,,transcriber',s ,,note3 --,obvious print and punctuation errors were corrected4 ,,london ,,signs ,,and ,,inscriptions4 ,illustration ,the ,camden ,library4 ,,edited ,,by ,g4 ,,laurence ,,gomme1 ,f4,s4,a4 ,,and ,t4 ,,fairman ,,ordish1 ,f4,s4,a4 ,illustration3 ,,fish ,,shop ,,in ,,cheyne ,,walk4 ,,the ,,camden ,,library4 ,,london ,,signs ,,and ,,inscriptions4 ,,by ,,philip ,,norman1 ,f4,s4,a4 ,,illustrated ,,by ,,the ,,author ,,and ,,others4 ,,with ,,an ,,introduction ,,by ,,henry ,b4 ,,wheatley1 ,f4,s4,a4 ,,author ,,of #8,,london ,,past ,,and ,,present1' ,,etc4 ,,london3 ,,elliot ,,stock1 #fb1 ,,paternoster ,,row4 #ahic4 ,,uniform ,,with ,,the ,,present ,,volume4 ,in handsome post #hvo4 size2 tastefully printed in antique style4 ,on fine paper with rough edges1 and bound in cloth1 at #fs4 per volume2 bound in roxburgh1 with gilt top1 price #gs4 #f;d42 roxburgh binding1 #ajs4 #f;d4 net4 ,large-paper copies1 #bas4 net4 ,,the ,,first ,,volume of ,,the ,,camden ,,library1 recently published1 is entitled ,,the ,,antiquities ,,and ,,curiosities ,,of ,,the ,,exchequer4 ,by ,,hubert ,,hall1 ,f4,s4,a41 of ,h4,m4's ,public ,record ,office4 ,with illustrations by ,,ralph ,,nevill1 ,f4,s4,a41 and an ,introduction by ,sir ,,john ,,lubbock1 ,bart41 ,f4,r4,s41 ,f4,s4,a4 #8,this1 the first volume of a valuable series1 is perhaps one of the most interesting works of its kind4 ,the facts and anecdotes which are woven into the pages are curious1 and no doubt will be perfectly new to many readers4'--,public ,opinion4 #8,will be immensely superior to the ordinary kind of serial handbooks1 if ,mr4 ,hubert ,hall's scholarly and well-written book is a fair sample4444 ,his account of the origins of our national finance is full of valuable information which cannot be easily found elsewhere4' --,st4 ,james's ,gazette4 #8,it does great credit to the persevering industry1 discrimination1 and literary skill of its author4'--,daily ,telegraph4 ,,london3 ,,elliot ,,stock1 #fb1 ,,paternoster ,,row4 ,illustration ,,introduction4 ,i ,,have been asked to write a short introduction to this volume of the ,camden ,library1 and ,i do so with great pleasure4 ,the subject of sculptured signs is one of considerable interest1 to which too little attention has hitherto been devoted1 and the treatment of this important section of ,london antiquities could not have fallen into better hands than into those of ,mr4 ,philip ,norman1 who has devoted many years of patient labour to the search for these signs1 which are often found in very out-of-the-way localities4 ,mr4 ,norman possesses one most important qualification for the task he has undertaken1 in that he is an accomplished artist4 ,he is thus doubly well equipped both as an antiquary and as an artist4 ,it will1 ,i think1 surprise many readers to learn that so much is still left to us1 and ,i hope that the attention drawn to some of the signs which have disappeared of late years may result in the discovery of their present hiding-places4 ,some years ago there was a curious sculptured sign over the entrance to ,bull ,head ,court1 ,newgate ,street4 ,this represented ,william ,evans1 ,charles ,i4's gigantic porter1 and ,jeffrey ,hudson1 the ,queen's dwarf4 ,when ,king ,edward ,street was widened this sign disappeared4 ,if it be still in existence1 we may hope that1 in course of time1 it may find a home in the ,guildhall ,museum1 where so many interesting relics of old ,london are preserved4 ,painted signs1 which were once almost universal1 were suddenly cleared away by the ,act of ,parliament of #agfb1 but these sculptured signs remained because they were a part of the houses to which they were attached1 and they only pass away when the houses are rebuilt4 ,as the reader casually turns over the pages of this book1 he cannot fail to be struck by the variety of objects which have been represented on the signs4 ,many of these may be considered as marks of ownership1 and the crests and coats of arms of the ,city ,companies are frequently found as signs4 ,in connection with the sthetic revival there has been a considerable reappearance of signs in different parts of ,london1 mostly of artistic ironwork2 but although this helps to relieve the dull monotony of many streets it is not a custom that would be popular if it became universal4 ,there can1 however1 be no objection to the more general adoption of artistic sculpture on the fronts of houses4 ,when an old house is rebuilt1 its story 7if it have a story7 may with advantage be graphically represented on the front of the new one4 ,this has been done in some cases1 and an extension of the custom would add to the beauty of the streets1 and increase the interest of the passer-by in the almost forgotten history of his own town4 ,it is a satisfactory thing that the relics of former fashions of decoration should be registered for the information of those who desire to keep themselves in touch with the history of the past4 ,even in this materialistic age there are many who love to live in imagination in a former age1 and a sculptured sign or inscription on an old house will often help them to do this4 ,for centuries ,london was remarkable for its gardens1 but this has been changed at the end of the nineteenth century4 ,considering the great value of land in #8the ,city1' ,i suppose it cannot be a matter of surprise that almost every bit of garden or green place has been swept out of existence1 but ,i think every lover of ,london will sympathize with the protest against this tendency which concludes ,mr4 ,norman's book4 ,i do not1 however1 wish to keep the reader longer from learning what the author has to say1 and ,i will only add that this volume will form a most useful and agreeable addition to the extensive literature which is gradually growing up in connection with the ever-increasing world of houses and men which is known as ,london4 ,,henry ,b4 ,,wheatley4 ,,oppidans ,,road1 ,n4,w41 ,march1 #ahic4 ,illustration ,illustration ,,author',s ,,preface4 ,,until the beginning of this century1 ,i may almost say till the development of our railway system some fifty years ago1 though ,london was continually spreading in all directions1 its heart--the ,city--remained very much as ,wren had left it4 ,here many a well-to-do trader was content to dwell in the substantial house in which his business was carried on1 and to pray in the neighbouring parish church where his father had prayed before him4 ,now the church has1 likely enough1 disappeared1 the monuments of his ancestors are bundled off no one knows where2 perhaps the very street in which he lived is changed out of all power of recognition4 ,in short1 to meet our modern requirements1 the ,city has become a mere mass of offices1 warehouses1 and gigantic railway-stations1 whence issue each morning myriads of human beings who spend the day in struggling for wealth or a livelihood1 and at night return to their homes1 which are spread over an area some sixty miles in diameter1 leaving the centre to be protected by a few porters and caretakers4 ,the decrease in the resident population has now extended a considerable distance west4 ,to the observing eye1 however1 traces of a former state of things are still to be seen1 not only in important buildings such as the ,city halls1 the parish churches and the old merchants' houses still existing2 but in objects less conspicuous1 for instance1 the sculptured house and street signs which came into fashion after the ,great ,fire4 ,these have no little artistic merit1 and almost all are interesting from their associations4 ,the greater part of my book is devoted to a careful description of such signs2 not only the existing ones1 but all of which ,i can find any mention4 ,this description ,i have tried to make as complete as possible1 and ,i have allowed myself some latitude1 recording not only facts which appeared to me of interest concerning the particular house1 court1 or alley to which the sign belonged1 but also its probable origin1 and any story or legend that might be connected with it4 ,sculptured signs are often heraldic1 and from them the transition is natural to still existing crests and coats of arms carved on buildings in various parts of the town4 ,a cognate subject is that of old dates and inscriptions1 suggestive as they are of the former ownership of property1 of changes in the names of streets1 sometimes even giving us glimpses of family history2 as in the inscription to ,denzil ,lord ,holles4 ,my researches naturally led me into the ,guildhall ,museum1 where the need of a suitable catalogue 7soon1 ,i hear1 to be supplied71 induced me to put together a few suggestive notes on the curiosities relating to ,london which there find a home4 ,i have added a short account of some half dozen of the painted signs still existing in the ,metropolis which seemed to have more than common interest4 ,i have already referred to the extraordinary decrease of ,city inhabitants4 ,on the other hand1 in outlying districts the converse process has taken place4 ,the little towns and villages of three hundred years ago1 then some distance from ,london1 and numbering among their inhabitants people of high birth unconnected with trade1 became by degrees half rural suburbs1 where well-to-do citizens sought amusement and repose4 ,folks of this class have now gone further afield1 and for many years the speculative builder has been at work1 providing for a humbler and far more numerous population4 ,the space is covered with miles upon miles of dull monotonous streets2 pleasant gardens have disappeared1 hills are levelled1 valleys filled up1 wells choked1 the clear streams turned into sewers1 nothing remaining to remind us of what has gone before except the names1 and here and there an old house1 a carving or inscription4 ,the existence of a few of these mementoes has attracted me to ,islington and ,clerkenwell1 and must be my excuse for describing in detail several of the spas and places of entertainment with which in the eighteenth century this region abounded4 ,thence ,i make my way back to the ,city1 and while exploring the picturesque districts of ,great ,st4 ,helen's and ,austin ,friars1 ,i give an account of two remarkable old ,city mansions lately destroyed1 which may fairly claim a place2 for one was distinguished by an elaborate coat of arms1 and the other by an interesting date and initials4 ,this latter was of no small architectural merit1 while both were the homes of eminent citizens4 ,perhaps ,i should add that the subject of sculptured signs has been briefly treated by me in the pages of the ,antiquary1 and that for the ,english ,illustrated ,magazine1 of ,christmas1 #ahia1 ,i wrote and illustrated an article on old ,city mansions1 including those which are here more completely described4 ,in the course of the text ,i have indicated sources of information1 and have acknowledged help from several good friends4 ,i wish here in an especial manner to thank ,mr4 ,henry ,b4 ,wheatley1 ,f4,s4,a4 ,as ,i am indebted to him for an introduction to this volume1 it would perhaps not be becoming to dwell over-much on the merits of his great work1 #8,london ,past and ,present1' based on ,peter ,cunningham's ,handbook2 ,i find myself constantly referring to it1 and always with advantage4 ,lord ,tennyson has kindly allowed me to quote four lines dictated by his illustrious father1 which have not before appeared in print4 ,the illustrations ,i venture to commend1 for few of them are the work of my hand4 ,they have at least one great merit1 that of being scrupulously accurate4 ,allusion is made in the text to ,mr4 ,tarbolton's valuable contribution4 ,there is a fine drawing by ,mr4 ,f4 ,e4 ,cox2 while ,mr4 ,e4 ,m4 ,cox contributes a whole series1 the merits of which speak for themselves4 ,the ,three ,kings1 the ,bell1 and the ,boar's ,head may be named as specimens4 ,mr4 ,fletcher did the charming little sketch of an inscription formerly over the entrance to ,bagnigge ,wells1 with its grotesque head2 and the editors of the ,strand ,magazine and the ,builder have allowed me the use of blocks from their respective publications4 ,in conclusion1 let me express a hope that the kind reader will not class this volume in the category of #8books which are no books1' as ,charles ,lamb puts it1 or even as one #8which no gentleman's library should be without1' but that he will find here some useful and curious information1 put together in a form sufficiently agreeable to make him wish for more4 ,illustration ,illustration ,,contents4 ,,chapter ,i4 ,,page ,,human ,,signs #a ,,chapter ,,ii4 ,,three ,,kings--,,astronomical ,,signs #bf ,,chapter ,,iii4 ,,animals ,,real ,,and ,,imaginary #df ,,chapter ,,iv4 ,,animals ,,real ,,and ,,imaginary 7continued7 #fg ,,chapter ,v4 ,,birds ,,and ,,other ,,sculptured ,,signs #hi ,,chapter ,,vi4 ,,various ,,crests ,,and ,,coats ,,of ,,arms #aba ,,chapter ,,vii4 ,,miscellaneous ,,signs1 ,,dates1 ,,and ,,inscriptions1 ,,etc4 #aef ,,chapter ,,viii4 ,a ,,few ,,suburban ,,spas #ahj ,,chapter ,,ix4 ,,two ,,old ,,city ,,mansions #bjj ,illustration ,illustration ,,list ,,of ,,illustrations4 ,,page ,,fish ,,shop ,,in ,,cheyne ,,walk frontispiece ,,boy ,,and ,,panyer1 ,,panyer ,,alley #d ,,naked ,,boy1 ,,pie ,,corner #h ,,three ,,kings1 ,,lambeth ,,hill #bg ,,half ,,moon1 ,,high ,,street1 ,,southwark #da ,,half ,,moon1 ,,holywell ,,street #de ,,boar',s ,,head1 ,,eastcheap #ea ,,dog ,,and ,,duck1 ,,st4 ,,george',s ,,fields1 ,,southwark #fg ,,marks ,,found ,,on ,,old ,,london ,,bridge #gc ,,hare ,,and ,,sun1 ,,high ,,street1 ,,southwark #gh ,,cock ,,and ,,snakes1 ,,church ,,street1 ,,chelsea #hi ,,cock1 ,,fleet ,,street #ajc ,,bell1 ,,knightrider ,,street #ajh ,,feathers1 ,,st4 ,,paul',s ,,churchyard #aaa ,,mitre1 ,,hatton ,,garden #aaf ,,leopard1 ,,budge ,,row #abe ,,royal ,,arms1 ,,newcomen ,,street1 ,,southwark #acf ,,inscription1 ,,denzell ,,street #aej ,,tablet1 ,,great ,,james ,,street #afc ,,tablet1 ,,mount ,,pleasant #afd ,,tablet1 ,,union ,,street1 ,,southwark #afe ,,tablet1 ,,walbrook #aff ,,inscription1 ,,king',s ,,cross ,,road #aie ,,nos4 #h ,,and #i ,,great ,,st4 ,,helen',s #bja ,,part ,,of ,,the ,,old ,,house ,,in ,,great ,,st4 ,,helen',s1 ,,from ,a ,,measured ,,drawing #bjd ,illustration ,illustration ,,signs ,,and ,,inscriptions ,,of ,,historic ,,london4 ,,chapter ,i4 ,,human ,,signs4 #8,be sure observe the signs1 for signs remain ,like faithful landmarks to the walking train4' ,,gay3 ,trivia4 ,,until the early part of the eighteenth century1 when the plan of numbering came into vogue1 not only inns and taverns1 but shops and other houses1 were distinguished by signs4 ,the wholesale traders1 indeed1 were as a rule sufficiently well known not to require this distinctive mark4 ,in the #8,little ,london ,directory' for the year #afgg--the oldest printed list of the kind--hardly any of the merchants have signs4 ,the reverse is the case with the bankers1 who1 as #8goldsmiths that keep running cashes1' had then hardly emerged from the shopkeeper class4 ,nevertheless1 signs were exceedingly common2 on the rebuilding of the city1 immediately after the ,great ,fire1 many of them1 instead of being painted and hung out--though this continued to be the more usual method--were carved in stone and built into the plain brick fronts of the new houses1 generally above or below a first-floor window4 ,in some cases also1 the name of a court or alley was thus indicated--a useful method when a large number of the population could neither read nor write4 ,it is curious that signs of a very similar description were used by the ,romans2 for instance1 the well-known terra-cotta bas-relief of two men carrying an amphora1 and a figure of a goat1 both found at ,pompeii2 the former almost identical in design with our conventional representation of the ,two ,brewers4 ,these1 however1 were cast in a mould which was probably used again and again4 ,they therefore1 perhaps1 indicated a trade rather than a particular house2 like our modern pawnbrokers'1 tobacconists'1 and gold-beaters' signs4 ,i shall presently call attention to a ,london seventeenth-century sign repeated in the same way4 ,our plan seems to have been adopted from the ,continent1 where many stone signs are still to be found4 ,they are commonest in ,holland and the ,low ,countries4 ,here1 perhaps ever since the ,roman occupation1 certainly since the days of ,charlemagne1 brick has been the usual building material1 for it must have been that which was most easily available4 ,fortunately many of the old ,dutch houses still survive2 they hang together with wonderful pertinacity in spite of bad foundations1 and beautiful specimens of picturesque architecture they are1 with their step gables and stone ornamentation4 ,the ,dutch signs are often spirited and elaborate in design2 they are to be found of all ages from about the year #aeej till near the end of the eighteenth century1 but as might be expected1 the earlier ones1 which are often historical1 are the best4 ,they were placed like those in ,london1 and generally had an ornamental border4 ,sometimes in place of a sign there was a pious distich or inscription1 sometimes merely a date4 ,a capital book on ,dutch signs by ,j4 ,van ,lennep and ,j4 ,ter ,gouw has lately been published4 ,many of these signs from buildings now destroyed are to be seen in an annexe of the fine modern picture-gallery in ,amsterdam4 ,i am glad to say that our ,city authorities have shown a like respect for similar relics of old ,london1 and some interesting specimens have found a home in the ,guildhall ,museum4 ,others have disappeared1 and a certain number are still more or less in their original positions4 ,illustration ,in the following pages ,i shall try to describe all the ,london sculptured signs of which we have any record2 for convenience ,i have classified them1 and naturally begin with those in which human beings are represented4 ,one of the most interesting and best known is the sign of the ,boy and ,panyer1 which is still to be seen1 its base resting on the ground1 and let into the wall between two houses on the eastern side of ,panyer ,alley1 a narrow passage leading from ,paternoster ,row to ,newgate ,street4 ,it represents a naked boy seated on a pannier or basket1 and holding what1 in ,strype's time1 appeared to be a bunch of grapes between his hand and foot1 #8in token perhaps of plenty1' as he suggests4 ,within an ornamental border1 apparently on a separate stone below1 is the following inscription3 #8,when ye have sought the ,citty round1 ,yet still this is the highest ground4 ,august the #bg1 #afhh4' ,height fifty-two inches1 breadth in the broadest part twenty-six inches4 ,it is now much dilapidated1 and seems to be in some danger of destruction1 for one of the houses against which it stands is shortly to be pulled down4#a ,however1 ,i am assured that proper steps will be taken for its preservation4 ,the property belongs by right to the parish of ,st4 ,michael-le-,querne1 having been left in #afbj by ,sir ,john ,leman and ,cornelius ,fishe for parochial uses1 but it is now handed over to the ,trustees of ,city ,parochial ,charities4 ,the sign no doubt dates from after the ,great ,fire2 it seems1 however1 to represent a previous one4 ,stow1 writing in #aeih1 says that ,panyer ,alley was #8so called of such a sign1' and confirming his statement1 a ,panyer1 ,paternoster ,row1 appears in a list of taverns of about the year #adcj1 which ,mr4 ,charles ,welch1 ,f4,s4,a41 lately discovered among the documents of the ,brewers' ,company1 the landlord1 ,john ,ives1 having been a member of that company4 ,from #8,liber ,albus1' which relates to the thirteenth and fourteenth centuries1 one learns that in those days the sale of bread was not allowed to take place in the bakers' houses1 but only in the ,king's markets4 ,it was sold in bread-baskets or #8panyers1' and1 the coarser kinds at any rate1 occasionally in boxes or hutches4 ,mr4 ,h4 ,t4 ,riley in his introduction to #8,liber ,albus' 7p4 lxviii47 stated it as his opinion that the child is handing out a loaf1 and that at a period somewhat later than the date of that volume 7#adai7 ,panyer ,alley was noted as a standing place for bakers' boys with their panniers4 ,if1 as seems not unlikely1 this was the case1 the sign would be similar to the ,baker and ,basket1 still existing in ,whitechapel and in ,finsbury4 ,another idea--that the pannier is in point of fact a fruit-basket--seems to arise from ,strype's statement that the boy has in his hand a bunch of grapes4 ,fruit and vegetables were doubtless landed from the river in the neighbourhood of ,st4 ,paul's4 ,porters carrying such produce may have passed through1 and rested themselves in this short passage on their way to ,newgate ,market1 which1 originally for corn and meal1 was after the ,fire used for poultry1 fruit1 and vegetables1#b before it became exclusively a meat market4 ,mr4 ,kerslake1 in a passage since referred to with approval by ,professor ,earle in his work on #8,land ,charters and ,saxonic ,documents' 7#ahhh71 tries to connect the sign with a far more remote antiquity4 ,he argues that it may have been placed there to transmit the tradition of a wheatmaund-stone 7maund being a basket or pannier71 mentioned in a grant of ,king ,alfred1 ,a4,d4 #hhi1 which indicated the site of the ancient corn market1 and was1 in point of fact1 a place where a porter carrying a load of wheat could rest it1 or the base of a market cross4#c ,it seems that the question of a town house for the ,bishop of the ,mercians having come before ,alfred1 he gave to ,bishop ,werfrith a mansion or court1 #8t hwt mundes stane'--thus it is spelt in the document--and probably granted him a toll on the neighbouring market4 ,i am not aware of any further evidence in support of this theory4 ,the church of ,st4 ,michael-le-,querne1 ad ,bladum1 or at the ,corne1 which was destroyed in the ,great ,fire1 and not rebuilt1 stood close to ,panyer ,alley1 at the extreme end of ,paternoster ,row1 and ,stow says it was so called #8because in place thereof was sometime a corn market1 stretching by west to the shambles4' ,the ,rev4 ,w4 ,j4 ,loftie tells us that at present the sign of the ,boy and ,panyer is not on the highest point in the ,city1 being fifty-nine feet1 while the site of the ,standard in ,cornhill is sixty feet above sea-level4 ,certainly it is not on the highest point of ,panyer ,alley4 ,a writer in ,notes and ,queries has lately suggested that the highest point in the ,city was at or near ,leadenhall ,market1 or the chancel of the primitive ,st4 ,peter's ,church on ,cornhill4 ,illustration ,a statuette1 also representing a naked boy1 not sculptured in stone1 but carved in wood1 is placed on a pedestal affixed to the wall of a public-house1 at the corner of ,giltspur ,street and ,cock ,lane1 called the ,fortune of ,war4 ,the spot was commonly known as ,pie ,corner3 it is hardly necessary to add that here ended the ,great ,fire of ,london4 ,the figure in question was put up after that event2 an engraving of it in ,pennant's account of ,london shows the following inscription on the breast and arms3 #8,this boy is in ,memory ,put up for the late ,fire of ,london1 occasioned by the ,sin of ,gluttony1 #afff4' ,burn tells us that its propriety was on one occasion thus supported by a ,nonconformist preacher on the anniversary of the ,fire4 ,he asserted that the calamity could not be occasioned by the sin of blasphemy1 for in that case it would have begun in ,billingsgate2 nor lewdness1 for then ,drury ,lane would have been first on fire2 nor lying1 for then the flames had reached them from ,westminster ,hall4 #8,no1 my beloved2 it was occasioned by the sin of gluttony1 for it began at ,pudding ,lane and ended at ,pie ,corner4' ,the inscription has long been obliterated1 and no trace is to be seen of the little wings with which1 in ,pennant's illustration1 the boy is furnished2 in #ahaf1 however1 they were still conspicuous1 and were painted bright yellow4 ,in that curious work--the #8,vade-,mecum for ,malt-worms'--which was written about the year #agae1 the ,fortune of ,war is mentioned as a well-known tavern4 ,within the memory of man it had the unpleasing reputation of being a house of call for resurrectionists1 who supplied the surgeons of ,st4 ,bartholomew's ,hospital with subjects for dissection4 ,it was here that ,john ,bishop1 the body-snatcher1 met his accomplice ,williams1 before the murder of the ,italian boy ,ferrari1 for which and similar crimes they were hanged in #ahca4 ,our quaint old chronicler1 ,john ,stow1 says that ,pie ,corner was #8a place so called of such a sign1 sometime a fair inn for receipt of travellers1 but now divided into tenements4' ,strype in #agbj describes it as noted chiefly for #8,cooks' ,shops and ,pigs drest there during ,bartholomew ,fair4' ,there are several allusions to it in ,ben ,jonson's #8,alchemist' and other plays4 ,the sign of the ,pie probably implied the bird now usually called a magpie1 but it might have been derived from the ,pye1#d or rules for finding out the service of the day in the ,roman ,breviary1 or from the good cheer provided in this immediate neighbourhood4 ,larwood and ,hotten mention a stone sign of a ,naked ,boy with the date #afcc at ,skipton-in-,craven4 ,a stone bas-relief of that mythical person1 ,guy1 ,earl of ,warwick1 is still preserved on a house at the corner of ,warwick ,lane and ,newgate ,street4 ,the figure is represented standing on a pedestal in chain armour1 with a conical helmet1 a sword in his right hand1 and on his left arm a shield chequy1 or and azure1 with a bend sinister ermine4 ,this seems to be wrongly copied from ,guy's shield in the ,rows ,roll1 which has a chevron ermine1 but one arm of the chevron is1 from the position of the shield1 so foreshortened that it can hardly be seen2 hence the mistake4 ,above is the date #affh1 on one side the letters ,g4 ,c41 standing1 ,i suppose1 for ,,guido ,,comes2 on the other a coat of arms1 three mascles on a bend1 to whom belonging ,i cannot say1 so many families have this charge4 ,below is the inscription3 #8,restored #ahag4 ,j4 ,deakes1 ,archt4' ,the general design somewhat resembles that of a large figure in the chapel of ,st4 ,mary ,magdalen at ,guy's ,cliff1 near ,warwick1 which1 as we learn from a modern inscription in ,latin1 was hewn out of the living rock by order of ,richard de ,beauchamp1 ,earl of ,warwick1 in the reign of ,henry ,,vi41 to mark the spot where ,guy was thought to have ended his days4 ,this ,richard de ,beauchamp obtained license to found here a chantry for two priests1 and annexed land thereto to the value of twenty-four marks per annum4 ,it had before been a hermitage4 ,stow tells us that #8,eldernesse lane1 which stretcheth north to the high street of ,newgate market1 is now called ,warwicke lane1 of an ancient house there1 built by an ,earl of ,warwicke1 and since called ,warwicke ,inn4' ,elsewhere he says3 #8,in the #cfth of ,henry ,,vi4 the greater estates of the realm being called up to ,london1 ,richard ,nevill ,earl of ,warwick came with six hundred men all in jackets embroidered with ragged staves before and behind1 and was lodged in ,warwicke ,lane1 in whose house there were oftentimes six oxen eaten at breakfast1 and every tavern was full of his meat1 for he that had any acquaintance in that house might have there so much of sodden and roast meat as he could prick and carry away upon a long dagger4' ,at the beginning of this century the house to which the statuette belonged was occupied by a ,mr4 ,parry2 an inscription over the door stated that it had been a tobacconist's shop since #affj1 no doubt rebuilt4 ,a well-modelled bas-relief of a woman's head1 probably intended to represent ,minerva1 is on a house belonging to the ,leathersellers' ,company1 at the corner of ,old ,jewry and ,gresham ,street4 ,she has a helmet or diadem1 and on her breast the ,gorgon's head2 an gis also seems to be suggested4 ,on each side are festoons of fruit and flowers2 the material ,i believe to be terra-cotta1 but it is so thickly coated with paint that one cannot be sure4 ,archer1 who drew this sign1 thought it was a fragment of sculpture from a building of the early part of the sixteenth century1 and it seems to have something in common with ,italian terra-cotta work of that period2 for instance the medallions#e executed by ,joannes ,maiano for ,cardinal ,wolsey1 and still existing at ,hampton ,court4 ,before the house was modernized1 on the brick wall1 below the head of ,minerva1 there was a carving of the ,leathersellers' ,arms2 and so1 being used as a tavern during the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries1 until #ahga it was known by the sign of the ,leathersellers' ,arms1 or latterly the ,three ,bucks' ,heads4 ,of the sculptured head of ,minerva no record exists4 ,this property seems to have belonged to the ,leathersellers' ,company ever since the year #aefe1 when ,edward ,taylor1 who had been its master1 left by will to the company two messuages in ,st4 ,olave's1 ,jewry1 to distribute among the poorest people in the ,poultry ,compter a kilderkin of beer and twelve pennyworth of bread1 and the same to ,wood ,street ,compter1 ,newgate1 the ,fleet1 ,king's ,bench1 and the ,marshalsea4 ,in #ahgh all arrears of these payments to each prison at #a #as4 per quarter1 viz4 for a kilderkin of beer #a1 and for bread #as41 having been paid to this date1 and the full payment being #be #ds4 a year1 the company transferred to the official trustees of charities stock sufficient to produce that amount4 ,the name of ,cateaton ,street was in #ahde changed to ,gresham ,street1 no one knows why4 ,here1 in the days of ,john ,taylor the water-poet1 there was an important inn called the ,maidenhead1 but this1 ,i imagine1 had for its sign the arms of the ,mercers' ,company1 whose headquarters were in its immediate neighbourhood4 ,later a seventeenth-century trade token was issued from the ,roxalana's ,head in ,cateaton ,street1 the sign no doubt commemorating ,elizabeth ,davenport the actress1 whose favourite part was ,roxalana in the #8,siege of ,rhodes4' ,her sham marriage with the last ,earl of ,oxford of the de ,vere family1 who deceived her by disguising a trumpeter of his troop as a priest1 is told in #8,gramont1' and in the #8,countess ,dunois' ,memoirs4' ,pepys saw her in #aff1 in the chief box at the ,duke's theatre1 #8in a velvet gown1 as the fashion is1 looking very handsome4' ,the ,woman's ,head1 dated #afga1 which was on a house in ,paternoster ,row1 and has been lately added to the ,guildhall ,museum1 was hardly a sign4 ,similar heads are still on the keys of a first and second floor window belonging to the old-fashioned house of ,messrs4 ,w4 and ,r4 ,chambers1 #dg1 ,paternoster ,row4 ,another bas-relief in the ,guildhall ,museum represents a gardener holding a spade in his right hand1 with the date #afgj2 it is rudely designed4 ,this is a street rather than a house sign2 as late as the year #ahef it was in ,gardiner's ,lane1 ,upper ,thames ,street1 near ,broken ,wharf4 ,mr4 ,j4 ,t4 ,smith1 who drew it1 in #agia1 for his #8,antiquities of ,london1' adds this description3 #8,against ,mr4 ,holyland's stables1 ,gardiner's ,lane1 the corner of ,high ,timber ,street1 is this sculpture1 but why put up ,i cannot learn4 ,tradition says the site was once gardens4' ,perhaps it was a rebus on the name of ,gardiner4 ,two bas-reliefs of ,st4 ,george and the ,dragon were erected as signs in ,london soon after the ,great ,fire1 and1 on the principle ,detur digniori1 should be described in this chapter4 ,it was only natural that the figure of ,st4 ,george should become one of our most popular inn signs2 for he was regarded as the patron saint and special protector of this our realm of ,england4 ,shakespeare speaks of #8,st4 ,george that swindg'd the ,dragon1 and e'er since ,sits on his horseback at mine hostess' door4' #8,king ,john1' ,act i41 ,scene ,i4 ,a capital specimen of such a sign1 though unfortunately in bad condition1 is at the ,guildhall ,museum--presented by ,mr4 ,w4 ,hayward1 ,c4,e4 ,it came from a house--#ha1 ,snow ,hill--which had formed part of a famous old galleried inn4 ,snow ,hill was the thoroughfare between ,holborn and the ,city1 till in #ahjb it was superseded by ,skinner ,street1 named after ,alderman ,skinner1 which has now in its turn ceased to exist4 ,snow ,hill is called in ,stow's #8,survey' ,snor or ,snore ,hill1 and by ,howell ,sore ,hill1 perhaps from the steepness and difficulty of the ascent4 ,strype1 in #agbj1 speaks of the ,george ,inn as #8very large and of a considerable trade1 the passage to the yard being through ,cow ,lane4' ,in ,sampson's #8,history of ,advertising1' an advertisement is given from the ,british ,chronicle of ,january #ah to #bj1 #agfb1 which informs us that ,,the ,,reading ,,machine ,is removed from the ,three ,kings1 ,piccadilly1 to the ,george ,inn1 ,snow ,hill1 ,london2 sets out from the ,broad ,face1#f ,reading1 every ,monday1 ,wednesday1 and ,friday1 at seven o'clock in the morning1 and from the ,george ,inn1 ,snow ,hill1 every ,tuesday1 ,thursday1 and ,saturday1 at seven o'clock in the morning2 carries passengers to ,and from ,reading1 at #fs4 each2 children in lap and outside passengers at #cs4 ,performed by ,thomas ,moore and ,richard ,mapleton4 ,n4,b4--,takes no charge of ,writings1 ,money1 ,watches1 or ,jewels1 unless entered and paid for as such4 ,a second representation of the subject of the ,george and ,dragon was formerly to be seen on ,bennet ,hill1 opposite the ,heralds' ,college1 and stood over the entrance to a small court1 to which it gave a name4 ,on it were the initials ,p ,r ,m1 and date #affg4 ,in #8,remarks on ,london1' by ,w4 ,stow1 #agbb1 mention is made of #8,george ,court1 against the ,heralds' ,office at ,paul's ,chain4' ,the #8,constitutions of the ,order of the ,garter' 7c4 iii47 ordain that #8the ,sovereign shall put upon his 7the knight elect's7 neck a collar1 or little chain or lace1 having pendant therefrom a massive golden image of an armed knight 7i4e41 ,st4 ,george7 sitting on horseback4' ,a relic of a most interesting old building is the figure of ,gerard the ,giant1#g #8carved from a twisted block of timber1 distorted and ill at ease1' which stood in the niche between the first-floor windows of ,gerard's ,hall ,hotel1 on the south side of ,basing ,lane4 ,it is about #f feet high1 and painted more or less to imitate life4 ,gerard's ,hall is described by ,stow as #8one great house1 of old time built upon arched vaults1 with gates of stone from ,caen in ,normandy4 ,the same is now a common hostrey for receipt of travellers1 commonly and corruptly called ,gerrardes ,hall1 of a giant said to have dwelt there4 ,in the high-roofed hall of this house sometime stood a large fir pole1 which reached to the roof thereof1 and was said to be one of the staves that ,gerrarde the giant used in the wars to run withal4--,john ,gisors1 mayor of ,london in the year #abde1 was owner thereof1 and ,sir ,john ,gisors1 mayor and constable of the ,tower #acaa1 and divers others of that name and family since that time1 owned it4--,so it appeareth that this ,gisor's ,hall1 of late time by corruption1 hath been called ,gerrard's ,hall4' ,the upper part of the building was destroyed in the ,great ,fire of #afff1 but the crypt remained1#h and on this was built a brick house1 with no remarkable feature except the above-named grotesque wooden figure1 by way of sign4 ,this house was destroyed in ,april1 #aheb1 when the new ,cannon ,street was being formed4 ,for some months the crypt--a fine specimen of thirteenth-century ,gothic--continued in existence2 but as the crown of the arched roof stood #b feet or more above the roadway1 it was also pulled down4 ,mr4 ,wheatley tells us that the stones were carefully numbered1 and presented to the ,crystal ,palace ,company1 with a view to its re-erection4 ,after a time1 however1 they were used in making the foundations for a new engine-house4 ,some of the stones are even said to have found their way to ,kensington1 to be broken up for mending the roads4 ,there is a good view of the crypt of ,gerard's ,hall in ,burn's #8,catalogue to the ,beaufoy ,trade ,tokens1' and a descriptive article in the ,builder for ,april #aj1 #aheb1 which also gives drawings of several devices of the nature of merchants' marks1 and an unfinished inscription1 cut on the wall of the entrance4 ,a curious sculptured sign1 representing ,king ,charles ,i4's gigantic porter and dwarf1 used to stand over the entrance to ,bull ,head ,court1 ,newgate ,street1 but disappeared some years ago on the widening of ,king ,edward ,street1 formerly ,butcher ,hall ,lane4 ,this part of ,newgate ,street was in ,strype's time named ,blowbladder ,street1 and before that ,stinking ,lane1 on account of the smell which arose from slaughter-houses and poultry-shops there4 ,pennant has an illustration of the sign1 but wrongly describes it as being over ,bagnio ,court1 farther east1 which was afterwards ,bath ,street1 and has now been ridiculously called ,roman ,bath ,street1 though the #8,royal ,bagnio1' whence the court derived its name1 was not erected till #afgi4 ,the house to which the bas-relief belonged was ,no4 #hj1 occupied in #ahaf by ,mr4 ,payne1 a hatter2 at that time the figures were painted1 their coats being red1 the ,king's livery1 and their waistcoats white4 ,not unlikely1 the sign may still be in existence4 ,the two persons represented were ,william ,evans and ,jefferey ,hudson4 ,evans1 the porter1 a ,monmouth man1 was #g feet #f inches high4 ,on one occasion1 at a ,court masque1 he drew the dwarf out of his pocket1 #8to the amazement and amusement of all present4' ,there is an allusion to him in the contemporary ballad of #8,the ,little ,barleycorn4' ,jefferey ,hudson1 the dwarf1 was born at ,oakham1 ,rutland1 in #afai4 ,his father1 a butcher1 kept and baited bulls for ,george ,villiers1 first ,duke of ,buckingham4 ,at nine years of age he was scarcely #ah inches high1 and1 according to ,fuller1 #8without any deformity1 wholly proportionable4' ,having entered the service of the ,duchess of ,buckingham1 at an entertainment given by her husband to ,charles ,i4 and ,henrietta ,maria1 he was brought to table concealed in a large pie1 from which he emerged before the company4 ,the ,queen took a fancy to him1 so he became her page1 and in #afcj was sent to ,france to fetch a midwife for his royal mistress1 but fell into the hands of a ,flemish pirate1 and was taken to ,dunkirk4 ,by this misfortune he was said to have lost about #b1ejj4 ,sir ,william ,davenant makes a supposed combat between the dwarf and a turkey-cock the subject of a burlesque poem called #8,jeffreidos1' published in #afch1 the scene of which is laid at ,dunkirk4 ,how ,hudson bore the insult is not recorded2 but we shall see that he was quite capable of holding his own4 ,during the ,civil ,wars the dwarf appears to have been a captain of horse1 and he followed the ,queen into exile4 ,one of his adventures in ,france is referred to by ,sir ,walter ,scott in #8 ,peveril of the ,peak4' ,this was his duel with ,crofts1 a young gentleman of the ,court1 who had provoked him4 ,the duel was fought on horseback with pistols4 ,crofts came on the ground armed with a syringe only2 but a more serious weapon being substituted1 he was killed at the first discharge4 ,it seems to have been later that ,hudson was again taken prisoner at sea1 this time by ,turkish pirates1 and brought to ,barbary1 where he was sold as a slave4 ,he asserted that his sufferings in captivity made him grow taller4 ,after many vicissitudes he found his way back to ,england1 probably before the year #afeh4 ,in #afgi1 being a ,roman ,catholic1 he was confined in the ,gatehouse at ,westminster1 for supposed complicity with the ,popish ,plot4 ,mr4 ,inchbold points out1 in the #8,dictionary of ,national ,biography1' that he did not die there1 as ,scott and others have affirmed2 for1 #8in ,june1 #afhj1 and ,april1 #afha1 8,captain0 ,jefferey ,hudson received respectively #ej and #bj from ,charles ,,ii4's secret service fund4' ,he died in #afhb4 ,three portraits of him were painted by ,mytens1 and he also figures in a portrait of ,queen ,henrietta ,maria1 by ,vandyke1 at ,petworth4 ,his waistcoat1 breeches and stockings are1 it is said1 preserved4 ,the sculptured stone sign of the ,three ,morris ,dancers was formerly in front of a public-house numbered #cf1 ,old ,change1 which is said to have been pulled down about the year #ahja4 ,an illustration of the sign exists3 the central figure is a woman4 ,a seventeenth-century trade-token issued from here reads thus3 ,o4 ,,iohn4,,lisle4,,at4,,the ,three ,morris ,dancers4 ,r4 ,,in4,y,e ,,old4,,change ,i4,a4,l4 ,the word #8morris' is derived from the ,spanish #8morisco1' and is equivalent to ,moorish4 ,the ,morris or ,moorish pike was a weapon much used in ,england in the reign of ,henry ,,viii42 ,shakespeare refers to it in the #8,comedy of ,errors1' ,act iv41 ,scene #c4 ,elsewhere he uses the word in its commoner sense2 thus1 in #8,all's ,well that ,ends ,well' he speaks of a morris for ,may ,day1 and in #8,king ,henry ,v41' ,act ii41 ,scene #d1 the ,dauphin is made to say3 #8,and let us do it with no sign of fear2 ,no1 with no more than if we heard that ,england ,were busied with a ,whitsun morris-dance4' ,according to ,brand1 the ,spanish morris was danced at puppet shows by a person habited like a ,moor4 ,strutt1 in his #8,sports and ,pastimes of the ,english ,people1' connects it with the fandango4 ,some curious dancing figures carved in wood once formed part of the decorations in the medival town-hall of ,munich2 the series was known as the ,maurscha tanntz4 ,in ,england the dance derived from the ,moors seems to have been grafted on to the rustic ,may games and sports1 which perhaps were falling into disuse4 ,the characters in the ,english morris-dance were usually ,maid ,marian 7a boy dressed up in girl's clothes71 ,robin ,hood1 ,friar ,tuck1 the ,fool1 ,tom the piper with pipe and tabor1 and the hobby-horse4 ,a rare pamphlet#i of #afji tells us about a morris-dance in ,herefordshire1 where the united ages of the twelve dancers were supposed to amount to twelve hundred years2 but1 unfortunately1 it does not give details of the performance4 ,waldron1 in his edition of the #8,sad ,shepherd1' #aghc1 p4 #bee1 mentions seeing a company of morris-dancers from ,abington1 at ,richmond in ,surrey1 in the summer of #aghc4 ,they appeared to be making a kind of annual circuit4 ,even so late as the time of the ,queen's coronation1 there was morris-dancing of a kind in ,hyde ,park1 as recorded by a writer in ,notes and ,queries4 ,one still sees occasionally on ,may ,day1 in the less-frequented streets of ,london1 a dance performed by two or three sweeps to the sound of fife and drum4 ,they are dressed fantastically2 one of them is1 as a rule1 half concealed in a frame covered with leaves and flowers1 and is called a ,jack-in-the-green4 ,they are generally accompanied by a woman4 ,these may be considered to a certain extent descendants of the morris-dancers1 and their black faces happen to carry out the old idea4 ,over the doorway of ,no4 #ac1 ,clare ,street1 at the corner of ,vere ,street1 ,clare ,market1 is a stone sign carved in low relief1 which represents ,two ,negroes' heads facing each other1 with the date #agae and initials ,w ,s ,m4 ,the house is occupied by a baker2 its destruction is imminent1 should ,government adopt the plan of the ,london ,county ,council for a new street from the ,strand to ,holborn4 ,the neighbourhood is now squalid1 and many of the buildings have lately been cleared away1 but we know that in the seventeenth century it was well inhabited4 ,i may remark1 as a curious coincidence1 that the continuation of ,clare ,street towards ,drury ,lane is called ,blackmoor--in old maps ,blackamore--,street4 ,seventeenth-century trade-tokens with signs of negro heads are in existence2 one was issued from ,drury ,lane1 and is thus described by ,boyne3 ,o4 ,,thomas4,,hayton4,,in4,,drvry ,a negro's head4 ,r4 ,,lane4,,his4,,halfe4,,penny ,an arched crown4 ,the following advertisement1 which appeared in a ,london ,gazette for #afie1 has a distinctly local flavour3 #8,a ,black boy1 an ,indian1 about thirteen years old1 run away the #hth instant from ,putney1 with a collar about his neck1 with this inscription3 8,the ,lady ,bromfield's black1 in ,lincoln's ,inn ,fields40' ,black attendants were common in the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries4 ,in more than one celebrated portrait a black boy serves to enhance the charm of a fair lady's complexion4 ,sir ,john ,hawkins1 after his voyage of #aefd1 which was partly for slave-trading purposes1 was authorized to have as his crest the half-length figure of a negro prisoner called heraldically a demi-,moor1 bound and captive4 ,the ,black ,boy was a frequent tobacconists' sign1 still sometimes seen4 ,illustration ,,chapter ,,ii4 ,,three ,,kings--,,astronomical ,,signs4 #8,gaspar and ,melchior and ,balthazar ,came to ,cologne on the broad-breasted ,rhine1 ,and founded there a temple1 which is yet ,a fragment1 but the wonder of the world4' ,,lord ,,tennyson3 ,,ms4 ,,an interesting group of ,city signs is that connected with the ,three ,kings1 showing as it does what a hold the sacred legend1 handed down to us from a remote past1 continued to have on popular imagination till comparatively recent years4 ,in the ,guildhall ,museum there is a stone bas-relief of the ,three ,kings1 brought from ,no4 #g1 ,bucklersbury when the house was rebuilt some years ago4 ,the figures are represented standing in similar attitudes2 they have sceptres in their right hands1 the left arm being in each case folded across the breast4 ,the figure to the spectator's left has flowing hair2 that in the centre is of negro type2 the one to the right is distinguished by a large moustache4 ,a bas-relief from ,lambeth ,hill1 also in the ,guildhall ,museum1 is somewhat similar in design2 the king on the left has a crown1 the others diadems2 it is dated #affg4 ,another sign from ,lambeth ,hill--the ,three ,crowns--was also put up in #affg1 and may possibly have belonged to the same house4 ,illustration ,the sign of the ,three ,kings was an appropriate one for inns1 because on account of their journey they were considered the patron saints of travellers3 it is also said to have been used in ,england by mercers1 because they imported fine linen from ,cologne4 ,bearing on this is a passage to be found among the ,harleian manuscripts1 ,no4 #eiaj1 vol4 i41 fol4 #aic1 which1 though already quoted by ,larwood and ,hotten in their #8,history of ,sign-boards1' is so much to the point that ,i venture to give it again3 #8,mersers in thouse dayes war ,genirall ,marchantes and traded in all sortes of ,rich ,goodes1 besides those of scelckes silks as they do nou at this day2 but they brought into ,england fine ,leninn thered linen thread gurdeles girdles finenly worked from ,collin ,cologne4 ,collin1 the city which then at that time of day florished much and afforded rayre commodetes1 and these merchts that vsually traded to that citye set vp their singes ouer ther dores of ther ,houses the three kinges of ,collin1 with the ,armes of that ,citye1 which was the ,,three ,,crouens of the former kings in memorye of them1 and by those singes the people knew in what wares they deld in4' ,this was written by ,bagford1 the antiquary and #8biblioclast1' whose spelling was original1 to say the least4 ,innumerable traditions1 myths1 and allegories1 have by degrees been grafted on to the brief ,gospel narrative of the ,three ,magi2 ,st4 ,matthew1 the only ,evangelist who mentions them1#aj gives no authority for fixing their number at three1 nor for assigning to them a higher rank than that of ,magi1 or disciples of ,zoroaster2 but we may with reason hold that they are referred to in ,ps4 lxxii4 #aj1 #aa3 #8,the ,kings of ,tharsis and of the ,isles shall give presents1 the ,kings of ,arabia and ,saba shall bring gifts4' ,this passage is recited in the ,roman ,catholic offices of the ,epiphany1 and on it no doubt is founded their claim to kingly rank4 ,it has been generally said that to ,leo the ,great1 or to ,st4 ,maximus of ,turin1 may be ascribed the traditional number2 ,dr4 ,northcote1#aa however1 considers that ,origen1 who was born at ,alexandria1 ,a4,d4 #ahe1 had the same idea4 ,st4 ,augustine taught that they were three in number1 from the three kinds of gifts that they offered--gold1 frankincense1 and myrrh4 ,few subjects have been oftener treated in ,christian art than that of these astronomer kings who1 guided by a star from the ,east1 came to worship the infant ,saviour at ,bethlehem4 ,the early ,christians painted the scene1 but1 following literally the words of ,st4 ,matthew1 they varied their number1 and showed no signs of royalty4 ,de ,rossi in his #8,roma ,sotteranea1' speaks of upwards of twenty representations of the subject in the ,catacombs4 ,the ,virgin ,mother is1 in these paintings1 generally represented sitting at the side1 with the ,child in her lap and the three ,magi before her1 but sometimes she is in the middle2 and here1 in order1 perhaps1 to keep the balance of the composition1 the number of ,magi is either increased or diminished2 there are four1 as in the cemetery of ,st4 ,domitilla1 or only two1 as in that of ,,ss4 ,peter and ,marcellinus4 ,in ,harper's ,new ,monthly ,magazine for ,january1 #ahhh1 an illustration is given of this latter painting4#ab ,the two ,magi approach from either side2 they are plainly dressed with short tunics1 cloaks1 and ,phrygian caps1 and bear their gifts on golden trays or dishes4 ,de ,rossi assigns it to the second half of the third century2 that of ,st4 ,domitilla is supposed to be somewhat earlier4 ,let us see how the subject was treated in early mosaics4 ,a very famous one is that in the ,basilica of ,s4 ,maria ,maggiore at ,rome1 dating1 it seems1 from about ,a4,d4 #dcb-ddj4 ,here the ,child sits alone on a large chair or pedestal1 ,his hand raised in benediction2 a nimbus surmounted by a cross marks ,his divine origin4 ,the mosaic is said to have been altered in the time of ,pope ,benedict ,,xiv4#ac2 the ,magi would appear to have been originally three in number1 and without the insignia of royalty4 ,in the great mosaic of ,st4 ,apollinare ,nuovo at ,ravenna1 they approach with measured steps1 and bending in attitudes of reverence3 on their heads were crowns1 since exchanged for baronial caps4 ,the ,virgin sits enthroned in state1 the ,child on her lap2 two angels on either side attend them4 ,according to the #8,liber ,pontificalis' of ,ravenna1 this work was executed ,a4,d4 #eec-eef1 under the direction of ,bishop ,agnellus4 ,the legend as it has come down to us gradually assumed concrete form4 ,our first detailed account of the appearance of the ,three ,kings is from the pen of a ,western writer--the ,venerable ,bede--who founded it1 probably1 on reports from ,italy or the ,east4 ,in his treatise #8,de ,collectaneis1' he names and describes them thus3#ad #8,the first is said to have been called ,melchior1 an old man gray-headed1 with flowing beard and locks2 he presented gold to the ,lord1 the ,king4 ,gaspar1 the second1 was young1 beardless1 and ruddy2 he with frankincense1 as an oblation worthy of ,god1 honoured ,god4 ,the third1 by name ,baltassar1 was dark-complexioned1#ae and had a full beard2 he by means of myrrh signified that the ,son of ,man should die4' ,he then describes their dresses4 ,it has been said#af that this account may probably be traced to early quasi-dramatic representations4 #8,in any such performance1 names of some kind would become a matter of necessity1 and were probably invented at random4' ,though the names given in the above passage are those with which we are familiar1 many others have1 perhaps with equal authority1 been applied to them4 ,the nationality of the ,three ,kings has been as much discussed as the time taken on their journey4 ,the natural inference would appear to be that they belonged to the priestly caste of ,persia2 ,cornelius ,lapide considers that they were ,eastern ,arabians4 ,he says3 #8,the more common opinion of the ,fathers and ,doctors is that the ,magi came on the thirteenth day from the first appearance of the star and the birth of ,christ1 whence the ,church celebrates the mystery on the twelfth day after ,christmas4'#ag ,in their old age they were said to have been baptized by ,st4 ,thomas1 and to have associated with him in preaching the ,gospel4 ,lastly1 some have asserted that they were slain by idolaters2 ,l4 ,dexter in his chronicle1 under ,a4,d4 #gj1 adds3 #8,in ,arabia ,felix1 in the ,city of ,sessania1 took place the martyrdom of the three royal ,magi2 ,gaspar1 ,balthazar1 ,melchior4' ,we are told that early in the fourth century their bodies were discovered1 and moved to ,constantinople by the pious ,empress ,helena4 ,thence they found their way to ,milan1 being enshrined in the church of ,san ,eustorgio4 ,a few years later their fame was increased by the institution of the ,feast of the ,three ,kings1 which has been ascribed to ,pope ,julius1 the first of that name4 ,after the taking of ,milan#ah by the ,emperor ,frederick ,barbarossa1 in the year #aafb1 the precious relics were granted to ,reinaldus1 ,archbishop of ,cologne1 who brought them to that city1 which proved to be their final resting-place4 ,cologne1 proud of the honour1 adopted as her arms1 argent1 on a chief gules1 three royal crowns or2 and so we have an interesting heraldic record of this event4 ,in course of time1 however1 each of these ,three ,kings#ai has had a shield of arms assigned to him4 ,perhaps the earliest examples yet known are on the roof of ,norwich ,cathedral4 ,here we find three bosses which date from the time of ,bishop ,lehart1 who ruled that see from #addf to #adgb2 on one is a blazing star1 the next has seven stars1 the third a star and crescent moon4 ,the first and last of these appear on bosses at ,winchester1 placed there in the days of ,richard ,foxe1 successively ,bishop of ,exeter1 ,durham and ,winchester1 and founder of ,corpus ,christi ,college1 ,oxford4 ,he also gave relics of the three ,epiphany ,kings to ,portchester ,old ,church4#bj ,lord ,ashburnham's picture of the ,adoration1 exhibited at ,burlington ,house in #ahia1 may be considered one of the most noteworthy examples illustrating this branch of the subject4 ,it is attributed to ,mabuse1 and in ,mr4 ,weale's opinion was evidently painted about the year #aeji1 under strong ,franciscan influence4 ,in it are three processions in the background1 of the ,three ,kings meeting at the ,jordan4 ,each procession has an azure banner2 on one is a blazing star1 on another seven stars1 and on the third a star and crescent moon4 ,these same charges are embroidered on their robes in the foreground of the picture1 and as on two of the ,kings the names of ,jasper#ba and ,balthazar appear1 we see that the star and crescent are assigned to ,jasper1 the blazing star to ,balthazar1 and the seven stars to ,melchior4 ,different versions of the arms exist2 for instance1 those in a manuscript book of heraldry1 which ,sir ,david ,lyndsay of the ,mount1 ,lyon ,king of ,arms in ,scotland1 caused to be executed in the year #aebb1 and of which ,mr4 ,david ,laing published a facsimile in #ahgh4 ,here ,balthazar is called ,king of ,saba1 whose assigned shield of arms is1 or1 on a mount vert an ,ethiopian proper1 habited in a tunic per pale1 azure and gules1 holding in the dexter hand a spear with a pennon per pale1 gules and azure1 and wreathed round the temples1 argent and azure4 ,jasper is called ,king of ,tarshish2 his shield is azure1 with an estoile on the dexter1 and a large crescent moon on the sinister1 both proper4 ,melchior is called ,king of ,araby1 and on his azure shield are six estoiles proper4 ,in the ,british ,museum1 on a superb jug of stoneware1 made at ,raaren near ,achen1 about #aeij1 are the three shields of arms of the ,three ,kings of ,cologne4 ,on this jug1 ,balthazar has the star and crescent moon2 ,casper1 as he is here called1 the seven stars2 and the ,ethiopian is assigned to ,melchior4 ,a work of art truly delightful1 but conveying no heraldic lesson1 is the long fresco of the journey of the ,three ,kings by ,bennozzo ,gozzoli1 in the ,riccardi ,palace at ,florence1 wherein the rich cavalcade is shown1 winding about by rock and river and wooded landscape1 on which the painter has lavished all his poetry of invention and feeling for fresh nature4 ,in ,england the story of the ,three ,kings was often introduced into plays and pageants4#bb ,in the ninth report ,hist4 ,,mss4 ,com41 ,part ,i41 is a full description1 dated #aeja1 of a pageant given at the ,guildhall1 entitled #8,the #c ,kyngs of ,coleyn4' ,it seems that managers of sacred plays were fined if they failed to give satisfaction1 for in the records of the town of ,beverley1 under the year #aeai1 occurs the following entry3 #8,also #bs4 received of ,richard ,trollop1 ,alderman of the ,painters1 because his play of the ,three ,kings of ,cologne was badly and disorderly performed4' ,mr4 ,thomas ,wright1 ,f4,s4,a41 in his edition of the ,chester ,mysteries1 shows that they took place on ,monday1 ,tuesday1 and ,wednesday of ,whitsun week4 ,to each ,city company was assigned a play1 twenty-four in all2 to the ,vintners the journey of the ,three ,kings1 and to the ,mercers their offerings and return4 ,the lives of the ,three ,kings were printed by ,tresyrel in ,paris in #adih1 and by ,wynkyn de ,worde in #aeaf4 ,the gifts of these ,kings were recorded in the following ,latin verses1 which1 if written with blood from the little finger of a person troubled with falling sickness1 and hung about the neck1 were according to an old book--#8,the ,myrrhour of a ,glasse of ,healthe'--an infallible cure2 it will be observed that they do not quite agree with the description given by the ,venerable ,bede3 #8,jaspar fert myrrham1 thus ,melchior1 ,balthazur aurum1 ,hc tria1 qui secum portabit nomina regum1 ,solvitur morbo1 ,christi pietate1 caduco4' ,a medival ring was found some time ago at ,dunwich1 whereon the above lines were inscribed2 it is figured in ,fairholt's #8,rambles of an ,archologist1' #ahga4 ,in #agid ,mr4 ,craven ,ord1 ,f4,s4,a41 described a bas-relief of alabaster1 in the church of ,long ,melford1 ,suffolk1 representing the offerings of the ,magi4 ,it still exists in good condition2 an illustration of it appeared as frontispiece to a monograph on the church printed in #ahhg4 ,another interesting memento was a leaden box found in the ,thames1 and drawn for ,mr4 ,roach ,smith's #8,collectanea ,antiqua1' i4 #aae2 on which1 in six compartments1 are delineated the story of the ,salutation of the ,virgin and the offerings of the ,three ,kings4 ,in the ,gentleman's ,magazine for ,february1 #agdi1 vol4 xix41 p4 #hh1 it is stated that the following prayer for protection was found in the linen purse of ,william ,jackson a smuggler1 who had been condemned to death for taking part in the murder of ,galley and ,chater1 two ,custom-house officers1 but was so struck with horror on being measured for his irons that he died 7a ,roman ,catholic7 in ,chichester ,gaol a few hours after the sentence was pronounced upon him3 #8,sancti tres ,reges1 ,gaspar ,melchior ,balthazar1 ,orate pro nobis nunc et in hora ,mortis nostr4 ,ces billets ont touch aux trois testes de ,,ss4 ,roys ,cologne4 ,ils sont pour les voyageurs contre les malheurs de chemins1 maux de teste1 mal caduque1 fievres1 forellerie1 toute sorte de malefiee1 mort subite4' ,this paper had a rude illustration3 ,mr4 ,roach ,smith gives a copy of it from a drawing by ,fairholt4 ,a similar prayer is still distributed at the shrine of the ,three ,kings4 ,throughout ,christendom the feast of the ,epiphany1 or ,twelfth ,day1 holds an honoured place1 as commemorating the appearance or manifestation of ,christ to the ,gentiles1 more especially to the ,kings or ,wise ,men1 who came from the ,east to do ,him homage4 ,in ,spain it is called ,fiesta de los ,reyes1 in ,france ,la ,fte de ,rois4 ,in the year #agib it was there pronounced an anti-civic feast which made every priest that kept it a ,royalist1 and the name was for a time changed to ,fte de ,sans-,culottes4 ,it is hard to say whether the sign of the ,seven ,stars had its origin from the shield of an ,astronomer ,king1 ,gaspar or ,melchior1 or from the seven bright stars of the constellation usually called the ,great ,bear1#bc or whether it was suggested by the mystic pages of the ,apocalypse2 but from whatever source derived1 it was common in ,london about the time of the ,great ,fire4 ,a fine sculptured specimen with ornamental border was to be seen in ,cheapside as late as the year #ahea1 when ,archer drew it4 ,a cognate sign was the ,sun1#bd a stone carving of which was formerly imbedded in the front of a house in the ,poultry4 ,it had at the corners the date #affh4 ,the neighbourhood was at one time rich in astronomical signs4 ,in #aecb ,richard ,collier1 citizen and mercer of ,london1 left his messuage called the ,sun1 in the parish of ,st4 ,mary le ,bow1 to be sold1 and the proceeds to be devoted to the founding of a free school at ,horsham in ,sussex1 which still exists1 and is in the hands of the ,mercers' ,company4 ,other signs of this description in ,cheapside1 were the ,star1 the ,man in the ,moon1 and the ,half-,moon--the sign of a celebrated tavern on the north side1 close to ,gutter ,lane1 rebuilt after the ,great ,fire4 ,here in #afhb ,elias ,ashmole presided at a dinner1 given at the charge of newly accepted ,freemasons2 and1 from a rare print of the early part of the eighteenth century1 it seems that here one of their lodges was held4 ,the following appeared in the ,general ,advertiser in #agdh3 #8,,half-,,moon ,,tavern1 ,,cheapside4--,saturday next1 the #af ,april1 being the anniversary of the ,glorious ,battle of ,culloden1 the ,stars will assemble in the ,moon1 at six in the evening4 ,therefore1 the choice spirits are desired to make their appearance and to fill up the joy4' ,the house belonged to the ,saddlers' ,company1 and was burnt down in #ahba2 ,no4 #adj is said to occupy the site4 ,illustration ,a sculptured bas-relief of a ,half-,moon still appears to the left of a doorway1 on the north side of the ,half-,moon ,inn ,yard1 ,borough ,high ,street4 ,it is about four feet from the ground and has on it the initials ,i ,t ,e1 with date #afij2 the size is only #ac by #aj-a_/b inches4 ,this1 as far as ,i know1 is the only inn sign of the kind in ,london which still remains in its original position and retains its use4 ,the ,half-,moon1 though not one of the most famous ,southwark hostelries1 has a record of its own worth alluding to4 ,in a rough map of about the year #aedb1 now in the ,record ,office1 an inn appears to be marked on this site1 but the name cannot clearly be made out4 ,the great ,southwark fire of #afgf did not extend so far east4 ,the first undoubted note ,i have of it1 is contained in a broadsheet printed at ,fleet ,bridge1 ,september1 #afhi1 and now in the ,guildhall ,library1 entitled #8,a ,full and ,true ,account of the ,sad and ,dreadful ,fire that happened in ,southwark1 ,september #bb1 #afhi2' from which we learn that houses were blown up1 and the ,falcon and ,half-,moon on opposite sides of the ,high ,street were on fire at the same time4 ,our sign gives the date of rebuilding in the following year1 and the initials of the owner or landlord4 ,in #agbj ,strype speaks of the ,half-,moon as #8a pretty large inn and of a good trade4' ,it was then in the thick of ,southwark ,fair1 and is alluded to in the following advertisement 7,september1 #agbi73 #8,at ,reynolds' ,great ,theatrical ,booth1 in the ,half-,moon ,inn1 near the ,bowling ,green1 during the ,fair1 will be presented the ,beggar's ,wedding1 or the ,sheep ,shearing1 an opera called ,flora1 and the ,humours of ,harlequin4' ,hogarth introduced a hanging sign of the ,half-,moon into his celebrated picture of ,southwark ,fair1 which represents the ,high ,street looking towards old ,st4 ,george's ,church1 just before its demolition4 ,the foundation-stone of the present church was laid ,april #bc1 #agcd1 this picture having been painted in the previous year4 ,in a quaint little book of #ahae1 called the #8,epicure's ,almanack1' the ,half-,moon is described as #8a large establishment2 its convenient accommodations for entertaining and lodging guests extend on either side the inn yard1 and are connected by a well-contrived bridge from gallery to gallery1' which still exists4 ,sir ,thomas ,browne was of opinion that the human face on alehouse signs1 on coats of arms1 etc41 for the sun and moon1 are relics of paganism1 and that their visages originally implied ,apollo and ,diana4 ,butler in #8,hudibras' asks a shrewd question1 as yet not effectually answered3 #8,tell me but what's the nat'ral cause ,why on a sign no painter draws ,the full moon ever1 but the half8' ,the crescent moon1 as we have seen1 appears among the armorial bearings of the ,three ,kings of ,cologne4 ,it was also a badge of the ,percy family2 ,drayton in his #8,barons' ,wars' alludes to one of them thus3 #8,the noble ,piercy1 in this dreedful day1 ,with a bright crescent in his guidon came4' ,retainers of the ,percies no doubt often adopted it as a sign on this account4 ,according to ,burn1 a mark shaped like a half-moon represented sixpence in the alewife's uncancelled score4 ,he points out that in #8,master ,w4 ,h41 his ,song to his ,wife at ,windsor1' printed in ,captain ,llewellyn's #8,men-miracles1 and other ,poems1' #afef1 duod41 p4 #dj1 mention is made of #8the fat harlot of the tap1' who #8,writes at night and at noon1 ,for tester1 half a moon2 ,and great round ,o1 for a shilling4' ,the woodcut attached to the ballad of #8,my ,wife will be my ,master1' printed in ,j4 ,p4 ,collier's #8,booke of ,roxburghe ,ballads1' #ahdg1 p4 #hi1 clearly indicates such an alewife's score4 ,before ,i leave this branch of my subject1 it will be well to call attention to the ,half-,moon sign which projects over a shop numbered #cf1 about half-way up ,holywell ,street on the south side4 ,this is the last--still in situ--of another class of ,london house-signs1 and will doubtless soon be swept away together with the picturesque old street to which it belongs4 ,the material is wood1 boldly carved and gilt1 with the conventional face in the centre4 ,one of the horns was damaged1 but has lately been repaired4 ,diprose#be says it was once the sign of a tradesman who was staymaker to ,george ,,iii4 ,about forty years ago the shop was occupied by a mercer1 and the bills made out for the customers were adorned with this sign3 since then it has been a bookseller's4 ,illustration ,the corner-post of an alley beside it1 leading into the ,strand1 used formerly to be decorated with a carved lion's head and paws1 painted red1 and acting as a corbel to support the old timbered house to which it belonged4 ,this may have been associated with the neighbouring ,lyons ,inn1 once a hostelry with the sign of the ,lion1 demolished about twenty-five years ago1 and the site of which is occupied by the ,globe and ,opera ,comique ,theatres4 ,the alley remains1 and is now called1 after the sign1 ,half-,moon ,passage1 but might still be described by the unsavoury name given to it in the old maps1 as ,strype says1 #8in contempt4' ,the old house disappeared not long since1 and the lion has found a home in the ,guildhall ,museum4 ,illustration ,,chapter ,,iii4 ,,animals ,,real ,,and ,,imaginary4 #8,lions1 talbots1 bears1 ,the badges of your famous ancestries4' ,,drayton3 ,barons' ,wars4 ,,one or two of the signs to be dealt with under this heading are purely heraldic2 others are allied to nature1 and have1 as far ,i am aware1 no connection with heraldry4 ,the stone carving of an ape seated on its haunches and eating an apple belonged to this class2 it had on it the initials ,b ,m with date #afgj1 and some years ago was to be seen built into a wall on the west side of ,philip ,lane1 exactly opposite the ,ward ,school of ,cripplegate ,within4 ,the space at the back was occupied by a court1 the whole being now swallowed up in the premises of ,messrs4 ,rylands and ,sons4 ,this marked the site of an ancient galleried inn of which it had been the sign4 ,a similar piece of sculpture is or was lately in a street called the ,sporrengasse at ,basle4 ,a little further east in ,philip ,lane a modern sculptured cock commemorates ,cock ,court1 now destroyed1 where another ancient inn had once stood4 ,drawings of both are preserved in the ,british ,museum4 ,not far from ,philip ,lane1 at #ag;a1 ,addle ,street1 there is a fine bas-relief of a bear with collar and chain2 it is above the first-floor window of a house rebuilt about twelve years ago1 and has on it the initials ,n ,t ,e and date #afgj--not #afaj1 as we are told by ,archer4 ,munday and ,dyson1 in the fourth edition of ,stow's #8,survey' 7#afcc71 assert that ,addle ,street derived its name from ,athlestane or ,adlestane1 whose house was supposed to have been hard by1 in ,wood ,street1 with a door into ,addle ,street4 ,an interesting sculptured sign of a ,bear was dug up in #ahhb1 when the house numbered #dg1 on the south side of ,cheapside1 was being rebuilt4 ,it was found in a damaged state #g or #h feet below the surface1 and is now let into the wall inside the shop of ,messrs4 ,cow and ,co41 india-rubber manufacturers4 ,an old arched cellar or undercroft of considerable height still exists in the basement1 and extends to a distance of some #cj feet below the street4 ,this sign1 which represents a bear chained and muzzled1#bf and in heraldic language contourn1 or facing to the right instead of the left1 has neither date nor initials4 ,a suggestion has been made that this is the ,white ,bear1 the sign of ,robert ,hicks1 a mercer at ,soper's ,lane end1 and father of ,sir ,baptist ,hicks1 born there in #aeea1 who built ,hicks ,hall#bg and who1 says ,strype1 was one of the first citizens that after knighthood kept their shops 7eventually he became ,lord ,campden74 ,this1 however1 is by no means probable2 the sign resembles others put up after the ,great ,fire2 moreover1 ,soper's ,lane1 now ,queen ,street1 is some distance east of ,st4 ,mary-le-,bow ,church1 while ,no4 #dg is to the west1 near ,bread ,street4 ,on the opposite side of the way was a house with a similar sign1 as appears from the following advertisement in the ,london ,gazette of ,october #e1 #afic3 #8,lost from the ,brown ,bear1 next door to ,mercers' ,chapel1 in ,cheapside1 a large broken silver candlestick1 having on the bottom ,james ,morris engraven2 also two double silver scroles of sconces1 and a small scrole of a silver sconce1 c4' ,yet another sculptured sign of a chained bear exists in the ,city1 more or less in its former position4 ,it has on it the initials ,m ,e with date #afgj1 and is to be found let into a modern wall at the entrance to ,messrs4 ,cox and ,hammond's quays1 between ,nos4 #e and #f1 ,lower ,thames ,street1 having fortunately escaped a fire which in part destroyed the premises some years since4 ,a far more terrible fire occurred in the neighbourhood in ,january1 #agad-ae1 when above #abj houses were said to have been either burnt or blown up1 and many persons perished4 ,it was caused by an explosion in a little gunpowder shop near ,bear ,quay1 and burned eastward as far as ,mark ,lane4 ,the sign belonged perhaps originally to this ,bear ,quay1 the site of which is now covered by the ,custom ,house1 and which in the eighteenth century was chiefly appropriated to the landing and shipment of wheat4 ,a ,great ,bear ,quay and a ,little ,bear ,quay are marked close together in ,strype's map of the ,tower ,ward4 ,beer ,lane1 further east1 leading from ,great ,tower ,street to ,lower ,thames ,street1 was in ,stow's time called ,beare ,lane4 ,from a writ dated at ,windsor1 ,october #cj1 in the thirtieth year of ,henry ,,iii41 it appears that the ,sheriffs of ,london were commanded to provide a muzzle1 an iron chain1 and a cord1 for the ,king's white bear in the ,tower of ,london1 and to use him to catch fish in the water of the ,thames2 and six years afterwards1 namely in #abeb1 the ,sheriffs were commanded to supply fourpence per diem for the maintenance of the ,king's white bear and his keeper in the ,tower4 ,burnet tells us that on ,may #bi1 #aedb1 the ,french ,ambassadors1 after they had supped with the ,duke of ,somerset1 went to the ,thames1 and saw the bear hunted in the river4 ,anne1 daughter of the ,earl of ,warwick1 and consort of ,richard ,,iii41 adopted the white bear as a badge4 ,in #aeci a #8,manual of ,prayers' was printed by ,john ,mayler1 at the sign of the ,white ,bear in ,botolph ,lane4 ,a seventeenth-century trade token was issued by a grocer from the sign of the ,white ,bear1 ,thames ,street4 ,another trade token1 ascribed by ,boyne and others to ,southwark1 is far more likely to have been issued from here2 it reads thus3 ,o4 ,,philip ,,stower4,,at a bear4 ,r4 ,,the4,,beare4,,at4,,bare4,,key ,p4,s4,s4 ,a curious stone bas-relief of ,bel and the ,dragon is preserved by ,messrs4 ,corbyn and ,co41 the eminent chemists1 at ,no4 #g1 ,poultry1 being let into the wall of a back room2 the idol is represented by an actual bell4 ,larwood and ,hotten say that the sign was not uncommon1 especially among apothecaries2 it is alluded to in the ,spectator1 ,no4 #bh4 ,at ,messrs4 ,corbyn's there is also a very handsome mortar of bell-metal1 said to have been used by the firm in early days1 with an inscription in ,flemish or old ,german1 and the date #aecf4 ,messrs4 ,corbyn have had a copy of the above sign inserted in the wall of their new establishment1 at the corner of ,bond ,street and ,oxford ,street2 it came originally from their old house of business in ,holborn4 ,illustration ,the stone sign of the house which succeeded the ,shakespearean ,boar's ,head has happily been preserved1 and is now in the ,guildhall ,museum4 ,it is well designed and tastefully coloured1 that fact having come to light when a thorough process of cleansing took place some time since4 ,above the snout are the initials ,i4 ,t41 and date #affh2 size #ah-a_/b by #af inches4 ,the ,boar's ,head tavern will be famous for all time1 as the scene of the revelries of ,falstaff and ,prince ,hal2 how far it was really connected with ,shakespeare's immortal creation has been discussed at length by the late ,mr4 ,halliwell ,phillipps4 ,in the time of ,henry ,v41 ,eastcheap was noted for its cooks' shops1 as appears from the ballad of ,london ,lickpenny1 by ,john ,lydgate1 monk at ,bury ,st4 ,edmunds1 in which1 while giving a countryman's description of ,london1 he says3 #8,then ,i hyed me into ,est-,chepe2 ,one cryes rybbs of befe1 and many a pye2 ,pewter pottes they clattered on a heape4 ,there was harpe1 pype1 and minstralsye4 ,yea1 by cock6 nay1 by cock6 some began crye2 ,some songe of ,jenken and ,julyan for there mede2 ,but for lack of mony ,i myght not spede4' ,stow1 mentioning an affray in which ,king ,henry ,,iv4's sons ,thomas and ,john were concerned1 adds in a note1 #8there was no taverne then in ,eastcheape4' ,curiously enough1 there is also no distinct authority in any of the early editions of ,shakespeare's plays for the name of the tavern in ,eastcheap at which ,falstaff and the ,prince are supposed to meet4 ,theobald was the first1 in #agcc1 to place the ,boar's ,head in the stage directions4 ,shakespeare never mentions it at all1 and his only apparent allusion is in the second part of #8,henry the ,fourth1' where the ,prince asks 7speaking of ,falstaff73 #8,doth the old boar feed in the old frank8' and ,bardolph answers3 #8,at the old place1 my lord1 in ,eastcheap4' ,a suggestion of the house may also possibly be intended in #8,richard the ,second1' where the ,prince is mentioned as frequenting taverns #8that stand in narrow lanes4' ,in the play of the #8,famous ,victories of ,henry the ,fifth1' #aeid1 on which ,shakespeare's drama was partly founded1 the ,castle tavern is mentioned as the place of meeting in ,eastcheap4 ,an allusion1 however1 to #8,sir ,john of the ,boar's ,head in ,eastcheap1' in ,gayton's #8,festivous ,notes' 7#afed1 p4 #bgg71 may be considered to prove that this was1 in truth1 the tavern to which ,shakespeare referred4 ,his contemporary1 ,dekker1 in the play of #8,the ,shoemakers' ,holyday1 or1 ,the ,gentle ,craft1' has the following3 ,eyre4 #8,rip you chitterling1 avaunt1 boy2 bid the tapster of the ,bores-head fill me a doozen cans of beere for my journeymen4' ,the earliest notice of the original house which has been handed down to us occurs in the testament of ,william ,warden1 who1 in the reign of ,richard ,,ii41 gave all his tenement called the ,boar's ,head1 in ,eastcheap1 to a college of priests or chaplains1 founded by ,sir ,william ,walworth1 ,lord ,mayor1 in the adjoining ,church of ,st4 ,michael1 ,crooked ,lane4 ,the endowments of this college were forfeited in the year #aedi1 when the house above alluded to is described as all the said ,william ,warden's tenement called the ,boar's ,head1 ,eastcheap1 #8worth by year #d4' ,the ,boar's ,head is first called a tavern in the year #aecg1 when it is expressly described in a lease1 as #8all that tavern called the ,bore ,hedde1 cum sollariis et aliis suis pertinentiis in ,estchepe1 in parochia ,sancti ,michaelis1 prdicti in tenura ,johanne ,broke vidue4' ,an apparently genuine memento was discovered about the year #ahcd in moving away soil from ,whitechapel ,mount4#bh ,it is a carved boxwood bas-relief of a boar's head set in a circular frame formed by two boar's tusks mounted in silver2 diameter1 #d inches4 ,an inscription pricked on the back is as follows3 #8,william ,brooke ,landlord of the ,bores ,hedde ,estchepe #aeff4' ,this now belongs to ,lady ,burdett ,coutts1 and was shown two years ago at the ,tudor ,exhibition4 ,in the year #aehh1 the inn was kept by ,thomas ,wright1 a native of ,shrewsbury3 #8,thear was chosen with me at that time out of the school1 ,george ,wrighte1 son of ,thomas ,wrighte of ,london1 vintener1 that dwelt at the ,bores ,hed in ,estcheap1 who sithence1 having good inheritance descended to him1 is now clerk of the king's stable1 and a knight1 a very discreet and honest gentleman2' as we learn from the #8,liber ,famelicus' of ,sir ,john ,whitelocke1 edited by ,j4 ,bruce 7p4 #ab74 ,on ,march #ca1 #afjb1 the ,lords of the ,council wrote to the ,lord ,mayor1 granting permission to the servants of the ,earl of ,oxford and the ,earl of ,worcester to play at the ,boar's ,head in ,eastcheap3#bi which seems to indicate that the house was an important one1 probably with a yard4 ,in the year #afbc1 #8,john ,rhodoway1 vintner at the ,bore's ,head1' was buried at ,st4 ,michael's1 ,crooked ,lane4 ,this person may have kept the tavern in ,shakespeare's time4 ,two seventeenth-century trade tokens were issued from #8the ,bore's ,head1 neere ,london ,stone1' as it is called in the rare tract called #8,newes from ,bartholomew ,fayre4' ,these tokens are undated1 but it seems likely that they were struck before #afff4 ,one of them gives the name of ,john ,sapcott as the landlord4 ,the ,boar's ,head tavern was burnt in the ,great ,fire1 and rebuilt of brick four stories high1 with its door in the centre4 ,many allusions to this second ,boar's ,head have been preserved2 one of the quaintest was an inscription on a tombstone in the neighbouring churchyard of ,st4 ,michael's1 ,crooked ,lane1 which ,i lately saw at the back of ,st4 ,magnus ,church1 whither it migrated when its first resting-place was covered by the approaches to new ,london ,bridge4 ,the epitaph runs thus3 #8,here lieth the bodye of ,robert ,preston1 late drawer at the ,boar's ,head ,tavern ,great ,eastcheap who departed this life ,march #af ,anno ,domini #agcj1 aged twenty-seven years4' #8,bacchus to give the toping world surprise1 ,produc'd one sober son1 and here he lies4 ,tho' nurs'd among full hogsheads1 he defyd ,the charm of wine1 and every vice beside4 ,o reader1 if to justice thou'rt inclined1 ,keep honest ,preston daily in thy mind4 ,he drew good wine1 took care to fill his pots1 ,had sundry virtues that outweighed his fauts 7sic74 ,you that on ,bacchus have the like dependence1 ,pray copy ,bob in measure and attendance4' ,in the second edition of ,maitland's #8,london1' #agef1 we are told that under the sign of the ,boar's ,head1 the following inscription was then to be seen3 #8,this is the oldest tavern in ,london4' ,goldsmith was there in #ageh1 getting material for his charming #8,reverie at the ,boar's ,head1' in which1 however1 he assumed that he was in the actual tavern immortalized by ,shakespeare2 and in #ahah another gifted author--,washington ,irving--after a similar visit1 wrote an essay as charming and as inaccurate4 ,during their tour to the ,hebrides in #aggc1 ,boswell mentioned to ,dr4 ,johnson a club held at the ,boar's ,head1 the members of which all assumed ,shakespearean characters1 one was ,falstaff1 another ,prince ,hal1 another ,bardolph1 and so on4 ,johnson's remark on the occasion was3 #8,don't be of it1 sir4 ,now that you have a name you must be careful to avoid many things1 not bad in themselves1 but which will lessen your character4' ,scruples of this kind do not seem to have troubled the great ,william ,pitt1 at any rate when he was young4 ,in the #8,life of ,william ,wilberforce1'#cj by his son1 the following anecdote is told by the philanthropist3 #8,i was one of those who met to spend an evening in memory of ,shakespeare at the ,boar's ,head1 ,eastcheap4 ,many professed wits were present1 but ,pitt was the most amusing of the party1 and the most apt at the required allusions4' ,this social gathering took place in the year #aghj4 ,an interesting addition has lately been made to the ,guildhall ,museum1 a bequest of the late ,dr4 ,burgon1 ,dean of ,chichester4 ,it is a water-colour drawing of a figure from the house in ,eastcheap1 supposed to represent ,falstaff1 but so lean that it by no means embodies the idea contained in his words to the ,lord ,chief ,justice3 #8,i would that my means were greater1 and my waist slenderer4' ,the costume seems to be of the sixteenth century4 ,this was copied no doubt from the figure carved in oak1 #ab inches high1 which was exhibited by ,mr4 ,kempe to the ,society of ,antiquaries in ,december1 #ahcc1 and which once decorated the portal of the tavern4 ,the figure had supported an ornamental bracket over one side of the door1 a corresponding figure of ,prince ,henry sustaining that on the other4 ,it was at that time the property of ,mr4 ,thomas ,shelton1 brazier1 ,great ,eastcheap1 whose ancestors had lived in the shop he occupied since the time of the ,great ,fire4 ,he well remembered the last grand dinner-party1 which had taken place at the ,boar's ,head about fifty years before4 ,the guests came from the west end of the town1 and the long string of carriages which conveyed them filled the street at ,eastcheap4 ,hutton1 writing in #aghe1 gives a somewhat different account of the figures4 ,he says1#ca #8,on each side of the entrance to the ,boar's ,head there is a vine branch carved in wood rising more than three feet from the ground1 loaded with leaves and clusters1 and on the top of each a little ,falstaff eight inches high1 in the dress of his day4' ,peter ,cunningham says that the ,boar's ,head stood in ,great ,eastcheap1 between ,small ,alley and ,st4 ,michael's ,lane1 four taverns filling up the intervening space--the ,chicken1 near ,st4 ,michael's ,alley1 the ,boar's ,head1 the ,plough1 and the ,three ,kings4 ,the statue of ,king ,william ,,iv4 is considered to be a few feet east of the site4 ,the house had ceased to be a tavern before ,pennant wrote in #agij4 ,it was divided into two tenements1 and became ,nos4 #b and #c1 ,great ,eastcheap4 ,part was occupied by a gunsmith1 when in ,june1 #ahca1 the building1 having been bought by the ,corporation for #c1edd1 was immediately pulled down to make room for the approaches of new ,london ,bridge4 ,it is a curious fact that1 on the opposite side of the river1 at about an equal distance1 stood another famous old ,boar's ,head ,inn1 the site of which is also now covered by the approaches to ,london ,bridge1 and this had without doubt once belonged to that notable man1 ,sir ,john ,fastolfe1#cb who must at least have furnished the name to ,shakespeare's matchless creation4 ,the back part of the ,city inn looked upon the burial-ground of ,st4 ,michael's1 ,crooked ,lane1 as did the other on the ,flemish burial-ground in ,southwark4 ,of this latter and of the man who owned it1 a rather full account is given in the #8,inns of ,old ,southwark and their ,associations1' by ,rendle and ,norman4 ,from ,j4 ,t4 ,smith and others ,i learn that in the early part of this century1 not far from the ,boar's ,head in ,eastcheap1 and nearly facing ,miles ,lane1 there was a bold and animated figure of a ,mermaid carved in relief1 with her dishevelled hair about her shoulders1 and holding in her right hand something resembling #8a bundle of flax or a distaff'2 more likely a looking-glass4 ,i mention the sign here for the sake of convenience1 though ,i own its classification is a difficulty1 one writer placing it with human signs1 and another with #8fishes and insects4' ,there still exists a ,mermaid carved in relief at ,no4 #ba1 ,east ,street1 ,gravesend4 ,the material seems to be cut brick or terra-cotta2 it has an ornamental border with cleft pediment4 ,seafaring people are always more or less attracted by the supernatural1 and so the sign has been a favourite one here and in ,holland1 where also the merman1 with helmet1 sword1 and buckler1 was not uncommon4 ,a merman and a mermaid are supporters of the arms of the ,fishmongers' ,company1 a fine carving of which is to be seen at the back of their present hall4 ,the badge of the ,byrons was a mermaid argent1 crined and finned or1 holding in the left hand a comb1 in the right a mirror4 ,it is recorded by ,strype that #8,boniface ,tatam of ,london1 vintner1 buried in the parish of ,st4 ,peter's ,cornhill on the #crd ,feb41 #afjf1 gave #djs4 yearly to the parson for preaching #d sermons every year so long as the ,mermaid1 a tavern in ,cornhill so called1 shall endure4' ,but the most famous ,mermaid1 perhaps the most famous of all ,elizabethan taverns1 was that in ,bread ,street1 ,friday ,street1 and ,cheapside1 for they were all one and the same--the house standing back from ,bread ,street1 with passage entrances from ,cheapside and ,friday ,street4 #8,souls of poets dead and gone1 ,what ,elysium have ye known1 ,happy field or mossy cavern1 ,choicer than the ,mermaid ,tavern8' ,another famous hostelry in old days was the ,bull1 ,bishopsgate ,street ,within1 which stood on the west side1 opposite ,st4 ,helen's ,place4 ,this was one of the inns used for theatrical purposes in the sixteenth century4 ,in #aeid1 ,anthony ,bacon1 brother of ,francis1 was lodging in ,bishopsgate ,street1 to the regret of his mother1 because he was near the ,bull ,inn1 where plays and interludes were acted1 which might corrupt his servants4 ,it was the house frequented by old ,hobson1 the ,cambridge carrier1 on whom ,milton wrote his famous lines4 ,here1 as the ,spectator tells us1 there was a portrait of ,hobson1 with a hundred-pound bag under his arm1 having on it the inscription3 #8,the fruitful mother of a ,hundred more4' ,at the ,bull ,inn a mutiny broke out in a troop of ,whalley's regiment on ,april #bf1 #afdi1 for which one of the troopers was shot in ,st4 ,paul's ,churchyard1 and others were condemned but pardoned4 ,the inn was pulled down in #ahff4 ,a curious relic then rescued from the ruins consisted of a stone #i-a_/b inches wide at the top1 #g inches at the bottom1 and #aj inches deep1 shaped therefore like a keystone1 and having a narrow margin1 within which was a carving of a bull with a vine and its tendrils1 and a bunch of grapes2 it was dated #afdb4 ,this stone had doubtless served as a sign or commemorative decoration1 and was the oldest of its kind in ,london3 ,i have not been able to find out what became of it4 ,the ,herts ,guardian for ,march #aa1 #ahfe1 records that #8under the yew-tree1 against the steeple of ,all ,saints' ,church1 ,hertford1 is a small ordinary-looking gravestone having the following quaint inscription3 #8,here lyeth ,black ,tom of the ,bull ,inn in ,bishopsgate1 #afif4' ,from the ,bull in ,bishopsgate it is not a far cry to the ,bull and ,mouth in ,aldersgate4 ,there are two versions of this sign1 and though comparatively modern they are worth describing1 partly for their quaintness1 partly from their interesting associations2 they are both preserved in the ,guildhall ,museum4 ,one was placed over the front entrance of the ,queen's ,hotel1 ,st4 ,martin's-le-,grand1 formerly known as the ,bull and ,mouth1 which was built in #ahcj on the site of the old coaching inn with that sign4 ,a statuette of a bull appears within the space of a gigantic open mouth2 below are bunches of grapes2 above1 a bust of ,edward ,,vi4 and the arms of ,christ's ,hospital1 to which institution the ground belonged4 ,beneath is a tablet1 perhaps from the old inn1 inscribed with the following doggerel rhyme3 #8,milo the ,cretonian an ox slew with his fist1 ,and ate it up at one meal1 ye ,gods what a glorious twist4' ,another version of the sign1 which is said to have been put up about the beginning of the century1 was over the entrance to the ,great ,northern ,railway receiving-house in ,angel ,street1 formerly the back entrance to the inn yard4 ,this1 together with the ,queen's ,hotel and all the ground as far as ,bull and ,mouth ,street north1 has now been taken by the ,post-,office authorities2 the amount of compensation paid to the ,great ,northern ,company having been #ca1cej4 ,the ,bull and ,mouth was one of the most famous coaching inns4 ,strype1 writing in #agbj1 describes it as #8large and well built1 and of a good resort by those that bring ,bone ,lace1 where the shopkeepers and others come to buy it4' ,he also tells us that #8in this part of ,st4 ,martin's is a noted ,meeting ,house of the ,quakers1 called the ,bull and ,mouth1 where they met long before the ,fire4' ,the name is generally supposed to be a corruption of ,boulogne ,mouth1 the entrance to ,boulogne ,harbour1 that town having been taken by ,king ,henry ,,viii4 ,this elucidation is said to have originated with ,george ,steevens1 who has been called a mischievous wag in literary matters4 ,boyne thinks it might have been originally the ,bowl and ,mouth1 both known ,london signs4 ,a seventeenth-century trade token was issued from a house with the sign of the ,mouth in ,bishopsgate ,street1 and the ,mouth appears in the rhyming list of taverns1 which is to be found in ,heywood's #8,rape of ,lucrece4' ,stow mentions the custom of presenting a bowl of ale at ,st4 ,giles's ,hospital to prisoners on their way from the ,city to ,tyburn1 and according to ,parton there was a ,bowl public-house at ,st4 ,giles's4 ,bowl ,yard1 a narrow court on the south side of ,high ,street1 ,st4 ,giles's1 disappeared about #ahdf4 ,mr4 ,wheatley1 points out in #8,london ,past and ,present' that our inn is probably identical with #8the house called the ,mouth1 near ,aldersgate in ,london--then the usual meeting place for ,quakers1' to which the body of ,john ,lilburne was conveyed on his death1 ,august #bi1 #afeg4 ,five years afterwards1 namely on ,october #bf1 #affb1 it appears from ,ellwood's #8,autobiography' that he was arrested at a ,quakers' meeting held at the ,bull and ,mouth1 ,aldersgate1 and confined till ,december in the old ,bridewell1 ,fleet ,street4 ,the ,bull and ,mouth was at its zenith as a coaching inn during the early part of this century1 just before the development of railroads4 ,mr4 ,edward ,sherman was then landlord1 having succeeded ,mr4 ,willans in the year #ahbc2 he also had the ,oxford ,arms1 ,warwick ,lane4 ,it was he who rebuilt the old house1 and made stabling underground for a large number of horses4 ,when the business of coaching came to an end1 the gateway from ,st4 ,martin's-le-,grand was partially blocked up and became the main entrance to the hotel1 which1 under a new name1 flourished till its final closing in the autumn of #ahhf4 ,on ,september #bh of that year1 the stock of wine1 amounting to #gej dozen1 was sold2 during the winter the house was used as an adjunct of the ,general ,post-,office4 ,in ,july1 #ahhg1 the ,jubilee fittings of ,westminster ,abbey were sold by auction in the large coffee-room4 ,they consisted of ,brussels carpets1 hangings1 cushions1 etc41 and produced upwards of #b1jjj4 ,in the space cleared shortly afterwards for the new post-office1 a large piece of the ,city wall has been discovered4 ,the old ,bull and ,mouth ,inn1 destroyed in #ahcj1 with its three tiers of galleries1 was very picturesque3 many illustrations of it exist4 ,a seventeenth century trade-token was issued from a ,bull and ,mouth in ,bloomsbury1 still represented by a modern public-house at ,no4 #ca1 ,hart ,street4 ,a wooden carving of a ,civet ,cat was some years since the appropriate sign of an old-fashioned perfumer's shop in ,cockspur ,street4 ,an illustration of it appears in the ,illustrated ,london ,news for ,december #ac1 #ahef4 ,illustration ,illustration ,,chapter ,,iv4 ,,animals ,,real ,,and ,,imaginary--7,continued74 #8,figures strange--and sweet1 ,all made out of the carver's brain4' ,,coleridge3 ,christabel1 pt4 ,i4 ,,the sign of the ,dog and ,duck is to be found imbedded in the garden wall of ,bethlehem ,hospital1 in the district formerly called ,st4 ,george's ,fields4 ,size1 #d feet by #b feet #f inches4 ,illustration ,it is in two divisions1 and is dated #agaf2 the part to the right represents a spaniel sitting on its haunches with a duck in its mouth1 and appears to me a capital specimen of grotesque art4 ,this was the sign of the ,dog and ,duck public-house4 ,in #afdb1 when ,london was threatened by ,charles ,i41 the citizens hastily encircled it with a trench and a series of forts4 ,among these was one with four half bulwarks at the ,dog and ,duck1 in ,st4 ,george's ,fields4 ,in #afea a trade-token was issued from the ,dog and ,duck2 it has the initials ,e ,m ,s1 and on the obverse is a design almost identical with the one ,i have described4 ,there were1 however1 other houses with this sign in ,southwark3 one in ,deadman's ,place near ,st4 ,saviour's ,park1 and another in ,bermondsey ,square4 ,till about the middle of the eighteenth century the ,dog and ,duck in ,st4 ,george's ,fields seems to have been only a small public-house1 doubtless with a pond attached to it1 in which was carried on the cruel sport of duck-hunting1 then dear to cockneys4 ,the amusement consisted in the duck diving among the reeds with the dog in fierce pursuit2 a good idea of it is given by ,davenant in the #8,long ,vacation in ,london1' p4 #bhi1 where reference is made to another district famous for ducking-ponds3 #8,ho ho to ,islington2 enough6 ,fetch ,job my son1 and our dog ,ruffe6 ,for there in ,pond1#cc through mire and muck1 ,we'll cry hay ,duck1 there ,ruffe1 hay ,duck4' ,when this ceased to be an attraction in ,st4 ,george's ,fields is not recorded1 but towards the middle of last century the place came into the hands of a ,mrs4 ,hedger1 who had been a barmaid4 ,while she was landlady1 ,sampson1 an equestrian performer1 who had previously ridden at the ,three ,hats1 ,islington1 set up his temporary circus in a field opposite the ,dog and ,duck4 ,crowds followed him1 and caused a great increase in ,mrs4 ,hedger's business1 so she sent for her son1 afterwards called #8the ,king of the ,fields1' who was said to have been at the time a post-boy at ,epsom1 and he shrewdly made the most of his chance4 ,the money as it came in was invested in building and other improvements2 soon a mineral spring was discovered--or invented--and the place became for a time a popular health resort4 ,a correspondent of the ,st4 ,james's ,chronicle in #agfa asks1 as a matter not admitting denial1 #8,does ,tunbridge or ,cheltenham or ,buxton ,wells come up to 7inter alia7 the ,dog and ,duck in ,st4 ,george's ,fields8' ,no less a man than ,dr4 ,johnson recommended the waters to his friend ,mrs4 ,thrale4 ,an advertisement tells us of a bath there #bjj feet long1 and nearly #ajj in breadth1 and old newspapers record dinners1 concerts1 assemblies and all kinds of gaiety at ,st4 ,george's1 or the ,dog and ,duck ,spa4 ,it must already have begun to go downhill when ,garrick described it thus in his ,prologue to #8,the ,maid of the ,oaks1' #aggd3 #8,st4 ,george's ,fields1 with taste and fashion struck1 ,display ,arcadia at the ,dog and ,duck2 ,and ,drury misses1 here in tawdry pride1 ,are there ,pastoras by the fountain side1 ,to frowsy bowers they reel through midnight damps1 ,with fauns half drunk1 and dryads breaking lamps4' ,finally it was closed by the magistrates1 and after being occupied for a time by the ,school for the ,indigent ,blind1 was pulled down in #ahaa1 when1 the ,committee of the ,bridge ,house ,estate having1 in the previous year1 agreed to exchange #aa acres #c roods here for the ground then covered by ,bedlam in ,moorfields1 which amounted to about #b acres1 the erection of the present ,bethlehem ,hospital was begun on the site4#cd ,it was then or soon afterwards that our stone sign was built into the new garden wall4 ,several illustrations of the ,dog and ,duck ,inn have been preserved4 ,a water-colour in the ,crace collection by ,t4 ,h4 ,shepherd1 purporting to be from a drawing of #afdf1 represents it as a gable-ended public-house1 with a gallery on one side1 standing in the fields4 ,a view of the outside in ,hedger's time shows a brick building of considerable dimensions4 ,then there is a rather indecent design called #8,beauty in distress1' with the ,dog and ,duck in the distance4 ,lastly1 a rare stippled engraving of the interior1 dated #aghi1 shows us ladies frail and fair1 with their attendant beaux1 walking about and seated at tables in a long room1 which has an organ at the end2 the sign appears below4 ,much might be written about the curious device which appears in the left-hand division of the stone sign imbedded in the wall of ,bethlehem ,hospital4 ,this is the mark of the ,bridge ,house ,estate1 and though in no sense heraldic1 has been described as an annulet ensigned with a cross patte1 interlaced with a saltire conjoined in base4 ,it is sometimes1 but wrongly1 called the ,southwark ,arms1 for arms cannot in truth be borne by any public body1 which has not received a charter of incorporation1 with a right to use a common seal2 and ,southwark was never more than a ward of the ,city4 ,the device resembles a merchant's mark1 but its origin has not hitherto been satisfactorily explained4 ,perhaps a letter in the ,gentleman's ,magazine for ,october1 #ageh1 from ,joseph ,ames1 secretary to the ,society of ,antiquaries1 may throw some light on the subject4 ,it seems that in pulling down a part of old ,london ,bridge1 three inscriptions were found engraved on stone tablets4 ,the oldest dated from #adig4 ,the second1 which most concerns us1 had perhaps been inserted in the building on the completion of repairs1 rendered necessary by a great fire at the northern end of the bridge which occurred in #aejd1 and has now found a home in the ,guildhall ,museum4 ,it measures #aj inches by #ac-c_/d1 and is inscribed in ,gothic characters #8,anno ,domini #aeji4' ,at the end of the date appears a cross#ce charged with a small saltire1 which seems to suggest the present mark1 and was not unlikely the old device for the estate of ,london ,bridge4 ,the third stone1 dated #aead1 had on it the ,city sword and the initials of ,sir ,roger ,achiley1 draper and alderman of ,bridge ward2 they are represented below4 ,illustration ,here1 perhaps1 by way of illustration1 a few words may be introduced on the subject of merchants' marks4 ,these1 as early as the beginning of the fifteenth century1 were adopted instead of armorial bearings by traders1 to whom arms were not permitted4#cf ,they were used for stamping goods1 were engraved on rings1 and often placed on monuments as if they conveyed a certain honourable distinction4 ,mr4 ,j4 ,g4 ,waller1 ,f4,s4,a41#cg has pointed out that these merchants' marks have commonly one essential feature in common--a cross4 ,a simple form of mark was a cross surmounting a mast or staff1 with streamers or other devices1 apparently taken from parts of a ship2 it had a forked base4 ,when after a time initials of names were introduced1 they at first formed part of the mark1 the letter ,a being often made by crossing the forked base4 ,the cross1 being an emblem of ,christianity1 was considered to counteract the wiles of ,satan2 merchants1 therefore1 naturally placed a cross on their bales as a preservative against the tempests1 which it was thought were caused by him4 ,mr4 ,w4 de ,gray ,birch1 on the other hand1 suggests that the cross and streamers so often incorporated in merchants' marks1 were derived from the banner of the ,holy ,lamb1 which was the usual emblem of ,st4 ,john ,baptist1 the patron saint of wool merchants--that is1 merchants of the staple2 but it seems that such devices were also used by the ,merchant ,adventurers1 ,salters1 etc42 moreover1 the cross with streamers is1 in medival art1 a symbol of the victory of ,christ over death and the powers of darkness1 which seems to confirm ,mr4 ,waller's view4 ,the ,lamb and ,flag1 as ,i shall have occasion to show1 sometimes appeared on the seals of the ,knights ,templars4 ,as to the ,bridge ,house ,estate1 it is held in trust by the corporation of the ,city of ,london1 and is1 strictly speaking1 intended for the support1 lighting and cleansing of the ,city bridges1 and two bridges over the ,lea at ,stratford1 where the ,city authorities hold some land4 ,this property is said to have originated in small offerings by pious citizens to the ,chapel of ,st4 ,thomas ,becket#ch on ,london ,bridge4 ,the earliest document relating to it which is still in existence appears to be a small volume on vellum1 probably dating from the earlier part of the fourteenth century1 with additions made in the reign of ,king ,edward ,,iv4 ,a thorough examination of all the records would be a work of great labour1 but would bring to light many interesting facts4 ,the property has by degrees increased in value1 till out of it they have been able to rebuild ,london ,bridge and ,blackfriars ,bridge1 and are now creating the huge structure by the ,tower4 ,much of ,st4 ,george's ,fields belonged to the estate2 it had been ,crown land1 once attached to ,suffolk ,house1 and was included in the grant to the ,city1 in the fourth year of ,edward ,,vi4's reign4 ,the land on which stood the ,dog and ,duck ,tavern formed part of this ,bridge ,house ,estate4 ,the ,bridge ,house itself stood on the ,surrey side of the water1 in ,tooley ,street1 and was originally a storeplace for material belonging to the ,city which was used in the repair of ,london ,bridge4 ,in course of time it became a granary and a bakehouse1 with public ovens4 ,the grain was for the relief of poor citizens in time of distress1 and the ovens were used for baking it4 ,stow tells us that they were ten in number1 six of them very large1 and that #8,sir ,john ,throstone1 ,knight1 sometime an embroiderer1 then a goldsmith1 one of the sheriffs in #aeaf1 gave by his testament towards the making of these ovens two hundred pounds1 which thing was performed by his executors4' ,the stone sign of a ,fox sitting on its haunches1 with the initials ,h ,w and date #affi1 has been put up inside the house at ,no4 #bd1 ,lombard ,street1 and is in capital condition4 ,it was found in digging up the foundations of a house in ,clement's ,lane1 destroyed to make room for ,no4 #cj1 ,lombard ,street1 which extends further south than its predecessor4 ,in the seventeenth century there was a sign of a fox in ,lombard ,street1 but some distance off2 ,no4 #gc occupies the site4 ,a kindred sign1 the ,three ,foxes1 is said to have formerly existed1 also in ,clement's ,lane1 but about this ,i am a little bit doubtful2 there was a drawing of it in the ,graphic of ,april #ba1 #ahgg1 which could hardly have represented the actual tablet1 for ,larwood and ,hotten say that it had been plastered over long before this1 when the house was taken by a firm of three lawyers1 who wished to avoid the rather awkward connection of ideas which might be suggested4 ,of the carving of a ,griffin's ,head which formerly existed in ,old ,jewry ,i know nothing1 except that it was drawn by ,archer in #ahej4 ,this was1 perhaps1 an heraldic charge of the person who built1 or first possessed1 the house on which it was placed4 ,the badge of ,fiennes1 ,lord ,dacre1 was a griffin's head erased1 gules1 holding in its beak an annulet1 or2 that of ,polle1 a griffin's head erased1 azure1 ducally gorged1 or4 ,on the east side of ,shoreditch ,high ,street1 between ,nos4 #gi and #hj1 and over the passage leading into ,hare ,alley1 is the sculptured stone sign of a ,hare running1 with the initials ,b ,w ,m and date #agbe4 ,i have observed a similar sign in ,flushing4 ,hare ,alley is mentioned in ,hatton's #8,new ,view of ,london1' #agjh4 ,among seventeenth century trade-tokens is one with the following inscription3 ,o4 ,,nicholas ,,warrin,a hare running4 ,r4 ,,in ,,aldersgate ,,street,n4,i4,w ,so it is given in ,boyne4 ,a pun on the name is probably intended1 but unless the issuer was a veritable cockney the animal represented was a rabbit4 ,illustration ,the ,hare in combination with the ,sun1 having the date #afgf and the initials ,h ,n ,a1 is still to be seen above the first-floor windows of a house1 ,no4 #ga1 on the east side of the ,borough ,high ,street2 close to the sites of the three most famous ,southwark inns1 the ,tabard1 the ,white ,hart1 and the ,george2 of which the last-named still exists in part at least1 though doomed1 ,i fear1 to speedy destruction4 ,this house was gutted by fire a few years ago1 but the sign luckily escaped unharmed4 ,it is now painted in various colours1 which was the old method1 and1 ,i think1 improves the effect4 ,the solicitors of the property have kindly let me examine the deeds1 and ,i have gathered from them the following particulars3 ,in ,march1 #afec1 ,john ,tarlton1 citizen and brewer1 left to his children two tenements in ,southwark4 ,in a mortgage of #affc they are called #8the ,hare and the ,three ,pidgeons4' ,in ,may1 #afgf1 all1 or nearly all1 this part of ,southwark was burnt down1 the number of houses destroyed being1 as stated in the ,london ,gazette1 about #fjj4 ,a curious little pamphlet in my possession1 licensed ,may #bi1 puts the number at nearly #ejj4 ,on the title-page we are told that #8,st4 ,mary ,overy's ,church and ,st4 ,thomas's ,hospital' were #8shattered and defaced1' and everything #8from ,chain-,gate to the ,counter on ,st4 ,margaret's ,hill on both sides the way burnt and demolished4' ,i may note that on this occasion a fire-engine with leathern hose was first used1 and seems to have been of great service in defending ,st4 ,thomas's ,hospital from the fire1 as recorded in the ,london ,gazette for ,august #ad1 #afgf4 ,in the same month ,nicholas ,hare1 grocer1 surrendered to be cancelled a lease dated #affi1 #8of the messuage or tenement called the ,hare and ,sunne1' the said messuage having been burnt in the fire2 and the ,tarltons let him the ground on building lease for eighty-one years from ,june1 #afgg4 ,the rent had before been #bd a year1 with a fine for renewal of #gj2 it was now reduced to #af a year4 ,the sign in question is therefore a punning one1 having been put up by ,nicholas ,hare1 grocer1 after the great ,southwark fire1 as many signs of the same description had been put up in ,london a few years previously1 after the great ,london fire4 ,how the sun had got into combination with the hare one does not know4#ci ,in subsequent documents1 down to the year #agdh1 when the house came into the possession of ,john ,paris1 it is described simply as the ,hare4 ,in his will1 dated #agec1 he speaks of #8my dwelling-house near the ,george ,inn1 known by the sign of the ,hare and ,stirrup2' and finally1 in #ageg1 in a schedule of the fixtures1 are mentioned #8in the dining-room two large sign irons1 and a large copper sign of the ,hare and ,stirrup2' so the unpretentious stone bas-relief1 though not taken down1 appears to have been supplemented by a sign more likely to catch the eye4 ,it may be noted that on these sculptured signs1 where letters occur1 the initial of the owner1 builder1 or first occupant1 is usually placed over the initials of the ,christian names of himself and his wife the former naturally being on the left4 ,sometimes1 however1 they are all in a line1 in which case the initial of the surname is most likely the middle one1 as on the seventeenth-century trade tokens4 ,centuries ago1 when ,islington was a little country town separated from ,london by roads which were often impassable in winter1 there stood near the ,green a picturesque house which1 by its style1 appeared to have been built in the reign of ,queen ,elizabeth4 ,it was an old and general tradition that this house1 which in course of time became the ,pied ,bull ,inn1 had been the residence of ,sir ,walter ,raleigh2 but this seems to be nothing more than a tradition4#dj ,there is1 however1 strong evidence that ,sir ,john ,miller1 knight1 of ,islington and ,devon1 lived here some years later1 for a window of a room on the ground-floor was adorned with his arms in painted glass1 impaling those of ,grigg of ,suffolk1 and in the kitchen were the remains of the same arms1 with the date #afbd4 ,nelson gives an illustration of the chimney-piece in the ground-floor room2 it contained the figures of ,faith1 ,hope1 and ,charity in niches1 with a border of cherubim1 fruit and foliage4 ,the central figure--,charity--was surmounted by two cupids supporting a crown1 and beneath were a lion and unicorn couchant4 ,nelson thinks that the design was intended as a compliment to ,queen ,elizabeth4 ,on the ceiling the five senses were represented in stucco1 with their ,latin names4 ,it is not known at what time the house was converted into an inn2 during the seventeenth century1 no doubt1 for ,defoe mentions it in his fictitious narrative of the ,plague4#da ,the south front of the house was comparatively modern1 and of different elevation to the older part1 and here appeared a stone bas-relief of the ,pied ,bull1 bearing the date #agcj1 the year perhaps in which this addition was made to the building4 ,in #agdj the house and #ad acres of land were let at about #gj a year2 it was pulled down in #ahbg4 ,the modern public house called the ,old ,pied ,bull1 at the corner of ,upper ,street and ,theberton ,street1 is about twenty or thirty yards north of the site4 ,in the ,guildhall ,museum there is a well-executed stone bas-relief in particularly good condition of a ,lion statant1 size #h inches by #ad-a_/d inches4 ,no record of its origin has been preserved by the ,city authorities4 ,can this be the lion referred to by ,leigh ,hunt in #8,the ,town'8 ,his words are3 #8,the only memorial remaining of the old palace 7,somerset ,house7 and its outhouses is in the wall of a house in the ,strand1 where the sign of a ,lion still survives a number of other signs1 noticed in a list at the time1 and common at that period to houses of all descriptions4' ,more likely1 however1 he refers to a carved lion supporting the ,city arms which is still to be seen on a jeweller's shop1 ,no4 #cdb1 ,strand2 but this is apparently of no great age4 ,the occupant1 who has been there thirty years1 could give me no information about it4 ,mr4 ,harrison in his #8,memorials of ,london ,houses1' says that ,robert ,haydon lodged here1 when as a youth of eighteen he first came to ,london from ,plymouth4 ,in the seventeenth century there was a ,golden ,lion by ,york ,house1 which1 with other tenements pertaining to ,denmark or ,somerset ,house1 was sold in #afej for the benefit of the ,state4 ,perhaps a more interesting sign than either of the above is that of the ,white ,lion1 a boldly-executed carving with the date #agbd1 which is still to be seen between the first-floor windows of a house1 now a tobacconist's1 on the north side of ,islington ,high ,street1 but in the parish of ,clerkenwell4 ,this was once the sign of an inn which existed at the beginning of the seventeenth century1 if not earlier4 ,in #8,drunken ,barnabee's ,journal1' the date of which is #afch1 there occur the following lines3 #8,thence to ,islington1 at ,lion1 ,where a juggling1 ,i did spy one1 ,nimble with his mates consorting1 ,mixing cheating with his sporting4' ,there is a curious allusion in ,pepys' #8,diary1' ,january #ba1 #affg-h3 #8,it seems1 on ,thursday last1 he 7,joyce7 went sober and quiet1 and behind one of the inns1 the ,white ,lion1 did throw himself into a pond4'#db ,this ,anthony ,joyce was cousin to ,pepys2 he had lost money by the ,great ,fire1 and afterwards kept the ,three ,stags1 ,holborn ,conduit4 ,he was got out of the pond before life was extinct1 but died soon afterwards4 ,pepys was afraid that his estate would be taken from his widow and children1 on the ground that he had committed suicide1 the legal consequences of which might have been forfeiture of goods and chattels to the ,crown2 but the coroner's jury returned a verdict that he had died of a fever4 ,a trade-token gives the name of the landlord at the time3 ,o4 ,,christopher4,,bvsbee4,,at ,a lion passant4 ,r4 ,,whit4,,lion4,,in4,,islington4 ,,his4,,half4,,peny4 #affh4 ,busby's ,folly1 a house of entertainment1 marked in the old maps of ,clerkenwell1 and of which there is an engraving in a rare volume called #8,views of divers ,noted ,places near ,london1' #agca1dc possibly1 as ,burn suggests1 originated with the issuer of this token4 ,t4 ,cromwell1 in his #8,history of ,clerkenwell1' published in #ahbh1 gives us the following information3 #8,the ,white ,lion1 now a public-house and wine-vaults1 at the south-east corner of the street of the same name1 was originally an inn much frequented by cattle-drovers and others connected with the trade of ,smithfield4 ,it then comprised the two dwelling-houses adjoining1 and extended also in the opposite or northward direction1 until the latter portion was pulled down to make an opening to ,white ,lion ,row1 as it was then called1 being that part of the existing ,white ,lion ,street which was built between #aggj and #aghj4 ,where ,mr4 ,becket's shop now is was the gateway of the inn-yard1 over which a lion rampant1 executed in relief and painted white1 was inserted in the front of the building4' ,nelson tells us that the carriage-way was immediately under the lion1 and so continued till1 the trade of the inn declining1 the building was converted into a private house4 ,the ,white ,lion1 one would think1 must first have been used as a sign by some retainer of the ,howards1 who1 by marriage with ,lady ,margaret ,mowbray1 inherited1 as a badge1 the blanch lion of the ,mowbray family4 ,from the lion to the unicorn seems a natural transition4 ,a stone bas-relief of the latter animal supporting a shield was formerly to be seen in ,cheapside1 two doors east of the ,chained ,swan1 and opposite to ,wood ,street2 but disappeared some years ago1 when the house to which it belonged was rebuilt4 ,peter ,cunningham1 usually so accurate1 described it as a ,nag's ,head4 ,it seems that ,roger ,harris 7not ,sir ,roger ,harrison1 as stated by ,archer71 who died in the year #afcc1 had owned the property1 and by will endowed the church of ,st4 ,michael's1 ,crooked ,lane1 with a rent-charge on it of #b #abs4 for the purchase of bread for the poor1 which was to be distributed every ,sunday in the form of one penny loaf for each one of twelve poor men or widows in the parish4 ,this amount is still paid annually by the tenant of ,no4 #ci1 ,cheapside1 which stands on the site of the ,unicorn2 under the present arrangement1 it is administered by the trustees of the ,london ,parochial ,charities4 ,the sign was of old standing4 ,in ,machyn's #8,diary' the entry for #a ,may1 #aefa1 records the fact that #8at afternoone dyd ,mastyr ,godderyke's sune the goldsmyth go hup into hys father's gylding house1 toke a bowe-strynge and hanged ymselff at the syne of the ,unycorne1 in ,chepsyd4'#dd ,the unicorn first became a supporter of the royal arms in ,james ,i4's time1 when it displaced the red dragon of ,wales1 introduced by ,henry ,,vii4 ,unicorns had been supporters of the ,scottish royal arms for about a century before the union of the two crowns4 ,a representation of the unicorn often appeared in ,city shows4 ,cooke1 in his #8,city ,gallant1' #aeii1 makes a ,city apprentice exclaim3 #8,by this light ,i doe not thinke but to be ,lord ,mayor of ,london before ,i die1 and have three pageants carried before me1 besides a ship and an unicorn4' ,this fabulous creature should have the tail of a lion1 the legs of a buck or goat1 the head and body of a horse1 and a single twisted horn in the middle of its forehead4 ,it was used as a sign by chemists and goldsmiths3 by the former1 because the horn was considered an antidote to all poisons2 by the latter1 on account of the immense value put upon it4 #8,andrea ,racci1 a ,florentine physician1 relates that it had been sold by the apothecaries at #bd per ounce1 when the current value of the same quantity of gold was only #b #cs4 #f;d4' 7,larwood and ,hotten1 p4 #afj47 ,the horn thus esteemed was probably narwhal's horn4 ,the arms of the ,apothecaries' ,company are supported by unicorns4 ,illustration ,illustration ,,chapter ,v4 ,,birds ,,and ,,other ,,sculptured ,,signs4 #8,emblems of ,christ and immortality4' ,,the next group of sculptured signs ,i should like to consider is that in which birds are represented4 ,several of them clearly had an heraldic origin2 but ,i am not aware that this was the case with the ,crane--a pretty sign empanelled in a delicate moulding of small cut-brick1 which stood over the entrance to ,crane ,court1 ,lambeth ,hill4 ,illustration ,it is said to have been destroyed in the year #ahga4 ,one is reminded of the ,three ,cranes in the ,vintry1 not far off1 mentioned by ,stow1 ,ben ,jonson1 and others1 the site of which is still marked by ,three ,cranes ,wharf1 ,upper ,thames ,street4 ,the #8,annals of ,john ,stow1' continued by ,howes1 were #8imprynted at the ,three ,cranes1 in the ,vintrie4' ,a sign of the same description was the ,four ,doves1 which1 forty years ago1 was to be seen in front of a modern house in ,st4 ,martin's le ,grand4 ,archer1 who drew it1 suggests that it was a rebus on the joint owners of the property4 ,the four doves had the initial letters ,w4 ,g4 ,i4 ,j4 ,beneath was the inscription-- #8,this #d ,,dove ,ally #afgj4' ,four ,dove ,alley is marked in ,horwood's map a short distance south of ,angel ,street1 ,king's ,court intervening4 ,it is now covered by the buildings of the ,general ,post ,office4 ,yet another sculptured sign indicating the name of a court was the ,heathcock--in a handsome shell canopy1 which formerly graced the entrance to ,heathcock ,court1 ,strand4 ,it was removed in ,july1 #ahdd1 in spite of the remonstrance of ,mr4 ,peter ,cunningham1 who wrongly supposed it to be the last sign of its class in ,london4 ,two picturesque old houses fronting this court still remain4 ,a heathcock with wings expanded forms the crest of the ,coopers' ,company2 but it does not appear that they ever owned property in this neighbourhood4 ,as late as #ahff a stone bas-relief of an ,ostrich was to be seen in ,bread ,street1 together with the arms of the ,tallowchandlers' ,company4 ,soon afterwards the house was destroyed1 and the sign disappeared for many years1 till it came1 by chance1 into the hands of ,mr4 ,m4 ,pope1 ,f4,s4,a41 who has kindly presented it to the ,guildhall ,museum4 ,the beak is a modern restoration4 ,a rough drawing1 which1 however1 quite serves to identify it1 appeared in the ,illustrated ,london ,news for ,december #ac1 #ahef1 when it was suggested that it might have served as the sign of a feather-dresser4 ,mrs4 ,palliser#de tells us that ,mattei ,girolamo1 captain of the guard to ,clement ,,vii41 placed on his flag an ostrich swallowing an iron nail1 with the motto1 #8,spiritus durissima coquit1' #8,courage digests the hardest things'2 that is1 the brave man is not easily daunted4 ,sir ,thomas ,browne wrote a paper on the ostrich1 for the use of his son4 ,the ,spread ,eagle or #8,eagle with two heads displayed' was1 like the ,ostrich1 bought by ,mr4 ,pope some time since1 and has also been presented to the ,guildhall ,museum2 he wrote a description of these signs in the #8,london and ,middlesex ,notebook4' ,both signs were sold by the same person2 they had been in the possession of his family for many years1 and he believed that his father had obtained them from the same neighbourhood in the ,city4 ,the ,spread ,eagle is in fair condition1 though the sinister head has been badly restored with cement4 ,it has on it the initials ,,rm and the date #affi4 ,i have no proof as to the original position of this sign1 but in the absence of fuller information one can1 ,i think1 fairly hazard the conjecture1 that after the ,great ,fire it may have been put up in ,bread ,street to perpetuate the memory of the house in which ,john ,milton1 the poet1 was born4 ,we know that his father1 a scrivener1 but a man of good family1 had adopted his own coat of arms as a sign4 ,aubrey1 a contemporary1 says he had another house in ,bread ,street1 called the ,rose4 ,in ,masson's ,life of ,milton there is a transcript of a volume in the ,british ,museum containing miscellaneous notes1 which relate to the affairs of ,john ,sanderson1 a ,turkey merchant1 in the early part of the seventeenth century4 ,among other things there is a copy of a bond dated ,march #d1 #afj-b_/c1 in which ,thomas ,heighsham1 of ,bethnal ,green in ,middlesex1 and ,richard ,sparrow1 citizen and goldsmith of ,london1 engage to pay ,sanderson a sum of money on ,may #e following1 the payment to be made at the new shop of ,john ,milton1 scrivener1 at the ,spread ,eagle in ,bread ,street4 ,the signature of ,john ,milton1 scrivener1 is appended4 ,some years since there existed in ,bread ,street a ,black ,spread ,eagle ,court1 at the first turning on the left hand as one entered from ,cheapside1 with1 as ,strype tells us1 a very good house at the upper end2 in several directories of the eighteenth century it is called ,spread ,eagle ,court4 ,this is considered to have been on the site of ,milton's birthplace2 the ground is now covered by modern warehouses--,nos4 #eh to #fc1 occupied by one firm4 ,the ,church of ,all ,hallows1 ,bread ,street1 in which ,milton#df had been baptized1 was swept away in #ahgh4 ,its site is marked by a bust of the poet with an inscription1 set up in the wall of a new building4 ,the ,spread ,eagle was by no means an uncommon ,london sign2 to the one in ,gracechurch ,street ,i shall presently refer4 ,collet1#dg in his #8,common-place ,book1' gives it as his opinion that1 #8the eagle with two necks in the imperial arms1 and in the arms of the ,king of ,spain1 depicted on signboards as the ,spread ,eagle1 signified the east and west empire1 the extension of their power from the east to the west4' ,during a great tempest at sea in ,january1 #aejf1 ,philip1 ,king of ,castile and his ,queen were weather driven1 and landed at ,falmouth4 ,the same storm blew down the eagle of brass off the spire of ,st4 ,paul's ,church in ,london1 and in falling the same eagle broke and shattered the black eagle that hung for a sign in ,st4 ,paul's ,churchyard1 as related in ,stow's #8,annals1' p4 #dhd4 ,an interesting sign of the ,pelican is let into the string course above a corner first-floor window of ,no4 #gj1 ,aldermanbury4 ,it was the crest of two merchants who formerly occupied the house4 ,their monument is in the neighbouring church of ,st4 ,mary1 ,aldermanbury1 the inscription being as follows3-- #8,here lyeth the body of ,richard ,chandler1 ,citizen and ,haberdasher of ,london1 ,esquire1 ,who departed this life ,november #hth1 #afia1 aged #he4 ,also the body of ,john ,chandler1 ,esqre1 his brother1 ,citizen and ,haberdasher of ,london1 ,who died ,october #adth1 #afhf1 aged #fi years4' ,above is the ,pelican as a crest1 corresponding with the sign4 ,the busts of these two worthy citizens in flowing periwigs appear on each side of the inscription2 their names are in the ,little ,london ,directory for #afgg4 ,the church was burnt down in the ,great ,fire1 and rebuilt by ,sir ,christopher ,wren1 the parishioners subscribing liberally2 ,richard ,chandler gave the font in #afge4 ,the notorious ,judge ,jeffreys1 who died in the ,tower of ,london and was buried in the chapel there1 was afterwards1 on petition of his family1 reinterred in the church of ,st4 ,mary1 ,aldermanbury4 ,here also ,milton was married to his second wife1 ,catherine ,woodcock4 ,in #ahij the churchyard was opened to the public as a recreation ground4 ,the pelican#dh in her piety1 or feeding her young with her blood1 was often represented in the ,medival ,church1 being considered a mystical emblem of ,christ1 and a type of the ,holy ,eucharist4 ,several representations of it are to be seen in ,st4 ,mary ,abchurch1 the living of which is in the gift of ,corpus ,christi ,college1 ,cambridge4 ,it was the device of the famous ,bishop ,foxe1 to whom ,i have alluded in my account of the ,three ,kings 7ante72 and as such appears on the woodwork of the banqueting hall of ,durham ,castle1 with his usual motto1 #8,est ,deo gracia2' and on the string course of the choir of ,st4 ,saviour's1 ,southwark4 ,he died anno #aebh4 ,heywood in his play of ,edward ,,iv4 7#dto4 #afjj71 mentions a pelican sign in ,lombard ,street3-- #8,here's ,lombard ,street1 and here's the ,pelican2 ,and here's the ,phnix in the ,pelican's nest4' ,and by a curious coincidence1 at the present day there are the signs of a ,pelican and a ,phnix in ,lombard ,street1 both belonging to famous insurance offices4 ,the house#di occupied by the latter was built for ,sir ,charles ,asgill1 ,lord ,mayor in #ageg4 ,a bas-relief1 similar in style to that last described1 is the ,swan with collar and chain1 inserted below a second-floor window of ,no4 #cg1 ,cheapside1 which stands at the north-east corner of ,friday ,street4 ,this is on the site of the ,nag's ,head tavern1 whose projecting sign appears in a well-known print of the procession of ,mary de ,medici on a visit to her daughter1 ,queen ,henrietta ,maria--an interesting record of the appearance of ,cheapside before the ,great ,fire4 ,the sign was almost opposite ,cheapside ,cross4 ,the ,nag's ,head was the supposed scene of the consecration of ,archbishop ,parker1 on the accession of ,queen ,elizabeth in #aeei4 ,this story is refuted in ,strype's ,life of ,parker2 it probably arose from a fact mentioned by ,fuller1 that the commissioners who confirmed ,parker's election 7at ,st4 ,mary le ,bow ,church ten days before the consecration71 afterwards dined together at the ,nag's ,head close by4 ,the present building must have been erected soon after the ,great ,fire1 for a staircase1 to which there is access from ,friday ,street1 evidently dates from that century4 ,indeed1 in the ,creed ,collection at the ,british ,museum 7vol4 xiii47 there is a newspaper cutting said to be from the ,builder1 but without a date1 in which it is1 no doubt erroneously1 asserted that the house was there before the year #afff1 and remained standing when all around was swept away1 and that inside traces of the fire may be observed on the massive beams4 ,the ,chained ,swan is undoubtedly of heraldic origin4 ,ritson says it was not customary to use the ,english language at court till ,king ,edward ,,iii4 on the occasion of a celebrated tournament1 held at ,canterbury in #acdi1 placed on his shield the device of a white swan1 with the legend3 #8,hay1 hay the wythe ,swan1 ,by ,gode's soule ,i am thy man4' ,the ,mandevilles1 ,earls of ,essex1 bore as their arms1 gules1 a swan argent1 ducally collared and chained or1 which the ,bohuns1 who were descended from them1 adopted2 and for this reason1 no doubt1 it became a badge of ,king ,henry ,,iv41 who was a ,bohun on the mother's side4 ,it is represented in the central spandrel of the canopy of the brass in ,westminster ,abbey to ,eleanora de ,bohun1 ,duchess of ,gloucester1 who died in #acii4 ,from such high beginnings the ,chained ,swan gradually came1 as we see1 to be used as a tavern sign4 ,another specimen1 carved in stone1 was the sign of a house in ,eastcheap1 not far from the ,boar's ,head4 ,it is mentioned by ,pennant1 and by ,j4 ,t4 ,smith1 but disappeared early in this century4 ,here ,i am tempted to say a few words about the ,swan with ,two ,necks1 because1 though now only represented by modern bas-reliefs at ,no4 #fe1 ,gresham ,street1 and in ,aldermanbury1 they recall the memory of a famous inn1 and the sign is one of the quaintest in ,london4 ,the ,swan with ,two ,necks #8at ,milke ,street end' is noticed by ,machyn in his #8,diary1' ,august #e1 #aeef4 ,in #afcg1 as we learn from ,taylor1 the ,water ,poet1 carriers from ,manchester and other places lodged at the ,two-necked ,swan in ,lad ,lane4 ,towards the end of last century it became a great coaching centre1 and continued to flourish till steam drove the coaches off the road1 when it revived in a new form4 ,mr4 ,stanley ,harris1 in his amusing book1 #8,old ,coaching ,days1' says that #8the gateway out of the yard of the ,swan with ,two ,necks1 through which the various coaches passed1 and ,milk ,lane and ,lad ,lane1 was so narrow that it required some horsemanship to drive out a fast team just started1 and some care on the part of the guard1 that his horn or bugle basket1 which was usually hung on to the iron of the back seat of the coach nearest the roof1 was not jammed against the gate-post4 ,between four and five on an afternoon was a time worth being in that same yard of the ,swan with ,two ,necks for anyone who took an interest in coaching4' ,the proprietor of this establishment was ,mr4 ,william ,chaplin1 who1 originally a coachman1 became1 perhaps1 the greatest coach proprietor that ever lived4 #8,nimrod1' writing about #ahce1 tells us that at that time ,mr4 ,chaplin occupied the yards of no fewer than five famous and important inns in ,london1 namely the ,spread ,eagle and ,cross ,keys1 ,gracechurch ,street2 the ,swan with ,two ,necks1 ,lad ,lane2 the ,white ,horse1 which still exists in ,fetter ,lane1 and the ,angel1 behind ,st4 ,clement's4 ,he had no fewer than #a1cjj horses at work on various roads1 and about that time horsed #ad out of the #bg coaches leaving ,london every night4 ,when the railways came he bowed to the inevitable1 and1 in partnership with ,mr4 ,horne1 established the great carrying business1 which still flourishes on the site of the old ,swan with ,two ,necks4 ,in #ahde ,lad ,lane was absorbed by ,gresham ,street4 ,the origin of the sign has been disputed1 but it is generally considered to have arisen as follows3 ,the swans on the upper reaches of the ,thames are owned respectively by the ,crown1 and the ,dyers' and ,vintners' ,companies of the ,city of ,london1 and1 according to ancient custom1 the representatives of these several owners make an expedition each year up the river and mark the cygnets4 ,the royal mark used to consist of five diamonds1 the dyers' of four bars and one nick1 the vintners' of the chevron or letter ,v and two nicks4 ,the word #8nicks' has been corrupted into necks1 and as the vintners were often tavern-keepers1 the ,swan with ,two ,necks became a common sign4 ,the swan-marks which ,i have described continued in use until the year #ahgh1 when the swanherds were prosecuted by the ,society for the ,prevention of ,cruelty to ,animals1 on the ground that they inflicted unnecessary pain4 ,although the prosecution failed1 the marks have since been simplified4 ,in ,august1 #ahhh1 the ,queen's swan-keeper and the officials of the ,vintners' and ,dyers' ,companies1 during the process of #8swan-upping1' as it is termed1 captured and nicked #cdc birds1 of which #agh were claimed by her ,majesty1 #id by the ,vintners'1 and #ga by the ,dyers' ,company4 ,to the constable of the ,tower formerly belonged the right of #8lifting' all swans which came below bridge4 ,a swan not marked is supposed to belong to the ,crown4 ,the earliest extant record giving leave to the ,vintners' ,company to keep a certain number of swans on the river is dated #aeji4 ,an inn with this sign painted in front is still to be seen on the south side of ,carter ,lane2 it has a yard at the back and some remains of old galleries4 ,not many years ago a curious sign was placed in front of ,no4 #af1 ,church ,street1 formerly ,church ,lane1 ,chelsea1 having been dug up in the small back garden which was built over a short time previously4 ,the material of this sign is cast iron2 it is therefore not1 strictly speaking1 a sculptured sign1 but may1 ,i think1 be fairly included in the same class4 ,the design 7see ante1 #hi7 is like that of a seventeenth-century fire-back1 and represents a cock vigorously attempting to swallow a snake which he has seized by the tail2 a second snake on the ground behind him rears its head as if to strike4 ,above is the date #afeb4 ,when this sign first saw the light1 ,chelsea was a detached village grouped near the old church1 with fine villas of noblemen in the immediate neighbourhood4 ,on the east side of ,church ,lane houses were continuous from the church to the parsonage2 one of them was doubtless known as the ,cock1 but ,i have no special information about it4 ,a curious fact has1 however1 come to light1 tending to show that signs of this description were kept in stock1 and repeated again and again4 ,in #ahgd a sign was dug up in the foundations of ,messrs4 ,smith1 ,payne1 and ,smith's ,bank1 ,no4 #a1 ,lombard ,street1 which1 on comparison1 ,i find to be similar in all respects1 and1 as far as ,i can judge1 cast from the same mould4 ,no4 #a1 ,lombard ,street is on the site of the east end of the ,stocks ,market1 cleared away in #agcg to make room for the ,mansion ,house4 ,i find from the #8,handbook of ,bankers1' by ,mr4 ,f4 ,g4 ,hilton ,price1 ,f4,s4,a41 that in #agcd there was a house here with the sign of the ,cock in the occupation of ,thomas ,stevenson1 fishmonger4 ,later in the century the site was occupied by ,messrs4 ,harley and ,co41 bankers4 ,a sign of similar kind1 perhaps really a decorated fire-back1 is to be seen at the entrance to a ,cock ,tavern near ,billingsgate4 ,this appears to be considerably older4 ,it has been very much damaged2 possibly1 as the owner says1 in the ,great ,fire of ,london4 ,illustration ,to the genuine ,londoner a more interesting sign than either of the above is the carved wooden figure of a cock1 which is a relic of that famous old tavern1 the ,cock in ,fleet ,street4 ,a house so historic needs no detailed description from me4 ,the sign is quite worthy of ,grinling ,gibbons1 to whom--but without authority--it has often been attributed4 ,this formerly stood over the doorway4 ,some years ago it was stolen1 but shortly afterwards restored1 and to prevent accidents it is now kept inside#ej the house of entertainment1 on the opposite side of the street1 to which1 after the destruction of his old home1 the proprietor1 the late ,mr4 ,colnett1 removed4 ,he also with pious care preserved the quaint ,jacobean mantelpiece1 which so many of us were familiar with before it shifted its quarters4 ,if the kind reader wishes to refresh his memory with the sight of these and other relics1 let him pay a visit to the new ,cock1 where he will find excellent fare and the utmost attention from ,paul1 who comes from the old house--a worthy successor of #8the plump headwaiter at the ,cock1' whom ,lord ,tennyson has immortalized4 ,a newspaper paragraph has reminded me of a sign with a history1 which ,i once saw in the ,minories4 ,in the year #agai a boy was born of humble parentage in ,whitechapel1 who1 as ,benjamin ,kenton1 vintner and philanthropist1 achieved a considerable reputation4 ,he was educated at the charity school of the parish1 and in his fifteenth year apprenticed to the landlord of the ,angel and ,crown in ,goulston ,street1 ,whitechapel4 ,having served his time1 he became waiter and drawer at the ,crown and ,magpie in ,aldgate ,high ,street1 not long since pulled down4 ,the sign was a ,crown of stone and a ,magpie carved in pear-tree wood1 and the house was frequented by sea captains4 ,kenton's master is said to have been among the first who possessed the art of bottling beer for warm climates4 ,he1 without reason1 changed the sign to the ,crown2 his custom fell off2 he died1 and the concern came into the hands of ,kenton1 who restored the ,magpie to its former position1 and so increased the bottled-beer business1 that in #agfe he gave up the tavern and removed to more commodious quarters which he built in the ,minories4 ,his monogram is still to be seen over the door4 ,here he soon developed an extensive wine trade1 and having received excellent advice as to investments from ,mr4 ,harley1 then alderman of ,portsoken ,ward1 he eventually realized between a quarter and half a million of money4 ,he was a large benefactor to various charities and to the ,vintners' ,company1 of which he had been master in #aggf4 ,an annual dinner in their hall takes place to his memory1 the funds being provided under his will4 ,members of the company also attend an annual sermon in memory of his benefactions at ,stepney ,church1 where he was buried4 ,the wine business is still carried on at the house built by him in the ,minories1 and here the ,magpie sign has found a fitting home4 ,the stone ,crown has unfortunately crumbled to pieces4 ,a few sculptured signs are classed together1 because1 though they have nothing special in common1 they cannot well be fitted in elsewhere4 ,i shall begin with a stone bas-relief of an ,anchor1 which has found its way into the ,guildhall ,museum1 where it is described as having been presented by the executors of ,james ,bare4 ,it has on it the initials ,b ,h ,e and the date #affi2 no record has been kept of its original position4 ,the anchor--the emblem of true faith--is associated with ,st4 ,clement1 who1 according to tradition1 was cast into the sea with an anchor round his neck1 by order of the ,emperor ,trajan1 on account of his firm adherence to ,christianity4 ,an anchor forms the vane of the church of ,st4 ,clement ,danes1 ,strand2 it also appears on various parts of the church1 and on the tablets which show the boundaries of the parish--in fact1 the parish marks1 one or two of which are as old as the seventeenth century4 ,a specimen on the house numbered #aa on the west side of ,new ,square1 ,lincoln's ,inn1 is dated #afic4 ,sir ,george ,buc1 writing in #afae1 tells us that #8an anchor without a stocke1' with a capital ,c couchant upon it1 #8was graven in stone1 over the gate of ,st4 ,clement's ,inn4' ,a good old-fashioned carving of an anchor was on the front of ,clement's ,inn ,hall1 lately destroyed4 ,a common sign in the seventeenth century was the ,bell2 but long before this it had been immortalized4 ,chaucer1 when he describes the gathering place of his pilgrims to ,canterbury1 tells us that it was #8in ,southwark1 at this gentil hostelrie1 that highte1 the ,tabard1 faste by the ,belle1' the ,bell being apparently at that time a better known inn4 ,it was on the west side of the ,borough ,high ,street1 and still existed when ,rocque published his map in #agdf4 ,the site is now occupied by ,maidstone ,buildings4 ,another famous ,bell ,inn is recorded in the list of expenses of ,sir ,john ,howard3 #8,nov #ae1 #adff4 ,item my mastyr spent for his costes at the ,belle at ,westemenstre iijs4 viijd4' ,there are still two capital stone bas-reliefs of this sign4 ,one ,i happened by chance to observe below a second-floor window1 in a courtyard which once was attached to the ,red ,lion ,inn1 the house in front being numbered #bea1 ,high ,holborn2 it has on it the initials ,a ,t ,a and date #affh1 and is evidently not in its original position2 the date would lead one to suppose that it comes from a house in the ,city4 ,a sign of more interest1 at least from its associations1 has lately found a home in the ,guildhall ,museum4 ,it is in high relief1 and was formerly placed between the first and second floor windows of ,no4 #fg1 ,knightrider ,street2 on the keystones of the three first-floor windows were the initials ,m ,t ,a and the date #affh4 ,the house was swept away three years ago2 ,i know nothing about it1 except that it was a fair specimen of the plain brick buildings commonly put up after the ,great ,fire4 ,there was1 however1 a hostelry with the same sign hard by1 which had a proud distinction4 ,illustration3 #8,,the ,,bell' ,,in ,,knightrider ,,street4 ,from the ,bell ,inn1 ,carter ,lane1 ,richard ,quyney wrote in #aeih to his #8loveing good ffrend and contreyman1 ,mr4 ,willm ,shackespere1' the only letter addressed to our greatest poet which is known to exist4 ,it is now preserved at ,stratford-on-,avon4 ,the ,bell is also mentioned in that quaint guide-book to taverns1 the #8,vade ,mecum for ,malt-worms1' written1 it is supposed1 in #agae2 and a seventeenth-century trade-token was issued from ,bell ,yard1 not yet destroyed1 a passage through which connects ,knightrider ,street with ,carter ,lane4 ,adjoining it1 there is now a modern ,bell tavern1 where ,dickens is said to have often rested when making notes for #8,david ,copperfield4' ,that the ,bell should be a common sign is natural enough1 from its connection with the worship of the ,christian ,church1 and the popularity of bell-ringing in ,england4 ,a gold or silver bell was often used as a prize at horse-races2 hence the expression1 to #8bear away the bell4' ,fine specimens of these bells were to be seen in the ,sports ,exhibition1 at the ,grosvenor ,gallery1 a few years since4 ,one from ,carlisle had on it the date #aeii1 and the following distich3 #8,the ,sweftes horse the bel to tak ,for mi ,lade ,daker sake4' ,in ,dudley1 ,lord ,north's #8,forest of ,varieties1' p4 #age1 occur the following lines3 #8,jockey and his horse were by their masters sent1 ,to put in for the bell-- ,they are to run1 and cannot miss the bell4' ,a sign which has disappeared and left no trace was the bas-relief of a ,bible and ,crown1 formerly at the corner of ,little ,distaff 7now ,distaff7 ,lane1 within the precincts of ,st4 ,paul's2 it disappeared some time after the year #ahef4 ,larwood thinks that this sign came into fashion among the ,royalists during the political troubles of ,charles ,i4's reign4 ,a more probable suggestion seems to be1 that forming part of the arms of ,oxford ,university1 it indicated one of the presses licensed to sell the ,authorized ,edition of the ,bible4 ,a wooden carving of a ,bible and ,crown1 painted and gilt1 was1 till #ahec1 let into the string course above a window of the house of ,messrs4 ,rivington and ,co41 in ,paternoster ,row4 ,it then moved westward to ,waterloo ,place1 and is now in the possession of ,messrs4 ,longmans1 whose sign was the ,ship and ,black ,swan1 and who have absorbed the older firm4 ,messrs4 ,rivington were originally established in ,st4 ,paul's ,churchyard in the year #agaa1 when1 on the death of ,richard ,chiswell the elder1 his house and business passed into their hands4 ,he has been called the #8metropolitan bookseller of ,england1' and published many important works1 of which a list is given in the ,gentleman's ,magazine4 ,his sign--the ,rose and ,crown--was changed by ,charles ,rivington1 his successor1 into the ,bible and ,crown4 ,messrs4 ,longmans date1 it is said1 from #agbe4 ,illustration ,on a level with the fourth-floor windows of a shop at the corner of ,canon ,alley and ,no4 #fc1 ,st4 ,paul's ,churchyard1 is a sculptured sign of the ,prince of ,wales's feathers1 with the motto #8,ich ,dien1' and date #afgj2 being a handsome work of art1 we give it as an illustration4 ,the property belonged to the ,dean and ,chapter1 but is now vested in the ,ecclesiastical ,commissioners4 ,an advertisement in the ,kingdom's ,intelligencer1 ,no4 #aa1 ,march #aj1 #affa-b1 shows that there was a ,feathers ,tavern in ,st4 ,paul's ,churchyard4 ,this1 however1 was at the west end2 a seventeenth-century trade-token was issued from it4 ,the heraldic origin of the feather badge1 and its connection with ,edward the ,black ,prince1 has been fully traced by various authorities2 the motto is usually pronounced to be low ,german1 or old ,flemish1 as well as the word #8,houmout1' meaning high mood or courage1 which the ,prince also wrote in a letter4 ,his crest or badge was sometimes three feathers1 sometimes one1 argent4 ,they are placed separately on his tomb in ,canterbury ,cathedral4 ,an ostrich feather was one of the badges of ,king ,edward ,,iii41 and ,john of ,gaunt used three or one4 ,the old belief--that this crest was won by ,edward the ,black ,prince from the blind ,king ,john of ,bohemia1 at the battle of ,cressy1 is contradicted by modern research2 for ,king ,john's crest was not a plume of ostrich feathers1 but a vulture's wing expanded4 ,it has been thought probable that the ,prince assumed it out of deference to his mother1 ,queen ,philippa of ,hainault4 ,the carved sign of a ,helmet was to be seen1 not long since1 over the entrance to ,helmet ,court1 which was on the south side of ,london ,wall1 between ,basinghall and ,coleman ,streets1 and close to the ,armourers' and ,braziers' ,hall1 in whose arms the helmet is a charge4 ,the date on it was #afhf1 with initials ,h ,m4 ,in the seventeenth century there was a ,helmet ,inn not far off4 ,messrs4 ,larwood and ,hotten quote lines from ,ned ,ward1 who says that the trainbands1 after practising in ,moorfields1 long #8,for ,beer from the ,helmet in ,bishopsgate1 ,and why from the ,helmet8 ,because that sign ,makes the liquor as welcome t' a soldier as wine4' ,in #aeej1 a helmet was the sign of ,humphrey ,joy1 bookseller in ,st4 ,paul's ,churchyard4 ,on each side of the spot where ,bishopsgate once stood1 are stone bas-reliefs of mitres1 with inscriptions recording the fact4 ,i learn that the gate was sold by the ,commissioner of ,city ,lands1 on ,wednesday1 ,december #aj1 #agfj1 for immediate demolition4 ,it had been rebuilt in #agca1 at the expense of the ,city2 when almost finished1 the arch fell down1 but luckily no one was hurt4 ,the rooms in the ancient gatehouse were appropriated to one of the ,lord ,mayor's carvers2 he afterwards had a money allowance in lieu thereof4 ,another carving of a mitre surmounts a tablet1 with initials ,t ,f and the date #aghf1 which is built into the front of that well-known tavern1 the ,goose and ,gridiron1 and indicates that this property is or was attached to the ,see of ,london1 or that near this site stood the residence of the ,bishops of ,london1 before the ,great ,fire1 which destroyed it4 ,this mitre1 by a coincidence1 also suggests the supposed former sign4 ,within the memory of man1 the ,goose and ,gridiron was a celebrated house-of-call for coaches to ,hammersmith1 and the villages west of ,london4 ,its sign1 a sculptured goose standing by a veritable gridiron1 still appears on a lamp in front4 ,before the ,great ,fire1 there was a house with the sign of the ,mitre hereabouts1 perhaps on this very spot1 where in the year #afdb were to be seen1 among other curiosities1 #8a choyce ,egyptian with hieroglyphicks1 a ,rmora1 a ,torpedo1 the ,huge ,thighbone of a ,giant1' etc41 as advertised in the ,news2 and again1 in #afdd1 ,robert ,hubert1 alias ,forges1 #8,gent41 and sworn servant to his ,majesty1' exhibited a museum of natural rarities4 ,the catalogue describes them as #8collected by him with great industrie2 and thirty years' travel into foreign countries2 daily to be seen at the place called the ,musick-house at the ,mitre1 near the west end of ,st4 ,paul's ,church4' ,concerts were1 no doubt1 among the attractions the house afforded1 till the ,great ,fire in ,september1 #afff1 destroyed all4 ,it has been suggested that on the rebuilding of the premises1 the new tenant1 to ridicule the character of the former business1 chose as his sign a goose stroking the bars of a gridiron with her foot1 and wrote below1 #8,the ,swan and ,harp4' ,larwood and ,hotten think that it was a homely rendering of a charge in the coat of arms of the ,musicians' ,company4 ,that the ,swan and ,harp was an actual sign1 ,i learn from the ,little ,london ,directory of #afgg1 where one is mentioned in ,cheapside4 ,at the ,goose and ,gridiron1 ,sir ,christopher ,wren presided over the ,st4 ,paul's ,lodge of ,freemasons for upwards of eighteen years4#ea ,it is said that he presented the ,lodge with three carved mahogany candlesticks1 and the trowel and mallet which had been used in laying the first stone of the ,cathedral4 ,in the #8,vade ,mecum for ,malt-worms1' there is a rude drawing of the sign1 and we are told in doggerel as rude that1 #8,dutch carvers from ,st4 ,paul's adjacent dome1 ,hither to whet their whistles daily come4' ,also that #8the rarities of the house are2 #a1 the odd sign2 #b1 the pillar which supports the chimney2 #c1 the skittle ground upon the top of the house2 #d1 the watercourse running through the chimney2 #e1 the handsome maid1 ,hannah4' ,foote mentions the ,goose and ,gridiron in his #8,comedy of ,taste4' ,illustration ,yet another ,mitre sign exists in ,london1 probably far older than any of those ,i have described4 ,in ,mitre ,court1 a narrow passage between ,hatton ,garden and ,ely ,place1 stands a comparatively modern public-house1 let into the front wall of which is a ,mitre carved in bold relief2 on it is cut or scratched the date #aedf1 which1 however1 appears to be a modern addition4 ,this is said to have formed part of the town residence of the ,bishops of ,ely1 the remains of which1 with the ground attached to it1 were conveyed to the ,crown in #aggb4 ,the site was afterwards sold to an architect named ,cole1 who levelled everything except the chapel4 ,this last building stands hard by1 and is dedicated to ,st4 ,etheldreda4 ,the ,rev4 ,w4 ,j4 ,loftie considers that it is the most complete relic of the fourteenth century in ,london4 ,since he wrote1 however1 the restorer has1 alas6 been busy4 ,in #aggb it stood in an open space of about an acre1 planted with trees and surrounded by a wall2 at that time the hall1 seventy-two feet long1 and a quadrangular cloister existed4 ,over the chief entrance the sculptured arms of the see1 surmounted by a mitre1 were still visible1 and it is likely that this mitre was afterwards converted into the sign ,i am considering4 ,the rural character of the neighbourhood in early days may be judged by the records of it which have come down to us4 ,in #acbg ,bishop ,hotham purchased a house and lands1 including vineyard1 kitchen-garden and orchard contiguous to his manor of ,holborn1 which1 with other properties1 he settled on the church of ,ely1 dividing them between his successors the ,bishops1 and the convent4 ,again1 as late as #aegf1 when ,sir ,christopher ,hatton1 ,queen ,elizabeth's handsome ,lord ,chancellor1 became tenant of part of the house and garden1 the rent was a red rose1 ten loads of hay and #aj a year2 ,bishop ,cox1 on whom the bargain was forced by the ,queen1 reserving to himself and his successors the right of walking in the gardens and gathering twenty bushels of roses annually4 ,shakespeare1 too1 praises the quality of the strawberries in ,ely ,garden1 though little more than sixty years afterwards we have ,john ,evelyn complaining in his #8,fumifugium' that smoke is #8suffering nothing in our gardens to bud1 display themselves1 or ripen2 so as our anemones and many other choycest flowers1 will by no industry be made to blow in ,london or the precincts of it4' ,ely ,place seems to have been let by the see to ,john of ,gaunt1 #8time-honoured ,lancaster1' and here in #acii he breathed his last4 ,the present town residence of the ,bishops of ,ely1 ,no4 #cg1 ,dover ,street1 has been occupied by them since #aggb4 ,it has a mitre carved over one of the first-floor windows2 ,sir ,robert ,taylor1 ,r4,a41 was the architect4 ,at ,no4 #aj1 ,bow ,churchyard a square brick house was lately standing1 which dated from immediately after the ,great ,fire4 ,the office windows on the ground-floor1 with their shutters to match1 had an air of old-fashioned quaintness4 ,the pediment of the doorway contained the ,royal ,arms and supporters carved in wood2 the quarterings showed that they were put up in the time of the early ,georges2 let into the western part of the house1 which from the arrangement of the windows seemed to have been originally divided into two1 was a sign of spherical form1 projecting from a square stone1 at the corners of which one could with difficulty decipher the figures #affi4 ,in the kitchen there was a leaden tank with initials and date1 ,t4 ,s4 #afgj1 supplied by water from the ,new ,river4 ,this house was pulled down two years ago2 the sign came into the hands of the ,city authorities1 and is now in the ,guildhall ,museum1 where it has been christened the ,pill4 ,no4 #aj1 ,bow ,churchyard was at the time of its destruction occupied by ,messrs4 ,sutton and ,co41 who there carried on a very old-established business for the sale of patent medicines1 among others that which has been known for more than two hundred years as ,elixir ,salutis1 or ,daffey's ,elixir4 ,it was stated that the house had formerly been known by the sign of the ,boar's ,head1 which1 together with the ,royal ,arms1 appeared on the bill-heads of the firm4 ,if so1 there must have been frequent changes here1 for in the early part of the eighteenth century it seems to have been called the ,maidenhead1 to judge from various advertisements in my possession3 for instance1 the following from a ,london journal of #agbh1 which is adorned by a portrait of a typical maiden1 appropriately framed3 #8,at the ,maidenhead1 behind ,bow ,church1 in ,cheapside1 is sold for ,two shillings the ,bottle1 that admirable ,cordial1 ,daffey's ,elixir ,salutis1 ,it has been in great ,use these #ej years4' ,confirming this statement there is a notice of the medicine dating from #afgc4 ,it occurs in ,martindale's autobiography 7printed by the ,chetham ,society71 where we are told of his daughter1 who seems to have fallen into a decline3 #8,that which seemed to do her most good was ,elixir ,salutis1 for it gave her much ease 7my ,lord ,delamer having bestowed upon her severall bottles that came immediately from ,mr4 ,daffie himselfe7 and it also made her cheerful2 but going forth and getting new cold1 she went fast away4 ,i am really perswaded that if she had taken it a little sooner1 in due quantities1 and beene carefull of herselfe1 it might have saved her life4 ,but it was not ,god's will4' ,illustration ,illustration ,,chapter ,,vi4 ,,various ,,crests ,,and ,,coats ,,of ,,arms4 #8,coats in heraldry1 ,due but to one1 and crowned with one crest4' ,,shakespeare3 ,midsummer ,night's ,dream4 ,a ,,vast amount of property in ,london is owned by the ,city ,companies1 and houses which belong to them are as a rule marked by their arms or crest4 ,these were formerly carved in stone1 and a few fine old specimens still remain1 similar in style to the ordinary sculptured house signs4 ,sometimes1 no doubt1 a citizen put up on his own house1 as a sign1 the arms of the guild of which he was a member2 and this seems to have been the case with the stone bas-relief of ,adam and ,eve1 which was formerly imbedded in the front wall of ,no4 #eb1 ,newgate ,street1 a house now rebuilt4 ,eve appeared handing the fatal apple to ,adam1 the tree in the centre1 round its stem the serpent twining2 at the upper corners were the initials ,l ,s1 below the date #affi4 ,it represented the arms of the ,fruiterers' ,company1 but ,i have not been able to discover that the house had ever belonged to them4 ,at ,milton next ,sittingbourne1 on a public-house formerly the ,fruiterers' ,arms1 now misnamed the ,waterman's ,arms1 is a similar carved sign1 one of the few ,i have found out of ,london4 ,beneath is inscribed #8,the ,fruiterers4' ,the design appears on a seventeenth-century trade-token issued from ,rosemary ,lane4 ,the arms of the ,fruiterers' ,company1 as blazoned in ,hatton's #8,new ,view of ,london' 7#agjh71 are3 azure1 on a mount in base vert1 the tree of ,paradise environed with the serpent between ,adam and ,eve1 all proper4 ,motto1 #8,deus dat incrementum4' ,what ,ruskin calls the #8fig-tree angle' of the ,doge's ,palace1 ,venice1 is adorned by a famous piece of sculpture representing this subject4 ,the ,elephant and ,castle is the crest of the ,cutlers' ,company4 ,a stone bas-relief representing it is to be seen on the east side of ,bell ,savage ,yard1 ,ludgate ,hill1 having been placed there nearly thirty years ago1 some time after the famous old inn was levelled with the ground4 ,it formerly stood over the gateway below the sign of the ,bell4 ,in #aefh ,john ,craythorne gave the reversion of this inn1 and after his death the house called the ,rose in ,fleet ,street1 to the ,cutlers' ,company for ever1 on condition that two exhibitions to the ,universities1 and certain sums to poor prisoners1 should be paid to them out of the estate4 ,a portrait of ,mrs4 ,craythorne hangs in ,cutlers' ,hall4 ,in medival times the elephant was commonly depicted with a castle on its back4 ,it was then the heraldic emblem of ,rome1 and appears as such on the floor of the cathedral at ,siena4 ,the ,bell ,savage ,inn which came to be thus associated with the ,elephant and ,castle1 was one of the oldest and most famous hostelries in ,london4 ,as long ago as #ca ,henry ,,vi4 it is described in a deed as ,savage's ,inn1 otherwise the ,bell on the ,hoop1 thus proving the origin of the sign1 which from the time of ,stow to that of ,addison had caused so many ingenious but faulty surmises4 ,here plays were performed1 and ,bankes showed his wonderful horse ,marocco4 ,lambarde1 in his #8,perambulation of ,kent1'#eb tells us that #8none who go to ,paris ,garden1 the ,bel ,savage1 or ,theatre1 to behold bear-baiting1 interludes1 or fence-play1 can account of any pleasant spectacle1 unless they first pay one penny at the gate1 another at the entry of the scaffold1 and a third for a quiet standing4' ,it was #8upon a stall' over against the ,bell ,savage gate that ,sir ,thomas ,wyat #8stayd and rested him awhile1' when foiled in his ill-advised rebellion2 as related by ,howe1 the continuator of ,stow's #8,annals4' ,and ,grinling ,gibbons once occupied a house in the yard1 where1 as ,horace ,walpole says1 #8he carved a pot of flowers which shook surprisingly with the motion of the coaches that passed by4' ,i have a quaint little book in ,hudibrastic rhyme1 #8,the delights of the ,bottle1 or the ,compleat ,vintner1' attributed to ,ned ,ward4 ,the third edition is #8printed for ,sam4 ,briscoe at the ,bell-,savage on ,ludgate-,hill1 #agba4' ,the ,cutlers'1 though not one of the twelve great ,city ,companies1 is still of considerable importance1 and as early as the #dith year of ,edward ,,iii4 is said to have elected two of the ,common ,council2 its first charter dated from the time of ,henry ,v4 ,a good sculptured specimen of the arms is to be seen on the front of a house in ,houndsditch1 at the corner of ,cutler ,street4 ,they were granted by ,thomas ,holme4 ,clarencieux in #adgf1 and have been blazoned thus3 gules--three pair of swords1 in saltier1 argent1 pommelled and hilted or1 viz41 two pair in chief and one in base4 ,the crest should have by rights pennons displayed from the castle2 it was granted by ,robert ,cook1 ,clarencieux4 ,supporters2 two elephants or2 motto3 #8,pour parvenir a bonne foy4' ,the carving referred to above was put up in the year #agcd to mark property belonging to the ,company1 as may be gathered from the tablet on the west front of the same house1 which is inscribed #8,,cuttlers' ,,street1 #agcd4' ,the hall of the ,cutlers' ,company1 rebuilt after the ,great ,fire in ,cloak ,lane1 ,cannon ,street1 was destroyed for the ,inner ,circle ,railway4 ,a new hall has lately been erected in ,warwick ,lane4 ,illustration ,another heraldic charge of a ,city ,company is the ,leopard1 a carving of which was formerly let into the front of a house in ,budge ,row1 ,no4 #bh4 ,it was rebuilt about twelve years ago1 when the sign was placed in the passage of the new structure4 ,the owner has kindly allowed a sketch to be taken1 which is here reproduced4 ,i believe that the property at one time belonged to the ,skinners' ,company1 having been part of a bequest of ,john ,draper1 in #adif4 ,the ,leopard1 though not supported by a wreath1 therefore represents their crest4 ,the word #8budge1' whence ,budge ,row takes its name1 formerly signified the dressed skin or fur of lamb1 and would seem to indicate that furriers carried on their business in this quarter1 near to the ,hall of the ,skinners' ,company1 which was devoted to the protection of their craft4 ,in #acch1 and again in #aceh1 the ,city authorities ordered that women of inferior rank should not be arrayed in budge or wool4 ,one of the commonest ,london sculptured signs is that of the ,maiden's ,head1 which indicates property belonging to the ,mercers' ,company4 ,i will mention one which is to be seen above the first-floor window of ,no4 #f1 ,ironmonger ,lane1 with the date #affh1 as it is the only specimen of any antiquity known to me which is dated1 and being somewhat more florid in treatment than usual1 it is characteristic of the time at which it was put up4 ,the arms of the company1 granted in #aefh and confirmed in #afcd1 are3 gules1 a demi-virgin1 with her hair dishevelled1 crowned1 issuing out of and within an orle of clouds1 all proper4 ,one may presume from the date that they were chosen in honour of ,queen ,elizabeth4 ,strype says3 #8,when any of this company is chosen mayor1 or makes one of the triumph of the day1 wherein he goes to ,westminster to be sworn1 a most beautiful virgin is carried through the streets in a chariot1 with all the glory and majesty possible1 with her hair all dishevelled about her shoulders1 to represent the maidenhead which the company give for their arms1 and this lady is plentifully gratified for her pains1 besides the gift of all the rich attire she wears4' ,the ,maiden's ,head also appears on the arms of the ,pinners' ,company1 with the motto1 #8,virginitas et unitas nostra ternitas4' ,it was assumed as a badge of the ,parr family1 previous to the marriage of ,catherine ,parr with ,henry ,,viii4 ,they derived it from the family of ,ros of ,kendal4 ,the ,mercers' ,company is very ancient2 it was incorporated in the year #acic 7#ag ,rich4 ,,ii472#ec but long before that the mercers had been associated voluntarily for purposes of mutual aid and comfort4 ,they came to light first as a fraternity in the time of ,henry ,,ii41 for ,gilbert ,becket1 father of ,st4 ,thomas of ,canterbury1 is said to have been a mercer2 and in #aaib1 ,agnes de ,helles1 sister of ,st4 ,thomas1 and her husband ,thomas ,fitz-,theobald de ,helles1 in founding the hospital of ,st4 ,thomas of ,acon1 which is distinctly stated to have been built on the spot where the future archbishop was born1 constituted the fraternity of mercers patrons of the hospital4 ,the present ,mercers' ,hall1 in ,cheapside1 is built on part of this site4 ,it was only by degrees that the merchant adventurers became detached from the mercers4 ,the last link between the two companies was severed as late as the year #afff1 when the ,great ,fire destroyed the office held by the ,merchant-,adventurers under ,mercers' ,hall4 ,the ,haberdashers' ,company was a branch of the ,mercers'1 which broke off from them in the time of ,henry ,,vi4 ,the word #8mercer' would seem to imply merchant only1 being derived1 through the ,french #8mercier1' from the ,latin word #8mercator4' ,it is probable that those who were called mercers dealt at first in most commodities1 except food and the precious metals4 ,herbert1 however1 considers that in ancient times #8mercer' was the name for a man who dealt in small wares2 and that #8merceries then comprehended all things sold retail by the little balance1 in contradistinction to things sold by the beam1 or in gross1 and included not only toys1 together with haberdashery and various other articles connected with dress1 but also spices and drugs2 in short1 what at present constitutes the stock of a general country shopkeeper4' ,he goes on to say that the silk trade1 which in later ages formed the main feature of the mercers' business1 is stated in the ,act of #cc ,henry ,,vi41 c4 #e1 to have been carried on by #8the silkwomen and throwsteres of ,london1' who1 in petitioning for that ,act1 pray that the ,lombards and other strangers may be hindered from importing wrought silk into the realm1 contrary to custom1 and to the ruin of the mystery and occupation of silk-making and other virtuous female occupations4 ,the mercers were not the first incorporated company2 in this the goldsmiths1 skinners1 and merchant tailors may claim precedence2 they1 however1 have long ranked the first1 as exemplified in the following stanzas from a song addressed to ,sir ,john ,peakes1 mercer 7who was elected ,lord ,mayor in #afhf71 after a dinner given in his honour3 #8,advance the ,virgin1 lead the van1 ,of all that are in ,london free1 ,the ,mercer is the foremost man ,that founded a society4 ,cho4 ,of all the trades that ,london grace1 ,we are the first in time and place4 #8,when ,nature in perfection was1 ,and virgin beauty in her prime1 ,the ,mercer gave the nymph a gloss1 ,and made e'en beauty more sublime4 ,cho4 ,in this above our brethren blest1 ,the ,virgin's since our coat and crest4' ,more or less analogous to the arms of the ,city companies are the arms of the ,inns of ,court and ,chancery4 ,the interesting and highly picturesque gatehouse of ,lincoln's ,inn1 facing ,chancery ,lane1 has on it the date #aeah1 and three shields4 ,that in the centre represents the royal arms of ,england2 to the spectator's right are the arms of ,sir ,thomas ,lovell1 ,k4,g41 who was son of the executor of ,king ,henry ,,vii41 had been reader to the ,society of ,lincoln's ,inn1 and gave most of the money required for building the gatehouse4#ed ,to the left are the arms of ,henry de ,lacy1 ,earl of ,lincoln1 namely1 or1 a lion rampant purp41 placed there by the builder2 which reminds one of the historic fact that ,lincoln's ,inn stands on the site of the ,earl's mansion and grounds1 once possessed1 in part at least1 by the ,black or ,preaching ,friars4 ,here he had a fine garden--so productive that1 besides supplying his table1 it yielded1 says ,mr4 ,hudson ,turner1#ee apples1 pears1 large nuts1 and cherries1 sufficient to produce by their sale in one year 7#bd ,edward ,i47 #8the sum of #i #bs4 #c;d4 in money of that time1 equal to about #ace of modern currency4' ,the ,earl of ,lincoln died without male issue in #acab1 but bequeathed his name to the property1 which passed into legal hands4 ,his arms are still retained by the honourable society1 though it has been said that ,sir ,james ,lea at one time proposed another device4 ,the ,winged ,horse1 or ,pegasus1 representing the arms of the ,society of the ,inner ,temple1 ornaments the well-known gatehouse in ,fleet ,street1 which dates from #afjg1 and has in front the feathers of ,henry1 ,prince of ,wales1 eldest son of ,james ,i4 ,a little west is the gatehouse to the ,middle ,temple1 built in #afhd1 from the designs of ,sir ,christopher ,wren4 ,it has sculptured on it1 the ,lamb and ,flag1 or ,agnus ,dei3 #8,as by the ,templars' haunts you go1 ,the ,horse and ,lamb display'd ,in emblematic figures show ,the merits of their trade2 #8,that clients may infer from thence ,how just is their profession1 ,the lamb sets forth their innocence1 ,the horse their expedition4' ,the ,winged ,horse is supposed by some to be a corruption of the ancient seal of two ,knights ,templars riding on one horse1 indicative of their original poverty2 for here they had their headquarters in ,england #8till they decayed through pride4' ,the two designs1 however1 resemble each other to a very slight extent1 and in point of fact have no connection4 ,it seems that in the fifth year of ,queen ,elizabeth's reign the ,society of the ,inner ,temple adopted1 as a heraldic charge1 the ,pegasus with the motto #8,volat ad thera virtus1' at the suggestion of ,gerard ,leigh1 one of its ,benchers1 a pedantic student of heraldry1 the idea being that the knowledge which might be gained at this seat of learning would raise its possessor to the highest pinnacle of fame4 ,sir ,george ,buc1#ef master of the revels1 appears to be responsible for the lamb and flag4 ,he tells us that in #afae1 more than fifty years after the adoption of the ,pegasus by the twin society1 the authorities of the ,middle ,temple had neither arms nor seal1 and to supply the want he suggested either #8two armed knights riding upon one horse1 or a field argent charged with a cross gules1 and on the nombril thereof a ,holy ,lamb2' the first having been1 as ,i have said1 the ancient seal of the ,knights ,templars1 and the second what they appear to have assumed later1 when they became prosperous4 ,this at least is ,sir ,george ,buc's statement1 on the authority of an illuminated manuscript containing the statutes of their order1 which belonged to ,lord ,william ,howard of ,naworth4 ,mr4 ,barrington thought that the ,holy ,lamb1 as a representation of ,christ1 should be encircled by a nimbus4 ,to confirm this view and to prove that the ,templars did use the device1 he gives a quotation from ,blomefield's ,,ms4 collections for ,cambridgeshire1 wherein the ,holy ,lamb1 with its nimbus and banner1 appears on the seal of a deed dated #abgc1 by which ,guido de ,foresta1 #8magister militi ,templi in ,anglia et fratres ejusdem militi1' leased out certain lands in ,pampesworth1 ,cambridgeshire1 the rent to be paid1 #8domino ,templi1' at ,dunworth of the same county4 ,round the seal is the following inscription1 #8 ,,sigillvm ,,templi4' ,from the fact that ,sir ,george ,buc suggested to the ,society of the ,middle ,temple the two devices which had been used by the ,templars1 it is evident that the ,pegasus1 already adopted by the ,inner ,temple1 was not considered in his time to have any connection with the original seal of the ,knights ,templars4 ,the fourth of the great ,inns of ,court--,gray's ,inn--derived its name from the noble family of the ,greys of ,wilton1 having been originally their dwelling1 just as ,lincoln's ,inn had been the dwelling of an ,earl of ,lincoln1 and several of the ,inns of ,chancery were originally the homes of other well-known personages4 ,the society seems first to have used the arms of the ,grey family2 afterwards they adopted the ,griffin's ,head#eg as their device1 and it still adorns the pillars of the gateway from ,field ,court into those delightful gardens which were first planted1 it is thought1 under the direction of no less a man than ,francis ,bacon4 ,once they were the resort of fine ladies1 but fashion has long since deserted them4 ,the trees1 however1 are still fine1 the aspect of the place #8reverend and law-abiding4' ,here there is1 or was1 a rookery1 which has given pleasure to generations of ,londoners4 ,early last summer 7#ahib7 the ,benchers1 anxious to utilize so eligible a site1 erected a corrugated iron structure some #ij feet long1 at the south-west corner of the gardens4 ,they have tried to make it look beautiful by partly covering it with trellis-work1 and by having the wooden roof painted tile colour4 ,the rooks1 however1 showed their resentment by flying off in a body1 and it remains a question whether they will again make the gardens their permanent home2 for now ,i hear that this erection1 which has the negative merit of being easily removable1 is to be replaced by a chapel #8in the ,elizabethan or late ,tudor style1' the windows to be fitted--or misfitted--with glass from the present chapel1 which will be turned to secular use4 ,a little more than a century ago ,gray's ,inn was quite on the outskirts of ,london1#eh #8with an uninterrupted prospect of the neighbouring fields as far as ,highgate and ,hampstead4' ,centuries before the ,great ,fire1 carved shields of arms were doubtless common in ,london on public buildings and the houses of great people1 as decorations1 and as guides to the unlettered class1 which then formed a vast majority of the population4 ,sometimes--at any rate1 in the earlier days--these arms were not carved in stone1 but painted and hung out1 as we learn from the evidence of the poet ,chaucer#ei in the ,scrope and ,grosvenor dispute1 which also gives us an interesting glimpse of the early history of one of our noble families4 ,he says that1 in walking up ,friday ,street1 he once saw a sign hung out with #8arms painted and put there by a knight of the ,county of ,chester1 called ,sir ,robert ,grosvenor'2 and that was the first time he ever heard of ,sir ,robert ,grosvenor1 or his ancestors1 or anyone bearing the name of ,grosvenor4 ,the first armorial shield to which ,i shall refer under this heading is from a public building1 and though comparatively modern it should be specially interesting to all citizens of ,london4 ,i allude to the ,royal ,arms#fj--;a well-executed piece of sculpture--which is used as the sign of a public-house rebuilt quite recently1 on the south side of ,newcomen ,street1 late ,king ,street1 ,southwark4 ,this was taken from the gatehouse at the ,southwark end of old ,london ,bridge1 which was pulled down in #agfj1 in consequence of an ,act of ,parliament passed four years previously1 for the destruction of the buildings on ,london ,bridge and the widening of the roadway4 ,illustration ,king ,street was then being made from ,high ,street to ,snow ,fields1 through the former ,axe and ,bottle ,yard1 and these arms1 having been bought by ,mr4 ,williams1 a stonemason who was employed in the construction of ,king ,street1 were placed by him more or less in their present position4 ,in a view of the bridgegate engraved for ,noorthouck's #8,history of ,london' 7p4 #edc71 the arms appear with the inscription1 ,g ,,ii ,r1 afterwards changed to ,g ,,iii1 as we now see it4 ,there are still a few carved shields of arms in ,london1 dating from the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries1 which marked the property of private individuals4 ,until quite recently the district known as ,cloth ,fair and ,bartholomew ,close1 in the immediate neighbourhood of the ,church of ,st4 ,bartholomew the ,great1 was distinguished by its air of picturesque antiquity4 ,some quaint old houses still remain2 on one of them--,no4 #bb1 ,cloth ,fair--is to be seen a relic which carries us back almost to the time of the dissolution of the monasteries4 ,this is the armorial shield of ,richard ,rich1 who was made a peer in #aedg2 or more likely1 perhaps1 of one of his immediate descendants4 ,it is surmounted by a coronet1 and has been blazoned thus3 gules1 a chevron between three crosses botonne or4#fa ,the founder of the ,rich family was a mercer in the ,city1 and ,sheriff in the year #addb2 it was his great-grandson ,richard who1 temp4 ,henry ,,viii41 became ,solicitor-,general1 ,speaker of the ,house of ,commons1 and who took so scandalous a part in the trial and conviction of ,sir ,thomas ,more4 ,in #aedd the site of ,st4 ,bartholomew's ,priory was granted by the ,king to his favourite1 there described as ,sir ,richard ,rich1 knight1 in consideration of the sum of #a1jfd #aas4 #c;d41 as appears from the original deed2 and here he is said to have lived in the ,prior's mansion as ,lord ,chancellor4 ,the tolls of the fair#fb were also granted to him4 ,it was provided that the church within the ,great ,close was to be a parish church for ever1 and vacant ground adjoining it on the west side1 #hg feet in length by #fj feet in breadth1 where the destroyed nave had stood1 was to be taken for a churchyard1 the site of the fair being no longer used as a burial-ground4 ,sir ,richard ,rich was made a baron in #aedg4 ,queen ,mary revoked the grant in his favour1 and placed here a convent of ,preaching ,friars1 who under ,father ,person began to rebuild the nave of the church1 but they were turned out when ,elizabeth came to the throne1 and the following year there was a fresh grant to the purchaser1 by the title of ,richard ,lord ,rich1 and his heirs1 #8in free socage4' ,the monastery with its precincts had been enclosed by a wall which contained1 besides the numerous monastic offices1 a large garden and court1 fifty-one tenements1 a mulberry garden 7one of the first planted in this country71 and the famous churchyard wherein had been held1 since the time of ,henry ,i41 the great annual gathering for clothiers and drapers4 ,this began to fall off1 as a cloth fair1#fc towards the end of the sixteenth century1 but continued to be more or less of a ,london carnival1 and in some sort lingered on as late as the year #ahee4 ,the first ,lord ,rich died in #aefj2 during his lifetime little building seems to have taken place1 for in ,ralph ,aggas's map1 which is considered to be of about this date1 the space north of the church has no houses upon it1 and the priory wall abutting on ,long ,lane still exists4 ,very soon1 however1 the land was turned to more profitable account1 and we find ,stow#fd writing at the end of the century3 #8,now notwithstanding all proclamations of the prince1 and also the ,act of ,parliament1 in place of booths within this churchyard 7only let out in the fair time1 and closed up all the year after71 be many large houses built1 and the north wall towards ,long ,lane taken down1 a number of tenements are there erected for such as will give great rents4' ,the houses in the street now called ,cloth ,fair probably followed the old line of booths4 ,the first ,lord ,rich's grandson ,robert1 who made such an ill-assorted marriage with ,lady ,penelope ,devereux1 ,sidney's #8,stella1' was raised to the dignity of ,earl of ,warwick in #afah4 ,his second son ,henry was created ,baron ,kensington and ,earl of ,holland4 ,the titles were merged in the next generation1 and became extinct in the year #agei1 when the tolls of the fair descended to the ,edwardes family1 cousins of the ,riches1 in whose favour the ,kensington title was revived4 ,lord ,kensington sold these tolls to the ,corporation of ,london in #ahci4 ,before we quit this quaint neighbourhood let us peep into the venerable ,church of ,st4 ,bartholomew the ,great4 ,what an idea it gives one of the splendour of the old priory church1 of which it formed but a part1 little more than the choir remaining6 ,much #8restoration' is in progress here1 and it is difficult at a glance to distinguish between the genuine ,norman work and the ingenious nineteenth-century ,norman which has lately been added4 ,fortunately the fine perpendicular oriel on the south side of the triforium has so far escaped intact4 ,it was probably inserted by ,prior ,bolton 7who died in #aecb71 and has on it1 carved in stone1 expressive of his name1 a tun pierced by a bird-bolt1 or arrow4 ,the rebus occurs again on the spandrel of a ,tudor doorway which leads into the modern vestry4 ,this ,prior seems to have taken pleasure in building1 and in seeing his name thus perpetuated4#fe ,he reconstructed the manor-house of ,canonbury1 ,islington1 north of the parish church1 which had been given to the convent by ,ralph de ,berners1 and as early as the year #abec is enumerated among his possessions4 ,here is also to be found the ,prior's rebus1 on a doorway inside ,no4 #f1 ,canonbury ,place1 which1 with ,no4 #g1 is now used for a girls' school4 ,it also formerly appeared cut in stone on two parts of the wall originally connected with the old brick tower1 which is so picturesque and so full of interesting associations4 ,it is1 however1 generally thought that the tower1 as we see it1 was built under the direction of ,sir ,john ,spencer1 the wealthy merchant1 afterwards the purchaser of ,crosby ,hall1 who bought this place from ,thomas ,lord ,wentworth in #aegj4 ,eleven years afterwards ,queen ,elizabeth visited him here1 and towards the end of the century he made great alterations in the building4 ,two of the rooms attached to ,canonbury ,tower are finely panelled from floor to ceiling2 the very handsome carved chimney-piece in the upper room bears the arms of ,sir ,john ,spencer4 ,canonbury ,house is now occupied by a ,constitutional ,club4 ,parts of the building have been modernized of late years1 but the panelled rooms are still much in their original state4 ,the pretty strip of garden at the back contains fruit-trees which ,goldsmith may have seen1 when he lodged here in the summer of #agfg4 ,we must not forget that the original building occupied a considerable part of ,canonbury ,place4 ,we have evidence of this in ,prior ,bolton's rebus at ,no4 #f2 and traces of ,sir ,john ,spencer's work are to be seen in this and the adjoining houses1 where there are no less than five richly-stuccoed ceilings1 two of them with the date #aeii4 ,here also1 inside the entrance1 are the arms#ff of ,sir ,walter ,dennys1 carved in oak4 ,they were formerly over a fireplace1 and when moved to their present position1 many years ago1 the following inscription was placed underneath3 #8,these were the arms of ,sir ,walter ,dennys of ,gloucestershire1 who was made a ,knight by bathing at the creation of ,arthur1 ,prince of ,wales in ,nov4 #adhi1 and died ,sept4 #a1 #ba ,henry ,,vii41 and was buried at the church of ,olviston in ,gloucestershire4 ,he married ,margaret1 daughter of ,sir ,rich ,weston1 ,knt41 to which family ,canonbury ,house formerly belonged4 ,the carving is therefore #bhj years old4' ,the latter part of the inscription is clearly erroneous1 as the manor-house was not in lay hands till after the dissolution4 ,mr4 ,nelson thought that these arms were placed here by some descendant of the ,dennys or ,weston family1 who might afterwards have lived at ,canonbury--perhaps one of the ,comptons1 ,joan1 a daughter of ,sir ,walter1 having married into that family4 ,the ,comptons did not come into possession till #afaj1 when ,william1 the second lord1 succeeded ,sir ,john ,spencer1 having married ,elizabeth1 his daughter and sole heiress4 ,i need hardly say that they were the direct ancestors of the present ,marquis of ,northampton1 who still owns the property4 ,a famous galleried inn1 the ,old ,bell1#fg ,holborn1 now almost unique of its kind1 has1 imbedded in the front1 the sculptured arms of ,fowler of ,islington1 namely1 azure1 on a chevron argent1 between three herons or1 as many crosses forme gules4 ,they are surmounted by an esquire's helmet1 with a crest1 which seems to be an eagle's head with a sprig of some sort in its beak4 ,the first man of this family who made any mark was ,thomas ,fowler1 lord of the manor of ,bernersbury#fh or ,barnsbury1 ,islington1 in #aedh4 ,from him descended ,sir ,thomas ,fowler1 knight1 ,deputy ,lieutenant of the county of ,middlesex1 and apparently one of the jurors at the trial of ,sir ,walter ,raleigh1 at ,winchester1 in #afjc4 ,if the tradition of ,sir ,walter's residence at ,islington is true1 they must have lived within a stone's throw of each other at one time4 ,before being knighted1 ,thomas ,fowler had married ,jane1 daughter of ,gregory ,charlet1 citizen and tallow-chandler1 who bore him two sons4 ,his second wife1 to whom he was married at ,st4 ,james's ,church1 ,clerkenwell1 on ,march #ag1 #afjd1 was ,mary1 widow of ,sir ,john ,spencer1 of ,althorp--not to be confused with his neighbour the rich merchant of ,crosby ,place and ,canonbury1 who lived on till #afji4 ,his elder son1 also ,thomas1 was made a baronet1 but the title died out with him in #afef4 ,the ,fowlers dwelt in a house in ,cross ,street1 ,islington1 a little beyond the church1 which still existed a generation ago4 ,the ceiling of a room on the first-floor was decorated with the arms and initials of ,queen ,elizabeth1 also the initials ,f ,t ,i4 ,at the end of the garden1 which had been of considerable extent1 there was a small brick building1#fi intended1 perhaps1 for a summer-house or porter's lodge4 ,it had on the west side1 cut in stone1 the ,fowler arms1 bearing an esquire's helmet1 apparently similar in all respects to those ,i have described1 except that no mention is made of a crest4 ,in another part of the building were the arms of ,sir ,thomas ,fowler the younger1 with his initials and the date #afee4 ,they were distinguished by having an escutcheon charged with a sinister hand1 couped at the wrist--the arms of ,ulster and ensign of baronetcy4 ,it is curious that the daughter and heiress of this ,sir ,thomas ,fowler married a ,fisher1 to whom descended the manor of ,barnsbury1 and that the first ,fowler who settled in ,islington had married a ,herne or ,heron4 ,the arms of that family appeared in a window of the old house in ,cross ,street4 ,when visiting the ,guildhall ,museum1 not long since1 ,i was reminded of another ,islington family1 not distinguished1 but still perhaps worthy of mention4 ,a stone tablet1 said to be from an old house in ,upper ,street1 ,islington1 has on it the inscription3 ,n ,r ,i ,,rvffords ,,bvildings #afhh1 and a similar inscription is still to be seen on ,no4 #a;a1 ,compton ,street1 ,clerkenwell4 ,the fact is1 there were two groups of houses thus named1 both of which were built by ,captain ,nicholas ,rufford1 who was churchwarden at ,islington in #afij1 and died in #agaa1 aged seventy-one4 ,nelson mentions inscriptions to him and several of his family in the churchyard4 ,in the ,islington ,rufford's ,buildings ,dr4 ,w4 ,berriman lived for some years4 ,he was a famous divine1 and became ,fellow of ,eton ,college4 ,his death took place in #agdi-ej4 ,some pages back1 in my description of the sign of the ,two ,negroes' ,heads1 ,i had occasion to allude to ,clare ,market4 ,before that neighbourhood is quite transformed1 ,i should like to say a few words about it and its connection with the ,holles family4 ,an old coat of arms and an old inscription will serve as pegs on which to hang my story4 ,in ,seymour's #8,survey1' #aged 7written by ,john ,mottley71 we are told that ,clement's ,inn#gj--the fancied scene of ,shallow's exploits--descended to the ,earls of ,clare from their ancestor ,sir ,william ,holles1 or ,hollis--as he spells it--,lord ,mayor of ,london in #aeci4 ,the name of ,john1 ,baron ,holles of ,houghton1 appears as a parishioner of ,st4 ,clement ,danes in the rate-book for the year #afag4 ,in #afbd he was created ,earl of ,clare4 ,there seems to have been no concealment about the fact that his titles were bought3 the first1 obtained through the influence of the ,duke of ,buckingham1 had cost him no less a sum than #aj1jjj2 for the second he is said to have paid an additional #e1jjj4 ,it is curious that this latter dignity had some years before been refused to ,robert ,rich1 afterwards created ,earl of ,warwick1 who had set his heart on it 7and is said to have also paid money for his earldom71 the ,crown lawyers having solemnly declared that it was a title peculiar to the ,royal ,family1 and not to be borne by a subject4 ,the princely mansion of ,john ,holles1#ga second ,earl1 was at the end of ,clare ,court1 or ,clare ,house ,court1 on the east side of ,drury ,lane1 next to ,blackmore ,street4 ,in ,hatton's time 7#agjh7 it had been turned into tenements4 ,this second ,earl founded ,clare ,market1#gb which stands1 or stood1 on what was previously called ,clement's ,inn ,fields4 ,license had already been granted by ,charles ,i4 to ,thomas ,york in #afdj1 and to the antiquary ,gervase ,holles#gc in #afdb1 to make streets and to erect houses on this property4 ,one of the provisions in the ,act#gd passed in #afeg1 #8for the ,preventing of the ,multiplicity of ,buildings in and about the ,suburbs of ,london1' expressly states that ,john1 ,earl of ,clare1 having erected several new buildings and improved the property1 #8from henceforth for ever hereafter1 on every ,tuesday1 ,thursday1 and ,saturday1 in every week1 there shall be a common open and free market1 held in ,clement's ,inn ,fields aforesaid1 where the said buildings useful for a market are erected1 and in the places near unto adjoining1 and to enjoy all liberties1 customs and emoluments incident usually and of right belonging and appertaining to markets4' ,it seems1 from the #8,harleian ,miscellany1' that the ,city authorities at one time began a lawsuit laying claim to this property1 but they failed in their attempt4 ,the market was at first usually called the ,new ,market4 ,the streets in this neighbourhood are several of them named after the family of the former possessors3 as ,clare ,street1 where1 on ,saturdays1 there is still something like a market2 ,denzell ,street1 ,holles ,street1 ,houghton ,street1 ,vere ,street1 and ,gilbert ,street and ,passage4 ,on a squalid house at the corner of this narrow opening1 and facing the space lately cleared in what was the market1 ,i have observed with interest a fine stone bas-relief of the ,holles arms1 surmounted by an earl's coronet1 namely1 ermine1 two piles in point sable1 and the motto #8,spes audaces adjuvat1' the supporters being a lion and that nondescript beast1 a heraldic tiger1 which is supposed to have a dragon's head4 ,the date beneath is #afei1 showing that they were put up for ,john ,holles1 second ,earl of ,clare1 no doubt on a building in the market-place4 ,another curious relic is to be seen let into the wall of a public-house called the ,royal ,yacht1 at the corner of ,denzell ,street and ,stanhope ,street4 ,this is a stone tablet1 the inscription on which is here given1 and which speaks for itself4 ,illustration3 ,denzell ,street#afhb ,so called by ,gilbert ,earle of ,clare in ,memory of his ,vncle ,denzell ,lord ,holles who dyed ,february ye3 #agth3 #afgi ,aged #ha years3#c3months a great honour to his name and the exact paterne of his ,fathers great ,meritt,john ,earle of ,clare ,rebuilt by ,h,y ,,cocker #agif ,it was erected by ,gilbert1 third ,earl1 in memory of his father's second brother ,denzil--#8a man of great courage and of as great pride1' says ,clarendon1 who1 during the early troubles between ,charles ,i4 and his ,parliament1 took a leading part on the popular side4 ,on ,march #b1 #afbi1 when the ,speaker was about to adjourn the ,house in obedience to the ,king's order1 ,denzil ,holles helped to keep him in the chair by force1 for which conduct he1 with five other members1 was committed to the ,tower and fined #a1jjj marks4 ,after many vicissitudes ,holles welcomed the restoration of ,charles ,,ii41 was created a peer1 and sent as ,ambassador to ,paris1 where his pugnacity and his ignorance of the ,french language#ge were alike remarkable4 ,mr4 ,wheatley tells us that in #afdd he had been living in ,covent ,garden1 under the name of ,colonel ,holles2 in #afff1 and after1 he was in a house at the west corner of the north piazza1 which ,sir ,kenelm ,digby had previously occupied4 ,the ,holles family became extinct in the male line on the death of ,john1 fourth ,earl of ,clare1 who had married ,lady ,margaret ,cavendish1 a great heiress1 and was created ,duke of ,newcastle4 ,this nobleman1 one of the richest subjects in the kingdom1 died in #agaa1 from the effects of a fall while hunting at ,welbeck1 leaving an only daughter1 from whom is descended the present ,duke of ,portland4 ,some years before his death1 namely1 in ,may1 #agje1 still clinging to the neighbourhood with which his family had been so long connected1 the last ,holles in the male line bought from the ,marquis of ,powis1 for the large sum of #g1jjj1 the house at the north-west angle of ,lincoln's ,inn ,fields1 now numbered #ff and #fg1 which touches ,great ,queen ,street1 and is still known as ,powis or ,newcastle ,house4 ,the ,duke left the greater part of his possessions1 including this house1 to his nephew1 ,thomas ,pelham1 the well-known political leader in the time of ,george ,,ii41 who took the name of ,holles1 and was also created ,duke of ,newcastle4 ,here he lived and intrigued1 and this was the scene of his levees1 so graphically described by ,lord ,chesterfield4 ,if those silent walls could speak1 they might tell us many strange tales4 ,newcastle ,house had been built in #afhf by ,captain ,william ,winde1 or ,wynne1 as ,campbell calls him in the #8,vitruvius ,britannicus'--a pupil of ,gerbier1 and perhaps also of ,webb1 who was in his turn a pupil of ,inigo ,jones4 ,the structure has unfortunately been much altered for the worse since an engraving of it was made for ,strype's ,stow 7edition of #aged74 ,it replaced an older house which had been burnt to the ground on ,october #bf1 #afhd1 the family escaping with difficulty4 ,william ,herbert1 first ,marquis and titular ,duke of ,powis1 for whom the house was built1 suffered severely owing to his attachment to the cause of ,james ,,ii4 ,he accompanied the ,king into exile1 his estates were1 in part at any rate1 confiscated1 and he died at ,st4 ,germains in #afif4 ,in some way this house escaped the general wreck2 perhaps it was alienated for a few years4 ,strype says that #8it was sometime the seat of ,sir ,john ,somers1 late ,lord ,chancellor of ,england'2 and ,pennant adds1 #8,it is said that ,government had it once in contemplation to have bought and settled it officially on the great seal4 ,at that time it was inhabited by the ,lord ,keeper1 ,sir ,nathan ,wright4' ,whatever the circumstances may have been1 it came into the hands of the second ,marquis1 who before its sale to the ,duke of ,newcastle had already built himself another house#gf in ,great ,ormond ,street1 on the site of which is ,powis ,place4 ,the west side of ,lincoln's ,inn ,fields shows interesting specimens of architecture4 ,lindsey ,house1 though much altered1 is an undoubted work of ,inigo ,jones4 ,it was built probably about the year #afdj1 for ,robert ,bertie1 first ,earl of ,lindsey1 who died a hero's death at the battle of ,edgehill4 ,the fourth ,earl having been created ,duke of ,ancaster1 it was for a time called ,ancaster ,house4 ,hatton1 in #agjh1 describes it as #8a handsome building of the ,ionic order1 and 7in front a7 strong beautiful court-gate1 consisting of six fine1 spacious brick piers1 with curious ironwork between them1 and on the piers are placed very large and beautiful vases4' ,the stone facade is now plastered and painted1 the entrance door widened1 the house divided into two4 ,inside1 a graceful mantelpiece and an alcove evidently belong to the last century4 ,mr4 ,alfred ,marks1 in a valuable note on the house1 ascribes these architectural features to ,ware1 who was a great admirer of ,inigo ,jones1 and in #agdc published some of his designs4 ,the alcove is adorned by a coat of arms belonging to the ,shiffner family1 a member of which1 as appears from the ,gentleman's ,magazine1 resided in ,lincoln's ,inn ,fields in the year #agei4 ,south of ,lindsey ,house1 there are other buildings which were probably designed by ,inigo ,jones4 ,from the house which is over the archway leading into ,sardinia ,street1 one may trace the ,rose and ,fleur-de-lys of ,charles ,i4 and his ,queen on the pilasters4 ,they are now mostly plastered and painted1 but it may be remarked that in the extreme south-west corner of the ,fields1 behind other more modern structures1 stands a house the upper part of which is outside in its original condition4 ,it is of red brick1 the bases1 bands and capitals of the pilasters and the architraves being of stone1 and it has1 like the others1 the rose and fleur-de-lys in relief4 ,but the best-preserved specimen1 externally1 of work of this character now existing in ,london is the harmonious red-brick building on the south side of ,great ,queen ,street1 hard by1 which was either designed by ,inigo ,jones or by ,webb under his influence4 ,let those who wish to study its fine proportions and pleasant details lose no time1 for an ominous board has appeared in front1 and much ,i fear that its days are numbered4 ,can nothing be done to save it8 ,mr4 ,wheatley says that ,thomas ,hudson1 the portrait-painter 7,reynolds's master71 lived in this house1 which is now divided and numbered #ee and #ef4 ,it had almost certainly been occupied by ,sir ,godfrey ,kneller4 ,illustration ,illustration ,,chapter ,,vii4 ,,miscellaneous ,,signs1 ,,dates1 ,,and ,,inscriptions1 ,,etc4 #8,many things of worthy memory4' ,,shakespeare3 ,taming of the ,shrew4 ,i ,,shall close my account with a few miscellaneous signs and inscriptions which ,i could not appropriately fit in elsewhere4 ,several eminent banking firms carefully preserve the signs which were used by them before their houses were numbered2 but they have been so ably described by ,mr4 ,hilton ,price and others1 that little more need be said4 ,the ,marygold is in the front shop of ,messrs4 ,child and ,co4's premises1 ,fleet ,street2 it is of oak1 the ground stained green1 with a sun and a gilt border3 the motto underneath is1 #8,ainsi mon me4' ,the ,three ,squirrels of ,messrs4 ,gosling are worked in iron and attached to the bars which protect their central window1 and the original sign of copper is preserved in the front office4 ,from ,mr4 ,price ,i learn that as early as the year #afhd1 and perhaps earlier1 ,james ,chambers kept a goldsmith's shop at the ,three ,squirrels over against ,st4 ,dunstan's ,church1 ,fleet ,street2 and it is a curious fact that one family of ,chambers bears the three squirrels in its arms4 ,hoare's ,golden ,bottle hangs over the doorway of their banking-house4 ,sir ,richard ,colt ,hoare thought it was a barrel sign adopted by ,james ,hore1 of ,cheapside1 because his father1 ,ralph1 was a member of the ,coopers' ,company4 ,more likely1 however1 it was a sign of the same description as the ,black ,jack and the ,leathern ,bottle1 of which a genuine specimen from the corner of ,charles ,street1 ,leather ,lane1 has lately found its way into the ,guildhall ,museum4 ,unfortunately1 the ,grasshopper--the old sign of ,messrs4 ,martin and ,co41 in ,lombard ,street--has not been preserved4 ,it was the crest of ,sir ,thomas ,gresham1 who is believed to have here carried on his business4 ,a most interesting history of the house has lately been written by ,mr4 ,j4 ,b4 ,martin1 one of the partners4 ,a quaint and charming sign is the little carved figure of a naval officer taking an observation--the ,wooden ,midshipman of ,dombey and ,son4 ,he may still be seen in the ,minories1 having migrated from ,leadenhall ,street some years ago4 ,not long since the owners sent him for change of air to the ,naval ,exhibition4 ,the figure and its associations form the subject of a capital paper by ,mr4 ,j4 ,ashby-,sterry in ,all the ,year ,round for ,october #bi1 #ahha4 ,at the corner of ,charlotte ,street and the ,blackfriars ,road there is a figure of a dog overturning a three-legged iron pot1 in its eagerness to get at the contents2 this is the sign of a wholesale ironmonger's establishment said to date from #aghc4 ,the ,dog's ,head in the ,pot1 as it is called1 seems1 of late years at any rate1 to have been usually adopted by members of this trade1 because the vessel represented is of iron4 ,the sign is said to indicate a dirty1 slovenly housewife4 ,larwood and ,hotten mention a coarse woodcut of the beginning of last century 7to judge from the costumes1 copied from an older original7 which represents two old women in a disorderly room or kitchen4 ,one of them wipes a plate with the bushy tail of a large dog whose head is buried in a pot4 ,under it are the lines3 #8,all sluts behold1 take view of me1 ,your own good husbandry to see4' ,a ,dutch saying1 to anyone late for dinner1 is that he will find the dog in the pot2 in other words1 that the remains of the dinner have been handed over to the dog to finish4 ,the ,dog's ,head in the ,pot is a very old ,london sign1 being mentioned in a tract from the press of ,wynkyn de ,worde called #8,cocke ,lorell's ,bote4' ,the person who dwelt at this sign was therein described as #8,annys ,angry with the croked buttock--by her crafte a breche maker4' ,a later notice occurs in the will 7dated ,september #c1 #aefc7 of ,thomas ,johnson1 citizen and haberdasher1 of ,london1 who gave #ac #ds4 annually to the highways between ,barkway and ,dog's ,head in the ,pot1 otherwise called #8,horemayd1' probably a house of entertainment in the parish of ,great or ,little ,hormead1 in ,hertfordshire1 by the side of the road from ,barkway to ,london4 ,at a house in ,westgate ,street1 ,gloucester1 some beautifully carved ,tudor panels have lately come to light4 ,one of them has on it a dog or leopard eating out of a three-legged pot4 ,a seventeenth-century trade-token1 issued from ,red ,cross ,street1 and another from ,old ,street1 ,st4 ,luke's1 have the device of the ,dog's ,head in the ,pot4 ,a medallion in plaster or terra-cotta1 which looked as if it might have been copied from a classical coin1 was till lately to be seen on the gable of a little fishmonger's shop in ,cheyne ,walk4 ,this1 though a humble specimen of its class1 belonged to a style of decoration once common4 ,i have before me a view1 dated #agib1 of a house on ,tower ,hill with similar medallions4 ,sometimes the heads of ,roman ,emperors were thus placed1 sometimes the cardinal virtues or other emblematic figures4 ,in the third edition of ,stow1 by ,anthony ,munday1 occurs the following passage1 descriptive of ,aldgate3 #8,the old ruinous ,gate being taken downe1 and order provided for a new foundation1 divers very ancient peeces of ,romane coyne were found among the stones and rubbish1 which1 as ,mr4 ,martin ,bond 7a ,worshipful ,citizen1 and one of the ,surveyors of the worke7 told me1 two of them 7according to their true forme and figure7 he caused to be carved on stone1 and fixed on eyther side of the ,gates ,arch without1 eastward4' ,these coins were of the ,emperors ,trajan and ,diocletian4 ,martin ,bond laid the foundation-stone of the new gate in #afjg4 ,the little house in ,cheyne ,walk was formerly a freehold with the right of pasturage on ,chelsea ,common2 it was pulled down in ,october1 #ahib4 ,i have drawn it for the frontispiece of this volume2 the lower part appears in a delightful etching by ,whistler1 called #8,the ,fish-shop4' ,one of the most interesting signs in existence belongs to my friend ,mr4 ,f4 ,manley ,sims4 ,it does not1 however1 strictly belong to ,london1 having been brought from ,poole some years ago2 its earlier history has yet to be discovered4 ,this is a doctor's signboard1 excellently carved1 with figures in high relief4 ,it is divided into compartments3 in the centre--more important than the rest--is the doctor himself1 in ,jacobean costume1 his potions ranged on shelves behind him2 around1 in seven compartments1 are represented various operations of surgery2 and below1 in relief1 appear the words from ,ecclesiasticus1 #8,altissimus creavit de terra medicynam et vir prudens non abhorebit illam4' ,anno ,domini #afbc4 ,there are traces of paint and gilding2 the whole is enclosed within an ornamental border1 and has a highly decorative effect4 ,somewhat akin to the sculptured street signs are the tablets on which are inscribed the names of the streets1 and often the dates of their building or completion4 ,they have historical value where1 as is not unfrequently the case1 they record a name now in danger of being forgotten1 and some of them are designed with a good deal of taste4 ,so many of these tablets remain that ,i shall not attempt a list1 but shall only mention a few good examples4 ,one of the oldest is in ,great ,chapel ,street1 ,westminster1 and is inscribed3 #8,this is ,chappeil ,street1 #afef4' ,the following are instances of the inscriptions1 which may help us to make out the history of the streets4 ,on a corner house at the east side of ,dering ,street 7late ,union ,street71 ,oxford ,street1 is a stone inscribed1 #8,sheffield ,street1 #agba4' ,curiously enough1 in ,horwood's ,map of #agii1 and in another issued in #ahjj1 the name is given as ,shepherd ,street1 so that here we have four changes in #agj years4 ,on a modern house at the south-east corner of ,danvers ,street1 ,cheyne ,walk1 much of which is now cleared away1 there is a stone1 supported by brackets1 with a pediment which tells us that #8,this is ,danvers ,street1 begun in ye year #afif by ,benjamin ,stallwood4' ,danvers ,house1 hard by1 was not pulled down till #agaf4 ,may's ,buildings1 on the east side of ,st4 ,martin's ,lane1 have the name1 and date #agci4 ,mr4 ,j4 ,t4 ,smith1 in #8,nollekens and his ,times1' tells us that they were built by ,mr4 ,may1 who ornamented the front of ,no4 #dc1 ,st4 ,martin's ,lane1 a few doors off1 where he resided4 ,his house is still there2 it has pretty cut brick pilasters1 and a cornice1 and is now used as a restaurant4 ,the archway which leads into ,sardinia ,street1 under one of the old houses on the west side of ,lincoln's ,inn ,fields1 is inscribed above the keystone on each side1 #8,duke ,streete1 #afdh4' ,this street was renamed in #ahgh1 after the chapel there1 once belonging to the ,sardinian minister1 which was demolished in the riots of ,june #b1 #aghj1 but shortly afterwards rebuilt1 and is now known as the chapel of ,,ss4 ,anselm and ,cecilia4 ,here ,fanny ,burney was married1 in #agic1 to ,general ,d',arblay4 ,a stone tablet1 which has on it #8,nassau ,street in ,whettens ,buildings1 #agcd1' is still to be seen at the south-west corner of ,nassau ,street4 ,in ,strype's ,map of #agbj the ground here1 facing ,gerrard ,street1 is occupied by a large mansion with a garden at the back1 ,nassau ,street not being yet made4 ,some of these tablets are well designed2 a very nice example1 though not an early one1 is placed above the first-floor of ,no4 #af1 ,great ,james ,street1 ,bedford ,row4 ,it is an irregular convex shield1 surrounded by elaborate scroll-work of a style not uncommon about the time of its erection1 namely1 in #agba4 ,as a typical specimen it has been drawn for this work4 ,james ,street1 ,haymarket1 is also marked by a stone with ornamental border1 above a first-floor window of what is left of the old ,tennis ,court1 which is said to have been connected with the noted ,gaming ,house and ,shaver's ,hall4 ,illustration ,the date on it--namely1 #afgc1 indicates1 ,i suppose1 the year in which the street was built or finished2 ,shaver's ,hall existed some time previously4 ,the ,tennis ,court ceased to be used in #ahff1 to the regret of many4 ,in the year #ahhg the upper part was rebuilt2 but from the tablet downwards the original walls1 though stuccoed over1 remain4 ,mr4 ,julian ,marshall says that in this court ,charles and the ,duke of ,york used frequently to play their favourite game1 and that the house1 ,no4 #ag1 at the south-western corner of ,james's ,street and the ,haymarket1 is said to have been that through which the royal brothers used to pass1 on their way to the ,tennis ,court4#gg ,it does not1 however1 appear that there was any contemporary evidence connecting them with it4 ,illustration3 ,from ,mount ,pleasant ,in the region called ,mount ,pleasant1 ,gray's ,inn ,lane1 not far from the new thoroughfare ,rosebery ,avenue1 there are two or three tablets of a different kind4 ,near the west end1 between ,nos4 #ee and #ef1 is a plain square stone1 with #8,,dorrington ,,street #agbj' incised in ,roman capitals4 ,this stone is in a brick frame1 with moulded hood1 and projects from the frame about an inch and a half4 ,further east1 on ,no4 #da1 nearly opposite the site of the prison1 are two more tablets2 one1 similar to that just described1 has #8,,baynes ,,street1 #agcg4' ,over this is a far more elaborate example of cut or moulded brick1 with a pediment4 ,it has the inscription #8,,in ,,god ,,is ,,all ,,our ,,trust1' and below some marks or signs in relief 7one of which appears to be a ,t-square71 with the date #agcg4 ,the motto is similar to that of the ,brewers' ,company1 and of the ,tylers' and ,bricklayers' ,company2 with the latter ,i should think that the builder or first possessor may have had some connection4 ,illustration ,this last1 being a house and not a street tablet1 reminds me that there are scattered about here and there on the fronts of houses1 initials and dates which by judicious treatment are made quite decorative4 ,one of the prettiest was a little cut brick tablet on an old house--,no4 #afd1 ,union ,street1 ,southwark--lately destroyed1 which had on it beneath a pediment the initials ,w4 ,h4 in monogram1 and the date #agja4 ,again1 in ,walbrook1 on the west side1 is a tablet merely dated #affh1 with well-designed brackets and cornice4 ,on a modern house--,no4 #d1 ,tothill ,street1 ,westminster--called in #ahhe the ,cock1 now the ,aquarium ,tavern1 there is a stone on which are cut the date #afga1 a heart-shaped mark1 and the initials ,e4 ,t4 ,a4 ,illustration3 ,no #ab walbrook ,in #ahej1 when ,peter ,cunningham wrote his handbook1 the old house was yet standing2 in it ,thomas ,southerne1 the poet1 had lodged1 as pointed out by ,mr4 ,hutton in his #8,literary ,landmarks of ,london4' ,the heart has puzzled me2 a similar mark was formerly on a house in ,peter ,street1 ,westminster4 ,can it have been a parish mark8 ,an undoubted device of this kind appears on a house at the corner of ,west ,street and ,upper ,st4 ,martin's ,lane1 and consists of two ragged staves crossed1 with the date #afia1 and the initials ,s4 ,g4 ,f41 which indicate the parish of ,st4 ,giles's in the ,fields4 ,a mark of the parish of ,st4 ,bride's1 dated #afgj1 is in ,robin ,hood ,court1 ,shoe ,lane4 ,at the corner of ,artillery ,street1 ,bishopsgate ,without1 and ,sandys ,row1 soon to be improved away1 there is a flat stone having fastened on it a piece of iron1 shaped like a broad arrow1 and below the date #afhb4 ,is this a parish mark1 or can it have been connected in any way with the old artillery ground--the ,tassel ,close of an earlier time1 when crossbow-makers used here to shoot at the popinjay8 ,in ,strype's time #8divers worthy citizens' still frequented it for martial exercise4 ,of greater historic interest are the monogram of ,henry ,,viii41 the ,tudor portcullis1 and other devices carved on the spandrels of the arches which are under the gatehouse of ,st4 ,james's ,palace4 ,a general description of the painted signboards of ,london has formed no part of the scheme of this book1 because much has already been written on the subject1 and it would be too extensive to treat satisfactorily in the limited space at my command4 ,it may1 however1 be useful to note a few signs of this kind still in situ4 ,the ,running ,footman1 of which there are two specimens in ,hays ,mews1 ,charles ,street1 ,berkeley ,square1 is particularly interesting on account of the costume1 and because it is a record of the days when carriages moved at little more than a foot's pace1#gh and there were no police to regulate the traffic4 ,it is supposed to date from about #aggj4 ,such a servant as this would be singularly out of place in modern ,london2 but in the ,east1 retainers of the same kind1 who run in front and clear the way1 still naturally form part of a great man's equipage4 ,the ,goat in ,boots is to be seen in the ,fulham ,road in front of a public-house lately rebuilt4 ,to ,le ,blond--a ,flemish painter1 who lived at ,chelsea--was attributed the original design1 which seems to have been painted or repainted by ,morland4 ,since then1 however1 it has been daubed over again and again4 ,some ingenious person has conjectured that the sign originated from a corruption of the ,dutch words3 #8der ,goden ,bode' 7the messenger of the ,gods71 said to have been applied to ,mercury1 and to have been formerly used on houses in ,holland1 to denote that post-horses were to be obtained2 but this seems improbable1 as the house in old deeds is called the ,goat4 ,at the ,ben ,jonson tavern in ,shoe ,lane a curious old wooden panel is preserved1 which bears on its two sides what are supposed to be portraits of #8rare ,ben'2 as it is nailed against the wall1 one side only is now visible4 ,the person portrayed is a lean hungry-looking man1 the very reverse of the poet2 it seems likely1 nevertheless1 that this was the old signboard4 ,a more ambitious effort is the full-length portrait of the ,duke of ,cumberland--the hero of ,culloden--which is on a public-house at the corner of ,bryanston ,street and ,great ,cumberland ,place1 built about #aggd4 ,it is affixed to the wall in accordance with the law passed a short time previously4 ,one is reminded of a letter by ,horace ,walpole to ,conway1 dated ,april #af1 #agdg1 in which he thus moralizes3 #8,i observed how the ,duke of ,cumberland's head had succeeded1 almost universally1 to ,admiral ,vernon's1 as his head had left few traces of the ,duke of ,ormonde's4 ,i pondered these things in my heart1 and said unto myself all glory is but a sign4' ,now that ,hatchett's ,hotel in ,piccadilly has passed away1 it is worth while to record that over the bar of the ,restaurant on this site 7rebuilt #ahhf7 was to be seen the old painted signboard of a white horse with flowing mane and tail1 and the inscription1 #8,the ,new ,white ,horse ,cellars1 ,abraham ,hatchett4' ,last year1 owing to further alterations1 this was removed4 ,the signs ,i have referred to are comparatively well known1 but that of the ,coach and ,horses--,no4 #di1 ,st4 ,john's ,square1 ,clerkenwell--has1 ,i think1 hitherto escaped observation4 ,this is a large picture representing a lioness attacking one of the leaders of a mail-coach2 a yokel with a pitchfork1 and a dog1 advance intrepidly to the rescue4 ,in the background is a wayside inn1 in front a pond4 ,the event depicted actually took place on ,october #bj1 #ahaf1 and is described in #8,cassell's ,popular ,natural ,history1' vol4 ii41 p4 #aai4 ,it seems that the ,exeter mail-coach was on its way to ,london1 and the driver had pulled up at ,winter's-,low-,hut1 seven miles from ,salisbury1 to deliver the bags1 when one of his leaders was suddenly attacked by a ferocious animal1 which proved to be a lioness4 ,a large mastiff came to the rescue1 but when she charged him he fled1 and was pursued and killed about forty yards from where the coach was standing4 ,it turned out that the lioness had escaped from a menagerie which was on its way to ,salisbury ,fair4 ,she was eventually driven into a granary1 carrying the dead mastiff in her teeth1 and there secured by her keepers4 ,a picture of this strange attack was long exhibited at the ,egyptian ,hall1 ,piccadilly2 of this picture ,i imagine the sign to be a copy1 it seems too well done to have been painted expressly for the public-house to which it belongs4 ,in the course of #ahhi a curious sign1 the ,whistling ,oyster1 disappeared from ,no4 #ac1 ,vinegar ,yard1 on the south side of ,drury ,lane ,theatre4 ,here were formerly oyster and refreshment rooms1 and it seems that about #ahdj ,mr4 ,pearkes1 the then proprietor1 discovered among his stock an eccentric bivalve1 which actually did produce a sort of whistling sound2 much custom for a time and many jokes resulting therefrom4 ,in an early volume of ,punch there is a fancy portrait of the whistling oyster4 ,in the course of this work ,i have several times alluded to the ,guildhall ,museum1 beneath the ,guildhall ,library1 which is not known as it deserves4 ,it contains not only sculptured signs1 but a very valuable collection of objects of artistic and antiquarian interest1 most of them from various parts of the city4 ,the only drawbacks are that the crypt or room in which they are placed1 being half underground1 is very imperfectly lighted1 and that the collection has not hitherto been catalogued4 ,this latter defect will1 however1 ,i understand1 be shortly remedied4 ,before descending let us glance at the statues which flank the entrance to the ,guildhall ,library and ,museum from ,king ,street4 ,they are from the old ,college of ,physicians in ,warwick ,lane--one of ,wren's buildings--some remains of which still exist1 incorporated in the premises at the back of ,no4 #a1 ,newgate ,street4 ,these statues represent ,king ,charles ,,ii4 and ,sir ,john ,cutler1 a rich merchant whose avarice1 handed down by ,pope#gi and others1 has become immortal4 ,it seems that in #afge ,sir ,john--a near relation of ,dr4 ,whistler1 the president--expressed a wish to subscribe towards the rebuilding of the ,college of ,physicians1 which had been destroyed in the ,great ,fire1 having previously stood at ,amen ,corner4 ,when a deputation attended to thank him1 he renewed his promise1 and specified the part of the building for which he intended to pay4 ,the theatre accordingly bore on its front towards ,warwick ,lane the inscription1 #8,theatrum ,cutlerianum4' ,in the year #afhj statues in honour of the king and the knight were voted by members of the college4 ,a certain amount of money must have been furnished1 and some years afterwards ,cutler advanced them more2 but after his death his executors1 in #afii1 claimed the whole with interest1 the money pretended to be given1 and that actually given1 being alike set down as a loan in ,cutler's books4 ,the demand was compromised for #b1jjj4 ,the statue remained1 but the college wisely obliterated the inscription which1 in the warmth of its gratitude1 it had placed beneath the figure3 #8,omnis ,cutleri cedat labor amphitheatro4' ,pennant#hj is responsible for the above account1 perhaps overcoloured1 which he gave on the authority of ,dr4 ,richard ,warren4 ,strype speaks of ,sir ,john as a great benefactor to the college2 he had no doubt given largely to the ,grocers' ,company1 of which he was warden1 and a portrait of him is in their possession4 ,i will now ask my readers to come with me to the ,museum1 which well repays a visit4 ,i understand that the nucleus of it was formed in #ahbi1 when various antiquities1 discovered in digging the foundations of the then new ,post ,office in ,st4 ,martin's-le-,grand1 the new ,london ,bridge1 and in the destruction of the ,guildhall ,chapel1 were brought together2 but it has only of late years become important4 ,i have already described the sculptured signs which here find a home2 let me now briefly call attention to other objects which seem to me especially interesting4 ,there is an article on them in the ,city ,press for ,september #e1 #ahia1 to which ,i am indebted for several useful hints4 ,the accumulation of earth and dbris in the ,city is so great1 that the present town is raised many feet above ,roman ,london4 ,now that excavations for new buildings are carried down much deeper than formerly1 valuable objects are not unfrequently brought to light4 ,the ,roman antiquities in the ,museum are many and important2 of these perhaps the most striking is a large piece of tessellated pavement from ,bucklersbury1 in almost perfect condition4 ,it was found no less than #ai feet below the level of the roadway1 on which account it is thought to be an early relic of the ,roman occupation4 ,one of the good deeds of the much-abused ,metropolitan ,board of ,works was the gift of this piece of pavement to the ,corporation4 ,in the course of excavations in the ,city no less than three bastions of the original wall have been discovered4 ,the foundations of these were formed by masses of statuary1 inscriptions1 and other dbris of earlier ,roman buildings4 ,a fine specimen is the statue of a ,roman soldier1 found at the bastion in ,camomile ,street a few years since4 ,then there is a sculptured lion fiercely attacking another animal1 and many similar remains of equal or greater interest2 to describe them all in the briefest way would fill a chapter4 ,about one other relic of the ,roman occupation ,i shall say a few words1 because it appears to be an almost unique instance of a joke1 written by a ,roman with his own hand4 ,this is a tile found in the ,roman wall during the excavations for ,cutler's ,hall in ,warwick ,square4 ,on it are the following words1 evidently incised when it was still soft3 #8,austalis1 ,dibusu vagatur sib cotidem1' which was thus translated by the late ,mr4 ,charles ,roach ,smith3 #8,austalis wanders off 7from his work7 by himself to the ,gods every day4' ,the sentence is thought to apply to a workman who was in the habit of absenting himself at odd intervals1 for purposes of prayer maybe--or more likely of refreshment1 and to have been written by a fellow workman4 ,of later objects1 the various specimens of medival skates are worth mentioning4 ,each one is fashioned out of the tibia of a horse4 ,they have been found from time to time in the neighbourhood of ,moorfields1 and well exemplify the description written by ,fitzstephen in the twelfth century1 wherein he tells us that #8when the fen or moor which watereth the walls of the ,city on the north side1 is frozen1 many young men play upon the ice--some tie bones to their feet1 and shoving themselves by a little picked staff1 do slide as quickly as a bird flieth through the air1 or an arrow out of a crossbow4' ,interesting also are the flat caps of burgesses1 considered to be of the time of ,henry ,,vii41 which were found in ,finsbury1 ,may1 #ahhg1 and exhibited to the members of the ,british ,archological ,association by ,mr4 ,j4 ,w4 ,bailey4 ,they resemble the flatter kind of ,scotch caps1 or the ,basque caps1 and have a peculiar little flap behind4 ,gold coins were discovered in the double rims of these caps1 kept there for safety1 no doubt2 one of them an angel1 of the time of ,richard ,,ii4 ,then there is a fine collection of ,elizabethan graybeard jugs or bellarmines1 the grotesque heads on them being caricatured from the cardinal of that name1 who so strongly opposed the reformed religion4 ,among larger objects1 a splendid fireplace from the old mansion in ,lime ,street which belonged to the ,fishmongers' ,company1 and on which ,messrs4 ,g4 ,h4 ,birch and ,r4 ,phen ,spiers drew up such a valuable monograph at the time of its destruction4 ,an old stone conduit from ,south ,molton ,street is worth a glance4 ,it has on it the ,city arms and the date #afbg1 and was found six feet below the pavement4 ,there is interest of a kind1 too1 in the inscription from ,pudding ,lane1 affixed in #afha by overzealous ,protestants to the house of ,farryner1 the ,king's baker1 where the ,great ,fire of ,london first began4 ,this inscription was taken down in the reign of ,james ,,ii41 replaced in that of ,william ,,iii41 and finally removed about the middle of last century4 ,it was found in the cellar and brought here when the house 7latterly numbered #be7 was pulled down in #ahgf4 ,a few signs not sculptured are1 ,i think1 worth alluding to4 ,one of the quaintest is composed of blue and yellow ,dutch tiles1 and was doubtless once fixed near the entrance of a coffee-house1 but unfortunately no record of it has been preserved4 ,it is about twenty inches high1 and represents a boy with long hair1 in seventeenth-century costume1 somewhat like that of the modern ,bluecoat boys4 ,he is standing1 and pouring out coffee2 by his side is a table1 with appliances for drinking1 and tobacco pipes1 and above1 on a scroll1 the words #8,,dish ,,of ,,coffee ,,boy4' ,a sign of this kind in remarkable preservation1 and finely executed1 is the ,cock and ,bottle--three to four feet high1 and worked in blue and white ,dutch tiles with an ornamental border--which came from ,cannon ,street4 ,the date of this sign is said to be about #agjj2 the house to which it belonged formerly stood on the south side1 and was pulled down in #ahec1 at the time of the ,cannon ,street alterations4 ,a public-house 7,nos4 #id and #if71 still called the ,cock and ,bottle1 occupies the site4 ,a sign of a ,dolphin which belongs to the earlier part of the eighteenth century was in #ahij presented by ,messrs4 ,burrup1 so long pleasantly connected with the ,surrey ,cricket ,club4 ,it is painted on copper1 and comes from a shop on the south side of the old ,royal ,exchange1 where an ancestor of the ,burrup family was first established in #agcj4 ,a unique relic is the little plate of metal1 inscribed as follows3 #8,abraham ,bartlett1 who makes ye boulting mills and cloathes1 dwells at the sign of the boulting mill at ,thames ,street1 near ,queenhith1 ,london1 #afgh4' ,it is surmounted by a grotesque head1 and fixed on a thin piece of wood with a ring for hanging it up4 ,the boulting-mill was used for sifting meal by shaking it backwards and forwards1 boulting-cloth being a material of loose texture for the meal to pass through4 ,of doubtful origin is a classically designed figure of a boy in low relief1 with foliated border1 and the date #afcc2 the material of this is cast iron4 ,another curious relic is a wooden statuette of ,time1 with scythe and hour-glass1 which formerly belonged to the clock in the church of ,st4 ,giles1 ,cripplegate4 ,the inscription tells us that it was presented by the churchwardens1 who in my opinion ought never to have removed it from the church for which it had been carved1 where it was far more appropriately placed than it can possibly be here2 though of course one is glad that it is preserved4 ,last1 not least1 a very interesting stone bas-relief of doubtful origin1 which purports to represent ,whittington and his cat1 was bequeathed by the ,rev4 ,canon ,lysons4 ,the figure in question is doubtless that of a boy carrying a little quadruped in his arms4 ,the tablet to which it belongs seems to have been broken off on the side to the spectator's left1 and therefore probably formed part of a larger piece of sculpture4 ,this relic1 which at a first glance seems to resemble a sculptured house-sign1 was exhibited some years ago at a meeting of the ,archological ,institute4 ,mr4 ,lysons stated on that occasion that it was dug up in ,westgate ,street1 ,gloucester4 ,from a rent-roll of #adfj1 he had learned that in the said year ,richard #8,whitynton1' lord of the manor of ,staunton1 possessed a house or houses1 called #8,rotten ,row1 or ,asschowellys-place'2 and from a lease it appeared that the house1 in the foundations of which the stone was found1 stands exactly on the site of ,asschowellys 7in modern orthography ,ashwell's7 ,place4 ,the ,richard ,whittington here alluded to was great-nephew of the renowned ,lord ,mayor of ,london1 living contemporaneously with his famous namesake1 the rent-roll above named having been made within thirty-seven years of ,sir ,richard's death4 ,this is certainly a very singular coincidence1 and if it could be proved that the tablet in question represented ,whittington and his cat1 we might consider that the tradition about him1 which has delighted the childhood of so many thousands1 was really founded on fact4 ,mr4 ,lysons was strongly of that opinion2 he stated1 however1 that the house in ,westgate ,street1 under which the tablet was found1 besides being on the site of ,ashwell's ,place1 is also on the site of a ,roman temple--and perhaps most impartial observers will be inclined to think that the costume of the figure1 and the general style of the tablet in question1 point rather to indifferent ,roman than to fifteenth-century work4 ,illustration ,,chapter ,,viii4 ,a ,,few ,,suburban ,,spas4 #8,of either sex whole droves together ,to see and to be seen flock thither1 ,to drink and not to drink the water1 ,and here promiscuously to chatter4' ,islington ,wells or the ,threepenny ,academy1 #afia4 ,,in connection with sculptured signs1 and again when alluding to the arms of the ,fowler family1 and to ,canonbury1 ,i have had occasion to describe houses in ,islington4 ,i shall now take up the thread of my discourse1 from the ,white ,lion on the west side of the ,high ,street1 and ask the kind reader to explore with me the sites of some of the old places of entertainment nearer ,london4 ,a short distance further south is the ,angel1 rebuilt in #ahai4 ,this was one of the picturesque old galleried inns which have now become almost extinct4 ,close at hand1 on the opposite side of the way1 is the old ,red ,lion tavern1 very much rejuvenated2 it puts forward a bold claim to date from the year #adae4 ,on the gables are shields1 apparently modern1 with lions in relief4 ,seventy or eighty years ago this house stood almost alone on the high-road4 ,here ,tom ,paine was said to have written his #8,rights of ,man1' and the tradition is that ,goldsmith1 ,thomson1 nay even the great ,dr4 ,johnson1 visited it4 ,in the middle distance of ,hogarth's picture of #8,evening1' there is a house1 supposed to be the old ,red ,lion1 which shows how rural were its then surroundings4 ,the scene is laid in front of the ,myddleton's ,head--also at that time apparently a country wayside inn1 which1 says ,pinks1 had been built in #afad4 ,a portrait of the worthy founder of the ,new ,river ,company projects by way of sign from the gable4 ,this house stood on the south side of ,sadler's ,wells ,theatre1 from which it was separated by the ,new ,river4 ,malcolm has recorded that in #ahjc it was still picturesque4 ,he says3 #8,a few paces northwards 7from ,islington ,spa7 conduct the passenger under a portrait of ,sir ,hugh ,myddleton 7tolerably well painted71 who faces his river adorned with tall poplars1 graceful willows1 sloping banks1 and flowers4' ,how changed is now the scene6 ,the trees have long since perished as utterly as the anglers1#ha #8the noble swans' and water-fowl1 of an earlier time2 and ,sir ,hugh would no longer face his once pleasant stream1 which in its old age has disappeared from sight1 and taken refuge under ground4 ,in #ahca the ,sir ,hugh ,myddleton tavern replaced the former house of entertainment4 ,this1 in its turn1 has now ceased to exist1 having been pulled down1 with other houses in ,myddleton ,place1 to make room for the new thoroughfare#hb from the ,angel1 ,islington1 to ,holborn ,town ,hall1 opened ,july #i1 #ahib1 under the name of ,rosebery ,avenue4 ,one of the leading characteristics of ,london citizens of the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries was their taste for frequenting public gardens and houses of amusement in the suburbs4 ,many of these were originally health-resorts--#8spas' or #8wells1' they were called1 from the springs of mineral water which had formed the chief attraction4 ,in such places the northern suburbs abounded1 and the parish of ,clerkenwell#hc might be considered their headquarters4 ,at a time when travelling was toilsome and costly1 sometimes even dangerous1 it was useful to have a little ,buxton or ,harrogate close at hand4 ,to supply the demand1 some enterprising person discovered a spring with rare healing powers2 some doctor wrote it up1 and the place became1 for a time at least1 fashionable4 ,such a spa in ,st4 ,george's ,fields ,i have already described4 ,let me say a few words about others equally interesting1 in the neighbourhood in which we now find ourselves4 ,not far from the site of the ,myddleton's ,head1 on the north side of the ,new ,river1 no longer visible1 and close to the ,new ,river ,head1 stands ,sadler's ,wells ,theatre1 built on the site of one of these places of health-resort4 ,it seems that some time before #afhc1 a certain ,mr4 ,sadler1 said to have been a surveyor of highways1 had put up a wooden building hereabouts1 which was known as ,sadler's ,music-house4 ,in that year his servants1 when digging in the garden for gravel1 were reported to have discovered a mineral spring1 and in #afhd a pamphlet was published by a doctor named ,thomas ,guidot1 puffing the curative powers of the water4 ,he speaks of five or six hundred patients being there every morning1 and assures us that the spring had merely been rediscovered3 #8,the priests belonging to the ,priory of ,clarkenwell1 using to attend there1 making the people believe that the virtues of the waters proceeded from the efficacy of their prayers4' #8,these superstitions1' he adds1 #8were the occasion of its being arched over and concealed at the time of the ,reformation4' ,in spite of this fine puff1 the waters1 apparently1 soon ceased to attract1 though they continued to be sold in ,sadler's name for some time1 as shown by an advertisement of ,june1 #afig4hd ,in #afii the building was advertised as ,miles's ,musick-house4 ,the place had then become known as a resort for very disorderly characters4 ,miles was succeeded by ,francis ,forcer1 whose father1 a musician1 seems to have lived on the spot4 ,the son1 said to have been an ,oxford man1 introduced the diversions of tumbling1 and rope-dancing with the pranks of ,harlequin and ,scaramouch4 ,he died in #agdc1 and in the following year the establishment was being carried on by one ,john ,warren1 when it was presented by a ,middlesex ,grand ,jury as a place of #8great extravagance1 luxury1 idleness1 and ill-fame4' ,soon afterwards it got into the hands of ,mr4 ,rosoman1#he who in #agfe pulled down ,sadler's wooden erection1 and built a regular theatre on the site4 ,towards the end of last century ,sadler's ,wells was still some distance from ,london1 and the roads were by no means safe4 ,george ,daniel1 in his #8,merrie ,england1' says3 #8,it is curious to read at the bottom of the old bills and advertisements the following alarming announcements1 8,a horse patrol will be sent in the ,new ,road that night1 for the protection of the nobility and gentry who go from the squares and that end of the town2 the road also towards the city will be properly guarded40 ,again1 8,june1 #aghc4--,patroles of horse and foot are stationed from ,sadler's ,wells gate along the ,new ,road to ,tottenham ,court ,turnpike2 likewise from the ,city ,road to ,moorfields2 also to ,st4 ,john ,street1 and across the ,spa fields to ,rosoman ,row1 from the hours of eight to eleven40' ,on ,easter ,monday1 ,april #b1 #ahjd1 a new sort of entertainment called #8,naumachia' was produced at ,sadler's ,wells4 ,an immense tank had been constructed under the stage and beyond it1 which could be filled by water from the ,new ,river1 and emptied at pleasure4 ,on this aquatic stage1 the boards being removed1 was given a mimic representation of the ,siege of ,gibraltar1 in which real vessels of considerable size bombarded the fortress1 but were subdued by the garrison and to all appearance burnt4#hf ,after a time the success of the novelty was prodigious1 and many pieces of the same kind were afterwards produced4 ,this theatre was distinguished a generation ago as the home of ,shakespearean drama1 under the management of that sterling actor ,samuel ,phelps4 ,it was rebuilt in #ahgi4 ,the actual site of the old well has long been lost2 ,malcolm asserted that it had been discovered some time before he wrote #8in the space between the ,new ,river and the stage-door' of the theatre1 and that it was said to have been encircled with stone1 with a descent of several steps4 ,cromwell1 however1 writing a few years later1 tells us that #8persons who have an intimate acquaintance with the theatre for the last half-century have no recollection of the discovery2 and as it is known that springs yet exist under the orchestra and stage1 it seems probable that the ancient healing fountain might be traced to that situation4' ,for a few years1 during the first half of the seventeenth century1 there was a rival to ,sadler's ,wells in a popular place of amusement called #8,the ,new ,wells near the ,london ,spa4' ,there were gardens here1 and a theatre1 in which took place what we should now call variety entertainments4 ,mrs4 ,charlotte ,charke--the eccentric daughter of ,colley ,cibber1 was one of the performers4 ,ceasing to attract1 it was closed in #agdg1 the theatre being afterwards used as a chapel under the auspices of ,john ,wesley1 and1 according to ,pinks1 the houses ,nos4 #e to #h1 ,rosoman ,street now occupy the site4 ,lysons1 ,halliwell ,phillipps1 and others1 have confused the mineral spring discovered by ,sadler with a mineral spring of greater celebrity called the ,new ,tunbridge ,wells2 but1 though near each other1 they were quite distinct4 ,in #afii a narrative poem was published under the title of #8,a ,walk to ,islington1 with a ,description of ,new ,tunbridge ,wells and ,sadler's ,musick ,house1' in which the fame of the wells is ascribed to its medicinal water1 and that of the music-house to such good cheer as cheesecakes1 custards1 bottled ale and cider1 and the diversions of singing and dancing4 ,an article in the ,gentleman's ,magazine for ,december1 #ahac1 puts the matter beyond a doubt2 and their relative positions are clearly marked in ,horwood's map of #agii4 ,new ,tunbridge ,wells1 or the ,islington ,spa 7really1 of course1 in the parish of ,clerkenwell71 was a spring of chalybeate water in a garden1 the entrance to which until #ahaj was opposite the ,new ,river ,head on the south side2 ,no4 #f1 ,eliza ,place marked the site4 ,this street1 a continuation west of ,myddleton ,place1 has1 like it1 been absorbed by ,rosebery ,avenue4 ,the spa was open to the public before #afhe1 as is proved by a curious advertisement in the ,london ,gazette of ,september #bd in that year3 #8,whereas ,mr4 ,john ,langley1 of ,london1 ,merchant1 who bought the ,rhinoceros and ,islington ,wells1 has been represented by divers of his malicious adversaries to be a person of no estate or reputation1 nor able to discharge his debts2 which evil practices have been on purpose to ruin and destroy his reputation1' etc4 ,the character of the company soon after this may be judged from a burlesque poem1 published in #afia2 it contains the lines which head this chapter4 ,in #agjj there was #8music for dancing all day long1 every ,monday and ,thursday during the summer season4 ,no mask to be admitted4' ,a few years later the spa became fashionable1 being patronized by ladies of such position as ,lady ,mary ,wortley ,montagu4 ,it was at its zenith in #agcc1 when the ,princesses ,amelia and ,caroline1 daughters of ,george ,,ii41 came daily in the summer and drank the waters4 ,at this time1 as we learn from the ,gentleman's ,magazine1 #8,such was the concourse of nobility and others that the proprietor took above #cj in a morning4 ,on the birthday of the ,princesses1 as they passed through the ,spa ,field 7which was generally filled with carriages71 they were saluted with a discharge of #ba guns1 a compliment which was always paid them on their arrival2 and in the evening there was a great bonfire1 and the guns were discharged several times4' ,islington ,spa continued with1 on the whole1 declining fortune throughout the rest of the eighteenth century4 ,soon afterwards it was found necessary to curtail the garden1 and a great part of the old coffee-room was pulled down4 ,about the year #ahaj1 the old entrance being closed1 a new one was made in ,lloyd's ,row2 and finally1 in #ahdj1 what remained of the garden was altogether done away with1 and two rows of houses1 called ,spa ,cottages1 were built on the site4 ,even now there is a house at the corner of ,lloyd's ,row and ,spa ,cottages1 the residence of the last proprietor1 which recalls the vanished glory of other days by the inscription in capital letters1 #8,,islington ,,spa1 ,,or ,,new ,,tunbridge ,,wells4' ,at the back1 in the cellar of ,no4 #f1 ,spa ,cottages1 ,i have seen grotto-work with stone pilasters2 on each side are steps descending4 ,here1 ,i believe1 was the original chalybeate spring2 for many years it has ceased to flow4 ,horwood's map of #agii shows some of these suburban spas and places of amusement very distinctly4 ,islington ,spa is marked just south of the ,new ,river ,head1 and over a hundred yards south-west of ,sadler's ,wells4 ,the garden is of considerable size1 running east1 apparently to ,st4 ,john ,street ,road4 ,a short distance to the west1 and also near the ,new ,river ,head1 is ,merlin's ,cave--a rural tavern and holiday-resort of ,londoners--named1 it is said1 after an artificial cave1 dug out in #ahce in the royal gardens at ,richmond1 by order of ,queen ,caroline1 and of which there was here1 perhaps1 a humble imitation4 ,again1 some distance to the south of the ,new ,river ,head1 at the corner of ,rosoman ,street and ,exmouth ,street1 one sees the words #8,london ,spa1' on a public-house with that sign erected in #ahce to replace a former building4 ,this is on or near the site of another mineral spring once1 as we have seen1 sufficiently famous to be named in a description of the ,new ,wells1#hg a neighbouring establishment4 ,in #8,poor ,robin's ,almanack' for #agcc1 occurs the following doggerel1 which refers to the month of ,july3 #8,now sweethearts with their sweethearts go ,to ,islington or ,london ,spaw2 ,some go but just to drink the water1 ,some for the ale which they like better4' ,in point of fact1 the spa ale sold here seems before the middle of the century to have become famous1 when the mineral water was no longer heard of4 ,spa ,fields1 which adjoined1 were an open waste1 a ,sunday resort of ,londoners of the lower class addicted to rough sports4 ,i have already referred to these fields at page #fi1 when speaking of the ,ducking-pond public-house and its successors1 the ,pantheon1 and ,spa ,fields ,chapel1 the first of #8the ,countess of ,huntingdon's ,connexion4' ,she died in the house adjoining it on ,june #ag1 #agia4 ,at the end of last century one might have had an almost rural walk from the ,london ,spa west to ,bagnigge ,wells1 a more famous place of entertainment4 ,the way would have been along ,exmouth ,street1 then built on the south side only1 and called ,braynes ,row2 a relic of its early days remains in the form of a tablet between ,nos4 #cb and #cd1 which has inscribed on it #8,braynes ,buildings #agfe4' ,at the end of this street was a turnpike1 and at right angles to it was the ,bagnigge ,wells ,road1 the lower portion of which had the suggestive name of ,coppice ,row4 ,north-west from the turnpike1 it ran between fields as far as a little group of houses called ,brook ,place1 and then a few more steps would have taken one to ,bagnigge ,wells1#hh within the borders of ,st4 ,pancras4 ,there was a tradition1 unsupported1 ,i believe1 by any evidence1 that ,nell ,gwynne had here a place of summer abode1 #8pleasantly situated amid the ,fields1 and on the banks of the ,fleet1' then a clear stream flowing rapidly and somewhat subject to floods4 ,this was ,bagnigge ,house1 a gabled building1 some trace of which still remained as late as the year #ahdd4 ,inside1 it had originally some curious decorative features2 over a chimney-piece in one of the rooms were the ,royal arms and other heraldic bearings1 and between them #8the bust of a woman in ,roman dress1 let deep into a circular cavity of the wall1 bordered with festoons of delf earth in the natural colours and glazed4' ,these were afterwards removed from this position1 and set up in a long room built for assemblies and balls1 which1 formed the eastern boundary of the garden4 ,an aquatint print of the interior of this room was published by ,j4 ,r4 ,smith in #aggb1 after a painting by ,saunders4 ,the place seems to have been opened for purposes of amusement early in the eighteenth century2 for in ,beckham's#hi curious work1 the #8,musical ,entertainer' 7circa #agch71 is an engraving of ,tom ,hippersly there1 mounted in the #8singing rostrum1' regaling the company with a song4 ,the inevitable healing springs1 which always1 no doubt1 made their appearance when wanted1 were1 it would seem1 a comparatively late discovery1 first introduced to the public by ,dr4 ,john ,bevis1 who in #agfj wrote #8,an ,experimental ,enquiry concerning the ,contents1 ,quality and ,medicinal ,value of two ,mineral ,waters lately discovered at ,bagnigge ,wells near ,london4' ,one was supposed to be purging1 and the other chalybeate2 he gives an elaborate account of each4 ,about the year #agge the place#ij was #8,the ,sunday ,ramble' as #8by no means barren of amusement1 and visited in the morning by hundreds of persons to drink the water1 and on summer afternoons by numerous tea-drinking parties4' ,the writer tells of #8beautiful walks ornamented with a great variety of curious shrubs and flowers all in the utmost perfection1' and #8a small round fish-pond1 in the centre of which is a curious fountain representing ,cupid bestriding a swan1 which spouts the water to a great height4' ,the ,fleet1#ia or1 as it was sometimes there called1 the ,bagnigge ,river1 now a sewer1 but at that time still comparatively undefiled1 flowed through part of the garden2 it was crossed by a bridge1 and the banks were rich with vegetation1 insomuch that1 as ,archer tells us1 ,luke ,clennell1 the artist1 often came here and made foreground studies for his pictures4 ,but tastes change3 the mineral waters ceased to attract2 people of fashion came no more4 ,as early as #aggi ,bagnigge ,wells is described as a place #8,where #8prenticed youth enjoy the ,sunday feast1 ,and ,city matrons boast their ,sabbath rest1 ,where unfledged ,templars first as fops parade1 ,and new-made ensigns sport their first cockade4' ,later it became a mere cockney tea-garden1 and gradually declined1 till in ,lewis's #8,history of ,islington1' #ahdb1 it is described as almost a ruin4 ,shortly afterwards it was closed and dismantled1 and now all trace of it has disappeared1 save the name1 which has been appropriated by a modern tavern at the corner of ,king's ,cross ,road 7formerly ,bagnigge ,wells ,road7 and ,pakenham ,street1 and a curious stone tablet surmounted by a grotesque head1 of which ,i here give an illustration4 ,illustration ,this is now to be seen built into the wall between two modern houses--,nos4 #fa and #fc1 ,king's ,cross ,road--probably near the north-western limit of the garden4 ,it is mentioned by ,dr4 ,bevis in #agfj as having been #8over an old ,gothic portal taken down about three years ago1 and now replaced over the door from the high-road to the house4' ,at that time1 ,i believe1 the grotesque head was added4 ,about thirty years ago1 as may be learned from a letter in the ,builder1 ,january1 #ahfc1 the doorway was pulled down and the stone fixed where one may still see it1 in front of the houses built on the site4 ,i was glad to find this stone still in existence2 it is worth rescuing from oblivion4 ,the inscription runs as follows3 #8,this is ,bagnigge ,house neare the ,pinder a ,wakefielde #afhj4' ,the latter place1 thus referred to1 was an old country tavern in the ,gray's ,inn ,road4 ,mr4 ,wheatley says it was on the west side1 and that the small houses between ,harrison ,street and ,cromer ,street1 till recently called ,pindar ,place1 occupied the site2 and1 confirming his statement1 it is shown in ,strype's map on the west side of #8the road to ,hamstead4' ,the modern public-house with this sign is on the east side4 ,tom ,brown1 in his #8,comical ,view of ,london and ,westminster1' published in #agje1 gives us a pleasant glimpse of the then surroundings--of a stile near ,lamb's ,conduit1 and #8a milkmaid crossing the fields to ,pinder of ,wakefield4' ,there is mention of it immediately after the ,great ,fire1 by ,aubrey4 ,when the inscription was first put up1 ,bagnigge ,house and the ,pinder of ,wakefield were probably next-door neighbours1 though their sites are now separated by a dreary wilderness of bricks and mortar4 ,palmer1 in his #8,history of ,st4 ,pancras1' records that in #agbd the ,pinder of ,wakefield was destroyed in a hurricane1 the landlord's two daughters being buried in the ruins4 ,the word ,pinder1 equivalent to pinner or penner1 was applied to the keeper of the public pen or pound for the confinement of stray cattle4 ,george a-,green1 or the ,pinder of the town of ,wakefield1 is the subject of a prose romance supposed to be as old as the time of ,queen ,elizabeth4 ,he 7so runs the legend71 with his back to a thorn and his foot to a stone1 thrashed no less a foe than ,robin ,hood4 ,before quitting this branch of my subject1 ,i will say a few words about a former health-resort within a stone's throw of the old ,pinder of ,wakefield4 ,on the east side of ,gray's ,inn ,road1 near the upper end1 by the ,king's ,cross ,station on the ,metropolitan ,railway1 is a shabby-looking passage called ,st4 ,chad's ,row1 which1 turning to the north1 runs into ,king's ,cross ,road1 and here is the site of the well named after ,st4 ,chad or ,st4 ,ceadda1 who founded the bishopric of ,lichfield1 and died in #fgb4 ,in ,laurie and ,whittle's map of #ahjj1 the extension of ,gray's ,inn ,road northwards is called ,st4 ,chad's ,road4 ,the well1 however1 as far as ,i can ascertain1 was not particularly ancient--or1 if so1 the early records are lost4 ,hone describes it in his #8,everyday ,book' in the following prophetic words3 #8,st4 ,chad's ,well is near ,battle ,bridge4 ,the miraculous water is aperient1 and was some years ago quaffed by the bilious and other invalids1 who flocked thither in crowds4444 ,a few years and it will be with its waters as with the water of ,st4 ,pancras' ,well1 which is enclosed in the garden of a private house near old ,st4 ,pancras ,churchyard4' ,the garden attached to ,st4 ,chad's ,well seems in the last century to have been famous for its tulips2 at least1 if one may believe an advertisement in my possession1 which has the date #aggi4 ,it speaks of #8,the largest and richest collection of early ,dutch tulips ever yet seen in ,great ,britain1 now in bloom1 with many fine double hyacinths of various colours raised by ,van ,hawsen1 to be had of ,richard ,morris at ,st4 ,chad's ,wells1 ,battle ,bridge1 near ,london2 the lowest prices marked in the catalogue1 which may be had as above1 and the flowers seen gratis4 ,no person admitted with a dog4 ,seedsmen and gardeners will be furnished wholesale with ,duke ,vantol1 ,claremond1 and many other sorts of early tulips at the ,dutch prices1 and with the usual discount3 the grand present ,auricula at #as4 per pot3 ,gold and ,silver ,fish cheap4' ,mr4 ,pinks gives the particulars of the sale by auction of ,st4 ,chad's ,well on ,september #ad1 #ahcg4 ,it seems that there was then a brick house facing ,gray's ,inn ,lane1 having a pump-room and a large garden at the back4 ,the water appears to have been still sold three years afterwards1 when a pamphlet was issued setting forth #8the characteristic virtues of the ,saint ,chad's ,wells aperient and alterative springs4' ,illustration ,illustration ,,chapter ,,ix4 ,,two ,,old ,,city ,,mansions4 #8,the crowning city1 whose merchants are princes1 whose traffickers are the honourable of the earth4' ,isaiah xxiii4 #h4 ,,before the summer of #ahib a large and interesting old mansion was destroyed in the ,city4 ,this1 known as ,nos4 #h and #i1 ,great ,st4 ,helen's1 ,bishopsgate ,street1 was situated on the south side of the churchyard4 ,it was of brick1 having engaged pilasters1 which were furnished with stone bases and capitals2 they also had bands1 on two of which1 composed1 however1 of cement1 appeared in relief the initials ,a ,l ,i and the date #afdf4 ,the projecting sills or cornices1 and the deep keystones of the first-floor windows1 gave a striking character to the house4 ,it was also memorable as an early specimen of brickwork in ,london1 and as dating from a period before the formal conclusion of the ,civil ,war1 when building operations were almost at a standstill4 ,no4 #i had1 in a room on the first-floor1 a wooden seventeenth-century mantelpiece1#ib behind which1 on its removal1 were found traces of an older mantelpiece of marble1 and evidence of the former existence of a large open fireplace4 ,illustration3 ,,nos4 #h ,,and #i1 ,,great ,,st4 ,,helen',s4 ,there was a beautiful staircase1 quite ,elizabethan in style2 a blocked-up window with wooden transoms for casements was also discovered2 so it seems likely that some years after the building of the house considerable alterations took place4 ,the faade has often been attributed to ,inigo ,jones1#ic but it had not his classic symmetry1 and looked like the work of a less-instructed native genius4 ,besides1 ,inigo ,jones1 a ,royalist and ,roman ,catholic1 was taken prisoner in ,october1 #afde1 at the storming of ,basing ,house1 having been there during the siege1 which had lasted since ,august1 #afdc4 ,he was apparently not free to return to his profession until ,july #b1 #afdf1 when1 after payment of a heavy fine1 his estate1 which had been sequestrated1 was restored to him1 and he received pardon by an ordinance of the ,house of ,commons1 to which the ,lords gave their assent4 ,it is difficult to believe that1 whilst he was passing through such a crisis1 or in the few months succeeding it1 he should have been superintending a work in the ,puritan ,city4 ,at the time of his release the great architect was seventy-four years of age1 and1 as far as we know1 he hardly practised his profession afterwards4 ,aubrey tells us that in #afdh1 the south side of ,wilton ,house having been destroyed1 it was restored by his advice1 #8but he being then very old could not be there in person1 but left it to ,mr4 ,webb1' his pupil and executor4 ,the division of ,nos4 #h and #i1 ,great ,st4 ,helen's into two took place in the course of last century1 probably about #agej1 to judge from the style of the fanlights and projecting hoods to the front-doors1 and from the staircase of ,no4 #h1 the upper part of which1 however1 was much more archaic1 and may have served as part of the back-staircase to the original house4 ,at the time of these later alterations a new brick front was put to the top story1 the windows being protected by high iron railings1 which showed that these upper rooms were used as nurseries4 ,before this there was1 ,i should imagine1 a high-pitched roof1 perhaps hipped1 with dormer windows4 ,there must also have been an appropriate cornice and frieze1 which would have balanced the heavy projecting window-sills below4 ,that the house always had a fourth story is proved by the fact that both the old staircases extended to the top4 ,the accompanying illustration of part of the front is from a beautiful measured drawing by ,mr4 ,h4 ,o4 ,tarbolton1 who studied the house very carefully just before its demolition4 ,illustration3 ,,part ,,of ,,the ,,old ,,house ,,in ,,great ,,st4 ,,helen',s1 ,,from ,a ,,measured ,,drawing4 ,in ,allen's #8,history of ,london1' vol4 iii41 p4 #aeg1 ,i find a statement that this brick mansion 7identified by mention of its initials and date7 was #8formerly the residence of ,sir ,j4 ,lawrence1 ,lord ,mayor in #affe4' ,this appears to be the origin of the idea that the house was built for him1 and that he kept his mayoralty there1 which has of late been usually accepted as a fact4 ,there is no doubt that ,nos4 #h and #i1 ,great ,st4 ,helen's was his property in #affe1 but he was living in a house of totally different appearance--an illustration of which1 by ,t4 ,prattent1 published in #agif1 forms the frontispiece to vol4 xxix4 of the ,european ,magazine4 ,as there shown1 it had elaborate plaster decorations in front1 with the ,city arms and the arms of ,lawrence1 and last1 though not least1 the inscription ,sr ,,jl--,k ,a4 #affb4 ,sir ,john ,lawrence's residence is marked by name in the map of ,bishopsgate ,street ,ward accompanying ,strype's ,stow1 where a slight sketch of it is also given2 the present ,jewish synagogue in ,great ,st4 ,helen's is a little bit west of the site4 ,having looked up the history of the ,lawrence family1 and its connection with this parish1 ,i think ,i can show that the initials on the pilaster of ,nos4 #h and #i1 ,great ,st4 ,helen's were not those of ,sir ,john ,lawrence and his wife ,abigail1 but of his uncle ,adam and his uncle's wife4 ,the ,lawrences1 like many other eminent mercantile families1 were originally ,dutch or ,flemish4 ,the name was spelt in various ways1 as ,laurens1 ,laureijns1 ,laurents1 etc41 until1 when its possessors became thoroughly anglicized1 it took the ,english form4 ,le ,neve1 the herald1 says that a ,marcus ,lawrence1 from ,flanders1 who had married ,gertrude ,huesen1 came and settled in ,london4 ,he had1 among other children1 a son ,abraham and a son ,adam4 ,the latter was baptized at the ,dutch ,church1 ,austin ,friars1 ,september #h1 #aehd2id and one may fairly assume that it was he who there married1 ,may #bh1 #afaj1 ,judith ,van den ,brugghe1 of ,norwich1 where there was then a strong settlement of people from the ,low ,countries4 ,he was appointed deacon of the ,dutch ,church in #afbh1 and became an elder in #afcb4 ,eleven years later he had taken up his residence in ,great ,st4 ,helen's1 as we learn from an entry in the parish register1#ie which suggests the forlorn condition of the homeless poor in those days4 ,on the #bcrd of ,april1 #afdc1 #8a female infant1 found dead at the dore of ,mr4 ,adam ,lawrence1 merchant1 was buried in the churchyard' there4 ,what house he was then living in ,i am not able to determine2 but in the year #afdf the house just now destroyed was doubtless either built or altered for his own residence1 and on it was placed an inscription1 according to the custom of the country whence he sprang4 ,i have previously pointed out that in inscriptions of this kind the initial of the husband's ,christian name is almost invariably on the left1 the wife's on the right1 and that of the surname above4 ,the letters in question would therefore have stood for #8,adam and ,judith ,lawrence4' ,in #afej came the inevitable ending to their long married life4 ,on the #ith of ,april it is recorded that ,judith #8,laurents'#if was buried in the church of ,great ,st4 ,helen's4 ,adam died in ,october1 #afeg4 ,his will describes him as a merchant1 and he seems to have been a very prosperous one4 ,he desires to be buried near his wife1 in ,great ,st4 ,helen's1 and leaves #ajj to the poor of the ,dutch congregation in ,austin ,friars1 and #ajj towards the maintenance of the ministry there2 also similar legacies for the parish of ,great ,st4 ,helen's1 and #ajj to the poor children of ,christ's ,hospital4 ,amongst numerous nephews1 he singles out for special favour ,john1 who seems to have been a son of his brother ,abraham4 ,to him he leaves several houses and gardens in the parish1 amongst others his #8now dwelling-house1 with the yards1 garden edifices1 appurtenances1 and hereditaments whatsoever thereunto belonging4' ,this1 no doubt1 was ,nos4 #h and #i1 ,great ,st4 ,helen's1 unless after his wife's death he had shifted into another residence4 ,adam also left to his nephew ,john his share in the #8sister's thread trade1' whatever that may mean1 which he had in partnership with ,abraham ,cullen1#ig the elder1 and ,philip ,van ,cassole2 and #a1ejj to ,abigail1 his nephew's wife1 who died in #afha1 and whose monument still exists in ,great ,st4 ,helen's ,church1 where it is recorded that she was #8the tender mother of ten children4 ,the nine first1 being all daughters1 she suckled at her own breasts2 they all lived to be of age4 ,her last1 a son1 died an infant4 ,shee lived a married wife #ci years1 #bc whereof she was an exemplary matron of this ,cittie1#ih dying in the #eith year of her age4' ,this lady was eldest daughter of ,abraham ,cullen1 who appears to have been nearly related to the ,lawrence family4 ,one paragraph of ,adam's will is worth quoting1 because it seems to indicate that pretentious public funerals were then not uncommon in the ,city1 and that he1 at any rate1 was free from a taste for vulgar display4 ,he says3 #8,lastly1 my desire is that my funerall be decently performed without anie pompe or ceremonie of mourners1 and that my corps be carried from my own dwelling house1 not troubling any publique hall4' ,john ,lawrence1 the nephew1 seems to have been a pattern ,city merchant4 ,he had begun life as a ,bluecoat boy1 hence1 perhaps1 his uncle's legacy4 ,in #afeh he served the office of ,sheriff4 ,on ,june #af1 #affj1 he was knighted by ,charles ,,ii41 when that monarch1 accompanied by his brothers1 the ,dukes of ,york and ,gloucester1 and some of the nobility1 was entertained at supper by the ,lord ,mayor1 ,sir ,thomas ,alleyne4 ,in #affb ,sir ,john ,lawrence appears to have built a new house for himself1 the one before alluded to1 which was drawn by ,prattent1 not unlikely on a #8garden plot' mentioned in his uncle's will4 ,in #affd he was elected ,lord ,mayor1 and ,evelyn speaks of a #8most magnificent triumph by water and land' on that occasion4 ,evelyn also attended the ,lord ,mayor's banquet1 and tells us that it was said to have cost #a1jjj4 ,he dined at the upper table with the ,lord ,chancellor1 the ,dukes of ,albermarle1 ,ormonde and ,buckingham1 the ,french ,ambassador and other great personages4 ,the ,lord ,mayor twice came up to them1 #8first drinking in the golden goblet his ,majesty's health1 then the ,french ,king's as a compliment to the ,ambassador'2 they #8returned my ,lord ,mayor's health1 the trumpets and drums sounding4 ,the cheer was not to be imagined for the plenty and rarity1 with an infinite number of persons at the tables in that ample hall4' ,sir ,john ,lawrence showed both courage and liberality whilst the ,great ,plague was raging in the following year4 ,he stuck to his post1 #8enforced the wisest regulations then known1' and1 when multitudes of servants were dismissed through fear of contagion1 he is said to have #8supported them all1 as well as the needy who were sick2 at first by expending his own fortune1 till subscriptions could be solicited and received from all parts of the nation4' ,dr4 ,erasmus ,darwin1 in his #8,loves of the ,plants1' canto ii41 devotes a few lines to #8,london's generous ,mayor4' ,five deaths only are recorded in ,great ,st4 ,helen's during the year #affe1 which suggests that those connected with the ,church showed less courage than the chief parishioner1 and that the register was neglected4 ,in #afhd the house of late numbered #h and #i1 ,great ,st4 ,helen's was in the occupation of one ,william ,moses4 ,that year ,sir ,john ,lawrence1 who so far had not handed over his uncle's legacy for the poor of the parish1 agreed to discharge his obligation by payment of #bej1 and to give #ajj in addition for leave to make a family vault in the church4 ,in #afij ,sir ,john was living in ,putney1 as appears from the churchwardens' accounts4#ii ,he died ,january1 #afia-b1 and was buried on the #bith of that month1 in the family vault which had been constructed for him under the church of ,great ,st4 ,helen's1 but no monument to his memory exists4 ,the ,rev4 ,j4 ,e4 ,cox1 ,d4,d41 in his #8,annals of ,st4 ,helen's' tells us that at the church restoration of #ahfe-h #8a quaint piece of carved work1 which had been set up to sustain the ,lord ,mayor's sword and mace1 was removed to the pillar dividing the choir from the ,chapel of the ,holy ,ghost4' ,the following is a description of it taken almost verbatim from ,allen3 #8,it consists of two twisted ,corinthian columns1 supporting an entablature highly enriched1 and an attic panel4 ,the shafts of the columns are set off with a wreath of foliage running round them4 ,on the frieze are the arms of ,sir ,john ,lawrence1 in the attic are the ,city arms1 and the whole structure is crowned with the arms of ,charles ,,ii41 supported by two gilt angels1 and surmounted with the royal crown4' ,i hope that this interesting memento of a great ,city worthy1 though not #8,gothic' in style1 will be carefully preserved during the far more wholesale restoration which is now in progress4 ,sir ,john ,lawrence's arms were3 argent1 a cross raguly gules1 a canton ermine4#ajj ,peter le ,neve says that they were granted to him ,september #ah1 #affd1 and to his brothers ,james and ,abraham1 sons of ,abraham ,lawrence deceased2 but it must have been earlier1 as they appear on his house associated with the date #affb4 ,faulkner1 in his #8,history of ,chelsea1' no doubt deceived by the fact that their arms were identical1 assumes that ,sir ,john ,lawrence belonged to the ancient ,english family of the same name1 whose memory is perpetuated by various monuments at the end of the north aisle of ,chelsea old church4 ,both he and ,dr4 ,cox#aja go so far as to say that ,sir ,john was buried there2 but his namesake1 #8,sir ,john ,lawrence1 ,knight and ,baronet1' to whose memory a tablet was placed against the east wall of ,chelsea ,church1 belonged to ,iver1 in the county of ,bucks1 and died in #afch1 aged fifty years1 as appears by the inscription4 ,for several generations the descendants of the famous ,lord ,mayor continued to own the house which became ,nos4 #h and #i1 ,great ,st4 ,helen's4 ,it afterwards passed into the hands of the ,guise family1 from whom it was inherited by an ancestor of the last possessor1 ,mr4 ,john ,cosens ,stevens4 ,peace be to its memory6 ,the passage from ,great ,st4 ,helen's into ,bishopsgate ,street passes under old gabled buildings which date from before the time of the ,great ,fire4 ,on the left is the northern front of ,crosby ,hall1 part of a ,gothic mansion unrivalled in its day1 though little of the original structure remains4 ,this side was almost entirely rebuilt more than fifty years ago4 ,the oriel window1 weathered by ,london atmosphere1 has a very picturesque effect2 it is surmounted by the arms of ,sir ,john ,crosby1 the eminent citizen who built and first possessed the mansion1 and who lies buried in the adjoining church1 where there is a rich altar-tomb to his memory1 with the recumbent figures of him and his first wife1 ,anneys4 ,on this tomb also are the ,crosby arms1 namely3 sable1 a chevron ermine between three rams trippant argent1 armed and hoofed or4 ,sir ,john1 a keen supporter of the ,house of ,york1 was knighted by ,edward ,,iv4 in the year #adga2 he served as ,sheriff of ,london in #adgj1 and held the important post of ,mayor of the ,staple of ,calais4 ,opposite to ,crosby ,hall1 on the northern side of ,great ,st4 ,helen's ,passage1 there stood till ,september1 #ahib1 a structure which1 though unpretentious1 had an air of quaintness1 with its iron railings in front and broad white window-frames4 ,the inscription on a tablet above the door of this building ran as follows3 #8,these alms-houses were founded by ,sir ,andrew ,judd1 ,kt41 ,citizen ,skinner and ,lord ,mayor of ,london1 ,anno ,dom4 #aeea4 ,for six poor men of ye said ,company4 ,rebuilt by ye said ,company ,anno ,dom4 #agbi4' ,the original alms-houses are supposed to have been further east4 ,sir ,andrew ,judd was a native of ,tunbridge in ,kent1 near which town he inherited considerable estates4 ,having entered commercial life1 he made a large fortune by trading in furs1 and1 as ,stow tells us1 he kept his mayoralty in a #8fair house' in ,bishopsgate ,street1 which had been before used for a similar purpose by ,sir ,william ,holles1 the ancestor of the ,earls of ,clare4 ,it was during ,judd's mayoralty1 in #aeej1 that the ,city of ,london obtained from the ,king by charter lands in ,southwark1 forming now so important a property1 and to which ,i alluded in my account of the ,dog and ,duck1 ,st4 ,george's ,fields4 ,sir ,andrew was also buried in the church of ,great ,st4 ,helen's1 which has been a sort of ,westminster ,abbey for great citizens4 ,a quaint ,elizabethan monument marks his resting-place4 ,the inscription gives quite a little biography of him2 as was remarked by one of our ,transatlantic cousins1 #8it states all the facts1 and rhymes in some places4' ,in the #8,historical ,collections of the ,noble ,families of ,cavendish1 ,holles1 ,vere1 ,harley and ,ogle1' ed4 ,lond4 #ageb1 compiled by ,arthur ,collins1 it is asserted that1 in building the alms-houses1 ,judd was only acting as executor to his cousin #8,elizabeth1 widow of ,sir ,william ,holles of ,st4 ,helen's1 ,alderman1' and this seems to be shown by her will1 which was proved ,march #bh1 #aedd4 ,stow1 however1 does not mention her name in connection with the charity4 ,it was augmented by ,sir ,andrew ,judd's daughter1 ,alice ,smyth1 of ,westenhanger1 ,kent4 ,sir ,andrew had also been executor to the ,holles family4 ,his original alms-houses were nearer the church than those the site of which the ,skinners' ,company has now1 ,i believe1 disposed of4 ,he also founded and endowed ,tunbridge ,grammar ,school4 ,great ,st4 ,helen's is being so rapidly #8improved' that it will soon become quite commonplace and uninteresting4 ,a piece was shorn off the churchyard some years ago1 no one exactly knew why1 and several picturesque plastered houses1 immediately west of ,nos4 #h and #i1 have been pulled down within my memory4 ,at the corner1 opposite to the pretty south porch of the church1 attributed by the ,rev4 ,thomas ,hugo to ,inigo ,jones1 a quaint and very old building still remains1 which actually touched the house of the ,lawrences4 ,no4 #aj is constructed of wood and plaster1 with projecting upper stories and massive timbering2 it dates from long before the ,great ,fire2 the inside1 however1 has been modernized4 ,tradition boldly asserts that ,anne ,boleyn's father1 ,sir ,thomas1 afterwards ,viscount ,rochford and ,earl of ,wiltshire1 at one time lived here4 ,it is an undoubted fact that one of the name was intimately connected with ,st4 ,helen's1 for #8on the #bdth ,december1 #bfth ,hen4 ,,viii41 #aecd1 the ,prioress and ,convent appointed ,sir ,james ,bolleyne1 knt41 to be steward of their lands and tenements in ,london and elsewhere1 the duties to be performed either by himself or a sufficient deputy1 during the life of the said ,james1 at a stipend of forty shillings a year1 payable at ,christmas4 ,if in arrear for six weeks the said ,james might enter and distrain4' ,query3 was this ,sir ,thomas ,boleyn's elder brother8 ,there was a right of way hereabout from very early times1 for ,dugdale tells us that in the ,hundred ,roll of #crd ,edward ,i4 several entries occur relating to an attempt which the nuns made to stop up the lane or passage through the court of their nunnery from ,bishopsgate ,street to ,st4 ,mary ,axe1 sometimes called ,st4 ,helen's ,lane4 ,if1 as is possible1 the house dates from before the ,dissolution of the ,monasteries1 when it first saw the light there must have been few buildings near the even then venerable ,church of ,st4 ,helen and the adjoining priory4 ,crosby ,place1 indeed1 stood hard by1 on land leased from the nuns for a term of ninety-nine years1 but much open space yet remained4 ,even as late as the end of last century there was a considerable field or garden immediately to the east of the church1 as shown in a view by ,malcolm dated #agii4 ,the buildings and grounds of ,crosby ,place seem to have extended at first almost to ,leadenhall ,street4 ,the houses#ajb in ,crosby ,square are said to have been built about the year #afgh1 on the site of some of the offices which had been destroyed by fire4 ,i cannot say how it happened that in the early part of the seventeenth century a house of considerable size had already been erected on part of ,crosby ,place1 or could it have been just outside the precincts8 ,this was latterly known as ,no4 #be1 ,bishopsgate ,street ,within1 or ,crosby ,hall ,chambers4 ,it succumbed to the pickaxe of the builder as nearly as possible at the same time as ,adam ,lawrence's old residence in ,great ,st4 ,helen's4 ,the part facing ,bishopsgate ,street had no sign of antiquity except two carved festoons of flowers1 much blocked up with paint1 between the first-floor windows4 ,up a passage1#ajc however1 one could see something of the north side or front1 which showed architectural features of merit4 ,it rested on round arches composed of rustic work1 and above were pilasters furnished with capitals4 ,on the first-floor1 looking out on this passage1 there was a room adorned by a very beautiful chimney-piece1 with the initials ,g ,b and the date #afcc in the centre panel4 ,the lower part is of stone1 the over-mantel of oak1 in very fine condition1 all the delicacy of the carving having been preserved by thick layers of paint1 which have just been removed4 ,on the ceiling of the same room there was also a fragment of original plaster decoration1 which has been presented to the ,south ,kensington ,museum4 ,the site of ,crosby ,hall ,chambers will be occupied by the ,bank of ,scotland4 ,it is proposed to put up the chimney-piece in their new premises4 ,in #aheg the ,rev4 ,thomas ,hugo1 ,f4,s4,a41 wrote an interesting itinerary of the ,ward of ,bishopsgate for the journal of the ,london and ,middlesex ,archological ,society4 ,his paper was republished in book form five years later2 it contains valuable illustrations of ,nos4 #h and #i1 ,great ,st4 ,helen's and of ,crosby ,hall ,chambers1 besides other houses which have passed away4 ,the letterpress is inspired by a fine enthusiasm2 but his architectural judgment is1 ,i think1 not altogether to be relied on4 ,he considers that both the above-named buildings were designed by ,inigo ,jones4 ,austin ,friars1 another region in the heart of the ,city perhaps as interesting as that which ,i have just described1 is1 like it1 rapidly being transformed4 ,not long ago it still maintained a distinctive character4 ,something of monastic calm seemed to linger about the old home and grounds of the begging friars1 crowned by part of their church1 which since ,edward ,,vi4's time has been handed over to the ,dutch congregation of ,london4 ,outside1 in ,broad ,street1 there was the roar and confusion of a mighty traffic2 within the sacred precinct there was peace3 wheeled vehicles seldom entered the very foot passengers1 ,i have thought1 used to slacken their pace1 and relax for a moment the grim1 determined look which1 as a rule1 characterizes the man whose mind is bent on business4 ,passing round what remains of the old church1 one may still see a house--,no4 #aj--which is an excellent example of the real ,queen ,anne style2 to judge from the date on a rainpipe1 it was probably completed in the year #agjd4 ,the porch has a flight of steps2 ascending this1 one finds before one a spacious staircase panelled throughout1 and especially noticeable on account of its fine painted ceiling1 one of the last to be met with in a ,city mansion4 ,no4 #aa forms part of the same block of buildings4 ,retracing our steps1 we see standing back somewhat from the main roadway1 to the right of a new passage just opened into what is called1 in mockery1 ,drapers' ,gardens1 a tall new structure occupying the site of another old brick mansion the associations of which were very remarkable4 ,the house in question1 ,no4 #ba1 ,austin ,friars1 had been built during the latter part of the seventeenth century1 possibly even before the ,great ,fire1 which did not extend so far north2 it seems to be marked in ,ogilby's map of #afgg4 ,about the early possessors1 ,richard ,young and others1 nothing is known of any special interest4 ,in the year #agje it came into the hands of ,herman ,olmius1 merchant1 whose name occurs in the #8,little ,london ,directory' for #afgg1 where he is described as of ,angel ,alley1 ,bishopsgate ,street ,without4 ,he was descended from an ancient family of ,arlon1 in the duchy of ,luxemburg1 and was naturalized by ,act of ,parliament1 #bith ,charles ,,ii4 ,here he lived and carried on his business1 and here1 having made and inherited a large fortune1 he died in the year #agah4 ,his will shows that he was a member1 not of the ,dutch congregation of the neighbouring church in ,austin ,friars1 but of the ,french ,church in ,threadneedle ,street1 to which he left #aej for the benefit of the poor4 ,at the time of his death he possessed four other houses in ,austin ,friars1 #8with yards1 gardens1 and appurtenances1' a shop called the ,crane in the ,poultry1 and another with the sign of the ,plough in ,bucklersbury4 ,he also had much real property in ,essex and elsewhere4 ,herman was the son of ,johannes ,ludovicus or ,john ,lewis ,olmius1 and of his wife ,margareta ,gerverdine4 ,he married ,judith1 daughter and heiress of ,john ,drigue1 who also appears to have been living in ,angel ,court or ,alley in #afgg1 and who had also married an heiress1 the daughter of ,john ,billers4 ,herman ,olmius and his wife ,judith had no less than ten children1 but only two of them left offspring4 ,these were his younger daughter ,margaret1 wife of ,adrian ,lernoult1 who had predeceased him1 and to whose descendants the ,city property was bequeathed2 and ,john ,olmius1#ajd born in #afgj4 ,this gentleman became ,high ,sheriff of ,essex in #agjg1 a justice of the peace1 and ,deputy-,lieutenant of the county4 ,he died ,december #bj1 #agca1 being then ,deputy-,governor of the ,bank of ,england4 ,his wife was ,elizabeth1 daughter and sole heiress of ,thomas ,clarke1 a descendant of the ,clarkes of ,st4 ,ives1 ,huntingdon1 and probably her husband's cousin4 ,their son1 also named ,john1 was many years member of ,parliament1 and received an ,irish peerage under the title of ,lord ,waltham4 ,he married ,anne1 daughter of ,sir ,william ,billers1 ,lord ,mayor in #agcc1 and left a son and a daughter4 ,the former died without issue in #aghg1 when the family became extinct in the male line2 the latter having married ,john ,luttrell1 who was brother of the ,duchess of ,cumberland1#aje and who became third ,earl of ,carhampton1 had a daughter1 ,frances ,maria1 from whom is descended ,sir ,simeon ,henry ,stuart1 ,bart4 ,the ,olmius family possessed much land in ,essex1 and a large country seat at ,boreham1 now used as a convent4 ,at the ,saracen's ,head ,hotel1 ,chelmsford1 their fleeting dignity is still represented by two fine hall-chairs emblazoned with the ,olmius crest1 namely a demi-,moor in armour between laurel branches1 surmounted by a baron's coronet4 ,my friend ,mr4 ,francis ,galton would doubtless tell us that the failure of the family in the male line resulted naturally from marriage with heiresses and from intermarriage4 ,its rapid rise had also1 no doubt1 been in part owing to the former cause4 ,the house in ,austin ,friars continued for several generations to belong to the descendants of the younger daughter of ,herman ,olmius4 ,in #aghc ,hughes ,minet came to live here1 and in #ahjb he bought a sixth share from three brothers named ,clarke1 great-grandsons of ,margaret ,lernoult4 ,he was a merchant and banker1 of ,huguenot descent1 and his family had long carried on a prosperous business at ,dover4 ,his descendant1 ,mr4 ,william ,minet1 has just written a very interesting account of them4 ,the ,minets lived in ,austin ,friars for many years1 though they never owned more than a sixth of the property4 ,in #ahch ,mr4 ,isaac ,minet1 the then representative of the family1 sold his share of the freehold1 and we find ,messrs4 ,thomas1 ,son1 and ,lefevre established here1 the last-named being a brother of the late ,lord ,eversley4 ,the final owner was ,mr4 ,john ,fleming1 by whose courtesy ,i had the privilege of visiting the house on almost the last day that it remained intact4 ,in point of fact1 ,no4 #ba1 ,austin ,friars was by no means a striking specimen of architecture1 but having remained from the beginning practically unchanged1 there were points about it worthy of record4 ,externally it was a plain four-storied brick structure1 the only piece of decoration being a carved hood to the doorway which formed the chief entrance from ,austin ,friars4 ,passing through this1 the visitor found himself in a hall1 looking up a broad winding staircase with twisted balusters4 ,to the right was the counting-house1 panelled throughout with ,south ,carolina pine4 ,it had an old ,purbeck marble mantelpiece1 on the upper line of which appeared in white marble the ,olmius arms1#ajf quartered with those of the foreign families of ,gerverdine1 ,cappr1 ,drigue1 and ,reynstein4 ,the double panes above was worthy of remark as characteristic of the time of ,wren4 ,under an arch at the end of the counting-house was a strong-room lined throughout with ,dutch tiles4 ,mounting the staircase1 one came upon the dining-room1 with its ingeniously contrived cupboard1 and the drawing-room1 which looked out on what was1 till within the last few years1 the pleasant and ample garden of the ,drapers' ,company1 now covered1 all but a fragment1 with bricks and mortar4 ,a view of this garden is given in ,cassell's #8,old and ,new ,london1' vol4 i41 p4 #eag1 with ,no4 #ba1 ,austin ,friars showing itself beyond the trees in the middle distance2 but no reference to it is made in the letterpress4 ,on the first-floor also1 above the chief office1 was a small warehouse or sample-room1 an indispensable adjunct to the old merchant's dwelling1#ajg ,above were capital bedrooms1 while a narrow staircase gave access to the tiled roof1 surrounded by a stone parapet4 ,retracing one's steps to the hall1 one found1 flanking a passage on the side opposite to the counting-house1 a lofty kitchen still furnished with smoke-jack1 spit-racks1 and iron caldron-holders1 and adjoining the range an oven lined with blue and white ,dutch tiles1 no doubt a legacy of the ,olmius family4 ,formerly1 also1 most of the chimneypieces in the house were fitted up with ,dutch tiles1 blue and white or red and white2 but these in course of time had disappeared4 ,in the basement were cellars1 and close to them an old surface well1 which still contained water1 analyzed at the time of its destruction and found to be little better than sewage4 ,a door in the passage was prettily carved4 ,through this one passed to the outer offices1 a brewery1 wash-house1 coach-house and stables2 and thence again there was access by the side-entrance into the garden1#ajh a quiet spot some half acre in extent1 which no doubt had originally formed part of the friars' grounds4 ,it was connected by steps with a narrow terrace running along the back of the house4 ,here in the summer of #ahhh ,i saw fig-trees still flourishing while the work of destruction had already begun4 ,the boundary at the end of this garden was formed by another interesting house1 ,no4 #bc1 ,great ,winchester ,street1 which has also lately been improved out of existence4 ,it occupied a good deal of ground1 being approached through a paved yard with a lodge on each side of the entrance4 ,externally its chief characteristics were a somewhat high-pitched roof and wings projecting forward4 ,inside the chief reception-room was finely proportioned1 with capital mouldings and cornices1 and there was an old kitchen range of portentous size4 ,close to this house1 and also adjoining ,drapers' ,garden1 was formerly the garden attached to the ,carpenters' ,hall1 so that a few years ago this neighbourhood was a paradise of open spaces4 ,at the dissolution the house and gardens of the ,augustine ,friars had been bestowed by ,henry ,,viii4 on ,william ,paulet1 first ,marquis of ,winchester1 who there built his town residence1 traces of which existed as late as the year #ahdd3 after this mansion ,winchester ,street was named4 ,from a date carved on a grotesque bracket formerly to be seen at the north-east corner1 it appears that the street was constructed1 partly at least1 in the year #afef1 during ,cromwell's government4 ,strype says that here was #8a great messuage called the ,spanish ,ambassador's ,house1 of late inhabited by ,sir ,james ,houblon1 ,knight and ,alderman1 and other fair houses4' ,even down to our time it was a remarkably picturesque specimen of a ,london street4 ,now nothing but the name is left1 to mark its connection with antiquity4 ,it may here be noted that even till comparatively recent times almost every house in the ,city had a garden1 or at any rate some open space1 belonging to it1 as may be proved by reference to old maps and views4 ,horwood's map1 published in #agii1 shows how much garden ground still remained at the end of last century4 ,besides this1 before the days of lifts1 high pressure of water1 and gas or electric light laid on1 the inconvenience of very high houses prevented their being built to any great extent4 ,the comparative sparseness of the population should undoubtedly have given our ancestors a great advantage over us with regard to health1 but it was more than counterbalanced by drawbacks resulting from ignorance--for example1 the use of impure water1 and the inability to grapple with diseases which are now comparatively innocuous4 ,the disappearance of these open spaces1 and the erection of enormously high buildings on every available spot1 is1 ,i believe1 a great evil1 not only from the picturesque1 but from the sanitary point of view4 ,writers on sanitary subjects are agreed that1 of dangers to health1 overcrowding is one of the greatest1 and that1 other things being equal1 the death-rate regularly increases in proportion to the density of the population4 ,dr4 ,g4 ,v4 ,poore#aji has recently pointed out that every new set of offices adds its quota to the sewage in the river2 while #8the absence of green plants entails a great loss of nascent oxygen or ozone which gives to air its peculiar quality of freshness4' ,in his opinion1 it is hardly conceivable that a high level of health can be maintained in a spot where vegetable life languishes1 animal and vegetable life being complementary to each other4 ,some will no doubt console themselves with the notion that1 the ,city being now to a great extent merely a place of business1 those who spend the day there 7considerably more than a million1 according to the last calculation7 can throw off the ill effects while they are away4 ,to this ,i reply that1 if one includes the outlying parts1 many thousands still make it their home1 and that1 in any case1 to spend a quarter of one's existence under most unhealthy conditions must tend to cause illness and to shorten life4 ,in these times of popular government1 the great ,city ,guilds are more or less on their probation4 ,if ,i am right1 the ,drapers' ,company1 whatever the temptation may have been1 committed a fatal mistake when they covered their garden with huge blocks of offices1 a mistake which can never be atoned for by any amount of charitable donation4 ,their example has been quickly followed1 and soon1 ,i fear1 hardly one breathing-space will remain in the ,city except the ground about ,st4 ,paul's and the ,tower1 and here and there a bit of a disused graveyard hemmed in by lofty offices and warehouses4 ,illustration ,illustration ,,index4 ,adam and ,eve1 ,newgate ,street1 sign1 #aba ,addle ,street2 derivation of name1 #dg ,aggas's1 ,ralph1 map1 #aci ,aldermanbury1 sign in1 #id ,alleyne1 ,sir ,thomas1 ,lord ,mayor1 #bji ,altitude1 highest in ,city1 #g ,ancaster1 ,duke of1 #aec ,anchor1 signs1 #ajf ,angel ,alley1 #bba ,angel1 ,islington1 #ahj1 #ahb ,ape1 carving of1 #df ,aquarium ,tavern1 #aff ,artillery ,street1 ,bishopsgate ,without1 #afg ,ashburnham1 ,lord1 #ce ,ashby-,sterry1 ,j41 #aeh ,ashwell's ,place1 site of1 #agi ,austin ,friars1 #bbj house in1 #bbj ,axe and ,bottle ,yard1 #acf ,bacon1 ,francis1 #acd ,bagnigge ,house1 #aib1 #aie1 #aif ,bagnigge ,wells1 #aia-aif ,bagnio ,court1 #bj ,baker and ,basket1 sign1 #f ,baltassar1 one of the ,three ,kings1 #cb ,barrington1 ,hon4 ,d41 on arms of ,inner ,temple1 #acb ,bartholomew ,close1 #acg ,basing ,house1 #bjb ,bath ,street1 #bj ,battle ,bridge1 #aih ,bear1 ,brown1 ,cheapside1 sign1 #dh1 #di chained and muzzled1 signs1 #dg1 #di ,white1 sign1 #dh with collar and chain1 sign1 #dg ,bear ,quay1 #di ,beare ,lane1 #di ,beauty in distress1 sign1 #ga ,beer ,lane1 #di ,bel and the ,dragon1 sign1 #ej ,bell1 the1 sign1 #ajf ,bell on the ,hoop1 sign1 #abc ,bell ,savage ,inn1 the1 #abc ,ben ,jonson ,tavern1 #afi ,berners1 ,ralph de1 #ada ,berriman1 ,dr4 ,w41 #adf ,bethlehem ,hospital1 #fg1 #ga ,bevis1 ,dr4 ,john1 #aic1 #aie ,bible and ,crown1 sign1 #aaj ,billers1 ,sir ,william1 ,lord ,mayor1 #bbb ,birch1 ,w4 de ,gray1 #gd ,bishopsgate ,street1 #bad ,bishopsgate1 ,ward of1 #bai ,black ,boy1 advertisement1 temp4 #afie1 #be ,black ,friars1 #acj ,black ,jack1 sign1 #aeg ,black ,mary's ,well1 or ,hole1 #aia ,black ,spread ,eagle ,court1 #ic ,blackamore ,street1 #be1 #adh ,blackfriars ,road1 #aeh ,blackmore ,street1 #be1 #adh ,bloomfield's ,,ms41 #acb ,blowbladder ,street1 #ai ,boar's ,head1 sign1 #ea1 #aai ,tavern1 #eb-fj ,body-snatchers1 resort of1 #i ,boleyn1 ,sir ,thomas1 #bag ,bottle1 ,golden1 sign1 #aeg ,boulting ,mill1 #agh ,bow ,churchyard1 sign in1 #aah ,bowl and ,mouth1 signs1 #fd ,boy and ,panyer1 sign1 #d ,braynes ,row1 #aia ,brewers' ,company1 #e1 #afe ,bridge ,house1 the1 #gf estate1 #ga1 #ge ,brook ,place1 #aia ,browne1 ,sir ,thomas1 #dc ,bryanston ,street1 #afi ,buc1 ,sir ,george1 #acb ,bucklersbury1 #bf ,buckingham1 ,duke of1 #bj ,buckingham1 ,earl of1 #adg ,bucks' ,heads1 ,three1 sign1 #ac ,budge ,row1 origin of name1 #abf ,bull1 ,bishopsgate ,street ,within1 #fa ,bull and ,mouth ,inn1 ,aldersgate1 #fc-ff sale of1 #fe sign1 #fc ,bull ,head ,court1 #ai ,bull ,inn1 mutiny at1 #fb ,burrup1 ,miss1 #agg ,busby's ,folly1 #he ,butcher ,hall ,lane1 #ai ,byrons1 badge of1 #fa ,canon ,alley1 ,st4 ,paul's1 #aaa ,canonbury1 ,islington1 #ada ,place1 #ada ,tower1 #adb ,caps of burgesses1 #age ,carhampton1 ,earl of1 #bbc ,carpenters' ,hall1 #bbg ,cateaton ,street1 #ad ,cavendish1 ,lady ,margaret1 #aea ,chambers1 ,james1 goldsmith1 #aeg ,chancery ,lane1 #abi ,chapel ,street4 ,see ,great ,chapel ,street ,chaplin1 ,w41 coach proprietor1 #ii ,charles ,i4's porter and dwarf1 #ai ,charles ,street1 ,leather ,lane1 #aeg ,charlet1 ,gregory1 #ade ,charlotte ,street1 #aeh ,chaucer1 poet1 #ace ,cheapside ,cross1 #ig ,chesterfield1 ,lord1 #aeb ,cheyne ,walk1 #aei ,childs and ,co41 bankers1 #aef ,chimneypiece1 ,bishopsgate ,street1 #bai ,cibber1 ,colley1 actor1 #ahg ,civet cat1 carving1 #ff ,clare1 ,earl of1 #adg1 #bae ,market1 #bd1 #adf ,street1 #bd ,clement's ,inn1 #adg ,clement's ,inn ,fields1 #adh market held in1 #adi ,cloth ,fair1 #acg1 #aci ,coach and ,horses1 sign1 #agj ,cock ,inn1 #aff and ,bottle1 sign1 #agf ,court1 #dg sign1 #ajc with snake1 sign1 #aja ,coffee-house sign1 #agf ,compton family1 #adc ,compton ,street1 ,clerkenwell1 #adf ,coopers' ,company1 #aeg crest1 #ia ,coppice ,row1 #aia ,corbyn and ,co4's ,poultry1 sign at1 #ej ,coutts1 ,lady ,burdett1 #ee ,cow and ,co41 ,messrs41 #dg ,cox and ,hammond's1 ,messrs41 sign at1 #di ,cox1 ,rev4 ,j4 ,e41 #bab ,crane1 sign1 #hi in the ,poultry1 #bba ,cranes1 ,three1 in the ,vintry1 sign1 #ij ,crescent moon1 #dc ,cromer ,street1 #aif ,crosby ,hall1 #bad ,hall ,chambers1 #bah ,place1 #bag ,square1 #bah ,crosby1 ,sir ,john1 arms1 #bad ,cross ,street1 ,islington1 #ade ,crown and ,magpie1 sign1 #ajd ,crowns1 ,three1 sign1 #bg ,cumberland1 ,duchess of1 #bbc ,duke of1 #afi ,cutler1 ,sir ,john1 #agb ,cutlers' ,company1 arms of1 #abb1 #abd ,danvers ,street1 ,cheyne ,walk1 #afa ,darwin1 ,dr4 ,erasmus1 #baj ,dennys1 ,sir ,walter1 arms of1 #adb ,denzil ,street1 #aej ,dering ,street1 ,oxford ,street1 #afa ,devereux1 ,lady ,penelope1 #adj ,digby1 ,sir ,kenelm1 #aea ,doctor's signboard1 #afj ,dog and ,duck1 sign1 #fg1 #bae ,dog's ,head in the ,pot1 sign1 #aeh ,dorrington ,street1 #afd ,doves1 ,four1 sign1 #ij ,drapers' ,company1 #bcj ,gardens1 #bba1 #bbg ,drury ,lane1 #adh ,ducking ponds1 #fh ,dugdale1 ,sir ,william1 #acj ,duke ,street1 #afb ,dyers' ,company1 #ajj ,eagle with two ,heads1 sign1 #ia ,eldernesse ,lane1 #ab ,elephant and ,castle1 #abb ,epiphany or ,twelfth ,day1 #ci ,epitaph on drawer at ,boar's ,head1 #ef ,essex1 ,earl of1 arms1 #ih ,evans1 ,william1 giant1 #bj ,falstaff1 drawing of1 #eh ,fastolfe1 ,sir ,john1 #fj ,field ,court1 #acc ,fire at ,southwark1 #db1 #gi ,fire of ,london1 memorial of1 #i ,fishmongers' ,company1 arms of1 #fa ,fleet1 banks of the1 #aib ,fleet ,street1 #aca ,fleming1 ,mr4 ,john1 #bbd ,fortune of ,war ,inn1 #h ,four ,doves1 sign1 #ij ,fowler1 ,thomas1 #add ,fowler family1 #ahj ,fowler of ,islington1 arms of1 #add1 #ade ,fox1 sign1 #gg ,foxes1 ,three1 sign1 #gg ,friday ,street1 #ace ,fruiterers' ,company1 arms of1 #abb ,galton1 ,francis1 #bbc ,gaming ,house and ,shaver's ,hall1 #afc ,garden produce1 temp4 ,edward ,i41 #acj ,gardens to ,city houses1 #bbh ,gardiner's ,lane1 #ae ,gaspar1 #ca ,george ,inn1 #gi1 #hj advertisement of1 temp4 #agfb1 #af ,gerard the ,giant1 #ag ,gerrard ,street1 #afb ,gerrardes ,hall1 #ah ,gilbert ,street and ,passage1 #adi ,gisor's ,hall1 #ah ,goat in ,boots1 sign1 #afh ,gog and ,magog1 #ag note ,golden ,bottle1 sign1 #aeg ,golden ,lion1 house and sign1 #hc ,goldsmiths' ,company1 #abi ,goose and ,gridiron1 sign1 #aad ,gosling1 ,messrs41 sign1 #aef1 #aeg ,grasshopper1 sign1 #aeg ,gray's ,inn1 #acc ,gray's ,inn ,lane1 #aii ,gray's ,inn ,road1 #aif ,great ,chapel ,street1 ,westminster1 #afa ,great ,james ,street1 ,bedford ,row1 #afc ,great ,st4 ,helen's1 ,bishopsgate1 #bjj1 #bjc et seq4 ,church1 #bjg ,passage1 #bad right of way1 #bag ,great ,ormond ,street1 #aec ,great ,queen ,street1 #aeb1 #aee ,great ,winchester ,street1 ,no4 #bc1 #bbg ,gresham1 ,sir ,thomas1 #aeg ,grey family1 arms of1 #acc ,greys of ,wilton1 #acc ,griffin's ,head1 sign1 #gg1 #acc ,grosvenor1 ,sir ,robert1 #ace ,guildhall ,museum1 #adf1 #aga1 #agc ,guy of ,warwick1 #aa ,gwynne1 ,nell1 #aib ,haberdashers' ,company1 #abh ,half ,moon1 sign1 #dj ,inn ,yard1 ,borough1 #da ,passage1 #de ,hare and ,stirrup1 sign1 #hj and ,three ,pigeons1 tenements called1 #gi in combination with the ,sun1 #gh ,running1 sign1 #gh ,harris1 ,roger1 bequest of1 #hf ,harrison ,street1 #aif ,hatchett's ,hotel1 #afi ,hats1 ,three1 sign1 #fi ,hawkins1 ,sir ,john1 #be ,hays' ,mews1 ,charles ,street1 ,berkeley ,square1 #afg ,heathcock1 sign1 #ij ,helmet1 sign1 #aab1 #aac ,henry1 ,prince of ,wales1 #aca ,herne1 or ,heron1 family1 #adf ,hicks ,hall1 ,middlesex ,session ,house1 #dh ,hoare1 ,messrs41 their sign1 #aeg ,hobson1 portrait of1 #fb ,hogarth's picture of ,evening1 #aha2 of ,southwark ,fair1 #db ,holland1 ,earl of1 #adj ,holles family1 #adg arms of1 #adi ,sir ,william1 #bae ,holywell ,street1 #dd ,hood1 ,robin1 #aig ,horn of ,unicorn1 #hg ,horsham free school1 founding of1 #dj ,houblon1 ,sir ,james1 #bbh ,howard1 ,lord ,william1 #acb ,hudson1 ,jeffery1 dwarf1 #bj ,thomas1 painter1 #aee ,hugo1 ,rev4 ,thomas1 #baf1 #bai ,inner ,temple1 heraldic charge1 #aca ,inns of ,court and ,chancery1 arms of1 #abi ,islington1 ,upper ,street1 #adf ,islington ,wells1 #ahj1 #ahh ,jack in the ,green1 #bd ,jackson1 ,william1 smuggler1 #ch ,james ,street1 ,haymarket1 #afc4 ,see ,great ,james ,street ,jones1 ,inigo1 #aed1 #bja1 #baf ,judd1 ,sir ,andrew1 ,lord ,mayor1 #bad ,king of the ,fields1 #fi ,king's ,cross ,road1 #aie1 #aig ,king ,street1 ,southwark1 #acf ,kings1 ,three1 signs1 #bf-de ,king's ,white ,bear1 the1 #ej ,kenton1 ,benjamin1 vintner1 #ajd ,kneller1 ,sir ,godfrey1 #aee ,knights ,templars1 #acb ,lacy1 ,henry de1 ,earl of ,lincoln1 #acj ,lad ,lane1 #ii ,laing1 ,david1 #ce ,lamb and ,flag1 #ge1 #aca1 #acb ,lambeth ,hill1 #bg ,lamb's ,conduit1 #aif ,lawrence1 ,adam1 #bjf will of1 #bjh family history of1 #bjf et seq4 ,lawrence1 ,sir ,john1 ,lord ,mayor1 #bje ,mayor's ,banquet1 #baj arms of1 #bab ,lea1 ,sir ,james1 #aca ,leadenhall ,street1 #bah ,leathern ,bottle1 sign1 #aeg ,leathersellers' ,arms1 #ac ,leathersellers' ,company1 #ab ,leigh1 ,gerard1 #acb ,lennep1 ,j4 ,van1 #c ,leopard1 sign1 #abe ,lernoult1 ,margaret1 #bbd ,lincoln's ,inn1 #abi ,fields1 #aeb1 #aec1 #afb ,lindsey1 ,earl of1 #aec ,house1 #aeb ,lion1 stone bas-relief1 sign1 #hc ,golden1 sign1 #hc ,white1 sign1 #hc-hf ,little ,distaff ,lane1 #aaj ,lloyd's ,row1 #ahi ,london ,bridge1 #acf ,spa1 the1 #aij ,long ,lane1 #aci ,long ,melford1 ,suffolk1 #ch ,longmans1 ,messrs41 their sign1 #aaa ,lovell1 ,sir ,thomas1 #acj ,lyons ,inn1 #de ,lysons1 ,rev4 ,canon1 #agh ,magi1 the1 #bh ,maidenhead ,inn1 #ad sign1 #aai ,maiden's ,head1 sign1 #abf ,man in the ,moon1 sign1 #dj ,mantelpiece1 seventeenth century1 #bjj from the old ,cock ,inn1 #ajd at #ba1 ,austin ,friars1 #bbd ,marks1 ,alfred1 #aed ,marshall1 ,julian1 #afc ,martin and ,co41 bankers1 their sign1 #aeg ,martin1 ,j4 ,b41 #aeg ,mary the ,virgin1 #bi ,marygold1 sign1 #aef ,may's ,buildings1 ,st4 ,martin's ,lane1 #afb ,melchior1 one of the ,three ,kings1 #ca ,mercers' ,company1 #ad arms of1 #abf ,merchant ,tailors' ,company1 #abi ,merchants' trade marks1 #gd ,merlin's ,cave ,tavern1 #aij ,mermaid1 carved in relief1 #fj in ,bread ,street1 #fa in ,cornhill1 #fa sign of at ,gravesend1 #fj in ,holland1 #fj ,middle ,temple1 gatehouse1 #aca ,midshipman1 wooden1 #aeg ,miller1 ,sir ,john1 #ha ,milton1 ,john1 sign showing birthplace1 #ib ,mineral spring1 ,st4 ,george's ,fields1 #gj ,minerva1 head of1 #ab ,minet1 ,hughes1 #bbc ,minet1 ,walter1 #bbd ,minories1 the1 #aeg ,mitre ,court1 #aaf ,mitres1 stone bas-reliefs of1 #aac1 #aaf ,montagu1 ,lady ,mary ,wortley1 #ahh ,more1 ,sir ,thomas1 #ach ,morris ,dancers1 ,three1 sign1 #bb ,mount ,pleasant1 ,gray's ,inn ,lane1 #afd ,mouth1 sign1 ,bishopsgate ,street1 #fd ,myddleton1 ,sir ,hugh1 #aha ,myddleton's ,head ,inn1 #aha1 #ahc ,nag's ,head1 ,unicorn sign wrongly called1 #hf sign1 #ig ,naked ,boy1 sign1 #aa ,narwhal's horn1 #hh ,nassau ,street1 #afb ,negroes' ,heads1 #bd1 #adf ,newcastle1 ,duke of1 #aea ,house1 #aeb ,newcomen ,street1 ,southwark1 #acf ,new ,market1 #adi ,new ,river ,company1 portrait of founder1 #aha ,new ,river ,head1 #ahc ,new ,tunbridge ,wells1 #ahg ,new ,wells1 near ,london ,spa1 #ahf ,new ,white ,horse ,cellars1 signboard1 #afi ,northampton1 ,marquis of1 #adc ,norwich ,cathedral1 #cd ,old ,bell ,inn1 ,holborn1 #adc ,olmius1 ,herman1 merchant1 #bba ,ormond ,street4 ,see ,great ,ormond ,street ,ormonde1 ,duke of1 #afi ,ostrich1 stone bas-relief1 #ia ,oxford ,arms1 ,warwick ,lane1 #fe ,pakenham ,street1 #aie ,panyer ,alley1 sign in1 #d ,parish marks1 #aff ,peakes1 ,sir ,john1 ,lord ,mayor1 #abi ,pegasus1 ,inner ,temple1 sign1 #aca ,pelham1 ,thomas1 #aeb ,pelican1 as an emblem1 #ie sign1 #id and ,phnix1 #if ,pepys' ,diary1 extract from1 #hd ,person1 ,father1 #aci ,peter ,street1 ,westminster1 #aff ,phelps1 ,samuel1 actor1 #ahf ,philip ,lane1 #df ,physicians1 ,college of1 #agb ,pie1 sign1 #aj ,pie ,corner1 #i1 #aj ,pied ,bull ,inn1 #ha ,pindar ,place1 #aif ,pinder a ,wakefielde1 inn1 #aif ,pinder of ,wakefield1 #aif ,pinder1 equivalent to1 #aig ,plough1 sign1 ,bucklersbury1 #bbb ,poore1 ,dr4 ,g4 ,v41 #bbi ,pope1 ,mr4 ,m41 ,f4,s4,a41 #ia ,portland1 ,duke of1 #aea ,powis1 ,marquis of1 #aea ,place1 #aec ,preaching ,friars1 #acj1 #ach ,price1 ,hilton1 on bankers' signs1 #aef ,prince of ,wales' feathers1 #aaa ,pudding ,lane1 #i ,queen ,street4 ,see ,great ,queen ,street ,raleigh1 ,sir ,walter1 #ha1 #add ,red ,lion ,tavern1 #ahj ,rich1 ,richard1 #acg ,river4 ,see ,new ,river ,robin ,hood ,court1 ,shoe ,lane1 #afg ,roman dress1 bust of woman in1 #aib ,roman temple1 site of1 #agi ,rookery1 ,gray's ,inn1 #acd ,rose1 the1 #ib ,rose and ,crown1 #aaa ,rose and ,fleur-de-lys1 #aed ,rosebery ,avenue1 #afd1 #ahb ,rosoman ,street1 #ahg ,rotten ,row1 ,asschowellys ,place1 #agi ,roxalana's ,head1 sign1 #ad ,royal ,arms1 #ace ,bagnio1 #bj ,yacht ,inn1 #aej ,rufford1 ,captain ,nicholas1 #adf ,rufford's ,buildings1 #adf ,running ,footman1 sign1 #afg ,sadler's mineral springs1 #ahc ,music ,house1 #ahc ,wells ,theatre1 #aha1 #ahc1 #ahe ,st4 ,anselm and ,cecilia1 chapel1 #afb ,st4 ,bartholomew the ,great1 church1 #adj ,st4 ,bartholomew's ,priory1 #ach ,st4 ,bride's1 #afg ,st4 ,ceadda1 well of1 #aig ,st4 ,chad's ,road1 #aig ,row1 #aig ,st4 ,chad's ,well1 #aih ,st4 ,dunstan's ,church1 #aeg ,st4 ,ethelreda1 chapel of1 #aaf ,st4 ,george and the ,dragon1 #ae1 #ag ,st4 ,george's ,fields1 #fg1 #gj1 #bae ,st4 ,giles-in-the-,fields1 #afg ,st4 ,helen's4 ,see ,great ,st4 ,helen's ,st4 ,james's ,palace1 #afg ,st4 ,john's ,square1 ,clerkenwell1 #agj ,street ,road1 #aij ,st4 ,martin's ,lane1 ,upper1 #afg ,st4 ,mary ,axe1 #bag ,st4 ,michael's ,crooked ,lane1 #ef ,st4 ,pancras ,churchyard1 #aih ,well1 #aih ,salisbury1 #agj ,sandys ,row1 #afg ,saracen's ,head ,hotel1 ,chelmsford1 #bbc ,sardinia ,street1 #aed1 #afb ,savage's ,inn1 #abc ,seven ,stars1 sign1 #ci ,shakespere's ,boar's ,head1 #ea ,sheffield ,street1 #afa ,shepherd ,street1 #afa ,shiffner family1 the1 #aed ,ship and ,black ,swan1 sign1 #aaj ,shoe ,lane1 #afi ,shoreditch ,high ,street1 #gh ,sims1 ,f4 ,manley1 sign belonging to1 #afj ,skates1 medival1 #age ,skinners' ,company1 #abe1 #abi1 #baf ,smith1 ,payne and ,smith1 sign discovered at their premises1 #ajb ,somers1 ,sir ,john1 #aec ,soper's ,lane1 #dh ,southwark ,arms1 #gb ,fire1 #db1 #gi ,spa ,field1 #ahi ,spas1 suburban1 #ahj-aii ,spencer1 ,sir ,john1 #adb1 #ade ,spread ,eagle1 #ia ,court1 #ic ,squirrels1 ,three1 sign1 #aef ,staircase1 ,elizabethan1 #bja ,star1 sign1 #dj ,stevens1 ,john ,cosens1 #bac ,stinking ,lane1 #ai ,stuart1 ,sir ,simeon ,henry1 ,bart41 #bbc ,sun1 sign1 #dj ,swan1 chained1 #hg1 #if-ih ,swan and ,harp1 sign1 #aae upping or nicking1 #aja with ,two ,necks1 #ih origin of1 #ajj ,tabard ,inn1 #gi ,tallowchandlers' ,company1 #ia ,tarbolton1 ,h4 ,o41 #bje ,tavern scoring1 #dd ,taylor1 ,edward1 bequest of1 #ac ,temple1 ,inner1 heraldic charge and sign1 #aca ,tennis ,court1 #afc ,theatrical ,booth1 #db ,thomas1 ,son1 and ,lefevre1 #bbd ,three ,bucks' ,heads1 sign1 #ac ,cranes in the ,vintry1 #ij ,crowns1 sign1 #bg ,hats1 ,islington1 sign1 #fi ,kings1 #bf arms of1 #cd in plays1 etc41 #cf the feast of1 #cc ,magi1 #bh ,morris ,dancers1 sign1 #bb ,squirrels1 sign1 #aef ,time1 statuette of1 #agh ,tothill ,street1 ,westminster1 #aff ,tower ,hill1 #aei ,tulips1 exhibition of1 temp4 #aggi1 #aih ,tunbridge ,grammar ,school1 #baf ,wells1 ,new1 #ahg ,turner1 ,mr4 ,hudson1 #acj ,two ,brewers1 #b ,two ,negroes' ,heads1 #bd1 #adf ,tyburn1 prisoners on the way to1 #fd ,tylers' and ,bricklayers' ,company1 #afe ,unicorn1 description of1 #hg stone bas-relief of1 #hf supporter of ,royal ,arms1 #hg ,union ,street1 ,southwark1 #afe ,upper ,street1 ,islington1 #adf ,upper ,st4 ,martin's ,lane1 #aff ,vinegar ,yard1 ,drury ,lane1 #aga ,vintners' ,company1 #ajj ,waller1 ,j4 ,g41 #gd ,waltham1 ,lord1 #bbb ,warwick1 ,earl of1 #adj1 #adg ,warwick1 ,guy of1 stone bas-relief of1 #aa ,warwick ,inn1 #ab ,lane1 #aa ,water carnival at ,sadler's ,wells1 #ahe ,welbeck1 #aea ,wentworth1 ,lord ,thomas1 #adb ,wesley1 ,john1 #ahg ,westgate ,street1 ,gloucester1 #aei1 #agh ,weston family1 #adc ,white ,bear1 #dh1 #ej ,hart ,inn1 #gi ,lion1 #hc ,islington1 #ahj ,whittington and his ,cat1 #agh ,whistling ,oyster1 sign1 #aga ,wilberforce1 ,william1 #eg ,williams1 ,mr41 and the ,royal ,arms from old ,london ,bridge1 #acg ,wilton ,house1 #bjc ,wiltshire1 ,earl of1 #bag ,winchester1 ,marquis of1 #bbg ,winchester ,street4 ,see ,great ,winchester ,street ,winde1 ,captain ,william1 #aeb ,winged ,horse1 the1 #aca ,winter's-,low-,hut1 #agj ,woman's ,head1 the1 #ad ,wooden ,midshipman1 sign1 #aeg ,wren1 ,sir ,christopher1 #aae1 #aca ,wright1 ,sir ,nathan1 #aec ,,the ,,end4 ,elliot ,stock1 ,paternoster ,row1 ,london4 ,,footnotes3 #a ,in ,november1 #ahib1 this house was demolished4 #b ,hatton's #8,new ,view of ,london1' #agjh1 vol4 i41 p4 #ei4 #c ,in later times there was a cross at the east end of the church of ,st4 ,michael-le-,querne1 replaced by a water conduit1 in the mayoralty of ,william ,eastfield1 ,a4,d4 #adbi1 as ,i learn from ,stow4 ,the site of this cross is considerably east of ,panyer ,alley4 #d ,pye1 i4e41 parti-coloured1 as in the bird4 ,it is said to have been so called because the initial and principal letters of the rubrics were printed in red1 and the rest in black4 ,at the beginning of the ,church of ,england ,prayer-,book1 in that section which relates to the service of the ,church1 mention is made of #8the number and hardness of the rules called the ,pie4' ,shakespeare1 in the #8,merry ,wives of ,windsor1' says1 #8,by cocke and pie you shall not choose1 sir2 you shall not choose1 but come4' ,in this asseveration cock is supposed to be a euphemism for ,god1 and pie the above-named ordinal4 #e ,on the ,holbein gateway at ,whitehall there were also medallions of terra-cotta1 as large or larger than life4 #f ,the ,broad ,face1 ,reading1 is noticed by ,pepys as an odd sign1 when he visited the town on ,june #af1 #affh4 #g ,in style it reminds one somewhat of the ,guildhall giants1 ,gog and ,magog1 or1 as ,fairholt would call them1 ,corineus and ,gogmagog4 ,these appear to have been made in #agjh1 by ,richard ,saunders1 a captain of trained bands and carver in ,king ,street1 ,cheapside1 to replace giants of pasteboard and wickerwork1 which had been carried in ,city processions4 #h ,part of a similar crypt is to be seen at #d;a1 ,lawrence ,pountney ,hill2 it belonged to a house called the ,manor of the ,rose1 built originally in the reign of ,edward ,,iii4 ,such crypts would doubtless be useful to medival merchants for the storage of goods4 ,there are great cellars under ,crosby ,hall4 ,i am reminded that in the thirteenth century houses furnished usually belonged to ,kings or the higher nobility--at least1 this is implied by ,matthew ,paris1 in his #8,lives of the ,abbots of ,st4 ,albans4' ,his words are3 #8,aula nobilissima picta cum conclavibus et camino et atrio et subaul1 qu palatium regium 7quia duplex est et criptata7 dici potest4' #i #8,old ,meg of ,hereford ,towne for a ,morris ,daunce1 or ,twelve ,morris ,dancers in ,herefordshire1 of twelve hundred years old4' ,printed for ,john ,bridge1 #afji4 #aj ,st4 ,matt4 ii4 #a4 #aa #8,roma ,sotteranea1' by the ,rev4 ,j4 ,spencer ,northcote1 ,d4,d41 and ,w4 ,r4 ,brownlow1 ,m4,a41 #ahfi4 #ab ,messrs4 ,crowe and ,cavalcaselle suggest that these two figures may possibly be intended to represent the prophets ,isaiah and ,jeremiah4 #ac #8,historical and ,monumental ,rome1' by ,c4 ,j4 ,hemans1 chap4 xv4 #ad #8,primus dicitur fuisse ,melchior1 qui senex et canus1 barb prolix et capillis1 aurum obtulit ,regi ,domino4 ,secundus nomine ,gaspar1 juvenis imberbis1 rubicundus1 thure quasi ,deo oblatione dign1 ,deum honoravit4 ,tertius fuscus1 integre barbatus1 ,baltassar nomine1 per myrrham ,filium hominis moriturum professus4' #ae ,in fourteenth and fifteenth century paintings1 especially among the ,germans1 ,balthazar was often a ,moor or negro1 the tradition being that he was ,king of ,ethiopia or ,nubia4 ,ghirlandajo1 in a picture at the ,pitti ,gallery1 gives him1 not a black complexion1 but a black page4 ,the difference of race indicated in the representations of the ,three ,kings implies the wideness of the manifestation of ,christ to the ,gentiles4 ,on this account the three sons of ,noah have been looked upon as typical of them4 #af ,smith's #8,dictionary of the ,bible4' #ag ,commentary of ,cornelius ,lapide1 translated by ,mossman1 vol4 i4 ,others have extended the period of their arrival at ,bethlehem even to some time in the second year after the birth of ,christ1 as an inference from ,matt4 ii4 #af4 ,according to a tradition of the ,eastern ,church1 the ,magi arrived at ,jerusalem with a retinue of #a1jjj men1 having left an army of #g1jjj on the further bank of the ,euphrates4 #ah ,the ,milanese afterwards consoled themselves by forming a confraternity1 which showed their veneration for the ,three ,kings by a special annual performance4 #ai ,for these references to the heraldry of the ,three ,kings1 ,i have to thank my valued friend1 ,mr4 ,everard ,green1 ,f4,s4,a41 whose knowledge of the subject is unique4 #bj ,foster's ,chapel1 ,bristol1 founded in #aejd1 is dedicated to the ,three ,kings4 ,in ,winchester ,cathedral are traces of a painting of the ,adoration4 #ba ,the names of the ,kings are variously spelt4 #bb ,a pageant was originally the structure on which the performance took place4 ,archdeacon ,rogers1 who saw the performance at ,chester in #aeid1 says that #8,every company had its pagiant1 or parte1 whiche pagiants weare a high scafolde with #b roomes1 a higher and a lower1 upon #d wheeles4 ,in the lower they apparelled themselves1 and in the higher they played1 being all open on the tope1 that all behoulders mighte heare and see them4' #bc ,one is reminded of ,falstaff's words 7#a ,henry ,,iv4 ,act i41 ,scene #b73 #8,for we1 that take purses1 go by the moon and seven stars2 and not by ,phbus1--he1 that wandering knight so fair4' ,again1 ,pistol says2 #8,sweet knight1 ,i kiss thy nief4 ,what6 we have seen the seven stars4' #bd ,king ,richard ,,ii4 had two badges3 the ,sun in splendour1 and the ,white ,hart4 ,the former is shown on the mainsail of the vessel in which he returned from ,ireland1 in an illumination to a manuscript account of ,richard1 by a gentleman of his suite 7,harl4 ,,ms4 #acai74 ,it is also mentioned by the poet ,gower4 ,the ,sun in splendour1 encircled with a cloud distilling drops of rain1 is a charge in the arms of the ,distillers' ,company4 ,i may add that the ,three ,crowns appear in the arms of the ,skinners' ,company1 which according to ,strype were granted in the #dth year of ,edward ,,vi4 #be #8,some ,account of the ,parish of ,st4 ,clement ,danes1' by ,john ,diprose4 #ahfh4 ,vol4 i41 p4 #beg4 #bf ,guillim intimates the reason for representing the bear muzzled in heraldry3 #8,the beare by nature is a cruell beast1 but this here demonstrated unto you1 is 7to prevent the mischief it might otherwise do1 as you may observe7 as it were1 bound to the good behaviour with a muzle4'--#8,heraldry1' sec4 iii41 chap4 xv41 p4 #aii4 #affj4 #bg ,hicks ,hall was a session-house for ,middlesex4 ,at the corner of ,st4 ,john ,street1 ,clerkenwell1 and ,peter's ,lane1 affixed to the wall of the ,queen's ,head tavern1 is a stone tablet with the following inscription3 #8,opposite this ,place ,hicks ,hall formerly stood1 #a mile #a furlong from the ,standard in ,cornhill1 #d furlongs #bje yards from ,holborn ,barrs down ,holborn1 up ,snow ,hill1 ,cow ,lane and through ,smithfield4' ,a ,jacobean chimney-piece from ,hicks ,hall1 and a portrait of ,sir ,baptist1 are in the ,sessions ,house1 ,clerkenwell ,green4 ,see an amusing article on ,suburban ,milestones1 in ,knight's #8,london4' #bh ,whitechapel ,mount was an elevation of ground generally thought to have been composed1 in part at least1 of rubbish from the ,great ,fire3 ,lysons1 however1 denies this4 ,another idea is1 that it was a great burial-place for victims of the ,plague of #affe4 ,a fort was built here in #afdb1 one of the series then thrown round ,london4 ,the ,mount is shown in ,strype's map of #agbj1 and in a view of ,london ,hospital1 by ,chatelain4 ,towards the end of last century it was a place of resort for pugilists and dog-fighters4 ,mount ,street and ,mount ,place1 immediately west of the ,london ,hospital1 ,whitechapel ,road1 now occupy the ground1 which is still slightly raised4 #bi ,this letter is among the ,remembrancia at the ,guildhall1 and is noted on page #cee of the ,analytical ,index1 published in #ahgh4 #cj #8,life of ,william ,wilberforce1' by his son ,samuel ,wilberforce1 ,bishop of ,oxford4 ,revised and condensed from the original edition4 #hvo41 #ahfh4 #ca ,gentleman's ,magazine1 ,january1 #ahcd4 #cb ,it formed part of his benefactions1 through ,bishop ,waynflete1 to ,magdalen ,college1 ,oxford4 #cc ,pepys1 the diarist1 on ,march #bg1 #affd1 writes as follows3 #8,walked through the ,ducking ,pond ,fields2 but they are so altered since my father used to carry us to ,islington1 to the old man of the ,king's ,head1 to eat cakes and ale 7his name was ,pitts71 that ,i did not know which was the ,ducking ,pond1 or where ,i was4' ,what would he have said now8 ,there were several ducking-ponds in this neighbourhood2 the name of ,ball's ,pond1 near ,newington ,green1 still survives4 ,howes in his #8,chronicle' says that the reservoir at the ,new ,river head #8was in former times an open idell pool1 commonly called the ,ducking ,pond4' ,spa ,fields1 ,clerkenwell1 were also called #8,ducking ,pond ,fields4' ,there was a public-house a little west of the ,london ,spa1 with a ducking-pond attached4 ,it was taken down in #aggj1 and the ,pantheon1 in imitation of the ,oxford ,street ,pantheon1 built on its site4 ,this soon became disreputable1 and was eventually turned into ,spa ,fields ,chapel1 demolished #ahgi4 ,there was a ducking-pond in ,mayfair 7,hertford ,street is on the site71 and another near ,mile ,end4 #cd ,the ground in ,st4 ,george's ,fields was not absolutely given1 but a lease was granted for #hfe years at the nominal rent of one shilling a year4 #ce ,the cross had possibly some connection with the priory of ,st4 ,mary ,overy hard by1 or with the rich and powerful abbey1 originally the priory of ,st4 ,saviour's1 ,bermondsey4 ,a chronicle1 supposed to have been written by one of the monks1 is among the ,harleian ,,mss4 7,no4 #bca74 ,we are here told that in the year #aaag #8the cross of the ,holy ,saviour was found near the ,thames4' ,apparently this was the cross of ,bermondsey1 placed in the church1 to which pilgrimages were occasionally made4 ,it was taken down in #aech1 during the mayoralty of ,sir ,richard ,gresham1 and in all likelihood destroyed2 but ,wilkinson1 in his #8,londina ,illustrata1' gives a view1 showing in front of the building1 attached to the chief or north gate of the abbey1 a small cross with zigzag ornament1 which some have sought to identify with this holy rood4 ,it existed with the remains of the building till comparatively recent times4 ,on the way to the abbey were famous roadside crosses3 one north1 the site of which is at the junction of ,tooley ,street with ,bermondsey ,street2 the other south1 in ,kent ,street4 #cf ,from the #8,archologia1' vol4 #cb1 ,i learn that #8the seal of ,bartholomew ,elys1 of ,great ,yarmouth1 #ag ,rich4 ,,ii41 is remarkable as giving the family arms with the substitution of his merchant's mark in place of the cinqfoil in base4' ,mr4 ,waller says that at ,standon1 in ,herts1 is the mark of ,john ,feld1 alderman of ,london #adgd2 but his son1 on the same brass1 an esquire in armour1 has his shield of arms4 #cg #8,proceedings of the ,society of ,antiquaries1' ,november #bd1 #ahhg4 ,a highly interesting article in the #8,archologia1' vol4 #cg1 by ,mr4 ,b4 ,williams1 shows that in early times simple marks1 not unlike merchants' marks1 were used to distinguish property1 both here and in ,germany4 ,our modern swan marks are a survival4 #ch ,at a ,common ,council held ,july #ad1 #cc ,henry ,,viii41 it was ordered that the seal of the ,bridge ,house should be changed1 because the image of ,thomas ,becket1 sometime ,archbishop of ,canterbury1 was graven thereon1 and it was agreed that a new seal should be made1 devised by ,mr4 ,hall1 to whom the old seal was delivered4 #ci ,but see ,mr4 ,billson's paper on #8,the ,easter ,hare1' in ,folklore1 vol4 iii4--,,ed4 #dj ,it is told in considerable detail in a #8,life of ,sir ,walter ,raleigh1' #hvo41 #agdj1 p4 #aeb4 #da #8,i remember one citizen1 who having thus broken out of his house in ,aldersgate ,street1 or thereabout1 went along the road to ,islington4 ,he attempted to have gone in at the ,angel ,inn1 and after that at the ,white ,horse1 two inns still known by the same signs1 but was refused2 after which he came to the ,pied ,bull1 an inn also still continuing the same sign4'--#8,journal of the ,plague ,year1' by ,daniel ,defoe1 #agbb4 #db ,this was probably one of the ducking-ponds4 #dc ,its site is also marked in ,ogilby's ,map of ,london to ,holyhead4 ,here is now the ,belvidere ,tavern4 #dd ,peter ,cunningham says that ,alderman ,boydell1 before he removed to ,no4 #ij1 ,cheapside1 at the corner of ,ironmonger ,lane1 lived at the ,unicorn1 at the corner of ,queen ,street1 ,cheapside4 #de #8,historic ,devices1 ,badges1 and ,war ,cries1' by ,mrs4 ,bury ,palliser4 #df ,another record of him is a stone from ,allhallows ,church1 now imbedded in the western wall of the ,church of ,st4 ,mary-le-,bow1 which has on it the well-known lines by ,dryden1 beginning3 #8,three poets in three distant ages born1' etc41 also the dates of ,milton's birth and baptism4 #dg ,additional ,,ms4 in ,british ,museum1 #chij4 #dh ,in a #8,brief ,history' by ,eugenius ,philalethes1 p4 #ic1 we are told2 #8,it is a vulgar error that the pelican turneth her beak against her breast and therewith pierceth it till the blood gush out1 wherewith she nourisheth her young2 whereas a pelican hath a beak broad and flat1 much like the slice of apothecaries and chirurgeons wherewith they spread their plasters1 no way fit to pierce1 as ,laurentius ,gerbertus counsellor and physitian to ,henry the ,fourth of ,france in his book of ,popular ,errors hath observed4' #di ,the architect was ,sir ,robert ,taylor1 ,r4,a4 ,the emblematic figures on the cornice in front are said to be of artificial stone1 executed at ,coade's factory1 ,lambeth1 where ,john ,bacon1 ,r4,a41 worked for some years1 and where1 later1 ,flaxman and ,benjamin ,west also modelled4 ,some houses on the north side of ,westminster ,bridge ,road were originally called ,coade's ,row1 and the name still appears on one of them4 ,the gallery or showroom stood there1 as marked in ,horwood's map4 ,the factory was further north1 between ,narrow ,wall and the river4 #ej ,the sign outside is a modern imitation4 #ea ,in ,aubrey's #8,natural ,history1' p4 #bgg1 a manuscript in the library of the ,royal ,society1 is the following memorandum3 #8,this day1 ,may the #ahth1 being ,monday1 #afia1 after ,rogation ,sunday1 is a great convention at ,st4 ,paul's church of the ,fraternity of the adopted masons1 where ,sir ,christopher ,wren is to be adopted a brother1 and ,sir ,henry ,goodric of the ,tower1 and divers others4 ,there have been kings that have been of this sodality4' #eb ,not in edition #aegf1 but edition #aeif1 p4 #bcc4--;,,ed4 #ec ,see #8,city of ,london ,livery ,companies' ,commission1' #ahhd1 vol4 ii4 #ed ,sir ,william ,dugdale1 in his #8,origines ,juridiciales1' records that the whole cost of this gatehouse was #aec #ajs4 #h;d41 #8the brick and tile used for the same being digged out of that piece of ground then called the ,coneygarth1 lying on the west side of the house1 adjoyning to ,lincoln's ,inn ,fields4' ,this valuable relic is now1 ,i fear1 in a somewhat neglected condition4 #ee ,t4 ,hudson ,turner in the ,archological ,journal for ,december1 #ahdh1 quoting from an account in the ,office of the ,duchy of ,lancaster4 #ef ,see an interesting article on this subject in the #8,archologia1' vol4 ix4 7#aghi71 by the ,hon4 ,daines ,barrington4 #eg ,for further details about the armorial bearings1 see #8,gray's ,inn2 its ,history and ,associations1' by ,w4 ,r4 ,douthwaite1 #ahhf1 chap4 xi4 #eh ,dodsley's #8,london1' #agfa1 vol4 iii41 p4 #eh4 #ei #8,scrope and ,grosvenor ,roll1' i4 #agh4 #fj ,the gatehouse had only been finished in the year #agbh1 having replaced a previous one damaged by a great fire on the bridge in #agbe4 ,mist's ,weekly ,journal1 for ,saturday1 ,september #aa1 tells us that about sixty houses were consumed on that occasion4 #fa ,burke's #8,armory ,general4' ,this seems correct2 but ,burke's #8,extinct ,peerages' gives it1 #8gules1 a chevron between three cross crosslets or4' #fb ,from early days1 however1 the fair had increased beyond church limits1 and the ,city had acquired certain rights4 ,in the fourth edition of ,stow1 #afcc1 we are told how1 on ,bartholomew ,eve1 the ,aldermen in their violet gowns met the ,lord ,mayor and ,sheriffs at the ,guildhall chapel1 and how they rode into ,cloth ,fair1 and made a proclamation1 riding back through the churchyard and home to the ,lord ,mayor's house4 #fc ,in ,allen's #8,history of ,london1' published in #ahbg1 vol4 iii41 p4 #feh1 we are told that the district called ,cloth ,fair was still chiefly occupied by clothiers1 tailors1 etc4 #fd ,stow's #8,survey of ,london1' edited by ,w4 ,j4 ,thoms1 p4 #ada4 #fe ,the rebus was invented before ,prior ,bolton's time2 as early as #addc the ,white ,friars had a grant of the #8,hospitium vocatum ,le ,bolt en ton1' in ,fleet ,street4 ,this became a great coaching inn2 the site is marked by a railway office4 ,the tun occurs in the rebus of ,beckington1 of ,castleton1 and of ,bishop ,langton in ,winchester ,cathedral4 #ff ,they were drawn and described for ,nelson's #8,history of ,islington1' #bnd edition1 #ahbc4 #fg ,i have not been able to find proof positive that a ,fowler owned this property4 ,the house1 though of respectable antiquity1 is much more modern than the arms4 ,by a lease dated #agbb1 a messuage called the ,bell1 with its stables1 etc41 and two other messuages or tenements on either side1 adjoining and fronting ,high ,street1 ,holborn1 #8formerly one capital mansion or messuage called the ,bell or ,blue ,bell ,inn1 together with all shops1 stables1 and other appurtenances1' were bought by ,christ's ,hospital for #b1aac #aes4 ,together with the adjoining house1 it still belongs to the ,hospital4 ,there is a rent-charge of #des4 7originally #cj sacks of charcoal7 on the ,blue ,bell ,inn1 for the use of the poor of ,st4 ,andrews1 in which parish the houses are situated2 it was bequeathed by ,richard ,hunt1 who died in #aeei4 #fh ,named after the ,berners family1 who held the estate from the ,conquest till #adbb1 when it passed by marriage to ,john ,bourchier1 created ,lord ,berners4 #fi ,in ,nelson's #8,history of ,islington1' #bnd edition1 #ahbc1 facing p4 #bfj1 there is an illustration of the building4 #gj ,the pretty garden of ,clement's ,inn is now being built over1 and the garden house will soon disappear behind bricks and mortar4 ,the black kneeling figure supporting a sundial1 which formerly decorated the lawn 7having been brought from ,italy and presented to the ,inn by one of the ,earls of ,clare71 was sold by the ,ancients in #ahhd for twenty guineas1 and has now found its way to ,inner ,temple ,gardens4 #ga ,lord ,clarendon says of this second ,earl3 #8,he was a man of honour and of courage1 and would have been an excellent person if his heart had not been so much set upon keeping and improving his estate4' #gb ,from ,mr4 ,austin ,dobson ,i learn that ,hogarth engraved a view of ,clare ,market4 #gc ,he wrote ,,ms4 memoirs of the ,holles family1 afterwards transcribed by ,arthur ,collins4 #gd ,this ,act appears to have been a dead letter4 ,in #aehj ,queen ,elizabeth had issued an equally vain proclamation to prevent the erection of new buildings within three miles of the ,city gates4 #ge ,m4 ,jusserand gives amusing instances in his excellent new work on #8,a ,french ,ambassador at the ,court of ,charles ,,ii4' #gf ,there is a view of it in ,strype's ,stow 7#aged71 which shows a sculptured phnix over the doorway4 ,the phnix in the porch of ,no4 #dj1 ,great ,ormond ,street suggests the possibility of some connection with this house4 #gg #8,annals of ,tennis1' #ahgh4 #gh ,some of these servants1 however1 must have been exceedingly active4 ,in the ,london ,evening ,post for ,december #ca1 #agce1 we are told that #8,general ,churchill's ,running ,footman ran against the ,lady ,molesworth's1 from the upper end of ,st4 ,james's ,street to ,edgworth ,gate1' and won1 performing the distance1 computed to be about eleven miles1 in an hour and five minutes4 #gi ,he is ,volpone in ,pope's #8,moral ,essay'3 #8,his grace's fate sage ,cutler could foresee ,and well 7he thought7 advised him 8,live like me40 ,as well his grace replied1 8,like you1 ,sir ,john8 ,that ,i can do1 when all ,i have is gone40' #hj #8,some account of ,london1' by ,thos4 ,pennant1 #crd edition1 pp4 #cgb1 #cgc4 #ha ,in the ,public ,advertiser for ,wednesday1 ,april #ba1 #agge1 it is stated that #8a trout was catched in the ,new ,river1 near ,sadler's ,wells1 which weighed eight pounds and a half4' #hb ,this roadway is #a1agc yards in length1 and has cost #cec1ebf1 but the amount will be diminished by the sale of unused lands4 ,running under it is a subway for the conveyance of electric lighting1 etc41 high enough for a man to walk through4 #hc ,the parish derived its name from a holy well1 at which the parish clerks of ,london used annually to perform a miracle play4 ,its site was marked by a pump near the south-east corner of ,ray ,street1 an illustration of which is given in ,wilkinson's #8,londina ,illustrata4' ,the well still exists a few feet to the north1 covered by a massive brick arch1 under the floor of ,no4 #ah1 ,farringdon ,road--formerly the parish watch-house4 ,this quaint little tenement is now to be let on building lease4 ,the whole neighbourhood seems in old days to have had a reputation for holy and medicinal wells4 #hd ,in the ,post ,boy1 and in the ,flying ,post for ,june1 #afig1 we are told that #8,sadler's excellent steel waters at ,islington1 having been obstructed for some years1 are now opened and current again1' etc4 #he ,at the bar of the ,sir ,hugh ,myddleton tavern there was formerly an interesting portrait group of frequenters of the old ,myddleton's ,head1 ,mr4 ,rosoman being in the centre4 #hf ,pinks's #8,history of ,clerkenwell1' #bnd edition1 p4 #dbg4 #hg ,both places are alluded to in an advertisement 7dated #agdg7 of the ,mulberry ,garden1 the site of which1 says ,pinks1 was afterwards covered by the ,house of ,detention4 ,a print of it exists4 #hh ,the springs thus named were almost on the site of another medicinal spring called ,black ,mary's ,well or ,hole4 ,dr4 ,bevis makes them out the same1 and suggests that the title by which the latter had been known was a corruption of #8,blessed ,mary's ,hole4' ,other writers seek to derive it from ,mary ,woolaston--a black woman who about #afhj is supposed to have lived hereabout1 by the side of the road1 in a circular hut built of stones1 and to have leased and sold the waters4 ,according to the ,gentleman's ,magazine for #ahac1 part ii41 p4 #eeg1 this spring was afterwards enclosed in a conduit by ,walter ,baynes1 ,esq41 the gentleman who1 in #afig1 discovered the famous ,cold ,bath1 and who owned1 in part at least1 the ,sir ,john ,oldcastle tavern and gardens hard by4 ,according to a plan of the city and environs of ,london1 as fortified by ,parliament in #afdb-c1 there was a battery and breastwork #8on the hill ,e4 of ,blackmary's ,hole4' #hi ,see ,notes and ,queries1 #crd series1 ii41 p4 #bbh4 #ij ,in ,miss ,burney's #8,evelina' 7chap4 xlv471 published ,january1 #aggh1 there is an interesting list of places of amusement in the suburbs4 ,the vulgar members of the ,branghton family1 and others1 dispute as to which they shall visit in the evening4 ,miss ,branghton votes for ,saltero's coffee-house2 her sister for a party at ,mother ,red ,cap's2 the brother for ,white ,conduit ,house2 ,mr4 ,brown for ,bagnigge ,wells2 ,mr4 ,branghton for ,sadler's ,wells1 and ,mr4 ,smith for ,vauxhall4 ,white ,conduit ,house is at last fixed upon4 ,the site of this is marked by a public-house--,no4 #ad1 ,barnsbury ,road2 it was named after an ancient conduit which once stood hard by4 #ia ,stow calls it the ,river of ,wells1 from the numerous springs that overflowed into it4 #ib ,there was another fairly good mantelpiece on the second-floor4 #ic ,i do not guarantee the completeness of the following list of work in the ,city said to have been by ,inigo ,jones1 but it may be useful for reference4 ,the ,church of ,st4 ,catherine ,cree1 ,leadenhall ,street1 has been popularly ascribed to him2 it was consecrated by ,laud1 ,january #af1 #afcj-ca1 and is in pseudo-,gothic style4 ,the ,classic portico to old ,st4 ,paul's ,cathedral was designed by ,jones in #afcc4 ,the repairs under his supervision were begun in ,april1 #afca1 and carried on for more than nine years4 ,the ,church of ,st4 ,alban's1 ,wood ,street1 may have been his work2 it replaced the old church1 pulled down in #afcb4 ,this was destroyed in the ,great ,fire4 ,the hall1 theatre1 and court-room of the ,barber-,surgeons' ,company were built by him1 apparently in #afcf4 ,the hall was destroyed in the ,great ,fire2 the theatre1 which had been restored by the ,earl of ,burlington1 was pulled down in #agfc4 ,it has been stated that the latter rebuilt the court-room2 ,mr4 ,young1 however1 in his #8,annals of the ,barber-,surgeons' 7#ahij71 declares positively that it is the work of ,inigo ,jones1 repaired after the ,fire4 ,he is said to have also built ,thanet ,house1 ,aldersgate ,street1 which survived till #ahhb4 #id #8,marriage1 ,baptismal1 and ,burial ,registers of the ,dutch ,reformed ,church1 ,austin ,friars1 from #aega to #ahgd1' edited by ,w4 ,v4 ,c4 ,moens4 #ie ,on the #aeth of ,april1 #afcj1 occurs the following entry3 #8,petronela ,laurence widdowe1 a ,dutchwoman1 was buryed in ye ten shilling ground1 att lower end of ye men's pewes4' ,i am tempted to add the following curious baptismal entry from the register4 #8,sept4 #a1 #afaa4--;,job-rakt-out-of-the-asshes1 being borne the last of ,august1 in the lane going to ,sir ,john ,spencer's back gate and there laide in a heape of seacole asshes1 was baptized the first day of ,september following and dyed the next day after4' #if ,the old spelling is still retained1 as in the entry of ,adam's baptism at the ,dutch ,church4 #ig ,the name is spelt in various ways4 ,he may have been of the family of ,sir ,john ,cullum1 ,sheriff of ,london in #afdf1 on the site of whose mansion ,cullum ,street1 hard by1 is built4 #ih ,from this ,i infer that she and her husband came to live in the parish after ,adam's death4 ,their son ,john was born ,december1 #affa1 and died a few months afterwards4 #ii ,dr4 ,cox mentions this4 ,having searched for ,sir ,john ,lawrence's will at ,somerset ,house1 ,i find that he died intestate1 and that administration of his estate was granted to his widow ,catherine2 so he had married a second time4 ,in this grant he is described as #8nuper de ,putney4' ,it appears from the register of that parish that he had a young family1 and this is confirmed by a ,lawrence pedigree which has been kindly placed at my disposal4 ,among the children there was another son ,john1 who married ,catherine ,briscoe2 he died in #agbh1 leaving several daughters and a son of the same name4 ,there was also a son ,adam1 who left no issue4 ,catherine1 ,lady ,lawrence1 was buried in the vault at ,st4 ,helen's ,church in #agbc4 #ajj ,faulkner gives some verses which he says were written about the year #affd on the ,lawrence arms4 ,here is a specimen3 #8,the ,field is ,argent1 and the charge a ,cross3 ,riches without ,religion are but dross2 ,white1 like this field1 ,o ,lord1 his life should be ,who bears thy cross1 follows1 and fights for thee4' #aja ,dr4 ,cox says the date of ,lawrence's death was ,august #bc1 #agah1 which would be seventy-six years after his first marriage4 #ajb ,at the back of one of these houses is the only private garden still existing in the ,city4 #ajc ,this passage1 to judge from a restored plan in ,hammon's #8,architectural ,antiquities of ,crosby ,place' 7,london1 #ahdd71 was one of the original courts of ,crosby ,place2 but ,i am rather doubtful about it4 ,according to this plan1 ,crosby ,square occupied the site1 not of offices1 but of the bowling-green4 #ajd ,i observe that he and his brother ,herman were subscribers to ,strype's ,stow1 published in #agbj4 #aje ,anne1 daughter of ,simon ,luttrell1 created ,baron ,irnham of ,luttrelstown1 #agfh2 ,viscount ,carhampton1 #aghj2 ,earl of ,carhampton1 #aghe4 ,she married1 first1 ,christopher ,horton1 of ,colton ,hall1 ,derbyshire1 and secondly1 in #agga1 ,henry ,frederick1 ,duke of ,cumberland1 brother of ,king ,george ,,iii4 ,this so incensed the latter that he procured the passing of the ,royal ,marriage ,act4 #ajf ,olmius is merely a ,latinized form of the ,dutch name ,van ,olm1 the latter word being equivalent to ,elm4 ,the arms are given in ,morant's #8,history of ,essex4' ,one of the charges is3 out of a mount vert1 an elm-tree proper4 #ajg ,in #aggh ,john ,drigue ,lernoult and another let the house to ,lewis ,miol1 and a schedule was then drawn up which ,i have seen4 ,everything is most carefully noted from the arch in the hall #8with fluted columns and carved capitals1' to the #8battlement wall about #b feet #f inches high1 coped with stone cornice4' ,at that time there was a warehouse with a loft over it1 and a crane1 but its position is not made clear4 #ajh ,the plan of the garden seemed to show that it had been curtailed when the houses to the east1 ,nos4 #ae to #ah1 ,austin ,friars1 were erected4 ,they were formerly called ,winckworth ,buildings1 and on their water-pipes were ,t ,w1 #agbf4 ,in ,no4 #ah1 ,james ,smith1 one of the authors of #8,rejected ,addresses1' lived for a time4 ,these houses are all now swept away4 #aji #8,london1 ,ancient and ,modern1 from the ,sanitary and ,medical ,point of ,view1' by ,g4 ,v4 ,poore1 ,m4,d41 ,f4,r4,c4,p4 ,london1 #ahhi4