,illustration3 ,mission ,san ,xavier ,del ,bac ,illustration3 ,,the ,,facade4 ,mission ,san ,xavier ,del ,bac ,arizona ,a ,descriptive and ,historical ,,guide ,illustration3 ,front ,view ,compiled by ,workers of the ,writers's ,program of the ,work ,projects ,administration in the ,state of ,arizona ,sponsored by ,arizona ,pioneers' ,historical ,society ,,hastings ,,house1 ,publishers ,,new ,,york ,first ,published in ,march #aidj ,,federal ,,works ,,agency ,john ,m4 ,carmody1 ,administrator ,,work ,,projects ,,administration ,f4 ,c4 ,harrington1 ,commissioner ,florence ,kerr1 ,assistant ,commissioner ,w4 ,j4 ,jamieson1 ,state ,administrator ,copyright #aidj by the ,arizona ,pioneers' ,historical ,society ,printed in ,u4,s4,a4 ,all ,rights are ,reserved1 ,including the ,rights to ,reproduce ,this ,book or ,parts ,thereof in ,any ,form ,illustration3 ,,front ,,view ,illustration3 ,,there ,,is ,a ,,splendid ,,panorama ,,of ,,the ,,valley ,,from ,,this ,,point4 ,preface ,the ,mission of ,san ,xavier del ,bac1 generally conceded to be the greatest of all the old ,spanish missions and the finest example of pure mission architecture in the ,united ,states1 has enjoyed a variable and fascinating development through nearly two and a half centuries4 ,this descriptive and historical guide to the mission is designed to enable native ,arizonans and tourists the more appreciably to enjoy ,san ,xavier's great beauty and significance4 ,acknowledgment is due to ,dr4 ,herbert ,eugene ,bolton1 ,chairman1 ,department of ,history and ,director of the ,bancroft ,library1 ,university of ,california1 for his helpful suggestions in connection with the history of the mission4 ,dr4 ,rufus ,kay ,wyllys1 ,head1 ,department of ,social ,science1 ,arizona ,state ,teachers ,college at ,tempe1 was also very helpful in this respect4 ,as to the architectural descriptions1 the authority of ,prent ,duell1 in his publication 8,mission ,architecture1 ,exemplified in ,san ,xavier del ,bac0 was generously employed4 ,the ,editors4 ,list of ,illustrations ,mission ,san ,xavier ,del ,bac--,norman ,g4 ,wallace ,endpapers ,the ,facade--,buehman ,studio ,frontispiece ,front ,view--,buehman ,studio ,title ,page ,,page ,glimpse ,through ,archway--,buehman ,studio #c ,bells--,joseph ,miller #d ,papago ,village--,buehman ,studio #cg ,mission ,courtyard ,from ,above--,joseph ,miller #ch --,and ,below--,national ,park ,service #ci ,detail of ,wooden ,balcony--,joseph ,miller #dj ,papago ,indian ,children--,joseph ,miller #da ,high ,altar ,from ,rear of ,nave--,joseph ,miller #db ,grotesque ,lion--,joseph ,miller #db ,high ,altar #dc ,high ,altar ,from ,choir ,loft--,joseph ,miller #dd ,hand-,carved ,pulpit--,joseph ,miller #dd ,choir ,loft ,from the ,high ,altar #de ,corner of ,west ,transept #df ,gospel ,chapel--,west ,transept #dg ,east ,transept--,epistle ,chapel #dh ,the ,statue of ,mary--,joseph ,miller #di ,the ,mother of ,sorrows--,joseph ,miller #di ,baptismal ,font--,joseph ,miller #ej ,baptismal ,font ,from ,nave--,national ,park ,service #ea ,detail of ,baptistry ,window--,john ,p4 ,o',neill #eb ,window ,over ,entrance ,portal--,joseph ,miller #eb ,the ,bells of ,san ,xavier--,joseph ,miller #ec ,papago ,indian ,homes--,joseph ,miller #ec ,the ,great ,dome--,joseph ,miller #ed ,corner of the ,garden--,joseph ,miller #ee ,mortuary ,chapel and ,garden--,joseph ,miller #ef ,burial ,grounds #eg ,gates of ,san ,xavier ,endpapers ,the mission of ,san ,xavier del ,bac is on an elevation facing the ,santa ,rita ,mountains1 nine miles to the south of ,tucson1 ,arizona1 and is a conspicuous monument of the ,santa ,cruz ,valley4 ,an isolated church1 white against the soft shades of the bare desert and the distant colors of the low-lying mountains1 it is visible for miles in every direction4 ,prent ,duell1 who calls ,san ,xavier 8the greatest of all missions0 in his book on mission architecture1 gives the following description of the view from the front3 8,the facade of the church is symmetrical1 with two plain towers on either side of an ornate gabled entrance4 ,above the broken pediment of the gable1 the noble dome may be seen between the towers4 ,the windows and doors are symmetrically placed and thrown wholly in shadow by the heavy walls4 ,their blackness1 contrasted with the glistening whiteness of the walls1 and the reddish ornamentation about the entrance make a picture against the cloudless sky and endless desert1 not to be forgotten40 ,the mission was founded by ,eusebio ,francisco ,kino1 picturesque pioneer missionary of the ,jesuit ,order1 whose purpose was to ,christianize the ,indian population4 ,san ,xavier is the northernmost of his mission chain1 extending up the ,west coast from ,sinaloa to ,pimera ,alta4 ,pimera ,alta1 meaning the upper country of the ,pima ,indians1 included all the territory between the ,gila ,river1 in what is now ,arizona1 on the ,north and the ,ro del ,altar in ,sonora1 ,mexico1 on the south4 ,kino visited the 8great ranchera0 of ,bac on the ,santa ,cruz ,river for the first time in #afib and later wrote an eloquent report to ,king ,philip ,v of ,spain describing the beauty and fertility of the valley whose fields extended as far as the present site of ,tucson4 ,it was during this visit that ,kino named the place ,san ,xavier1 in honor of his own patron saint1 the great ,jesuit 8,apostle to the ,indies40 ,a visit in #afid to ,bac and the nearby ruins of ,casa ,grande1 prehistoric fortress1 convinced him that under proper tutelage the ,indians might erect large and permanent buildings4 ,in #afig he drove cattle up from his mission ,dolores in ,mexico and established the first stock farm at ,bac for the support of the projected mission4 ,construction of the church began in ,april #agjj1 and ,kino in his autobiography relates3 8,on the #bhth we began the foundations of a very large and capacious church of ,san ,xavier del ,bac1 all the many people working with much pleasure and zeal1 some in digging the foundations1 others in hauling many and very good stones of tezontle from a little hill about a quarter of a league away4 ,for the mortar for these foundations it was not necessary to haul water1 because by means of irrigation ditches we very easily conducted the water where we wished4 ,and that house1 with its great court and garden nearby1 will be able to have throughout the year all the water it may need1 running to any place or workroom one may please1 and one of the greatest and best fields in all ,nueva ,biscaya 444 on the #bith we continued laying the foundations of the church and of the house40 7,note3 ,the site of these foundations is not where the present mission stands1 but at a point some two miles north47 ,kino died in #agaa and it is uncertain how much of the building had been completed4 ,in #agea the generally peaceful ,pimas1 disturbed by the inroads being made by ,spanish settlers and prospectors1 revolted and plundered the mission4 ,some of the ,indians had been obliged to work in the mines1 practically as slaves for the ,spanish colonists1 and it is probable that others found the discipline and regular work of the padres burdensome4 ,all ,pimera was shaken by this great uprising which nearly wiped out the frontier missions4 ,the following year a presidio was established at the visita of ,tubac1 #cg miles to the south1 for the protection of ,san ,xavier1 its visitas1 and the villages of the ,christian ,indians4 ,missionary activities were again started and many of the ,indians who had previously fled1 returned4 ,in #agfg1 by ,royal ,order1 the ,jesuits were expelled from all ,spanish domain4 ,charles ,,iii of ,spain1 fearing the ,jesuits were too persistent in their quest of new lands1 decided to replace them with the ,franciscan ,order4 ,san ,xavier1 like most of the abandoned missions of the region1 was taken over by the ,franciscans in #agfh4 ,san ,xavier came under the direction of ,friar ,francisco ,garcs and before the year was out1 while he lay sick at a nearby visita1 the mission buildings were destroyed by ,apaches4 ,the padres' courage and spirit were unshaken however1 as we find that four years later a 8fairly large0 church was erected4 ,the danger from ,apache raids became increasingly serious and in #aggf1 a presidio was established at nearby ,tucson for greater protection of ,san ,xavier4 ,about #aghe two ,franciscan friars1 successors to ,garcs1 began work on the building4 ,this evidently was at the site of the present mission4 ,what part1 if any1 of the present structure belongs to the period of ,jesuit occupation is conjectural and there seems to be some confusion at this period regarding the two sites4 ,however1 the cruciform 7cross-shaped7 design of the present structure was not used by the ,franciscans for missions and it is reasonable to suppose that the ,jesuits may have laid the foundations for the present church1 under these circumstances4 ,also1 the name of ,san ,xavier1 a ,jesuit1 was retained1 while the ,franciscans changed the names of the other ,jesuit missions4 ,the labor of building went on for more than ten years4 ,except for part of one tower1 the structure was probably finished in #agig1 as an inscription on the door of the ,sacristy indicates3 8,pedro ,bojs ano die--#agig 7,pedro ,bojourques--on a day in the year #agig740 ,the actual building of ,san ,xavier was carried on under the direction of ,ignacio ,gaona1 ,spanish architect and master mission builder4 ,ornaments and fixtures of the older church were placed in the new building4 ,after ,mexico won independence from ,spain in #ahbb1 the friars were expelled from the country and the missions were confiscated4 ,san ,xavier remained for years without a priest1 and the buildings were used for stables1 barns1 or barracks4 ,at this time the faithful ,indians buried many of the ornaments and statues to prevent their destruction in ,apache raids4 ,in #ahei1 following the ,gadsden ,purchase1 whereby the ,united ,states ,government purchased from ,mexico a large strip of land1 ,san ,xavier was brought within the boundaries of the ,united ,states4 ,the ,arizona missions were put in the diocese of ,santa ,fe1 ,new ,mexico4 ,when the ,indians heard that a priest was returning they brought forth the statues and other sacred articles1 rang the long silent mission bells and brought their children to be baptized4 ,the church of ,san ,xavier was the only mission not in complete ruin4 ,extensive repairs were made on the building4 ,although the mission withstood the earthquake of #ahhg1 a period of rainy weather caused damage to its walls and ceilings4 ,restoration work1 for the most part by ,indian labor1 was begun in #aijf4 ,old pictures were studied in an effort to retain the lines of the mission as faithfully as possible4 ,the work was so skillfully done that in many instances it is impossible to distinguish between the old and new construction4 ,the exteriors of the mission and dependent buildings were newly plastered and the decorations repaired4 ,some changes were made in the walls of the atrium and in the patio1 which had been constructed as a measure of defense against the attacks of ,apaches4 ,additional dormitory and class rooms were constructed4 ,in #aijh the 8,grotto of ,lourdes10 a replica of the shrine at ,lourdes1 ,france1 was constructed on the 8,little ,mountain of the ,holy ,cross0 just east of the mission4 ,in accordance with the usual custom of the ,spanish friars in selecting a building site for a mission1 ,san ,xavier del ,bac occupies a position in the very heart of the desert1 slightly elevated above the surrounding terrain and hemmed in by distant mountains4 ,the majestic mass of the church with its tiny mortuary chapel to the left1 its walled atrium fronting a spacious plaza1 and its ,l-shaped dormitory and patio adjoining the church proper at the right1 forms an imposing architectural ensemble4 ,the church faces directly south1 contrary to the general rule that the apse should be to the east4 ,san ,xavier is the best preserved and the only one of the old ,spanish missions still being used4 ,for two centuries and more the ,indians have been coming to this shrine1 exemplifying their faith in ,christianity as first introduced by the kindly padre ,kino4 ,no mission excels ,san ,xavier in serious design and pure artistry4 ,it more completely embodies the elements which enter into mission architecture1 that is1 the architecture of the ,spanish ,renaissance modified by native influences1 than any other1 and stands a perfect example of its type4 ,in reality ,san ,xavier1 which cannot be designated as an example of any one style1 is a combination of the many influences that created the mission architecture of the ,southwest4 ,not the least of these influences was the scarcity of artisans capable of executing the elaborate detail of the churches in the homeland and the fantastic ,churrigueresque mode of vice-regal ,mexico with which the padres were familiar4 ,also the building materials were for the most part confined to those available at the site4 ,in view of these many limitations it is not surprising that the structures1 executed largely by native workmen1 reflected ,indian influences4 ,about the only materials used in the construction of ,san ,xavier ,mission not native to the site were the iron bells and the hinges on the doors4 ,the statuary for the most part1 and the gilt used on interior decorative features1 were probably brought from ,mexico4 ,according to legend1 the clappers of the ,arizona mission bells were made from a meteorite that fell in the ,santa ,rita ,mountains nearby4 ,the architecture of ,san ,xavier has traces of both ,byzantine and ,moorish styles4 ,the lower half of the interior with its many brilliant decorations1 statuettes1 frescoes1 and glitter of golden tones is partially ,byzantine4 ,the upper part reflects the ,moorish style with stilted arches1 domes1 and fantastic windows4 ,the distinctive towers and belfries were developed in ,mexico and much of the accented yet restrained decoration suggests the influence of the ,aztec4 ,the mission1 except for the foundation1 is constructed entirely of kiln-baked clay brick1 covered with a white lime plaster4 ,the pendentives and groins--even the roof including the huge dome1 and the choir loft--are carried completely on vaulted arches4 ,the ornamental features of the facade are of brick and plaster4 ,the foundation of stones imbedded in mortar1 is nearly six feet thick under the front towers in order to support their great weight4 ,the massive towers1 with their arcaded belfries arranged in two stages1 were of identical design4 ,the one on the right1 never having been completed1 lacks the crowning dome and cupola of the one on the left1 thereby destroying the otherwise perfect symmetry of the facade1 though not detracting from the charm of the structure4 ,a number of legends have arisen to account for the unfinished tower4 ,it is said the ,king of ,spain1 anxious to increase his revenues1 ruled that each church upon completion must pay a tax to the royal treasury4 ,the astute padres left the church in a state that could not be considered completed4 ,another version relates that ,ignacio ,gaona1 the mission builder1 with but a few months of labor left1 sustained a fatal injury in a fall off the unfinished tower which may account for its not being completed1 as well as for the fact that the name of his assistant was inscribed on the ,sacristy door1 viz4 8,pedro ,bojourquez1 #agig40 ,the imposing silhouette of the towers is greatly enhanced by the flowing lines of their flying buttresses at each corner4 ,these corner buttresses are arched across to the base of the upper belfry in the form of graceful scrolls4 ,the platform around the lower stage of the belfry is protected by a balustrade of finely turned balusters4 ,the most decorative feature of the facade is the gabled entrance pavilion which1 with its curvilinear silhouette and baroque detail1 exemplifies the excesses of the late ,spanish ,renaissance and recalls the ,churrigueresque embellishments of the ,mexican cathedrals4 ,the original ornamentations--arabesques1 shells1 niched figures1 and swirling volutes in both low and high relief--appear in soft shades of red1 the faded residue of the original vermilion paint4 ,the deeply recessed entrance portal is framed with a low unstilted classic arch4 ,its aged wooden doors are hewn from solid mesquite1 swung on original hand-made hinges1 and fastened with locks and bolts of the same period4 ,the spandrels of the portal arch are adorned with rich floral arabesques4 ,the portal is flanked by double columns1 elaborately molded and decorated1 and engaged to the face of broad pilasters4 ,these columns are repeated in a superimposed ordinance flanking a central window4 ,the window1 admitting light to the choir loft within1 has a delicate wooden balcony which casts a deep shadow over the entrance portal below4 ,it is crowned with a large shell motif1 symbolic of pilgrimage or baptism4 ,two other balconies of similar design accent the base of each tower at the same level4 ,decorative niched figures are placed between the columns4 ,the upper figure on the left1 with crown and royal robes1 is variously described as representing either ,king ,charles ,,iii of ,spain or ,saint ,catherine4 ,the black-robed figure below1 though nearly effaced1 is judged to be that of a lady saint4 ,the upper figure on the right1 with tambourine1 is a representation of ,saint ,cecelia2 the figure below1 often blackened by the grease dripping from the candles of pious ,indians who affirm that the saint cures their sore eyes1 is thought to be an image of ,saint ,lucy4 ,the gable of the entrance pavilion1 in the form of a broken scroll pediment1 is adorned with the arms of the ,franciscan order1 executed in high relief4 ,the coat of arms consists of an escutcheon with a white ground against which are displayed a twisted cord1 part of the ,franciscan dress1 and a cross bearing one arm of ,jesus and one of ,saint ,francis4 ,to the right of the escutcheon is the monogram of ,jesus and to the left that of the ,virgin4 ,in the decoration above are two small ,lions of ,castile1 and bunches of grapes signifying fertility4 ,a broken bust of ,saint ,francis of ,assisi surmounts the pediment4 ,regarding the facade as a whole one is impressed with the striking contrast between the blank surfaces of the smooth outer walls and towers1 and the concentrated decoration of the few wall openings4 ,over each of the lower windows in the towers is a delicate relief almost monastic in its simplicity4 ,these windows are grilled with slender wooden spindles in the traditional ,spanish manner4 ,inside to the left of the nave is the ,baptistry and over head the choir loft from which the best view of the interior is obtained4 ,the plan of the vaulted interior is a perfect ,latin cross with transepts1 apse and nave4 ,the right and left transepts are treated as chapels4 ,at the north end is the chancel with its high altar4 ,over the crossing of transept and nave1 the lofty dome rises over an octagonal drum supported on the arches and pendentives1 while to the left and right are richly appointed transept chapels each containing two altars4 ,light streaming through the high windows in the clearstory and the four medallion windows in the drum of the dome is refracted from wall to wall in soft bluish tones4 ,the walls of the interior are richly adorned with frescoes and gilded ornament4 ,the interior decorations of ,san ,xavier1 though somewhat faded in color are perhaps richer than those of other missions--the elaborate detail of its gilded altars1 the bizarre painted statues1 the spindled altar rails and wine glass pulpit1 are in keeping with the rich traditions of ,spain and ,mexico4 ,the sides of the vaulted nave1 adorned with frescoes1 a painted dado and cornice1 are lined with heavily capped pilasters4 ,frescoes1 painted in bold reds1 yellows1 blues1 and browns and outlined in orange and black1 recall at once the work of early ,spanish painters1 the eastern heritage of early ,christian art1 and at the same time1 the hand of a native race attuned to brilliant color4 ,the large frescoes1 ,the ,last ,supper and ,the ,holy ,ghost ,descending ,upon ,the ,disciples1 to the left and right respectively1 are said to be the work of a monk from the college of ,queretaro4 ,the dadoes painted in imitation of tiles have almost disappeared4 ,below the molded brick cornice is a colorful frieze decorated with the cord and hem of the ,franciscan vestments and the traditional fringe of bell and pomegranate4 ,the pilasters flanking the nave are adorned with niched figures of saints4 ,on the left 7front and rear7 are ,st4 ,mathew1 ,st4 ,bartholomew and ,st4 ,philip1 on the right ,st4 ,simon and ,st4 ,thaddeus4 ,these apostolic figures and many others set into the high altar and transept chapels are painted and modeled with charming naivete of form and expression4 ,as ,duell has suggested1 8,they were intended for the ,indian1 and his first lessons in ,christianity were through art40 ,the frescoes on the pendentives and on the drum and dome over the crossing are especially decorative in that they are painted on the white ceiling in vignette4 ,here again are figures of various saints4 ,those decorating the pendentives represent ,st4 ,thomas ,aquinas1 ,st4 ,augustine1 ,st4 ,jerome and ,st4 ,ambrose4 ,in the ,gospel ,chapel formed by the left transept are two richly carved and gilded altars4 ,the larger one at the end1 somewhat resembling the high altar1 is dedicated to the ,passion of ,our ,lord1 the other1 on the right1 to ,st4 ,joseph4 ,the frescoes on the left wall of this chapel symbolize ,the ,presentation of ,our ,lord in the ,temple 7upper7 and ,our ,lady of the ,pillar 7lower74 ,here also is the confessional4 ,the apse1 containing the elaborately encrusted high altar1 is framed by a wide and stilted chancel arch4 ,on the piers of the arch 7left and right7 are figures of ,st4 ,james1 ,st4 ,john1 ,st4 ,thomas and ,st4 ,ignatius ,loyola1 founder of the ,society of ,jesus4 ,on the corners of the piers are hung the figures of angels1 life-size1 said to be the likenesses of the two daughters of the artist who decorated the interior4 ,the apse is separated from the rest of the church by a low spindled chancel rail4 ,the central gate of the hand-carved railing is flanked by two grotesque carvings of lions on the escutcheon of ,castile and ,leon4 ,in their paws were candlesticks--long since carried away by vandals4 ,the high altar is dedicated to ,st4 ,francis ,xavier4 ,a figure of the saint occupies a central niche above the altar table4 ,around it are carved cherubs and arabesques4 ,still higher is a brilliantly painted figure of the ,holy ,virgin4 ,on each side of this central motif the corners of the octagonal apse are lined with elaborately carved and gilded columns and between them the niched figures of ,st4 ,peter and ,st4 ,paul4 ,surmounting the altar is the figure of ,god the ,creator4 ,the domed ceiling of the apse is embellished with a shell--a motif frequently used in the decoration of the church4 ,the side walls of the apse are painted with colorful frescoes3 ,the ,adoration of the ,wise ,men and ,the ,flight ,into ,egypt 7right wall7 and the ,adoration of the ,shepherds and the ,annunciation 7left wall74 ,a small door in the right wall of the apse leads into the ,sacristy1 a high square domical chamber containing the sacred vessels and reliquaries4 ,the delicate floral decorations on the sacristy ceiling are especially notable4 ,on the north wall is the ,crucifixion1 the largest and best preserved of any of the frescoes in the church4 ,a small door in the east wall gives access to the arched cloisters of the patio4 ,in the east transept is the ,epistle ,chapel containing1 like the ,gospel ,chapel on the left1 two altars--the large altar at the end1 dedicated to the ,mother of ,sorrows1 containing a statue of ,mary1 clothed in a bridal gown donated by an ,indian girl in appreciation of an answered prayer4 ,imbedded in the wall above is an antique wooden cross which formerly bore a 8life-size0 statue of the crucifixion1 though nothing remains now but one arm4 ,it is thought the statue was carried away by vandals4 ,the altar at the left is dedicated to the ,immaculate ,conception4 ,a high canopied hand-carved pulpit of rich dark pine1 fastened with wooden pegs1 stands against the transept pier at the right of the ,epistle ,chapel4 ,octagonal in shape and raised on a slender shaft-like pedestal1 it is a notable example of skillful craftsmanship in woodcarving4 ,the pulpit platform is approached by a narrow railed flight of steps4 ,entrance to the finished tower is through the ,baptistry4 ,this room is groin-vaulted and handsomely ornamented4 ,a fresco of the ,baptism of ,christ completely covers one of the walls4 ,the baptismal font in the center of the room with its hand-hammered copper bowl1 bears the inscription 8,,ihs10 three letters of the name ,jesus in the ,greek language4 ,this is one of the sacred fixtures that was taken from the original ,kino church and placed in the present building4 ,a narrow stairway built into the thick walls leads to the choir vestry4 ,the choir loft is adjacent4 ,the walls of the choir loft are covered with frescoes of the ,holy ,family1 the ,home at ,nazareth1 ,st4 ,francis in a ,heavenly ,chariot1 and ,st4 ,dominic ,receiving the ,rosary from the ,holy ,virgin4 ,a door opposite that of the choir vestry gives access to the other tower4 ,the old doors in the church still have their original heavy iron hinges1 locks and latches4 ,they are designed with heavy stiles and rails1 enclosing small panels1 and are relatively low and narrow4 ,the belfry of the finished tower1 reached through a tunnel-like stairway from the choir vestry1 is enclosed by a parapet with molded balustrades4 ,only three of the original four bells remain4 ,it is thought that one of the three1 accounted the best1 is the 8lost chime0 from the ,san ,juan ,bautista mission of ,california1 which was cast by a ,peruvian who died without divulging the secret of his process4 ,the inscription3 8,s4 ,jvan ,bavtjsta10 is quite clear4 ,just how it came to be lost by the ,california mission however1 if it came from there1 remains a mystery4 ,flights of stairs lead on upward to the cupola1 which culminates in a domical vault4 ,there is a splendid panorama of the valley from this point4 ,in earlier days the cupola was perhaps used as a lookout to warn against ,apache attacks4 ,here one may look down upon the domed surface of the roof which was painted in imitation of tile1 and examine the detail of the elaborate roof parapet with its slender posts and finials and graceful wall curved in scalloped loops between them4 ,the finials are flanked by carved ,castilian lion heads4 ,the dormitory wing constructed of adobe has been greatly altered4 ,early drawings indicated that the windows and doors were originally arched4 ,especially notable is the roof over the dormitory and adjoining loggia4 ,except for the outer covering of tile its structure has never been disturbed4 ,it is supported on heavy beams of mesquite timber and1 as was the general custom1 the beams were covered with stalks of ocotillo1 leaves and reeds1 the cracks then filled with soft adobe1 the whole finally forming a solidly reinforced roof4 ,the north wing of the dormitory1 although entirely new1 harmonizes with the earlier structure4 ,engineers are working to bring back into line the massive walls of the mission and plan to reinforce the dome and portions of the fine facade which have recently fallen away4 ,secret processes used in painting the murals are being utilized in restoring the walls of the structure4 ,this process1 recently discovered through research at the ,smithsonian ,institution1 solves a problem artists have been attempting for years to achieve through the use of oil paint4 ,the root of the ocotillo plant supplies the red4 ,the pulpy sap of the saguaro 7giant7 cactus gives the blue4 ,brown and yellow are made from the first layer of skin under the bark of the palo verde tree1 and green comes from sage leaves while mesquite beans make the thick black4 ,the degree of boiling gives the shades desired4 ,the preservation of ,san ,xavier del ,bac is a worthy gesture in enabling increasing thousands to see intact this magnificent example of early mission architecture4 ,bibliography ,bancroft1 ,hubert ,howe4 ,history of ,arizona and ,new ,mexico4 ,san ,francisco1 ,the ,history ,company1 #ahhi4 ,vol4 #ag of his ,history of the ,pacific ,states of ,north ,america4 ,bolton1 ,herbert ,eugene4 ,kino's ,historical ,memoir of ,pimera ,alta4 ,cleveland1 ,arthur ,h4 ,clark ,company1 #aiai4 #b v4 ----1 ,rim of ,christendom4 ,new ,york1 ,macmillan1 #aicf4 ----1 ,padre on ,horseback4 ,san ,francisco1 ,sonora ,press1 #aicb4 ,bonaventure1 ,father1 ,o4,f4,m4 ,mission ,san ,xavier del ,bac4 ,topawa1 ,ariz41 ,franciscan ,fathers of ,arizona1 ,san ,solano ,missions4 ,duell1 ,prent4 ,mission ,architecture ,exemplified in ,san ,xavier del ,bac4 ,tucson1 ,arizona ,archaeological and ,historical ,society1 #aiai4 ,engelhardt1 ,father ,zephyrin4 ,the ,franciscans in ,arizona4 ,harbor ,springs1 ,mich41 ,holy ,childhood ,indian ,school1 #ahii4 ,hallenbeck1 ,cleve4 ,spanish ,missions of the ,old ,southwest4 ,new ,york1 ,doubleday1 ,page ,company1 #aibf4 ,hinton1 ,r4 ,j4 ,handbook to ,arizona4 ,new ,york1 ,payot1 ,upham ,company1 #ahgh4 ,lockwood1 ,frank ,c4 ,with ,padre ,kino on the ,trail4 ,tucson1 ,university of ,arizona1 #aicd4 ,lummis1 ,charles ,f4 ,the ,spanish ,pioneers4 ,chicago1 ,a4 ,c4 ,mc,clurg ,company1 #aiad4 ,lutrell1 ,estelle4 ,the ,mission of ,san ,xavier del ,bac4 ,tucson1 ,acme ,press1 #aicd4 ,newcomb1 ,rexford4 ,spanish-,colonial ,architecture in the ,united ,states4 ,new ,york1 ,j4 ,j4 ,augustin1 #aicg4 ,willys1 ,rufus ,kay4 ,pioneer ,padre4 ,dallas1 ,southwest ,press1 #aice4 ,illustrations ,illustration3 ,,mission of ,,san ,,xavier ,,del ,,bac #agjj-agig ,,key ,a ,nave ,b ,provision ,room ,c ,epistle ,chapel ,d ,sacristy ,e ,apse ,f ,gospel ,chapel ,g ,crossing ,h ,baptistry ,i ,narthex ,j ,cloister ,k ,dormitory ,wing ,illustration3 ,,the ,,mission ,,of ,,san ,,xavier ,,del ,,bac4 ,,papago ,,village ,,in ,,foreground4 ,illustration3 ,,mission ,,courtyard ,,from ,,above4444 ,illustration3 444 ,,and ,,below4 ,illustration3 ,,the ,,entrance ,,portal ,,has ,a ,,delicate ,,wooden ,,balcony ,,above1 ,,crowned ,,with ,a ,,large ,,shell ,,motif4 ,illustration3 ,,papago ,,indian ,,children ,,recessing ,,at ,,the ,,mission ,,school4 ,illustration3 ,,high ,,altar ,,from ,,rear ,,of ,,nave4 ,illustration3 ,,one ,,of ,,two ,,grotesque ,,carvings ,,of ,,lions4 ,illustration3 ,,high ,,altar4 ,illustration3 ,,high ,,altar ,,from ,,choir ,,loft4 ,illustration3 ,a ,,high ,,canopied ,,hand-,,carved ,,pulpit ,,of ,,rich ,,dark ,,pine4 ,illustration3 ,,choir ,,loft ,,from ,,the ,,high ,,altar4 ,illustration3 ,,looking ,,toward ,,one ,,corner ,,of ,,the ,,west ,,transept4 ,illustration3 ,,gospel ,,chapel--,,west ,,transept4 ,illustration3 ,,east ,,transept--,,epistle ,,chapel4 ,illustration3 ,,the ,,statue ,,of ,,mary ,,clothed ,,in ,a ,,bridal ,,gown ,,donated ,,by ,,an ,,indian ,,woman4 ,illustration3 ,,altar ,,dedicated ,,to ,,the ,,mother ,,of ,,sorrows4 ,illustration3 ,,baptismal ,,font ,,in ,,center ,,of ,,baptistry4 ,,pedestal ,,and ,,bowl ,,of ,,baked ,,brick ,,which ,,incloses ,a ,,copper ,,bowl ,,engraved ,,on ,,top ,,with ,,monogram ,i4 ,h4 ,s4 ,illustration3 ,,the ,,baptismal ,,font ,,seen ,,from ,,the ,,nave4 ,illustration3 ,,detail ,,of ,,baptistry ,,window4 ,illustration3 ,,window ,,over ,,entrance ,,portal4 ,illustration3 ,,the ,,bells ,,of ,,san ,,xavier4 ,illustration3 ,,papago ,,indian ,,homes4 ,illustration3 ,,the ,,great ,,dome1 ,,the ,,domed ,,roof1 ,,and ,,the ,,finials ,,flanked ,,with ,,carved ,,castilian ,,lion ,,heads4 ,illustration3 ,,prickly ,,pear ,,cactus ,,in ,a ,,corner ,,of ,,the ,,garden4 ,illustration3 ,,mortuary ,,chapel ,,and ,,garden4 ,illustration3 ,,mexican ,,and ,,indian ,,burial ,,grounds ,,just ,,west ,,of ,,the ,,mission4 ,illustration3 ,gates of ,san ,xavier ,transcriber's ,notes --,copyright notice provided as in the original--this e-text is public domain in the country of publication4 --,silently corrected palpable typos2 left non-standard spellings and dialect unchanged4 --,moved some captions closer to the corresponding pictures1 removing extraneous spatial references like 87next page704 --,in the text versions1 delimited italicized text by underscores4