,illu/ration3 ,mission ,san ,xavi] ,del 
,bac      ,illu/ration3 ,,! ,,facade4   
,mission                                
,san ,xavi] ,del ,bac                   
,arizona                            ,a  
,descriptive & ,hi/orical               
,,guide      ,illu/ration3 ,front ,view 
,compil$ by ,work]s ( ! ,writ]s's       
,program ( ! ,"w ,projects              
,adm9i/ration 9 ! ,/ate ( ,arizona      
,sponsor$ by                   ,arizona 
,pione]s' ,hi/orical ,society           
,,ha/+s ,,h\se1 ,publi%]s    ,,new      
,,york                           ,fir/  
,publi%$ 9 ,m>* #aidj                   
,,f$]al ,,works ,,ag5cy                 
,john ,m4 ,c>mody1 ,adm9i/rator         
,,"w ,,projects ,,adm9i/ration          
,f4 ,c4 ,h>r+ton1 ,commission]          
,flor5ce ,k]r1 ,assi/ant ,commission]   
,w4 ,j4 ,jamieson1 ,/ate ,adm9i/rator   
,copyright #aidj by ! ,arizona ,pione]s'
 ,hi/orical ,society                    
,pr9t$ 9 ,u4,s4,a4              ,all    
,rights are ,res]v$1 ,includ+ ! ,rights 

to              ,reproduce ,?is ,book or
 ,p>ts ,!re( 9 ,any ,=m                 
,illu/ration3 ,,front ,,view            
,illu/ration3 ,,!re ,,is ,a ,,spl5did   
,,panorama ,,( ,,! ,,valley ,,f ,,?is   
,,po9t4                                 
,preface      ,! ,mission ( ,san ,xavi] 
del ,bac1 g5]ally conc$$ to be ! greate/
  ( all ! old ,spani% missions & ! f9e/ 
example ( pure mission  ar*itecture 9 ! 
,unit$ ,/ates1 has enjoy$ a v>iable &   
fasc9at+ developm5t ?r\gh ne>ly two & a 
half c5turies4 ,?is  descriptive &      
hi/orical guide to ! mission is design$ 
to enable  native ,arizonans & t\ri/s ! 
m appreciably to enjoy ,san ,xavi]'s    
great beauty & significance4            
,ackn[l$gm5t is due to ,dr4 ,h]b]t      
,eug5e ,bolton1 ,*airman1 ,dep>tm5t  (  
,hi/ory & ,director ( ! ,bancr(t        
,libr>y1 ,univ]sity (  ,cali=nia1 = 8   
helpful sugge/ions 9 connection ) !     
hi/ory  ( ! mission4 ,dr4 ,rufus ,kay   
,wyllys1 ,head1 ,dep>tm5t ( ,social     
,sci5ce1 ,arizona ,/ate ,tea*]s ,college

 at ,tempe1 0 also v helpful  9 ?is     
respect4 ,z to ! ar*itectural           
descriptions1 ! au?ority (  ,pr5t       
,duell1 9 8 publication 8,mission       
,ar*itecture1 ,exemplifi$ 9  ,san ,xavi]
 del ,bac0 0 g5]\sly employ$4           
,! ,editors4                            
,li/ ( ,illu/rations        ,mission    
,san ,xavi] ,del ,bac--,norman ,g4      
,wallace              ,endpap]s    ,!   
,facade--,buehman ,/udio                
,frontispiece    ,front ,view--,buehman 
,/udio                                  
,title ,page                            
,,page    ,glimpse ,?r\gh               
,ar*way--,buehman ,/udio                
#c    ,bells--,joseph ,mill]            
#d    ,papago ,village--,buehman ,/udio 
#cg    ,mission ,c\rty>d ,f             
,above--,joseph ,mill]                  
#ch    --,& ,bel[--,national ,p>k       
,s]vice                                 
#ci    ,detail ( ,wood5                 
,balcony--,joseph ,mill]                
#dj    ,papago ,indian ,*ildr5--,joseph 

,mill]                               #da
    ,high ,alt> ,f ,re> ( ,nave--,joseph
 ,mill]                         #db     
,grotesque ,lion--,joseph ,mill]        
#db    ,high ,alt>                      
#dc    ,high ,alt> ,f ,*oir             
,l(t--,joseph ,mill]                    
#dd    ,h&-,c>v$ ,pulpit--,joseph ,mill]
                                   #dd  
,*oir ,l(t ,f ! ,high ,alt>             
#de    ,corn] ( ,we/ ,transept          
#df    ,gospel ,*apel--,we/ ,transept   
#dg    ,ea/ ,transept--,epi/le ,*apel   
#dh    ,! ,/atue ( ,m>y--,joseph ,mill] 
#di    ,! ,"m ( ,sorr[s--,joseph ,mill] 
#di    ,baptismal ,font--,joseph ,mill] 
#ej    ,baptismal ,font ,f              
,nave--,national ,p>k ,s]vice           
#ea    ,detail ( ,bapti/ry ,w9d[--,john 
,p4 ,o',neill                           
#eb    ,w9d[ ,ov] ,entrance             
,portal--,joseph ,mill]                 
#eb    ,! ,bells ( ,san ,xavi]--,joseph 
,mill]                              #ec 
,papago ,indian ,homes--,joseph ,mill]  

#ec    ,! ,great ,dome--,joseph ,mill]  
#ed    ,corn] ( ! ,g>d5--,joseph ,mill] 
#ee    ,mortu>y ,*apel & ,g>d5--,joseph 
,mill]                           #ef    
,burial ,gr\nds                         
#eg    ,gates ( ,san ,xavi]             
,endpap]s      ,! mission ( ,san ,xavi] 
del ,bac is on an elevation fac+ !      
,santa  ,rita ,m\nta9s1 n9e miles to !  
s\? ( ,tucson1 ,arizona1 & is a         
conspicu\s monum5t ( ! ,santa ,cruz     
,valley4 ,an isolat$ *ur*1 :ite  aga9/ !
 s(t %ades ( ! b>e des]t & ! di/ant     
colors ( !  l[-ly+ m\nta9s1 x is visible
 = miles 9 e direction4    ,pr5t ,duell1
 :o calls ,san ,xavi] 8! greate/ ( all  
missions0 9 8  book on mission          
ar*itecture1 gives ! foll[+ description 
( !  view f ! front3 8,! facade ( ! *ur*
 is symmetrical1 ) two  pla9 t[]s on    
ei!r side ( an ornate gabl$ entrance4   
,above !  brok5 p$im5t ( ! gable1 !     
noble dome may be se5 betwe5 !  t[]s4 ,!
 w9d[s & doors are symmetrically plac$ &
 ?r[n :olly  9 %ad[ by ! heavy walls4   

,_! blackness1 contra/$ ) !  gli/5+     
:it5ess ( ! walls1 & ! r$di%            
ornam5tation ab\t  ! entrance make a    
picture aga9/ ! cl\dless sky & endless  
des]t1 n to be =gott540    ,! mission 0 
f\nd$ by ,eusebio ,francisco ,k9o1      
picturesque pione]  mission>y ( !       
,jesuit ,ord]1 ^: purpose 0 to          
,*ri/ianize !  ,indian population4 ,san 
,xavi] is ! nor!rnmo/ ( 8 mission *a91  
ext5d+ up ! ,we/ coa/ f ,s9aloa to      
,pim]a ,alta4 ,pim]a ,alta1  mean+ !    
upp] c\ntry ( ! ,pima ,indians1 includ$ 
all !  t]ritory betwe5 ! ,gila ,riv]1 9 
:at is n[ ,arizona1 on ! ,nor?  & ! ,ro 
del ,alt> 9 ,sonora1 ,mexico1 on ! s\?4 
,k9o visit$ ! 8great ran*]a0 ( ,bac on !
 ,santa ,cruz ,riv] =  ! fir/ "t 9 #afib
 & lat] wrote an eloqu5t report to ,k+  
,philip  ,v ( ,spa9 describ+ ! beauty & 
f]tility ( ! valley ^:  fields ext5d$ z 
f> z ! pres5t site ( ,tucson4 ,x 0 dur+ 
?is  visit t ,k9o nam$ ! place ,san     
,xavi]1 9 honor ( 8 own patron  sa9t1 ! 
great ,jesuit 8,apo/le to ! ,indies40   

,a visit 9 #afid to ,bac & ! ne>by ru9s 
( ,casa ,gr&e1 prehi/oric  =tress1      
conv9c$ him t "u prop] tutelage !       
,indians might  erect l>ge & p]man5t    
build+s4    ,9 #afig he drove cattle up 
f 8 mission ,dolores 9 ,mexico &        
e/abli%$ ! fir/ /ock f>m at ,bac = !    
support ( ! project$  mission4          
,con/ruction ( ! *ur* began 9 ,april    
#agjj1 & ,k9o 9 8  autobiography        
relates3 8,on ! #bh? we began !         
f\ndations ( a v  l>ge & capaci\s *ur* (
 ,san ,xavi] del ,bac1 all ! _m p  work+
 ) mu* pleasure & zeal1 "s 9 digg+ !    
f\ndations1  o!rs 9 haul+ _m & v good   
/ones ( tezontle f a little  hill ab\t a
 qu>t] ( a league away4 ,= ! mort> = ^! 
f\ndations x 0 n necess>y to haul wat]1 
because by means (  irrigation dit*es we
 v easily conduct$ ! wat] :]e we wi%$4  
,& t h\se1 ) its great c\rt & g>d5      
ne>by1 w be able to  h ?r\gh\t ! ye> all
 ! wat] x may ne$1 runn+ to any place   
or workroom "o may please1 & "o ( !     
greate/ & be/ fields 9  all ,nueva      

,biscaya 444 on ! #bi? we cont9u$ lay+ !
 f\ndations (  ! *ur* & ( ! h\se40      
7,note3 ,! site ( ^! f\ndations is  n   
:]e ! pres5t mission /&s1 b at a po9t "s
 two miles  nor?47    ,k9o di$ 9 #agaa &
 x is unc]ta9 h[ mu* ( ! build+ _h be5  
complet$4 ,9 #agea ! g5]ally peaceful   
,pimas1 di/urb$ by !  inroads be+ made  
by ,spani% settl]s & prospectors1       
revolt$ &  plund]$ ! mission4 ,"s ( !   
,indians _h be5 oblig$ to "w 9  ! m9es1 
practically z slaves = ! ,spani%        
coloni/s1 & x is  probable t o!rs f\nd !
 discipl9e & regul> "w ( ! padres       
burd5some4 ,all ,pim]a 0 %ak5 by ?is    
great upris+ :i* ne>ly  wip$ out !      
fronti] missions4    ,! foll[+ ye> a    
presidio 0 e/abli%$ at ! visita (       
,tubac1 #cg  miles to ! s\?1 = !        
protection ( ,san ,xavi]1 its visitas1 &
  ! villages ( ! ,*ri/ian ,indians4     
,mission>y activities 7 aga9  />t$ & _m 
( ! ,indians :o _h previ\sly fl$1       
return$4    ,9 #agfg1 by ,royal ,ord]1 !
 ,jesuits 7 expell$ f all ,spani%       

doma94 ,*>les ,,iii ( ,spa91 fe>+ !     
,jesuits 7 too p]si/5t 9  _! que/ ( new 
l&s1 decid$ to replace !m ) !           
,franciscan  ,ord]4 ,san ,xavi]1 l mo/ (
 ! ab&on$ missions ( ! region1  0 tak5  
ov] by ! ,franciscans 9 #agfh4 ,san     
,xavi] came "u !  direction ( ,fri>     
,francisco ,g>cs & be=e ! ye> 0 out1    
:ile  he lay sick at a ne>by visita1 !  
mission build+s 7 de/roy$ by  ,apa*es4  
,! padres' c\rage & _s 7 un%ak5 h[ev]1 z
 we f9d t  f\r ye>s lat] a 8fairly l>ge0
 *ur* 0 erect$4 ,! dang] f  ,apa*e raids
 became increas+ly s]i\s & 9 #aggf1 a   
presidio 0  e/abli%$ at ne>by ,tucson = 
great] protection ( ,san ,xavi]4        
,ab\t #aghe two ,franciscan fri>s1      
successors to ,g>cs1 began "w on  !     
build+4 ,?is evid5tly 0 at ! site ( !   
pres5t mission4  ,:at "p1 if any1 ( !   
pres5t /ructure belongs to ! p]iod (    
,jesuit occupation is conjectural & !re 
seems to be "s confusion at  ?is p]iod  
reg>d+ ! two sites4 ,h[ev]1 ! cruci=m   
7cross-%ap$7 design ( ! pres5t /ructure 

0 n us$ by !  ,franciscans = missions & 
x is reasonable to suppose t !  ,jesuits
 may h laid ! f\ndations = ! pres5t     
*ur*1 "u  ^! circum/ances4 ,also1 ! "n (
 ,san ,xavi]1 a ,jesuit1 0  reta9$1 :ile
 ! ,franciscans *ang$ ! names ( ! o!r   
,jesuit  missions4    ,! labor ( build+ 
w5t on = m ?an t5 ye>s4 ,except = "p  ( 
"o t[]1 ! /ructure 0 probably f9i%$ 9   
#agig1 z an  inscription on ! door ( !  
,sacri/y indicates3 8,p$ro ,bojs ano    
die--#agig 7,p$ro ,boj\rques--on a day 9
 ! ye> #agig740 ,! actual  build+ ( ,san
 ,xavi] 0 c>ri$ on "u ! direction (     
,ignacio  ,gaona1 ,spani% ar*itect &    
ma/] mission build]4 ,ornam5ts &        
fixtures ( ! old] *ur* 7 plac$ 9 ! new  
build+4    ,aft] ,mexico won indep5d5ce 
f ,spa9 9 #ahbb1 ! fri>s 7  expell$ f ! 
c\ntry & ! missions 7 confiscat$4 ,san  
,xavi]  rema9$ = ye>s )\t a prie/1 & !  
build+s 7 us$ =  /ables1 b>ns1 or       
b>racks4 ,at ?is "t ! fai?ful ,indians  
buri$  _m ( ! ornam5ts & /atues to      
prev5t _! de/ruction 9 ,apa*e  raids4   

,9 #ahei1 foll[+ ! ,gadsd5 ,pur*ase1    
:]eby ! ,unit$ ,/ates  ,gov]nm5t pur*as$
 f ,mexico a l>ge /rip ( l&1 ,san ,xavi]
 0  br\ght )9 ! b\nd>ies ( ! ,unit$     
,/ates4 ,! ,arizona missions  7 put 9 ! 
diocese ( ,santa ,fe1 ,new ,mexico4 ,:5 
! ,indians he>d  t a prie/ 0 return+ !y 
br\ght =? ! /atues & o!r  sacr$         
articles1 rang ! long sil5t mission     
bells & br\ght _!  *ildr5 to be baptiz$4
 ,! *ur* ( ,san ,xavi] 0 ! only mission 
n 9 complete ru94 ,ext5sive repairs 7   
made on ! build+4    ,al?\gh ! mission  
)/ood ! e>?quake ( #ahhg1 a p]iod ( ra9y
  wea!r caus$ damage to its walls &     
ceil+s4 ,re/oration "w1 =  ! mo/ "p by  
,indian labor1 0 begun 9 #aijf4 ,old    
pictures 7  /udi$ 9 an ef=t to reta9 !  
l9es ( ! mission z fai?fully z          
possible4 ,! "w 0 s skillfully done t 9 
_m in/ances x is  impossible to di/+ui% 
betwe5 ! old & new con/ruction4    ,!   
ext]iors ( ! mission & dep5d5t build+s 7
 newly  pla/]$ & ! decorations repair$4 
,"s *anges 7 made 9 !  walls ( ! atrium 

& 9 ! patio1 :i* _h be5 con/ruct$ z a   
measure ( def5se aga9/ ! attacks (      
,apa*es4 ,additional dormitory  & class 
rooms 7 con/ruct$4 ,9 #aijh ! 8,grotto (
 ,l\rdes10 a  replica ( ! %r9e at       
,l\rdes1 ,france1 0 con/ruct$ on !      
8,little  ,m\nta9 ( ! ,holy ,cross0 j   
ea/ ( ! mission4    ,9 accordance ) !   
usual cu/om ( ! ,spani% fri>s 9 select+ 
a  build+ site = a mission1 ,san ,xavi] 
del ,bac occupies a position 9  ! v he>t
 ( ! des]t1 slightly elevat$ above !    
surr\nd+  t]ra9 & hemm$ 9 by di/ant     
m\nta9s4 ,! maje/ic mass ( !  *ur* ) its
 t9y mortu>y *apel to ! left1 its wall$ 
atrium  front+ a spaci\s plaza1 & its   
,l-%ap$ dormitory & patio  adjo9+ ! *ur*
 prop] at ! "r1 =ms an impos+           
ar*itectural ensemble4 ,! *ur* faces    
directly s\?1 contr>y to !  g5]al rule t
 ! apse %\ld be to ! ea/4    ,san ,xavi]
 is ! be/ pres]v$ & ! only "o ( ! old   
,spani%  missions /ill be+ us$4 ,= two  
c5turies & m ! ,indians h  be5 com+ to  
?is %r9e1 exemplify+ _! fai? 9          

,*ri/ianity z  fir/ introduc$ by ! k9dly
 padre ,k9o4    ,no mission excels ,san 
,xavi] 9 s]i\s design & pure arti/ry4 ,x
  m completely embodies ! elem5ts :i*   
ent] into mission  ar*itecture1 t is1 ! 
ar*itecture ( ! ,spani% ,r5aissance     
modifi$ by native influ5ces1 ?an any    
o!r1 & /&s a p]fect  example ( its type4
 ,9 reality ,san ,xavi]1 :i* _c be      
designat$  z an example ( any "o /yle1  
is a comb9ation ( ! _m influ5ces  t     
creat$ ! mission ar*itecture ( !        
,s\?we/4 ,n ! lea/ (  ^! influ5ces 0 !  
sc>city ( artisans capable ( execut+ !  
elaborate detail ( ! *ur*es 9 ! homel& &
 ! fanta/ic  ,*urrigu]esque mode (      
vice-regal ,mexico ) :i* ! padres 7     
famili>4 ,also ! build+ mat]ials 7 = !  
mo/ "p conf9$ to  ^? available at !     
site4 ,9 view ( ^! _m limitations x is n
  surpris+ t ! /ructures1 execut$ l>gely
 by native workm51  reflect$ ,indian    
influ5ces4    ,ab\t ! only mat]ials us$ 
9 ! con/ruction ( ,san ,xavi] ,mission  
n native to ! site 7 ! iron bells & !   

h+es on ! doors4  ,! /atu>y = ! mo/ "p1 
& ! gilt us$ on int]ior decorative      
features1 7 probably br\ght f ,mexico4  
,accord+ to leg5d1 !  clapp]s ( !       
,arizona mission bells 7 made f a       
meteorite t  fell 9 ! ,santa ,rita      
,m\nta9s ne>by4    ,! ar*itecture ( ,san
 ,xavi] has traces ( bo? ,byzant9e &    
,moori%  /yles4 ,! l[] half ( ! int]ior 
) its _m brilliant  decorations1        
/atuettes1 frescoes1 & glitt] ( gold5   
tones is  p>tially ,byzant9e4 ,! upp] "p
 reflects ! ,moori% /yle )  /ilt$ ar*es1
 domes1 & fanta/ic w9d[s4 ,! di/9ctive  
t[]s &  belfries 7 develop$ 9 ,mexico & 
mu* ( ! acc5t$ yet  re/ra9$ decoration  
sugge/s ! influ5ce ( ! ,aztec4    ,!    
mission1 except = ! f\ndation1 is       
con/ruct$ entirely (  kiln-bak$ clay    
brick1 cov]$ ) a :ite lime pla/]4 ,!    
p5d5tives & gro9s--ev5 ! ro( includ+ !  
huge dome1 & !  *oir l(t--are c>ri$     
completely on vault$ ar*es4 ,! ornam5tal
  features ( ! facade are ( brick &     
pla/]4    ,! f\ndation ( /ones imb$d$ 9 

mort>1 is ne>ly six feet ?ick  "u !     
front t[]s 9 ord] to support _! great   
weight4 ,!  massive t[]s1 ) _! arcad$   
belfries arrang$ 9 two /ages1 7  (      
id5tical design4 ,! "o on ! "r1 nev]    
hav+ be5 complet$1  lacks ! cr[n+ dome &
 cupola ( ! "o on ! left1 !reby  de/roy+
 ! o!rwise p]fect symmetry ( ! facade1  
?\gh n  detract+ f ! *>m ( ! /ructure4  
,a numb] ( leg5ds h  aris5 to acc\nt = !
 unf9i%$ t[]4 ,x is said ! ,k+ (  ,spa91
 anxi\s to increase 8 rev5ues1 rul$ t   
ea* *ur* ^u  completion mu/ pay a tax to
 ! royal treasury4 ,! a/ute padres left 
! *ur* 9 a /ate t c\ld n be consid]$    
complet$4 ,ano!r  v]sion relates t      
,ignacio ,gaona1 ! mission build]1 ) b a
 few  mon?s ( labor left1 su/a9$ a fatal
 injury 9 a fall (f !  unf9i%$ t[] :i*  
may acc\nt = its n be+ complet$1 z well 
z = ! fact t ! "n ( 8 assi/ant 0        
inscrib$ on !  ,sacri/y door1 viz4      
8,p$ro ,boj\rquez1 #agig40    ,! impos+ 
silh\ette ( ! t[]s is greatly enhanc$ by
 ! fl[+  l9es ( _! fly+ buttresses at   

ea* corn]4 ,^! corn] buttresses  are    
ar*$ across to ! base ( ! upp] belfry 9 
! =m (  graceful scrolls4 ,! plat=m     
ar\nd ! l[] /age ( ! belfry is  protect$
 by a balu/rade ( f9ely turn$ balu/]s4  
,! mo/ decorative feature ( ! facade is 
! gabl$ entrance  pavilion :i*1 ) its   
curvil9e> silh\ette & b>oque detail1    
exemplifies ! excesses ( ! late ,spani% 
,r5aissance & recalls !  ,*urrigu]esque 
embelli%m5ts ( ! ,mexican ca!drals4 ,!  
orig9al  ornam5tations--arabesques1     
%ells1 ni*$ figures1 & swirl+ volutes  9
 bo? l[ & high relief--appe> 9 s(t %ades
 ( r$1 ! fad$  residue ( ! orig9al      
v]milion pa9t4    ,! deeply recess$     
entrance portal is fram$ ) a l[ un/ilt$ 
classic ar*4 ,its ag$ wood5 doors are   
hewn f solid mesquite1 swung  on orig9al
 h&-made h+es1 & fa/5$ ) locks & bolts (
 !  same p]iod4 ,! sp&rels ( ! portal   
ar* are adorn$ ) ri*  floral arabesques4
 ,! portal is flank$ by d\ble columns1  
elaborately  mold$ & decorat$1 & engag$ 
to ! face ( broad pila/]s4 ,^!  columns 

are repeat$ 9 a sup]impos$ ord9ance     
flank+ a c5tral  w9d[4 ,! w9d[1 admitt+ 
light to ! *oir l(t )91 has a  delicate 
wood5 balcony :i* ca/s a deep %ad[ ov] !
 entrance  portal bel[4 ,x is cr[n$ ) a 
l>ge %ell motif1 symbolic (  pilgrimage 
or baptism4 ,two o!r balconies ( simil> 
design acc5t !  base ( ea* t[] at ! same
 level4 ,decorative ni*$ figures are    
plac$ betwe5 ! columns4 ,! upp] figure  
on ! left1 ) cr[n &  royal robes1 is    
v>i\sly describ$ z repres5t+ ei!r ,k+   
,*>les  ,,iii ( ,spa9 or ,sa9t ,ca!r9e4 
,! black-rob$ figure bel[1 ?\gh  ne>ly  
effac$1 is judg$ to be t ( a lady sa9t4 
,! upp] figure  on ! "r1 ) tamb\r9e1 is 
a repres5tation ( ,sa9t ,cecelia2 !     
figure bel[1 (t5 black5$ by ! grease    
dripp+ f ! c&les (  pi\s ,indians :o    
affirm t ! sa9t cures _! sore eyes1 is  
?\ght to be an image ( ,sa9t ,lucy4 ,!  
gable ( ! entrance  pavilion1 9 ! =m ( a
 brok5 scroll p$im5t1 is adorn$ ) !     
arms ( ! ,franciscan ord]1 execut$ 9    
high relief4 ,! coat ( arms  consi/s (  

an escut*eon ) a :ite gr\nd aga9/ :i*   
are  display$ a twi/$ cord1 "p ( !      
,franciscan dress1 & a cross  be>+ "o   
arm ( ,jesus & "o ( ,sa9t ,francis4 ,to 
! "r ( !  escut*eon is ! monogram (     
,jesus & to ! left t ( ! ,virg94  ,9 !  
decoration above are two small ,lions ( 
,ca/ile1 & bun*es (  grapes signify+    
f]tility4 ,a brok5 bu/ ( ,sa9t ,francis 
( ,assisi  surm\nts ! p$im5t4    ,reg>d+
 ! facade z a :ole "o is impress$ ) !   
/rik+  contra/ betwe5 ! blank surfaces (
 ! smoo? out] walls &  t[]s1 & !        
conc5trat$ decoration ( ! few wall      
op5+s4 ,ov]  ea* ( ! l[] w9d[s 9 ! t[]s 
is a delicate relief almo/  mona/ic 9   
its simplicity4 ,^! w9d[s are grill$ )  
sl5d]  wood5 sp9dles 9 ! traditional    
,spani% mann]4    ,inside to ! left ( ! 
nave is ! ,bapti/ry & ov] head ! *oir   
l(t f :i* ! be/ view ( ! int]ior is     
obta9$4 ,! plan (  ! vault$ int]ior is a
 p]fect ,lat9 cross ) transepts1 apse & 
nave4 ,! "r & left transepts are treat$ 
z *apels4 ,at ! nor?  end is ! *ancel ) 

its high alt>4 ,ov] ! cross+ ( transept 
& nave1 ! l(ty dome rises ov] an        
octagonal drum support$ on !  ar*es &   
p5d5tives1 :ile to ! left & "r are ri*ly
 appo9t$  transept *apels ea* conta9+   
two alt>s4 ,light /ream+ ?r\gh !  high  
w9d[s 9 ! cle>/ory & ! f\r m$allion     
w9d[s 9 !  drum ( ! dome is refract$ f  
wall to wall 9 s(t blui% tones4    ,!   
walls ( ! int]ior are ri*ly adorn$ )    
frescoes & gild$  ornam5t4 ,! int]ior   
decorations ( ,san ,xavi]1 ?\gh some:at 
fad$  9 color are p]haps ri*] ?an ^? (  
o!r missions--! elaborate  detail ( its 
gild$ alt>s1 ! biz>re pa9t$ /atues1 !   
sp9dl$  alt> rails & w9e glass pulpit1  
are 9 keep+ ) ! ri*  traditions ( ,spa9 
& ,mexico4    ,! sides ( ! vault$ nave1 
adorn$ ) frescoes1 a pa9t$ dado &       
cornice1 are l9$ ) heavily capp$        
pila/]s4 ,frescoes1 pa9t$ 9  bold r$s1  
yell[s1 blues1 & br[ns & outl9$ 9 orange
 & black1  recall at once ! "w ( e>ly   
,spani% pa9t]s1 ! ea/]n h]itage  ( e>ly 
,*ri/ian art1 & at ! same "t1 ! h& ( a  

native race  attun$ to brilliant color4 
,! l>ge frescoes1 ,! ,la/ ,supp] &  ,!  
,holy ,gho/ ,desc5d+ ,^u ,! ,disciples1 
to ! left & "r  respectively1 are said  
to be ! "w ( a monk f ! college (       
,qu]et>o4 ,! dadoes pa9t$ 9 imitation ( 
tiles h almo/  disappe>$4 ,bel[ ! mold$ 
brick cornice is a colorful frieze      
decorat$ ) ! cord & hem ( ! ,franciscan 
ve/m5ts & !  traditional fr+e ( bell &  
pomegranate4    ,! pila/]s flank+ ! nave
 are adorn$ ) ni*$ figures (  sa9ts4 ,on
 ! left 7front & re>7 are ,/4 ,ma!w1 ,/4
 ,b>?olomew &  ,/4 ,philip1 on ! "r ,/4 
,simon & ,/4 ,?addeus4 ,^! apo/olic     
figures & _m o!rs set into ! high alt> &
 transept *apels are  pa9t$ & model$ )  
*>m+ naivete ( =m & expression4 ,z      
,duell has sugge/$1 8,!y 7 int5d$ = !   
,indian1 & 8 fir/  lessons 9 ,*ri/ianity
 7 ?r\gh art40    ,! frescoes on !      
p5d5tives & on ! drum & dome ov] !      
cross+ are especially decorative 9 t !y 
are pa9t$ on ! :ite  ceil+ 9 vignette4  
,"h aga9 are figures ( v>i\s sa9ts4 ,^? 

decorat+ ! p5d5tives repres5t ,/4 ,?omas
 ,aqu9as1 ,/4 ,augu/9e1  ,/4 ,j]ome &   
,/4 ,ambrose4    ,9 ! ,gospel ,*apel =m$
 by ! left transept are two ri*ly c>v$  
& gild$ alt>s4 ,! l>g] "o at ! end1     
some:at resembl+ !  high alt>1 is       
d$icat$ to ! ,passion ( ,our ,"l1 ! o!r1
 on !  "r1 to ,/4 ,joseph4 ,! frescoes  
on ! left wall ( ?is *apel  symbolize ,!
 ,pres5tation ( ,our ,"l 9 ! ,temple    
7upp]7 & ,our  ,lady ( ! ,pill> 7l[]74  
,"h also is ! confessional4    ,! apse1 
conta9+ ! elaborately encru/$ high alt>1
 is fram$ by  a wide & /ilt$ *ancel ar*4
 ,on ! pi]s ( ! ar* 7left &  "r7 are    
figures ( ,/4 ,james1 ,/4 ,john1 ,/4    
,?omas & ,/4 ,ignatius  ,loyola1 f\nd] (
 ! ,society ( ,jesus4 ,on ! corn]s ( !  
pi]s are  hung ! figures ( angels1      
life-size1 said to be ! lik5esses ( !   
two daught]s ( ! arti/ :o decorat$ !    
int]ior4 ,! apse is  sep>at$ f ! re/ ( !
 *ur* by a l[ sp9dl$ *ancel rail4  ,!   
c5tral gate ( ! h&-c>v$ rail+ is flank$ 
by two grotesque  c>v+s ( lions on !    

escut*eon ( ,ca/ile & ,leon4 ,9 _! paws 
7 c&le/icks--long s9ce c>ri$ away by    
v&als4    ,! high alt> is d$icat$ to ,/4
 ,francis ,xavi]4 ,a figure ( ! sa9t    
occupies a c5tral ni*e above ! alt>     
table4 ,ar\nd x are c>v$  *]ubs &       
arabesques4 ,/ill high] is a brilliantly
 pa9t$ figure (  ! ,holy ,virg94 ,on ea*
 side ( ?is c5tral motif ! corn]s ( !   
octagonal apse are l9$ ) elaborately    
c>v$ & gild$ columns &  betwe5 !m ! ni*$
 figures ( ,/4 ,pet] & ,/4 ,paul4       
,surm\nt+  ! alt> is ! figure ( ,god !  
,creator4 ,! dom$ ceil+ ( !  apse is    
embelli%$ ) a %ell--a motif frequ5tly   
us$ 9 !  decoration ( ! *ur*4 ,! side   
walls ( ! apse are pa9t$ )  colorful    
frescoes3 ,! ,adoration ( ! ,wise ,m5 & 
,! ,flight ,into  ,egypt 7"r wall7 & !  
,adoration ( ! ,%eph]ds & !             
,annunciation 7left wall74    ,a small  
door 9 ! "r wall ( ! apse leads into !  
,sacri/y1 a  high squ>e domical *amb]   
conta9+ ! sacr$ vessels &  reliqu>ies4  
,! delicate floral decorations on !     

sacri/y ceil+ are  especially notable4  
,on ! nor? wall is ! ,crucifixion1 !    
l>ge/  & be/ pres]v$ ( any ( ! frescoes 
9 ! *ur*4 ,a small door 9  ! ea/ wall   
gives access to ! ar*$ cloi/]s ( !      
patio4    ,9 ! ea/ transept is ! ,epi/le
 ,*apel conta9+1 l ! ,gospel  ,*apel on 
! left1 two alt>s--! l>ge alt> at ! end1
 d$icat$ to  ! ,"m ( ,sorr[s1 conta9+ a 
/atue ( ,m>y1 clo!d 9 a bridal  g[n     
donat$ by an ,indian girl 9 appreciation
 ( an answ]$ pray]4  ,imb$d$ 9 ! wall   
above is an antique wood5 cross :i*     
=m]ly  bore a 8life-size0 /atue ( !     
crucifixion1 ?\gh no?+ rema9s n[  b "o  
arm4 ,x is ?\ght ! /atue 0 c>ri$ away by
 v&als4 ,!  alt> at ! left is d$icat$ to
 ! ,immaculate ,conception4    ,a high  
canopi$ h&-c>v$ pulpit ( ri* d>k p9e1   
fa/5$ )  wood5 pegs1 /&s aga9/ !        
transept pi] at ! "r ( !  ,epi/le       
,*apel4 ,octagonal 9 %ape & rais$ on a  
sl5d] %aft-l  p$e/al1 x is a notable    
example ( skillful craftsman%ip 9       
woodc>v+4 ,! pulpit plat=m is approa*$  

by a n>r[ rail$ flight  ( /eps4         
,entrance to ! f9i%$ t[] is ?r\gh !     
,bapti/ry4 ,?is room is  gro9-vault$ &  
h&somely ornam5t$4 ,a fresco ( !        
,baptism (  ,*ri/ completely cov]s "o ( 
! walls4 ,! baptismal font 9 !  c5t] ( !
 room ) its h&-hamm]$ copp] b[l1 be>s ! 
inscription 8,,ihs10 ?ree lett]s ( ! "n 
,jesus 9 ! ,greek  language4 ,?is is "o 
( ! sacr$ fixtures t 0 tak5 f !  orig9al
 ,k9o *ur* & plac$ 9 ! pres5t build+4   
,a n>r[ /airway built into ! ?ick walls 
leads to ! *oir ve/ry4  ,! *oir l(t is  
adjac5t4 ,! walls ( ! *oir l(t are cov]$
 )  frescoes ( ! ,holy ,family1 ! ,home 
at ,naz>e?1 ,/4 ,francis 9 a  ,heav5ly  
,*>iot1 & ,/4 ,dom9ic ,receiv+ ! ,ros>y 
f ! ,holy  ,virg94 ,a door opposite t ( 
! *oir ve/ry gives access to !  o!r t[]4
 ,! old doors 9 ! *ur* /ill h _! orig9al
 heavy  iron h+es1 locks & lat*es4 ,!y  
are design$ ) heavy /iles &  rails1     
enclos+ small panels1 & are relatively  
l[ & n>r[4    ,! belfry ( ! f9i%$ t[]1  
rea*$ ?r\gh a tunnel-l /airway  f ! *oir

 ve/ry1 is enclos$ by a p>apet ) mold$  
balu/rades4  ,only ?ree ( ! orig9al f\r 
bells rema94 ,x is ?\ght t "o (  ! ?ree1
 acc\nt$ ! be/1 is ! 8lo/ *ime0 f ! ,san
 ,juan  ,bauti/a mission ( ,cali=nia1   
:i* 0 ca/ by a ,p]uvian :o di$  )\t     
divulg+ ! secret ( 8 process4 ,!        
inscription3 8,s4 ,jvan  ,bavtj/a10 is q
 cle>4 ,j h[ x came to be lo/ by !      
,cali=nia  mission h[ev]1 if x came f   
!re1 rema9s a my/]y4    ,flights ( /airs
 lead on upw>d to ! cupola1 :i*         
culm9ates 9 a  domical vault4 ,!re is a 
spl5did panorama ( ! valley f ?is  po9t4
 ,9 e>li] days ! cupola 0 p]haps us$ z a
 look\t to w>n  aga9/ ,apa*e attacks4   
,"h "o may look d[n ^u ! dom$ surface ( 
! ro( :i* 0 pa9t$ 9 imitation ( tile1 & 
exam9e ! detail  ( ! elaborate ro(      
p>apet ) its sl5d] po/s & f9ials &      
graceful wall curv$ 9 scallop$ loops    
betwe5 !m4 ,! f9ials are  flank$ by c>v$
 ,ca/ilian lion heads4    ,! dormitory  
w+ con/ruct$ ( adobe has be5 greatly    
alt]$4 ,e>ly  draw+s indicat$ t ! w9d[s 

& doors 7 orig9ally ar*$4  ,especially  
notable is ! ro( ov] ! dormitory &      
adjo9+ loggia4  ,except = ! out] cov]+ (
 tile its /ructure has nev] be5         
di/urb$4 ,x is support$ on heavy beams (
 mesquite timb] &1 z 0  ! g5]al cu/om1 !
 beams 7 cov]$ ) /alks ( ocotillo1      
leaves & re$s1 ! cracks !n fill$ ) s(t  
adobe1 ! :ole  f9ally =m+ a solidly     
re9=c$ ro(4 ,! nor? w+ ( !  dormitory1  
al?\gh entirely new1 h>monizes ) ! e>li]
 /ructure4    ,eng9e]s are work+ to br+ 
back into l9e ! massive walls ( !       
mission & plan to re9=ce ! dome &       
portions ( ! f9e facade  :i* h rec5tly  
fall5 away4    ,secret processes us$ 9  
pa9t+ ! murals are be+ utiliz$ 9  re/or+
 ! walls ( ! /ructure4 ,?is process1    
rec5tly discov]$  ?r\gh rese>* at !     
,smi?sonian ,in/itution1 solves a       
problem  arti/s h be5 attempt+ = ye>s to
 a*ieve ?r\gh ! use ( oil  pa9t4 ,! root
 ( ! ocotillo plant supplies ! r$4 ,!   
pulpy sap (  ! sagu>o 7giant7 cactus    
gives ! blue4 ,br[n & yell[ are made  f 

! fir/ lay] ( sk9 "u ! b>k ( ! palo v]de
 tree1 &  gre5 comes f sage leaves :ile 
mesquite beans make ! ?ick black4  ,!   
degree ( boil+ gives ! %ades desir$4    
,! pres]vation ( ,san ,xavi] del ,bac is
 a wor?y ge/ure 9 enabl+  increas+ ?\s&s
 to see intact ?is magnific5t example ( 
e>ly  mission ar*itecture4              
,bibliography        ,bancr(t1 ,hub]t   
,h[e4 ,hi/ory ( ,arizona & ,new ,mexico4
 ,san    ,francisco1 ,! ,hi/ory         
,company1 #ahhi4 ,vol4 #ag ( 8 ,hi/ory (
 !    ,pacific ,/ates ( ,nor? ,am]ica4  
,bolton1 ,h]b]t ,eug5e4 ,k9o's          
,hi/orical ,memoir ( ,pim]a ,alta4      
,clevel&1 ,ar?ur ,h4 ,cl>k ,company1    
#aiai4 #b v4      ----1 ,rim (          
,*ri/5dom4 ,new ,york1 ,macmillan1      
#aicf4      ----1 ,padre on ,horseback4 
,san ,francisco1 ,sonora ,press1 #aicb4 
,bonav5ture1 ,fa!r1 ,o4,f4,m4 ,mission  
,san ,xavi] del ,bac4 ,topawa1          
,ariz41 ,franciscan ,fa!rs ( ,arizona1  
,san ,solano ,missions4      ,duell1    
,pr5t4 ,mission ,ar*itecture ,exemplifi$

 9 ,san ,xavi] del    ,bac4 ,tucson1    
,arizona ,ar*aeological & ,hi/orical    
,society1 #aiai4      ,engelh>dt1 ,fa!r 
,zephyr94 ,! ,franciscans 9 ,arizona4   
,h>bor    ,spr+s1 ,mi*41 ,holy ,*ildhood
 ,indian ,s*ool1 #ahii4      ,hall5beck1
 ,cleve4 ,spani% ,missions ( ! ,old     
,s\?we/4 ,new ,york1    ,d\bl$ay1 ,page 
,company1 #aibf4      ,h9ton1 ,r4 ,j4   
,h&book to ,arizona4 ,new ,york1 ,payot1
 ,upham  ,company1    #ahgh4            
,lockwood1 ,frank ,c4 ,) ,padre ,k9o on 
! ,trail4 ,tucson1 ,univ]sity    (      
,arizona1 #aicd4      ,lummis1 ,*>les   
,f4 ,! ,spani% ,pione]s4 ,*icago1 ,a4   
,c4 ,mc,clurg     ,company1 #aiad4      
,lutrell1 ,e/elle4 ,! ,mission ( ,san   
,xavi] del ,bac4 ,tucson1 ,acme         
,press1 #aicd4      ,newcomb1 ,rex=d4   
,spani%-,colonial ,ar*itecture 9 !      
,unit$    ,/ates4 ,new ,york1 ,j4 ,j4   
,augu/91 #aicg4      ,willys1 ,rufus    
,kay4 ,pione] ,padre4 ,dallas1 ,s\?we/  
,press1 #aice4                          
,illu/rations        ,illu/ration3      

,,mission ( ,,san ,,xavi] ,,del ,,bac   
#agjj-agig      ,,key    ,a ,nave    ,b 
,provision ,room    ,c ,epi/le ,*apel   
,d ,sacri/y    ,e ,apse    ,f ,gospel   
,*apel    ,g ,cross+    ,h ,bapti/ry    
,i ,n>!x    ,j ,cloi/]    ,k ,dormitory 
,w+      ,illu/ration3 ,,! ,,mission ,,(
 ,,san ,,xavi] ,,del ,,bac4 ,,papago    
,,village ,,9    ,,=egr\nd4             
,illu/ration3 ,,mission ,,c\rty>d ,,f   
,,above4444      ,illu/ration3 444 ,,&  
,,bel[4      ,illu/ration3 ,,!          
,,entrance ,,portal ,,has ,a ,,delicate 
,,wood5 ,,balcony    ,,above1 ,,cr[n$   
,,) ,a ,,l>ge ,,%ell ,,motif4           
,illu/ration3 ,,papago ,,indian ,,*ildr5
 ,,recess+ ,,at ,,! ,,mission ,,s*ool4  
,illu/ration3 ,,high ,,alt> ,,f ,,re>   
,,( ,,nave4      ,illu/ration3 ,,"o ,,( 
,,two ,,grotesque ,,c>v+s ,,( ,,lions4  
,illu/ration3 ,,high ,,alt>4            
,illu/ration3 ,,high ,,alt> ,,f ,,*oir  
,,l(t4      ,illu/ration3 ,a ,,high     
,,canopi$ ,,h&-,,c>v$ ,,pulpit ,,( ,,ri*
 ,,d>k ,,p9e4      ,illu/ration3 ,,*oir 

,,l(t ,,f ,,! ,,high ,,alt>4            
,illu/ration3 ,,look+ ,,t[>d ,,"o       
,,corn] ,,( ,,! ,,we/ ,,transept4       
,illu/ration3 ,,gospel ,,*apel--,,we/   
,,transept4      ,illu/ration3 ,,ea/    
,,transept--,,epi/le ,,*apel4           
,illu/ration3 ,,! ,,/atue ,,( ,,m>y     
,,clo!d ,,9 ,a ,,bridal ,,g[n ,,donat$  
,,by    ,,an ,,indian ,,woman4          
,illu/ration3 ,,alt> ,,d$icat$ ,,to ,,! 
,,"m ,,( ,,sorr[s4      ,illu/ration3   
,,baptismal ,,font ,,9 ,,c5t] ,,(       
,,bapti/ry4 ,,p$e/al ,,&    ,,b[l ,,(   
,,bak$ ,,brick ,,:i* ,,incloses ,a      
,,copp] ,,b[l ,,engrav$ ,,on ,,top ,,)  
,,monogram ,i4 ,h4 ,s4                  
,illu/ration3 ,,! ,,baptismal ,,font    
,,se5 ,,f ,,! ,,nave4      ,illu/ration3
 ,,detail ,,( ,,bapti/ry ,,w9d[4        
,illu/ration3 ,,w9d[ ,,ov] ,,entrance   
,,portal4      ,illu/ration3 ,,! ,,bells
 ,,( ,,san ,,xavi]4      ,illu/ration3  
,,papago ,,indian ,,homes4              
,illu/ration3 ,,! ,,great ,,dome1 ,,!   
,,dom$ ,,ro(1 ,,& ,,! ,,f9ials ,,flank$ 

,,) ,,c>v$ ,,ca/ilian ,,lion ,,heads4   
,illu/ration3 ,,prickly ,,pe> ,,cactus  
,,9 ,a ,,corn] ,,( ,,! ,,g>d54          
,illu/ration3 ,,mortu>y ,,*apel ,,&     
,,g>d54      ,illu/ration3 ,,mexican ,,&
 ,,indian ,,burial ,,gr\nds ,,j ,,we/   
,,( ,,!    ,,mission4      ,illu/ration3
 ,gates ( ,san ,xavi]                   
,transcrib]'s ,notes      --,copyright  
notice provid$ z 9 ! orig9al--?is e-text
 is public    doma9 9 ! c\ntry (        
publication4    --,sil5tly correct$     
palpable typos2 left non-/&>d spell+s & 
dialect un*ang$4    --,mov$ "s captions 
clos] to ! correspond+ pictures1 remov+ 
extrane\s spatial ref]5ces l 87next     
page704    --,9 ! text v]sions1 delimit$
 italiciz$ text by und]scores4