,transcrib]'s ,note ,obvi\s spell+ & punctuation errors correct$4 ,inconsi/5cies 9 spell+ & capitalization left z 9 ! orig9al4 ,italic text is repres5t$ by und]scores surr\nd+ ! italic text4 ,small capitals 9 ! orig9al h be5 conv]t$ to ,,all ,,caps 9 ! text4 ---------------------------------------- -------------------------------- ,,bullet9 ,,no4 #e4 ,u4 ,s4 ,,dep>tm5t ,,( ,,agriculture4 ,,division ,,( ,,pomology4 ,,fig ,,culture4 ,,edible ,,figs3 ,,_! ,,culture ,,& ,,cur+4 ,by ,,gu/av ,,eis51 ,curator 9 ,biology1 ,cali=nia ,academy ( ,sci5ces1 ,san ,francisco1 ,cal4 ,,fig ,,culture ,,9 ,,! ,,gulf ,,/ates4 ,by ,,frank ,s4 ,,e>le1 ,horticulturi/1 ,alabama ,exp]im5t ,/ation1 ,auburn1 ,ala4 ,illu/ration3 ,,unit$ ,,/ates ,,dep>tm5t ,,( ,,agriculture #ahfb #ahhi ,,agriculture ,,is ,,! ,,f\ndation ,,( ,,manufacture ,,& ,,comm]ce ,,wa%+ton3 ,,gov]nm5t ,,pr9t+ ,,(fice4 #ahig4 ---------------------------------------- -------------------------------- ,,lett] ,,( ,,transmittal4 ,u4 ,s4 ,,dep>tm5t ,,( ,,agriculture1 ,,division ,,( ,,pomology1 ,wa%+ton1 ,d4 ,c41 ,janu>y #cj1 #ahig4 ,,sir3 ,i h ! honor to transmit h]e)1 & to recomm5d = publication z a bullet9 ( ?is division1 articles on 8,edible figs3 _! culture & cur+10 by ,dr4 ,gu/av ,eis51 ( ,san ,francisco1 ,cal41 & 8,fig culture 9 ! ,gulf ,/ates10 by ,frank ,s4 ,e>le1 ( ,auburn1 ,ala4 ,! climatic conditions ( ! sections ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates 9 :i* figs c be successfully gr[n are s widely diff]5t t x has be5 deem$ advisable to publi% ^! pap]s z "o bullet91 9 ord] t a compreh5sive pres5tation ( ! subject may be )9 rea* ( ^? int]e/$ 9 ?is indu/ry4 ,s4 ,b4 ,,heiges1 ,pomologi/4 ,hon4 ,j4 ,,/]l+ ,,morton1 ,secret>y ( ,agriculture4 ---------------------------------------- -------------------------------- ,,cont5ts4 ,page4 ,,edible ,,figs3 ,,_! ,,culture ,,& ,,cur+4 7,by ,gu/av ,eis547 #e ,nature & /ructure ( ! fl[]s & fruit ( ! fig #e ,classification ( v>ieties ( edible figs #f ,v>ieties ( figs f\nd useful 9 ,cali=nia #g ,caprification #aj ,climate suitable = fig culture #aj ,figs = dry+ #aj ,figs = table use #aa ,figs = pres]v+1 cann+1 & home consumption #aa ,soil #aa ,propagation #ab ,se$l+s #ac ,budd+ & graft+ #ac ,plant+ #ad ,d\ble trees #ad ,/&>d trees #ae ,prun+ #ae ,dry+ & cur+ #af ,pick+ #af ,sulphur+ #ag ,dipp+ fre% figs #ag ,dry+ on trays #ah ,degree ( dryness #ai ,sweat+ & equaliz+ #ai ,artificial dry+ #ai ,pack+ #bj ,dipp+ #bj ,assort+ #bj ,pull+ #bj ,pack+ #ba ,press+ #ba ,,fig ,,culture ,,9 ,,! ,,gulf ,,/ates4 7,by ,frank ,s4 ,e>le47 #bc ,propagation #bc ,soil & location #bd ,cultivation & f]tilization #be ,insect enemies & diseases #bf ,fig-tree bor] #bf ,fig-leaf mite #bg ,root knot #bg ,fig-leaf ru/ #bg ,fig ,c]cospora #bg ,die back #bh ,root rot #bh ,v>ieties #bh ,li/ ( figs recomm5d$ by ,am]ican ,pomological ,society #bi ,uses #bi ,m>ket+ fre% figs #cj ,cann+ factories #ca ---------------------------------------- -------------------------------- ,,fig ,,culture4 ,,edible ,,figs3 ,,_! ,,culture ,,& ,,cur+4 ,by ,,gu/av ,,eis54 ,! edible figs cultivat$ 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates bo? = eat+ fre% & = dry+ all belong to "o species1 ,ficus c>ica4 ,( ?is species !re are n[ describ$ ab\t #djj v>ieties :i* are suffici5tly di/9ct to be consid]$ by ! /ud5t & ! practical horticulturi/4 ,! int5d+ plant] %\ld /udy ! "* ( ! v>ieties m closely ?an has hi!rto be5 cu/om>y 9 ?is c\ntry1 ?\gh 8 safe/ plan is1 ( c\rse1 to plant 9 quantity only su* v>ieties z h prov$ valuable 9 8 own locality1 or :]e soil & climate are simil>4 ,,nature ,,& ,,/ructure ,,( ,,! ,,fl[]s ,,& ,,fruit ,,( ,,! ,,fig4 ,be=e we consid] ^! diff]5t v>ieties1 a few rem>ks on ! nature & /ructure ( ! fruit are necess>y4 ,! fig :i* we eat is really a receptacle1 on ! surface ( :i* are situat$ ! num]\s fl[]s4 ,b z ?is surface is concave1 or curv$ inw>dly1 l ! holl[ ( a clos$ h&1 ! fl[]s c n be se5 except :5 ! fig is cut4 ,!n x becomes app>5t t ! *amb] =m$ by ! curv$ receptacle communicates ) ! outside by means ( ! 8eye0 at its apex4 ,9 "s v>ieties ! 8eye0 is almo/ clos$1 op5+ only :5 ! fig has rea*$ a c]ta9 age2 9 o!rs x is s l>ge t a pea c\ld easily pass ?r\gh4 ,! fl[]s are always m or less fle%y1 are g5]ally imp]fect1 & d n mu* resemble ! bright fl[]s ( o!r fruit trees & plants 9 our g>d5s4 ,!re are f\r di/9ct k9ds ( fig fl[]s1 b ^! are n always f\nd 9 a s+le fig1 9 fact !y are r>ely all f\nd toge!r4 ,!y are designat$ z foll[s3 ,male fl[]s4--,^! possess f\r poll5-produc+ /am5s4 ,!y are f\nd only 9 ! wild or 8caprifig10 ! ance/or ( our cultivat$ figs1 & 9 a v few v>ieties ( edible figs4 ,female fl[]s4--,^! possess a s+le /yle1 /igma1 & ov>y1 & :5 f]tiliz$1 produce se$s4 ,ow+ to ! abs5ce ( male fl[]s1 or ! failure ( ! male & female fl[]s 9 ! same fig to mature at ! same "t1 !y r>ely produce f]tile se$s unless f]tiliz$ by poll5 c>ri$ by insects4 ,gall fl[]s4--,^! are deg5]ate female fl[]s :i* d n produce se$s1 ! abortive ov>y s]v+ only = ! habitation & bre$+ place ( a v small wasp1 ! ,bla/ophaga1 :i* is us$ 9 caprification4 ,! gall fl[]s are f\nd only 9 ! orig9al wild fig4 ,mule fl[]s4--,^! are imp]fect female fl[]s1 incapable ( produc+ se$s or ( af=d+ a bre$+ place = ! wasp4 ,^! fl[]s are f\nd to ! exclusion ( all o!rs 9 mo/ ( our cultivat$ figs4 ,because ( ^! diff]5ces 9 ! fl[]s ! num]\s v>ieties ( edible figs may be divid$ into tribes or subspecies4 ,^! are z foll[s3 ,,classification ,,( ,,v>ieties ,,( ,,edible ,,figs4 ,caprifigs 7goat figs or wild figs74--,^! figs gr[ wild 9 s\!rn ,europe1 nor!rn ,africa1 & we/]n ,asia1 & h be5 rec5tly introduc$ into ,cali=nia4 ,!y be> all ! k9ds ( fl[]s except ! mule fl[]s1 & z !y are ! only figs be>+ male fl[]s !y are ess5tial 9 all fig di/ricts :]e mature & f]tile se$s are ( importance1 or 9 o!r words1 :]e caprification is necess>y4 ,smyrna figs4--,^! are gr[n only 9 ! ,smyrna di/rict ( ,asia ,m9or4 ,!y h only female fl[]s1 & nei!r ^! latt] nor ! receptacle on :i* !y gr[ w come to any maturity )\t caprification or poll9ation4 ,s-call$ ,smyrna figs1 :i* h be5 b\ght ( nurs]ym51 h g5]ally prov$ spuri\s1 z1 unlike ! true ,smyrna figs1 !y mature _! fruit )\t poll9ation4 ,( late ye>s true ,smyrna figs h be5 plant$ 9 ,cali=nia1 b !y h fail$ to rip5 fruit except :5 artificially poll9at$4 ,^! w n produce ripe fruit 9 comm]cial quantities until caprification c be practic$1 & nei!r ^! nor ! caprifig %\ld be plant$ at ! pres5t "t1 except = exp]im5tal purposes4 ,common edible figs4--,^! are ! common v>ieties ( our or*>ds1 :i* be> fruit & mature x ) regul>ity )\t poll9ation or caprification4 ,!y be> two crops a ye>1 ! 8e>ly figs0 or 8brebas10 & ! lat] or 8summ] figs40 ,( ?is tribe alone !re are "s #djj v>ieties describ$ m or less p]fectly1 & probably z _m m undescrib$ & unkn[n4 ,san ,p$ro figs4--,?is tribe conta9s only a few doz5 v>ieties1 "s ( :i* are cultivat$ 9 ,cali=nia1 & also 9 ,florida & o!r ,s\!rn ,/ates4 ,!y are *>act]iz$ by matur+ only ! fir/ crop or 8brebas40 ,! second crop always drops be=e rea*+ maturity4 ,! cause ( ?is is t ! fir/ crop conta9s only 8mule fl[]s10 l ^? ( ! common figs1 :ile ! second conta9s only 8female fl[]s10 l ^? ( ! ,smyrna figs4 ,! ,san ,p$ro tribe ( fig v>ieties is specially valuable on acc\nt ( ! l>ge size & e>ly maturity ( ! 8brebas0 or fir/ crop4 ,!y %\ld1 !re=e1 be plant$ only 9 places :]e x is desirable to gr[ l>ge1 e>ly figs1 = m>ket+ fre%4 ,!y d n succe$ ev]y:]e1 z !y require a w>m & e>ly spr+ climate4 ,9 tropical c\ntries !re are num]\s v>ieties ( o!r species ( figs gr[+ wild4 ,_m ( !m are edible1 b all are less palatable ?an our edible fig1 & ) ! exception ( ! ,sycomore fig1 ,ficus sycomorus1 ( ,africa1 are ( no economic importance except z food = animals4 ,= ?is purpose1 h[ev]1 !y are v useful1 & ! ,sycomore fig %\ld be introduc$ into ! ,s\!rn ,/ates1 :]e x w\ld probably ?rive 9 fro/-free localities4 ,,v>ieties ,,( ,,figs ,,f\nd ,,useful ,,9 ,,cali=nia4 ,! exi/+ confusion reg>d+ ! names ( ! v>ieties ( ! fig is l>gely due to incomplete descriptions4 ,! foll[+ po9ts are ( importance 9 e fig description1 & %\ld always be not$3 ,size1 =m1 neck1 /alk1 ribs1 eye1 color ( sk91 color ( pulp1 se$s1 quality1 gr[?1 & leaf4 ,9 ord] to simplify descriptions1 ^! po9ts %\ld always be m5tion$ 9 ! same ord]4 ,x is also ( great importance to note :e!r ! fir/ crop alone matures fruit1 & :e!r ! two crops diff] mat]ially 9 any ( ! above-m5tion$ po9ts4 ,( ! #djj or m describ$ v>ieties ( figs1 comp>atively few h be5 te/$ 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates4 ,mo/ ( ^? te/$ are ,fr5* or hot-h\se v>ieties1 v few s\!rn or ,m$it]ranean figs hav+ be5 introduc$1 ?\gh _m ( ! latt] are wor?y ( te/+ 9 ?is c\ntry4 ,a few ( ! v>ieties t h be5 f\nd mo/ useful 9 ,cali=nia are describ$3 ,,adriatic4--,size m$ium1 r\ndi%2 neck m$ium1 /alk %ort2 ribs obscure2 eye op51 ) r$ iris2 sk9 v ?91 gre5i% 9 ! %ade1 yell[i% 9 ! sun2 pulp bright /rawb]ry r$ or ) violet /reaks 9 ! meat2 v>ies 9 quality accord+ to location4 ,?is has be5 f\nd v useful 9 ,cali=nia1 b is n ( f9e flavor :5 dri$4 ,x requires ri* soil1 ) consid]able moi/ure & a v l>ge p]c5tage ( lime4 ,?is v>iety is n id5tical ) t kn[n 9 ,italy z ,adriatic4 ,,angelique 7syn4 ,angelica74--,m$ium1 pyri=m2 ribs prom95t1 yell[i% :ite2 pulp :ite ) rose-color$ c5t]2 leaves five-lob$4 ,a v good v>iety 9 "s ( ! coa/ valleys4 ,,a!nes 7syn4 ,m>seillaise74--,small1 r\ndi% or turb9ate1 ) indi/9ct ribs1 depress$ at apex1 sk9 r\gh2 color :iti% yell[1 pulp r$1 opal9e2 v sweet & "o ( ! be/ dry+ figs bo? 9 ,france & ,cali=nia4 ,,b\rjassotte1 ,,black 7syn4 ,b>nissotte1 ,black74--,m$ium1 broad] ?an long1 flatt5$ at apex1 ) no neck & an unev5 *eek2 ribs di/9ct1 ev52 eye small1 sunk1 clos$2 sk9 waxy1 black ) violet blu%2 bloom cle> blue1 want+ at apex2 meat p9k1 pulp blood-r$4 ,a mo/ excell5t fig = table4 ,x requires ri*1 moi/ soil4 ,,b\rjassotte1 ,,:ite 7syn4 ,b>nissotte1 ,:ite74--,a fig relat$ to ! =m]1 b l>g]2 eye l>ge1 sunk2 sk9 waxy1 gre52 pulp bright r$4 ,a v f9e fig4 ,tree v l>ge4 ,,br[n ,,turkey4--,l>ge1 turb9ate1 pyri=m1 ) h>dly di/9ct neck2 /alk %ort2 apex flatt5$2 ribs few1 slightly elevat$2 eye m$ium1 slightly op51 scales l>ge2 sk9 smoo?1 gre5i% to violet-br[n 9 sun1 ) d>k] ribs2 pulp d>k1 rosy r$1 quality good1 & tree a good be>]4 ,brunswick is frequ5tly conf\nd$ ) ?is fig4 ,,brunswick4--,v l>ge1 pyri=m1 ) swoll5 *eeks1 "o ( :i* is l>g] ?an ! o!r2 apex v obtuse2 neck & /alk v %ort2 ribs di/9ct1 b n mu* elevat$2 eye m$ium1 op52 sk9 pale amb] ) violet t9t2 pulp amb]4 ,an e>ly1 l>ge fig1 b ) no flavor4 ,v common2 requires ri*1 moi/ soil4 ,,cele/e1 ,,blue 7syn4 ,violette74--,small1 ovate1 turb9ate2 ribs few1 b di/9ct1 especially ne> apex2 eye rais$1 r\gh2 color d>k1 violet amb]1 )\t r$di% blu%2 bloom conf9$ to ! neck2 sk9 ?92 pulp deep rose2 meat amb]2 sweet1 b lack+ 9 flavor4 ,,dottato4--,m$ium ovate1 pyri=m2 neck well set2 /alk v %ort or none2 ribs l[2 sk9 smoo?2 eye m$ium2 sk9 ?91 yell[i% gre52 meat :ite2 pulp yell[i% amb]1 sometimes ) violet flu%4 ,"o ( ! be/ figs = dry+2 tree a /rong gr[]1 requir+ moi/1 ri* soil4 ,lately introduc$ into ,cali=nia4 ,,drap ,d',,or4--,l>ge1 pyri=m1 ) v l[ neck & /alk2 ribs elevat$2 apex obtuse & concave2 color light1 violet1 r$di% amb]1 n d>k2 pulp rosy r$4 ,a fig ( v f9e quality1 especially useful = confections & cry/alliz+2 n id5tical ) ,brunswick4 ,,du ,,roi4--,above m$ium2 r\nd1 pyri=m2 /alk v %ort2 eye l>ge or v>iable1 ) scales /&+ out2 sk9 smoo?1 pale blui% gre52 pulp amb]1 ) rosy /reaks & exce$+ly m9ute se$s4 ,relat$ to ,m>seillaise & ,a!nes1 & "o ( ! v be/ figs 9 ,cali=nia = dry+4 ,,e>ly ,,violet4--,small to v small1 r\nd1 turb9ate2 neck di/9ct b %ort2 /alk m$ium to long2 ribs di/9ct1 elevat$1 sk9 r\gh2 violet-br[n1 ) ?91 pe>l-color$ bloom2 pulp r$4 ,?is v>iety be>s almo/ cont9u\sly & is pref]able to ! ,is*ias & ,cele/e4 ,,g5oa1 ,,:ite4--,above m$ium1 pyri=m2 neck small2 /alk %ort2 ribs indi/9ct2 sk9 d[ny2 eye v small2 sk9 pale olive-gre52 pulp pale rose4 ,"o ( ! bett] figs1 q di/9ct f ,m>seillaise4 ,,g5tile4--,v l>ge2 ovate pyri=m2 neck %ort b di/9ct2 /alk v %ort2 sk9 unev51 ) ridges2 eye v l>ge1 op51 ) project+ scales2 color gre5i% yell[ spott$ ) :ite2 pulp amb]1 /reak$ ) rose2 se$s few b v l>ge4 ,only ! fir/ crop ( ?is v>iety rip5s4 ,x is ( ! ,san ,p$ro tribe4 ,"o ( ! be/ e>ly figs4 ,,grosse ,,grise ,,bif,,re4--,m$ium1 ovate pyri=m2 neck v %ort1 /alk %ort2 ribs di/9ct2 eye small2 sk9 d[ny1 d>k violet amb]1 pale olive 9 %ade2 ! bloom is sep>at$ by a di/9ct l9e f ! apex2 pulp deep r$4 ,a t5d]1 good fig4 ,,is*ia1 ,,black4--,small2 neck %ort2 /alk m$ium2 sk9 smoo?2 color d>k1 violet black1 gre5i% ar\nd ! apex2 neck d>k2 eye m$ium1 op52 bloom ?91 d>k blue2 pulp r$4 ,( fair quality b small size4 ,,is*ia1 ,,:ite4--,size bel[ m$ium1 r\nd1 ) small neck2 /alk v %ort2 eye op52 sk9 smoo?1 blui% gre5 ) br[n flu%2 pulp rosy r$4 ,common 9 ,cali=nia1 b h>dly wor?y ( cultivation 9 t ,/ate4 ,,magdal54--,bel[ m$ium2 r\nd2 ribs di/9ct1 r\gh1 disappe>+ ar\nd ! eye2 /alk long] ?an ! fig2 eye op51 l>ge2 sk9 gre5i% yell[2 pulp amb] :ite4 ,a v delici\s fig1 sup]ior to ! ,is*ias & ,cele/e2 n synonym\s ) ,angelique4 ,,m>seillaise1 ,,long4--,l>ge1 long] ?an wide2 sk9 ?ick ) br[ni% %ade2 pulp dull r$4 ,requires moi/ soils4 ,a fair fig :i* dries well2 n relat$ to ei!r ,black or ,:ite ,m>seillaise4 ,,m>seillaise1 ,,:ite4--,m$ium ovate1 pyri=m2 neck %ort2 /alk m$ium2 ribs num]\s & di/9ct2 apex flatt5$2 eye l>ge1 op52 sk9 d[ny1 pale yell[i% gre51 mottl$ ) :ite2 pulp amb]1 ) a few l>ge se$s4 ,"o ( ! be/ figs = dry+4 ,requires s&y1 ri* soil4 ,,mission1 ,,black4--,m$ium to l>ge1 turb9ate2 neck long2 /alk %ort2 ribs di/9ct2 eye prom95t1 op52 sk9 r\gh1 deep mahogany violet1 ) a r$ flu%2 pulp n f9e1 r$1 b n bright or br[ni% amb]2 sweet b n high-flavor$2 common 9 ! ,s\!rn ,/ates1 ,cali=nia1 & ,mexico4 ,! olde/ fig 9 ?is c\ntry4 ,,monaco ,,bianco 7syn4 ,:ite ,monaco74--,l>ge1 r\nd$1 turb9ate1 flatt5$2 neck small b v di/9ct2 ribs num]\s2 eye v op52 sk9 d>k1 blui% gre5 ) ?9 bloom2 pulp d>k-r$ rose2 a mo/ excell5t fig = table2 "o ( ! be/ 9 ,cali=nia4 ,,pa/ili,,re4--,l>ge1 #c in*es by #a2 elongat$1 pyri=m ) long neck2 /alk %ort2 eye clos$1 surr\nd$ by an elevat$ iris2 sk9 r\gh1 hairy1 ) blue bloom2 pulp r$4 ,f9e = pres]ves4 ,,ronde ,,noire4--,l>ge1 r\nd1 b irregul>2 neck di/9ct1 %ort2 eye small2 sk9 smoo?1 waxy1 d>k violet br[n2 pulp amb]4 ,greatly to be recomm5d$ z a table fig4 ,x is n relat$ to ,black ,is*ia or ,osborn ,prolific4 ,,san ,,p$ro1 ,,black4--,v l>ge1 elongat$ ovate1 ) no /alk1 b ) well set neck2 sk9 smoo?1 violet black ) gre5 neck2 pulp r$1 copp]y1 t9t$ violet4 ,= table use4 ,! l>ge/ fig kn[n4 ,x is n relat$ to ! foll[+ v>iety3 ,,san ,,p$ro1 ,,:ite 7syn4 ,brebas74--,v l>ge1 r\nd1 flatt5$ at apex2 /alk & neck %ort2 eye op52 sk9 ?ick1 t5d]1 ( a bright yell[ color or gre5i% 9 ! %ade1 )\t bloom2 pulp amb]4 ,a rem>kable & h&some fig4 ,only ! fir/ crop matures )\t caprification4 ,suit$ only = table use4 ,requires moi/1 ri* soil4 ,,v]dal1 ,,r\nd4--,bel[ m$ium1 r\nd pyri=m1 )\t /alk or neck2 sk9 smoo?1 waxy1 blui% gre52 eye clos$2 pulp d>k1 blood r$4 ,a small fig1 b valuable = cann+ & pres]ves2 bett] ?an ! ,is*ias or ,cele/e4 ,x does well 9 ! ,santa ,cl>a ,valley1 b is inf]ior 9 ! int]ior ( ! ,/ate4 ,,caprification4 ,?is process mu/ be practic$ :]ev] ! ,smyrna figs are gr[n1 = )\t x !y w n mature ei!r se$s or figs4 ,! fl[]s ( ! ,smyrna figs are all pi/illate & require poll9ation1 :i* 9 ! case ( ^! v>ieties c be effect$ on a l>ge scale only ?r\gh caprification4 ,! process consi/s 9 ! susp5sion ( wild caprifigs1 :i* possess /am9ate & gall fl[]s1 9 ! ,smyrna fig trees1 :5 ! pi/ils 9 ! blossoms ( ! latt] are 9 a receptive condition4 ,a m9ute wasp1 ! ,bla/ophaga1 bre$s 9 ! caprifig 9 l>ge numb]s1 & on leav+ x crawls into ! ,smyrna fig1 cov]$ ) ! poll5 ( ! caprifig4 ,?is poll51 transf]r$ by contact f ! body ( ! wasp to ! receptive /igmas ( ! fl[]s 9 ! ,smyrna figs1 effects ! f]tilization ( ! ovules ( ^? fl[]s & causes !m to =m se$s & mature ! fruit ( :i* !y are a "p4 ,^! se$s imp>t a nutty aroma & flavor to ! fig :5 dri$1 & give x a m>k$ sup]iority to our common figs4 ,caprification is n yet practic$ 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates1 ! wasp n exi/+ "h1 ?\gh bo? x & "s ( ! ,smyrna figs h be5 br\ght to ?is c\ntry sev]al times4 ,! fir/ importation ( ,smyrna fig trees 0 made by ,gulian ,p4 ,rix=d1 ab\t #ahhj1 :5 ?ree v>ieties ( ,smyrna figs & a s+le caprifig tree 7 introduc$4 ,,climate ,,suitable ,,= ,,fig ,,culture4 ,a native ( a semitropical climate1 ! fig requires a simil> climate to atta9 p]fection4 ,_m horticultural v>ieties1 h[ev]1 h orig9at$ 9 temp]ate regions1 & ^! c be gr[n ) pr(it 9 a climate mu* cold] ?an t ( ! habitat ( ! wild fig4 ,figs1 9 fact1 may be gr[n 9 all regions :]e pea*es & apricots succe$ )\t protection1 & if giv5 w9t] protection !y c be pr(itably gr[n 9 su* regions ne> l>ge cities :i* furni% a m>ket = ! fre% fruit at pr(itable prices4 ,9 consid]+ ! suitability ( ! climate ( a region = fig culture1 ! purpose = :i* ! figs are to be gr[n mu/ be fir/ det]m9$4 ,figs may be gr[n = dry+1 = cann+ & pres]v+1 = sale 9 ! fre% /ate1 or = g5]al home consumption4 ,z ! conditions & treatm5t necess>y to produce fruit suit$ to ^! diff]5t uses v>y consid]ably1 ea* subject w be discuss$ sep>ately4 ,,figs ,,= ,,dry+4 ,! be/ dri$ figs are produc$ 9 w>m c\ntries1 su* z ! ,m$it]ranean region ( ,europe1 ,asia ,m9or1 ,upp] & ,l[] ,cali=nia1 b especially 9 ,asia ,m9or1 9 ! valleys ne> ,smyrna4 ,! conditions ( climate !re are z foll[s3 ,! days are mod]ately w>m1 ! temp]ature seldom exce$+ #ij ,f4 ,^! conditions prevail dur+ ! summ]1 :ile ! figs are gr[+ & rip5+4 ,! w9t] is seldom fro/y4 ,! w9t] climate1 h[ev]1 is ( less importance1 provid$ x is n cold en\gh to injure ! "y figs or ! tips ( ! bran*es4 ,su* fro/s w n injure ! second crop1 :i* is us$ = dry+1 b x is a great drawback to ! wild fig & to ! fig insects1 :i* are necess>y to ! matur+ ( ! fruit ( c]ta9 v>ieties ( dry+ figs4 ,! summ] climate is almo/ ra9less1 :ile 9 w9t] !re are abundant ra9s4 ,! air 9 summ] is n a dry1 des]t air1 h[ev]1 b c>ries consid]able moi/ure4 ,! moi/ure ( ! air is an important po9t1 z 9 a v dry air ! figs d n develop high flavor1 b are 8flat0 9 ta/e4 ,dur+ ! dry+ season !re %\ld be little or no ra94 ,,figs ,,= ,,table ,,use4 ,figs are gr[n = ! table z f> nor? z ,p>is1 9 ,france1 & 9 ! s\? ( ,engl&4 ,!y may be simil>ly gr[n 9 mo/ ( ! ,middle ,/ates ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates4 ,9 ,engl& figs are gr[n aga9/ walls z dw>f trees or %rubs1 & ! trees are cov]$ ) mats dur+ ! w9t]4 ,9 ! vic9ity ( ,p>is ! trees are dw>f$ & gr[n z 8suck]s10 :i* are b5t to ! gr\nd 9 w9t] & cov]$ ) sev]al feet ( soil4 ,only c]ta9 v>ieties are suitable = ?is culture1 :i*1 h[ev]1 is v pr(itable4 ,! figs produc$ are all 8fir/ crop0 figs1 & are z a rule ( sup]ior quality4 ,,figs ,,= ,,pres]v+1 ,,cann+1 ,,& ,,home ,,consumption4 ,except 9 ! mo/ favor$ localities 9 ! ,s\!rn ,/ates & ,cali=nia1 ^! are ! uses to :i* ,am]ican-gr[n figs mu/ be devot$4 ,to produce fruit suitable = ^! purposes1 fre$om f fogs1 f summ] ra9s1 & f spr+ fro/s is ess5tial4 ,if !re is a *oice ( locality1 a w>m s\!rn or ea/]n exposure is to be pref]r$4 ,! soil %\ld be well dra9$1 nev] swampy1 & ! locality %\ld n be expos$ to heavy w9ds4 ,elevat$ bottom l&s or b5*es along creeks are ! mo/ favorable localities = figs4 ,l>ge pla9s1 swampy places1 or expos$ hillsides are all unfavorable4 ,! ne>] ! conditions approa* ^? ( ! ,smyrna region ! bett]4 ,ra9s dur+ ! fruit+ season are frequ5tly injuri\s to figs1 caus+ !m to crack & s\r4 ,/ill1 ! fruit may be pr(itably gr[n :]e mod]ate summ] ra9s occur4 ,,soil4 ,all v>ieties ( figs d n require ! same k9d ( soil4 ,mo/ ( !m1 h[ev]1 mu/ h a w>m1 moi/1 b n wet soil4 ,a v few v>ieties ?rive 9 a poor1 gravelly soil1 b mo/ k9ds require a deep1 ri* loam1 conta9+ a consid]able p]c5tage ( lime1 9 ord] to produce sup]ior figs4 ,a mod]ate proportion ( gravel t5ds to keep ! soil w>m & is desirable1 b ! soil mu/ be ri*4 ,,propagation4 ,! fig tree is easily propagat$ by ! me?ods commonly practic$ ) fruit trees4 ,x may be budd$ or graft$1 b is mo/ readily gr[n f cutt+s4 ,^! may be plant$ :]e ! trees are to /& or root$ 9 ! nurs]y r[s & transplant$ lat] to ! or*>d site4 ,:i* me?od is advisable = any p>ticul> site dep5ds ^u ! conditions !re4 ,if ! soil & climatic conditions ( ! propos$ location are favorable to ! un9t]rupt$ gr[? ( cutt+s1 x is bett] & *eap] to plant !m directly 9 ! field4 ,if !re is any d\bt on ^! po9ts1 or if ! prop] c>e & att5tion c n be giv5 !m1 ! bett] plan is to plant trees ) good roots & well-=m$ heads1 gr[n "u favorable conditions by a nurs]yman4 ,! be/ "t = mak+ cutt+s is aft] ! leaves h fall51 :5 ! fig tree is comp>atively dormant4 ,cutt+s may be made ( ei!r "o ye> or two ye> old wood4 ,if ! cutt+s are to be plant$ :]e !y c rema91 #b-ye>-old wood is pref]able1 z long] cutt+s c be secur$1 b if !y are to be plant$ 9 nurs]y1 ye>l+ wood is be/4 ,9 ei!r case ! wood :5 fre%ly cut %\ld disclose a moi/ surface1 cov]$ ) small1 :iti%1 milky drops4 ,if dry :5 cut1 x %\ld be disc>d$4 ,! l5g? ( ! cutt+ mu/ be regulat$ by ! condition ( ! soil4 ,if ?is is moi/ & likely to rema9 s ! cutt+s may be #ab to #ah in*es long4 ,if ! surface soil is dry1 ! cutt+ %\ld be suffici5tly long to h its l[] end 9 moi/ soil4 ,on v dry soils ?is may require a cutt+ #c or #d feet 9 l5g?1 ?\gh su* long cutt+s are r>ely ne$$1 & 9 no case except :5 !y are to be plant$ directly 9 ! or*>d4 ,9 mak+ ! cutt+s c>e %\ld be obs]v$ t ! l[] cut be made j bel[ a jo9t or node & ! upp] "o j above a jo9t4 ,! be/ cutt+ is "o :i* t]m9ates 9 a bud & has a smoo?1 clean cut j bel[ a jo9t at its base4 ,no matt] :at ! l5g? ( ! cutt+1 x %\ld always be plant$ s deeply t b "o jo9t protrudes above ! surface ( ! soil4 ,?is w prev5t ! dry+ out ( ! cutt+ by ! action ( sun & w9d4 ,x is bett] to h ! top bud cov]$ ) e>? ?an to leave a high /ump project+ above ! surface4 ,fig trees may be gr[n f s+le eyes or %ort tips1 9 boxes fill$ ) moi/ s&1 set 9 frames & cov]$ ) clo? to keep ! soil moi/ & cool4 ,^! w make f9e trees 9 "t1 b !y g5]ally require to be a ye> old] ?an ^? gr[n f l>ge cutt+s be=e !y are suitable = plant+ 9 or*>d4 ,great c>e %\ld be ex]cis$ 9 remov+ fig cutt+s or plants f "o place to ano!r4 ,!y dry out readily & a few mom5ts' exposure to ! sun or hot1 dry w9d w s]i\sly damage !m4 ,!y %\ld nev] be all[$ to become dry1 & %\ld be wrapp$ 9 wet sacks or clo?s z soon z tak5 f ! trees or f ! propagat+ b$4 ,cutt+s p>tially dry may be reviv$ by soak+ 9 wat]1 b fig roots once dry are dead & incapable ( re/oration to life4 ,,se$l+s4 ,se$l+ figs are easily gr[n f se$s ( import$ ,smyrna figs4 ,^! ,smyrna figs always possess g]m9able se$s1 z !y h be5 poll9at$4 ,x is q safe to say t any se$l+ fig s f> record$ 9 ?is c\ntry has orig9at$ f se$s ( ,smyrna figs import$ f ,asia ,m9or4 ,! se$s ( our common figs are m]e %ells )\t g]ms1 & w ( c\rse fail to gr[4 ,! p]c5tage ( trees produc+ fruit ( high quality among se$l+s gr[n f ,smyrna figs is v small1 h[ev]1 & a comm]cial or*>d plant$ ) su* se$l+s w\ld be a failure4 ,! gr[] may n[ & !n produce a v>iety :i* w repay 8 ef=ts1 & su* v>iety c be propagat$ = g5]al plant+4 ,,budd+ ,,& ,,graft+4 ,! fig may be propagat$ by %ield budd+1 provid$ ! "w is done at ! prop] "t4 ,t "t is w9t]1 :5 ! tree is z ne> dormant z x c be f\nd4 ,budd+ is r>ely resort$ to1 h[ev]1 z x is an unc]ta9 me?od :5 done by p]sons )\t skill4 ,graft+ ! fig is successfully practic$ 9 ,cali=nia by a me?od inv5t$ by ,mr4 ,john ,rock4 ,x is ! only me?od ( fig graft+ t has prov$ reliable1 practical1 & ( real value !re4 ,by means ( x1 new v>ieties are br\ght into heavy be>+ )9 ?ree ye>s aft] graft+ on old trees4 ,9 addition to ?is sav+ ( "t1 ! usual advantages result+ f graft+1 su* z bett] & /rong] /ock1 m vigor\s gr[?1 etc41 may also be atta9$4 ,! be/ "t = graft+ ! fig is autumn or w9t]1 :5 ! sap is mo/ sluggi%4 ,late spr+ graft+ is less successful4 ,! be/ scions are made ( #b-ye>-old wood4 ,! slop+ end ( ! scion mu/ be w$ge-%ape1 tap]+ f front to back z well z f ! top ( ! cut to ! bottom4 ,b "o surface ( ! w$ge %\ld %[ ! pi?1 & ?is surface %\ld face t[>d ! c5t] ( ! /ock :5 ! scion is set4 ,incipi5t fruit buds %\ld be cut away )\t injur+ ! scion4 ,! scion %\ld be s plac$ t ! broad side ( ! w$ge w be outside & ! n>r[ edge t[>d ! c5t] ( ! /ock4 ,= ! /ock1 any limb f #b to #d in*es 9 diamet] may be us$4 ,?is %\ld be cut (f squ>ely at ! po9t to be graft$4 ,a d[nw>d cut %\ld !n be made ) a *isel1 9 su* a way t x %all be tang5tial to ! circul> /ub4 ,x mu/ n pass ?r\gh ! pi? ( ! /ub4 ,! cut %\ld run some:at obliquely d[nw>d & outw>d1 9 ord] t ! /ock may n be split4 ,! scion1 :i* is ab\t #c or #d in*es long1 mu/1 :5 ins]t$1 =m an angle ) ! long diamet] pi? ( ! /ock bran* on :i* x is graft$4 ,x is be/ to place two scions on ea* bran* graft$4 ,^! %\ld be on opposite sides ( ! /ub & !y %\ld lean slightly t[>d ea* o!r4 ,! expos$ surfaces ( ! /ock & scion %\ld !n be heavily wax$ & ! scions %\ld be held 9 place by b9d+ ) cord or o!r mat]ial4 ,x is be/ to place a l>ge numb] ( scions on "o tree4 ,f\r or five bran*es may be cut (f & graft$1 b "o or two %\ld be left uncut = a ye> to draw ! sap4 ,a l>ge /ake %\ld be driv5 into ! gr\nd ne> ea* bran* graft$1 & :5 ! scions h />t$ ! new gr[? %\ld be secur$ to ! /akes to prev5t !m f break+ (f4 ,! trunk & ma9 limbs ( ! fig tree %\ld be cov]$ ) bundles ( /raw to prev5t sunburn4 ,! aft]-treatm5t ( ! new gr[? is simil> to t requir$ 9 ! graft+ ( o!r fruit trees4 ,! new gr[? is /rong & rapid & ! connection ) ! /ock p]fect4 ,n9ety p] c5t ( ! grafts may be readily made to gr[4 ,,plant+4 ,! prop] di/ance to be giv5 fig trees 9 ! or*>d dep5ds ^u ! size & habit ( ! v>iety to be plant$4 ,! small] k9ds require #be feet2 ! l>g] ones %\ld be #ej feet ap>t 9 e direction4 ,sometimes o!r fruit trees are plant$ betwe5 ! figs & all[$ to rema9 until ! latt] become s l>ge t !y require ! entire space4 ,! fig tree requires an abundance ( air & sun%9e to mature its fruit1 & x is !re=e absolutely necess>y t ! trees be s arrang$ t !y %all n %ade "o ano!r4 ,aft] ! di/ance is decid$1 ! lay+ out & plant+ require ! same g5]al skill1 labor1 & me?ods us$ 9 plant+ o!r p]man5t or*>ds4 ,a few po9ts 9 plant+ are peculi> to ! fig1 h[ev]1 & require special consid]ation4 ,,d\ble ,,trees4 ,trees may be set s+ly1 z /&>ds1 9 ! way commonly practic$ ) o!r fruit trees1 or !y may be set 8d\ble0--t is1 two trees plant$ toge!r 9 "o hole & all[$ to rema94 ,! latt] me?od has n h]et(ore be5 advocat$ 9 ?is c\ntry b is wor?y ( ?or\gh trial4 ,! me?od consi/s 9 plant+ two long cutt+s1 ab\t #ab in*es ap>t1 9 ! same hole1 all[+ !m to protrude f ! gr\nd a few in*es4 ,bo? are all[$ to gr[ & ! two are treat$ z a s+le tree ) two /ems or /&>ds4 ,! object s\ght is to produce two di/9ct /ems or trunks1 9 ord] t ! splitt+ d[n ( bran*es may be prev5t$4 ,9 ?is way trees ) l[1 slop+ bran*es1 hav+ _! ma9 trunks lean+ outw>d1 w be =m$ & x w be impossible = ! trunks1 ! ma9 bran*es1 or ! small] ones to split d[n4 ,bran*es split only :5 !y po9t upw>d or /& /raight out--nev] :5 !y slope d[nw>d f ! trunk4 ,,/&>d ,,trees4 ,^! may be plant$ 9 ! usual way1 b great c>e mu/ be tak5 9 %ad+ ! roots :ile ! trees are be+ plant$4 ,aft] !y are set1 ! trunks %\ld be %ad$ by wrapp+ !m ) pap] bags or o!r mat]ial1 z a sun-burnt tree w nev] rega9 its heal? or be> pr(itably4 ,/&>d trees %\ld only be set = ornam5t or %ade1 & ev5 = ^! purposes ! d\ble trees are pref]able4 ,! fig tree naturally bran*es ne> ! gr\nd1 & ! only way to successfully imitate ?is habit 9 cultivation is to plant by ! d\ble-tree me?od4 ,,prun+4 ,! prun+ ( ! fig v>ies accord+ to ! age ( ! trees & ! purpose = :i* prun+ is done4 ,:ile o!r fruit trees require ye>ly1 & g5]ally heavy1 prun+ to insure fruit ( good quality1 ! object 9 prun+ ! fig is simply1 or at lea/ pr9cipally1 to keep ! tree heal?y & give air & light to ! fruit4 ,! mo/ important rule to be obs]v$ 9 prun+ ! fig is t no bran* %all be cut (f squ>ely or be cut back s z to leave a /ump4 ,?is is almo/ surely fatal to ! future welf>e ( ! tree & to ! quality & quantity ( its fruit4 ,:5 x becomes necess>y to remove a #a-ye>-old limb ! cut %\ld be made at lea/ z f> d[n z ! next =k bel[1 & x %\ld be close to a jo9t 9 ! =k4 ,!re %\ld be no?+ left b a sc> to %[ t a limb has be5 cut away4 ,!re mu/ be no /ump left4 ,! fig tree may require to h its bran*es ?9n$ out1 b x mu/ n be head$ back except to correct unsymmetrical gr[?4 ,9 d5se trees bran*es :i* cross %\ld be remov$ entirely & 9 su* a way z to give ! tree a r\nd$1 dome-l outl9e1 ) ! l[] bran*es ne>ly t\*+ ! gr\nd4 ,9 prun+ rec5tly plant$ trees ! object 9 view is1 ( c\rse1 entirely diff]5t1 z fruit c n be expect$ = sev]al ye>s to come4 ,! object ( ?is e>ly prun+ is to %ape ! tree4 ,:5 two cutt+s are set toge!r little prun+ is requir$1 z !y w g5]ally %ape !mselves & =m two ma9 trunks div]g+ f ea* o!r1 b :5 a s+le tree is plant$ x is be/ to cut back ! /em to )9 a foot ( ! soil & let x bran* f t po9t4 ,! only case 9 :i* x is prop] to h a tall /&>d is :5 x is desirable to gr[ trees = %ade & pleasure & :]e ! quality ( ! fruit & its quantity are ( b second>y importance4 ,if rec5tly plant$ fig trees %[ any t5d5cy t[>d dry+ out1 ! ma9 limbs or ! :ole trunk %\ld at once be cut back to live gre5 wood4 ,,dry+ ,,& ,,cur+4 ,! dry+ & cur+ ( figs mu/ necess>ily diff] 9 diff]5t c\ntries1 "u diff]5t conditions1 & = diff]5t purposes4 ,= home consumption little skill & c>e are requir$ to produce a palatable & useful article ( diet1 :ile figs int5d$ = %ipm5t mu/ be m c>efully dri$1 cur$1 & pack$ 9 ord] to comm& a fair price 9 competition ) ! import$ article4 ,! fig is mature & ready to dry only :5 x has atta9$ its prop] size & is palatable = eat+ fre%4 ,:5 ! crop has rea*$ ?is /age x may be ga!r$ & dri$ = home consumption1 b 9 ord] to produce a sup]ior article ! figs mu/ be z sweet z possible & v pulpy4 ,too (t5 d we f9d figs 9 ! m>ket consi/+ ( no?+ b sk9 & empty se$s1 )\t sweetness1 flavor1 or pulp4 ,figs d n rip5 all at "o "t1 & ! trees mu/ be gone ov] daily1 9 ord] t only ! ripe/ %all be ga!r$4 ,be=e be+ pick$ ! fig %\ld be s(t to ! t\*2 x %\ld be wr9kl$1 & %\ld hang d[nw>d4 ,"s k9ds :5 ripe %[ :ite seams or cracks 9 ! fle%4 ,?is is g5]ally a sign ( complete maturity4 ,figs w n rip5 aft] pick+ & nev] become sweet] ?an :5 cut f ! tree4 ,simil>ly1 figs :i* h once atta9$ _! full maturity d n improve & %\ld be dri$ at once4 ,if all[$ to hang long] on ! tree !y may quickly rot1 s\r1 or mold1 & soon become unfit = use4 ,9 ord] to compete ) ! be/ import$ figs1 our figs int5d$ = dry+ %\ld be v sweet2 9 fact1 ! sweet] ! bett]4 ,:5 fre%ly cut !y %\ld conta9 #ce p] c5t ( sug> & :5 dri$ ab\t #ee p] c5t4 ,= home consumption !y d n ne$ to be s sweet z ?is1 = any palatable figs are useful :5 c>efully dri$4 ,,pick+4 ,figs to be dri$ %\ld nev] be %ak5 f ! trees1 = if bruis$ & injur$ !y w s\r dur+ ! dry+ & become unfit = use4 ,a few figs spoil$ 9 ?is way w *eck or prev5t ! sale ( a box ( fruit t is 9 o!r respects good4 ,pull+ ! figs f ! trees w also injure !m 9 a simil> way4 ,! ripe figs %\ld !re=e be cut f ! tree ) a knife or %e>s & c>efully plac$ 9 boxes or trays4 ,( c\rse1 _m half-dri$ figs t drop f ! trees may be utiliz$1 b !y %\ld fir/ be exam9$ to det]m9e :e!r !y are 9 good condition1 & !y mu/ be fre$ f soil & s&4 ,our figs d n1 z a rule1 drop at p]fect maturity1 b ei!r be=e or aft] x4 ,only ! ,smyrna figs drop :5 fully ripe4 ,= ! high] gr[+ v>ieties a conv5i5t in/rum5t call$ ! 8fig cutt]0 may be us$4 ,x consi/s ( a =k$ /ick across :i* has be5 nail$ a /rip ( t9 plate4 ,bel[ ?is is a small bag kept op5 by a wire4 ,) ?is 8cutt]0 ! high] figs may be rea*$ by runn+ ! =k up "u ! fig1 sev]+ x f ! bran* & caus+ x to drop into ! bag bel[4 ,,sulphur+4 ,( late ye>s sulphur+ figs be=e dry+ has become a v common practice among gr[]s4 ,x consi/s 9 expos+ fre% fruit to ! fumes ( burn+ sulphur 9 air-tight tray hold]s ( v>y+ sizes4 ,! sulphur fumes cause ! figs to become semitransp>5t :5 dri$1 & to pres5t an attractive appe>ance to ! buy]4 ,b no?+ is m deceptive1 = ?is v h&some appe>ance hides a m ?an wor?less int]ior1 n only dete/able to ! ta/e b also injuri\s to ! heal? ( ! consum]4 ,few p]sons w buy su* fruit a second "t4 ,besides giv+ a semitransp>5t appe>ance to ! fruit1 ! sulphur+ prev5ts f]m5tation ( ! figs :ile dry+4 ,?is1 ( c\rse1 is ( value1 & 9 fact is ! only advantage 9 ! process4 ,a %ort & light sulphur+ may !re=e be admissible ) v>ieties :i* o!rwise w\ld n dry & cure )\t s\r+4 ,= conv5i5ce1 ! box 9 :i* ! figs are to be sulphur$ %\ld n be m ?an #e feet high nor m ?an #g or #h feet wide4 ,?is w admit two trays abrea/4 ,! trays slide on a rack or on a cleat nail$ to ! sides ( ! box1 & ne$ n be f>!r ap>t ?an j suffici5t to cle> ea* o!r :5 *>g$ ) a s+le lay] ( figs4 ,! door mu/ be air-tight1 9 ord] t ! sulphur fumes may n escape4 ,two feet ( space %\ld be left betwe5 ! bottom tray & ! sulphur pan4 ,! latt]1 a heavy piece ( %eet iron1 is heat$1 b n to r$ness1 & plac$ on noncombu/ible supports 9 ! bottom ( ! box4 ,two h&fuls ( sulphur are ?r[n ^u ?is iron & :5 x is burn+ ! doors are tightly clos$4 ,exposure to ! sulphur fumes = fifte5 m9utes is suffici5t to prev5t f]m5tation dur+ ! dry+ process & leave ! figs ) a m9imum ( s\r ta/e4 ,if sulphur$ long] !y become too acid4 ,aft] removal f ! box ! figs %\ld be imm$iately expos$ to ! sun4 ,black figs %\ld nev] be sulphur$4 ,,dipp+ ,,fre% ,,figs4 ,in/ead ( be+ sulphur$ to improve _! color & s(t5 _! sk9s1 figs may be dipp$ into a hot solution ( salt or saltpet]1 or ev5 lye4 ,unless1 h[ev]1 !y are imm]s$ = a long "t ?is dipp+ w r>ely prev5t f]m5tation1 ?\gh x w prove advantage\s 9 o!r ways4 ,figs ) a r\gh & t\gh sk9 are especially b5efit$1 ! pr9cipal effect ( ! dipp+ be+ to s(t5 ! sk94 ,b ?is dipp+ %\ld be practic$ only on figs ( inf]ior quality1 ! be/ grades n be+ improv$ ei!r by dipp+ or sulphur+4 ,9 dipp+1 ! figs %\ld fir/ be plac$ 9 a p]=at$ bucket & r9s$ 9 cold wat]1 to free !m f du/4 ,!y %\ld !n be transf]r$ to a kettle conta9+ boil+ lye1 made ( #a p\nd ( pota% to #aj gallons ( wat]4 ,an imm]sion ( f "o-f\r? m9ute to "o m9ute suffices2 ! "t be+ regulat$ accord+ to ! size ( ! figs & ! pliability & ?ickness ( ! sk94 ,boil+ salt wat] may be sub/itut$ = ! lye wat] = ! dipp+ ( "s figs1 diff]5t v>ieties requir+ diff]5t solutions to secure ! desir$ result4 ,aft] dipp+1 ! figs are dri$ )\t r9s+4 ,if salt or saltpet] is us$ in/ead ( lye1 #a p\nds ( ei!r to #ej gallons ( wat] is a prop] quantity4 ,lye is g5]ally us$1 b ! writ] pref]s salt or saltpet]1 ei!r ( :i* gives good results z reg>ds pliability ( sk91 :ile ! salty ta/e g5]ally improves ! flavor4 ,,dry+ ,,on ,,trays4 ,= conv5i5ce 9 h&l+1 wood5 or pap] trays are commonly us$ = dry+ figs 9 ! ,we/]n ,/ates4 ,by _! use ! fruit c easily be /ack$ & %elt]$ 9 wet wea!r4 ,! trays are ( v>i\s sizes1 b a small size1 su* z #b feet by #c feet1 or #c feet by #d feet1 is pref]able1 z :5 fill$ ) fruit x c easily be h&l$ by "o man1 :ile a l>g] size requires two m54 ,! dry+ gr\nd %\ld be a clean space outside ! or*>d1 :]e ! trays may be expos$ to ! un9t]rupt$ rays ( ! sun4 ,! figs require all ! sun%9e obta9able1 & ! dry+ gr\nd mu/ !re=e be free f ! %ade ( trees or build+s4 ,! dry+ floor may consi/ simply ( b$s ( soil elevat$ a foot above ! g5]al level4 ,a dry+ floor #d feet wide may be rais$ #h in*es additionally along "o side4 ,! slope t[>d ! sun ?us giv5 w insure great] heat4 ,trays may be plac$ on /rips ( wood or scantl+s support$ by l[ sa:orses4 ,! sa:orses %\ld be long en\gh to support two r[s ( trays abrea/4 ,?ree scantl+s or /rips w be requir$ = ea* pair ( sa:orses4 ,!y %\ld be ( ev5 l5g?s1 z long z obta9able1 & ! middle "o %\ld be l>g] ?an ! outside ones2 #b by #d in*es = ! middle "o & #b by #c in*es = ! side scantl+s w be f\nd conv5i5t sizes4 ,! figs %\ld be plac$ s+ly on ! tray1 ) _! eyes all t[>d "o side1 & ?is side ( ! tray %\ld be slightly rais$ 9 ord] to prev5t ! cont5ts ( v juicy figs f runn+ out dur+ ! process ( dry+4 ,! rais+ ( ! trays is ! mo/ easily accompli%$ by plac+ ! #b by #d in* support+ /rip 9 ! middle ( ! sa:orses & ! #b by #c in* /rips on ei!r side4 ,imm$iately aft] sulphur+1 if t is practic$1 or aft] dipp+1 ! fruit %\ld be spread & ! trays di/ribut$ on ! racks :]e !y w h ! full b5efit ( ! hotte/ sun4 ,?is di/ribution ( ! trays %\ld be f9i%$ be=e noon ea* day to secure ! be/ color ( ! dri$ product4 ,! figs mu/ be turn$ twice a day at fir/ & once a day 9 ! lat] /ages ( dry+4 ,! turn+ requires mu* "w & exp5se1 z x c be done well only by h& labor4 ,an inf]ior product may be turn$ by plac+ an empty tray face d[nw>d ^u a fill$ "o & inv]t+ !m1 leav+ ! fruit on ! new tray4 ,to produce ! be/ grade ( dri$ fruit1 ! figs %\ld n t\* "o ano!r on ! trays dur+ ! process ( dry+4 ,dur+ ! turn+1 all inf]ior figs1 su* z ^? t f]m5t & puff up1 %\ld be cull$ out & us$ = v9eg>4 ,figs :i* %[ a slight fro? at ! eye are turn+ s\r & %\ld be remov$4 ,cov]+ ! figs mu/ n be neglect$1 if a *oice article ( dri$ fruit is to be produc$4 ,if :ite figs are left out ov] night uncov]$1 !y w be discolor$4 ,ra9 & dew are v damag+ & ! fruit %\ld be protect$ f !m4 ,?is is be/ accompli%$1 9 ,cali=nia1 by /ack+ ! trays "o on top ( ano!r :5 ra9 is expect$4 ,! top & sides ( ! /acks %\ld !n be protect$ ) empty trays4 ,if p]man5t dry+ b$s ( gravel & cem5t are made1 a me*anical device = cov]+ ! trays ) a horizontal canvas curta9 c be us$1 & 9 ?is way !y c easily be cov]$ e night4 ,,degree ,,( ,,dryness4 ,x is v important t dry+ cease :5 ! figs h rea*$ ! prop] /age = pack+4 ,!y mu/ on no acc\nt be ov]dri$ nor %\ld !y be remov$ f ! trays too soon4 ,! prop] degree ( dryness c be detect$ by press+ ! figs betwe5 ! ?umb & f+]4 ,!y %\ld be s(t & pliable1 ) ! cont5ts di/9ctly pulpy1 & :5 squeez$ ! fig %\ld n resume its =m] %ape1 b rema9 press$4 ,x %\ld be pla/ic1 n ela/ic nor dry4 ,und]dri$ figs w spoil 9 pack+1 :ile ov]dri$ ones are h>d1 lea!ry1 & wor?less z food or delicacy4 ,! trays mu/ be gone ov] e day & ! prop]ly dri$ figs tak5 (f1 ! spoil$ ones be+ remov$ at ! same "t4 ,! "t requir$ = dry+ v>ies f f\r to sixte5 days4 ,dry+ )9 six or sev5 days yields ! be/ quality ( product4 ,,sweat+ ,,& ,,equaliz+4 ,dri$ figs are greatly b5efit$ by be+ sweat$ or equaliz$ z reg>ds moi/ure4 ,?is is accompli%$ by plac+ !m 9 sweat boxes hold+ #ge p\nds or m4 ,! boxes are /ack$ up "o across ano!r 9 su* a way z to insure a free circulation ( air4 ,?is is to prev5t ! s\r f]m5tation1 :i* w\ld spoil ! figs4 ,! room :]e ! sweat boxes are /or$ %\ld be clos$ & ! walls %\ld pref]ably be ( brick4 ,daily exam9ation ( ! cont5ts ( ! boxes %\ld be made1 s t any incl9ation ( ! fruit to f]m5t & heat may be detect$4 ,9 a few days an improvem5t 9 ! texture ( ! figs w be notic$1 ! ov]dri$ ones hav+ attract$ moi/ure f ^? t 7 und]dri$ & all hav+ become m pliable4 ,,artificial ,,dry+4 ,:]e figs c n be dri$ 9 ! op5 air1 evaporators or dri]s1 heat$ artificially1 may be us$ to advantage1 j z 9 ! dry+ & cur+ ( rais9s4 ,l>ge dri]s are exp5sive & are beyond ! rea* ( _m gr[]s1 b small dri]s1 hold+ a ton ( fruit1 may be built *eaply4 ,x may be safely /at$1 h[ev]1 t localities :]e artificial dry+ is necess>y are n suit$ to ! mo/ pr(itable production ( comm]cial figs1 z any extra h&l+ w greatly increase ! co/ ( ! product4 ,:]e a v sup]ior article is produc$ ! occasional use ( ! dri] may be pr(itable1 9 ord] to save a crop t w\ld o!rwise be injur$ by inclem5t wea!r4 ,,pack+4 ,! me?od ( pack+ dri$ figs & ! k9d ( package us$ %\ld v>y accord+ to ! quality ( ! f9i%$ product4 ,!y %\ld be pack$ 9 ord] to prev5t dry+ out1 z well z to make !m pres5t an attractive appe>ance4 ,x pays to pack ! be/ grades well1 = good pack+ always enhances ! value ( fruit4 ,,dipp+4 ,! fir/ /ep 9 pack+ is ! dipp+ ( ! dri$ fruit1 & ?is mu/ be done :e!r ! figs are pack$ *eaply or exp5sively4 ,! dipp+1 :i* mu/ be done j be=e pack+1 causes ! figs to become s(t & pliable1 equalizes moi/ure1 & improves ! sk9 & its color4 ,p]=at$ buckets hold+ #e gallons ( dri$ figs are suitable vessels = hold+ ! figs dur+ ! dipp+4 ,a kettle arrang$ = heat+ wat] & l>ge en\gh to p]mit ! imm]sion ( ! bucket ( figs %\ld be provid$4 ,9 ?is kettle sea wat] or br9e made ( "o-f\r? p\nd ( co>se salt to a gallon ( wat] %\ld be heat$ to ! boil+ po9t4 ,! bucket ( figs %\ld !n be imm]s$ 9 ?is boil+ br9e = a few seconds & empti$ on to wire scre5s to dra94 ,:ile dra9+1 ! figs %\ld be cov]$ ) a clo? or o!rwise kept d>k4 ,! fruit %\ld be pack$ on ! same day t x is dipp$4 ,! be/ grade ( :ite figs1 or v s(t figs ( any grade1 %\ld only be dipp$ 9 cold salt wat]1 j be=e pack+4 ,! salt wat] is nev] wa%$ (f1 & ! salt t rema9s does n 9 ! lea/ injure ! figs1 b1 on ! contr>y1 improves _! quality4 ,,assort+4 ,! inf]ior figs :i* 7 remov$ f ! trays dur+ ! dry+ process %\ld be assort$ into at lea/ two sizes = pack+4 ,a yet l[] grade :i* c n be pr(itably pack$ may be sold 9 sacks4 ,! l>ge/ ,smyrna figs weigh1 :5 dri$1 ab\t #bc grams #cee gra9s1 or ab\t f\r-fif?s ( an ounce avoirdupois1 :ile ! av]age ,fr5* & ,italian figs weigh ea* ab\t #h grams #abc4de gra9s1 or a little m ?an "o-f\r? ( an ounce avoirdupois4 ,,pull+4 ,! be/ grades ( figs %\ld be pull$ or flatt5$ be=e pack+4 ,?is pull+ consi/s fir/ 9 squeez+ ! fig ) ! h& to s(t5 x1 & !n flatt5+ x s z to %ape x into a disk 9 :i* ! eye & /alk are ne>ly 9 ! c5t] ( ! flat sides1 z may be obs]v$ 9 packages ( figs import$ f ,smyrna4 ,! object ( ?is pull+ is to h ! figs pres5t z f9e a surface z possible :5 !y are press$ & pack$1 ?is me?od enabl+ ! pack] to hide ! eye & /alk ends effectually4 ,= inf]ior br&s x w suffice to simply flatt5 ! figs 9 su* a way t ! eye & /alk are at opposite extremities ( ! fruit :5 press$4 ,9 pull+ & h&l+ ! figs1 ! h&s ( ! work] %\ld always be moi/5$ ) salt wat] to prev5t !m f becom+ /icky ) sirup & ?us soil+ ! figs4 ,,pack+4 ,! pack+ %\ld be regulat$ accord+ to ! size & quality ( ! figs4 ,! size ( ! boxes w !re=e v>y1 b !y may be made to conta9 #e1 #aj1 or #bj p\nds ea*4 ,9 ,smyrna ! figs are pack$ 9 ! %ape ( b>s1 & ?is me?od %\ld be foll[$ = all ! bett] grades4 ,9 ord] to pack quickly 9 b> fa%ion1 ! writ] sev]al ye>s ago inv5t$ a 8b>-pack+ device0 or 8guide40 ,?is guide consi/s ( a frame ( two or ?ree p>allel /rips ( t9 or z9c connect$ at opposite ends by two simil> /rips4 ,! guide1 :i* is really a metal box )\t top or bottom1 fits exactly into ! pack+ box flu% aga9/ two ( ! sides1 b is slightly high] ?an ! dep? ( ! box 9 ord] t x may be pull$ out aft] fill+4 ,! guide is plac$ 9 an empty fig box1 ?us divid+ x into ?ree or m comp>tm5ts4 ,! figs are !n plac$ 9 r[s 9 ea* comp>tm5t ) ! eyes d[nw>d1 ea* fig slightly ov]lapp+ ! o!r1 9 ! way %+les are laid on a ro(1 j suffici5tly to hide ! /alks4 ,! comp>tm5ts 9 ! guide %\ld be slightly n>r[]1 or at mo/ no wid] ?an ! figs1 s t :5 pressure is appli$ ! figs w flatt5 & fill !m4 ,! object ( ! guide is to keep ! fig b>s sep>ate4 ,aft] ! box is full a slight pressure is appli$1 :i* squeezes ! figs aga9/ ! sides ( ! guide1 & :5 ! latt] is )drawn leaves ! b>s intact )\t l>ge air holes betwe5 ! figs or b>s4 ,,press+4 ,! rais9 presses us$ 9 ,cali=nia are suitable = press+ figs4 ,!re is no bett] ma*9e = ?is purpose made any:]e4 ,a foll[] ( wood cov]$ ) z9c is fir/ plac$ 9 ea* comp>tm5t on ! figs & a slight pressure appli$ 9 ! press4 ,! pressure mu/ be /rong en\gh to br+ ! figs to ! level ( ! box4 ,! guide is !n lift$ out1 :ile ! f+]s ( ! pack] press firmly on ! foll[] to hold ! figs 9 place4 ,in/ead ( hav+ a guide 9 :i* ! b>s are connect$ at ! ends1 ! box may be groov$ on ! inside & a s+le /rip ( z9c or t9 dropp$ d[n1 ?us divid+ ! box into two or m comp>tm5ts z may be necess>y4 ,! /rips are m easily remov$ ?an ! m complicat$ guide4 ,be=e ! box is nail$ up1 small leaves ( ! sweet bay 7,laurus nobilis7 %\ld be ins]t$ betwe5 ! figs on ! surface1 & ov] ! :ole %\ld be spread a %eet ( wax$ pap]4 ,in/ead ( ! sweet bay leaves1 o!r native laurel leaves may be us$1 provid$ !y are aromatic1 h ! di/9ctive laurel flavor1 & are n o!rwise objectionable4 ,x c n be too /rongly urg$ t ,am]ican-gr[n figs be pack$ & sold "u _! prop] labels & n designat$ 8,smyrna0 figs4 ,c>eful selection ( v>ieties1 skill 9 gr[+ & cur+1 & c>eful1 hone/ pack+ w 9 "t procure a l>ge m>ket = our figs4 ,9 all ! ,m$it]ranean c\ntries ! fre% z well z ! dri$ fig is a common article ( diet1 bo? n\ri%+ & :olesome1 & x is only a "q ( "t :5 its value w be g5]ally recogniz$ 9 ?is c\ntry4 ---------------------------------------- -------------------------------- ,,fig ,,culture ,,9 ,,! ,,gulf ,,/ates4 ,by ,,frank ,s4 ,,e>le4 ,! fig is a dome/ic fruit ( prime importance 9 all ! ,gulf & ,s\? ,atlantic ,/ates2 ?r\gh\t ?is region x is a common doory>d tree4 ,its broad1 ri* foliage is "o ( ! fir/ ?+s to cat* ! eye ( ! ,nor!rn visitor & assure him t he is really 9 ! ,s\?4 ,t[>d its nor!rn limit ! tree is sometimes injur$ by unusually sev]e w9t]s1 b unless kill$ to ! gr\nd x nev] fails to produce heavy annual crops4 ,ev5 sev]e w9t]-kill+ is usually b a tempor>y loss1 z ! roots s5d up vigor\s spr\ts t be> ! foll[+ ye>4 ,al?\gh ! fig is s widely di/ribut$ & s univ]sally e/eem$ = h\sehold uses1 x is only rec5tly t any attempt has be5 made 9 ! t]ritory "u consid]ation to utilize x z a comm]cial product4 ,9 ! se>* ?r\gh\t ! ,s\? = possible money crops1 o!r ?an cotton1 x is beg9n+ to attract att5tion1 & 9 ?is connection a brief /atem5t ( our pres5t k z to ! gr[? & possible uses ( ! fig may be ( s]vice4 ,,propagation4 ,! fig roots easily f cutt+s & is usually propagat$ 9 ?is way4 ,%ort pieces or ev5 l>ge bran*es ( well-matur$ wood1 cut f ! tree at any "t dur+ ! w9t] & simply ?ru/ into ! soil1 w usually take root & make a /rong gr[? ! foll[+ summ]4 ,! well-matur$ wood is be/ = mak+ cutt+s4 ,"o ( ! mo/ desirable me?ods is to cut a section be>+ a %ort b ?rifty lat]al bran* f a good-siz$ limb4 ,! section tak5 %\ld be #f or #h in*es long & be entirely buri$ 9 ! gr\nd1 leav+ ! end ( ! side bran* project+ to =m ! tree4 ,?is is n at all ess5tial1 z a /raight cutt+ w usually root & gr[ readily1 b x is desirable1 z ! buri$ cross section holds ! cutt+ firmly 9 ! gr\nd & its bulk prev5ts x f dry+ out easily4 ,9 ! coa/ region cutt+s are (t5 plant$ 9 ,augu/ ) good results4 ,9 ?is case ! leaves %\ld be remov$4 ,x is advisable to plant ! cutt+ :]e ! tree is to /&1 z fig roots are easily injur$ by transplant+4 ,little is ga9$ 9 gr[? by plant+ root$ trees1 b :5 su* are us$ bo? roots & tops %\ld be heavily prun$ :5 plant$1 to secure a satisfactory gr[?4 ,sometimes x is advisable to plant ! cutt+s 9 ! nurs]y & to keep !m !re = ?ree ye>s be=e remov+ !m to _! p]man5t location1 z w9t] protection c be m easily giv5 !m4 ,aft] ! trunk ( ! fig is ?ree ye>s old x is mu* less easily injur$ by cold4 ,?is practice w\ld seem to be ( d\btful value1 s9ce "y figs are m (t5 injur$ by late fro/s aft] gr[? has />t$ 9 ! spr+ ?an by ! great] cold ( midw9t] :5 !y are dormant4 ,figs c be graft$ )\t difficulty1 b x is seldom done 9 ! s\?4 ,,soil ,,& ,,location4 ,! fig w gr[ 9 almo/ any location1 b x atta9s its highe/ developm5t on a ri*1 moi/1 b well-dra9$ soil1 t conta9s abundant humus4 ,a pl5tiful supply ( lime1 phosphoric acid1 & pota% is also ne$$1 & if n conta9$ 9 ! soil mu/ be suppli$ by f]tilization4 ,! be/ conditions = fig gr[? are f\nd 9 ! bottoms & hammocks r ?an 9 ! s&y upl&s1 ?\gh _m f9e specim5s c be f\nd 9 ei!r location4 ,9 plant+ = home use x is advisable to plant ! trees ne> ! h\se & ab\t ! f>m build+s1 = !y always ?rive 9 su* locations1 :ile _m failures h be5 made 9 attempt+ to e/abli% !m "u or*>d conditions1 especially 9 ! light soils ( ! 8p9ey woods0 region4 ,x is n easy to acc\nt = ^! failures1 s9ce ! old doory>d trees are s univ]sally heal?y & ?rifty1 ?\gh gr[+ )\t c>e or att5tion4 ,sev]al causes c be cit$ t may contribute to ! result1 b all seem insuffici5t to acc\nt fully = ! facts obs]v$4 ,!re mu/ be "s undetect$ factor t contributes to ! almo/ univ]sal sup]iority ( doory>d ov] or*>d-gr[n fig trees 9 ! ,gulf ,/ates4 ,"o ( ! mo/ obvi\s difficulties 9 e/abli%+ a fig or*>d arises f ! fact t ! "y trees are t5d] & easily injur$ by ! cold4 ,figs />t v e>ly 9 ! season1 & ! frequ5tly occurr+ spr+ fro/s (t5 cat* !m 9 q vigor\s gr[?4 ,?is does no great h>m to old trees2 ?\gh ! "y leaves are kill$1 !y soon pu% out aga91 & z ! pr9cipal crop ( fruit is borne on ! new wood ! crop is n mu* injur$4 ,) "y trees1 h[ev]1 x is diff]5t1 z ! tissues ( ! trunk are s(t]4 ,f9e1 ?rifty trees ( "o or two ye>s' gr[? are kill$ to ! gr\nd by a slight freeze aft] _! spr+ gr[? has />t$4 ,!y may />t aga9 f ! root1 b _! vitality is injur$ & !y d n seem to fully recov]4 ,su* trees at #c or #d ye>s old are (t5 no l>g] ?an aft] ! fir/ summ]'s gr[?4 ,"y trees also suff] mu* m sev]ely ?an old ones f extreme cold 9 w9t]1 ev5 :5 entirely dormant4 ,x w\ld appe> t ! %elt] af=d$ by build+s & y>d f5ces may suffici5tly protect "y trees f damage1 :5 9 an op5 space !y w\ld be sev]ely injur$4 ,!n1 if f a doz5 cutt+s /uck d[n 9 su* out-(-!-way places only two or ?ree gr[1 !y are se5 & rememb]$1 :ile ! failures are =gott51 :]eas an or*>d r[ %[+ a /& ( only "o-f\r? is v unsatisfactory4 ,! doory>d tree usually gets ! b5efit ( a%es & h\se-slops1 & p]haps ! wa% f ! b>ny>d4 ,^! s\rces ( f]tility are all b5eficial1 = ! fig is a gross fe$]4 ,its roots are nev] brok5 by ! pl[1 :i* is ano!r great advantage1 = ! fig has a %all[ root+ habit & does n ?rive :5 its fe$+ roots are di/urb$4 ,9 ! light soils ( ! ,s\? x is extremely difficult to keep pl[s & cultivators f runn+ s deep z to d s]i\s injury to fig trees1 & ! prop] cultivation or treatm5t ( a fig or*>d is !re=e a s]i\s "q4 ,_m gr[]s advise aga9/ pl[+ aft] ! fir/ ye>1 b ! tree w n ?rive if *ok$ ) grass & we$s4 ,to keep a l>ge or*>d clean ) a hoe is no small und]tak+4 ,"s advocate heavy mul*+ to keep d[n we$s1 & t is d\btless (t5 advisable1 b ! h>d1 clean-swept s\!rn doory>d seems to suit ! root habit ( ! fig bett] ?an any sy/em ( cultivation yet devis$4 ,ano!r po9t to be consid]$ is t ! fig suff]s sev]ely f root knot :5 plant$ 9 ! fields :]e vegetables or c[peas h be5 gr[n1 z ! nematodes caus+ ?is tr\ble multiply 9 ! roots ( all su* crops4 ,9 plant+ a fig or*>d c>e %\ld be tak5 to select new l& t is kn[n to be free f ^! pe/s4 ,! fig has a spread+ habit ( gr[? & :5 old requires consid]able room4 ,z ! cutt+s co/ b little1 x is well to plant r closely1 ) ! expectation ( ?9n+ out ! trees :5 necess>y4 ,) #bjj trees to ! acre ! e>li] crops w\ld be d\ble ^? obta9$ f a plant+ ( half t numb]1 ?\gh d\btless #ajj full-gr[n trees w\ld suffici5tly occupy ! l&4 ,twelve by #af is a suitable di/ance = ! trees :5 "y4 ,remov+ alt]nate r[s :5 ne$$ w\ld leave ! p]man5t plant+ #af by #bd feet4 ,x is be/ to plant two or ?ree cutt+s at ea* place1 to be sure ( a /&4 ,all b ! mo/ vigor\s c be cut out if m ?an "o />ts to gr[4 ,,cultivation ,,& ,,f]tilization4 ,unque/ionably figs %\ld be ?or\ghly cultivat$ dur+ ! fir/ season4 ,?is is necess>y to give !m a good />t1 & z ! "y trees make _! l>ge/ gr[? aft] midsumm] x is important to cont9ue ! cultivation late 9 ! season4 ,unless ! soil is q ri* "s f]tiliz] %\ld be us$1 z ! future ( ! tree dep5ds l>gely on its vigor dur+ ! fir/ season4 ,an excessive use ( /able manure or o!r nitrog5\s f]tiliz] %\ld be avoid$1 z ! t5d5cy ( ^! is to induce a s(t1 succul5t gr[? too easily injur$ by ! w9t]4 ,! 8p9y-woods0 soils are defici5t 9 phosphoric acid1 & ?is %\ld be a prom95t +r$i5t ( all f]tiliz]s us$ 9 regions :]e ^! pr$om9ate4 ,x is n advisable to attempt to cultivate any vegetable crop among fig trees1 on acc\nt ( ! dang] ( increas+ root knot1 & because su* crops are likely to int]f]e ) cultivation at ! "t :5 x may be mo/ ne$$4 ,! be/ subsequ5t treatm5t = a fig or*>d is1 to a c]ta9 ext5t1 an op5 "q4 ,x is probable t 9 mo/ locations ! be/ results w be obta9$ by mul*+ heavily ne> ! tree ) any available mat]ial t w hold moi/ure & keep d[n ! we$s4 ,p9e /raw1 m>% grass1 or plan] %av+s answ] ! purpose4 ,! du/ f old *>coal pits is sometimes us$1 & on ! coa/ a mul* ( oy/] %ells is (t5 se54 ,! sl[ly decompos+ %ells probably act to "s ext5t z a f]tiliz]1 s9ce ! fig is kn[n to ?rive be/ 9 /rong lime soils4 ,! middle ( ! r[s c be kept clean by a %all[ pl[+ & h>r[+ )\t di/urb+ ! mul* & )\t injury to ! roots protect$ by x4 ,w9t] protection ( "s k9d %\ld c]ta9ly be provid$ dur+ ! fir/ two or ?ree ye>s1 at lea/ to ! ext5t ( m\nd+ ! dirt or mul* high ab\t ! base ( ! tree 9 ! fall4 ,protect+ ! tops ) old gunny sacks or p9e bran*es w (t5 prove ( great advantage4 ,prun+ is seldom practic$1 except s f> z may be necess>y to prop]ly %ape ! "y tree1 & ?is is bett] done 9 summ] by p9*+4 ,9 case ( a freeze1 all injur$ wood %\ld be promptly cut away4 ,x is said t ! size ( ! fruit c be greatly increas$ by judici\s prun+1 b1 z be=e /at$1 x is seldom done4 ,figs come into be>+ v e>ly4 ,a ?rifty gr[+ cutt+ w (t5 set "s fruit ! fir/ season1 b ?is seldom matures4 ,:5 ! tree does n w9t]kill1 a little fruit may be expect$ ! second season1 & by ! ?ird ! crop %\ld be ( "s importance4 ,,insect ,,enemies ,,& ,,diseases4 ,! fig is usually spok5 ( z be+ comp>atively free f insect enemies1 & ! lit]ature ( its diseases1 ( :i* !re are a numb]1 is scanty4 ,x is probably true t 9 mo/ localities x is less frequ5tly injur$ f ^! causes ?an are o!r fruit trees4 ,among ! diseases report$ f ! ,s\? ! "o caus+ mo/ widespread injury is d\btless root knot4 ,,fig-,,tree ,,bor]4 ,a longicorn beetle1 ,pty*odes vittatus1 has caus$ consid]able injury at "s po9ts 9 ,l\isiana & ,mississippi by burr[+ into ! trunk & l>g] bran*es4 ,9 reply to inquiries reg>d+ ?is insect1 ,director ,w4 ,c4 ,/ubbs1 ( ! ,l\isiana ,exp]im5t ,/ation1 says3 ,! damage done 9 ,l\isiana is to a l>ge ext5t conjectural4 ,9 our groves we h lo/ sev]al trees tempor>ily1 all be+ bor$ into by ?is bor]4 ,!y1 h[ev]1 />t up aga9 quickly f ! roots & soon replace ! injur$ trees4 ,we h _h no rem$y aga9/ ?is invasion except to dig x out :ile v "y ) a p5knife4 ,we h tri$ v>i\s insecticides )\t any app>5t results4 ,,fig-,,leaf ,,mite4 ,a br[n+ & subsequ5t premature fall+ ( ! leaves1 caus$ by ! "w ( a m9ute mite1 is report$ z r common 9 ,florida by ,mr4 ,h4 ,j4 ,webb]1 ( ! ,subtropical ,laboratory4 ,x has n be5 /udi$4 ,mr4 ,ellison ,a4 ,smi?1 jr41 botani/ & entomologi/ ( ,s\? ,c>ol9a ,exp]im5t ,/ation1 has publi%$ a li/#a ( insects obs]v$ fe$+ on ripe figs1 b he does n m5tion any t injure ! tree4 ,footnote #a3 ,s\? ,c>ol9a ,exp]im5t ,/ation1 ,annual ,report1 #ahhi1 pp4 #aje1 #ajf4 ,! li/ is z foll[s3 ,allorh9a nitida 7,l471 ,pty*odes tril9eatus1 ,lybi!a ba*manni 7,kir?71 ,apatura celtidis 7,bd4 ,sec471 ,grapta int]rogationis 7,f471 ,pyrameis atalanta 7,l474 ,,root ,,knot4 ,?is disease is caus$ by a microscopic nematode or true worm1 ,het]od]a radicola1#b t infe/s ! s(t fibr\s roots caus+ small galls or swell+s4 ,:5 pres5t 9 suffici5t numb]s x causes ! dea? ( ! roots & ! consequ5t />vation & dea? ( ! tree4 ,x is by no means conf9$ to ! fig1 b attacks ! roots ( _m o!r fruit & ornam5tal trees & %rubs & is especially injuri\s to _m g>d5 vegetables & f>m crops4#c ,?is pe/ ?rives be/ 9 moi/ s&y soils1 & is tr\blesome ?r\gh\t ! entire coa/ region4 ,no effective rem$y is kn[n :5 a tree is once infe/$1 h5ce ! necessity = plant+ on l& kn[n to be free f ! pe/1 & ! importance ( n gr[+ vegetables betwe5 ! trees t w act z a nurse crop = ! disease4 ,neal recomm5ds ?or\gh dra9age ( ! l& & ! application ( tobacco du/ mix$ ) unlea*$ a%es or lime z ! mo/ promis+ rem$ial measures4 ,he advises aga9/ ! excessive use ( ammoniacal manures z produc+ a s(t1 succul5t root gr[? favorable to ! gr[? ( ! nematode4 7,see ,bullet9 ,no4 #bj1 previ\sly cit$47 ,footnote #b3 ,g4 ,f4 ,atk9son1 8,a prelim9>y report ^u ! life hi/ory & metamorphoses ( a root-gall nematode 7,het]od]a radicola 7,greeff7 ,mll47 & ! injuries caus$ by x ^u roots ( v>i\s plants40--,alabama ,agr4 ,exp4 ,/a4 ,bul4 ,no4 #i4 ,footnote #c3 ,j4 ,c4 ,neal1 9 an acc\nt ( ! root-knot disease 7,dept4 ,agr41 ,div4 ,ent41 ,bul4 ,no4 #bj7 gives a li/ ( ov] #fj species ( plants kn[n to be infe/$ by x4 ,,fig-,,leaf ,,ru/4 ,br[n spots frequ5tly appe> on ! foliage dur+ ! summ]1 &1 if num]\s1 cause ! leaves to fall prematurely4 ,^! spots are caus$ by a true ru/ fungus1 ,ur$o fici ,ca/4 ,x occurs q frequ5tly widely1 & abundantly1 b z x usually does n develop en\gh to be noticeable until aft] ! crop is ripe1 x seems to d b little h>m4 ,no attempt has be5 made to f9d a rem$y4 ,,fig ,,c]cospora4 ,a some:at simil> injury to ! leaves is kn[n 9 ,europe1 caus$ by an entirely diff]5t fungus1 ,c]cospora bolleana 7,?um7 ,sacc4 ,x _h n be5 obs]v$ 9 ?is c\ntry until ! summ] ( #ahie1 :5 x 0 f\nd abundantly 9 ,mississippi by ,s4 ,m4 ,tracy4 ,a c]cospora1 probably ! same species1 is also report$ f ,florida by ,h4 ,j4 ,webb]4 ,x probably occurs q commonly1 b has be5 ov]look$1 its injuries be+ conf\nd$ ) ^? caus$ by ! ,ur$o4 ,,die ,,back4 ,a dy+ ( ! "y %oots 9 ! fall & e>ly w9t] is sometimes notic$4 ,?is occurs be=e !y c h be5 injur$ by sev]e cold & its cause is n kn[n4 ,x usually occurs 9 feeble trees1 ^? injur$ by previ\s w9t] kill+ or p]haps ^? suff]+ f root knot4 ,a simil> tr\ble is not$ by ,a4 ,f4 ,b>ron1 ( ,*iswick1 ,engl&1 7,! ,g>d51 ,june #bj1 #ahia1 p4 #egg74 ,he f9ds x occurr+ 9 trees gr[n 9 pots1 & says x is !re seldom notic$ 9 trees gr[+ out ( doors4 ,,root ,,rot4 ,! fungus ,ozonium auricomum ,lk41 :i* causes a root rot ( cotton & ( _m o!r plants & trees1 has be5 report$ ^u ! fig1#d b ! ext5t ( damage caus$ by x is n kn[n4 ,sev]al o!r species ( fungi are kn[n to occur on ! fig1 b none ( !m c be class$ z disease-produc+ organisms4 ,footnote #d3 ,f>l[ & ,seym\r1 ,a ,provisional ,ho/-,index ( ! ,fungi ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates1 ,"p #c1 p4 #ahc4 ,,v>ieties4 ,mu* confusion exi/s 9 ! nam+ ( fig v>ieties4 ,!y 7 fir/ introduc$ by ! e>ly ,fr5* & ,spani% settl]s1 & !re h be5 m or less frequ5t importations s9ce4 ,trees f ^! v>i\s s\rces h be5 kn[n "u _m local names1 & x is probable t !re are n[ _m m names record$ ?an we h v>ieties 9 cultivation4 ,on ! o!r h&1 di/9ct v>ieties are (t5 met ) t c n be nam$ f publi%$ descriptions4 ,9 ,l\isiana & ,mississippi x is safe to say t n9e-t5?s ( all ! figs gr[n are ( ! ,cele/e v>iety4 ,?is is sometimes writt5 ,cele/ial1 b among gr[]s x is uni=mly kn[n z ,cele/e4 ,! tree is h>dy & v fruitful4 ,! fruit is small1 b x is "o ( ! be/ 9 quality4 ,:5 ripe x is a light yell[i% br[n1 t+$ ) violet4 ,! fle% is light r$1 delicate 9 texture1 & v sweet & ri*4 ,a numb] ( o!r v>ieties occur1 b !y are kn[n "u local names1 su* z 8black fig0 or 8,spani% fig40 ,m att5tion has be5 paid to nom5clature & to ! plant+ ( diff]5t v>ieties 9 o!r p>ts ( ! ,s\?1 b ! ,cele/e is ! favorite 9 ne>ly all localities4 ,"s int]e/+ pap]s on figs 7 read at ! meet+ ( ! ,am]ican ,pomological ,society1 held 9 ,florida 9 #ahhi1 & 9 ! publi%$ proce$+s ( ! meet+ ! foll[+ #ah v>ieties are catalogu$ among ! fruits recomm5d$ by ! society4 ,li/ ( figs recomm5d$ by ,am]ican ,pomological ,society4 ,alicante2 ,angelique--synonym1 ,jaune ,hative2 ,brunswick2 ,blue ,g5oa2 ,black ,is*ia2 ,br[n ,smyrna2 ,cele/e2 ,gre5 ,is*ia--synonyms1 ,:ite ,is*ia1 ,gre5 ,italian2 ,lemon2 ,violet1 ,long2 ,violet1 ,r\nd2 ,n]ii2 ,pregussata2 ,:ite ,adriatic2 ,:ite ,m>seillaise2 ,:ite ,g5oa2 ,sup]f9e de la ,sausaye2 ,turkey--synonym1 ,br[n ,turkey4 ,on comp>+ ?is li/ ) #aa o!rs furni%$ by nurs]ym5 & writ]s on ! fig1 & tak5 at r&om f ,texas1 ,l\isiana1 ,georgia1 & ,florida s\rces1 we f9d #ad ( ^! names occurr+ m or less frequ5tly4 ,f\r are n m5tion$ at all1 :ile #ac additional names appe>1 mak+ a total ( #ca v>ieties 9 ! #ab li/s4 ,cele/e & ,br[n ,turkey lead1 be+ m5tion$ #aa times ea*2 ,adriatic1 ,lemon1 & ,brunswick come next1 ea* occurr+ #h times4 ,:ite ,m>seillaise is m5tion$ #g times2 ,:ite ,g5oa & ,gre5 ,is*ia1 #f times2 ,black ,is*ia1 #e times2 & ,san ,p$ro1 :i* is n 9 ! ,am]ican ,pomological ,society's li/1 occurs #d times4 ,we may p]haps conclude t ^! #aj v>ieties are ! mo/ g5]ally gr[n 9 ! ,s\?1 b "s ( !m are to be consid]$ z nurs]ym5's rec5t introductions f ,cali=nia1 r ?an z v>ieties 9 g5]al use4 ,!y are *>act]iz$ 9 ! ,pomological ,society's li/ z foll[s3 ,v>iety4 ,season4 ,color4 ,quality4 ,size4 ,brunswick ,e>ly ,violet ,fir/ ,v l>ge4 ,black ,is*ia ,m$ium ,black d ,m$ium4 ,cele/ial ,cele/e ,e>ly ,pale violet d ,small4 ,gre5 ,is*ia d ,gre5 d ,m$ium4 ,lemon d ,yell[ d ,d4 ,:ite ,adriatic ,:ite ,m>seillaise ,m$ium ,:ite ,second ,m$ium4 ,:ite ,g5oa d d d ,l>ge4 ,turkey ,e>ly to late ,br[n ,fir/ ,d4 ,san ,p$ro ,n m5tion$ ,o!r li/s agree 9 describ+ bo? ,:ite ,adriatic & ,san ,p$ro z v l>ge :ite figs ( ! be/ quality & v desirable :]e !y succe$1 b z be+ t5d] & nonfruitful 9 _m locations4 ,cele/e1 ,br[n ,turkey1 & ,brunswick are m uni=mly comm5d$ = h>d9ess1 fruitfulness1 & g5]al utility ?an any o!rs4#e ,footnote #e3 ,! cann+ factories greatly pref] ! ,cele/e1 pay+ "o-f\r? m = !m ?an = l>g]1 co>s] k9ds4 ,,uses4 ,at pres5t figs are mo/ly us$ = h\sehold purposes1 comp>atively few be+ prep>$ = m>ket4 ,!y are eat5 fre% f ! tree or are s]v$ on ! table ) sug> & cream4 ,!y c also be /ew$ & made into pudd+s & pies1 & :5 cann$ or pres]v$ !y make an acceptable table delicacy ?r\gh\t ! ye>4 ,on fir/ ta/+ fre% figs _m p are disappo9t$ & ?9k !y w n c>e = !m1 b on fur!r acqua9tance ne>ly ev]yone le>ns to l !m4 ,if pick$ at all gre5 ! fig exudes a milky1 acrid juice t has a rank1 disagreeable flavor4 ,:5 fully ripe ?is disappe>s1 & 9 le>n+ to eat figs "o %\ld *oose only ! ripe/ specim5s4 ,! beg9n] w f9d eat+ !m at ! table ) pl5ty ( sug> & cream a pleasant introduction4 ,x is ne$less to comm5d ?is me?od to ^? :o are acqua9t$ ) x4 ,= cann+1 figs %\ld be pick$ :5 /ill firm en\gh to hold _! %ape4 ,to secure ! be/ results !y require ! use ( m sug> ?an d "s o!r fruits4 ,if und]sweet5$ !y seem ta/eless & lack+ 9 quality4 ,! am\nt ( sug> us$ & ! me?od ( proc$ure v>y greatly 9 diff]5t h\seholds4 ,a p\nd ( sug> to #c or #d p\nds ( fruit w\ld probably suit mo/ ta/es1 ?\gh "s pref] ! regul> 8p\nd = p\nd0 pres]ve4 ,g+] root or orange peel is sometimes add$ to give v>iety ( flavor+1 & figs are (t5 made into sweet pickles by add+ spices & v9eg>4 ,figs are sometimes peel$ be=e cann+1 & ?is is consid]$ to increase _! delicacy ( flavor4 ,m frequ5tly1 h[ev]1 !y are cook$ unpeel$ & ) ! /ems on1 j z !y come f ! tree4 ,!y hold _! %ape bett] & look m attractive :5 treat$ 9 ?is way1 & ! diff]5ce 9 flavor1 if any1 is v slight4 ,figs are occasionally dri$ = h\sehold use1 b z !y rip5 at ! ,s\? dur+ ! season ( frequ5t summ] %[]s1 ?is is s tr\blesome t x is n (t5 attempt$4 ,a nice product c\ld d\btless be made by use ( fruit evaporators1 b ^! are seldom us$ f> ,s\?4 ,9 speak+ ( home uses = ! fig1 its value z food = pigs & *ick5s %\ld n be =gott54 ,bo? are v fond ( !m1 & on _m places ! wa/e figs =m an important item ( _! midsumm] diet4 ,9 fact1 no *eap] food c be gr[n = !m4 ,,m>ket+ ,,fre% ,,figs4 ,ripe figs are v p]i%able4 ,to be m>ket$ successfully !y mu/ be h&l$ ) great c>e4 ,x is be/ to pick !m 9 ! morn+1 :ile /ill cool4 ,!y %\ld be tak5 f ! tree ) ! /em atta*$--great c>e be+ ex]cis$ n to bruise !m 9 h&l+--& plac$ 9 small1 %all[ baskets1 9 :i* !y are to be m>ket$4 ,9 l>ge packages _! weight w bruise !m badly4 ,! ord9>y qu>t /rawb]ry basket crate is a suitable package = m>ket+ figs4 ,!y w c>ry bett]1 h[ev]1 9 flat trays1 hold+ b a s+le lay]4 ,?is =m ( package is especially desirable = ! l>g] v>ieties4 ,figs %\ld hang on ! tree until q ripe & develop _! full sweetness & flavor1 b 9 ?is condition !y are s(t & p]i%able & mu/ be consum$ at once4 ,= m>ket+ at a di/ance x is necess>y to pick !m :ile /ill q firm4 ,?is is un=tunate1 = ?\gh !y w s(t5 & become q edible1 !y w lack ! f9e quality ( tree-rip5$ fruit4 ,?is fact w always be an ob/acle to ! successful introduction ( ! fre% fig into di/ant m>kets4 ,:5 pick$ 9 "r condition ! fruit w keep f tw5ty-f\r to ?irty-six h\rs at ! ord9>y temp]ature & may be %ipp$ %ort di/ances by express4 ,figs rip5 9 midsumm] :5 ! wea!r is hotte/1 & ?is is "o reason :y !y are s difficult to h&le4 ,l o!r fruits !y w keep long] at l[] temp]atures4 ,!y d well "u refrig]ation1 & by us+ refrig]ator c>s x is q possible to put !m on ! m di/ant ,nor!rn m>kets 9 good condition4 ,?is has be5 done exp]im5tally 9 connection ) o!r fruit %ipm5ts1 b x is n (t5 attempt$4 ,fre% figs are n kn[n or appreciat$ 9 ,nor!rn m>kets1 & consequ5tly ! dem& is too limit$ to enc\rage %ipm5ts4 ,x seems d\btful if ! di/ant %ipm5t ( fre% figs w ev] become a pr(itable bus9ess4 ,! fruit is m p]i%able ?an any o!r t is g5]ally m>ket$4 ,x c be h&l$ only by ! mo/ c>eful & exp]i5c$ p]sons1 & ev5 !n x is n 9 a condition to %[ its be/ quality4 ,rip5+ 9 midsumm]1 :5 ! ,nor!rn m>kets are cr[d$ ) _m well-kn[n fruits1 & n be+ specially attractive to ! eye1 fre% figs w\ld at be/ ga9 favor sl[ly4 ,! fact t _m p d n c>e = !m at ! fir/ w\ld be ano!r ob/acle 9 ! way ( _! popul>ity4 ,moreov]1 ! fig is a t$i\s crop to h&le1 :5 9 prop] condition = m>ket4 ,x is necess>y to pick ! trees ov] c>efully e day dur+ ! season1 or mu* fruit w be ov]ripe4 ,) l>ge trees1 ?is involves mu* labor2 ! acrid juice ( ! immature figs eats into ! f+]s ( ! pick]s & pack]s1 :ile ra9y wea!r occasions heavy loss by ! crack+ ( ! fruit1 :i* r5d]s x unfit = m>ket4 ,not)/&+ ^! drawbacks1 a limit$ dem& w\ld und\bt$ly be creat$ if ! fig 7 plac$ regul>ly on ! m>ket1 = _m p are v fond ( ?is fruit4 ,x is q possible t 9 sections especially adapt$ to fig culture1 & favor$ ) rapid refrig]ator transportation1 ! %ipm5t may become a bus9ess ( importance4 ,:5 a regul> home m>ket c be f\nd1 ev5 at mod]ate prices1 no crop is m pr(itable1 z ! trees be> regul>ly & abundantly4 ,! only hope = su* a home m>ket1 except 9 ! imm$iate neighborhood ( l>ge cities1 is 9 increas$ use by cann]s4 ,,cann+ ,,factories4 ,ev]yone likes cann$ figs4 ,! ta/e does n h to be educat$1 z is (t5 ! case ) ! fre% fruit4 ,! factories at ,biloxi1 ,miss41 & at ,new ,orleans1 ,la41 appreciate ?is fact1 & = sev]al ye>s h be5 putt+ increas+ quantities ( ! cann$ product on ! m>ket4 ,up to ! panic ( #ahic ! dem& = ^! goods 0 v active1 & ! cann]s paid z high z #d c5ts p] p\nd = ! fre% figs & c\ld n get en\gh to fill _! ord]s4 ,s9ce !n ! dem& = all luxuries has fall5 (f & factories h curtail$ _! pack+1 b h n mat]ially r$uc$ ! price ( ! product1 :i* has always be5 v high4 ,!re seems to be no reason1 aside f ! l>g] quantity ( sug> requir$1 :y figs %\ld n be gr[n & cann$ z *eaply z pea*es4 ,if ?is 7 done ! dem& w\ld soon be v l>ge4 ,x is 9 ?is direction1 if at all1 t !re seems to be an op5+ = ! build+ up ( ! fig indu/ry 9 ! ,s\?4 ,! processes us$ by ! factories 9 cann+ figs diff] some:at f h\sehold me?ods4 ,!y also diff] among !mselves4 ,ea* factory has work$ out a plan ( its own1 ! details ( :i* are reg>d$ to "s ext5t z trade secrets4 ,9 "o factory1 ^: product has be5 mu* admir$1 ! process consi/s 9 boil+ ! fruit at fir/ 9 a v light sirup1 all[+ x to cool1 & !n transf]r+ x ) successive heat+s & cool+s to sirups ( gradually increas+ d5sity4 ,! :ole process requires ne>ly two days4 ,9 ! f9i%$ product ! fig1 :ile hold+ its %ape p]fectly1 has become p>tially transp>5t1 & z ! f9al sirup is cle> & free f s$im5t ! fruit is v attractive4