,idle1 dang]s (1 #bhh4 ,inspector's rules relat+ to brac+ (1 #ajb4 ,use ( petroleum 91 #aee4 ,effect ( sug> on1 #aej4 ,corrosion & incru/ation1 #adb4 ,scal+ (1 8po9ts10 #adi-aeb4 ,effect ( b>k on1 #aea4 ,brac+1 #if4 ,specification = #abe ,h4 ,p41 #he4 ,/eam drum or dome1 description1 #ha4 ,/eam fitt]'s vise1 #bfi4 ,/eam fitt+s1 c>e1 #bfh4 ,description1 #bgd4 ,/eam gauge1 description1 #aha4 ,/eam g5]ators1 #dh4 ,/eam heat+ by exhau/1 #bfg4 ,h[ mu* space #a ,h4 ,p4 w heat1 #bfb4 ,/eam loop1 note relat+ to1 #bie4 ,description1 #bgh-bhj4 ,/eam pipe1 l9e> expansion (1 #bgf4 ,/eam pipe explosions1 #bhg4 ,/eam pump1 #bae4 ,/eam sep>ator1 description1 #ahc4 ,/eam space ( boil]s1 rule & example1 #aje4 ,/eam :i/le1 description1 #ahj4 ,/eel rivets1 description1 #ie4 ,/eel1 boil]1 description1 #ij4 ,melt+ po9t1 #db4 ,specific heat (1 #bad4 ,/eel plates1 nickel /eel1 description1 #ia4 ,quality & ?ickness 91 #he4 ,quality (1 #ij4 ,/eph5son1 ,george1 viii4 ,/ock & dies1 use (1 #ba4 ,/ok]1 me*anical1 #acd4 ,/or+ coal1 #bbe4 ,/raightway valve1 description1 #bgc4 ,/ra9]1 = pump1 description1 #bbc4 ,/ra9 on bolts1 rule & example1 #ii4 ,/raw1 h[ be/ fir$1 #ca4 ,composition (1 z fuel1 #ae4 ,sug>1 effect (1 on /eam boil]s1 #aej4 ,sulphates1 h[ indicat$1 #aed4 ,def9ition1 #acg4 ,sulphate ( lime1 at :at temp]ature deposit$1 #adh4 ,sulphur1 description (1 #bcj4 ,sulphuric acid1 boil+ po9t (1 #cg4 ,sun/roke1 treatm5t (1 #cae4 ,sup]heat$ /eam1 #bhc4 ,sup]heat] ( m>9e boil]1 #fd4 ,surface bl[ (f1 description1 #afa4 ,surface cond5s]1 description1 #fe4 ,sw+ valve1 description1 #bgc4 ,syphon1 dang]s f1 9 boil]s1 #bhh4 ,t1 description1 #bgd4 ,t irons1 description & use1 #ajc4 ,dim5sions & %ape1 #ajd4 ,table ( evaporation1 #ah4 ,melt+ po9ts ( metals1 #db4 ,temp]ature1 judg$ by color1 #db4 ,( dim5sions1 ,gall[ay boil]1 #fj4 ,( m>9e boil]s1 #fb4 ,diamet] ( braces1 #ajc4 ,= calculat+ ! numb] ( /ays1 #ajg-aji4 ,( dim5sions ( boil] tubes1 #aaj4 ,hold+ p[] ( boil] tubes1 #aaa4 ,( diamet] ( rivets & ?ickness ( plate1 #aac4 ,( safe int]nal pressure1 #aah-abj4 ,( defects f\nd 9 /eam boil]s1 #abe4 ,%[+ loss at diff]5t ?icknesses by corrosion1 #adc4 ,%[+ s$im5t collect+ 9 boil]s1 #afc4 ,%[+ rise ( safety valve1 #aie4 ,( sav+s f use ( fe$ wat]1 #bjj4 ,capacity ( ci/]ns1 #bjb1 ,( specific heat1 #bad4 ,( conduct+ p[] ( v>i\s sub/ances1 #bac4 ,( radiat+ p[] ( v>i\s sub/ances1 #bac4 ,weight ( cubic foot ( wat]1 #bbd4 ,weight & capacity ( gallons ( wat]1 #bbe4 ,comp>ative quantity ( wat] :i* c be evaporat$1 #bca4 ,surfaces & capacities ( pipes1 #bdf4 ,( data relat+ to pipes1 #bdg4 ,bur/+ pressure ( tubes1 #bfd4 ,( weights ( r\nd & plate iron1 #cji1 #caa4 ,conduct+ p[] ( v>i\s sub/ances1 #bge4 ,relative value ( non-conductors1 #bgf4 ,weights ( lead pipe1 #cje4 ,tan1 description1 #ae4 ,tan b>k1 comp>ative evaporation1 #ah4 ,fir+ )1 #cf4 ,tanks1 = fuel oil1 h[ to con/ruct1 #bij4 ,tan-liquor1 unsafe use (1 9 boil]s1 #ahe4 ,tap-bor]1 plumb]'s1 #cjf4 ,taps & dies1 description1 #bfi4 ,tee1 description1 #bgd4 ,temp]ature ( a furnace1 #db4 ,t5sile /r5g? ( /eel plate1 #ij4 ,( boil]s1 #aba4 ,te/1 ! hydraulic1 #aca4 ,te/+-boil]1 specification1 #hg4 ,te/+ boil]s "u /eam pressure1 #bhg4 ,te/ pieces1 description & illu/ration1 #aje1 #aab4 ,te/s = impurities 9 wat]1 #aec4 ,te/s ( /eel rivets1 #ie4 ,?imbles1 specification =1 #hf4 ,?ree way cock1 description1 #bgc4 ,?rottle valve1 description1 #bgc4 ,t91 melt+ po9t1 #db4 ,conduct+ p[] (1 #bac4 ,specific heat (1 #bad4 ,radiat+ p[] (1 #bac4 ,tissue pap]1 radiat+ p[] (1 #bac4 ,tongs = boil] mak]s1 #bha4 ,tool box1 description1 #bb4 ,tools1 plumb]'s1 description1 #cjf-cji4 ,h&y = ! fire-room1 #ba4 ,us$ 9 /eam fitt+1 #bfi4 ,boil] mak]'s1 #bha4 ,plumb]'s caulk+1 #cjh4 ,tor*1 #cjg4 ,total heat ( /eam1 #bhc4 ,t\gh1 def9ition1 #aba4 ,tra9$ or untra9$ firem51 diff]5ce1 #bd4 ,trap1 fi%1 #bje4 ,treble rivet+1 example1 #ic4 ,triple draught1 tubul> boil]1 #hb4 ,trevi?ick1 ,ri*>d1 frontispiece4 ,tube exp&]s1 #bha4 ,tubes1 h[ to weld1 #bfd4 ,table ( bur/+ & collaps+ pressures1 #bfd4 ,boil]1 illu/ration ( size1 #bde4 ,exp]im5ts 9 hold+ p[]1 #aaa4 ,table ( hold+ p[]1 #aaa4 ,boil]1 table ( dim5sions1 #aaj4 ,leaky1 h[ to repair1 #abf4 ,tubes & flues1 sweep+1 #ci4 ,tube %eets1 description1 #ha4 ,turn-p91 description1 #cjf4 ,two flue /eam boil]1 #gh4 ,umbria1 /eam]1 fir+ boil]s1 #cb4 ,unequal rivet+1 example1 #ic4 ,union1 description1 #bgd4 ,unit ( *imney measurem5ts1 #big4 ,upright /eam boil]s1 description1 #ea4 ,uptakes ( m>9e boil]1 #fd4 ,valve1 gate1 #bgc4 ,globe1 description1 #bgb4 ,br9e1 description1 #bgc4 ,pop1 description1 #ahd4 ,angle1 description1 #bgc4 ,*eck1 description1 #bgh4 ,s5t9el1 description1 #ahd4 ,pressure regulator1 #bgd4 ,rot>y1 description1 #bgc4 ,/raightway1 description1 #bgc4 ,?rottle1 description1 #bgc4 ,ball1 description1 #bgc4 ,*amb]1 description1 #bgb4 ,d\ble beat & d\ble seat1 #bgc4 ,sw+ description1 #bgc4 ,valve bracket1 description1 #bgb4 ,valve cock1 description1 #bgb4 ,valve c\pl+1 description1 #bgb4 ,valves1 description1 #bga4 ,safety1 description1 #ahg4 ,( :at mat]ial made1 #bgd4 ,valves1 h+$1 description1 #bgb4 ,relief1 description1 #bgb4 ,back pressure1 description1 #bgc4 ,lift+1 description1 #bgd4 ,valves & cocks1 description1 #bgb4 ,valve-seat1 description1 #bgb4 ,vaults = fuel oil1 h[ to con/ruct1 #bhi4 ,v5tilation1 #bfe4 ,vise1 /eamfitt]'s1 #bfi4 ,vises1 use (1 #ba4 ,wat]1 h[ =m$1 #adc4 ,pr9ciples relat+ to1 #bbc4 ,pr9cipal temp]atures (1 #bbd4 ,po9t ( maximum d5sity1 #bbd4 ,! boil+ po9t1 #bbd4 ,! /&>d temp]ature1 #bbd4 pecific heat (1 #bad4 ,boil+ po9t ( pure1 #cg4 ,radiat+ p[] (1 #bac4 ,conduct+ p[] (1 #bac4 ,freez+ po9t1 #bbd4 ,wat]1 7sea17 precipitator =1 #ade4 ,boil+ po9t ( salt1 #cg4 ,wat] b5d+ ( lead pipe1 #cjd4 ,wat] circulation1 #bid4 ,wat] grate b>s1 description1 #age4 ,gauge cocks1 description1 #agf4 ,wat] hamm]1 #bhc4 ,wat] met]s1 rule = read+1 #bje4 ,description1 #bjc4 ,wat] ram1 #bhd4 ,wat] space ( boil]s1 rule & example1 #aje4 ,wat] table 9 locomotive1 #ce4 ,wat] tube /eam boil]1 description1 #fg4 ,wat] heat]1 noiseless1 #cab4 ,wat] tube /eam boil]1 sett+ (1 #bci4 ,watt1 ,james1 #fh4 ,weight ( diff]5t /&>d gallons ( wat]1 #bbe4 ,( a column ( air1 #ag4 ,weldable1 def9ition1 #aba4 ,weld+ boil] & o!r tubes1 #bfd4 ,wet /eam1 #bhc4 ,:eelb>r[1 use (1 #bj4 ,:i/le1 /eam1 description1 #ahj4 ,:itewa%1 description1 #bcb4 ,wipe jo9t1 h[ to make1 #cjj4 ,plumb]'s1 #bih4 ,wood1 comp>ative evaporation1 #ah4 ,specific heat (1 #bad4 ,z a combu/ible1 #ad4 8,h9t z to dry+10 #ad4 ,wood *>coal1 comp>ative evaporation1 #ah4 ,wood *isel1 #cjg4 ,w\nds1 treatm5t (1 #caj4 ,writ+ pap]1 radiat+ p[] (1 #bac4 ,zig-zag rivet+1 example1 #ic4 ,z9c1 conduct+ p[] (1 #bac4 ,melt+ po9t1 #db4 ,effect on corrosion ( boil]s1 #aej4 ,use 9 m>9e boil]s1 #afb4 ,specific heat (1 #bad4 ,illu/ration3 ,page decoration oil cans ,,me*anical ,,li/ ,illu/ration3 ,t ,a ,co4 ,,educational ,,manuals ''' --,,on-- ,,eng9e]+1 ,,electricity1 ,,me*anical ,,draw+1 ,,ma*9e ,,%op ,,practice1 ,,millwright+1 ,,appli$ ,,me*anics1 ,,etc4 ,,!o4 ,,audel ,,company ----,,publi%]s---- #fc ,,fif? ,,ave41 ,,new ,,york ,,erect+ ,,& ,,op]at+ #c ----,,j ,,issu$---- ,illu/ration3 ,,rog]s' ,,erect+ & ,,op]at+ = ,,eng9e]s1 ,,ma*9i/s ,,& ,,millwrights ,,audel ,a ,,practical ,,h&book on ,excavations1 ,f\ndations1 ,/ructures1 ,millwright+1 ,%aft+1 ,belt+1 ,pip+1 ,boil]s1 ,eng9es1 ,in/all+ ,ma*9]y1 etc4 ,9 ord] to become an exp]t at ! erection & op]ation ( mod]n ma*9]y & appliances1 judgm5t mu/ be add$ to execution2 n[ z judgm5t _c be taught 9 writ+1 fur!r ?an 9 lay+ d[n c]ta9 pr9ciples ( proc$ure1 !re=e ! book is l>gely p]sonal4 ,! me?od ( in/ruction foll[$ is to deal ) ! v>i\s subjects m5tion$1 ea* consi/+ ( ne>ly ! same numb] ( pages & illu/rations1 indicat+ ! c\rse ( /udy4 ,work+ ,draw+s1 ,f\ndations1 ,excavat+1 ,pil+ & ,grillage1 ,brick ,"w1 ,concrete1 ,re9=c$ ,concrete1 ,millwright's ,tools1 ,/eel ,squ>e & its uses1 ,bridge ,"w1 ,/ructures1 ,scaffold+ & ,/agg+1 ,rigg+ ,knots4 ,hit*es & ,splices1 ,*a9s & ,tackle1 ,/eel ,/ructure ,"w1 ,ro(+1 ,blacksmi?+4 ,tool ,dress+1 ,belt+ & ,pulleys1 ,%aft+ ,l9+1 ,spe$s1 ,pip+ & ,jo9ts1 ,plumb+1 ,/eam ,boil]s & ,accessories1 ,*imneys1 ,drafts1 ,/eam ,eng9e ,op]ation1 ,eng9e ,f\ndations4 ,valve ,sett+1 ,wat] ,p[] ,in/allations1 ,/eam ,turb9es1 ,pump+ ,ma*9]y1 ,electrical ,in/allations1 ,motors1 ,wir+1 etc41 ,refrig]at+ ,sy/ems1 ,rules1 ,receipts1 ,metallic ,compositions1 ,useful ,tables4 ,ready ,ref]5ce ,index4 ,by foll[+ ?is plan1 & ) ! aid ( ! ready ref]5ce index to be f\nd at ! end ( ! volume1 ! "w becomes a ref]5ce book1 z well z a c\rse ( sy/ematic /udy 9 ,mill ,eng9e]+4 ,?is volume is conv5i5t 9 size1 h&somely & durably b\nd 9 black clo?1 hav+ gold edges & titles2 conta9+ #fjj pages1 illu/rat$ by ov] #ejj draw+s & illu/rations ( practical "w4 ,x is 9 e way a g5]\sly good book bo? 9 cont5ts & manufacture4 ,,price #c to any address4 ,,draw+ ,,& ,,design #c ,,?is volume is arrang$ = a compreh5sive1 self-in/ruction c\rse = bo? %op & draw+ room4 ----,,plan ,,( ,,in/ruction---- ,illu/ration3 ,,rog]s' ,,draw+ & ,,design ,,audel ,useful ,t]ms & ,def9itions2 ,draw+ ,bo>d1 ,t-,squ>e & ,triangles2 ,lett]+2 ,%ade ,l9es2 ,section l9+2 ,geometrical ,draw+2 ,isometric ,projection2 ,cab9et ,projection2 ,or?ographic ,projection2 ,developm5t ( ,surfaces2 ,work+ ,draw+s2 ,t9ts & ,colors2 ,trac+ & ,blue ,pr9t+2 ,read+ ( ,work+ ,draw+s2 ,ma*9e ,design2 ,physics & ,me*anics2 ,mat]ials ,us$ 9 ,ma*9e ,con/ruction2 ,screws1 ,bolts & ,nuts2 ,rivets & ,rivet$ ,jo9ts2 ,p[] ,transmission2 ,%afts & ,be>+s2 ,belts & ,pulleys2 ,ge> ,:eels2 ,metal ,work+ ,ma*9es2 ,dies & ,presses2 ,drill+ & ,mill+ ,ma*9es2 ,! ,la!2 ,eng9es & ,boil]s2 ,electrical ,ma*9es2 ,draw+ ,in/rum5ts2 ,log>i?ms2 ,tables & ,index4 ,conta9s #ejf pages1 illu/rat$ by ov] #fjj cuts & diagrams1 v _m ( !m full page draw+s2 ! book is pr9t$ on a v f9e grade ( pap]2 x measures #h-a_/b #aj-a_/b in*es & weighs ov] #c p\nds2 ! b9d+ is 9 black clo? ) gold edges & titles2 ! volume is made to op5 freely & is 9 e way a mo/ complete up-to-date book4 ,,price1 #c to any address4 ,,advanc$ ,,ma*9i/ #b ,,! trade ( ! ma*9i/ is peculi> 9 t x is a prep>ation = s _m positions outside ( x4 ,x takes a man ( good natural ability & ( consid]able education--n always f books--to make a fir/-class ma*9i/2 s t :5 "o is well qualifi$ he is also prep>$ = _m o!r op5+s4 ,! aim ( ?is "w is to po9t ! way ( advancem5t to ^? :o become fitt$ to assume ^! responsibilities & rew>ds4 ,! advanc$ ma*9i/ is a "w ( /]l+ m]it1 a few ( ! hundr$s ( subjects are "h nam$1 b !y 9 no way %[ ! scope ( ?is "w1 :i* mu/ be se5 to be appreciat$3 ,a ,c\rse 9 ,ma*9e ,%op ,ma!matics2 ,v>i\s ,measur+ ,in/rum5ts & ,_! ,uses2 ,screw ,cutt+2 ,bor+2 ,mill+2 ,drill+2 ,gr9d+2 ,pun*+ & ,%e>+2 ,bolt ,cutt+ ,ma*9]y2 ,special & ,auxili>y ,ma*9es2 ,%op ,managem5t3 ,"w ,%op ,receipts & ,devices1 etc41 etc4 ,! p]sonal "* ( ! book appeals to all 9 any way associat$ 9 ! ma*9]y & alli$ trades4 ,illu/ration3 ,,rodg]',s ,,advanc$ ,,ma*9i/ ,,audel ,?is book is a companion volume to ,progressive ,ma*9i/ & is uni=m 9 b9d+ & /yle1 b m advanc$ 9 ! subject ( ,ma*9e ,%op ,practice1 conta9+ ab\t ! same numb] ( pages1 illu/rations1 etc4 ,,price1 #b1 ,po/paid4 ,,!o4 ,,audel ,,co41 #fc ,,fif? ,,av5ue1 ,,new ,,york ,,progressive ,,ma*9i/ #b ,,?is is a valuable volume = all ,metal ,work]s2--! foll[+ are a few ( ! _m subjects treat$3 ,mat]ials4--,def9itions2 ,qualities ( ,matt]2 ,iron1 ,/eel2 ,v>i\s ,metals1 ,alloys1 etc42 ,gravity & ,tables2 ,?ree ,laws ( ,motion2 ,/r5g? ( ,mat]ials2 ,fatigue ( ,metals2 ,table ( ,melt+ ,po9ts ( ,solids2 ,useful ,weights & ,measures4 ,%op ,draw+4--,free-h& ,draw+2 ,in/rum5ts2 ,p5cil+2 ,ink+2 ,lett]+ ,draw+s2 ,dim5sion+2 ,%ad+2 ,section-,l9+2 ,read+ ,work+ ,draw+s2 ,problems 9 ,geometrical ,draw+--,po9ts ,relat+ to ,draw+4 ,ge>+4--,cog ,:eels1 ,spur & ,bevel ,:eels2 ,mitre ,:eel2 ,mortise ,:eel2 ,worm ,ge>+2 ,helical ,:eel2 ,design+ ,ge>s2 ,spe$ ( ,ge> ,:eels4 ,b5* & ,vice4--,temp]+ & ,h>d5+ ,metals2 ,grades ( ,/eel2 ,cem5tation ,process2 ,bessem] & ,siem5-,m>t9 ,process2 ,case-,h>d5+2 ,anneal+2 ,h& ,tools2 ,ma*9e ,tools2 ,"w ,b5*es2 ,sl$ge & ,anvil2 ,surfac+2 ,r$ ,m>k+2 ,h& ,drill+2 ,broa*+2 ,screw ,cutt+ by ,h&2 ,pipe ,cutt+4 ,tools & ,ma*9es4--,ma*9e & ,h& ,tools2 ,portable ,tools2 ,action ( ,ma*9es2 ,classification ( ,ma*9e ,"w2 ,turn+ & ,bor+2 ,plan+2 ,mill+2 ,drill+2 ,gr9d+2 ,pun*+ & ,%e>+4 ,la! ,"w4--,=ms & use ( ,foot ,la!s2 ,h& ,la!s2 ,*uck or ,surfac+ ,la!2 ,eng9e ,la!2 ,p>ts ( ! ,la!2 ,cutt+ ,tools ,us$ 9 ! ,la!2 ,temp]+ ( ,la! ,tools ,rule2 ,la! ,practice2 ,measur+ ,in/rum5ts2 ,m&rels2 ,la!-,dogs2 ,driv+ ,"w ,betwe5 ,c5t]s2 ,turn+ ,"w ,betwe5 ,c5t]s2 ,la! ,spe$2 ,*uck & ,face-plate ,"w2 ,drill+ & ,bor+ 9 ! ,la!2 ,proportion ( ,p>ts ( a ,la!2 ,useful ,ref]5ces2 ,tables & ,index4 ,illu/ration3 ,,rodg]',s ,,progressive ,,ma*9i/ ,,audel ,description ( ,b9d+4--,! book is h&somely b\nd 9 black clo?1 ) gold edges & titles1 pr9t$ on f9e pap]1 illu/rat$ ) #ccj diagrams & draw+s ( practical "w1 conta9+ ov] #cfj pages ( valuable in=mation1 & #ajha ready ref]5ce index = quick in=mation4 ,?is volume w be mail$ to any address po/paid ^u receipt ( #b doll>s4 ,,audels ,,gas ,,eng9e ,,manual #b ,illu/ration3 ,,audels ,,gas ,,eng9e ,,manual ,a ,,practical ,,treatise ,,) ,,illu/rations ,,& ,,diagrams ,t ,a ,co4 ,,?is volume j publi%$ gives ! late/ & mo/ helpful in=mation respect+ ! con/ruction1 c>e & managem5t ( ,gas1 ,gasol9e & ,oil ,eng9es1 ,m>9e ,motors & ,automobile ,eng9es1 includ+ *apt]s on ,produc] ,gas ,plants & ! ,alcohol ,motor4 ,! "w is divid$ into #bg ,*apt]s z foll[s3--,hi/orical ,developm5t--,laws ( ,p]man5t ,gases--,!oretical ,work+ ,pr9ciples--,actual ,work+ ,cycles--,graphics ( ! ,action ( ,gases--,indicator ,diagrams ( ,eng9e ,cycles--,indicator ,diagrams ( ,gas ,eng9es--,fuels & ,explosive ,mixtures--,gas ,produc] ,sy/ems--,compression1 ,ignition & ,combu/ion--,design & ,con/ruction--,gov]n+ & ,gov]nors--,ignition & ,ignit]s--,in/allation & ,op]ation--,f\r-,cycle ,horizontal ,eng9es--,f\r-,cycle ,v]tical ,eng9es--,f\r-,cycle ,d\ble-,act+ ,eng9es--,two-,cycle ,eng9es--,=eign ,eng9es--,oil ,eng9es--,m>9e ,eng9es--,te/+--,in/rum5ts ,us$ 9 ,te/+--,nature & ,use ( ,lubricants--,h9ts on ,managem5t & ,sugge/ions = ,em]g5cies--,! ,automobile ,motor--,useful ,rules & ,tables4 ,ea* *apt] is illu/rat$ by diagrams :i* make x a ?or\ghly helpful volume1 conta9+ #eab pages1 #aef draw+s1 pr9t$ 9 l>ge cle> type on f9e pap]1 h&somely b\nd 9 ri* r$ clo?1 ) gold top & title1 measur+ #e-a_/b #h-a_/b in*es & weigh+ ov] two p\nds4 ,! book is a practical educator f cov] to cov] & is wor? _m times ! price to any "o us+ a gas eng9e ( any type or size4 ,,price #b4jj ,,po/paid4 ,,!o4 ,,audel ,,co41 #fc ,,fif? ,,av5ue1 ,,new ,,york1 ,n4 ,y4 ,,motor ,,c> ,,practice #b ,a ,good ,book = ,own]s1 ,op]ators1 ,repairm5 & ,int5d+ ,pur*as]s4 ,illu/ration3 ,,automobiles ,,self ,,propell$ ,,vehicles ,j4,e4,,homans ,a ,,practical ,,treatise ,,) ,,illu/rations ,,& ,,diagrams #e ,,edition ,,revis$ ,,?is "w is n[ ! accept$ /&>d on ! practical c>e & managem5t ( motor c>s--expla9+ ! pr9ciples ( con/ruction & op]ation 9 a cle> & helpful way1 & fully illu/rat$ ) _m diagrams & draw+s1 mak+ x ( value to ! int5d+ pur*as]1 driv] & repair man4 ,! subjects treat ( ! ne$s ( ! man beh9d ! :eel1 & are pres5t$ cle>ly1 concisely & 9 a mann] easy to und]/& by ! read]1 be he a beg9n] or an exp]t4 ,! treatise on ! gasol9e eng9e _c fail to prove valuable to anyone int]e/$ 9 explosive motors1 :i* are daily com+ to ! front z ! readie/ & mo/ conv5i5t s\rce ( p[]4 ,conta9s #fjh pages1 ov] #djj diagrams & illu/rations1 pr9t$ on f9e pap]1 size #e-c_/d by #h-a_/b in*es1 ) g5]\sly good b9d+4 ,highly endors$4 ,?is book w be s5t to any address 9 ! _w1 po/paid1 ^u receipt ( #b4 ,,!o4 ,,audel ,,co41 #fc ,,fif? ,,av5ue1 ,,new ,,york ,,pumps ,,& ,,hydraulics #d #b ,,p>ts ,,x is ) pleasure we call y\r att5tion to ! rec5t publication on pump+ ma*9]y4 ,?is "w1 issu$ "u ! title ( 8,,rog]s' ,,pumps ,,& ,,hydraulics10 is a complete & practical h&book1 treat+ on ! con/ruction1 op]ation1 c>e & managem5t ( pump+ ma*9]y2 ! pr9ciples ( hydraulics be+ also ?or\ghly expla9$4 ,! "w is illu/rat$ ) cuts1 diagrams & draw+s ( "w actually con/ruct$ & 9 op]ation2 ! rules & explanations ( ! examples %[n are tak5 f ev]yday practice4 ,no exp5se has be5 sp>$ 9 ! endeavor to make ?is a mo/ helpful in/ructor on ! subject1 useful to all pump att5dants1 eng9e]s1 ma*9i/s & sup]9t5d5ts4 ,illu/ration3 ,,pumps ,,& ,,hydraulics ,,rog]s ,a ,,practical ,,treatise ,,) ,,illu/rations ,,& ,,diagrams ,,"p ,,"o ,t ,a ,co4 ,,pumps ,,& ,,hydraulics ,,rog]s ,a ,,practical ,,treatise ,,) ,,illu/rations ,,& ,,diagrams ,,"p ,,two ,t ,a ,co4 ,subjects ,treat$ ,! ,air ,pump2 ,air & ,vacuum ,pumps2 ,air ,compressors2 ,! ,air ,lift ,pump2 ,! ,/eam ,fire ,eng9e2 ,miscellane\s ,pumps2 ,m9+ ,pumps2 ,m>9e ,pumps2 8,sug>-h\se0 ,pumps2 ,circulat+ ,pumps2 ,atmosph]ic ,pumps2 ,ammonia or ,acid ,pumps2 ,! ,screw ,pump2 ,a]motor ,pumps2 ,rot>y & ,c5trifugal ,pumps2 ,turb9e ,pumps2 ,injectors & ,ejectors2 ,pulsomet]-,aqua-,?ru/]2 ,pump ,spe$ ,gov]nors2 ,cond5s+ ,app>atus2 ,utilities & ,atta*m5ts1 ,tools1 ,valves & ,pip+1 ,pipes1 ,jo9ts & ,fitt+s1 ,useful ,notes2 ,tables & ,data2 ,gloss>y ( ,pump & ,hydraulic ,t]ms2 ,elem5t>y ,hydraulics2 ,fl[ ( wat] ,"u ,pressure2 ,wat] ,pressure ,ma*9es1 ,wat] ,:eels2 ,turb9e ,wat] ,:eels2 ,turb9e ,pumps2 ,wat] ,pressure ,eng9es2 ,hydraulic ,motors2 ,hydraulic ,app>atus2 ,hydraulic ,jack2 ,hydraulic ,press2 ,hydraulic ,accumulator2 ,hydraulic ,ram2 ,pumps z ,hydraulic ,app>atus2 ,classification ( ,pumps2 ,h& ,pumps2 ,p[] ,pumps2 ,belt$ ,pumps2 ,! ,electric ,pump2 ,! ,/eam ,pump2 ,! ,duplex ,pump2 ,und]writ] ,fire ,pump2 ,specifications ( ! ,national ,bo>d ( ,fire ,und]writ]s ,relat+ to ,duplex ,fire ,pumps4 ,^! two volumes ( ne>ly n9e hundr$ pages1 illu/rat$ ) ab\t sev5 hundr$ wood cuts1 are admirable specim5s ( bookmak+2 !y are pr9t$ on f9e :ite pap] 9 l>ge cle> text1 ) ample m>g9s1 & b\nd 9 black vellum clo? ) titles & tops 9 gold4 ,9 size !y are six by n9e in*es4 ----,,price1 #d1 ,,deliv]$---- ,,m>9e ,,eng9e]+ #b ,illu/ration3 ,,que/ions ,,& ,,answ]s ,,= ,,m>9e ,,eng9e]s ,,lucas ,,hawk9s ,,price #b4 ,,audel ,,co ,,) ,,*apt] ,,on ,,breakd[ns ,,at ,,sea ,,?is treatise is ! mo/ complete publi%$ = ! practical eng9e]1 cov]+ z x does a c\rse 9 ma!matics1 ! managem5t ( m>9e eng9es1 boil]s1 pumps1 & all auxili>y app>atus1 ! accept$ rules = figur+ ! safety-valve4 ,! book is divid$ into two p>ts3 ,"p ,i1 ,con/ruction3 ,"p ,,ii1 ,op]ation2 x conta9s #gjj pages4 ,! volume is illu/rat$ ) plate draw+s1 diagrams & cuts1 hav+ an ,index ) m ?an #a1jjj ready ref]5ces1 #hjg ,que/ions on practical m>9e eng9e]+ are fully answ]$ & expla9$4 ,size is #e-c_/d #h-a_/b in*es1 #a-a_/b in*es ?ick1 & weighs ne>ly ?ree p\nds1 /rongly & durably b\nd 9 ri* gre5 clo?1 ) full gilt edges1 & is ! accept$ /&>d on ,m>9e ,eng9e]+4 ,price #b1 s5t free to any address 9 ! _w4 ,money w be refund$ if n entirely satisfactory4 ,,!o4 ,,audel ,,co41 #fc ,,fif? ,,av5ue1 ,,new ,,york ,,me*anical ,,draw+ #b ,,! "w has be5 c>efully arrang$ accord+ to ! fundam5tal pr9ciples ( ! art ( draw+1 ea* !me be+ cle>ly illu/rat$4 ,a li/ ( ! subjects are giv5 bel[3 ,illu/ration3 ,,hawk9s ,,me*anical ,,draw+ ,,hawk9s ,,self ,,help ,,me*anical ,,draw+ ,,= ,,home ,,/udy ,*alk ,"w2 ,prelim9>y ,t]ms & ,def9itions2 ,freeh& ,draw+2 ,geometrical ,draw+2 ,draw+ ,mat]ials & ,in/rum5ts2 ,me*anical ,draw+2 ,p5cil+2 ,projection2 8,ink+ 90 ,draw+s2 ,lett]+ ,draw+s2 ,dim5sion+ ,draw+s2 ,%ad+ ,draw+s4 ,section ,l9+ & ,colors2 ,reproduc+ ,draw+s2 ,draw+ ,(fice ,rules2 ,ge>+2 ,design+ ,ge>s2 ,work+ ,draw+s2 ,read+ ,work+ ,draw+s2 ,pat5t ,(fice ,rules = ,draw+s2 ,useful ,h9ts & ,po9ts2 ,l9e> ,p]spective2 ,useful ,tables2 ,p]sonal1 by ! ,editor4 ,! book conta9s #cbj pages & #cjj illu/rations1 consi/+ l>gely ( diagrams & sugge/ive draw+s = practice4 ,x is b\nd 9 d>k gre5 clo? ) full gold edges & titles2 x is pr9t$ on f9e pap]1 size #g #aj in*es2 x weighs #cc oz41 & w fit into any eng9e]'s or me*anic's libr>y to good advantage4 ,,price1 #b1 ,po/paid4 ,,!o4 ,,audel ,,co41 #fc ,,fif? ,,av5ue1 ,,new ,,york ,,electricity ,,= ,,eng9e]s #b ,,! introduction ( electrical ma*9]y 9 almo/ e p[] plant has creat$ a great dem& = compet5t eng9e]s & o!rs hav+ a k ( electricity & capable ( op]at+ or sup]vis+ ! runn+ ( electrical ma*9]y4 ,to su* p]sons ?is pocket-book w be f\nd a great b5efactor1 s9ce x conta9s j ! in=mation t is requir$1 expla9$ 9 a practical mann]4 ,illu/ration3 ,,hawk9s' ,,new ,,cate*ism ,,( ,,electricity4 ,,hawk9s' ,plan ( ,/udy ,! foll[+ is a p>tial li/ ( ! topics discuss$ & illu/rat$3 ,conductors & ,non-,conductors3 ,symbols1 abbreviations & def9itions relat+ to electricity2 ,! ,motor2 ,! ,c>e & ,managem5t ( ! ,dynamo & ,motor4 ,electric ,light+2 ,wir+2 ,! rules & requirem5ts ( ! ,national ,bo>d ( ,und]writ]s 9 full2 ,electrical ,measurem5ts4 ,! ,electric ,railway2 ,l9e ,"w2 ,in/ruction & ,cautions = ,l9em5 & ! ,dynamo ,room2 ,/orage ,batt]ies2 ,c>e & ,managem5t ( ! ,/reet-,c> ,motor2 ,electro ,plat+4 ,! ,telephone & ,telegraph2 ,! ,electric ,elevator2 ,accid5ts & ,em]g5cies1 etc41 etc4 ,"o-?ird ( ! :ole book has be5 devot$ to ! explanation & illu/rations ( ! dynamo1 & p>ticul> directions relat+ to its c>e & managem5t2--all directions be+ giv5 9 ! simple/ & k9dly way to assi/ r ?an confuse ! le>n]4 ,x conta9s #eej pages ) #cjj illu/rations ( electrical appliances2 x is b\nd 9 heavy r$ lea!r1 7size #d-a_/b #f-a_/b = ! pocket71 ) full gold edges & is a mo/ attractive h&book = ,electricians & ,eng9e]s4 ,,price1 #b1 ,po/paid4 ,,!o4 ,,audel ,,co41 #fc ,,fif? ,,av5ue1 ,,new ,,york ,,eng9e]s' ,,exam9ations #b ,,?is "w is an important aid to eng9e]s ( all grades1 & is und\bt$ly ! mo/ helpful ev] issu$ relat+ to a safe & sure prep>ation = exam9ation4 ,x pres5ts 9 a cond5s$ =m ! mo/ approv$ practice 9 ! c>e & managem5t ( ,/eam ,boil]s1 ,eng9es1 ,pumps1 ,electrical & ,refrig]at+ ,ma*9es1 also a few pla9 rules ( ari?metic ) examples ( h[ to "w ! problems relat+ to ! safety valve1 /r5g? ( boil]s & horse p[] ( ! ,/eam ,eng9e & ,/eam ,boil]4 ,x conta9s v>i\s rules1 regulations & laws ( l>ge cities = ! exam9ation ( boil]s & ! lic5s+ ( eng9e]s4 ,x conta9s ! laws & regulations ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates = ! exam9ation & grad+ ( all m>9e eng9e]s4 ,! book gives ! und]ly+ pr9ciples ( /eam eng9e]+ 9 pla9 language1 ) v _m sample que/ions & answ]s likely to be ask$ by ! exam9]4 ,x also gives a %ort *apt] on ! 8,key to ,success0 9 obta9+ k necess>y = advancem5t 9 eng9e]+4 ,illu/ration3 ,,hawk9',s ,,aids4 ,,eng9e]s' ,,exam9ations --,,)-- ,,que/ions ,,& ,,answ]s ,?is helpful volume conta9s #bjj pages ( valuable in=mation n else:]e obta9able2 x is b\nd 9 ri* r$ lea!r ) full gold edges & titles2 x measures #e #g-a_/b in*es & weighs tw5ty-two ounces4 ,,price1 #b1 ,po/paid4 ,,!o4 ,,audel ,,co41 #fc ,,fif? ,,av5ue1 ,,new ,,york ,,/eam ,,boil] ,,practice #b ,,?is book ( in/ruction on boil]-room practice w be ( great help to firem51 eng9e]s & all o!rs :o wi% to le>n ab\t ?is important bran* ( ,/eam ,eng9e]+4 ,x treats on mat]ials1 coals1 wood1 coke1 & oil & gas1 fuels1 etc41 _! composition1 prop]ties1 combu/ive value1 also on combu/ion & evaporation4 ,giv+ ! practical rules to be obs]v$ 9 fir+ ) v>i\s fuels1 managem5t ( /eam boil]s1 prev5tion ( foam+2 tools & fire irons2 cov]+ /ation>y1 m>9e & locomotive boil]s4 ,x enum]ates sixty important po9ts ( cautions to be obs]v$ 9 ! prop] managem5t ( boil]s4 ,x conta9s a description ( & full treatise on /ation>y1 m>9e & locomotive boil]s1 & ! hi/orical developm5t ( boil]s2 specifications = boil]s2 rivet+2 brac+2 rules = f9d+ pressure or /ra9 on bolts4 ,x gives inspectors rules relat+ to braces 9 /eam boil]s4 ,also rules & tables = calculat+ areas & /eam & wat] space ( boil]s4 ,x treats on boil] tubes1 con/ruction & draw+ ( boil] sections2 defects & necess>y repairs2 inspection ( /eam boil]s2 me*anical /ok]s' corrosion & scale1 boil] comp\nds1 fe$ wat] heat]s1 injectors1 pumps1 boil] sett+s2 pipes & pip+2 /eam heat+1 *emi/ry ( ! furnace2 boil] mak+2 plumb+1 & hundr$s ( o!r useful subjects4 ,x /ates sev]al pla9 rules = ! calculation ( safety valve problems & ^? sanction$ by ! ,u4 ,s4 inspectors4 ,illu/ration3 ,,maxims ,,& ,,in/ructions ,,= ,,! ,,boil] ,,room ,n4 ,,hawk9s ,,me ,,audel ,,co4 ,! volume has #ccj pages & #ahe illu/rations & diagrams4 ,x is #f #h-a_/b 94 9 size & weighs #bh ounces4 ,! b9d+ is uni=m ) t ( ! 8,calculations0 & 8,cate*ism ( ! ,/eam ,eng9e10 be+ b\nd 9 heavy gre5 clo?1 ) ornam5tal titles & edges 9 gold4 ,,price1 #b1 ,po/paid4 ,,!o4 ,,audel ,,co41 #fc ,,fif? ,,av5ue1 ,,new ,,york ,,calculations ,,= ,,eng9e]s #b ,,! ,h& ,book ( ,calculations is a "w ( in/ruction & ref]5ce relat+ to ! /eam eng9e1 ! /eam boil]1 etc41 & has be5 said to conta9 e calculation1 rule & table necess>y to be kn[n by ! ,eng9e]1 ,fireman & a /eam us]4 ,giv+ a complete c\rse 9 ,ma!matics = ! ,eng9e] & /eam us]2 all calculations are 9 pla9 ari?metical figures1 s t ! av]age man ne$ n be confus$ by ! ins]tion ( ! t]ms1 symbols & *>act]s to be f\nd 9 works ( s-call$ 8high] ma!matics40 ,me*anical ,p[]s2 ,natural or ,me*anical ,philosophy2 ,/r5g? ( ,mat]ials2 ,m5suration2 ,ari?metic2 ,description ( ,algebra & ,geometry4 ,tables ( ,weights1 ,measures1 ,/r5g? ( ,rope & ,*a9s1 ,pressures ( ,wat]1 ,diamet] ( ,pipes1 etc42 ,! ,indicator1 ,h[ to ,compute2 ,! ,safety ,valve1 ,h[ to ,figure2 ,! ,/eam ,boil]2 ,! ,/eam ,pump2 ,horse ,p[]s1 ,h[ to ,figure = ,eng9es & ,boil]s2 ,/eam1 ,:at ,x ,is1 etc4 ,index & ,useful ,def9itions4 ,illu/ration3 ,,h& ,,book ,,( ,,calculation ,,= ,,eng9e]s ,h4 ,,hawk9s ,,me ,,audel ,,co4 ,?is "w conta9s #ccj pages & #aej illu/rations2 x is durably & h&somely b\nd1 uni=m 9 /yle & size ) ! 8,in/ructions = ! ,boil] ,room0 & ! 8,cate*ism ( ! ,/eam ,eng9e20 x has gold edges & titles1 & weighs ov] #bh ounces4 ,,price1 #b1 ,po/paid4 ,,!o4 ,,audel ,,co41 #fc ,,fif? ,,av5ue1 ,,new ,,york ,,/eam ,,eng9e ,,practice #b 8,x has be5 well said t eng9e]s are born1 n made2 ^? 9 dem& to fill ! positions creat$ by ! great in/allations ( p[]-produc+ ma*9]y n[ s common1 are m5 :o are famili> ) ! cont5ts ( good books1 & z well1 are ! product ( a h>d b\ght practical exp]i5ce40 ,,?is "w is gott5 up to fill a long-felt ne$ = a practical book4 ,x gives directions = runn+ ! v>i\s types ( /eam eng9es t are to-day 9 ! m>ket4 ,a li/ ( subjects1 :i* are fully yet concisely discuss$1 are z foll[s3 ,introduction2 ,! ,/eam ,eng9e2 ,hi/orical ,facts ,relat+ to ! ,/eam ,eng9e3 ,eng9e ,f\ndations2 ,! ,/eam ,pi/on2 ,connect+ ,rods2 ,ecc5tric2 ,gov]nor2 ,mat]ials2 ,workman%ip2 ,c>e & ,managem5t2 ,l9+ up a ,horizontal or ,v]tical ,eng9e2 ,l9+ ,%aft+2 ,valve ,sett+2 ,cond5s]s2 ,/eam ,sep>ators2 ,air1 ,gas1 & ,compress+ ,eng9es3 ,comp\nd+2 ,ari?metic ( ! ,/eam ,eng9e2 ,!ory ( ! ,/eam ,eng9e2 ,con/ruction4 ,!re also is a description ( num]\s types ( ! eng9es n[ 9 op]ation1 su* z ! ,corliss1 ,we/+h\se1 & _m o!rs4 ,! book also treats g5]\sly ^u ! ,m>9e1 ,locomotive & ,gas ,eng9es4 ,illu/ration3 ,,new ,,cate*ism ,,( ,,! ,,/eam ,,eng9e ,n4 ,,hawk9s ,,me ,,audel ,,co4 ,?is is a r>ely f9e book1 h&somely b\nd 9 gre5 silk clo?1 ) full gold edges & titles2 x conta9s #ddj pages1 #cbe illu/rations2 9 size x is #f #h-a_/d in*es1 & weighs #b p\nds4 ,,price1 #b1 ,po/paid4 ,,!o4 ,,audel ,,co41 #fc ,,fif? ,,av5ue1 ,,new ,,york ,,/eam ,,eng9e ,,indicator #a ,,! "w is design$ = ! use ( erect+ & op]at+ eng9e]s1 sup]9t5d5ts1 & /ud5ts ( /eam eng9e]+1 relat+1 z x does1 to ! economical use ( /eam4 ,! foll[+ is a g5]al outl9e ( ! subjects def9$1 illu/rat$ & pres5t$ mo/ helpfully 9 ! book4 ,prep>+ ! ,indicator = use2 ,r$uc+ ,motions2 ,pip+ up ,indicator2 ,tak+ ,indicator ,c>ds2 ,! ,diagram2 ,figur+ ,/eam consumption by ! diagram2 ,revolution ,c\nt]s2 ,examples ( ,diagrams2 ,description ( ,indicators2 ,measur+ ,diagram by ,ord9ates2 ,planimet]s2 ,pantagraphs1 ,tables1 etc4 ,he :o /udies ?is "w ?\ghtfully w reap great b5efit & w f9d t !re is no?+ difficult or my/]i\s ab\t ! use ( ! ,/eam ,eng9e ,indicator4 ,?is k is necess>y to e well-in=m$ eng9e] & w und\bt$ly be highly appreciat$ & a /epp+-/one t[>d promotion & bett] ?+s4 ,illu/ration3 ,,practical ,,treatise --,,on ,,!-- ,,/eam ,,eng9e ,,indicator ,,hawk9s ,,indicator4 ,! "w is fully illu/rat$1 h&somely b\nd1 & is 9 e way a high grade publication4 ----,,price1 #a4jj---- ,,!o4 ,,audel ,,co41 #fc ,,fif? ,,av5ue1 ,,new ,,york ,,telephone ,,eng9e]+ #a ,,! 8,a ,b ,c ( ! ,telephone0 is a book valuable to all p]sons int]e/$ 9 ?is ev]-increas+ indu/ry4 ,no exp5se has be5 sp>$ by ! publi%]s1 or pa9s by ! au?or1 9 mak+ ?is ! mo/ compreh5sive h&book ev] br\ght out relat+ to ! telephone4 ,,table ,,( ,,cont5ts #bi ,,*apt]s ,! ,telephone ,app>atus & its ,op]ation2 ,a ,brief ,survey ( ! ,!ory ( ,s\nd1 ,necess>y to an ,und]/&+ ( ! ,telephone2 ,a ,brief ,survey ( ! ,pr9ciples ( ,electricity2 ,electrical ,quantities2 ,hi/ory ( ! ,speak+ ,telephone2 ,lat] ,modifications ( ! ,magnet ,telephone2 ,! ,c>bon ,microphone ,transmitt]2 ,! ,circuits ( a ,telephone ,app>atus2 ,! ,swit* ,hook & its ,function 9 ,telephone ,app>atus2 ,! ,swit*bo>d & ! ,appliances ( ! ,c5tral ,/ation2 ,! ,op]ator's ,swit* ,keys & ,telephone ,set2 ,improv$ ,swit*bo>d ,atta*m5ts2 ,swit*bo>d ,lamp ,signals & ,circuits2 ,! ,multiple ,swit*bo>d2 ,locally ,int]connect$ or ,multiple ,transf] ,swit*bo>d2 ,ex*ange ,batt]y ,sy/ems2 ,p>ty ,l9es & ,selective ,signals2 ,private ,telephone ,l9es & ,int]communicat+ ,sy/ems2 ,common ,return ,circuits2 ,private ,telephone ,l9es & ,int]communicat+ ,sy/ems2 ,full ,metallic ,circuits2 ,l>ge ,private ,sy/ems & ,automatic ,ex*anges2 ,devices = ,protect+ ,telephone ,app>atus f ,electrical ,di/urbances2 ,! ,g5]al ,conditions ( ,telephone ,l9e ,con/ruction2 ,telephone ,pole ,l9es2 ,wire ,transportations on a ,pole ,l9e4 ,telephone ,cables & _! ,use 9 ,und]gr\nd & ,pole ,l9es2 ,circuit ,balanc+ ,devices2 ,! ,microtelephone2 ,wireless ,telephony2 ,useful ,def9itions & ,h9ts on ,telephone ,managem5t4 ,,) ,,ready ,,ref]5ce ,,index ,illu/ration3 ,,hoyman',s ,a,b,c ,,( ,,! ,,telephone ,a ,,practical ,,treatise ,,) ,,illu/rations ,,& ,,diagrams #a ,,audel ,,co4 ,,new ,,york ,! volume conta9s #cge pages1 #bfh illu/rations & diagrams2 x is h&somely b\nd 9 black vellum clo?1 & is a g5]\sly good book )\t ref]5ce to co/4 ,,price1 #a1 ,po/paid4 ,,!o4 ,,audel ,,co41 #fc ,,fif? ,,av5ue1 ,,new ,,york ,hawk9s' ,diction>y1#c4ej ,,?is volume is ! mo/ useful book 9 ,me*anical ,lit]ature4 ,if con/antly ref]r$ to w enable ! /ud5t to acquire a correct k ( ! words1 t]ms & phrases 9 use 9 ,me*anical ,eng9e]+ & its v>i\s bran*es4 ,its greate/ value lies 9 ?is3 t no man repres5t+ ! me*anical pr(ession c f9d excuse = n kn[+ ! use & mean+ ( ! t]ms us$ 9 8 "w4 ,,hawk9s' ,,me*anical ,,diction>y expla9s & def9es 9 pla9 language ! use ( all words & t]ms n[ us$ or h]et(ore us$ 9 ! ,me*anic ,arts1 ,trades & ,sci5ces4 ,x is an unequal$ ref]5ce "w1 & is ! "o book ( p]man5t value no /ud5t or exp]t %\ld disp5se )4 ,complete f ,a to ,z4 ,highly endors$4 ,illu/ration3 ,,hawk9s' ,,me*anical ,,diction>y ,a ,,cyclop$ia ,,( ,,words1 ,,data ,,& ,,phrases ,conta9s #gjd pages1 h&somely b\nd1 price #c4ej po/paid4 ,satisfaction gu>ante$4 99 99 99 99 99 99 ,transcrib]'s note3 ,! orig9al spell+1 hyph5ation1 acc5tuation & punctuation has be5 reta9$1 except = app>5t typographical errors4 ,a table ( cont5ts has be5 add$ by ! transcrib] foll[+ ! preface4 ,index entry #8,evans1 ,robt41 #aa4' correct$ to read #8,evans1 ,oliv]1 viii4' ,9 ! *apt] #8,,*imneys ,,& ,,draught' #ab? p>a3- #8''' hav+ ab\t #a squ>e foot ( heat+ surface to #de squ>e feet ( heat+ surface4' ,?is has be5 *ang$ to read3- #8''' hav+ ab\t #a squ>e foot ( grate area to #de squ>e feet ( heat+ surface4' ,! ref]5ces to a #8,six ,in* ,flue ,boil]' 9 ,fig4 #cb & ! ,index may mean #8,six ,flue ,boil]'1 ^! in/ances h n be5 *ang$4 ,9 ! *apt] #8,,*emi/ry ,,( ,,! ,,furnace'1 ! op5+ p>agraph has a numb] ( app>5t typographical errors relat+ to names ( sub/ances4 ,^! h be5 left z pr9t$ & are3- naph?al9e typographical error = naph?al5e aliz>9e aliz>9 tolud9e toluid9e an?rac9e an?rac5e tolu*es tolu5e sac*>9e sac*>9