,illustration3 ,noble ,smithson ,smithson's ,theory of ,special ,creation by ,,noble ,,smithson ,,knoxville3 ,victor ,publishing ,company #aiaa ,copyright #aiaa ,by ,,noble ,,smithson ,all rights reserved1 including that of translation into foreign languages ,,publisher',s ,,notice ,a copy of this book will be mailed1 postage prepaid1 upon receipt of #a4jj ,,victor ,,publishing ,,co4 ,,knoxville4 33 ,,tennessee ,to the ,memory of my ,father and ,mother ,john ,greene ,smithson and ,ann ,ladd ,smithson ,to the ,reader3 ,if you care to write me your view of my theory as set forth in the following pages1 ,i shall be pleased to hear from you4 ,,noble ,,smithson4 ,preface ,a critical reader of the works of ,darwin1 ,huxley1 ,spencer1 ,haeckel1 ,romanes1 ,weismann1 ,mivart1 ,cope and other writers1 on organic evolution1 will find that there is much diversity in the views of these writers4 ,darwin believes that the first one1 or the first few1 animals and plants were directly and specially made by the ,creator2 ,haeckel says the primordial forms arose 8by spontaneous generation from inorganic matter40 ,referring to the origin of life1 ,romanes says that 8science is not in a position to furnish so much as suggestion upon the subject40 ,neither ,huxley1 ,weismann1 ,mivart nor ,cape has anything to say on the origin of life4 ,no two of these writers agree as to the work of the 8factors0 of evolution4 ,according to ,darwin1 ,romanes and ,weismann1 natural selection did substantially the entire work of evolving all the species of animal and plant4 ,but ,cope1 and other evolutionists of the ,lamarckian school1 hold that use1 disuse1 pressure1 friction and motion did it4 ,weismann argues that the inheritance of 8acquired characters0 is impossible2 while ,spencer1 ,romanes and other evolutionists say that ,weismann's views are highly absurd and would entirely destroy the theory of evolution2 and ,i think they are correct in this view4 ,there are many evolutionists for and against ,weismann's theory of heredity4 ,writers on evolution differ as widely on other important questions1 as on these4 ,many of the theories of the evolutionists are quite absurd4 ,among these may be mentioned the theory of 8protective mimicry0 and 8sexual selection40 ,so their belief that the blind 8factors10 working by chance and accident1 have differentiated one part of a minute individual into a set of male sexual organs1 and another part of the same individual into a set of female sexual organs1 as in hermaphroditic animals and plants1 appears to be quite preposterous4 ,so it is impossible to believe these 8factors0 have differentiated one-half of the individuals of each species of mammal into males and the other half into females1 for example into men and women4 ,if time and space permitted me1 ,i could easily point out divers other absurdities in the views of the evolutionists4 ,to be consistent1 every evolutionist must maintain that characters1 acquired by the parent1 are transmitted by heredity to their offspring2 for the whole theory of evolution is based on the hypothesis of accumulated 8adaptations and variations40 ,thus1 suppose a pair of snakes have ten vertebr 7joints7 in their spinal columns2 that each of them acquires one1 making eleven2 that their offspring start with eleven and acquire one1 and so on until the ninetieth generation1 which would have a hundred vertebr4 ,such a thing might happen1 according to the evolutionist2 but ,i do not believe any such thing ever did happen4 ,but no evolutionist has ever shown how or why the offspring happen to resemble one or both of their parents4 ,in brief1 the mechanism of heredity is wholly unknown4 ,the evolutionist tells us that 8heredity and adaptation0 have evolved all the species of animal and plant4 ,having done this1 he appears to think that he has explained all the phenomena of reproduction1 heredity and life4 ,but his solution of the vital equation contains an unknown quantity1 namely3 8heredity20 and it is1 therefore1 no solution at all4 ,the evolutionist and materialist maintain that the blind unthinking atoms and cells1 of which the embryo body is made1 do1 spontaneously and automatically1 without the aid or guidance of any extraneous1 psychic or creative force1 group themselves into the chemical combinations and mechanical arrangements1 which are necessary to build up the embryo body with all its organs and parts--its brain1 eyes1 ears1 heart1 lungs1 etc4 ,this is the most preposterous of all their propositions4 ,i have worked out this proposition3 8,intellect1 memory1 will-power1 force and motion are necessary to group two or more atoms into a prescribed chemical combination2 or into a specified mechanical arrangement40 ,thus1 if the reader were required to group ten silver dollars into a triangle with three dollars in each side and one in the center1 he must have intellect to understand the nature and properties of a triangle2 and to know how to construct it2 and to know when it is completed2 must have memory to bear these things in mind while doing the work2 must have will-power to begin and continue the work until it is completed2 must generate such force and produce such motions as are necessary to assemble and group the coins into the prescribed figure4 ,can the reader discover any flaw in this proposition8 ,there is no trace of the coming embryo in the germ-cell 7fertilized ovum72 nor of any organ or part of it4 ,it follows that each embryo and every organ and part of it must be made1 anew1 of fresh materials2 that the atoms and cells of which it is composed must be selected1 assembled and grouped into the chemical combinations and mechanical arrangements which are necessary to construct the embryo body and each organ and part of it2 each organ and part of it being a new combination of its component atoms and cells4 ,intellect1 memory1 will-power1 force and motion--supernatural1 psychic and creative force--are necessary to make each embryo body and every organ and part of it4 ,let us suppose that a hundred million silver dollars were coined last year1 at the mint in ,philadelphia4 ,it is clear that each of these coins was made1 anew2 that it was a new combination of the atoms of silver and copper contained in it2 that it required the same work to make each of them1 that it did to make every other--the same to make the last that it did to make the first4 ,the same is true of each man and woman4 ,the purpose of this little work is to present some of the facts1 and make some of the arguments1 which tend to prove that each human being is a new1 direct and special creation by ,almighty ,god6 ,,noble ,,smithson4 ,knoxville1 ,tennessee4 ,nov4 #a1 #aiaa4 ,sec4 #a4 ,personal ,god ,i believe there is a personal ,god1 the ,creator and ,ruler of the ,universe4 ,if this is not true1 matter1 force and the motion of matter constitute the ,universe4 ,there is no middle ground between these two propositions4 ,the first animal that ever lived on our earth was directly and specially made by the ,creator2 or it arose by spontaneous generation from inorganic matter4 ,how else could it come into existence8 ,the same is true of the first plant4 ,which of these two theories is most reasonable8 ,every human being that ever lived was either directly and specially made by the ,creator2 or the blind unthinking atoms and cells of which his body was1 and is1 composed1 spontaneously and automatically grouped themselves into the chemical combinations and mechanical arrangements necessary to build up his body4 ,how else could a human body be made8 ,which hypothesis is most plausible8 ,can we believe that intellect1 memory and will are merely properties of matter1 like length1 breadth1 thickness and weight2 or are these faculties the attributes of a spiritual entity8 ,i believe that the ,creator has been manifesting ,his knowledge1 wisdom1 power and goodness ever since the first man appeared on the earth2 that ,he has been performing miracles before the eyes of men during all this time2 that ,he has been speaking to mankind through these manifestations and miracles throughout the ages4 ,but they have failed to read ,his messages4 ,most educated persons are familiar with the phenomena of life1 reproduction and heredity4 ,but the real question is3 whether the ,creator causes these phenomena1 or whether the blind1 unthinking atoms and cells1 of which the body is composed1 produce them1 spontaneously and automatically1 without the aid of any extraneous psychic or creative force4 ,the fact that these phenomena are manifested1 and the cause of them1 are two wholly different things4 ,everybody knows that a stone falls to the ground1 but nobody knows why4 ,sec4 #b4 ,whence and ,whither ,has man descended from worms1 fishes1 lizards1 opossums1 hedgehogs and apes as ,haeckel says8 ,is he a son of an ape8 ,no6 ,a ,son of ,god6 ,does death annihilate both soul and body2 or does the soul live after the death of the body8 ,shall we see and know our children1 fathers1 mothers1 brothers1 sisters1 husbands1 wives1 and friends after death8 ,shall we enjoy forever1 the society of the good1 the true and the beautiful8 ,shall we be free from want1 pain and sorrow8 ,shall we be happy throughout eternity8 ,this is my belief and hope6 ,darwin 7,origin of ,species1 vol4 #a1 p4 #bbh7 says3 8,have we any right to suppose that the ,creator works by intellectual powers like those of man80 ,on the same page he refers to 8the works of the ,creator0 as being superior to those of man4 ,in the same work 7vol4 #b1 p4 #cjd7 he refers to 8the laws impressed on matter by the ,creator40 ,again 7p4 #cjf7 he refers to life as 8having been originally breathed by the ,creator into a few forms or into one10 animal1 at the beginning of life on the earth4 ,in his ,descent of ,man 7p4 #ie7 he says3 8,there is no evidence that man was aboriginally endowed with the ennobling belief in the existence of the omnipotent ,god40 ,referring to the question3 8,whether there exists a ,creator and ,ruler of the ,universe40 ,on the same page he says3 8,and this has been answered in the affirmative by some of the highest intellects that have ever existed40 ,in the same work 7p4 #fbg7 he says3 8,the idea of a universal and beneficent ,creator does not seem to arise in the mind of man1 until he has been elevated by long continued culture40 ,on the same page he says3 8,few persons feel any anxiety from the impossibility of determining at what precise period1 in the development of the individual1 from the first trace of a minute germinal vesicle1 man becomes an immortal being40 ,again 7pp4 #fbg-fbh7 he says3 8,the birth1 both of the species and of the individual are equally parts of that grand sequence of events which our minds refuse to accept as the result of blind chance4 ,the understanding revolts at such a conclusion40 ,thus it appears that ,darwin believed in the existence of a personal ,god and in the immortality of the human soul4 ,but he also believed 8that the production and extinction of the past and present inhabitants of the world0 have been 8due to secondary causes1 like these determining the birth and death of the individual40 7,origin of ,species1 #b1 p4 #cjd47 ,in brief1 ,darwin maintained that the ,creator directly and specially made one or a few primordial forms1 and turned them loose upon the earth to shift for themselves1 subject to the 8factors of evolution40 ,although ,darwin appears to believe in the special creation of the first one1 or the first few1 animals and plants1 and in the immortality of the human soul1 yet his theory of evolution is highly materialistic2 and the publication of this ,origin of ,species gave materialism an immense impetus4 ,the ,encyclopedia ,britannica 7#i ed41 vol4 #b1 p4 #aji71 referring to 8thinkers1 who hold materialistic views10 says3 8,according to this school1 man is a machine1 no doubt the most complex and wonderfully adapted of all known machines1 but still neither more nor loss than an instrument whose energy is provided by force from without1 and which1 when set in action performs the various operations1 for which its structure fits it1 namely3 to live1 move1 feel and think40 ,the materialist maintains that there is no substance in man1 which is alone conscious1 distinct and separable from the body2 that matter is the only substance in existence2 and that matter and its motions constitute the universe4 7,cent4 ,dic4 #e1 p4 #cfeh47 ,this work1 on the same page quotes ,j4 ,fisk 7,evolutionist1 p4 #bgg7 as saying that 8,philosophical materialism holds that matter1 and the motions of matter1 make up the sum total of existence2 and that what we know as psychical phenomena in man and other animals1 are to be interpreted1 in an ultimate analysis as simply the peculiar aspect1 which is assumed by certain enormously complicated motions of matter40 7,cent4 ,dic4 #e1 p4 #cfeh7 ,according to this view1 if one should meet a friend1 the sight of him would set certain atoms in his eyes and brain in motion2 and these atoms would inform the ,ego that the man is his friend1 ,smith or ,jones4 ,so1 if one be required to find the square root of #c1fjj1 his eyes or ears would see or hear the problem2 and the sight or hearing of it would set certain atoms in motion2 and by this motion they would ascertain that #fj is the square root required4 ,but the theory is too absurd for discussion1 in this place4 ,i assume that every evolutionist is logically a materialist4 ,referring to 8,man and the rest of the living world10 ,huxley1 7,man's ,place1 etc41 p4 #aea71 says3 8,i can see no excuse for doubting that all are co-ordinated terms of nature's great progression1 from the formless to the formed--from the inorganic to the organic--from the blind force to conscious intellect and will40 ,so far as ,i know he does not mention the ,creator nor the human soul in any of his works2 but he strenuously maintains that man is a son of an ape2 and believes that all the phenomena of life are the result of chemical and mechanical forces4 ,herbert ,spencer does not use the word 8,god10 8,creator0 nor 8,soul0 in the index to his ,principles of ,biology2 but after discussing the theory of special creation at length1 he says3 8,the hypothesis of special creation turns out to be worthless by its derivation2 worthless in its incoherence2 absolutely without evidence2 worthless as not supplying an intellectual need1 worthless as not supplying a moral want40 7,principles of ,biology #a1 p4 #dcj47 ,this quotation is full of bosh and nonsense4 ,for example3 ,in the same book 7pp4 #dae-daf71 referring to the hypothesis of special creation and to that of evolution1 ,spencer says3 8,both hypotheses imply a cause4 ,the last1 certainly as much as the first1 recognizes this cause as inscrutable4 ,the point at issue is1 how this inscrutable cause has worked1 in the production of living forms4 ,this point1 if it is to be decided at all1 is to be decided only by examination of evidence40 ,the word 8inscrutable0 is synonymous with 8impenetrable10 8undiscoverable10 8incomprehensible10 8unsearchable10 8mysterious40 7,cent4 ,dic4 #d1 p4 #caad47 ,now1 if the ,cause which produces animals and plants is impenetrable1 incomprehensible1 etc41 ,spencer could not possibly know whether each animal and plant is directly and specially made by the ,creator or not2 nor could he say1 logically1 that there is no evidence of special creation2 for he admits that the ,cause is 8inscrutable0 to him4 ,but there is abundant evidence that each animal and plant is a new direct and special creation1 for the obvious reason that no other hypothesis can explain and account for the admitted facts4 ,haeckel1 7,evolution of ,man1 p4 #bf71 says the first one1 or the first few1 animals that appeared on our earth arose 8by spontaneous generation from inorganic matter40 ,on the same page he says3 8,life is only a physical phenomenon4 ,all the plants and animals1 with man at their head1 are to be explained in structure and life1 by mechanical or efficient causes1 without any appeal to final causes1 just as in the case of minerals and other inorganic bodies4 ,this applies equally to the origin of the various species4 ,we must not assume any original creation ''' to explain this1 but a natural1 continuous and necessary evolution40 ,prior to the publication of ,darwin's ,origin of ,species in #ahei1 belief in the theory of special creation was well nigh universal among scientists as well as laymen4 ,but immediately after the publication of that work the scientific world accepted ,darwin's theory as absolute truth1 not only as to animals and plants1 but extended the ,darwinian principle of materialism to all other branches of science4 ,materialism permeated all literature and became a fad4 ,it fostered 8higher criticism10 agnosticism1 infidelity and atheism4 ,it destroyed human hope and enthroned despair4 ,it shook and rent the church from the corner stone to the spire4 ,according to the materialist1 there is no such thing as a personal ,god1 nor a human soul4 ,he maintains that life1 intellect1 memory and will-power are mere properties of the human body as a physical structure2 and that death works the absolute annihilation of the body and the ,ego4 ,in his view1 there is no life1 punishment nor pleasure after death4 ,he1 therefore1 resolves to make the most of his life1 and to get all the ease1 comfort and pleasure that it affords1 without regard to anything that may happen after death4 ,he has no fear of any final judgment1 nor of ,god4 ,he is not restrained by any moral law1 nor by any religious obligation4 ,he fears nothing but publicity1 public opinion1 and the criminal statutes4 ,hence1 lying1 cheating1 fraud1 perjury1 theft1 robbery1 murder1 suicide4 ,i admit that heredity1 environment and other forces1 which the evolutionist denominates1 8the factors of organic evolution10 may affect1 modify1 or differentiate an animal or a plant1 or its organs and parts1 to a certain extent4 ,but ,i deny that heredity1 environment or any1 or all1 the 8factors0 combined1 are adequate to evolve a new species of animal or plant2 or even a new organ or part of one4 ,on the contrary ,i maintain that heredity1 environment and all other factors of evolution combined1 are inadequate to produce a single animal or plant1 without the aid of the ,creator2 and that each animal and plant is a new1 direct and special creation by ,almighty ,god4 ,in this little work1 ,i shall make an humble effort to prove that there is a living personal ,god2 that ,he directly and specially creates each human being2 makes its body and endows it with life and with an immortal soul4 ,if the reader shall think that ,i have made a creditable effort to accomplish this purpose1 ,i shall have done my fellow man a good service by pointing the way to hope and happiness4 ,sec4 #c4 ,chemical ,elements ,composing the ,human ,body 8,of the elements known to chemists10 says ,professor ,martin1 8only sixteen have been found to take part in the formation of the human body4 ,these are 7#a7 calcium1 7#b7 carbon1 7#c7 chlorine1 7#d7 fluorine1 7#e7 hydrogen1 7#f7 iron1 7#g7 lithium1 7#h7 magnesium1 7#i7 manganese1 7#aj7 nitrogen1 7#aa7 oxygen1 7#ab7 phosphorus1 7#ac7 potassium1 7#ad7 silicon1 7#ae7 sodium1 and 7#af7 sulphur4 ,copper and lead have sometimes been found in small quantities1 but are probably accidental and occasional40 7,martin1 ,human ,body1 p4 #g47 ,it is clear that neither the nature nor the properties of these elementary substances1 are changed by the fact that such substance has become a part of the body4 ,for example1 iron is iron whether in or out of the body4 ,it is probable that the chemical composition of the human body is substantially the same as that of the body of every other mammal4 ,sec4 #d4 ,atoms ,the words 8atom0 and 8atoms0 will be often used in the following pages4 ,therefore1 it is deemed proper to state the nature and properties of an atom1 so far as known4 ,it is defined as3 8,an extremely minute particle of matter2 a hypothetical particle of matter1 so minute as to admit of no division2 an ultimate indivisible particle of matter4 7,cent4 ,dic4 #a1 p4 #cfe47 ,the ,encyclopedia ,britannica says3 8,atom is a body which cannot be cut in two4 ,the ,atomic theory is a theory of the constitution of bodies1 which asserts that they are made up of atoms40 7,encyc4 ,brit4 #c1 p4 #cf47 ,a molecule is the smallest mass of any substance1 which is capable of existing in a separate form2 that is the smallest part1 into which the substance can be divided without destroying its chemical identity4 ,a molecule of any substance is conceived of as made up of two or more atoms4 7,cent4 ,dic4 #e1 p4 #chbb47 ,in biology a cell is defined1 first1 as the fundamental form-element of every organized body4 ,secondly1 as a nucleated1 capsulated form element of any structure or tissue2 one of the protoplasmic bodies1 which build up an animal fabric2 a body consisting of cell-substance1 cell-wall and cell-nucleus1 as bone-cell1 etc4 7,cent4 ,dic4 #a1 p4 #hgh47 ,the body of every animal and plant is made of cells2 and each cell is composed of many atoms4 ,for a full discussion of 8,the ,atomic ,theory10 see ,encyc4 ,brit4 #c1 pp4 #cf-di1 7#ith ed472 ,new ,int4 ,encyc4 #ac1 pp4 #fhc-fhe4 ,sec4 #e4 ,cells and ,cell ,theory ,in ,biology1 the word 8cell0 denotes the fundamental form-element of every organized body4 ,it is a bioplastic mass of protoplasm1 varying in size and shape1 generally of microscopic dimensions1 capable1 under proper conditions1 of performing the functions of sensation1 nutrition1 reproduction and automatic or spontaneous motion1 and constituting in itself an entire organism1 or being capable of entering into the structure of one4 ,such a cell1 as a rule1 has a nucleus and is usually also provided with a wall or definite boundary2 but neither cell-nucleus nor cell-wall necessarily enters into its structure4 ,in ultimate morphological analysis1 all organized tissue is resolvable into cells or cell products4 ,see 8,protoplasm10 and 8,cell ,theory10 infra4 ,specifically1 the word 8cell0 denotes a nucleated capsulated form-element of any structure or tissue one of the independent protoplasmic bodies which build up an animal fabric4 ,a body consisting of cell substances1 cell-wall and cell-nucleus1 as bone cells1 cartilage-cells1 muscle-cells1 nerve-cells1 fat-cells1 cells of connective tissue1 of mucous and serous membrane1 etc41 of the blood1 lymph1 etc4 ,this is the usual character of cells in animals1 and is the ordinary technical anatomical sense of the word4 8,however complicated one of the higher animals or plants may be10 says ,huxley1 8it begins its separate existence under the form of a nucleated cell40--,huxley1 ,anatomy ,invert4 ,an4 p4 #ai4 ,see ,haeckel1 ,ev4 ,man1 chap4 #f4 8,ovum and amba10 pp4 #cf-ej2 ,spencer1 ,principles1 ,biology1 ,index1 8,cell10 #b p4 #fcj2 ,romanes1 ,darwin1 etc41 #a1 pp4 #ajd-acd2 ,encyc4 ,brit4 #ab1 pp4 #e-aj1 8,histology20 ,new ,int4 ,encyc4 #d1 p4 #djj4 ,professor ,mc,murrich1 of the ,university of ,michigan1 says3 8,it has been estimated that the number of cells entering into the composition of the body of an adult human being is about twenty-six million five hundred thousand million40 7,mc,murrich1 ,development1 ,human ,body1 p4 #ah47 ,this number is equivalent to twenty-six and a half trillions4 ,the 8cell theory0 is the doctrine that the bodies of all animals and plants consist1 either of a cell1 or of a number of cells1 and their products2 and that all cells proceed from cells1 as expressed in the phrase omnis cellula e cellula3 a doctrine foreshadowed by ,kasper ,freidrich ,wolff1 who died in #agid1 and by ,karl ,ernst ,von ,baer 7born #agib47 ,it was established in botany by ,schleiden in #ahch1 and in zoology by ,theodor ,schwann about #ahci4 ,its complete form1 including the ovum1 as a simple cell1 also1 is the basis of the present state of the biological sciences4--,cent4 ,dic4 #a1 p4 #hgi1 col4 #a4 ,sec4 #f4 ,protoplasm ,protoplasm is an albuminoid substance1 ordinarily resembling the white of an egg1 consisting of carbon1 oxygen1 nitrogen1 and hydrogen in extremely complex and unstable molecular combination1 and capable1 under proper conditions1 of manifesting certain vital phenomena1 as spontaneous motion1 sensation1 assimilation1 and reproduction1 thus constituting the physical basis of life of all plants and animals2 sarcode4 ,it is essential to the nature of protoplasm that the substance consist chemically of the four elements named 7with or without a trace of some other elements72 but the molecule is so highly compounded that these elements may be present in somewhat different proportions in different cases1 so that the chemical formula is not always the same4 ,the name has also been somewhat loosely applied to albuminous substances widely different in some physical properties1 as density or fluidity4 ,thus the hard material of so-called vegetable ivory and the soft body of an amba are both protoplasmic4 ,the physiological activities of protoplasm are manifested in its irritability1 or ready response to external stimuli1 as well as its inherent capacity of spontaneous movement and other indications of life2 so that the least particle of this substance may be observed to go through the whole cycle of vital functions4 ,protoplasm builds up every vegetable and animal fabric1 it is itself devoid of discernible histological structure4 ,it is ordinarily colorless and transparent1 or nearly so1 and of glairy or viscid semi-fluid consistency1 as is well seen in the bodies of foraminifers1 amb1 and other of the lowest forms of animal life4 ,such protoplasm 7originally named sarcode7 when not confined by an investing membrane1 has the power of extension in any direction in the form of temporary processes capable of being withdrawn again2 and it has also the characteristic property of streaming in minute masses through closed membranes without the loss of the identity of such masses4 ,an individuated mass of protoplasm1 generally of microscopic size with or without a nucleus and a wall1 constitutes a cell1 which may be the whole body of an organism1 or the structural unit of aggregation of a multicellular animal or plant4 ,the ovum of any creature consists of protoplasm1 and all the tissues of the most complex living organisms result from the multiplication1 differentiation1 and specialization of such protoplasmic cell-units4 ,the life of the organism1 as a whole1 consists in the continuous waste and repair of the protoplasmic material of its cells4 ,no animal1 however1 can elaborate protoplasm directly from the chemical elements of that substance4 ,the manufacture of protoplasm is a function of the vegetable kingdom4 ,plants make it directly from mineral compounds and from the atmosphere under the influence of the sun's light and heat1 thus becoming the store-house of food-stuff for the animal kingdom4--7,see ,cent4 ,dic4 #f1 p4 #dgii47 ,hence this substance1 known in ,vegetable ,physiology as protoplasm1 but often referred to by zologists as sarcode1 has been appropriately designated by ,professor ,huxley 8the physical ,basis of ,life40--7,w4 ,b4 ,carpenter1 ,micros1 sec4 #bai47 ,for the whole living world1 then1 it results that the morphological unit--the primary and fundamental form of life--is merely an individual mass of protoplasm1 in which no further structure is discernible4--7,huxley1 ,anat4 ,invert41 p4 #ah47 ,see ,spencer1 ,principles ,biology ,i1 p4 #fc-fg4 ,encyc4 ,brit4 #ai1 p4 #hbh-hcj2 ,new ,int4 ,encyc4 #af1 p4 #dga-dgb4 ,haeckel1 ,ev4 ,man1 pp4 #cf-ej2 8,ovum and ,amba40 ,sec4 #g4 ,human ,body is a ,compound ,physical ,structure ,built of ,cells ,the human body and every organ1 part and cell in it1 has length1 breadth1 thickness and weight1 like a brick or stone4 ,so1 every such body and every organ and part of it is built of material substances as completely as are the foundation1 walls1 roof and other parts of a brick house4 ,the body1 as a whole1 and every organ and part of it1 has every property and attribute of a physical structure2 and all the materials of which the body is built up1 except the germ-cell 7or fertilized ovum71 were dead matter before they were assimilated and incorporated into it4 ,so1 all the materials1 of which such a body is built up1 are selected1 assembled1 grouped together and put into position in the body in the same manner that bricks1 or blocks of stone are gathered up and put into position in a building1 but by different forces and other means4 ,but there is a marked difference between the process of building a house1 engine1 or other inanimate structure1 on the one hand1 and the body of the human embryo on the other4 ,the wood1 clay1 iron and other materials used in the construction of the former are found ready to hand2 and they are cut1 sawed1 burned1 molded1 or hammered1 by man1 into the proper size1 form and condition for use in the construction of the building or machine2 and are carried1 by him1 to the place1 at which the building or machine is to be constructed4 ,he then places these materials in such positions as to build up and complete the building or machine4 ,on the other hand the materials of which the body of the human embryo is built1 are carried by the blood of the mother to their proper places in the body2 and different portions of the same raw material1 namely3 the mother's blood1 are then differentiated and specialized into bones1 muscles1 nerves1 arteries1 veins1 and other tissues1 which go to make up the human body4 ,these bones1 muscles1 nerves1 etc41 are all new creations1 independent of those of the mother1 father or any other human being that ever lived4 ,except the tiny germ-cell1 which is less than one-trillionth part of the infant1 at birth1 they are built of atoms that never formed any part of any other human body4 ,the human body is not only a compound physical structure1 consisting of hundreds of bones1 hundreds of muscles1 arteries1 veins1 etc41 and of trillions of cells2 and of many organs1 as the brain1 heart1 lungs1 etc41 but each of its tissues and each of its organs and parts has its own chemical composition and its own mechanical arrangement1 peculiar to itself4 ,for example1 all the bones are composed of phosphate of lime1 carbonate of lime and other elements peculiar to the bony tissue4 ,again1 the atoms 7cells7 in each bone are mechanically arranged in a manner peculiar to that bone4 ,thus1 the atoms in the bones of the skull are so arranged as to make them flat and curved1 with an inner and outer plate2 those in the other bones are so arranged as to make them long and cylindrical 7arms and legs72 others short 7hands and feet72 others flat and curved 7ribs72 others with complex forms 7vertebr71 and so on4 ,the muscular1 vascular and nervous tissues are each composed of chemical elements peculiar to themselves2 and their atoms are so arranged1 mechanically1 as to form the muscles1 arteries1 veins1 nerves1 etc4 ,the human body is not only a compound physical structure1 with all these tissues1 organs1 cells1 etc41 but life is added to all the other wonderful properties1 which it possesses4 ,now1 the chemical elements1 which compose the bones1 muscles1 arteries1 veins1 nerves1 etc41 either assemble1 automatically1 and group themselves1 chemically1 and at the same time1 automatically1 arrange themselves1 mechanically1 in such a manner as to form the bones1 muscles1 arteries1 veins1 nerves1 brain1 heart1 lungs1 stomach1 etc41 without the aid of any extraneous psychic or creative force1 or this wonderful work is done by the ,creator1 ,himself4 ,which hypothesis is most plausible8 ,but this is not all4 ,each organ and part of the body is adjusted to1 and correlated with1 every other organ and part of it4 ,for example1 the heart and lungs are so arranged as to work together4 ,what force or agency selected1 assembled and grouped the chemical elements1 which compose the heart1 then arranged these atoms in such a manner as to form the heart with chambers1 valves1 etc48 ,how did it happen that the elements1 which compose the lungs1 were assembled1 grouped and arranged so as to form them with their complex machinery4 ,are these things the work of blind unthinking cells or of the ,creator8 ,it is inconceivable that the germ-cell 7fertilized ovum71 the mother's blood or any atom of it has intellect1 memory or will-power4 ,it would be absurd nonsense to suppose that the atoms1 of which bones1 muscles1 nerves1 etc41 are composed automatically1 and of their own motion1 differentiated themselves into bones1 muscles1 nerves1 etc41 and then grouped themselves together1 mechanically1 in such manner as to form the bones1 muscles1 nerves1 etc41 then fitted themselves together as we find them in the body of the infant at birth4 ,the properties and characteristics of the human body1 as a physical structure1 are not altered nor affected by the fact that it is composed of live tissues1 such as bones1 muscles1 arteries1 veins1 nerves1 etc41 and of live organs as the brain1 heart1 lungs1 liver1 stomach1 kidneys1 etc41 for the body and every organ and part of it has the same length1 breadth1 thickness1 and weight1 whether living or dead1 at least1 until disintegration sets in4 ,in brief1 the living human body has identically the same physical properties and characteristics that an inanimate body would have1 if the latter were composed of the same chemical elements1 combined in the same proportions and mechanically arranged in the same manner and kept at the same temperature1 as that of the human body2 and the body merely has life1 intellect1 memory and will-power added to its physical properties and characteristics4 ,nor do the atoms and cells1 nor the organs and parts1 of which the body is composed1 except the brain1 have any more intellect1 memory and will-power than so many grains of sand1 or so many bricks4 ,for example3 ,every man knows that neither his bones1 muscles1 arteries1 veins1 nerves1 eyes1 ears1 nose1 arms1 hands1 legs1 feet1 heart1 lungs1 stomach1 liver1 nor his kidneys have any intellectual powers whatever4 ,every man knows that the infant1 at birth1 has no conscious intellect1 memory1 nor will-power4 ,it is1 therefore1 absurd to suppose that the embryo has any power or control over its own development and growth4 ,it is equally clear that the mother has no direct power nor control over its growth4 ,so1 every man knows that his ,i1 ego1 or self has no power1 nor any control over any part of his body except his brain and voluntary muscles4 ,for example1 no man can determine his complexion2 nor the color of his hair2 nor of his eyes2 nor the length of his nose1 nor his feet2 nor the size of his head4 ,these facts prove1 conclusively1 that the ,creator generates1 guides and controls the forces which build up the embryo body4 ,sec4 #h4 ,human ,body is a ,complex ,animal ,machine ,the human soul knows1 feels and wills4 ,it resides in the brain and governs the body by means of the brain and nerves2 the stomach digests the food and makes nutriment for the body2 the heart pumps the blood to and from the several parts of it1 the arteries and veins carry the blood from the heart and back to it2 the blood carries fresh building materials to every part of the body1 and gathers up1 and carries waste matter back to the heart and lungs2 the lungs purify and enliven the blood2 the liver secretes bile and cleanses the blood2 the muscles and bones move the body and every part of it2 the nerves carry messages from the brain to every part of the body and from every other part to the brain2 the kidneys and other organs perform their functions2 the work of all these organs being necessary to keep the body in good working order4 ,the brain1 stomach1 heart1 arteries1 veins1 lungs1 blood1 muscles1 bones1 kidneys1 etc41 may each be considered as a complex animal machine1 designed and constructed to perform its special functions4 ,the body1 as a whole1 is an animal machine1 which does much work peculiar to itself4 ,the functions of all organs other than those of the brain and voluntary muscles are performed by them1 independently of the will4 ,in other words3 all the organs of the body except the brain and the voluntary muscles appear to act automatically as an automatic machine does4 ,for example1 the stomach1 heart1 lungs1 liver and kidneys appear to do their work as automatic machines1 independently of the will2 nor has man any direct control1 nor power over the work of any of his organs except that of the brain and voluntary muscles4 ,thus1 he cannot directly compel his stomach to digest his food2 nor has he any direct control over the action of his heart1 nor over that of his lungs2 nor can he directly compel his liver to secrete bile4 ,all he can do is to take medicine or some other substance into his stomach1 and thence into his blood to stimulate1 reduce1 or modify the action of his organs2 or change his environment4 ,no male has any direct control nor any voluntary agency in the formation of spermatozo in his genital organs2 nor has any female any control over1 nor any voluntary part in1 the formation of eggs in her ovaries4 ,in fact fully ninety-nine per cent of mankind are wholly ignorant of the existence of spermatozo and ova 7eggs71 having no knowledge1 whatever1 of the mechanism by which their own offspring are brought into being4 ,what are we to infer from these facts8 ,can we believe that the functions of the heart and other involuntary muscles do their work1 automatically1 without the aid of any extraneous psychic force8 ,can we believe that the mysterious spermatozon1 and ovum are produced in the genital organs of the male and female1 without their knowledge and without the aid of any psychic or creative force1 whatever8 ,is it possible for the atoms of which each spermatozon is composed1 to assemble and group themselves1 automatically into it without the aid of a supernatural psychic and creative force8 ,in another section of this work1 ,i have argued that each spermatozon is a new1 direct and special creation4 ,the same is true of each ovum4 ,i believe that the same psychic and creative force which generates1 guides and controls the forces1 that build up the body of the embryo1 continues to generate1 guide and control many of the forces which affect the human body during its whole life4 ,i believe that the same force determines the growth and waste of cells2 and by this means fixes the size of each normal body4 ,why does an elephant grow larger than a mouse2 an ox larger than a man2 an eagle larger than a humming bird8 ,how does it happen that all men1 elephants1 mice1 eagles1 etc41 are of substantially the same size8 ,it is clear that neither man nor an other animal1 has any control over the growth of cells in his body1 nor over his own size4 ,the cells of which these bodies are built up1 have no intellect1 memory nor will-power4 ,it would be impossible for them to know when a sufficient number of cells have been made to bring these bodies to their proper sizes4 ,the cells have no power to control their production nor their waste4 ,it follows that the ,creator must govern and control the forces1 which produce the cells in each animal body2 and that he fixes within certain limits1 the form and size of each body4 ,sec4 #i4 ,human ,body is ,constructed on a ,definite and ,specific ,plan ,every bone1 joint1 process1 muscle1 nerve1 artery1 vein and part has its own chemical composition1 form1 size1 structure and position in the body4 ,each normal human body has the same tissues1 organs and parts1 that every other such body has2 the form1 structure1 organs and parts of all normal bodies being identically the same4 ,if the so-called factors of evolution were at work in every age and in every part of the earth1 as maintained by the evolutionist1 we would surely find variations and diversities in the form and structure of the bodies of men in different ages and countries2 for we know that the environments of the different varieties of man differ very greatly in time and space4 ,for example1 the eskimos live all their lives in the frozen regions at the ,north1 while the inhabitants of the tropics spend their lives under a blazing sun2 yet there is no anatomical difference between the body of an ,eskimo and that of a ,cuban4 ,what is the inference to be drawn from these facts8 ,the evolutionist and the naturalist say that the facts imply that all men have descended from a common ancestor1 that each individual inherits1 from his parents1 every organ and part of his body1 that 8like begets like40 ,they maintain that the law of heredity has produced the uniformity of size1 form1 features1 organs and parts1 which we discover among all men1 all over the world4 ,no doubt this is the belief of more than ninety-nine 7#ii7 per cent of mankind4 ,but this belief is manifestly erroneous for the following reasons3 7#a7 ,whatever passes from the parents to the child is transmitted by and through the fertilized ovum2 7#b7 this ovum is short-lived2 it has no brain1 eyes1 ears1 nose1 touch nor taste2 no intellect1 memory nor will-power2 nor inherent power to produce the embryo body2 nor to endow such a body with life2 nor to create a human soul2 7#c7 each embryo body grows1 anew1 for itself1 without regard to the development and growth of its parents or any other ancestor2 and it is a new chemical combination and a new mechanical arrangement of the atoms of which it is composed2 7#d7 each chemical combination of atoms in an embryo body is made according to a prescribed chemical formula2 and each mechanical arrangement of atoms in such a body is made according to a specific plan2 in other words the chemical combinations and mechanical arrangements of atoms1 in each embryo body1 are identically the same as those in every other such body2 7#e7 conscious intellect1 memory1 will-power1 force and motion are necessary to combine two or more atoms chemically1 according to a prescribed formula and to group two or more atoms1 mechanically1 according to a specific plan2 7#f7 ,hence1 we are compelled to believe that every human body is a new1 direct and special creation by ,almighty ,god4 ,sec4 #aj4 ,human ,body is ,unique and ,peculiar ,each normal human body resembles every other such body1 in form1 size1 and structure2 in chemical elements1 organs and parts4 ,but it differs from every other in these particulars3 7#a7 ,the atoms of which it is composed are exclusively its own2 7#b7 it is a new combination of these atoms2 7#c7 it grew anew1 for itself1 separately and apart from1 and independent of1 every other such body2 7#d7 the forces and motions1 which produced it1 were peculiar to it1 in origin1 time and space4 ,see ,cent4 ,dic4 ,supplement1 8,a-,l10 p4 #ehb4 8,heredity20 ,encyc4 ,brit4 7#i ed47 #bd1 p4 #hah1 8,variation40 ,sec4 #aa4 ,force and ,motion ,sir ,isaac ,newton's first law of motion is written in these words3 8,every body continues in its state of rest1 or of uniform motion in a straight line1 except in so far as it is compelled1 by force1 to change that state40--7,encyc4 ,brit4 7#i ed47 #ae1 p4 #fgf1 8,mechanics407 8,energy may be defined10 says the ,britannica1 8as the power of doing work1 or of overcoming resistance4 ,a bent spring possesses energy1 for it is capable of doing work in returning to its natural form2 a charge of gun powder possesses energy for it is capable of doing work in exploding2 a ,leyden jar1 charged with electricity possesses energy1 for it is capable of doing work in being discharged40--7,encyc4 ,brit4 7#i ed47 #h1 pp4 #bje-bjf1 8,energy407 8,force is that which affects the motion of matter40--7,encyc4 ,brit4 7#i ed47 #g1 p4 #eha1 8,dynamics407 8,the conclusion1 which appears inevitable10 it says on another page1 8is that whatever matter may be the other reality in the physical universe1 energy1 which is never found unassociated with matter1 depends1 in all its widely varied forms upon motion of matter40 7,encyc4 ,brit4 7#i ed47 #ae1 p4 #gdh1 8,mechanics407 ,the sense of the above quotation is this3 ,there are two realities in the physical universe3 7#a7 matter1 whatever it may be2 7#b7 energy1 which is always associated with matter4 ,energy 8depends1 in all its varied forms1 upon motion of matter40 ,for example1 let us suppose that we have three balls1 designated as ,a1 ,b1 ,c1 resting on a table in a straight line1 one inch apart4 ,suppose that ,i strike ,a and drive it against ,b1 that ,b strikes and moves ,c4 ,in this case my arm moves and generates energy or force1 which moves ,a against ,b1 and ,b against ,c4 ,the motion of my arm is the force which moves ,a2 the motion of ,a is the force which moves ,b1 and the motion of ,b is the force which moves ,c4 ,thus1 we have demonstrated that energy or force generates motion2 and that motions produces force2 that is1 that each is convertible into the other4 8,motion0 is defined as 8change of place2 transition from one point or position in space to another2 continuous variation of position40 7,cent4 ,dic4 #e1 p4 #chgb47 ,every human being begins life as a fertilized ovum1 which is about as large as one-sixth of a pin's head4 ,at birth1 an infant weighs from five to nine pounds1 the average weight being six and one-half pounds4 7,new ,international ,encyc4 #g1 p4 #gge47 ,it is then millions of times larger than a fertilized ovum4 ,in other words3 millions of atoms have been selected1 assembled1 chemically combined and mechanically arranged and grouped in such a manner as to form the body of a living infant1 which is a complete miniature model of the body of a man or woman4 ,it is obvious that the materials of which the embryo body is built up1 except the fertilized ovum1 are derived from the food eaten by the mother2 that her heart and arteries generate the forces and produce the motions which carry the materials to the building site of the embryo1 just as the builder assembles the bricks1 stones1 sand1 lime1 lumber1 nails and other materials to build a house4 ,the embryo body is a compound physical structure built of cells1 as a house is built of bricks4 ,the atoms and cells1 of which it is composed1 are subject to all the laws of force and motion1 to the same extent1 and in the same manner that bricks are4 ,nor have they any more intellect1 memory nor will-power than a brick has4 ,perhaps the first thing that an infant does1 after birth1 is to breathe4 ,in order to do this1 air must be forced into1 and out of its lungs4 ,to enable the heart to beat1 its auricles must dilate and take the blood into it2 and its ventricles must contract and force the blood out of it1 and into the arteries4 ,so that every time one breathes1 and every time one's heart beats1 force is exerted and motion of air and blood is produced4 ,every time one takes a drink of water or a bite of bread he must exert sufficient force to raise it1 and produce sufficient motion to bring it to his mouth4 ,every time one takes a step he exerts sufficient force and produces sufficient motion to move his body the distance that he steps4 ,for example1 suppose that ,a1 weighing two hundred pounds1 gets on an electric street car and rides a mile4 ,it is obvious that the electric motor has exerted sufficient force and produced sufficient motion of ,a's body to move two hundred pounds1 the distance of a mile4 ,now1 if ,a had walked along the same railway track the same distance1 it is clear that he would have exerted the same force and produced the same motion of his body that the motor did4 ,we eat1 drink1 speak1 move1 act1 work1 live--do everything by force and motion4 ,when they cease1 death comes4 ,everything that a man can do with a physical body is resolvable into force and motion4 ,he may move a body from one place to another2 he may group two or more bodies together2 or he may take two or more bodies apart2 or he may cut or break a body into two or more parts4 ,but1 at last1 all of these operations are equivalent to moving one or more bodies from one place to another1 by force and motion4 ,a sewing machine1 adding machine1 watch1 steam engine1 and every other machine is constructed by force and motion4 ,every piece of music is sung or played by force and motion4 ,every painting is made by grouping two or more pigments 7colors7 together in a particular manner by force and motion4 ,intellect1 memory and will-power are necessary to produce two or more forces and motions in a prescribed order and within a given time4 ,for example1 each note in a piece of music requires1 for its production1 a certain force and peculiar motion 7vibration7 of cord1 pipe or string within a certain time4 ,it is obvious that intellect1 memory and will-power are necessary to sing or play any piece of music4 ,before anyone can speak any given word he must have intellect1 memory and will-power3 7#a7 he must know the word to be uttered1 7#b7 he must remember it until it is uttered1 7#c7 he must have the will-power necessary to exert the force and produce the motion of air necessary to utter it4 ,let the reader speak the words3 8earth10 8air10 8fire10 8water10 and analyze the process4 ,intellect1 memory and will-power are necessary to generate1 guide1 and control the forces and motions required to make a watch or any other compound machine or structure1 within a given time4 ,suppose that a watchmaker is required to make each spring1 wheel and part of a watch by hand1 to put every part in its place and start it to running on or about the #bhjth day after he begins the work4 7,haeckel ,ev4 ,man1 p4 #aii47 ,to do this work he must have intellect1 memory and will-power to generate1 guide1 and control and time the forces and motions which are necessary to make each part of the watch and to fit and group them together when completed4 ,he must know and remember every part of it2 remember the material of which it is made2 remember its form and size2 compare each piece with the pattern2 remember the time in which he is to do the work4 ,he must have the will-power to begin and continue the work until it is done1 doing such part of it each day as to complete it on or about the day fixed4 ,but the forces and motions1 which build up the body of the embryo1 work in the dark without brain or sense-organs4 ,to put the watchmaker on the same basis with the ,creator1 we will have to suppose that the watchmaker is blind and has no sense of touch4 ,would it be possible for him to make a watch under these conditions8 ,the mother's food is taken into her mouth1 chewed and mixed with saliva and passes into her stomach4 ,here it is mixed with gastric juice and converted into chyme4 ,it then passes into the small intestine 7duodenum7 where it is mixed with pancreatic secretion1 bile and 8the secretion of the glands ,brunner and the ,crypts of ,lieberkhn0 and thus converted into chyle4 ,most of the 8nutritive constituents0 of the chyle pass through the epithelium of the small intestines into the subjacent blood and lymphatic vessels and are carried off4 ,those passing into the blood capillaries are taken by the portal vein to the liver2 while those entering the lacteals are carried into the left jugular vein by the thoracic duct4 7,martin1 ,human ,body1 pp4 #cfa-cgg47 ,this is a very brief outline of the processes1 by which the food1 one eats is converted into blood and passes into the arteries and veins4 ,the embryo at first1 has no heart1 arteries1 nor veins4 ,after its body has developed and grown to a certain extent1 the mother's heart and arteries carry arterial blood to it through the 8umbilical vein40 ,this blood finally reaches the heart of the embryo1 and is carried by its heart and arteries to every part of its body1 then returned through 8two umbilical arteries0 and the placenta to the veins of the mother4 ,in this way1 the embryo has a sort of circulation of its own4 ,but it appears to have no independent circulation during the first three or four months of its life2 and the blood which circulates through it must be aerated or oxygenated in the mother's lungs4 ,we may say1 in general terms1 that the mother's heart and arteries exert all the force and produce all the motion which build up the embryo4 ,it is true that the work of her heart and arteries is supplemented1 after a time1 by that of the heart and arteries of the embryo but the latter work is a small part of the whole4 ,the water in a stream runs from its head to its mouth because the latter is nearer to the center of the earth than the former4 ,in other words1 the water in every stream is carried forward by the force of gravitation4 ,the water in a stream carries silt 7mud1 fine earth1 etc47 which is deposited along its course and at its mouth4 ,as already stated1 the mother's blood is carried to the embryo body by the force of her heart and arteries4 ,her blood conveys to the embryo1 the materials of which it is built up1 as the water in a stream carries silt to its mouth4 ,her blood has no more intellect1 memory nor will-power than the water in a stream4 ,if a portion of the silt at the mouth of the ,mississippi should be deposited at its mouth in the form of a colossal man1 showing his head1 neck1 body1 arms1 legs1 hands1 feet1 eyes1 ears1 nose1 mouth1 etc41 it would be considered a great miracle4 ,but the formation of the embryo body in the womb of its mother1 with all its organs and parts is far more miraculous than the formation of the silt man of the ,mississippi would be4 ,the reader may reply that the atoms of which the embryo is built up are not merely deposited but they are absorbed by the fertilized ovum and its daughter-cells1 and converted into new cells2 that these cells are chemically combined and differentiated and mechanically arranged in such a manner as to form the embryo body1 etc4 ,true2 but force and motion are necessary to produce new cells1 to make the necessary chemical combinations and mechanical arrangements2 and these forces and motions must be generated1 guided and controlled by a ,being possessed of a conscious intellect1 memory1 will-power and creative force4 ,sec4 #ab4 ,intellect1 ,memory and ,will-power are ,necessary1 ,when ,conscious intellect1 memory and will-power are necessary to generate1 guide and control the force and motion employed in the construction of a compound physical structure1 whatever its form or size may be4 ,each spermatozon is composed of myriads of atoms4 ,the atoms of each are chemically combined and mechanically arranged in the same manner that those in every other are1 all spermatozo being identical in chemical composition1 mechanical arrangement1 form and size4 ,the same is true of each ovum and fertilized ovum1 and of the atoms in them1 respectively1 vice versa4 ,so each embryo is composed of myriads of cells1 the cells in each having identically the same chemical composition and mechanical arrangement that those in every other embryo of the same age and sex have2 all embryos of the same age and sex having substantially the same chemical combinations and mechanical arrangements of their cells1 organs and parts4 ,it follows that each human spermatozon1 ovum1 fertilized ovum and embryo1 of the same age and sex is constructed according to certain prescribed 8plans and specifications40 ,we are1 therefore1 compelled to assume that the force and motion necessary to construct the spermatozon1 ovum1 fertilized ovum and embryo are generated1 guided and controlled by a ,being with full knowledge of the 8plans and specifications10 of the chemical elements1 their affinities and combinations1 of mechanical arrangements1 etc4 ,the ,architect must know the 8plans and specifications20 must be able to compare the work of construction with them1 as the work progresses2 must have memory to bear in mind and recall the plans and specifications2 and must have will-power to begin and continue the work until the 8structure0 is completed4 ,so ,he must see that each organ and part attains its proper form and size at the right time2 that each organ and part is properly proportioned to and correlated with1 every other on each day of its growth4 ,in other words3 ,he must see that the forces at work1 and the motions produced in each organ and part of the embryo body are proportioned to and in harmony with the forces at work and the motions produced in every other2 that the development and growth of each organ and part keeps pace with those of every other4 ,this knowledge1 power and creative force belongs only to the ,creator4 ,sec4 #ac4 ,spermatozon ,a spermatozon is a microscopic body contained in the semen1 to which the seminal fluid owes its vitality2 and which is the immediate means of impregnating or fertilizing the ovum of the female2 a spermatic cell or filament2 a spermatozoid4 7,cent4 ,dic4 #g1 p4 #ehai47 ,the spermatozon is composed of protoplasm and is one of the smallest cells in the animal body4 ,the seminal fluid is called 8sperm0 or 8the male seed40 ,sperm1 like saliva or blood1 is not a simple fluid1 but is a thick agglomeration of innumerable cells swimming about in a comparatively small quantity of fluid4 ,it is not the fluid1 but the independent male cells1 which swim in it1 that cause conception4 ,they have1 as a rule1 8a peculiarly lively motion40 ,in most animals1 the spermatozo have a very small naked body1 inclosing an elongated nucleus and a long thread like tail1 hanging from it4 ,it was long before we could recognize that these structures were simple cells4 ,we now know that the spermatozo are nothing but simple and real cells of the kind we call 8ciliated0 cells1 equipped with cilia or 8lashes40 ,the body of the spermatozon is divided into 8head10 8trunk0 and 8tail40 ,the head is merely the oval nucleus of the cell2 the body or middle part is an accumulation of cell matter and the tail is a thread-like prolongation of the trunk or body4 ,the form of the spermatozon is not peculiar to it2 cells with similar forms are found in various other parts of the body4 ,such forms as the spermatozon are called caudate or tailed cells4 ,see ,haeckel1 ,evolution of ,man1 p4 #eb-ec4 8,the spermatozo10 says ,professor ,martin1 8are motile bodies about #a_/ejjth of an inch in length2 they have a flattened1 clear body or head and a long vibratile tail or cilium2 the portion of the tail nearest the head is thicker than the rest1 and is known as the neck4 ,the mode of development of a spermatozon shows that the head is a cell-nucleus and the neck and tail a modified cell-body40--7,martin1 ,human ,body1 p4 #fea47 ,according to ,haeckel1 the spermatozon is about #a_/aj1jjjth of an inch in diameter4 ,see ,evolution of ,man1 p4 #ec1 fig4 #bb4 8,the striking differences10 says ,haeckel1 8of between the respective cells1 in size and shape ''' are easily explained on the principle of division of labor4 ,the inert motionless ovum grows in size according to the quantity of provision it stores up in the form of nutritive yelk for the development of the germ4 ,the active swimming sperm-cell is reduced in size in proportion to its need to seek the ovum and bore its way into its yelk40--,haeckel1 ,evolution of ,man1 p4 #eg4 ,these statements appear to be true2 but the work described by ,haeckel1 cannot be done by man nor woman2 nor by their sexual organs2 nor by the blind unthinking atoms which go to build up the spermatozon and the ovum4 ,the ,creator only1 can make them6 8,the phenomena we have described10 he says1 on another page1 8can only be understood and explained by ascribing a certain lower degree of psychic activity to the sexual principles4 ,they feel each other's proximity and are drawn together by a sensitive impulse 7probably related to smell72 they move towards each other and do not rest until they fuse together40 7,haeckel1 ,evolution of ,man1 p4 #eh47 ,there is no pretense that the spermatozon has any brain1 eyes1 ears1 nose1 taste or touch2 nor that the ovum has any such organs4 ,then1 how can they have any 8degree of psychic activity20 how can 8they feel each other's proximity20 how can 8they move towards each other80 ,how could either know in what direction to go in order to reach the other8 ,it is absurd to suppose that the spermatozon and ovum have any knowledge of each other1 or of anything else2 and the only reasonable hypothesis is that the ,creator generates1 guides1 and controls the forces which bring them together and fuse them into the germ-cell4 ,sec4 #ad4 ,ovum ,the word ovum is defined as3 8,an egg in a broad biological sense2 and the proper product of an ovary2 the female germ or seed1 which1 when fertilized by the male sperm1 is capable of developing into an individual like the parents4''' ,an ovum consists of a quantity of protoplasm or cell-substance called the vitellus or yolk inclosed in a cell-wall or vitelline membrane1 and provided with a nucleus and nucleolus40 7,cent4 ,dic4 #e1 p4 #dbab47 8,the ovum 7egg7 is extremely small10 says ,haeckel1 8being a tiny round vesicle about #a_/abjth of an inch in diameter2 it can be seen under favorable circumstances with the naked eye as a tiny particle1 but is otherwise quite invisible4 ,this particle is formed in the ovary inside a much larger globule1 which takes the name of the ,grafian follicle1 from its discoverer1 ,graf1 and which had been previously regarded as the true ovum40 7,evolution of ,man1 chap4 #c1 pp4 #af-ag47 8,man is developed10 says ,darwin1 8from an ovule 7little egg7 about the #a_/abeth of an inch in diameter1 which differs in no respect from the ovules of other animals40 7,descent of ,man1 chap4 #a1 p4 #i47 8,in man10 says ,romanes1 8as in most mammals1 it 7the ovum or egg-cell7 is about #a_/abjth of an inch in diameter40 7,romanes1 ,darwin and ,after ,darwin1 #a1 p4 #abj47 ,supposing the human egg to be #a_/abjth of an inch in diameter and an ordinary pin's head to be #a_/afth of an inch in diameter1 which is about its size1 the egg would be about #a_/gth of the size of a pin's head4 ,haeckel says3 8,in the lower vertebrates the formation of ova 7eggs7 in the germ-epithelium of the ovary continues throughout life2 but in the higher animals it is restricted to the earlier stages1 or even to the period of embryonic development4 8,in man it seems to cease in the first year2 in the second year we find no new-formed ova 7eggs7 or chains of ova 7,pfluger's tubes47 ,however1 the number of ova 7eggs7 in the two ovaries is very large in the young girl4 ,there are calculated to be #gb1jjj in the sexually mature maiden40 7,evolution of ,man1 chap4 #bi1 p4 #cdg47 8,the human ovum10 says ,haeckel1 8whether fertilized1 or not1 cannot be distinguished from that of most other mammals4 ,it is nearly the same everywhere1 in form1 size1 and composition4 ,when it is fully formed1 it has a diameter of 7on an average7 about #a_/abjth of an inch4 ,when the mammal ovum 7egg7 has been carefully isolated and held against the light on a glass-plate1 it may be seen as a fine point even with the naked eye4 ,the ova 7eggs7 of most of the higher animals are about the same size4 ,the diameter of the ovum 7egg7 is almost always between #a_/bejth and #a_/abeth of an inch4 ,it has always the same globular shape2 the same characteristic membrane2 the same transparent germinal vesicle with its dark germinal spot4 8,even when we use the most powerful microscope10 he continues1 8with its highest power1 we can detect no material difference between the ova 7eggs7 of man1 the ape1 dog1 and so on4 ,i do not mean to say that there are no differences between the ova 7eggs7 of these different mammals4 ,on the contrary1 we are bound to assume that there are such differences at least as regards chemical composition4 ,even the ova 7eggs7 of different men must differ from each other2 otherwise we should not have a different individual from each ovum 7egg74 ,it is true that our crude and imperfect apparatus cannot detect these subtle individual differences which are probably in the molecular 7atomic7 structure40--7,evolution of ,man1 chap4 #f1 p4 #dd47 ,sec4 #ae4 ,spermatozon and ,ovum are ,special ,creations ,each human spermatozon is formed in the genital organs of a particular man4 ,so each human ovum is formed in the genital organs of a particular woman4 ,each of them is a new chemical combination1 and a new mechanical arrangement1 of the atoms of carbon1 hydrogen1 nitrogen and oxygen 7protoplasm7 of which they are composed2 which atoms are now1 combined and arranged1 for the first and last time1 into a spermatozon or an ovum4 ,the atoms in a spermatozon are chemically combined according to a prescribed formula1 and mechanically arranged according to a specific plan2 and the same is true of the atoms in an ovum4 ,each spermatozon has the same chemical composition and the same mechanical arrangement1 the same form and size1 that every other has4 ,so each ovum has the same combination and arrangement1 the same form and size that every other has4 ,the materials1 forces and motions employed in making each spermatozon are similar to those employed in forming every other2 but they are wholly different from1 and independent of1 those employed in making any other2 and the same is true of the materials1 forces and motions employed in making each ovum4 ,in other words1 each spermatozon is composed of its own atoms1 and these atoms are selected1 assembled1 combined and arranged by forces and motions1 peculiar to itself1 independently of and wholly different from1 the forces and motions which build up every other4 ,the same is true of each ovum1 the necessary changes being made4 ,it is a well known fact that each human spermatozon is so adapted to1 and correlated with1 each human ovum that these two cells will1 under suitable conditions1 fuse and produce a new human being4 ,it is also true that no other substance1 on the earth1 will fuse with such an ovum with the same result4 ,the same is true of each ovum vice versa4 ,these facts prove that each spermatozon1 and each ovum1 has a specific composition1 and definite arrangement of its atoms2 that each spermatozon has the same composition1 and1 substantially the same form1 size1 and structure that every other has2 and that each ovum has the same composition1 form1 size and structure that every other has4 ,we cannot doubt that each spermatozon and each ovum is produced anew1 separately and apart from1 and independently of every other1 the production of each having no relation to the production nor to the existence of any other4 ,intellect1 memory1 will-power1 force and motion are necessary to group two or more atoms into a prescribed chemical combination1 or into a specified mechanical arrangement4 ,so supernatural1 psychic and creative force are necessary to endow the human spermatozon and ovum1 with the vital properties and potentialities which they are known to possess4 ,thus it appears that each spermatozon and each ovum has mysterious and wonderful properties peculiar to itself4 ,we cannot believe that they are produced by accident1 nor by chance2 nor that the atoms1 of which they are composed1 assemble and group themselves1 automatically1 into the form of a spermatozon or an ovum2 nor that they are evolved by the factors of evolution4 ,the man in whose genital organs the spermatozon is formed1 has no conscious part nor voluntary agency in its production2 nor has he any control1 nor any power over it4 ,his sexual organs 8grind it out0 as a mill grinds out meal4 ,nor has the woman1 in whose ovary the ovum is formed1 any part nor agency in its production2 nor any control nor any power over it4 ,no man1 however wise1 scientific and great he may be1 can make any combination of atoms with the properties and potentialities of the spermatozon2 nor with those of the ovum4 ,the atoms in each spermatozon are unique and peculiar to it1 they being similar to1 but differing from1 those composing any other spermatozon2 and the same is true of the atoms composing each ovum4 ,so1 each spermatozon appears to be endowed with the power to produce a child with a form1 features1 characteristics and traits resembling those of its father4 ,in like manner it appears that each ovum has the power to produce a child with a form1 features1 qualities and traits resembling those of its mother4 ,but the smallest ant is a giant1 in comparison with the spermatozon or the ovum4 ,neither of them has any brain1 nor eyes1 ears1 nose1 touch1 nor taste--no brain nor sense-organs4 ,it is impossible to believe that the spermatozon knows the color of its father's hair and eyes2 his complexion2 the length of his nose2 the size and form of his head2 his facial expression2 his characteristics and traits4 ,nor can we even imagine that the ovum has any knowledge of its mother1 nor of her anatomy1 organs1 form1 features or characteristics4 ,but assuming for argument that the spermatozon and ovum do know all these things1 it would be absurd to suppose that they can1 automatically1 combine1 arrange and differentiate their atoms1 and the new daughter-cells1 which are produced in the embryo body1 in such manner and form as to reproduce the hair1 eyes1 complexion1 form1 features1 characteristics and traits of the father and mother4 ,the work1 which the spermatozon and ovum appear to do is1 in fact1 done by the ,creator1 ,himself1 ,he employing them as instruments with which to do the same4 ,in view of all the facts1 we are compelled to infer that the ,creator selects the atoms1 which form the spermatozon and the ovum and that he generates1 guides and controls the forces1 which assemble1 group and arrange them into the form of a spermatozon and ovum4 ,it follows that each human spermatozon and ovum is a new1 direct and special creation by ,almighty ,god4 ,sec4 #af4 ,germ-,cell1 ,stem-,cell or ,fertilized ,ovum ,the fertilized ovum is variously called1 8germ-cell10 8stem-cell10 8first segmentation sphere10 8parent-cell10 8impregnated ovum10 8fertilized egg cell10 and other names of like import1 all these phrases meaning the same thing4 ,under the head1 8,conception10 ,haeckel says1 among other things3 8,the process of fertilization by sexual conception consists1 therefore1 essentially1 in the colescence and fusing together of two different cells4 ,the lively spermatozon travels toward the ovum by its serpentine movements and bores its way into the female cell4 ,the nuclei of both sexual cells attracted by a certain affinity approach each other and melt into one40--7,haeckel1 ,ev4 ,man1 p4 #ec47 ,how do they acquire this 8affinity80 ,how do they know each other8 ,have they intellect1 memory and will8 ,are they not driven toward each other by a supernatural1 psychic force8 ,continuing he says3 8,the fertilized cell is quite another thing from the unfertilized cell4 ,for if we must regard the spermia spermatozo as real cells1 no less than the ova1 and the process of conception as the colescence of the two we must consider the resultant cell as a quite new and independent organism4 ,it bears in the cell and nuclear matter of the penetrating spermatozon a part of the father's body1 and in the protoplasm of the ovum a part of the mother's body4 ,this is clear from the fact that the child inherits many features from both parents4 ,it inherits from the father by means of the spermatozon and from the mother by means of the ovum4 ,the actual blending of the two cells produces a third cell1 which is the germ of the child1 or new organism conceived4 ,one may also say of this sexual colescence that the stem cell is a simple hermaphrodite1 it unites both sexual substances in itself40 7,ev4 ,man1 pp4 #ec-ed47 8,the individual development10 he says1 8in man and the other animals1 commences with the formation of a simple #8stem-cell1' of this character1 and this then passes by repeated segmentation 7or cleavage7 into a cluster of cells1 known as #8the segmentation sphere1' or #8segmentation cell4'0 7,haeckel1 ,ev4 ,man1 p4 #ed47 ,on another page 7#ef7 he says3 8,hence the essential point in the process of sexual reproduction or impregnation is the formation of a new cell1 the stem-cell1 by the combination of two originally different cells1 the female ovum and the male spermatozon4 ,the process is of the highest importance and merits our closest attention4 ,all that happens in the later development of this first cell1 and in the life of the organism that comes of it1 is determined from the first by the chemical and morphological composition of the stem-cell1 its nucleus and its body40 7,ev4 ,man1 p4 #ef47 8,hertwig10 he continues1 8puts his theory of conception thus3 #8,conception consists in the copulation of two cell-nuclei1 which comes from a male and a female cell4'''' 8,as the phenomenon of heredity is inseparably connected with the reproductive process we may further conclude that these two copulating nuclei convey the characteristics which are transmitted from parents to offspring40 7,ev4 of ,man1 p4 #ef47 8,as1 moreover1 there is a complete colescence 7fusion7 of the mutually attracted nuclear substances in conception1 and the new nucleus formed 7the stem nucleus7 is the real starting point for the development of the fresh organism1 the further conclusion may be drawn that the male nucleus conveys to the child the qualities of the father1 and the female nucleus the features of the mother4 8,we must not forget1 however1 that the protoplastic bodies of the copulating cells also fuse together in the act of impregnation2 the cell-body of the invading spermatozon 7the trunk and tail of the ciliated cell7 is dissolved in the yelk of the female ovum4 ,this colescence is not so important as that of the two nuclei1 but it must not be overlooked2 and though the process is not so well known to us1 we see clearly at least the formation of the star-like figure1 7the radial arrangement of the particles in the plasma7 in it40 7,haeckel1 ,ev4 ,man1 p4 #ef47 ,in another place 7p4 #eg7 he says3 8,it has been shown that the tiny sperm-cell 7spermatozon7 is not subordinated to but co-ordinated with1 the large ovum4 ,the nuclei of the two cells1 as the vehicle of the hereditary features of the parents1 are of equal physiological importance4 ,in some cases we have succeeded in proving that the mass of the active nuclear substance1 which combines in the copulation of the two sexual nuclei is originally the same for both4 8,these morphological facts are in perfect harmony with the familiar physiological truth that the child inherits from both parents2 and that on the average they are equally distributed4 ,i say #8on the average' because it is well known that a child may have a greater likeness to the father1 or to the mother2 that goes without saying1 as far as the primary sexual characters 7the sexual glands7 are concerned4 ,but it is also possible that the determination of the latter--the weighty determination whether the child is to be a boy or a girl--depends on a slight qualitative or quantitative difference in nuclein or the colored nuclear matter which comes from both parents in the act of conception40 7,ev4 ,man1 p4 #eg47 ,haeckel continues1 7p4 #eg73 8,quite in harmony with this new conception of the equivalence of the two gonads 7ovum and spermatozon7 on the equal physiological importance of the male and female sex-cells and their equal share in the process of heredity1 is the important fact established by ,hertwig that in normal impregnation only one single spermatozon copulates with one ovum2 the membrane which is raised on the surface of the yelk immediately after one sperm-cell has penetrated1 prevents any others from entering4 ,all the rivals of the fortunate penetrator die without40 7,ev4 ,man1 pp4 #eg-eh47 ,sec4 #ag4 ,germ-,cell ,does ,not ,contain ,any ,skeleton1 ,model nor ,performed ,outline of the ,coming ,embryo ,at this point it should be noted that the stem-cell does not contain any skeleton1 model nor other preformed outline of the coming embryo for the following reasons3 7#a7 neither the ovum nor the spermatozon contains any such skeleton1 model nor outline2 and if each of them contain such a thing1 both would be destroyed when these primary cells fuse and merge into the germ-cell4 7#b7 ,the germ-cell first divides into two1 four1 eight1 sixteen1 thirty-two1 and sixty-four daughter-cells1 and so on into the millions2 and this segmentation of the stem-cell and daughter-cells would surely annihilate any skeleton1 model or other outline that might exist in the germ-cell2 7#c7 the germ-cell first divides into two daughter-cells and so on1 to infinity1 as already stated2 and these daughter-cells form what are called 8germ-layers0 or sheets of cells from which the human body and all of its organs and parts are built up4 7,haeckel1 ,ev4 ,man1 pp4 #ad1 #af1 #ei1 #ib2 ,encyc4 ,brit41 7#ith ed47 #c1 p4 #fhb2 #h1 pp4 #afe1 #gdd2 #bd1 p4 #fca2 ,cent4 ,dic4 #c1 p4 #bejj1 8,germ-layer407 ,this mode of growth1 by the segmentation of cells and formation of germ-layers1 is called 8epigenesis0 which ,huxley defines as 8the successive differentiation of a relatively homogeneous rudiment1 into the parts and structures1 which characterize the adult40 7,encyc4 ,brit4 #h1 p4 #gdd4 ,cent4 ,dic4 #c1 p4 #aifh1 8,epigenesis407 ,according to the theory of epigenesis1 which is now held by all the scientific world1 the human body grows anew from the germ-cell1 without any skeleton model or any other kind of preformation4 8,every living thing10 says ,huxley1 8is evolved from a particle of matter1 in which no trace of the distinctive characters of the adult form of that living thing is discernible4 ,this particle is termed a germ40 7,encyc4 ,brit4 7#i ed47 #h1 p4 #gdf47 ,he defines a germ as 8matter potentially alive1 and having1 within itself1 the tendency to assume a definite living form20 and says that this definition 8appears to meet all the requirements of modern science40 7,encyc4 ,brit4 7#i ed47 #h1 p4 #gdf47 8,in all cases10 he says1 8the process of evolution growth consists in a succession of changes of the form1 structure and functions of the germ fertilized ovum1 by which it passes1 step by step1 from an extreme simplicity1 or relative homogeneity1 of visible structure to a greater or less degree of complexity or heterogeneity2 and the course of progressive differentiation is usually accompanied by growth1 which is effected by intussusception40 7,encyc4 ,brit4 #h1 p4 #gdf47 ,huxley is surely mistaken in saying that 8the process of evolution development and growth consists in a succession of changes in the form1 structure and functions of the germ10 for the germ 7fertilized ovum7 immediately divides into two daughter-cells1 these into four1 these into eight1 sixteen and so on to infinity4 ,thus1 it appears that germ 7germ-cell7 becomes 8a drop in the sea10 its identity being wholly lost4 ,huxley states this fact1 in substance1 in the quotation below4 8,the substance10 he says1 8by the addition of which the germ is enlarged is in no case1 simply absorbed ready-made form the not-living world1 and packed between the elementary constituents of the germ4''' ,the new material is1 in a great measure1 not only absorbed but assimilated1 so that it become part and parcel of the molecular structure of the living body into which it enters4 ,and so far from the fully developed organism's being simply the germ plus the nutriment which it has absorbed1 it is probable that the adult contains neither in form1 nor in substance1 more than an inappreciable fraction of the constituents of the germ2 and that it is almost wholly made up of assimilated and metamorphosed nutriment4 ,in the great majority of cases1 at any rate1 the full grown organism becomes what it is by the absorption of not-living matter1 and its conversion into living matter of a specific type40 7,encyc4 ,brit4 7#i ed47 #h1 p4 #gdf47 ,the substance of these quotations is that the germ 7fertilized ovum7 has1 within itself1 a tendency to assume the form of a man or woman4 ,but1 as above remarked1 this is not true4 ,on the contrary the 8germ0 divides into two daughter-cells1 and these continue to divide until millions of them are produced4 ,these daughter-cells are so distributed1 combined1 differentiated1 grouped and arranged as to produce the embryo body with all its organs and parts4 ,according to ,huxley and other materialists the 8germ0 and its daughter-cells do all this work spontaneously without the aid or guidance of any extraneous psychic or creative force4 ,is this possible8 ,sec4 #ah4 ,germ-,cell ,has ,no ,inherent ,power to ,evolve1 ,spontaneously and ,automatically1 the ,body and ,organs of the ,embryo ,the germ-cell 7fertilized ovum7 has no brain1 no eyes1 ears1 nose1 touch1 nor taste--no brain nor sense-organs--no organs whatever4 ,it has no knowledge of chemical elements2 nor of their affinities2 nor of their combinations4 ,it has no knowledge of mechanical arrangement2 no knowledge of the human body nor of its organs and parts2 nor of their chemical constituents2 nor of their mechanical arrangement4 ,it has no idea of time nor space2 nor of the adaption of a means to an end2 nor of a contrivance4 ,the germ-cell has no memory of any of these things1 for it is impossible for any being to remember a thing that it never knew4 ,this would be a contradiction of terms--an absurdity4 ,i know that ,haeckel and other writers speak of 8unconscious memory10 8organic memory10 etc4 ,but these are vagaries of the evolutionist and materialist1 having no foundation in fact4 ,so far as our experience goes1 there is no such thing as intellect nor memory without and apart from a living physical body4 ,before there can be intellect or memory1 there must be such body to serve as its dwelling place4 ,it is absurd to suppose that the spermatozon1 the ovum or the fertilized ovum has intellect or memory4 ,but even if any of the three has either of these faculties1 it would be preposterous to suppose that the spermatozon1 ovum or fertilized ovum1 remembers anything that happened before the atoms1 of which it is composed1 were grouped together as such4 ,in other words1 we cannot even imagine that any living being remembers anything that happened before it came into existence as such being4 ,it is too clear for argument that no parent ever transmits to his or her child the memory of any thing that he or she ever saw1 heard1 felt or knew4 ,every man knows that he has no memory of anything that happened to either of his parents4 ,it follows that the memory of each animal is limited to the period of his own existence1 as such2 and that there is no such thing as 8unconscious memory10 or 8organic memory10 in the sense in which these terms are used by the evolutionist4 ,but 8unconscious memory10 8organic memory10 etc41 if there were any such thing1 have no constructive force4 ,i might have a vivid memory of every spring1 wheel1 and part of a watch and yet have no power to make one4 ,so1 an anatomist may know and remember every bone1 muscle1 artery1 vein1 nerve and part of the human body2 but this knowledge and memory would not enable him to form the chemical combinations and make the mechanical arrangements necessary to construct the human body and impart life to it4 ,nor has the germ-cell any will-power to begin and continue the work of building up the embryo body until it is completed4 ,we cannot even imagine that the germ-cell has the semblance of a will in any sense of the term4 ,to construct the embryo body a sufficient number of atoms of the necessary chemical elements1 such as carbon1 hydrogen1 nitrogen1 oxygen1 etc41 must be selected1 assembled at the proper places and there combined1 in certain proportions1 to form the required chemical combinations2 next these combinations must be grouped and mechanically arranged in such a manner as to form the embryo body1 with all its organs and parts in their proper places4 ,can the germ-cell1 and the millions of daughter-cells arising from it1 do this miraculous work1 automatically1 without the aid and guidance of the ,creator8 ,let us imagine that ,edison or some other scientific man should build a tank large enough to hold a brick house with six rooms2 that he put into the tank a 8magic brick10 composed of silica1 aluminum1 iron1 lime1 magnesia1 manganese1 soda and potash combined in the proper proportions1 7,encyc4 ,brit4 #d1 p4 #bhj72 that he turned a stream of water1 charged with these elements1 upon the brick2 that it absorbed these substances from the water and assimilated them into its own body2 that it afterward split into two 8daughter-bricks10 these two into four1 these into eight1 sixteen1 thirty-two1 sixty-four1 one hundred and twenty-eight1 and so on to infinity2 that these bricks1 automatically1 assumed such positions on top of each other as to build up the four walls of the house1 without the aid of man or any other psychic force2 that the bricks left spaces for doors1 windows1 etc42 that they also built up the chimneys1 fire places1 etc42 that some of the bricks1 spontaneously1 metamorphosed themselves into marble slabs for window-sills1 door-sills1 hearth-stones1 etc42 that other bricks were converted into oaken mantels1 with mirrors1 etc42 that others were converted into slabs of slate and assumed the proper form1 size and positions to form a slate roof6 ,if any such thing should ever happen it would be justly considered a great miracle4 ,but the development and growth of the embryo are far more mysterious and wonderful than the building of a house in this manner would be2 for the embryo is a live miniature model of a man or woman--the work of a supernatural creative force--,almighty ,god4 ,huxley says1 in substance1 that the germ-cell has 8within itself the tendency to assume a definite living form40 ,he also says 8that the great characteristic of the germ is1 not so much what is1 but what it may1 under suitable conditions1 become40--7,encyc4 ,brit4 7#i ed47 #h1 p4 #gdf47 ,the common belief of mankind1 in general1 is that the germ-cell1 spontaneously and automatically1 develops and grows to be a man or woman1 without the aid of any extraneous psychic or creative force4 ,but it is clear that the germ-cell divides into two1 four1 eight1 sixteen1 thirty-two and sixty-four daughter-cells2 and so on to infinity4 ,it follows that the germ-cell is annihilated within a few hours after it is formed2 and that its identity1 as the germ-cell is wholly lost in the myriads of daughter-cells which arise from it1 and go to build up the embryo body2 each daughter-cell containing1 theoretically1 a portion of the germ-cell4 ,it follows that the germ-cell has no tendency 8within itself to assume a definite living form20 nor has it any power to become a living form1 nor anything else4 ,obviously1 the microscopic germ-cell1 when whole1 would be powerless to develop and grow to be a man or woman2 and for a much stronger reason the infinitesimal fragments of it would be powerless to do these things4 ,apparently1 the ,creator uses the germ-cell to inaugurate the growth of daughter-cells in the embryo body1 in the same manner that a grain of wheat is used to start the growth of a stalk of wheat4 ,sec4 #ai4 ,reproduction1 its ,phenomena ,all the phenomena of reproduction may be grouped under the following heads3 7#a7 ,production of the spermatozon1 7#b7 production of the ovum1 7#c7 their fusion into the fertilized ovum1 7#d7 production of daughter-cells1 7#e7 distribution1 mechanical arrangement and grouping of cells1 7#f7 differentiation of cells into the different tissues1 7#g7 waste of cells4 ,sec4 #bj4 ,spermatozon1 its ,production ,the first step toward the reproduction of a man1 woman1 or any other mammal1 7an individual of a species which suckles its young71 is the formation of a spermatozon in the genital organs of a male4 ,see index1 infra1 8,spermatozon40 ,sec4 #ba4 ,ovum1 its ,production ,the production of an ovum in the genital organs of a female is the second step4 ,it is immaterial which of them is produced first4 ,the essential point is that they shall meet and fuse into the fertilized ovum4 ,see ,sec4 #ad1 supra2 ,index1 infra1 8ovum40 ,sec4 #bb4 ,germ-,cell1 its ,production ,the third step is the fusion of the spermatozon and ovum into the germ-cell1 stem-cell or fertilized ovum4 ,see index1 infra1 8germ-cell10 8stem-cell10 8fertilized ovum40 ,sec4 #bc4 ,daughter-,cells1 ,their ,production ,the fourth step is the production of daughter-cells4 ,the germ-cell 7fertilized ovum7 is the primordial cell1 from which every other cell in the human body is directly or indirectly1 produced by fission or self-division4 ,as already stated1 the germ-cell divides into two daughter-cells1 these into four1 these into eight1 sixteen1 and so on to infinity4 ,every cell is composed of a vast number of atoms4 ,a portion of these atoms is differentiated into 8the inner nucleus 7caryoplasm70 and 8the body of the cell 7cytoplasm740 7,haeckel1 ,ev4 ,man1 p4 #ch47 ,again he says3 8,in a mesh of the nuclear net-work ''' there is1 as a rule1 a dark1 very opaque1 solid body1 called the nucleolus40 7,ev4 ,man1 p4 #ch47 ,on another page1 he says3 8,some cells have a #8nucleolinus' in the center of the nucleolus40 7,ev4 ,man1 p4 #dj1 fig4 #i47 ,we cannot believe that any microscopic cell in the human body has intellect1 memory1 will-power nor creative force4 ,for a stronger reason1 we cannot imagine that any of the atoms of which any cell is composed1 has these faculties4 ,nor can we conceive that a portion of these atoms1 automatically1 metamorphose themselves into a nucleolus1 others into a nucleolinus1 while the remainder continue to be a simple cell-body4 ,how do the cells know when the time has come to divide into two daughter-cells2 where the dividing line should run in order to divide the cell-body1 nucleus and nucleolus into two equal parts8 ,for further discussion of cells see ,index1 infra1 8cell40 ,sec4 #bd4 ,animals1 ,their ,sizes are ,determined1 ,how8 ,why does the elephant grow larger than the mouse4 ,both are mammals and are built of cells4 ,the mouse has identically the same organs and parts that the elephant has4 ,the mode of reproducing each is the same as that of the other4 ,the spermatozon1 ovum and germ-cell are common to both4 ,how does it happen that all normal adult individuals of each species of animal in a given region and of each sex1 have substantially the same form and size1 called3 8the mode80 ,the reader may reply that nature fixes the size and form of every individual of each species4 ,the evolutionist will say that the law of heredity and environment determine the sizes and forms of animals and plants2 that the mouse is small because his ancestors were small2 that the elephant is large because his were large4 ,but these replies do not explain the phenomena4 ,each animal grows anew1 for itself4 ,his body is a new combination of the atoms and cells of which it is composed4 ,the forces and motions employed in its construction are new and peculiar to it4 ,when the cells in an embryo body begin to grow there is no apparent reason why they should not continue to grow and multiply1 forever4 ,now1 what psychic force or agency ascertains and determines when the work of building up the animal body has been completed8 ,what force or agency equalizes the growth and waste of cells in a mature animal body and keeps it of the same form1 size1 and weight until the decay of old age comes on8 ,the size of every animal depends upon the size and number of cells in his body2 and its form is determined by the manner in which these cells are grouped together4 ,for example there are more cells in the nose 7trunk7 and teeth 7tusks7 of the elephant1 in proportion to the size of his body1 than there are in those of the mouse in proportion to his4 ,it is clear that a mouse would grow to be as large as an elephant if the cells in his body continued to grow and multiply for a sufficient period of time4 ,why do the cells cease to multiply when the mouse has attained a certain size8 ,why do they stop work in the elephant's body when he gets his normal growth8 ,do the cells in the mouse and those in the elephant know when their work is done8 ,how do they know it8 ,the materialist denies the existence of a ,first ,cause and maintains that every animal and plant is the result of 8a natural continuous and necessary evolution40 7,haeckel1 ,evolution of ,man1 p4 #bf47 ,huxley says1 in effect1 that 8secondary causes0 produce all the phenomena of the physical universe2 and that man and the rest of the living world 8are all co-ordinated terms in nature's great progression40 7,man's ,place in ,nature1 pp4 #aej-aea47 ,but it appears that the materialist maintains that the law of heredity is fixed and unchangeable1 at all events it is proof against secondary causes4 ,for example1 no sort of treatment1 nor any kind nor quantity of food will make a mouse grow to the size of an elephant nor any larger than his ancestors were4 ,food and environment are 8secondary causes20 but they have no power to change the form nor the size of the animal body4 ,since all normal adult individuals of each species of animals1 all over the earth1 and in every age1 have substantially the same form and size2 and since each individual is built up1 anew1 of new cells 7or atoms7 by new forces and motions1 we are compelled to assume that the same psychic force or agency determines the number of cells which shall go into each normal body1 and the manner in which these cells shall be grouped together4 ,in brief1 the same supernatural psychic and creative force1 always1 determines the form and size of each animal1 all over the earth4 ,sec4 #be4 ,distribution and ,grouping of ,cells in the ,embryo ,body ,as already stated1 every man and woman begins life as a germ-cell or fertilized ovum4 ,this cell grows and divides into two daughter-cells2 these into four1 eight1 sixteen1 thirty-two1 and so on4 ,at first these daughter-cells are so distributed and grouped as to form a solid ball called 8the morula20 next they take the form of a hollow ball1 called 8the blastula0 with a single layer or sheet of cells and a fluid in the center2 next a group of cells with two layers1 called 8the gastrula20 then they are so distributed or grouped as to form two germ-layers or sheets of cells1 then into three layers1 then into four4 ,at this point a portion of the cells is so grouped as to begin the formation of the spinal cord and brain2 and in course of time1 other cells are so distributed and grouped as to form the bones1 muscles1 nerves1 arteries1 veins1 heart1 lungs1 stomach1 liver1 kidneys1 intestines1 arms1 hands1 legs1 feet and other organs and parts of the body4 ,the form of any animal body and each organ and part of such a body1 depends upon the manner in which its cells are distributed and grouped4 ,thus1 the form of the whale1 elephant1 giraffe1 camel1 lion1 tiger1 hippopotamus1 alligator1 python1 horse1 cow1 eagle and humming-bird1 is produced by the distribution of the cells or atoms in their bodies4 ,if a man has a very large head1 a long nose or big foot we are compelled to infer that these peculiarities are the result of depositing an unusual number of cells 78organic bricks07 in these parts of his body4 ,sir ,isaac ,newton states his first law of motion in the words following3 8,everybody continues in its state of rest1 or of uniform motion in a straight line1 except in so far as it is compelled1 by force1 to change that state40--7,encyc4 ,brit4 7#i ed47 #ae1 p4 #fgf47 ,for example1 if one should lay a stone on the ground it would remain there forever1 unless moved by some sort of force4 ,it would be absurd to suppose that the stone could1 automatically1 move itself4 ,there is no such thing as making any thing out of nothing4 ,every thing is made of some other thing4 ,the body of the horse is made of corn1 hay and other vegetable and mineral substances4 ,so the human body is made of bread1 meat and other food-stuffs1 eaten by the mother before birth and by the individual1 himself1 after birth4 ,the germ-cell is deposited in the womb of its mother4 ,it cannot develop nor grow1 unless it receive nourishment from her body4 ,she eats bread1 meat and other things1 these are converted into blood1 and a portion of it is carried1 by the force of her heart and arteries1 to the germ-cell2 it absorbs and assimilates a portion of the blood2 produces cells2 and these are so distributed and grouped as to form the embryo body with all its organs and parts4 ,it is obvious that the father has nothing to do with the circulation of the mother's blood1 which conveys nourishment to the embryo2 it is equally clear that she has no conscious part in the circulation of her own blood1 and that she has no power nor control over the development nor the growth of the embryo1 except such as she may exert indirectly by the food which she eats4 ,the embryo begins life as a germ-cell4 ,atoms of building material must be conveyed1 by the blood of the mother1 to this cell1 otherwise1 it cannot develop nor grow4 ,as new cells are produced1 they are so distributed and grouped as to form the several organs and parts of the embryo body2 or it may be said that new cells are produced and added to older cells1 at such points as to build up the embryo organs and parts4 ,for example1 arm-buds and leg-buds appear on the surface of the trunk1 as slight swellings or projections2 new cells are added to these buds2 they grow1 in length1 by the addition of cells at the distal 7outer7 ends1 until they have attained the proper length1 terminating in the fingers and toes4 ,so the arms and legs grow to some extent in diameter by the addition of new cells2 but the number of cells1 which go to extend the length of the arms and legs1 greatly exceeds the number which go to increase the diameter4 ,every atom in a cell is a physical body1 like a brick1 and must be moved by extraneous force1 having no power to lift and move itself1 automatically4 ,it may be said that the heart and arteries of the mother furnish the energy1 which moves the atoms to the building site of the cells1 in the first instance4 ,but the atoms are not only moved2 they are carried at the proper time and deposited at the right place to build up the organ or part which is being constructed4 ,we cannot believe that the mother has any knowledge of1 nor power over1 the distribution of the atoms and cells1 which go to build up the embryo body2 nor can we even imagine that the embryo itself distributes them4 ,so it would be absurd to suppose that the atoms and cells move and distribute themselves1 automatically1 in such a manner as to build up the embryo4 ,how do the cells know when to begin the formation of the morula8 ,how do they know when it has been completed and when to begin the construction of the blastula8 ,how do they know when to take the form of the gastrula1 and when to enter the next stage8 ,the forces and motions required to build up the morula 7a solid ball7 are different from those required to construct the blastula 7a hollow ball7 and the gastrula 7a two-layered hollow group of cells with an aperture at one end of it72 the morula1 blastula and gastrula1 each1 requiring forces and motions peculiar to itself4 ,now1 what psychic force stops the forces and motions1 which build up the morula1 and sets to work the forces which construct the blastula and afterward the gastrula8 ,it is obvious that these cells1 7if there be enough of them71 may be so grouped as to form a sphere1 cube1 cylinder1 plate or any other figure2 and that any of these may be solid1 hollow or porous4 ,the head1 brain1 heart1 kidneys and some other parts of the embryo1 approximate the form of a sphere2 the trunk1 arms1 legs and many bones are approximately cylindrical2 other bones take the form of a plate1 for example the bones of the skull4 ,the form and shape of the embryo1 and of every organ and part of it1 depends entirely upon the manner in which its component cells are grouped4 ,how is it possible for these unthinking microscopic cells to know at what point to begin1 and in what direction to grow1 and in what manner they shall group themselves1 in order to construct the skeleton1 brain1 spinal cord1 heart1 lungs1 stomach1 liver1 kidneys1 etc48 ,the only reasonable hypothesis is that the production and placing of cells in the embryo body are directed and controlled by a supernatural psychic and creative force4 ,after the formation of a rudimentary head and trunk1 two 8arm-buds0 and two 8leg-buds0 appear on the surface of the trunk4 ,at first these 8buds0 are slight swellings or projections1 but they soon take the form of a cylinder and continue to grow mainly in length and slightly in diameter1 until the man or woman has finished his or her growth4 ,every embryo that ever existed1 grew and behaved in this same manner1 thus showing that the same supernatural psychic and creative force directed and controlled the growth and deposit of cells in the body of every man and woman that ever lived4 ,how could the cells possibly know at what point1 on the body of the embryo1 to group themselves together in order to build up the arms and legs8 ,how could they contrive to give the arms and legs the form of a cylinder1 the length being several times as great as the diameter8 ,how could the cells possibly know that there should be only one bone in each arm above the elbow and two below the elbow and the wrist8 ,how could they know the number of bones that should be placed between the wrist and fingers8 ,how could they know that there should be a thumb and four fingers in each hand and the number of joints in each finger8 ,how could it be possible for the blind unthinking cells to build up the two legs and feet1 with all their bones1 processes1 joints1 muscles1 nerves1 arteries1 veins1 etc41 without the aid and direction of a supernatural psychic and creative force8 ,we are1 therefore1 compelled to assume that the ,creator generates1 guides1 and controls the forces which distribute and group the atoms and cells in the body of the embryo4 ,sec4 #bf4 ,distribution and ,grouping of ,cells in the ,embryo ,body1 ,continued ,the atoms and cells of which the embryo body is built up1 and those of which each organ and part is made1 are carried to 8the building site0 and there grouped by force4 ,this force1 whatever it may be1 must be sufficient to overcome the force of gravity and the friction1 which one atom or cell encounters in moving on the surface of another4 ,this force must be guided and controlled by a ,being with a conscious intellect1 memory and will-power in order to build up the embryo body1 or one of its organs1 and give it the proper form and size2 for the right number of atoms or cells must be carried to 8the building site0 of each organ and part1 or it will be too large or too small1 and out of proportion to the other parts of the body2 and these atoms or cells must be so grouped as to give the organ or part the correct form--not too long1 too wide nor too thick2 else it will not fit into its place1 nor be in harmony with the other parts of the body4 ,intellect1 memory and judgment are necessary to construct the body or any part of it with atoms or cells1 for the builder must know the anatomy of the body2 must know the time when each part of the work must be done2 must know the relation of each part to every other part2 must know the proper form and size of each part1 and the present form and size2 must compare each part with every other in order to preserve harmony and due proportion among all the parts1 in form1 size and function4 ,the atoms of lime1 phosphorus1 carbon and oxygen1 are assembled in the body of the embryo and combined in such manner as to make the rudimentary bones rigid and stable2 others are assembled1 combined and so grouped as to form the muscles2 others to form the brain1 spinal cord and nerves2 others to form the arteries1 veins1 etc42 each of these tissues has its own chemical composition and molecular structure1 radically different from the composition and structure of every other tissue4 ,moreover1 these chemical and molecular changes 7specializations7 are made side by side at the same time1 all at once1 the muscles being attached to the bones1 and the nerves1 arteries and veins1 ramifying through the muscles1 bones1 etc4 ,not only so1 but the atoms and cells1 which form the bones1 muscles1 nerves1 arteries1 veins1 etc41 are assembled1 grouped and specialized at the exact points1 at which these tissues are needed to build up the embryo body4 ,what force or agency does this miraculous work8 ,surely1 it is not the father1 nor the mother4 ,it is not done by accident nor by chance1 for the same things happen in the development and growth of every normal embryo body in every age and country the world over4 ,all this wonderful work is done in every embryo body by the same psychic and creative force1 whose work is uniform1 continuous and everlasting4 ,the evolutionist says the development and growth of an embryo results from 8heredity20 that the child develops and grows as it does because its father and mother and all their ancestors1 for thousands of generations developed and grew in the same manner2 and that the embryo develops and grows by 8a natural continuous and necessary evolution40--7,haeckel1 ,ev4 ,man1 p4 #bf47 ,this is absurd1 for the cells which build up the embryo1 are new combinations of the atoms of which they are composed2 each embryo develops and grows anew for itself2 neither the germ-cell nor any of its daughter-cells has any knowledge of the father1 nor of the mother2 nor of their mode of development and growth2 nor of their organs and parts2 nor has the embryo any power nor control over its own development and growth1 nor to imitate the development and growth of its parents1 even if it knew how they developed and grew4 ,sec4 #bg4 ,differentiation 7,metamorphosis7 of ,simple-,cells ,into ,bone-,cells1 ,muscle-,cells1 ,nerve-,cells1 ,vascular-,cells1 ,gland-,cells1 ,etc4 ,a cell is said to be 8a simple-cell10 when it is composed of carbon1 hydrogen1 nitrogen and oxygen1 with a possible trace of phosphorus and sulphur1--when it consists of plain protoplasm--and before it has been differentiated into a bone-cell1 muscle-cell1 nerve-cell or the like4 ,to convert a simple-cell into one of these specialized cells certain atoms must be added to it1 or taken from it2 or certain atoms must be taken away and others added to it2 or the chemical combination of atoms in it must be broken down and new ones formed4 ,there is no change in the properties of the chemical elements1 which compose the human body4 ,for example1 the nature and properties of carbon1 hydrogen1 nitrogen and oxygen remain the same whether they are in or out of the body1 and the same is true of every other element4 ,the differentiation of simple-cells into bone-cells1 muscle-cells1 nerve-cells1 vascular-cells1 gland-cells1 etc41 is effected by changing the chemical elements1 which enter into their composition2 or by changing the proportion of these elements to one another and altering their molecular structure4 ,in fact1 it appears that every differentiation and specialization of any animal1 or of any organ or part of one1 is accomplished by changing its chemical constituents2 or by changing their relative proportions to one another and thereby modifying its molecular structure1 and by changing the mechanical arrangement of its atoms and cells4 ,the entire work of building up the embryo body is done by making new chemical combinations and new mechanical arrangements of the atoms and cells of which it is composed4 ,referring to the residue of the dry bone1 which remains after calcining it 7burning away the soft parts of it71 ,professor ,martin says3 8,the residue forms a white1 very brittle mass1 retaining1 perfectly the shape and structural details of the original bone4 ,it consists of normal calcium 7lime7 phosphate or bone-earth 7,,ca1 #b,,po72 but there is also present a considerable proportion of calcium lime carbonate 7,ca,c,o7 and smaller quantities of other salts40 7,martin1 ,human ,body1 p4 #ij47 ,under the head3 8,the ,chemistry of ,muscular ,tissue10 he says3 8,muscle contains #ge per cent of water2 and among other inorganic constituents1 phosphates and chlorides of potassium1 sodium and magnesium40 7,human ,body1 p4 #abc47 ,according to this statement there is no lime in the muscles2 and we cannot believe there is any of this substance in any tissue of the body except the bones2 for every other tissue is soft and flexible4 ,it is clear that the purpose of putting lime into the bones1 is to make them rigid and stable in order to support the body and keep all its organs and parts in place4 ,what force or agency assembles the atoms of lime1 phosphorus1 carbon and oxygen1 and combines them into the phosphate of lime1 and the carbonate of lime1 to make the bones rigid and stable8 ,surely1 it is not the father1 nor the mother1 nor the embryo itself4 ,it would be preposterous to suppose that the atoms of lime1 phosphorus1 carbon and oxygen1 of their own motion1 and automatically1 assemble and combine themselves1 chemically1 in such proportions as to form the phosphate of lime1 and the carbonate of lime in the bones2 and that these atoms of the phosphate and carbonate of lime group themselves1 automatically1 into such mechanical arrangements as to form the bones with all their processes1 joints1 cavities1 perforations1 etc41 and fit them together in the form of the skeleton4 ,the formation of bones in the body of a single animal1 might1 possibly happen by accident or chance4 ,but when bones are formed in the bodies of all animals of the same species for thousands1 or millions1 of years and when all of them1 in the bodies of each species1 have the same chemical composition1 the same structure1 form and size2 we are compelled to assume that the same cause1 force or agency1 which produces bones in each body1 also produces them in every other body2 in brief that all bones are made by the same supernatural psychic and creative force4 ,the same is true of every other tissue4 ,but the evolutionist says that 8heredity0 works this miracle4 ,in other words1 that this metamorphosis of simple-cells into bones1 muscles1 nerves1 etc41 happens because certain similar cells in the bodies of the father and mother were changed in the same manner4 ,he overlooks the fact that the cells1 bones1 etc41 in the embryo body are new and altogether different from those which were metamorphosed in the bodies of its parents and that the forces which did that work were exhausted in doing it4 ,he forgets or ignores the fact that neither the germ-cell nor any of its daughter-cells has any intellect1 memory1 will-power or creative force2 that they have no knowledge of chemistry1 nor of lime1 phosphorus1 carbon1 oxygen1 nor of their affinities2 nor of bones2 nor of their forms1 sizes and functions4 ,the differentiation and specialization 7metamorphosis7 of cells and tissues2 and their mechanical arrangement and grouping into the several organs and parts of the embryo body are not the work of blind mechanical forces2 nor of chance2 nor of accident2 nor of unthinking cells2 but of the ,almighty ,creator4 ,sec4 #bh4 ,waste of ,cells ,so soon as the embryo begins to grow1 the waste of cells begins2 and continues until the death of the individual1 however long he may live4 8,the knowledge is wanting10 says the ,britannica1 8which would tell us1 when a certain limit has been attained1 the process of income and expenditure balance and growth ceases40--7,encyc4 ,brit4 #ag1 p4 #fhf47 8,during life10 says ,professor ,martin1 8all the formed elements of the body are constantly being broken down and removed2 either molecularly1 7that is bit by bit1 while the general size and form of the cell or fibre remains unaltered7 or in mass1 as when the hairs and the cuticle are shed40 7,martin1 ,human ,body1 p4 #fgj47 ,see ,encyc4 ,brit4 #ag1 pp4 #fhf-fhg2 ,martin1 ,human ,body1 pp4 #dea-dgf1 #fgj-fga2 ,new ,international ,encyc4 #i1 pp4 #cab-cae4 ,the waste of cells affects the growth of the body1 only so far as it tends to neutralize and offset the increase of the body by the multiplication of cells4 ,sec4 #bi4 ,embryo ,body is ,built up of ,inanimate ,atoms ,except the ,germ-,cell ,the germ-cell 7fertilized ovum7 is the physical basis of every human body4 ,such an ovum is said to be potentially alive because it may1 with the aid of the ,creator1 develop into a living individual4 ,excepting this tiny bit of flesh-like substance1 which is barely visible to the naked eye1 and which is not one trillionth part of the infant at birth1 every part of the human embryo is built up of inanimate atoms1 which are carried and distributed to the growing embryo by the blood of the mother4 ,these dead atoms are then assimilated by the embryo and incorporated into its growing body4 ,the fertilized ovum is soon split and divided into millions of pieces1 by the division of cells1 and lost in the general mass of the embryo body like a drop in the sea4 ,it appears that the chief office of the fertilized ovum is to inaugurate the growth and multiplication of cells1 which are1 finally1 differentiated and specialized into the several organs and parts of the embryo body4 ,these facts serve to show the extent of the supernatural creative work done in the embryo body4 ,it is a new living body1 with all its organs and parts made of inanimate matter1 except the germ-cell4 ,sec4 #cj4 ,embryo ,body2 ,each is ,produced ,anew ,the embryo is built of certain chemical elements1 namely3 carbon1 hydrogen1 nitrogen1 oxygen1 etc4 ,see sec4 #c1 supra1 and index1 infra1 8,chemical elements40 ,it derives its properties and potentialities from certain chemical combinations and mechanical arrangements of these elements1 and from life4 ,all of these combinations and arrangements are made after the formation of the fertilized ovum4 ,even if this ovum and its daughter-cells could build up the embryo body1 automatically1 yet it must grow anew for itself1 independently of the growth of the bodies of its parents1 or any other person2 for it must have its own body1 and not that of its father1 mother1 nor of any other person4 ,it is composed of new materials1 except the fertilized ovum1 which is too small to be considered in comparison with the body of the embryo1 as a whole4 ,these new materials are derived from the blood of the mother4 ,no embryo ever takes or uses any organ or part of the body of its father1 or mother1 except the spermatozon and the ovum1 which form the germ-cell and serve as a germ to start the growth of the body4 ,each embryo is a new combination and a new arrangement of the atoms and cells of which it is composed4 ,it is produced by new forces and motions peculiar to itself1 which are similar to1 but different from1 those which produce every other embryo body4 ,it is admitted on all sides1 that every human being begins life as a fertilized ovum4 ,it is well known that this infinitesimal cell has no organs1 whatever1 it being a mere atom4 ,in no sense can it be called an embryo body4 ,each person must have his or her own body4 ,no one ever takes or uses the body of any other person1 nor any organ or part of such a body1 such a thing being unthinkable4 ,it follows1 necessarily1 that each embryo body and every organ and part of it1 is produced anew1 independently of every other human body4 ,do the atoms and cells of which the embryo body is built up1 spontaneously and automatically1 form the chemical combinations and make the mechanical arrangements1 which are necessary to build up the embryo body2 or is it made by a supernatural psychic and creative force8 ,which hypothesis is most plausible8 ,sec4 #ca4 ,heredity has no ,power to ,generate a ,new ,human ,being2 nor to ,evolve ,one from the ,germ-,cell ,heredity is defined as3 8,the influence of parents upon offspring2 transmission of qualities or characteristics1 mental or physical1 from parents to offspring40 7,cent4 ,dic4 #d1 p4 #bhjb47 ,intellect1 memory1 will-power1 force and motion are necessary to group two or more atoms into a prescribed chemical combination or into a specified mechanical arrangement4 ,it is a well-known fact that each normal human body is composed of the same chemical elements2 has the same chemical combinations and the same mechanical arrangements that are found in every other such body4 ,therefore1 we may well say that the atoms and cells in the body are grouped into prescribed chemical combinations and into specified mechanical arrangements2 and that intellect1 memory and will-power are necessary to make these combinations and arrangements4 ,it is also well-known that every human being1 begins life as a germ-cell1 stem-cell1 or fertilized ovum1 all of these phrases meaning the same thing2 that every such body develops and grows anew for itself4 ,each body is a new combination of the atoms and cells1 of which it is composed4 ,the forces and motions1 which assemble and group these atoms and cells into the chemical combinations and mechanical arrangements1 which build up a body1 are new1 unique and peculiar to that body4 ,the theory of heredity is based on these facts3 ,the father contributes the spermatozon and the mother the ovum1 which form the germ-cell2 this cell and its daughter-cells develop and grow to be a man or a woman1 who has substantially the same form1 size1 structure1 organs and parts that one of its parents has1 and generally has some of their qualities1 characteristics and traits4 ,but these facts do not prove that the child inherits anything from either parent2 they do not prove that the parents1 or either of them1 caused the child to develop1 grow and resemble them in any of these particulars4 ,the existence of a fact and the cause of that fact are two different things4 ,thus1 every body knows that a stone falls to the ground2 but nobody knows why4 ,the child resembles its father--but why8 ,do the parents cause this resemblance8 ,can they1 or either of them1 cause their child to have blue eyes or black2 a long or short nose2 a large or small foot8 ,neither ,darwin1 nor any other man has ever shown how it is possible for the bodies of the parents1 or any part of either of them1 to affect1 modify or determine the form1 features1 size1 structure1 qualities1 characteristics or traits of their children4 ,it is admitted on all sides that the parents have no voluntary control over these things4 ,darwin1 7,origin of ,species1 #a1 p4 #ae71 says3 8,the laws governing inheritance are for the most part unknown40 ,haeckel is voluminous in describing the phenomena of reproduction1 heredity1 etc4 ,but has nothing to say about the cause1 nor the mechanism of heredity4 ,it is undoubtedly true that the human body is a compound physical structure2 that each organ and part of every such body has to be made1 anew1 of fresh materials1 for that body2 that the child does not 8take over10 bodily1 any organ nor part of either parent1 but has its own new organs1 unique and peculiar to itself2 that neither the father nor the mother has any voluntary power to select1 assemble nor group the atoms and cells1 of which the embryo body is made2 nor to generate1 guide1 nor control the forces and motions by which this work is done4 ,all this being true1 how is it possible for the parents1 or either of them1 to transmit any of their qualities1 characteristics or traits to their child8 ,the notion of mankind in general appears to be the body of the child is a sort of offshoot or branch of the bodies of the parents1 as if the child had budded out on the trunk of the mother2 and finally dropped off and become a distinct individual4 ,but this view is wholly erroneous4 ,the embryo becomes a separate and distinct entity the moment the germ-cell is formed2 and it develops and grows1 anew1 for itself independently of the bodies of its parents1 which have no more to do with its development and growth than the body of any other person has4 ,if we assume that each human being is a new direct and special creation by ,almighty ,god1 we can readily understand the mysterious phenomena called 8heredity40 ,at first1 the germ-cell does not resemble either parent nor even a human being1 it being too small1 even to suggest a human body1 at all4 ,an infant at birth1 is too rudimentary to resemble either parent more closely than it does any other person of the same sex4 ,whether the germ-cell and its daughter-cells are to develop and grow to be a man1 resembling its father2 or a woman resembling its mother1 the same forces and motions are required to assemble and group the necessary atoms and cells into the proper chemical combinations and mechanical arrangements in order to construct its body4 ,the fact that the child may resemble its father or its mother or both of them1 does not dispense with the assembling of the atoms and cells2 nor with the grouping of them into the necessary combination and arrangements4 ,it is clear that the same or similar forces and motions are necessary to construct any animal body1 whatever its form1 size or sex may be4 ,according to the evolutionist and materialist1 the fact that the child resembles its parents is adequate to account for1 and explain all the phenomena of reproduction4 ,but the existence of this resemblance1 and1 the cause of it1 are two wholly different things4 ,the fact that the child resembles its parents only deepens the mystery2 for it would require less knowledge1 skill and creative force to construct a body with the qualities and characteristics of mankind in general1 than it would to group the atoms and cells of the body in such a manner as to produce a body in the image of a particular man or woman4 ,thus a portrait painter could make a fancy sketch of an imaginary person1 without any striking features1 more easily than he could paint a particular man with all his peculiarities2 as1 for example1 his bald head1 high forehead1 blue eyes1 long aquiline nose1 wide mouth1 massive lower jaw and tall1 slender body4 ,the closer the resemblance1 between the child and its parents1 the greater the mystery4 ,it being a fact that the body of the child has identically the same organs and parts that are formed in the body of its father1 or in that of the mother2 and that the child closely resembles one or both of them1 we naturally inquire3 8,what force or agency causes the germ-cell and its daughter-cells to develop and grow until they become a man1 like its father2 or a woman like its mother80 ,we cannot even imagine that this sameness of organs and parts1 of structure1 form and size1 and this close resemblance happens by chance or accident4 ,every man has conscious knowledge that he had no voluntary part in the production of his child1 except that he placed the spermatozon at a point from which it could reach the ovum4 ,the mother knows that she had no voluntary part nor agency in the production of her child except that she permitted the father to place the spermatozon in reach of the ovum4 ,neither of them has any voluntary power1 nor any control over the formation of the spermatozon nor of the ovum2 nor over the development and growth of the child1 nor over its structure1 form1 size nor over its features4 ,the spermatozon is a microscopic cell1 #a_/ejjth of an inch in length1 7,martin1 ,human ,body1 p4 #fea71 the head1 which is the largest part of it1 being1 apparently about #a_/aj1jjjth of an inch in diameter1 7,haeckel1 ,evolution of ,man1 p4 #ec1 fig4 #bb47 ,it consists of a homogeneous mass of protoplasm1 composed of carbon1 hydrogen1 nitrogen and oxygen2 and sometimes has a trace of phosphorus and sulphur4 7,cent4 ,dic4 #f1 p4 #dgii2 ,huxley1 ,anat4 ,invert4 ,an41 pp4 #i1 #ad47 ,see index infra1 8,spermatozon40 ,although the spermatozon is not visible to the naked eye1 and has certain vital properties and potentialities1 yet it is a physical body with all the attributes of a brick or stone4 ,if any quality1 characteristic or trait of the father passes from him to his child1 it is transmitted by1 and through the spermatozon1 for that is the only thing that passes from the one to the other4 ,so1 if any quality1 characteristic or trait of the mother passes from her to her child1 it is transmitted by and through the ovum1 that being the only thing that passes from her to it4 ,whatever power or influence the father's body1 or any organ or part of it1 may have to affect or modify the body of his child or any part of it1 must be effected by and through the spermatozon before it leaves his genital organs2 for it is clear that neither the father's body1 nor any organ nor part of it1 has any power to affect1 modify or differentiate the spermatozon1 nor any part of it1 after it leaves his body4 ,it is absurd to suppose that the father's body1 or any organ or part of it1 can affect1 modify or differentiate the spermatozon1 or any part of it1 in such a manner that it shall cause the child to have qualities1 characteristics and traits resembling those of the father4 ,in fact he could not possibly know whether there is one1 many1 or none in his genital organs1 at any given time1 for a stronger reason no single organ nor any part of his body could possibly affect1 modify nor differentiate the spermatozon in such a manner as to cause the child1 which arises from it to have organs and parts resembling those of the father4 ,thus1 suppose the father has blue eyes4 ,how could the father1 or his eyes1 possibly affect the spermatozon in such a way as to cause the child's eyes to be blue8 ,how could the father1 or his nose1 modify the spermatozon in such a manner as to cause the child's nose to resemble the father's nose4 ,it would be absurd to suppose that the father's brain and his vocal organs can affect the spermatozon in such a manner as to cause the child to be a notable singer4 ,professor ,weismann says3 8,it is well known that many mental and physical qualities of parents are transmitted to their children1 such as the color of the eyes and hair1 the shape and size of the finger nails2 and not only these1 but as everyone knows1 even such minute and indefinable physical and mental characteristics as likeness of features1 bearing1 gait1 handwriting1 a mild and equable or passionate and irritable temperament40--7,weismann on ,heredity1 #b1 p4 #ad47 ,the color of the eyes depends on the coloring matter or pigment in the irises4 ,how could the father's eyes possibly affect the spermatozon in such a manner as to make the child's eyes blue8 ,how could the father's red hair differentiate the spermatozon so as to give the child red hair8 ,can we imagine that the father's finger nails can affect the spermatozon in such a way as to make the child's nails of the same 8shape and size0 as those of the father8 ,how could such a thing be8 ,can we believe that a man's brain1 nerves and muscles1 can so affect the spermatozon that the child's handwriting shall be like that of the father8 ,how could this be8 ,how could the father's brain modify the spermatozon in such sort that the child shall have the same temperament that the father has8 ,most of the resemblances between the child and its parents result from education1 association and environment4 ,if a child's parents die when it is six months old2 and it be placed in the hands of a stranger and his wife2 it is easy to see that many of the child's qualities1 characteristics and traits would be borrowed from the man and his wife with whom the orphan lives4 ,the infant1 at birth1 is merely a living creature without any physical qualities1 characteristics or traits peculiar to itself2 nor has it any mental qualities1 characteristics nor traits1 whatever4 ,in fact1 it has scarcely any intellect1 at all4 ,it follows that most of the physical qualities and characteristics of each person are acquired2 and that all of the mental qualities1 characteristics and traits of every one are acquired1 they being the result of education1 association and environment4 ,no doubt most of the resemblance between a child and its parents are caused by education1 imitation and association4 ,the evolutionist has invented divers theories to account for1 and explain the phenomena of reproduction on material and mechanical principles1 without the aid of any supernatural psychic or creative force4 ,for example1 ,darwin invented the theory of 8gemmules0 and 8pangenesis20 ,spencer advanced the hypothesis of 8physiological units0 or 8constitutional units10 8structural proclivity10 or 8proclivity towards the organic form of the species20 ,cope suggested 8bathmism 7go-ism70 8simple growth-force10 8grade-growth-force0 and 8excess-growth20 ,weismann invented the 8continuity of germ-plasm10 8ids10 8iddants0 and 8determinants40 ,but none of these words or phrases explain anything4 ,if there is anything in nature corresponding to these words none of these writers ever saw them1 nor did they know anything about them4 ,these 8gemmules10 8units10 8proclivities10 8ids10 8bathmisms10 etc41 are purely hypothetical--mere figments of the imagination4 ,every body has rejected ,darwin's theory of 8gemmules10 and 8pangenesis20 no one but ,spencer ever adopted his hypothesis of 8physiological units0 and 8proclivities20 ,cope was the only man that over used 8bathmism10 etc42 ,spencer1 ,romanes and others gave many reasons why ,weismann's 8continuity of germ-plasm10 8ids10 8iddants0 and 8determinants0 were absurd and impossible4 ,no two of them agreed on anything1 except the supposed fact of organic evolution4 ,spencer1 somewhere says1 in substance1 that there is a general belief that organic evolution has occurred2 but great diversity of opinion as to the manner in which it has been effected4 ,the theory of the evolutionist is that the genital organs of a man generate spermatozo1 with all their properties and potentialities1 spontaneously and automatically1 without the aid of any extraneous1 psychic or creative force1 and that those of a woman produce ova in the same manner4 ,he maintains that a spermatozon and an ovum unite and fuse into a germ-cell 7fertilized ovum7 and that this cell 7germ7 then becomes1 automatically1 a living being2 that it develops and grows spontaneously and automatically1 to be a man or a woman1 without the aid or guidance of any extraneous psychic or creative force1 whatever4 ,as a fact the fertilized ovum does not develop into a man or woman at all1 but a vast number of daughter-cells are produced from it1 which are metamorphosed and molded by the ,creator into a man or woman4 ,the evolutionist holds that the fertilized ovum inherits all its properties and potentialities from its parents4 ,in other words1 he contends that the germ-cell develops and grows as it does because its father and mother developed and grew in the same manner4 ,is there any apparent reason why the germ-cell should develop and grow at all8 ,why should it develop and grow1 spontaneously and automatically1 as its father and mother grew8 ,the germ-cell is a new combination of the atoms of which it is composed2 the embryo is built up of new materials2 wholly different from those which compose the bodies of its parents2 and by new forces and motions1 altogether different from those which built up the bodies of its parents4 ,how could the mode1 in which the bodies of the father and mother developed and grew1 possibly affect the development and growth of the child8 ,the fact that each normal body develops and grows in the same manner that the bodies of its parents grew1 and as every other normal body grows1 is conclusive evidence that the development and growth of each human body is caused1 guided and controlled by an extraneous supernatural psychic and creative force1 which is ubiquitous1 all over the earth4 ,no other hypothesis can explain the uniform mode of development and growth1 which we observe1 among all the mammals in every age and country4 ,the fact that the child resembles its father or mother1 or both of them1 is strong evidence that the same creative force made all three of them4 ,we cannot believe that the blind1 unthinking cells1 which build up the body of the child1 automatically1 group themselves in such a manner as to make the child in the image of the father or mother4 ,everyone knows that each human body is built of atoms and cells1 which are assembled and grouped into certain chemical combinations and mechanical arrangements by force and motion1 and that there cannot be any such thing as force and motion without1 at least two physical bodies1 the one to transmit the force and the other to move4 ,the word1 8heredity10 does not denote a physical body nor a physical force4 ,it is a mere name for a group of vital phenomena4 ,how could heredity bring two or more atoms or cells together8 ,such a suggestion is too absurd even for the imagination4 ,perhaps the orthodox churchman would maintain that the ,creator endowed ,adam's genital organs with the power to generate spermatozo2 and also endowed those of ,eve with the power to produce ova2 that ,he endowed these spermatozo and ova with the power to produce new men and woman1 automatically2 and that ,he ordained that they should have the power to produce new spermatozo and new ova1 with the same properties and potentialities that were possessed by the original spermatozo and ova1 that were generated in the bodies of ,adam and ,eve and so on forever4 ,this brings us back to the proposition that every human body is a compound physical structure1 composed of atoms and cells1 which are grouped into certain chemical combinations and mechanical arrangements2 and that intellect1 memory1 will-power1 force and motion are necessary to make these combinations and arrangements4 ,to do this work1 automatically1 these atoms and cells must be endowed with divine intellect1 memory1 will-power and creative force2 and this is equivalent to a special creation4 ,so if it be said that each fertilized ovum is endowed with the power to produce a new man or woman1 the answer is that this endowment is equivalent to a special creation4 ,the reader may argue that the ,creator endowed ,adam's spermatozo and ,eve's ova with the power to develop men and women1 who were endowed with the power to produce new spermatozo and new ova1 with the same properties and potentialities that were possessed by those of ,adam and ,eve and so on forever to the nth4 generation4 ,there are several insuperable objections to this theory3 ,first4--,it is inconceivable that a man could be endowed with the power to produce spermatozo before he is born2 nor could a woman produce ova before her birth2 nor is it possible to endow a fertilized ovum with the power to produce a man or woman before it is formed4 ,when ,adam's spermatozo and ,eve's ova were made the men and women to be produced from them had not come into being2 and it was impossible for even the ,creator to endow them1 at that time1 with the power to produce spermatozo and ova4 ,intellect1 memory1 will-power1 force and motion were necessary to group the atoms and cells of which the bodies of these new men and women were to be composed1 into the necessary chemical combinations and mechanical arrangements in order to construct their bodies4 ,neither the spermatozo1 the ova nor the germ-cells produced from them1 had intellect1 memory1 will-power nor the necessary force4 ,therefore it was impossible for ,adam's spermatozo and ,eve's ova1 or germ-cell1 resulting from their fusion1 to produce ,adam and ,eve's children1 automatically4 ,secondly4--,neither the children of ,adam and ,eve nor of any other man or woman ever had the power to generate spermatozo and ova1 voluntarily4 ,it is inconceivable that the blind unthinking genital organs of ,adam's children or of any other man or woman ever produced spermatozo and ova spontaneously and automatically4 ,we are compelled to believe that the ,creator always generates1 guides and controls the forces and motions which assemble and group the atoms into the form of the spermatozo and ova2 and that he directly and specially endows each spermatozon and ovum with such properties and potentialities as it may possess4 ,thirdly4--,life is not a property of matter4 ,if it were1 there would be no such thing as death2 for matter and all its attributes and properties are eternal4 ,the atoms1 of which a man's body is composed1 are as old as the earth4 ,but during his life1 they are grouped together2 and this group of atoms is endowed with the properties and potentials of a living being4 ,the human body has identically the same physical properties1 whether it be living or dead4 ,thus1 it has the same weight1 length1 breadth and thickness after death that it had while living1 until disintegration sets in4 ,apparently1 the living human body is similar to a piece of iron1 when charged with electricity or magnetism4 ,neither of these adds anything to the weight of the iron2 nor do they change its structure1 form1 size1 nor its appearance4 ,when they leave the iron it remains as it was before it was charged with them4 ,so it is with the human body for a time after life leaves it4 ,life not being a property of matter1 it must be directly and specially conferred1 by a supernatural creative force1 upon the body in which it resides4 ,it is agreed by all biologists that there is no such thing as spontaneous generation of animals1 nor of plants at this time4 ,as ,huxley puts it3 8,omne vivum ex vivo10 8all life comes of life40 7,encyc4 ,brit4 7#i ed47 #h1 p4 #gdf47 ,now1 if there be no such thing as spontaneous generation of animals1 nor of plants1 why should there be spontaneous generation of life8 ,neither the spermatozon1 nor the ovum can live alone4 ,but when united and fused together1 under proper conditions1 this combination takes on the manifestations of life2 and these manifestations continue until death4 ,any good chemist can analyze a fertilized ovum and learn1 exactly1 the chemical elements of which it is composed1 and the proportions in which they are combined4 ,he could then make a new combination of carbon1 hydrogen1 nitrogen and oxygen in the same proportions1 in which these substances were combined in the fertilized ovum2 and if life were a property of that combination of atoms1 this new chemical compound1 ought to become a living creature4 ,but no such thing could ever happen4 ,as already remarked1 neither the spermatozon nor the ovum can live alone4 ,but when fused together1 the combination becomes a living creature4 ,the atoms in the combination are identically the same that were in the spermatozon and ovum before the fusion occurred4 ,why should the combination live when the two component parts of it could not8 ,it is clear that no man can1 voluntarily nor involuntarily endow a spermatozon with the power to develop1 alone1 into a human being2 for every one of them dies in a day1 or within a few days1 after it matures2 unless it be so fortunate as to unite and fuse with an ovum4 ,it is equally clear that no woman can endow an ovum with the power to become a human being4 ,every ovum soon dies1 unless it unite and fuse with a spermatozon under conditions favorable to growth4 ,haeckel says3 8there are calculated to be #gb1jjj ova in the sexually mature maiden40 7,evolution of ,man1 p4 #cdg47 ,the number of spermatozo1 generated in the sexual organs of a man greatly exceeds the number of ova produced by a woman4 ,it follows that countless trillions of spermatozo and ova die daily1 and disintegrate4 ,now1 if no man can endow a spermatozon with the power to develop into a new human being2 and if no woman can endow an ovum with power to do so2 how is it possible for either parent to endow the fertilized ovum with that power1 when it is no part of the body of either of them8 ,but the evolutionist maintains that the child has in fact1 many of the qualities1 characteristics and traits1 both physical and mental1 of its parents2 that the parents transmit these qualities1 characteristics and traits1 to their child1 by and through the spermatozon and the ovum2 that this is the only means by which the child could acquire the qualities1 characteristics and traits of its parents4 ,hence1 the evolutionist infers that heredity is based on the physical qualities and properties of the spermatozon and ovum4 ,but1 as ,i have already argued 7,sec4 #ae7 the spermatozon and the ovum are1 themselves1 new1 direct and special creations1 and so is the embryo body4 ,while the physical qualities and characteristics of the spermatozon may affect the body and mind of the child1 to some extent2 yet the child remains a new1 direct and special creation4 ,neither ,darwin1 nor any other man1 has ever shown how it is possible for the father1 his body or any part of it1 to impress1 modify or affect the spermatozon1 or any part of it1 in such a manner as to cause the child to resemble him in any particular2 nor has it been shown how it is possible for the mother1 her body or any part of it1 to impress1 modify or affect the ovum1 or any part of it1 in such a manner as to cause the child to resemble her4 ,when we consider the great number of spermatozo and ova that are produced2 their small sizes and short lives2 their location in the genital organs2 and the lack of intellect1 memory and will-power in every organ and part of the bodies of the parents1 and the fact that the 8gemmules0 must reach the spermatozon and the ovum through the blood1 we are compelled to believe that it is impossible for the spermatozon and ovum to transmit1 unaided and alone1 any quality1 characteristic or trait of a parent to the child2 and we are forced to infer that the ,creator1 directly and specially1 endows the spermatozon and ovum with power to convey to the child such qualities1 characteristics1 and traits of its parents as they do1 in fact1 carry to it4 ,assuming for argument that certain qualities1 characteristics and traits of the father and mother are transmitted to the child by and through the spermatozon and ovum2 this fact does not militate against my theory of special ,creation2 for it seems reasonable to suppose that the spermatozon and ovum are specially endowed by the ,creator1 with such powers and potentialities as they possess4 ,moreover1 the evolutionist and materialist are in this attitude2 they cannot show how it is possible for the germ-cell 7composed of the spermatozon and ovum7 to produce1 unaided and alone1 a child with the qualities1 characteristics and traits of its parents2 nor can they prove that the germ-cell and its daughter-cells do1 in fact1 automatically1 produce the child without the aid of the ,creator4 ,assuming for argument that the spermatozon1 ovum1 germ-cell and its daughter-cells appear to do automatically all the wonderful things that the evolutionist and materialist say they do1 the question remains3 do these senseless1 unthinking atoms and cells1 spontaneously and automatically build up the embryo body with all its organs and parts1 or does the ,creator1 in fact1 generate1 guide and control the forces and motions1 which group these cells into the embryo body8 ,in other words3 when the atoms and cells1 which go to build up the embryo body1 appear to act spontaneously and automatically1 are they1 in fact1 moved1 guided1 controlled and grouped into the form of the embryo body by the ,creator8 ,the facts in relation to the development and growth of the embryo are easily described and understood4 ,but the real question is this3 8,what force or agency causes this development and growth80 ,what force or agency causes the child to resemble its parents8 ,do the germ-cell and its daughter-cells spontaneously and automatically cause this resemblance2 or does the ,creator cause it8 ,referring to the origin of life in the individual1 ,professor ,martin says3 8,at present we know nothing in physiology answering to the match which lights the furnace2 those manifestations of energy we call life are handed down from generation to generation1 as sacred fire in the temple of vesta from one watcher to another4 ,science may at some time teach us how to bring the chemical constituents of protoplasm into that combination in which they possess the faculty of starting the oxidations under those conditions which characterize life2 then we shall have learnt to strike the vital match40 7,martin1 ,human ,body1 p4 #cab47 ,i do not believe that life is handed down from generation to generation4 ,on the contrary the ,creator strikes 8the vital match0 when each fertilized ovum is formed2 and every such human ovum is directly and specially endowed by the ,creator1 with the power to develop into a man or woman4 ,sec4 #cb4 ,nature has no ,power to ,generate a ,new ,human ,being2 nor to ,evolve one from the ,germ-,cell ,nature is defined as3 8,the forces or processes of the material world conceived of as an agency intermediate between the ,creator and the world1 producing all organisms and preserving the regular order of things2 as in the old dictum1 #8nature abhors a vacuum4' ,in this sense1 nature is often personified40 7,cent4 ,dic4 #e1 p4 #cidc47 ,it follows that 8nature0 is not a substantial nor a material entity or thing1 like a man1 a tree1 or a stone2 but is only a name for certain real or imaginary 8forces or processes40 ,the word does not indicate by what agency these 8forces or processes0 are generated1 guided nor controlled4 ,but we use the word to indicate or describe certain phenomena1 which we do not understand1 in the same manner that we use the word 8gravitation40 ,the naturalist or materialist would say that nature generates the spermatozon and ovum2 that it unites and fuses them into the germ-cell2 and that it develops this cell into a man or woman4 ,one might as well say1 historically1 that the spermatozon and ovum are generated and fused2 and that a man or woman is produced from it4 ,but this statement does not explain anything4 ,it does not tell us what force selects1 assembles and groups the atoms into the spermatozon and ovum2 nor what endows it with life2 nor who nor what creates its soul2 nor what force or agency causes the embryo to develop and grow to manhood or womanhood4 ,to say that 8nature0 generates and evolves new men and women1 is no explanation of the phenomena of reproduction4 ,nature has no physical body1 no weight1 length1 breadth1 nor thickness1 no intellect1 memory nor will-power2 nor can it voluntarily generate force nor motion4 ,it follows that 8nature0 cannot form the spermatozon nor the ovum2 cannot cause them to unite and fuse into a germ-cell2 nor cause the necessary atoms and cells to assemble and group themselves into the chemical combinations and mechanical arrangements required to build up the embryo body1 its organs and parts4 ,in other words1 8nature0 works by and through the spermatozon1 the ovum and germ-cell or fertilized ovum4 ,it has identically the same powers and potentialities that they have--no more nor less4 ,it follows that nature cannot1 automatically1 generate nor evolve1 a new man1 nor a new woman4 ,sec4 #cc4 ,every ,human ,being is a ,new1 ,direct and ,special ,creation by ,almighty ,god2 this ,question to be ,determined1 ,how ,to determine this question it is necessary3 first1 to ascertain what work has to be done in order to create a new human being2 secondly1 to consider whether this work can be done1 spontaneously and automatically1 by the germ-cell or fertilized ovum and its daughter-cells1 or whether a supernatural psychic and creative force is necessary to do it4 ,darwin ought to be accepted by the evolutionist and materialist as high authority on any biological question1 and specially on the subject of special creation4 ,i call him as my first witness4 ,in his ,origin of ,species1 last edition1 #ahgb1 7vol4 #b1 p4 #bih7 he says3 8,i believe that all animals are descended from at most only four or five progenitors1 and plants from an equal or lesser number4 ,analogy would lead one step further1 namely1 to the belief that all animals and plants are descended from some one prototype40 ,again1 on page #bii1 he says3 8,if we admit this1 we must likewise admit that all the organic beings1 which have ever lived on this earth may have descended from one primordial form40 ,the last ten lines in his ,origin of ,species 7vol4 #b1 pp4 #cje-cjf7 are in these words3 8,thus1 from the war of nature1 from famine and death1 the most exalted object which we are capable of conceiving1 namely1 the production of the higher animals1 directly follows4 ,there is grandeur in this view of life1 with its several powers having been originally breathed by the ,creator into a few forms1 or into one1 and that whilst this planet has gone cycling on1 according to the fixed law of gravity1 from so simple a beginning1 endless forms most beautiful and most wonderful1 have been and are being evolved40 ,thus1 the reader will see that ,darwin1 himself believed that the first one1 or the first few1 animals and plants were directly and specially created by ,almighty ,god4 ,i base the theory that every ,human being is a new1 direct and special creation by ,almighty ,god1 on the following propositions3 ,sec4 #cd4 ,proposition #a4 ,animals and ,plants ,first ,appeared on the ,earth at a ,certain ,time ,there was a time when there were no animals1 nor plants on our planet4 ,therefore1 they must have appeared at a definite period4 ,the rocks tell us that animals and plants first appeared on the earth in the archozoic or primordial geological age1 which1 according to ,haeckel1 began #ajj1cjj1jjj years ago4 7,last words on ,evolution1 p4 #afe47 ,he also says that 8life began to exist at a definite period10 8on our planet20 that 8no organism can exist or discharge its functions without water4 ,no water1 no life60 and that the surface of the earth had to cool down so as to convert 8the envelope of steam into water0 before animals and plants could live4 7,evolution of ,man1 p4 #bjj47 ,sec4 #ce4 ,proposition #b4 ,first ,animal and ,plant were ,either ,specially ,created2 or ,arose by ,spontaneous ,generation from ,inorganic ,matter ,mysterious and miraculous as it may seem1 animals and plants have lived on the earth during this eternity of time4 ,the earth is now covered with countless millions of them4 ,we know that we1 ourselves1 are here4 ,how did they happen to be here8 ,how did we get here8 ,how did life originate on the earth8 ,it is obvious that the first animal or plant that appeared on the earth was either directly and specially made1 by a supernatural psychic and creative force1 of inorganic matter2 or that it arose1 by spontaneous generation1 from such matter2 for it must necessarily have originated in the one manner or in the other4 ,how else could it have come into existence8 ,so far as ,i know1 there are only two theories1 among educated and scientific men1 as to the origin of animals and plants4 ,the one is that they were directly and specially made by the ,creator2 the other is that they arose by spontaneous generation1 from inorganic matter4 ,which of these is most plausible8 7,spencer1 ,principles of ,biology1 vol4 #a1 pp4 #dae-daf47 ,the evolutionist and materialist maintain that the course of nature is 8uniform1 continuous and everlasting20 that the earth is now behaving identically1 as it has been ever since it came into existence2 that animals and plants are now being evolved1 as in the past1 while others are becoming extinct1 and that every animal and plant is merely a co-ordinated term in natures 8great progression40 7,huxley1 ,man's ,place in ,nature1 p4 #aea47 ,according to this view1 if an animal or a plant was ever spontaneously generated from inorganic matter1 we would naturally expect to find them arising in the same manner today1 for there is no reason to suppose that the nature of the 8inorganic matter10 which they say produced the first animal or plant1 has been exhausted2 nor that it has changed2 nor that the conditions have changed1 nor that the forces which are supposed to have caused the spontaneous generation of the first animal and plant have ceased to exist4 ,sec4 #cf4 ,proposition #c4 ,no ,spontaneous ,generation of ,animals2 nor of ,plants ,professor ,huxley 7#ahbe-aije7 was a scientist and philosopher of the first magnitude4 ,he was an intimate friend to ,darwin2 an evolutionist and materialist of the strictest sect and fully competent to speak for these schools of philosophy4 ,among other works on evolution1 he wrote1 8,man's ,place in ,nature0 7#ahfc71 in which he argued at great length that man is a descendant of an ape4 ,hence the following quotations from his works may be taken as authoritative admissions on the part of the evolutionist and materialist4 ,he says3 8,the fact is that at the present moment there is not a shadow of trustworthy direct evidence that abiogenesis spontaneous generation does take place1 or has taken place1 within the period during which the existence of life on the globe is recorded40 7,huxley1 ,anat4 ,invert4 ,an41 pp4 #dj-da47 ,writing in the ,encyclopedia ,britannica 7#i ed41 vol4 #h1 p4 #gdf7 he says1 in substance1 that the aphorism3 8omne vivum ex vivo0 78all life comes of life07 is a 8well established law of the existing course of nature40 ,the theory of spontaneous generation assumes that certain inorganic elements1 spontaneously and automatically grouped themselves together in such proportions and in such a manner1 chemically and mechanically1 as to produce one or a very few animals or plants2 and that all other animals and plants have descended from this one1 or these few primordial forms4 ,no one pretends to say that there is any direct evidence that any such thing ever happened4 ,on the contrary every fact within our knowledge tends to negative the theory of spontaneous generation4 ,but1 in order to dispense with the theory of special creation1 the evolutionist and materialist invented the theory of spontaneous generation4 ,there is not only no evidence to support the theory of spontaneous generation1 but after many trials scientific men have wholly failed to produce any living substance1 whatever4 ,on this point ,professor ,huxley says3 8,to enable us to say that we know anything about the experimental origination of organization and life1 the investigator ought to be able to take inorganic matters1 such as carbonic acid1 ammonia1 water and salines1 in any sort of inorganic combination1 and be able to build them up into protein matter nitrogenous or albuminoid bodies and that protein matter ought to begin to live in an organic form4 ,that1 nobody has done as yet2 and ,i suspect it will be a long while before anybody does it40 7,huxley1 ,origin of ,species1 p4 #fi47 ,after discussing the theory of spontaneous generation at length1 and describing the experiments which are supposed to have destroyed that theory1 he says3 8,for my part1 ,i conceive that with the particulars of ,m4 ,pasteur's experiments before us1 we cannot fail to arrive at his conclusions2 and that the doctrine of spontaneous generation has received a final coup de grace0 stroke of mercy or death blow4 ,after describing the experiments of a number of scientists the ,new ,international ,encyclopedia1 published in #aije1 7vol4 #a1 p4 #dfc7 says3 8,the result of these experiments and conclusions is that the view that spontaneous generation takes place at the present day1 has been entirely discarded40 ,if there was ever any such thing as spontaneous generation of animals and plants1 from inorganic matter1 why should it not continue to happen1 down to the present time8 ,we are therefore compelled to believe that there never was any such thing as spontaneous generation from inorganic matters2 and we know that all the men of the earth1 acting in concert1 could not produce a single live worm6 ,sec4 #cg4 ,proposition #d4 ,creator ,could ,have ,made a ,million ,animals or ,plants as ,well as ,one ,if it be admitted1 as ,darwin does1 that the ,creator made 8one or a few0 animals and plants1 in the beginning1 we may well suppose that ,he could have made a million1 or a million of millions1 as easily as one4 ,sec4 #ch4 ,proposition #e4 ,if the ,creator ,made the ,first ,animal and the ,first ,plant ,he ,made ,all ,others ,if it be admitted that ,he created the first one1 or the first few1 animals and plants1 why should we doubt that ,he created all of them8 ,if ,he began to create them1 why should ,he cease to do so8 ,his works are uniform1 continuous and everlasting4 ,but in his 8,origin of ,species0 7vol4 #b1 p4 #cjd-cje7 ,darwin says3 8,authors of the highest eminence seem to be fully satisfied with the view that each species has been independently created4 ,to my mind it accords better with what we know of the laws impressed on matter by the ,creator1 that the production and extinction of the past and present inhabitants of the world should have been due to secondary causes1 like those determining the birth and death of the individual40 ,what are 8the laws impressed on matter by the ,creator10 that have anything to do with the reproduction of animals and plants8 ,what laws 8impressed on matter0 have any bearing on the question whether animals and plants have arisen from inorganic matter1 by spontaneous generation or by special creation8 ,perhaps ,darwin means to say that he supposes the ,creator would naturally make one or a few primordial forms of animal and plant and turn them loose upon the earth to shift for themselves subject to 8secondary causes10 namely1 the factors of evolution4 ,but he does not profess to have any special knowledge of the ,divine ,mind2 nor does he pretend to know more of it than any other man does4 ,perhaps ,lamarck 7#agdd-ahbi7 was the first to suggest the theory of spontaneous generation1 in the sense in which these words are now used1 and the evolution of species4 7,encyclopedia ,britannica #ad1 p4 #bcb47 ,down to his time1 no one doubted the ,mosaic story of the creation4 ,belief in the theory of special creation was well nigh universal down to the publication of ,darwin's ,origin of ,species1 in #ahei4 ,this belief was shared alike by both scientists and laymen4 ,but shortly after the publication of that work1 belief in the theory of organic evolution became a fad among educated people2 and that belief was supposed to indicate intellectual power and independence of thought4 ,sec4 #ci4 ,proposition #f4 ,human ,body is ,either ,specially ,created or ,spontaneously ,generated1 ,which8 ,according to the evolutionist and materialist1 the reproduction of the human body from a fertilized ovum is1 in substance and effect1 the same thing as spontaneous generation of such a body from inorganic matter4 ,the work to be done in the one case is identically the same as that to be done in the other4 ,in fact the spermatozon and the ovum are made of dead matter2 and if we consider the making of the spermatozon and the ovum as the first steps in the process of reproduction as they are2 and also assume that the ,creator takes no part in that process1 we would then have to say that the human body arises by spontaneous generation from inorganic matter2 for it is undoubtedly true that the spermatozon and ovum are made of inorganic substances1 namely3 carbon1 hydrogen1 nitrogen and oxygen4 ,it is equally true that the fertilized ovum has no more intellect1 memory nor will-power than its component atoms of carbon1 hydrogen1 nitrogen and oxygen had2 nor has it any more power to generate1 guide and control forces and motions than they had4 ,it follows that the same psychic and creative force is necessary to produce a new human being whether it be made from a germ of inorganic matter or from a fertilized ovum2 the ovum being only one remove from inorganic matter4 ,moreover1 the entire human body is made of dead matter except the infinitesimal fertilized ovum4 ,there is no middle ground between special creation on the one side and spontaneous generation on the other2 either the ,creator generates1 guides and controls the forces and motions which build up the embryo body1 its organs and parts2 or the atoms and cells1 of which they are made1 do1 spontaneously and automatically1 assemble and group themselves into the chemical combinations1 and into the mechanical arrangements1 which are necessary to make them4 ,the reader may argue that 8nature10 8heredity0 or the germ-cell 7fertilized ovum7 does this wonderful work of building up the embryo body2 and1 therefore1 that neither the ,creator nor spontaneous generation does it4 ,but 8nature0 and 8heredity0 do all their work by and through the germ-cell2 so their powers are identical with those of the germ-cell4 ,this germ is a tiny bit of protoplasm composed of carbon1 hydrogen1 nitrogen and oxygen1 with a possible trace of sulphur and phosphorus4 ,it has no brain1 eyes1 ears1 nose1 touch1 nor taste2 no intellect1 memory1 nor will-power2 no knowledge of anatomy1 chemical elements1 chemical affinity1 form1 size1 time1 nor space2 nor any constructive power nor force2 has no power to generate forces nor to guide and control motions4 ,therefore1 it is impossible for the germ-cell1 or its daughter-cells1 to build up1 automatically1 the embryo body1 with all its organs and parts4 ,it follows that this body must be directly and specially created by ,almighty ,god4 ,again1 every embryo body is made of cells 7organic bricks7 and these are made of dead atoms4 ,in order to construct this body it is necessary to group a certain number of these atoms into certain chemical combinations2 next these combinations must be grouped into certain mechanical arrangements4 ,thus1 the skeleton is made of bones2 they are made of cells1 which in turn are made of dead atoms of lime1 carbon1 phosphorus1 etc42 these cells must be grouped into phosphate of lime1 carbonate of lime1 gelatin1 etc4 ,these combinations must then be grouped into the two hundred and seventy-eight bones of the embryo skeleton1 giving each bone its proper form1 size1 structure and place in the skeleton4 ,it is clear that neither the father nor the mother takes any part in making these chemical combinations nor in making the mechanical arrangements4 ,it is equally clear that they are not made by chance nor by accident2 nor by the 8factors0 of evolution4 ,it follows that the atoms and cells of which the embryo body is made1 do1 spontaneously and automatically group themselves into the chemical combinations and mechanical arrangements1 which are necessary to construct the several organs and parts of the embryo body without the aid or guidance of any extraneous psychic or creative force2 or that every organ and part of the embryo body is directly and specially made by the ,creator4 ,sec4 #dj4 ,proposition #g4 ,human ,skeleton is a ,special ,creation ,human bones are composed of ten chemical elements1 namely3 carbon1 chlorin1 hydrogen1 lime1 magnesium1 nitrogen1 oxygen1 phosphorus1 sodium and sulphur4 ,as found in the bones1 these elements are grouped into the five chemical combinations1 following3 phosphate of lime1 carbonate of lime1 carbonate of soda1 chloride of soda1 and gelatin4 ,there are eight bones in the cranium1 fourteen in the face and six in the ears1 making twenty-eight in the skull1 besides the thirty-two teeth4 7,encyc4 ,brit4 7#i ed47 vol4 #a1 p4 #hbb47 ,in the infant there are thirty-three vertebr 7joints7 in the spinal column1 namely3 seven cervical1 in the neck2 twelve dorsal1 in the back2 five lumbar1 in the small of the back2 five sacral1 in the sacrum2 and four coccygeal1 in the coccyx4 ,but in the adult1 there are only twenty-six1 the five sacral joints having fused into one bone1 and the four in the coccyx having fused into another2 these two and the twenty-four regular vertebr 7joints7 making twenty-six4 7,same book1 p4 #hbj47 ,in the chest there are twelve pairs of ribs1 the sternum or breast bone and the hyoid or tongue bone1 twenty-six in all4 7,same book1 p4 #hbb47 ,each arm and hand1 including the scapula or shoulder blade1 consists of thirty-two bones1 making sixty-four in the two arms and hands4 ,in each leg and foot1 including the bones of the pelvis1 there are thirty-one bones1 making sixty-two in the pelvis1 legs and feet4 ,so that the adult human skeleton consists of two hundred and six bones1 besides the thirty-two teeth4 7,johnson's ,universal ,cyclopedia1 #g1 p4 #eec47 ,the same book1 7p4 #ecc7 says3 8,at birth their number is #bgh2 at the age of twenty-five1 #bbd2 in advanced old age1 #aid4 ,about #ffj segments are needed in the formation of the #bjf bones40 ,in another place it says3 8,thus1 the thigh bone or femur represents the fusion of at least five distinct segments1 the union not being fully completed until about the twentieth year40 7,same book1 p4 #eec1 column #a47 ,there is no bone in the fertilized ovum2 therefore each skeleton and each bone is produced anew2 that is1 it grows anew for itself4 ,no two bones are exactly alike4 ,in the case of pairs similar bones are on opposite sides of the body1 thus half the ribs1 one arm1 hand1 leg1 and foot are on each side of the body4 ,each of the twenty-four regular joints in the spinal column is similar to every other joint except the atlas4 ,but1 beginning at the top and going downward1 each joint is smaller than the one next below it4 ,the bones of the skeleton have pores1 foramin 7holes71 cavities1 processes1 joints and sutures4 ,some of them are long1 others short1 broad and irregular4 ,each is attached to one or more other bones by a joint or a suture4 ,each is adjusted to1 and correlated with every other1 in structure1 form1 size and function4 ,the bones in the infant body grow inside of it and while in the mother's womb4 ,there is no model present by which to make it4 ,who determines at what points in the embryo body these two hundred and seventy-eight bones shall be built up8 ,who ordains that there shall be twenty-two in the skull1 thirty-three in the spinal column1 etc48 ,who fixes the structure1 form1 and size of each bone8 ,who adjusts and correlates each bone in the skeleton to every other8 ,who counts them8 ,who guides and controls the forces and motions that build up the skeleton1 in such a manner that the bones on the right side have the same structure1 form and size as those on the left8 ,how does it happen that the bones on the right side are the reverse of those on the left8 ,how does it happen that each human skeleton is exactly like every other4 ,who fixes nine months as the time in which the infant skeleton shall mature sufficiently for birth8 ,the father contributes the spermatozon and the mother the ovum2 these two cells fuse into the germ-cell 7fertilized ovum71 which is composed of carbon1 hydrogen1 nitrogen1 and oxygen1 with a possible trace of phosphorus and sulphur4 ,whatever qualities1 characteristics1 traits and potentialities pass from the parents to the child must necessarily be transmitted by and through the germ-cell 7or fertilized ovum71 for nothing else passes from the parents to the child4 ,this cell is about the size of one-sixth of a common pin's head2 and is barely visible to the naked eye under the most favorable conditions4 ,it has no intellect1 memory nor will-power2 no knowledge of anatomy1 nor of the human body4 ,it is immediately divided into two daughter-cells1 these into four1 eight1 sixteen1 thirty-two and so on to infinity4 ,thus1 it appears that the infinitesimal fertilized ovum is soon disintegrated1 divided into millions of pieces and distributed among the new cells which are made from the food of the mother4 ,it is impossible to believe that the minute fertilized ovum when divided into a million pieces1 selects the atoms1 generates1 guides and controls the forces and motions which build up the two hundred and seventy-eight bones in the infant body4 ,it is preposterous to suppose that the millionth part of the germ-cell can determine the point in the embryo body1 in which the skull bones1 the ear bones1 the spinal column1 the arm-buds1 leg-buds1 etc41 shall appear4 ,nor can we believe that this little cell or any of its daughter-cells can spontaneously and automatically produce any of the vital phenomena1 manifested by the human skeleton4 ,every one knows that neither the father nor the mother has any voluntary power1 nor any control over the development and growth of the embryo4 ,does the embryo develop and grow by accident or chance8 ,surely not2 for each embryo develops and grows precisely as every other does1 in every age and country1 thus showing that the same ubiquitous creative force makes all of them4 8,we must not assume any original creation1 nor repeated creations10 says ,haeckel1 8to explain this1 but a natural1 continuous and necessary evolution40 7,evolution of ,man1 p4 #bf47 ,he argues that there is no personal ,god4 ,writing in the ,encyclopedia ,britannica 7vol4 #h1 p4 #gdf1 #i ed47 ,professor ,huxley says3 8,no exception is1 at this time1 known to the general law1 established upon an immense multitude of direct observations1 that every living thing is evolved from a particle of matter1 in which no trace of the distinctive characters of the adult form of that living thing is discernible4 ,this particle is termed a germ4''' 8,the definition of a germ as #8matter potentially alive1 and having1 within itself1 the tendency to assume a definite living form1' appears to meet all the requirements of modern science ''' ,and the qualification of #8potential' has the advantage of reminding us that the great characteristic of the germ is not so much what it is1 but what it may1 under suitable conditions1 become4''' 8,in all cases1 the process of evolution consists in a succession of changes of the form1 structure and functions of the germ by which it passes1 step by step1 from an extreme simplicity1 or relative homogeneity1 of visible structure to a greater or less degree of complexity or heterogeneity2 and the course of progressive differentiation is generally accompanied by growth1 which is effected by intussusception10 interstitial deposit4 8''' ,and so far from the fully developed organism's being simply the germ plus the nutriment1 which it has absorbed1 it is probable that the adult contains neither in form1 nor in substance1 more than an inappreciable fraction of the constituents of the germ1 and that it is almost wholly made up of assimilated and metamorphosed nutriment40 ,this being true1 it cannot be said that the germ 7fertilized ovum7 ever develops into a man or woman4 ,on the contrary it is annihilated2 and its identity is wholly lost among the daughter-cells which are made of the mother's food4 ,herbert ,spencer invented what he calls 8physiological units0 or 8constitutional units10 and 8structural proclivity40 ,but neither he nor any other man ever saw one of these 8units10 they being wholly imaginary4 ,in his ,principles of ,biology 7vol4 #a1 p4 #cfh7 under 8,genesis1 heredity and variation10 he says3 8,so that though all parts are composed of physiological units of the same nature1 yet everywhere1 in virtue of local conditions and the influence of its neighbors1 each unit joins in forming a particular structure appropriate to its place40 ,could anything be more absurd8 ,for ,spencer's view of 8physiological units0 and 8structural proclivity0 see ,principles of ,biology #a1 pp4 #bbf1 #cfa1 #cfb1 #cfe1 #cfh1 #cgb1 and vol4 #b1 pp4 #fab-fah4 ,the effect of the above quotations is that the atoms and cells of which the embryo body is composed1 do spontaneously and automatically assemble and group themselves into the chemical combinations and mechanical arrangements1 which are necessary to build up the human body1 without the aid of any extraneous psychic or creative force whatever4 ,this is necessarily the theory of the evolutionist and materialist2 for they deny that there was ever any such thing as special creation4 ,besides1 every one knows that neither the father nor the mother has any power1 nor any control over the development and growth of the embryo4 ,it follows that the blind1 unthinking1 fertilized ovum and daughter-cells arising from it1 spontaneously and automatically assemble themselves together in the form of the two hundred and seventy-eight bones of the embryo skeleton2 or that the ,creator generates1 guides1 and controls the forces and motions which build up the embryo body4 ,which theory is most plausible8 ,we cannot even imagine the dead atoms of carbon1 chlorine1 hydrogen1 lime1 etc41 which compose the bones1 assemble and group themselves into the twenty-two bones of the skull2 nor into the thirty-three joints of the spinal column2 nor into the bones of the arms1 hands1 legs and feet with all their pores1 foramin1 cavities1 processes1 joints and sutures4 ,but the evolutionist says that 8heredity0 produces the embryo2 and another says 8nature0 does this wonderful work4 ,i reply that whatever 8heredity0 and 8nature0 may do toward the production of the embryo must necessarily be done by and through the fertilized ovum1 and ,i have already argued that this little atom is powerless to do any such thing4 ,see index1 infra1 8,heredity40 ,each bone in the skeleton1 and all of them as a whole1 testify that they were designed and made by the ,creator6 ,sec4 #da4 ,proposition #h4 ,each ,human ,eye is a ,new1 ,direct and ,special ,creation ,two new eyes must be made1 out and out1 for each embryo4 ,the eye is formed before birth4 ,this fact makes it clear that the alleged factors of evolution have nothing to do with its production4 ,it is obvious that the father takes no part in the construction of the child's eyes2 for he contributes the spermatozon1 only2 and the formation of the eye begins a considerable time after the spermatozon fuses with the ovum4 ,it is equally clear that the mother has no voluntary agency in the production of the child's eyes4 ,in brief1 the child develops and grows in the mother's womb1 as a parasite1 she being merely its host4 ,moreover1 the reader will readily admit that all the scientists on the earth1 acting in concert1 could not make a living eye for a toad4 ,each human eye has the same parts1 the same construction1 form1 and substantially the same size that every other such eye has2 and performs the same functions4 ,so all human eyes occupy the same relative position in the face4 ,we are1 therefore1 compelled to believe that human eyes are not produced by accident nor by chance2 but they develop and grow by force of a universal law2 or that they are made by the ,creator4 ,but the almost universal belief is that 8heredity0 or 8nature0 causes the child's eyes to grow1 as those of the parents grew4 ,a cause is described as3 8,an antecedent1 upon which an effect follows according to the law of nature40 7,cent4 ,dic4 #a1 p4 #hfh47 ,ordinarily1 the word 8cause0 is understood to mean a force or agency which produces a given effect or result1 which could not happen without that force or agency4 ,such a force or agency is termed an efficient cause4 7,cent4 ,dic4 #c1 p4 #ahdi47 ,it would be absurd to suppose that the eyes of the father and mother cause or produce the eyes of the child4 ,it follows that there is no causative relation between the eyes of the parents and those of the child4 ,the most that could be said in this direction is that the same force or agency which produced the eyes of the parents1 namely3 the ,creator1 also caused and produced those of the child4 ,the fact that the father and mother have eyes is no reason why the child should have them2 for the forces and motions which made the eyes of the parents ceased to exist long before the formation of the germ-cell from which the child is produced4 ,each human eye is a new combination of the atoms and cells of which it is composed4 ,no atom1 in it1 was ever a part of an eye of either parent4 ,the atoms and cells1 of which it is made1 are grouped into new chemical combinations2 and these are mechanically arranged in such a manner as to construct the human eye for the first and last time4 ,the forces and motions1 which build up each eye are peculiar to it4 ,the work done in making the eyes of the parents1 has nothing to do with the making of the eyes of the child2 for the atoms and cells which are employed in constructing the child's eyes must be assembled and grouped into the necessary chemical combinations and mechanical arrangements as if the father and mother had no eyes4 ,in other words1 each eye must be made anew1 without regard to the eyes of the father and mother or any other person4 ,if a man make a million bricks1 it requires the same work to make the last one that it did to make the first one2 so if a hundred million silver dollars are coined at a mint it requires1 identically1 the same work to coin each of them that it did to make every other2 and so of the eyes4 ,while discussing 8organs of extreme perfection10 and referring to the imaginary evolution of the human eye1 in his ,origin of ,species 7vol4 #a1 p4 #bbh71 ,darwin says3 8,let this process go on for millions of years1 and during each year on millions of individuals of many kinds1 and may we not believe that a living optical instrument might be thus formed1 as superior to one of glass as the works of the ,creator are to those of man80 ,in brief1 ,darwin's theory is that the eyes of each individual are better than those of his parents2 and that he transmits to his child all the improvements made on his eyes during his life and so on to the latest generation4 ,in other words1 according to ,darwin1 the eyes of today are the 8accumulated improvements0 of millions of years4 ,apparently ,darwin thinks that each individual gets the benefit of all improvements made in the eyes of every other individual of all other species without regard to genetic relations1 for he says1 8on millions of individuals of many kinds10 etc4 ,according to this view1 a man would avail himself of any improvement that might be made in the eye of a fly1 which is preposterous4 ,there would be some force in ,darwin's argument if it were possible to transfer the father's or the mother's eyes1 bodily1 to the child4 ,but such a thing is too absurd to be dreamed of4 ,every one knows that each eye1 and every part of it1 grows anew1 as if the parents of the embryo had no eyes4 ,neither ,darwin1 nor any other man has ever shown how it is possible for the eyes of the father or mother to modify or affect the development1 growth1 form1 size1 color1 qualities or characteristics of the child's eyes4 ,according to ,darwin's theory of 8gemmules0 the eyes of the father and mother give off gemmules which get into his or her blood and thence into the spermatozon and the ovum and thence into the fertilized ovum and these produce eyes1 in the child1 like those of its parents4 ,but everybody saw that these 8gemmules0 would have great difficulty in finding the spermatozon and ovum1 and in getting into them when found2 and that after they reached the fertilized ovum1 which divides into two1 four1 eight1 sixteen or a million daughter-cells1 these gemmules would have great difficulty in finding the orbit where the new eye is to grow2 and that they were as apt to land in the back1 heel or toe of the embryo as in the orbit4 ,besides1 if there were any such thing as ,darwin's gemmules there would have to be at least one for each coat1 muscle1 artery1 vein1 nerve and part of the eye2 and it would be impossible for them to arrange themselves in the proper order in the embryo eye4 ,moreover1 there might be too many or too few gemmules2 some of them might get lost and leave the embryo eye without one or more of its coats or parts2 then the gemmules from the father's ayes might clash with those from the mother's4 ,no other man has ever suggested any more plausible theory1 than ,darwin's 8gemmules10 of the manner in which the organs and parts of the parents' bodies may be supposed to modify and affect those of the child4 ,but this theory was rejected by every one1 but ,darwin1 as absurd and impossible4 ,every human being begins life as fertilized ovum1 in which there is no eye4 ,no part of the eyes of the father is transferred1 bodily1 to those of the child2 nor is any part of the eyes of the mother4 ,every part of each eye must be made anew2 each part must have the proper structure1 form1 and size2 must be adjusted to and correlated with every other2 finally1 the several parts must be arranged in the proper order in the eye4 ,in other words1 two entirely new eyes must be made for each child4 ,either the blind unthinking atoms and cells1 of which the several parts of the eye1 namely3 the several coats1 the aqueous humor1 the lens1 the vitreous body1 the optic nerve1 the muscles1 arteries1 veins1 nerves1 etc41 are built up1 do1 spontaneously and automatically1 and without the aid of any extraneous1 supernatural1 psychic and creative force1 assemble and group themselves into the chemical combinations and mechanical arrangements necessary to construct the embryo eye2 or the ,creator1 directly and specially1 makes it4 ,which hypothesis is most plausible8 ,sec4 #db4 ,proposition #i4 ,each ,human ,ear is a ,new1 ,direct and ,special ,creation ,two new ears must be made1 out and out1 for each embryo4 ,the ear is a complex acoustic apparatus2 is more complex1 and has more parts1 than the eye2 and every part of it is well fitted to perform the function assigned to it4 ,what was said in the two preceding sections1 of skeleton and eye1 as tending to establish the theory of special creation1 applies equally to the construction of the ear4 ,intellect1 memory1 will-power1 force and motion are required to form the chemical combinations and make the mechanical arrangements necessary to construct the ear2 and every part of it testifies that it was contrived and made by the ,creator6 ,sec4 #dc4 ,proposition #aj4 ,each ,human ,brain is a ,new1 ,direct and ,special ,creation ,an entirely new brain must be made for each embryo4 ,what has been said of the several parts of the skeleton and of the eye1 7section #dj and #da1 supra71 applies equally to the size1 form1 structure1 position and number of the several parts of the brain4 ,sec4 #dd4 ,proposition #aa4 ,the ,sexual ,organs of ,each ,individual are ,new1 ,direct and ,special ,creations ,every human being begins life as a fertilized ovum1 in which there are no sexual organs whatever4 ,it follows that a new set of such organs must be made1 out and out1 for each individual embryo4 ,who or what determines whether the child shall be a male or female8 ,for several weeks after the formation of the fertilized ovum there is nothing to indicate whether the child is to be a boy or girl4 ,if it is finally decided that it shall be a male1 a full set of male sexual organs is made for him4 ,on the other hand1 if it is to be a female1 a set of female organs is made for her4 ,but the production of male organs for the one1 or female organs for the other is not the only thing to be done2 for every organ and part of the body is modified1 adjusted to and correlated with1 the sexual characters whether male or female4 ,the reader will readily recall all the distinctive differences between a man and woman1 including the secondary sexual characters4 ,in other words1 if it is determined that the child shall be a male1 every non-sexual organ and part of his body must be so differentiated and modified as to make a man of him1 in both mind and body4 ,on the other hand1 if the child is to be a female1 all of her non-sexual organs and parts must be so differentiated and modified as to make a woman of her1 with all of the qualities1 characteristics and traits that belong to woman4 ,intellect1 memory1 will-power1 force and motion--creative force--are necessary to convert a sexless embryo body into a male or female child4 ,this cannot be done by accident nor by blind chance2 nor by the alleged 8factors0 of evolution2 for this work is done before the birth of the child and before the 8factors0 have had an opportunity to do their 8work20 besides1 we cannot believe that the blind 8factors0 can metamorphose a sexless embryo into a male or female child4 ,neither the father nor the mother has any power to determine the sex of their child2 nor has the fertilized ovum any such power2 for it has no intellect1 memory nor will-power1 nor any knowledge of sexual organs nor of anything else4 ,moreover1 before the sex of the child has been determined this ovum has been annihilated by division among a million of daughter-cells1 which are made of animal and vegetable food eaten by the mother1 which was never a part of any other human body4 ,can we believe that the blind1 unthinking atoms and cells of which the embryo body is built up1 do1 spontaneously1 automatically and without the aid of any extraneous psychic force1 group themselves into the chemical combinations and mechanical arrangements1 necessary to construct the sexual organs of a male or female child8 ,how can these atoms and cells elect whether it shall be a boy or a girl8 ,if they do so elect1 how can they differentiate and modify all the non-sexual organs and parts of the body so as to correlate them with the sexual organs8 ,the evolutionist and materialist will say that 8heredity0 or 8nature0 determines the sex of the embryo4 ,i reply that the force and power of 8heredity0 and of 8nature0 are identical with those the fertilized ovum because they can act1 only1 by and through it2 and it has no intellect1 memory nor will-power to determine the sex of the child2 nor to construct the male nor the female sexual organs after electing between them1 even if such a thing were possible2 nor any power to correlate the non-sexual organs and parts1 with the male or female sexual organs so as to produce a man or a woman4 ,in fact the germ-cell has no knowledge of sexual organs1 nor of their form1 size1 structure nor functions4 ,it follows that neither 8heredity10 nor 8nature0 has any power to determine the sex of the child1 nor to correlate its non-sexual organs with its sexual ones4 ,we are1 therefore1 compelled to believe that the sex of every human being is determined by the ,creator2 and that all sexual organs are directly and specially made by him4 ,for like reasons1 we are compelled to believe that the heart1 lungs1 stomach1 liver1 kidneys1 muscles1 arteries1 veins1 nerves1 and other organs and parts of the body are directly and specially made by the ,creator4 ,sec4 #de4 ,proposition #ab4 ,form1 ,size1 ,structure and ,position of the ,several ,organs and ,parts of the ,body and ,their ,number are ,conclusive ,evidence that ,each ,human ,body is a ,new1 ,direct and ,special ,creation ,for example1 the form1 size1 structure and position of the several bones in each skeleton1 and the number of them1 are proof that they are all made by the ,creator4 ,so1 the form1 size1 structure1 and position of the several parts of the brain1 eye1 ear1 heart1 lungs1 liver1 kidneys1 etc42 and their number cannot be explained on any hypothesis1 other than that of special creation4 ,the same is true of the muscles1 arteries1 veins1 etc4 ,sec4 #df4 ,proposition #ac4 ,universal ,sameness of all ,human ,bodies1 is ,conclusive ,evidence that ,each of ,them was ,directly and ,specially ,made by the ,creator ,every human body that ever lived in any age or country was composed of identically the same chemical elements that were or are found in every other such body1 in whatever age or country such other body may have lived4 ,so1 each normal body1 in whatever age or country it may have lived1 had the same chemical combinations2 the same mechanical arrangements2 the same structure1 the same organs and parts1 and substantially the same form and size1 that every other such body1 of the same sex1 had1 whenever1 and wherever such other body may have lived4 ,how could this universal sameness of chemical elements1 chemical combinations1 mechanical arrangements1 etc41 in all human bodies have happened8 ,could it have happened by accident or chance2 or by force of the blind factors of evolution2 or did the blind1 unthinking atoms and cells1 of which each human body was built up1 spontaneously1 and automatically1 group themselves into identically the same chemical combinations1 and mechanical arrangements that the atoms and cells in every other human body had grouped themselves2 thus making chemical elements1 chemical combinations1 the mechanical arrangements1 the organs and parts in each human body1 identically the same as those in every other such body1 whenever and wherever it may have lived8 ,such a thing is impossible2 specially when we consider that each body grew anew1 for itself4 ,but the evolutionist may say that this universal sameness in all human bodies is caused by 8heredity40 ,i reply that each human body begins life as a fertilized ovum2 that it develops and grows anew for itself1 independently of the development and growth of any other body2 it is a new combination of the atoms and cells--8organic bricks0--of which it is composed2 it was made by new forces and motions of new materials1 peculiar to itself4 ,in order to build each body the atoms and cells1 of which it was composed1 must have been selected1 assembled at the building site and there grouped into the necessary chemical combinations and mechanical arrangement4 ,intellect1 memory1 will-power1 force and motion were necessary to do this work1 in each instance4 ,heredity is only a name for certain vital phenomena4 ,it it not a material entity2 it has no weight1 length1 breadth nor thickness2 no constructive force2 no intellect1 memory nor will-power2 nor any power to generate force nor motion4 ,nor has it any power to assemble the atoms and cells2 nor to group and arrange them in such a manner as to form the body1 its organs and parts4 ,nor can 8heredity0 8breathe the breath of life0 into the fertilized ovum nor create a soul for the embryo body4 8,heredity0 does all its work by and through the fertilized ovum4 ,it has identically the same properties and potentialities that this ovum has1 no more nor less4 ,surely this ovum has no knowledge of the bodies of its parents1 nor of their organs and parts2 nor can it have any memory of a thing that it never knew2 nor has it any inherent power to reproduce the bodies of its parents or either of them4 ,it is impossible to explain and account for this universal sameness of all human bodies without assuming that each of them was made by one and the same hand1 namely3 ,almighty ,god4 ,we cannot doubt that ,he directly and specially created every human being that ever lived on our planet4 ,sec4 #dg4 ,proposition #ad4 ,creator's ,supervision of the ,development and ,growth of the ,embryo is ,necessary to ,produce the ,human ,body ,the watchmaker makes one piece of a watch at a time2 but every organ and part of the embryo body grows all the time4 ,thus the body and all its internal organs and parts2 and both arms1 hands1 legs and feet are growing continuously until it is grown4 ,if the growth of each organ and part of the body were not so regulated as to keep pace with every other organ and part1 there would be no proper proportion among them4 ,one arm and hand would be larger and longer than the other2 one leg larger and longer than the other2 the five segments in the femur would not meet and unite to form the complete bone4 7,johnson's ,cyclopedia #g1 p4 #eec47 ,if there were no extraneous supervising architect to adjust and correlate each organ and part to every other1 there would be no harmony of form1 size1 nor structure in the edifice4 ,surely1 the atoms and cells in the right leg would have no knowledge of the form1 size1 nor structure of the left2 and no organ1 nor any part of the body1 would have any power to adjust itself1 automatically1 to any other4 ,sec4 #dh4 ,proposition #ae4 ,each ,human ,body is ,specially ,endowed with ,life ,neither the spermatozon nor the ovum is a living creature1 for neither of them has the power to take and assimilate food2 nor to develop and grow1 alone4 ,but when they unite and fuse1 this combination begins to live1 it absorbs and assimilates food or nourishment1 develops1 divides and produces an infinite number of daughter-cells4 ,the atoms in the fertilized ovum are identically the same that were in the spermatozon and ovum before the fusion occurred4 ,perhaps these atoms form new chemical combinations4 ,but we cannot believe that any possible combination of atoms could automatically take on the energies and phenomena of life4 ,any good chemist can make the same combination of atoms that is found in the fertilized ovum2 but his combination would not absorb and assimilate food1 it would not live1 develop nor grow4 ,life is not a property of matter but something wholly different from it4 ,matter may exist without life2 but apparently1 life cannot exist without matter4 ,it is evident that the atoms of which the human body is composed did not manifest the phenomena nor the energies of life until they were grouped into that body2 on the other hand the body does not manifest vital energies after its death4 ,life begins at a particular moment and ceases at another specific instant4 ,if a piece of iron be charged with electricity1 it will manifest electrical energy so long as it remains charged4 ,but when the electricity passes from it1 the iron ceases to exhibit such phenomena4 ,so1 when the human body is charged or endowed with life1 it continues to manifest vital phenomena until life passes out of it4 ,life is bestowed on the several species of animal under divers conditions4 ,thus1 it is bestowed on the fertilized human ovum in the genital organs of the mother1 for the reason that this is the best1 if not the only1 place for it to develop and grow4 ,it is bestowed on the eggs of fishes in the water2 and upon the eggs of birds1 after they have passed out of the bodies of the mother bird4 ,let us consider the hen's egg for a moment4 ,when laid it contains a fertilized ovum and 8the white and the yellow0 of the egg4 ,it is a complete and finished egg4 ,but it has no life4 ,unless it be placed under a sitting hen or in an incubator1 it will decay and disintegrate4 ,the hen or incubator merely keeps it warm during the period of incubation4 ,by the end of the twenty-first day1 the contents of the egg-shell have been converted into a live bird1 with a skeleton1 muscles1 arteries1 veins1 nerves1 brain1 eyes1 ears1 heart1 lungs1 liver1 wings1 legs1 feet1 etc4 ,there is no skeleton1 model1 nor any other performed outline of the coming chick1 in the egg2 for the contents of the egg-shell are a homogeneous mass of protoplasm4 ,there is no reason to suppose that the warmth of the hen's body1 nor that the heat of the incubator1 is1 alone1 adequate to impart life to the egg4 ,each part of the egg is necessarily kept at the same temperature as that of every other part4 ,for this reason we cannot believe that mere heat differentiates one part of the white and yellow into bones1 another part into muscles1 arteries1 veins1 nerves1 etc4 ,in his ,principles of ,biology1 7vol4 #a1 p4 #aaf71 ,spencer says3 8,there is experimental proof that seeds may1 under conditions unfavorable to germination1 retain for ten1 twenty1 and some even thirty years1 the power to germinate when due moisture and warmth are supplied40 ,now if these seeds are alive1 what becomes of the life in them during these long periods of quiescence8 ,there are untold millions of grains of wheat and of corn4 ,none of these grains will germinate until they are supplied with 8moisture and warmth40 ,can we believe that heat and moisture alone have any creative forces8 ,if so1 all the sands of the sea shore ought to be living creatures4 ,let us consider the acorn4 ,when mature1 it falls to the ground4 ,if it be supplied with a proper degree of heat and moisture1 it will germinate in a short time4 ,but it will never germinate1 so long as it is kept in a cool1 dry place4 ,suppose an acorn is deprived of heat and moisture for five years2 that it is then supplied with them and immediately germinates4 ,when did the life of the acorn begin8 ,did it begin when the acorn ripened and dropped to the ground or when it germinated8 ,if it was alive when it first matured1 and germinated five years afterward1 what became of its life between its maturity and its germination8 ,is it not reasonable to suppose that the ,creator endowed it with life when it germinated8 ,can we believe that the heat of the mother's body is1 alone1 adequate to generate life in the fertilized ovum8 ,can we believe that the heat of the sun1 and the moisture of the earth are1 of themselves1 sufficient to generate life in a grain of wheat1 a grain of corn or an acorn8 ,it follows that the fertilized human ovum must be directly and specially endowed by the ,creator with the power to absorb and assimilate food1 to develop1 grow and live6 ,the ,creator in every instance strikes the vital match6 ,sec4 #di4 ,proposition #af4 ,every ,human ,soul is a ,new1 ,direct and ,special ,creation ,the soul is defined as3 8,a substantial entity1 believed to be that1 in each person1 which lives1 feels1 thinks and wills40 7,cent4 ,dic4 #g1 p4 #egha47 ,i hope and believe that every human being has an immortal soul2 and if this be true it must be his or her own1 for we cannot imagine that the same soul ever occupied more than one body2 unless we believe in the transmigration1 metempsychosis or reincarnation of souls2 and this belief is too absurd for serious consideration4 ,the child does not take his father's soul nor his mother's1 nor is there any reason to suppose that either parent transmits to the child1 any part of his or her soul2 nor that either of them transmits any germ of a new soul for it4 ,no man can even imagine a division of himself--his ego or self--into two or more parts4 ,it follows that each human body has its own soul2 which is separate from and independent of every other soul4 ,we cannot believe that the spermatozon nor the ovum has any soul prior to their fusion into the fertilized ovum4 ,we are therefore compelled to infer that the soul comes into existence at the moment this fusion occurs1 or shortly afterward4 ,we cannot even imagine that the soul is created by the father1 nor by the mother1 nor by the body in which it resides2 nor by accident nor chance4 ,it follows that a new soul must be directly and specially created for each embryo body1 if it ever gets one4 ,it may be that life is an attribute or property of the soul4 ,if this be true1 the creation of the soul would include the creation of life4 ,if one believes that he has a soul1 separate and apart from his body1 as most of us do1 he is compelled to assume1 that it was directly and specially created by ,almighty ,god4 ,if we believe that the soul is a special creation1 we may well assume that the body is also a special creation4 ,sec4 #ej4 ,objection to this ,theory of ,special ,creation ,i admit that there are serious objections to my theory of special creation4 ,but like objections may be brought against any other theory4 ,for example1 many serious objections have been brought against ,darwin's theory of organic evolution4 ,yet a majority of all the scientists believe it is true4 ,in his 8,man's ,place in ,nature0 7p4 #adi71 ,huxley says3 8,our acceptance of the ,darwinian hypothesis must be provisional so long as one link in the chain of evidence is wanting3 and so long as all animals and plants certainly produced by selective breeding from a common stock are fertile1 and their progeny are fertile with one another1 that link will be wanting40 ,this link is still missing and probably will be forever4 ,although there are serious objections to my theory1 yet there is none so serious as there are to the alternative theory that dead atoms and blind1 unthinking cells do spontaneously and automatically group themselves into the chemical combinations and mechanical arrangements1 which are necessary to produce the human body2 and that this body becomes1 spontaneously and automatically1 a live human being with intellect1 memory and will4 ,index ,figures refer to pages4 ,animals1 their sizes determined how1 #ff first appeared at a certain time1 #ajf first were specially created or arose by spontaneous generation1 #ajg none produced by spontaneous generation1 #aji ,atoms1 defined and discussed1 #bj ,body4 ,see ,human body2 ,embryo body4 ,brain1 is a special creation1 #abi ,cell1 defined and discussed1 #ba their distribution and grouping1 #fi their differentiation or metamorphosis1 #gg their waste1 discussed1 #hj ,see ,germ-cell2 ,daughter-cell4 ,chemical elements1 ,composing the body1 #ai ,creator1 could have made a million animals or plants as easily as one1 #aaa if ,he made the first animal and the first plant he made all others1 #aab ,his supervision is necessary to produce the embryo body1 #ace bestows life on each individual1 #acf ,daughter-cells1 their production1 etc41 #fe ,differentiation of ,cells 7metamorphosis71 #gg ,distribution and grouping of cells1 #fi ,ear is a special creation1 #abh ,elephant grows larger than a mouse1 why81 #ff ,embryo body1 distribution and grouping of cells in1 #fi differentiation 7metamorphosis7 of cells in1 #gg is built of inanimate matter1 #ha each is produced anew1 #hb ,eye is a special creation1 #abc ,fertilized ovum4 ,see ,germ-cell4 ,force and motion1 defined and discussed1 #ce ,generation1 spontaneous4 ,see spontaneous generation4 ,germ-cell defined and discussed1 #ec does not contain any skeleton or model of the coming embryo1 #eg has no power to evolve the embryo automatically1 #fa ,god4 ,see ,personal ,god1 #aa ,grouping of cells1 in embryo body1 #fi ,heredity1 has no power to generate a new human being1 #he has no power to evolve one from the germ-cell1 #he and environment are inadequate1 etc41 #ah ,human being1 each is a special creation1 #aje ,human body1 chemical elements in it1 #ai is a compound physical structure1 #be is built of cells1 8organic bricks01 #be is a complex animal machine1 #cj is constructed on a definite plan1 #cc each is unique and peculiar1 #ce is either specially created or spontaneously generated1 #aac is specially endowed with life1 #acf ,intellect1 etc41 are necessary when1 #i1 #dc1 #ea ,life is specially bestowed on each individual1 #acf ,memory1 etc41 are necessary1 when1 #i1 #dc1 #ea ,metamorphosis of cells1 discussed1 #gg ,model of embryo1 none in germ-cell1 #eg ,motion and force4 ,see ,force and ,motion1 #ce ,mouse is smaller than the elephant1 why81 #ff ,materialist1 his theory of the universe1 #ad-ae ,nature1 has no power to generate a new human being1 #ajc has no power to evolve one from the germ-cell1 #ajc ,newton's first law of motion1 stated1 #ce ,objections to this theory of special creation1 #ada ,organs1 ,sexual4 ,see ,sexual ,organs1 #abi ,organs1 their form1 size1 structure1 position and number are proof that the human body is a special creation #acb ,ovum1 defined and discussed1 #dg is a special creation #di its production1 #fe fertilized1 see ,germ-cell1 #ec ,personal ,god1 belief in ,his existence1 #aa ,plant1 first was specially created or arose by spontaneous generation1 which81 #ajg none produced by spontaneous generation1 #aji ,protoplasm1 defined and discussed1 #bc ,question1 the real stated1 #ab1 #ajb ,real question stated1 #ab1 #ajb ,reproduction1 its phenomena stated1 #fd ,sameness of human bodies is evidence1 etc41 #acc ,sexual ,organs are special creations1 #abi ,sizes of animals are determined1 how81 #ff ,skeleton is a special creation1 #aaf of embryo none in the germ-cell1 #eg ,soul is a special creation1 #aci ,spermatozon1 defined and discussed1 #dd is a special creation1 #di its production1 #fd ,spontaneous generation1 none of animals and plants1 #aji ,stem-cell4 ,see ,germ-cell1 #ec ,supervision by the creator is necessary to produce the embryo body1 #ace ,universal sameness of human bodies1 proof of their special creation1 #acc ,waste of cells1 discussed1 #hj ,whence and whither1 #ab ,will power4 ,see ,intellect1 etc41 #i1 #dc1 #ea