,,outl9e ,,( ,,! ,,hi/ory ,,( ,,! ,,engli% ,,language ,,& ,,lit]ature ,illu/ration ,w4 ,r4 ,,*amb]s ,,london ,,& ,,ed9burgh #ahhb ,ed9burgh3 ,pr9t$ by ,w4 ,r4 ,*amb]s4 ,,preface4 ,! object ( ?is book1 z indicat$ 9 ! title1 is to give an outl9e ( ! ,hi/ory ( ! ,engli% ,language & ,lit]ature4 ,x aims1 h[ev]1 at be+ some?+ m ?an a m]e /atem5t ( facts4 ,x is int5d$ to excite an int]e/ 9 ,engli% philology1 & 9 ! lead+ au?ors t f ! "t ( ,cdmon h us$ ! ,engli% tongue4 ,x is !re=e to be reg>d$ z an introduction to ,engli% philology & lit]ature2 & is adapt$ = use 9 ! advanc$ classes ( elem5t>y s*ools1 9 second>y s*ools1 & = pupil tea*]s1 z well z = private /ud5ts4 ,,cont5ts4 ,,language4 ,,*apt] ,i4 ,,hi/ory ,,( ,,! ,,vocabul>y ,,( ,,! ,,engli% ,,language4 ,,page #a4 ,:at a ,language is #g #b4 ,! ,engli% ,language #g #c4 ,family #h #d4 ,teutons #h #e4 ,high-,g]man #i #f4 ,l[-,g]man #i #g4 ,sc&9avian #aj #h4 ,! *ief ,teutonic ,languages #aj #i4 ,:]e ! ,engli% came f #aa #aj4 ,! ,p]iods ( ,engli% #ab #aa4 ,anglo-,saxon #ab #ab4 ,e>ly ,engli% #ac #ac4 ,middle ,engli% #ac #ad4 ,mod]n ,engli% #ac #ae4 ,engli% ,words 9 ,engli% ,language #ad #af4 ,*anges 9 ,engli% #ae #ag4 ,loss & ,ga9 #af #ah4 ,=eign ,elem5ts 9 ,engli% #af #ai4 ,wel% #ag #bj4 ,keltic ,elem5t #ah #ba4 ,lat9 ,elem5t ( ,fir/ ,p]iod 7i7 #ah #bb4 8 8 7ii7 #ai #bc4 ,lat9 ,elem5t ( ,second ,p]iod 7i7 #bj #bd4 8 8 7ii7 #bj #be4 ,sc&9avian ,elem5t 7i7 #ba #bf4 8 8 7ii7 #bb #bg4 8 8 7iii7 #bb #bh4 ,lat9 ,elem5t ( ,?ird ,p]iod 7i7 #bc #bi4 8 8 7ii7 #bd #cj4 8 8 7iii7 #bd #ca4 8 8 7iv7 #be #cb4 8 8 7v7 #be #cc4 8 8 7vi7 #bf #cd4 ,synonyms f ,norman-,fr5* #bf #ce4 ,bil+ualism #bg #cf4 ,d\blets #bh #cg4 ,d\blets #bh #ch4 ,pronunciation #bh #ci4 ,lat9 ( ,f\r? ,p]iod #bi #dj4 ,m\? ,lat9 & ,book ,lat9 #cj #da4 ,greek ,d\blets #cb #db4 ,engli% & ,fr5* ,words 9 ,s5t5ces #cc #dc4 ,engli% ,words ,lo/ #cc ,,*apt] ,,ii4 ,,hi/ory ,,( ,,! ,,gramm> ,,( ,,engli%4 #a4 ,an ,inflect$ ,language #cd #b4 ,gramm> ( ,n\ns #ce #c4 ,gramm> ( ,adjectives #ce #d4 ,gramm> ( ,def9ite ,article #ce #e4 ,gramm> ( ,p]sonal ,pron\n #cf #f4 ,gramm> ( ,v]bs #cf #g4 ,fragm5ts ( ,n\n ,inflections #cf #h4 8 ,adjective ,inflections #cg #i4 8 ,pron\n ,inflections #cg #aj4 8 ,v]b ,inflections #cg #aa4 8 ,inflections 9 ,adv]bs #ch #ab4 8 ,inflections 9 ,prepositions #ci ,,*apt] ,,iii4 ,,*anges ,,9 ,,mod]n ,,engli%4 #a4 ,=mation ( ,mod]n ,engli% #ci #b4 ,cont9u$ ,hi/ory #ci #c4 ,spani% & ,italian #dj #d4 ,dut* ,words #da #e4 ,lat9 & ,teutonic ,elem5t #da #f4 ,influ5ces affect+ our ,language at ! pres5t "t #db ,,*apt] ,,iv4 #a4 ,words adopt$ f ,=eign ,languages #dc #b4 ,*ief ,dates 9 ! ,hi/ory ( ! ,engli% ,language #de ,,*apt] ,v4 ,,notes ,,on ,,! ,,gr[? ,,( ,,engli% ,,words4 #a4 ,roots2 ,influ5ce ( ,imitation on ,language #df #b4 ,hybrids #df #c4 ,words disguis$ 9 ,=m or 9 ,mean+ #dh #d4 ,words t h *ang$ _! ,mean+ #ec #e4 ,words f ! ,names ( ,p]sons #ed #f4 ,words f ,names ( ,places #ee #g4 ,engli% 7or ,teutonic7 ,roots #ef #h4 ,lat9 ,roots #eg #i4 ,greek ,roots #fc #aj4 ,bran*+ ( ,words f ,lat9 ,/ems #fe #aa4 ,bran*+ ( ,words f ,engli% ,/ems #fi ,,*apt] ,,vi4 ,,prefixes ,,& ,,suffixes4 ,,prefixes4 #a4 ,engli% 7or ,teutonic7 #gj #b4 ,lat9 #ga #c4 ,greek #gb ,,suffixes4 #d4 ,engli% 7or ,teutonic7 #gb #e4 ,lat9 #gd #f4 ,greek #ge ,,lit]ature4 ,i4 ,,outl9e ,,( ,,our ,,e>ly ,,lit]ature4 ,,page #a4 ,! ,be[ulf #gf #b4 ,cdmon #gf #c4 ,bda #gg #d4 ,k+ ,alfr$ #gg #e4 ,! ,anglo-,saxon ,*ronicle #gh #f4 ,ar*bi%op lfric #gh #g4 ,anglo-,saxon ,gospels #gh #h4 ,old ,engli% ,dialects #gi #i4 ,fir/ ,engli% ,book aft] ,norman ,conque/ #hj #aj4 ,orm's ,ormulum #hj #aa4 ,langl& & ,*auc] #ha #ab4 ,allit]ation or ,head-,rhyme #hb #ac4 ,john ,g[] #hc #ad4 ,john ,b>b\r #hc #ae4 ,sir ,john ,m&eville #hc #af4 ,john ,wicliffe #hd #ag4 ,our ,engli% ,bible & its ,hi/ory #he ,,ii4 ,,tabul> ,,outl9e ,,( ,,mod]n ,,engli% ,,lit]ature #hg ,illu/ration ,,! ,,engli% ,,language4 ,,*apt] ,i4 ,hi/ory ( its ,vocabul>y4 #a4 ,,:at ,a ,,language ,,is4--,a language is a numb] ( diff]5t s\nds :i* are made by ! tongue & ! o!r organs ( spee*4 ,b a spok5 language is1 or may be1 writt5 or pr9t$ ^u pap] by ! aid ( a numb] ( signs or symbols--:i* are g5]ally pr9t$ 9 black ink ^u :ite pap]4--,! p>ts ( a spok5 language are call$ s\nds2 ! smalle/ p>ts ( a writt5 or pr9t$ language are call$ lett]s4--,a language is also call$ a tongue or a spee*4--,a language1 l a liv+ be+1 does n rema9 always ! same4 ,x gr[s4 ,z x gr[s1 x alt]s 9 appe>ance2 small & great *anges take place 9 x2 & ! /ory ( ^! *anges is call$ ! ,hi/ory ( ! ,language4 #b4 ,,! ,,engli% ,,language is ! "n giv5 to ! language :i* is spok5 9 ,great ,brita9 & ,irel&1 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates1 9 ,canada1 9 ,au/ralia & ,new ,zeal&1 9 ,s\? ,africa1 & 9 _m o!r p>ts ( ! _w :]e ,engli%m51 ,scot*m51 & ,iri%m5 are f\nd4 ,9 ! middle ( ! fif? c5tury x 0 spok5 by a few ?\s& m5 :o came ov] to ,brita9 f ! nor?-we/ ( ,europe1 & by _m ?\s&s ( m5 & wom5 :o dwelt on ! banks ( ! l[] p>ts ( ! great ,g]man riv]s--! ,rh9e1 ! ,elbe1 & ! ,wes]4 ,x is n[ spok5 by m ?an #ajj millions ( p4 ,b ! ,engli% spok5 9 ! fif? c5tury 0 a v diff]5t language f ! ,engli% t is spok5 n[4 ,x 0 diff]5t1 yet /ill ! same4 ,x 0 diff]5t 9 appe>ance1 z a *ild ( "o ye> old is diff]5t 9 looks f a man ( =ty2 b bo? ! ,engli% ( to-day & ! ,engli% ( ! fif? c5tury are ! same--because ! "o has gr[n out ( ! o!r1 j z ! tall /rong man ( =ty has gr[n out ( ! *ild ( "o ye> old4 #c4 ,,family4--,to :at family ( languages does our ,engli% spee* belong8 ,x belongs to ! ,indo-,european family ( languages4 ,?is family is s call$1 because ! languages :i* belong to x are spok5 bo? 9 ,india & 9 ,europe4 ,_m ?\s& ye>s ago1 ! p f :om we are desc5d$ liv$ on ! high table-l&s 9 ! he>t ( ,asia4 ,b&s ( !m kept travell+ always f>!r & f>!r we/2 & x is f _! language t mo/ ( ! tongues spok5 9 ,europe are d]iv$4 ,^! b&s left _! fri5ds & relations & c\ntry1 j z "y m5 & wom5 n[adays leave ! homes ( _! p>5ts to g & settle 9 di/ant c\ntries4 ,! ,indo-,european is also call$ ! ,aryan family ( languages4 ,altoge!r1 x embraces sev5 great languages--7#a7 ,! ,indian or ,sanskrit2 7#b7 ,p]sic2 7#c7 ,greek2 7#d7 ,lat92 7#e7 ,keltic2 7#f7 ,teutonic2 & 7#g7 ,slavonic1 :i* includes ,russian1 ,poli%1 c4 #d4 ,,teutons4--,! ,engli% language 0 introduc$ into ?is c\ntry by b&s ( w>like coloni/s f ,nor?we/]n ,g]many1 :o drove ! old inhabitants to ! m\nta9\s regions 9 ! we/ ( ! isl&4 ,^? coloni/s 7 v>i\sly call$ ,angles1 ,saxons1 & ,jutes2 b !y all belong$ to ! ,teutonic race1 & _! spee* 0 a bran* ( ! ,teutonic gr\p ( languages4 ,! ,teutonic gr\p ( languages conta9s ?ree ma9 sections1 f :i* all ! o!rs spr+4 ,^! ?ree ma9 sections are3 ,high-,g]man1 ,l[-,g]man1 & ,sc&9avian4 ,high-,g]man is ! "n giv5 to ! k9d ( ,g]man :i* is spok5 on ! high] l&s or table-l&s ( ,s\? ,g]many--^? table-l&s :i* slope f ! ,c5tral ,pla9 ( ,europe up to ! ,alps2 & its nor!rn b\nd>y is ! pretty riv] ,ma91 :i* falls into ! ,rh9e4 ,l[-,g]man is ! "n giv5 to ! k9d ( ,g]man spok5 9 ! l[l&s ( ,g]many2 & ! s\!rn b\nd>y ( ?is k9d ( spee* is ! riv] ,ma9--its nor!rn b\nd>y be+ ! ,baltic & ! ,nor? ,sea4 ,sc&9avian is ! wide g5]al "n giv5 to ^? k9ds ( ,teutonic spee* :i* are f\nd 9 ,d5m>k1 ,norway1 ,sw$51 & ,icel&4 ,^! divisions may be plac$ 9 a table 9 ! foll[+ mann]3 ,,teutonic4 ---------------------------------------- -------- ,high-,g]man4 ,l[-,g]man4 ,sc&9avian4 ----------- --------------- -------------------- ,old4 ,middle4 ,new4 ,dut*4 ,frisian4 ,icel&ic4 ,norwegian4 ,flemi%4 ,engli%4 ,dani%4 ,sw$i%4 #e4 ,,high-,,g]man4--,high-,g]man is spok5 9 ! s\!rn p>ts ( ,g]many--su* z ,bav>ia1 ,swabia1 & o!r hilly regions2 & also 9 ! nor? & ea/ ( ,switz]l&4--,x is ?is =m ( ! language t has become ! book-spee* or lit]>y language ( ! ,g]mans2 & its te*nical "n is ,new ,high-,g]man4 #f4 ,,l[-,,g]man4--,! languages :i* belong to ?is division are spok5 9 ! pla9s ( ,g]many1 especially along ! l[] c\rses ( ! riv]s1 9 ,holl&1 9 "p ( ,belgium1 9 ,engl&1 ,scotl&1 & ,irel&1 & ! ,briti% ,colonies1 & 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates ( ,nor? ,am]ica4 ,! ,l[-,g]man spok5 9 ,holl& is call$ ,dut*2 ! ,l[-,g]man spok5 9 ,belgium is call$ ,flemi%2 ! ,l[-,g]man spok5 9 ,friesl&--a weal?y prov9ce ( ,holl&--is call$ ,frisian2 & ! ,l[-,g]man spok5 9 ,engl& is call$ ,engli%4 7,b1 z we %all soon see1 ,engli% conta9s _m ?\s&s ( words 9 addition to ^? :i* are purely ,l[-,g]man47 ,! language on ! cont95t :i* is mo/ l ,engli% is ! ,frisian language4 ,!re is inde$ a well-kn[n c\plet1 e ^w 9 :i* is said to be bo? ,frisian & ,engli%4 ,x runs ?us3 ,good butt] & good *eese ,is good ,engli% & good ,fries4 ,! foll[+ are ! *ief subdivisions ( ,,l[-,,g]man4 ---------------------------------------- ----------- ,dut* ,flemi% ,frisian ,engli% 7,spok5 9 ,holl&74 79 ,fl&]s74 79 ,friesl&74 79 ,engl&1 etc474 #g4 ,,sc&9avian4--,sc&9avian is ! g5]al "n giv5 to ! diff]5t k9ds ( ,teutonic spee* :i* are employ$ 9 ,d5m>k1 ,norway1 ,sw$51 & ,icel&4 ,! olde/ & pure/ k9d ( ,sc&9avian spee* is t spok5 9 ! f>-(f c\ntry 9 ! middle ( ! ,nor? ,atlantic1 call$ ,icel&2 & x is ! pure/1 because = _m c5turies !re has be5 v little communication ) t c\ntry4 ,inde$1 ! ,icel&ic ( ! #ab? c5tury diff]s v little f ! ,icel&ic ( to-day4 ,b ! ,engli% ( ! twelf? c5tury diff]s s mu* f ! ,engli% ( ! n9ete5? c5tury1 t we %\ld at fir/ sight h>dly "k !m = ! same spee*4--,"o peculi> m>k ( a ,sc&9avian spee* is ! pref]5ce = h>d consonants--! pref]5ce1 = example1 ( a k ov] a * or %4 ,?us ! ,danes say ,dansk = ,dani%2 & x is ,dani% influ5ce t has giv5 to ,scot*m5 & to ! nor? ( ,engl& ! =m kirk in/ead ( *ur*4 #h4 ,,! ,,?ree ,,*ief ,,teutonic ,,languages4--,! ?ree mo/ important languages belong+ to ! great ,teutonic /ock are ,engli%1 ,dut*1 & ,g]man4 ,if we look at ! words us$ 9 ^! languages1 we %all at once see t !y are si/]-languages4 ,if we look at ! way 9 :i* _! words are *ang$--or at _! inflections--we %all also see t !y are v closely relat$4 ,?us ! commone/ words appe> 9 ^! ?ree languages 9 ! foll[+ %ape3 ,engli% ,?ree4 ,"m4 ,bro!r4 ,h 7inf474 ,dut* ,drie4 ,mo$]4 ,bro$]4 ,hebb54 ,g]man ,drei4 ,mutt]4#a ,brud]4#b ,hab54 ,aga91 ! inflections ( ^! ?ree languages are v simil>--are 9 fact1 diff]5t %apes ( ! same *anges4 ,?us ! possessive case ( n\ns 9 all ?ree languages ends 9 s or es#c or 's4 ,! second p]son s+ul> ( v]bs 9 all ?ree ends 9 /2 & ! end+ ( ! pa/ p>ticiple 9 all ?ree is g5]ally en4 ,we "k1 !n1 bo? f hi/ory & f a comp>ison ( ! actual facts 9 ! pres5t /ate ( ! languages1 t all ?ree are si/]-tongues4 #i4 ,,:]e ,,! ,,engli% ,,came ,,f4--,^? ,teutons :o br\ght ov] ! ,engli% tongue to ?is isl&1 came f ! nor?-we/ ( ,europe--mo/ ( !m f t "p ( ! ,g]man coa/ :i* lies betwe5 ! riv] ,elbe & ! riv] ,wes]4 ,! k9d ( ,l[-,g]man spok5 by !m is mu* ! same z t /ill spok5 9 ! l[l&s ( ,hanov]1 ,hol/e91 & ,s*leswig4 ,!re is 9 ,hol/e9--^u ! we/ coa/--a small di/rict :i* is call$ ,angeln--t is1 ,engl&--to ?is day4 ,! ,teutons :o came ov] to ,brita9 belong$ to ?ree tribes4 ,!y 7 ,jutes & ,angles & ,saxons4 ,! ,jutes came f ,jutl&4#d ,! ,angles came f ,s*leswig & ,hol/e94 ,! ,saxons came f ,hanov] & ! l& to ! we/ ( x4 ,! ,jutes settl$ 9 ,k5t & ! ,isle ( ,wight4 ,! ,saxons settl$ 9 ,essex 7or ,ea/ ,sex71 ,wessex#e 7or ,we/ ,sex71 ,sussex 7or ,s\? ,sex71 & ,middlesex2 & ! end+ sex is an indication ( ! fact4 ,! ,angles settl$ *iefly 9 ! nor? & ea/4 ,"o ( ! k+doms f\nd$ by !m 0 call$ ,ea/ ,anglia2 & ! nor!rn & s\!rn settl]s 9 x gave _! names to ! two c\nties ( ,norfolk & ,suffolk1 :i* are only lat] =ms ( ! words ,nor? folk & ,s\? folk4 ,^! ?ree tribes all spoke diff]5t dialects ( ! same spee*4 ,! e>ly pr$om9ance ( ! ,angles1 especially z ! ,angles 9 ,nor?umbria 7 ! fir/ to h a lit]ature1 gave to ! language ! "n ( ,engli%1 ?\gh ! ,keltic p /ill call x ,saxon or ,sass5a*4 ,! c\ntry also 9 "t acquir$1 f ! same cause1 ! "n ( ,engla-l&1 or ! l& ( ! ,engli%4 ,! fir/ l&+ ( ,teutons took place 9 ! ye> #ddi2 & = ab\t a hundr$ ye>s aft]w>ds1 b&s ( /rong "y w>riors & coloni/s cont9u$ to arrive at %ort int]vals4 #aj4 ,,! ,,p]iods ,,( ,,engli%4--,! language br\ght ov] to ,brita9 by ^! ?ree tribes has gr[n v mu* s9ce ! fif? c5tury4 ,x has be5 gr[+ = f\rte5 hundr$ ye>s4 ,x has !re=e alt]$ v mu* 9 e way2 its appe>ance has *ang$2 & we h to le>n ! ,engli% ( ! fif?1 or ! eigh?1 or ! elev5? c5tury1 almo/ z if x 7 a =eign language4 ,!re are f\r *ief p]iods 9 ! hi/ory ( ! ,engli% language4 ,^! are3 ,i4 ,old ,engli%1 commonly call$ ,anglo-,saxon #dej-aajj ,,ii4 ,e>ly ,engli% #aajj-abej ,,iii4 ,middle ,engli% #abej-adhe ,,iv4 ,mod]n ,engli% #adhe-ahhb ,b x mu/ n be =gott5 t !re is no h>d & fa/ l9e betwe5 "o p]iod & ano!r4 ,a liv+ language1 l a liv+ body1 is always *ang+4 ,x takes on new additions ( new matt]2 x loses ! old4 ,) ^! new additions1 its =m also *anges4 ,we are r>ely s5sible ( ^! *anges2 b !y are go+ on all ! "t = all t4 #aa4 ,,! ,,olde/ ,,engli% ,,or ,,anglo-,,saxon1 #dej-aajj4--,?is =m ( ! ,engli% language conta9$ a v l>ge numb] ( inflections4 ,! def9ite article 0 inflect$ = g5d]1 numb]1 & case2 n\ns & adjectives 7 highly inflect$2 & ! v]b _h a v mu* l>g] numb] ( inflections ?an x has n[4 ,! words ( ! ,engli% vocabul>y dur+ ?is p]iod 7 almo/ entirely ,engli%2 a few ,lat9 & ,greek words--br\ght 9 *iefly by ! *ur*--& a few ,keltic words1 _h f\nd _! way into ! ,engli% vocabul>y4 ,! rhyme us$ 9 poetry 0 n end-rhyme1 z at ! pres5t date1 b head-rhyme or allit]ation--z we f9d x 9 ! well-kn[n l9e f ,pope3 ,apt allit]ation's artful aid4 ,to ?is p]iod belong ! writ+s ( ! poet ,cdmon & ( ,k+ ,alfr$4 #ab4 ,,e>ly ,,engli%1 #aajj-abej4--,! ,normans _h seiz$ all p[] 9 ! /ate & 9 ! *ur*1 & _h held x s9ce ! ye> #ajff4 ,dur+ ! e>ly "p ( ?is p]iod1 ,engli% 0 n writt51 _h ceas$ to be employ$ 9 books2 & ,fr5* words began to creep 9 ev5 among ! spok5 words ( ! ,engli% p4 ,! inflections ( words began to drop (f1 or to be c>elessly us$1 & !n to be mix$ up & confus$ ) ea* o!r4 ,"o ( ! *ief writ]s ( ?is p]iod is a prie/ call$ ,layamon1 :o wrote a poem call$ ! ,brut 7,brutus71 :i* gave "s acc\nt ( ! beg9n+s ( ! ,engli% p1 :o 7 believ$ to be desc5d$ f ,brutus1 ! fabl$ son ( neas ( ,troy4 #ac4 ,,middle ,,engli%1 #abej-adhe4--,n\ns & adjectives dur+ ?is p]iod lo/ almo/ all _! inflections4 ,! inflections ( v]bs 7 v mu* alt]$ & greatly simplifi$4--,9 ! ye> #acdi1 boys 9 s*ool 7 all[$ to cease translat+ _! ,lat9 into ,fr5*1 & began to translate x into ,engli%4 ,9 ! ye> #acfb ,edw>d ,,iii4 pass$ an act ( p>liam5t ord]+ ! use ( ,engli% 9 ! plead+s ( cases 9 all c\rts ( law1 in/ead ( ,norman-,fr5*1 :i* _h hi!rto be5 employ$4 ,to ! fir/ half ( ?is p]iod belong su* works z ! ,metrical ,*ronicle & ! ,lives ( ! ,sa9ts1 suppos$ to h be5 writt5 & translat$ by ,rob]t ( ,gl\ce/]2 to ! second half belong ! works ( ! great poet ,*auc]1 ( ,william ,langl&1 & ( ! re=m] ,wicliffe4 #ad4 ,,mod]n ,,engli%1 #adhe-ahhb4--,! ye> #adhe m>ks ! accession ( ! ,h\se ( ,tudor to ! ?rone1 9 ! p]son ( ,h5ry ,,vii4 ,by ?is "t almo/ all inflections _h disappe>$ f our language4 ,_m hundr$s ( ,fr5* words _h come into ! language4 ,f ! "t ( ! ,revival ( ,lett]s#f--:i* may be said to h begun 9 ! sixte5? c5tury--sev]al ?\s&s ( ,lat9 words 7 p\r$ into ! ,engli% vocabul>y4 ,! p]iod :i* lies betwe5 #adhe & #afjc--! ye> 9 :i* ,james ,i4 came to ! ?rone--is sometimes call$ ! p]iod ( ,tudor ,engli%4 ,its greate/ v]se-writ] is ,%akspe>e2 its greate/ prose-writ] is ,hook]1 :o wrote ,! ,laws ( ,ecclesia/ical ,polity4 #ae4 ,,engli% ,,words ,,9 ,,! ,,engli% ,,language4--,! ,engli% language has = c5turies be5 import+ words f _m =eign tongues into its own vocabul>y2 & x has giv5 a he>ty welcome to all k9ds ( /rang]s4 ,s mu* is ?is ! case1 & s f> has ?is habit ( tak+ 9 /rang]s gone1 t we c n[ q accurately say3 ,mo/ ( ! words 9 our ,engli% language are n ,engli%4 ,!re are m ,lat9 words 9 our tongue ?an !re are ,engli%4 ,b ?is /atem5t is true only ( our words z we f9d !m 9 ! diction>y4 ,! words :i* we use e day--! language ( ! m\?--is almo/ entirely ,engli%4 ,! fix$ vocabul>y--! vocabul>y pr9t$ 9 ! diction>y--is m ,lat9 ?an ,engli%2 ! mov+ vocabul>y--! words :i* are daily spok5--is ,engli%4 ,?us1 if we take a passage 9 our translation ( ! ,f\r ,gospels1 we %all f9d f #ij to #if p] c5t4 ( ! words us$ are ,engli%--& pure ,engli%4 ,9 ! ,prologue :i* ,*auc] wrote to 8 fam\s set ( poems call$ ,! ,cant]bury ,tales1 #hh p] c5t4 ( ! words are ,engli%2 :ile1 9 ,mrs ,br[n+'s ,cry ( ! ,*ildr51 ! ,engli% words rise to ! l>ge proportion ( #ib p] c5t4 ,! foll[+ is a li/ ( a few m p]c5tages ( purely ,engli% words 9 ! writ+s ( well-kn[n au?ors3 ,sp5s] 7,fa]ie ,que5e1 ii4 #g7 #hf p] c5t4 ,%akspe>e 7,h5ry ,,iv41 ,"p ,i41 ,act ii7 #ia 8 ,milton 7,p>adise ,lo/1 ,book ,,vi47 #hj 8 ,swift 7,john ,bull7 #he 8 ,johnson 7,preface to ,diction>y7 #gb 8 ,gibbon 7,decl9e & ,fall ( ! ,roman ,empire1 ,i41 cap4 vii47 #gj 8 ,macaulay 7,essay on ,"l ,bacon7 #ge 8 ,t5nyson 7,9 ,memoriam1 fir/ tw5ty poems7 #hi 8 #af4 ,,*anges ,,9 ,,engli%4--,let u take a passage f ! ,saxon translation ( ! ,old ,te/am5t--& x is ! olde/ ,engli% v]sion we h--& notice :at diff]5ces !re are betwe5 ?is ,engli% & ! ,engli% ( ! pres5t day4 ,?is translation 0 made by ,abbot lfric1 :o liv$ & wrote late 9 ! t5? c5tury4 ,he translat$ into ,engli% ! five books ( ,moses--commonly call$ ! ,p5tateu*--,jo%ua1 ,judges1 & "p ( ! book ( ,job4 ,let u see h[ he writes 7,g5esis1 ix4 #a73 ,god blettsode ,god bless$ ,noe & 8 suna ,noah & 8 sons & cvd hem t3 & quo? to !m3 ,veahxa ,wax 7ye7 & beo gem5igfilde & be manifold$ & fylla & fill eoran6 ! e>?6 ,n[ e ^w 9 ! above v]se is mod]n ,engli%2 b e ^w has be5 *ang$--) ! exception ( ,god1 81 & &4 ,all ! o!r words h *ang$ enorm\sly 9 ! c\rse ( ! eight c5turies s9ce ! v]se 0 writt54 ,! words h *ang$2 & ! gramm> has *ang$4 ,! ^w bletsian has become bless4 ,! gramm> ( ! v]bs has *ang$ enorm\sly4 ,= example1 ! imp]ative end+ a? 9 ,veahxa? & fylla? has q fall5 away4 ,x exi/$1 9 ! =m ( e?1 d[n to ! "t ( ,*auc]1 :o writes ,/&e? up6 9 address+ sev]al p]sons4--,next1 we ought to notice t all ! words are pure ,engli%4 ,! mod]n v]sion :i* we /ill use1 & :i* 0 publi%$ 9 #afaa1 has be5 oblig$ to use ,lat9 & ,fr5* words4 ,x says--& ! words 9 italics are all =eign words3 #8,be fruitful1 & multiply & repl5i% ! e>?'6 ,t is1 x employs ?ree ,lat9 words 9 ! mo/ important p>ts ( ! s5t5ce4 #ag4 ,,loss ,,& ,,ga94--,b1 :ile ! ,engli% language has1 9 ! c\rse ( c5turies1 lo/ almo/ all its inflections1 x has be5 all t "t ga9+ new words1 & at ! same "t ga9+ new p[]s ( expression4 ,9 fact1 ! hi/ory ( our language is a hi/ory ( bo? loss & ga94 ,x has lo/ inflections & ga9$ new words4 ,an inflect$ language is g5]ally call$ a ,syn!tic ,language1 because x expresses *anges ( relations by ! add+-on 7syn!sis7 ( some?+ to ! end ( ! ^w4 ,a language :i* expresses relations by little words l prepositions is call$ an analytic language4 ,we may !re=e say t3 ,engli% 0 9 its e>li] =ms a syn!tic language2 b x is n[ an analytic language4 ,s mu* = ! =m or gramm> ( x4 ,b1 on ! o!r h&1 if we look at ! matt] or words or vocabul>y ( x1 we %all f9d t3 ,engli% 0 orig9ally a pure or unmix$ language2 b is n[ an extremely composite "o4 #ah4 ,,! ,,=eign ,,elem5ts ,,9 ,,engli%4--,^! h come into our language *iefly because ! ,engli% p h come s mu* into contact ) o!r peoples & tribes & nations4 ,!y came ov] to ?is isl& 9 ! fif? c5tury1 & f\nd ,kelts "h2 & f !m !y took "s ,keltic words4 ,ab\t ! end ( ! eigh? c5tury1 ! ,danes came to !m2 & a numb] ( ,dani% words ent]$ ! language4 ,!n ano!r set ( ,danes or ,sc&9avians--call$ ,normans--came to !m1 conqu]$ !m1 & gave !m _m hundr$ ,norman-,fr5* words4 ,!n1 ) ! ,revival ( ,lett]s1 _m s*ol>s came ov] "h1 taught ! ,engli% p to read ,greek & ,lat9 books2 & ^! books gave ! language sev]al ?\s& words4 ,!n ! ,engli% p h always be5 ! greate/ travell]s 9 ! _w4 ,!y h gone to ,*9a & br\ght home ,*9ese words 7z well z ?+s72 !y h long held ,india1 :i* has giv5 u ,h9du words2 !y h import$ names & t]ms f ,nor? & f ,s\? & ,c5tral ,am]ica2 !y h borr[$ f ,spani>ds & ,italians2 !y h tak5 words1 ne>] home1 f ! ,dut* & f ! ,g]mans2 !y h gone to ! f>!/ ea/ & to ! f>!/ we/1 & !re is h>dly a language on ! face ( ! globe f :i* !y h n import$ "s words t live & make !mselves useful 9 our language4 #ai4 ,,wel%4--,:5 ! ,engli% settl$ 9 ?is isl&1 !y f\nd a p :o 7 call$ ,britons1 & :o spoke a language call$ ,briti% or ,kymric4 ,x is a language v diff]5t f ,engli%2 & at fir/ ! ,engli% w>riors & ! ,briti% p did n und]/& "o s+le ^w ( :at ea* o!r said4 ,! ,old ,engli% ^w = =eign]s 0 ,wealhas--or1 z we call x n[1 ,wel%2 & ! ,engli% fight+ m5 :o came ov] call$ ! ,briti% p1 n by ! "n :i* !y !mselves us$1 b simply ! =eign]s--! ,wel%4 ,9 ! same way1 a ,g]man to ?is day calls an ,italian or a ,fr5*man a ,wel%man2 & he calls ,france or ,italy ,wel%l&4 ,! language spok5 by ! ,wel% belongs to ! ,keltic gr\p ( languages4 ,?is gr\p conta9s also ,erse1 :i* is spok5 9 ! we/ ( ,irel&2 ,manx1 :i* is spok5 9 ! ,isle ( ,man2 ,gaelic1 :i* is spok5 9 ! ,highl&s ( ,scotl&2 & ,breton1 :i* is spok5 9 ,brittany--a m\nta9\s & rugg$ p59sula 9 ! nor?-we/ ( ,france4 ,x at "o "t embrac$ also ,corni%--! language spok5 9 ,cornwall1 :i* 0 also call$ ,we/ ,wales4 ,b t language di$ out 9 #aggh2 & x is n n[ spok5 by any "o4 ,! foll[+ is a table ( ! ,keltic gr\p3 ,,keltic4 --------------------------------- ,,gadhelic4 ,,kymric4 ------------------ --------------------- ,erse4 ,gaelic4 ,manx4 #8,wel%4' ,breton4 ,corni%4 7dead7 #bj4 ,,! ,,keltic ,,elem5t4--,! words giv5 to ! ,engli% language by ! ,kelts are ( two k9ds3 7i7 ,names ( m\nta9s1 riv]s1 lakes1 & o!r natural features2 7ii7 ,names ( common ?+s1 :i* ! ,engli% pick$ up 9 _! daily int]c\rse ) ! ,briti% or ,wel%4 7i7 ,! ,keltic "n = a m\nta9 is ,p5--a ^w :i* we f9d 9 ,p5n9e & ,ap5n9e4 ,! ,gaelic or ,scot* ,keltic =m ( ! ^w is ,b54 ,?us we h ,b5 ,m--:i* means ! ,big ,m\nta9--,b5 ,nevis1 & _m o!rs4 ,! commone/ ,keltic ^w = a riv] is ,avon4 ,!re are f\rte5 ,avons 9 ,great ,brita94 ,esk is ano!r common ,keltic "n = a riv]2 & !re are eight ,esks 9 ,scotl& alone4 ,9 ,engl& ! "n takes ! =m ( ,ex or ,exe 7! consonants hav+ *ang$ places1 ,ex ,eks74 ,! "n appe>s z ,ex 9 ,exet] 7! old =m 0 ,exancea/]7--t is1 ! camp on ! ,ex2 z ,ax 9 ,axm9/]2 z ,ox 9 ,ox=d2 z ,ux 9 ,uxbridge2 z ,usk1 9 ,wales2 & ev5 z ,ouse1 9 ,york%ire & o!r c\nties4--,ab] is a ,keltic ^w :i* means ! m\? ( a riv]2 & we f9d x 9 ,ab]de5 7! t[n at ! m\? ( ! ,dee72 ,arbroa?1 :i* is ,ab]bro?ock2 ,ab]y/)2 ,b]wick--! old =m ( :i* 0 ,ab]wick4 ,b]wick accord+ly means ! wick or t[n at ! m\? ( ! ,twe$4 ,c> or ,ca] is ! ,keltic ^w = ca/le or /ronghold2 & we f9d ?is "n 9 ,c>lisle1 ,c>diff1 ,ca]n>von1 & o!rs4 7ii7 ,! names ( common ?+s :i* we h receiv$ f ! ,kelts are--basket1 bran1 cradle1 crock]y1 cl\t1 cuts 7 lots71 d>n4 ,su* words z button1 ribbon1 b>rel1 c>1 & c>t1 are also ,keltic1 b h come into ! ,engli% language ?r\gh ! ,norman-,fr5*1 :o receiv$ !m f ! desc5dants ( ! anci5t ,gauls4 ,"s ,keltic words h come to u f ,scotl&--su* z pony1 clan1 :isky1 claymore 7a k9d ( sword71 pibro*1 & plaid2 & x is *iefly to ,sir ,walt] ,scott's writ+s t we owe ! common use ( ^! words4 ,irel& has also s5t u a few ,keltic words1 su* z ,tory1 brogue1 & %amrock4 #ba4 ,,! ,,lat9 ,,elem5t ,,( ,,! ,,fir/ ,,p]iod 7i74--,! ,roman p[]1 z is g5]ally kn[n1 0 settl$ 9 ,brita9 f ! ye> #dc till ! ye> #daj4 ,9 ! beg9n+ ( ! ye> #daj1 ! v exi/5ce ( ! ,roman ,empire 0 ?reat5$ by ! ,go?s & o!r w>like peoples2 & ! ,roman =ces 7 )drawn to def5d ! v he>t ( ! empire4 ,! ,romans1 ?\gh conqu]ors1 7 true b5efactors4 ,!y gave ! ,britons good laws2 cut roads = !m ?r\gh ! isl&2 e/abli%$ camps2 built =ts & /rongholds2 dug h>b\rs or ports2 & plant$ milit>y settlem5ts--:i* !y call$ colonies--"h & !re among ! conqu]$ p4 ,:5 ! ,romans w5t away1 !y left ^! important b5efits beh9d !m2 &1 ) ! ?+s !mselves1 ! words also rema9$4 ,b !y left only six words beh9d !m1 & all ( ^! h comb9$ !mselves1 or gone into composition1 ) words t are purely ,engli%4 ,! foll[+ are ! six words3 ,ca/ra1 a camp2 ,/rata 7via71 a pav$ road2 ,vallum1 a ramp>t2 ,fossa1 a dit*2 ,colonia1 a settlem5t2 & ,portus1 a h>b\r4 #bb4 ,,! ,,lat9 ,,elem5t ,,( ,,! ,,fir/ ,,p]iod 7ii74--7a7 ,! ,lat9 ^w ,ca/ra has become *e/]1 ca/]1 ce/]1 & ev5 t] 79 ,exet]74 ,we g5]ally f9d x 9 ! =m ( *e/] 9 ! s\? & we/2 ce/] 9 ! middle2 & ca/] 9 ! nor? & ea/ ( ,engl&4 ,?us we h ,*e/]1 ,man*e/]1 & ,w9*e/] 9 ! we/ & s\?2 ,leice/] & ,t[ce/] 9 mid-,engl&2 & ,tadca/]1 ,donca/]1 & ,lanca/] 9 ! nor?4 7b7 ,/rata4--,! ,romans drove a /rongly-built milit>y road f ! s\?-ea/ to ! nor?-we/ ( ! isl&--f ,ri*bor\gh1 ne> ,dov]1 up to ! /&+ camp on ! riv] ,dee1 :i* is n[ call$ ,*e/]4 ,?is 0 ! ,/rata or ,/reet4 ,x 0 aft]w>ds c>ri$ f>!r nor?1 & ev5 into ,scotl&4 ,x w5t "r ov] ! cre/ ( a hill 9 ,we/morel&1 :i* is call$ ,high ,/reet to ?is day4 ,we c trace ! pa? ( ?is great milit>y road by ! names ( ! t[ns & villages t are /rung ^u x4 ,?us !re are ,/reatham 7ne> ,london71 ,/retton1 ,/rat=d-on-,avon1 ,/ony ,/rat=d1 ,/ret=d 7ne> ,man*e/]71 ,/radbroke1 & _m o!rs4 7c7 ,vallum is f\nd 9 wall4 7d7 ,fossa is f\nd 9 ! names ,fossway1 ,fosbrooke1 ,fosbridge1 & o!rs4 7e7 ,colonia is f\nd 9 ,colne1 ,col*e/]1 ,l9coln1 & o!rs4 7f7 ,portus appe>s 9 ,portsm\?1 ,portsea1 ,bridport1 & "s o!r names4 #bc4 ,,! ,,lat9 ,,elem5t ,,( ,,! ,,second ,,p]iod 7i74--,?is elem5t 0 n introduc$ by ! ,romans !mselves1 b by ,*ri/ian mission>ies :o came f ,rome1 s5t by ,pope ,gregory ! ,great to conv]t1 n ! ,britons1 b ! ,engli%1 to ,*ri/ianity4 ,a b& ( =ty monks1 ) ,/ ,augu/9e at _! head1 l&$ 9 ,k5t 9 ! ye> #eig4 ,= f\r c5turies f ?is date a l>ge numb] ( ,lat9 words came into ! ,engli% language1 *iefly words relat+ to ! *ur* & *ur* obs]vances4 ,*ur* ,t]ms4--,calic1 f calix1 a cup2 clu/]1 f clau/rum1 a clos$ place2 prie/1 f presbyt]1 an eld]2 sanct1 f sanctus1 a holy man2 sacram5t1 f sacram5tum1 a sacr$ oa?2 pr$ician1 f prdic>e1 to decl>e2 regul1 f regula1 a /raight piece ( wood4 ,b ! old =m ( mo/ ( ^! words has disappe>$1 to make room = ,norman-,fr5* =ms f ! same ,lat9 s\rce4 ,along ) ^! 7 adopt$ a few ,greek words--su* z bi%op1 f episkopos1 an ov]se]2 angel1 f anggelos1 a mess5g]2 apo/le1 f apo/olos1 a p]son s5t2 monk1 f mon*os1#g a p]son :o lives alone2 & a few o!rs4 #bd4 ,,! ,,lat9 ,,elem5t ,,( ,,! ,,second ,,p]iod 7ii74--,! introduction ( ,*ri/ianity prov$ to be ! beg9n+ ( an int]c\rse ) ,rome1 ,italys1 & ! ,cont95t2 & ?is int]c\rse br\ght ) x comm]ce4 ,comm]ce import$ _m new ?+s2 & ! names ( ^! ?+s came into ! isl& along ) ! ?+s !mselves4 ,?us we h butt] f brum2 *eese f caseus2 & tunic f tunica4 ,we h also fig f ficus2 pe> f pirum2 lettuce f lactuca1 :i* itself comes f lac--milk 7& h5ce means ! milky plant72 & pease f pisum4 7,pease is really ! s+ul>2 & pea is a false s+ul>--n a plural47 ,we h also f ! same s\rce "s names ( animals4 ,su* are camel f camlus2 lion f leo2 oy/] f o/rea2 tr\t f trutta4 ,a few miscellane\s words h also come to u f ?is qu>t]--su* z p\nd f ! ,lat9 pondus1 a weight2 c&le f c&la2 & table f tabla4 ,! ,lat9 ^w uncia1 :i* means ! twelf? "p ( any?+1 is1 z x 71 split up into two--& gives ! two words in* & ounce1 :i* are fundam5tally b two =ms ( "o ^w4 7,b ) reg>d to ?is class ( words also x %\ld be obs]v$ t ! words directly introduc$ f ! ,lat9 h ei!r be5 greatly *ang$ 9 =m2 or !y h be5 subsequ5tly borr[$ aga9 f ! ,fr5*47 #be4 ,,! ,,sc&9avian ,,elem5t 7i74--,9 ! ye> #ghg1 ! ,nor?m51 ,norsem51 or ,normans ( ,sc&9avia1 began to make desc5ts on ! ea/ coa/ ( ,engl&4 ,^! attacks 7 s dread$ by ! ,engli% t pray]s 7 regul>ly us$ 9 ! *ur*es aga9/ !m2 & a "p ( ! ,litany ( ! "t conta9$ ! utt]ance3 #8,f ! incursions ( ! ,normans1 good ,"l1 deliv] u6' ,^! attacks w5t on = ?ree c5turies4 ,9 ! n9? c5tury1 ^! ,danes obta9$ a p]man5t foot+ 9 ! nor!rn & ea/]n p>ts ( ,engl&2 & by ! elev5? c5tury !y _h become s /rong t ,dani% k+s sat ^u ! ?rone ( ,engl& f #ajaf to #ajdb4 ,^! ,norsem5 7 ,teutons4 ,!y 7 ,teutons :o _h migrat$ to ! nor?4 ,z nor!rn p g5]ally d1 !y pref]r$ h>d s\nds to aspirates4 ,!y pref]r$ a k to a *2 a p to an f4 ,! probable reason is t1 9 ! cold mi/s ( ! nor?1 !y _h le>n$ n to op5 too mu* _! m\?s & ?roats2 & ?us !y =m$ ! habit ( us+ a %ut s\nd l k to a s\nd l * 79 lo*71 :i* requires a /ream ( air to be pass$ ?r\gh ! ?roat4 ,we mu/ n =get t x 0 ! spok5 language ( ,engl& t 0 affect$ by ! ,danes2 n ! writt5 language2 = ! simple reason t1 9 ^! times1 n m ?an "o man 9 a ?\s&--ei!r among ,danes or ,engli%m5--c\ld read & write4 #bf4 ,,! ,,sc&9avian ,,elem5t 7ii74--,! ,dani% contribution is1 l ! ,keltic1 ( two k9ds3 7a7 ,names ( places2 & 7b7 ,common words4 7a7 ,! mo/ rem>kable example ( ! place-"n is ! n\n by1 :i* means t[n4 ,!re are 9 ,engl& m ?an six hundr$ names end+ 9 by4 ,almo/ all ( ^! lie to ! nor? & ea/ ( ,watl+ ,/reet2 to ! s\? ( x1 !re is sc>cely "o4 ,?us we h ,:itby1 ! ,:ite ,t[n2 ,t5by1 9 ,wales1 ,dane's t[n2 & ,grimsby1 ! t[n ( ,grim4 ,we f9d ! ^w by also 9 ! comp\nd by-law4 ,! foll[+ words are also d]iv$ f ! ,danes3 ,?orpe1 a village ,al?orpe 7old72 ,bi%op/horpe2 7,drup 9 ,jutl&1 :]e ,burnham-,?orpe 7:]e ,nelson !re are scores ( 0 born74 t[ns ) ?is end+47 ,fell1 a hill or table-l& ,scawfell1 ,crossfell1 ,goat ,fell4 ,dale1 a valley ,ribblesdale1 ,grimsdale4 ,?waite1 a =e/ cle>+ ,apple?waite4 ,t(t1 a home/ead ,l[e/(t 7! =m 9 ,norm&y is tt74 ,wick1 a creek or bay ,ipswi*1 ,gre5wi*1 ,b]wick4 7,vik+ a creek]47 ,oe or ea1 an isl& ,f>oe1 ,*elsea 7 *esel ea1 ! %+le isl&74 ,ness1 a nose or cape ,%e]ness1 ,cai?ness1 ,fife ,ness2 ! ,naze 79 ,essex1 etc474 7b7 ,to ! ,norsem5 we also owe ! words are1 :i* pu%$ out ! pure ,engli% syndon2 talk2 t>n2 busk 7dress72 sky2 hu/+s2 fell[2 odd2 blunt2 kid2 & _m m4 #bg4 ,,! ,,sc&9avian ,,elem5t 7iii74--,"o result ( ?is mixture ( ,danes ) ,engli%m5 0 t bo?1 9 try+ to speak ! language or to use ! words ( ea* o!r1 w\ld naturally take firm hold ( ! root ( ! ^w1 & all[ ! inflections to take c>e ( !mselves4 ,h5ce ,engli% words w\ld lose _! inflections2 & ?is process1 aft] x _h once begun1 w\ld g on at an increas$ spe$1 ! great] became ! communication at *ur* & at m>ket betwe5 ! ,engli% & ! ,danes4 ,! same process is n[ go+ on 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates4 ,?\s&s ^u ?\s&s ( ,g]mans h settl$ !re among an ,engli%-speak+ p4 ,^! ,g]mans are rapidly fall+ into ! habit ( us+ _! ,g]man words )\t inflections at all4 #bh4 ,,lat9 ,,elem5t ,,( ,,! ,,?ird ,,p]iod 7i74--,?is elem5t is really ,norman-,fr5*4 ,fr5* is ,lat91 ) _m ( ! inflections lo/ or *ang$1 & ) ! pronunciation ( ! v[el-s\nds enorm\sly alt]$4 ,b x did n come f ! writt5 ,lat9 ( books2 b f ! spok5 ,lat9 ( soldi]s & c\ntry-p 7! l+ua ,romana ru/ica74 ,norman-,fr5* is ! ,fr5* spok5 by ! ,normans1 :o lo/ _! own ,norsk or ,dani% spee*1 & le>n$ ,fr5* f _! ,fr5* wives & *ildr54 ,9 ! ye> #iab1 ! ,normans1 "u ,duke ,rolf or ,rollo1 wre/$ f ,k+ ,*>les ! ,simple ! beautiful valley ( ! ,se9e1 :i* 0 aft]w>ds call$ by ! "n ( ,norm&y4 ,norman-,fr5* 0 a dialect ( ,fr5*1 & x diff]$ 9 _m respects f ! ,fr5* spok5 9 ! o!r p>ts ( ,france4 ,?is ,norman-,fr5* 0 introduc$ into ,engl& z a c\rt language by ,edw>d ! ,confessor1 9 ! ye> #ajdb2 b x 0 br\ght into ?is c\ntry z a folk-spee* by b&s ( ,norman-,fr5* "u ! lead]%ip ( ,duke ,william1 ! sev5? ,duke ( ,norm&y1 9 ! fam\s ye> #ajff4 ,?is ,norman-,fr5*1 :i* !y br\ght ) !m1 became 9 ,engl& ! language ( ! rul+ classes1 ( ! c\rt1 ( ! lawy]s1 & ( all prie/s high 9 ! ranks ( ! *ur*4 ,books ceas$ to be writt5 9 ,engli%2 boys translat$ _! ,lat9 into ,fr5*2 an ,engli% *url _h to employ a lawy] :o us$ only ,fr5* 9 8 law-pap]s & 8 plead+s2 & ev5 #8upl&i%' or c\ntry p tri$ #8to speak ,fr5s*1 = to be m ytold (4' ,! saturation ( ,engli% ) ,fr5* words probably rea*$ its highe/ po9t at ! end ( ! f\rte5? c5tury2 & ab\t t "t a reaction set 94 ,z has be5 be=e po9t$ out1 9 #acdi1 boys 7 all[$ to translate _! ,lat9 into ,engli%2 9 #acfb1 ,edw>d ,,iii4 pass$ an act ( p>liam5t to au?orise ! use ( ,engli% 9 c\rts ( law2 & ev5 ! ,normans :o liv$ 9 ,london _h begun to use ,engli% 9 _! families4 ,b1 by ! "t ,fr5* _h ceas$ to be ! language ( ! upp] classes1 sev]al ?\s& ,fr5* words _h f\nd _! way into our vocabul>y1 :i* _h become to a l>ge ext5t bil+ual4#h #bi4 ,,norman-,,fr5* 7ii74--,! words :i* h be5 introduc$ into our pure ,engli% spee* f ! ,normans fall easily into classes4 7a7 ,feudalism#i & ,w>4--,arm\r1 *ivalry1 capta91 battle1 duke1 fealty1 realm4 ,! ,engli% ^w = arm\r 0 h>ness2 & ,macaulay uses h>ness 9 ?is s5se 9 "o ( 8 ,lays3 ,n[ :ile ! ?ree 7 tight5+ ,_! h>ness on _! backs4 --,*ivalry comes f ! ,fr4 *eval1 :i* is a brok5-d[n =m ( ! ,l[ ,lat9 ^w caballus1 a horse4--,capta9 comes f ! ,lat4 caput1 a head4--,battle comes f ! ,fr4 battre1 to beat4--,duke comes f ! ,fr4 duc--:i* comes f ! ,lat4 dux 7accusative ducem1 mo/ ,fr5* n\ns be+ borr[$ f ! accusative1 n ! nom9ative =m ( ! ,lat9 n\n71 a lead]4--,fealty is ! ,norman-,fr5* =m ( ! ^w fidelity1 f ! ,lat4 fidelitas1 fai?fulness4--,real-m is ! n\n f ! adjective real1 :i* comes f ,lat4 regal-is2 x is ! l& rul$ ov] by a rex or r 7a k+74 #cj4 7b7 ,hunt+4--,=e/1 lev]et1 qu>ry1 c\ple1 v5ison4 ,=e/ comes f ! ,l[ ,lat4#aj =e/a2 f ,lat4 =is1 out-(-doors4 ,a =e/ does n necess>ily conta9 trees2 x is m]ely ! "n = ! op5 hunt+-gr\nd z contra/$ ) ! inclos$ space call$ a p>k4--,lev]et1 a "y h>e1 f ! ,fr4 livre2 f ! ,lat4 lepus 7-oris74--,qu>ry comes f ! ,lat4 cor1 ! he>t1 & at fir/ meant ! he>t & inte/9es1 :i* 7 ?r[n to ! dogs :o hunt$ d[n ! wild bea/4 ,milton has ! phrase1 #8sc5ts 8 qu>ry f af>4'--,c\ple comes f ! ,lat4 copula1 a b&4--,v5ison means hunt$ fle%1 & comes f ! ,fr4 v5aison1 :i* comes f ! ,lat4 v]b v5>i1 to hunt4 #ca4 7c7 ,cook]y4--,beef1 veal1 pork1 mutton1 pullet4 ,! ,saxon h9d _h ! *>ge ( ! cattle & animals on ! f>m :ile !y 7 alive2 b he nev] saw any?+ ( !m aft] !y 7 kill$4 ,he nev] met !m at d9n]4 ,! fle% ( ^! animals receiv$ ,fr5* names f ! ,norman-,fr5*m5 :o ate !m2 & _! ,saxon or ,engli% names 7 =gott54 ,a ,g]man says calf's fle%1 b we use ! ,norman-,fr5* ^w veal4 ,?us ! correspond+ ,engli% words to ^? pr9t$ above are ox1 calf1 sw9e1 %eep1 & f[l4 ,! ^w beef comes f ! ,fr4 buf1 :i* comes f ! ,lat4 bos 7acc4 bovem71 an ox4--,veal comes f ! old ,fr5* ^w veel1 :i* comes f ! ,lat4 vitellus1 a little calf4--,pork comes f ,fr4 porc1 :i* is d]iv$ f ! ,lat4 porcus1 a pig4--,mutton comes f ! ,fr4 m\ton1 f ! ,l[ ,lat9 ^w multo1 a %eep4--,pullet comes f ,fr4 p\let1 :i* comes f ! ,l[ ,lat9 ^w pulla1 a h54 #cb4 7d7 ,law4--,*ancellor1 judge1 p>liam5t1 c\rt1 assize1 sue1 damages1 & _m o!rs4 ,! ^w *ancellor comes f ! ,fr4 *anceli]2 f ! ,lat4 cancell>ius1 ! keep] ( writt5 pap]s4 #8,! (fic] :o _h ! c>e ( ! records /ood beh9d ! scre5 ( lattice-"w or ( cross-b>s :i* f5c$ (f ! judgm5t-seat4' ,canc] is ! ,lat9 "n = a crab2 cancellus is a little crab2 cancelli are cross-b>s or lattice-"w1 l ! claws ( crabs cross$4 ,h5ce also to cancel1 :i* means to draw cross /rokes ?r\gh writ+4--,judge comes f ! ,fr5* ^w juge1 :i* comes f ! ,lat4 judex 7 jus-dic-s1 a say] ( "r74 ,! old ,engli% t]m 0 demp/]1 f ! v]b deem2 n\n1 doom4--,p>liam5t comes f ! ,fr4 p>l]1 to speak2 f ,l[ ,lat4 p>abolre1 to talk2 :5ce also p>l\r1 a room = speak+ 94--,c\rt comes f ! old ,fr4 cort2 f ,lat4 cohors or cors1 an inclos$ space4 ,a cohors 0 a %eep-p52 b x 0 aft]w>ds appli$ to a numb] ( soldi]s4--,assize comes f ! old ,fr4 assise1 an assembly ( judges2 f ! ,lat4 assidre1 to sit beside4--,sue comes f ! old ,fr4 suir 7mod]n ,fr4 suivre72 f ! ,lat4 sequi1 to foll[4 ,we h f ! same root ! words suit1 suite1 pursue1 ensue1 issue4--,damages1 f ! old ,fr4 damge1 :i* comes f ! ,l[ ,lat4 damnaticum1 h>m2 :i* comes f ! ,lat4 damnum1 loss4 #cc4 7e7 ,*ur*4--,fri>1 relic1 tonsure1 c]emony1 etc4 ,fri> is a ^w :i* comes f ! old ,fr4 freire1 :i* is d]iv$ f ! ,lat4 frat]1 a bro!r4--,relic1 *iefly us$ 9 ! plural1 f ,fr4 reliques2 f ,lat4 reliqui1 rema9s4--,tonsure comes f ! ,fr4 tonsure2 f ,lat4 tonsura1 a cutt+4--,c]emony1 f ! ,fr4 crmonie1 a rite2 f ,lat4 crimonia4 #cd4 ,,synonyms ,,giv5 ,,u ,,by ,,norman-,,fr5*4--,among o!r b5efits :i* we h receiv$ f ! com+ 9 ( ,norman-,fr5* into our language1 is a numb] ( synonyms4#aa ,^! h enabl$ u to give a diff]5t %ade or col\r+ to c]ta9 words1 or to put !m to a special use4 ,?us we speak ( ! bless+ ( ,god1 & ! b5$iction ( a cl]gy-man2 ( ! bloom on a pea*1 & ! fl[] ( a lily2 ( a p]son z a memb] ( a le>n$ society1 b n a limb4 ,n[ bless+1 bloom1 & limb are all ,engli%2 b5$iction1 fl[]1 & memb] are all ,lat9 words--,lat9 words :i* h come to u ?r\gh ! doorway ( ! ,fr5* language4 ,! foll[+ are "s m ( ^! synonyms2 &1 aft] exam9+ !m1 x w g5]ally be f\nd t ! ,engli% words are /rong]1 simpl]1 & m homely ?an ! ,fr5* words4 ,,engli%4 ,,fr5*4 ,b\gh ,bran*4 ,buy ,pur*ase4 ,feel+ ,s5tim5t4 ,fri5dly ,amiable4 ,he>ty ,cordial4 ,luck ,=tune4 ,meal ,fl\r4 ,mild ,g5tle4 ,wi% ,desire4 ,"w ,lab\r4 ,wret*$ ,mis]able4 ,wright ,c>p5t]4 #ce4 ,,bil+ualism4--,dur+ ! ?ree c5turies :i* lay betwe5 #ajff & #acfb1 ! ,engli% & ! ,normans _h to meet ea* o!r con/antly 9 ! field1 9 ! *ur*1 at m>kets1 & 9 t[ns & villages4 ,!y _h to buy & sell f ea* o!r2 to give & take ord]s f & to ea* o!r2 & to speak ) ea* o!r on _m k9ds ( bus9ess4 ,!y also int]m>ri$4 ,?us ! ,norman got sl[ly into ! habit ( jo9+ an ,engli% ^w ) 8 ,fr5* ^w--s z to make x cle> to ! ,engli%man2 :ile ! ,engli%man1 on 8 side1 jo9$ ! correspond+ ,fr5* ^w--:5 he happ5$ to "k x--to ! ,engli% ^w he _h to employ4 ,^! words1 ev] aft]1 ran 9 c\ples2 & ?is habit ( go+ 9 c\ples became a habit ( ! language4 ,h5ce x is t1 9 ! op5+ words ( our ,pray]-,book1 we use su* c\ples z assemble & meet toge!r2 ackn[l$ge & confess2 dissemble & cloak2 & humble & l[ly4 ,! words meet toge!r1 ackn[l$ge1 cloak1 & l[ly1 repres5t ! purely ,engli% "p ( ! congregation2 :ile ! ,norman-,fr5* supplies su* words z assemble1 confess1 dissemble1 & humble4 ,! great poet ( ! f\rte5? c5tury--,*auc]--has hundr$s ( examples ( su* phrases4 ,he gives u1 = example1 hunt+ & v5]ye2 mir? & jollity2 c>e & he$2 sw9ke & lab\r2 pray & besee*2 a wright & c>p5t]4 ,! practice ( us+ ^! pairs ( words has v greatly dim9i%$ 9 our day2 b a few examples /ill keep _! place 9 ! language4 ,su* are w & te/am5t1 use & wont1 aid & abet1 & sev]al o!rs4 #cf4 ,,d\blets4--,x is *iefly to ! same ,norman-,fr5* influ5ce t we owe a m9or ph5om5on ( ! language--! appe>ance ( two =ms ( ! same ^w4 ,^! two =ms are call$ d\blets4 ,! ,norman-,fr5* c\ld n pron\nce our semi-v[el w4 ,!y _h ei!r to make a v ( x1 or a h>d g4 ,!y pref]r$ ! h>d g2 &1 to keep x h>d1 !y add$ a u4 ,?us1 = wile1 !y said guile2 = wise 7 mann]71 !y said guise2 = w>d1 gu>d2 = w>d51 gu>dian2 = w>drobe1 g>d]obe2 = w>rant1 gu>antee2 & s on4 #cg4 ,,d\blets ,,f ,,dialects ,,& ,,o!r ,,s\rces4--,besides ! d\blets due to ,norman-,fr5* influ5ces1 !re are _m int]e/+ cases :i* may be ref]r$ to4 ,"s are evid5tly due to diff]5ces ( dialect4 ,! ,engli% language grew up f diff]5t c5tres1 :i* _h little or no connection ) ea* o!r1 on acc\nt ( ! difficulties ( travell+4 ,h5ce a ^w w\ld take diff]5t =ms 9 diff]5t dialects--l *ur* 9 ! s\? ( ! ,engli%-speak+ c\ntry1 & kirk 9 ! nor?2 s also ) cole1 ( :i* ! nor!rn =m is kail4 ,sometimes "o ^w is m]ely a lat] & modifi$ =m ( ano!r1 z draw ( drag4 ,9 all cases d\blets are =ms ( ! same ^w1 :i* h come ?r\gh diff]5t exp]i5ces ( place1 or "t1 or o!r influ5ce4 ,9 %ort1 !y %\ld be recognis$ z really "o ^w1 ) a diff]5ce 9 spell+ & mean+1 result+ f its hi/ory4 ,o!r specim5s ( d\blets are d[n & dune2 %riek & scree*2 %ell & scale2 wagon & wa94 #ch4 ,,pronunciation4--,! ,norman-,fr5* ref9$ our mode ( speak+2 made ! exi/+ v[el-s\nds less co>se2 gave u "s new v[el-s\nds2 &1 above all1 taught u to give up mo/ ( our r\gh ?roat-s\nds or gutturals4 ,!y gradually turn$ out ! gutturals f ! beg9n+ ( words2 & g5oh became en\gh1 & gif1 if4 ,!y turn$ !m out ( ! middle ( words2 & nagel became nail1 & hagel1 hail4 ,!y got rid ( !m at ! ends ( words2 & we no long] pron\nce ! guttural 9 flight1 might1 "r1 & sight4 ,?is is all ! m absurd & rem>kable t we write ! s\nd t once 0 !re ) two /rong gutturals1 g & h4 ,sometimes ! influ5ce ( ! ,norman-,fr5* 0 to turn ! guttural into a k9d ( hiss+ s\nd or sibilant2 & x is 9 ?is way t we came to say tea*1 besee*1 & cat*4 ,b ! * 9 ^! words comes back to its old] use1 & becomes a gh aga91 9 ! pa/ t5se--9 taught1 bes\ght1 & caught4 #ci4 ,,lat9 ,,( ,,! ,,f\r? ,,p]iod4--,! ,lat9 introduc$ into our language by ! ,norman-,fr5* 0 a spok5 ,lat94 ,x 0 ! ,lat9 ( ! e> & m\?4 ,x 0 ! ev]yday spee* ( ! p2 & und]w5t v great *ange4 ,! ,lat9 introduc$ into our language by le>n$ m5 0 a writt5 or pr9t$ ,lat94 ,x 0 ! ,lat9 ( ! eye & p54 ,?is ,lat9 is call$ ! ,lat9 ( ! ,f\r? ,p]iod2 & x 0 br\ght into our language by a p[]ful movem5t kn[n z ! ,revival ( ,le>n+4--,:5 ! ,turks took ,con/ant9ople 9 #adec1 ! le>n$ ,greeks ( t capital fl$ f ! city1 c>ry+ ) !m _! preci\s manuscript copies ( ,greek & ,lat9 writ]s4 ,!y fl$ into ,italy1 into ,g]many1 & into ,france & ,engl&4 ,!y taught ,greek & ,lat9 9 ! univ]sities ( ^! c\ntries2 & v soon ! /udy ( ,greek & ,lat9 became ! fa%ion among all p]sons ( leisure2 & ! /ores ( ?\ght & beauty 9 ,hom] & ,sophocles1 9 ,virgil & ,horace1 7 dilig5tly /udi$ & appropriat$4 ,que5 ,elizabe? 0 a good ,greek s*ol>1 & c\ld bo? speak & write good ,lat94 ,n[ began to come into our language ?\s&s ( ,lat9 words2 until1 9 ! beg9n+ ( ! sev5te5? c5tury1 an em95t writ] compla9s t ,engli%m5 w h #8to le>n ,lat9 to und]/& ,engli%1 & a "w w prove ( equal facility 9 ei!r4' ,unlike ! ,lat9 words ( ! ,?ird ,p]iod1 ! ,lat9 words introduc$ 9 ! sixte5? & sev5te5? c5turies suff]$ little or no *ange4 ,!y 7 transf]r$ f ,lat9 books j z !y 7--by ! accurate aid ( ! h& & eye1 & und]w5t no process ( *ange or corruption4 ,! ,lat9 op9io became op9ion2 notio1 notion2 sugge/io1 sugge/ion2 sep>atum1 sep>ate2 it]atum1 it]ate2 & s on4 ,x w\ld be a great mi/ake1 h[ev]1 to suppose t all ! ,lat9 ( ?is ,f\r? ,p]iod came directly f ! ,lat94 ,mo/ ( x came ?r\gh ! m$ium ( ,fr5*1 z did ! ,lat9 ( ! ,?ird ,p]iod2 b unlike x1 x 0 n ! language ( ! p4 ,9 ,fr5*1 z 9 ,engli%1 x 0 ! language m]ely ( books1 ( ! lit]>y & ( le>n$ m54--,x is wor?y ( notice t _m words :i* we use e day1 & :i* we ?9k mu/ always h be5 9 ! language1 only came 9 ab\t ?is p]iod1 & are !re=e comp>atively new4 ,?us ,mr ,gill1 ! high-ma/] ( ,/ ,paul's ,s*ool 9 #afai1 & ! tea*] ( ,john ,milton 9 8 boyhood1 compla9s ( ! introduction ( words :i* are n[ q common to all ( u4 ,he says3 #8,o h>% lips6 ,i n[ he> all ar\nd me su* words z common1 vices1 envy1 malice2 ev5 virtue1 /udy1 ju/ice1 pity1 m]cy1 compassion1 pr(it1 commodity1 col\r1 grace1 fav\r1 acceptance4' ,! wond] n[adays w\ld be h[ we c\ld possibly get on )\t ^! words1 & h[ we c\ld ev] h done )\t !m4 #dj4 ,,m\? ,,lat9 ,,& ,,book ,,lat94--,! introduction ( ,lat9 words into our ,engli% spee* by two doors--by ! liv+ conv]sation ( liv+ p1 & by ! sil5t door ( books1 has giv5 rise to a ph5om5on ( ! same k9d z t describ$ 9 section #cf4 ,b ! ph5om5on ( duplicates or d\blets pres5ts itself to our notice on a mu* l>g] scale n[2 &1 9 e case1 ! duplicate ^w becomes 9 reality two sep>ate words--employ$ = sep>ate purposes1 & ) p]fectly di/9ct mean+s4 ,?us1 ?\gh legal1 leal1 & loyal are1 9 _! orig91 fundam5tally ! same ^w1 _! mean+s are p]fectly di/9ct & ev5 widely diff]5t2 hospital & hotel are ! same words1 b !y are no long] us$ 9 ! same s5se2 :ile fact & feat h also widely div]g$ f ea* o!r 9 use & 9 signification4 ,! ,lat9 words t h come f ! ,lat9 language by ! pa? ( books1 h kept _! ,lat9 %ape1 & may be call$ ,book ,lat94 ,! ,lat9 words t h come to u by ! pa? ( ,norman-,fr5* h und]gone great alt]ations2 & !y may be call$ spok5 ,lat94 ,! *ief process ( alt]ation und]gone by !m is t ( squeez+2 ?ree syllables h g5]ally be5 squeez$ into two4 ,! foll[+ is a li/3 ,,duplicate ,,words ,,or ,,d\blets4 ,,lat94 ,,book ,,lat94 ,,spok5 ,,lat94 ,b5$ictio1 b5$iction1 b5ison4 ,cad5tia 7?+s fall+ cad5ce1 *ance4 or befall+71 ,captivus1 captive1 caitiff4 ,conceptio1 conception1 conceit4 ,coph9us1 c(f91 c(f]4 ,debitum1 debit1 debt4 ,defectum1 defect1 defeat4 ,dilat>e1 dilate1 delay4 ,exemplum1 example1 sample4 ,fabrica1 fabric1 =ge4 ,factio1 faction1 fa%ion4 ,factum1 fact1 feat4 ,fidelitas1 fidelity1 fealty4 ,fragilis1 fragile1 frail4 ,g5tilis1 g5tile1 g5tle1 g5teel4 ,granum 7a gra971 gran>y1 g>n]4 ,hi/oria1 hi/ory1 /ory4 ,hospitale1 hospital1 hotel4 ,lectio1 lection1 lesson4 ,legalis1 legal1 loyal4 ,major 7great]71 major1 mayor4 ,mal$ictio1 mal$iction1 malison4 ,nutrim5tum1 nutrim5t1 n\ri%m5t4 ,oratio1 oration1 orison4 ,pagus 7a c\ntry di/rict pagan1 paynim 7! hea!n74 or canton71 ,p>ticula1 p>ticle1 p>cel4 ,paup]1 paup]1 poor4 ,p5it5tia1 p5it5ce1 p5ance4 ,p]secutum1 p]secute1 pursue4 ,potio 7a draught71 potion1 poison4 ,provid5tia1 provid5ce1 prud5ce4 ,pung5s1 pung5t1 poignant4 ,quietus1 quiet1 coy4 ,radius1 radius1 ray4 ,regalis1 regal1 royal4 ,respectus1 respect1 respite4 ,securus1 secure1 sure4 ,s5ior1 s5ior1 sir4 ,sep>atum1 sep>ate1 sev]4 ,species1 species1 spices4 ,/atus1 /ate1 e/ate4 ,sup]ficies1 sup]ficies1 surface4 ,tractus1 tract1 trait1 treat4 ,traditio 7a giv+ up71 tradition1 treason4 ,,notes4--,b5ison is ! opposite ( malison4 ,a caitiff 0 a p]son :o all[$ himself to be tak5 captive4 ,a feat ( arms 0 a fact or de$ ( arms2 h5ce a feat p> excell5ce4 ,! h>d guttural c 9 fabric has become a sibilant g 9 =ge1 by ,nor4 ,fr4 influ5ce4 ,! g 9 fragile 0 orig9ally h>d4 ,major is a great] capta92 a mayor is a great] ald]man4 ,orison may be comp>$ ) b5ison1 poison1 reason1 & treason4 ,! p 9 sep>ate has become a v 9 sev]2 bo? lett]s be+ labials4 ,! cutt+ d[n ( ! five syllables 9 sup]ficies into two 9 surface1 is ! mo/ rem>kable in/ance ( compression 9 ! :ole li/4 ,_m ( ! ,book ,lat9 words 9 ! above li/1 su* z captive1 debit1 defect1 fact1 c41 7 borr[$ directly f ! ,lat91 & n ?r\gh ! m$ium ( ,fr5* books4 #da4 ,,greek ,,d\blets4--,! same ph5om5on has also tak5 place ) ref]5ce to ,greek words4 ,x is ( c\rse ! new] =m ( ^! words t 0 giv5 u by ! revival ( le>n+2 ! old] =ms may h exi/$ 9 ! language s9ce ! com+ ( ,augu/9e 9 ! end ( ! six? c5tury4 ,,greek4 ,,old] ,,=m4 ,,new] ,,=m4 ,adamas1 adamant1 diamond4 ,asphodlos1 asphodel1 daffodil4 ,balsamon1 balsam1 balm4 ,blaspheme91 blaspheme1 blame4 ,*eir\rgos1 *irurgeon1 surgeon4 ,dactlos 7a f+]71 date 7! fruit71 dactyl4 ,phantasia1 fancy1 phantasy4 ,phantasma1 phantasm1 phantasy4 ,presbutros1 prie/1 presbyt]4 ,p>alysis1 palsy1 p>alysis4 ,sc&alon1 sl&]1 sc&al4 ,,notes4--,adamant means ! unsubduable2 a *irurgeon is lit]ally a work] ) ! h&2 phantasia is ! p[] ( pres5t+ to ! m9d's eye a bodily image t is n pres5t2 presbut]os means simply eld]4 ,9 ! "t ( ,%akspe>e1 fancy meant love4 #8,tell me :]e is fancy br$6' is ! fir/ l9e ( a song 9 ! ,m]*ant ( ,v5ice4 #db4 ,,engli% ,,words ,,& ,,fr5* ,,words ,,9 ,,s5t5ces4--,! diff]5ce betwe5 ,engli% /eep$ 9 ,fr5* & ,lat91 & ,engli% writt5 almo/ :olly 9 pure ,engli% words1 c be at once se5 9 ! two foll[+ passages1 :i* are tak5 f ! "w ( ,mr ,c4 ,s*ele ,de ,v]e1 an ,am]ican writ]4 7a7 #8,! ,norman alt]$ & increas$ our language2 b he c\ld n extirpate x4 ,to def5d 8 conque/1 he took possession ( ! c\ntry2 &1 ma/] ( ! soil1 he erect$ =tresses & ca/les1 & attempt$ to introduce new t]ms4 ,! univ]se & ! firmam5t--! planets1 comets1 & meteors--! atmosph]e & ! seasons1 all 7 impress$ ) ! seal ( ! conqu]or4 ,hills became m\nta9s1 & dales valleys2 /reams 7 call$ riv]s1 & brooks rivulets2 wat]falls1 cascades2 & woods1 =e/s4' ,all ! words 9 italics 9 ! above passage are ei!r ( ,lat9 or ( ,fr5* orig92 if ( ,fr5*1 !n !y are ,lat9 at second-h&4 7b7 #8,b ! dom9ion ( ! ,norman did n ext5d to ! home ( ! ,engli%man1 x /opp$ at ! ?re%old ( 8 h\se2 !re1 ar\nd ! fireside 9 8 kit*51,a & ! he>? 9 8 room1#ab he met 8 belov$ k9dr$2 ! bride1 ! wife1 & ! husb&1 sons & daught]s1 bro!rs & si/]s1 ti$ to ea* o!r by love1 fri5d%ip1 & k9d feel+s1 knew no?+ de>] ?an _! own sweet home4' ,only "o ^w 9 ! above is ,fr5* 7dom9ion71 & two are ,lat9 7ext5d & kit*574 ,all ! o!rs are purely ,engli%4 #dc4 ,,engli% ,,words ,,lo/4--,! copi\s introduction ( ,norman-,fr5*1 ,lat91 & ,greek t]ms into our language1 _h ! effect ( pu%+ a great numb] ( purely ,engli% words out ( our spee*1 or at lea/ ( mak+ !m less frequ5t 9 use4 ,?us we us$ to say =e-eld]s1 b ?is ^w has _h its place tak5 by ance/ors2 fairhood has be5 pu%$ out by beauty2 & won/ead by resid5ce4 ,9 ! same way1 =ewit has giv5 place to caution2 li*]e/#ac to cemet]y2 inwit to consci5ce2 bookho>d to libr>y2 & h9d]some to ob/ructive4 ,9 fact1 x is (t5 easi] = u to und]/& =eign words ?an ^? ( our own native home-gr[n spee*4 ,! title ( an old book writt5 9 ! ?irte5? c5tury is ! ,ay5bite#ad ( ,inwyt--a title :i* is to u mu* m intelligible 9 its ,franco-,lat9 translation ( ,remorse ( ,consci5ce4 ,mr ,b>nes1 ! ,dorset%ire poet1 has tri$ to re-introduce ! g5u9e homely ,engli% way ( speak+ & writ+2 & to bani% ,lat9 t]ms4 ,?us1 9 8 ,gramm> or #8,book ( ,spee*-,craft1' he calls s+ul>1 onely2 plural1 somely2 & he calls degrees ( comp>ison1 pit*es ( su*ness4 ,! difficulty he has to cont5d ) is1 t ?is home ,engli% is less intelligible to our mod]n e>s ?an ! =eign ,lat94 ,?us ! foll[+ s5t5ce looks l a ^w-puzzle3 #8,^! pit*-m>ks (f m>k sundry ?+s by _! sundry su*nesses1 z1 8,! tall] or less tall man ( ! two is my fri5d40' ,& he also says--:at is a useful w>n+ = u3 #8,spee* 0 %ap5 ( ! brea?-s\nds ( speak]s1 = ! e>s ( he>]s2 & n f spee*-tok5s 7lett]s7 9 books1 = m5's eyes4' ,,*apt] ,,ii4 ,! ,hi/ory ( ! ,gramm> ( ,engli%4 #a4 ,,an ,,inflect$ ,,language4--,:51 9 ! fif? c5tury1 our ,engli% spee* 0 br\ght ov] f ! ,cont95t1 x 0 a highly inflect$ or ,syn!tic language2 & x rema9$ 9 ?is condition = sev]al c5turies4 ,! com+ ( ! ,danes _h ! effect ( beg9n+ ! dropp+ (f ( inflections4 ,! com+ ( ! ,normans ext5d$ v mu* & ha/5$ ?is process1 :i* has gone on ) consid]able rapidity d[n to ! pres5t day4 ,we may put ! g5]al fact 9 ?is way3 ,! ,engli% ,language 0 a ,syn!tic ,language d[n to ab\t ! ye> #aajj2 s9ce t "t1 x has be5 becom+ m & m ( an ,analytic ,language4 #b4 ,,! ,,gramm> ,,( ,,n\ns4--,9 ! v olde/ ,engli%--or1 z x is commonly call$1 ,anglo-,saxon--n\ns 7 decl9$ 9 diff]5t ways1 & _h sev]al decl5sions1 j z ,g]man & ,lat9 h4 ,ea* ( ^! decl5sions _h f\r cases4 ,n[adays we h only "o decl5sion & only "o inflection = ! cases ( n\ns4 ,t "o inflection is 's = ! possessive case4 ,! foll[+ is an example ( an old decl5sion3 ,decl5sion ( ,,eage1 ! eye4 ,s+4 ,plur4 ,nom4 ,eage 7eye74 ,eagan4 ,pos4 ,eag-an 7(74 ,eag-ena4 ,dat4 ,eag-an 7to74 ,eag-am4 ,obj4 ,eage4 ,eagan4 ,aga91 9 ?is ,engli%1 g5d] did n foll[ sex1 b 0 poetic & fanta/ic4 ,tongue & week 7 fem99e n\ns1 z !y /ill are 9 mod]n ,g]man2 /> & sea1 mascul9e2 wife & *ild1 neut]4--,9 old ,engli% !re 7 a great _m plural end+s1 z -z1 -an1 -u1 -a1 -o4 ,aft] ! ,norman ,conque/ !y 7 greatly r$uc$1 -es or -s be+ n[ ! ord9>y end+1 -en be+ exceptional4 #c4 ,,! ,,gramm> ,,( ,,adjectives4--,adjectives _h also cases4 ,adjectives _h f\r cases1 ?ree g5d]s1 & two numb]s4 ,n[ we say good = all cases1 g5d]s1 & numb]s4 ,9 ! f\rte5? c5tury ! only end+ :i* adjectives possess$ 0 e = ! plural4 ,?us ,*auc] 7#acdj-adjj7 writes ( ! little birds3 ,& smal f[ls mak5 melodie4 #d4 ,,gramm> ,,( ,,def9ite ,,article4--,?is article 0 decl9$ l an adjective1 9 ?ree diff]5t g5d]s4 ,n[ x has no inflections at all4 ,x has /ill1 h[ev]1 a cle> & di/9ct memory ( "o case1 :i* survives 9 su* phrases z1 #8,! m1 ! m]ri]4' ,?is s5t5ce might be writt51 #8 m1 m]ri]4' ,t is to say1 #8,by t m1 by t m]ri]4' ,! measure ( ! increase ( ! company is ! measure ( ! increase ( ! m]rim5t4 #e4 ,,gramm> ,,( ,,! ,,p]sonal ,,pron\n4--,! p]sonal pron\n 0 also highly inflect$ 9 ! olde/ ,engli%2 & ! two p]sonal pron\ns ( ! fir/ & second p]sons possess$ ?is rem>kable peculi>ity1 t x _h ?ree numb]s1 s+ul>1 dual1 & plural4 ,! dual =m /ood = ,we two & = ,y two2 &1 if we c>$ to tr\ble ourselves n[adays ) a ho/ ( inflections1 ^! w\ld c]ta9ly be v conv5i5t4 ,all ?is is n[ v mu* *ang$4 ,! dual numb] is completely gone2 ! use ( ?\1 except 9 religi\s compositions1 has be5 giv5 up1 & ! true possessive ( x1 :i* is 81 has giv5 place to ! incorrect =m its4 ,! possessive its is v seldom f\nd 9 ,%akspe>e1 & !re is only "o in/ance ( x 9 our pres5t translation ( ! ,bible3 #8,t :i* gr[e? ( its own accord ( ?y h>ve/ ?\ %alt n reap' 7,lev4 xxv4 #e74 ,b ano!r read+ is1 #8( x own accord4' #f4 ,,gramm> ,,( ,,v]bs4--,! v]b possess$ also1 9 ! olde/ times1 be=e ! language 0 at all influ5c$ by ,norman-,fr5*1 a l>ge numb] ( inflections4 ,at ! pres5t "t a v]b has only five inflections2 b1 if x belongs to ! /rong conjugation1 x may h six4 ,let u look at ! old v]b niman1 to take1 :i* /ill survives 9 our adjective nimble1 :i* means quick at tak+4 ,! *ief t5ses ( niman 7 inflect$ z foll[s3 ,,pres5t ,,t5se4 ,s+4 ,plural4 #a4 nime4 nima?4 #b4 nime/4 nima?4 #c4 nime?4 nima?4 ,,pa/ ,,t5se4 ,s+4 ,plural4 #a4 nm4 nmon4 #b4 nme4 nmon4 #c4 nm4 nmon4 ,( all ! inflections 9 ! above1 only two /ill rema91 / 9 ! second p]son s+ul>1 & ? 9 ! ?ird p]son2 & ev5 ^! two inflections are n[adays h>dly us$ at all4 #g4 ,,fragm5ts ,,( ,,n\n ,,inflections4--,al?\gh our language1 9 ! c\rse ( its hi/ory1 has lo/ almo/ all ( its inflections1 !re /ill rema91 "h & !re1 9 our gramm>1 fragm5ts ( inflections :i* are (t5 curi\sly disguis$1 & !re=e difficult to recognise4 ,?us1 at fir/ sight1 x is n easy to see t vix5 is ! fem99e ( fox4 ,b vix5 is simply ! same z fix51 or fyx51 & x 0 "o ( ! laws ( ,anglo-,saxon v[el-*ange t o became y4 ,x 0 v usual to make ! plural ( n\ns 9 en4 ,?us we said %oon1 hos51 tr51 be5 7= bees71 toon 7= toes71 flon 7= arr[s71 & fle5 7= fleas74 ,b1 ( all ^! & o!r simil> plurals1 we n[ possess only "o--ox54 ,! plurals *ildr5 & bre?r5 are really d\ble plurals4 ,! olde/ plurals 7 cildru1 aft]w>ds *ild]2 & bre!r4 ,x 0 !n =gott5 t ^! 7 real plurals1 & an en 0 add$4 #h4 ,,fragm5ts ,,( ,,adjective ,,inflections4--,we h ! comp>ative r 7rightly pron\nc$ 9 ,irel& ray!r72 b we h no ra! or ra!/4 ,an old writ]1 speak+ ( a />1 says3 #8,x rose r & r 7e>li]74' ,nighe/ becomes next2 because ! g s is equal to an x4 ,s !re 0 9 our c\ntry an old prov]b1 #8,:5 bale is hext1 bone is next'--t is1 #8,:5 evil is highe/1 boon is nighe/4' ,ov] is n[ only us$ z a preposition4 ,b x is really ! comp>ative degree ( ! old adjective ov1 :i* is a =m ( up or (f4 #i4 ,,fragm5ts ,,( ,,pron\n ,,inflections4--,! t 9 x 7:i* 0 =m]ly hit1 z ! neut] ( he7 is simply ! sign ( ! neut] g5d]1 & is ! same t t is f\nd 9 ?a-t1 :a-t 7! neut] ( :o71 etc4 ,h5ce ! true possessive ( x is 82 & ?is is ! =m 9 use 9 ,%akspe>e & ,bacon1 & ev5 d[n to ! middle ( ! sev5te5? c5tury4 ,its1 z we h already se51 is a blund]4 ,!y is n ! true plural ( he2 b really ( ! old def9ite article ?aet4 #aj4 ,,fragm5ts ,,( ,,v]b ,,inflections4--,! inflections ( ! v]b are v /rangely disguis$2 &1 if le>n$ m5 _h n work$ h>d1 & made dilig5t inquiry 9 _m directions1 we %\ld nev] h kn[n :at !y really are4 ,?us ! m 9 am is ! same m t is f\nd 9 me2 & ! olde/ =m kn[n ( ! v]b am1 9 ! olde/ language1 is asmi4--,! t :i* we f9d 9 ! second p]son ( "s v]bs1 su* z art1 wa/1 %alt1 & wilt1 is ! same z ! ? 9 ?\4 ,?is t is !re=e ! pron\n ?\ add$ to ! v]b4--,! ? 9 ! old-fa%ion$ ?ird p]son s+ul> write?1 hope?1 etc41 is ! same ? t we f9d 9 ! & t4 ,accord+ly1 we may say t burne? is t 7?+7 burns4--,! la/ d 9 did is n ! same z ! ed 9 walk$4 ,did is n do$4 ,an old] =m ( did is dude2 & f ?is we see t ! pa/ t5se 0 =m$ by d\bl+ ! pres5t--by r$uplication4 ,?us we see t x is ! la/ d t repres5ts ! d4--,! ^w wor? 9 ! well-kn[n l9es f ! ,lady ( ! ,lake-- ,woe wor? ! *ase1 woe wor? ! day1 ,t co/ ?y life1 ?\ gallant gray6-- is n an adjective1 b ! remnant ( an old v]b4 ,?is v]b is weor?an1 to become2 & wor? is ! imp]ative ( x4 ,:5 a v]b has lo/ "o ( its p>ts1 x goes to ano!r v]b1 & borr[s ! use ( "o ( its p>ts4 ,?us w5t1 ! pa/ t5se ( g1 is borr[$ f w5d4 #aa4 ,,fragm5ts ,,( ,,inflections ,,9 ,,adv]bs4--,adv]bs conta9 a great numb] ( disguis$ inflections4 ,9 ! pres5t day1 we make adv]bs f adjectives by add+ ly to !m--z neat1 neatly2 w>m1 w>mly4 ,b1 9 old ,engli%1 ! adv]b 0 made by employ+ ! dative ( ! adjective4 ,?us1 bright 0 9 a bright mann]2 swift 0 swiftly4 ,!n v soon dropp$ (f2 & ! ^w 0 left 9 its b>e root--/ripp$ ( inflections4 ,& s x has happ5$ t we h _m adv]bs :i* are us$ 9 _! simple/ =m1 & are j ! same z adjectives4 ,we d n say1 #8,he runs fa/ly1' b #8,he runs fa/2' #8,he works h>dly1' b #8,he works h>d4'--,b ! remnants ( o!r cases are also f\nd 9 adv]bs4 ,?us ne$s1 always1 sideways1 once 7= ons71 twice 7= twis71 unaw>es1 :5ce 7= :5ns7 & o!rs1 are all old possessives4--,seldom is an old dative plural4 ,seld meant r>e2 & seldom means at r>e times4--,! 9 ! phrase1 #8,! old] ! bett]1' is an ablative or in/rum5tal case2 & !re=e means by t4 ,accord+ly ?is s5t5ce means3 #8,by t old]1 by t bett]4' ,! measure ( ! increase ( age is ! measure ( ! increase ( ! quality4 #ab4 ,,fragm5ts ,,( ,,inflections ,,9 ,,prepositions4--,s9ce is ! possessive case ( ! old ,engli% ^w si!n4 ,! foll[+ are ! /eps3 ,si!nns2 si!ns2 si!nce2 s9ce4--,aft] is ! comp>ative degree ( ! old preposition af 7 (71 :i* meant f4 ,ov] is ano!r comp>ative =m1 f a root :i* appe>s 9 up4 ,,*apt] ,,iii4 ,*anges 9 ,mod]n ,engli%4 #a4 ,,=mation ,,( ,,mod]n ,,engli%4--,we h se5 t ! sub/ance ( ! liv+ ,engli% tongue 0 br\ght f ,g]many to ?is isl& by our ,teutonic ance/ors4 ,we h se5 also t x has und]gone a great v>iety ( influ5ces1 ! greate/ & /ronge/ ( :i* 0 ! ,norman ,conque/4 ,= a long "t aft] ! ,conque/1 ! ,engli% language 0 ! tongue ( a subject & humiliat$ race2 x ceas$ to be fa%ionable1 & almo/ ceas$ to be lit]>y4 ,9 ! ?irte5? c5tury x began to revive1 b ) v important *anges2 ! inflections1 & _m ( ! old ,engli% words1 be+ lo/1 & a multitude ( new words be+ introduc$4 ,9 ,*auc]'s "t x rega9$ its old position z ! language ( ! c\rt1 ( fa%ion1 & ( lit]ature4 ,9 #adhe we f9d ! language 9 all important respects fix$ z we h x n[4 ,e intellig5t ,engli%man is able to und]/& all t has s9ce be5 writt54 ,mod]n ,engli%1 !n1 dates f #adhe1 ! ye> :5 ! ,w>s ( ! ,roses end$ ) ! battle ( ,boswor?1 & ! ,tudor l9e asc5d$ ! ?rone4 ,x 0 ! "t also :5 ! art ( pr9t+ 0 introduc$ by ,caxton2 & ab\t ! "t :5 ! two great ev5ts1 ! ,revival ( ,le>n+ & ! ,re=mation1 took place4 #b4 ,,cont9u$ ,,hi/ory ,,( ,,our ,,language4--,x w\ld be a mi/ake1 h[ev]1 to suppose t ! language has no hi/ory aft] #adhe4 ,language is ! expression & embodim5t ( ?\ght2 & z ?\ght v>ies ) ! v>y+ exp]i5ce ( man1 language mu/ *ange accord+ly4 ,s9ce #adhe ! ,engli% p h gone ?r\gh m>vell\s *anges--*anges 9 political & social life1 9 sci5ce1 9 art1 & indu/ry4 ,!y h plant$ ext5sive colonies1 !y c>ry on trade 9 e "p ( ! _w1 & h deal+s ) e nation4 ,9 all ?is wid5+ & progressive life1 we h got to "k f> m ?an we did 9 #adhe1 & ?us require to use a multitude ( words unkn[n to ! p ( t p]iod4 ,! result has be5 a l>ge addition to our vocabul>y4 #c4 ,,borr[+ ,,f ,,spani% ,,& ,,italian4--,"u ! head+ #8,lat9 ( ! ,f\r? ,p]iod1' we h not$ ! numb] ( words borr[$ f ! ,lat9 dur+ ! sixte5? c5tury4 ,we are n[ to obs]ve t ab\t ! same "t !re 0 a consid]able borr[+ ( words f ! ,spani% & ,italian4 ,( c\rse1 z ,italian & ,spani% are (f%oots f ,lat91 ^! words also are mo/ly ( ,lat9 orig94 7i7 ,italian4--,dur+ ! sixte5? & sev5te5? c5turies ,italian lit]ature 0 v ext5sively /udi$ by ,engli% writ]s4 ,= "s c5turies ! ,italians 7 ! mo/ cultivat$ p 9 ,europe4 ,italy 0 ! home ( music1 pa9t+1 & sculpture4 ,h] poets s]v$ z models to ^? ( o!r nations4 ,! e>lie/ poets ( mod]n ,engl&1 su* z ,wyatt & ,surrey1 7 inspir$ by !m2 ,sp5s] & ,milton 7 ard5t /ud5ts ( _! works4 ,dur+ ?is p]iod1 consequ5tly1 we introduc$ f ! ,italian language _m important words1 among :i* may be m5tion$ sonnet1 op]a1 cupola1 balcony1 palette4 7ii7 ,spani%4--,at ! same "t we _h ev5 m intimate relations ) ,spa91 ?\gh ( a diff]5t k9d4 ,9 ! sixte5? c5tury ,spa9 0 ! lead+ nation ( ,europe4 ,%e _h ! be/ soldi]s1 ! fir/ g5]als & /atesm52 h] %ips discov]$ ,am]ica2 & h] k+s aim$ at univ]sal dom9ion4 ,z bo? fri5d & enemy1 ,engl& 0 br\ght into close connection ) ! ,spani>ds4 ,"u ^! circum/ances we naturally adopt$ _m words f !m4 ,:ile mo/ ( ^! 7 ( ,lat9 orig91 n a few relat$ to ! new c\ntries discov]$ & conqu]$ by ,spa9 9 ,am]ica4 ,among ! ,spani% words may be m5tion$ buffalo1 alligator1 don1 armada1 indigo1 potato1 tobacco4 ,! la/ two are ( ,am]ican orig94 ,! re/ are ,lat94 ,alligator is ( ,lat9 orig91 b is ! "n ( an ,am]ican animal4 #d4 ,,dut* ,,words4--,we h borr[$ v few words f ! ,g]mans2 b f ! p ( ! ,ne!rl&s1 :o h always be5 ne> neighb\rs to u1 we h d]iv$ n a few4 ,long ago1 ,flem+s 7or p ( ,fl&]s7 7 settl$ 9 ,wales & ,norfolk4 ,9 ! reign ( ,que5 ,elizabe?1 ?\s&s ( ,prote/ant refugees f ,antw]p & o!r places 9 ! ,ne!rl&s f\nd an asylum 9 ,engl&4 ,s9ce ! rise ( ,holl& we h _h _m deal+s1 bo? w>like & comm]cial1 ) ! ,dut*4 ,all ?is acc\nts = ! goodly numb] ( ,dut* words :i* we n[ f9d 9 ! ,engli% language1 su* z burgoma/]1 balla/1 hol/]1 trigg]1 ya*t1 yawl4 #e4 ,x w h be5 cle>ly se5 t !re are two ma9 elem5ts 9 ! ,engli% language--! ,teutonic elem5t1 :i* is by f> ! mo/ important2 & ! ,lat9 elem5t4 ,x is int]e/+ to trace ! relative proportion ( ^! two elem5ts z us$ by ! great ,engli% writ]s4 ,9 ! sev5te5? c5tury1 especially 9 su* writ]s z ,milton & ,sir ,?omas ,br[ne1 we f9d a l>ge use ( ! ,lat9 elem5t1 accompani$ by a ,lat9 or complex & involv$ /ructure ( s5t5ce4 ,t[>ds ! end ( ! c5tury1 & especially 9 ! beg9n+ ( ! eighte5?1 dur+ ! p]iod ( ,que5 ,anne1 a simpl] /yle prevail$1 ! classical elem5t be+ m sp>+ly us$4 ,b z we proce$ into ! eighte5? c5tury1 ! ,lat9 "p ( ! language is aga9 m l>gely employ$ by su* writ]s z ,johnson1 ,gibbon1 & ,hume2 & x is aga9 accompani$ by a m =mal & elaborate /ructure ( s5t5ce4 ,b be=e ! c5tury closes1 !re is a return to simplicity & naturalness4 #f4 ,9 ! pres5t c5tury !re are _m influ5ces specially wor? not+ z affect+ ! language3 7i7 ,social & ,political ,causes4--,society is a complex ?+1 cont9ually gr[+4 ,new facts & ideas are p]petually mak+ !mselves felt1 necessitat+ new words1 or a m ext5d+ mean+ 9 old words4 ,9 ?is prov9ce1 !n1 *anges 9 language are incessantly requir$4 ,h5ce ! ne$ = su* new words z extradition1 neutralisation1 secul>isation2 ev5 = su* unhappy co9ages z burke4 ,on occasion ( ! great volunte] reviews ( #ahha1 words l entra9 & detra91 appli$ to troops1 c\ld be notic$ creep+ 94 ,closure & clture 7 rivals = curr5cy dur+ ! debates ( #ahhb2 & ,boycott began to pres5t s]i\s claims to p]man5t citiz5%ip 9 ! ,engli% tongue4 7ii7 ,popul>is+ ( ,te*nical & ,sci5tific ,t]ms4--,"o ( ! mo/ m>k$ features ( ! n9ete5? c5tury is ! great diffusion ( sci5tific k1 & ! application ( x to ! uses ( practical life4 ,! highe/ sci5tific results are becom+ common prop]ty2 & ! discov]ies ( sci5ce h be5 made to satisfy ! common ne$s ( m54 ,! result is t t]ms once unkn[n or exclusively te*nical h ga9$ ! wide/ curr5cy 9 ! popul> spee*4 ,!re is no ne$ to m5tion su* famili> words z telegraph1 photograph1 or ev5 telephone or photophone4 ,! old n\n wire has n[ e/abli%$ its "r to be us$ z a v]b4 ,9 o!r sph]es su* t]ms z objective1 subjective1 /hetics1 n[ fulfil important functions2 /hete also seems too useful a ^w to be disp5s$ )4 7iii7 ,revival ( ,ar*aisms4--,9 _m ( our rec5t poets !re has be5 a t5d5cy to revive "s ( ! old ,sp5s]ian or ,%aksp]ian words4 ,b z ^! are purely lit]>y t]ms1 ) no curr5cy 9 ! common spee*1 !y ne$ n be dwelt on4 7iv7 ,introduction ( ,scotticisms & ,am]icanisms4--,! "r ( ! ,scotti% tongue to be consid]$ "o ( ! wor?ie/ v>ieties ( ! g5u9e old ,engli% or ,saxon tongue is n[ g5]ally recognis$4 ,b ap>t f t1 ! intr9sic m]it ( su* words z e]ie1 glam\r1 s\gh1 bonnie1 d\ce 7bo? ( :i* la/1 h[ev]1 are ( ,fr5* orig971 w probably secure !m a p]man5t place 9 our language4 ,! influ5ce ( ,am]ica w also be m & m felt on ! common ,engli% language1 :e!r ?r\gh its /ock ( old ,saxon phrases :i* h be5 pres]v$ 9 ,am]ica1 ?r\gh ! innovations made by its humori/s1 or ! new exp]i5ces 9 its social & political life4 7v7 ,fur!r borr[+ f ,=eign ,languages4--,ev5 ! mo/ remote & unlikely make important & famili> contributions to our tongue4 ,f ! ,malays we h 7along ) ! ?+7 borr[$ ! words bamboo1 gong1 sago2 f ! ,au/ralians we h boom]ang & kang>oo2 & f ,s\? ,african tongues1 gnu1 quagga1 kraal4 ,,*apt] ,,iv4 ,words adopt$ f ,=eign ,languages4 #a4 ,,f ,,african ,,dialects4--,*impanzee1 gnu1 gorilla1 k>oo1 kraal1 zebra4 #b4 ,,f ,,am]ican ,,tongues4--,buccane]1 cacique1 cannibal1 canoe1 ca\t*\c1 cayman1 *ocolate1 condor1 guano1 hammock1 jagu>1 jalap1 j]k$ 7beef71 llama1 mahogany1 maize1 manioc1 moccas91 mu/ang1 opossum1 pampas1 pemmican1 potato1 skunk1 squaw1 tapioca1 tobacco1 tomahawk1 tomato1 wigwam1 yam4 #c4 ,,f ,,! ,,arabic ,,language4 7,! ^w al means !4 ,?us alcohol ! _s4 ,a few ( ! foll[+ words1 h[ev]1 ?\gh !y h come to u ?r\gh ,arabic1 belong orig9ally to o!r tongues4 ,?us al*emy & talisman are f ! ,greek2 apricot is ,lat947--,admiral1 al*emy1 alcohol1 alcove1 alembic1 algebra1 alkali1 amb]1 apricot1 arrack1 ars5al1 arti*oke1 assass91 assegai1 att>1 azimu?1 azure1 caliph1 c>at1 *emi/ry1 ciph]1 civet1 c(fee1 cotton1 crimson1 dragoman1 elixir1 emir1 fakir1 felucca1 gazelle1 giraffe1 h>em1 hookah1 koran 7or alcoran71 lute1 magaz9e1 mattress1 m9>et1 mohair1 monsoon1 mosque1 mufti1 nabob1 nadir1 naph?a1 salaam1 s5na1 %]bet1 %rub 7! dr9k71 simoom1 sirocco1 s(a1 sultan1 syrup1 talisman1 tam>9d1 t>iff1 vizi]1 z5i?1 z]o4 #d4 ,,f ,,*9ese4--,bohea1 cong\1 hyson1 joss1 junk1 nanke51 pekoe1 s\*ong1 tea4 #e4 ,,f ,,dut* 7words relat+ *iefly to naval affairs74--,boom1 boor1 hoy1 luff1 reef1 s*i$am 7g971 skates1 skipp]1 sloop1 smack1 smuggle1 /iv]1 taffrail1 we> 7( a %ip71 ya*t4 #f4 ,,f ,,fr5*4--,aide-de-camp1 belle1 biv\ac1 blonde1 b\quet1 brunette1 brusque1 c>te-de-visite1 c\p-d'tat1 dbris1 db1 djen] 7breakfa/71 depot1 clat1 ennui1 etiquette1 naive1 navet1 non*alance1 p]sonnel1 prcis1 programme1 protg1 re*]*1 soire4 #g4 ,,f ,,g]man 7mo/ly m9+ t]ms74--,cobalt1 felsp>1 horn-bl5d1 l&grave1 loaf]1 m>grave1 me]s*aum1 nickel1 plund]1 poodle1 qu>tz1 z9c4 #h4 ,,f ,,hebrew 7words relat+ *iefly to religion74--,abbey1 abbot1 am51 behemo?1 cabal1 *]ub1 geh5na1 hallelujah1 hosannah1 ,jehovah1 jubilee1 levia?an1 manna1 pas*al1 ph>isee1 ph>isaical1 rabbi1 sabba?1 ,sadducees1 ,satan1 s]aph1 %ibbole?1 ,talmud4 #i4 ,,f ,,h9du4--,avat>1 banyan1 bungal[1 calico1 *9tz1 coolie1 c[rie1 durb>1 jungle1 lac 7( rupees71 loot1 mulligatawny1 pagoda1 palanqu91 p>iah1 pun*1 pundit1 rajah1 rupee1 ryot1 sepoy1 %ampoo1 sug>1 suttee1 ?ug1 toddy4 #aj4 ,,f ,,hung>ian4--,huss>4 #aa4 ,,f ,,italian4--,al>m1 al]t1 alto1 bagatelle1 balcony1 balu/rade1 b&it1 bankrupt1 bravo1 brigade1 brig&1 broccoli1 burlesque1 bu/1 cameo1 cante51 canto1 caprice1 c>icature1 c>nival1 c>toon1 cascade1 cavalcade1 *>latan1 citadel1 colonnade1 conc]t1 contralto1 conv]sazione1 cornice1 corridor1 cupola1 curvet1 dilettante1 ditto1 doge1 dom9o1 extravaganza1 fiasco1 folio1 fresco1 gazette1 gondola1 granite1 grotto1 guit>1 incognito1 influ5za1 lagoon1 lava1 laz>etto1 mac>oni1 madonna1 madrigal1 mal>ia1 manife/o1 motto1 m\/a*e1 ni*e1 op]a1 oratorio1 palette1 pantaloon1 p>apet1 p$ant1 pian(orte1 piazza1 pi/ol1 portico1 proviso1 qu>to1 regatta1 ruffian1 s]5ade1 sonnet1 soprano1 /anza1 /iletto1 /ucco1 /udio1 t5or1 t]ra-cotta1 tirade1 torso1 trombone1 umbrella1 v]milion1 v]tu1 virtuoso1 vi/a1 volcano1 zany4 #ab4 ,,f ,,malay4--,amuck1 bamboo1 bantam1 caddy1 cockatoo1 dugong1 gamboge1 gong1 guttap]*a1 m&>9 7?r\gh ! ,portuguese71 mango1 ourang\tang1 rattan1 sago1 upas4 #ac4 ,,f ,,p]sian4--,baza>1 ba%aw1 c>avan1 *eck1 *eckmate1 *ess1 d]vi%1 divan1 firman1 haz>d1 horde1 h\ri1 j>1 jackal1 jasm9e1 lac 7a gum71 lemon1 lilac1 lime 7! fruit71 musk1 orange1 p>adise1 pa%a1 rook1 s>ab&1 sa%1 scimit>1 %awl1 taffeta1 turban4 #ad4 ,,f ,,polynesian ,,dialects4--,boom]ang1 kang>oo1 taboo1 tattoo 7to pa9t ! sk974 #ae4 ,,f ,,portuguese4--,albatross1 ca/e1 cobra1 cocoa-nut1 commodore1 feti%1 lasso1 m>malade1 moidore1 palav]1 port 7,oporto74 #af4 ,,f ,,russian4--,cz>1 drosky1 kn\t1 morse 7walrus71 /eppe1 ukase4 #ag4 ,,f ,,spani%4--,alligator1 armada1 b>ricade1 battl$ore1 bravado1 buffalo1 c>acole1 c>go1 cig>1 co*9eal1 cork1 creole1 desp]ado1 don1 du5na1 ,el dorado1 emb>go1 filibu/] 7f ,engli% flyboat71 filigree1 flotilla1 galleon 7a %ip71 gr&ee1 gr5ade1 gu]illa1 indigo1 j5net1 matadore1 m]9o1 mosquito1 mulatto1 negro1 octoroon1 quadroon1 r5egade1 savannah1 %]ry 7,x]es71 tornado1 vanilla4 #ah4 ,,f ,,t>t>4--,cavi>e 7! roe ( ! /urgeon74 #ai4 ,,f ,,turki%4--,bey1 caftan1 *ib\k1 *\se1 janiss>y1 kiosk1 odalisque1 ottoman1 tulip1 ya%mak1 yataghan4 ,,*ief ,,dates ,,9 ,,! ,,hi/ory ,,( ,,! ,,engli% ,,language4 44444,a4,d4 #a4 ,cdmon wrote a ,p>aphrase ( ! ,scriptures 9 ,fir/ ,engli% prose44444#fgj #b4 ,b$e1 or ,bda1 wrote a translation into ,engli% ( "p ( ! ,gospel ( ,/ ,john44444#gce #c4 ,k+ ,alfr$ translat$ _m ,lat9 works into ,engli%1 among o!rs1 ! ,ecclesia/ical ,hi/ory ( ! ,engli% ,nation4 ,k+ ,alfr$ di$44444#ija #d4 lfric translates p>ts ( ! ,bible44444#ajjj #e4 ,anglo-,saxon ,*ronicle br\ght to a /op ab\t44444#aaed #f4 ,norm&y tak5 f ,engl& "u ,k+ ,john4 ,normans n[ oblig$ to reg>d !mselves z ,engli%m51 & m ready to use ! ,engli% tongue44444#abjd #g4 ,layamon's ,brut--a poem--! fir/ ,engli% book writt5 aft] ! /oppage ( ! ,*ronicle 7writt5 9 ! ,s\!rn ,engli% dialect744444#abje #h4 ,fir/ ,proclamation ev] writt5 9 ,engli%1 issu$ by ,h5ry ,,iii444444#abeh #i4 ,sir ,john ,m&eville1 ! fir/ writ] ( =m$ ,engli% prose1 #8publi%es' 8 ,travels44444#acef 7,publi%es 9 ?is c5tury means3 ,all[s copies 9 manuscript to be made ( 8 book47 #aj4 ,edw>d ,,iii4 au?orises ! use ( ,engli% in/ead ( ,fr5* 9 c\rts ( law & 9 s*ools44444#acfb #aa4 ,john ,wicliffe translates mo/ ( ! ,bible44444#achj #ab4 ,ge(frey ,*auc]1 ! #8,fa!r ( ,engli% ,poetry1' wrote 8 ,cant]bury ,tales ab\t44444#achh #ac4 ,william ,caxton pr9ts ! fir/ ,engli% book ev] pr9t$1 ,! ,hi/ory ( ,troyes1 9 ,fl&]s44444#adga #ad4 ,caxton erects ! fir/ pr9t+-press 9 ! ,broad ,sanctu>y1 9 ,we/m9/]1 & publi%es ! fir/ book ev] pr9t$ 9 ,engl&1 ! ,game & ,playe ( ! ,*esse44444#adgd #ae4 ,! ,book ( ,common ,pray] compil$ by ,cranm]44444#aedi #af4 ,! ,engli% ,bible1 bas$ ^u ,william ,tyndall's & o!r translations1 publi%$44444#afaa ,,*apt] ,v4 ,notes on ! ,gr[? ( ,engli% ,words4 #a4 ,,roots2 ,,influ5ce ,,( ,,imitation ,,on ,,language4--,! "q ( ! orig9 ( language is an extremely int]e/+ "o1 :i* has be5 long & ke5ly discuss$4 ,b x is "o on :i* ! op9ions ( ! le>n$ are n agre$1 & we _c dwell ^u x "h4 ,!re is an e/abli%$ fact1 h[ev]1 :i* is ( ! highe/ int]e/ & importance3 mo/ ( ! words ( ! great family ( ,indo-,european languages c be trac$ to a few hundr$ roots2 & ^! roots are common to ! :ole family4 ,x is ! greate/ a*ievem5t ( philological sci5ce to h cle>ly e/abli%$ ?is fact4 ,h[ ^! roots h orig9at$1 is a m unc]ta9 inquiry3 9 fact1 is j ! "q ( ! orig9 ( language pres5t$ 9 ano!r =m4 ,x is ! !ory ( "s t words h aris5 f ! imitation ( natural s\nds2 ! names ( animals1 = in/ance1 be+ imitations ( ! s\nds !y utt]4 ,?\gh ?is has be5 ridicul$ "u ! nickname ( ! b[-w[ !ory1 !re seems to be "s tru? 9 x3 at anyrate no "o w d5y t 9 ! ,engli%1 z 9 all o!r languages1 a great _m words exi/ :i* are imitative ( natural s\nds4 ,among su* words ! foll[+ may be m5tion$3 ,babble1 boom1 *att]1 *irp1 clang1 clatt]1 cl9k1 cra%1 croak1 cuckoo1 fizz1 giggle1 gurgle1 hiss1 h[l1 hum1 hu%1 murmur1 quack1 scream1 %riek1 squeal1 ?ud1 ?ump1 ?wack1 twang1 :ack1 :eeze1 :irr1 :izz4 ,( c\rse ^! words 7 n all orig9ally ,engli%4 ,clang & murmur1 = in/ance1 are ,lat9 words2 b !y also are ( imitative orig94 #b4 ,,hybrids4--,a hybrid is a ^w compos$ ( a mixture ( =eign & native elem5ts4 ,sometimes an ,engli% ^w has a ,lat9 end+2 sometimes a ,lat9 ^w has an ,engli% end+4 ,all su* words are call$ hybrids4 ,"o ( ! mo/ int]e/+ ( ! e>lie/ hybrids 9 ,engli% 0 ! ^w bondage1 :i* is said to h be5 introduc$ 9 ! ye> #acjc4 ,! ^w bond comes to u f ! ,icel&ic or ,norwegian ^w bondi1 :i* means f>m] or till] ( ! soil4 ,f>m]s 9 ,norway are to ?is day call$ bond]s4 ,! suffix age is ,lat92 b x has come to u ?r\gh ,norman-,fr5*4 ,! full ,lat9 end+ is atcum1 :i*1 9 ,france1 9 ! c\rse ( g5]ations1 0 compress$ into age4 ,!re are o!r hybrids ) ?is end+1 su* z tillage 7:i* has pu%$ out ! pure ,engli% til?71 c>tage1 /[age1 & o!rs4--,! end+ able1 :i* comes to u f ,lat91 comb9es v easily ) words :i* are purely ,engli%4 ,?us we h lovable1 biddable1 laughable1 breakable1 & o!rs4--,! ,lat9 end+ osus means full (4 ,?us1 v9um is w9e1 & v9osus is full ( w9e4 ,?is sus becomes 9 ,engli% ous2 & we f9d ?is ,lat9 suffix add$ to words :i* are purely ,engli%4 ,?us we h wondr\s f wond]1 & rav5\s f rav54 ,we h also righte\s1 :i* 0 orig9ally rightws1 & ! *ange into righte\s 0 a corruption ( ! spell+4--,dis is a ,lat9 prefix1 & x is add$ to ,engli% words4 ,?us we h dislike & dis[n4 ,we h also di%e>t51 an old ^w1 9 :i* ! prefix dis contradicts ! suffix en 7:i* means to put or make74--,re1 ano!r ,lat9 prefix1 unites ) purely ,engli% words1 & we f9d r5ew1 reop51 rebuild1 reclo!1 & o!rs4--,fr5* words ) ,engli% prefixes are also f\nd4 ,?us we h besiege2 ! ^w siege1 a seat1 be+ ,fr5*4 ,to besiege means to take a seat 9 front ( a t[n1 ) y\r m9d made up n to g till y h tak5 x4--,lat9 words ) ,engli% end+s are f\nd 9 useful1 useless1 usefulness1 uselessness1 & o!rs4 ,engli% words ) ,lat9 or ,fr5* end+s are n uncommon4 ,?us we h goddess1 =be>ance1 h9drance1 oddity1 & o!rs4 ,9 old-fa%ion$ ,engli%1 & ev5 9 ,wordswor?1 :o di$ 9 #ahej1 we f9d su* curi\s =mations z oddm5ts1 ne$m5ts1 eggm5ts 7egg+s on or incitem5ts71 & a few o!rs4 #c4 ,,words ,,disguis$ ,,9 ,,=m ,,or ,,9 ,,mean+4 ,abase1 to br+ or make l[4 ,f a ,l[ ,lat9 ^w bassus1 l[4 ,abate1 to beat d[n4 ,l[ ,lat4 abbattre4 ,add]1 ,o4 ,e4 nadd]4 ,! n has dropp$ f ! n\n1 ow+ to ! mi/ak5 notion t x belong$ to ! article4 ,comp>e umpire = numpire 7non p>--t is1 n equal71 orange = norange 7,p]s4 nranj71 apron = napron4 ,! dropp+ ( ! n is probably ow+ to ! prefix+ ( an & m9e4 ,adrift1 on or 9 ! drift4 ,f ! v]b drive4 ,comp>e give1 gift2 %rive1 %rift4 ,alligator is ,spani% el lag>to1 ! liz>d 7p> excell5ce71 f ,lat4 lac]ta1 a liz>d4 ,al(t1 on-l(t1 9 ! lift 7air74 ,nor!rn ,eng4 or #8,scot*' lift1 ! air4 ,anon1 on or 9-"o 7in/ant74 ,! phrase !n ones has become ! nonce4 ,atonem5t1 at-"o-m5t1 br++ into "o1 reconciliation4 ,9 alone & atone ! num]al "o has its true s\nd4 ,babble1 to keep say+ ba1 ba4 ,balloon1 a l>ge ball 7,fr474 ,! oon is augm5tative4 ,ballot1 a little ball 7,fr474 ,! ot is dim9utive4 ,bank1 a b5* on :i* money is laid out4 ,bat*1 ! quantity ( bread bak$ at "o "t4 ,comp>e wake1 wat*4 ,bird1 "o ( a brood 7=m]ly brid74 ,comp>e ?ree1 ?ird2 burn1 br&2 "w1 wright4 ,9 all ^! ! r *anges its place4 ,bran-new1 t is1 br&-new1 burnt-new1 z if newly f ! fire4 ,breakfa/1 a break+ ( a fa/4 ,comp>e ,fr4 djen]1 f jene4 ,brick1 a piece brok5 (f4 ,brim/one1 t is1 burn-/one1 f br5nan1 to burn4 ,comp>e br9dl$4 ,! r is a lett] :i* is easily mov$4 ,comp>e ?ree & ?ird2 burn & br[n2 etc4 ,brood1 some?+ br$4 ,but*]1 ,o4 ,fr4 bo*]1 a slaught]] ( he-goats4 ,f ,o4 ,fr4 boc1 a goat1 n f b\*e1 m\?4 ,boc is alli$ to ! ,eng4 buck4 ,butl] bottl]--t is1 keep] ( ! bottles4 ,f ,nor4 ,fr4 butuille1 a bottle4 ,buxom1 pliable2 f bugan1 to b5d1 :i* gives bight & b\t4 ,c>\se1 ,g]4 g> aus1 "r out4 ,us$ ( dr9k+ a bump]4 ,cat]pill> hairy cat4 ,f ,o4 ,fr4 *ate1 %e-cat2 pel\se1 f ,lat4 pilosus1 hairy4 ,comp>e ,woolly-be>4 ,causeway1 corrupt$ f ,fr4 *ausse1 a rais$ way4 ,club1 a society clump$ toge!r4 ,connect$ ) clump4 ,con/able1 f comes /abuli1 c\nt ( ! /able4 ,coop1 any?+ holl[1 l a cup4 ,cope1 a cov]+1 a cap4 ,co/]mong] co/>d-mong]--t is1 apple-sell]1 co/>d be+ a k9d ( apple4 ,c\ntry-dance1 a corruption ( ,fr5* contre-danse1 a dance 9 :i* ea* danc] /&s opposite 8 p>tn]4 ,c[>d1 a bob-tail$ h>e4 ,?r\gh ,o4 ,fr41 f ,lat4 cauda1 a tail4 ,coxcomb1 a corruption ( cock's comb4 ,daisy--t is1 day's-eye1 s call$ f its sun-l appe>ance1 or because x closes its fl[] at night1 & op5s x aga9 9 ! morn+4 ,d&elion1 a corruption ( ,fr5* d5t-de-lion1 too? ( ! lion4 ,dirge1 f dirige 7 direct71 ! fir/ ^w 9 ! passage beg9n+ ,ps4 v4 #h1 sung 9 ! (fice = ! dead4 ,disease1 want ( ease2 pa94 ,draw+-room2 orig9ally )-draw+ room--t is1 a room = retir+ to aft] d9n]4 ,easel1 f ,dut* ezel1 a little ass4 ,etiquette1 orig9ally a ticket on :i* ! =ms to be obs]v$ on p>ticul> occasions at c\rt 7 inscrib$4 ,f>e1 orig9ally a go+ or travell+1 h5ce ! price paid = su*4 ,f>?+1 ! f\r? "p1 h5ce ! f\r? ( a p5ny4 ,f]ry1 places = f>+1 or travell+ across a /ream4 ,=d1 places = f>+1 or travell+ across a /ream4 ,frontispiece1 t :i* is se5 9 ! front4 ,l[ ,lat4 frontispicium1 f specio1 ,i see4 ,n connect$ ) piece4 ,gad-fly1 ! goad+ or /++ fly4 ,gaff] gramf]1 ,we/ ( ,engl& = gr&fa!r4 ,gamm] gramm]1 ,we/ ( ,engl& = gr&mo!r4 ,comp>e ,o4 ,e4 gomman & gomm]1 = good man & good "m4 ,gospel1 ,god-spell 7news ( ,god1 t is1 life ( ,*ri/72 commonly expla9$1 h[ev]1 z good-spell 7good /ory71 z if a translation ( ,gr4 eu-anggelion1 f eu1 well1 & anggelia1 a message4 ,groc]1 %\ld be gross]1 f ,o4 ,fr4 grossi]1 a :olesale deal]1 a deal] en gros--t is1 9 ! l>ge4 ,9 old] ,eng41 groc]s 7 call$ spic]s4 ,comp>e ! ,fr4 pici]s4 ,groove1 some?+ grav51 or holl[$ out4 ,haft1 ! h&le or "p ( any?+ :i* we h or hold 9 ! h&4 ,hamp]1 ,l[ ,lat4 hanap]ium1 a l>ge vessel = keep+ cups1 f ,l[ ,lat4 hanapus1 a dr9k+-cup4 ,h&icraft1 craft or trade p]=m$ by ! h&4 ,comp>e prie/craft1 wit*craft4 ,h&le1 7v47 to t\* ) ! h&2 7n47 ! "p held 9 ! h&4 ,h&sel1 money giv5 9 h& 7h&1 & sellan1 to give74 ,hank]1 to all[ ! m9d to hang on or long = a ?+4 ,comp>e hank ( wool4 ,h>b+]1 "o :o goes =w>d to provide a h>b\r or place ( safety = an army 7,o4 ,e4 "h1 an army2 beorgan1 to protect74 ,hat*1 to produce 9 a heck1 a nor!rn ,engli% ^w1 mean+ a hay-rack2 a frame made ( cross b>s ( wood2 a h5-coop4 ,comp>e bake & bat*2 wake & wat*4 ,hat*m5t1 ! coat ( arms put up ov] a h\se1 ! ma/] ( :i* has lately di$2 a corruption ( a*ievem5t4 ,haw?orn1 ! h$ge ?orn4 ,a4,s4 haga1 a h$ge or inclosure4 ,heav51 t :i* is heav$1 or lift$ up above our heads4 ,heavy1 t :i* requires mu* heav+ to lift4 ,h9d]1 to put or keep beh9d4 ,home/ead1 ! /ead or place ( a home2 a f>m inclosure4 ,/ead1 ,a4,s4 /$e1 occurs 9 9/ead1 /eadfa/1 & /eady4 ,cf4 also road/ead1 a place :]e %ips ride at an*or4 ,husb&1 ! ma/] ( a h\se4 ,%ort = h\se-b&4 ,! b& is pres5t p>ticiple ( a ^w mean+ #8to dwell4' ,hussy1 %ort = h\sewife4 ,comp>e bos'n = boatswa94 ,icicle ice-gicel4 ,! t]m9ation is n to be conf\nd$ ) ! dim9utive end+ -icle1 :i* is ( ,lat9 orig94 ,gicel a small piece ( ice1 & is !re=e r$undant4 ,intoxicate1 to drug or poison4 ,f a ,l[ ,lat9 v]b to poison1 f ,greek toxon1 an arr[1 because arr[s 7 frequ5tly dipp$ 9 poison4 ,isl&1 wat]-l& 7,o4 ,e4 ea1 wat]1 & l&74 ,! s is intrusive1 & due to a confusion ) isle1 :i* is f ,lat4 insula1 an isl&4 ,milton always spells x il&4 ,jaw 7old spell+1 *aw71 f *ew1 !re=e t :i* *ews4 ,j]usalem arti*oke1 ,x4 girasole2 ,lat4 gyrus 7,gr4 gyros71 a circle1 & sol1 ! sun4 ,! arti*oke is a k9d ( sunfl[]4 ,j]usalem is a corruption2 l sp>r[-grass = asp>agus4 ,kick%aws1 a corruption ( ,fr5* quelques *oses4 ,k9dness1 ! feel+ t is natural to ^? ( ! same k9 or family4 ,lan?orn1 ,lat4 lant]na4 ,no connection ) horn4 ,l$ge1 a place on :i* ?+s may be laid4 ,f ! v]b lay4 ,likewise1 9 l wise or mann]4 ,l9e1 to cov] ) l95 on ! inside4 ,l951 clo? made f l9t or flax4 ,liquorice1 ,gr4 glukurrhiza sweet root2 f glukus1 sweet1 & rhiza1 a root4 ,mead[1 place :]e grass is m[n or cut d[n4 ,comp>e ma? & aft]ma?4 ,morris-dance ,moori% dance4 ,naught1 no-:it1 no?+4 ,ness1 a promontory or headl&4 ,a d\blet ( naze1 & probably connect$ ) nose4 ,x occurs frequ5tly 9 place-names along ! %ores ( ! ,nor? ,sea1 z 9 ,%e]ness1 ,cai?ness1 ! ,naze4 ,nonce1 9 #8= ! nonce' = ! once1 = ! "o occasion2 ,m4 ,e4 = !n ones4 ,! n belongs to ! article1 & repres5ts ! m ( ! dative ( ! article1 namely ?am4 ,comp>e a newt1 = an ewt2 nuncle = m9e uncle2 a nickname = an eke-"n2 a nugget or n+ot = an +ot4 ,no/rils1 corrupt$ =m ( nose-?irles1 nose-holes4 7,?irl is connect$ ) ?rill1 drill1 etc47 ,not)/&+1 n )/&+--t is1 n /&+ aga9/4 ,! ) has 9 ?is ^w ! old s5se ( aga9/4 ,nurse1 "o :o n\ri%es 7,fr4 n\rrice74 ,nutmeg musk-nut4 ,m4 ,e4 note-muge1 ,o4 ,fr4 muge1 musk4 ,lat4 muscus4 ,(fal1 wa/e1 "p ( any?+1 refuse4 ,lit]ally #8:at falls (f4' ,(f+1 ! sea f> (f f ! l&4 ,comp>e (f-sc\r+2 (fset2 (f%oot2 & (fspr+4 ,onset1 a sett+ or ru%+ on or ^u4 ,or*>d wort-y>d1 wort or h]b-y>d1 or g>d54 ,o/ri*1 ?r\gh ,o4 ,fr4 o/ru*e1 f ,lat4 avis /ru?io1 o/ri* bird2 ,gr4 /ru?ion1 an o/ri*4 ,outlaw1 "o out ( ! protection ( ! law4 ,pa/ime1 t :i* s]ves to pass away ! "t4 ,pea-jacket1 ,dut* pije1 a r\gh wooll5 coat4 #8,jacket' is r$undant4 ,n connect$ ) pea4 ,peal ( bells1 ,fr4 appel1 a call ) drum or trumpet4 ,p5?\se1 ,o4 ,e4 p5tice1 ,fr4 app5tis1 ,lat4 app5dicium4 ,n connect$ ) h\se4 ,a corruption l ,bird-cage ,walk = ,bocage1 7%rubb]y7 walk4 ,pickaxe1 ,o4 ,fr4 pikois4 ,no connection ) axe4 ,poa*1 orig9ally to put into ! p\* or pocket4 ,cf4 to bag1 to ,pocket1 sack & sat*el4 ,pocket1 a little poke or p\*4 ,porpoise1 ! hog fi%1 f ,lat4 porcus1 a pig1 & piscis1 a fi%4 ,proxy1 contract$ f an obsolete procuracy1 a tak+ c>e ( = ano!r4 ,quicklime1 lime 9 a quick or active /ate4 ,comp>e ! phrase1 #8! quick & ! dead4' ,cf4 also quicks& s& easily mov$1 quicksilv]1 a fluid metal :i* is v mobile4 ,rhyme1 prop]ly rime numb]1 confus$ ) rhy?m fl[4 ,rubbi%1 t :i* is rubb$ (f2 wa/e matt]4 ,sc5t 7= s5t71 f ,lat4 s5tio1 ,i feel4 ,sexton1 ,fr4 sacri/a91 sacri/an4 ,%amefac$1 is %amefa/--t is1 %amefix$4 ,%eaf1 a quantity ( ?+s1 especially ! /alks ( gra91 %ov$ toge!r & b\nd4 ,%]iff1 a %ire-reeve1 ! gov]nor ( a %ire or c\nty4 ,%ip1 some?+ scoop$ or dug out1 & !re=e holl[4 ,comp>e skipp]1 :]e ! h>d k reappe>s4 ,som]set1 a corruption ( ,o4 ,fr4 s\bresault1 f ,lat4 supra & saltus1 a leap+ ov]4 ,sorry1 sore 9 m9d4 ,s\p1 t :i* is supp$4 ,splice1 to split 9 ord] to jo94 ,squirrel1 ,fr4 cureuil1 ,gr4 ski\ros bu%y or %ad[ tail4 ,f ,gr4 skia1 %ade1 & oura1 a tail4 ,/>bo>d1 ! /e]+ side ( a %ip--t is1 ! "r h& side to "o look+ t[>d ! b[4 ,/ew1 to put into a /ove to be cook$4 ,/irrup1 put = /y-rope2 ,a4,s4 /ig-rap1 a m\nt+ rope4 ,f ! same root are /air1 /y1 /ile1 & /ag4 ,/raight1 /ret*$ out1 tight4 ,/rong1 ) ! muscles /rung up4 ,comp>e wrong f wr+4 ,swee!>t1 f sweet & he>t1 an expression z old z ,*auc]4 ,tackle1 ?+s to be tak5 hold (4 ,tale1 t :i* is told1 :at is c\nt$4 ,s also tell] 79 a bank74 ,?or\gh1 pass+ ?r\gh1 or to ! end4 ,?read1 t :i* is ?r[n or twi/$4 ,treacle1 ,lat4 !riaca1 ,gr4 ?riak1 vip]'s fle%2 !rion 7a wild bea/71 a "n (t5 giv5 to ! vip]4 ,orig9ally an antidote to ! vip]'s bite4 ,milton speaks ( #8! treacle ( s\nd doctr9e4' ,twi/1 to tw9e or w9d two ?reads toge!r4 7,comp>e tw9e1 twirl1 twiddle1 etc47 ,v]digris1 ,fr4 v]d-de-grise1 ,lat4 viride ris1 gre5 ( brass4 ,n connect$ ) grease4 ,walrus :ale horse1 ,o4 ,e4 hwl1 :ale2 hors1 horse4 ,! r has %ift$ its place1 z 9 ?ree1 ?ird2 turn1 trundle1 etc4 ,:ole1 hole1 ,o4 ,e4 hael4 ,! w is r$undant2 j z x is 9 ! pronunciation ( "o4 ,x does n appe> 9 heal1 heal?1 etc4 ,wiseacre1 a corruption ( ! ,g]4 weiss sag]1 a wise-say] or soo?say]1 or prophet4 #d4 ,,words ,,t ,,h ,,*ang$ ,,_! ,,mean+4 ,artill]y1 great weapons ( w>2 0 once us$ to include crossb[s1 b[s1 etc41 be=e gunp[d] 0 inv5t$1 #a ,sam4 xx4 #dj3 #8,& ,jona?an gave 8 artill]y unto 8 lad1 & said unto him1 ,g1 c>ry !m to ! city4' ,blackgu>d1 a "n orig9ally appli$ to ! l[e/ kit*5 s]vants f ! dirty "w !y _h to d4 ,bomba/1 orig9ally cotton-wadd+1 affect$ language4 ,boor1 orig9ally a peasant or till] ( ! soil4 ,9 ,s\? ,africa a f>m] is call$ a bo]4 ,brat meant orig9ally a rag or cl\t1 especially a *ild's bib or apron2 h5ce1 9 contempt1 a *ild4 ,m&eville speaks ( #8,abraham's brats4' ,c>riage once meant baggage4 ,acts1 xxi4 #ae3 #8,& aft] ^? days we took up our c>riages1 & w5t up to ,j]usalem4' ,c5sure once meant op9ion or judgm5t4 ,%akspe>e1 ,z ,y ,l ,x1 ,,iv4 i4 #g3 #8,betray !mselves to e mod]n c5sure4' ,*>ity1 once love1 n[ almsgiv+4 #a ,cor4 xiii4 #c3 #8,& ?\gh ,i be/[ all my goods to fe$ ! poor1 & ?\gh ,i give my body to be burn$1 & h n *>ity1 x pr(ite? me no?+4' ,*eat orig9ally meant to seize ^u any?+ :i* 0 es*eat$ or =feit$4 ,*url1 a c\ntryman or f>m]4 ,conceit1 orig9ally a ?\ght or notion4 #8,dan ,*auc] 0 a conceit$ cl]k'--t is1 a le>n$ man full ( new inv5tions or ?\ghts 7conceits74 ,cunn+1 orig9ally kn[+1 clev]1 skill$ 9 a craft or trade4 ,! ,bible speaks ( #8cunn+ workm54' ,demure1 orig9ally ( good mann]s1 n[ /aid1 grave4 ,disa/]1 an unk9dly /> 7,gr4 a/r1 a />72 a t]m f ! old a/rology4 ,fond once meant fooli%4 ,gazette1 a small newspap]1 orig9ally a small co94 ,! newspap] 0 s nam$ because a gazetta 0 paid = x4 ,gossip 7sib1 or relat$1 9 ,god71 orig9ally a sponsor 9 baptism4 ,gossip is ! k9d ( talk t goes on betwe5 p :o are connect$ ) a family4 ,comp>e ,fr4 commre & commrage4 ,hea!n1 an unbeliev]1 orig9ally a dwell] on a hea?4 ,comp>e pagan1 a dwell] 9 a pagus1 or c\ntry canton4 ,idiot1 f ,gr4 idits1 a private p]son4 ,x aft]w>ds meant a p]son :o kept himself alo( f public bus9ess & politics2 a p]son despis$ by ! ,a!nians4 ,imp1 =m]ly us$ 9 a good s5se1 mean+ scion or (fspr+4 ,n[ a demon ( mis*ief4 ,imp]t95t1 n relat+ or belong+ to ! matt] 9 h&4 ,influ5ce1 a fl[+ d[n f ! />s2 orig9ally a t]m 9 a/rology4 ,k9d1 orig9ally born2 h5ce natural1 & s lov+4 ,knave1 orig9ally a boy or s]vant4 ,sir ,john ,m&eville speaks ( ,mohamm$ z a #8p\re knave4' ,mis] sometimes means m]ely a wret*$ creature4 ,sp5s]1 ,fa]ie ,que5e1 ,,ii4 i4 #h3 #8,v\*safe to /ay y\r /e$ = humble mis]'s sake4' ,(fici\s1 sometimes us$ 9 a good s5se1 oblig+1 s]viceable4 ,%akspe>e1 ,tit4 ,&4 ,v4 ii4 #bjb3 #8,come1 come1 be e "o (fici\s ,to make ?is banquet4' ,o/l] ho/ell]1 prop]ly ! keep] ( a ho/elry or hotel2 n[ appli$ to ! horse-groom4 ,pagan1 f paganus1 a dwell] 9 a canton1 a c\ntryman or villag]2 h5ce a hea!n or unbeliev]4 ,*ri/ianity 0 fir/ prea*$ 9 ! l>ge cities4 ,pa9ful1 orig9ally pa9/ak+4 #8,rev4 ,j4 ,flavel 0 a pa9ful prea*]4' ,polite1 f ,lat4 poltus1 poli%$4 ,prev5t 7to71 orig9ally to g be=e 7pr & v5io74 #8,prev5t u1 ,o ,"l1 9 all our go+s4' ,silly1 ! adj4 orig9ally happy1 bless$2 :5ce x came to mean innoc5t1 simple1 fooli%4 ,sycophant 7,gr471 orig9ally a fig-%[]2 a p]son :o in=m$ ! police reg>d+ ! smuggl+ ( figs into ,a!ns4 ,tawdry 0 appli$ orig9ally to goods b\ght at ,/ ,audrey's fair 7,/ ,audrey ,/ ,e!lr$a74 ,v>let once meant a s]v+-man4 ,valet is a d\blet ( v>let4 7,f vassaletus1 an inf]ior vassal47 ,villa91 a f>m-s]vant1 a peasant2 f ,lat4 villanus1 a s]vant on a villa or f>m4 #e4 ,,words ,,d]iv$ ,,f ,,! ,,names ,,( ,,p]sons4 ,amazon1 ! "n ( a nation ( w>like wom51 :o 7 said to cut (f _! "r brea/s t !y might use ! b[4 7,f ,gr4 a1 )\t1 & mazos1 ! brea/47 ,argosy1 f ,argo1 ! "n ( a fam\s %ip 9 :i* ! ,greek w>rior ,jason sail$ to seek ! gold5 fleece1 :i* 0 at ,col*is1 on ! ea/]n %ore ( ! ,black ,sea4 ,augu/ 0 nam$ s 9 hon\r ( ! ,roman ,emp]or ,augu/us 7,cs>74 ,br\gham1 aft] ,"l ,br\gham1 a fam\s ,engli% lawy] & politician4 ,cravat1 nam$ f ! ,croats 7,crabats71 ! p ( ,croatia1 9 ,au/ria1 f :om we d]iv$ ! cu/om ( we>+ cravats4 ,dahlia1 f ,dahl1 a ,sw$e1 :o introduc$ ! fl[] into ,europe4 ,dunce1 f ,duns ,scotus 7d4 #acjh71 ! great s*oolman ^: "n 0 us$ z a t]m ( reproa* by 8 oppon5ts1 ! foll[]s ( ! le>n$ ,?omas ,aqu9as4 ,filb]t1 f ,/4 ,philib]t1 ^: anniv]s>y falls 9 ! nutt+ season4 ,friday1 f ,freya1 ! wife ( ,od92 "o ( ! ,saxon goddesses4 ,galvanism1 f ,galvani ( ,bologna1 :o discov]$ x4 ,he di$ 9 #agih4 ,h]culean1 v p[]ful2 f ,h]cules1 "o ( ! ,greek demigods1 :o 0 v /rong4 ,jacobite1 "o ( ^? :o 7 fav\rable to ! ,/u>ts2 f ,jacobus ,,ii41 ! ,lat9 "n = ,james ,,ii4 ,janu>y1 f ,janus1 ! god ) two heads1 :o op5$ ! ye>4 ,j]emiad1 a sorr[ful /ory2 f ,j]emiah1 :o wrote ! ,lam5tations4 ,jovial1 *e]ful2 f ,jove1 ! k+ ( ! anci5t gods4 ,july1 f ,julius ,cs>1 ! great ,roman /atesman & g5]al4 ,macadamise1 to pave a road ) small cubical /ones2 f ,macadam1 :o inv5t$ ?is me?od ( mak+ roads4 ,he di$ #ahcf4 ,m>*1 f ,m>s1 ! ,roman god ( w>4 ,m>tial1 f ,m>s1 ! ,roman god ( w>4 ,mausoleum1 a magnific5t tomb2 f ,mausolus1 a k+ ( ,c>ia1 9 ,asia ,m9or1 ^: wid[ erect$ a spl5did tomb to 8 memory4 ,m]cury1 quicksilv]2 f ,m]cury1 ! light-foot$ mess5g] ( ! gods :o dwelt on ,olympus4 ,panic1 f ,pan1 ! god ( %eph]ds1 :o (t5 appe>$ to !m sudd5ly & t]rifi$ !m4 ,petrel1 a sea-bird2 f ,pet]1 :o is said to h walk$ ^u ! wat]s4 ,philippic1 a spee* full ( /rongly passionate language2 f ,philip1 k+ ( ,mac$on1 aga9/ :om ,demo/h5es deliv]$ "s fi]y spee*es ( ?is k9d4 ,saturday1 f ,st]1 "o ( ! old ,saxon gods4 ,saturn9e1 grave1 sev]e2 f ,saturn1 ! fa!r ( ! ,roman gods4 ,/5torian1 v l\d2 f ,/5tor1 ! "n ( a ,greek h]ald1 :o is m5tion$ by ,hom]1 & :o _h a v l\d voice4 ,tantalise1 f ,tantalus1 :o is said to h be5 always ?ir/y & up to 8 *9 9 wat]1 :i* w5t out ( 8 rea* :5ev] he tri$ to dr9k4 ,?ursday1 f ,?or1 ! ,saxon god ( ?und]4 ,tuesday1 f ,tiew1 ! ,saxon god ( w>4 ,w$nesday1 ! day ( ,wod5 or ,od91 ! ,saxon god ( w>4 ,! es is ! old possessive =m4 #f4 ,,words ,,d]iv$ ,,f ,,names ,,( ,,places4 ,academy1 a s*ool2 f ,academia1 ! 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( ,india1 not$ = ! manufacture ( f9e wooll5 fabrics4 ,*]ry1 f ,c]sus1 on ! ,black ,sea1 :5ce ! fruit 0 introduc$ into ,europe4 ,copp]1 a metal2 f ,cyprus1 an isl& 9 ! ea/]n "p ( ! ,m$it]ranean4 ,currant1 f ,cor9?1 9 ,greece1 :]e ^! small dri$ grapes 7 fir/ produc$4 ,damson1 ,damask1 f ,damascus1 9 ,syria4 ,doll>1 f ,/ ,joa*im's ,?al or valley1 9 ,bohemia4 ,^! co9s 7 fir/ made !re ab\t #aeah1 & 7 call$ ?al]s or tal]s3 :5ce doll>s4 ,flor91 a co92 f ,flor5ce1 9 ,italy4 ,g91 an alcoholic liquor2 f ,g5eva1 9 ,switz]l&4 7,g91 a trap1 is an abbreviation ( eng9e47 ,gu9ea1 a co9 wor? tw5ty-"o %ill+s2 f ,gu9ea 7or ,gold ,coa/7 9 ,africa1 :5ce ! gold ( :i* ^! co9s 7 fir/ made 0 br\ght4 ,gypsy1 f ,egypt1 :5ce ^! p 7 suppos$ to h come4 ,!y really came f ,india4 ,holl&1 a k9d ( l95 clo?2 ,holl&s1 a k9d ( g92 f ,holl&4 ,indigo1 f ,india4 ,j]sey1 a wooll5 jacket2 f ,j]sey1 "o ( ! ,*annel ,isl&s4 ,magnesia1 ,magnet1 f ,magnesia1 a t[n 9 ,asia ,m9or4 ,mantua1 a lady's g[n2 f ,mantua1 9 ,italy4 ,me&]1 to w9d ab\t2 f ,m&]1 a riv] 9 ,asia ,m9or1 :i* _h a v w9d+ c\rse4 ,mill9]1 f ,milan1 9 ,italy4 ,morocco1 lea!r prep>$ 9 a c]ta9 way2 f ,morocco1 9 ,nor? ,africa4 ,nanke51 a k9d ( cotton clo?2 f ,nank91 9 ,*9a4 ,port1 a d>k r$ w9e2 f ,oporto1 9 ,portugal1 :5ce great quantities ( x are %ipp$4 ,%]ry1 a light-col\r$ w9e2 f ,x]es1 9 ,spa94 ,spaniel1 a k9d ( dog2 f ,spa94 ,turkey1 a l>ge dome/ic f[l2 f ,turkey1 :5ce ! bird 0 suppos$ to h come4 ,wor/$1 wooll5 y>n2 f ,wor/$1 ! "n ( a village ne> ,norwi*4 #g4 ,,engli% 7,,or ,,teutonic7 ,,roots4 ,ac1 an oak2 acorn1 ,acton oak-t[n1 ,uckfield4 c]1 a field2 acre1 ,god's acre ! *ur*y>d4 sc1 an a%2 a%1 ,ascot1 ,a%by4 !le1 noble2 ,a!l+1 ,e!lb]t1 ,e!lr$e noble 9 r$e or c\nsel4 ,bacan1 to bake2 bake1 bak]1 baxt] a woman bak]1 bat*4 ,bana1 a slay]2 bane1 h5bane1 baneful4 ,bem1 a tree1 or any?+ 9 a /raight l9e2 beam1 sunbeam4 ,beorgan1 to save or %elt]2 bury1 burgh1 h>b\r1 h>b+]4 ,bigan or beogan1 to b5d2 b[1 elb[1 buxom4 ,b9dan1 to b9d2 b9d1 b&1 bundle1 bond1 b&age4 ,blwan1 to blossom2 bl[1 bloom4 ,brecan1 to break2 break1 break]s1 breakfa/4 ,cld or ceald1 cold2 cold1 *ill4 ,cepian1 to buy2 *apman1 ,*eapside1 *eap1 ,*ipp5ham1 ,cop5hag5 ,m]*ants' ,hav54 ,cunnan1 to "k1 to be able2 c1 con1 cunn+4 ,cwellan1 to slay2 quell4 ,cwic1 alive2 quick1 quicks&4 ,cyn+1 a k+2 k+1 ,k+/on4 ,dragan1 to drag2 drag1 draw1 dray1 draught1 dr$ge1 draggle4 ,drypan1 to drop2 drop1 drip1 dribble4 ,ege1 an eye2 eye1 eyebright1 daisy day's eye4 ,erian1 to pl\gh2 e>4 ,f>an1 to g2 f>e1 f]ry1 wayf>]1 fieldf>e1 =d4 ,flegan1 to flee2 flee1 fly1 flight1 fl$ge4 ,fletan1 to float2 float1 fleet4 ,fod1 food2 fe$1 fodd]1 fo/] food/]4 ,gangan1 to g2 g1 gang1 gait1 gangway4 ,ge>d1 an inclosure2 y>d1 or*>d1 v9ey>d4 ,gd1 good2 good1 goodwife4 ,grafan1 to dig2 grave1 engrav]1 groove1 grove4 ,hl1 s\nd2 hale1 heal1 heal?y1 :ole1 :olesome4 ,healdan1 to hold2 hold1 hold+1 behold4 ,"h1 an army2 h>b\r1 h]r+1 h>b+] a p]son s5t on be=e to provide qu>t]s = a "h or army4 ,hlf1 a loaf2 lady1 "l1 ,lammas 7loaf-mass74 ,hs1 a h\se2 h\se1 h\sewife4 ,ldan1 to lead2 load/one1 load/>4 ,lt1 late2 late1 latt]1 la/1 lat]1 belate4 ,lang1 long2 long1 l5g?1 along1 l+]4 ,lif1 life2 life1 alive4 ,m]e1 a lake2 m]e1 ,w9d]m]e1 m>%4 ,mna1 ! moon2 moon1 mon?4 ,nosu1 or nasu1 a nose2 nose1 ! ,naze1 ,ness1 no/ril1 ,%e]ness4 ,rdan1 to read2 read1 r$e1 riddle4 ,refian1 to rob2 rob1 b]eave1 rov]4 ,scran1 to cut2 %e>1 %>e1 %ire1 %ore1 %ort1 skirt1 pl\gh%>e4 ,settan1 to place2 sittan1 to sit2 sit1 set1 seat1 settle4 ,spell1 a message2 gospel good spell4 ,/$e1 a place2 home/ead1 b$/ead4 ,/elan1 to /eal2 /eal1 /eal?4 ,/[1 a place2 ,*ep/[1 be/[4 ,tellan1 to reckon2 tell1 tale1 tell-tale4 ,?yrel1 a hole2 ?rill1 no/ril1 drill4 ,tr$an1 to tread2 tread1 treadle4 ,wcian1 to wat*2 wake1 wat*4 ,w>d1 a look] at or gu>d2 w>d1 w>d51 weir4 ,witan1 to "k2 wit1 witness1 wisdom1 wi/ful4 ,wyrcan1 to "w2 "w1 wright4 ,wyrt1 an h]b2 wort1 w>t1 or*>d wort-y>d4 #h4 ,,lat9 ,,roots4 ,ac]1 %>p2 acrid1 acrimony1 v9eg> %>p w9e4 ,acidus1 s\r2 acid1 acidity4 des1 a h\se2 edifice1 edify4 quus1 equal2 equality1 equator1 adequate1 iniquity1 equanimity4 /imo1 ,i value2 e/imation1 e/imate1 e/eem4 ,ag]1 a field2 agriculture1 p]egr9ate4 ,agg]1 a heap2 exagg]ate4 ,ago1 ,i d2 act1 agile1 ag5cy1 cog5t4 ,alac]1 *e]ful2 alacrity4 ,alo1 ,i n\ri%2 alim5t1 alimony4 ,alt]1 ! o!r ( two2 alt]nation1 subalt]n4 ,altus1 high2 altitude1 exalt4 ,ambulo1 ,i walk2 amble1 p]ambulator4 ,amo1 ,i love2 amity1 amor\s1 inimical4 ,anima1 ! s\l2 animation1 inanimate4 ,animus1 ! m9d2 magnanimity4 ,annus1 a circle or ye>2 annual1 p]5nial4 ,ap]io1 ,i op52 ap]i5t1 ,april ! op5+ mon?1 ! mon? ( spr+ :5 ! buds op5 out4 ,appello1 ,i call2 appeal1 appellation4 ,aptus1 fit2 apt1 aptitude4 ,aqua1 wat]2 aqu$uct1 aquatic1 aque\s4 ,arbit]1 a judge2 arbitration1 arbitr>y4 ,arbor1 a tree2 arborace\s1 arb\r4 ,ardeo1 ,i burn2 ard5t1 arson4 ,arduus1 /eep ) ! idea ( difficulty ( atta9m5t2 ardu\s4 ,arma1 weapons2 arms1 armi/ice1 dis>m1 army4 ,aro1 ,i pl\gh2 arable4 ,ars 7art-is71 art2 artificial1 in]tia1 artisan4 ,artus1 a jo9t2 articulate1 article4 ,audio1 ,i he>2 audi5ce1 audible4 ,augeo1 ,i increase3 augm5t1 auctione]4 ,avis1 a bird2 avi>y4 ,b>ba1 a be>d2 b>b]1 b>bel1 b>b4 ,bellum1 w>2 bellicose1 bellig]5t1 rebelli\s4 ,bibo1 ,i dr9k2 imbibe1 w9ebibb]4 ,bis1 twice2 biscuit1 bissextile4 ,bonus1 good2 b5evol5t1 b\nty4 ,brevis1 %ort2 brevity1 abbreviate1 brief4 ,cado 7cas-um71 ,i fall2 casual1 accid5t4 ,cd 7cs-um71 ,i cut or kill2 precise1 excision1 decide4 ,campus1 a pla92 camp1 encamp4 ,c&eo1 ,i %9e2 c&idus1 :ite1 inc&esc5t1 c&idate4 ,cano1 ,i s+2 canticle1 *ant1 incantation4 ,capio 7capt-um71 ,i take2 captive1 accept1 reception4 ,caput1 ! head2 capital1 capta94 ,c>o 7c>n-is71 fle%2 c>nal1 c>nival1 c>nivor\s4 ,ca/us1 pure2 *a/ity1 ca/igate1 *a/ise4 ,causa1 a cause2 accuse1 causation4 ,caveo 7caut-um71 ,i take c>e2 caution1 cauti\s4 ,cavus1 holl[2 cavity1 cave1 excavate4 ,c$o 7cess-um71 ,i yield2 c$e1 acc$e1 proce$4 ,i g2 procession1 ance/or4 ,c5tum1 a hundr$2 c5tury1 c5turion4 ,c]no 7cret-um71 ,i notice or disc]n2 disc]n1 decretal1 discretion4 ,c+o 7c9ct-um71 ,i gird2 c9cture1 succ9ct4 ,cito1 ,i r\se2 excite1 citation4 ,civis1 a citiz52 civic1 civil1 city4 ,clamo1 ,i %\t2 clam\r1 proclamation1 reclaim4 ,cl>us1 cle>2 cl>ify1 decl>e1 cl>ion4 ,claudo 7claus-um71 ,i %ut2 close1 exclude1 seclusion4 ,clivus1 a slope2 declivity4 ,colo 7cult-um71 ,i till2 cultivate1 arboriculture4 ,copia1 pl5ty2 copi\s1 cornucopia4 ,coquo 7coct-um71 ,i boil2 decoction1 biscuit4 ,cor 7cord-is71 ! he>t2 c\rage1 cordial1 discord4 ,corpus 7corpor-is71 ! body2 corpse1 corps1 incorporate4 ,cr$o1 ,i believe2 cr$ibility1 cr$5ce1 miscreant4 ,creo1 ,i create2 create1 creation1 creature1 recreation4 ,cresco 7cret-um71 ,i gr[2 cresc5t1 increm5t4 ,crim51 a *>ge2 crime1 crim9ate4 ,crux 7cruc-is71 a cross2 crucial1 crucifix4 ,cubo1 ,i lie d[n2 incubate1 recumb5t4 ,culpa1 a fault2 culpable1 exculpate1 culprit4 ,cura1 c>e2 s9ecure1 curate1 secure1 accurate4 ,curro 7curs-um71 ,i run2 cursory1 c\rse1 recur1 occur4 ,decem1 t52 decimal1 ,decemb]4 ,d5s 7d5t-is71 a too?2 d5ti/1 d5tal1 ind5t4 ,deus1 a god2 deity1 deify1 div9e4 ,dext]1 "r h&2 dext]\s4 ,dico 7dict-um71 ,i say2 v]dict1 dictation1 diction>y1 indictm5t4 ,dies1 a day2 di>y1 m]idian4 ,dignus1 wor?y2 dignity1 indignant4 ,d 7dat-um71 ,i give2 donor1 add ad-d1 ,i give to1 data4 ,doceo 7doct-um71 ,i tea*2 docile1 doctor4 ,dom9us1 a "l2 dom9ant1 dom9ion1 dame4 ,domus1 a h\se2 domicile1 dome/ic4 ,dormio1 ,i sleep2 dormitory1 dormant4 ,duco 7duct-um71 ,i lead2 induct1 education1 duke1 produce4 ,duo1 two2 dual1 duel1 7d\ble71 duplex4 ,durus1 h>d2 durable1 obdurate1 duration4 ,emo 7empt-um71 ,i buy2 r$eem1 exemption4 ,eo 7x-um71 ,i g2 exit1 transit1 circuit1 ambition4 ,equus1 a horse2 equ9e1 eque/rian4 ,erro1 ,i w&]2 error1 ab]ration4 ,esse1 to be2 ess5tial1 ess5ce4 ,facies1 ! face2 facial1 facet1 sup]ficial4 ,facilis1 easy2 facile1 facility1 difficult4 ,facio 7fact-um71 ,i make2 manufacture1 factor1 faction4 ,fallo 7fals-um71 ,i deceive2 false1 infallible1 fallaci\s4 ,fama1 a report2 fame1 defame1 infamy4 ,fans 7fant-is71 speak+2 infant a non-speak]4 ,felix 7felc-is71 happy2 felicity1 infelicity4 ,f]o1 ,i be> or c>ry2 inf]1 ref]5ce1 diff]5ce4 ,f]rum1 iron2 f]rug9\s4 ,f]veo1 ,i boil2 f]v5t1 eff]vesce1 f]m5t4 ,fido1 ,i tru/2 confide1 infidel1 p]fidy1 diffid5t4 ,filius1 a son2 filial1 affiliation4 ,filum1 a ?read2 file1 defile1 pr(ile4 ,f9is1 an end2 f9al1 inf9ite1 conf9e4 ,firmus1 firm2 infirm1 affirm4 ,flecto1 ,i b5d2 flexible1 inflection4 ,flos 7flr-is71 a fl[]2 floral1 ,flora1 floriculture4 ,fluo 7fluct-um71 ,i fl[2 flu5t1 flux1 reflu5t1 fluid4 ,=ma1 a =m2 =m1 =mal1 re=m1 con=mity4 ,=tis1 /rong2 =tify1 =titude1 =tress4 ,frango 7fract-um71 ,i break2 fragile1 fragm5t>y1 infraction4 ,frat]1 a bro!r2 frat]nal1 fratricide4 ,frons 7front-is71 ! =ehead2 frontispiece1 frontal1 fronti]4 ,fruor 7fruct-u71 ,i enjoy2 fruit1 fructify1 fruition4 ,fugio1 ,i flee2 fugitive1 refugee1 subt]fuge4 ,fundo 7fus-um71 ,i p\r2 fusible1 diffusion1 f\ndry4 ,fundus1 ! bottom2 f\ndation1 pr(\nd4 ,furor1 madness2 furi\s1 fury4 ,gelu1 fro/2 gelid1 jelly1 congeal4 ,g5s 7g5t-is71 a nation2 g5tile1 g5teel1 g5tle1 cong5ial4 ,g5us 7g5r-is71 a k9d2 g5]al1 g5us4 ,g]o 7ge/-um71 ,i be> or c>ry2 ge/ure1 sugge/ion4 ,gradior 7gress-u71 ,i g2 gradus1 a /ep2 degrade1 progress1 degree4 ,gr&is1 great2 gr&1 aggr&ise4 ,gratia1 fav\r2 grati1 ?anks2 gratitude1 +ratiate1 gratis4 ,gravis1 heavy2 gravitate1 gravity1 7grief74 ,grex 7greg-is71 a flock2 greg>i\s1 egregi\s4 ,habeo1 ,i h2 habit1 able1 exhibit1 prohibition4 ,hreo 7hs-um71 ,i /ick2 adh]e1 cohesion4 ,homo1 a man2 homicide1 human4 ,hospes 7hospit-is71 a gue/2 hospital1 ho/el1 hotel4 ,ho/is1 an enemy2 ho/1 ho/ile4 ,humus1 ! gr\nd2 po/hum\s1 exhume4 ,ignis1 fire2 ignite1 igne\s4 ,imp]o1 ,i comm&2 imp]ial1 emp]or1 empire4 ,insula1 an isl&2 isle1 insul>1 p59sula1 insulate4 ,isl& is n connect$ ) ?is root4 ,x 0 9 old] ,engli% spell$ il&4 ,it] 7it9]-is71 a j\rney2 it9]ant4 ,jacio 7jact-um71 ,i ?r[2 adjective1 project1 injection4 ,judex 7judc-is72 7adjudge71 judicial4 ,jungo 7junct-um71 ,i jo92 junction1 conjo91 juncture4 ,jus 7jur-is71 law1 "r2 ju/ice1 jurisdiction1 jury4 ,labor 7laps-u71 ,i glide2 lapse1 collapse4 ,ld 7ls-um71 ,i injure2 collision1 lesion4 ,lapis 7lapd-is71 a /one2 lapid>y4 ,latus1 broad2 latitude4 ,laus 7laud-is71 praise2 laud1 laudable4 ,lego 7lect-um71 ,i ga!r or read2 college1 collect1 prelection1 lecture4 ,lvis1 light2 levity1 alleviate1 relief4 ,lex 7lg-is71 law2 legal1 legislate4 ,lib]1 free2 lib]al1 lib]ty4 ,libra1 a balance2 delib]ate4 ,ligo1 ,i b9d2 ligam5t1 religion4 ,limes 7limit-is71 a b\nd>y2 limit4 ,l9quo 7lict-um71 ,i leave2 rel9qui%1 relict1 relics4 ,lit]a1 a lett]2 lit]ature1 lit]>y1 lett]s1 oblit]ate4 ,locus1 a place2 location1 dislocate4 ,longus1 long2 elongate1 longitude4 ,loquor 7loct-u71 ,i speak2 loquaci\s1 eloqu5t1 elocution4 ,ludo 7lus-um71 ,i play2 ludicr\s1 allusion4 ,lum5 7lum9-is71 light2 illum9ate1 lum9\s4 ,luna1 ! moon2 ,luna1 sublun>y1 lunacy4 ,luo1 ,i wa%2 ablution1 dilute4 ,lux 7luc-is71 light2 lucid1 pellucid4 ,magi/]1 a ma/]2 magi/rate1 ma/]4 ,magnus1 great2 magnific5t1 magniloqu5t1 magnify4 ,malus1 bad2 malady1 malice1 maltreat4 ,maneo 7mans-um71 ,i rema92 mansion1 p]man5t4 ,manus1 ! h&2 manufacture1 manual1 manuscript4 ,m>e1 ! sea2 m>9e1 m>9]4 ,mat]1 a "m2 mat]nal1 matricide4 ,maturus1 ripe2 mature1 maturity4 ,m$eor1 ,i heal2 m$ic9e1 rem$y4 ,m$ius1 ! middle2 m$ial1 imm$iate1 ,m$it]ranean4 ,mem9i1 ,i rememb]2 memor1 m9dful2 memorable1 commemorate1 mem5to1 immemorial4 ,m5s 7m5t-is71 ! m9d2 m5tal1 comm5t4 ,m]eo 7m]it-um71 ,i des]ve2 m]it1 m]etrici\s4 ,m]go 7m]s-um71 ,i dip2 subm]ge1 imm]sion4 ,m]x 7m]c-is71 goods2 m]*ant1 comm]ce1 m]cantile4 ,miles 7milt-is71 a soldi]2 milit>y1 militant1 militia4 ,mille1 a ?\s&2 mile1 million4 ,miror1 ,i admire2 admire1 miracle1 mirage4 ,misceo1 ,i mix2 miscellane\s1 promiscu\s4 ,mitto 7miss-um71 ,i s5d2 mission1 missile1 remittance4 ,mdus1 a measure2 modify1 mood1 accommodate4 ,mollis1 s(t2 mollify1 emolli5t4 ,moneo 7mont-um71 ,i advise2 admonition1 monitor4 ,mons 7mont-is71 a m\nta92 m\nta91 promontory4 ,mon/ro1 ,i po9t out2 demon/rate4 ,mors 7mort-is71 dea?2 mortify1 mortal4 ,moveo 7mot-um71 ,i move2 motion1 movable1 move4 ,multus1 _m2 multiplex1 multitude4 ,munus 7munr-is71 a gift2 remun]ate1 munific5t4 ,muto1 ,i *ange2 mutable1 immutable1 transmute4 ,nascor 7nat-u71 to be born2 nasc5t1 natal1 nativity4 ,navis1 a %ip2 navigate1 naval1 navy4 ,necto 7nex-u71 ,i tie2 connect1 nexus1 annex4 ,nego1 ,i d5y2 negative1 negation4 ,noceo1 ,i hurt2 noxi\s1 innocu\s1 innoc5t4 ,nom5 7nomn-is71 a "n2 nom9al1 nom9ation1 cognom54 ,nosco 7n-um71 ,i "k or m>k2 note1 notation4 ,novus1 new2 novel1 novitiate1 innovation4 ,nox 7noct-is71 night2 nocturnal1 equ9octial4 ,nudus1 nak$2 nude1 d5udation4 ,num]o1 ,i numb]2 enum]ate1 num]ation4 ,nuntio1 ,i ann\nce2 nuncio1 annunciation1 pron\nce4 ,nutrio1 ,i n\ri%2 nutrim5t1 nurse4 ,octo1 eight2 octave1 octagon1 ,octob]4 ,oculus1 ! eye2 oculi/4 ,odor1 smell2 od\r1 r$ol5t4 ,omnis1 all2 omnipot5t1 omnisci5t4 ,onus 7onr-is71 a burd52 on]\s4 ,opus 7opr-is71 a "w2 op]ate1 op]ation4 ,ordo 7ordn-is71 ord]2 ord9al1 ord9>y4 ,oro1 ,i pray2 oration1 inexorable1 p]oration4 ,os 7r-is71 ! m\?2 oral1 adore4 ,os 7,oss-is71 bone2 ossify1 ossification4 ,p&o 7pans-um or pass-um71 ,i spread2 exp&1 expanse1 compass4 ,pango 7pact-um71 ,i fix2 compact1 imp+e4 ,panis1 bread2 pantry1 panni]1 company4 ,p>1 equal2 7pair71 p>1 p>ity4 ,p>eo1 ,i appe>2 app>5t1 app>ition4 ,p>o 7p>at-um71 ,i prep>e2 prep>e1 repair1 app>atus4 ,p>s 7"p-is71 a "p2 p>tition1 p>ticle4 ,pasco 7pa/-um71 ,i fe$2 repa/1 pa/or4 ,pat]1 a fa!r2 pat]nal1 patricide4 ,patior 7pass-u71 ,i suff]2 impati5t1 passion4 ,paup]1 poor2 paup]1 pov]ty4 ,pax 7pc-is71 peace2 pacify1 pacific4 ,pello 7puls-um71 ,i drive2 repel1 expel1 expulsion4 ,p5deo 7p5s-um71 ,i hang2 dep5d5t1 susp5d4 ,p5do1 ,i weigh out1 h5ce1 ,i pay2 exp5d1 recomp5se4 ,pes 7pd-is71 ! foot2 imp$e1 p$e/rian1 bip$4 ,peto 7pett-um71 ,i seek2 petition1 petulant4 ,p+o 7pict-um71 ,i pa9t2 picture1 pigm5t4 ,placeo1 ,i please2 placid1 complac5t4 ,planus1 level2 plane1 pla91 plan4 ,plaudo 7plaus-um71 ,i clap ! h&s2 applause1 7explode74 ,plecto 7plex-um71 ,i weave2 complex1 p]plex4 ,pleo 7plt-um71 ,i fill2 complete1 completion1 repletion4 ,plco1 ,i fold2 complicate1 reply4 ,plus 7plr-is71 m2 plurality1 surplus4 ,pna1 puni%m5t2 p5alty1 rep5t4 ,pondus 7pondr-is71 weight2 pond]\s1 p\nd4 ,pono 7post-um71 ,i place2 disposition1 exposition1 imposition4 ,pons 7pont-is71 a bridge2 pontiff1 transpont9e4 ,poplus1 ! p2 populace1 popul>4 ,porto1 ,i c>ry2 export1 deportation1 report4 ,possum1 ,i am able2 pot5s1 able2 possible1 pot5cy1 pot5tate1 impot5t4 ,poto1 ,i dr9k2 potion1 poison1 potable4 ,prcor1 ,i pray2 prec>i\s1 imprecation4 ,preh5do1 ,i take2 appreh5d1 compreh5sion1 appr5tice4 ,premo 7press-um71 ,i press2 compress1 pr9t4 ,pretium1 a price2 preci\s1 appreciate1 prize4 ,primus1 fir/2 prime1 primitive1 primrose4 ,prvo1 ,i sep>ate2 deprive1 private]1 private4 ,probo1 ,i try or prove2 probable1 prove1 repro(4 ,proprius1 "o's own2 prop]ty1 appropriation4 ,pugna1 a fight2 pugnaci\s1 repugnant4 ,pungo 7punct-um71 ,i prick2 pung5t1 poignant1 punctual4 ,puto1 ,i cut or ?9k2 amputate1 compute1 reputation4 ,quro 7qust-um71 ,i seek2 que/1 inquiry1 inquisition4 ,quatuor1 f\r2 quadrilat]al1 squ>e1 qu>ry1 qu>t1 quadrant4 ,quies 7quit-is71 re/2 acquiesce1 quiet1 requite4 ,radius1 a ray2 radiant1 irradiate1 7ray74 ,radix 7radic-is71 a root2 radical1 eradicate4 ,rapio 7rapt-um71 ,i seize2 rapture1 rap9e1 surreptiti\s4 ,ratio1 reason2 rational1 ration1 reason4 ,rego 7rect-um71 ,i rule2 regim5t1 regal1 regulate1 rector1 rectify4 ,res 7re-i71 a ?+2 real1 reality1 republican4 ,rex 7reg-is71 a k+2 regal1 int]regnum1 royal4 ,rideo 7rs-um71 ,i laugh2 d]ide1 d]ision4 ,rivus1 a brook2 riv]1 rival4 ,rodo 7ros-um71 ,i gnaw2 erosion1 corrode4 ,rogo1 ,i ask2 d]ogatory1 int]rogation1 arrogate4 ,rota1 a :eel2 rote1 rotation1 rotund1 r\nd4 ,rumpo 7rupt-um71 ,i break2 rupture1 disruption1 irruption1 eruption4 ,rus 7rr-is71 ! c\ntry2 rural1 ru/ic4 ,sac]1 sacr$2 desecrate1 sacrilege4 ,sal1 salt2 sal9e1 sal>y salt-money4 ,salio 7salt-um71 ,i leap2 sally1 assail1 assault1 insult1 salmon ! leap+ fi%1 sali5t4 ,salus 7salt-is71 heal?2 salvus1 safe2 salut>y1 salubri\s1 salvation4 ,sanctus1 holy2 sanctify1 sa9t ,sanguis 7sangu9-is71 blood2 sangu9>y4 ,sano 7sant-um71 ,i cure2 sanit>y1 sane1 insane4 ,sapio1 ,i ta/e or am wise2 sapi5t1 insipid1 sav\r4 ,sc&o 7scans-um71 ,i climb2 scala1 a ladd]2 scan1 scale1 asc5sion1 desc5d4 ,scio1 ,i "k2 sci5ce1 sci5tific1 consci5ce1 omnisci5t4 ,scribo 7script-um71 ,i write2 scribe1 scripture1 manuscript1 describe4 ,seco 7sect-um71 ,i cut2 dissect1 insect1 segm5t1 section4 ,s$eo 7sess-um71 ,i set2 s$im5t1 subside1 resid5ce4 ,s5ex1 an old man2 s5ile1 s5ior1 s5ate1 s5ator4 ,s5tio 7s5s-u71 ,i feel or p]ceive2 s5se1 s5tim5tal4 ,septem1 sev52 sept5nial1 ,septemb]4 ,sequor 7sect-u71 ,i foll[2 sequel1 consecutive1 consequ5t4 ,s]vio1 ,i s]ve2 s]vant1 s]vice1 s]vitor4 ,s]vo1 ,i pres]ve2 res]ve1 cons]vative1 cons]vatory4 ,signum1 a m>k2 sign1 signify1 designation4 ,simlis1 l2 dissimil>1 similitude1 resemble1 dissemble4 ,si/o1 ,i /op2 insi/1 consi/5cy4 ,solus1 alone2 solit>y1 sole4 ,solvo 7solt-um71 ,i loose2 absolute1 resolve1 solution1 resolution4 ,somnus1 sleep2 somnol5t1 somnambuli/4 ,specio 7spect-um7 ,i see2 aspect1 retrospect1 speci\s4 ,sp]o1 ,i hope2 despair1 desp]ate4 ,spiro1 ,i brea!2 spiral1 aspire1 inspiration1 conspiracy4 ,spondeo 7spons-um71 ,i promise2 respond1 sponsor1 7sp\se74 ,/atuo1 ,i set up2 /o 7/at-um71 to /&2 /atute1 /atue1 in/itute1 re/itution1 extant1 sub/ance4 ,/ella1 a />2 /ell>1 con/ellation4 ,/r+o 7/rict-um71 ,i b9d2 /r+5t1 /ricture1 con/ra94 ,/ruo 7/ruct-um71 ,i build2 /ructure1 7con/rue1 de/roy71 de/ruction4 ,suadeo 7suas-um71 ,i p]suade2 p]suasion1 dissuade4 ,sumo 7sumpt-um71 ,i take2 resume1 consumption4 ,surgo 7surrect-um71 ,i arise2 insurg5t1 resurrection4 ,taceo1 ,i am sil5t2 tacit1 taciturn4 ,tango 7tact-um71 ,i t\*2 intangible1 contact1 contagi\s4 ,tego 7tect-um71 ,i cov]2 integum5t1 detect4 ,tempus 7tempr-is71 "t2 temporal1 t5se4 ,t5do 7t5s-um71 ,i /ret*2 ext5d1 int5sion1 t5t1 t5se4 ,t5eo 7t5t-um71 ,i hold2 conta91 t5aci\s1 ret5tive4 ,t]m9us1 an end or b\nd>y2 t]m1 t]m9us1 det]m9e4 ,t]o 7trt-um71 ,i rub2 contrition1 trite1 detritus4 ,t]ra1 ! e>?2 subt]ranean1 ,m$it]ranean4 ,t]reo1 ,i fright52 t]ror1 t]rify4 ,te/is1 a witness2 te/ator1 te/ify1 conte/4 ,texo 7text-um71 ,i weave2 texture1 context1 textile4 ,timeo1 ,i fe>2 timid1 intimidation4 ,tono1 ,i ?und]2 a/oni%1 detonate4 ,torqueo 7tort-um71 ,i twi/2 torture1 torsion4 ,traho 7tract-um71 ,i draw2 contractile4 ,tribuo1 ,i give2 tribute1 contribution4 ,tribus1 a tribe2 tribe1 tribune1 tribunal4 ,trudo 7trus-um71 ,i ?ru/2 extrusion1 intrude4 ,turba1 a cr[d2 turbid1 turbul5t4 ,umbra1 a %ad[2 umbrage1 adumbration4 ,unda1 a wave2 undulate1 inundation4 ,unguo 7unct-um71 ,i ano9t2 ungu5t1 unctu\s1 o9tm5t4 ,unus1 "o2 unity1 union4 ,urbs1 a city2 urban1 suburb4 ,utor 7u-u71 ,i use2 use1 ut5sil1 usury4 ,vacca1 a c[2 vacc9ate4 ,valeo1 ,i am /rong2 val\r1 valiant1 prevail4 ,vanus1 empty2 va91 vani%1 vanity4 ,vas 7vs-is71 a vessel2 vase1 vascul>1 vessel4 ,veho 7vect-um71 ,i c>ry2 vehicle1 convey4 ,vello 7vuls-um71 ,i pluck2 convulsion4 ,v5io 7v5t-um71 ,i come2 v5ture1 adv5t4 ,v]1 ! spr+2 v]dant1 v]nal1 v]dure4 ,v]bum1 a ^w2 v]b1 v]bal1 v]bose1 prov]b4 ,v]to 7v]s-um71 ,i turn2 controv]t1 av]sion4 ,v]us1 true2 v]dict1 v]aci\s1 v]ity4 ,ve/is1 a g>m5t2 inve/1 ve/ure4 ,vetus 7vetr-is71 old2 vet]an4 ,via1 a way2 deviate1 previ\s4 ,video 7vs-um71 ,i see2 vision1 provid5t4 ,v9co 7vict-um71 ,i ov]come2 victor1 victory1 conv9ce4 ,vir1 a man2 virtue1 virile4 ,vita1 life2 vital1 vitality4 ,vitium1 a fault2 vitiate1 vici\s1 vice4 ,vivo 7vict-um71 ,i live2 survive1 victuals4 ,voco1 ,i call2 vox 7vc-is71 ! voice2 voice1 convocation1 revoke1 vocif]ate4 ,volo1 ,i fly2 volatile1 volley4 ,volo1 ,i wi%2 involunt>y1 volition1 b5evol5ce1 malevol5ce4 ,volvo 7volt-um71 ,i roll2 involution1 evolve1 volume4 ,voveo 7vot-um71 ,i v[2 v[1 devote4 ,vulgus1 ! common p2 vulg>1 divulge4 ,vulnus 7vulnr-is71 a w\nd2 vuln]able4 #i4 ,,greek ,,roots4 ,ago1 ,i lead2 p$agogue1 synagogue4 ,agn1 a conte/2 agony1 antagoni/4 ,allos1 ano!r2 allopa?y1 allegory4 ,anggelos1 a mess5g]2 angel1 evangeli/4 ,an?rpos1 a man2 misan?rope1 philan?ropy4 ,ar*o1 ,i beg9 or rule2 mon>*1 ar*aic e>ly2 ar*bi%op1 ar*deacon4 ,arctos1 a be>2 ,arctic1 ,ant>ctic1 ,arcturus4 ,ari?mos1 numb]2 ari?metic4 ,a/] or a/ron1 a />2 a/ronomy1 a/rology1 a/]oid1 disa/]4 ,atmos1 vap\r2 atmosph]e4 ,autos1 self2 autocrat1 autograph4 ,ballo1 ,i ?r[2 symbol4 ,bapto1 ,i dip2 baptise1 bapti/4 ,b>os1 weight2 b>omet]4 ,biblos1 a book2 ,bible1 bibliomania4 ,bios1 life2 biography1 biology4 ,*eir1 ! h&2 surgeon old] =m1 *irurgeon4 ,*rio1 ,i ano9t2 ,*ri/1 *rism4 ,*ol1 bile2 melan*oly4 ,*ronos1 "t2 *ronology1 *ronic1 *ronicle4 ,daktlos1 a f+]2 dactyl1 pt]odactyl1 date--! fruit4 ,deka1 t52 decagon1 decalogue4 ,dmos1 ! p2 democrat1 endemic1 epidemic4 ,dokeo1 to ?9k2 doxa & dogma1 an op9ion2 doxology1 or?odox1 het]odox1 dogma1 dogmatic4 ,drao1 ,i d2 drama1 dramatic4 ,dunmis1 p[]2 dynamics4 ,eidos1 =m2 kaleidoscope4 ,eikon1 an image3 iconocla/4 ,electron1 amb]2 electricity4 ,ergon1 a "w2 surgeon *irurgeon1 en]gy4 ,eu1 well2 eu*>i/1 euphony1 evangeli/4 ,gamos1 m>riage2 bigamy1 monogami/1 misogamy4 ,g1 ! e>?2 geography1 geometry1 geology4 ,g5nao1 ,i produce2 g5esis1 g5ealogy1 hydrog51 oxyg54 ,grapho1 ,i write2 gramma1 a lett]2 graphic1 gramm>1 telegraph1 biography1 diagram4 ,haima1 blood2 hmorrhage1 hmorrhoid4 ,haireo1 ,i take away2 h]esy1 h]etic4 ,helios1 ! sun2 helioscope1 heliotype4 ,hemi1 half2 hemisph]e4 ,hi]os1 sacr$2 hi]>*y1 hi]oglyphic4 ,hippos1 a horse2 hippopotamus1 hippodrome4 ,hdos1 a way2 me?od1 p]iod1 exodus4 ,hmos1 ! same2 homopa?y1 homog5e\s4 ,hudor1 wat]2 hydraulic1 hydrophobia4 ,i*?us1 a fi%2 i*?yology4 ,idios1 "o's own2 idiom1 idiot1 idiosyncrasy4 ,isos1 equal2 iso*ron\s1 isob>ic 7( equal weight74 ,kalos1 beautiful2 caligraphy1 calotype4 ,kephal1 ! 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place = ! infirm2 firmam5t1 t :i* is firm1 ! place suppos$ to be fix$ above ! e>?4 ,=m-a1 %ape4--,=m1 %ape2 =mal1 accord+ to =m2 in=mal1 n accord+ to =m2 =mality2 =mally2 =mative1 giv+ =m2 =mula1 a little =m2 con=m1 to make ( ! same =m )2 de=m1 to alt] or injure ! =m (2 in=m1 to put into =m or %ape1 educate1 in/ruct2 in=mation2 mis9=m1 to give wrong k to2 p]=m1 to =m ?or\ghly2 re=m1 to =m aga92 re=mation2 trans=m1 to *ange ! =m (4 ,grati-a1 fav\r4--,grace 7?r\gh ,fr472 graceful1 full ( ! p[] to w9 fav\r2 gracefulness2 gracefully2 graci\s1 full ( grace2 disgrace1 /ate ( be+ out ( grace or fav\r2 grateful1 ?ankful = fav\r2 +ratitude2 +rate1 an ungrateful p]son2 gratify1 to please2 gratuit\s1 by fav\r & )\t price2 gratitude2 agree 7,fr474 ,habe-o1 ,i h4--,habit1 ! hav+ "o's self 9 a c]ta9 condition2 habitual2 habitable1 t may be inhabit$2 habitat1 ! place :i* a plant or an animal inhabits2 habitation1 place :]e "o dwells or inhabits2 exhibit1 to hold out to view2 inhibit1 to hold 9 or keep back2 inhibition2 inhabit1 to be 9 ! habit ( liv+ 92 prohibit1 to hold be=e "o1 h5ce to *eck4 ,jac-io 7jact-um71 ,i ?r[4--,eject1 to ?r[ out2 ejectm5t1 a ?r[+ out2 ejection1 ! act ( ?r[+ out2 ejaculate1 to ?r[ out 7a s\nd72 ejaculation2 abject1 ?r[n d[n2 adjective1 t :i* is ?r[n to or add$ to2 conjecture1 a ?r[+ toge!r ( *ances1 or a guess2 deject1 to ?r[ d[n2 inject1 to ?r[ into2 int]jection1 a ?r[+ into ! middle (2 project 7v]b & n\n71 to ?r[ =w>d2 subject 7v]b & n\n71 to ?r[ "u2 reject1 to ?r[ back4 ,jung-o 7junct-u1 jo9$71 ,i jo94--,jo9 7?r\gh ,fr472 jo9t1 a place :]e ?+s are jo9$2 jo9]1 "o :o jo9s2 juncture1 a jo9+2 conjo9 7,fr471 to jo9 toge!r2 conjuncture1 a jo9+ toge!r2 disjo9 7,fr471 to sep>ate2 adjunct1 some?+ jo9$ to2 conjunction1 t :i* jo9s toge!r4 ,leg-o 7lect-um71 ,i ga!r or read4--,collect'1 to ga!r toge!r2 col'-lect1 :at is ga!r$ toge!r2 collection2 collector2 elect1 to ga!r out f2 election2 elector2 select1 to *oose ap>t1 to pick out2 leg5d1 t :i* %\ld be read2 legible1 t :i* may be read4 ,mitt-o 7miss-um71 ,i s5d4--,admit2 commit1 to s5d toge!r )1 to intru/ to2 commitm5t1 a s5d+ toge!r2 commission1 a s5d+ ) au?ority2 emit1 to s5d out2 emission1 a s5d+ out2 omit1 to s5d away1 to leave out2 omission1 ! act ( leav+ out2 p]mit2 p]mission2 remit1 to s5d back2 transmit1 to s5d ?r\gh4 ,norm-a1 a rule4--,normal1 accord+ to rule2 normally2 enorm\s1 great1 beyond rule2 enormity2 abnormal1 away f rule4 ,nosc-o 7n-um71 ,i "k or m>k4--,note1 some?+ by :i* a ?+ may be kn[n1 h5ce a m>k2 not$1 kn[n2 notable1 des]v+ to be kn[n2 noble 7,fr472 notify1 to make kn[n2 notori\s1 too well kn[n2 notice1 a w>n+ to "k2 noticeable1 likely to be obs]v$ or kn[n4 ,ord-o 7ord9-is71 arrangem5t4--,ord]2 orda91 to arrange or put 9 ord]2 ord9al1 t :i* %[s arrangem5t2 ord9ation1 ! act ( arrang+2 ord9>y1 accord+ to ! common arrangem5t2 extraord9>y1 out ( ! common arrangem5t2 disord]1 want ( arrangem5t2 ord]ly1 prop]ly arrang$4 ,p>s 7"p-is71 a "p4--,"p2 p>ticle1 a small "p2 trip>tite1 divid$ into ?ree p>ts2 p>tition1 t :i* divides into p>ts2 p>tial1 relat+ to a "p only2 ap>t1 p>t$ f2 dep>t1 to "p f2 imp>t1 to give "p to4 ,pell-o 7puls-um71 ,i drive4--,compel1 to drive toge!r2 compulsion1 ! act ( driv+ toge!r2 dispel1 to drive asund]2 expel1 to drive out2 expulsion2 impel1 to drive =w>d 7or into72 impulse2 propel1 to drive =w>d2 repel1 to drive back2 repulse4 ,p5d-o 7p5s-um71 ,i hang4--,app5d1 to hang to2 app5dage1 some?+ hung on to2 dep5d1 to hang d[n f2 dep5dant1 "o :o hangs f ano!r2 indep5d5t1 n hang+ f ano!r2 indep5d5ce1 ! /ate ( n hang+ f ano!r2 p5dant1 t :i* hangs2 susp5d1 to hang "u2 susp5se1 /ate ( hang+ "u4 ,pon-o 7posit-um71 ,i place4--,po/1 some?+ plac$1 & h5ce ! place 9 :i* x /&s2 position1 /ate ( be+ plac$1 h5ce place2 composition1 a plac+ toge!r2 opposition1 a plac+ 9 ! way (2 proposition1 a plac+ be=e4 ,port-o1 ,i c>ry4--,port]1 "o :o c>ries2 export1 to c>ry out ( a c\ntry2 import1 to c>ry into a c\ntry2 report1 to c>ry back1 to repeat2 report1 :at is c>ri$ back or repeat$2 report]2 support1 to be> up f "u2 transport1 to c>ry across2 transportation4 ,prem-o 7press-um71 ,i press4--,press2 compress1 to press toge!r2 compression1 ! act ( press+ toge!r2 depress1 to press d[n2 express1 to press out1 h5ce to utt] or say2 impress'1 to press into 7z ( a seal72 im'press1 ! m>k left by any?+ impress$2 repress1 to press back2 suppress1 to press "u4 ,rect-u1 "r4--,rectify1 to make "r2 rectitude1 /ate ( be+ "r2 correct1 to put "r2 corrector2 correction1 a putt+ "r4 ,reg-o 7rect-um71 ,i rule4--,regal1 p]ta9+ to a k+ or rul]2 rector1 "o :o rules 79 ! *ur*72 rectory1 ! h\se 9 :i* ! rector lives4 ,rump-o 7rupt-um71 ,i break4--,abrupt1 brok5 (f2 rupture1 a break+2 corrupt1 to break ?or\ghly1 to break 9 pieces2 corrupt 7adj47 brok5 9 pieces2 corruptible1 t :i* may be corrupt$2 irruption1 a break+ into2 eruption1 a break+ out2 disruption1 a break+ asund]4 ,scrib-o 7script-um71 ,i write4--,scribe1 "o :o writes2 describe1 to write d[n2 inscribe1 to write ^u2 inscription2 subscribe1 to write "u2 subscription2 scripture1 t :i* is writt54 ,s$-eo 7sess-um71 ,i sit4--,s$5t>y1 9 ! habit ( sitt+2 preside1 to sit be=e o!rs1 h5ce to be 9 au?ority2 assidu\s1 sitt+ close to 7"w72 subside1 to sit "u1 h5ce to settle2 session1 a sitt+4 ,s]v-o 7s]vat-um71 ,i keep4--,cons]ve1 to keep toge!r2 cons]vatory1 a place = keep+ ?+s toge!r2 obs]ve1 to keep 9 ! way ( 7! eyes71 h5ce to keep 9 view2 obs]vatory1 a place = obs]v+ 7! />s72 res]ve1 to keep back2 res]ve1 :at is kept back4 ,spec-io 7spect-um71 ,i look4--,aspect1 look2 spectator1 "o :o looks at2 speculum1 a look+-glass2 suspicion1 a look+ "u4 ,/atu-o 7/atut-um71 ,i set up4--,/atue1 some?+ set up2 /atute1 a law set up4 ,tang-o 7tact-um71 ,i t\*4--,tang5t1 a l9e :i* t\*es2 tangible1 :i* may be t\*$2 tactile1 t :i* c t\*2 contact1 t\*+2 tact1 ! art ( kn[+ z x 7 by m]e t\*4 ,t5d-o 7t5t-um or t5s-um71 ,i /ret*4--,di/5d1 to /ret* asund]2 ext5d1 to /ret* out2 ext5t1 ! am\nt a ?+ /ret*es2 t5se1 /ret*$2 t5t1 some?+ :i* is /ret*$4 ,t5-eo 7t5t-um71 ,i hold4--,t5ant1 "o :o holds 7a h\se or l&72 t5aci\s1 hold+ mu* or firmly2 conta91 to hold toge!r2 deta91 to hold d[n1 h5ce to h9d]2 reta91 to hold back2 ret5tive1 hold+ back or keep+4 ,trah-o 7tract-um71 ,i draw4--,attract1 to draw to2 contract1 to draw toge!r2 traction1 ! act ( draw+2 subtract1 to draw f "u1 h5ce to take away2 subtrah5d1 t :i* has to be tak5 away2 contraction1 a draw+ toge!r4 ,ut-or 7u-u71 ,i use4--,use2 abuse1 to use away f its prop] purpose2 p]use1 to use ?or\ghly1 h5ce to read ?r\gh2 usury1 money paid = ! use ( money2 ut5sil1 some?+ to be us$2 utility1 usefulness4 ,veh-o 7vect-um71 ,i c>ry4--,vehicle1 t 9 :i* goods are c>ri$2 convey1 to c>ry toge!r2 conveyance1 t 9 :i* goods are c>ri$ toge!r4 ,v5-io 7v5t-um71 ,i come4--,conv5e1 orig9ally to come toge!r1 aft]w>ds to summon2 conv5tion2 adv5t1 a com+ to2 int]v5e1 to come 9 betwe52 contrav5e1 to come aga9/1 h5ce to oppose2 circumv5t1 to come r\nd2 int]v5tion1 ! act ( com+ 9 betwe54 ,v]t-o 7v]s-um71 ,i turn4--,conv]t1 to turn toge!r2 conv]sion1 ! act ( turn+ toge!r2 adv]t1 to turn t[>ds2 divorce1 to turn asund]2 inv]t1 to turn into2 inv]sion1 ! act ( turn+ into2 rev]se1 to turn back2 v]se1 a k9d ( composition 9 :i* ! writ] turns back f ! end ( ! l9e4 ,vid-eo 7vis-um71 ,i see4--,visitor1 "o :o sees2 vision1 :at is se52 visual1 p]ta9+ to see+2 visible1 :at may be se52 provide1 to see be=e2 provid5ce1 a see+ be=eh&2 prud5ce 7,fr471 ano!r =m ( provid5ce4 ,voc-o 7vocat-um71 ,i call4--,convoke1 to call toge!r2 convocation1 a meet+ :i* has be5 call$ toge!r2 revoke1 to call back2 vocal1 call+--t is1 hav+ a voice2 voice1 t by :i* "o calls2 vocif]ate4 ,volv-o 7volut-um71 ,i roll4--,convolution1 a roll+ toge!r2 revolve1 to roll r\nd2 involve1 to roll into4 #aa4 ,,! ,,bran*+ ,,( ,,words ,,f ,,engli% ,,/ems4 ,bac-an1 to bake4--,bake2 bak]2 baxt] 7bake/]71 a woman :o bakes2 bat*1 :at is bak$4 ,beat-an1 to /rike4--,bat1 an in/rum5t to /rike a ball )2 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boat2 f>e1 ! money paid = go+4 ,hl1 s\nd4--,hale2 heal1 to make hale2 heal?1 /ate ( be+ s\nd or hale2 heal?y2 heal?ful2 holy1 spiritually hale2 hail1 be hale6 or be heal?y6 :ole1 9 a /ate ( be+ hale 7! w is intrusive72 :olesome1 :at t5ds to make hale4 ,lig1 lie4--,lie1 to lie d[n2 lay1 to make to lie2 lair1 ! place :]e a wild bea/ lies2 law1 :at lies or is 9 due ord]2 l[1 :at is 7ly+7 d[n4 ,maw-an1 to m[4--,m[]2 ma?1 ! grass t is m[$2 aft]ma?1 ! grass t is m[$ aft] ! fir/ crop2 mead1 a place :]e grass is m[$2 mead[1 a small mead4 ,met-an1 to meet4--,mote1 a meet+ 7an old ^w n[ f\nd only 9 w>dmote & folkmote72 meet4 ,reaf-ian1 to take away4--,reave2 b]eave2 reef1 :at is tak5 9 9 a sail2 rifle1 to plund] or take away2 robb]1 a p]son :o takes away :at does n belong to him4 ,sceot-an1 to ?r[4--,%oot1 to ?r[ out 7by means ( a gun or o!rwise72 %ut1 to ?r[ to 7! door72 %oot1 a bran* ?r[n out by a tree2 %ot1 :at is ?r[n out 7by a gun or o!rwise72 %\t1 to ?r[ out ( ! m\?2 %uttle1 an in/rum5t 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d[nca/4 ,=1 n2 =bid1 =sake 7n to seek71 =get1 =go 7wrongly spell$ =ego72 or utt]ly2 z1 =lorn1 =done4 ,=e1 be=e2 =etell1 =efa!r1 =esee1 =ebode1 =eca/1 =5oon4 ,ga91 aga9/2 ga9say1 ga9/ay 7ga9/&74 ,91 im1 en1 em2 income1 inlet1 insight1 inlay1 inborn1 inbr$1 into1 +raft1 inlay1 infold1 imb$1 ende>1 en?ral1 engrave1 emb[]4 ,mis1 wrong2 mislead1 mi/ru/1 misde$1 mi%ap1 mi/ake4 ,mid1 9 ! middle (2 midmo/1 midnight1 midsumm]1 midday4 ,(f1 f2 (f%oot1 (fset1 (fspr+1 (fal 7 (f-fall71 (fh&4 ,out2 outset1 out/rip1 outvie1 outrun1 outdo4 ,ov]2 ov]wise1 ov]f$1 ov]mu*1 ov]coat1 ov]h&1 ov]se]1 ov]sight4 ,?r\gh1 ?or\gh2 ?or\ghf>e1 ?r\gh\t1 ?or\ghbr$1 ?or\ghgo+4 ,to1 ?is2 to-day1 to-night1 to-morr[4 ,un1 7#a7 n2 unclean1 unwise1 untrue1 unbelief1 unre/3 or 7#b7 back2 undo1 untie1 unlock1 unfold1 unb9d1 unloose4 ,"u2 und]gr[?1 und]br$1 und]h&1 und]sell1 und]wood4 ,up2 upro>1 upl&1 up/>t1 upset1 upbe>1 upbraid1 upright4 ,wel1 well2 welf>e1 welcome1 well-born1 well-br$1 well-tra9$4 ,)1 aga9/2 )/&1 )draw 7draw+-room )draw+-room71 )hold4 #b4 ,,lat94 ,ab 7a1 abs71 f or away2 av]se1 av]t1 av]sion1 abdicate1 ab/ract1 ab/a91 abjure1 abate1 ab\nd1 abuse1 abduction4 ,ad 7ac1 af1 ag1 al1 am1 an1 ap1 ar1 z1 at1 a71 to3 adore1 advise1 accord1 annex1 accuse1 acc$e1 allude1 allusion1 ann\nce1 appe>1 ass5t1 att5d1 aspire1 affirm1 affix1 aggrieve1 annul1 ammunition1 app>5t1 arrive1 assume1 assault1 assumption1 att5d1 att5tive1 att5tion1 assimilate1 atta91 ascribe1 av[4 ,am 7amb71 r\nd2 ambi5t1 amputate1 ambition1 ambigu\s4 ,ante 7anti71 be=e2 ant$ate1 ant5uptial1 ant5atal1 ante*amb]1 ant$iluvian1 anticipate4 ,circum 7circu71 r\nd2 circumlocution1 circumnavigate1 circuit1 circumv5t1 circuit\s1 circulate1 circumf]5ce4 ,con 7col1 com1 cor1 co71 toge!r )2 consonant1 connect1 cont5d1 conduct1 compact1 comp\nd1 comm5d1 collision1 collect1 correct1 corrupt1 co-heir1 co]ce4 ,contra 7contro1 c\nt]71 aga9/2 contradict1 contrav5e1 controv]sy1 controv]t1 contrab&1 c\nt]feit4 ,de1 d[n or f2 d5ote1 describe1 dep>t1 desc5t1 devise1 demure4 ,dis 7dif1 di72 disjo91 difficult1 diffuse1 divide1 diff]1 dilute1 diss5t4 ,ex 7ef1 e71 out (2 extort1 exhume1 efface1 educe1 extrude1 extol1 effect1 education4 ,extra1 beyond2 extraord9>y1 extravagant1 extrane\s4 ,9 7il1 im1 ir1 em1 en71 into2 invade1 incite1 induce1 illusion1 illude1 improve1 impulse1 impel1 irruption1 embrace1 endure1 enc\rage1 embroil1 irradiate1 innate4 ,9 7ig1 il1 im1 ir71 n2 insecure1 ignoble1 illit]ate1 inconv5i5t1 incurable1 incapable1 incapacitate1 immortal1 irregul>1 improp]1 illegitimate1 irrational1 innoc5t1 infant4 ,int] 7intel1 ent]71 betwe52 int]c\rse1 intellig5t1 int]f]e1 int]dict1 ent]prise1 ent]ta91 int]rupt4 ,intro1 )92 introduce4 ,ob 7oc1 (1 op1 os71 aga9/2 oblige1 obta91 object1 occur1 (f5d1 oppose1 occult1 (f]1 o/5tation4 ,p5e1 almo/2 z1 p59sula4 ,p] 7pel71 ?r\gh2 p]=m1 p]mit1 pellucid1 p]ta94 ,po/1 aft]2 po/pone1 po/hum\s4 ,pr or pre1 be=e2 prelection1 preface1 prev5t1 prec$e1 premature1 pr$ict4 ,prt] or pret]1 beyond2 pret]natural1 pret]ite4 ,pro 7por1 pur1 pol71 =?1 on or be=e2 proce$1 pollution1 port5d1 purvey1 portrait1 purlo91 pur*ase1 pron\n1 purpose4 ,re 7r$71 back2 refute1 result1 r$ol5t1 r$\nd1 r$uce1 r$eem4 ,retro1 backw>ds2 retrograde1 retrospect4 ,se 7s$71 aside or ap>t2 select1 seclude1 sec$e1 s$uce1 s$ition4 ,sub 7suc1 suf1 sug1 sup1 sur1 sus1 su71 "u1 up f bel[2 subject1 suspect1 succe$1 suff]1 sugge/1 suppose1 susp5d1 suspect1 succ9ct1 suppress1 surrogate1 susceptible1 subdue1 suffuse1 subtract1 succ\r1 supplant4 ,subt]1 b5ea?2 subt]fuge4 ,sup] 7sur71 ov]2 sup]/ructure1 surplus1 survive1 sup]scribe1 surfeit1 sur*>ge1 sup]natural1 surname1 sup]cili\s4 ,trans 7tra1 tres72 across2 transm>9e1 translate1 tradition1 trespass1 traduce4 ,ultra1 beyond2 ultramontane1 ultram>9e4 ,vice1 in/ead (2 vic]oy1 vic]egal1 visc\nt4 #c4 ,,greek4 ,a or an1 n2 an>*y1 anomaly1 anonym\s1 apt]yx 7w+less71 a!i/4 ,amphi1 on bo? sides1 r\nd2 amphibi\s1 amphi!atre4 ,ana1 up2 anatomy1 analysis1 anabasis1 analyse4 ,anti 7ant71 aga9/2 anti!sis1 antipa?y1 ant>ctic1 antitype1 antidote4 ,apo 7ap1 aph71 f2 apogee1 apology1 apo/rophe1 aphelion1 aphorism4 ,cata1 d[n2 cat>rh1 catalepsy1 cata/rophe1 cate*ism1 ca?>tic1 ca!dral1 catalogue4 ,di 7dis71 two2 diph?ong1 dissyllable1 dilemma1 diploma4 ,dia1 ?r\gh2 diamet]1 diagonal1 diaphon\s1 diabolic1 diagnosis1 dia/ole1 diaphragm4 ,en 7el1 em71 92 ellipse1 emblem1 en]gy1 en?rone1 empyrean1 emphasis1 emporium4 ,endo1 )92 endog5\s4 ,epi 7ep71 ^u2 epilogue1 epitaph1 epiphany1 epi/le4 ,exo1 )\t2 exog5\s1 exotic4 ,hyp]1 ov] or above2 hyp]bola1 hyp]bole1 hyp]bolical1 hyp]critical1 hyp]borean4 ,hypo 7hyph71 "u2 hypot5use1 hypo!sis1 hypocrite1 hyph54 ,meta 7met1 me?7 signifies aft]1 *ange2 meta!sis1 metonomy1 me?od1 metaphor4 ,p>a 7p>71 beside2 p>abola1 p>aphrase1 p>helion1 p>ody1 p>able4 ,p]i1 r\nd2 p]imet]1 p]i/yle1 p]igee1 p]iph]y1 p]iod4 ,pro1 be=e2 prologue1 problem1 prophet1 program4 ,pros1 t[>ds2 prosody1 proselyte4 ,syn 7sy1 syl1 sym71 toge!r )2 syndic1 syntax1 symbol1 syllogism1 syllable1 sy/em1 sy/ole1 syn*ron\s1 symptom1 sympa?y4 ,,suffixes4 #d4 ,,engli% 7,,or ,,teutonic74 ,n\n ,suffixes4 #a4 ,d5ot+ a p]son or ! do] ( an action3 -er or -ar2 s+]1 bak]1 begg>1 li>1 lawy]1 b[y] 7a b[-mak]71 sawy]1 sailor1 speak]1 mill]1 7flet*] fle*i]1 an arr[-mak]74 -nd 7old pres5t p>ticipial end+72 fri5d 7 a lov+ p]son71 fi5d 7 a hat+ p]son71 err&1 w9d4 -/] 7orig9ally a female ag5t72 ,sp9/]1 song/]1 malt/]1 huck/]1 baxt] bake/]1 7n[ a t]m ( contempt72 y\ng/]1 game/]1 pun/]4 -t]1 -!r1 -d]2 daught]1 fa!r1 spid] 7t is1 sp9d]71 "m1 bro!r1 fo/] 7 food/]74 #b4 ,d5ot+ an in/rum5t3 -d] or -er2 ladd]1 rudd]1 bladd] 7f bl[71 fea!r1 wea!r1 rudd]1 murd]1 /air1 f+] 7f fang51 to seize74 -el or -le2 %ovel1 girdle1 %uttle1 settle 7a small seat71 ?imble4 #c4 ,=m+ ab/ract n\ns3 -dom2 k+dom1 e>ldom1 fre$om1 ?raldom1 wisdom1 m>tyrdom1 ,*ri/5dom4 -hood1 or -head2 manhood1 boyhood1 *ildhood1 prie/hood1 ,godhead1 h>dihood1 neighb\rhood1 wifehood4 -+2 hunt+1 bless+1 /&+1 read+1 clo?+4 -ness2 witness 7 a p]son :o wits or kn[s71 wild]ness1 d>kness1 goodness1 r$ness1 weakness1 h>dness4 -r$2 hatr$1 k9dr$4 -%ip1 -scape2 fri5d%ip1 lord%ip1 wor%ip 7 wor?%ip71 h>d%ip1 fell[%ip1 l&scape 79 ,milton1 l&skip3 comp>e skipp] = %ipp]74 -t1 -?1 -/1 -d2 weight1 height1 sleight 7f sly71 gift1 rift 7f rive71 !ft1 dr\ght 7f dry71 fro/1 flight1 w>m?1 heal?1 wid?1 dea?1 bir?1 slo? 7f sl[71 tru/ 7f tr[1 to believe71 flood 7f fl[71 se$ 7f s[74 #d4 ,dim9utives3 -el or -le2 ?imble 7f ?umb71 riddle 7f read74 -en2 maid51 kitt51 *ick54 -+2 f>?+1 ti?+ 7f ti! t5?71 rid+ 7f ?rid ?ird74 -k92 lambk91 mannik91 pipk94 -l+ 7 l +72 d>l+ 7f de>71 duckl+1 suckl+1 hirel+1 gosl+1 fatl+1 fir/l+1 ne/l+1 und]l+1 />vel+1 suckl+4 -ock2 bullock1 hillock1 paddock4 -y1 -ie2 lassie1 ,annie1 ,*>lie1 baby1 ,tommy1 doggie4 ,adjective ,suffixes4 -d or -ed 7orig9ally a p]fect p>ticiple-end+72 h>d1 cold1 l\d3 also add$ to n\ns1 z gift$1 wret*$1 ragg$1 long-e>$1 fea!r$1 l&$4 -el or -le2 fickle1 brittle1 little1 idle1 mickle 7f mu*74 -er2 l[]1 high]1 bright]1 soon]4 -er2 bitt]1 clev]4 -ern1 d5ot+ ! region ( ! globe2 nor!rn1 ea/]n1 s\!rn1 we/]n4 -e/2 l[e/1 highe/1 brighte/1 soone/4 -fold2 manifold1 tw(old1 ?reefold1 hundr$fold1 etc4 -ful2 scornful1 s9ful1 wilful1 tru?ful1 te>ful1 ne$ful1 awful1 dreadful1 sorr[ful4 -i%1 -%1 or -*1 d5otes p>tak+ ( ! nature (2 *ildi%1 fooli%1 slavi%1 sw9i%1 *urli%1 waspi%1 :iti%1 goodi%1 bruti%1 girli%1 boyi%4 -less d5otes de/itute (2 wor?less1 fe>less1 he$less1 hopeless1 te>less1 s9less1 godless1 lawless1 too?less4 -l1 -ly1 d5otes l2 w>like1 *ildlike1 womanly1 manly1 heav5ly1 godly1 gha/ly1 likely4 -n or -en 7also a p]fect p>ticiple-end+72 drunk51 %ak51 brok51 molt51 %orn1 torn4 ,x also d5otes ! mat]ial ( :i* a ?+ is made1 z gold51 l951 wood51 silv]n1 flax51 hemp51 lea!rn4 -"s d5otes ! possession ( a quality2 :olesome1 bli!some1 gladsome1 w9some1 lissom 7f li!71 buxom 7t is1 buhsum1 f bugan1 to b5d71 qu>relsome1 tiresome4 -t 7l d71 probably p]fect p>ticipial end+2 %ort 7f sc]an1 to %e>71 blunt1 tight1 slight4 -w>d d5otes direction2 homew>d1 heav5w>d1 seaw>d1 nor?w>d1 awkw>d 7f awk1 contr>y71 t[>d1 fr[>d 7f f74 -y or -ey d5otes ! possession ( a quality2 bloody1 ?ir/y1 guilty1 woody1 mighty1 heal?y1 gre$y1 moody1 sundry 7f sund]71 /icky1 sorry 7f sore71 hairy1 bu%y1 /ony1 clayey4 ,v]b ,suffixes4 -el or -le gives a frequ5tative mean+ to ! v]b2 waddle 7f wade71 />tle1 sp>kle1 dazzle 7f daze71 dribble 7f drip71 swaddle 7f swa!71 dapple 7f dip71 crawl1 kneel 7f knee71 /ruggle1 m+le1 hurtle4 -en d5otes mak+ or do+2 fatt51 broad51 s(t51 op5 7f up71 light51 sadd51 gladd51 sweet51 fright51 l5g!n4 -er1 also frequ5tative2 glimm]1 /agg]1 patt]1 flitt]1 flutt]1 w&]1 batt]1 sputt]1 /utt]4 -k1 also frequ5tative2 /alk 7f /eal71 h>k 7f he>71 walk4 ,adv]b ,suffixes4 -ere d5otes place 9 :i*2 "h1 !re1 :]e4 -es1 -se1 -ce1 -s1 :i* are old 7possessive7 g5itive t]m9ations2 sometimes1 besides1 unaw>es1 else1 twice 7 twis71 ?rice1 h5ce1 !nce1 :5ce1 ne$s1 outw>ds4 -ly d5otes mann]2 sweetly1 sadly1 cleanly4 -!r d5otes direction t[>ds2 hi!r1 ?i!r1 :i!r4 -w>d1 -w>ds1 d5ote direction2 homew>d1 homew>ds1 heav5w>d1 heav5w>ds1 hi!rw>d1 inw>ds4 -wise1 -ways1 d5ote mann] or fa%ion2 o!rwise1 anywise1 n[ise1 /raightway1 alway1 always1 sideways1 l5g?ways4 #e4 ,,lat94 ,n\n ,suffixes4 #a4 ,^? d5ot+ p]sons or ! do] ( an action3 -an1 -a92 artisan1 gramm>ian1 villa94 -ant or -ent2 ag5t1 /ud5t1 assi/ant1 att5dant1 recreant1 t5ant1 miscreant4 -ate1 -ee1 -ey1 -y2 legate1 magi/rate1 advocate1 curate1 nom9ee1 tru/ee1 legatee1 committee1 attorney1 covey1 ally1 deputy1 jury4 -ess d5otes a fem4 ag5t2 gov]ness1 traitress1 empress1 du*ess4 -ive1 -iff2 captive1 fugitive1 caitiff1 pla9tiff4 -tor1 -sor1 -or1 -our1 -er1 -e]1 -i]1 -ar1 -ary2 doctor1 successor1 *ancellor1 emp]or1 actor1 ,savi\r1 f\nd]1 en*ant]1 gov]nor1 prea*]1 juror1 au?or1 monitor1 victor1 auditor1 sponsor1 eng9e]1 auctione]1 gr5adi]1 brigadi]1 regi/r>1 u%]1 ar*]1 f>ri]1 vic>1 premi]1 lapid>y4 -trix1 female ag5t2 executrix4 #b4 ,^? =m+ ,ab/ract ,n\ns3 -age2 age1 homage1 savage1 m>riage1 voyage1 tillage1 c\rage1 p]sonage1 breakage1 salvage4 7,tonnage1 bondage1 %r9kage are hybrids47 -ance1 -ancy1 -ence1 -ency2 di/ance1 con/ancy1 infancy1 consi/5ce1 resi/ance1 dec5cy1 consi/5cy1 p]si/5ce1 conveyance1 cad5ce1 *ance 7a =m ( cad5ce74 -ice1 -ise2 av>ice1 s]vice1 m]*&ise1 ju/ice1 ex]cise4 -ion1 -tion1 -sion1 -som1 -son1 orig9ally d5ot$ ! action ( a v]b2 action1 potion1 op9ion1 poison1 v5ison1 malison1 fusion1 reason1 t5sion1 lection1 ransom1 season1 position1 nation1 occasion4 -or1 -our2 lab\r1 hon\r1 ard\r1 sav\r1 clam\r1 am\r4 -tude2 s]vitude1 latitude1 =titude1 altitude1 longitude1 magnitude1 cu/om 7f consuetudo74 -ty1 -ity2 cruelty1 *>ity1 b\nty1 pov]ty1 fealty1 city1 vanity4 -ure2 juncture1 c5sure1 culture1 measure1 c9cture1 picture1 inclosure4 -y1 -cy1 -ce2 family1 copy1 memory1 /ory1 victory1 mis]y1 ari/ocracy1 fancy1 grace4 #c4 ,dim9utives3 -el1 -le2 damsel1 mongrel4 -et1 -let2 pocket1 rivulet4 -ette2 coquette1 rosette4 -icle1 -cule2 article1 animalcule4 -ule2 globule1 granule4 ,adjective ,suffixes4 -able1 -ible1 -ble2 culpable1 probable1 flexible1 edible1 capable1 soluble1 feeble1 amiable4 -aci\s d5otes t5d5cy1 g5]ally excessive2 loquaci\s1 v]aci\s1 vivaci\s1 t5aci\s1 voraci\s4 -al1 -ar2 comical1 regal1 legal1 g5]al1 regul>1 s+ul>1 loyal1 royal1 equal1 secul>4 -an1 -ane1 -a91 -en1 -on2 human1 urban1 pagan1 humane1 mundane1 c]ta91 mizz5 7f m$ius74 ,surgeon & sexton h become n\ns4 -ane\s1 -a91 -aign1 -eign1 -ange2 cutane\s1 m\nta91 *ampaign1 =eign1 /range4 -ant1 -ent2 volant1 flu5t1 pat5t1 innoc5t4 -ary1 -arian1 -ari\s2 /ation>y1 contr>y1 necess>y1 greg>i\s1 agr>ian4 -ate1 -ete1 -eet1 -ite1 -ute1 -te2 =tunate1 delib]ate1 concrete1 effete1 discreet1 erudite1 m9ute1 *a/e4 -e/rial1 -e/rian2 t]re/rial1 eque/rian4 -ic2 civic1 classic1 b>b>ic1 unique4 -id2 f]vid1 morbid1 acid1 tepid4 -ile1 -il1 -eel1 -le2 s]vile1 s5ile1 fragile1 civil1 frail1 g5teel1 g5tle1 able4 -ine d5otes belong+ to2 fem99e1 div9e1 fel9e1 lacu/r9e1 can9e1 equ9e1 sal9e4 -ive1 incl9$ to2 p5sive1 massive1 captive1 pla9tive1 re/ive1 native1 fugitive1 active4 -ous1 -ose1 d5ote full (2 fam\s1 +5u\s1 glori\s1 copi\s1 assidu\s1 qu]ul\s1 anxi\s1 v]bose1 gr&iose1 jocose1 dang]\s4 -ory2 illusory1 amatory1 admonitory4 -und2 jocund1 moribund1 floribund1 rotund4 ,v]b ,suffixes4 -ate2 advocate1 complicate1 anticipate1 supplicate1 eradicate4 -e]2 dom9e]1 c>e]1 volunte]4 -esce d5otes ! beg9n+ ( an action2 eff]vesce1 coalesce4 -fy d5otes to make 7f facio71 magnify1 t]rify1 qualify1 signify4 -i%2 n\ri%1 p]i%1 *]i%1 f9i%1 fl\ri%1 bani%1 puni%4 -ite1 -ete1 -t2 exp$ite1 delete1 p]fect1 conduct1 reflect1 connect4 #f4 ,,greek4 ,n\n ,suffixes4 -et1 -t1 -ete1 -ate1 d5ote ! ag5t2 poet1 prophet1 a?lete1 comet1 planet1 apo/ate1 /hete7871 patriot4 -isk has dim9utive signification2 a/]isk1 obelisk4 -ism d5otes ! result ( an action2 deism1 fatalism1 egotism1 criticism1 aneurism4 -i/ d5otes ! ag5t2 bapti/1 sophi/1 evangeli/4 -ma1 -em1 -me1 -m1 d5ote ! result ( an action2 diorama1 drama1 dogma1 sy/em1 s*eme1 !me1 diadem1 phlegm1 enema4 -sis1 -sy1 -se1 d5ote action2 crisis1 poesy1 phase1 g5esis1 emphasis1 p>alysis1 hypocrisy1 ellipse1 phr5sy4 -t]1 -tre1 d5ote ! in/rum5t2 metre1 c5tre4 ,v]b ,suffixes4 -ise signifies to d2 criticise1 baptise1 eulogise4 ,,lit]ature4 ,i4 ,outl9e ( ,our ,e>ly ,lit]ature 7,,) ,,illu/rations ,,( ,,! ,,e>ly ,,language74 #a4 ,,! ,,be[ulf4--,! ,be[ulf is a poem :i* rec\nts ! life & dea? ( a h]o ( t "n1 :o slays a mon/] call$ ,gr5del4 ,x 0 a poetic leg5d br\ght f ! ,cont95t by our ,teutonic ance/ors4 ,x does n seem to h be5 writt5 d[n1 or committ$ to pap]1 till ! sev5? c5tury2 & x 0 probably pres]v$ 9 ! memory ( diff]5t g5]ations1 by its be+ taught by fa!rs to _! sons1 & by ! habit ( *ant+ portions ( x at ! banquets ( k+s & w>riors4 ,x is a poem :i* 9 sub/ance belongs to ! ,cont95tal ,teutons z mu* z to ! ,engli%2 & x m>ks ! po9t at :i* _! lit]atures & languages beg9 to bran* (f4 ,! sc5e is laid 9 ! nor? ( ,d5m>k2 s t ! poem is ,nor!rn1 & n ,s\!rn1 ,teutonic4 ,its pres5t =m is due to a ,*ri/ian writ] ( ,nor?umbria4 ,9 lit]>y =m1 !re=e1 x is ,engli%2 & is "o ( ! e>lie/ monum5ts ( our lit]ature4 ,! poem consi/s ( #fcej %ort l9es1 & is writt5 ?r\gh\t 9 head-rhymes1#ae or allit]ative rhymes4 #b4 ,c,,dmon4--,b ! fir/ true ,engli% poem 0 ! "w ( a ,nor?umbrian call$ ,c,,dmon1 :o 0 a s]vant to ! monks ( ! abbey ( ,hilda1 9 ,:itby4 ,x 0 writt5 ab\t ! ye> #fgj4 ,x is a p>aphrase ( ! hi/ory giv5 9 ! ,old & ! ,new ,te/am5t4 ,x s+s ( ! creation ( ! _w1 ( ! hi/ory ( ,israel1 ( ! life ( ,*ri/1 ( dea?1 judgm5t1 purgatory1 heav51 & hell4 #c4 ,b,,da4--,! olde/ lit]ature ( a nation--! e>ly writ+s ( its *ildhood--are always poetic2 & prose-writ+s d n appe> until ! nation has1 z x 71 gr[n up4 ,! fir/ ,engli% prose-writ] 0 ,b,,da--or1 z he is g5]ally call$1 ,! ,v5]able ,b$e4 ,he 0 born 9 ! ye> #fgc4 ,l ,cdmon1 our fir/ poet1 he 0 a ,nor?umbrian1 & belong$ to ! mona/]y ( ,j>r[-^u-,tyne4 ,8 mo/ important writ+s 7 9 ,lat92 & ! be/ kn[n ( !m is an ,ecclesia/ical ,hi/ory ( ! ,engli% ,p4 ,b ! "w :i* makes ,bda our fir/ writ] ( ,engli% prose1 is a translation into ,engli% ( ! ,gospel ( ,/ ,john4 ,x 0 8 la/ "w2 &1 9 fact1 he di$ j aft] he _h dictat$ ! la/ s5t5ce4 ,?is 0 9 ! ye> #gce4 #d4 ,,k+ ,,alfr$4--,up to ! ye> #hff1 ,nor?umbria 0 ! home ( le>n+ & lit]ature2 & ! ,nor?umbrian monks 7 its lov+ & dilig5t cultivators4 ,b ! incursions ( ! ,danes1 ! de/ruction ( ! mona/]ies1 & ! p]petual dang] to life & prop]ty aris+ f ! tr\bl$ condition ( ! c\ntry1 put a /op = "s "t to /udy & to lett]s4 ,! cultivation ( ,engli% z a book-language reappe>s1 t[>ds ! end ( ! n9? c5tury1 9 ! s\? ( ! isl&4 ,alfr$ ! ,great1 k+ ( ,wessex1 is its great fri5d & promot]4 ,w9*e/] 0 ! capital ( 8 k+dom2 & x 0 at ,w9*e/] t ,alfr$ & 8 colleagues lab\r$ at ! writ+ ( ,engli% books4 ,he invit$ great s*ol>s f diff]5t p>ts ( ! _w2 he set up s*ools2 he himself taught a s*ool 9 8 own c\rt2 he translat$ ! ,lat9 manuals ( ! "t into ,engli%1 & add$ l>gely to !m f 8 own mat]ials2 he translat$ also ! ,hi/ory ( ! ,v5]able ,b$e2 &1 mo/ probably1 he work$ at ! ,anglo-,saxon ,*ronicle1 & made x mu* full] & m detail$ ?an x _h ev] be5 be=e4 ,he f\nd$ s*ools 9 ! diff]5t p>ts ( 8 k+dom1 ) ! purpose & 9 ! hope t #8e free-born y\?1 :o has ! means1 may att5d to 8 book till he c read ,engli% writ+ p]fectly4' ,alfr$ 0 born 9 ! ye> #hdi1 & di$ 9 #ija4 ,8 own p]sonal dilig5ce--8 unceas+ head-"w1 are well kn[n4 ,he gave eight h\rs a day to ! "w ( public affairs--( manag+ ! bus9ess ( 8 k+dom2 eight h\rs to books & /udy2 & he res]v$ only eight h\rs = sleep1 meals1 ex]cise1 & amusem5t4 ,! foll[+ is a passage f "o ( ,k+ ,alfr$'s writ+s3 ,swa cla5 heo waes o?feall5 on ,angel-cynne1 ?aet s)e feawa wa]an be-heonan ,humbre ! hira !nunge cu?on und]/&an on ,englisc1 oh! f>?on an a]5d-gewrit ( ,l$5e on ,englisc areccan2 & ic w5e ?aet naht monige be-geondan ,humbre na]on4 ,s clean 7completely7 x 0 ru9$ 7_h ru9 fall57 on ! ,engli% folk 7k971 t v few 7 on ?is side ,humb] :o _! s]vice c\ld und]/& 9 ,engli%1 or out 7=?7 an epi/le 7err&-writ+7 f ,lat9 into ,engli% decl>e 7 translate72 & ,i w5e t n _m beyond ,humb] 7 7:o c\ld d ?is74 #e4 ,,! ,,anglo-,,saxon ,,*ronicle4--,?is *ronicle 0 writt5 *iefly by monks1 & 01 9 its e>lie/ =ms1 a dry regi/] or record ( ev5ts--( ! bir?s & dea?s ( k+s1 bi%ops1 e>ls1 & o!r di/+ui%$ p]sons4 ,9 ,alfr$'s "t1 x became m ( a hi/ory2 & ev5 w>-songs & battle odes are quot$ 9 x4 ,x 0 cont9u$ d[n to ! dea? ( ,k+ ,/eph5 9 #aaed2 & ! la/ portions ( x 7 compos$ & transcrib$ by ! monks ( ,pet]bor\gh4 #f4 ,,ar*bi%op ,,lfric4--lfric 0 ,ar*bi%op ( ,cant]bury 9 ! e>ly "p ( ! elev5? c5tury2 & he translat$ ! fir/ sev5 books ( ! ,bible1 & "p ( ,job1 into ! olde/ =m ( ,engli%1 :i* is g5]ally call$ ,anglo-,saxon4 ,! foll[+ is a specim53 #a4 ,on ang9n gescep ,god he(5an & eordan4 ,9 beg9n+ %ap$ ,god heav5 & e>?4 #d4 ,god geseah ?1 ?aet hit gd vaes1 & he g$aeld ?aet leht fram ?m !/rum4 ,god saw !n1 t x good 01 & he deal$ 7divid$7 ! light f ! d>kness4 #g4 ,,anglo-,,saxon ,,gospels4--,?is translation ( ! f\r gospels =ms ano!r l&-m>k 9 ! hi/ory ( our ,engli% tongue4 ,?is translation 0 made be=e ! ,norman ,conque/--be=e ,fr5* words _h come into our language1 & !re=e be=e ! inflections ( ,engli% _h dropp$ (f f ! words4 #h4 ,,old ,,engli% ,,dialects4--,= m ?an a c5tury aft] ! ,conque/1 ,engli% ceas$ to be us$ z a lit]>y language--z a book-spee*1 except 9 ! ,saxon ,*ronicle1 :i* 0 cont9u$ d[n to #aaed4 ,x /ill cont9u$1 ( c\rse1 to be ! language ( ! ,engli% nation4 ,! ,normans1 :5 !y us$ books at all1 import$ ,fr5* books f ,france2 & !y nev] dream$ t ,engli% 0 a language wor?y to be writt5 d[n4 ,diff]5t ,engli% c\nties spoke diff]5t k9ds ( ,engli%2 & ?is cont9u$ = _m c5turies--& /ill cont9ues to a consid]able ext5t4 ,?us ! ,engli% spok5 by a ,york%ire-man is v diff]5t f ! ,engli% spok5 by a ,dorset%ire-man2 & ! ,engli% ( bo? diff]s v mu* f t spok5 9 ,k5t4 ,b1 9 ! elev5? & twelf? c5turies--& ev5 mu* lat]--travell+ 0 v difficult & exp5sive2 work+-m5 c\ld n travel at all2 !re 0 little motive to travel = any "o2 & g5]ations 7 born & di$ )9 ! same village1 or on "o f>m1 or at lea/ 9 "o "p ( ! #8c\ntry-side4' ,?us diff]5t p>ts ( ?is isl& pron\nc$ _! ,engli% 9 _! own way2 _h _! own gramm>--t is1 _! own inflections2 & ea* division ( ,engl& look$ ^u itself z ! "r & correct speak]s ( ! ,engli% tongue4 ,b1 among ! l>ge numb] ( diff]5t dialects1 !re gradually em]g$ into di/9ct & ev5 rem>kable prom95ce ?ree *ief dialects4 ,^! are n[ kn[n z ! ,nor!rn1 ,midl&1 & ,s\!rn4 ,! gramm> ( ! ?ree diff]s 9 sev]al respects2 b ! *ief grammatical m>k is f\nd 9 ! plural end+ ( ! pres5t t5se ( v]bs4 ,?is is s 9 ! ,nor?2 en 9 ! ,midl& dialect2 & e? 9 ! ,s\?4 ,?us we h3 ,n4 ,m4 ,s4 ,we hops1 we hop51 we hope?4 ,y hops1 y hop51 y hope?4 ,!y hops1 !y hop51 !y hope?4 ,?is v>iety ( ! plural =ms ! te/ :i* enables read]s ( books writt5 9 ! ?irte5? & f\rte5? c5turies1 to det]m9e 9 :at "p ( ,engl& & 9 :at dialect !y 7 writt54 ,! foll[+ are ! *ief books writt5 9 ^! dialects3 ,,nor!rn 7spok5 betwe5 ! ,=? & ! ,humb]7--! ,cursor ,mundi1 a v]sion ( ,scripture 9 rhyme1 writt5 ab\t44444#acbj ,,midl& 7spok5 9 ! ,ea/-,anglian c\nties1 & ! :ole ( ! ,midl& di/rict7--,orm's ,ormulum1 a p>aphrase 9 v]se ( ! p>ts ( ! gospels giv5 9 ! *ur* s]vice1 writt5 944444#abae ,,s\!rn 7spok5 9 all ! c\nties s\? ( ! ,?ames1 & also 9 sev]al we/]n c\nties7--,layamon's ,brut 7a translation ( a ,fr5* poem by ,john de ,wace71 writt5 944444#abje #i4 ,,! ,,fir/ ,,engli% ,,book ,,aft] ,,! ,,norman ,,conque/4--,norm&y 0 lo/ to ,engl& 9 ! reign ( ,k+ ,john1 9 ! ye> #abjd4 ,f t date1 z we h se51 !re 0 a compulsion on ! ,norman-,fr5* to =get _! =eign orig91 & to look ^u !mselves z g5u9e ,engli%m54 ,a ye> aft]1 9 ! ye> #abje1 t5 ye>s be=e ! w9n+ ( ! ,magna ,*>ta1 appe>$ ! fir/ "w--x 0 a poem--t 0 writt5 9 ,engli% aft] ! ,conque/4 ,x is a translation by a ,som]set%ire prie/ call$ ,layamon or ,laweman1 f a ,fr5* poem4 ,brut is ! ,fr5* =m ( ! "n ,brutus1 :o 0 said to be a son ( neas1 & to be ! f\nd] ( ! ,briti% nation4 ,9 ^? rude times1 :5 hi/ory 0 q unkn[n1 ! orig9 ( e nation 0 trac$ up to ,troy1 & ! p]sons ( ! ,iliad ( ,hom]4 ,! ,brut is a poem writt5 *iefly 9 head-rhymes1 & consi/s ( ab\t ?irty ?\s& l9es4 ,b ?\gh x is translat$ f a ,fr5* poem1 !re are n fifty ,fr5* words 9 ! :ole--t is1 !re is n "o ,fr5* ^w 9 e six hundr$ l9es4 #aj4 ,,orm',s ,,ormulum1 #abae4--,! ,ormulum 0 a poem writt5 by an ,augu/9e monk1 call$ ,orm or ,orm91 & call$ aft] 8 own "n4 ,x is a poem ( ne>ly tw5ty ?\s& %ort l9es1 )\t rhyme ( any k9d--b ) a regul> numb] ( acc5ts4 ,!re are n five ,fr5* words 9 ! :ole poem4 ,orm 0 extremely p>ticul> ab\t 8 spell+2 &1 :5 an acc5t /ruck a consonant aft] a %ort v[el1 he insi/$ on d\bl+ ! consonant4 #aa4 ,,langl& ,,& ,,*auc]4--,william ,langl& repres5ts ! "p ( ! nation t spoke pure ,engli%2 ,ge(frey ,*auc]1 t "p :i* spoke ,engli% ) a l>ge admixture ( ,norman-,fr5*4 ,9 fact1 ,*auc]'s poems %[ ! high-wat] m>k ( ! ,fr5* saturation ( our ,engli% vocabul>y4 ,langl&--a we/-c\ntryman1 a monk1 a man ( ! p1 & ( int5sely radical sympa?ies--0 born 9 #accb2 ,*auc]1 a ,london]1 9 ! v c5tre ( ,engli% society1 page to ! ,du*ess ( ,cl>5ce at sixte5 ye>s ( age1 & aft]w>ds = great "p ( 8 life 9 c\rt employm5t1 0 born 9 #acdj4 ,bo? di$ 9 ! ye> #adjj4 ,langl&'s mo/ important poem is ! ,vision ( 7conc]n+7 ,pi]s ,pl[man4 ,x is writt5 9 pure ,engli%1 & 9 head-rhyme4 ,x is ! la/ ,engli% poem t 0 writt5 9 ?is k9d ( allit]ative v]se4 ,! foll[+ l9es are tak5 f ! introduction3 ,9 a som] seasun ,9 a summ] season :5 s(te 0 ! sonn1 :5 s(t 0 ! sun1 ,i %op me into a s*r\d ,i %ape me into 7dress$7 %r\ds 7clo!s7 a s*eep z ,i w]1 %eph]d z ,i 01 9 habite ( an h]mite 9 habit z a h]mit1 unholy ( w]kes1 unholy 9 works1 w5de ,i wyd5e 9 ?is _w w5t 7f> &7 wide 9 ?is _w1 wondrs to "h4 wond]s to he>4 ,*auc]'s great "w is 8 ,cant]bury ,tales1 a s]ies ( tales suppos$ to be told by a company ( pilgrims to beguile _! j\rney to ! %r9e ( ,/ ,?omas ( ,cant]bury4 ,! company repres5t$ m5 & wom5 ( almo/ e class 9 ,engl&2 & _! mann]s & "* are pa9t$ ) wond]ful tru? & beauty4 ,! foll[+ is a passage f ! ,prologue to ! ,cant]bury ,tales2 & ! ,fr5* words are 9 italics4 ,x is f ! "* ( ! ,knight3 ,& ev]more he _h a sov]eyn prys1#af ,&1 ?\gh t he 0 wor?y1 he 0 wys1 ,& ( 8 port#ag z meke z is a mayde4 ,he nev]e yit no vile9ye#ah ne sayde ,9 al 8 lyf1 unto no man]#ai wight4 ,he 0 a v]ray p]fight g5til#bj knight4 ,b1 = to tell5 y ( 8 array1#ba ,8 hors 0 good1 b he ne 0 n\ght gay4#bb #ab4 ,,allit]ation ,,or ,,head-,,rhyme4--,allit]ation is ! correspond5ce ( ! fir/ lett] ( sev]al words 9 ! same l9e4 ,x is l ! well-kn[n3 #8,pet] ,pip] pick$ a peck ( pepp] (f a pewt] plate4' ,r\nd ! rugg$ rocks ! ragg$ rascals ran4 ,9 ,old ,engli% or ,anglo-,saxon poetry x 0 ! only k9d ( rhyme us$4 ,! rhyme :i* is call$ end-rhyme 0 n kn[n to ! ,saxons1 & 0 import$ into ,engl& by ! ,normans4 ,9 ! ord9>y ,old ,engli% v]se1 ! l9es are writt5 9 pairs1 & 9 ea* pair !re are usually ?ree allit]ations1 two 9 ! fir/ l9e & "o 9 ! second4 ,ev5 z late z ! f\rte5? c5tury we f9d su* v]ses z ! foll[+1 writt5 by ,langl&3 ,i %op me into a s*r\d1 ,a s*eep z ,i w]4 ,%akspe>e is fond ( mak+ fun ( x4 ,b x has unconsci\sly surviv$ 9 ! language2 & !re is n a s+le great ,engli% poet1 f ,%akspe>e to ,t5nyson1 :o does n make a l>ge use ( x4 ,?us ,%akspe>e himself has ,9 maid5 m$itation1 fancy-free4 ,full fa?om five ?y fa!r lies4 & _m o!r simil> l9es4 ,milton gives u su* l9es z3 ,him ! ,almighty p[] ,hurl$ headlong flam+ f ! e!real sky4 ,%elley has ! l9e3 ,our sweete/ songs are ^? :i* tell ( sadde/ ?\ght4 ,t5nyson is v fond ( allit]ation4 ,?us1 9 ! ,day-,dream3 ,& o'er !m _m a slid+ /> ,& _m a m]ry w9d 0 borne2 ,&1 /ream$ ?r\gh _m a gold5 b>1 ,! twilight melt$ into morn4 #ac4 ,,john ,,g[]4--,a contempor>y ( ,*auc] 0 ,john ,g[]1 a g5tleman ( ,k5t4 ,! date ( 8 bir? is n kn[n2 b he surviv$ ,*auc] eight ye>s1 dy+ 9 #adjh4 ,he wrote ! ,lov]'s ,confession 9 ,engli% v]se2 ! ,mirror ( ! ,m$itative ,man 9 ,fr5* v]se 7lo/72 ! ,voice ( "o cry+1 9 ,lat94 ,8 /yle 0 heavy & prosaic4 ,*auc] call$ him ! #8moral ,g[]4' #ad4 ,,john ,,b>b\r4--,ano!r em95t contempor>y ( ,*auc] 0 ,john ,b>b\r1 ,ar*deacon ( ,ab]de51 :o wrote 9 ! ,scotti%1 or ,nor!rn ,engli%1 =m ( our tongue4 ,he 0 a le>n$ man1 & a man ( ! _w1 :o fill$ important (fice 9 ! employm5t ( ! ,scotti% k+4 ,8 great "w 0 a n>rative poem1 ,! ,bruce1 giv+ an acc\nt ( ! life & adv5tures ( ! great ,bruce4 ,x is valuable bo? z a monum5t ( our language & a /oreh\se ( hi/orical incid5t4 ,b>b\r di$ ab\t #acie4 ,! lit]ature ( ,scotl& 0 wor?ily cont9u$ by ! royal poet1 ,james ,i4 7#acid-adcg71 br\ght up z a prison] 9 ,engl&1 & well educat$4 ,8 great "w 0 ! ,k+'s ,quhair 7or book71 a poem 9 ! /yle & 9 "o ( ! metres ( ,*auc]4 #ae4 ,,sir ,,john ,,m&eville4--,sir ,john ,m&eville is ! fir/ writ] ( ! new ,engli% prose--! prose ) a l>ge addition ( ,fr5* words4 ,he is sometimes call$ ! ,fa!r ( ,engli% ,prose4 ,he 0 born at ,/ ,albans1 9 ,h]t=d%ire1 9 #acjj1 & di$ at ,lige1 9 #acgb4 ,he 0 a great travell]1 soldi]1 & physician2 travell$ ?r\gh ! ,holy ,l&1 s]v$ "u ! ,sultan ( ,egypt & ! ,great ,khan ( ,ca?ay 7! old "n = ,*9a72 & w&]$ ?r\gh almo/ all ! !n kn[n p>ts ( ,europe1 ,asia1 & ,africa4 ,he wrote 8 travels 9 ?ree languages--fir/ 9 ,lat9 = ! le>n$2 !n 9 ,fr5* = ! ,norman-,fr5*2 & la/ly 9 ,engli%1 #8t e man ( ! nation might und]/& !m4' ,! foll[+ is a specim5 ( 8 prose3 ,& #b myle f ,ebron 7,hebron7 is ! grave ( ,lo! 7,lot7 t 0 ,abrahames bro!r4 ,& a lytille fro ,ebron is ! m\nt ( ,mambre1 ( ! :i*e ! valeye take! 8 "n4 ,& !re is a tree ( oke1 t ! ,s>az9is clep5 7call7 ,dirp1 t is ( ,abrahames tyme1 ! :i*e m5 clep5 ! drye tree4 ,& !i saye1 t x ha! b5 !re si! ! beg9nynge ( ! _w1 & 0 sumtyme gr5e1 & b>e leves1 unto ! tyme t oure ,"l dy$e on ! cros2 & ?anne x dry$e1 & s dyd5 alle ! trees1 t w]5 ?anne 9 ! _w4 ,?is is almo/ q l mod]n ,engli%--) ! exception ( ! spell+2 #af4 ,,john ,,wicliffe4--,john ,wicliffe199 or ,john de ,wycliffe1 0 born at ! village ( ,hipswell1 ne> ,ri*mond1 9 ,york%ire1 9 ! ye> #acbd4 ,he di$ at ! vic>age ( ,lutt]wor?1 9 ,leice/]%ire1 9 ! ye> #achd1 at ! age ( sixty4 ,he 0 ! fir/ ,engli%man :o attempt$ to make a complete translation ( ! ,scriptures4 ,( ?is "w1 h[ev]1 ! ,gospels alone c be c]ta9ly id5tifi$ z ! "w ( ,wicliffe himself4 ,! ,old ,te/am5t & apocryphal books 7 translat$ pr9cipally by ,nicolas de ,h]e=d1 & x is suppos$ t 8 "w 0 int]rupt$ 9 #achb1 & t ! ,bible 0 complet$ ab\t t "t by extract+ ! text ( ! gospels f ,wicliffe's comm5t>y on ! gospels 7writt5 9 #acfj71 & add+ to x a new translation ( ! re/ ( ! ,new ,te/am5t4 ,a lat] v]sion 0 f9i%$ by ,wicliffe's fri5d1 ,john ,purvey1 ab\t #achh1 & appe>s to be ma9ly a revision ( ! "w ( ,h]e=d & ,wicliffe4 ,! lat] is a less close & lit]al v]sion ?an ! =m]1 & is express$ 9 m idiomatic & less lab\r$ ,engli%4 #ag4 ,,our ,,engli% ,,bible ,,& ,,its ,,hi/ory4--,! fir/ fre% translation f ! orig9al s\rces 0 t ( ,william ,tyndale4 ,8 ,new ,te/am5t1 pr9t$ at ,cologne & at ,worms1 rea*$ ! ,engli% %ores 9 #aebf1 & 0 foll[$ ?ree ye>s lat] by ! ,p5tateu*4 ,to ?is translation our au?oris$ v]sion owes mu* ( its peculi> =ce & beauty4 ,! fir/ complete ,engli% ,bible 0 t ( ,miles ,cov]dale1 :i* appe>$ 9 #aece4 ,9 ,april #aeci appe>$ ! ,great ,bible 7s call$ f its l>ge size71 prep>$ by ,cov]dale at ,p>is1 b complet$ 9 ,london "u ! patronage ( ,?omas ,cromwell4 ,! translation ( ! psalms 9 ! ,great ,bible has rema9$1 )\t alt]ation1 ! ,psalt] 9 ! ,book ( ,common ,pray]4 ,dur+ ! la/ ye> ( ,m>y's reign & ! beg9n+ ( ,elizabe?'s1 ! ,engli% refugees at ,g5eva complet$ a fre% revision ( ! ,great ,bible1 :i* 0 publi%$ 9 #aefj1 9 a h&y size1 ) a m>g9al comm5t>y1 & ! *apt]s divid$ into v]ses4 ,! ,g5evan v]sion 7sometimes call$ ! ,bree*es ,bible71 became popul> ) ! ,puritans1 & m ?an two hundr$ editions ( x 7 publi%$1 & x gave way sl[ly be=e ! pres5t au?oris$ v]sion4 ,soon aft] ,elizabe?'s accession1 ,ar*bi%op ,p>k] organis$ a revision ( ! ,great ,bible ( #aeci1 :i* 0 publi%$ 9 #aefh1 & became kn[n z ! ,bi%ops' ,bible4 ,dur+ ,elizabe?'s reign1 ! ,popi% exiles at ,rheims produc$ a new v]sion f ! ,vulgate1 :i* 0 pr9t$ at ,d\ay 9 #afji1 & is kn[n z ! ,d\ay ,bible4 ,! ,engli% ,bible :i* is n[ recognis$ z ! #8au?oris$ v]sion' :]ev] ! ,engli% language is spok51 is a revision ( ! ,bi%ops' ,bible1 begun 9 #afjd & f9i%$ 9 #afaa4 ,( ?is noble v]sion _m millions h be5 pr9t$1 & its g5]al acceptance by all ,engli%-speak+ p is ! be/ te/imony to its excell5ce4 ,no book has _h s great an influ5ce on our language & lit]ature2 its words & phrases h be5 pres]v$ 9 our vocabul>y1 & are ! mo/ famili> to our e>s1 consecrat$ z !y are ) ! associations ( two hundr$ & sev5ty ye>s4 ,a revision ( our v]sion by ! mo/ em95t s*ol>s is n[ 9 progress1 & ! revis$ ,new ,te/am5t 0 publi%$1 ,may #ag1 #ahha4 ,app5d$ is a passage f ,romans 7xii4 #f-h71 z x appe>s 9 ,wicliffe's1 ,tyndale's1 ! ,great ,bible1 ! ,g5evan ,bible1 ! ,bi%op's ,bible1 & our ,au?oris$ ,v]sion3 #a4 ,,wicliffe4 #f ,!r= we t han yiftis dyu]-synge1 aftir ! grace t is y\un to vs1 e?ir prophecie1 aftir ! res\n ( fei?2 #g e?ir s]uise1 9 myny/ryng2 e?ir he t te*i?1 9 te*yng2 #h he t /iri? s(tli1 9 mone/yng2 he t yyue?1 9 sympl5esse2 he t is s\]eyn1 9 bisynesse2 he t ha? m]ci1 9 gladnesse4 #b4 ,,tyndale4 #f ,sey+e t we h div]s gyftes accordynge to ! grace t is gev5 vnto vs1 yf eny man h ! gyft (f prophesy lett hym h x t itt be agreynge vnto ! fay?4 #g ,let hym t ha? an (fice1 wayte on 8 (fice4 ,let hym t tea*e? take h$e to 8 doctryne4 #h ,let hym t exhorte? geve att5daunce to 8 exhortacion4 ,yf eny man geve1 lett hym d x ) s+l5es4 ,let hym t ruele? d x ) dilig5ce4 ,yf eny man %ewe m]cy lett hym d itt ) *]fulnes4 #c4 ,,great ,,bible4 #f ,seynge t we haue dyu]s gyftes accordynge to ! grace t is geu5 vnto vs3 yf any man haue ! gyfte ( prophecy let him haue x t x be agre+ vnto ye fay?4 #g ,let hym t ha? an (fice wayte on hys (fice4 ,let hym t tea*e? take h$e to hys doctr9e4 #h ,let hym t exhorte? geue att5daunce to 8 exhortacion4 ,if any man geue1 let hym d x wy? syngl5es4 ,let hym t rule? d x ) dilig5ce4 ,if any man %ewe m]cy1 let him d x ) *]fulnes4 #d4 ,,g5evan ,,bible4 #f ,see+ !n t we haue giftes t are diu]s1 accord+ to ! grace t is giu5 vnto vs :e!r we haue prophesie1 let u prophesie accord+ to ! proportion ( fai?3 #g ,or an (fice let vs waite on ! (fice3 or hee t tea*e? on tea*+4 #h ,or he t exhorte? on exhortation3 hee t di/ribute? let him d x ) simplicitie3 he t rule? ) dilig5ce3 hee t %ewe? m]cie ) *e>efulnes4 #e4 ,,bi%ops' ,,bible4 #f ,see+ t wee haue diu]s giftes accord+ to ! grace t is giu5 vnto vs ey!r prophecie1 aft] ! measure ( fay?4 #g ,ey!r (fice1 9 adm9i/ration3 or he t tea*e?1 9 tea*+4 #h ,or he t exhorte?1 9 exhort+3 he t giue? 9 s+l5esse1 he t rule? 9 dilig5ce3 hee t is m]cyfull 9 *e>efulnesse4 #f4 ,,au?oris$ ,,v]sion4 #f ,hau+ !n gifts diff]+ accord+ to ! grace t is giu5 to vs1 :e!r prophecie1 let vs prophecie accord+ to ! proportion ( fai?4 #g ,or m9i/]y1 let vs wait1 on our m9i/r+3 or hee t tea*e? on tea*+4 #h ,or he t exhorte?1 on exhortation3 he t giue? let him doe x ) simplicite3 hee t rule?1 ) dilig5ce3 hee t %ewe? m]cy ) *e]efulnesse4 ,,ii4 ,tabul> ,outl9e ( mod]n ,engli% ,lit]ature4 7,poems are m5tion$ 9 ,italics47 ,,william ,,dunb>1 #adej-aecj4 ,poet4 ,! ,?i/le & ! ,rose 7#aejc72 ,! ,gold5 ,t]ge 7#aejh72 ,! ,dance ( ! ,sev5 ,deadly ,s9s4 ,! greate/ ( ! ,scotti% poets except ,burns4 ,he has be5 call$ #8! ,*auc] ( ,scotl&4' ,,sir ,,?omas ,,m1 #adhj-aece4 ,b>ri/]2 ,"l ,*ancellor ( ,engl&2 writ] on social philosophy2 hi/orian4 ,hi/ory ( ,k+ ,edw>d ,v41 & ( 8 bro!r1 & ( ,ri*>d ,,iii4 7#aeac72 ,utopia 7#aeaf7--;a description ( a model /ate ( society1 writt5 to influ5ce ! bett]+ ( ! laws ( ,engl&4 ,,william ,,tyndale1 #adgg-aecf4 ,prie/2 translator2 au?or4 ,translation ( ,new ,te/am5t 7#aebe1 #aecd71 also ( ! ,p5tateu* & ,jonah 7#aecj-ca74 ,he has done m by 8 v]sion to fix & %ape our language 9 its pres5t =m1 ?an any writ] betwe5 ,*auc] & ,%akspe>e4 ,,sir ,,david ,,lyndsay1 #adij-aeef4 ,keep] ( ,pr9ce ,james 7aft]w>ds ,james ,v4 ( ,scotl&72 ,lyon k+-at-arms2 poet4 ,satire ( ! ,?ree ,e/ates1 t is1 ,k+1 ,lords1 & ,commons2 ,mon>*ie4 ,,rog] ,,as*am1 #aeae-aefh4 ,lectur] on ,greek at ,cambridge2 tutor to ,edw>d ,,vi4 & ,que5 ,elizabe?4 ,toxophlus1 a treatise on %oot+ ) ! b[2 ,! ,s*oolma/]1 a book ab\t tea*+1 especially ! tea*+ ( ,lat94 ,,john ,,fox1 #aeag-aehg4 ,preb5d>y ( ,salisbury ,ca!dral4 ,book ( ,m>tyrs 7#aefc71 an acc\nt ( ! *ief ,prote/ant m>tyrs1 *iefly ^? 9 ! reign ( ,m>y4 ,,edmund ,,sp5s]1 #aeeb-aeii4 ,secret>y to ,vic]oy ( ,irel&2 poet4 ,%eph]d's ,cal5d> 7#aegi72 ,fa]ie ,que5e 7#aeij-if71 9 six books4 ,,ri*>d ,,hook]1 #aeec-afjj4 ,s*ol> & !ologian2 ,ma/] ( ! ,temple2 & rector ( a c\ntry *ur*4 ,laws ( ,ecclesia/ical ,polity4 ,?is is a def5ce ( ! ,*ur* ( ,engl&1 & conta9s passages ( great maje/y & spl5d\r ( diction4 ,,sir ,,philip ,,sidney1 #aeed-aehf4 ,c\rti]2 romanci/2 poet4 ,arcadia1 a romance 7#aehj72 ,def5ce ( ,poesie4 ,"s ,sonnets4 ,,francis ,,bacon1 #aefa-afbf4 ,"l ,high ,*ancellor ( ,engl&2 essayi/2 philosoph]4 ,essays 7#aeig72 ,advancem5t ( ,le>n+ 7#afje72 ,novum ,organum 7#afbj72 & o!r works on philosophy1 & ! art ( ga9+ new k4 ,,sir ,,walt] ,,raleigh1 #aeeb-afah4 ,c\rti]2 navigator2 hi/orian4 ,hi/ory ( ! ,_w 7#afad71 writt5 9 ! ,t[] ( ,london1 :]e he lay = ab\t ?irte5 ye>s4 ,8 "w is #8"o ( ! f9e/ models ( our qua9t & /ately old ,engli% /yle4' ,,william ,,%akspe>e1 #aefd-afaf4 ,dramati/ & poet2 born at ,/rat=d-on-,avon2 w5t to ,london at ! age ( tw5ty-two2 left ,london 9 #afji1 & f t "t liv$ 9 8 native t[n4 ,trag$ies & ,com$ies1 & ,hi/orical ,plays2 ?irty-sev5 9 all4 ,among 8 greate/ trag$ies are1 ,hamlet1 ,le>1 ,macbe?1 ,o!llo1 ,romeo & ,juliet4 ,( 8 com$ies ! be/ are ! ,tempe/1 ,midsumm] ,night's ,dream1 ,z y l x1 ,m]*ant ( ,v5ice1 c4 ,( 8 hi/orical plays1 ,ri*>d ,,iii4 & ,julius ,cs> are specially wor? m5tion4 ,m9or ,poems4 ,wrote no prose4 ,,b5 ,,jonson1 #aegd-afcg4 ,dramati/2 poet2 prose-writ]4 ,trag$ies & ,com$ies1 ( ! latt]1 ! greate/ are ,volpone or ! ,fox2 ,e ,man 9 ,8 ,hum\r2 & ,! ,al*emi/4 ,,william ,,drummond1 #aehe-afdi4 ,poet4 ,sonnets & ,religi\s ,poems4 ,,sir ,,?omas ,,br[ne1 #afje-afhb4 ,m$ical practition] at ,norwi*4 ,religio ,m$ici 7! religion ( a physician71 conta9s ! au?or's op9ions on a great v>iety ( subjects2 ,urn ,burial1 a le>n$ & eloqu5t "w4 ,,john ,,milton1 #afjh-afgd4 ,poet2 ,lat9 secret>y to ,cromwell 7#afdi74 ,became bl9d 9 #afed4 ,m9or ,poems2 ,p>adise ,lo/2 ,p>adise ,rega9$2 ,samson ,agoni/es4 ,_m prose works1 *iefly on politics1 & 9 def5ce ( ! ,commonweal?4 ,,?omas ,,hobbes1 #aehh-afgi4 ,philosoph]4 ,levia?an 7#afea71 a great philosophical & political "w4 ,,j]emy ,,taylor1 #afac-affg4 ,bi%op ( ,d[n 9 ,irel&4 ,holy ,liv+ & ,holy ,dy+ 7#afdi72 & _m o!r books & s]mons4 ,,samuel ,,butl]1 #afab-afhj4 ,secret>y to ! ,e>l ( ,c>b]ry4 ,hudibras 7#affc71 a mock-h]oic poem1 writt5 to c>icature ! ,puritans4 ,,john ,,dryd51 #afca-agjj4 ,poet-laureate & ,hi/oriograph] ,royal4 ,also a playwright2 poet2 prose-writ]2 critic4 ,annus ,mirabilis 7#affg7--;a poem on ! ,plague & ! ,fire ( ,london2 ,absalom & ,a*itophel 7#afha7--;a poem on political matt]s2 ,h9d & ,pan!r 7#afhg74 ,he wrote _m ,trag$ies & ,com$ies & ,odes2 a translation ( ! neid ( ,virgil4 ,he wrote a great deal ( ! be/ prose--*iefly ,essays & ,introductions to 8 poems4 ,,john ,,bunyan1 #afbh-afhh4 ,t9k] & prea*]4 ,! ,pilgrim's ,progress 7#afgh72 ! ,holy ,w>1 & o!r works4 ,,john ,,locke1 #afcb-agjd4 ,memb] ( ! ,bo>d ( ,trade2 "o ( ! lead+ m5 9 ,engli% philosophy4 ,lett]s on ,tol]ation 7#afhi72 ,essay conc]n+ ! ,human ,und]/&+ 7#afij72 ,?\ghts conc]n+ ,education1 & o!r prose works4 ,,daniel ,,defoe1 #affa-agca4 ,pamphlete]2 j\rnali/2 _h a v tr\bl$ & *angeful c>e]4 ,rob9son ,crusoe 7#agai72 ,! ,true-born ,engli%man2 ,j\rnal ( ! ,plague2 ,! ,%orte/ ,way ) ! ,diss5t]s2 & m ?an a hundr$ books & pamphlets 9 all4 ,he is "o ( ! mo/ tak+ writ]s t ev] liv$4 ,,jona?an ,,swift1 #affg-agde4 ,dean ( ,/ ,patrick's 9 ,dubl92 satiri/2 poet2 prose-writ]4 ,battle ( ! ,books2 ,tale ( a ,tub 7#agjd72 ,gulliv]'s ,travels 7#agbf74 ,_m ( ! able/ political pamphlets ( ! day4 ,a numb] ( ,poems4 ,8 prose 0 ! /ronge/ & mo/ n]v\s prose writt5 9 ! eighte5? c5tury4 ,,sir ,,ri*>d ,,/eele1 #afga-agbi4 ,g5tleman u%] to ,pr9ce ,george2 a fa%ionable man ab\t t[n4 ,essays 9 ! ,tatl]1 9 ! ,spectator1 9 ! ,gu>dian--all ( !m a k9d ( magaz9e4 ,a few plays4 ,,joseph ,,addison1 #afgb-agai4 ,secret>y ( ,/ate4 ,essays 9 ! ,tatl]1 9 ! ,spectator1 & 9 ! ,gu>dian4 ,cato3 a trag$y 7#agac74 ,sev]al %ort ,poems4 ,8 prose is ! f9e/1 mo/ g5ial1 & mo/ delicate ( all ! prose-writ+s ( ! eighte5? c5tury4 ,,alex&] ,,pope1 #afhh-agdd4 ,poet2 a ,roman ,ca?olic4 ,essay on ,criticism 7#agaa72 ,rape ( ! ,lock--! /ory ( ! /eal+ ( a lock ( hair2 ,translations ( ! ,iliad & ,odyssey1 half ( ! latt] done by assi/ants 7#agae-bj72 ! ,dunciad2 ,essay on ,man4 ,a few essays 9 prose2 & a volume ( ,lett]s4 ,,james ,,?omson1 #agjj-agdh4 ,poet2 held s9ecure cure (fices "u gov]nm5t4 ,! ,seasons--a poem 9 blank v]se2 ,! ,ca/le ( ,indol5ce1 a poem 9 ! n9e-l9$ /anza ( ,edmund ,sp5s]4 ,,h5ry ,,field+1 #agjg-aged4 ,noveli/ & j\rnali/4 ,_m com$ies--n[ =gott54 ,joseph ,&rews 7#agdb72 ,tom ,jones 7#agdi72 ,amelia 7#agea74 ,he 0 ! #8fir/ great ,engli% noveli/1 & he rema9s to ?is day "o ( ! greate/4' ,,david ,,hume1 #agaa-aggf4 ,libr>ian2 secret>y to ! ,briti% ,embassy 9 ,france4 ,treatise ( ,human ,nature 7#agcg72 ,essays 7#agdb72 ,inquiry conc]n+ ! ,pr9ciples ( ,morals2 ,hi/ory ( ,engl& 7#aged-fb74 ,writes v cle> & pleasant prose4 ,,dr ,,samuel ,,johnson1 #agji-aghd4 ,s*oolma/]2 lit]>y man2 diction>y-mak]4 ,london 7#agch72 ! ,vanity ( ,human ,wi%es2 ,! ,rambl] 7#agej-eb72 ,! ,idl]2 ,engli% ,diction>y 7#agee72 ,rasselas1 a k9d ( novel2 ,lives ( ! ,poets2 & o!r prose works4 ,,?omas ,,gray1 #agaf-agga4 ,poet2 lett]-writ]2 pr(essor ( ,mod]n ,hi/ory1 ,cambridge4 ,odes2 ,elegy writt5 9 a ,c\ntry ,*ur*y>d1 "o ( ! mo/ pleas+1 p]fect1 & (t-quot$ poems 9 ! language4 ,he 0 also a good lett]-writ]4 ,,william ,,rob]tson1 #agba-agic4 ,cl]gyman2 hi/orian2 ,pr9cipal ( ! ,univ]sity ( ,ed9burgh4 ,hi/ory ( ,scotl& 7#agei72 ,hi/ory ( ,*>les ,v4 7#agfi72 ,hi/ory ( ,am]ica 7#aggg74 ,mo/ readable & flu5t prose4 ,,tobias ,,george ,,smollett1 #agba-agga4 ,m$ical practition]2 poet2 pamphlete]2 critic & noveli/4 ,rod]ick ,r&om2 ,p]egr9e ,pickle2 & ,humphrey ,cl9k]4 ,8 novels are notable = _! broad hum\r1 & an easy picturesque /yle ( n>ration4 ,,adam ,,smi?1 #agbc-agij4 ,pr(essor ( ,logic 9 ! ,univ]sity ( ,glasg[2 !n ( ,moral ,philosophy4 ,!ory ( ,moral ,s5tim5ts 7#agei72 ,enquiry into ! ,nature & ,causes ( ! ,weal? ( ,nations 7#aggf74 ,! f\nd] ( ! sci5ce ( economics 7or weal? ( nations74 ,,oliv] ,,goldsmi?1 #agbh-aggd4 ,poet2 lit]>y man2 play-writ]4 ,! ,vic> ( ,wakefield 7#agff72 ! ,des]t$ ,village2 ,%e ,/oops to ,conqu]1 a com$y4 ,! ,travell]2 ,citiz5 ( ! ,_w2 ,hi/ories & m9or ,poems4 ,! writ] ( ! mo/ pleasant prose ( ! eighte5? c5tury4 ,,edmund ,,burke #agcj-agig4 ,/atesman2 #8! fir/ man 9 ! ,commons2' writ] on political philosophy4 ,essay on ! ,sublime & ,beautiful 7#agef72 ,reflections on ! ,fr5* ,revolution 7#agij74 ,_m spee*es1 pamphlets1 & articles on political matt]s4 ,"o ( ! deepe/ political ?9k]s1 mo/ eloqu5t speak]s1 & ornate writ]s ( prose t ev] liv$4 ,,william ,,c[p]1 #agca-ahjj4 ,poet4 ,tru?1 ! ,progress ( ,error 7#agha71 & o!r poems2 ! ,task 7#aghe72 ,john ,gilp92 ,translations ( ! ,iliad & ,odyssey 7#agia7 9 blank v]se2 ,hymns4 ,8 prose--:i* consi/s ( lett]s--is cle>1 humor\s1 & pleasant4 ,,edw>d ,,gibbon1 #agcg-agid4 ,hi/orian2 sat eight ye>s 9 ! ,h\se ( ,commons1 b nev] spoke4 ,decl9e & ,fall ( ! ,roman ,empire 7#aggf-hg72 ,essays on ! ,/udy ( ,lit]ature 79 ,fr5*74 ,8 /yle is a spl5did example #8( smit+ phrases & weighty anti!sis4' ,,rob]t ,,burns1 #agei-agif4 ,pl\ghman2 f>m]2 ,excise (fic]2 poet4 ,poems & ,songs 7#aghf-if7 7,cott>'s ,saturday ,night1 ,jolly ,begg>s1 ,tam o' ,%ant]1 ,m\nta9 ,daisy1 etc47 ,8 prose consi/s *iefly ( lett]s4 ,,william ,,wordswor?1 #aggj-ahej4 ,di/ributor ( /amps = ! c\nty ( ,we/morel&2 poet2 poet-laureate4 ,descriptive ,sket*es 7#agic72 ,lyrical ,ballads 7#agih72 ,sonnets2 ,! ,excursion 7#ahad72 ,! ,prelude4 ,he m>ks ! dawn ( a new s*ool ( poetry 9 ! n9ete5? c5tury4 ,,samuel ,,taylor ,,col]idge1 #aggb-ahcd4 ,j\rnali/2 secret>y2 lit]>y man2 poet4 ,! ,anci5t ,m>9] & ,*ri/abel 7#agig-ahjf72 sev]al plays1 includ+ a translation ( ,s*ill]'s ,wall5/e92 _m m9or poems2 ,! ,fri5d--a set ( essays2 ,confessions ( an ,inquir+ ,_s2 ,biographia ,lit]>ia2 ,aids to ,reflection4 ,8 prose is v elaborate & also v musical4 ,,rob]t ,,s\!y1 #aggd-ahdc4 ,lit]>y man2 hi/orian2 review]2 poet2 poet-laureate4 ,joan ( ,arc 7#agic72 ,?alaba ! ,de/roy]2 ! ,curse ( ,kehama2 ,life ( ,nelson4 ,firm1 cle>1 & s5sible prose4 ,wrote m ?an a hundr$ volumes4 ,,*>les ,,lamb1 #agge-ahce4 ,cl]k 9 ! ,ea/ ,india ,h\se2 essayi/ & humori/4 ,essays ( ,elia 7#ahbj-be71 :i* are qua9t & famili>1 & full ( k9dly wit & grotesque hum\r4 ,,sir ,,walt] ,,scott1 #agga-ahcb4 ,advocate2 poet3 noveli/4 ,bord] ,m9/relsy--a collection ( old ,bord] ballads 7#ahjb72 ,lay ( ! ,la/ ,m9/rel 7#ahje72 ,m>mion 7#ahjh72 ! ,lady ( ! ,lake 7#ahaj72 ,wav]ley 7#ahad7--! fir/ ( t rem>kable s]ies1 ! ,wav]ley ,novels4 ,9 v]se1 he is ! #8,hom] ( ,scotl&2' & he 0 a ma/] ( mo/ flu5t1 bright1 fl[+ n>rative prose4 ,,?omas ,,campbell1 #aggg-ahdd4 ,poet2 lit]>y man4 ,pleasures ( ,hope 7#agii72 ,m9or ,poems--su* z ,hoh5l9d51 ,battle ( ! ,baltic1 ,ye ,m>9]s ( ,engl&1 ,g]trude ( ,wyom+ 7#ahji74 ,8 prose consi/s *iefly ( ! ,introductions to 8 ,specim5s ( ! ,briti% ,poets4 ,,?omas ,,moore1 #aggi-aheb4 ,poet2 biograph]2 hi/orian4 ,odes & ,epi/les 7#ahjf72 ,lalla ,rookh 7#ahag72 ,life ( ,byron 7#ahcj72 ,iri% ,melodies 7#ahcd72 ,hi/ory ( ,irel& 7#ahcf74 ,,"l ,,byron1 #aghh-ahbd4 7,george ,gordon74 ,pe]2 poet4 ,engli% ,b>ds & ,scot* ,review]s 7#ahjh72 ,*ilde ,h>old 7#ahab72 ! ,bride ( ,abydos 7#ahad72 & _m ,plays4 ,8 prose--:i* is full ( vig\r1 fire1 & eloqu5ce--consi/s *iefly ( lett]s4 ,,p]cy ,,bys%e ,,%elley1 #agib-ahbb4 ,poet4 ,que5 ,mab 7#ahac72 ,revolt ( ,islam2 ,prome!us ,unb\nd 7#ahai7--;a trag$y2 ,odes 7,! ,cl\d1 ,to ! ,skyl>k1 etc471 & _m m9or poems4 ,8 prose consi/s *iefly ( lett]s4 ,,h5ry ,,hallam1 #aggh-ahei4 ,hi/orian2 lit]>y man2 ,tru/ee ( ! ,briti% ,museum4 ,view ( ! ,/ate ( ,europe dur+ ! ,middle ,ages 7#ahah72 ,con/itutional ,hi/ory ( ,engl& 7#ahbg72 ,lit]ature ( ,europe 7#ahcg72 ,hi/ory ( ! ,middle ,ages 7#ahdh74 ,a cle> & imp>tial writ]4 ,,?omas ,,de ,,qu9cey1 #aghe-ahei4 ,lit]>y man4 ,confessions ( an ,engli% ,opium-eat] 7#ahba72 ,essays on subjects 9 almo/ e dep>tm5t ( ,hi/ory1 ,philosophy1 & ,lit]ature4 ,8 /yle is eloqu5t1 musical1 & elaborate4 ,9 8 own way1 he 0 ! f9e/ prose-writ] ( ! n9ete5? c5tury4 ,,john ,,keats1 #agie-ahba4 ,poet4 ,endymion 7#ahah72 ,hyp]ion2 ,eve ( ,/ ,agnes2 ,odes4 ,8 poems are full ( beauty & ri* & picturesque imag]y4 ,,?omas ,,c>lyle1 #agie-ahha4 ,ma!matician2 lit]>y man2 review]2 hi/orian4 ,s>tor ,res>tus 7#ahcc72 ,! ,fr5* ,revolution1 a ,hi/ory 7#ahcg72 ,oliv] ,cromwell's ,lett]s & ,spee*es 7#ahde72 ,life ( ,john ,/]l+ 7#ahea72 ,hi/ory ( ,fri$ri* ,,ii4 ( ,prussia 7#aheh-fe74 ,8 /yle is full ( =ce1 fire1 & grotesqu5ess2 he pa9ts 9 vivid col\rs1 & pres5ts a true & exact picture ( ! liv+ man4 ,,"l ,,macaulay1 #ahjj-ahei4 ,b>ri/]2 review]2 ,secret>y ( ! ,bo>d ( ,control = ,india2 memb] ( ! ,supreme ,c\ncil ( ,india2 hi/orian2 pe]4 ,essay on ,milton 7#ahbe72 ,lays ( ,anci5t ,rome 7#ahdb72 ,essays 7#ahdc72 ,hi/ory ( ,engl& 7#ahdh-ahei74 ,wrote a /yle ( ! greate/ =ce & picturesqu5ess--full ( allusion1 illu/ration1 grace1 cle>ness1 & po9t4 ,,"l ,,lytton1 #ahje-ahgc4 ,noveli/2 poet2 /atesman4 ,eug5e ,aram 7#ahca72 ,! ,la/ ,days ( ,pompeii2 ,! ,caxtons2 "s plays1 m9or ,poems1 & essays4 ,writes a mo/ cle>1 flu5t1 bright1 ornate1 & readable ,engli% /yle4 ,,john ,,/u>t ,,mill1 #ahjf-ahgc4 ,cl]k 9 ! ,ea/ ,india ,h\se2 ,utilit>ian philosoph]4 ,sy/em ( ,logic 7#ahdc72 ,political ,economy 7#ahdd72 ,essay on ,lib]ty4 ,"o ( ! =emo/ ?9k]s ( 8 "t4 ,,h5ry ,,wadswor? ,,longfell[1 #ahjg-ahhb4 ,pr(essor ( ,mod]n ,languages & ,lit]ature2 poet4 ,evangel9e 7#ahdg72 ,hiawa?a 7#ahee72 ,m9or ,poems 7,excelsior2 ,a ,psalm ( ,life1 etc47 ,"o ( ! sweete/ & be/ kn[n ( ,am]ican poets4 ,,alfr$ ,,t5nyson1 #ahji- ,poet2 poet laureate4 ,poems1 *iefly ,lyrical 7#ahcj72 ,9 ,memoriam 7#ahej72 ,idylls ( ! ,k+ 7#ahei-gc72 ,eno* ,ard5 7#ahfd72 & sev]al dramas4 ,8 poetical /yle is full ( beauty1 sweetness1 & v>iety4 ,,elizabe? ,,b>rett ,,br[n+1 #ahji-ahfa4 ,poetess2 ! wife ( ,rob]t ,br[n+4 ,poems 7#ahch72 ,aurora ,leigh 7#ahef72 ,! ,cry ( ! ,*ildr52 ,c[p]'s ,grave2 ,sonnets f ! ,portuguese1 etc4 ,a poetess ( inf9ite sweetness & p[]4 ,,rob]t ,,br[n+1 #ahab- ,poet4 ,paul9e 7#ahcc72 ,p>acelsus 7#ahcf72 ,! ,r+ & ! ,book1 & ab\t two doz5 m volumes4 ,8 poems are v difficult to und]/&1 b are v well wor? und]/&+4 ,,william ,,makepeace ,,?ack]ay1 #ahaa-ahfc4 ,noveli/4 ,vanity ,fair 7#ahdf72 ,p5d5nis 7#ahdi72 ,esmond2 ,engli% ,humori/s1 etc4 ,! f9e/ noveli/ & "o ( ! be/ prose-writ]s ( ! c5tury4 ,,*>les ,,dick5s1 #ahab-ahgj4 ,noveli/4 ,pickwick ,pap]s 7#ahcg72 ,oliv] ,twi/2 ,ni*olas ,nickleby2 ,david ,copp]field2 ,dombey & ,son2 ,*ri/mas ,books1 etc4 ,he has be5 read ov] & ov] aga9 by hundr$s ( ?\s&s ( delight$ read]s4 ,,john ,,rusk91 #ahai- ,art-critic2 morali/2 lit]>y-man4 ,mod]n ,pa9t]s 7#ahdc72 ,! ,sev5 ,lamps ( ,ar*itecture2 ,! ,/ones ( ,v5ice 7#ahea-ec72 ,sesame & ,lilies2 ,lectures on ,art2 ,=s ,clavig]a4 ,"o ( ! mo/ wond]ful & imag9ative writ]s ( ,engli% prose t ev] liv$4 ,,george ,,eliot #ahbj-ahhj4 7,m>ian ,evans71 ,noveli/4 ,adam ,b$e 7#aheh72 ,middlem>* 7#ahga72 ,daniel ,d]onda 7#ahgf72 ,poems4 ,! novels ( ?is accompli%$ lady rank among ! greate/ ( mod]n times4 ,,! ,,end4 ,ed9burgh3 ,pr9t$ by ,w4 ,r4 ,*amb]s4 ,,footnotes3 #a ,pron\nc$ ,moott]4 #b ,pron\nc$ ,brood]4 #c ,?us we h ,w$nesday ! day ( ,wod5 or ,od94 #d ,jutl& means ! l& ( ! ,jutes2 n ! l& t juts out4 #e ,! division call$ ,wessex includ$ ,hamp%ire1 ,wilt%ire1 ,b]k%ire1 ,som]set%ire1 ,dorset%ire1 ,gl\ce/]%ire1 & ,devon%ire4 #f ,! ,revival ( ,lett]s1 or ! ,r5asc5ce 7or ,r5aissance71 is ! "n giv5 to ! new en?usiasm :i* seiz$ ,italians1 ,g]mans1 ,fr5*m51 & ,engli%m51 9 ! fifte5? & sixte5? c5turies1 to read ! great treasures ( lit]ature t may be f\nd 9 ,greek & ,lat9 books4 #g ,! same root exi/s 9 mon>*1 a p]son :o rules alone4 #h ,two-languag$4 #i ,:at is call$ ! feudal sy/em 0 bas$ ^u w>4 ,a knight held l& ( 8 b>on2 a b>on ( 8 k+--on condition ( br++ s _m m5 into ! field on ! summons ( 8 ov]lord4 #aj ,l[ ,lat9 is ! "n = t k9d ( corruption ( ,lat9 :i* 0 writt5 & spok5 aft] ! break+ up ( ! ,roman ,empire 9 ! fif? c5tury4 #aa ,a synonym is a ^w t has ! same mean+ z ano!r ^w2 l beg9 & comm5ce2 w & te/am5t4 ,!re are v few real synonyms 9 ,engli%2 because :5 ! language acquir$ a ^w ( simil> mean+1 x at once set to "w to use x 9 a diff]5t way1 or to give x a diff]5t function1 or to be/[ on x a diff]5t tone1 col\r+1 or %ade4 #ab ,he might h said hall & b[]4 ,9 ! old ,engli% times1 ! hall 0 ! out] room ( ! cottage1 into :i* ! front door op5$1 & b[] 0 ! inn] room4 #ac ,a li*e or lyke orig9ally meant body4 #ad ,ay5bite aga9bite4 ,! aga9 corresponds to ! re 9 remorse4 #ae ,9 head-rhymes1 two or ?ree words 9 ea* l9e beg9 ) ! same lett]4 #af ,! highe/ value4 #ag ,c>riage4 #ah ,unbecom+ or unk9d ?+4 #ai ,k9d ( p]son4 #bj ,v p]fect g5tle4 #ba ,dress4 #bb ,gaily dress$4