,,/udies ,,on ,,hom] ,,& ,,! ,,hom]ic ,,age4 ,,by ,,! ,,"r ,,hon4 ,w4 ,e4 ,,glad/one1 ,d4,c4,l4 ,m4 ,p4 ,,= ,,! ,,univ]sity ,,( ,,ox=d4 ,,9 ,,?ree ,,volumes4 ,,vol4 ,,iii4 ,pl5ius ac melius ,*rysippo et ,crantore4--,,horace4 ,,ox=d3 ,,at ,,! ,,univ]sity ,,press4 ,m4,,dccc4,,lviii4 ,! "r ( ,translation is res]v$4 ,,/udies ,,on ,,hom] ,,& ,,! ,,hom]ic ,,age4 ,i4 ,,agor3 ,,polities ,,( ,,! ,,hom]ic ,,age4 ,,ii4 ,,ilios3 ,,trojans ,,& ,,greeks ,,comp>$4 ,,iii4 ,,?alassa3 ,,! ,,out] ,,geography4 ,,iv4 ,,aoidos3 ,,"s ,,po9ts ,,( ,,! ,,poetry ,,( ,,hom]4 ,,by ,,! ,,"r ,,hon4 ,w4 ,e4 ,,glad/one1 ,d4,c4,l4 ,m4,p4 ,,= ,,! ,,univ]sity ,,( ,,ox=d4 ,pl5ius ac melius ,*rysippo et ,crantore4--,,horace4 ,,ox=d3 ,,at ,,! ,,univ]sity ,,press4 ,m4,,dccc4,,lviii4 ,! "r ( ,translation is res]v$4 ,,adv]tisem5t4 ,s9ce ! ,sections :i* relate to ,e?nology pass$ ?r\gh ! ,press1 ! ,fir/ ,volume ( ,mr4 ,rawl9son's ,h]odotus has appe>$4 ,e>li] possession ( ?is important ,publication w\ld h embold5$ me to proce$ a /ep fur!r 9 ! attempt to specify ! probable or possible =m ( ! orig9al ,e?nic relation betwe5 ! ,pelasgians & ! ,hell5es ( ! ,greek ,p59sula1 b designat+ ! latt] z pure ,arian1 & ! =m] z ,arian1 ) a residue or mixture ( ,turanian elem5ts4 ,x has also be5 s9ce ! #8,olympus' 0 pr9t$1 t ,i h become acqua9t$ ) ,welck]'s rec5t & unf9i%$ #8,grie*is*e ,gtt]lehre1' 7,gtt+51 #aheg47 ,i c\ld h wi%$ to ref] to x at v>i\s po9ts1 & especially to avail myself ( ! cle>] view1 :i* ! le>n$ ,au?or has giv51 ( ! position ( 4 ,f\nd+ himself 9 "p on ! exclusive appropriation by ,hom] ( ! t]m to ,jupit]1 he enables u to see h[ ,jupit] may h inh]it$ ! sole use ( ! title z be+ #8! ,anci5t ( days2' & h[ 0 a =mation 9 ! ,my?ology :olly second>y & po/]ior to 8 reput$ son4 7,welck]1 sectt4 #bg1 #h4 pp4 #adj-g47 ,ano!r rec5t book1 ,m4 ,alfr$ ,maury's ,hi/oire des ,religions de la ,grce ,antique1 und]takes ! useful task ( unfold+ l>gely ! relations ( ! ,greek religion to ! ,ea/4 ,b ! division ( x :i* deals ) ,hom] specifically is nei!r complete nor accurate1 & af=ds a new illu/ration ( ! proposition :i* ,i *iefly desire to e/abli%1 namely1 t ,hom] ought to be treat$ z a sep>ate & indep5d5t c5tre ( /udy4 #aa1 ,,c>lton ,,h\se ,,t]race1 ,,london1 ,m>* #ae1 #aheh4 ,,! ,,cont5ts4 ,i4 ,,agor3 ,,or ,,! ,,polities ,,( ,,! ,,hom]ic ,,age4 ,political ideas ( lat] ,greece ,page #a ,_! /rong developm5t 9 ,h]oic ,greece #b ,g]m ( ! ,law ( ,nations #d ,grote's acc\nt ( ! ,h]oic ,polities #e ,_! peculi> features1 ,publicity & ,p]suasion #f ,functions ( ! k+ 9 ! ,h]oic ,polities #h ,nature ( ! ,pelopid ,empire #i ,degrees 9 ,k+%ip & 9 ,lord%ip #aj ,f\r =ms ( ,sov]eignty #ab ,fir/ tok5s ( *ange 9 ! ,h]oic ,polities #ab ,%[n by analysis ( ! ,catalogue #ad ,ext5d$ signs 9 ! ,odyssey #ag ,alt]$ s5se ( or ,k+ #ah ,new "n ( ,que5 #bj ,disorganization caus$ by ! ,w> #ba ,arrival ( a new race at manhood #bb ,increas$ weight ( ! nobles #bd ,alt]$ idea ( ! k+ly (fice #be ,! fir/ in/ance ( a bad ,k+ #bg ,fur!r *ange 9 ! "t ( ,hesiod #bh ,v5]ation long adh]+ to ! "n #ca ,five di/9ctive notes ( 9 ! ,iliad #cb ,! n9e ,greek ( ! ,iliad #ce ,! case ( ,meges #cf ,( ,phnix #cg ,( ,patroclus & ,eurypylus #ch ,conditions ( ,k+%ip 9 ! ,iliad #ci ,! p]sonal beauty ( ! ,k+s #dj ,cu/om ( resignation 9 old age #dj ,=ce ( ! t]m #da ,gymna/ic sup]iority ( ! ,k+s #dd ,_! pursuit ( ,music & ,song #de ,ulysses z artific] & husb&man #df ,! ,k+s z ,g5tlem5 #dg ,a*illes 9 p>ticul> #dh ,t5d]ness & te>s ( ! ,greek *iefs #di ,"r ( h]$it>y succession #ej ,"r ( primog5iture #eb ,! ,hom]ic ,k+ 7#a7 z ,prie/ #ee 7#b7 z ,judge #ef 7#c7 z ,g5]al #eg 7#d7 z ,proprietor3 ! #eh ,8 rev5ues1 f f\r s\rces 9 all #ei ,burd5s ^u !m #fa ,! political position ( ,agamemnon #fb ,! gov]n+ motives ( ! ,w> #fd ,position ( ,agamemnon 9 ! army #ff ,8 p]sonal "* #fg ,! relation ( sov]eign & subject a free "o #fg ,! p]sonal att5dants ( ! ,k+ #fi ,! ,ari/ocracy or *ief proprietors #fi ,! ,trades & ,pr(essions #gj ,! ,slaves ( ! ,hom]ic age #gb ,! or hir$ s]vants #gd ,supply ( milit>y s]vice #ge ,:e!r !re 0 a peasant-propriet>y #gg ,political ,economy ( ! ,hom]ic age #gh ,! preci\s metals n a measure ( value #ha ,ox5 9 "s degree a measure ( value #hb ,relative sc>city ( c]ta9 metals #hd ,mode ( gov]nm5t ( ! ,army #he ,its milit>y composition #hh ,*ief descriptions ( fight+ m5 #ia ,! ,battle & ! ,ambuscade #ib ,! or ,c\ncil ( ! ,greeks #id ,x subsi/$ 9 peace & 9 w> #ig ,opposition 9 ! #ih ,agamemnon's proposals ( ,return #ii ,! influ5ce ( ,spee* 9 ! ,h]oic age #ajb ,x 0 a subject ( regul> tra9+ #ajc ,v>i$ descriptions ( oratory 9 ,hom] #ajd ,a*illes ! p>am\nt ,orator #aje ,! orations ( ! poems #ajf ,! p[] ( rep>tee #ajh ,! p[] ( s>casm #aji ,! faculty ( debate 9 ,hom] #aaa ,! discussion ( ! ,n9? ,iliad #aaa ,function ( ! ,assembly 9 ! ,h]oic age #aad ,! =mal use ( majorities unkn[n #aaf ,! great decisions ( ! ,w> tak5 !re #aag ,x 0 n summon$ exclusively by ,agamemnon #aah ,opposition 9 ! ,agor by ! *iefs #aai ,opposition by ,!rsites #abj ,grote's judgm5t on ! case ( ,!rsites #abc ,h[ t case be>s witness to ! popul> pr9ciple #abf ,z does ! ,agor on ! ,%ield #abf ,mode ( address+ ! ,assembly #abi ,its decisions 9 ! ,sev5? & ,n9? ,iliads #abi ,division 9 ! ,drunk5 ,assembly #acj ,appeal ( ,telema*us to ! ,i?acan ,assembly #acb ,phacian ,assembly ( ! ,eigh? ,odyssey #acd ,i?acan ,assembly ( ! ,tw5ty-f\r? #acf ,c\ncils or ,assemblies ( ,olympus #acg ,judicial functions ( ! ,assembly #aci ,assembly ! c5tral po9t ( ! ,polity #adj ,! common s\l or 9 ,hom] #ada ,imp]fect organization ( ,h]oic ,polities #adc ,,ii4 ,,ilios4 ,,! ,,trojans ,,comp>$ ,,& ,,contra/$ ,,) ,,! ,,greeks4 ,relation%ip ( ,troy & ,greece tw(old #ade ,greek names ( deities f\nd also 9 ,troas #adg ,include ne>ly all ! great] deities #aej ,wor%ip ( ,vulcan 9 ,troas #aea ,wor%ip ( ,juno & ,gaia 9 ,troas #aec ,wor%ip ( ,m]cury 9 ,troas #aed ,wor%ip ( ,scam&] #aee ,diff]5t view ( ,riv]s 9 ,troas #aeh ,ess5tial "* ( ,trojan ,riv]-wor%ip #afj ,trojan imp]sonations f ,nature r>e #afb ,pov]ty ( ,my?ology among ! ,trojans #afe ,_! jejune doctr9e ( a ,future ,/ate #aff ,r$undance ( life 9 ! ,greek sy/em #afh ,wor%ip f hills #afi ,! nations comp>$ z to ext]nal developm5t ( religion4-- #a4 ,temples #agj #b4 ,z to end[m5ts 9 l&1 or #agb #c4 ,z to ,groves' #agc #d4 ,z to ,/atues ( ! ,gods #agd #e4 ,z to ,se]s or ,div9]s #agg #f4 ,z to ! ,prie/hood3 ,prie/hood 9 ,greece #agi ,prie/hood 9 lat] ,greece #ahc ,prie/hood among ! ,trojans #ahd ,comp>ative obs]vance ( sacrifice #ahg ,! ,trojans m giv5 to religi\s obs]vances #ahi ,hom]'s diff]5t modes ( h&l+ = ,greece & ,troy #aij ,moral sup]iority ( 8 ,greeks on ! :ole #aib ,hom]'s acc\nt ( ! abduction ( ,hel5 #aic ,! ,greek e/imate ( ,p>is #aig ,its relation to prevail+ views ( ,m>riage #bjj ,& to ,greek views ( ,homicide #bjb ,! ,trojan e/imate ( ,p>is #bje ,public op9ion less develop$ 9 ,troy #bjf ,! ,trojans m s5sual & false #bjg ,trojan ideas & usages ( ,m>riage #baj ,! family ( ,priam #baa ,/rict] ideas among ! ,greeks #bae ,trojan ,polity less highly organiz$ #baf ,rule ( ,succession 9 ,troy #bag ,succession to ! ?rone ( ,priam #bai ,p>is1 mo/ probably1 0 8 elde/ son #bba ,position ( ,priam & 8 dyna/y 9 ,troas #bbc ,mean+ ( & ( #bbd ,evid5ce f ! ,trojan ,catalogue #bbe ,ext5t ( 8 sov]eignty & supremacy #bbh ,polity ( ,ilios3 ! #bcb ,! ,assembly #bcb ,! great] weight ( ,age 9 ,troy #bcd ,! abs5ce ( a 9 ,troy #bcf ,! great] weight ( oratory 9 ,greece #bci ,trojans less gift$ ) self-comm& #bdb ,& ) intellig5ce g5]ally #bdd ,diff]5ce 9 ! pursuits ( high-born y\? #bde ,diff]5ce z to #bdf ,summ>y ( diff]5ces #bdg ,,iii4 ,,?alassa4 ,,! ,,out] ,,geography ,,( ,,! ,,odyssey4 ,:y x des]ves inve/igation #bdi ,pr9cipal heads ( ! inquiry #bea ,! two ,sph]es ( ,inn] & ,out] ,geography #beb ,limits ( ! ,inn] ,geography #bee ,! int]m$iate or d\btful zone #beg ,! ,sph]e ( ! ,out] ,geography #bfj ,! two ,keys ( ! ,out] ,geography #bfa ,! traditional int]pretations valueless #bfb ,manife/ dislocations ( actual nature #bfc ,po/ulates = exam9+ ! ,out] ,geography #bfd ,! ,w9ds ( ,hom] #bfe ,special notices ( ,eurus & ,notus #bfg ,( ,zephyr & ,boreas #bfh ,po9ts ( ! ,compass = ! two la/ #bgj ,= ! two fir/ #bgb ,s*eme ( ! f\r ,w9ds #bgc ,signification ( ,eurus #bgc ,hom]ic di/ances & rates ( spe$ #bge ,p>ticul>s ( evid5ce on spe$ #bgg ,! nor?w>d sea-r\te to ! ,eux9e #bhj ,evid5ce f ,il4 xiii4 #a-f #bha ,f ,od4 vii4 #cai-bf #bhb ,f ,od4 v4 #dd-eg #bhc ,f ,od4 xxiv4 #aa-ac #bhe ,amalgamat$ reports ( ! ,ocean-m\? #bhg ,op5-sea passage to ! ,ocean-m\? #bhi ,homew>d passage by ! ,/raits1 :y pref]r$ #bij ,?ree m>itime r\tes to ! ,ocean-m\? #bia ,its two possible orig9als 9 nature #bib ,/raits ( ,y5ikal z ,ocean-m\? #bid ,summ>y ( facts f ,phnician reports #bie ,two sets ( reports are bl5d$ into "o #bif ,! site ( a2 ,nor?-we/]n hypo!sis #bih ,nor?-ea/]n hypo!sis #cjj ,argum5t f ! #cjb ,f ! ,isl& ,?r9acie #cjb ,local notes ( a #cjc ,site ( ,ogygia #cjd ,argum5t f ! flight ( ,m]cury #cje ,f ! floatage ( ,ulysses #cjf ,f 8 homew>d passage #cjh ,site ( ,scylla relatively to ! ,d>danelles #cji ,:y a _c lie ,nor?-we/w>d #caa ,con/ruction ( ,od4 xii4 #c1 #d #cab ,con/ruction ( ,od4 v4 #bgf1 #g #cae ,g5u95ess ( ! passage que/ionable #caf ,its real mean+ #cag ,hom]'s indications ( geographical misgiv+s #cah ,/ages ( ! t\r ( ,ulysses to a 7i-vi47 #cbj a & ! ,eux9e 7vi-viii47 #cbe ,rema9+ /ages 7viii-xi47 #cbg ,directions & di/ances f a onw>ds #cbi ,t\rs ( ,m5elaus & ,ulysses comp>$ #cca ,! e>? ( ,hom] probably oval #ccd ,po9ts ( contact ) ,oceanus #ccg ,! ,caspian & ,p]sian ,gulf belong to ,oceanus #cch ,contraction & compression ( ! ,hom]ic ,ea/ #cdj ,outl9e ( ,hom]'s t]re/rial sy/em #cdb ,map ( ,e>? accord+ to ,hom] #cdc ,,excursus ,i4 ,p>5tage & ,extraction ( ,m9os4 ,on ! g5u95ess ( ,il4 xiv4 #cag-bg #cdd ,on ! s5se ( ! l9e ,il4 xiv4 #cba #cdf ,collat]al te/imony to ! extraction ( ,m9os #cdg ,,excursus ,,ii4 ,on ! l9e ,odyss4 v4 #bgg4 ,po9ts ( ! "q /at$ #cdi ,s5ses ( & #cej ,illu/rat$ f ,il4 xiii #ceb ,on ! =ce ( ! ,hom]ic #ced ,=ce ( ) #cef ,illu/rat$ f ,il4 ii4 #cec4 ,od4 xxi4 #ada #ceh ,f ,il4 i4 #eig4 vii4 #bch4 xii4 #bci1 #bdi #cei ,f ,il4 xxiii4 #cce-g #cfj ,f ,il4 ii4 #ebf #cfb ,application to ,od4 v4 #bgg #cfd ,ano!r s5se prevail$ 9 lat] ,greek #cfe ,,iv4 ,,aoidos4 ,,sect4 ,i4 ,on ! ,plot ( ! ,iliad4 ,! ,!ory ( ,grote on ! /ructure ( ! poem #cff ,(f] relat$ 9 ! ,n9? ,book & its rejection #cfi ,re/itution & gifts n ! object ( ,a*illes #cga ,! (f] 0 radically defective #cgc ,apology ne$$ 9 p>ticul> #cge ,consi/5cy ma9ta9$ 9 & aft] ,il4 ix #cgg ,skilful adju/m5t ( conflict+ aims #cgi ,glory giv5 to ,a*illes #chj ,glory giv5 to ,greece #chj ,trojan inf]iority ma9ly 9 ! ,*iefs #chb ,b x p]vades ! poem #chd ,9 ! ,*iefs x is gl>+ #che ,conflict+ exig5cies ( ! plan #chg ,greeks sup]ior ev5 )\t ,a*illes #chh ,h>mony 9 relative prom95ce ( ! ,*iefs #chi ,retributive ju/ice 9 ! two poems #cib ,! suff]+s ( ,a*illes #cid ,d\ble conque/ ov] 8 w #cie ,,sect4 ,,ii4 ,! ,s5se ( ,beauty 9 ,hom]3 human1 animal1 & inanimate4 ,8 s5se ( ,beauty alike pure & /rong #cig ,deg5]acy ( ! popul> idea _h begun #cih ,illu/rat$ by ! s]ies ( ,d>danid traditions1 7#a7 ,ganym$e #cih 7#b7 ,ti?onus1 7#c7 ,an*ises #djj 7#d7 ,p>is & ,v5us #dja ,hom]'s s5se ( ,beauty 9 ! human =m #djb ,8 treatm5t ( ! ,beauty ( ,p>is #djb ,beauty among ! ,greek *iefta9s #djd ,ascrib$ also to ! nation #dje ,beauty ( ,nireus #djf ,( ,na/es & ( ,euphorbus #djg ,beauty plac$ among ! prime gifts ( man #djh ,hom]'s s5se ( ,beauty 9 animals #dji ,especially 9 horses #daj ,z to _! movem5ts #daa ,z to _! =m & col\r #dac ,hom]'s s5se ( ,beauty 9 inanimate nature #daf ,! in/ance ( ,i?aca #dag ,g]m ( feel+ = ! picturesque 9 ,hom] #dai ,close relation ( ,ord] & ,beauty #dbj ,causes adv]se to ! developm5t ( ! g]m #dba ,beauty ( mat]ial objects absorb$ 9 _! ,life #dbc ,,sect4 ,,iii4 ,hom]'s p]ception & use ( ,numb]4 ,! traditional "* ( aptitudes #dbe ,conceptions ( ,numb] n always def9ite 9 *ildhood #dbg ,nor ev5 9 manhood #dbh ,no calculations 9 ,hom] #dcj ,greek e/imate ( ! discov]y ( ,numb] #dca ,enum]ative addition 9 ,od4 iv4 #dab1 #dea #dcb ,highe/ num]als ( ! poems #dcb ,! ?ree hundr$ & sixty fat hogs #dcd ,! ,hom]ic #dce ,! num]als expressive ( value #dcf ,8 sil5ce z to ! numb]s ( ! armies #dci ,especially 9 ! ,greek ,catalogue #ddj ,case ( ! ,trojan biv\ac #ddb ,case ( ! h]ds & flocks 9 ,od4 xiv4 #ddc ,hesiod's age ( ! ,nymphs #ddd ,case ( ! cities ( ,crete #dde ,no s*eme ( *ronology 9 ,hom] #ddf ,case ( ! ?ree ,decades ( ye>s #ddh ,mean+ ( ! ( ,hom] #ddi ,hom] reckons "t by g5]ations #dea ,"s difficulties ( ! ,decades tak5 lit]ally #deb ,uses ( ! propos$ int]pretation #dee ,,sect4 ,,iv4 ,hom]'s ,p]ceptions & ,use ( ,col\r4 ,mod]n p]ceptions ( col\r usually def9ite #deg ,signs ( immature p]ception 9 ,hom] #deh ,8 *ief adjectives ( col\r #dei ,8 quasi-adjectives ( col\r #dfj ,applications ( 1 1 #dfj ,( & #dfb ,( #dfe ,( #dff ,! quasi-adjectives ( col\r2 #dfg ,! ( ,hom] #dfh ,! & #dfi ,! 1 1 #dgj ,! & #dgb & its cognates2 also 1 #dgc 1 1 #dgd 1 1 1 #dge ,conflict ( ! col\rs assign$ to ! same object #dge ,great pr$om9ance ( :ite & black #dgf ,rem>kable omissions to specify col\r #dgg ,9 ! case ( ! horse among o!rs #dgi ,9 ! case ( human beauty1 & ( ,iris #dhb ,9 ! case ( ! heav5s #dhc ,causes ( ?is peculi> treatm5t ( col\r #dhc ,lic5se ( poetry 9 ! matt] ( col\r #dhd ,illu/rat$ f ,%akespe>e #dhe ,hom]'s contract$ means ( tra9+ 9 col\r #dhg ,8 sy/em "o ( light & d>k #dhh ,col\r 9 ! lat] ,greek language #dia ,greek philosophy ( col\r #dic ,nature ( our advantage ov] ,hom] #die ,note on & 4 ,mean+s = h]et(ore sugge/$ #dif ,probably a native blue c>bonate ( copp] #dig to be und]/ood z h>d5$ copp] #dii ,,sect4 ,v4 ,hom] & "s ( 8 successors 9 ,epic ,poetry2 p>ticul>ly ,virgil & ,tasso4 ,milton's place among ,epic poets #ejj ,difficulty ( comp>+ him ) ,hom] #eja ,! same z to ,dante #eja neid & ,iliad2 _! resemblances & contra/s #ejb ,contra/ betwe5 =m & _s 9 ! neid #ejc ,catalogue 9 ! ,iliad & 9 ! neid #ejd ,"* ( neas 9 ! neid #eje ,"* ( neas 9 ! ,iliad #ejg ,! f9e "* ( ,turnus #ejh ,! false position ( ,virgil be=e ,augu/us #eji ,difficulty ( le>n+ ! poet f ! poem #eaj ,8 false position z to religion1 lib]ty1 & nationality #eaa ,untru?fulness h5ce result+ #eab ,hom] is misappreh5d$ ?r\gh ,virgil #eac ,9 m9or matt]s1 e4 g4 ,simois & ,scam&] #eac ( ,hom] & ( ,virgil #eae ,e?nological & g5ealogical dislocations #eaf ,action ( ! ,twelf? neid #ebj ,unfai?ful imitations ( details #eba ,maltreatm5t ( ! ,hom]ic *>act]s #ebb ,& ( ! ,hom]ic ,my?ology & ,e?ics #ebc neas & ,dido 9 ! ,%ades b5ea? #ebe ,! woman *>act]s ( ,hom] & ,virgil #ebg ,virgil's insuffici5t c>e ( m9or proprieties #ebh ,& ( ! ord] ( natural ph5om5a #ebi ,use ( exagg]ation 9 ,hom] & 9 ,virgil #ecj ,contra/ ( pr9cipal aims respectively #eca ,"* ( ! ,b>d2 n f\nd 9 ,virgil #ecb ,po/-,hom]ic *ange 9 ! idea ( ! ,poet's (fice #ecc ,virgil's poetical disadvantages #ecd ,comp>ison ( ! ,trojan ,w> ) ! ,crusades #ece ,r9aldo & ,a*illes #ece ,exagg]ations ( bulk 9 ,hom] & 9 ,tasso #ecf ,mr4 ,hallam's judgm5t on ! ,j]usalem #ecg ,tasso's poetical disadvantages #ech ,! man ,a*illes 9 relation to ! ,iliad #eci ,lib]ation ( ! ,sepul*re 9 relation to ! ,g]usalemme #edj ,intrusion ( incongru\s elem5ts #edb ,relative prom95ce ( ,tancr$i & ,r9aldo #edc ,! ,woman-*>act]s ( ,tasso #edd ,! ,armida ( ,tasso #ede ,h] resemblances & inf]iority to ,dido #edf ,h] passion ill-su/a9$ #edf ,obtrusiv5ess ( ! amatory elem5t #edh ,! ,affront ( ,g]n&o #edi ,diff]5ce 9 modes ( describ+ p]sonages #eea ,battles & ,similes ( ,tasso #eeb ,inf]iority ( ! ,return 9 ! ,g]usalemme #eec ,tasso's greatness except z comp>$ ) ,hom] #eed ,,sect4 ,,vi4 ,"s pr9cipal ,hom]ic ,*>act]s 9 ,troy4 ,hector3 ,hel53 ,p>is4 ,hom]'s "*-draw+ p[] #eee ,corruption ( ! lat] tradition #eef ,:y specially de/ructive 9 8 case #eeg ,mure's treatm5t ( ! ,hom]ic *>act]s #eeh ,! "* ( ,hector set (f ) g5]alities #eeh ,x became ! basis = t ( ,orl&o #eei ,! m>tial h]oism ( ,hector second-rate #eei ,8 boa/fulness 8 only moral fault #efa ,hector+ & ,rodomontad+ #efb ,hector's s5se ( ! guilt & %ame ( ,p>is #efc ,8 responsibilities beyond 8 /r5g? #efe ,brightness ( 8 "* z to ! affections #efg ,8 piety1 g5tl5ess1 & equity #efh ,inequality ( 8 "* z a :ole #efi ,app>5t reason = x #efi ,opposite views ( ! "* ( ,hel5 #ega ,hom]'s int5tion ) respect to x #egb ,two adv]se m5tions ( h] only #egd ,hom]'s epi!ts & simile = ,hel5 #ege ,! case ( ,ba?%eba #egf ,z to ! free ag5cy ( ,hel5 #egg ,picture ( ,hel5 9 ,il4 iii4 #egb ,9 ,il4 vi41 ,il4 xxiv41 ,od4 iv4 #eha ,! m>riage ) ,deiphobus #ehc ,g5]al e/imate ( ! ,hom]ic ,hel5 #ehd ,! "* ( ,p>is #ehe ,8 apa?y1 levity1 & selfi%ness #ehf ,8 place 9 ! ,w> #ehg ,relation ( 8 intellect to 8 morality #ehh ,,sect4 ,,vii4 ,! decl5sion ( ! great ,hom]ic ,*>act]s 9 ! lat] ,tradition4 ,physical conditions ( ! ,greek ,!atre #eij ,absolute dep5d5ce on ! popul> ta/e #eib ,g5]al oblit]ation ( ! f9] di/9ctions #eic ,mutilation ( ! ,hel5 ( ,hom] #eic ,! ,hel5 ( ,euripides #eie ,( ,isocrates & ( ,virgil #eig ,*>act]s ( ,a*illes & ,ulysses 9 ,hom] #eih ,mutilation ( ! ,ulysses ( ,hom] #fja ,( ! ,a*illes ( ,hom] #fjb ,! ,a*illes ( ,/atius #fjd ,hom]ic *>act]s 9 ,s5eca #fje ,new relative position ( ,trojans & ,greeks #fjf ,trojanism 9 ,engl& #fjh ,imitations ( ,hom]ic *>act]s by ,tasso #fji ,! ,troilus & ,cressida #faj ,%irley's ,ajax & ,ulysses #fab ,rac9e's ,iphignie #fac ,rac9e's ,&romaque #fad ,,conclusion #fae ,i4 ,,agor4 ,,! ,,polities ,,( ,,! ,,hom]ic ,,age4 ,x is compla9$1 & p]haps n )\t f\ndation1 t ! /udy ( ! anci5t hi/orians does n supply ! y\? ( ,engl& ) good political models3 t1 if we adju/ our sympa?ies & antipa?ies accord+ to ! division ( p>ties & classes (f]$ to our view 9 ,rome1 ,a!ns1 or ,sp>ta1 !y w n be ca/ 9 an ,engli% m\ld1 b w come out 9 ! crud] =ms ( olig>*ic or democratic prejudice4 ,n[ ,i d n wait to inquire h[ f> ^! defects may be suppli$ by ! political philosoph]s1 & 9 p>ticul> by ! admirable treatise ( ,ari/otle4 ,& x c]ta9ly is true1 t 9 g5]al !y pres5t to u a /ate ( political ideas & morals greatly d]ang$3 ! *oice lies betwe5 evil on ?is side 9 "o =m1 & on t side 9 ano!r =m3 ! *>act]s1 :o c be recomm5d$ z examples1 are commonly 9 a m9ority or 9 exile4 ,nor d ,i ask h[ f> we ought to be cont5t1 hav+ an admirable range1 s to speak1 ( anatomical models 9 our h&s1 to lay aside ! idea ( atta*+ our sympa?ies to :at we see4 ,i w\ld r incite ! objector to exam9e & judge :e!r we may n f9d an admirable s*ool ( polity1 & see its fundam5tal ideas exhibit$ "u ! true/ & l>ge/ =ms1 9 a qu>t] :]e p]haps x w\ld be ! lea/ expect$1 namely1 9 ! writ+s ( ,hom]4 ,z respects religion1 arts1 & mann]s1 ! ,greeks ( ! h]oic age may be comp>$ ) o!r societies 9 ! infancy ( man4 ,b z respects political sci5ce 9 its ess5tial rudim5ts1 & z respects ! application ( ^? pr9ciples by way ( art to ! gov]nm5t ( mank9d1 we may say ) almo/ lit]al tru? t !y are ! fa!rs ( x2 & ,hom] invites ^? :o /udy him to come & view x 9 its cradle1 :]e ! infant c>ries e l9eam5t 9 m9iature1 t we c reasonably desire to see develop$ 9 manhood4 ,/rong developm5t ( political ideas4 ,i _c b deprecate ! association e/abli%$1 p]haps un9t5tionally1 by ,grote1 :]e1 ?r[+ ,hom] z he does into hot*-pot1 s to speak1 ) ! #8leg5d>y age1' he expresses himself 9 8 ,preface#a1 z foll[s4 #8,x mu/ be confess$ t ! s5tim5tal attributes ( ! ,greek m9d--its religi\s & poetical ve9--"h appe> 9 disproportionate relief1 z comp>$ ) its m vigor\s & mascul9e capacities--) ^? p[]s ( act+1 organiz+1 judg+1 & speculat+1 :i* w be reveal$ 9 ! =?com+ volumes4' ,if ! s5tim5tal attribute is to be contra-di/+ui%$ f ! p[]s1 ,i w n say ( speculat+1 b ( act+1 organiz+1 & judg+1 !n ,i "k ( no?+ less s5tim5tal 9 ! aft]-hi/ory ( ,greece ?an ! *>act]s ( ,a*illes & ,ulysses1 ?an ! relations ( ! ,greek *iefs to "o ano!r & to _! p1 ?an ! /r5g? & simplicity :i* laid 9 ^? e>ly times ! f\ndation-/ones ( ! ,greek national "* & in/itutions1 & made !m 9 ! social ord] ! j c\nt]p>ts ( ! mat]ial /ructures t are n[ ascrib$ to ! ,pelasgians2 simple inde$ 9 _! elem5ts1 b s durable & massive 9 _! comb9ation1 z to be ! m>vel ( all "t4 ,! influ5ces d]iv$ f ^! s\rces 7 ( su* vitality & dep?1 t !y secur$ to an insignificant c\ntry a pr$om9at+ p[] = c5turies1 made "o little po9t ( ! ,we/ an effective bulw>k aga9/ ! ,ea/1 & caus$ ,greece to ?r[ out1 to ! "r & left1 s _m bran*es ea* great] ?an ! trunk4 ,ev5 :5 ! sun ( h] glory _h set1 !re 0 yet left beh9d an immortal sp>k ( ! anci5t vitality1 :i*1 endur+ ?r\gh all vicissitudes1 k9dl$ into a blaze aft] two ?\s& ye>s2 & we ( ?is day h se5 a ,greek nation1 f\nd$ anew by its own en]gies1 become a c5tre ( desire & hope at lea/ to ,ea/]n ,*ri/5dom4 ,! ,engli% are n a%am$ to own _! political =efa!rs 9 ! =e/s ( ! ,nor?w>d ,european ,cont95t2 & ! lat] /atesm5 ) ! lawgiv]s ( ,greece 7 9 _! day glad1 & ) reason glad1 to trace ! bold outl9e & solid rudim5ts ( _! own & _! c\ntry's greatness 9 ! poems ( ,hom]4 ,no?+ 9 ^? poems (f]s itself1 to me at lea/1 z m rem>kable1 ?an ! deep c>v+ ( ! political *>act]s2 & :at is /ill m1 ! int5se political _s :i* p]vades !m4 ,i w v5ture "o /ep f>!r1 & say t1 ( all ! c\ntries ( ! civiliz$ _w1 !re is no "o ( :i* ! inhabitants ought to f9d t _s s intelligible & accessible z ! ,engli%3 because x is a _s1 t /ill l>gely lives & brea!s 9 our own in/itutions1 &1 if ,i mi/ake n1 ev5 9 ! peculi>ities ( ^? in/itutions4 ,!re we f9d ! great c>d9al ideas1 :i* lie at ! v f\ndation ( all enlight5$ gov]nm5t3 & !n we f9d1 too1 ! m5 =m$ "u ! influ5ce ( su* ideas2 z "o among ourselves1 :o has drunk into _! _s1 tells u2 #a ,page xvii4 ,sagaci\s1 m5 ( iron1 wat*ful1 firm1 ,aga9/ surprise & sudd5 panic pro(4 ,& aga91 ,! sombre aspect ( maje/ic c>e1 ,( solit>y ?\ght1 un%>$ resolve#b4 #b ,m]ope2 by ,mat!w ,arnold1 pp4 #id1 #ace4 ,x 0 surely a heal?ful sign ( ! work+ ( fre$om1 t 9 t e>ly age1 despite ! preval5ce ( piracy1 ev5 t idea ( political ju/ice & public "r1 :i* is ! g]m ( ! law ( nations1 0 n unkn[n to ! ,greeks4 ,x w\ld appe> t w> c\ld n be made )\t an appropriate cause1 & t ! (f] ( r$ress made x ! duty ( ! injur$ to come to t]ms4 ,h5ce ! (f] ( ,p>is 9 ! ,?ird ,iliad is at once readily accept$3 & h5ce1 ev5 aft] ! brea* ( ! ,pact1 arises ,agamemnon's fe>1 at ! mom5t :5 he anticipates ! dea? ( ,m5elaus1 t by t ev5t ! claim to ! re/oration ( ,hel5 w be practically dispos$ (1 & ! ,greeks w h to return home )\t rep>ation = a wrong1 ( :i* ! corpus1 z x 71 w h disappe>$#c4 #c ,il4 iv4 #afj-hb4 ,be=e proce$+ to sket* ! ,greek in/itutions z !y are exhibit$ 9 ,hom]1 ,i w give a sket* ( ! int]e/+ acc\nt ( !m :i* is suppli$ by ,grote4 ,i cite x m = contra/ ?an = concurr5ce2 b x w assi/ mat]ially 9 br++ out into cle> relief ! po9ts :i* are ( ! greate/ mom5t4 ,grote's acc\nt ( ! ,h]oic ,polities4 ,! ,greek ,/ates ( ! hi/oric ages1 says ,grote1 always pres5t to u some?+ 9 ! nature ( a con/itution1 z ! condition ( popul> respect t[>ds ! gov]nm5t1 & ( ! s5se ( an obligation to obey x#d4 ,! man :o broke d[n ?is con/itution1 h[ev] wisely he might ex]cise 8 ill gott5 p[]1 0 br&$ by ! "n ( 1 or despot1 8z an object ( m+l$ fe> & dislike40 ,b 9 ! h]oic age !re is no sy/em1 /ill less any responsibility#e3 ob$i5ce dep5ds on p]sonal rev]5ce t[>ds ! k+ or *ief4 ,into ^? #8great individual p]sonalities1 ! race or nation is absorb$#f4' ,publicity inde$1 ?r\gh ! means ( ! c\ncil & assembly1 ess5tially p]vades ! :ole sy/em#g2 b x is a publicity )\t consequ5ces2 = ! p1 :5 !y h he>d1 simply obey ! ord]s ( ! k+#h4 ,ei!r resi/ance or criticism is g5]ally exhibit$ z odi\s1 & is nev] he>d ( at all except f ^? :o are at ! lea/ subalt]n *iefs3 ?\gh ! c\ncil & assembly w\ld 9 practice come to be re/ra9ts ^u ! k+1 !y are n s exhibit$ 9 ,hom]#i1 b are simple m$ia = supply+ him ) in=mation1 & = promulgat+ 8 resolves#aj4 ,! p may li/5 & sympa?ize1 b no m4 ,9 ! assembly ( ! ,second ,iliad1 a #8repulsive picture' is pres5t$ to u ( #8! degradation ( ! mass ( ! p be=e ! *iefs#aa4' ,= because ! common soldi]y1 9 con=mity ) ! #8unacc\ntable fancy' :i* ,agamemnon _h prop\nd$1 made ready to g home1 ,ulysses belab\rs !m ) bl[s & cov]s !m ) scornful repro(s#ab2 & ! unpopul>ity ( a presumptu\s critic1 ev5 :5 he is 9 sub/ance "r1 is %[n1 p>tly by ! /rokes t ,ulysses inflicts ^u ,!rsites1 b /ill m by ! hide\s de=mities ) :i* ,hom] has load$ him4 #d ,grote's ,hi/4 ,greece1 vol4 ii4 p4 #hc4 #e ,ibid4 p4 #hd4 #f ,ibid4 p4 #ajb4 #g ,ibid4 p4 #aja4 #h ,ibid4 p4 #hf4 #i ,ibid4 pp4 #ij1 #ajb4 #aj ,ibid4 p4 #ib4 #aa ,ibid4 p4 #ie4 #ab ,grote's ,hi/4 ,greece1 vol4 ii4 pp4 #id1 #if4 ,x is1 ,i ?9k1 9 happy inconsi/5cy ) ^! repres5tations1 t ! hi/orian proce$s to say1 t by means ( ! & we are enabl$ to trace ! employm5t ( public speak+1 z ! /&+ eng9e ( gov]nm5t & ! proximate cause ( ob$i5ce1 #8up to ! social infancy ( ! nation#ac4' ,b if1 9 ord] to make ?is s5t5ce h>monize ) :at prec$es & foll[s x1 we are to und]/& t ! ,hom]ic poems pres5t to u no m ?an ! dry fact t public speak+ 0 9 use1 & are to inf] t x did n acquire its practical mean+ & p[] until a lat] date1 !n ,i mu/ include x 9 ! g5]al prote/ :i* ,i beg leave to record aga9/ ! great] "p ( ! =ego+ propositions1 9 _! lett] & 9 _! _s1 z be+ nei!r w>rant$ 9 ! way ( inf]5ce f ,hom]1 nor 9 any mann] consi/5t ) ! und5iable facts ( ! poems4 #ac ,ibid4 p4 #aje4 ,_! use ( ,publicity & ,p]suasion4 ,p]sonal rev]5ce f ! p to ! sov]eign1 associat$ ) ! duties he dis*>ges1 ) ! high attributes he does or %\ld possess1 & ) ! div9e fav\r1 or ) a reput$ relation%ip to ! gods1 atta*+ to him1 con/itutes ! primitive =m 9 :i* ! relation ( ! pr9ce & ! subject is v commonly ca/ 9 ! e>ly /ages ( society else:]e ?an among ! ,greeks4 ,:at is s5tim5tal1 romantic1 ar*aic1 or patri>*al 9 ! ,hom]ic polities is common to !m ) _m o!r patri>*al or highl& gov]nm5ts4 ,b t :i* is beyond e ?+ di/9ctive n ( ,greece only1 b ( ,hom]ic ,greece1 is1 t along ) an outl9e ( sov]eignty & public in/itutions highly patri>*al1 we f9d ! full1 con/ant1 & effective use1 ( two great in/rum5ts ( gov]nm5t1 s9ce & /ill s ext5sively 9 abeyance among mank9d2 namely1 publicity & p]suasion4 ,i "n ^! two great features ( ! politics & in/itutions ( ! h]oic age1 9 ord] to conc5trate ^u !m ! m>k$ att5tion :i* ,i ?9k !y des]ve4 ,& ,i v5ture to give to ?is pap] ! "n ( ! 1 because x 0 ! ,greek ,assembly ( ^? days1 :i* ma9ly imp>t$ to ! exi/+ polities _! specific _s z well z features4 ,amid undevelop$ ideas1 rude me?ods1 imp]fect organization1 & liability to ! frequ5t intrusion ( ! /rong h&1 !re lies 9 !m ! ess5ce ( a popul> pr9ciple ( gov]nm5t1 :i* _c1 ,i believe1 plead on its behalf any o!r prec$5t s anci5t & s v5]able4 ,z is ! boy1 s is ! man4 ,z is ! se$1 s is ! plant4 ,! dove nei!r begets1 nor yet gr[s into ! eagle4 ,h[ came x t ! prime philosoph]s ( full-gr[n ,greece gave to ! sci5ce ( ,politics ! v highe/ place 9 ! scale ( human k8 ,t !y1 k+s 9 ! region ( ab/ract ?\ght1 = ! fir/ & p]haps ! only "t 9 ! hi/ory ( ! _w1 came to ?9k !y disc]n$ 9 ! turbid eddies ( /ate affairs ! image ( ! noble/ ?+ = man1 ! noble/ t speculation z well z action c\ld provide = him8 ,ari/otle says t1 ( all sci5ces1 is #ad2 & t e?ical sci5ce con/itutes b a bran* ( x1 4 ,:5ce1 ,i ask1 did ?is ,greek idea come8 ,x is n ! ,greece1 b x is ! ,rome ( hi/ory1 :i* ! judgm5t & exp]i5ce ( ! _w has tak5 z its great tea*] 9 ! m]e bus9ess ( law & political organization4 ,= s l(ty a !ory 7a !ory )\t d\bt exagg]at$7 f s practical a p]son z ,ari/otle1 we mu/ assume a correspond+ elevation ( s\rce4 ,i _c help believ+ t ! s\rce is to be f\nd r 9 ! infancy1 ?an 9 ! maturity1 ( ,greek society4 ,z ,i read ,hom]1 ! real fir/ f\ndations ( political sci5ce 7 laid 9 ! h]oic age1 ) a dep? & bread? exce$+ 9 _! proportions any fabric1 h[ev] impos+1 t ! aft]-"t ( ,greece 0 able to re> ^u !m4 ,t aft]-"t 0 9 tru? infect$ ) a _s ( political exagg]ation1 f :i* ! h]oic age 0 free4 #ad ,ar4 ,e?4 ,nic4 i4 #b4 ,we %all h to exam9e ! political picture pres5t$ by ! h]oic age ) ref]5ce to ! v>i\s classes into :i* society 0 di/+ui%$ 9 its normal /ate ( peace3 to ! organization ( ! army 9 w>1 & its mixture ( civil ) milit>y relations3 to ! in/itutions :i* embodi$ ! ma*9]y ( gov]nm5t1 & to ! p[]s by :i* t ma*9]y 0 kept 9 motion4 ,functions ( ! ,k+4 ,let u beg9 ) ! ,k+2 :o con/itut$ at once ! highe/ class 9 society1 & ! c5tre ( its in/itutions4 ,! political regim5 ( ,greece1 at ! p]iod imm$iately prec$+ ! ,trojan w>1 appe>s to h be5 t describ$ by ,?ucydides1 :5 he says t ! tyrannies1 :i* _h come 9 ) ! increase ( weal?1 7 prec$$ by h]$it>y mon>*ies ) limit$ pr]ogatives#ae3 4 ,& aga9 by ,ari/otle2 444 444 1 1 4 ,! ?reefold function ( ! ,k+ 0 to comm& ! army1 to adm9i/] ju/ice *iefly1 ?\gh n exclusively1 betwe5 man & man1 & to conduct ! rites ( religion#af4 #ae ,?uc4 i4 #ac4 #af ,ar4 ,pol4 ,,iii4 xiv4 xv4 ,v4 x4 ,indep5d5tly ( sov]eignties purely local1 we f9d 9 ,hom] traces ( a m>itime ,cretan empire1 :i* _h rec5tly pass$ away3 & we f9d a subsi/+ ,pelopid empire1 :i* appe>s to h be5 ! fir/ ( its k9d1 at lea/ on ! ,greek ma9l&4 ,= ! ,pelopid sceptre 0 n "o tak5 ov] f ! ,p]seids3 x 0 obta9$ ?r\gh ,m]cury1 t is1 probably ?r\gh contrivance1 f ,jupit]3 & ! diff]5ce probably consi/$ 9 "o or bo? ( ^! two p>ticul>s4 ,x compreh5d$ ! :ole range ( cont95tal ,greece1 1 to :i* are add$1 ei!r at once or 9 its progressive ext5sion1 ! 7,il4 ii4 #ajh7 ( ! ,m9oan empire4 ,besides ?is1 x consi/$ ( a d\ble sov]eignty3 "o1 a suz]a9ty or supremacy ov] a numb] ( *iefs1 ea* ( :om conduct$ ! ord9>y gov]nm5t ( 8 own dom9ions2 ! o!r1 a direct1 ?\gh p]haps n always an effective control1 n only ov] an h]$it>y t]ritory1 b ov] ! unclaim$ residue ( m9or settlem5ts & pr9cipalities 9 ! c\ntry4 ,?is inf]5ce may1 ,i ?9k1 be ga!r$ f ! fact t we f9d ! =ce ( ,agamemnon be=e ,troy drawn exclusively f 8 ,myc5ian dom9ions1 :ile he _h claims ( tribute f t[ns 9 ! s\?-we/ ( ,peloponnesus1 :i* lay at "s di/ance f 8 c5tre ( p[]1 & :i* app>5tly furni%$ no aid 9 ! w> ( ,troy4 ,! ,ph] ( ,diocles lay on ! way f ,pylos to ,sp>ta3 & ,ph] is "o ( ! t[ns :i* ,agamemnon promis$ to ,a*illes4 ,x %\ld1 h[ev]1 be borne 9 m9d t1 z ! family ( names to :i* ,ph] belong$ 0 "o s l>gely disp]s$1 we mu/ n positively assume ! id5tity ( ! two t[ns4 ,degrees 9 ,k+%ip & 9 ,lord%ip4 ,k+%ip 9 ,hom] is susceptible ( degree2 x is "o ?+ = ! local sov]eignties1 su* z ^? ( ,ne/or or ,ulysses1 & ano!r = ! great supremacy ( ,agamemnon1 :i* ov]rode !m4 ,/ill ! ,greek 9 ! ,iliad con/itute a class by !mselves2 a class t comprises ! great] lead]s & w>riors1 :o imm$iately surr\nd ,agamemnon1 ! head ( ! army4 ,( by mu* ! great] "p ev5 ( *iefs & lead]s ( cont+5ts1 x is pla9 f ! poem t ?\gh !y 7 lords 77 ( a c]ta9 tribe or t]ritory1 !y 7 n or k+s4 ,^! *iefs & lords aga9 divide !mselves into two classes3 "o is compos$ ( ^? :o _h imm$iate local heads1 su* z ,phnix1 "l ( ! ,dolopes1 "u ,peleus at ,ph?ia1 probably ,/h5elus "u ,diom$1 & p]haps also ,m]iones "u ,idom5eus3 ! o!r is ! class ( *iefta9s1 to :i* ord] ! great majority belong1 own+ no subord9ation to any pr9ce except to ,agamemnon4 ,among ^!1 aga91 !re is probably a di/9ction betwe5 ^? sub-*iefs :o own$ him z a local sov]eign1 & ^? :o 7 only subject to him z ! head ( ! great ,greek conf$]ation4 ,x is probable t ! subord9ation ( ! sub-*ief to 8 local sov]eign 0 a clos] tie ?an t ( ! local sov]eign to ! head ( ,greece4 ,=1 accord+ to ! evid5ce suppli$ by ! promises ( ,agamemnon to ,a*illes#ag1 tribute 0 payable by ! lords ( t[ns to _! imm$iate political sup]ior3 n a tribute 9 co9$ money1 :i* did n exi/1 nor "o fix$ 9 quantity2 b a b5evol5ce 771 :i* mu/ h consi/$ 9 commodities4 ,metals1 includ+ ! preci\s metals1 w\ld1 h[ev]1 v commonly be ! m$ium ( acquittance4 ,aga91 we f9d ^! sub-*iefs inve/$ ) dom9ion by ! local sov]eign1 resid+ at 8 c\rt1 hold+ a subalt]n comm& 9 8 army4 ,all ^! po9ts are comb9$ 9 ! case ( ,phnix4 ,on ! o!r h&1 z to positive duty or s]vice1 we "k ( none t a sov]eign l ,ne/or ow$ to ,agamemnon1 except x 7 to take a "p 9 ent]prises ( national conc]n "u 8 guidance4 ,b ! di/9ction ( rank betwe5 !m is cle>4 ,evid5tly on acc\nt ( 8 relation to ,agamemnon1 ,m5elaus is 1 high] 9 m]e k+%ip1 or m a k+1 ?an ! o!r *iefs3 ,agamemnon boa/s#ah t he is greatly ! sup]ior ( ,a*illes1 or ( any "o else 9 ! army2 & 9 ! ,n9? ,book ,a*illes seems to ref] ) /++1 nay1 r ) slay+ irony1 to ?is claim ( great] k+l9ess = ! ,pelopids1 :5 he rejects ! (f] ( ! h& ( any "o among ,agamemnon's daught]s2 ,no6 let him *oose ano!r son-9-law1 :o may be wor?y ( him1 & :o is m a k+ ?an ,i#ai2 #ag ,il4 ix4 #big4 #ah ,il4 i4 #ahf4 #ai ,il4 ix4 #cib4 ' 1 4 ,b al?\gh "o might ?us be high] ?an ano!r1 ! rank ( ! :ole body ( is1 on ! :ole1 well & cle>ly m>k$ (f1 by ! consi/5t language ( ! ,iliad1 f all inf]ior ranks3 & ?is comb9ation may rem9d u 9 "s degree ( ! ,briti% pe]age1 :i* has its own int]nal di/9ctions ( grade1 b :i* is f\nd$ ess5tially ^u p>ity1 & is %>ply sev]$ f all ! o!r ord]s ( ! community4 ,we %all pres5tly see h[ ?is proposition is made good4 ,x ?us f> appe>s1 t we f9d sub/antially1 ?\gh n v det]m9ately1 di/+ui%$1 ! foll[+ =ms ( l>g] & less] ,greek sov]eignty3 ,i4 ,t held by ,agamemnon1 z ! head ( ,greece4 ,,ii4 ,! local k+s1 "s ( !m consid]able en\gh to h o!r lords or pr9ces 77 "u !m4 ,,iii4 ,! m9or *iefs ( cont+5ts2 :o1 ?\gh n k+s1 7 pr9ces or lords 771 & gov]n$ sep>ate /ates ( _! own3 su* z ,?oas = tolia1 & ,m5e/heus = ,a!ns4 ,,iv4 ,! petty & scatt]$ *iefs1 ( :om we c h>dly tell h[ f> any acc\nt is tak5 9 ! ,catalogue1 b :o belong$1 9 "s s5se1 to ,agamemnon1 by belong+ to no "o else4 ,fir/ tok5s ( *ange 9 ! ,h]oic ,polities4 ,!re are signs1 conta9$ 9 ! ,iliad itself1 t ! primitive mon>*ies1 ! nature & _s ( :i* w pres5tly be exam9$1 7 beg9n+ to give way ev5 at ! "t ( ! exp$ition to ,troy4 ,! gr[? ( ! ,pelopid empire 0 probably unfav\rable to _! cont9uance4 ,9 any case1 ! notes ( comm5c+ *ange w be f\nd cle> en\gh4 ,m9os _h rul$ ov] all ,crete z k+2 b ,idom5eus1 8 gr&son1 is n[h]e m5tion$ z ! k+ ( t c\ntry1 ( :i* he appe>s to h gov]n$ a "p only4 ,among obvi\s tok5s ( ?is fact are ! foll[+4 ,! cities :i* furni% ! ,cretan cont+5t are all conta9$ 9 a limit$ portion ( t isl&4 ,n[1 al?\gh g5]al words are employ$ 7,il4 ii4 #fdi47 to signify t ! =ce 0 n drawn f ^! cities exclusively1 yet ,hom] w\ld probably h be5 m p>ticul>1 _h o!r places made any consid]able contribution1 ?an to omit ! names ( !m all4 ,aga91 ,crete1 ?\gh s l>ge & ri*1 furni%es a small] cont+5t ?an ,pylos4 ,&1 once m1 if x _h be5 unit$ 9 itself1 x is v d\btful :e!r any rul] ( s consid]able a c\ntry w\ld h be5 cont5t t x %\ld /& only z a prov9ce ( ! empire ( ,agamemnon4 ,9 ! _m passages ( ei!r poem :i* m5tion ,idom5eus1 he is nev] decorat$ ) a title imply+1 l t ( ,m9os 7 71 t he 0 rul] ( ! :ole isl&4 ,inde$1 "o passage at lea/ appe>s to be> pretty c]ta9 evid5ce to ! contr>y4 ,= ,ulysses1 9 8 fabul\s b ( c\rse self-consi/5t n>ration to ,m9]va1 %[s u t ev5 ! ,cretan =ce 9 ,troy 0 n ?or\ghly unit$ 9 allegiance to a s+le head4 #8,! son ( ,idom5eus1' he says1 #8endeav\r$ to deprive me ( my %>e ( ! spoil1 because ,i did n obey 8 fa!r 9 ,troas1 b l$ a b& ( my own3' ' ' 1 ' #bj4 #bj ,od4 xiii4 #bfe4 ,s likewise 9 ! y\? ( ,ne/or1 two g5]ations back1 ,augeias appe>s z ! sole k+ ( ! ,epeans2 b1 9 ! ,catalogue1 8 gr&son ,polyxe9us only comm&s "o out ( ! f\r ,epean divisions ( t5 %ips ea*1 )\t any sign ( sup]iority3 ( ! o!r ?ree1 two are comm&$ by g5]als ( ! ,actorid family1 :i* 9 ! e>li] leg5d appe>s z "p ( ! c\rt or foll[+ ( ,augeias#ba4 ,& :]ev] we f9d 9 ! case ( any consid]able ,greek cont+5t ! *ief comm& divid$ among p]sons o!r ?an bro!rs1 we may probably inf] t !re _h be5 a break+ up ( ! old mon>*ical & patri>*al sy/em4 ,?is po9t des]ves m p>ticul> inquiry4 #ba ,il4 xi4 #gji1 #ci1 #ej4 ,%[n by analysis ( ! ,catalogue4 ,9 ! ,greek armam5t1 !re are tw5ty-n9e cont+5ts 9 all4 ,( ^!1 tw5ty-?ree are "u a s+le head2 ) or )\t assi/ants :o1 :]e !y appe>1 are describ$ z hav+ be5 second>y4 #a4 ,locrians ) #dj %ips4 #b4 ,eubans #dj #c4 ,a!nians #ej #d4 ,salam9ians #ab #e4 ,argives #hj #f4 ,myc5ians #ajj #g4 ,lac$monians #fj #h4 ,pylians #ij #i4 ,arcadians #fj #aj4 ,duli*ians c4 #dj #aa4 ,cephall5ians #ab #ab4 tolians #dj #ac4 ,cretans #hj #ad4 ,rhodians #i #ae4 ,symeans #c #af4 ,myrmidons #ej #ag4 ,ph?ians ( ,phylace #dj #ah4 ,ph]eans1 c4 #aa #ai4 ,ph?ians ( ,me?one c4 #g #bj4 ,orm5ians c4 #dj #ba4 ,argissans c4 #dj #bb4 ,cyphians c4 #bb #bc4 ,magnesians #dj ----- #iff %ips4 ,"u bro!rs unit$ 9 comm&1 !re 7 f\r m cont+5ts3 #a4 ,( ,aspl$on & ,or*om5us1 ) #cj %ips4 #b4 ,( ,phocians #dj #c4 ,( ,nisuros1 ,cos c4 #cj #d4 ,( ,tricce c4 #cj ----- #acj %ips4 ,9 all ^! cases1 compris+ ! :ole armam5t except f two /ates1 ! old =m ( gov]nm5t seems to h cont9u$4 ,! two exceptions are3 #a4 ,botians2 ) #ej %ips1 "u five lead]s4 #b4 ,elians2 ) #dj %ips1 "u f\r lead]s4 ,x is q cle> t ^! two divisions 7 acephal\s4 ,z to ! ,elians1 because ! ,catalogue expressly divides ! #dj %ips into f\r squadrons1 & places "o "u ea* lead]1 two ( ^! be+ ( ! ,actorid h\se1 & a ?ird desc5d$ f ,augeias4 ,z to ! ,botians1 ! ,catalogue indicates ! equality ( ! lead]s by plac+ ! five names 9 a s]ies "u ! same category4 ,an indirect b r /rong confirmation is af=d$ by ! passage 9 ! ,?irte5? ,book#bb1 :]e five ,greek races or divisions are engag$ 9 ! endeav\r to repel ,hector f ! ramp>t4 ,!y are1 #bb ,il4 xiii4 #fhe-gjj4 #a4 ,botians4 #b4 ,a!nians 7or ,ionians71 "u ,m5e/heus1 second$ by ,pheidas1 ,/i*ios1 & ,bias4 #c4 ,locrians4 #d4 ,epeans 7( ,duli*ium c47 "u ,meges1 son ( ,phyleus1 ) ,amphion1 & ,drakios4 ,! addition ( ! patronymic to ,meges seems 9 ?is place to m>k 8 position2 :i* is di/9ctly def9$ z ! *ief "o 9 ! ,catalogue1 by 8 be+ m5tion$ !re alone4 #e4 ,ph?ians1 "u ,m$on & ,pod>ces4 ,^! suppli$ two cont+5ts1 numb]$ #ag & #ai respectively 9 ! li/ j giv52 & !y con/itut$ sep>ate comm&s1 ?\gh ( ! same race4 ,x w be rem>k$ t ! ,poet enum]ates ! comm&]s ( ! ,a!nians1 ,epeans1 & ,ph?ians2 b n ( ! ,locrians & ,botians4 ,obvi\sly1 9 ! case ( ! ,locrians1 ! reason is1 t ,oilean ,ajax1 a k+ & *ief ( ! fir/ rank1 & a p]son famili> to u 9 e page1 0 _! lead]4 ,su* a p]son he nev] mixes on equal t]ms ) second>y comm&]s1 or puts to second>y duties2 & ! text imm$iately proce$s to tell u he 0 ) ! ,telamonian ,ajax#bc4 ,b :y does x n "n ! ,botian lead]8 ,probably1 we may conjecture1 because t =ce _h no "o comm&] 9 *ief1 b 7 an aggregation ( indep5d5t bodies1 :om ties ( blood or neighb\rhood drew toge!r 9 ! armam5t & 9 action4 #bc ,il4 xiii4 #gja-h4 ,hav+ ?us endeav\r$ to m>k ! p>tial & small beg9n+s ( disorganization 9 ! anci5t =m ( gov]nm5t1 let u n[ obs]ve ! "* ( ! p>ticul> spots :]e !y are f\nd4 ,^! di/ricts by no means repres5t1 9 _! physical *>act]i/ics1 ! av]age "* ( ,greece4 ,9 ! fir/ place1 !y are bo? on ! highway ( ! movem5t betwe5 ,nor? & ,s\?4 ,9 ! second1 !y bo? are op5 & f]tile c\ntries2 a di/9ction :i*1 9 c]ta9 local positions1 at c]ta9 /ages ( society1 n only does n fav\r ! atta9m5t ( political p[]1 b almo/ precludes its possession4 ,! ,elis ( ,hom] is m>k$ by two epi!ts hav+ a direct ref]5ce to f]tility ( soil2 x is 1 horse-fe$+1 & x is also 1 wide-spac$ or op54 ,aga91 ! tw5ty-n9e t[ns assign$ 9 ! ,catalogue to ! ,botians f> exce$ 9 numb] ^? :i* are nam$ = any o!r division ( ,greece4 ,we h o!r p>allel indications2 su* z ! weal? ( ,or*om5os#bd2 & ( ,ore/ius ) ! v>iegat$ girdle4 ,he dwelt 9 ,hyle1 "o ( ! tw5ty-n9e1 amid/ o!r ,botians :o held a di/rict ( extreme f]tility#be1 4 ,n[ :5 we f9d signs l ^! 9 ,hom]1 t ,elis & ,botia _h be5 fir/ subject$ to revolution1 n 9 ! %ape ( m]e *ange ( dyna/y1 b 9 ! decomposition1 s to speak1 ( _! anci5t =ms ( mon>*y1 we mu/ aga9 call to m9d t ,?ucydides#bf1 :5 he tells u t ! be/ l&s und]w5t ! mo/ frequ5t social *anges by ! successions ( new inhabitants1 names ,botia1 & #8mo/ ( ,peloponnesus' z examples ( ! k9d ( di/rict to :i* 8 rem>k appli$4 #bd ,il4 ix4 #cha4 #be ,il4 v4 #gjg-aj4 #bf ,?uc4 i4 #b4 ,^u ! :ole1 ! organization ( ! armam5t = ,troy %[s u ! anci5t mon>*ical sy/em intact 9 by f> ! great] "p ( ,greece4 ,b :5 we come to ! ,odyssey1 we f9d increas+ signs ( s]i\s *anges2 :i* d\btless 7 !n prep>+ ! way1 by ! ov]?r[ ( old dyna/ies1 = ! great ,dorian invasion4 ,& x is "h wor? :ile to rem>k a great diff]5ce4 ,! m]e sup]v5tion ( "o race ^u ano!r1 ! *ange f a ,pelasgian to an ,hell5ic "*1 does n appe> to h entail$ alt]ations ne>ly s sub/antial 9 ! "* & /ability ( ,hell5ic gov]nm5t1 z did ! ,trojan exp$ition2 :i*1 by depriv+ societies ( _! natural heads1 & ( ! fight+ m5 ( ! population1 left an op5 field to ! op]ation ( disorganiz+ causes4 ,/rabo has a rem>kable passage1 ?\gh "o 9 :i* he makes no p>ticul> ref]5ce to ,hom]1 on ! subject ( ! invasions & displacem5ts ( "o race by ano!r4 ,^!1 he says#bg1 _h inde$ be5 kn[n be=e ! ,trojan w>3 b x 0 imm$iately ^u ! close ( ! w>1 & !n aft] t p]iod1 t !y ga9$ head3 1 1 1 4 ,( ?is ! ,odyssey af=ds "s curi\s indications4 #bg ,b4 xii4 #h1 #d4 p4 #egb4 ,ext5d$ signs 9 ! ,odyssey4 ,among _m alleg$ & "s real %ades ( diff]5ce betwe5 ! poems1 we may note two ( a consid]able political significance3 ! ^w ,k+ 9 ! ,odyssey has acquir$ a m lax signification1 & ! ^w ,que51 q unkn[n to ! ,iliad1 has come into free use4 ,alt]$ mean+ ( #8,k+4' ,x w be %[n h[ /rictly1 9 ! ,iliad1 ! t]m 1 ) its appropriate epi!ts1 is limit$ to ! v fir/ p]sons ( ! ,greek armam5t4 ,n[ 9 ! ,odyssey !re are b two ,/ates1 ) ! organization ( :i* we h occasion to become 9 any degree acqua9t$3 "o ( !m ,s*]ia1 ! o!r ,i?aca4 ,( ! fir/ we d n see a great deal1 & ! =ce ( ! example is dim9i%$ by ! av[$ly my?ical or romantic "* ( ! del9eation3 b ! fact is wor?y ( note1 t 9 ,s*]ia we f9d !re are twelve k+s ( ! c\ntry1 ) ,alc9\s#bh1 ! ?irte5?1 z _! sup]ior & head4 ,x is f> m important & hi/orically significant t1 9 ! limit$ & comp>atively poor dom9ions ( ,ulysses1 !re are n[ _m k+s4 ,= ,telema*us says#bi1 #bh ,od4 viii4 #cia4 vi4 #ed4 #bi ,od4 i4 #cid4 ' 1 4 ,8 mean+ mu/ be to ref] to ! numb] ( nobles :o 7 n[ collect$1 f ,cephallonia & ! o!r dom9ions ( ,ulysses1 into t isl&4 ,! obs]vation is made by him 9 reply to ! ,suitor ,ant9\s1 :o _h compla9$ ( 8 bold language1 & hop$ he nev] w\ld be k+ 9 ,i?aca#cj3 #cj ,ibid4 #chf4 ' 1 4 ,x is1 ,i ?9k1 cle>1 t 9 ?is place ,ant9\s does n mean m]ely1 #8,i hope y w n become "o ( u1' :i* might be said 9 ref]5ce m]ely to ! cont+5cy ( 8 assum+ ! contr\l ( 8 pat]nal e/ates1 b t he ref]s to ! sov]eignty prop]ly s call$3 = ,telema*us1 aft] hav+ said !re are _m 9 ,i?aca1 proce$s to say1 #8,let "o ( !m be *os5'1 or #8"o ( ^! may be *os51 to succe$ ,ulysses2' ' 1 4 #8b let me1' he cont9ues1 #8be ma/] ( my own h\se & prop]ty4' ,?us we h be>+ two s5ses 9 ! v same passage4 ,fir/1 x means ! noble1 ( :om !re are _m 9 ! c\ntry1 & x is "h evid5tly us$ 9 an improp] s5se2 secondly1 x means ! p]son :o rules ! :ole ( !m1 & x is "h z evid5tly employ$ 9 its orig9al & prop] signification4 ,x seems v d\btful1 h[ev]1 :e!r1 ev5 9 ! ,odyssey1 ! relax$ s5se ev] appe>s z a simple title 9 ! s+ul> numb]4 ,! only signs ( x are ^!2 ,ant9\s is told t he is l a k+#ca 9 appe>ance2 & he is also expressly call$ 9 ! /rongly & g5]ally suspect$ ( ! ,tw5ty-f\r? ,book#cb4 ,s aga91 ! k+ly epi!t is n us$ 9 ! s+ul> = any "o bel[ ! rank ( a ( ! ,iliad1 except once1 :]e1 9 address+ ,agelaus ! ,suitor1 x is employ$ by ,melan?ius1 ! goa!rd1 "o ( ! subord9ate adh]5ts & p>asites ( t p>ty#cc4 #ca ,od4 xvii4 #daf4 #cb ,od4 xxiv4 #agi4 #cc ,od4 xxii4 #acf4 ,?is relaxation 9 ! s5se ( 1 def9ite & limit$ z is its application 9 ! ,iliad1 is no inconsid]able note ( *ange4 ,new "n ( ,que54 ,equally1 or m rem>kable1 is ! introduction 9 ! ,odyssey ( ! words & 1 & ! alt]$ use ( 4 #a4 is appli$1 ,od4 iii4 #djc1 to ! wife ( ,pisi/ratus1 son ( ,ne/or2 to ,arete1 que5 ( ! ,phacians1 ,od4 vii4 #ec1 #cdg2 to ,p5elope1 ,od4 xiv4 #i1 #abg1 #dea2 xv4 #cgd1 #g2 xvii4 #hc2 xxiii4 #b4 #b4 is appli$ 9 ! ,iliad1 xiv4 #cbf1 to ,c]es only2 b 9 ! ,odyssey1 besides ,m9]va1 9 ,od4 iii4 #chj1 ,ulysses applies x twice to ,nausicaa1 9 ,od4 vi4 #adi1 #age2 app>5tly 9 "s d\bt :e!r %e is a div9ity or a mortal4 ,i w\ld n h[ev] dwell /rongly on ?is di/9ction betwe5 ! poems2 = we seem to f9d sub/antially ! human use ( ! ^w 9 ! "n ( ,agamemnon's daught]1 1 :i* is us$ 9 ,il4 ix4 #ade4 #c4 is us$ _m times 9 ! ,odyssey2 & is appli$ to a4 ,nausicaa1 ,od4 vi4 #aae4 b4 ,tyro1 daught] ( ,salmoneus1 ,od4 xi4 #beh2 b only 9 ! phrase 1 :i* seems to resemble 4 c4 ,arete1 que5 ( ! ,phacians1 ,od4 xiii4 #ei4 d4 ,p5elope1 ,od4 xvi4 #ccb1 #g3 & else:]e4 ,n[ x _c be said t ! use ( ! ^w is =borne 9 ! ,iliad f ! want ( fit p]sons to be> x2 = ,hecuba1 z ! wife ( ,priam1 & ,hel51 z ! wife ( ,p>is1 possibly also ,&roma*e1 7?\gh ?is is mu* m d\btful#cd17 7 all ( a rank to h receiv$ x3 nor c we acc\nt = its abs5ce by _! appe>+ only z ,trojans2 = ! title ( is frequ5tly appli$ to ,priam1 & x is likewise assign$ to ,p>is1 ?\gh to no o!r memb] ( ! ,trojan royal family4 #cd ,see inf4 #8,ilios4' ,we h also two o!r cases 9 ! ,iliad ( wom5 :o 7 que5s ( "s k9d4 ,"o is t ( ,hypsipyle1 :o app>5tly ex]cis$ supreme p[]#ce 9 ,lemnos1 b we are left to inf]5ce z to its "*3 ! o!r is ! "m ( ,&roma*e#cf1 #ce ,il4 vii4 #dfi4 #cf ,il4 vi4 #cie-g4 #dbe4 4 ,%e 0 :at we t]m a ,que5 consort1 = h] husb& ,eetion 0 alive at ! "t4 ,9 ! ,odyssey we are told t ,*loris1 :om ,neleus m>ri$1 reign$ at ,pylos2 1 ,od4 xi4 #bhe4 ,9 ?is place ! ^w may p]haps imply ! ex]cise ( sov]eign p[]4 ,be ?is z x may1 ! introduction ( ! novel title ( ,que5 betok5s political movem5t4 ,!re are o!r signs ( advanc+ *ange 9 ! "* ( k+%ip disc]nible f ! ,odyssey1 :i* w be m conv5i5tly consid]$ h]eaft]4 ,9 ! meantime1 ! two :i* are already be=e u are1 x w be obs]v$1 exactly 9 ! direction we might expect f ! nature ( ! ,trojan w>1 & f ! tradition ( ,/rabo4 ,we h be=e u an ef=t ( ! c\ntry am\nt+ to a viol5t1 & also an unnaturally cont9u$ /ra92 a prolong$ abs5ce ( its be/ heads1 its /ronge/ arms1 its mo/ v5]at$ au?orities3 wives & "y *ildr51 infants ( necessity 9 _m cases1 rema9 at home4 ,x 0 usual no d\bt = a rul]1 on leav+ 8 c\ntry1 to appo9t "s gu>dian to rema9 beh9d him1 z we see f ! case ( ,agamemnon1 7,od4 iii4 #bfg17 & f ! language ( ,telema*us1 7,od4 xv4 #hi72 b no reg5t1 deputy1 or advis]1 c\ld be ( mu* use 9 t /age ( society4 ,aga91 9 e class ( e community1 !re are boys rapidly pass+ into manhood2 !y =m unaw>es a new g5]ation1 & ! heat ( _! "y blood1 9 ! abs5ce ( vigor\s & e/abli%$ contr\l1 /irs1 pu%es =w>d1 & innovates4 ,once m1 z extreme y\?1 s old age likewise 0 ord9>ily a disqualification = w>4 ,& z we f9d ,la]tes & ,peleus1 & ,m5tius1 ) ,admetus1 besides probably o!r sov]eigns :om ,hom] has n nam$ to u1 left beh9d on ?is acc\nt1 s !re mu/ h be5 _m eld]ly m5 ( ! class ( nobles 71 7 :o obta9$ exemption f actual s]vice 9 ! w>4 ,!re is too e appe>ance t1 9 "s if n all ! /ates ( ,greece1 !re _h be5 ^? :o escap$ f s]vice on o!r gr\nds2 p]haps ei!r f belong+ to ! eld] race1 :i* 0 m peculi>ly ak9 to ,troy1 or f local jeal\sies1 or f ! love ( ease4 ,= 9 ,i?aca we f9d old m51 contempor>ies & s5iors ( ,ulysses1 :o _h tak5 no "p 9 ! exp$ition2 & !re are v>i\s t[ns m5tion$ 9 diff]5t p>ts ( ! poems1 :i* d n appe> f ! ,catalogue to h made any contribution to ! =ce4 ,su* 7 possibly ! v>i\s places be>+ ! "n ( ,ephyre1 & ) high] likelihood ! t[ns (f]$ by ,agamemnon to be made ov] to ,a*illes#cg4 #cg ,!re is a nexus ( ideas atta*$ to ^! t[ns t excites suspicion4 ,x w\ld h be5 9 keep+ ) ! "* ( ,agamemnon to (f] !m to ,a*illes1 on acc\nt ( 8 hav+ already f\nd he c\ld n control !m himself4 ,no "o ( !m appe>s 9 ! ,catalogue4 ,nor d we he> ( !m 9 ! ,n9ete5? ,book1 :5 ! gifts are accept$4 ,x seems1 h[ev]1 j possible t ! promise by ,m5elaus ( ! h& ( 8 daught] ,h]mione to ,neoptolemus may h be5 an acquittance ( a residue ( debt /&+ ov] f ! orig9al (f] ( ,agamemnon1 out ( :i* ! sev5 t[ns appe> to h dropp$ by cons5t ( all p>ties4 ,disorganization caus$ by ! ,w>4 ,aga91 z ,c9yres#ch ! rul] ( ,cyprus1 & ,e*epolus#ci ! son ( ,an*ises1 obta9$ exemption by means ( gifts to ,agamemnon1 s may o!rs1 bo? rul]s & private individuals1 h done4 ,b ! two ma9 causes1 :i* w\ld probably op]ate to create p]turbation 9 connection ) ! abs5ce ( ! army1 71 )\t mu* d\bt1 fir/1 ! arrival ( a new race ( y\?s at a crude & intemp]ate manhood2 & secondly1 ! unadju/$ relations 9 "s places ( ! old ,pelasgian & ! new ,hell5ic settl]s4 ,_! diff]5ces1 :5 ! pressure ( ! highe/ e/abli%$ au?ority _h be5 remov$1 w\ld naturally 9 _m places spr+ up afre%4 ,9 con=mity ) ! fir/ ( ^! causes1 ! ,suitors z a body are call$ v commonly #dj1 #8! dom9e]+ y\?s4' ,& ! circum/ances "u :i* ,ulysses f9ds himself1 :5 he has return$ to ,i?aca1 appe> to connect !mselves also ) ! latt] ( ! above-nam$ causes4 ,b1 :atev] ! reasons1 x is pla9 t 8 position _h become extremely prec>i\s4 ,not)/&+ 8 weal?1 ability1 & fame1 he did n v5ture to appeal to ! p till he _h utt]ly de/roy$ 8 dang]\s enemies2 & ev5 !n x 0 only by 8 promptitude1 /r5g? ( h&1 & indomitable c\rage1 t he succe$$ 9 quell+ a mo/ =midable s$ition4 #ch ,il4 xi4 #bj4 #ci ,il4 xxiii4 #bif4 #dj ,od4 ii4 #cbd1 #cca1 et alibi4 ,! epi!t is1 ,i ?9k1 exactly r5d]$ by ano!r ^w v difficult to translate into ,engli%1 ! ,italian prepot5ti4 ,no?+1 !n1 c\ld be m natural1 ?an t1 9 ! abs5ce ( ! sov]eigns1 (t5 comb9$ ) ! infancy ( _! *ildr51 ! "m %\ld become ! deposit>y ( an au?ority1 f :i*1 z we see by o!r in/ances1 h] sex does n appe> to h exclud$ h]3 & t if1 z is probable1 ! in/ances 7 _m & simultane\s1 ?is sy/ematic "* giv5 to female rule %\ld h its =mal result on language 9 ! creation ( ! ^w ,que51 & its tw9 phrase 1 or ,mi/ress4 ,! ext5sion ( ! ^w f div9ities to mortals might result f a subalt]n op]ation ( ! same causes4 ,9 ! v same mann]1 ! dim9i%$ =ce ( au?ority at its c5tre w\ld increase ! relative prom95ce ( su* among ! nobles z rema9$ at home4 ,on rea*+ to manhood1 !y w\ld 9 "s cases1 z 9 ,i?aca1 f9d !mselves practically indep5d5t4 ,! natural result w\ld be1 t hav+1 ?\gh on a small scale1 t is to say1 s f> probably z _! own prop]ties & neighb\rhoods respectively 7 conc]n$1 mu* ( ! sub/ance ( sov]eignty actually 9 _! h&s1 !y %\ld proce$ to arrogate its "n4 ,h5ce come ! ( ,i?aca & ! isl&s ne> x2 "s ( !m "y m51 :o _h become adult s9ce ! dep>ture ( ,ulysses1 o!rs ( !m old1 :o1 rema9+ beh9d him1 _h f\nd _! position effectively *ang$1 if n by ! fact ( 8 dep>ture1 yet by ! prolongation ( 8 abs5ce4 ,! relax$ use1 !n1 ( ! t]m 9 ! ,odyssey1 & ! appe>ance ( ! t]m & ( o!rs 9 a simil> category1 ne$ n qualify ! proposition above laid d[n ) respect to ! ( ! ,iliad4 ,he1 z we %all see f ! facts ( ! poem1 /&s 9 a diff]5t position1 & pres5ts to u a liv+ picture ( ! true h]oic age#da4 #da ,i ne$ h>dly express my diss5t f ! acc\nt giv5 ( ! & 9 ! note on ,grote's ,hi/ory ( ,greece1 vol4 ,,ii4 p4 #hd4 ,!re is no race 9 ,troas call$ 4 ,e 0 an 2 b _m an 0 n a 4 ,x is true t an might be ei!r ( freem5 or ( slaves2 b s he might ( h\ses 7,od4 i4 #cig71 ( fi%es 7,il4 xiii4 #bh71 or ( dogs 7,od4 xvii4 #cah74 ,alt]$ idea ( ! ,k+ly (fice4 ,?is *ange 9 ! mean+ ( ! ^w ,k+ 0 accompani$ by a correspond+ *ange 9 ! idea ( ! great (fice :i* x betok5$4 ,x _h desc5d$ f a m noble to a less noble type4 ,i d n mean by ?is t x _h n[ fir/ submitt$ to limitations4 ,! ( ! ,greeks 0 always & ess5tially limit$3 & h5ce probably x 01 t ! usurp] ( sole & indef9ite p[] 9 ! /ate 0 s ess5tially & deeply odi\s to ! ,greeks1 because x 0 felt t he _h plund]$ ! p ( a treasure1 namely1 free gov]nm5t1 :i* !y & _! e>ly =efa!rs _h possess$ f "t immemorial4 ,x is 9 ! ,odyssey t we are fir/ />tl$ by meet+ n only a wid] diffusion & m lax use ( ! "n ( k+1 b toge!r ) ?is *ange ano!r "o2 namely1 a l[] conception ( ! k+ly (fice4 ,! spl5d\r ( x 9 ! ,iliad is always associat$ ) duty4 ,9 ! simile :]e ,hom] speaks ( corrupt gov]nors1 t draw d[n ! v5geance ( heav5 on a l& by crook$ judgm5ts1 x is wor?y ( rem>k1 t he avoids ! use ( ! ^w #db3 #db ,il4 xvi4 #chf4 ' 1 4 ,! wor/ ?+ t is ev5 h9t$ at z )9 ! limits ( possibility1 is slackness 9 ! dis*>ge ( ! (fice3 x nev] deg5]ates into an in/rum5t ( oppression to mank9d4 ,b 9 ! ,odyssey1 :i* evid5tly repres5ts ) fidelity ! political condition ( ,greece aft] ! great %ock ( ! ,trojan w>1 we f9d t k+%ip has come to be view$ by "s ma9ly ) ref]5ce to ! enjoym5t ( great possessions1 :i* x impli$ or br\ght1 & z an object on t acc\nt ( m]e ambition4 ,n ( :at we %\ld call absolutely vici\s ambition3 x is n an absolute p]v]sion1 b x is a cle> decl5sion 9 ! idea1 t ,i "h seek to note 2 1 4#dc #dc ,od4 i4 #cia-c4 ,?is g5]al view ( ! (fice z "o to be held = ! p]sonal enjoym5t ( ! incumb5t1 is broadly di/+ui%$ f su* a case z t 9 ! ,iliad1 :]e ,agamemnon1 (f]+ sev5 cities to ,a*illes#dd1 /rives to tempt him individually by a p>ticul> inducem5t1 drawn f 8 own und\bt$ly r sordid m9d2 #dd ,il4 ix4 #aee4 4 ,! moral causes ( ?is *ange are 9 a great degree traceable to ! circum/ances ( ! w>1 & we seem to see h[ ! conception above express$ 0 eng5d]$ 9 ! m9d ( ,m5tor1 :5 he obs]ves#de1 t x is n[ useless = a k+ to be wise & b5evol5t l ,ulysses1 :o 0 g5tle l a fa!r to 8 p1 9 ord] t1 l ,ulysses1 he may be =gott53 s t he may j z well be lawless 9 "*1 & oppressive 9 action4 ,! same ideas are express$ by ,m9]va#df 9 ! v same words1 at ! second ,olympian meet+ 9 ! ,odyssey4 ,x w\ld !re=e ?us appe>1 t ?is p>ticul> /ep d[nw>ds 9 ! "* ( ! gov]nm5ts ( ! h]oic age 0 ow+ to ! cessation1 ?r\gh prolong$ abs5ce1 ( ! influ5ce ( ! legitimate sov]eigns1 & to consequ5t encroa*m5t ^u _! mod]ate p[]s4 #de ,od4 ii4 #bcj-d4 #df ,od4 v4 #h-ab4 ,in/ance ( a bad ,k+4 ,& x is surely well wor?y ( rem>k t we f9d 9 ?is v same poem ! fir/ exemplification ( ! "* ( a bad & tyrannical mon>*1 9 ! p]son ( a c]ta9 k+ ,e*etus2 ( :om all we "k is1 t he liv$ some:]e ^u ! coa/ ( ,epirus1 & t he 0 ! pe/ ( all mortals t he _h to d )4 ,) great propriety1 x is ! lawless ,suitors :o are %[n to be 9 "s k9d ( relation ) him2 = 9 ! ,eighte5? ,odyssey !y ?reat5#dg to s5d ,irus1 :o _h annoy$ !m 9 8 capacity ( a begg>1 to k+ ,e*etus1 t he might h 8 nose & e>s cut (f1 & be o!rwise mutilat$4 ,! same ?reat is repeat$ 9 ! ,tw5ty-fir/ ,book aga9/ ,ulysses himself1 & ! l9e t conveys x reappe>s z "o ( ! ,hom]ic =mul#dh2 #dg ,od4 xviii4 #hc-f & #aad4 #dh ,od4 xxi4 #cjh4 1 4 ,probably ?is ,e*etus 0 a pur*as] ( slaves4 ,x is little likely t ! ,suitors w\ld h tak5 ! tr\ble ( s5d+ ,irus away1 r ?an dispose ( him at home1 except ) ! hope ( a price2 z !y sugge/ to ,telema*us to %ip (f ,!oclym5us & ,ulysses 7/ill disguis$7 to ! ,sicels1 among :om !y w sell well#di4 #di ,od4 xx4 #chb1 #c4 ,k+%ip 9 ! age ( ,hesiod4 ,! k+%ip1 ( :i* ! features 7 s boldly & fairly def9$ 9 ! ,hom]ic age1 soon pass$ away2 & 0 h>dly to be f\nd repres5t$ by any ?+ b its 1 ! or despotism1 :i* nei!r recognis$ limit nor re/$ ^u rev]5ce or ^u usage1 b _h =ce = its f\ndation1 0 ess5tially absolute1 & c\ld n1 accord+ to ! conditions ( our nature1 d o!rwise ?an rapidly & ord9>ily deg5]ate into ! positive vices1 :i* h made ! "n ( tyrant #8a curse & a hiss+' ov] ! e>?4 ,9 ,hesiod we f9d :at ,hom] n[h]e furni%es2 an odi\s epi!t atta*$ to ! :ole class ( k+s4 ,! ( ! h]oic age h disappe>$3 !y are n[ sometimes ! /ill1 b sometimes ! 1 ! gift-gre$y1 in/ead4 ,!y desire t litigation %\ld increase1 = ! sake ( ! pr(its t x br+s !m#ej2 #ej ,hesiod 4 i4 #ci4 #beh4 cf4 #bfb4 1 4 ,! p has n[ to expiate ! wick$ness ( ^! corrupt$ k+s2 ' ,a ,%ield ( ,a*illes1 manufactur$ aft] ! fa%ion ( ! ,hesiodic age1 w\ld n h giv5 u1 = ! patt]n ( a k+1 "o :o /ood smil+ 9 8 fields beh9d 8 reap]s z !y fell$ ! corn#ea4 ,yet :ile ,hesiod makes x pla9 t he _h se5 k+%ip degrad$ by abuse1 he has also %[n u1 t 8 age reta9$ ! ideas bo? t ju/ice 0 its duty1 & t p]suasion 0 ! gr& basis ( its p[]4 ,=1 z he says 9 "o ( 8 few f9e passages#eb1 at ! bir? ( a k+1 ! ,muses p\r dew ^u 8 tongue1 t he may h ! gift ( g5tle spee*1 & may adm9i/] /rict ju/ice to ! p4 ,he !n1 or ! anci5t writ] :o has int]polat$ him1 goes on to describe ! "w ( royal oratory1 9 ?\ghts *iefly borr[$ f ! poems ( ,hom]4 ,b ! increase ( weal?1 & ! multiplication ( its k9ds ?r\gh comm]ce1 mock$ ! simple /ate ( ! e>ly k+s1 & tempt$ !m into a rapacity1 be=e :i* ! b>ri]s ( anci5t cu/om gave way3 & s1 says ,?ucydides#ec1 1 4 ,! g]m ( ?is evil is j disc]nible 9 ! ,agamemnon ( ! ,iliad3 & x is m>k$ by ! epi!t ( ,a*illes1 :o1 :5 angry1 /ill kn[s h[ to /rike at ! weake/ po9t ( 8 "*1 by call+ him #ed1 a k+ :o eat up1 or impov]i%$1 ^? "u 8 comm&4 ,:e!r ! *>ge 0 9 any great degree des]v$ or n1 we c h>dly say4 ,hel5 c]ta9ly gives to ! ,a*an k+ a bett] "*#ee4 ,b h[ev] t may be1 ! reproa* 0 altoge!r p]sonal to ! man4 ,! rev]5ce due & paid to ! (fice mu/ h be5 imm5se1 :5 ,ulysses1 alone1 & arm$ only ) ! sceptre ( ,agamemnon1 c\ld /em ! torr5t ( ! fly+ soldi]y1 & turn !m back ^u ! place ( meet+4 #ea ,il4 xviii4 #eef4 #eb ,hes4 ,!og4 #hj-ig4 #ec ,?uc4 i4 #ac4 #ed ,il4 i4 #bca4 #ee ,il4 iii4 #agi4 ,v5]ation long adh]+ to ! "n4 ,ev5 9 ! ,iliad1 inde$1 we sc>cely f9d ! /rictly patri>*al k+4 ,! con/itution ( ! /ate has ceas$ to be modell$ 9 any degree on ! patt]n ( ! family4 ,! diff]5t classes are unit$ toge!r by relations :i*1 ?\gh undef9$ & only nasc5t1 are yet purely political4 ,ulysses1 9 8 "* ( k+1 _h be5 g5tle z a fa!r#ef2 b ! idea :i* makes ! k+ ev5 metaphorically ! fa!r ( 8 p is n[h]e1 ,i ?9k1 to be f\nd 9 ,hom]3 x 0 obsolete4 ,e?nical1 local1 & dyna/ic *anges1 (t5 br\ght ab\t by w>1 _h effac$ ! peculi> traits ( patri>*al k+%ip1 ) ! exception ( ! old title ( 2 & _h sub/itut$ ^? h]oic mon>*ies :i* reta9$1 9 a l>g] developm5t1 s mu* ( :at 0 be/ 9 ! /ill old] sy/em4 ,z ev5 ^! mon>*ies _h begun1 be=e ! ,trojan w>1 to be %ak5 "h & !re1 & z ! ,odyssey exhibits to u ! /ate ( ?+s :5 app>5tly _! f9al knell _h s\nd$1 s1 9 ! age ( ,hesiod1 t iron age1 :5 ,comm]ce _h fairly settl$ 9 ,greece1 & _h br\ght =? its elde/-born *ild ,competition#eg1 !y _h become a ?+ ( ! pa/4 ,yet !y 7 /ill rememb]$1 & /ill und]/ood4 ,& x might well be t1 long aft] society _h outgr[n ! =ms ( patri>*al life1 m5 might nev]!less cl+ to its associations2 & s long z ^? associations 7 repres5t$ by old h]$it>y sov]eignties1 hold+ ei!r 9 full cont9uity1 or by ties & traditions n absolutely brok51 mu* ( ! _s ( ! anci5t sy/em might cont9ue to subsi/2 political fre$om respect+ ! tree1 "u ! %ad[ ( :i* x _h itself gr[n up4 #ef ,od4 ii4 #dg4 #eg ,hesiod4 4 #ag-bd4 ,x %\ld be easi] = ! ,engli%1 ?an = ! nations ( mo/ o!r c\ntries1 to make ?is picture real to _! own m9ds2 = x is ! v picture be=e our own eyes 9 our own "t & c\ntry1 :]e visible traces ( ! patri>*al m\ld /ill coexi/ 9 ! national in/itutions ) political lib]ties ( m rec5t fa%ion1 because !y reta9 _! hold ^u ! g5]al affections4 ,&1 inde$1 !re is a sign1 long po/]ior to ! acc\nt giv5 by ,hesiod ( ! h]oic age1 & di/9ct also f ! app>5tly fav\rable notice by ,?ucydides ( ! 1 :i* might lead to ! supposition t ! old "n ( k+ left a good "* beh9d x4 ,x is ! rev]5ce :i* cont9u$ to att5d t "n1 not)/&+ ! evil association1 :i* ev5ts c\ld n fail to e/abli% betwe5 x & ! usurpations 774 ,= :5 ! (fice ( ! _h ei!r :olly disappe>$1 z 9 ,a!ns1 or _h und]gone ess5tial *anges1 z 9 ,sp>ta1 s t no long] appe>s ) ! philosophical analy/s z "o ( ! regul> k9ds ( gov]nm5t1 b is sub/itut$1 /ill ! "n rema9$#eh1 & bore = long long ages ! traces ( its pri/9e dignity1 l _m ano!r v5]able symbol1 ) :i* we are loa? to "p1 ev5 aft] we h ceas$ ei!r to respect ! ?+ x signifies1 or p]haps ev5 to und]/& its significance4 #eh ,! title is /at$ to h be5 appli$ 9 ,attica ev5 to ! dec5nial ar*ons4 ,tittmann1 ,grie*is*e ,/aatsv]fassung51 b4 ii4 p4 #gj4 ,su* is a rude outl9e ( ! hi/ory ( ! (fice4 ,let u n[ endeav\r to trace ! portrait ( x :i* has be5 drawn 9 ! ,iliad ( ,hom]4 ,notes ( ,k+%ip 9 ! ,iliad4 #a4 ,! class ( has ! epi!t 1 :i* is nev] us$ by ,hom] except to place ! subject ( x 9 "s special relation ) deity2 z = 7a7 k+s1 7b7 b>ds1 7c7 ! two protagoni/s1 ,a*illes & ,ulysses1 7d7 sev]al ( ! h]oes :o pr$eceas$ ! w>1 7e7 ! h]ald 9 ,il4 iv4 #aib2 :o1 l an ambassador 9 mod]n times1 p]sonally repres5ts ! sov]eign1 & is !re=e 1 ,il4 i4 #ccd4 #b4 ,?is class is m>k$ by ! exclusive application to x ( ! titul> epi!t 2 :i*1 by ! relations ) ,jupit] :i* x expresses1 d5otes ! div9e orig9 ( sov]eign p[]4 ,! ^w has a be>+ simil> to t ( 1 b app>5tly r less exclusive4 ,al?\gh at fir/ sight ?is may seem s+ul>1 & we %\ld p]haps expect ! ord] ( ! two words to be rev]s$1 x is really 9 keep+2 = ! gods _h _m reput$ sons ( :om !y took no he$1 & to be br\ght up "u ! c>e ( ,jupit] 0 !re=e a f> high] ascription1 ?an m]ely to be born or desc5d$ f him4 #c4 ,to ! 1 & to no "o else1 is x said t ,jupit] has intru/$ ! sceptre1 ! symbol ( au?ority1 toge!r ) ! pr]ogatives ( ju/ice#ei4 ,! sceptre or /aff 0 ! emblem ( regal p[] z a :ole4 ,h5ce ! acc\nt ( ! orig9 & successive deliv]ies ( ! sceptre ( ,agamemnon#fj4 ,h5ce ,ulysses obta9$ ! use ( x 9 ord] to *eck ! ,greeks & br+ !m back to ! assembly1 ii4 #ahf4 ,h5ce we con/antly he> ( ! sceptre z c>ri$ by k+s3 h5ce ! epi!t is appli$ to !m exclusively 9 ,hom]1 & ! sceptre is c>ri$ by no o!r p]sons1 except by judges1 & by h]ald-s]jeants1 z _! deputies4 #ei ,il4 ii4 #bje4 #fj ,il4 ii4 #aja4 #d4 ,! are 9 _m places spok5 ( z a class or ord] by !mselves2 & 9 ?is capacity !y =m ! or c\ncil ( ! army4 ,?us :5 ,a*illes describes ! di/ribution ( prizes by ,agamemnon to ! pr9cipal p]sons ( ! army1 he says#fa1 #fa ,il4 ix4 #ccd4 ' 1 4 ,9 ?is place ! ,poet seems manife/ly to di/+ui% betwe5 ! class ( k+s & t ( *iefs4 ,:5 he has occasion to speak ( ! high] ord] ( *iefs :o usually met 9 c\ncil1 he calls !m ! #fb1 or ! #fc3 b :5 he speaks ( ! lead]s m at l>ge1 he calls !m by o!r names1 z at ! comm5cem5t ( ! ,catalogue1 !y are 1 1 or 3 &1 aga91 #fd4 ,9 two places1 inde$1 he applies ! phrase la/-nam$ to ! memb]s ( t select class ( *iefs :o 7 also k+s3 b !re ! expression is #fe1 a phrase ( :i* ! effect is probably mu* ! same z 3 ! mean+ seems to be ^? :o 7 *ief ov] all ord]s ( ! ,greeks1 t is to say1 *iefs ev5 among *iefs4 ,?us ,agamemnon w\ld h be5 prop]ly ! only 4 #fb ,il4 ii4 #ec et alibi4 #fc ,il4 xix4 #cji4 ii4 #hf4 #fd ,il4 ii4 #dhg1 #dic4 xx4 #cjc4 #fe ,il4 ii4 #djd1 & vii4 #cbg4 ,on ! =ce ( 1 see ,a*is1 or ,e?nology1 p4 #dbj4 ,! same di/9ction is m>k$ 9 ! proce$+s ( ,ulysses1 :5 he rallies ! disp]s$ ,assembly3 = he address$ coax+ly1 1 :atev] k+ or lead+ man he *anc$ to ov]take#ff4 #ff ,il4 ii4 #ahh4 #e4 ,! rank ( ! ,greek is m>k$ 9 ! ,catalogue by ?is trait2 t no o!r p]son seems ev] to be associat$ ) !m on an equal foot+ 9 ! comm& ( ! =ce1 ev5 :]e x 0 su* z to require subalt]n comm&]s4 ,agamemnon1 ,m5elaus1 ,ne/or1 ,ulysses1 ! two ,ajaxes1 ,a*illes1 are ea* nam$ alone4 ,idom5eus is nam$ alone z lead] 9 op5+ ! acc\nt ( ! ,cretans1 ii4 #fde1 ?\gh1 :5 he is nam$ aga91 ,m]iones also appe>s 7#fej1 #a71 :i* arrangem5t seems to po9t to him z only at mo/ a quasi-colleague1 & 4 ,/h5elus & ,euryalus are nam$ aft] ,diom$ 7#efc-f71 b x is expressly add$1 ' 4 ,?us 8 high] rank is n obscur$4 ,aga91 we "k t1 9 ! case ( ,a*illes1 !re 7 five p]sons1 ea* comm&+ t5 ( 8 fifty %ips 7,il4 xvi4 #aga71 ( :om no notice is tak5 9 ! ,catalogue 7#fha-id71 ?\gh x beg9s ) a promise to enum]ate all ^? :o 7 9 comm& ( ! fleet 7#dic71 2 & 9 ! case ( ! ,elians he names f\r lead]s :o _h exactly ! same comm&1 ea* ov] t5 %ips 7#fah74 ,x ?us appe>s natural to ref] 8 sil5ce ab\t ! five to ! rank held by ,a*illes z a k+4 ,s mu* = ! notes ( ?is class 9 ! ,iliad4 ,?\gh we are n b\nd to suppose1 t ,hom] _h s rigid a def9ition ( ! class ( k+s be=e 8 m9d z exi/s 9 ! case ( ! m mod]n =ms ( title1 x is cle> 9 v ne>ly e individual case ( a ,greek *iefta9 ( ! ,iliad1 :e!r he 0 a or n4 ,! ,n9e ,greek ,k+s ( ! ,iliad4 ,! class cle>ly compreh5ds3 #a4 ,agamemnon1 ,il4 i4 #i1 & 9 _m places4 #b4 ,m5elaus f ,il4 xix4 #caj1 #caa1 :]e !y rema9 #c4 ,ne/or ) ,a*illes1 :ile ! o!r #d4 ,ulysses 1 v]4 #cji1 are s5t away4 #e4 ,idom5eus ,also = ,ulysses1 see xiv4 #cgi2 & v>i\s places 9 ! ,odyssey4 #f4 ,a*illes1 ,il4 i4 #cca4 xvi4 #baa4 #g4 ,diom$1 ,il4 xiv4 #bg1 comp>$ ) #bi & #cgi4 #h4 ,ajax ,telamonius1 ,il4 vii4 #cba connect$ ) #cdd4 #i4 ,ajax1 son ( ,oileus4 ,among ! indications1 by :i* ! la/-nam$ *ief is %[n to h be5 a 1 are ^? :i* foll[4 ,he is summon$ by ,agamemnon 7,il4 ii4 #djd-f7 among ! 3 :]e all ! abov5am$ p]sons appe> 7except ,a*illes71 & no o!rs4 ,n[ ! or eld]s are summon$ be=e 9 v]4 #ec ( ! same book1 & are call$ 9 v]4 #hf ! 4 ,ano!r pro( ( ! rank ( ,oilean ,ajax is ! famili> mann] 9 :i* 8 "n is associat$ on t]ms ( equality1 ?r\gh\t ! poem1 ) t ( ,ajax ,telamonius4 ,b ! "p ( ! poem1 :i* supplies ! mo/ po9t$ te/imony z a :ole ) respect to ! composition ( ! class ( k+s1 is ! ,t5? ,book4 ,"h we beg9 ) ! meet+ ( ,agamemnon & ,m5elaus 7v]4 #cd74 ,next1 ,m5elaus goes to call ! great] ,ajax & ,idom5eus 7#ec71 & ,agamemnon to call ,ne/or 7#ed1 #gd74 ,ne/or awak5s ,ulysses 7#acg72 & !n ,diom$ 7#aeg71 :om he s5ds to call ,oilean ,ajax1 toge!r ) ,meges 7#age74 ,!y !n conjo9tly visit ! or wat*1 comm&$ by ,?rasym$es1 ,m]iones1 & o!rs 7ix4 #hj4 x4 #eg-i74 ,ne/or gives ! wat* an exhortation to be on ! al]t1 & !n re5t]s )9 ! tr5*1 foll[$ by ! ,argeian k+s 7#aid1 #e72 ' ' 1 4 ,! =ce ( ! t]m 1 z m>k+ (f a c]ta9 class1 is enhanc$ by ! l9es :i* foll[1 & :i* tell u t ) !m1 ! k+s ' 1 w5t ,m]iones & ,?rasym$es by special invitation 7#aif1 #g72 4 ,n[ 9 ?is n>rative x is n /at$ t ea* ( ! p]sons1 :o _h be5 call$1 jo9$ ! company :i* visit$ ! wat*3 b all :o did jo9 x are evid5tly 4 ,b we are c]ta9 t ,oilean ,ajax 0 among !m1 because he is m5tion$ 9 v]4 #bbh z "o ( ^? 9 ! ,c\ncil1 :o 7 anxi\s to accompany ,diom$ on 8 ent]prise4 ,ajax ,oileus !re=e makes ! n9? ,k+ on ! ,greek side 9 ! ,iliad4 ,^! n9e ,k+-,*iefs1 ( c\rse ) ! exception ( ,a*illes1 appe> 9 e ,c\ncil1 & appe> ei!r absolutely or almo/ alone4 ,! l9e betwe5 !m1 & all ! o!r *iefs1 is on ! :ole pres]v$ ) great precision4 ,!re are1 h[ev]1 a v few p]sons1 ) reg>d to :om ! "q may possibly be rais$ :e!r !y pass$ x4 ,c]ta9 d\btful cases4 #a4 ,meges1 son ( ,phyleus1 & comm&] ( ! ,duli*ian ,epeans1 0 n 9 ! fir/ rank ( w>riors2 = he 0 n "o ( ! t5 :o1 includ+ ,m5elaus1 7 ready to accept ,hector's *all5ge#fg4 ,nei!r 0 he a memb] ( ! ord9>y ,c\ncil2 b on "o occasion1 t ( ! ,night-c\ncil1 he is summon$4 ,^? :o att5d$ on ?is occasion are also1 z we h se51 call$ k+s#fh4 ,& we h se5 t ! t]m has no appe>ance ( hav+ be5 loosely us$3 s9ce1 aft] say+ t ! k+s foll[$ ,ne/or to ! c\ncil1 x adds1 t ) !m w5t ,m]iones & ,antilo*us#fi4 #fg ,il4 vii4 #afg-gj4 #fh ,il4 x4 #age1 connect$ ) #aie4 #fi ,il4 x4 #aif1 #g4 ,b :5 ,diom$ proce$s to ask = a companion on 8 exp$ition1 six p]sons are m5tion$ 7#bbg-cb7 z hav+ be5 desir\s to att5d him4 ,!y are ! two ,ajaxes1 ,m]iones1 ,?rasym$es1 ,m5elaus1 & ,ulysses4 ,idom5eus & ,ne/or are ( c\rse except$ on acc\nt ( age4 ,x seems pla91 h[ev]1 t ,hom]'s int5tion 0 to include ! :ole company1 ) ^? exceptions only4 ,he c\ld n mean t "o & "o only ( ! able-bodi$ w>riors pres5t hung back4 ,yet ,meges is n m5tion$2 ! only "o ( ! p]sons summon$1 :o is n acc\nt$ =4 ,i !re=e inf] t ,hom] did n mean to repres5t him z hav+ att5d$2 & consequ5tly he is 9 all likelihood n includ$ among ! by v4 #aie4 #b4 ,phnix1 ! tutor & fri5d ( ,a*illes1 is c>ess+ly call$ by him #gj 9 ! ,n9? ,book2 b ! pett+ & famili> "* ( ! spee*1 & ( ! :ole relation betwe5 !m1 w\ld make x haz>d\s to build any ?+ ^u ?is evid5ce4 #gj ,il4 ix4 #fjg4 ,9 ! ,n9? ,book x may appe> probable t he 0 among ! eld]s :o took c\nsel ) ,agamemnon ab\t ! mission to ,a*illes1 b x is n positively /at$2 &1 ev5 if x 71 8 relation to t great *iefta9 w\ld acc\nt = 8 hav+ appe>$ !re on ?is occasion only 7,il4 ix4 #afh74 ,x is rem>kable t1 at ?is s+le juncture1 ,hom] tells u t ,agamemnon collect$ n simply ! 1 b ! 1 z if !re 7 p]sons pres5t1 :o did n belong to ! ord9>y ,c\ncil 7,il4 ix4 #hi74 ,aga91 9 ! ,n9ete5? ,book1 we are told 7v4 #cjc7 t ! assembl$ 9 ! encampm5t ( ,a*illes1 t !y might urge him to eat4 ,he refus$2 & he s5t away ! #8o!r k+s2' b !re rema9$ beh9d ! two ,atreid1 ,ulysses1 ,ne/or1 & ,idom5eus1 #8& ! old *>iot-driv+ ,phnix4' ,! o!rs are m5tion$ )\t epi!t1 probably because !y _h j be5 describ$ z k+s2 & ,phnix is 9 all likelihood describ$ by ^! epi!ts1 = ! reason t ! t]m w\ld n include him 7xix4 #cjc-ab74 ,on ! :ole !n1 & tak+ into our view t ,phnix 0 z a "l1 or 1 subord9ate to ,peleus1 & t he 0 a sub-comm&] 9 ! cont+5t ( ,a*illes1 we may be pretty sure t he 0 n a 2 if t ^w _h1 z has ,i ?9k be5 suffici5tly %[n1 a det]m9ate mean+4 #c4 ,?\gh ,patroclus 0 9 ! fir/ rank ( w>riors he is n[h]e call$ or 2 b only 1 :i* is a ^w app>5tly us$ ) r m latitude4 ,! subord9ate position ( ,m5tius1 ! fa!r ( ,patroclus1 makes x improbable t he %\ld /& z a k+ 9 ! ,iliad4 ,he appe>s to h be5 lieut5ant to ,a*illes ov] ! :ole body ( ,myrmidons4 #d4 ,eurypylus son ( ,eumon#ga1 comm&] ( a cont+5t ( =ty %ips1 & "o ( ! t5 acceptors ( ! *all5ge1 is 9 "o place address$ z 4 ,x is d\btful :e!r he 0 meant to be exhibit$ z a 1 or :e!r ?is is a lax use ( ! epi!t2 if x is s1 x =ms ! only exception 7ap>t f ix4 #fjg7 to ! rule e/abli%$ by above ?irty passages ( ! ,iliad4 #ga ,il4 ii4 #gcf1 #g4 vii4 #afg4 xi4 #hai4 ,^u ! :ole1 !n ! evid5ce ( ! ,iliad cle>ly t5ds to %[ t ! title 0 a def9ite "o 9 ! ,greek army1 & t x 0 conf9$ to n9e p]sons2 p]haps ) "s slight indi/9ctness on ! "q1 :e!r !re 0 or 0 n a claim to t rank on ! "p ( "o or two p]sons m4 ,conditions ( ,k+%ip 9 ! ,iliad4 ,^u view+ ! composition ( ! class ( k+s1 :e!r we include 9 x or n su* cases z ^? ( ,meges or ,eurypylus1 x seems to re/ ^u ! comb9$ basis ( #a4 ,real political sov]eignty1 z di/+ui%$ f subalt]n *ief%ip2 #b4 ,m>k$ p]sonal vig\r2 & #c4 ,ei!r1 a4 ,consid]able t]ritorial possessions1 z 9 ! case ( ,idom5eus & ,oilean ,ajax2 b4 ,extraord9>y abilities ?\gh ) small dom9ions1 z 9 ! case ( ,ulysses2 or1 at ! lea/1 c4 ,preem95t p]sonal /r5g? & val\r1 accept$ 9 l mann] z a comp5sation = defective political weight1 z 9 ! case ( ,telamonian ,ajax4 ,al?\gh ! condition ( comm&+ consid]able =ces is1 z we see1 by no means absolute1 yet1 on ! o!r h&1 e comm&] ( z l>ge a =ce z fifty %ips is a 1 except ,m5e/heus only1 an exception :i* probably has a mean+4 ,agap5or inde$ has sixty %ips2 b !n he is imm$iately dep5d5t on ,agamemnon4 ,! ,botians too h fifty2 b !y are divid$ among five lead]s4 ,among ! bodily qualities ( ,hom]ic pr9ces1 we may fir/ note beauty4 ,?is attribute is n1 ,i ?9k1 po9t$ly ascrib$ 9 ! poems to any p]son1 except ^? ( pr9cely rank4 ,x is ne$less to collect all ! in/ances 9 :i* x is ?us assign$4 ,( "s ( !m1 :]e ! description is m>k$1 & ! p]sons insignificant1 l ,euphorbus & ,nireus#gb1 we may be ! m p]suad$1 t ,hom] 0 foll[+ an extant tradition4 ,( ! ,trojan royal family x is ! em95t & peculi> *>act]i/ic2 & x rema9s to an obs]vable degree ev5 9 ! case ( ! ag$ ,priam#gc4 ,hom] is c>eful#gd to ass]t x ( 8 prime h]oes2 ,a*illes surpasses ev5 ,nireus2 ,ulysses possesses x abundantly1 ?\gh 9 a less m>k$ degree2 x is expressly ass]t$ ( ,agamemnon2 & ( ,ajax1 :o1 9 ! ,odyssey1 is almo/ br\ght into competition ) ,nireus = ! second hon\rs2 ! t]ms ( description are1 h[ev]1 di/+ui%able "o f ! o!r4 #gb ,il4 xvii4 #ea4 ii4 #fgc4 #gc ,il4 xxiv4 #fca4 #gd ,il4 ii4 #fgd4 ,od4 xvi4 #age4 ,il4 iii4 #bbd1 #afi1 #bbf1 & ,od4 xi4 #dfi4 ,aga91 ) respect to p]sonal vig\r z a condition ( sov]eignty1 x is obs]v$ by ,grote#ge t #8an old *ief1 su* z ,peleus & ,la]tes1 _c reta9 8 position4' ,!re appe>s to h be5 "s div]sity ( practice4 ,ne/or1 9 v advanc$ age1 & :5 unable to fight1 /ill occupies 8 ?rone4 ,! passage quot$ by ,grote to uphold 8 ass]tion ) respect to ,peleus falls %ort ( ! m>k3 = x is simply an inquiry by ! _s ( ,a*illes1 :e!r 8 fa!r is /ill on ! ?rone1 or has be5 set aside on acc\nt ( age1 & ! "q itself %[s t1 dur+ ! :ole "t ( ! life ( ,a*illes1 ,peleus1 ?\gh old1 _h n be5 kn[n to h resign$ ! adm9i/ration ( ! gov]nm5t4 ,inde$ 8 ret5tion ( x appe>s to be presum$ 9 ! beautiful spee* ( ,priam to ,a*illes 7,il4 xxiv4 #dhf-ib74 #ge ,hi/4 vol4 ii4 p4 #hg4 ,cu/om ( resignation 9 old age4 ,at ! same "t1 !re is suffici5t evid5ce suppli$ by ,hom] to %[1 t x 0 ! m usual cu/om = ! sov]eign1 z he grew old1 ei!r to associate 8 son ) him 9 8 c>es1 or to retire4 ,! practice ( ,troy1 :]e we see ,hector ma9ly ex]cis+ ! active duties ( ! gov]nm5t--= he fe$s ! troops#gf1 z well z comm&s !m--appe>s to h correspond$ ) t ( ,greece4 ,a*illes1 9 ! ,n9? ,iliad1 pla9ly implies t he himself 0 n1 z a g5]al1 ! m]e delegate ( 8 fa!r2 s9ce he invites ,phnix to come & %>e 8 k+dom ) him4 #gf ,il4 xvii4 #bbe4 ,b ! duties ( c\nsel cont9u$ aft] ^? ( action _h be5 devolv$3 = ,priam presides 9 ! ,trojan 1 & appe>s ^u ! walls1 surr\nd$ by ! 1 :o 71 app>5tly1 /ill its pr9cipal speak]s & its guides4 ,& ,a*illes#gg1 :5 9 comm& be=e ,troy1 /ill look$ to ,peleus to provide him ) a wife4 #gg ,il4 ix4 #cid4 ,i f9d a cle> pro( ( ! g5]al cu/om ( retirem5t1 probably a gradual "o1 9 ! application to sov]eigns ( ! t]m 4 ,?is ^w is commonly con/ru$ 9 ,hom] z mean+ y\?s3 b ! real mean+ ( x is t :i* 9 humble life we convey by ! t]m able-bodi$2 t is to say1 ^? :o are nei!r 9 boyhood nor old age1 b 9 ! entire vig\r ( manhood4 ,! mi/ake z to ! s5se ( ! t]m has creat$ difficulties ab\t its orig91 & has l$ ,dd]le9 to d]ive x f 1 ) ref]5ce1 ,i suppose1 to ! heat ( y\?1 in/ead ( ! m obvi\s d]ivation =m & 1 express+ ! height ( vital p[]4 ,a s+le passage w1 ,i ?9k1 suffice to %[ t ! ^w has ?is mean+3 :i* is also repres5t$ 9 two places by ! p>aphra/ic expression #gh4 ,9 ! ,sixte5? ,iliad1 ,apollo appe>s to ,hector "u ! =m ( ,asius 7#gaf73 #gh ,il4 xvii4 #ebj4 ,od4 xii4 #hc4 4 ,n[ ! ,asius 9 "q 0 full bro!r to ,hecuba1 ! "m ( ,hector & eighte5 o!r *ildr52 & he _c1 !re=e1 be suppos$ to h be5 a y\?4 ,! mean+ ( ! ,poet appe>s cle>ly to be to prev5t ! supposition1 :i* w\ld o!rwise h be5 a natural "o 9 reg>d to ,hector's uncle1 t ?is ,asius1 9 ^: lik5ess ,apollo ! un%orn appe>$1 0 pa/ ! age ( vig\r & manly beauty1 :i* is designat$ by ! ^w 4 ,=ce ( ! t]m 4 ,!re is n a s+le passage1 :]e ?is ^w is us$ ) any indication ( mean+ y\?s z contra-di/+ui%$ f mature m54 ,b !re is a p>ticul> passage :i* precisely illu/rates ! mean+ t has n[ be5 giv5 to 4 ,9 ! ,catalogue we are told t ,h]cules c>ri$ (f ,a/yo*e#gi3 #gi ,il4 ii4 #ffj4 4 ,pope r5d]s ?is 9 words :i*1 :atev] be _! intr9sic m]it1 are1 z a translation1 at once diffuse & defective3 #8,:]e mighty t[ns 9 ru9s spread ! pla91 ,& saw _! bloom+ w>riors e>ly sla94' ,c[p] :olly omits ! la/ half ( ! l9e1 & says1 #8,aft] full _m a city laid 9 du/'4444 ,*apman1 "r z to ! epi!t1 gives ! errone\s mean+ to ! sub/antive3 #8,:]e _m t[ns ( pr9cely y\?s he levell$ ) ! gr\nd4' ,voss1 accurate z usual1 appe>s to c>ry ! full mean+3 #8,viele ,/dt' au/ilg5d d] gottbeseligt5 ,mnn]4' ,?is l9e1 9 tru?1 af=ds an admirable t\*/one = ! mean+ ( two important ,hom]ic words4 ,! vulg> mean+ takes z simply illu/ri\s y\?s4 ,:at c\ld ,hom] mean by cities ( illu/ri\s y\?s8 ,is x _! sov]eigns or _! fight+ population8 ,7 _! sov]eigns all y\?s8 ,7 _! fight+ population all illu/ri\s8 ,9 no o!r place ?r\gh\t ! ,iliad1 except "o1 :]e ! rival read+ is evid5tly to be adopt$1 does ! ,poet apply to a mass ( m5#hj4 ,if1 !n1 ! sov]eigns be meant1 x is pla9 t !y c\ld n all be y\?s1 & !re=e does n mean a y\?4 ,b n[ let u take 9 its /rict s5se z a royal title only2 !n let u rememb] t ?rones 7 only assum$ on com+ to manhood1 z is pla9 f ! case ( ,telema*us1 :o1 ?\gh 8 fa!r1 z x 0 fe>$1 0 dead1 0 n 9 possession ( ! sov]eign p[]4 #8,may ,jupit]1' says ,ant9\s to him1 #8nev] make y ! 9 ,i?aca3 :i* is y\r "r1' or #8:i* w\ld fall to y by bir?#ha3' #hj ,nor is x appli$ 9 ! ,odyssey to any bodies m num]\s ?an ! ?irte5 #8k+s' ( ,s*]ia1 ,od4 v4 #cgh2 & to !m 9 ! "* ( k+s4 #ha ,od4 i4 #chf4 4 ,:5 ,telema*us answ]s1 by propos+ t "o ( ! nobles %\ld assume ! sov]eignty4 ,la/ly1 ^u decl9+ into old age1 x 01 = ! mo/ "p1 ei!r z to ! m active c>es1 or else entirely1 rel9qui%$4 ,!n ! s5se ( ,il4 ii4 #ffj w come out ) ,hom]'s usual accuracy & complet5ess4 ,x w be t ,h]cules sack$ _m cities ( pr9ce-w>riors1 or vigor\s & w>like pr9ces4 ,?us1 !n1 x 0 requisite t ! ,hom]ic %\ld be a k+1 a knig1 a man ( :om we c\ld say t actually1 & n conv5tionally alone1 he c1 bo? 9 m9d & p]son4 ,su* 0 ! !ory & su* ! practice ( ! ,hom]ic age4 ,!re is n a s+le ,greek sov]eign1 ) ! hon\rable exception ( ,ne/or1 :o does n lead 8 subjects into battle2 n "o :o does n excel !m all 9 /r5g? ( h&1 sc>cely any :o does n also give pro(s ( sup]ior intellect1 :]e scope is all[$ = x by ! action ( ! poem4 ,ov] & above ! "w ( battle1 ! pr9ce is likewise pe]less 9 ! ,games4 ,( ! eight conte/s ( ! ,tw5ty-?ird ,book1 sev5 are conduct$ only by ! pr9ces ( ! armam5t4 ,! s+le exception is rem>kable3 x is ! box+ mat*1 :i* ,hom] calls #hb1 an epi!t t he applies to no o!r ( ! mat*es except ! wre/l+4 #hb ,il4 xxiii4 #fec4 ,b 8 l[ e/imation ( ! box+ comes out 9 ano!r =m1 ! value ( ! prizes4 ,! fir/ prize is an unbrok5 mule3 ! second1 a d\ble-b[l$ cup1 to :i* no epi!t signify+ value is atta*$4 ,b = ! wre/l]s 7a conte/ less dang]\s1 & n !re=e requir+1 on ?is score1 great] inducem5t to be provid$17 ! fir/ prize 0 a tripod1 wor? twelve ox52 & ! second1 a woman slave1 wor? f\r4 ,:at1 !n1 0 ! relative value ( an ox & a mule n yet brok58 ,mules1 l ox51 7 employ$ simply = traction4 ,!y 7 bett]1 because m spe$y 9 draw+ ! pl\gh#hc2 b1 !n1 ox5 7 also available = food1 & we h no indication t ! =m] 7 ( great] value4 ,)\t !re=e re/+ too /rictly on ! numb] twelve1 we may say t ! prize ( wre/l+ 0 sev]al times m valuable ?an t ( box+4 ,aga91 ! second prize ( ! foot-race 0 a l>ge & fat ox1 equal1 probably1 to ! fir/ prize ( ! box+-mat*#hd4 ,epeus1 :o w9s ! box+-mat* aga9/ ! pr9ce ,euryalus1 ?ird lead] ( ! ,argives1 0 evid5tly a p]son ( traditional fame1 f ! victory he obta9s ov] an adv]s>y ( high rank4 ,b ,hom] has tak5 c>e to balance ?is by introduc+ a confession f ! m\? ( ,epeus himself1 t he 0 good = no?+ 9 battle#he2 #hc ,il4 x4 #ceb4 #hd ,il4 xxiii4 #gej4 #he ,il4 xxiii4 #fgj4 1 2 an expression :i*1 ,i ?9k1 ! ,poet has us$1 9 all likelihood1 = ! v purpose ( %ield+ ! sup]iority ( 8 pr9ces1 by %[+ t ?is gift ( ,epeus 0 a s+le1 & z x 7 brutal1 accompli%m5t4 ,accompli%m5ts ( ! ,k+s4 ,z ) ! games1 s ) ! m ref9$ accompli%m5ts4 ,!re are b f\r cases 9 :i* we he> ( ! use ( music & song f ,hom]1 except ! in/ances ( ! pr(essional b>ds4 ,"o ( ^! is ! boy1 :o ^u ! ,%ield ( ,a*illes plays & s+s1 9 conduct+ ! y\?s & maid5s z !y pass f ! v9ey>d ) ! grapes4 ,x is ! b>d1 :o plays to ! danc]s2 b 8 dignity1 & ! composure always assign$ to him1 probably w\ld n all[ ( 8 appe>+ 9 motion ) su* a body1 & on ?is acc\nt ! may be sub/itut$2 ( ^: rank we "k no?+4 ,9 ! o!r cases1 ! ?ree p]sons m5tion$ are all pr9ces3 ,p>is is ! fir/1 :o _h ! light] & ext]nal p>ts ( ! "* ( a g5tleman1 & :o 0 ( ! highe/ rank1 yet to :om x may be obs]v$ only ! in/rum5t is assign$1 & n ! song4 ,! second is ! sublime ,a*illes1 ^: p[]ful nature1 rang+ l t ( 8 ,poet ?r\gh e *ord ( ! human m9d & he>t1 prompts him to beguile an uneasy solitude by ! ,muse2 & :o is f\nd 9 ! ,n9? ,iliad#hf by ! ,envoys1 soo?+ 8 moody _s ) ! lyre1 & s++1 to /ra9s ( 8 own1 ! a*ievem5ts ( bygone h]oes4 ,aga91 ?irdly1 ?is lyre itself1 l ! iron globe ( ! ,tw5ty-?ird ,book1 _h be5 among ! spoils ( ,k+ ,eetion4 #hf ,il4 ix4 #ahf4 ,b ! royal & h]oic "* mu/ ) ,hom]1 at lea/ :5 exhibit$ at its climax1 be all compreh5sive4 ,z x so>s to e ?+ above1 s1 )\t /oop+1 mu/ x be ma/] ( e ?+ b5ea? x4 ,accord+ly1 ! ,poet has giv5 x ! la/ t\* 9 ! accompli%m5ts ( ,ulysses4 ,z he proves himself a wood-cutt] & %ip-build] 9 ! isl& ( ,calypso1 s he is no /rang] to ! pl\gh & ! scy!2 & he fairly *all5ges#hg ,euryma*us ! ,suitor to try :i* ( !m w\ld soone/ cle> ! mead[ ( its grass1 :i* drive ! /raighte/ furr[ d[n a f\r-acre field4 #hg ,od4 xviii4 #cff-ge4 ,s mu* = ! corporeal accompli%m5ts ( ! ,greek k+s & pr9ces2 ( _! intellectual p[]s we %all h to treat 9 consid]+ ! "* ( ! gov]nm5ts ( ! h]oic age4 ,! ,k+s z ,g5tlem54 ,b ^! accompli%m5ts1 m5tal & bodily1 are n vulg>ly heap$ ^u 8 *>act]s by ,hom]1 z if !y 7 detail$ 9 a bo>d+-s*ool catalogue4 ,! ,hom]ic k+ %\ld h t :i* incorporates & h>monizes !m all3 he %\ld be emphatically a g5tleman1 & t 9 a s5se n f> f ! "o famili> to ! ,*ri/ian civilization ( ,europe4 ,ne/or1 ,diom$1 ,m5elaus1 are 9 a m>k$ mann] g5tlem54 ,agamemnon is less s2 b "h ,hom] %[s 8 usual discrim9ation1 = 9 ,agamemnon !re is a sordid ve91 :i* mo/ ( all m>s ?is peculi> tone ( "*4 ,x is1 h[ev]1 9 ! two sup]lative h]oes ( ! poems1 t we see ! /ronge/ developm5t ( ^? habits ( feel+ & action1 :i* belong to ! g5tleman4 ,x w be admitt$ t "o ( ^! traits is ! love ( t :i* is /raight=w>d1 tru?ful1 & above-bo>d4 ,accord+ to ! vulg> conception ( ! "* ( ,ulysses1 he has no cr$it = ?is quality4 ,b :atev] ! ,ulysses ( ,virgil or ( ,euripides may be1 ! ,ulysses ( ,hom]1 ?\gh full ( circumspection1 res]ve1 & ev5 /ratagem 9 deal+ ) enemies & /rang]s1 has no?+ ab\t him ( :at is selfi%1 tricky1 or fai?less4 ,&1 accord+ly1 x is into 8 m\? t ,hom] has put ! few & simple words1 :i* rebuke ! "* ( ! in=m] & ! tale-be>]1 ) a sev]ity great] p]haps ev5 ?an1 "u ! circum/ances1 0 necess>y4 ,:5 he is recognis$ by ,euryclea1 he /rictly enjo9s ^u h] ! sil5ce1 on :i* all _! lives at ! mom5t dep5d$4 ,hurt by ! supposition t %e c\ld 79 our homely phrase7 be likely to blab1 %e replies t %e w hold h]self 91 h>d z /one or z iron4 ,%e adds1 t %e w po9t out to him :i* ( ! wom5 9 ! palace are fai?ful1 & :i* are guilty4 ,no1 he replies2 ,i w obs]ve !m = myself2 t is n y\r bus9ess#hh3 #hh ,od4 xix4 #ejj-b4 1 2 ' ' 1 4 ,a*illes z a ,g5tleman4 ,z ,hom] has ?us %>ply exhibit$ ,ulysses 9 ! "* ( a g5tleman ) respect to tru?#hi1 s he has made ! same exhibition = ,a*illes ) respect to c\rtesy3 prote/+1 z x 71 9 ?is mann] by anticipation aga9/ ! deg5]ate conceptions ( ^? *>act]s1 :i* 7 to reproduce & r5d] curr5t ?r\gh ! _w ,a*illes z a brute1 & ,ulysses z a ?or\gh knave4 ,b let u see ! residue ( ! pro(4 #hi ,9 ,od4 xxii4 #dag1 he applies to ,euryclea = ! in=mation1 :i* he _h be=e decl9$4 ,?is is aft] ! trial ( ! ,b[3 ! o!r 0 be=e x 0 propos$1 & :5 ! ,*ief probably reckon$ on hav+ himself m "t = obs]vation ?an prov$ to be ! case4 ,9 ! fir/ ,iliad1 :5 ! wra? is 9 ! fir/ flu% ( its heat1 ! h]alds ,tal?ybius & ,eurybates are s5t to 8 encampm5t1 ) ! appall+ commission to br+ away ,briseis4 ,on ent]+1 !y rema9 awe-/ruck & sil5t4 ,?\gh1 9 mu* lat] times1 we "k t ,! mess5g] ( evil tid+s ,ha? b a los+ (fice1 he at once relieves !m f _! emb>rassm5t1 & bids !m p]sonally welcome2 1 1 1 '#ij #ij ,il4 i4 #ccd4 ,& he desires ,patroclus to br+ =? ! object ( _! que/4 ,m extraord9>y self-comm& & consid]at5ess ?an ?is1 nev] has be5 ascrib$ by any au?or to any "*4 ,aga91 :5 9 ! ,n9? ,book he is surpris$ 9 8 seclusion by ! envoys ,phnix1 ,ulysses1 & ,ajax1 ?\gh he is prep>$ to reject e (f]1 he hails !m all p]sonally1 )\t wait+ to be address$ & ) ! utmo/ k9dness#ia1 z ( all ! ,greeks ! de>e/ to him ev5 9 8 wra?2 he ( c\rse proce$s to ord] an ent]ta9m5t = !m4 ,b ! mo/ ref9$ ( all 8 att5tions is t %[n to ,agamemnon 9 ! ,tw5ty-?ird ,book4 ,inf]ior to ,ajax1 ,diom$1 & ,ulysses1 ,agamemnon c\ld n ent] into ! pr9cipal games1 to be beat5 by any abl] competitor1 )\t disp>agem5t to 8 (fice3 :ile !re w\ld also h be5 a s]i\s disp>agem5t ( ano!r k9d 9 8 cont5d+ ) a second>y p]son4 ,accord+ly1 ,a*illes at ! close makes a nom9al mat* = ! use ( ! sl+--( :i* we nev] he> else:]e 9 ! poems--&1 int]pos+ aft] ! c&idates are ann\nc$1 b be=e ! actual conte/1 he pres5ts ! *ief prize to ,agamemnon1 ) ?is complim5t2 t !re ne$ be no trial1 z e "o is aw>e already h[ mu* he excels all o!rs 9 ! ex]cise4 #ia ,il4 ix4 #aig4 ,yet ^! great *iefs1 s /rong & brave & wise1 s pr\d & /]n1 s equipp$ 9 arts1 mann]s1 & accompli%m5ts1 c ^u occasion weep l a woman or a *ild4 ,ulysses1 9 ! isl& ( ,calypso daily p\rs =? 8 #8wat]floods' z he /ra9s 8 vision ov] ! sea2 & he cov]s up 8 head 9 ! halls ( ,alc9\s1 :ile ,demodocus is s++1 t 8 te>s may fl[ unobs]v$4 ,& s ,a*illes1 fre% f 8 fi]ce v5geance on ! corpse ( ,hector1 yet1 :5 ! ,trojan k+#ib has call$ up be=e 8 m9d ! image ( 8 fa!r ,peleus1 at ! ?\ght n[ ( 8 ag$ p>5t1 & n[ ( 8 slaught]$ fri5d1 %$s te>s z t5d] z ^? ( ,priam = 8 son1 & lets 8 griefs ov]fl[ 9 a deep compassion = ! ag$ suppliant be=e him4 ,nor is x only 9 sorr[ t we may rem>k a high susceptibility4 ,! ,greek *iefta9s 9 g5]al are acutely s5sible ( praise & ( blame4 ,telema*us#ic is delight$ :5 gyptius comm5ds him z a likely look+ y\?3 & ev5 ,ulysses1 fir/ among !m all 9 self-comm&1 is deeply /ung by ! rem>k ( ! saucy ,phacian on 8 appe>ance1 & replies ^u ! (f5d] ) excell5t s5se1 b ) an extraord9>y pung5cy#id4 ,a simil> temp] is %[n 9 all ! answ]s ( ! *iefta9s to ,agamemnon :5 he goes ! r\nd ( ! army#ie4 #ib ,il4 xxiv4 #dhf4 #ic ,od4 ii4 #cc1 #e4 #id ,od4 viii4 #aei4 & seqq4 #ie ,il4 iv4 #bca & seqq4 ,rights ( ,h]$it>y ,succession4 ,! h]$it>y "* ( ! royal (fice is /amp$ ^u almo/ e page ( ! poems2 z ne>ly all ! *iefs1 ^: l9eage we are able to trace1 h app>5tly succe$$ _! fa!rs 9 p[]4 ,! only exception 9 ! ord]1 ( :i* we are in=m$1 is "o :]e1 probably on acc\nt ( ! infancy ( ! heir1 ! bro!r ( ! deceas$ sov]eign assumes 8 sceptre4 ,9 ?is way ,?ye/es1 uncle to ,agamemnon1 succe$$ 8 fa!r ,atreus1 & !n1 evid5tly )\t any brea* ( regul>ity1 transmitt$ x to ,agamemnon4 ,& su* is probably ! reason :y1 ,ore/es be+ a m]e *ild#if1 a "p ( ! dignity ( ,agamemnon is communicat$ to ,m5elaus4 ,= 9 ! ,iliad he has a qualifi$ supremacy2 receives jo9tly ) ,agamemnon ! pres5t ( ,euneus2 is m royal1 high] 9 rank1 ?an ! o!r *iefta9s3 we are also told ( him#ig1 2 & he came to ! second meet+ ( 9 ! ,second ,book 1 )\t ! =mality ( a summons4 #if ,od4 i4 #dj4 #ig ,il4 x4 #cb4 ,9 a case l t ( ,?ye/es1 if we may judge f :at actually happ5$1 ! uncle w\ld p]haps succe$ in/ead ( ! m9or1 ^: h]$it>y "r w\ld 9 su* case be po/pon$ until ! next turn4 ,! case ( ,telema*us 9 ! ,odyssey is int]e/+ 9 _m ways1 z unfold+ to u ! relations ( ! family life ( ! p]iod4 ,among o!r po9ts :i* x illu/rates1 is t ( ! succession to sov]eignty4 ,x 0 admitt$ by ! ,suitors1 t x desc5d$ to him f 8 fa!r#ih4 ,yet !re evid5tly 0 "s special1 if n =mal act to be done1 )\t :i* he c\ld n be k+4 ,= ,ant9\s expresses 8 hope t ,jupit] w nev] make ,telema*us k+ ( ,i?aca4 ,n because ! ?rone 0 full1 =1 on ! contr>y1 ! dea? ( ,ulysses 0 admitt$ or assum$ to h occurr$#ii2 b app>5tly because ?is act1 :atev] x 01 _h n be5 p]=m$ 9 8 case4 #ih 1 ,od4 i4 #chg4 #ii ,od4 i4 #cif4 ii4 #ahb4 ,p]haps ! expressions ( ,ant9\s imply t su* a proce$+ 0 mu* m ?an =mal1 & t ! accession ( ,telema*us to ! supreme dignity might be arre/$ by ! diss5t ( ! nobles4 ,! answ] too ( ! "y pr9ce#ajj 7 ' 7 seems to be at lea/ 9 h>mony ) ! idea t a practice1 ei!r approa*+ to election1 or 9 "s way involv+ a volunt>y action on ! "p ( ! subjects or ( a portion ( !m1 _h to be gone ?r\gh4 ,b ! p]sonal dignity ( ! son ( ,ulysses 0 unque/ion$4 ,ev5 ! ,suitors pay a c]ta9 reg>d to x 9 ! mid/ ( _! insol5ce3 & :5 ! "y pr9ce goes into ! place ( assembly#aja1 he takes 8 place ^u 8 fa!r's seat1 ! eld]s spontane\sly mak+ way = him to assume x4 #ajj ,od4 i4 #cif4 #aja ,od4 ii4 #hb4 ,rights ( primog5iture4 ,x may1 h[ev]1 be said ) tru?1 t ,telema*us 0 an only son1 & t accord+ly we _c judge f 8 case :e!r x 0 ! "r ( ! elde/ to succe$4 ,:e!r ! rights ( primog5iture 7 ackn[l$g$ among ! ,greeks ( ! h]oic age1 is a "q ( mu* int]e/ to our own4 ,=1 on ! "o h&1 !re is a disposition to canvass & to dispute ^? rights4 ,on ! o!r h&1 we live 9 a /ate ( society1 to :i* !y probably h contribut$ m l>gely ?an any o!r specific cause1 aft] ! ,*ri/ian religion1 to give its specific =m4 ,hom] has suppli$ u ) b few cases ( bro!rhood among 8 great] *>act]s4 ,we see1 h[ev]1 t ,agamemnon ev]y:]e be>s ! "* ( ! eld]1 & he appe>s to h succe$$ 9 t capacity to ! ?rone ( ,atreus1 :ile ,m5elaus1 ! y\ng]1 takes 8 inh]itance 9 virtue ( 8 wife4 ,tyro1 9 ! ,elev5? ,odyssey1 is said to h borne1 on ! banks ( ! ,enipeus1 ! tw9s ,pelias & ,neleus4 ,9 ?is passage ! ord] 9 :i* ! *ildr5 are nam$ is mo/ probably t ( age#ajb4 ,we f9d ,pelias reign+ 9 ,iolcus1 a "p ( ! orig9al c\ntry ( ! olids3 :ile ,neleus emigrates1 &1 ei!r by or be=e m>ry+ ,*loris1 becomes k+ ( ,pylos 9 ! s\? ( ,greece#ajc4 ,( ! two bro!rs ,protesilaus & ,pod>ces1 ! =m]1 :o is also ! eld]1 comm&s ! =ce f ,phylace4 ,he 01 h[ev]1 brav]1 z well z old]4 ,?is /atem5t ( ! m]its1 ages1 & positions ( ! two bro!rs raises a "q applicable to o!r cases :]e two bro!rs are jo9$ )\t o/5sible discrim9ation 9 comm&4 ,( ^! !re are f\r 9 ! ,catalogue4 ,! fir/ is t ( ,ascalaphus & ,ialm5us1 :om _! "m ,a/yo*e bore cl&e/9ely to ,m>s1 4 ,! expression seems to imply1 t x 0 at a s+le bir?4 ,b ev5 by ?is supposition we d n get rid ( ! idea ( s5iority 9 ?is case2 nor c we suppose all ! pairs to h be5 tw9s4 ,we naturally !re=e ask1 :e!r ?is conjunction impli$ equality 9 comm&8 ,we may probably v5ture to answ]1 )\t mu* d\bt1 9 ! negative4 ,on ! "o h&1 !re is no?+ unlikely 9 ! supposition t ! fir/ nam$ ( two bro!rs 0 ! elde/1 & _h ! *ief comm&4 ,:ile on ! o!r h& x is c]ta91 t !re is no case ( two coequal comm&]s except x be among ^! f\r1 :i* are all cases ( bro!rs2 & :i*1 "u ! int]pretation :i* seems ! mo/ natural "o !y c receive1 w\ld be> fre% te/imony to ! preval5ce ( ! cu/om ( primog5iture4 ,aga91 among ! sons ( ,ne/or1 :o are exhibit$ to u z surr\nd+ him 9 ! ,?ird ,odyssey1 we may p]haps f9d1 f ! (fices assign$ to !m at ! solemn sacrifice & o!rwise1 decisive signs ( primog5iture4 ,pisi/ratus /eps =w>d to greet ,telema*us on 8 arrival1 & leads him to 8 seat#ajd1 sleeps ne> him "u ! portico1 & accompanies him on 8 j\rney4 ,b ^! functions app]ta9 to him because he 0 ! ba*elor 77 ( ! family1 z we are appropriately told 9 ref]5ce to 8 tak+ a c\* ne> ! gue/1 :ile ! m>ri$ p]sons always slept 9 "s sep>ate & m private "p ( ! palace#aje4 ,pisi/ratus1 !re=e1 0 probably ! y\nge/ son4 ,b x is also pretty cle> t ,?rasym$es 0 ! elde/4 ,= 9 ! sacrifice he /rikes ! fatal bl[ at ! ox3 :ile ,/ratius & ,e*ephron br+ x up1 ,aretus holds ! ew] & bas91 ,p]seus holds ! lamb1 ,pisi/ratus cuts up ! animal & ,ne/or p]=ms ! religi\s rites ( pray] & sacrifice#ajf4 #ajb ,od4 xi4 #bed1 #f4 #ajc ,od4 xi4 #bha4 #ajd ,od4 iii4 #cf4 #aje ,od4 iii4 #djb4 ,il4 vi4 #bdb-ej4 #ajf ,od4 iii4 #dci-df & #ded4 ,& aga91 :5 ,pisi/ratus br+s up ,telema*us & ! disguis$ ,m9]va1 he places !m1 evid5tly z 9 ! seat ( hon\r1 #8beside 8 bro!r ,?rasym$es & 8 fa!r4' ,?is is 9 p]fect consonance ) our f9d+ ,?rasym$es only1 toge!r ) ,antilo*us :o fell1 select$ = s]vice 9 ! ,trojan w>4 ,^u ?is "q1 aga91 an important collat]al light is ca/ by ,hom]'s my?ological arrangem5ts4 ,!y are1 9 fact1 q conclusive on ! subject ( primog5iture among ! ,hell5es4 ,! ,olympian ord] is f\nd$ ^u x4 ,x is z ! elde/ ( ! ?ree ,kronid bro!rs1 & by no o!r title1 t ,jupit] /&s at ! head ( ! ,olympian community4 ,) respect to ! lott]y1 he is b "o ( ?ree4 ,8 be+ ! ,k+ ( ,air inve/s him ) no "r to comm& ! ,k+ ( ,sea4 ,9 ! ,fifte5? ,book1 z he is ( ne>ly equal =ce1 ,neptune decl9es to obey 8 ord]s until rem9d$ by ,iris ( 8 s5iority4 ,! ,er9ues1 says ! ,mess5g] ,goddess1 att5d ^u ! eld]4 ,t is to say1 8 rights lie at ! f\ndation ( ! moral ord]4 ,^u ?is sugge/ion1 ! refractory deity at once succumbs#ajg4 ,&1 reciprocally1 ,jupit] 9 ! ,?irte5? ,odyssey recognises ! claim ( ,neptune to respect z ! olde/ & be/ 7( c\rse aft] himself7 ( ! gods#ajh4-- #ajg ,il4 xv4 #bjd-g4 #ajh ,od4 xiii4 #ada4 ,?us exalt$ & sev]$ 9 rank1 ?us beautiful 9 p]son1 ?us p[]ful 9 h& & m9d1 ?us associat$ ) ! div9e f\nta9 ( all human hon\rs1 ! ,greek ( ! ,iliad has o!r claims1 too1 to be reg>d$ z repres5t+1 m ne>ly p]haps ?an x has ev] be5 repres5t$ by any o!r class ( mon>*s1 a b5ignant & almo/ ideal k+%ip4 ,! light ( ^! great />s ( h]oic society 0 no less mild ?an x 0 bright2 & !y might well h suppli$ ! basis ( t idea ( ! royal "*1 :i* has giv5 x s extraord9>y a hold ov] ! m9d ( ,%akspe>e1 & l$ him to adorn x by su* noble effusions ( 8 muse4 ,function ( ! ,k+ z ,prie/4 ,! ,hom]ic ,k+ appe>s be=e u 9 ! f\rfold "* ( ,prie/1 ,judge1 ,g5]al1 & ,proprietor4 ,x has already be5 rem>k$1 t no prie/ appe>s among ! ,greeks ( ! ,troic age2 &1 9 con=mity ) ?is view1 we f9d ,agamemnon 9 ! ,iliad1 & ,ne/or 9 ! ,odyssey1 *>g$ ) ! actual p]=mance ( ! rite ( sacrifice2 nor is x app>5tly committ$ to any o!r p]son ?an ! head ( ! society1 assi/$ by 8 1 (fic]s :o act$ z h]alds & z s]jeants1 or by 8 sons4 ,b :ile ?is 0 ! case 9 reg>d to :at may be call$ /ate sacrifices1 :i* 7 also commonly banquets1 we likewise le>n1 z to ^? ( a m private "*1 t !y mu/ h be5 p]=m$ by ! head ( ! h\sehold4 ,to slay an animal = food is 9 e case to sacrifice him 77 :e!r 9 ! camp1 ! palace ( ,ne/or1 ! unruly company ( ! ,suitors1 or ! peaceful cottage ( ,eumelus2 & e animal ready = ! knife 0 call$ an #aji4 #aji ,od4 xiv4 #gd4 #id4 ,z ,judge & z ,g5]al4 ,! judicial (fice ( ! k+ is made kn[n to u1 fir/1 by ! "* ( ,m9os4 ,:ile on e>?1 he _h direct communications f ,jupit]1 :i* probably ref]r$ to ! adm9i/ration ( ju/ice2 &1 9 ! ,%ades b5ea?1 we f9d him actually ex]cis+ ! (fice ( ! judge4 ,no?+ ) :i* we become acqua9t$ 9 ,hom] has ! semblance ( crim9al ju/ice1 except ! f9es = homicide2 & ev5 ^! h no m ?an ! semblance only4 ,! puni%m5t 0 inflict$1 l o!r f9es1 z an adju/m5t or comp5sation#aaj betwe5 man & man1 & n 9 satisfaction ( ! (f5ce aga9/ public morality1 peace1 or ord]4 #aaj ,il4 xviii4 #dih4 ,9 ! ,second ,iliad1 ! remon/rance ( ,ulysses ) ! commonalty decl>es t x is ! k+1 & to ! k+ alone1 to :om ,jupit] has committ$ ! sceptre & ! adm9i/ration ( ju/ice1 t by ^! he may fulfil 8 regal (fice#aaa3 #aaa ,il4 ii4 #bjd4 1 1 ' 1 4 ,n[ ! sceptre is prop]ly ! symbol ( ! judicial au?ority1 z we "k f ! oa? ( ,a*illes#aab3 #aab ,il4 i4 #bcg4 1 4 ,f ! comb9$ effect ( ! two passages x is cle> t ! duties ( ! judicature1 ! det]m9ation ( relative rights betwe5 ! memb]s ( ! community1 con/itut$1 at lea/ 9 great "p1 ! prim>y function ( sov]eignty4 ,/ill ! l>g] conception ( x1 :i* includes ! delib]ative (fice1 is t pres5t$ to u 9 ! spee* ( ,ne/or to ,agamemnon1 on ! occasion ( ! ,c\ncil :i* foll[$ ! ,night-assembly#aac4 #aac ,il4 ix4 #ih4 '1 1 4 ,! judicial function might1 h[ev]1 ev5 9 ! days ( ,hom]1 be ex]cis$ by delegation4 ,= 9 ! ,assembly grav5 on ! ,%ield1 :ile ! p>ties cont5d1 & ! p sympa?ize "s ) "o & "s ) ! o!r1 x is ! 1 or eld]s1 :o deliv] judgm5t#aad4 ,( ^! p]sons ea* holds ! sceptre 9 8 h&s4 ,! passage1 ,il4 i4 #bcg1 seems to speak ( "o sceptre held by _m p]sons3 ?is sc5e on ! ,%ield exhibits to u sev]al sceptres4 ,9 ! simile ( ! crook$ judgm5ts1 a plurality ( judges#aae are ref]r$ to4 ,b z we nev] he> ( an orig9al & indep5d5t au?ority1 l t ( ,il4 ii4 #bjd1 9 ! s5ators or nobles1 x seems mo/ likely t !y act$ judicially by an actual or virtual delegation f ! k+4 #aad ,il4 xviii4 #ejf4 #aae ,il4 xvi4 #chf4 ,! duty ( ! k+ to comm& 8 troops is inscrib$ on e page ( ! ,iliad2 & ! only limit to x seems to h be51 t ^u ! approa* ( old age x 0 delegat$ to ! heir1 or to m ?an "o ( ! family1 ev5 be=e ! entire )drawal ( ! sire f public c>es4 ,! m>tial "* ( ! sov]eign 0 inde$ ideally di/+ui%able f 8 regal "o2 = ,agamemnon 0#aaf #aaf ,il4 iii4 #agi4 1 ' 1 ' 4 ,/ill1 m>tial excell5ce 0 expect$ ( him4 ,:5 ,hippolo*us despat*$ 8 son ,glaucus to ,troy1 he enjo9$ him always to be valiant1 & always to excel 8 comrades 9 arms#aag4 #aag ,il4 vi4 #bjg4 ,la/ly1 ! k+ 0 a proprietor4 ,ulysses _h v l>ge l&$ prop]ty1 & z _m h]ds & flocks1 says ,eumu 9 a _s ( loyal exagg]ation1 z any tw5ty *iefs alive#aah4 ,& ,hom]1 :o always res]ves 8 be/ = ! ,lycians1 has made ,s>p$on decl>e1 9 an incomp>able spee*1 ! virtual condition on :i* e/ates l ^! 7 held4 ,he desires ,glaucus to recollect1 :y x is t !y are hon\r$ 9 ,lycia ) prec$5ce at banquets1 & ) great] portions ?an ! re/1 :y look$ ^u z deities1 :y end[$ ) great e/ates ( pa/ure & corn l& by ! banks ( ,xan?us2 x is t !y may ! m boldly face ! burn+ battle1 & be great 9 ! eyes & 9 ! m9ds ( _! companions4 ,s entirely is ! idea ( dignity & privilege 9 ! ,hom]ic k+ f\nd$ ^u ! sure gr\nd ( duty1 ( responsibility1 & ( toil#aai4 #aah ,od4 xiv4 #ih4 #aai ,il4 xii4 #caj-bh4 ,:at ,hippolo*us taught1 & ,s>p$on /at$1 is 9 exact correspond5ce ) ! practical "p ( ! n>rative ( ,glaucus 9 ! ,six? ,book4 ,:5 ,bell]ophon _h fully approv$ himself 9 ,lycia by 8 pr[ess1 ! k+ ( ! c\ntry gave him 8 daught] 9 m>riage1 toge!r ) "o half ( 8 k+dom2 & ! ,lycians pres5t$ him ) a great & f]tile demesne4 ,z proprietor2 ! 4 ,?is e/ate is call$ 2 a "n nev] appli$ 9 ,hom] b to ! prop]ties ( deities & ( rul]s4 ,he uses ! ^w ) ref]5ce to ! glebe-l&s ( ,sp]*eius1 ,il4 xxiii4 #adh4 ,v5us1 ,od4 viii4 #cfb4 ,c]es1 ,il4 ii4 #fif4 ,jupit]1 ,il4 viii4 #dh4 ,& to ! doma9s ( ,bell]ophon1 ,il4 vi4 #aid4 neas 7promis$ by ! ,trojan community if he %\ld slay ,a*illes71 ,il4 xx4 #ahd4 ,meleag]1 ,il4 ix4 #egd4 ,s>p$on & ,glaucus1 ,il4 xii4 #cac4 ,! on ! ,%ield1 ,il4 xviii4 #eej4 ,iphition 7 71 ,il4 xx4 #cia4 ,alc9\s1 ,od4 vi4 #bic4 ,ulysses1 ,od4 xi4 #ahd1 & xvii4 #bii4 ,on ! o!r h&1 ! m]ely ri* man 7,il4 xi4 #fh7 has an 1 n a 2 & ! f>m ( ,la]tes is call$ 1 n 4 ,& :y8 ,because x 0 a private possession1 acquir$ by him app>5tly out ( sav+s 7,od4 xxiv4 #bjf72 ' 1 ' 4 ,! ^w is probably f 1 or f ! same root ) t v]b1 & signifies l& :i*1 hav+ be5 cut (f f ! orig9al common /ock1 available = ! uses ( private p]sons1 has be5 set ap>t = "o ( ! two great public purposes1 ( gov]nm5t or ( religion4 ,rev5ues & burd5s on !m4 ,besides _! great e/ates1 ! k+s appe> to h _h at lea/ two o!r s\rces ( rev5ue4 ,"o ( ^! 0 n )\t resemblance 9 =m to :at we n[ call cu/oms'-duties1 & may h conta9$ _! hi/orical g]m4 ,9 ! ,book ( ,g5esis1 :]e ! sons ( ,jacob g d[n to buy corn 9 ,egypt1 !y c>ry ) !m a pres5t = ! rul]2 & d\btless ! object ( ?is practice 0 to conciliate ! protection to :i*1 z =eign]s1 & p]haps z suspect$ p]sons1 av[$ly seek+ _! own ga91 !y w\ld n o!rwise h _h a claim4 #8,take ( ! be/ fruits ( ! l& 9 y\r vessels1 & c>ry d[n ! man a pres5t2 a little balm1 & a little honey1 spices1 & myrrh1 nuts1 & almonds#abj4' ,9 con=mity ) ! practice ?us exemplifi$1 :5 ,euneus 9 ! ,sev5? ,iliad despat*es 8 %ips f ,lemnos to sell w9e to ! ,greek army1 9 return = :i* !y obta9 slaves1 hides1 & o!r commodities1 he s5ds a sep>ate supply1 1 z a pres5t to ! two sons ( ,atreus#aba4 ,agamemnon inde$ is1 9 ! ,n9? ,book1 slily twitt$ by ,ne/or ) ! l>g5ess ( ! /ores ( w9e1 t he _h contriv$ to accumulate4 #abj ,g54 xliii4 #aa4 #aba ,il4 vii4 #dfg-ge4 ,s likewise we f9d t c]ta9 trad]s1 sail+ to ,s*]ia1 made a pres5t to ,alc9\s1 z ! sov]eign1 ( ! captive ,eurym$usa4 ,:5 we comp>e ?is ) ! case ( ,euneus1 ! gift obvi\sly appe>s to h be5 a consid]ation = p]mission to trade#abb4 #abb ,od4 vii4 #h-aa4 ,! o!r s\rce ( rev5ue traceable 9 ! ,iliad 0 "o sure to lead to ! ext5sive corruptions1 :i* mu/ already h prevail$ 9 ! "t ( ,hesiod4 ,x consi/$ 9 fees ^u ! adm9i/ration ( ju/ice4 ,9 ! suit describ$ ^u ! %ield1 ! matt] at issue is a f9e = homicide4 ,b q ap>t1 z x w\ld seem1 f ?is f9e1 !re lie 9 ! mid/1 duly #8paid into c\rt1' two tal5ts ( gold1 to be giv5 at ! close to him1 ( all ! judges1 :o %\ld deliv] ! mo/ upright1 t is ! mo/ approv$1 judgm5t#abc3 #abc ,il4 xviii4 #ejh4 4 ,h[ev] righte\s ! orig9al int5tion ( a paym5t 9 ?is =m1 x is easy to e/imate its practical t5d5cies1 & curi\s to rem>k h[ e>ly 9 ! c\rse ( "t !y 7 realiz$4 ,on ! o!r h&1 ! great possessions ( ! k+ 7 n giv5 him = 8 own use alone4 ,ov] & above ! g5]al obligation ( hospitality to /rang]s1 x 0 8 duty to ent]ta9 lib]ally ! pr9cipal p]sons among 8 subjects4 ,d\btless ?is provid$ ! excuse1 :i* enabl$ ! ,suitors to fea/ ^u ! /ores ( ,ulysses1 )\t ! %ame1 9 ! v outset1 ( absolute rap9e4 ,& x w\ld appe> f ! ,odyssey t ,ali!rses#abd & o!r fri5ds ( ! royal h\se1 frequ5t$ ! table !re z well z its enemies1 ?\gh n p]haps s con/antly4 #abd ,od4 xvii4 #fh4 ,9 ! ,sev5? ,iliad1 aft] 8 fight ) ,hector1 ,ajax#abe repairs1 n invit$1 b z if x 7 a matt] ( c\rse1 to %>e ! hospitality ( ,agamemnon4 ,9 ! ,n9? ,book1 ,ne/or urges ,agamemnon to give a fea/ to ! eld]s1 z a duty ( 8 (fice3 #abe ,il4 vii4 #cac4 1 #abf1 #abf ,il4 ix4 #gj4 add+1 ' #abg1 #abg ,ibid4 #gc4 & !n to take _! c\nsel4 ,b p]haps ! ord9>y ex]cise ( ?is duty is be/ exhibit$ 9 ! case ( ,alc9\s1 :o is discov]$ by ,ulysses on 8 arrival ent]ta9+ 8 bro!r k+s 9 8 palace#abh4 #abh ,od4 vii4 #di1 #ajh4 ,i h n "h tak5 specific notice ( ! 1 or tributes1 :i*1 z ,agamemnon promis$1 ,a*illes 0 to receive1 f ! sev5 cities1 t x 0 propos$ to place "u 8 dom9ion4 ,! expression is#abi1 #abi ,il4 ix4 #aee4 1 4 ,! connection ( ! ideas 9 ! two l9es respectively w\ld appe> to %[1 t ! may be no m ?an ! fees payable to ! sov]eign on ! adm9i/ration ( ju/ice4 ,?us !n ! k+ might draw 8 ord9>y rev5ues ma9ly f ! foll[+ s\rces3 ,fir/ & pr9cipally1 ! public 1 or demesne l&4 ,next1 8 own private acquisitions1 su* z ! ( ,la]tes4 ,?irdly1 ! fees on ! adm9i/ration ( ju/ice4 ,f\r?ly1 ! pres5ts paid = lic5ses to trade4 ,! position ( ,agamemnon4 ,! position ( ,agamemnon1 ! greate/ k+ ( ! h]oic age1 con/itutes 9 itself too consid]able a feature ( ,greek polity at t p]iod to be dismiss$ )\t especial notice4 ,he appe>s to h unit$ 9 himself almo/ e advantage :i* c\ld t5d to raise regal p[] to its acm4 ,he 0 ( a h\se mov+ onw>d 9 its z yet unbrok5 c>e] ( accumulat+ greatness3 he 0 ! head ( t h\se1 support$ 9 ,lac$mon by 8 affectionate bro!r ,m5elaus2 & ! d\ble title ( ! two 0 =tifi$ ) tw9 supports1 by _! m>riages ) ,clytemne/ra & ,hel5 respectively4 ,?is family 0 at ! head ( ! en]getic race :i* rul$1 & des]v$ to rule1 9 ! ,greek p59sula2 & :i* app>5tly produc$ su* l>ge & full developm5ts ( p]sonal "*1 z ! _w has nev] se51 ei!r be=e or s9ce1 at s infant9e a /age ( civilization4 ,!re 7 v>i\s k+s 9 ! army be=e ,troy1 b among !m all ! race ( ,pelopids 0 ! mo/ k+ly#acj4 ,agamemnon possess$ ! c\rage1 /r5g?1 & skill ( a w>rior1 9 a degree surpass$ only by ! v greate/ h]oes ( 8 nation2 & 7accord+ to ,hom]7 evid5tly exce$+ t ( ,hector1 ! *ief ,trojan w>rior oppos$ to him4 ,he mu/ h be5 /ill 9 ! fl[] ( 8 age2 & ?\gh nei!r gift$ ) extraord9>y tal5ts1 nor ) ! mo/ popul> or attractive turn ( "*1 yet he possess$ 9 a high degree ! political _s1 ! s5se ( public responsibility1 ! faculty ( id5tify+ himself ) ! g5]al m9d & w4 ,av>ice & irresolution appe> to h be5 ! two mo/ faulty po9ts 9 8 composition4 #acj ,il4 x4 #bci4 ,8 dom9ions 7 ! l>ge/ :i*1 up to t "t1 _h be5 kn[n 9 t portion ( ! _w3 includ+ ,greece1 f ,m\nt ,olympus to ! ,malean ,cape1 rea*+ across to ! isl&s on ! coa/ ( ,asia ,m9or1 & ev5 capable ( be+ held to include ! isl& ( ,cyprus4 ,be=e ,troy1 8 troops 7 7,il4 ii4 #egg71 :i* mu/ imply1 z 8 %ips 7 n greatly m num]\s ?an ^? ( "s o!r cont+5ts1 t !y 7 ( l>ge size2 & he also suppli$ ! ,arcadians1 :o _h none ( _! own1 7v4 #fab47 ,la/ly1 he bore ^u him ! mell[ brightness ( ! patri>*al age1 signifi$ by ! title 4 ,?ucydides 0 n an antiqu>ian1 or he w\ld h left on 8 hi/ory m m>ks ( 8 rese>*es 9 t dep>tm5t4 ,b he seems to h =m$ ) c>e ! op9ions :i* he expresses on ar*aic ,greece1 9 ! admirable introduction to 8 great "w4 ,among !m he says t1 z he conceives1 ! fe> ( ,agamemnon op]at$ m p[]fully ?an ! oa? giv5 to ,tynd>eus#aca1 or ?an good w1 9 ! =mation ( ! conf$]acy :i* und]took ! w> ( ,troy4 #aca ,?uc4 i4 #i4 ,x seems cle> f ,hom]1 t ! "n & fame ( ,agamemnon 7 kn[n f> beyond ! limits ( ,greece1 & t ! reputation ( be+ connect$ ) him 0 ?\ght to be ( value4 ,= ,m5elaus1 on 8 return f ,ph>os to ,egypt1 erect$ !re a fun]al m\nd 9 8 hon\r#acb1 ' 2 :i* he w\ld n h done 9 a c\ntry1 to ^: inhabitants t mon>* 0 unkn[n4 ,& aga91 :5 ,ulysses is *all5g$ by ! ,cyclops to decl>e1 to :at & to :om he & 8 crew belong1 he makes ! reply1 t !y are ! subjects ( ,agamemnon1 ! son ( ,atreus#acc3 #acb ,od4 iv4 #ehd4 #acc ,od4 ix4 #bfc4 ' ' 1 4 ,ulysses evid5tly conceives ! fame ( ! great mon>*1 ?us enhanc$ by success1 to h be5 likely to supply any "o :o belong$ to him ) a def5ce aga9/ ! =midable mon/]1 be=e :om he /ood4 ,gov]n+ motives ( ! ,w>4 ,! /atem5ts ( ,hom] respect+ ! position ( ,agamemnon & ! motives ( ! w>1 fall %ort (1 b are n :olly at v>iance )1 ! op9ion :i* has be5 express$ by ,?ucydides4 ,( ! oa? to ,tynd>eus ,hom] kn[s no?+3 b he tells u ( ! oa?1 by :i* ! ,greek *iefta9s _h b\nd !mselves to prosecute ! exp$ition4 ,be=e sett+ out1 !y _h a solemn c]emonial at ,aulis2 !y (f]$ sacrifices1 !y made libations1 !y swore1 !y pl$g$ h&s#acd1 !y saw a port5t1 & _h x int]pret$ by ,cal*as#ace4 ,b all ?is only %[s t ! ,atreid 7 consci\s h[ =midable an ent]prise !y 7 ab\t1 & h[ !y desir$ accord+ly t _! companion k+s %\ld1 aft] hav+ once emb>k$1 be z deeply pl$g$ z possible to g =w>d4 ,x does n tell u :at 0 ! orig9al inducem5t to ent] into ! und]tak+4 ,aga91 x does n appe> t ! ,greeks 9 g5]al c>$ mu* ab\t ! abduction or ev5 ! re/oration ( ,hel54 ,! only passage directly t\*+ ! po9t is ! "o 9 :i* ,agamemnon#acf expresses 8 op9ion t1 if ,m5elaus %\ld die ( 8 w\nd1 ! army w\ld probably return home4 ,x seems z if ,agamemnon ?\ght1 t )\t d\bt !y w\ld !n be 9 hon\r releas$ f _! engagem5t1 & t !y w\ld at once avail !mselves ( _! fre$om4 ,! hope ( booty1 h[ev]1 w\ld d mu*2 & ! memb]s ( a conqu]+ race unite toge!r ) great facility = purposes ( w>1 ?r\gh a mixture ( old fell[-feel+ & ! love ( adv5ture1 z well z ?r\gh anticipation ( spoil4 ,on ! o!r h&1 x 0 evid5tly no small matt] to organize ! exp$ition3 mu* "t 0 consum$2 a fri5dly embassy to ,troy _h be5 tri$ )\t success2 ! able/ pr9ces1 ,ne/or & ,ulysses1 7 employ$ 9 obta9+ coop]ation4 ,! g5]al conclusion1 ,i ?9k1 is1 t a comb9ation ( hope1 sympa?y1 respect1 & fe>1 b c]ta9ly a v /rong p]sonal feel+1 :atev] its precise +r$i5ts may h be51 t[>ds ! ,pelopid h\se1 mu/ h op]at$ l>gely 9 ! matt]4 ,& x is 9 ?is _s t we %\ld con/rue ! v>i\s decl>ations ( ,hom] respect+ ^? :o came to ! w>1 z c\rt+ ! ,atreid1 & z act+ = _! hon\r2 namely ^!1 #acd ,il4 ii4 #cjc-g4 #cci-da4 #ace ,ibid4 #cjh1 #cbb4 #acf ,il4 iv4 #afi-gb4 4 ,od4 v4 #cjg4 4 ,il4 xiv4 #acb4 1 4 ,il4 i4 #aei4 ,be=e ,troy1 ,agamemnon is always reg>d$ by o!rs z responsible = ! exp$ition1 & x is pla9 t he s reg>ds himself4 ,! use ( 8 sceptre by ,ulysses 9 ! great ef=t to /em ! torr5t ( ! retir+ multitude1 is highly significant ( ! influ5ce belong+ to 8 /ation2 & :5 ,ulysses argues ) ! lead]s1 he re/s 8 case on ! importance ( kn[+ ! :ole m9d ( ,agamemnon1 :ile he /rongly dwells on 8 royal au?ority1 & on ! high] au?ority ( heav5 z its f\ndation4 ,8 position1 h[ev]1 did n place him above ! influ5ce ( jeal\sy & fe>3 = he 0 gratifi$ :5 he saw ,a*illes & ,ulysses1 ! fir/ ( 8 *iefta9s1 at v>iance#acg4 ,& 8 weight & au?ority dep5d$ = _! efficacy on reason1 & on ! free w ( ! ,greeks4 ,agamemnon takes ,briseis f ,a*illes by an act ( =ce2 b he n[h]e seeks to move ! army1 or ! individuals compos+ x1 ^u t pr9ciple2 nor does ! prolongation ( ! s]vice appe> to h be5 plac$ beyond ! judgm5t ( ! p>ticul> *iefs & ( ! troops4 ,a*illes n only decl>es t he w g1 b says he w advise o!rs to g ) him#ach1 & asks ,phnix to rema9 9 8 t5t = ! purpose4 ,! def]5ce paid to ! ,head is a def]5ce accord+ to measure2 & ! measure is t ( 8 great] responsibility1 8 heavi] /ake 9 ! w>#aci4 ,8 functions 9 reg>d to ! ho/ are1 to ?9k = & advise x 9 c\ncil1 & to /imulate x by exhortation & example 9 ! field4 ,if we may rely on ,hom]1 x 0 ess5tially1 s f> z reg>d$ ! relation betwe5 ! g5]al 9 *ief & ! re/ ( ! body1 a free milit>y organization4 #acg ,od4 vii4 #gg4 #ach ,il4 ix4 #cef-fc1 #dag-bj4 #aci ,il4 iv4 #dae-h4 ,p]sonal ,"* ( ,agamemnon4 ,! ,agamemnon ( ,hom] does n appe> to be int5d$ by ! ,poet = a man ( g5ius4 ,b on ?is v acc\nt1 ! dom9ance ( political ideas 9 8 m9d is m rem>kable4 ,on political gr\nds he is ready to give up ,*ryseis#adj4 ,on political gr\nds he quells 8 own av>ice1 & slays ,trojans in/ead ( tak+ ransom = !m#ada4 ,he deeply feels ! responsibilities ( 8 /ation1 & c>e bani%es 8 sleep4 ,! amiable trait 9 8 "* is 8 affection = ,m5elaus1 & 9 ?is1 z 9 _m o!r respects1 he recalls ! ,jupit] ( ,hom]1 ^: selfi%ness is n[h]e reliev$1 except by pat]nal affection4 #adj ,il4 i4 #aag4 #ada ,il4 vi4 #de-fb4 ,fur!r1 ,agamemnon1 ?\gh )\t g5ius1 is a practition] 9 f9esse4 ,9 8 love ( ?is art1 ,i fe>1 he resembles ! tribe ( lat] politicians4 ,he resembles !m1 too1 9 outwitt+ himself by means ( x3 he is #8hoi/ ^u 8 own pet>d4' ,?is seems to be1 9 "p at lea/1 ! explanation ( 8 unhappy device 9 ! ,second ,iliad1 to prep>e ! p = an attack on ,troy1 by c\nsell+ !m to g home =?)4 ,! breakd[n ( 8 s*eme is1 z x 71 ! fir/-fruits ( retribution = 8 9 ! ,fir/ ,book4---- ,z1 ^u ! :ole1 !re is no idea ( selfi%ness involv$ 9 ! pr]ogatives ( ! ,hom]ic k+1 s is x cle> t1 except z aga9/ m]e crim9als1 !re is no g5]al idea ( co]cion4 ,! ,hom]ic k+ reigns ) ! free ass5t ( 8 subjects--an ass5t indet]m9ate1 b real1 & 9 bo? po9ts alike resembl+ 8 k+ly p[]4 ,! relation betwe5 rul] & rul$ is f\nd$ 9 ! laws & condition ( our nature4 ,born 9 a /ate ( dep5d5ce1 man1 :5 he atta9s to fre$om & capacity = action1 f9ds himself ! debtor bo? ( 8 p>5ts & ( society at l>ge2 & is ju/ly liable to dis*>ge 8 debt by r5d]+ s]vice 9 return4 ,( ?is we h v>i\s indications 9 ,hom]1 ) respect to p>5ts 9 p>ticul>4 ,^? :o die "y1 l ,simoeisius by ! h& ( ,ajax#adb1 die be=e !y h repaid to _! p>5ts ! co/1 t is ! c>e1 ( _! education 774 ,9 a mo/ rem>kable & *>act]i/ic passage4 ,phnix describes h[1 :5 he 0 "y1 "s deity re/ra9$ 8 wra? aga9/ 8 fa!r1 & %[s ! infamy t w\ld att5d ! tak+ away ( t life1 9 a c\ntry :]e volunt>y homicide1 9 g5]al1 0 reg>d$ m z a mis=tune ?an a crime#adc3 #adb ,il4 iv4 #dgc-i4 #adc ,il4 ix4 #dei4 ' 1 ' 1 ' 4 ,! reciprocal obligations ( fa!r & son are beautifully %[n by ,&roma*e 9 h] lam5t ov] ,hector1 :5 %e speaks ( h] *ild#add3 #add ,il4 xxii4 #dhe4 ,od4 xxiv4 #dcd4 1 1 1 1 4 ,! relation ( sov]eign & subject free4 ,z to ! relation betwe5 ! subject & ! sov]eign au?ority1 x seems ev]y:]e to be tak5 = grant$4 ,9 ! ,tw5ty-f\r? ,odyssey1 ! object ( ^? :o m>* aga9/ ,ulysses is n to put d[n au?ority1 b to av5ge ! dea?s ( _! sons & bro!rs4 ,b !re appe>s n[h]e 9 ,hom] ! idea t 9 ?is relation c\ld be involv$ a diff]5ce ( int]e/1 or ev5 ( op9ion1 betwe5 class & class1 betwe5 gov]nors & gov]n$4 ,! k+ or *ief 0 uplift$ to set a high example1 to lead ! common c\nsels to common ends1 to conduct ! public & common int]c\rse ) heav51 to decide ! /rifes ( individuals1 to def5d ! bord]s ( ! t]ritory f invasion4 ,t ! community at home1 or any regul>ly subsi/+ class ( x1 c\ld require repression or re/ra9t f ! gov]nm5t1 0 an idea happily unkn[n to ! ,hom]ic times4 ,^? classes1 inde$1 7 few & simple4 ,!re 01 fir/ ( all1 ! k+2 & r\nd him 8 family & 8 1 ! s]jeants or h]alds1 :o 7 8 imm$iate1 & app>5tly 8 only imm$iate1 ag5ts4 ,!y convey$ 8 ord]s2 !y assi/$ him 9 ! ,assembly1 9 sacrifice1 & 9 banquets4 ,!y appe> to be ! only executive (fic]s t are f\nd 9 ,hom]4 ,) ^! 0 ! ,b>d1 app>5tly also an indisp5sable memb] ( royal h\seholds4 ,bo? 7 recognis$ among ! e/abli%$ pr(essions4 ,next to ! k+s & o!r sov]eigns1 we mu/ place ! *ief proprietors ( ! c\ntry4 ,9 ! ,odyssey1 we f9d ! memb]s ( ! ari/ocracy hav+ _! own e/ates & functions1 & su/a9+ ! "p ( 1 or lead]s 9 ! ,assembly4 ,! judicial (fice1 z we h se5 f ! ,%ield & o!rwise1 0 9 _! h&s1 probably by delegation4 ,b x w\ld appe>1 t ! di/9ction betwe5 !m & ! sov]eign family 0 r a broad "o2 s9ce1 9 almo/ e case1 we seem to f9d ! pr9ce contract+ a m>riage beyond 8 own bord]s4 ,la]tes br+s ,anticlea#ade f ! neighb\rhood ( ,p>nassus2 ,!seus m>ries ,ariadne f ,crete2 ,agamemnon & ,m5elaus1 belong+ to ,myc51 are unit$ to ! daught]s ( ! k+ ( ,sp>ta2 ( ! two daught]s ( ,ic>ius1 ,ulysses 9 ,i?aca m>ri$ ,p5elope1 & ,eumelus 9 ,ph] m>ri$ ,iph?ime 7,od4 iv4 #gig72 "o ( ! two1 at lea/1 & p]haps bo?1 mu/ h m>ri$ f a consid]able di/ance2 ,m5elaus s5ds 8 beautiful daught] ,h]mione to be ! wife ( ,neoptolemus 9 ,!ssaly3 & ! only in/ance1 ev5 app>5tly 9 ! opposite s5se1 seems to be t ( 8 son ,megap5!s1 :o m>ri$ a ,sp>tan damsel1 ! daught] ( ,alector4 ,b !n ,megap5!s 0 n legitimate2 he 0 born ( a slave-"m1 & !re=e he 0 n a pr9ce#adf4 ,all ^! facts seem to %[ u t ! royal h\ses =m$ a network among !mselves1 spread ov] ,greece1 & keep+ pretty di/9ct f ! ari/ocracy3 a circum/ance :i* may1 9 "s degree1 help to expla9 ! wond]ful pati5ce & con/ancy ( ,p5elope4 #ade ,od4 xi4 #he4 #adf ,od4 iv4 #aj-ab4 ,o!r classes ( ! community4 ,next to ! nobles1 & 9 ! ?ird place1 we may class :at we %\ld n[ call trades & pr(essions3 obs]v+1 h[ev]1 t1 9 ,hom]'s "t1 bo? ! useful arts & ! f9e arts _h a social dignity1 z comp>$ ) t ( weal? & /ation1 :i* ! =m] h long ago lo/1 & :i* ! lat] h n reta9$ 9 z full mann] z p]haps might be desir$1 n = _! own advantage m]ely1 b to secure due hon\r = lab\r1 & ! humaniz+ effect ( ?is k9d ( lab\r 9 p>ticul> = society at l>ge4 ,i draw ! pro( ( _! e/imation 9 ! h]oic age1 fir/1 f ! mann] 9 :i* !y are comb9$ "u ! common designation ( 1 & arrang$ 9 a mix$ ord]1 ! pref]5ce be+ only giv5 by a m emphatic description to ! b>d#adg3 #adg ,od4 xvii4 #chc4 1 1 1 1 1 1 2 ,"h ,i take to repres5t ! entire class ( artific]s1 ( :om _m are nam$ 9 ,hom]2 9 a poor c\ntry l ,i?aca1 dep5d+ v mu* on ! use ( boats = fi%+ & = its communications1 ! c>p5t]s might naturally repres5t ! :ole4 ,& next1 f ! mann] 9 :i* ^! arts 7 practis$ by pr9ces1 x seems pla9 t !re 0 no?+ 9 ! pursuit ( !m inconsi/5t ) high rank4 ,! physicians1 or surgeons r1 ( ! ,greek army1 ,podaleirius & ,ma*aon1 7 !mselves pr9ces & comm&]s ( a cont+5t3 & ev5 ,p>is1 :o 0 n ! man to demean himself by employm5ts b5ea? 8 /ation1 seems to h tak5 ! *ief %>e 9 ! erection ( 8 own palace#adh3 #adh ,il4 vi4 #cad4 ' 1 ' 4 ,aga91 ! b>d ( ,agamemnon 0 appo9t$ quasi-gu>dian#adi to ,clytemne/ra 9 h] husb&'s abs5ce3 & ,phemius1 ! b>d ( ,ulysses#aej1 proce$$ to ! ,assembly ( ! ,tw5ty-f\r? ,odyssey 9 ord] to prev5t any tumult1 toge!r ) ,m$on ! h]ald1 :o address$ ! p accord+ly4 ,! h]alds1 or s]jeants1 are also recognis$ z #aea4 ,aga91 ,ali!rses1 be+ ! or se] ( ! isl&1 & app>5tly ! only "o1 takes "p 9 ! debates bo? ( ! ,second & ( ! ,tw5ty-f\r? ,books4 #adi ,od4 iii4 #bfg4 #aej ,od4 xvii4 #bfc4 xxiv4 #dci4 #aea ,od4 xix4 #ace4 ,! pr(essions1 !n1 ?us f> are five3 #a4 ,se]s4 #b4 ,surgeons4 #c4 ,artific]s4 #d4 ,b>ds4 #e4 ,h]alds4 ,we may rem>k ! abs5ce ( prie/s & m]*ants4 ,n t m]*ants 7 unkn[n3 we f9d !m m5tion$ by ,euryalus ! ,phacian1 z 1 b _! bus9ess 0 e/eem$ sordid2 x too mu* resembl$ t ( ! kidnapp] or sw9dl]1 & x is ! reproa* ( seem+ to belong to ?is class t sm>tly /+s ,ulysses#aeb4 ,& ev5 ! m]*ant ,m5tes1 ^: =m 0 assum$ by ,pallas1 belong$ to ! ,taphians1 a tribe ( pirates#aec4 ,z yet1 nei!r ! ord] ( prie/s w\ld seem to h be5 completely tak5 ov] f ! ,pelasgians1 nor ! class ( m]*ants =m$ 9 imitation ( ! ,phnicians4 #aeb ,od4 viii4 #afa4 #aec ,od4 i4 #ahc4 ,slaves 9 ! ,hom]ic age4 ,aft] ! classes we h nam$1 come ! great mass ( ! population1 :o till ! gr\nd & t5d ! live /ock = !mselves or _! employ]s1 if free1 & = _! lords if slaves4 ,! fi%]man1 too1 is di/9ctly notic$#aed 9 ,i?aca4 ,mr4 ,grote classes ) ! free husb&m5 ! artisans#aee1 & sep>ates bo? ( !m f ! 1 or hir$ lab\r]s1 & ! slaves4 ,x appe>s to me1 h[ev]1 t we ought to di/+ui% ! artisans f ! m]e husb&m51 z hav+ be5 9 a high] /ation4 ,on ! o!r h&1 ,i see no passage 9 ,hom] :i* cle>ly gives to ! husb&m5 z a class a condition sup]ior to t ( ! hir$ s]vants1 or ev51 p]haps1 ! slaves4 ,! evid5ce ( ! poems is n cle> z to ! exi/5ce or ext5t ( a peasant propriet>y4 ,we mu/ bew>e ( conf\nd+ ^? conceptions ( a slav]y ma9ta9$ :olesale = ! purposes ( comm]ce1 :i* our exp]i5ce supplies1 ) its e>lie/ =m1 9 :i* ! numb] ( slaves w\ld seem to h be5 small1 & _! ranks to h be5 recruit$ pr9cipally by w>1 ) slight & casual aid f kidnapp+4 ,9 ^? times1 ! liability to captivity w\ld seem to h affect$ all m5 alike1 indep5d5tly ( all di/9ctions :e!r 9 rank or 9 blood4 ,! sons ( ,priam 7 sold into slav]y l any "o else3 ! only diff]5ce 01 t1 9 proportion to ! weal? ( ! p>5ts1 !re 0 a bett] *ance ( ransom4 ,x w\ld appe> t ! slaves ( ,hom] 7 prop]ly1 ev5 :5 n indoor1 yet dome/ic4 ,! wom5 dis*>g$ ! indoor & h\sehold (fices3 except t a few m5 p]=m$ /rictly p]sonal s]vices ab\t _! ma/]s1 z & z c>v]s#aef 7 74 ,b ! m5-slaves 7 m l>gely employ$ out ( doors 9 ! c>e ( flocks & h]ds1 fields & v9ey>ds4 ,?us1 ! slaves 7 9 a diff]5t position app>5tly f ! freem51 = !y seem to h be5 ga!r$ z s]vants & att5dants r\nd ! ri*4 ,x w\ld appe>1 h[ev]1 f ! case ( ,eumu1 :o _h a slave ( 8 own1 ,mesaulios#aeg1 t !y might hold prop]ty = !mselves4 ,aga91 n ,eumu only1 b 9 ! ,tw5ty-f\r? ,odyssey ,dolius & 8 six sons1 sit d[n to table toge!r ) ,ulysses1 & fondly clasp 8 h&s4 ,!y be> arms too2 & ?is c\ld n h be5 v /range1 = ,hom] describes ! arm+ ( ! sons )\t rem>k1 :ile he calls bo? ! fa!r & ,la]tes1 on acc\nt ( _! old age#aeh1 4 ,! moral det]ioration ( slaves is notic$ v /rongly by ,eumu himself#aei1 ?\gh n ) ref]5ce to himself4 ,we h1 h[ev]1 no reason to suppose t _! outw>d condition 0 inf]ior to t ( ! free lab\r+ population 9 any ?+1 except t we mu/ presume !y did n take "p 9 ! assemblies or 9 w>4 ,:5 ,a*illes#afj 9 ! inf]nal regions comp>es ! highe/ condition !re ) ! l[e/ on e>?1 he does n *oose ! slave1 b ! lab\r] = hire 7 is 8 expression71 z ! type ( a depress$ condition ^u e>?4 ,! /ate ( ! hir$ s]vant probably resembl$ t ( ! slave 9 be+ dep5d5t ^u o!rs1 & fell b5ea? x 9 ! po9t ( security4 ,?is is ! m likely1 because ! po9t ( ! passage turns on ! pov]ty ( ! employ]1 #aed ,od4 xxiv4 #aee ,hi/4 ,greece ii4 p4 #hd4 #aef ,od4 xvi4 #bdh1 #bec1 also 1 ,od4 i4 #ada4 ,!re 7 likewise 9 ,s*]ia n9e 1 :o made arrangem5ts = ! dance4 ,^! 7 public (fic]s 77 & may fairly be r5d]$ #8ma/]s ( ! c]emonies4' 7,od4 viii4 #beh47 #aeg ,od4 xiv4 #ddi-eb4 #aeh ,od4 xxiv4 #dih4 #aei ,od4 xvii4 #cbj-c4 #afj ,od4 xi4 #dhi-ia4 ' 1 1 z con/itut+ ! mis]y ( ! s]vant4 ,inde$1 if we consid] ! matt] a little fur!r1 we %all p]haps see ! great] reason to ?9k1 t ! expression has be5 *os5 o!rwise ?an at r&om4 ,:at d we mean by a hir$ s]vant1 at a p]iod 9 ! movem5t ( society :5 money did n exi/8 ,we c only mean "o :o 0 paid by food1 clo!s1 & lodg+1 l a slave1 b :o 0 n1 l a slave1 p]man5tly atta*$ to 8 ma/] or 8 ma/]'s e/ate4 ,! diff]5ce betwe5 ! two w\ld ?us lie 9 ! abs5ce ( ! p]man5t tie3 a diff]5ce mu* m aga9/ ! 1 ?an 9 8 fav\r4 ,! position1 !n1 ( ! slaves 0 probably analog\s to t ( dome/ic s]vants among ourselves1 :o practically =feit ! active ex]cise ( political privileges1 b are 9 _m respects bett] (f ?an ! mass ( ^? :o dep5d on bodily lab\r4 ,x d\btless grew out ( ! /ate ( ?+s 9 :i* slaves 7 practically s]vants1 & s]vants ( ! ri*1 t ma/]s1 or #afa1 7 reg>d$ z con/itut+ ! weal?y class ( ! community4 #afa ,od4 xiii4 #bbc4 ,supply ( milit>y s]vice4 ,i /op = a mom5t to obs]ve1 t ! view "h tak5 ( ! comp>atively re/rict$ numb]s & sph]e ( ! slaves 9 h]oic ,greece may s]ve 9 "s degree to answ] ! "q1 :y d we n he> ( !m 9 ! army ( ! ,iliad8 ,z m5 ( equal blood ) ! ,greeks !mselves1 !y w\ld p]haps be dang]\s comrades 9 arms4 ,z p]sons e/abli%$ 9 *>ge ( ! prop]ty ( ! "l1 !re w\ld be a /rong motive to leave !m beh9d = its c>e4 ,x is v difficult to judge h[ f> ! /ate ( h]oic ,greece bore any resemblance to ! feudal sy/em ( ! lat] middle ages1 & :e!r x did n pres5t a m sub/antial correspond5ce ) ! allodial sy/em ( ! e>li]4 ,we h be=e u a l>ge numb] ( indep5d5t proprietors1 ea* b\nd by usage probably to r5d] p]sonal s]vice1 b we h no?+ t resembles ! obligation to br+ s _m reta9]s into ! field ) ref]5ce to ! size ( ! e/ate4 ,& accord+ly1 9 ! ,iliad we d n f9d _m m]ely p]sonal reta9]s4 ,! m5ial s]vices 9 ! t5t ( ,a*illes are p]=m$ by ! wom5-captives1 or by ,patroclus 9 p]son4 ,aft] ,patroclus 0 dead1 8 t5t 0 att5d$ only by ,autom$on1 8 *>iote]1 & by "o o!r w>rior4 ,agamemnon _h no o!r male att5dants t we he> (1 except 8 two h]ald-s]jeants1 ,tal?ybius & ,eurybates1 :o dis*>g$ a d\ble function#afb3 #afb ,il4 i4 #cba4 4 ,we may inf] f ! poems1 t ea* indep5d5t family furni%$ "o or m ( its memb]s1 drawn by lot1 to s]ve 9 ! exp$ition#afc4 ,su* is ! decl>ation ( ! pseudo-,myrmidon to ,priam3 & aga91 9 ! ,odyssey we f9d gyptius#afd ( ,i?aca _h s5t "o son to ,troy1 :ile he kept ?ree at home4 ,! inf]5ce is /r5g!n$#afe by ! negative evid5ce ( ! ,tw5ty-f\r? ,odyssey4 ,!re#aff ,dolius ! slave appe>s ) no less ?an six sons3 b no m5tion is made ( any memb] ( 8 family z hav+ att5d$ ,ulysses to ,troy1 al?\gh1 if !re _h be5 su* a p]son1 "s ref]5ce to him "h1 9 ! pres5ce ( ,ulysses j return$1 w\ld h be5 mo/ appropriate4 ,inde$1 ! six are introduc$ z #8! sons' ( ,dolius1 :i* ( itself almo/ excludes ! idea ( 8 hav+ s5t any son to ! w>4 #afc ,il4 xxiv4 #cif-djj4 #afd ,od4 ii4 #ag4 #afe ,ibid4 #dgd4 #aff ,od4 xxiv4 #chg4 #dig4 ,aga91 we see t ! :ole mass ( ! soldi]y att5d$ ! assemblies1 & 7 !re address$ by k+s & *iefs 9 t]ms :i* seem$ to imply a bro!rhood4 ,!y are #8fri5ds1 ,danaan h]oes1 satellites ( ,m>s#afg1' & x is h>d to suppose su* words c\ld be address$ to p]sons held 9 slav]y1 h[ev] mild1 famili>1 or fav\rable4 ,! employm5t ( ^! t]ms may sugge/ a comp>ison ) our own modes ( public address1 accord+ to :i* ! ^w #8,g5tlem5' w\ld be commonly us$1 ?\gh ! audi5ce %\ld be compos$ 9 great "p ( ! humbl] class4 ,b all ^! words are s _m pro(s ( t political fre$om1 p]vad+ ! community & ! _s ( its in/itutions z a :ole1 :i* exacts ?is k9d ( homage f ! great & weal?y on public occasions4 #afg ,il4 ii4 #aaj4 ,x 0 a natural & heal?ful sign ( ! /ate ( political society1 t slav]y 0 held to be odi\s4 ,b x 0 odi\s on acc\nt ( its effects on ! m9d1 & n because x entail$ cruelty or oppression4 ,!re is n1 ,i ?9k1 a s+le passage 9 ! poems :i* 9 any degree conveys ! impression ei!r ( h>d%ip endur$1 or ( res5tm5t felt1 by any slave ( ! p]iod4 ,z to a peasant propriet>y4 ,nei!r1 z has be5 said1 is !re any ?+ 9 ,hom]1 :i* cle>ly exhibits to u a peasant-propriet>y2 or entitles u positively to ass]t t ! l& 0 cultivat$ to a great ext5t by small proprietors1 ea* act+ indep5d5tly = himself4 ,on ! "o h&1 z has be5 rem>k$1 we d n f9d l>ge numb]s ( p]sonal reta9]s & s]vants ab\t ! great m53 b1 on ! o!r h&1 ,hom] does n pa9t = u a s+le picture ( ! indep5d5t peasant4 ,9 ! similes1 9 ! leg5ds1 on ! ,%ield ( ,a*illes1 9 ,i?aca1 we he> mu* ( l>ge flocks & h]ds1 ( great proprietors1 ( _! h>ve/-fields & _! v9ey>ds1 b no?+ ( ! small freeman1 ) prop]ty 9 l& suffici5t = 8 family1 & no m4 ,! rural lab\r1 :i* he %[s u 9 action1 is organiz$ on a l>ge scale4 ,! "q1 :at aft] all 0 ! actual condition ( ! ,greek p 9 ! age ( ! ,troica1 is ?us left 9 great obscurity4 ,x is inde$ at once ! capital po9t1 & ! "o ( :i* hi/ory1 *ronicle1 & poem commonly take ! lea/ notice4 ,^u ! :ole x w\ld appe> mo/ reasonable1 :ile ab/a9+ f too confid5t ass]tion1 to suppose1 #a4 ,t1 z respect$ primog5iture & ! disposition ( l&$ prop]ty1 society 0 ari/ocratically organiz$4 #b4 ,t ?is ari/ocratic organization1 be+ f\nd$ on milit>y occupation1 embrac$ a r wide range ( great] & ( small] proprietors4 #c4 ,t ^! proprietors1 by sup]ior weal?1 en]gy1 & influ5ce1 l$ ! rema9d] ( ! population4 #d4 ,t !re may h exi/$ a peasant-propriet>y class 9 consid]able numb]s1 nei!r exclud$ f political privilege nor exempt f milit>y s]vice1 b yet n comb9$1 "u ord9>y circum/ances1 by any community ( int]e/ or ( h>d%ip2 l$1 n unwill+ly1 by ! dom9ant ,a*an race2 & by no means =m+ a social elem5t ( su* int]e/ or attractiv5ess1 9 ! view ( ! ,poet1 z to claim a m>k$ place or vivid del9eation1 :i* x c]ta9ly has n receiv$1 on 8 canvass4 #e4 ,t ! cultivation ( ! great] e/ates 0 c>ri$ on by hir$ lab\r]s & by slaves1 betwe5 :i* two classes1 = t p]iod1 no v broad l9e ( di/9ction c be drawn4 ,x is n )9 ! scope ( ?is "w to ent] l>gely ^u ! #8political economy' ( ! ,hom]ic age4 ,b1 z be+ itself an important feature ( polity1 x _c be altoge!r ov]look$2 & ?is appe>s to be ! place = ref]r+ to x4 ,political ,economy ( ! ,hom]ic age4 ,!re has be51 ( late ye>s1 debate & rese>* respect+ ! "n giv5 to ! important sci5ce1 :i* treats ( ! creation & di/ribution ( weal?4 ,! phrase #8political economy1' :i* has be5 e/abli%$ by long usage1 _c be def5d$ on its m]its4 ,! "n ,*remati/ic has be5 devis$ 9 its /ead2 an accurate1 b p]haps r dry def9ition1 :i* does n1 l ! names & 1 & l ! exceptionable title x is meant to displace1 take ! human be+1 :o is ! real subject ( ! sci5ce1 into view4 ,hom] has provid$ u be=eh& ) a ^w :i*1 z x appe>s to me1 retr5*es ! phrase #8economy' precisely 9 ! po9t :]e retr5*m5t is requir$4 ,! ,ulysses ( ! ,f\rte5? ,odyssey1 9 "o ( 8 fabul\s acc\nts ( himself z a ,cretan1 /ates#afh1 #afh ,od4 xiv4 #bbb4 ' 1 4 ,& ,i believe t1 7 x n too late to *ange a "n1 #8political cophely' precisely expresses ! idea ( ! sci5ce1 :i*1 hav+ its f\nta9-head 9 good h\sekeep+1 treats1 :5 x has rea*$ its expansion & maturity1 ( ! #8,weal? ( ,nations4' ,x 0 n surpris+1 t ! ,greeks ( ! h]oic age %\ld h a "n = ! bus9ess ( gr[+ weal?y2 = x 0 "o to :i* ,hell5es1 z well z ,pelasgians1 appe> to h tak5 k9dly4 ,( ?is we f9d v>i\s tok5s4 ,?\gh ! _s ( acquisition _h n yet rea*$ ! po9t1 at :i* x becomes injuri\s to ! g5]al developm5t ( man1 we appe> to h 9 ! di/+ui%$ h\se ( ! ,pelopids at lea/ "o isolat$ example ( its excess4 ,we h ! fri5dly te/imony ( ,ne/or1 z well z ! fi]ce invective ( ,a*illes#afi1 to %[ t 9 ,agamemnon x con/itut$ a weakness3 & he is di/+ui%$ 9 w> f ! o!r great *iefta9s#agj1 by 8 habit ( =?) /ripp+ ^? :om he _h sla94 ,b ,ulysses also1 to :om we may be c]ta9 t ,hom] did n mean 9 ?is matt] to impute a fault1 01 accord+ to ,eumu#aga1 ri*] ?an any tw5ty2 & aft] mak+ e all[ance = fri5dly exagg]ation1 we _c d\bt t ,hom] meant u to und]/& t1 9 ! weal? ( ^? days1 he 0 v opul5t4 ,! settlem5t f "t to "t ( ,phnicians 9 ,greece1 & ! ready docility ( ! ,hell5es 9 ! art ( navigation1 are signs to ! same effect4 ,! idea ( weal? aga9 is deeply involv$ 9 ! "n ( 1 :i* appe>s to mean a god-giv5 felicity3 & is ! epi!t 9 common ( ! gods1 ! ri* man1 & ! happy man#agb4 ,n t ! ,greeks ( ^? times 71 9 a great] degree ?an ourselves1 ! slaves ( weal?1 b t !y spoke out 9 _! simplicity1 "h1 z also ) o!r matt]s1 :at we keep 9 ! %ade2 & ?us !y made a great] %[ ( p>ticul> prop5sities1 ev5 :ile !y _h less ( !m 9 reality4 #afi ,il4 ix4 #gj-gc1 #ccj-c4 i4 #aba4 #agj ,il4 xi4 #ajj1 #aaj4 #aga ,od4 xiv4 #if-ajd4 #agb ,! gods1 ,il4 i4 #eii et alibi4 ,! ri* man1 ,il4 xi4 #fh4 ,od4 i4 #bag4 ,! happy man1 ,od4 vi4 #aeh4 xi4 #dhb4 ,il4 iii4 #ahb4 xxiv4 #cgg4 ,b1 ev5 m ?an f p>ticul> signs1 ,i e/imate ! capacity ( ! ,hom]ic ,greeks = acquisition f ! /ate ( facts 9 ! poems4 ,"h we obs]ve a rem>kable temp]ance1 & ev5 a dete/ation ( excess1 9 all ! enjoym5ts ( ! s5ses1 comb9$ ) ! possession1 n only ( a rude abundance 9 meat1 corn1 & w9e1 b ) ! pr9ciple ( ornam5t1 l>gely1 ?\gh in>tificially1 e/abli%$ 9 _! great] h\ses & g>d5s2 ) consid]able /ores ( ! preci\s z well z ! useful metals1 & ( f9e raim5t2 & ) ! possession ( some:at ri* works ( art1 bo? 9 metal & embroid]y4 ,?is picture seems to belong to a /age1 al?\gh a v e>ly "o1 9 a process ( rapid advance to mat]ial weal? & prosp]ity4 ,! weal? & ! simplicity ( mann]s1 tak5 toge!r1 w\ld seem to imply t !y _h n yet _h "t to be corrupt$ by x1 & consequ5tly t1 by _! en]gy & prud5ce1 !y _h ga!r$ x promptly & ) ease4 ,! preci\s metals n a measure ( value4 ,! comm]cial int]c\rse ( ! age1 h[ev]1 0 /ill an int]c\rse ( b>t]4 ,!re c h>dly be a /rong] sign ( ! rud5ess ( trad+ relations1 ?an ! ,hom]ic use ( ! ^w 4 ,x signifies bo? ! obligation to pay a debt regul>ly contract$ = value receiv$ 7,od4 iii4 #cfg71 & ! liability to su/a9 retaliation aft] an act ( rap9e 7,il4 xi4 #fhf1 #h74 ,! possession ( ! preci\s metals 0 probably conf9$ to a v few4 ,bo? ^!1 & iron1 :i* app>5tly /ood next to !m 9 value1 =m$ prizes at ! ,games2 9 :i*1 speak+ g5]ally1 only k+s & *iefs took "p4 ,a c]ta9 approximation _h be5 made t[>ds ! use ( !m z money1 t is1 z ! measure ( value = o!r commodities4 ,=1 z !y 7 divid$ into fix$ quantities1 ^? quantities 7 9 all likelihood c]tifi$ by "s m>k or /amp ^u !m4 ,nor d we ev] f9d m]e unwr\ght gold & silv] e/imat$ or pric$ 9 any o!r commodity4 ,! arms ( ,glaucus are inde$ #agc1 & !y are 4 ,b ?is means gild$ or adorn$ ) gold2 an object made ( gold w\ld ) ,hom] be 4 ,su* are ! 1 ! gold drops or tassels ( ,m9]va's gis2 ea* ( :i* is wor? an hundr$ ox54 ,?us gold1 :5 manufactur$1 ev5 if n :5 9 mass1 _h its value express$ 9 ox5#agd4 #agc ,il4 vi4 #bcf4 #agd ,il4 ii4 #ddh1 #i4 ,x is possible t gold & silv] may1 to a limit$ ext5t1 h be5 us$ z a /&>d1 or z a m$ium ( ex*ange4 ,! paym5t ( ! judge's fee 9 ! ,eighte5? ,iliad sugge/s1 ?\gh x does n absolutely require1 ?is supposition4 ,l writ+ 9 ! ,hom]ic age1 l pr9t+ :5 x 0 execut$ f a m\ld among ! ,anci5ts1 ! practice may h exi/$ ess5tially1 b 9 a =m & on a scale t depriv$ x ( importance1 by limit+ its ext5t4 ,ox5 9 "s degree a measure ( value4 ,! arms ( ,glaucus & ,diom$1 & ! drops ( ,m9]va's gis1 are1 z we h se51 valu$ or pric$ 9 ox54 ,! tripod1 :i* 0 ! fir/ prize = ! wre/l]s ( ! ,tw5ty-?ird ,book1 0 valu$ at twelve ox53 ! captive woman1 :o 0 ! second1 accompli%$ 9 works ( indu/ry1 0 wor? f\r#age4 #age ,il4 xxiii4 #gjb-e4 ,b ,la]tes gave = ,euryclea no less ?an tw5ty ox51 or r ! value ( tw5ty ox5 7 ' 1 ,od4 i4 #dca74 ,we ne$ n ascribe ! diff]5ce 9 co/l9ess to ! sup]ior m]it ( ,euryclea2 b we may presume ! explanation to be1 t ,la]tes1 9 "t ( peace1 paid = ,euryclea ! high price ( an import+ m>ket2 :]eas ! ,greeks1 9 a /ate ( w> be=e ,troy1 _h probably m captives ?an !y knew h[ to fe$4 ,!y 71 at any rate1 9 ! c\ntry ( production3 & ! price 0 l[ accord+ly4 ,:5 we f9d x said t a woman slave 0 e/imat$ at f\r ox51 we are n enabl$ at once to judge f su* a /atem5t :e!r ox5 7 a measure ( value1 or :e!r ! mean+ simply 01 t a man1 :o want$ su* a slave1 w\ld give f\r ox5 = h]4 ,b ! case ( ,euryclea cle>s up ?is po9t4 ,= :at ,la]tes gave 0 n ! tw5ty ox51 b some?+ equal to !m1 some?+ 9 return = :i* !y c\ld ord9>ily be _h4 ,aga91 ,lycaon br\ght ,a*illes ! value ( a hundr$ ox51 a hundr$ ox5's wor?#agf4 ,9 ?is case1 !n1 ox5 are us$ z a m$ium = ! expression ( value4 #agf ,il4 xxi4 #gi4 ,9 a passage ( ! ,odyssey1 we f9d t ! ,suitors1 :5 !y try to make t]ms ) ,ulysses 9 8 wra?1 promise z foll[s by ! m\? ( ,euryma*us#agg2 #agg ,od4 xxii4 #eg-i4 1 ' 1 4 ,?is has be5 r5d]$ z a d\ble engagem5t to pay ! ox5 & ! metals4 ,x seems to me1 f ! con/ruction ( ! passage1 z if x w\ld be m prop]ly und]/ood to be a decl>ation1 t !y w\ld ea* ( !m br+ him a comp5sation ( ! value ( tw5ty ox5 9 gold1 & 9 copp]4 ,if ,euryma*us _h meant to express ! re/oration ( ! live /ock ( ,ulysses1 x is n likely t he w\ld h spok5 ( ox5 only1 especially 9 ! goat-fe$+ & sw9e-fe$+ ,i?aca4 ,!re is ano!r passage 9 ! poems1 :i* seems to c>ry a simil> te/imony "o po9t fur!r4 ,:5 ,euneus s5ds %ips ) w9e to ! ,greek camp1 ! ,greeks pay him = 8 w9e1 "s ) copp]1 "s ) iron1 "s ) hides1 "s ) slaves1 & "s ) ox54 ,slaves1 z we h se51 w\ld probably be r$undant 9 ! camp4 ,! same w\ld be em95tly ! case ) respect to hides2 s9ce !y w\ld be r$undantly suppli$ by ! animals cont9ually slaught]$ = ! subsi/5ce ( ! army4 ,ev5 z to ! metals1 we ne$ n feel surprise at ! passage2 = !y 7 acquir$ l>gely by spoil1 & n greatly ne$$ by ! =ce1 s9ce we> & te> sc>cely con/itute an elem5t 9 ! "q ( supply = ^? times4 ,b x is c]ta9ly m />tl+ t any ( ! ,greeks %\ld h sold ox5 to ! crews ( ,euneus4 ,nei!r 9 t age nor 9 ?is w\ld any m]*ants c>ry away ox5 f a va/ & cr[d$ camp1 :]e !y w\ld be c]ta9 to be 9 ! highe/ dem&4 ,i !re=e presume ! mean+ to be z foll[s2 t ^? p>ticul> ,greeks1 :o happ5$ to h m ox5 ?an !y want$ at ! mom5t1 sold !m to ! p ( ! %ips2 & t ! p ( ! %ips took ^! ox51 9 ex*ange = w9e1 n int5d+ to c>ry !m away1 b to sell !m aga91 p]haps aga9/ hides or slaves on ! spot1 z ! live cattle w\ld be c]ta9 to f9d a ready & advantage\s m>ket among o!r ,greeks ( ! army4 ,ox5 !re=e1 9 t age1 seem to h come ne>]1 ?an any o!r commodity1 to ! dis*>ge ( ! functions n[ p]=m$ by ! preci\s metals3 = !y 7 bo? us$ to express value1 & probably pur*as$ n = use only1 b also ) a view to re-sale4 ,?us ! ,hom]ic evid5ce1 ) respect to !m1 is 9 con=mity ) ! te/imony ( s*ylus 9 ! ,agamemnon1 :o seems to repres5t ! ox z ! fir/ sign impr9t$ ^u money#agh4 #agh ,agam4 #cg4 ,! preci\s metals !mselves 7 mu* employ$ = bo? p]sonal ornam5t & = art4 ,?is 01 no d\bt1 _! prop] & e/abli%$ application2 & :5 !y are /or$1 !y are /or$ 9 common ) o!r metals n ( ! same class1 & ) a view1 9 all likelihood1 to manufacture4 ,relative sc>city ( metals4 ,x appe>s cle>1 f ! ,hom]ic poems1 t silv] 0 m r>e ?an gold4 ,x is us$1 :5 us$ at all1 9 small] quantities3 & x mu* m r>ely appe>s 9 ! acc\nts ( /or$-up weal?4 ,a l inf]5ce may be drawn1 p]haps1 f ! books ( ,moses2 & x corresponds ) ! anticipations we %\ld reasonably =m f ! fact t gold is f\nd 9 a native /ate1 &1 ev5 :5 mix$ ) o!r mat]ial1 is m readily fitt$ = use4 ,! ext5sive employm5t ( silv] only arrives1 :5 society is m advanc$1 & :5 ! use ( money is m famili> & m9ute4 ,paym5ts 9 ! preci\s metals on a some:at l>ge scale prec$e ^? = small] transactions4 ,we are n h[ev] to inf]1 f ! great] r>ity ( silv]1 t x 0 m valuable ?an gold3 ! value dep5d+1 n on ! comp>ative quantities only1 b ^u ! comp\nd ratio ( ! quantities z comp>$ ) ! dem&4 ,x w\ld h[ev] appe> f a passage 9 ! acc\nt ( ! fun]al games1 t gold1 if n silv]1 0 !n mu* less e/eem$ ?an x n[ is4 ,=1 :ile a silv] b[l 0 ! fir/ prize ( ! foot-race1 a l>ge & fat ox 7p]haps wor? ?ree ord9>y ones7 0 ! second1 & a half tal5t ( gold 0 only ! ?ird#agi4 #agi ,il4 xxiii4 #gdj-ea4 ,! position ( iron1 h[ev]1 relatively to ! o!r metals1 0 v diff]5t 9 ! h]oic age f :at x n[ is3 & probably its great r>ity 0 due1 l t ( silv]1 to ! difficulty ( br++ ! metal into a /ate fit = use2 :i* c\ld m readily be effect$ ) copp]1 ) t91 or ) 1 9 :atev] s5se x is to be int]pret$4 ,iron1 h[ev]1 w\ld appe> to h be5 m valuable ?an ^! metals2 greatly m valuable1 9 p>ticul>1 ?an copp]1 :i* is n[ wor? f fifte5 to tw5ty times z mu* z iron4 ,a mass ( crude iron is produc$ at ! fun]al games z a prize2 & iron made into axe-heads =ms ano!r4 ,no o!r metal1 bel[ ! rank ( gold & silv]1 is ev] simil>ly employ$ 9 an unmanufactur$ /ate4-- ,let u n[ turn to a brief view ( ! polity & organization ( ! army4 ,we p]ceive ! organization ( ! ,greek communities 9 a d\ble =m3 bo? z a community1 prop]ly s call$1 9 "t ( peace1 a picture suppli$ by ! ,odyssey2 & likewise z an army1 accord+ to ! del9eations ( ! ,iliad4 ,mode ( gov]nm5t ( ! army4 ,! diff]5ces are wor? not+3 b !y d n seem to t\* fundam5tal pr9ciples4 ,agamemnon gov]n$ ! army by ! ord9>y political in/rum5ts1 n by ! rules ( milit>y discipl9e4 ,ari/otle#ahj quotes f ! ,iliad ( 8 own day & place1 & z proce$+ f ! m\? ( ,agamemnon1 ! words1 #ahj ,pol4 iii4 #ad4 #e4 & ,grote f\nds ^u ?is citation ! rem>k1 t #8! ,alex&rian critics effac$ _m traces ( ! old mann]s4' ,b 0 ?is really a trace ( ! old mann]s8 ,is !re a s+le passage n[ rema9+ ( ! ,iliad1 a s+le ?\ght1 a s+le ^w1 :i* at all corresponds ) ! idea t ,agamemnon _h 9 8 own h&s1 9 ! %ape ( a def9$ pr]ogative1 ! p[] ( capital puni%m5t8 ,ari/otle c]ta9ly accepts ! passage1 & contra/s ?is milit>y p[] ( ,agamemnon ) ! re/ra9ts ^u him 9 ! peaceful sph]e ( ! 2 b ,i am by no means sure t ,engli% in/itutions d n af=d u ! aid ( f> m p[]ful analogies = appreciat+ ! real political _s ( ! ,hom]ic poems1 ?an any t ev5 ,ari/otle c\ld draw 9 8 own day f ! ori5taliz+ gov]nm5t ( ,alex&]4 ,i d n1 h[ev]1 s mu* "q ! passage1 z ! con/ruction put ^u x4 ,! pr]ogatives ( ! ,greek k+s 7 f\nd$ 9 g5]al duty & feel+1 n 9 law4 ,:5 ,ulysses belab\r$ ,!rsites1 x 0 n 9 ! ex]cise ( a det]m9ate "r1 b 9 ob$i5ce to ! dictates ( g5]al prud5ce1 :i*1 ^u a high em]g5cy1 ! g5]al s5se approv$4 ,d\btless1 if ,agamemnon _h caught a runaway f ! ranks1 he might h sla9 him2 b is x suppos$ t ,ulysses might n8 ,:at 0 ! mean+ ( ! advice ( ,ne/or1 to put ! poltroons 9 ! middle ( ! ranks1 b t _! comrades ab\t !m %\ld spe> !m if !y %\ld try to run8 ,!re is no crim9al ju/ice1 9 ! prop] s5se ( ! t]m1 ?\gh !re is civil ju/ice1 9 ei!r ( ! ,hom]ic poems2 ! wrongs ( man to man are adju/$ or requit$ by ! latt] =m ( rem$y1 b ! ideas on :i* ! =m] re/s 7 unkn[n3 !re is no k+'s peace1 m ?an !re is a k+'s highway3 ! sanctions ( =ce are add$ ^u occasion to ! g5]al au?ority ( (fice by ^? :o be> x1 accord+ to ! sugge/ions ( _! common s5se4 ,_h x be5 o!rwise1 ,ulysses w\ld nev] h put ! wret*$ wom5 9 8 h\sehold1 :o c\ld n1 l ! ,suitors _! p>am\rs1 be politically =midable1 to a dea?1 :i* fully entitl$ him to say ) ! ,agamemnon ( ! citation1 4 ,! g5]al rev]5ce = rank & /ation1 ! safegu>d ( publicity1 & ! influ5ce ( p]suasion1 are ! usual & suffici5t in/rum5ts = gov]n+ ! army1 ev5 z !y gov]n$ ! civil societies ( ,greece4 ,9 ! ,assembly ( ! army1 ! qu>rel ) ,a*illes takes place3 9 ! ,assembly arises ! tumultu>y impulse to return home3 9 ! ,assembly1 t impulse hav+ be5 *eck$1 x is delib]ately resolv$ to see :at !y c d by fight+3 9 ! ,assembly x is det]m9$ to ask a truce = burials1 & to erect ! ramp>t3 9 ! nocturnal ,assembly t ,c\ncil is appo9t$ to sit1 :i* s5ds ! abortive mission to ,a*illes4 ,e great measure affect+ ! :ole body is1 z we %all f9d1 adopt$ 9 ! ,assembly3 &1 f9ally1 x is "h t ,agamemnon explicitly confesses & lam5ts 8 fault1 & t ! reconciliation ) ,a*illes is ratifi$4 ,we may !re=e take ! polity1 s to speak1 ( ! ,greek army into a common view ) t ( ! ,i?acan 2 b fir/ x w be well to sket* its milit>y organization4 ,its milit>y composition4 ,next to ! came ! 7,il4 ii4 #ahh71 or 1 ( ! ,greek army4 ,!y are pretty cle>ly di/+ui%$ f ! k+s 9 ! spee* ( ,a*illes 7ix4 #ccd72 :51 aft] describ+ ! nigg>dl9ess ( ,agamemnon ) respect to booty1 he goes on to say1 ' :i* ,i und]/& to mean1 he gave to ^! two classes prizes diff]5t1 i4 e4 proportion$ to _! respective /ations4 ,! language ( ! ,catalogue po9t$ly m>ks ! same di/9ction 9 o!r words4 ,at ! beg9n+1 ! ,poet invites ! ,muses to tell him 7v]4 #dhg71 1 & at ! close he says 7v]4 #gfj71 ' 4 ,^! two v]ses appe> to be 9 evid5t correspond5ce ) ea* o!r3 & if s1 we may ! m confid5tly rely on ! language z c>efully *os5 to describe ! two classes1 fir/ ! k+s z 7cf4 ,il4 ii4 #bjd1 #bjg71 &1 secondly1 ! z 4 ,?is class1 x is probable1 consi/$1 ,fir/1 ( ! lead]s ( ! m9or & less significant cont+5ts4 ,secondly1 ( lieut5ants1 or ^? :o are nam$ 9 ! ,catalogue z hold+ inf]ior comm&s "u ! great lead]s 7su* z ,m]iones1 ,/h5elus1 & ,euryalus74 ,b1 bel[ ! ( ! ,catalogue1 !re w\ld appe> to h be5 sev]al grades ( m9or (fic]s1 9 comm& ( small] subdivisions ( ! army4 ,^! w\ld seem to h be5 describ$ by a g5]al "n1 4 ,:5 ,ne/or 7ii4 #cfb7 advises ! di/ribution ( ! army accord+ to & 1 x w1 he says1 h ! advantage ( %[+ n only :i* ( ! soldi]s1 b :i* ( ! (fic]s 7 good1 & :i* bad4 ,probably !re=e !re 7 (fic]s ( ea* 1 if n ev51 "u ^!1 ( ea* 4 ,( ! ,greeks n9e are nam$ 9 ,il4 xi4 #cja-c1 :o 7 sla9 by ,hector at once1 be=e he w5t among ! privates 774 ,( ^! n9e no "o is m5tion$ 9 any o!r "p ( ! poem2 & s9ce at ! same "t !y are expressly decl>$ to be 1 we may safely look ^u !m z examples ( ! class ( m9or or second>y (fic]s4 ,f _! names1 :i* h a /rong ,hell5ic col\r#aha1 we may v5ture at lea/ to conjecture1 t ?is class 0 *iefly ,a*an1 or ( ,a*an rank1 & t ! ,pelasgian blood ( ! army 0 pr9cipally among ! common soldi]s4 #aha ,vid4 ,a*is or ,e?nology1 p4 #egd4 ,! m>itime ord] ( ! armam5t1 :i* requir$ a comm&] = ea* vessel1 necess>ily involv$ ! exi/5ce ( a class ( :at we may call subalt]n (fic]s4 ,:5 ,hel5 describes ! *iefta9s to ,priam f ! t[]1 ( :om ,idom5eus is "o1 %e proce$s 7,il4 iii4 #bca72 4 ,aga91 :5 ,a*illes w5t ) fifty %ips to ,troy1 he divid$ 8 #bejj m5 "u five 1 :om he appo9t$ to give ! ^w ( comm& 77 "u him4 ,! =ce ?us arrang$ =m$ five or ranks1 ,il4 xvi4 #afh-gb3 & "h ! private p]sons are expressly call$ 7v]4 #agj74 ,mo/ probably ^! ( ! ,cretans1 & ^! five ,myrmidon lead]s1 are to be consid]$ z belong+ to a class bel[ ! 1 yet above ! subalt]ns4 ,la/ly1 we h to notice ! privates1 s to speak1 ( ! ,greek army1 :o are call$ by ! sev]al names ( 7,il4 ii4 #aia4 i4 #ed71 7ii4 #aih71 & 7ii4 #bgh74 ,9 _! milit>y "* !y are inde$ a mass ( atoms1 undi/+ui%able f "o ano!r1 b yet di/+ui%$ by _! sil5ce & ord]1 :i* 0 f\nd$ probably on confid5ce 9 _! lead]s4 ,! descriptions ( fight+ m54 ,no private or nameless#ahb p]son ( ! ,greek army1 h[ev]1 on any occasion p]=ms any feat1 ei!r great or small3 ^! are always a*iev$ by ! m5 ( bir? & /ation3 & ! ?ree designations we h m5tion$1 ! only ones :i* are us$ to designate ! :ole mass ( ! soldi]y1 repres5t !m to u z a community be>+ arms1 r ?an z an army 9 any s5se t is te*nical or pr(essional4 #ahb ,ev5 ! in/ance1 9 ,il4 xiii4 #baa1 ( a nameless p]son :o _h simply be5 w\nd$ is a r>e1 if n inde$ ! s+le1 exception4 ,all ^! 7 entitl$ to att5d ! 1 or ,assembly1 if !y pleas$4 ,& accord+ly1 on ! fir/ ,assembly t ,a*illes att5d$ aft] r5\nc+ 8 wra?1 we f9d t1 f ! great int]e/ ( ! occasion1 ev5 ^? p]sons 7 pres5t :o did n usually appe>3 namely1 ! pilots ( ! %ips1 & o!rs :o probably _h *>ge ( !m :ile a%ore1 toge!r ) ^? :o manag$ ! provision+ ( ! =ce 771 or1 9 our language1 ! commiss>iat 7,il4 xix4 #db-e74 ,9 _! /rictly milit>y capacity !y 71 h[ev]1 divid$ into #a4 1 :o f\ght 9 *>iots1 commonly 7,il4 xxiii4 #ccd-dj7 ) two horses4 ,:5 !re 7 ?ree 7xvi4 #dfg-ge71 ! outrunn] 0 call$ 4 ,! *>iot ( ,hector 0 drawn by f\r horses 7viii4 #ahe71 b we h no su* case among ! ,greeks4 ,two p]sons w5t 9 ea* *>iot2 ( :om ! inf]ior 77 drove1 & ! sup]ior 77 /ood by him free to fight4 ,b probably none ( ^! 7 ( ! m]e ( ! army1 or common soldi]y4 #b4 1 ! heavy-arm$1 ( ! 4 ,^! use ! long] spe>1 ! axe1 ! sword1 or ! /one4 #c4 1 us+ ! light] spe> 7,il4 xv4 #gji4 xxiii4 #fbb4 ,od4 xviii4 #bfa74 #d4 7,il4 ii4 #gbj4 iii4 #gi74 ,aga91 ! m5 are di/+ui%$ by epi!ts accord+ to m]it2 ea* be+ 1 1 or 7,il4 xii4 #bfi71 or ev5 2 & ) ! la/-nam$ ! precaution is tak5 to place !m 9 ! mid/ ( _! comrades4 ,! policy ( ,ne/or1 :i* recomm5d$ ! mu/] ( ! :ole army1 ) a view to /rong] mutual support among ^? :o _h peculi> ties1 0 entirely 9 h>mony ) :at we meet else:]e 9 ! poems4 ,= in/ance1 9 ! def5ce ( ! ramp>t 9 ! ,?irte5? ,book1 we f9d ,botians1 ,a!nians1 & ,locrians#ahc1 :o 7 neighb\rs1 all m5tion$ z fight+ side by side4 #ahc ,il4 xiii4 #fhe4 ,all ranks app>5tly w5t to ! ,assemblies z freem51 & 7 treat$ !re by _! sup]iors ) respect4 ,x 0 n ^? ( ! common sort 9 g5]al1 b only su* z 7 clamor\s = ! tumultu>y break+ up ( ! ,assembly1 t ,ulysses w5t s f> z to hit 77 ) ! /aff he bore1 ! supreme sceptre ( ,agamemnon4 ,9 address+ !m he us$ ! ^w 1 ! same ^w :i* he employ$ to _! sup]iors1 ! k+s & *iefs 7,il4 ii4 #aij1 #bjj74 ,:5 !y he>d a spee* t !y approv$ (1 !y habitually & imm$iately %\t$ 9 applause#ahd1 #ahd ,il4 ii4 #ccc4 ' 444 & !y comm5t$ freely among !mselves on :at occurr$ 7,il4 ii4 #bga & else:]e74 ,! modes ( w>f>e 9 ! h]oic age 7 v simple3 ! op5 battle 0 a battle ( ma9 =ce1 z reg>d$ bo? ! *iefta9s & ! m51 reliev$ f "t to "t by a spr9kl+ ( panics4 ,b besides ! battle1 !re 0 ano!r & a m di/+ui%$ mode ( fight+3 t ( ! or ambuscade4 ,& ! diff]5t e/imate ( ! two1 :i* rev]ses ! popul> view1 is em95tly illu/rative ( ! ,greek "*4 ,! or ambuscade4 ,9 t epitome ( human life1 :i* ,hom] has pres5t$ to u on ! ,%ield ( ,a*illes1 m>tial op]ations are ( c\rse includ$4 ,! collective life ( man is repres5t$ by two cities1 "o = peace & ! o!r = w>4 ,two armies appe> b5ea? ! walls ( ! latt]2 & "o ( ^! takes its po/ 9 an ambu%#ahe4 ,:5ev] p]sons 7 to be appo9t$ out ( an army = ?is duty1 ! noble/ & brave/ 7 *os54 ,h5ce ,a*illes laun*es ! d\ble reproa* aga9/ ,agamemnon1 t he has nev] _h _s en\gh to arm ei!r ) ! soldi]y at l>ge = battle1 or ) ! *iefs & prime w>riors = ambuscade#ahf4 ,& ! reason :y ! ambuscade /ood ?us high z ! duty & ! privilege ( ! be/1 is expla9$ 9 an admirable spee* ( ,idom5eus4 ,x is simply because x involves a high] trial1 ?r\gh ! pati5ce x requires1 ( moral z oppos$ to animal c\rage4 #ahe ,il4 xviii4 #eji1 #ac1 #bj4 #ahf ,il4 i4 #bbf4 ,! ,cretan lead] supposes ! case to h occurr$1 :5 all ! fl[] ( ! army are pick$ = an ambu%4 #8,!re1' he says1 #8is ! true crit]ion ( val\r2 ' & !re x soon appe>s :o is ! h]o1 & :o ! c[>d2 = ! fle% ( ! poltroon turns to "o col\r & ano!r1 nor c he settle 8 m9d s z to sit quiet1 = 8 knees yield "u him1 & he %ifts f re/+ on "o foot to re/+ on ! o!r2 8 he>t is flutt]+ 9 8 brea/1 & 8 tee? *att]1 z he gives himself up = lo/3 b ! brave man1 f ! mom5t :5 he takes 8 place 9 ! ambu%1 nei!r *anges col\r1 nor is ov] n]v\s2 b only prays t ! "t may soon come = him to m+le 9 ! fe>ful fight#ahg4' ,!n he goes on to comm5d ,m]iones z "o suit$ = su* a trial4 #ahg ,il4 xiii4 #bgf-hf4 ,9 exact con=mity ) :at we %\ld expect f ^! descriptions1 x appe>s t ,ulysses 0 ! w>rior :o 0 preem95t 9 ! 1 :ile ,a*illes t[]$ s immeasurably above all o!rs 9 ! field4 ,:5 ! ,greeks 7 conceal$ 9 ! cavity ( ! ,horse1 & ,hel5 came d[n f ! city imitat+ ! voices ( _! wives1 ,m5elaus & ,diom$ 7 on ! po9t ( ei!r go+ =?1 or answ]+2 b ,ulysses re/ra9$ !m4 ,"o ,anticlos 0 /ill unwill+ to be sil5t2 & ,ulysses1 resolutely gagg+ him ) 8 h&1 #8sav$ ! lives ( all ! ,a*ans#ahh4' ,9 all ?is we aga9 see h[ ! poems ( ,hom] are1 l ! ,%ield1 an epitome ( life4 ,all ! po9ts ( capital & p>am\nt excell5ce1 = :i* he c\ld f9d no place 9 ! h]o ( ! "o poem1 he has fully repres5t$ 9 ! h]o ( ! o!r2 & he has s exhau/$1 betwe5 ! two1 ! res\rces ( our nature1 & likewise its appliances z !y 7 !n und]/ood1 t1 _h he produc$ yet a ?ird ,epic1 n ev5 he c\ld h furni%$ a ?ird protagoni/ to =m its c5tre1 :o %\ld h be5 wor?y to c\nt ) ,a*illes & ,ulysses among ! undy+ ideals ( human greatness4 #ahh ,od4 iv4 #bgg-hh4 ,we h n[ consid]$ ! ,greek community ( ! h]oic age1 z x 0 divid$ 9 "t ( peace into classes1 & z 9 "t ( w> x resolv$ all its m pot5t & en]getic elem5ts into ! =m ( a milit>y ord]4 ,we h also exam9$ ! position & functions ( ! k+2 :o 0 at once a p]son1 a class1 & a great political in/itution4 ,x rema9s to consid] two o!r political in/itutions ( h]oic ,greece1 :i* n only1 ) ! k+1 made up ! :ole ma*9]y bo? ( civil & milit>y adm9i/ration = t p]iod1 b likewise suppli$ ! ess5tial g]m1 at lea/1 ( t =m ( con/itution1 on :i* ! be/ gov]nm5ts ( ! cont95t ( ,europe h1 two ( !m )9 ! la/ qu>t] ( a c5tury1 be5 modell$1 ) su* deviations z exp]i5ce has recomm5d$1 or ! *ange ( times has requir$4 ,i mean ! =m ( gov]nm5t by a ?reefold legislative body1 hav+ = "o ( its memb]s1 & = its head1 a s+le p]son1 9 ^: h&s ! executive p[] ( ! /ate is lodg$4 ,?is =m has be5 em95tly fav\r$ 9 ,*ri/5dom1 9 ,europe1 & 9 ,engl&2 & x has ev5 surviv$ ! passage ( ! ,atlantic1 & ! transition1 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates ( ,am]ica1 to in/itutions :i* are n only republican1 b highly democratic4 ,! ,greek or ,c\ncil4 ,( ^! two ,greek in/itutions1 we w exam9e fir/ ! 1 or ,c\ncil4 ,x 0 ! usage ( ! ,greeks to consid]1 9 a small prelim9>y meet+ ( pr9cipal p]sons1 :i* 0 call$ ! 1 ( ! measures to be tak5 9 manag+ ! ,assembly1 or 4 ,to ! p]sons1 :o 7 summon$ ?i!r1 ! "n ( appe>s to h be5 (ficially appli$4 ,x _h ?us become dissociat$ f ! idea ( age1 its orig9al signification3 = ,ne/or 0 ! only old man among ! ,greek s5ators4 ,idom5eus1 inde$1 0 ne> ^u old age3 ,ulysses 0 eld]ly 7#ahi71 app>5tly n "u fifty4 ,! majority w\ld seem to h be5 r "u middle life2 s t 01 :5 ?us employ$1 a title1 n a description4 ,! 0 compos$ ( ! m5 ( greate/ rank & weight2 & no m requir$ an advanc$ age among ! qualifications = x1 ?an does ! presbyt]ate ( ! ,*ri/ian ,*ur*1 ?\gh x too signifies eld]%ip4 #ahi ,il4 xxiii4 #gia4 ,be=e ! great assembly ( ! ,second ,book1 we are told1 n t ,agamemnon ?\ght x w\ld be well1 z x 7 = ! nonce1 to consult ! k+s or s5iors ( ! exp$ition2 b1 9 language :i* indicates a fix$ practice1 t ! *oice ( ! place = ! meet+ 0 on ?is occasion by ! %ip ( ,ne/or1 ^: great age possibly ei!r made ne>ness conv5i5t1 or entitl$ him to ?is m>k ( hon\r3 4 ,il4 ii4 #ec4 ,^! 7 summon$#aij aga9 by ,agamemnon be=e ! sacrifice ( ! ,second ,book1 :i* prec$$ ! enum]ation4 ,on ?is occasion !y are n call$ a 2 probably because !y 7 n call$ = consultation4 #aij ,il4 ii4 #djh-i4 ,! ,c\ncil meets aga9 9 ! ,n9? ,book#aia1 by appo9tm5t ( ! ,assembly1 & s5ds ! mission to ,a*illes#aib4 ,9 ! same night1 & p]haps "u ! same au?ority1 ! exp$ition ( ,ulysses & ,diom$ is arrang$4 #aia ,il4 ix4 #aj4 #hi4 #aib ,il4 x4 #aie4 ,!re is no inde$ 9 ! ,fir/ ,book1 & none 9 ! great ,assembly ( ! ,n9ete5?3 b !n bo? ( ^! 7 summon$ by ,a*illes1 n by ,agamemnon1 & nei!r ( !m 7 call$ = prop]ly delib]ative purposes#aic4 #aic ,il4 i4 #ed4 xix4 #da4 ,aga91 ,ulysses1 9 urg+ ! ,greeks n to quit ! assembly ( ! ,second ,book prematurely1 rem9ds !m t !y ought to "k fully ! views ( ,agamemnon1 & t !y h n all _h ! advantage ( le>n+ ^? views 9 ! 4 ,9 ! ,sev5? ,book1 ! ,c\ncil held "u ! ro( ( ,agamemnon =ms ! plan = a pause to bury ! dead1 & erect ! ramp>t4 ,accord+ly1 :5 j aft]w>ds a h]ald arrives ) a proposal f ,troy1 he f9ds ! ,greeks 9 _! ,assembly1 d\btless an ,assembly held to sanction ! project ( ! k+s4 ,t ?is am\nt$ to an in/itution ( ! ,greeks1 we may fur!r judge f ! famili> mann]1 9 :i* ,ne/or m5tions x 9 ! ,odyssey to ,telema*us1 on see+ him = ! fir/ "t1 7,od4 iii4 #abg74 #8,ulysses & ,i1' he says1 #8nev] diff]$3' ' ' 1 ' #aid4 #aid ,il4 vii4 #cdd1 #chb4 ,among o!r causes1 :i* might t5d to promote ! e/abli%m5t ( ! ,greek or ,c\ncil1 we may p]haps reckon ) propriety ! inability ( ! old to dis*>ge ! full duties ( sov]eignty 9 ! h]oic age4 ,bodily =ce usually und]goes a c]ta9 am\nt ( decay1 be=e ! m9d has pass$ out ( its rip5ess2 & bo? k+s & subord9ate lords1 :o _h ceas$ to possess ! /r5g? t 0 requisite = be>+ ! pr9cipal burd5s ( gov]nm5t1 might /ill make _! exp]i5ce available = ! public good 9 ! ,c\ncil2 ev5 z we f9d t 9 ,troas ! bro!rs ( ,priam1 ) o!rs advanc$ 9 life1 7 ! pr9cipal advis]s ( ! ,assembly#aie4 #aie ,il4 iii4 #adf-ec4 ,! 9 "t ( peace4 ,i admit t we h no example to give ( ! use ( ! by ! ,greeks dur+ peace1 s precise z ^? :i* ! ,iliad supplies = "t ( w>4 ,b ev5 9 w> we d n f9d x except be=e ,assemblies1 :i* _h delib]ative bus9ess to transact4 ,n[ ! only delib]ative ,greek :i* we meet ) 9 "t ( peace is t ( ! ,tw5ty-f\r? ,odyssey4 ,! abs5ce ( a sov]eign & a gov]nm5t 9 ,i?aca at t "t1 & ! utt] discord ( ! pr9cipal p]sons1 made a ,c\ncil q impossible1 & left no measure op5 except a direct appeal to ! p4 ,x appe>s h[ev] cle>1 t ! action ( ! 0 n conf9$ to w>4 ,= we n only f9d ! on ! ,%ield#aif1 :o sit 9 ! 1 ex]cis+ exclusively ! (fice ( judges1 b !y are also di/9ctly notic$ z a class or ord]#aig 9 ! ,i?acan ,assembly1 :o _h a place 9 x set ap>t = !mselves4 ,nor are we )\t a pro( :i*1 ?\gh convey$ 9 few words1 is complete1 ( ! conjunction ( ! ,c\ncil ) ! sov]eign 9 acts ( gov]nm5t4 ,= :5 ,ulysses 9 8 y\? und]took ! mission to ,mess5e1 9 ! matt] ( ! %eep t _h be5 c>ri$ (f f ,i?aca1 he did x "u ! ord]s ( ,la]tes1 toge!r ) 8 c\ncil#aih3 #aif ,il4 xviii4 #ejf4 #aig ,od4 ii4 #ad4 #aih ,od4 xxi4 #ba4 4 ,& ,nausicaa meets h] fa!r ,alc9\s1 on 8 way to ! ( ! ,phacians4 ,^u ! :ole1 ! seems to h be5 a mo/ important auxili>y in/rum5t ( gov]nm5t2 sometimes z prep>+ mat]ials = ! m public delib]ations ( ! ,assembly1 sometimes intru/$1 z a k9d ( executive committee1 ) its confid5ce2 always z supply+ ! ,assemblies ) an intellectual & au?oritative elem5t1 9 a conc5trat$ =m1 :i* might give /ead9ess to its tone1 & advise its c\rse ) a weight adequate to s important a function4 ,opposition 9 ! 4 ,! individuals :o compos$ ?is ,c\ncil 7 ( su* a /ation t1 :5 !y act$ sep>ately1 ,k+ ,agamemnon himself might h to enc\nt] resi/ance & repro( f !m 9 v>i\s in/ances4 ,accord+ly1 ^u ! occasion :5 ,agamemnon made a survey ( ! army1 & :5 he ?\ght fit to rebuke ,ulysses = slackness1 t *iefta9 remon/rat$ ) him some?+ m ?an freely 7 7 bo? 9 voice & mann]4 ,s f> f tru/+ to 8 au?ority1 ,agamemnon made a soo?+ & ev5 an apologetic reply#aii4 ,aga91 :5 on ! same occasion he reprov$ ,diom$#bjj1 ,/h5elus def5d$ 8 imm$iate ,*ief 9 va+lori\s t]ms4 ,^! ! m ref9$ nature ( ,diom$ himself induc$ him at once to disclaim1 b !y d n appe> to h be5 consid]$ z involv+ any ?+ 9 ! nature ( an (f5ce aga9/ ! /ation ( ,agamemnon4 ,aga91 ?\gh ,diom$ on ?is occasion re/ra9$ 8 lieut5ant1 yet1 :5 he meets ,agamemnon 9 ! ,assembly ( ! ,n9? ,book1 he frankly tells him t ,jupit]1 :o has giv5 him ! hon\rs ( ! sceptre1 has n end[$ him ) ! sup]ior p[] t spr+s f det]m9$ c\rage#bja2 & ev5 ! passionate invectives ( ,a*illes 9 ! ,fir/ ,book be> a simil> te/imony1 because !y d n appe> to h be5 treat$ z con/itut+ any infr+em5t ( 8 duty4 #aii ,il4 iv4 #cbi-fc4 #bjj ,ibid4 #che-dah4 #bja ,il4 ix4 #cg4 ,9 ! #bjb1 ,ne/or takes ! lead m ?an ,agamemnon4 ,z to ! ,assembly1 ! :ole plan 9 ! ,second ,iliad is expressly f\nd$ ^u ! supposition1 t ! army 0 accu/om$ to he> ! *iefs argue aga9/1 & ev5 ov]?r[1 ! proposals ( ,agamemnon4 ,8 advice t !y %\ld return home1 :i* ,grote#bjc consid]s only an unacc\ntable fancy & a *ildi% freak1 is h[ev] capable ( be+ reg>d$ 9 ?is view1 t1 be=e r5ew+ active op]ations )\t ,a*illes1 x 0 ?\ght wise to te/ ! feel+ ( ! army1 & t x c\ld n be m effectually tri$ ?an by a recomm5dation f ! comm&]-9-*ief t !y %\ld re-emb>k = ,greece4 ,! plan 0 ov]-ref9$2 & x may ev5 seem ridicul\s1 because x fail$1 & simply k9dl$ an ungov]nable passion1 :i* w\ld n li/5 to debate4 ,b ! proposal does n be> t "* 9 ! ,n9? ,book1 :]e ! same sugge/ion is r5ew$1 )\t ! previ\s k ( ! *iefs1 9 ! same words1 & at a "t :5 ! ,greeks 7 9 f> worse condition4 #bjb ,cf4 ,od4 xi4 #eab4 #bjc ,hi/4 ( ,greece1 vol4 ii4 #ie1 #ig4 ,:5 ,agamemnon made x 9 ord] to be ov]rul$ x took effect3 :5 he made x 9 good e>ne/1 x fail$4 ,if !n ! ,greeks c\ld be reta9$ contr>y to 8 wi% 9 ! ,n9? ,book1 x might be misjudg$1 b c\ld h>dly be absurd1 to expect a simil> result 9 ! ,second1 :5 !y _h less cause = disc\ragem5t4 ,& :y did x take effect8 ,simply because ! ,assembly1 in/ead ( be+ ! simple m$ium#bjd ?r\gh :i* ! k+ act$1 0 ! ar5a on :i* ei!r ! w ( ! p might f9d a rude & tumultu>y v5t1 or1 on ! o!r h&1 8 royal companions 9 arms c\ld say1 z ,diom$ says1 #8,i w use my "r & resi/ y\r fooli% project 9 debate2 :i* y ought n to res5t4' #bjd ,grote ii4 #ajd4 1 1 1 1 4 ,! proposal ( ,agamemnon _h be5 he>d 9 sil5ce#bje1 ! mode by :i* ! army indicat$ its dis9cl9ation or its d\bt4 ,b ! c\nt] proposal ( ,diom$1 to fight to ! la/1 0 hail$ ) acclamation#bjf2 #bje ,il4 ix4 #cj4 #bjf ,ibid4 #ej4 ' 1 s t ! ,assembly 0 !n ripe = ! plan ( ,ne/or1 :i* at once receiv$ its approval#bjg3 #bjg ,il4 ix4 #gi4 ' ' 1 ' 4 ,subsequ5tly1 9 ! ( ! same ,book1 ,ne/or tells ,agamemnon t x is 8 duty to li/5 z well z to speak1 & to adopt ! plans ( o!rs :5 !y are good 7#ajj-b74 ,at ! same "t1 ! ag$ *iefta9 appe>s to submit himself to ! judgm5t ( ,agamemnon 9 ! ,c\ncil#bjh4 ,8 expressions are p]haps matt] m ( complim5t ?an ( bus9ess2 & at any rate we d n f9d any l t]ms us$ 9 ! ,assembly4 #bjh ,ibid4 #ig4 ,x 0 a happy *>act]i/ic ( h]oic ,greece1 t :ile %e ab\nd$ 9 true %ame1 %e _h no false %ame4 ,x 0 n ?\ght t a k+1 :o _h done wrong1 compromis$ 8 dignity by atonem5t2 b1 on ! contr>y1 t he recov]$ x4 ,s says ,ulysses1 9 ! ,assembly ( ! ,n9ete5? ,iliad#bji2 #bji ,il4 xix4 #ahb4 ' 1 4 ,?is passage at once e/abli%es 9 ! mo/ po9t$ mann] bo? ! "r to *ide ! head ( ! army1 & ! obligation incumb5t on him1 z on o!rs1 :]e he _h giv5 (f5ce to make am5ds4 ,?us !n a l>ge lib]ty ( spee* & judgm5t on ! "p ( ! k+s or *iefs1 :5 !y diff]$ f ,agamemnon1 w\ld appe> to be e/abli%$ beyond dispute1 a lib]ty :i* 9 c]ta9 cases result$ 9 8 be+ summ>ily ov]rul$4 ,i _c !re=e "h subscribe ev5 to ! measur$ /atem5t ( ,mure1 :o1 admits ! lib]ty ( remon/rance1 b ass]ts also ! sov]eignty ( ! w ( ,agamemnon4 ,mu* less to ! v broad ass]tions ( ,grote1 t ! resolutions ( ,agamemnon appe> uni=mly to prevail 9 ! ,c\ncil1 & t ! nullity ( positive function is /ill m /rik+ 9 ! ,agor#baj4 #baj ,grote's ,hi/4 vol4 ii4 pp4 #ij1 #b4 ,to t in/itution x is n[ "t = u to turn4 ,influ5ce ( ,spee*4 ,! trait :i* is truly mo/ wor?y ( note 9 ! polities ( ,hom]ic ,greece1 is also t :i* is s peculi> to !m2 namely1 ! sub/antive weight & influ5ce :i* belong$ to spee* z an in/rum5t ( gov]nm5t2 & ( ?is p[] by mu* ! mo/ rem>kable developm5t is 9 its less conf9$ & m popul> application to ! ,assembly4 ,?is p[] ( spee* 0 ess5tially a p[] to be ex]cis$ ov] numb]s1 & ) ! safegu>ds ( publicity1 by man among 8 fell[-m54 ,x 0 also ess5tially an in/rum5t address+ itself to reason & free w1 & ackn[l$g+ _! au?ority4 ,no gov]nm5t :i* s\ght its p[] 9 =ce1 z oppos$ to reason1 has at any "t us$ ?is =m ( deception4 ,! _w has se5 absolutism deck itself ) ! titles & m]e =ms ( fre$om1 or seek %elt] "u its nak$ ab/ractions3 b f ! ex]cise ( free spee* z an in/rum5t ( /ate1 x has always %runk ) an in/9ctive horror4 ,"o mode ( prov+ ! p[] ( spee* 9 ! h]oic age is1 by %[+ :at place x occupi$ 9 ! ?\ghts ( m51 z !y are to be ga!r$ f _! language4 ,ano!r mode is1 by po9t+ to its connection1 9 practical examples1 ) ?is or t c\rse ( action1 adopt$ or %unn$4 ,a ?ird is1 by giv+ evid5ce ( ! e>ne/ness ) :i* ! art 0 prosecut$1 & ! dep? & compreh5siv5ess ( ! conceptions f :i* x d]iv$ its =m4 ,we %all pres5tly trace ! c\rse ( public affairs1 z !y 7 manag$ by ! ,greeks ( ! h]oic age 9 _! public assemblies4 ,= ! pres5t1 let u endeav\r to collect ! true s5se ( ,hom] respect+ oratory f 8 language conc]n+ x1 f ! *>act]s ) :om he has p>ticul>ly connect$ x1 & f ! k :i* he may be f\nd to h possess$ ( its res\rces4 ,al?\gh x is common to reg>d ! ,iliad z a poem hav+ battle = its !me1 yet x is 9 tru? n less a monum5t ( policy ?an ( w>2 & 9 ?is respect x is ev5 m broadly di/+ui%$1 ?an 9 mo/ o!rs1 f lat] epics4 ,! adjectives 9 ,hom] are 9 v _m cases ! key to 8 inn] m9d3 & among !m all !re is none ( :i* ?is is m true1 ?an ! gr& epi!t 4 ,he conf9es x /rictly to two subjects1 battle & debate1 ! cla% ( swords & ! wre/l+ ( m9ds4 ,( ,a*illes1 he says 9 ! ,fir/ ,book#baa1 7#dij7 #baa ,he uses ! epi!t = battle 9 ,il4 iv4 #bbe1 #f4 #abd1 #g4 #aac1 #h4 #ddh1 #ab4 #cbe1 #ac4 #bgj1 #ad4 #aee1 & #bd4 #cia4 ' 1 ' 4 ,9 e o!r passage :]e he employs ! ^w1 x is atta*$ to ! sub/antive 4 ,?us ) him x 0 9 two fields1 t man 0 to seek = glory2 p>tly 9 ! fight1 & p>tly 9 ! ,assembly4 ,! intellectual function 0 no less ess5tial to ! w>rior-k+ ( ,hom]1 ?an 0 ! m>tial2 & ! culture ( ! art ( p]suasion ent]$ no less deeply into 8 e>ly tra9+4 ,h[1 says ,phnix to ,a*illes1 %all ,i leave y1 ,i1 :om y\r fa!r atta*$ to y :5 y 7 a m]e *ild1 )\t k ( ! ev5h&$ battle1 or ( ! assemblies1 9 :i* m5 atta9 to fame1 ' ' 1 ' 4 ,s he s5t me to tea* y ! arts bo? ( spee* & fight#bab1 #bab ,il4 ix4 #dch-dc4 ' 1 4 ,ev5 s ,ulysses1 9 ! "u-_w1 relates to ,a*illes ! greatness ( ,neoptolemus 9 spee*1 n less ?an 9 battle1 7,od4 xi4 #eaj-af47 ,nay1 ! ( little ,i?aca1 :]e !re _h be5 no ,assembly = tw5ty ye>s1 is ) ,hom] ! #bac4 ,9 a description1 if possible yet m /rik+ ?an t ( ,phnix1 ,hom] places be=e u ! orator at 8 "w4 #8,8 he>]s behold him ) delight2 he speaks ) temp]$ mode/y1 yet ) confid5ce 9 himself 772 he /&s preem95t among ! assembl$ p1 & :ile he passes ?r\gh ! city1 !y gaze on him z on a god#bad4 ,f a passage l ?is we may =m "s idea1 :at a real p[] 9 human society 0 ! orator ( ! h]oic age2 & we may also le>n h[ & :y x 01 t ! great ,b>d ( t "t has also plac$ himself 9 ! =emo/ rank ( oratory = all "t4 #bac ,od4 ii4 #aej4 #bad ,od4 viii4 #agj-c4 ,x is 9 ! v same _s t ,ulysses1 9 ! same mo/ rem>kable spee* giv5 9 ! ,odyssey#bae1 sets =? ! diff]5t accompli%m5ts by :i* human nature is adorn$4 ,! ?ree great gifts ( ! gods to man are1 fir/1 corporeal beauty1 /r5g? & be>+1 all includ$ 9 ! ^w 2 secondly1 judgm5t or good s5se 771 & ?irdly1 ! p[] ( disc\rse1 or 4 ,to "o man1 ! great gift la/ nam$ is ! comp5sation = ! want ( corporeal excell5ce4 ,to ano!r is giv5 beauty l t ( ! ,immortals2 b !n 8 comel9ess is n cr[n$ by eloqu5ce3 ' 4 ,= 9 ,od4 xi4 #cfg we h 4 #bae ,od4 viii4 #aff-he4 ,v>i$ descriptions ( ,oratory4 ,9 full con=mity ) ?is /rongly develop$ idea1 ! ,poet places be=e u ! descriptions ( a v>iety ( speak]s4 ,!re is ,!rsites#baf1 copi\s & (f5sive1 to :om we mu/ return4 ,!re is ,telema*us1 full ( ! graci\s diffid5ce ( y\?#bag1 b comm5d$ by ,ne/or = a p[] & a tact ( expression beyond 8 ye>s4 ,!re is ,m5elaus1 :o speaks ) a laconic ease#bah4 ,!re are ! ,trojan eld]s1 or 1 :o f _! exp]i5ce & age *iefly guide ! ,assembly1 & ^: volubility & %rill small ?read ( voice#bai ,hom] comp>es to ! *irp+ ( gras%opp]s4 ,!n we h ,ne/or ! s(t & silv]y1 ^: tones ( happy & b5evol5t egotism fl[$ sweet] ?an a /ream ( honey#bbj4 ,9 ! h&s ( an inf]ior arti/1 ,phnix mu/ h reproduc$ him2 b an absorb+ affection = ,a*illes is ! key-note to all he says2 ev5 ! acc\nt 9 8 spee* ( 8 own e>ly adv5tures is evid5tly meant z a w>n+ on ! effects ( rage3 ?is int5se e>ne/ness completely prev5ts any ?+ l sam5ess1 & ?us ! two g>rulities /& p]fectly di/9ct f "o ano!r1 because !y h 7s to speak7 diff]5t c5tres ( gravity4 ,la/ly1 we h ,ulysses1 :o1 wont to rise ) 8 en]gies conc5trat$ )9 him1 gives no promise ( display3 b :5 8 deep voice issues f 8 *e/1 & 8 mighty words drive l ! flakes ( sn[ 9 w9t]#bba1 !n inde$ he so>s away f> above all competitors4 #baf ,il4 ii4 #bab4 #bag ,od4 iii4 #bc1 #abd4 #bah ,il4 iii4 #bac4 #bai ,il4 iii4 #aej4 #bbj ,il4 i4 #bdh4 #bba ,il4 iii4 #baf1 #bc4 ,x is v unusual = ,hom] to indulge ?us l>gely 9 c>eful & detail$ description4 ,& ev5 "h he has left ! "o sup]lative1 z well z o!r consid]able1 orators1 undescrib$4 ,! eloqu5ce ( ,a*illes is left to describe itself2 & to *all5ge comp>ison ) all ! *oice/ patt]ns bo? ( p[] & beauty 9 ?is k9d1 t ?ree ?\s& ye>s s9ce ,hom]1 & all _! ebb+ & fl[+ tides1 h br\ght )9 ! k ( man4 ,al?\gh he mode/ly describes himself z b5ea? ,ulysses 9 ?is accompli%m5t1 yet 9 tru? no spee*es come ne> to 84 ,b ,hom]'s res\rces are n ev5 n[ exhau/$4 ,! decision ( ,diom$1 ! irresolution ( ,agamemnon1 ! bluntness ( ,ajax1 are all admirably m>k$ 9 ! s]ies ( spee*es allott$ to ea*4 ,inde$ ,hom] has put into ! m\? ( ,idom5eus1 :om he n[h]e describes z an orator at all1 a spee* :i* is q en\gh to e/abli% 8 reputation 9 t capacity4 7,il4 xiii4 #bge-id47 ,9 review+ ! arrangem5ts ,hom] has made1 we %all f9d "o feature alike unequivocal & decisive4 ,! two p]sons1 to :om he has giv5 supremacy 9 oratory1 are 8 two1 8 only two godlike h]oes 771 ! ,a*illes & ! ,ulysses1 ea* ( :om be>s up1 l ! ,atlas ( tradition1 ! weight ( ! epic to :i* he pr9cipally belongs4 ,h[ c\ld ,hom] h conceiv$ ?\ghts l ^!1 if gov]nm5t 9 8 eyes _h re/$ ^u ei!r =ce or fraud8 ,moreov]1 :5 he speaks ( p]suasion & ( /r5g? or val\r1 ( ! action ( ! tongue & t ( ! h&1 he cle>ly does n mean t ^! elem5ts are mix$ 9 ! ord9>y conduct ( a sov]eign to 8 subjects3 he means ! fir/ = peace1 ! latt] = w>2 ! fir/ to be 8 sole in/rum5t = gov]n+ 8 own p1 ! latt] = _! enemies alone4 ,if1 aga91 we endeav\r to e/imate ! importance ( ,spee* 9 ! h]oic age by ! degree 9 :i* ! faculty 0 actually cultivat$1 we mu/ take ! a*ievem5ts ( ! ,poet z ! be/ indicators ( ! capacities ( ! age4 ,! spee*es :i* ,hom] has put into ! m\?s ( 8 lead+ orators %\ld be tol]ably fair repres5tatives ( ! be/ p]=mances ( ! "t4 ,nor is x possible t 9 any age !re %\ld be 9 a few a capacity = mak+ su* spee*es1 )\t a capacity 9 _m = receiv+1 feel+1 & compreh5d+ !m4 ,poets ( mod]n times h compos$ great works1 9 ages t /opp$ _! e>s aga9/ !m4 #8,p>adise ,lo/' does n repres5t ! "t ( ,*>les ! ,second1 nor ! #8,excursion' ! fir/ decades ( ! pres5t c5tury4 ,! case ( ! orator is entirely diff]5t4 ,8 "w1 f its v inception1 is inextricably mix$ up ) practice4 ,x is ca/ 9 ! m\ld (f]$ to him by ! m9d ( 8 he>]s4 ,x is an influ5ce pr9cipally receiv$ f 8 audi5ce 7s to speak7 9 vap\r1 :i* he p\rs back ^u !m 9 a flood4 ,! sympa?y & concurr5ce ( 8 "t is ) 8 own m9d jo9t p>5t ( 8 "w4 ,he _c foll[ nor frame ideals2 8 *oice is1 to be :at 8 age w h him1 :at x requires 9 ord] to be mov$ by him1 or else n to be at all4 ,& z :5 we f9d ! spee*es 9 ,hom]1 we "k t !re mu/ h be5 m5 :o c\ld speak !m1 s1 f ! exi/5ce ( units :o c\ld speak !m1 we "k t !re mu/ h be5 cr[ds :o c\ld feel !m4 ,! orations ( ! ,poems4 ,n[ if we exam9e ^? orations1 we %all1 ,i ?9k1 f9d n only t !y conta9 specim5s ( transc5d5t eloqu5ce :i* h nev] be5 surpass$1 b likewise t !y ev9ce ! mo/ compreh5sive k1 & ! mo/ v>i$ & ela/ic use1 ( all ! res\rces ( ! art4 ,if we seek a specim5 ( invective1 let u take ! spee*es ( ,a*illes 9 ! debate ( ! ,fir/ ,iliad4 ,if x is ! l(tie/ tone ( t]rible declamation t we desire1 ,i "k n :]e 7to speak ) mod]ation7 we c f9d any ?+ t 9 gr&eur c surpass ! passage 7,il4 xvi4 #gd-i7 beg9n+1 1 4 4 4 ,b if x is solemnity t is s\ght1 no?+ c1 ,i ?9k1 excel ! 4 7,il4 i4 #bcc-dd47 ,:at m admirable example ( compreh5sive /atem5t1 :i* exhau/s ! case1 & absolutely %uts up ! m\? ( ! adv]s>y1 ?an 9 ! spee* ( ,ulysses to ,euryalus1 :o has reproa*$ him ) look+ l a %>p]8 ,t spee* consi/s ( tw5ty l9es3 & ,i ?9k any "o :o attempts to give a really accurate summ>y ( x w be apt to f9d t 8 epitome1 if x be at all complete1 has become unaw>es a p>aphrase4 ,nor is ,hom] less successful 9 %[+ u1 h[ he has s\nd$ ! dep?s ( pa?os4 ,= ?\gh ! spee*es ( ,priam to ,a*illes 9 ! ,tw5ty-f\r? ,iliad are spok5 privately1 & f man to man only1 & are !re=e n 9 ! nature ( oratory prop]ly s call$1 !y are conclusive1 a =tiori1 z to 8 k ( ! in/rum5ts by :i* ! human affections might be mov$ s mu* m easily1 :5 ! speak] w\ld be assi/$ at once by ! fri5dl9ess & by ! electric sympa?ies ( a multitude4 ,rep>tee & ,s>casm4 ,all ^! are direct in/rum5ts ( influ5ce on ! m9d & actions ( man4 ,b ( assaults 9 flank ,hom] is q z great a ma/]4 ,he %[s a peculi> g5ius = t :i* is prop]ly call$ rep>tee2 = t =m ( spee*1 :i* fl+s back ^u ! oppon5t ! /roke ( 8 own weapon1 or on ! supplicant ! plea ( 8 own pray]4 ,!re 0 "o ,antima*us1 a ,trojan1 :o _h gr[n weal?y1 probably by ! bribes :i* he receiv$ f ,p>is 9 consid]ation ( 8 always oppos+1 9 ! ,trojan ,agor1 ! re/oration ( ,hel5 to ! ,greeks4 ,8 sons are ma/]$ by ,agamemnon 9 ! field4 ,aw>e t he _h a ?ir/ = money1 !y cry1 #8,qu>t]1 ,agamemnon6 we are ! sons ( ri* ,antima*us3 he w pay well = our lives4' #8,if1' replies ! k+1 #8y are ! sons ( t ,antima*us1 :o1 :5 ,m5elaus came z envoy to ,troy1 advis$ to take & slay him1 "h & n[ %all ye expiate y\r fa!r's infamy#bbb4' ,comp>e ) ?is ! yet %>p] turn ( ,ulysses on ,leiodes 9 ! ,odyssey3 #8,sp>e me1 ,ulysses6 ,i h done no ill 9 y\r halls2 ,i /opp$ :at ill ,i c\ld2 ,i 0 b ,augur to ! ,suitors4' ,!n foll[s ! /]n reply4 #8,if ?\ do/ av[ t ?\ art ,augur to ! ,suitors1 !n (t5 9 pray] mu/ ?\ h augur$ my de/ruction1 & desir$ my wife = ?9e own2 :]e=e ?\ %alt n escape ! pa9some b$ ( dea?#bbc4' #bbb ,il4 xi4 #abb-db4 #bbc ,od4 xxii4 #caj-be4 ,b ! weapons ( s>casm1 f ! lighte/ to ! weightie/1 are wield$ by ,hom] ) almo/ great] effect ?an any o!rs4 ,z a sample ( ! =m]1 ,i take ! spee* ( ,phnix :5 he introduces1 by way ( p>able1 ! ,leg5d ( ,meleag]4 #8,z long z ,meleag] f\ght1 all 0 well2 b :5 rage took possession ( him--:i* 7,i w\ld j obs]ve7 n[ & !n bewild]s o!r great m9ds also--!n1' & s onw>d4 ,b = ! great ma/] ( ?is art1 ,hom] has *os5 ,a*illes4 ,z ) 8 invectives he gr9ds to p[d]1 s ) ! razor edge ( ! mo/ ref9$ irony he cuts 8 way 9 a mom5t to ! quick4 ,:5 ,greece1 9 ! p]son ( ! envoy-k+s1 is at 8 feet1 & he has spurn$ !m away1 he says1 #8,no3 ,i w g home3 y c come & see me dep>t--if y ?9k x wor? y\r :ile4' 1 1 4 ,( ?is passage1 ,il4 ix4 #cef-fd1 ! foll[+ translation may give a v imp]fect idea#bbd3 #bbd ,! v]sion ( ,voss is v accurate1 b1 ,i ?9k1 lifeless4 ,! v]sion ( ,c[p] is at ?is po9t n satisfactory3 he weak5s1 by exagg]at+1 ! delicate expression 3 ,look ?\ =? at e>ly dawn1 ,&1 if su* spectacle delight !e aught1 ,?\ %alt behold me cleav+ ) my pr[s1 c4 ,! v]sion ( ,pope simply omits ! l9e6 ,tomorr[ we ! fav\r+ gods implore3 ,!n %all y see our p>t+ vessels cr[n$1 ,& he> ) o>s ! ,hellespont res\nd4 ,( fight ) ,hector w ,i none2 ,tomorr[1 ) ! ris+ sun1 ,ea* holy rite & (fice done1 ,i load & laun* my ,ph?ian fleet2 ,come1 if ?\ ?9ke/ meet1 ,see1 if ?\ c>e/ = ! sight1 ,my %ips %all b\nd 9 ! morn+'s light1 ,my r[]s r[ ) eag] might1 ,o'er ,helle's teem+ ma94 ,&1 if ,poseidon give 8 grace1 ,!n1 ) b ?ree revolv+ days1 ,i see my home aga92 ,my home ( pl5ty1 t ,i left ,to fight ) ,troy2 ( s5se b]eft6 ,! pl5ty ( 8 h\se 7 7 is ! f9i%+ /roke ( reply on ,agamemnon1 :o _h ?\ght t 8 res5tm5t1 unsatisfi$ 9 feel+1 c\ld be appeas$ ) gifts4 ,9 ! same spee* occurs ! pi]c+ s>casm#bbe3 #bbe ,il4 ix4 #cdj4 ' 2 ,! ,greeks _h come to ,troy to recov] ! wife ( ,m5elaus3 & :ile !y 7 !re1 ,agamemnon took = a concub9e ! int5d$ wife ( ,a*illes4 ,0 x1 he asks1 ! privilege ( ! sons ( ,atreus alone among mank9d to love _! wives8 ,agamemnon1 too1 be+ ! *ief ( ! two2 :o _h laid hold on ,briseis1 z he _h meant to keep ,*ryseis1 9 disp>agem5t ( 8 own m>riage b$4 ,nor c ! read] ( ?is passage fail1 ,i ?9k1 to be /ruck ) ! wond]ful mann] 9 :i* x comb9es a /ately dignity1 & an unimpea*able solidity ( argum5t1 ) ! fi]c5ess ( its p]sonal onslaught4 ,! faculty ( debate 9 ,hom]4 ,! discussion ( ! ,n9? ,iliad4 ,if ! p[] ( oratory is rem>kable 9 ,hom]1 s likewise is ! faculty ( :at 9 ,engl& is call$ debate4 ,"h ! orator is a wre/l]1 hold+ 8 gr\nd f mom5t to mom5t2 adju/+ 8 poise1 & deliv]+ 8 =ce1 9 exact proportion to ! v>y+ pressure ( 8 antagoni/4 ,9 ,hom]'s debates1 e spee* aft] ! fir/ is commonly a reply4 ,x belongs n only to ! subject1 b to ! spee* t w5t be=e3 x exhibits1 giv5 ! "q & ! aims ( ! speak]1 ! exact degree ( asc5t or desc5t1 ( expansion or contraction1 ( relaxation or enhancem5t1 :i* ! circum/ances ( ! case1 9 ! /ate up to :i* !y 7 br\ght by ! prec$+ address1 may require4 ,9 ! ,assembly ( ! ,fir/ ,book1 five1 nay1 six1 successive spee*es ( ,a*illes & ,agamemnon#bbf br+ _! great cont5tion to its climax4 ,b ! discussion ) ! ,envoys des]ves v p>ticul> notice4 ,ulysses beg9s a skill$ h>angue to ! (f5d$ h]o ) a mo/ artful & well-mask$ exagg]ation ( ! m>tial fury ( ,hector4 ,he takes c>e only to pres5t x z "p ( a g5]al picture1 :i* 9 o!r p>ts is true en\gh2 b he obvi\sly relies ^u x z a mode ( gett+ )9 ! gu>d ( ,a*illes4 ,he next t\*es him ^u ! po9t1 to :i* ,priam aft]w>ds made a yet high] appeal2 ! t5d] recollection ( 8 fa!r ,peleus1 :o _h w>n$ him h[ mu* m ardu\s 0 ! acquisition ( self-comm&1 ?an t ( d>+4 ,he !n recites ! gifts ( ,agamemnon3 &1 enc\rag$ p]haps by ! k9d greet+ t1 ) 8 companions1 he _h receiv$1 he closes by urg+ t1 h[ev] hateful ,agamemnon may be1 yet1 9 pity = ! o!r ,greeks1 bo? high & l[1 & 9 anticipation ( _! gratitude1 he ought to arm4 ,i %all n attempt to analyse ! wond]ful spee* ( ,a*illes :i* foll[s1 & to :i* "s ref]5ces h already be5 made4 ,suffice x to say1 t x comm5ces ) an intimation to ,ulysses t x w1 9 ! op9ion ( ! speak]1 be be/ = all p>ties if he tells out 8 m9d pla9ly3 an indirect & c\rte\s repro( to ,ulysses = hav+ ?\ght to act ^u him by tact & by ! processes ( a rhetorician4 ,aft] ?is foll[s su* a comb9ation ( argum5t1 declamation1 invective1 & s>casm z1 )9 ! same compass1 ,i d n believe all ! records ( ! _w c mat*4 ,b ! g5]al result ( ! :ole is ! ann\ncem5t t he w return to ,ph?ia ! v next morn+2 toge!r ) an absolute1 unconditional rejection ( all gifts & pr(f]s1 until ! outrage ( ,agamemnon is entirely wip$ away#bbg3 #bbf ,il4 i4 #ajf-bdd4 #bbg ,il4 ix4 #chg4 ' 4 ,:5 he has conclud$1 all 8 he>]s1 aba%$ by 8 mascul9e wra?1 are sil5t = a :ile4 ,!n ,phnix1 9 ! longe/ spee* ( ! poem1 p\rs =? 8 unselfi% & w>m1 b prolix & digressive affection4 ,?is spee* displays f> less ( rhetorical res\rce1 ?an t ( ,ulysses4 ,ulysses _h conc$$1 z x 71 ! "r ( ,a*illes to an unb\nd$ res5tm5t aga9/ ,agamemnon 7#cjj73 ,phnix1 on ! contr>y1 by p>able1 m5aces him ) retribution f ! ,er9s1 unless he %all subdue ! mighty s\l )9 him4 ,b ,a*illes1 t\*$ 9 8 bett] nature1 gives way a little to ! m e?ical appeal1 :]e he _h be5 inflexible & invuln]able be=e ! intellectual & rhetorical address4 ,he n[ bids ,phnix come himself1 & sleep 9 8 encampm5t3 !re !y c consid] toge!r1 9 ! morn+1 :e!r to g or to /ay 7#fah74 ,/ill he ann\nces1 t no?+ w induce him to quit ! %ips = ! field 7#fji74 ,next comes blunt ,ajax into ! pal/ra2 deprecates ! wa/+ ( "t2 is = tak+ back ! answ]1 bad z x may be3 ,a*illes has evid5tly made up 8 m9d2 & c>es n a ru% = all or any ( !m4 #8,:at1' says ! simple man-m\nta91 #8! homicide ( a bro!r or *ild is aton$ = by a f9e1 & yet "h is all ?is to-d ab\t a girl4 ,aye1 & a s+le girl2 :5 we (f] sev5 ( ! v be/1 & ev] s mu* besides4' ,hav+ ?us rea*$ ! acm ( 8 arts1 he n[ aims at ! fri5dly feel+ ( ,a*illes1 & 9 a s+le ^w bids him be placable to m5 :om he has admitt$ b5ea? 8 ro(1 & :om he owns = z loyal fri5ds z ! :ole army c\ld f9d him4 ,! lev]age ( ?is /raight=w>d spee*1 :i* is only sav$ by k9dl9ess f fall+ into rud5ess1 aga9 produces an initial movem5t t[>ds concession on ! "p ( ! great h]o4 ,he replies 9 effect to ,ajax1 #8,y h spok5 well3 ,i l y\r way ( go+ to "w3 b my he>t swells & boils ) ! %ame inflict$ on me be=e ! ,greeks by ,agamemnon4 ,tell !m !n'--!re is n[ no ann\ncem5t ( sett+ sail2 nay1 !re is no long] any ne$ = debate 9 ! morn+ :e!r to set sail or n--#8tell !m t ,i fight no m1 till ,hector1 c>ry+ slaught] & fire1 %all rea* ?is camp1 ^! %ips4 ,ke5 z he may be1 x w !n be "t en\gh = ,,me to /ay 8 onw>d pa?4' ,su* is ! rem>kable c\rse ( ?is debate4 ,b ,ulysses1 :5 !y return to ,agamemnon--mean+ probably to br+ him & all ! ,greeks fairly to bay--takes no notice ( ! p>tial relaxations ( ! iron w ( ,a*illes1 b simply reports t he has ?reat5$ to set sail4 ,!n comes ! turn ( ,diom$4 #8,y 7 wrong to cr+e to him4 ,( himself1 he is arrogant en\gh3 y h made him worse4 ,let him alone2 he w come :5 he ?9ks prop]1 or :5 ,provid5ce wills x2 & no soon]4 ,my advice is t we sleep & eat n[1 & fight at dawn4 ,i1 at any rate1 w be !re1 9 ! =emo/ ( ! battle4' ,function ( ! ,assembly4 ,we w n[ proce$ to consid] ! nature & place ( ! or ,assembly1 9 ! h]oic age3 & a view ( ! proce$+s on sev]al occasions w fur!r illu/rate ! great & div]sifi$ oratorical res\rces ( ! ,poet4 ,a p _c live 9 its corporate capacity )\t int]mission1 & ! k+ is ! /&+ repres5tative ( ! community4 ,b yet ! 1 or ,assembly1 is ! true c5tre ( its life & its vital motion1 z ! mon>* is ( its functional or adm9i/rative activity2 & ! greate/ ultimate p[]1 :i* ! k+ possesses1 is t ( influ5ce ^u 8 subjects collect$ !re1 ?r\gh ! comb9$ m$ium ( _! rev]5ce = 8 p]son1 & ( 8 own p[]s ( p]suasion4 ,9 ! case ( ! army be=e ,troy1 to ! /r5g? ( ^! ord9>y motives is add$1 along ) a c]ta9 _s ( res5tm5t = injury receiv$ 9 ! p]son ( ,hel51 ! hope ( a ri* booty on ! capture ( ! city1 & ! pr9ciple ( pure milit>y hon\r2 nev] p]haps m p[]fully drawn ?an 9 ! ,iliad1 nor ) great] fre$om f extravagances1 by :i* x is sometimes made to ride ov] ! heads ( duty & ju/ice1 its only lawful sup]iors4 ,fir/1 x w\ld appe> to h belong$ to ! ,assembly1 n inde$ to di/ribute ! spoil1 b to cons5t to its di/ribution by ! *ief comm&]1 & 8 bro!r-lead]s4 ,to ! =m] x is imput$ 9 ! ,n9? ,book4 ,b 9 ! ,fir/ ,book ,a*illes says to him 9 ! ,assembly1 ,we ! ,greeks 77 w requite y ?ree & f\r-fold1 :5 ,troy is tak5#bbh4 ,x is probable t he "h means to speak ( ! *iefs alone1 7b only s f> z ! act ( di/ribution is conc]n$17 because ,!rsites uses ! v same expression 7 #bbi7 9 ! ,second ,book4 ,!re=e ! division ( booty 0 probably made on ! k+'s proposal1 ) ! aid ( ! *iefs1 b ) ! g5]al k & cons5t ( ! army1 & 9 "r ( t cons5t on _! "p4 #bbh ,il4 i4 #abg4 #bbi ii4 #bbg4 ,x mu/ be rememb]$ all along1 t ! /ate ( political society1 :i* ,hom] repres5ts to u1 is t 9 :i* ! diff]5t elem5ts ( p[] we> _! orig9al & natural =ms2 nei!r mu* alt]$ z yet by ! elaborate contrivances ( man1 nor driv5 into _! sev]al extremes by ! consequ5ces ( long /rife1 gre$y appetite1 & furi\s passions1 excit$ by ! temptations :i* ! accumulation ( prop]ty pres5ts4 ,9 ^? simple times1 :5 ! functions ( gov]nm5t 7 few1 & its acts1 except p]haps ! trial ( private causes1 f> betwe51 !re 0 no =mal di/ribution ( political rights1 z if !y c\ld be made ! object ( ambiti\s or cont5ti\s cupidity3 b ! gr& social p[] t mov$ ! ma*9e 0 9 ! det]m9ations ( ! 1 h[ev] in=mally decl>$4 ,grote has obs]v$1 t 9 ! ,hom]ic no division ( affirmative & negative voices ev] takes place4 ,x w\ld require a volume to discuss all t ?is rem>k involves & indicates4 ,i w h[ev] obs]ve t ! pr9ciple surely _c be made good f hi/ory or 9 philosophy1 t numb]s prevail by an inh]5t "r4 ,decision by majorities is z mu* an exp$i5t1 z light+ by gas4 ,9 adopt+ x z a rule1 we are n realiz+ p]fection1 b b[+ to imp]fection4 ,we foll[ x z be/ = u1 n z be/ 9 itself4 ,! only "r to comm&1 z ,burke has said1 resides 9 wisdom & virtue4 ,9 _! application to human affairs1 ^! great p[]s h commonly be5 qualifi$1 on ! "o h& by tradition & prepossession1 on ! o!r h& by =ce4 ,decision by majorities has ! great m]it ( avoid+1 & t by a te/ p]fectly def9ite1 ! la/ resort to viol5ce2 & ( mak+ =ce itself ! s]vant in/ead ( ! ma/] ( au?ority4 ,b our c\ntry /ill rejoices 9 ! belief1 t %e does n decide all ?+s by majorities4 ,! fir/ ,greeks nei!r knew ! use ( ?is num]ical dogma1 nor ! abuse ( x4 ,!y did n employ x z an in/rum5t1 & 9 t !y lo/3 b !y did n wor%ip x z an idol1 & 9 t !y greatly ga9$4 ,votes 7 n poll$ 9 ! ,olympus ( ,hom]2 yet a m9ority ( influ5tial gods c>ry ! day 9 fav\r ( ! ,greeks aga9/ ! majority1 & aga9/ _! ,head4 ,!re surely c\ld n be a gross] error ?an to d5y e p[] to be a real "o1 unless we are able bo? to measure its results 9 a table ( /ati/ics1 & to trace at e /ep1 ) our weak & p>tial vision1 ! precise mode by :i* x works t[>ds its end4 ,great decisions all tak5 !re4 ,we h se51 9 ! fir/ place1 t all ! great decisions ( ! ,w> 7 tak5 9 ! ,assembly ( ! ,greeks4 ,& "h ! fir/ reflection t arises is1 h[ deeply ?is me?od ( political action mu/ h be5 engra9$ 9 _! habits & ideas1 :5 x c\ld survive ! transition f peace to w>1 &1 not)/&+ its palpable inconv5i5ces 9 a camp1 =m ! practical rule ( its proce$+s "u ! eye ( ! enemy4 ,! =ce ( ?is consid]ation is rais$ to ! utmo/ height by ! case ( ! ,night ,assembly 9 ! ,n9? ,book4 ,! ,trojans1 no long] conf9$ to _! walls1 are ly+ beside a ?\s& wat*-fires1 j outside ! ramp>t4 ,"s important measure is absolutely dem&$ on ! in/ant by ! d[nca/ condition ( ! less ?an half-beat51 b /ill ?or\ghly disc\rag$ army4 ,yet n ev5 "u ^! circum/ances w\ld ,agamemnon act individually1 or ) ! k+s alone4 ,he s5ds 8 h]alds r\nd ! camp 7,il4 ix4 #aa71 1 to summon an ,assembly noiselessly1 & man by man4 ,c !re be a m conclusive pro( ( ! vig\r1 ) :i* ! popul> pr9ciple ent]$ into ! idea ( ! ,hom]ic polities8 ,if x be said t su* an op]ation c\ld h>dly be effect$ at night )\t /ir1 ,i reply t if x be s1 ! argum5t = ! p[] & vitality ( ! ,assembly is b /r5g!n$3 = ,hom] 0 evid5tly f> m c>eful to speak 9 h>mony ) ! political tone ( 8 c\ntry ?an to measure out "t by ! h\r & m9ute1 or place by ! y>d1 foot1 & in*2 z valu+ n ! latt] me?ods less1 b ! =m] m4 ,! ,greek army1 9 fact1 is nei!r m nor less ?an1 s to speak1 ! ,/ate 9 uni=m4 ,z ! soldi] ( ^? days 0 simply ! citiz5 arm$1 s ! armam5t 0 ! aggregate ( arm$ citiz5s1 :o1 9 all except _! arms & ! h&l+ ( !m1 cont9u$ to be :at !y _h be5 be=e4 ,b :5 we f9d t 9 su* great em]g5cies political ideas did n give way to milit>y exp$i5cy1 we _c1 ,i ?9k1 b conclude t ^? ideas re/$ on broad & deep f\ndations4 ,x fur!r t5ds to %[ ! free nature ( ! relation betwe5 ! ,assembly & ! ,comm&]-9-*ief1 t x might be summon$ by o!rs1 z well z by him4 ,we are told explicitly 9 ! ,fir/ ,book1 t ,a*illes call$ x toge!r1 z he did aga9 9 ! ,n9ete5? = ! ,reconciliation4 ,on ! second ( ^! occasions1 x may h be5 8 purpose t ! rep>ation %\ld be z public z _h be5 ! insult3 at any rate !re 0 a det]m9ation to make ! reconciliation f9al1 absolute1 & ?or\gh4 ,b1 at ! =m] "t1 ! act p>took ( ! nature ( a moral appeal f ,agamemnon to ! army4 ,x illu/rat$1 9 ! fir/ place1 ! pr9ciple ( publicity s preval5t 9 ! ,greek polities4 ,t :i* ,cal*as _h to decl>e1 he mu/ decl>e n 9 a #8hole & corn]1' b on 8 responsibility1 liable to *all5ge1 subject to ! if he told less ?an ! tru?1 z well z to ! res5tm5t ( ! sov]eign if he %\ld v5ture on divulg+ x entire4 ,b secondly1 x %[s t ,a*illes held ! ,greeks at l>ge entitl$ & b\nd to be p>ties to ! transaction4 ,he meant t ! ,greeks %\ld see 8 wrong4 ,p]haps he hop$ t !y w\ld int]cept its infliction4 ,?is at any rate is cle>3 he comm5c$ ! debate ) measur$ repro(s ( ,agamemnon#bcj2 b aft]w>ds he rose1 ) a wid] scope1 to a m int5se & a bitt]] /ra9#bca4 #bcj ,il4 i4 #aba-i4 #bca ,ibid4 #adi-ga4 ,:5 he f\nd t ! mon>* 0 det]m9$1 & :5 he _h repress$ ! access ( rage :i* tempt$ him to summ>y rev5ge1 he began to use language n n[ ( m]e invective aga9/ ,agamemnon1 b ( su* invective z t5d$ to set him at odds ) ! p4 ,!n fur!r on1 p]haps because !y did n e*o back 8 s5tim5ts1 & become active p>ties to ! t]rible fray1 he bo? taunts & ?reat5s !m4 ,= he beg9s#bcb1 #8,c[>d t ?\ art6 ,nev] ha/ ?\ d>$ to arm ) ! p = ! fight1 or ) ! lead]s = ! ambu%4' ,& !n#bcc4 #8,dev\r] ( ! p6 ov] :at nobodies ?\ rule/6 or surely ?is w\ld be ! la/ ( y\r misde$s4' ,aga91 9 ! p]oration#bcd1 #8,by ?is mighty oa?1 e man among y %all lam5t ! abs5ce ( ,a*illes4' #bcb ,ibid4 #bbe4 #bcc ,ibid4 #bca4 #bcd ,ibid4 #bci4 ,opposition 9 ! ,agor4 ,x has (t5 be5 ass]t$ t ! pr9ciple ( popul> opposition 9 debate is only repres5t$ by ,!rsites4 ,b let u proce$ /ep by /ep4 ,x is at any rate cle> en\gh t opposition by ! conf$]ate k+s is at once suffici5tly repres5t$ 9 ,a*illes2 & t x is n repres5t$ by him alone1 s9ce 9 ! ,assembly ( ! ,n9? ,book1 ,diom$ bo? /rongly repreh5d$ ,agamemnon1 & proposes a c\rse diametrically ! rev]se ( 82 :i* c\rse 0 =?) adopt$ by ! acclamations ( ! army4 ,! case ( ,!rsites4 ,let u n[ pass on to ,!rsites4 ,!re is no m s+ul> picture 9 ! ,iliad1 ?an t :i* he pres5ts to u4 ,x well des]ves exam9ation 9 detail4 ,hom] has evid5tly be5 at pa9s to conc5trate ^u ?is p]sonage all t c\ld make him odi\s to ! he>]s ( 8 song1 :ile nev]!less he puts into 8 m\? n only ! cant ( patriotism1 b also a case t w\ld p]haps h be5 popul>1 _h he n av]t$ ! fav\r ( ! army by 8 insol5t vulg>ity4 ,^u its m]its1 too1 x 0 a tol]able case1 b n a good "o2 = he 0 wrong 9 suppos+ ,a*illes placable2 & aga9 wrong 9 advis+ t ! ,greeks1 n[ )\t ,a*illes1 %\ld give way be=e ! ,trojans1 to :om !y 7 /ill sup]ior 9 w>4 ,he is 9 all ?+s ! rev]se ( ! great human ideals ( ,hom]4 ,z1 9 ! patt]n k+s & h]oes1 moral1 intellectual1 & corporeal excell5ces1 ea* 9 ! highe/ degree1 mu/ be comb9$1 s ,!rsites pres5ts a correspond+ complication ( de=mities to view4 ,z to ! fir/1 he is ! mo/ infam\s p]son 77 9 ! army2 & he relies = 8 influ5ce1 n on ! s5se & hon\r ( ! soldi]s1 b on a ve9 ( gross buffoon]y2 :i* he displays 9 ! only co>se allusion t is to be f\nd 9 all ! spee*es ( ! poems4 ,z to ! second head1 8 voluble spee* is z void ( ord] z ( dec5cy#bce4 ,z to ! ?ird1 he is lame1 b&y-legg$#bcf1 hump-back$1 r\nd-%\ld]$1 peak-head$1 & la/ly1 7among ! 17 he is bald1 or inde$ worse1 = on 8 head a hair is plant$ "h & !re#bcg4 ,la/ly1 hateful to all#bch1 he is mo/ ( all hateful to1 z well z spiteful aga9/1 ! two p>am\nt h]oes ( ! poems1 ,a*illes & ,ulysses3 an obs]vation ins]t$ ) equal +5uity & significance1 because ,hom]1 by ins]t+ x1 effectually cuts (f any fav\r :i* ,!rsites might o!rwise h ga9$ ) 8 he>]s f seem+ to take ! side ( ! wrong$ ,a*illes4 ,x is also wor?y ( note1 z indicat+ h[ ,hom] felt ! /r5g? ( t bond :i* unites toge!r all great excell5ces ( :atev] k9d4 ,^u a slight & ext]ior view1 ! two great *>act]s ( ,a*illes & ,ulysses appe> antagoni/ic1 & we might expect to f9d _! likes & dislikes runn+ 9 opposite directions4 ,b z1 9 ! ,n9? ,book1 ,ulysses is decl>$ by ,a*illes to be "o ( ^? :om he loves be/ among ! ,greeks#bci1 s "h !y are unit$ 9 c>ry+ to ! highe/ degree a common antipa?y to ,!rsites4 #bce ,il4 ii4 #bac4 #bcf 4 ,see ,buttmann1 ,liddell & ,scott4 ,commonly r5d]$ #8squ9t+4' #bcg ,il4 ii4 #bad-ai4 #bch ,ibid4 #bge1 #bbj4 #bci ,il4 ix4 #aih4 ,:ile depriv+ ! wret* ( all qualities t c\ld attract t[>ds him ! slighte/ %>e ( sympa?y1 ,hom] has tak5 c>e to leave ,!rsites 9 full possession ( e ?+ t 0 necess>y = 8 trade2 an ample fl[ ( spee* 7#bac71 & no small p[] ( vulg> invective 7#bae74 ,aga91 ! quality ( m]e scurrility assign$ to ,!rsites1 & well exemplifi$ 9 8 spee*1 /&s alike di/+ui%$ 9 ,hom] f ! ve9 ( fun1 :i* he c op5 9 ! grave ,ulysses ( ! ,odyssey1 ev5 :ile he is "u t]ror ( ! ,cyclops2 & f t trem5d\s & p]haps /ill unrivall$ p[] ( s>casm1 ( :i* we h f\nd ! climax 9 ,a*illes4 ,9 ! %ort spee* ( ,!rsites1 ,hom] has contriv$ to exhibit /rik+ examples ( malice 7vv4 #bbf1 #bcd71 co>s5ess 7#bcb71 vanity 7vv4 #bbh1 #bca1 #bch71 c[>dice 7#bcf72 :ile x is a tissue ( consummate impud5ce ?r\gh\t4 ,( ?is we f9d ! f9e/ /roke at ! end ( x1 :]e he says#bdj1 #bdj ,9 #bcg he appe>s to foll[ :at ,a*illes _h said i4 #agj4 ' 1 1 1 #bda4 #bda ,il4 ii4 #bda1 #b4 ,= "h ! wret* apes ,a*illes1 :om 7= ! sake ( damag+ ,agamemnon7 he affects to patronize1 &1 ov] & above ! pret5sion to speak ( 8 feel+s z if he _h be5 tak5 into 8 confid5ce on ! occasion1 he actually closes ) ! v l9e :i* ,a*illes1 at ! mom5t ( high passion1 _h us$ 9 ! ,assembly ( ! ,fir/ ,book 7i4 #bcb74 ,if we consid] ! selection ( topics ea* by !mselves1 ) ref]5ce to effect1 ! spee* is n )\t a c]ta9 3 he hits ! av>ice ( ,agamemnon h>d 7#bbf72 & 8 responsibility z a rul] 7#bcd73 :ile pret5d+ to incite ! c\rage ( ! ,greeks 7#bce71 he flatt]s _! home-sickness & fa9t-he>t$ness by c\nsell+ ! return 7#bcf72 &1 9 support+ ,a*illes1 he plausibly reckons on be+ f\nd to h tak5 ! popul> side4 ,b if we reg>d x1 z e spee* %\ld be reg>d$1 ) ref]5ce to "s p>am\nt purpose1 x is really s5seless & inconsequ5t4 ,dwell+ z he does ^u ! wrong done to ,a*illes1 & ass]t+ ! placability ( t *iefta91 he ought to h end$ ) recomm5d+ an attempt to comp5sate & appease him2 in/ead ( :i* he recomm5ds ! ,return1 :i* _h be5 j ab&on$4 ,b ! real extravagance ( ! spee* comes out only 9 connection ) 8 self-love2 :51 l _m bett] m51 he :olly loses :atev] s5se ( ! ridicul\s he might possess4 ,x is n only #8! wom5 :om we give y' 7#bbg72 #8! s]vice :i* we r5d] y' 7#bch71 b x is also #8! gold#bdb t "s ,trojan may br+ to ransom 8 son1 :om ,i1 or else "s o!r ,greek1 may h l$ captive4' ,i1 ,!rsites1 or "s o!r ,greek6 ,! only ,greek1 ( :om we he> 9 ! ,iliad z hav+ made & sold on ransom captives dur+ ! w>1 is ,a*illes#bdc2 & x is ) him t ,!rsites ?us c\ples himself4 ,^u ?is1 ,ulysses1 p]ceiv+ t he /&s 9 opposition to ! prevail+ s5tim5t ( ! ,assembly1 sil5ces him by a judici\s application ( ! sceptre to 8 back & %\ld]s3 yet n ev5 ,!rsites does he sil5ce by =ce1 until he has fir/ rebuk$ him by reason+#bdd4 #bdb ,il4 ii4 #bbi-ca4 #bdc xxi4 #dj1 #gi4 xxii4 #dd4 #bdd #bdf-ef4 ,su* are ! facts ( ! case ( ,!rsites4 ,are we to inf] f x1 ) ,grote1 t ,hom] has made him ugly & execrable because he 0 a presumptu\s critic1 ?\gh 8 virul5t reproa*es 7 sub/antially well f\nd$1 & t 8 fate1 & ! :ole circum/ances ( ?is ,assembly1 %[ #8! degradation ( ! mass ( ! p be=e ! *iefs#bde8' #bde ,grote's ,hi/4 ,greece1 vol4 ii4 #ie1 #f4 ,9 rally+ ! ,greeks1 says ! di/+ui%$ hi/orian#bdf1 ,ulysses flatt]s & soo!s ! *iefs1 b drives ! p ) h>% reprim& & bl[s4 ,n[ surely1 z to ! m]e matt] ( fact1 ?is is n q s4 ,x is n ! p1 b ^? :om he caught c>ry+ ! matt] by %\ts1 in/ead ( return+ to he> reason 9 ! ,assembly1 t he /ruck ) ! sceptre#bdg3 #bdf ,ibid4 pp4 #if1 #ih4 #bdg ,il4 ii4 #aih4 ' ' 1 ' & x may be obs]v$1 t he addresses all classes alike by ! ^w #bdh2 :i*1 ?\gh a t]m ( expo/ulation1 is n "o ( disrespect4 #bdh ,ibid4 #aij1 #bjj4 ,if ,!rsites repres5t$ ! pr9ciple ( reason+ 9 ! public ,assembly1 we might well see 9 ! treatm5t ( him ! degradation ( ! p4 ,b x is rail+1 & n reason+1 t he repres5ts2 & ,hom] has sep>at$ widely betwe5 ?is individual & ! mass ( ! army1 by in=m+ u t 9 ! g5]al op9ion ,ulysses _h r5d]$ a s]vice1 ev5 great] ?an any ( 8 =m] ones1 by putt+ d[n ,!rsites4 #8,ulysses has done a ?\s& good ?+s 9 c\ncil & 9 w>3 b ?is is ! be/ ( all1 t he has /opp$ ! sc\ndrel 9 8 ribaldry#bdi4' #bdi vv4 #bga-h4 ,!rsites spoke n aga9/ ,agamemnon only1 b aga9/ ! s5se ( ! :ole army 7#bab72 & ! gr\nd ( ! proce$+ ( ,ulysses is n laid 9 ! fact ( 8 hav+ resi/$ ,agamemnon1 or ,agamemnon ) ! :ole body ( ! k+s2 b 9 ! mann] ( 8 spee*1 & 9 8 hav+ act$ alone & aga9/ ! g5]al s5tim5t4 ,above all1 we mu/ recollect ! circum/ances1 "u :i* ,ulysses v5tur$ to *a/ise ev5 ?is rancor\s & f\l-m\!d rail]4 ,x 0 at a mom5t ( crisis1 nay1 ( agony4 ,! ru% f ! ,assembly to ! %ips did n foll[ ^u an ord]ly ass5t to a proposal1 su* z 0 g5]ally giv52 b x result$ f a tumultu\s impulse1 l t ( bla/s toss+ ! sea1 or sweep+ d[n ^u ! cornfield 7,il4 ii4 #add-ed74 ,if !re=e ,ulysses employs ! sceptre ( ,agamemnon to smite ^? :o 7 %\t+ 9 aid ( ?is ru9\s tumult 7ii4 #aih71 we ne$ n take ?is = a sample ( :at w\ld be done 9 ord9>y circum/ances1 m ?an ! fate ( ,wat ,tyl] = a type ( ,briti% fre$om "u ! ,plantag5ets4 ,odi\s too z 0 ,!rsites1 yet ! army1 amid/ a prepond]at+ s5tim5t ( approval1 /ill appe> to h felt "s regret at 8 mi%ap#bej2 #bej ,il4 ii4 #bgj4 1 1 ' = ! fir/ words w\ld sugge/1 t !y knew h[ to value ! lib]ty ( ?\ght1 :i* _h be5 abus$1 disgrac$1 & consequ5tly re/ra9$1 9 8 p]son4 ,surely x w\ld be mo/ precipitate to conclude1 f a case l ?is1 t ! debates ( ! ,assemblies 7 =mal1 & t !y _h no?+ to d b to li/5 to a %am discussion1 & to regi/] or foll[ decrees :i* 7 sub/antially ^? ( ,agamemnon only4 ,i believe t ! mi/ake involv$ 9 ! judgm5t we h be5 canvass+ is a d\ble "o3 a mi/ake ( ! relation ( ,agamemnon to ! o!r k+s & *iefs2 & a mi/ake ( ! relation ( ! sov]eigns g5]ally to _! subjects4 ,agamemnon 0 /rong 9 influ5ce & au?ority1 b he _h1 z we h already se51 no?+ l a despotic control ov] ! o!r k+s4 ,! k+s 7 /rong 9 p]sonal ability1 9 high desc5t1 9 ! sanction ( ,jupit]1 9 possession1 & 9 tradition3 b all _! /r5g?1 great z x 01 lay z a g5]al rule 9 ! direction ( influ5ce1 & n 9 t ( viol5ce4 ,i d n ?9k1 h[ev]1 t we ought to be cont5t$ ) ! m]ely negative mode ( treatm5t = ! case ( ,!rsites4 ,i _c b conceive t1 ^u an imp>tial review1 x may tea* m1 ?an is drawn f x by m]ely say+ t x does n prove ! ,assembly to h be5 an illusion4 ,we mu/ assume t ,hom]'s picture1 if n hi/orical1 at lea/ con=m$ to ! laws ( probability4 ,n[1 :at is ! picture8 ,t ! buffoon ( ! army1 :olly )\t influ5ce1 capable ( attract+ no respect1 :5 ! mass ( ! p _h ov]come _! homew>d impulse1 _h return$ to ! ,assembly1 & 7 await+ ! proposition ( ! k+s1 fir/ cont9ues to rail 77 :ile e "o else is sil5t1 & !n takes ^u himself ! initiative 9 recomm5d+ ! resumption ( ! project1 :i* !y _h t mom5t ab&on$4 ,if su* conduct c\ld be ascrib$ by ! ,poet to a creature %>p-witt$ en\gh1 & z c>eful z o!rs ( 8 own back1 does n ! v fact presuppose t fre$om ( debate 0 a ?+ 9 pr9ciple at lea/ kn[n & famili>8 ,agor on ! ,%ield 9 ,il4 xviii4 ,9 ! sc5e depict$ on ! ,%ield ( ,a*illes1 new evid5ce is af=d$ u t ! p took a real "p 9 ! conduct ( public affairs4 ,! p are 9 ,assembly4 ,a suit is 9 progress4 ,! matt] is "o ( homicide2 & ! guilty p]son decl>es t he has paid ! prop] f9e1 :ile 8 antagoni/ av]s t he has n receiv$ x4 ,ea* presses = a judicial decision4 ,! p sympa?iz+1 "s ) "o1 & "s ) ! o!r1 *e] !m on4 ' 1 ' #bea4 #bea ,il4 xviii4 #ejb4 ,i und]/& ! latt] words z decl>+1 n t ! h]alds =bade & put a /op to ! *e]+ ( ! p1 b ei!r t !y kept x )9 b\nds1 or r t1 :5 ! prop] "t came = ! judges to speak1 ^!1 ! h]alds1 procur$ sil5ce4 ,accord+ to ! mean+ ( 9 ,il4 ii4 #baa1 ' 1 ' 4 ,n[ ( ! *e]+ ( ! p ,i v5ture to say1 n t x raises a presumption (1 b t x actually con/itutes1 _! int]f]5ce4 ,! rule ( e tol]ably regulat$ assembly1 *>g$ ) ! conduct ( important matt]s1 is to p]mit no expressions ( approval or o!rwise dur+ ! proce$+s1 except f ! p>ties imm$iately belong+ to ! body4 ,! total exclusion ( applause 9 judicial cases belongs to a /ate ( m9d & mann]s diff]5t f t ( ! h]oic age4 ,b ! exclusion ( all applause by m]e /rang]s to ! bus9ess re/s ^u a tru? common to e age2 namely1 t su* applause con/itutes a %>e 9 ! bus9ess1 & contributes to ! decision4 ,x w be rememb]$ h[ ! cries ( ! ,gall]ies became "o ( ! griev\s sc&als ( ! fir/ revolution 9 ,france1 & h[ l>gely !y affect$ ! det]m9ations ( ! ,national ,assembly4 ,! irregul> use ( su* a p[] is a =midable invasion ( legislative or judicial fre$om3 ! all[$ possession ( ! privilege am\nts to p>ticipation 9 ! (fice ( ! /atesman or ! judge1 & demon/rates ! sub/antive position ( ! 1 or p1 9 ! ,assemblies ( ! h]oic age4 ,b app>5tly _! function 0 n complet$ by m]ely enc\rag+ ! litigant1 ) :om ea* man might *ance to sympa?ize4 ,= we are told n only t ! ,judges1 t is to say1 ! 1 deliv]$ _! op9ions consecutively1 b likewise t !re lay 9 ! sight ( all two gold5 tal5ts1 to be giv5 to him :o %\ld pron\nce ! faire/ judgm5t 7xviii4 #ejh72 1 4 ,?us x is pla9 t ! judge :o might d be/ 0 to get ! two tal5ts3 b :o 0 to give !m8 ,n ! or eld]s !mselves1 surely2 = among !m ! competition lay4 ,!re c\ld be b "o way 9 :i* ! disposal ( ?is fee c\ld be settl$3 namely1 by ! g5]al acclamation ( ! p1 to be express$1 aft] he>+ ! respective p>ties1 9 fav\r ( him ^: s5tim5ts !y mo/ approv$4 ,& ^?1 to :om x may seem /range to speak ( vote by acclamation1 %\ld rememb]1 t d[n to ?is day1 9 all delib]ative assemblies1 an ov]p[]+ proportion ( ! votes are votes by acclamation1 or by ! /ill less def9ite te/ ( sil5ce4 ,! small m9ority ( in/ances1 :5 a diff]5ce ( op9ion is s]i\sly press$1 are n[ settl$ by ari?metic2 !y w\ld !n h be5 adju/$ by "s prud5t appeal to ! g5]al w1 proce$+ f a p]son ( ability & weight4 ,inde$ ev5 n[1 9 cases :5 ! numb]s approximate to ^? ( ! ,greek army1 !re c be no bon fide decision by ari?metic4 ,! dem&1 h[ev]1 t diss5sion %all be ! only all[$ crit]ion ( lib]ty1 is "o :i* really wors5s ! condition ( human nature beyond :at ! tru? ( exp]i5ce requires4 ,decisions 9 ,assemblies ( ,il4 vii4 & ix4 ,& f9ally1 :at %all we say to ! direct evid5ce ( ,agamemnon himself8 ,idu#beb1 ! ,trojan h]ald1 arrives ) ! (f] to re/ore ! /ol5 prop]ty1 b n ,hel54 ,he is receiv$ 9 dead sil5ce4 ,aft] a pause1 ,diom$ gives utt]ance to ! g5]al feel+4 #8,nei!r w we h ! goods )\t ,hel51 nor yet ,hel5 ) ! goods4 ,troy is doom$4' ,! ,assembly %\ts its approbation4 ,agamemnon imm$iately addresses himself to ! mess5g]2 #8,idu1 y he> ! s5se ( ! ,a*ans1 h[ !y answ] y2 & ,i ?9k ) !m4' ,at ! lea/ ?is is a decl>ation z express z words c make x1 & proce$+ out ( ! m\? ( ! rival au?ority1 to ! effect t ! acclamation ( ! ,assembly 01 = all practical purposes1 its vote1 & t x requir$ only concurr5ce f ! k+1 to inve/ x ) ! fulle/ au?ority4 ,9 ! ,n9? ,iliad1 z we h se51 ! vote held good ev5 )\t t concurr5ce#bec4 #beb ,il4 vii4 #cha4 #bec ,sup4 p4 #ajj4 ,we may n[1 ,i hope1 proce$ ^u ! gr\nd t we are n to take ! ill success ( a f\lm\!d sc\ndrel1 dete/$ by ! :ole army1 z a sample ( :at w\ld h happ5$ to ! p1 or ev5 a "p ( !m1 :5 diff]+ 9 judgm5t f _! k+4 ,b :at %all we say to ! argum5t1 t no case is f\nd :]e a p]son ( humble condition takes "p 9 ! debates ( ! ,assemblies8 ,no d\bt ! conduct ( debates 0 virtually 9 ! h&s ( ^? ^: bir?1 weal?1 /ation1 & habits ( life gave !m capacity = public affairs4 ,ev5 9 ! n9ete5? c5tury1 x v r>ely happ5s t a work+ man takes "p 9 ! proce$+s ( a c\nty meet+3 b no "o w\ld on t acc\nt suppose t su* an assembly c be us$ z ! m]e tool ( ! class :o conduct ! debate1 f> less ( any individual prom95t 9 t class4 ,if we _c conceive fre$om )\t p]petual discord1 ! fai?ful p]=mance ( ! duty ( in=mation & advice )\t co]cion & oppression1 x is a sign ei!r ( our n>r[-m9d$ness1 or ( our political deg5]acy2 b a feeble eye does n impair ! reality ( ! object on :i* x may happ5 to be fix$4 ,/ill we may admit t among ! num]\s assemblies ( ! ,iliad1 !re is no in/ance :]e ass5t is giv5 by "o "p ( ! ,assembly1 & )held by ! o!r4 ,!re is1 z we h se51 a cle> & /rong case :]e ! op9ion ( ! comm&]-9-*ief is reject$1 & t ( an inf]ior comm&] adopt$ 9 its /ead4 ,?is 9 my op9ion goes f> to prove all t is necess>y4 ,we h f ! ,odyssey1 h[ev]1 ! means ( go+ fur!r /ill4 ,only1 be=e leav+ ! ,iliad1 let u obs]ve ! t]ms 9 :i* ! ,greek ,assemblies are address$ by ! k+s3 !y are d5om9at$ fri5ds & h]oes2 names :i* at lea/ appe> to imply _! title to judge1 or freely to concur1 at lea/ z mu* z su* a title 0 recognis$ 9 ! anci5t c\ncils & assemblies ( ! ,anglo-saxons4 ,0 ?is appe>ance a mock]y8 ,i d n say we %\ld comp>e x ) ! organiz$1 secure & regul> privileges ( a few nations 9 mod]n days4 ,b x w\ld be a f> great] mi/ake to treat x z an idle =m1 or z o!rwise ?an a weighty reality4 ,division 9 ! ,drunk5 ,assembly4 ,f :at is relat$ 9 t poem to h occurr$ aft] ! capture ( ,troy1 x becomes abundantly cle> t ! function ( ! ,greek ,assembly 0 n conf9$ to li/5+4 ,! army met 9 :at1 = ! sake ( di/9ction1 we may call ! ,drunk5 ,assembly#bed4 ,n[1 ! influ5ce ( w9e ^u its proce$+s is amply suffici5t to %[ t its acts 7 ! acts ( ! p3 = ,hom] nev] all[s 8 *iefs to be mov$ f _! self-possession by ! p[] ( liquor4 #bed ,od4 iii4 #aci4 ,!re 0 a m>k$ diff]5ce ( op9ion on t occasion3 ! p took _! sides2 7,od4 iii4 #aej74 ,"o half emb>k$2 ! residue /aid beh9d ) ,agamemnon 7#aee-g74 ,! moiety1 :i* _h sail$ away1 split aga9 7#afb72 & a portion ( !m w5t back to ,agamemnon4 ,we see1 inde$1 ?r\gh\t ! ,odyssey1 h[ freely ! crews ( ,ulysses spoke or act$1 :5 !y ?\ght fit1 9 opposition to 8 views4 ,if x be said1 we mu/ n argue f ! unruly spee*es ( m5 9 great /raits at sea1 ! answ] is1 fir/1 t _! necessities might r t5d to induce _! acquiesc5ce 9 a /rict] discipl9e2 & secondly1 t _! lib]ty1 & ev5 lic5se1 are n out ( keep+ ) ! g5]al tone ( ! relations betwe5 freem5 ( diff]5t classes1 z exhibit$ to u else:]e 9 ! ,hom]ic poems4 ,x may1 inde$1 be said1 t ! divisions ( ! ,greeks 9 ! f9al proce$+s at ,troy 7 divisions1 n ( ! m51 b ( ! *iefs4 ,?is1 h[ev]1 ^u ! face ( ! text1 is v d\btful4 ,we see f ! tale ( ! ,pseudo-,ulysses1 9 ! ,?irte5? ,odyssey 7#bfe1 #f71 t !re 7 p>ties & sep>ate action 9 ! ,greek cont+5ts3 & x is probably to ^! t ,ne/or may allude1 :5 he recomm5ds ! ,review 9 ord] t ! responsibility ( ! (fic]s may be br\ght home to !m individually4 ,n[1 9 ! case be=e u1 ! fir/ division is ?us describ$4 ,m5elaus exhort$ all ! ,greeks 7 7 to g home3 ,agamemnon disagre$ 7#ada1 #c73 :ile !y 7 conte/+ ! po9t1 ! ,assembly rose 9 two p>ties 7vv4 #adi1 #ej72 ' 4 ,!re is no intimation "h t ! p 9 divid+ simply foll[$ _! *iefs4 ,nay1 ! tone ( ! description is su* z obliges u to und]/& t ! movem5t 0 a popul> "o1 & took its rise f ! debate3 s t1 ev5 if ! *iefs & _! m5 kept toge!r respectively1 z !y may h done1 /ill ! *iefs may probably h foll[$ q z mu* z !y l$4 ,aga91 :5 ! second sep>ation takes place1 x is ?us describ$1 #8,"o portion return$1 "u ,ulysses1 to ,agamemnon4 ,progno/icat+ evil1 ,i made sail homew>ds ) ! :ole body ( my %ips1 :i* foll[$ me4 ,diom$ did ! same1 & 7 ' 7 invit$ 8 m5 7to d x74 ,& aft] u at la/ came ,m5elaus4' 7vv4 #afb-h74 ,n[ "h in/ruction is giv5 u on ?ree po9ts3 #a4 ,diom$ urg$ 8 m52 !re=e x 0 n a m]e matt] ( c\rse t !y %\ld g4 #b4 ,ne/or m5tions especially t 8 division all kept toge!r 7 72 !re=e ?is did n always happ54 #c4 ,x is v unlikely t ! "p1 :i* is fir/ nam$ z hav+ return$ ) ,ulysses1 %\ld h be5 conf9$ to 8 own petty cont+5t4 ,?us x is left 9 great d\bt1 :e!r ! *iefs & m5 did uni=mly keep toge!r3 & ! t5\r ( ! n>rative fav\rs ! supposition1 t ! m5 at lea/ contribut$ mat]ially to any jo9t conclusions4 ,i?acan ,assembly ( ,od4 ii4 ,z1 9 ! fir/ ,assembly ( ! ,iliad1 ,a*illes acts 8 p]sonal qu>rel 9 ! public eye1 & lodges a sort ( tacit appeal aga9/ ,agamemnon1 s1 9 t ( ! ,odyssey1 ,telema*us does ! l ) ref]5ce to ! ,suitors4 ,x is !re t he prote/s aga9/ _! cont9u$ consumption ( 8 sub/ance2 t he rejects _! c\nt]-proposal = ! dismissal ( 8 "m on _! behalf1 & t he himself f9ally prop\nds ! voyage to ! ma9l&#bee4 ,!re too we f9d a mo/ di/9ct recognition by ,m5tor1 8 gu>dian1 ( ! p[]s & rights ( ! p2 = he l\dly compla9s ( _! sitt+ sil5t1 num]\s z !y are#bef1 in/ead ( int]pos+ to rebuke ! h&ful ( ,suitors t 7 ! wrongdo]s4 ,b if1 accord+ to ! g5ius & usages ( ! h]oic age1 ! p _h no?+ to d b to li/5 & obey _! bett]s1 ! expectation t !y %\ld h ris5 to def5d a m9or aga9/ ! associat$ ari/ocracy ( ! c\ntry w\ld h be5 absurd1 & c\ld n h be5 express$1 z we f9d x express$1 by ,m5tor4 #bee ,od4 ii4 #bab4 #bef ,od4 ii4 #bci-da4 ,x is true inde$1 z has be5 obs]v$ by ,tittmann#beg1 t ?is ,assembly makes no effective response to ! appeal ( ,telema*us2 & t ! ,suitor ,ant9\s is all[$ to decl>e 9 x 8 own int5tion1 & t ( 8 companions1 to cont9ue _! lawless proce$+s4 ,b :at we see 9 ! ,odyssey is n ! normal /ate ( ! h]oic polities3 x is "o ( ^? polities disorganiz$ by ! abs5ce ( its head1 ) a p1 z ! issue proves1 deeply ta9t$ by disloyalty4 ,yet let u see :at1 ev5 9 ?is /ate ( ?+s1 0 /ill ! weight ( ! ,agor4 ,fir/1 :5 ,telema*us desires to make an initial prote/ aga9/ ! acts ( ! ,suitors1 he calls x to 8 aid4 ,secondly1 ?\gh at ! outset ( ! discussion no concession is made to him1 yet he ga9s gr\nd z x proce$s4 ,! spee* ( ,ant9\s1 ! fir/ ,suitor :o addresses ! ,assembly 7,od4 ii4 #he-abh71 is 9 a tone ( %e] defiance1 & treats 8 attempt z a je/ & z an insult 7v4 #hf74 ,! next is t ( ,euryma*us2 :o1 :ile d]id+ ! om5s1 yet makes an advance by appeal+ to ,telema*us to take ! matt] into 8 own h&s1 & induce 8 "m to m>ry "o among !m 7#agh-bjg74 ,! ?ird1 t ( ,leiocritus1 conta9s a fur!r slight approximation2 = x conveys an ass5t to 8 propos$ voyage1 & recomm5ds t ,m5tor & ,ali!rses %all assi/ him 9 mak+ provision = x 7#bdb-ef74 ,?us ev5 "h we see t progression1 :i* may always be notic$ 9 ! ,hom]ic debates2 & ! influ5ce "u :i* x 0 effect$ mu/ surely h be5 an appreh5sion ( ! ,assembly1 to :i* bo? ,telema*us1 & /ill m directly ,m5tor1 _h appeal$4 #beg ,grie*4 ,/aatsv4 b4 ii4 p4 #eg4 ,?irdly1 h[ev]1 we p]ceive 9 ?is v acc\nt ! signs ( ! disord]$ & di/ract$ /ate ( ! public m9d4 ,=1 beyond a s5tim5t ( pity = ,telema*us :5 he bur/s into te>s 7v4 #ha71 !y make no sign ( approval or disapproval4 ,we miss 9 ,i?aca ! well-kn[n *e]s ( ! ,iliad1 ! ' 4 ,!y are dismiss$ )\t hav+ made a sign2 j z x is 9 ! ,assembly ( ! ,fir/ ,iliad 7an exception 9 t poem72 :]e ! m9d ( ! masses1 puzzl$ & bewild]$1 is n 9 a condition to enable !m to int]f]e by ! di/9ct expression ( _! sympa?ies#beh4 #beh ,od4 ii4 #beg4 ,il4 i4 #cje4 ,!re are1 h[ev]1 two o!r in/ances ( ,assemblies 9 ! ,odyssey4 ,phacian ,assembly ( ,od4 viii4 ,! fir/ ( ^! is ! ,assembly ( ! ,phacians 9 ! ,eigh? ,book2 :i* we may safely assume to be modell$ g5]ally accord+ to ! prevail+ mann]s4 ,! petition#bei ( ,ulysses to ,alc9\s is1 t he may be s5t onw>ds to 8 home4 ,! k+ replies1 t he w make arrangem5ts ab\t x on ! foll[+ day#bfj4 ,accord+ly1 ! ,assembly ( ! ,phacian p is call$3 ,m9]va h]self1 "u ! =m ( ! h]ald1 takes ! pa9s to summon ! pr9cipal p]sons#bfa4 ,alc9\s !n proposes t a %ip %all be got ready1 ) a crew ( fifty-two pick$ m5#bfb4 ,= 8 "p he w give to ?is crew1 toge!r ) ! k+s1 an ent]ta9m5t at ! palace be=e !y set out#bfc4 ,?is is all done )\t debate4 ,!n comes ! banquet1 & ! fir/ song ( ,demodocus4 ,! company next return to ! place ( assembly1 = ! games4 ,x is "h t ,ulysses is taunt$ by ,euryalus#bfd4 ,9 8 reply he appeals to 8 "* z a suppliant2 b he is ! suppliant ( ! k+ & all ! p1 n ( ! k+1 nor ev5 ( ! k+ & 8 bro!r k+s1 alone#bfe2 #bei ,od4 vii4 #aea4 #bfj ,od4 vii4 #ahi-id1 #cag4 #bfa ,od4 viii4 #g-ae4 #bfb ,! numb] des]ves rem>k4 ,fifty1 z we "k f ! ,catalogue1 0 a regul> %ip's crew ( r[]s4 ,:at 7 ! two8 ,probably a comm&]1 & a /e]sman4 ,! dual is us$ 9 bo? ! places :]e ! numb]s are m5tion$ 71 v]4 #cf1 1 #dh1 1 #di74 ,!re are o!r passages :]e ! dual ext5ds beyond ! numb] two1 to ?ree & f\r4 ,see ,nitzs*1 9 loc4 ,b ! use ( x "h ) s l>ge a numb] is rem>kable1 & may be be/ expla9$ by suppos+ t x ref]s to ! 1 :o 7 ! pr9cipal m5 ( ! crew1 & t ! fifty are n reg>d$ z =m+ "p ( ! subject ( ! v]b4 ,if ?is be s1 ! passage %[s u 9 a v simple =m ! rudim5t>y nautical ord] ( ! ,greek %ips4 #bfc ,od4 viii4 #ch4 #bfd ,od4 viii4 #aeh-fd4 #bfe ,od4 viii4 #aeg4 1 1 4 ,we mu/ !re=e assume t ,alc9\s1 9 8 proposal1 felt t he 0 act+ accord+ bo? to prec$5t & ! g5]al op9ion4 ,he does n ord] any measure to be tak51 b simply gives 8 op9ion 9 ! ,assembly ab\t provid+ a passage1 :i* is sil5tly accept$ 7v]4 #df74 ,yet ,i _c b take x = a sign ( ! /rong popul> infusion 9 ! political ideas ( ! age1 :5 we f9d t ev5 s slight a measure1 z ! dispat* ( ,ulysses1 0 ?\ght fit to be propos$ & settl$ !re4 ,b we h weighti] matt] dispos$ ( 9 ! ,tw5ty-f\r? ,odyssey1 :i* af=ds u an eigh? & la/ example ( ! ,greek ,assembly1 its p[]s1 & usages4 ,! havock made ( ! ,suitors by ,ulysses is at la/ discov]$ aft] ! bodies h be5 dispos$ (2 & ^u ! discov]y1 ! *iefs & p repair 9 a mass to ! op5 space :]e ,assemblies 7 held1 & :i* be>s ! same "n ) !m#bff4 ,"h ! p are address$ on ! "o side by ,eupei!s1 fa!r ( ! lead+ ,suitor ,ant9\s1 on ! o!r1 by ,m$on ! h]ald1 & ,ali!rses1 son ( ,ma/or ! ,se]4 ,& "h we are suppli$ ) fur!r pro(s1 t ! ,assemblies 7 n :olly unaccu/om$ to act accord+ to _! feel+s & op9ions4 ,!re is no sign ( p]plexity or confusion2 b !re is diff]5ce ( s5tim5t1 & ea* p>ty acts ^u its own4 ,m ?an half ! meet+ l\dly applaud ,ali!rses1 & break up1 det]m9$ n to m$dle 9 ! affair#bfg4 ,! o!r p>ty keep _! places1 hold+ ) ,eupei!s2 !y !n g to arm1 & und]take ! exp$ition aga9/ ,ulysses4 ,hav+ lo/ _! lead] by a spe>'s ?r[ ( ,la]tes1 = :i* ,m9]va _h suppli$ him ) /r5g?1 !y fall l %eep be=e ! weapons ( _! great *ief & 8 son4 ,yet1 ?\gh r\t$1 !y are n treat$ z crim9als = _! resi/ance2 b ! poem closes by in=m+ u t ,m9]va1 9 ! =m ( ,m5tor#bfh1 negotiat$ a peace betwe5 ! p>ties#bfi4 #bff ,probably ! /rictly prop] "n ( ! ,assembly1 z di/+ui%$ f ! place ( meet+1 is or 7z ,od4 iii4 #aca71 b ! "n common to ! two prevails4 #bfg ,od4 xxiv4 #dfc4 #bfh ,od4 xxiv4 #edf4 #bfi ,besides all ! p>ticul>s :i* h be5 cit$1 we h incid5tal notices scatt]$ ab\t ! poems1 :i* t5d exactly 9 ! same direction4 ,= example1 :5 ,*ryses prays = ! re/itution ( 8 daught]1 8 petition is address$ pr9cipally to ! two ,atrid1 b x is likewise address$ to ! :ole body ( 7,il4 i4 #ae71 t is1 ei!r to ! entire army1 or at any rate to all ! k+s2 or1 to all ! memb]s ( ! ,a*an race4 ,?is we may comp>e ) ! application ( ! pray] ( ,ulysses 9 ,s*]ia to ! k+ & p4 ,c\ncils or ,assemblies ( ,olympus4 ,s9ce ! ,assemblies ( ,olympus gr[ out ( ! poly!i/ic =m ( ! ,greek religion1 we mu/ treat !m z "p ( its human elem5t1 & z a reflection ( ! h]oic life4 ,!re w !re=e be an analogy p]ceptible betwe5 ! relation ( ,jupit] to ! o!r ,immortals 9 ! ,olympian ,assembly1 & t ( ! ,greek ,sov]eign to all or "s ( ^? ar\nd him4 ,b z ! deities meet 9 ! capacity ( rul]s1 we %\ld seek ?is analogy r 9 ! relation betwe5 ,agamemnon & ! k+s1 or betwe5 ! local sov]eign & 8 eld]s 771 ?an betwe5 ei!r ( ! two respective heads1 & ! mass ( ^? :om he rul$4 ,?is analogy is 9 sub/ance su/a9$ by ! poems4 ,! sov]eignty ( ,jupit] und\bt$ly /&s m elevat$1 among ! div9ities ( ,olympus1 ?an t ( ,agamemnon1 or any o!r ( 8 k+s1 on e>?4 ,x includes m ( ! elem5t ( =ce1 & x approximates m ne>ly to a positive supremacy4 ,accord+ly1 :atev] indicates fre$om 9 ,olympus w t5d a =tiori to %[1 t ! idea ( fre$om 9 debate 01 at lea/ z among ! *iefs1 famili> "h bel[4 ,yet ev5 9 ,olympus ! o!r *ief deities c\ld murmur1 argue1 & object4 ,! p[] ( ,jupit] is exhibit$ at its z5i? 9 ! ,assembly ( ! ,eigh? ,iliad1 :5 he viol5tly ?reat5s all t disobey1 & *all5ges ! :ole pack to try _! /r5g? ) him4 ,! vehem5ce ) :i* he spoke produc$ ! same intimidatory effect ^u ! gods1 z did ! great spee* ( ,a*illes ^u ! envoys3 & ! result ^u ! m9ds ( ! he>]s 9 ! two cases respectively1 is describ$ 9 l9es :i*1 ) ! exception ( a s+le ^w1 precisely correspond#bgj4 ,/ill1 imm$iately aft] ,jupit] has giv5 ! p]emptory ord] n to assi/ ei!r p>ty1 ,m9]va answ]s1 ,well1 we w n fight--:i* %e nev] _h done--b we w advise2 & ?is ,jupit] at once & *e]fully p]mits#bga4 ,b !re is m ?an ?is4 ,be ! cause :at x may1 ! p]sonal w ( ,jupit]1 fulfill$ z to ,a*illes#bgb1 is n fulfill$ z to ,troy4 ,! ,assembly ( ! ,f\r? ,book is op5$ ) a proposal f him1 t ,troy %all /&#bgc4 ,f ?is he rec$es1 & x is decid$ t ! city %all be de/roy$2 :ile ! only res]vation he makes is n at all on behalf ( ! ,trojans1 b simply on behalf ( 8 own fre$om to de/roy any o!r city he may mislike1 h[ev] de> x may *ance to be to ,juno4 #bgj ,il4 viii4 #bh1 #i4 ix4 #dcj1 #a4 #bga ,il4 viii4 #ch-dj4 #bgb ,il4 i4 #e4 #bgc ,il4 iv4 #ag-ai4 ,! position ( ,agamemnon1 ( :i* ,jupit] is 9 a great degree a reflection1 be>s a ne> resemblance to t ( a political lead] "u free ,european1 &1 p]haps x may be said1 especially "u ,briti%1 in/itutions4 ,its ess5tial elem5ts are1 t x is work$ 9 "p by accommodation1 & 9 "p by influ5ce4 ,besides its gr& political function1 ! is1 z we h se51 9 "p a judicial body4 ,b ! great safegu>d ( publicity att5ds ! conduct ( trials1 z well z ! discussion ( political affairs4 ,! p>tialities ( p :o manife/ _! feel+s by visible signs is ?us prev5t$1 on ! "o h&1 by ! cultivation ( habitual self-respect1 f pass+ into fury1 & on ! o!r h&1 f deg5]at+ into bas5ess4 ,x is p]haps wor?y ( notice1 z assi/+ to indicate ! sub/antive & active nature ( ! popul> int]e/ 9 public affairs1 t :]e p>ties 7 =m$ 9 ! ,assemblies1 ^? :o ?\ght toge!r sat toge!r4 ,su* appe>s to be ! intimation ( ! l9e 9 ! ,eighte5? ,iliad 7#ejb71 ' 1 4 ,z ! expresses _! s5tim5ts1 c h>dly signify any ?+ o!r ?an t !y sat sep>ately on ea* side ( ! ,assembly4 ,a simil> arrangem5t seems to be convey$ 9 ! ,tw5ty-f\r? ,odyssey1 :]e we f9d t ! p>ty ( ! ,suitors rema9$ 9 a mass 7 ' 1 v4 #dfd47 ,i ?9k ?is circum/ance by no means an unimportant "o1 z illu/rative ( ! capacity1 9 :i* ! p att5d$ at ! ,assemblies = ei!r political or judicial purposes4 ,judicial functions ( ! ,assembly4 ,! place ( ,assemblies is also ! place ( judicature4 ,b ! supremacy ( ! political function is indicat$ by ?is1 t ! ^w 1 :i* means ! ,assembly = debate1 ?us gives its own designation to ! place :]e bo? functions 7 conduct$4 ,at ! same "t1 we h 9 ! ^w ,!mis a cle> indication t ! orig9al prov9ce ( gov]nm5t 0 judicial4 ,= t ^w 9 ,hom] signifies ! pr9ciples ( law1 ?\gh !y 7 n yet r$uc$ to ! fix$ =ms ( aft]-times2 b on ! o!r h& ,!mis 0 also a goddess1 & %e _h 9 t capacity ! (fice ( summon+ & ( dissolv+ ,assemblies#bgd4 ,?us ! old] function1 z (t5 happ5s1 came 9 "t to be ! weak]1 & _h to yield ! prec$5ce to its m vigor\s competitor4 #bgd ,od4 ii4 #fh1 #i4 ,b 9 ,hom]'s "t1 ?\gh !y 7 di/+ui%$1 !y 7 n yet divid$4 ,on ! ,%ield ( ,a*illes1 ! "w ( ,!mis#bge is done 9 full ,assembly3 & ?is probably signifies ! cu/om ( ! "t4 ,b 9 ! ,elev5? ,iliad1 ,patroclus passes by ! %ips ( ,ulysses#bgf1 #bge ,il4 xviii4 #dig4 #bgf ,il4 xi4 #hjg4 ' 4 ,&1 9 ! description ( ! ,cyclopes1 ! l9e is yet m cle>ly drawn2 = x is said#bgg1 #bgg ,od4 ix4 #aab-ae4 ' ' 1 4 ,9 t same place1 too1 ! public solemnities ( religion 7 p]=m$3 & ?\gh 9 ! ,greek camp x 0 d\btless plac$ at ! c5tre ( ! l9e ) a view to security1 its position mo/ aptly symboliz$ also its moral c5trality1 z ! v he>t ( ! national life4 ,at ! spot :]e ! ,assemblies 7 held 7 ga!r$ into a focus ! religi\s1 z well z ! patriotic s5tim5ts ( ! c\ntry4 ,! fact is1 t ev]y:]e 9 ,hom] we f9d ! signs ( an int5se corporate or public life1 subsi/+ & work+ side by side ) t ( ! individual4 ,& ( ?is corporate life ! is ! prop] organ4 ,if a man is to be describ$ z great1 he is always great 9 debate & on ! field2 if z insignificant & good = no?+1 !n he is ( no acc\nt ei!r 9 battle or 9 c\ncil4 ,! two gr& =ms ( common & public action are tak5 = ! crit]ia ( ! individual4 ,:5 ,hom] wi%$ to describe ! ,cyclopes z liv+ 9 a /ate ( b>b>ism1 he says1 n t !y h no k+s1 or no t[ns1 or no armies1 or no c\ntry1 b t !y h no ,assemblies1 & no adm9i/ration ( ju/ice1 :i*1 z we h se51 0 ! prim>y function ( ! ,assemblies4 ,& yet all1 or ne>ly all ! ,/ates _h ,k+s4 ,! lesson to be le>n$ is1 t 9 h]oic ,greece ! ,k+1 v5]able z 0 8 title1 0 n ! f\nta9head ( ! common life1 b only its expon5t4 ,! s\rce lay 9 ! community1 & ! community met 9 ! ,agor4 ,s deeply imb$d$ is ?is s5tim5t 9 ! m9d ( ! ,poet1 t x seems z if he c\ld n conceive an assemblage ( p]sons hav+ any k9d ( common function1 )\t _! hav+1 s to speak1 a common s\l too 9 respect ( x4 ,! common ,s\l or 9 ,hom]4 ,( ?is common s\l ! organ 9 ,hom] is ! or #8,somebody2' by no means "o ( ! lea/ rem>kable1 ?\gh he has be5 "o ( ! lea/ reg>d$1 p]sonages ( ! poems4 ,! ( ,hom] is1 ,i appreh5d1 :at 9 ,engl& we n[ call public op9ion4 ,we con/antly f9d occasions1 :5 ! ,poet wants to tell u :at 0 ! prevail+ s5tim5t among ! ,greeks ( ! army4 ,he might h done ?is didactically1 & describ$ at l5g? ! importance ( popul> op9ion1 & its be>+s 9 ea* case4 ,he has adopt$ a me?od m poetical & less obtrusive4 ,he proce$s dramatically1 ?r\gh ! m$ium ( a p]son1 & ( a =mula3 1 4 ,x may1 h[ev]1 n seem wor?y ( rem>k1 consid]+ ! am\nt ( common int]e/ among ! ,greeks1 t he %\ld f9d an organ = x 9 8 4 ,b :5 he br+s ! ,greeks & ,trojans toge!r 9 ! ,pact1 ?\gh x is only = ! purpose ( a mom5t>y action1 /ill he makes an integ] pro hc vice ( ! two nations1 & provides !m ) a common 7,il4 iii4 #cai73 4 ,we f9d ano!r rem>kable exemplification 9 ! case ( ! ,suitors 9 ! ,odyssey4 ,dissolute & selfi% y\?s z !y are1 & competitors ) "o ano!r = a prize :i* "o only c enjoy1 !y are nev]!less = ! mom5t b&$ toge!r 9 a common int]e/4 ,!y too1 !re=e1 h a collective s5tim5t1 & a ready organ = x 9 a ( ! ,odyssey 7,od4 ii4 #cbd71 :o speaks = ! body ( ,suitors3 4 ,all ^! are1 9 my view1 mo/ /rik+ pro(s ( ! t5aci\s hold1 :i* ! pr9ciple ( a public or corporate life = all aggregations ( m5 _h tak5 ^u ! m9d ( ,hom]1 & ^u ,greece 9 ! h]oic age4 ,nor c ,i help =m+ ! op9ion1 t 9 all probability we may disc]n 9 ! ,hom]ic ! prim>y ance/or ( ! fam\s ,greek ,*orus4 ,x is ! function ( ! ,*orus to give utt]ance to ! public s5tim5t1 b 9 a s5se apt1 virtu\s1 & pi\s4 ,n[ ?is is :at ! ,hom]ic usually does2 b ( c\rse he does on behalf ( ! community1 :at ! ,*orus does z belong+ to ! body ( actors4 ,x is !n surely a great error1 aft] all we h se51 to conclude t1 because ! political ideas & practices ( ^? times did n we> ! co/umes n[ 9 fa%ion1 !y 7 )\t _! own real vitality1 & p[]ful moral influ5ce ^u ! m9ds & *>act]s ( m54 ,imp]fect organization ( ! ,h]oic ,polities4 ,b1 on ! o!r h&1 9 repell+ ^! uns\nd & injuri\s notions1 we mu/ bew>e ( assum+ too mu* ( ext]nal resemblance betwe5 ! h]oic age & ! c5turies ei!r ( mod]n ,*ri/5dom or ev5 ( hi/oric ,greece & ,rome4 ,all ! det]m9ate =ms ( public "r are ! gr[? ( long "t1 ( de>b\ght exp]i5ce1 & ( prov$ necessity4 ,"r & =ce are supplem5ts to "o ano!r2 b ! proportions1 9 :i* !y are to be m+l$1 are subject to no fix$ rule4 ,if ! exi/5ce ( rights1 bo? popul> & regal1 9 ! h]oic age is c]ta91 _! indet]m9at5ess is gl>+ & conspicu\s4 ,b ! %ape !y bore1 not)/&+ ! loos5ess ( its outl9e1 0 q adequate to ! ne$s ( ! "t4 ,we mu/ n1 9 connection ) ! h]oic age1 ?9k ( public life z a pr(ession1 ( a /&+ mass ( public affairs1 ( legislation et]nally 9 arre>1 ( a complex ma*9]y ( gov]nm5t4 ,!re 7 no regul> reg5cies 9 ,greece dur+ ! ,trojan w>4 ,!re 0 no ,assembly 9 ,i?aca dur+ ! long abs5ce ( ,ulysses#bgh1 be=e ! "o call$ by ,telema*us1 & report$ 9 ! ,second ,book ( ! ,odyssey4 ,we h se51 h[ev]1 9 :at way ?is lack ( ma*9]y told ^u ! /ate ( ,greece by enc\rag+ faction1 & eng5d]+ revolution4 ,! /ra9 ( ! ,trojan exp$ition 0 too great = a sy/em s artless & inorganic4 ,! /ate ( ,i?aca 9 ! ,odyssey is politically a /ate almo/ ( an>*y2 ?\gh ! symptoms ( t disease 7 mild] by f> !n1 ?an !y c\ld n[ be4 ,! condition ( ! isl& %[s u :at its polity _h be51 r ?an :at x 04 ,b = all ord9>y occasions x _h suffic$4 ,= ,assemblies met only :5 !y _h some?+ to d2 & r>ely inde$ w\ld su* junctures arrive4 ,infractions ( social ord] & social rights1 :i* n[ m commonly take place by fraud1 7 !n due almo/ :olly to viol5ce4 ,& viol5ce1 f its nature1 c\ld h>dly be ! subject ( appeal to ! ,assembly3 z a g5]al rule1 x requir$ to be repaid on ! in/ant1 & 9 ! same co94 ,judicial que/ions w\ld n (t5 be ( su* comm&+ int]e/1 z to divide a p into two op9ions2 nor ! p>ties to !m weal?y en\gh to pay two tal5ts to ! successful judge4 ,great controv]sies1 affect+ allegiance & ! succession1 mu/ ( necessity 9 all ages be r>e2 & ( a disput$ succession 9 ,greece ! poems c h>dly be said to (f] u an in/ance4 ,we f9d1 h[ev]1 9 ! la/ ,book ( ! ,odyssey1 t1 accord+ to ! ideas ( t p]iod1 :5 a "q z to ! sov]eignty did arise1 ! p ne$$ no in/ructor z to ! fir/ measure !y 7 to take4 ,!y repair$1 z if by a common & in/9ctive impulse1 to ! ,agor2 9 :i* lay deposit$ _! civil rights & _! old traditions1 l ! gems ( ! weal? ( ,greece 9 ! %r9e ( ! ,ar*] ,apollo#bgi4 #bgh ,tittmann ,grie*4 ,/aatsv4 b4 ii4 p4 #ef4 #bgi ,il4 ix4 #djd4 ,,ii4 ,,ilios4 ,,! ,,trojans ,,comp>$ ,,& ,,contra/$ ,,) ,,! ,,greeks4 ,we h p]haps be5 accu/om$ to contemplate ! ,trojans too exclusively1 ei!r z enemies ( ! ,greeks1 or else z con/itut+1 toge!r ) !m1 "o homog5e\s *apt] ( antiquity1 :i* we might be cont5t to exam9e z a :ole1 )\t tak+ notice ( specific diff]5ces4 ,let u n[ endeav\r to inquire :at 7 ! relations1 o!r ?an ^? ( m]e antagonism 9 ! w>1 betwe5 ! two nations2 :at po9ts !y embrac$1 & :at aff9ities or discords !y disclose4 ,! direct signs ( k9dr$ betwe5 ,troy & ,greece h already be5 consid]$2 b ! exam9ation into po9ts ( contra/ & resemblance z respects religion1 polity1 & "*1 w assi/ u 9 judg+ h[ f> a key to ^? aff9ities & discords is to be f\nd 9 ! diff]5t int]fusion & proportion1 9 ! two cases1 ( e?nical elem5ts :i* !y possess$ 9 common4 ,we h se5 9 ano!r place#bhj t ! ,greeks1 or ,a*ans1 & ! ,trojans1 7 ak9 by ! ,hellic elem5t1 :i* appe>s to e/abli% a connection *iefly z reg>d$ ! royal h\se1 & o!r rul+ h\ses1 ( ,troy4 ,on ! o!r h& x has seem$ cle>1 f _m s\rces1 t ! ma9 aff9ity betwe5 ! bulk ( ! two nations 0 ,pelasgian4 ,z respects ! e?nological "q1 ! supposition mo/ consonant to ! evid5ce z a :ole appe>s to me to be1 t 9 ,troas we f9d ,hellic families1 possess$ ( dom9ion ov] a ,pelasgian p3 9 ,greece we f9d ,hellic tribes1 plac$ 9 dom9ant juxtaposition ) ,pelasgic tribes1 ( prior occupancy2 con/itut+1 z is probable1 :ole classes ( ! community1 & m+l+ ) & p[]fully modify+ ! aggregate composition s z to produce a mix$ result2 :ile 9 ,troy1 ?\gh ! rul+ h\ses are probably a diff]5t ord]1 & !re may be f\nd "h & !re ! tok5s ( ?is influ5ce1 yet ! g5]al face ( society1 & ! sub/ance ( mann]s & in/itutions1 are ,pelasgian4 ,x w be recollect$1 t ev5 9 ,greece we trace two =ms ( ,hellic diffusion4 ,sometimes ! desc5dants ( ! ,helli appe> z s+le families1 l ! olids2 sometimes z races1 l ! ,a*ans4 ,! /ate ( facts "h suppos$ z to ,troy is 9 accordance ) ! =m] class ( indications )9 ,greece itself4 #bhj ,a*is1 or ,e?nology1 sect4 ix4 p4 #dif4 ,^u ! foot+ suppli$ by ^! assumptions1 ,i %all treat ! comp>ison ( ! two c\ntries z to religion1 policy1 social usages1 & moral ideas & practice4 ,we h already be5 oblig$1 9 consid]+ ! respective %>es ( ! ,hell5ic & ,pelasgian factors 9 ! comp\nd ,greek "*1 to anticipate 9 "s degree ! conclusions ) reg>d to ! religion ( ! ,trojans 9 its g5]al "*1 :i* ,i w n[ proce$ m fully to expla9 & illu/rate4 ,we h f\nd ?ree conspicu\s deities1 ( wor%ip app>5tly supreme & univ]sal3 ,jupit]1 ,m9]va1 & ,apollo4 ,aft] ^! comes ,neptune1 ( a m d\btful position :5 we pass out ( ! ,hell5ic & ,phnician circles2 & ,latona ) ,diana1 :o1 d\btless f ! vantage gr\nd ( e>ly tradition1 take rank alike ) an ,hell5ic & a ,pelasgian p4 ,we h also suppos$ ,c]es to be ( immemorial /&+ z a deity ( ! ,pelasgians2 & ,v5us to h made great way among !m4 ,greek names ( deities f\nd also 9 ,troas4 ,pass+ on f ! consid]ation ( ,pelasgian religion at l>ge1 x w n[ be requisite to %[1 ) p>ticul> ref]5ce to ,troy1 h[ f> we f9d ! names ( ! ,greek div9ities recognis$ !re2 nor mu/ we omit to consid]1 9 :at degree id5tity ( "n implies id5tity ( p]son & function4 #a4 ,jupit] _h a 1 or portion ( consecrat$ l&1 on ,m\nt ,g>g>us2 & !re ,onetor 0 8 prie/#bha4 ,he is1 ) ! ,trojans z ) ! ,greeks1 ! fir/ & greate/ ( ! gods#bhb4 ,he himself atte/s _! abundant lib]ality 9 sacrifices (f]$ to himself#bhc4 ,! ,greek ,jupit] is ,olympian2 ! ,trojan ,jupit] is ,jupit] ( ,ida4 ,except z to abode1 !re is no diff]5ce to be disc]n$ betwe5 ! features ( ! two4 #bha ,il4 viii4 #dg1 #h4 #bhb ,il4 iii4 #bih4 #bhc ,il4 iv4 #dh4 #b4 ,we h no direct indication1 9 ! ,iliad1 ( ! wor%ip ( ,neptune by ! ,trojans4 ,b ! leg5d ( 8 employm5t "u ,laom$on mu/ be tak5 to imply t 8 div9ity 0 ackn[l$g$ 9 t c\ntry3 confirm$ z x is by 8 %>+ ) ,jupit] & ,apollo ! de/ruction ( ! ,greek ramp>t aft] ! conclusion ( ! w>#bhd4 #bhd ,il4 xxi4 #ddb seqq4 vii4 #dei4 xii4 #ag4 #c4 ,9 ! case ( ,juno1 ,i h else:]e notic$#bhe ! ?ree passages1 :i* alone appe> to e/abli% a fa9t connection betwe5 h] & ! ,trojans4 #bhe ,olympus1 sect4 iii4 p4 #aig4 #d4 ,m9]va _h a temple on ,p]gamus2 & 0 s]v$ !re by a prie/ess1 ,!ano2 :o1 z ! wife ( ,ant5or1 0 ( ! v next rank to ,priam & 8 h\se4 ,! goddess is address$1 on ! occasion ( ! procession ( ! ,six? ,book1 9 a /ra9 :i* seems to ackn[l$ge h] possession ( supreme p[]#bhf3 ! def5d] ( cities1 excell5t among goddesses1 %e is entreat$ to h pity on ,troy1 to break ! lance ( ,diom$1 & to grant t he himself may fall4 #bhf ,il4 vi4 #bih-cjj4 #cje-aj4 #e4 ,apollo w\ld appe> to be ! fav\rite among ! great deities ( ! c\ntry4 ,he1 l ,m9]va1 has a temple 9 ! citadel#bhg4 ,*ryses is 8 prie/ at ,*ryse1 & !re too he has a temple4 ,he is ! special protector ( ,cilla & ( ,t5$os#bhh4 ,) ,m9]va1 he is indicat$ z ! recipi5t ( supreme hon\r#bhi4 ,! ,lycian "n1 s preval5t 9 ,troas1 e/abli%es a special connection ) him4 ,9 ! ,iliad1 he seems to be ! ord9>y & imm$iate ,provid5ce to ! ,trojan *iefs1 z ,m9]va is to ! ,greek ones4 ,at ! same "t1 he c>ries no sign ( exclusive nationalism2 he be>s no hatr$ to ! ,greeks2 b1 aft] ! re/itution & propitiation1 he at once accepts ! pray]1 & /ays ! pe/il5ce#bij4 #bhg ,il4 v4 #ddf4 #bhh ,il i4 #cg-i4 #bhi ,il4 vii4 #edj4 xiii4 #hbg4 #bij ,il4 i4 #deg4 #f4 ,latona mu/ h be5 kn[n among ! ,trojans2 because ,hom] has repres5t$ h] z cont5d+ on ! ,trojan side 9 ! w> ( ! gods1 & z engag$ 9 t5d+ ! w\nd$ neas )9 ! temple ( ,apollo on ,p]gamus4 #g4 ,! same reasons apply also to ,diana3 & we moreov] f9d1 t %e in/ruct$ ! ,trojan ,scam&rius 9 ! huntsman's art#bia4 #bia ,il4 v4 #di4 #h4 ,v5us is em95tly ,trojan4 ,h] relation to ?is p is m>k$ by h] fav\r t[>ds ,p>is3 h] passion = ,an*ises3 h] s5d+ a p]sonal ornam5t z a m>riage gift to ,&roma*e2 h] m9i/]ial *>ge ov] ! body ( ,hector 7,il4 xxiii4 #ahd-g72 h] be+ *os5 z ! model to :i* ,trojan beauties are comp>$1 :ile ,diana is ! fav\rite /&>d = ! ,greek woman4 ,x is also m>k$ by h] zeal\s1 ?\gh feeble1 p>tizan%ip 9 fav\r ( ,troy among ! ,immortals3 & by ! bit+ taunts ( ,pallas1 ( ,hel51 & ( ,diom$#bib4 #bib ,il4 v4 #dba-e4 #cdh-ea4 iii4 #dje-i4 #i4 ,vulcan is n only kn[n1 b has a cult 9 ,troy3 = ,d>es is 8 prie/1 & is a p]son ( great weal? & consid]ation2 "o ( ^: sons he deliv]s f dea? 9 battle1 to com=t ! old man 9 8 decl9e#bic4 #bic ,il4 v4 #i4 & #bj-d4 #aj4 ,m>s4 ,( ?is deity x w\ld seem1 t he has be5 giv5 by ,hom] to ! ,pelasgians1 ma9ly because ( 8 s /rongly m>k$ ,?racian "*1 & 8 want ( recognition among ! ,hell5es1 :o _h a high] deity ( w> 9 ,m9]va4 ,i h t\*$ else:]e ^u 8 equivocal position z betwe5 ! two p>ties to ! w>4 ,x corresponds ) t ( ! ,?racians1 :o appe> to =m a po9t ( int]section1 s to speak1 = ! ,hellic & ,pelasgian races4 ,^? ( ! pla9 ( ,adrianople are1 l ! ,pelasgi1 horse-bre$]s1 dwell+ 9 a f]tile c\ntry3 ! rud] portion are among ! m\nta9s to ! nor? & we/4 #aa4 ,m]cury4 ,"o sign only ( ! ord9>y ag5cy ( ?is deity 9 ,troas is exhibit$2 he gives abundant increase to ! flocks ( ,phorbas#bid4 #bid ,il4 xiv4 #dij4 #ab4 ,e>? 77 w\ld appe> to h be5 recognis$ z an object ( di/9ct wor%ip 9 ,troas3 = :5 ,m5elaus proposes ! ,pact1 he invites ! ,trojans to sacrifice a black lamb to h]1 & a :ite "o to ! ,sun2 :ile ! ,greeks w on _! "p (f] up a lamb to ,jupit]4 ,! proposal is at once accept$2 & ! h]alds are s5t by ,hector to ! city = ! lambs#bie1 :i* seems to be conclusive z to ! ackn[l$gm5t ( ^! two deities 9 ,troy4 #bie ,il4 iii4 #ajc4 #aaf4 #ac4 ,! ,sun4 ,besides t ! passage la/ quot$ = ,e>? is also conclusive = ! ,sun1 we h ano!r tok5 ( 8 relation to ,troy1 9 ! unwill+ness ) :i* he closes ! day1 :5 ) 8 sett+ is to end ! glory ( ,hector & ( 8 c\ntry#bif4 #bif ,il4 xviii4 #bci4 ,we h ?us gone ?r\gh ! li/ ( ! great] ,greek deities1 & h f\nd !m all ackn[l$g$ 9 ,troas1 ) ! foll[+ exceptions3 #a4 ( ,c]es1 :om we may h[ev] suspect1 f h] ,pelasgian "*1 to h be5 wor%ipp$ !re "u "s "n or =m2 #b4 ( ,aidoneus2 & #c4 ( ,p]sephone4 ,^! exceptions w be fur!r notic$4 ,aga91 among ! ?irte5 :o h be5 id5tifi$ z objects ( ,trojan wor%ip1 we f9d "o1 namely1 1 ( :om we c h>dly say t %e 0 wor%ipp$ 9 ,greece2 ?\gh %e 0 invok$1 z by ,agamemnon 9 ! ,n9ete5? ,book1 & by ,al!a 9 ! ,n9?1 to add a m solemn sanction to oa?s4 #ad4 ,toge!r ) h]1 we may take notice ( a f\rte5? deity1 app>5tly ( great consid]ation 9 ,troy1 namely1 ! ,riv] ,scam&]4 ,he be>s a m>k$ sign ( anci5t wor%ip1 9 hav+ a div9e appellation1 ,xan?us1 z well z 8 t]re/rial "o1 ,scam&]4 ,he _h an 1 by "n ,dolopion4 ,to him1 accord+ to ! spee* ( ,a*illes1 ! ,trojans sacrific$ live horses4 ,he ent]s into ! division ( p>ties among ! gods ab\t ! w>1 & fights vigor\sly aga9/ ,a*illes1 until he is at l5g? put d[n by ,heph/us1 or ,vulcan4 ,z a purely local deity1 h[ev]1 he has ( c\rse no place 9 ! ,greek my?ology4 #ae4 ,?\gh we h no direct m5tion ( ! translation ( ,ti?onus by 1 or ,aurora1 yet1 z ,hom] gives ,ti?onus a place bo? 9 ! g5ealogy ( ! ,d>danid1 & likewise by ! side ( ,aurora1 we may consid] t1 by ?us recognis+ ! translation1 he also po9ts out ,aurora z an ackn[l$g$ memb] ( ! sup]natural ord] 9 ,troas4 ,sev]al among ^! names call = m p>ticul> notice3 especially ^? ( ,vulcan1 ,e>?1 & ,scam&]4 ,wor%ip ( ,vulcan 9 ,troas4 ,! case ( ,vulcan1 & 8 place 9 ,troy1 may s]ve to rem9d u ( a proposition some:at g5]al 9 its application2 ?is namely1 t1 9 classify+ ! ,trojan div9ities1 ,hom] ne$ n h int5d$ to imply t ! same "n mu/ 9 all cases c>ry exactly ! same attributes4 ,we mu/ "h be> 9 m9d1 t probably all1 c]ta9ly almo/ all1 ( ! prop]ly ,olympian gods1 7 ,greek copies modifi$ f ,ori5tal or f traditive orig9als4 ,b z ^! conceptions 7 propagat$ 9 diff]5t qu>t]s1 ea* c\ntry w\ld probably add or take away1 or o!rwise alt]1 9 con=mity ) its own rul+ t5d5cies4 ,h5ce :5 we f9d a ,vulcan 9 ,greece1 & a ,vulcan 9 ,troas1 x by no means foll[s1 t ea* ( !m pres5t$ ! same features & attributes4 ,if ,hom] believ$ !m to be d]iv$ f a common orig9al 9 ,egypt or else:]e1 t w\ld be a good & valid reason = 8 describ+ !m by ! same "n1 ?\gh ! ,trojan ,vulcan might n pres5t all ! ,hell5ic traits1 nor vice v]s4 ,9 "s cases1 su* z ^? ( ,jupit]1 ,apollo1 ,m9]va1 ,diana1 & ,v5us1 !re is su* a correspond5ce ( attributes ent]+ into ! portraiture ( ! respective deities 9 ! two c\ntries1 t _! id5tity1 at lea/ s f> z ! evid5ce goes1 seems q unimpair$ & unequivocal4 ,b we h no means ( %[+ f ! poems1 t ! ,trojan ,heph/us correspond$ ) ! ,greek "o4 ,inde$ :5 we f9d no m5tion ( 8 be+ actually wor%ipp$ 9 ,greece1 & at ! same "t le>n t he _h a prie/ 9 ,troas1 ! presumption arises1 t diff]5t conceptions ( him prevail$ 9 ! two c\ntries4 ,aga91 !re is n[h]e assign$ to him z a ,greek deity any su* ex]cise ( p[]1 z t by :i* he saves ,idu1 a son ( 8 prie/ ,d>es1 f imm95t dea? on ! field ( battle4 ,^! g5]al consid]ations1 :i* t5d to %[ t ! id5tity ( "n 9 a ,trojan & a ,greek deity may be compatible ) mu* ( dissimil>ity 9 ! popul> developm5t ( ! functions1 w relieve u f difficulties1 :i* we %\ld o!rwise h _h to meet1 9 acc\nt+ = ! place ( "s ( ! ,olympian div9ities 9 ,trojan wor%ip4 ,we h f\nd reason to suppose1 t ,vulcan may h come into ,greece ?r\gh ,phnicia4 ,b ! ,trojans appe> to h _h v little connection ) ,phnicia4 ,! preci\s ( ,priam1 ! cup t he c>ri$ to ,a*illes1 0 n ,phnician b ,?racian#big4 ,! only tok5 ( int]c\rse m5tion$ is1 t ,p>is br\ght textile fabrics f ,sidon#bih4 ,aga91 ,vulcan 0 especially wor%ipp$ 9 ,lemnos1 & _h 8 t]re/rial abode !re4 ,b ?is goes m naturally to acc\nt = ! works ( metal 9 ,?race1 ?an = ! position ( ,vulcan 9 ,troas2 high] z x 01 app>5tly1 ?an 9 ,greece4 ,aga91 x is wor? notice1 t ! ,vulcan ( ! ,romans 01 l _! ,m>s1 "o ( ! old gods ( ,etruria1 a c\ntry /amp$ ) _m ,pelasgian *>act]i/ics4 ,x may be1 t we ought to look back to ,egypt = ! orig9 ( all ^! ,vulcans4 ,9 ! "t ( ,h]odotus#bii1 ! ,egyptian prie/s claim$ him z _! own3 & ,phtah1 ! pr9cipal deity ( ,memphis1 0 held by ! lat] ,greeks to correspond ) _! 4 ,ev5 ! two names c>ry tok5s ( relation%ip4 ,f t f\nta9-head might be propagat$ div]g+ copies ( ! deity3 &1 z f> z we c judge1 ! ,vulcan wor%ipp$ 9 ,troy 0 mu* m l ! common ance/or1 ?an ! highly idealiz$ artific] ( ,olympus1 ^u :om ! ,poet has work$ out all 8 w#cjj4 #big ,il4 xxiv4 #bcd-e4 #bih ,il4 vi4 #bhi-ib4 #bii ,h]od4 ii4 #ej4 #cjj ,dll+] ,heid4 u4 ,jud4 ,,vi4 iii4 p4 #daa4 ,wor%ip ( ,juno & ,gaia 9 ,troas4 ,!re is ano!r ( its po9ts ( contact ) ! ,olympian sy/em1 9 :i* ?is li/ ( ,trojan deities is rem>kable4 ,:ile inve/igat+ ! ,greek my?ology1 we h f\nd reason to suppose t ,juno1 ,c]es1 & ,gaia are b ?ree diff]5t =ms ( ! same orig9al tradition ( a div9e fem99e3 ( :om ,c]es is ! ,pelasgian copy1 ,juno ! vivid & p[]ful ,hell5ic developm5t1 & ,gaia ! orig9al skeleton1 reta9+ no?+ ( ! old "*1 b hav+ acquir$ ! function ( gaol-keep] = p]jurors :5 s5t to ! o!r _w#cja4 ,9 ! ret5tion h[ev] ( all ?ree )9 ! circle ( religion1 we see bo? ! receptiv5ess & ! univ]salism ( ! ,greek my?ology4 ,n[1 9 ,troy1 :]e !re 0 less ( imag9ative p[]1 ! case /&s v diff]5tly4 ,( ,c]es1 :o repres5ts ! ,pelasgian impression ( ! old e>?-wor%ipp+ tradition1 we he> no?+ 9 ,troas4 ,probably %e 0 n !re1 because ,gaia1 h] orig9al1 0 /ill a real div9ity = ! ,trojans4 ,b h[ are we to expla9 ! fact t ,gaia & ,juno are bo? !re8 ,i v5ture to sugge/1 t x is because ^! are diff]5t names1 ! =eign & ! dome/ic "o1 = ! same ?+4 ,:5 ,hector swe>s to ,dolon1 x is by ,jupit]1 #8! l\d-?und]+ husb& ( ,"h3' :i* almo/ appe>s z if ,juno held1 9 ! ,trojan oa?1 a place m or less resembl+ ! place occupi$ 9 ! ,greek oa?s 7:]e ,juno does n appe> at all7 by ,gaia4 #cja ,rhea 77 %[s u ! f\r? & cosmogonic side ( ! same conception4 ,aga91 x is obvi\s t1 if ?is relation exi/s betwe5 ,gaia & ,juno1 x expla9s ! fact t we d n f9d bo?1 s to speak1 ?riv+ toge!r4 ,9 ,troas ,gaia is wor%ipp$1 b ,juno sc>cely appe>s4 ,9 ,greece ,juno is highly exalt$1 b ,gaia has lo/ all body1 & has dw9dl$ to a spectral phantasm4 ,x is ! want ( imag9ation 9 ! ,trojan my?ology1 :i* makes x a m fai?ful keep] ( traditions1 /]eotyp$ 9 ! =ms 9 :i* !y 7 _h f _! inv5tors4 ,wor%ip ( ,m]cury 9 ,troas4 ,next1 z to ,m]cury4 ,i h already adv]t$ to ! fact t ,priam#cjb1 not)/&+ 8 obligations to ,m]cury 9 ! ,tw5ty-f\r? ,iliad1 takes no notice ( 8 div9ity4 ,i ?9k t a close exam9ation ( ! n>rative t5ds to %[1 t ! ,greek ,m]cury 0 n wor%ipp$ 9 ,troy2 & leaves u to conclude t ,hom] uses a m]ely poetical mode ( spee* 9 say+ t ?is god gave increase to ! flocks ( ,phorbas#cjc3 ev5 z :5 he makes ,priam call ,iris an ,olympian mess5g]#cjd4 #cjb ,olympus1 sect4 iii4 p4 #bcd4 #cjc ,il4 xiv4 #dij4 #cjd ,il4 xxiv4 #aid4 ,he appe>s be=e ,priam & 8 companion ,idu1 :5 !y are on _! way to ! ,greek camp1 9 ! semblance ( a "y & noble ,myrmidon4 ,!re 71 we "k#cje1 c]ta9 visible signs1 by :i* deities c\ld 9 g5]al be recognis$ or1 at lea/1 guess$ z su*4 ,bo? ,idu1 h[ev]1 & ,priam himself1 saw no?+ ( ?is "* 9 ,m]cury1 & simply took him = a ,greek enemy#cjf4 ,m]cury1 aft] "s g5ial conv]sation1 conducts 8 *>iot to ! qu>t]s ( ,a*illes1 & !n1 be=e quitt+ him1 ann\nces himself4 ,n1 h[ev]1 l ,apollo to ,hector 7,il4 xv4 #bef71 & ,m9]va to ,ulysses 7,od4 xiii4 #bii71 simply by giv+ 8 "n3 b he also decl>es himself to be an ,immortal1 7#dfj74 ,?is unusual circum/ance raises a presumption1 t he 0 n already kn[n z a div9ity to ,priam2 & ! presumption seems to become irrefragable1 :5 we f9d t ,priam1 ?\gh giv5 to ! obs]vances ( religion1 uses no act or expression ( rev]5ce or ev5 recognition to 8 b5efactor1 ei!r on 8 fir/ decl>ation & dep>ture 7#dfj1 #g71 or ^u 8 second nocturnal appe>ance 7#fhb71 foll[$ by a second & f9al flight to ,olympus 7#fid74 #cje ,olympus1 sect4 v4 #cjf ,il4 xxiv4 #cdg1 #cee1 #ceh-fj4 ,! case ( ,scam&] w require p>ticul> notice3 because x is imm$iately connect$ ) ! "q1 :e!r ! ,trojans p>took ( t t5d5cy to a l>ge imag9ative developm5t ( religion1 :i* s em95tly di/+ui%es ! ,grecian sup]naturalism4 ,we w !re=e consid] c>efully ! facts relat+ to ?is deity1 & su* o!r k9dr$ facts z ,hom] sugge/s4 ,he speaks ( ,dolopion z foll[s#cjg2 #cjg ,il4 v4 #gg4 1 1 ' 4 ,?is is entirely 9 keep+1 z to p>ticul>s1 ) ! ,pelasgian & ,trojan in/itutions4 ,! ( ,hom] is app>5tly always ! prie/4 ,dolopion 0 a man 9 v high /ation & hon\r1 l ! prie/s ( ,rome1 & ( e>ly tolia#cjh2 b n l ^? ( lat] ,greece4 ,& he _h be5 #8made' or #8appo9t$' prie/2 z ,!ano 0 *os5 to be prie/ess by ! p4 ,! prie/hood ( ! ,hom]ic age nev] appe>s z a ca/e 9 ^! latitudes4 ,! only approximation to ca/e is 9 ! gift ( ! 1 :i*1 z we f9d f ! ,odyssey1 0 h]$it>y 9 ! family ( ,melampus#cji4 ,?us f>1 !n1 ! evid5ce respect+ ,scam&] c]ta9ly w\ld appe> to belong to ! category ( ,hom]'s hi/orical /atem5ts4 #cjh ,il4 ix4 #ege4 #cji ,od4 xv4 #bbc & seqq4 ,beyond ?is1 ev]y?+ assumes a figurative /amp4 ,scam&] fights z a deity ) ,a*illes1 & 8 wat]s are s p[]ful t !y c only be subdu$ by ! imm$iate action ( ! god ( fire4 ,! h]o1 too1 is aid$ by ! p[]ful bla/s ( ,zephyr & ( ,notus1 :om ,juno r\ses up to scor* ! ,trojans#caj4 ,z we c h>dly d\bt1 t ! plague 9 ! ,fir/ ,book repres5ts "s =m ( m>%-fev]1 s "h x appe>s likely t ! ,poet takes v skilful advantage ( a flood1 caus$ by summ] ra9s1 :i* _h annoy$ ! ,greeks1 & :i* _h be5 foll[$ by ! subsid5ce ( ! wat]s ^u ! return ( hot wea!r4 #caj ,il4 xxi4 #cca & seqq4 ,scam&] is v great 9 ! ,iliad1 b ) a purely local greatness4 ,z a p]son1 he speaks bo? to m5 & to gods4 ,he addresses ,simois z 8 belov$ bro!r2 b x is entirely on ! affair ( ! deluge & ! heat4 ,?\gh he takes "p 9 ! w>1 ! di/9ction is n aw>d$ to him ( be+ a memb] ( ! small] & select ,olympian community3 he m]ely /&s includ$ by presumption 9 ! g5]al category ( ,riv]s#caa4 #caa ,il4 xx4 #g4 ,wor%ip ( ,scam&]4 ,we h a description f ! m\? ( ,a*illes ( c]ta9 sacrifices1 z belong+ to ! wor%ip ( ,scam&]#cab3 #cab ,il4 xxi4 #acj-b4 ' 1 1 ' 4 ,?is (f]+ ( live horses is peculi>1 & unlike any?+ else repres5t$ to u 9 ! ,hom]ic poems4 ,n only ! y\?s1 b ev5 ! dogs1 :om ,a*illes (f]s to ! ,%ade ( ,patroclus1 are sla9 be=e !y are ca/ into ! fire4 ,! same ?+ is n m5tion$ ) respect to ! f\r horses1 :o are also among ! victims2 b x is probably1 ev5 f ! physical necessities ( ! case1 to be presum$4 ,x may1 p]haps1 be argu$1 t ?is spee* ( ,a*illes p>takes ( ! nature ( a s>casm4 ,! f9e ,trojan horses 7 re>$ & pa/ur$ on ! riv] banks2 taunts (t5 pass betwe5 ! w>riors ( ! two sides3 ! may h _h ! =ce ( =soo?4 ,"s d\bt may atta* to ! evid5ce1 :i* ! passage gives1 on ?is gr\nd2 & also f ! s+ul>ity ( ! practice t is imput$4 ,x is1 on ! :ole1 h[ev]1 safe/ to assume t x is tru/wor?y4 ,! case w !n /& ?us2 t we h app>5tly "o s+le case 9 ,troy ( a pure local imp]sonation ( a p[] belong+ to ext]nal nature4 ,n[ ?is might happ5 "u peculi> circum/ances1 & yet a v broad di/9ction might subsi/ betwe5 ! religion ( ! two nations z to imag9ative developm5t4 ,scam&] 0 inde$ a great p[] = ! ,trojans2 x 0 ! great riv] ( ! c\ntry1 ! 4 ,! *ild ( ! great ,hector 0 nam$ by him ,scam&rius1 :ile ,simoeisius#cac 0 ! son ( a v insignificant p]son4 ,ano!r ,scam&rius 0 a di/+ui%$ huntsman1 taught by ,diana1 9 a c\ntry :]e ! accompli%m5t 0 r>e#cad4 ,8 floods1 h[ev] useful 9 "t ( w>1 w\ld 9 "t ( peace d fe>ful damage4 ,x is possibly ! true explanation ( ! la/ among ! l9es quot$ f ! spee* ( ,a*illes1 t he c>ri$ away1 9 sudd5 spates1 _m ( ! horses t 7 pa/ur$ on 8 banks4 ,! ,trojans1 !n1 may h _h /rong motives = deify+ ,scam&]1 & p>ticul>ly = provid+ him ) a prie/1 :o might besee* him to keep d[n 8 wat]s4 ,& x w be rememb]$1 f ! case ( ,gaia1 t ! ,trojan religion 01 )\t d\bt1 fav\rable to ! idea ( purely elem5tal deities3 :at lack$ 0 ! vivid =ce ( fancy1 t revell$ 9 pr(use multiplication4 #cac ,il4 iv4 #dgd1 #dhh4 #cad ,il4 v4 #di4 ,diff]5t view ( ,riv]s 9 ,troas4 ,= we _c fail to p]ceive1 t ! idea ( a riv]-god did n ent] into ! ,trojan z x did into ! ,greek life4 ,ulysses1 :5 9 difficulty1 at once invokes ! aid ( ! ,s*]ian riv]#cae1 at ^: m\? he l&s4 ,n[ ! ,trojans are driv5 9 masses into ! ,scam&] by ! t]rible pursuit ( ,a*illes1 & !y hide & sculk1 or come =? & fight1 ab\t its banks & wat]s4 ,yet no "o ( !m invokes ! ,riv]1 al?\gh t ,riv] 0 a deity cont5d+ on _! side4 ,s entirely 0 he )\t place 9 _! consci\sness z a p[] able to help1 ev5 ?\gh he may h be5 publicly wor%ipp$ 9 deprecation ( a calamity1 :i* he 0 kn[n to be able to inflict4 #cae ,od4 v4 #dde4 ,) ?is rem>kable sil5ce we may comp>e1 besides ! pray] & ?anksgiv+ ( ,ulysses1 ! invocation ( ,a*illes to ,sp]*eius#caf4 ,on 8 leav+ home1 8 fa!r ,peleus _h d$icat$ 8 hair z an (f]+ to be made to ! ,riv] on 8 return1 & to be accompani$ by a hecatomb4 ,?is w\ld h be5 a ?ank-(f]+2 & z su*1 9 accordance ) ! pray] ( ,ulysses1 x implies ! p[] ( ! ,riv] deity to conf] b5efits4 ,nor is t p[] r5d]$ d\btful by ! fact1 t 9 ! p>ticul> case ! pray] is n fulfill$1 & t ! hair is !re=e devot$ to ! rema9s ( ,patroclus4 ,we may rem>k1 aga91 ! sacrifice (f]$1 app>5tly almo/ z matt] ( c\rse1 by ! ,pylian army to ,alpheus1 on _! m]ely rea*+ 8 banks#cag4 ,&1 z a :ole1 ! multitud9\s imp]sonations ( natural objects 9 ! ,greek my?ology are1 bo? ) ,hom] & 9 ! lat] writ]s1 ( a b5ign & g5ial "*4 ,?is bright & sunny aspect is 9 contra/ ) ! =midable "* ( ,scam&]1 & ( ! wor%ip (f]$ to him4 #caf ,il4 xxiii4 #add4 #cag ,il4 xi4 #gbh4 ,!re is1 p]haps1 en\gh ( resemblance betwe5 ! ,scam&] ( ! ,trojan my?ology1 & ! ,sp]*eus or ,alpheus ( ! ,greek1 to sugge/ ! "q1 :e!r ! deification ( ?is riv] may possibly h be5 due to ! ,hellic influ5ces1 :i* resid$ 9 ! royal h\ses ( ! c\ntry4 ,!re are n want+ signs1 t ! family ( ,priam 0 closely connect$ ) ! riv] & its banks4 ,! "n giv5 to ,hector's *ild is "o su* tok52 & we "k t ! m>es ( ,eri*?onius 7 f$ ^u ! m>%es ne> ,scam&]#cah4 ,x is also wor? obs]vation t ! ,prie/ ( ,scam&] 0 call$ ,dolopion1 :ile ,dolops 0 ! "n ( a son ( ,lampus1 a ,trojan ( ! highe/ rank1 bro!r to ,priam1 & "o ( ! ( ,troy#cai4 #cah ,il4 xx4 #bba4 #cai ,il4 iii4 #adg-i4 xv4 #ebe-g4 ,b ?\gh !re may be a special relation betwe5 ! wor%ip ( ,scam&]1 & ! influ5ce ( ! royal family1 ,i ?9k ! explanation is *iefly to be s\ght 9 ! specific diff]5ces :i* sep>ate x f ,riv]-wor%ip1 z g5]ally conceiv$ 9 ! ,olympian sy/em4 ,!re is ano!r aspect ( ,riv]-wor%ip 9 ,greece1 ) :i* x seems to h m aff9ity4 ,!re is ! t]rible adjuration ( ,/yx1 :i* implies its v9dictive ag5cy#cbj4 ,?is riv] is repres5t$ on e>? by a bran* f itself1 call$ ,tit>esius1 ne> ! ,p]rhbian ,dodona#cba4 ,! ,riv]s are expressly invok$1 9 ?is "*1 by ,agamemnon 9 ! adjuration ( ! ,pact3 & are associat$ ) ! deities t puni% p]jury aft] dea?4 ,moreov]1 x is curi\s t1 :5 ,agamemnon makes an adjuration be=e ,greeks alone1 he omits ! appeal to ! ,riv]s1 :om he _h nam$ :5 he 0 act+ = ! two peoples jo9tly#cbb4 ,?is seems to %[ t ! invocation ( ,riv]s1 or ( "s class ( ,riv]s1 9 a retributive capacity1 0 famili>1 & may h be5 peculi>1 to ! ,trojans4 #cbj ,il4 xiv4 #bga4 xv4 #cg4 #cba ,il4 #b4 #gea-e4 #cbb ,comp>e ,il4 iii4 #bgf4 xix4 #beh4 ,true aspect ( ,trojan ,riv]-wor%ip4 ,9 effect1 !n1 ! gr& di/9ction seems to be ?is4 ,! wor%ip ( ,scam&] 9 ,troas belong$ to ! elem5tal sy/em & e>?-wor%ip1 :i* ! ,greeks1 = ! purposes ( _! ,olympus1 _h ref9$ away into a poetical vivify+ ,p[]1 replete ) m bl& influ5ces3 reta9+ x1 m or less1 = ! purpose ( adjuration1 9 ! d>k] & /]n] s5se4 ,accord+ly1 :ile ,scam&]1 :o is also call$ ,xan?us1 has1 z a god1 a m>k ( antiquity 9 ! d\ble "n#cbc1 he %[s none ( ! ,greek an?ropophui/ic +r$i5ts4 ,ev5 = spee* & action1 he does n take ! human =m2 b he is1 simply & /rictly1 ! elem5t alive4 #cbc ,il4 xx4 #gd4 ,! species ( deification1 impli$ 9 e>?-wor%ip1 sc>cely lift$ ! objects ( x 9 any degree out ( ! sph]e ( purely mat]ial conceptions4 ,?us1 :ile ,scam&]1 f 8 sup]ior p[]1 is no m ?an ,nature put 9 action1 all ! o!r ,riv]s ( ,troas exhibit to u ,nature purely passive1 a bl9d in/rum5t 9 ! h& ( deity4 ,! total sil5ce & inaction ( ,simois#cbd1 aft] ! appeal ( ,scam&]1 makes 8 imp]sonality m conspicu\s1 ?an if he _h n be5 address$4 ,aga91 :5 ! ,greeks h quitt$ ! c\ntry1 ,apollo takes up ! /reams ( ! eight riv]s t desc5d f ,ida1 includ+ great ,scam&]1 l s _m firem5's hose1 & turns !m ^u ! ramp>t to de/roy x4 ,we h no example 9 ,hom] ( ?is me*anical mode ( h&l+ ,greek riv]s4 #cbd ,il4 xxi4 #cjh4 ,! di/9ction ( treatm5t seems to be due to a diff]5ce 9 ! my?ology ( ! two c\ntries z its probable s\rce4 ,& ,i f9d an analog\s me?od ( proce$+ ) ref]5ce to ! ,w9ds4 ,9 ! ,iliad !y are deities1 address$ 9 pray]1 & capable ( receiv+ (f]+s4 ,9 ! ,odyssey !y are m]e s5seless in/rum5ts ( nature1 "u ! control ( olus4 ,b !n 9 ! ,iliad ,hom] deals ) !m = a ,greek purpose 7= ,i d n except ! imp]sonation ( ,boreas1 ,il4 xx4 #bjc1 :]e ! ,d>danid family is conc]n$73 x is ,a*illes :o prays to !m3 x is ! ,greek w>-horse t !y beget4 ,9 ! ,odyssey he introduces !m amid/ a sy/em ( =eign1 t is to say1 ( ,phnician traditions4 ,turn+ n[ to o!r objects1 let u next see :e!r fur!r inquiry w confirm ! sugge/ions1 :i* ,i h f\nd$ on ! cases ( ,gaia & ( ,scam&]4 ,at ! head ( ,scam&] are two f\nta9s1 & h>d by !m are ! ci/]ns1 :i* ! wom5 ( ! city frequ5t = wa%+ clo!s4 ,?us ! spot is "o ( great notoriety2 yet !re is n a ^w ( any deity connect$ ) ^! f\nta9s4 ,?is is 9 rem>kable contra/ ) :at we meet 9 ,hom]'s ,greek topography4 ,ulysses#cbe1 imm$iately on be+ aw>e t he has be5 disemb>k$ 9 ,i?aca1 prays to ! ,nymphs ( ! grotto1 :i* 0 d$icat$ to !m4 ,!re !y _h _! b[ls & vases1 & _! di/affs ( /one1 ) :i* !y spun y>n ( sea-purple#cbf4 ,& ! h>b\r1 9 :i* he 0 l&$1 0 ! h>b\r ( ,phorcys1 ! old man ( ! sea#cbg4 ,s aga9 at ! f\nta91 :]e ! p ( ! t[n drew wat]1 !re 0 an alt> ( ! ,nymphs t presid$ ov] x1 ^u :i* all ! pass]s-by habitually made (f]+s#cbh4 ,nor c\ld ?is be wond]ful1 z all groves1 all f\nta9s1 all mead[s1 & probably all m\nta9s1 _h _! prop] indwell+ ,nymphs accord+ to ! ,greek my?ology2 :ile ! ,riv]s 7 imp]sonat$ z deities1 & ! sea too teem$ at e po9t ) pret]natural life4 #cbe ,od4 xiii4 #cef4 #cbf ,od4 xiii4 #ajc4 #cbg ,ibid4 #if4 #cbh ,od4 xvii4 #bjh-aa4 ,trojan imp]sonations f ,nature r>e4 ,hom] has nam$ _m1 besides ,scam&]1 ( ! riv]s ( ,m\nt ,ida2 b to none1 n ev5 to ,simois1 nor aga9 to ,ida or ,g>g>us !mselves1 does he assign any ( ^! local inhabitants4 ,!re are1 h[ev]1 ?ree curi\s cases ( ,nymphs assign$ by him to ,troas4 ,! 1 call$ ,ab>b>ee1 be>s two sons to ,bucolion#cbi1 a spuri\s *ild ( ,laom$on2 & ano!r nymph ( ! same class be>s ,satnius to ,enops#ccj4 ,a ?ird simil> case is record$ 9 ! ,tw5tie? ,book#cca4 ,^! w\ld appe> to be simple cases ( spuri\s bir?s1 & to h no prop] connection ) my?ology4 ,= ! "m ( ,satnius is call$ 2 a "n nev] appli$ by ,hom] to ! ,immortals4 ,if1 h[ev]1 ! ,nymphs be deities1 !y m>k ano!r diff]5ce betwe5 ,greece & ,troy3 = ,hom] nev] attributes lu/s to ! ,nymphs ( ! ,greek ,olympus4 #cbi ,il4 vi4 #ba4 #ccj ,il4 xiv4 #ddd4 #cca ,il4 xx4 #chd4 ,amid/ ! :ole detail ( ! ,iliad1 9 "o in/ance only h we ,trojan ,nymphs conceiv$ aft] ! ,greek fa%ion3 x is :5 ^? ( ! m\nta9s1 accord+ to ! spee* ( ,&roma*e1 plant$ elms r\nd ab\t ! fre%-made tomb ( h] fa!r ,eetion4 ,z a g5]al rule1 no ,trojan ref]s 9 spee* ei!r to any leg5d1 or to any int]m$iate ord]1 ( sup]natural be+s4 ,de/9y1 nam$ by ,hecuba1 is1 z we h se51 a metaphysical idea1 r ?an a p]son#ccb4 #ccb ,il4 xxii4 #dce4 xxiv4 #bji4 ,! v "n ( ,olympus itself is a symbol ( nationality2 & ar\nd x are gr\p$ ! =ms1 :i* ei!r ! popul> belief1 or ! imag9ation ( ! ,poet1 incorporat$ into ! company ( objects = wor%ip4 ,!y =m a body wond]fully brilliant & div]sifi$4 ,!y p]vade ! ,greek m9d 9 su* a way1 z to appe> alike 9 its didactic1 & its mo/ deeply pa!tic moods4 ,! spee* ( ,phnix gives u ! ,p>able ( & ! 3 !n ! episode ( ,meleag]1 :i* is f\nd$ on ! wra? ( ,diana3 b into ?is leg5d itself1 ins]t$ into ! spee*1 is aga9 int]polat$ ! sep>ate leg5d ( ,apollo & ,alcyone#ccc4 ,! spee* ( ,agamemnon1 9 ! ,n9ete5? ,book1 af=ds u ano!r example#ccd4 ,! case is ! same 9 ! mo/ pa!tic /ra9s4 ,a*illes1 9 ! int]view ) ,priam1 exhorts him to take food by ! example ( ,niobe1 & app5ds h] tale#cce3 ,p5elope1 pray+ to ,diana 9 ! extremity ( h] grief1 recites ! tale ( ! daught]s ( ,p&>eus#ccf4 ,ev5 ! ,suitor ,ant9\s po9ts 8 address to ,ulysses ) ! semi-div9e leg5d ( ! ,c5taurs & ,lapi?#ccg4 ,ev]y:]e1 & f all ! receptacles ( ?\ght1 my?ology ov]fl[s4 ,b 9 ,troy ! case is q diff]5t4 ,!re ! human m9d nev] seems to resort to x1 ei!r = food or 9 sport4 ,we f9d deities1 prie/s1 prophets1 c]emonial1 all app>5tly 9 abundance3 9 all ( ^!1 except ! fir/1 ! ,greeks are mu* poor]2 b ea* ( !m1 9 & = himself1 is 9 contact ) an entire sup]natural _w1 ! creation ( luxuriant & en]getic fancy1 :i* ranges alike ov] ! sph]es ( s5se & ( metaphysics4 ,&roma*e1 virtu\s & s9c]e z ,p5elope1 has no su* m5tal weal?2 h] ?\ghts1 & ^? ( ,hecuba & ,priam1 bo? ord9>ily & also on ! dea? ( ,hector1 are limit$ to topics ! mo/ obvi\s & primitive1 ) :i* society1 h[ev] undevelop$1 is famili>4 ,f ?is limitation1 & f ! nature ( ^? leg5ds respect+ deities1 ( :i* ! sc5e is laid 9 ,troas1 x seems reasonable to believe t ! my?ological dress is ( purely ,hell5ic orig94 #ccc ,il4 ix4 #eei4 #ccd ,il4 xix4 #ij-acc4 #cce ,il4 xxiv4 #fjb-ag4 #ccf ,od4 xx4 #ff4 #ccg ,od4 xxi4 #bie-cjd4 ,! d$ication to ,jupit] ( ! l(ty & beautiful *e/nut-tree#cch ne> ,troy1 is 9 correspond5ce ) ! oak ( ,dodona1 & indicates q a diff]5t tra9 ( ?\ght f ^? :i* conceiv$ ! ,greek ,olympus4 ,x is probably bo? a fragm5t ( nature-wor%ip 9 its ,ori5tal =m1 & likewise a portion ( ! ext]nal & ritual developm5t1 9 :i* ! religion ( ,troy 0 evid5tly prolific en\gh4 ,& 9 ?is case ! negative evid5ce ( ,hom] is especially /rong2 because ! great numb] ( ! p>ticul> spots on ! pla9 ( ,troy1 :i* he has _h occasion to commemorate1 con/itute a mu* m m9ute topography !re1 ?an he has giv5 u on any o!r sc5e1 n ev5 except+ ,i?aca3 s t he c\ld h>dly h avoid$ %[+ u1 _h x be5 ! fact1 t ! religion ( ,troy ent]$ l>gely into :at ,mr4 ,grote has s well call$ #8! religi\s & p]sonal int]pretation ( nature4' #cch ,il4 v4 #fig1 & vii4 #fj4 ,next z to ^? div9e p]sons ( ! second ord]1 :o are s abundantly pres5t$ to u by ,hom] 9 relations ) ! ,greeks4 ,iris visits ! ,trojans ?rice4 ,fir/1 %e repairs to _! ,assembly 9 ! =m ( ,polites4 ,secondly1 %e appe>s to ,hel51 z h] si/]-9-law ,laodice4 ,%e deliv]s h] message to ,priam 9 ! ,tw5ty-f\r? ,book )\t disguise2 p]haps because x 0 necess>y#cci t he %\ld h ! assi/ance ( a deity se5 & he>d1 9 ord] to embold5 him = a seem+ly desp]ate ent]prise4 ,b !re is no?+ 9 8 acc\nt ( ! int]view1 :i* requires u to suppose t ! p]son ,iris 0 kn[n to ,priam4 ,! expression he uses is#cdj #cci ,il4 xxiv4 #bbj4 #cdj ,il4 xxiv4 #bbc1 #aid4 4 ,& aga91 he calls h] an ,olympian mess5g]#cda f ,jupit]4 ,ano!r passage c>ries ! argum5t a po9t fur!r1 by %[+ u t ! appe>ance ( ?is b5ignant deity 0 al>m+1 d\btless because x 0 /range1 to him4 ,:5 %e arrives1 %e addresses him v s(tly 7#agj73 b he is seiz$ ) dread2 #cda ,sup4 p4 #aee4 an emotion1 :i* ,i d n rememb] to h f\nd record$ on any app>ition ( a div9ity to a ,greek h]o4 ,pov]ty ( ,trojan ,my?ology4 ,?us f> !n x w\ld appe> probable1 t 9 ! ,trojan my?ology ! li/ ( major deities 0 m contract$ ?an 9 ,greece1 & t ! m9or deities 7 almo/ unkn[n4 ,b p]haps ! mo/ m>k$ diff]5ce betwe5 ! two sy/ems is 9 ! copi\s developm5t on ! ,greek side ( ! doctr9e ( a future /ate1 comp>$ ) ! jejune & %ad[y "* ( t belief among ! ,trojans4 ,jejune doctr9e ( a ,future ,/ate4 ,9 ! n>rative ( ! sack ( ,hypoplacian ,!bes1 & aga9 9 h] fir/ lam5t ov] ,hector1 ,&roma*e does inde$ speak ( h] husb&1 fa!r1 & bro!rs1 respectively1 z hav+ ent]$ ! dwell+s ( ,aides#cdb4 ,b ^! ref]5ces are slight1 & x may almo/ be said p]functory4 ,n ano!r ^w is said ei!r 9 ! ,tw5ty-second ,book1 or 9 ! :ole ( ! ,tw5ty-f\r?1 ab\t ! %ade ( ,hector4 #cdb ,il4 vi4 #dbb4 xxii4 #dhb4 ,:5 ,pope clos$ 8 ,iliad ) ! l9e ,& peaceful slept ! mighty ,hector's %ade1 x probably did n occur to him1 t he 0 n m]ely alt]+ ! poetry ( ,hom]1 b falsify+ also 8 picture ( ! ,trojan religion2 :i* _h inde$ its fun]al rites1 b s describ$ z to leave u no means ( conclud+1 t !y 7 9 any degree direct$ to procur+ ! com=t & tranquillity ( ! dead4 ,! sil5ce obs]v$ ab\t ! _s ( ,hector is rem>kable f ! contra/ ) ! case ( ,patroclus4 ,bo? are m\rn$ = passionately1 by ^? :o love !m be/3 b ! %ade ( ,patroclus is ! great figure 9 ! m\rn+ ( ,a*illes1 :ile ,hector's exi/5ce aft] dea? is b once own$1 fa9tly & 9 ! ab/ract4 ,nor1 z we see f ! ,odyssey1 0 ?is homage to ! %ade ( ,patroclus a ?+ occasional or accid5tal4 ,we !re meet ! s\ls ( all ! great dep>t$ ( ! ,w>1 9 ! "u-_w4 ,t region1 op5$ to ,ulysses1 _h =m]ly be5 op5$ to ,h]cules4 ,ev5 ! dissolute ,suitors _c be dismiss$ f life1 )\t our be+ call$ to accompany _! spirits pa/ ! ,leucadian rock to ! place ( _! de/9ation4 ,! w>riors sla9 9 battle ) ! ,cicones are ?rice invok$ by ! survivors#cdc4 ,nay ,elp5or himself1 mo/ insignificant ( m51 is duly br\ght be=e u 9 8 la/ home#cdd4 #cdc ,od4 ix4 #fe4 #cdd ,od4 xi4 #ea4 ,we are1 h[ev]1 enabl$ to op5 ano!r *apt] ( evid5ce1 t be>s ^u ?is int]e/+ subject4 ,x is obta9$ ?r\gh ! m$ium ( ! oa?s ( ! two nations respectively4 ,displac+ ! elem5tal p[]s f _! ord9>y religion1 ! ,greeks made !m gaol]s1 z x 71 ( ! "u-_w1 & gave !m ?is = _! prop] bus9ess4 ,h5ce !y are p>ad$ freely 9 ! ,greek oa?s#cde4 ,agamemnon be=e ! ,pact invokes1 ) ,jupit]1 ! ,sun1 ! ,riv]s1 ! ,e>?1 ! inf]nal gods4 ,9 ! ,n9ete5? book1 ! same2 omitt+ h[ev] ! ,riv]s1 & nam+1 in/ead ( simply describ+1 ! ,er9es#cdf4 ,9 ! ,f\rte5? ,iliad1 ,juno app>5tly swe>s by ,/yx1 ,e>?1 ,sea1 & ! inf]nal gods#cdg4 ,9 ! ,fifte5?1 by ,e>?1 ,heav51 ,/yx1 ! head ( ,jupit]1 & _! m>riage b$#cdh4 ,calypso swe>s1 = ! satisfaction ( ,ulysses1 & accord+ to 8 fa%ion z ! impon5s1 by ,e>?1 ,heav51 & ,/yx#cdi4 ,?us ! ,greeks made an effective use ( ^! e>?y & mat]ial div9ities1 9 connection ) _! l>ge developm5t ( ! ,future ,/ate1 by in/all+ !m z ! (ficial puni%]s ( p]jury4 ,n[ ! ,trojans appe>1 f :at we h se51 to h wor%ipp$ ?is class ( deities2 b z sup]-t]ranean1 n z sub-t]ranean gods4 ,_h !y n be5 ?us wor%ipp$ at ! lea/1 ,agamemnon c\ld n h includ$ !m 9 ! ,invocation ( ! ,pact1 :]e he _h to act & speak = bo? nations#cej4 ,& :ile we see !y sacrific$ lambs to ,e>? & ,sun1 /ill we h a curi\s pro( t ^! deities 7 n wor%ipp$ 9 ,troy z av5g]s ( p]jury4 ,= :5 9 ! ,t5? ,book ,hector swe>s to ,dolon1 he invokes no div9ity1 except ,jupit] ! l\d-?und]+ husb& ( ,juno4 ,!re may1 z we h se5 "h1 be a fa9t ref]5ce to ! e>?y "* ( ! ,trojan ,juno2 b !re is no well-develop$ sy/em1 :i* uses a p>ticul> ord] ( p[]s = ! puni%m5t ( p]jurors 9 a future /ate4 ,we c h>dly d\bt t ?is 0 prim>ily because ! doctr9e ( ! ,future ,/ate 0 want+ 9 deep & practical roots1 s f> z we c see1 among ! ,trojans4 ,a mat]ializ+ religion seems ess5tially ho/ile to ! full developm5t ( su* a doctr9e4 ,& x is n a little curi\s to f9d t 9 ?is same c\ntry1 :]e ! oa? 0 less solemn ?an 9 ,greece1 & ! life aft] dea? less a subject ( practical & en]getic belief1 p]jury & brea* ( fai? %\ld h be51 z we %all f9d !y 71 s mu* m lightly reg>d$4 #cde ,il4 iii4 #bgf4 #cdf ,il4 xix4 #beh4 #cdg ,il4 xiv4 #bga-d1 #bgh1 #i4 #cdh ,il4 xv4 #cf-dj4 #cdi ,od4 v4 #ahd4 #cej ,il4 iii #bfd-ge4 ,= ! sake ( realiz+ to ourselves ! contra/ betwe5 ! religi\s sy/em ( ,troy1 z we ?us at lea/ by glimpses seem to p]ceive x1 & ! wond]ful imag9ative ri*ness ( ! pret]natural sy/em ( ! ,greeks z exhibit$ 9 ,hom]1 x may be well to po9t briefly to a few cases1 :i* are ! m illu/rative1 because !y are ! accessories1 & n ! ma9 pill>s ( ! sy/em4 ,take1 !n1 ! p]sonifications ( all ! =ms ( ,t]ror 9 ! tra9 ( ,m>s3 ! transport1 by ,sleep & ,dea?1 ( ! body ( ,s>p$on to 8 home2 ! te>s ( blood wept by ,jupit]2 ! agitation ( ! sea 9 sympa?y ) ,neptune's w>like p>ade2 ! dread ( ,aidoneus le/ ! cru/ ( e>? %\ld give way "u ! tramp ( ! gods 9 battle2 ! m\rn+ g>b ( ,!tis = ! fri5d ( h] son's y\?2 ! long tra9 ( ,nymphs1 ris+ f ! dep?s ( ! sea to accompany h]1 :5 %e m\nts to visit ! sorr[+ ,a*illes2 ! r$undant imag]y ( ! ne!r _w2 ! inimitable tact ) :i* he pres]ves ! id5tity ( 8 great *iefta9s :5 visit$ bel[1 b pres5ts ea* "u a deep t9t ( sadness4 ,all ?is makes u feel n only t w>1 policy1 & poetry1 are indissolubly bl5d$ 9 ! great m9d ( ,hom]1 & ( 8 race1 b t ! h>moni\s association ( all ^! ) ! ,olympian religion 0 ! "w ( a vivify+ imag9ation1 :i* 0 a peculi> & spl5did "p ( _! inh]itance4 ,wor%ip f ! hills4 ,!re is a m m>k$ trace 9 ! ,trojan wor%ip1 ?an is to be f\nd among ! ,greeks1 ( ! practice ( ! ,p]sian2 :o paid homage to ! ,deity1 ,to l(tie/ heights asc5d+1 f _! tops1 ,) myrtle-wrea!d ti>a on 8 br[#cea4 #cea ,wordswor?'s ,excursion1 b4 iv4 ,= ,hector (f]$ to ,jupit] sometimes 7:i* may be ref]r$ to a diff]5t cause7 on ! highe/ gr\nd ( ! city1 sometimes on ! tops ( ,ida#ceb3 #ceb ,il4 xxii4 #aga4 1 ' 4 ,at all ev5ts we may say1 t ! only sign rema9+ 9 ,greece ( ?is pr9ciple ( wor%ip1 0 "o common to x ) ,troy1 & se5 9 ! epi!t appli$ to ,jupit]1 z well z 9 ! association betwe5 ! seats ( ! gods1 & ! highe/ m\nta9s4 ,on ! o!r h&1 ! religion ( ! ,trojans appe>s to h ab\nd$ m 9 positive obs]vance & hi]>*ical developm5t1 ?an t ( ! ,greeks4 ,?is subject may be consid]$ ) ref]5ce to ! sev]al subjects ( #a4 ,temples4 #b4 ,end[m5ts 774 #c4 ,groves4 #d4 ,/atues4 #e4 ,se]s or ,prophets4 #f4 ,! ,prie/hood4 ,troy & ,greece z to ,temples4 ,x has be5 debat$1 :e!r ! ,greeks ( ! ,hom]ic age _h yet begun to erect temples to ! gods4 ,! only case ( a temple1 di/9ctly & expressly m5tion$ z exi/+ 9 ,greece1 is 9 ! passage ( ! ,catalogue respect+ ! ,a!nians1 on :i* !re hangs a slight %ade ( d\bt4 ,b ano!r passage1 ?\gh x does n conta9 ! ^w1 seems to be conclusive z to ! ?+4 ,x is t :]e ,a*illes m5tions treasures1 :i* lie )9 ! /ony ?re%old ( ,apollo at ,py?o#cec3 #cec ,il4 ix4 #djd4 ,ld4 ,ab]de5's ,essay1 p4 #hf4 ' 1 1 4 ,?\gh !re may h be5 treasuries :i* 7 n temples1 !y c\ld h>dly h be5 treasuries ( ! gods3 = 9 :at s5se c\ld treasures be plac$ "u _! special protection1 unless by be+ deposit$ 9 places :i* 7 peculi>ly !irs8 ,9 ! ,odyssey1 ,eurylo*us promises to build a temple to ! ,sun1 on gett+ safe to ,i?aca#ced2 & ,nausi?\s#cee1 ! fa!r ( ,alc9\s1 built temples ( ! gods 9 ,s*]ia4 ,n[ ,s*]ia 0 n ,greece2 yet x 0 m ak9 to ,greece ?an to ,troy4 #ced ,od4 xii4 #cde4 #cee ,od4 vi4 #aj2 vii4 #ef4 ,x is1 on ! o!r h&1 obs]vable t1 ?\gh "u ^! circum/ances we c h>dly d5y t temples exi/$ among ! ,greeks1 yet we h no case 9 ,hom] ( a temple actually erect$ to a purely ,hellic deity4 ,our cle> in/ances are1 9 fact1 conf9$ to ! temples ( ,m9]va at ,troy & ,a!ns1 & ! temples ( ,apollo at ,troy1 ,*ryse#cef1 & ,py?o3 & :5 we see old ,ne/or p]=m+ solemn sacrifice 9 ! op5 air at ,pylos1 himself1 too1 a reput$ gr&*ild ( ,neptune1 we _c suppose t x 0 usual ) ! ,hell5es to wor%ip ,hell5ic gods 9 temples4 ,x is possible1 ?\gh ,i w\ld n presume to say m1 t ,apollo & ,m9]va may h be5 ! only deities to :om x 0 usual 9 t age to erect temples1 :e!r 9 ,greece or ,troy4 #cef ,il4 i4 #ci4 ,i mu/ n1 h[ev]1 presume to dismiss ?is subject )\t notic+ ! l9e1 ,od4 vi4 #bff2 ' 1 4 ,?is v]se is (t5 int]pret$ z #8! place ( assembly r\nd ab\t ! beautiful temple ( ,neptune4' ,s ,eu/a?ius#ceg3 s "o ( ! s*olia/s3 ! o!r int]prets x to mean a only4 ,nitzs*1 ,t]p/ra#ceh & ,crusius take x = a temple4 ,! ^w )\t a sub/antive is a =m f\nd n[h]e else 9 ,hom]3 s t we h only ! aid ( reason to int]pret x4 ,n[1 ?is 0 ! place ( ! public assemblies = bus9ess4 ,x is surely improbable1 t !re c\ld h be5 a ro($ temple 9 ! mid/ ( x1 :i* w\ld int]rupt bo? sight & he>+4 ,on ! o!r h&1 we "k t be=e ,troy ! alt>s 7 9 ! ( ! camp#cei3 & ?is w\ld cause no inconv5i5ce4 ,x w\ld seem !n1 t means n a cov]$ temple1 b a consecrat$ spot1 9 all likelihood inclos$1 on :i* an alt> /ood4 #ceg ,9 loc4 #ceh ,t]p/ra1 c4 iii4 #d4 #cei ,il4 xi4 #hjg1 #h4 ,i w\ld n1 h[ev]1 argue absolutely ^u ! ^w 1 9 cases :]e x is f\nd )\t a ^w signify+ to con/ruct1 or o!r signs m>k+ x z a build+4 ,= its resemblance to raises ! "q1 :e!r x may n orig9ally h meant ! consecrat$ l& :i* pass$ "u ! "n ( 4 ,if s1 x may h _h ?is s5se 9 a passage l t ( ! ,catalogue2 :]e ! epi!t jo9$ to x 7 7 is "o m suitable to ! idea ( a piece ( gr\nd1 ?an ( a temple2 ?\gh applicable by ,hom]ic usage to ! latt] too1 & ?\gh suffici5tly support$ by 4 7,il4 v4 #eab47 #b4 ,! d]ivation ( is suppos$1 by "s philologi/s1 to be ! same ) t ( templum4 ,& if s1 !re is a m>k$ analogy betwe5 ?is association & t ( ) 4 ,ea* w\ld seem to indicate ! cu/oms ( a race1 :i* _h bo? d$icat$ l&s & a prie/hood1 be=e x began to raise sacr$ edifices4 ,z to end[m5ts 9 l&4 ,z respects ! end[m5t 9 l&1 :i* 0 sometimes consecrat$ to ! gods1 & 0 call$ 1 ,i presume we mu/ conclude t1 :]ev] su* an end[m5t 0 f\nd1 !re mu/ h be5 a prie/hood support$ by x4 ,= x is difficult to conceive :at o!r purpose c\ld h be5 contemplat$1 at su* a "t1 by su* an appropriation ( l&4 ,& aga9 we may assume t1 :]e ! or glebe exi/$1 !re w\ld be if n a temple yet at lea/ an alt>1 some?+ :i* localiz$ ! wor%ip 9 ! p>ticul> spot4 ,x is inde$ mu* m easy to suppose a temple )\t a prie/hood1 ?an a glebe4 ,& "h x is aga9 rem>kable1 t we meet ) no example 9 ,hom] ( a glebe set ap>t = an exclusively ,hellic god4 ,! cases ( glebes1 ) :i* he supplies u1 are ^!3 #a4 ,( ,c]es1 a ,pelasgian deity1 9 ,!ssaly1 ,il4 ii4 #fif2 #b4 ,( ,jupit]1 on ,m\nt ,g>g>us 9 ,troas1 toge!r ) an alt>1 ,il4 viii4 #dh2 #c4 ,( ,v5us1 a ,pelasgian deity1 at ,paphos 9 ,cyprus1 ) an alt>1 ,od4 viii4 #cfb2 #d4 ,( ,sp]*eius 9 ,!ssaly1 ) an alt>1 ,il4 xxiii4 #adh4 ,z respects ?is case1 we h inde$ f\nd1 t ! imag9ative deification ( ,nature appe>s to h be5 ,hell5ic1 & n ,pelasgian4 ,/ill1 ) ! case ( ,scam&] be=e u1 & consid]+ t we f9d ! atta*$ to ,sp]*eius 9 an em95tly ,pelasgian di/rict1 :ile !re is no example ( su* an inh]itance = ! deities among ! ,hellic tribes1 x seems mo/ rational to consid] ! appropriation ( x z belong+ to ! ,pelasgian p]iod1 & z hav+ simply liv$ ov] into ! ,hell5ic age4 #c4 ,! ( ,hom] appe>s to be q diff]5t f ! 3 & to mean r :at we %\ld call a site = religi\s wor%ip1 z di/+ui%$ f an end[m5t :i*1 z su*1 w\ld produce ! means ( subsi/5ce4 ,su* places 7 requir$ by ! _s ( ,hell5ic religion1 z mu* z by ! ,pelasgian wor%ip1 & we f9d !m accord+ly dissem9at$ z foll[s3 we h #a4 ,9 ,s*]ia1 ! ( ,m9]va1 ,od4 vi4 #bia1 #cba4 #b4 ,at ,ism>us1 ! ( ,apollo1 9 :i* dwelt ,m>on ! prie/1 ,od4 ix4 #bjj4 #c4 ,9 ,i?aca1 ! ( ! ,nymphs1 ) an alt>1 beside ! f\nta91 :]e all pass]s-by (f]$ sacrifice1 ,od4 xvii4 #bje-aa4 #d4 ,9 ,i?aca aga91 ! ( ,apollo1 :]e public sacrifice 0 p]=m$ 9 ! city on 8 fea/-day1 ,od4 xx4 #bgg1 #h4 #e4 ,9 ,botia1 ,on*e/us is call$ ! ( ,neptune1 ,il4 ii4 #ejf4 #f4 ,! ( ,p]sephone are on ! bea* beyond ,oceanus1 & are compos$ ( popl>s & will[s1 ,od4 x4 #eji4 #g4 ,9 ! great ,assembly ( gods be=e ! ,!oma*y1 all ! ,nymphs are summon$1 :o inhabit z well z f\nta9s & mead[s1 ,il4 xx4 #h4 ,b "h ! mean+ includes any grove1 d$icat$ or n4 ,& aga91 #h4 ,! att5dants ( ,circe are su* z inhabit 1 groves1 or f\nta9s1 or riv]s1 ,od4 x4 #cej4 ,?us ! 1 :5 us$ 9 ! religi\s s5se1 means a grove or clump ( trees1 sometimes ) turf1 or ) a f\nta92 set ap>t z a place = wor%ip1 & inhabit$ by a deity or 8 m9i/]s1 yet q di/9ct f a prop]ty capable ( support+ !m4 ,^! clumps appe> to be s appropriat$ m commonly by ,hell5ic1 ?an by ,pelasgian practice4 ,z to /atues ( ! gods4 #d4 ,we w take next ! case ( /atues ( ! gods4 ,9 ! op9ion ( ,mure1 ! metaphor :i* repres5ts human affairs z re/+ 9 ! lap ( ! gods 7 71 gives conclusive evid5ce t ! cu/om ( mak+ /atues ( ! deities prevail$ among ! ,greeks4 ,i d n h[ev] see :y ?is p>ticul> figure %\ld be> ^u ! "q1 m ?an any ( ! o!r v num]\s repres5tations :i* treat !m z end[$ ) v>i\s memb]s ( ! body4 ,if ?is evid5ce be receivable at all1 x is ov]:elm+4 ,b x is op5 to "s d\bt1 :e!r1 because gods are m5tally conceiv$ accord+ to ! laws ( an?ropomorphism1 we may !re=e assume t !y 7 also mat]ially repres5t$ "u ! human =m4 ,we h1 ,i believe1 no m ?an "o s+le piece ( direct evid5ce on ! subject1 & x is ?is2 t1 :5 ! ,trojan matrons c>ry _! supplication to ! temple ( ,m9]va1 toge!r ) ! (f]+ ( a robe1 !y deposit x on h] knees 7,il4 vi4 #cjc71 4 ,?is appe>s to be q conclusive z to ! exi/5ce ( a /atue ( ,m9]va at ,troy3 b x leaves ! "q entirely op51 :e!r x 0 an ,hell5ic1 z well z a ,pelasgian1 practice ?us to repres5t ! gods4 ,x is q pla91 ,i ?9k1 t ! practice 0 n "o cong5ial or famili> to ! m9d ( ,hom]4 ,_h x be5 s1 he surely mu/ h made l>ge poetic use ( x4 ,:]eas on ! contr>y x is by inf]5ce alone1 ?\gh c]ta9ly by unavoidable inf]5ce1 f language :i* he uses )\t t int5tion1 t we become assur$ ev5 ( _! exi/5ce 9 8 "t4 ,he speaks1 inde$1 m ?an once ( plac+ 9 temples1 or ( susp5d+ !m 9 hon\r ( ! gods#cfj3 b our title to con/rue ?is ( /atues appe>s to be :olly conjectural4 #cfj ,od4 iii4 #dch4 xii4 #cdg4 ,x w\ld seem inexplicable t a poet1 :o enl>ges ) s mu* p[]1 n only on ! ,%ield ( ,agamemnon & ! ,arms ( ,a*illes1 b on ! ideal gis ( ,m9]va1 ! *>iot ( ,juno1 ! b[ ( ,apollo1 & ! metallic h&maids ( ,vulcan1 %\ld entirely avoid description ( ! /atues ( ! ,olympian gods1 if !y 7 habitually be=e 8 eyes4 ,i h argu$ else:]e t we see 9 ,hom] ! ,hell5ic1 n ! ,pelasgian1 m9d4 ,& if x be s1 !n ,i ?9k we are ju/ifi$ 9 associat+ ) 8 ,hell5ism1 z "o among _m signs1 ?is rem>kable sil5ce4 ,! ritual & ext]nal developm5t ( ,pelasgian religion w\ld delight 9 /atues z visible signs3 ! ,hell5ic idealism w\ld n improbably es*ew !m4 ,h5ce we may treat ?is practice ( ! p]iod z belong+ to ,pelasgian peculi>ities4 ,if ?is be s1 !n ,i ?9k we may pass on to ! conclusion1 t ! orig9al t5d5cy to produce visible =ms ( ! ,div9ity 0 n ow+ to1 & =m$ no "p (1 ! ef=ts ( ! human imag9ation1 s l>gely develop$ 9 ,hom]1 to idealize religion1 & to beautify ! _w by its imag]y4 ,b1 on ! contr>y1 s f> z we c judge f ,hom]1 x fir/ prevail$ among a race incl9$ to mat]ial & e>?y conceptions 9 !ology1 & f !m x spread to o!rs ( high] intellig5ce4 ,x 0 a crut* = ! lam5ess ( man1 & n a w+ = 8 upw>d aspirations4 ,& inde$1 z x appe>s to me1 ?is proposition is su/a9$ ev5 by ! pa/ exp]i5ce & pres5t /ate ( ,*ri/5dom4 ,:5 fai? 0 /ronge/1 images 7 unkn[n to ! fai?ful4 ,nor is x art1 :i* produces !m3 x is m]ely a k9d ( corporal & me*anical imitation4 ,no consid]able "w ( art is at ?is mom5t1 ,i believe1 9 any ,*ri/ian c\ntry1 an object ( religi\s wor%ip4 ,! s5tim5t :i* craves = mat]ial repres5tations ( su* objects 9 ord] to wor%ip !m1 appe>s also commonly to exact t !y %\ld be some:at mat]ializ$4 ,! high] (fice ( art1 9 connection ) dev\t affection1 seems to be t x %\ld po9t our v5]ation onw>ds1 n arre/ x4 ,x holds out ! f+] :i* we are to foll[1 n ! h& :i* we are to kiss4 ,z to ,se]s or ,div9]s4 ,! ord] ( ,se]s or ,div9]s 0 common to ,greeks1 ,trojans1 & probably we may add1 f its be+ kn[n among ! ,cyclopes1 to all contempor>y races4 ,x is s+ul> t we %\ld f9d "h1 & n among ! prie/hood1 ! traces ( ca/e1 or ! h]$it>y desc5t ( ! gift4 ,9 all o!r po9ts1 ?is function /&s ap>t f hi]>*ical developm5ts4 ,= ! 1 except z to 8 gift1 is l o!r m54 ,melampus engages to c>ry (f ox54 ,polypheides migrates ^u a qu>rel ) 8 fa!r4 ,cleitus is ! lov] ( ,aurora4 ,!oclym5us has committ$ homicide#cfa4 ,teiresias is call$ 1 a "l or pr9ce#cfb4 ,we d n "k t ,cal*as f\ght z well z prophesi$1 b x may h be5 s1 s9ce ,hel5us1 ! son ( ,priam1 & ,eunomus1 ! ,mysian lead]1 7 se]s or augurs n less ?an w>riors4 ,b ! mo/ in/ructive specim5 ( ?is ord] among ! ,greeks is ! ,suitor ,leiodes#cfc1 :o 0 also 1 or inspector ( sacrifices1 to ! body ( ,suitors4 ,n[ ,ulysses _h1 9 consid]ation ( a ransom1 sp>$ ,m>on ! prie/ ( ,apollo at ,ism>us#cfd4 ,b1 f> f recognis+ 9 ! pr(essional "* ( ,leiodes a title to immunity1 he answ]s ! plea ) *>act]i/ic & deadly rep>tee4 ,& ?is1 not)/&+ t ,leiodes 01 z we le>n1 di/+ui%$ f ! re/ ( ! ,suitors by ! g5]al dec5cy ( 8 conduct4 #cfa ,od4 xv4 #bbd et seqq4 #cfb ,od4 xi4 #aej4 #cfc ,od4 xxii4 #caj-bi4 xxi4 #add4 #cfd ,od4 ix4 #aig-bja4 ,! app>5tly inspect$ sacrifices1 b did n (f] !m2 = ?is "* is cle>ly di/+ui%$ 9 ! ,iliad#cfe f t ( ! prie/4 ,inde$1 ! ^w 9 ,hom] appe>s prop]ly to apply to ^? m9or (fices ( sacrifice1 :i* did n involve ! putt+ to dea? ( victims2 z 9 ,il4 ix4 #bai1 :]e1 x may be obs]v$1 ! function is n p]=m$ by ! pr9cipal p]son1 b is deput$ by ,a*illes to ,patroclus4 ,! inspection ( sla9 animals w\ld probably /& 9 ! same category1 among div9e (fices1 z ! int]pretation ( o!r signs & port5ts4 #cfe ,il4 xxiv4 #bba4 ,! memb]s ( ?is class are1 ^u ! :ole1 z broadly di/+ui%$ f ! prie/s 9 ,hom]1 z are ! prophets ( ! ,old ,te/am5t f ! ,levitical prie/hood4 ,!y 7 call$ by ! g5]al "n ( 1 or by o!r names1 "s ( !m m limit$3 su* z 1 1 1 4 ,!y sometimes int]pret$ f signs & om5s2 sometimes1 z 9 ,il4 vi4 #hf1 & vii4 #dd1 )\t !m4 ,! diffusion ( ! gift among ! royal h\se ( ,troy1 :]e ,polydamas _h x z well z ,hel5us1 & possibly also ,hector1 is less m>k$ ?an ! great case ( ! family ( ,melampus4 ,! augur 0 9 all respects a citiz51 :ile possess$ ( a peculi> end[m5t3 & ! #cff m5tion$ 9 ! invocation ( ,a*illes1 :e!r !y 7 ! royal h\se1 or p]sons disp]s$ ?r\gh ! community1 evid5tly =m$ a m conspicu\s object among ! ,helli ?an we f9d 9 any ,pelasgian race4 ,aga92 9 ,greece we f9d ! oracles ( ,delphi & ,delos1 z well z ( ,dodona2 b !re is no simil> organ = ! deliv]y ( ! div9e w report$ to u 9 ,troy4 #cff ,il4 xvi4 #bce4 ,z to ! ,prie/hood4 ,we come n[ to ! la/ & mo/ important po9t connect$ ) ! outw>d developm5t ( ! religi\s sy/em1 t ( ! prie/hood3 & "h ,i %all endeav\r to describe di/9ctly ! evid5ce ) reg>d to bo? nations4 ,fir/1 let u consid] ! case ( prie/hood z x respects ! ,greeks4 ,we h at lea/ "o in/ance be=e u 9 ! ,iliad1 :]e a comb9$ religi\s action ( ,greeks & ,trojans is pres5t$ to u4 ,9 ! ,?ird ,book1 ,priam comes f ,troy to an op5 space betwe5 ! armies1 & meets ,agamemnon & ,ulysses4 ,! hon\r ( actually (f]+ ! sacrifice is allott$ to ! ,greeks4 ,no prie/ appe>s2 & ! function is p]=m$ by ! ,k+1 ,agamemnon4 ,x is !re=e natural to suppose t ! ,greeks h ) !m 9 ,troas no sacrific+ prie/4 ,on e occasion1 ! ,greek ,sov]eign (f]s sacrifice = himself & = ! army4 ,s also d ! soldi]y#cfg at l>ge = !mselves2 #cfg ,il4 ii4 #djj4 ' 4 ,!re 0 an alt>#cfh = ! v purpose 9 ! "p ( ! camp appropriat$ = ,assemblies2 a fact :i*1 ?\gh x does n demon/rate1 accords ) ! union ( ! regal & sac]dotal functions4 ,nor c we acc\nt = ! abs5ce ( prie/s f ! camp1 on ! same pr9ciple z = t ( b>ds2 s9ce poems 7 a luxury1 b sacrifices a necessity4 ,& we f9d ,cal*as repres5t+ ! class ( religi\s function>ies t ! ,greek nation did ackn[l$ge2 namely1 ! ,se]s1 :o int]pret$ ! div9e w1 )\t any fix$ m9i/ry belong+ to any p>ticul> place1 al?\gh ! gift 0 g5]ally d]iv$ f ,apollo1 z "o among 8 peculi> attributes4 #cfh ,il4 xi4 #hjg1 #h4 ,9 ! rem>kable passage1 :i* enum]ates = u ! pr9cipal trades & pr(essions ( ,greece 9 ! h]oic age#cfi1 we f9d m5tion$ ! prophet1 ! physician1 ! artific]1 ! div9ely prompt$ b>d2 b n ! prie/4 ,yet1 _h su* an ord] exi/$1 x c\ld n well1 on acc\nt ( its importance1 h be5 omitt$4 ,= 9 tru? ?is enum]ation is1 z we h be=e se51 ne>ly exhau/ive1 z appli$ to an age :5 !re 0 no pr(essional soldi]1 :5 ! husb&man1 fi%]man1 or h]d1 c\ld n be call$ a 1 = he _h no relation to ! public1 & :5 comm]ce 0 conf9$ to =eign]s l ! ,phnicians1 or pirates l ! ,taphians1 & =m$ no "p ( ! bus9ess ( ! settl$ communities ( ,greece4 #cfi ,od4 xvii4 #chd-f4 ,on ! o!r h&1 9 ! ,leg5d ( ,phnix conc]n+ ,meleag]1 we h a notice ( prie/s z hav+ exi/$ at t "t 9 tolia4 ,! embassy1 :i* 0 s5t to conciliate ,meleag]1 consi/$ ( eld]s & ( ! be/1 or mo/ di/+ui%$1 among ! prie/s2 1 4 ,il4 ix4 #egd4 ,n[1 ! ^w 1 ,i appreh5d1 indicates an ,hell5ic race1 = ,tydeus is 2 & x is wor? notice1 t 9 ?is passage ! eld]s are call$ tolian1 b n ! prie/s4 ,aga91 ?is ev5t took place dur+ ! reign ( neus1 two g5]ations be=e ! ,trojan w>#cgj4 ,at t "t ! ,hell5ic influ5ce 0 q rec5t 9 ,middle & 9 ,s\!rn ,greece4 ,! family ( ,sisyphus _h inde$ arriv$ !re at lea/ two g5]ations be=e1 b x disappe>$1 & x _h nev] ris5 to great p[]4 ,x 0 ! date ( ,augeias1 ( ,neleus1 & ( ,pelops2 all ( !m1 app>5tly1 ! fir/ ( _! respective families 9 ,peloponnesus4 ,s aga9 ! "n ,por!us1 assign$ to ! fa!r ( neus1 probably m>ks him z ! fir/ ,hell5ic occupant ( ! c\ntry4 #cgj ,il4 ix4 #ece4 ,plato obs]ves1 t new settl]s might naturally rema9 = a "t )\t religi\s in/itutions#cga ( _! own4 #cga ,legg4 vi4 #g4 ,! ,hell5es1 !n1 _h rec5tly come into tolia at ! "t1 & ev5 on ?is gr\nd 7 less likely to h _h prie/s ( _! own in/itution4 ,b x is n to be suppos$ t1 f9d+ a hi]>*y among ! ,pelasgian tribes1 devot$ to ! wor%ip ( su* deities 7,m9]va & ,apollo = example7 z !y !mselves ackn[l$g$1 !y w\ld extirpate su* a body4 ,! mo/ probable supposition is1 t x w\ld cont9ue 9 all cases = a "t4 ,! p]son ( ,*ryses1 ! prie/ ( ,apollo1 0 respect$1 at lea/ = ! mom5t1 ev5 by ,agamemnon#cgb 9 8 displeasure4 ,fe>less ( 8 ?reats1 ! injur$ prie/ imm$iately appeal$ to 8 god = aid4 ,we _c d\bt t int]e/s ?us def5d$ w\ld be g5]ally left intact4 ,/ill1 z prie/s 71 9 ! language ( political economy1 unproductive lab\r]s1 & z !y seem to h held _! (fices n by desc5t b by election1 we c easily p]ceive a road1 o!r ?an t ( viol5ce1 to ! ext9ction ( ! ord] among a p t set no /ore by its s]vices4 #cgb ,il4 i4 #bh4 ,!re is yet ano!r place1 9 :i* ! "n is m5tion$ among ! ,greeks4 ,x is 9 ! ,assembly ( ! ,fir/ ,iliad1 held :ile ! plague is rag+4 ,a*illes says1 #8,let u inquire ( "s prophet1 or prie/1 or int]pret] ( dreams 7= dreams too are f ,jupit]71 :o w tell u1 :y ,apollo is s mu* exasp]at$#cgc4' ,b ! allusion "h seems pla9ly to be to ,*ryses1 :o _h himself visit$ ! camp1 & _h appe>$ ) ! insignia ( 8 prie/ly (fice 9 a previ\s ,assembly ( ! ,greeks#cgd4 ,be+ n[ 9 possession ( ! :ole op5 c\ntry1 !y ( c\rse _h x 9 _! p[] to consult ei!r him or any o!r ,trojan prie/ n )9 ! walls4 ,we _c1 !re=e1 argue f ?is passage1 t prie/hood 0 a recognis$ ,hell5ic in/itution at ! p]iod4 #cgc ,il4 i4 #fb4 #cgd ,il4 i4 #ae4 ,9 ! ,odyssey1 we f9d ,m5elaus engag$ 9 ! solemn rites ( a great nuptial fea/2 & ,ne/or 9 l mann] (f]+ sacrifice to ,neptune1 8 titul> ance/or1 9 ! pres5ce ( ?\s&s ( ! p4 ,9 nei!r ( ^! cases is !re any ref]5ce to a prie/3 & on ! foll[+ day ,ne/or ) 8 sons (f]s a new sacrifice1 ( :i* ! fulle/ details are giv54 ,aga91 _h !re be5 prie/s among ! ,hom]ic ,greeks1 x is h>dly possible b t we mu/ h _h "s glimpse ( !m 9 ,i?aca1 :]e ! ord] ( ! community & ! :ole c\rse ( ,greek life are s cle>ly laid op54 ,an important piece ( negative evid5ce to ! same effect is af=d$ by ! great invocation ( ,a*illes 9 ! ,sixte5? ,iliad4 ,x w be rememb]$1 t we !re f9d ! rude highl& tribe ( ! ,helli 9 possession ( ! c\ntry :]e ,dodona 0 seat$1 toge!r ) ! wor%ip ( ! ,pelasgian ,jupit]2 & !mselves app>5tly ex]cis+ ! m9i/ry ( ! god4 ,n[ t m9i/ry 0 n prie/hood1 b int]pretation2 = !y are 1 n #cge4 #cge ,il4 xvi4 #bce4 ,x !re=e appe>s cle>1 t ! ,hell5ic tribes ( ,hom]'s day did n ackn[l$ge a pr(essional prie/hood ( _! own2 t !re 0 no prie/ 9 ! ,greek armam5t be=e ,troy2 t ! prie/ 0 n a con/itu5t "p ( ord9>y ,greek communities3 & t1 if he 0 any :]e to be f\nd 9 ! ,hom]ic times1 x 0 z a relic1 & 9 connection ) ! old ,pelasgian e/abli%m5ts ( ! c\ntry4 ,at a lat] p]iod1 :5 weal? & spl5d\r _h increas$1 & :5 ! increas$ dem& = !m ext5d$ also to religi\s rites1 ! prie/hood became a regul> in/itution ( ,greece4 ,x is reckon$ by ,ari/otle1 9 ! ,politics1 among ! necess>y elem5ts ( a ,/ate2 :ile he seems also to reg>d x z ! natural employm5t ( ^?1 :o are disqualifi$ by age f ! p]=mance ( m active duties to ! public1 ei!r 9 w> or 9 c\ncil4 ,! prie/ 01 ev5 9 ,hom]'s "t1 a di/9ctly privileg$ p]son4 ,l o!r p1 he m>ri$ & _h *ildr53 b 8 burd5s 7 n ( ! heavie/4 ,he w\ld live well on sacrifices1 & ! proce$s ( glebe-l&3 & x is curi\s1 t ,m>on ! prie/ _h ! v be/ w9e ( :i* we he> 9 ! poems#cgf4 ,! prie/ =m$ no "p ( ! tea*+ p[] ( ! community1 ei!r 9 ?is or 9 lat] ages4 ,dll+] makes ! obs]vation#cgg1 t ,plut>* po9ts out z ! s\rces ( religi\s in/ruction ?ree classes ( m51 among :om ! prie/s are n ev5 includ$4 ,!y are 7#a7 ! poets1 7#b7 ! lawgiv]s1 & 7#c7 ! philosoph]s3 to :om ,dio ,*ryso/om adds ! pa9t]s & sculptors4 ,s t ,isocrates may well obs]ve1 t ! prie/hood is anybody's affair4 ,plato#cgh 9 ! requires 8 prie/s1 & _! p>5ts too1 to be free f blemi% & f crime3 b c>efully appo9ts a sep>ate class ( 1 to sup]9t5d & int]pret ! laws ( religion2 z well z /ew>ds1 :o are to h *>ge ( ! consecrat$ prop]ty4 #cgf ,od4 ix4 #bje4 #cgg ,dll+]1 ,heid4 u4 ,jud4 iv4 #a4 #cgh ,plat4 ,legg4 vi4 #g4 7ii4 #gei47 ,! prie/ ( ! h]oic age w\ld h[ev] appe> to h slightly %>$ 9 ! (fice ( ! 1 al?\gh ! _h no special conc]n ) ! (f]+ ( sacrifice4 ,! inspection ( victims w\ld fall to prie/s1 almo/ ( c\rse1 9 a great] or a less degree2 & !re is "s evid5ce be=e u1 t !y 7 entitl$ to int]pret ! div9e w4 ,x is furni%$ by ! spee* ( ,a*illes#cgi1 :i* appe>s to imply "s pr(essional capacity ( ?is k9d3 &1 = ,troy at lea/1 by ! decl>ation#chj ( ,priam1 :o m5tions prie/s among ! p]sons1 t might h be5 employ$ to report to him a communication f heav54 #cgi ,il4 i4 #fb4 #chj ,il4 xxiv4 #bb4 ,we h n[ se5 ! case ( prie/hood among ! ,greeks4 ,) ! ,trojans x is q o!rwise4 ,we are introduc$1 at ! v beg9n+ ( ! ,iliad1 to ,*ryses#cha ! prie/ 77 ( ,apollo4 ,9 ! fif? ,iliad we h a ,trojan#chb1 ,d>es1 :o is prie/ ( ,vulcan2 & we h also ,dolopion1 :o1 z #chc ( ! ,scam&]1 fill$ an (fice app>5tly equival5t4 ,*ryses ! prie/ is also call$ an #chd2 & ?\gh1 on ! o!r h&1 x 0 ! duty ( ,leiodes 9 ! ,odyssey to (f]#che pray] on behalf ( ! ,suitors1 yet he is nev] t]m$ 4 ,9 ! ,six? ,iliad appe>s ,!ano1 wife ( ,ant5or1 & prie/ess ( ,m9]va#chf4 ,& 9 ! ,sixte5?1 we h ,onetor#chg1 prie/ ( ,idan ,jupit]4 ,aga91 :ile ,eumu 9 ! ,odyssey does n recognise ! prie/ among ! ,greek pr(essions1 b sub/itutes ! prophet1 ,priam1 on ! contr>y1 9 ! ,tw5ty-f\r? ,iliad1 says he w\ld n h obey$ ! injunction to g to ! ,greek camp if convey$ to him by any mortal1 ( su* z are 9 ^! pr(essions#chh1 #cha ,il4 i4 #bc4 #chb ,il4 v4 #i4 #chc ,ibid4 #gf4 #chd ,il4 i4 #aa4 #che ,od4 xxii4 #cbb4 #chf ,il4 vi4 #bih4 #chg ,il4 xvi4 #fjd4 #chh ,il4 xxiv4 #bba4 1 1 1 :]e x might be que/ion$1 :e!r & are diff]5t p]sons1 or :e!r he speaks ( ! 2 b 9 ei!r case x is equally cle> t he names ! prie/1 1 ap>t f ei!r4 ,! spee* ( ,m5tes1 9 ,od4 i4 #bjb1 probably suffices to draw ! l9e betwe5 ! & ! 4 ,x fur!r appe>s t among ! allies ( ,troy1 z well z 9 ! c\ntry1 ! prie/ 0 kn[n2 = 9 ! ,n9? ,odyssey we f9d ,m>on1 son ( ,euan!s ! prie/ ( ,apollo at ,ism>us#chi1 among ! ,cicones4 ,! city !y inhabit$ 0 sack$ by ,ulysses on 8 way f ,troy1 & on ?is acc\nt we mu/ inf] t1 z !y 7 allies ( ,troy 7,il4 ii4 #hdf71 s likewise !y belong$ to ! family ( ,pelasgian tribes4 #chi ,od4 ix4 #aif-i4 ,to ^! prie/s1 p]sonally engag$ 9 ! s]vice ( ! deities1 a p]sonal v5]ation1 & an exemption f milit>y s]vice1 appe> to h atta*$1 :i* 7 n enjoy$ by ! 4 ,?is is pla9ly develop$ 9 ! case ( ,*ryses4 ,! (f5ce is n t ( c>ry+ (f a captive1 = !re c\ld be no guilt 9 ! act1 z su* matt]s 7 !n consid]$1 b r hon\r3 x is ! insult (f]$ to ,apollo 9 ! p]son ( 8 s]vant1 by subject+ 8 daught] to ! common lot ( wom5 ( all ranks1 includ+ ! highe/1 t draws d[n a frightful v5geance on ! army4 ,s1 aga91 ! prie/ nev] f\ght2 ,dolopion1 ,d>es1 & ,onetor1 all become kn[n to u ?r\gh _! hav+ sons 9 ! army1 ^: p>5tage is m5tion$4 ,& z to ! prie/ ,m>on1 ,ulysses says he 0 sp>$ f a feel+ ( awe t[>ds ! god1 9 ^: wood$ grove1 or portion1 he resid$#cij3 #cij ,ibid4 #aii-bja4 ' 4 ,b x does n appe> t ! 1 ?\gh he 0 end[$ ) a p>ticul> gift1 bore1 9 respect ( x1 su* a "*1 z w\ld suffice to sep>ate him f ord9>y civil duties1 & to make him1 l ! prie/1 a cle>ly privileg$ p]son4 ,^u ! o!r h&1 we %\ld n omit to notice t we are told 9 ! case ( ,!ano1 ?\gh %e 0 ( high bir? & ! wife ( ,ant5or1 t %e 0 made prie/ess by ! ,trojan p4 ,! same fact is probably indicat$ 9 ! case ( ,dolopion1 :o1 we are told1 _h be5 made or appo9t$ to ,scam&] 7 ,il4 v4 #gg74 ,& ! appe>ance ( ! sons ( prie/s 9 ! field appe>s to %[1 t !re 0 no?+ l h]$it>y succession 9 ! ord]2 :i* 0 repl5i%$1 we may probably conclude1 by selections hav+ ! au?ority or ! ass5t ( ! public voice4 ,?us ! body 0 popul>ly con/itut$1 & 0 9 ?or\gh h>mony ) ! national "*4 ,x does n1 on t acc\nt1 con/itute a less important elem5t 9 ! community1 b r ! rev]se4 ,n[1 :atev] might be ! o!r moral & social consequ5ces ( hav+ 9 ! community an ord] ( m5 set ap>t to ma9ta9 ! solemn wor%ip ( ! gods1 x mu/ evid5tly h ex]cis$ a v p[]ful influ5ce 9 ! ma9t5ance ( abundance & punctuality 9 ritual obs]vances4 ,!re c be no d\bt1 t ! prie/ liv$ by ! alt> :i* he s]v$1 & liv$ ! bett] 9 proportion z x 0 bett] suppli$4 ,besides animals1 cakes ( fl\r too1 & w9e1 7 necess>y = ! due p]=mance ( 8 (fice#cia2 & 9 ! case ( ,m>on ?is w9e 0 s good1 t ! prie/ kept x secret f 8 s]vants1 & t x has drawn =? ! ,poet's mo/ g5ial praise#cib3 #cia ,il4 i4 #deh1 #dfb4 #cib ,od4 ix4 #bje4 1 1 ,he 0 ri* too2 = he _h m5 & wom5 s]vants 9 8 h\se4 ,s 0 ,d>es1 ! prie/ ( ,vulcan#cic4 ,s probably 0 ,dolopion1 prie/ ( ,scam&]2 at any rate 8 /ation 0 a high "o2 z we see f ! k9d ( respect paid to him 7 ' 72 & we h ano!r sign 9 bo? ^! cases ( ! /ation ( ! p>5ts1 f ! position ( ! sons 9 ! army1 :i* is n among ! common soldi]y 771 b among ! notables4 ,! sons ( ,d>es fight 9 a *>iot2 & ! "n ( ,hyps5or1 son ( ,dolopion1 by its etymology indicates high bir?4 #cic ,il4 v4 #i1 #gh4 ,comp>ative obs]vance ( ,sacrifice4 ,9 po9t ( fact ! ,hom]ic poems exhibit to u1 toge!r ) ! exi/5ce & influ5ce ( a prie/ly ord]1 a v m>k$ di/9ction 9 respect to sacrifice betwe5 ! ,trojans & ! ,greeks3 a /ate ( ?+s 9 entire con=mity ) :at we might ?us expect4 ,9 no s+le in/ance d we he> ( a ,trojan *ief1 :o _h be5 nigg>dly 9 8 banquets to ! gods4 ,hector#cid is expressly prais$ = 8 lib]ality 9 ?is respect by ,jupit]1 & neas by ,neptune#cie4 ,! comm5dation1 h[ev]1 ext5ds to ! :ole community4 ,9 ! ,olympian ,assembly ( ! ,f\r? ,book1 ,jupit] says t1 ( all ! cities inhabit$ by m51 ,troy is to him ! de>e/2 = !re 8 alt> nev] lack$ ! sacrifice1 ! libation & ! sav\ry reek1 :i* are ! portion ( ! gods#cif3 #cid ,il4 xxii4 #agj4 xxiv4 #afh4 #cie ,il4 xx4 #bih4 #cif ,il4 iv4 #dh4 1 4 ,b ! ,greeks1 ?us de/itute ( prie/s1 (t5 fail1 z we might expect1 9 ! regul>ity ( _! religi\s rites4 ,ulysses#cig1 inde$1 is 9 ?is1 z 9 all ! po9ts ( excell5ce1 unimpea*able4 ,b 8 0 n ! rule ( all4 neus1 two g5]ations be=e ! ,troica1 :ile sacrific+ to ! o!r deities1 ei!r =got or did n ?9k fit 7 ' 7 to sacrifice to ,diana#cih2 h5ce ! deva/ations ( ! ,calydonian bo>4 ,nor is 8 ! only case 9 po9t4 #cig ,od4 i4 #fa4 #cih ,il4 ix4 #ebc4 ,! acc\nt giv5 by ,ne/or to ,telema*us 9 ! ,?ird ,odyssey is some:at obscure 9 ?is p>ticul>4 ,he says t1 aft] ! ,greeks emb>k$1 ! deity disp]s$ !m2 & t !n ,jupit] orda9$ ! mis=tunes ( _! return1 s9ce !y 7 n all intellig5t & righte\s#cii4 ,x appe>s to be "h intimat$1 t ! ,greeks 9 ! fir/ flu% ( victory =got ! influ5ce ( heav52 & t an omission ( ! prop] sacrifices 0 ! cause ( ! fir/ disp]sion4 #cii ,od4 iii4 #aca4 ,aft] !y collect aga9 9 ,troas1 ! ,atreid bro!rs diff]1 z ,m5elaus proposes to />t aga91 & ,agamemnon to rema91 & (f] sacrifices 9 ord] to appease ,m9]va2 b1 z ,ne/or adds1 ! deities are n s soon appeas$4 ,agamemnon1 !re=e1 seems to h be5 too late ) 8 celebration2 & ,m5elaus1 aga91 to h omitt$ x altoge!r4 ,! p>ty :o side ) ,m5elaus (f] sacrifices on _! arrival at ,t5$os1 seem+ly to repair ! =m] error3 b ,jupit] is inc5s$1 & causes !m to fall out anew among !mselves4 ,a portion ( !m return once m to ,agamemnon#djj4 #djj ,ibid4 #afd4 ,m5elaus f9ds 8 way to ,lesbos1 & !n sails z f> z ,malea4 ,"h he enc\nt]s a /orm1 & ) "p ( 8 %ips he gets to ,egypt3 :]e he is aga9 deta9$ by ! deities1 because he did n (f] up ! prop] hecatombs#dja4 ,su* remissness is ! m rem>kable1 because ,m5elaus c]ta9ly appe>s to be "o ( ! mo/ virtu\s *>act]s 9 ! ,greek ho/4 #dja ,ibid4 #ace4 ,! c\rse1 h[ev]1 ( ! siege itself af=ds a v m>k$ in/ance1 9 :i* ! :ole body ( ! ,greeks 0 guilty ( omitt+ ! regul> sacrifices prop] to be us$ 9 ! inauguration ( a great und]tak+4 ,9 ! ha/y con/ruction ( ! tr5* & ramp>t1 !y app>5tly =got ! hecatombs#djb4 ,neptune imm$iately po9ts out ! error 9 ! ,olympian ,c\rt2 & uses x 9 aid ( 8 displeasure at a "w1 :i* he ?9ks w eclipse ! wall ( ,troy1 execut$ = ,laom$on by himself 9 conjunction ) ,apollo4 ,jupit] =?) agrees#djc1 t aft] ! siege he %all de/roy x4 ,& ! ,poet1 return+ to ! subject at ! comm5cem5t ( ! ,twelf? ,book1 obs]ves t ! "w c\ld n la/1 because x 0 con/ruct$ )\t enli/+ 9 its fav\r ! good w ( ! ,immortals#djd4 ,?is omission ( ! ,greeks is ! m *>act]i/ic & rem>kable1 because ! mom5t :5 !y erect$ ! ramp>t 0 a mom5t ( appreh5sion1 almo/ ( di/ress4 #djb ,il4 vii4 #dej4 #djc ,ibid4 #dei4 #djd ,il4 xii4 #c1 #i4 ,?us1 !n1 x appe>s t1 z a nation1 ! ,trojans 7 mu* m giv5 to religi\s obs]vances ( a positive k9d1 ?an ! ,greeks4 ,!y 71 l ! ,a!nians#dje at a lat] epo*1 4 ,&1 aga91 z betwe5 "o ,greek & ano!r1 !re is no d\bt t ! good are g5]ally1 ?\gh n inv>iably1 scrupul\s 9 ?is respect1 & ! bad commonly c>eless4 ,?us mu* is impli$ p>ticul>ly 9 ,od4 iii4 #aca1 z well z conclusively %[n 9 ! g5]al ord] ( ! ,odyssey4 ,b1 z betwe5 ! two nations1 we _c conceive t ! ,poet _h any correspond+ int5tion4 ,al?\gh a m scrupul\s =mality 9 religion m>ks ! ,trojans ?an ! ,greeks1 & al?\gh 9 itself1 & ct]is p>ibus1 ?is may be ! appropriate sign ( piety1 yet x is a sign only2 z a sign x may be made a sub/itute1 &1 z a sub/itute1 x becomes ! *>act]i/ic ( gi/hus & ,autolycus1 no less ?an x is ( ,eumu & ,ulysses4 ,z betwe5 ! two nations1 ! diff]5ce is evid5tly associat$ ) o!r diff]5ces 9 national "* & morality4 ,we mu/ look !re=e = broad] gr\nds1 ^u :i* to =m an e/imate ( ! comp>ative virtue ( ! two nations1 ?an ei!r ! popul\sness ( ,olympus on ! "o side1 or ! array ( prie/s & temples on ! o!r4 #dje ,acts xvii4 #bb4 ,n[h]e d ! signs ( hi/oric aim 9 ,hom] seem to me m evid5t1 ?an 9 8 v di/9ct del9eations ( national "* on ! ,greek & ! ,trojan "p respectively4 ,b ?is is a g5]al proposition2 & x mu/ be und]/ood ) a c]ta9 res]vation z to details4 ,two modes ( h&l+ = ,greece & ,troy4 ,x does n appe> to me t ,hom] has /udi$ ! m m9ute po9ts ( consi/5cy 9 motive & action among ! ,trojans ( ! poem1 9 ! same degree z among ! ,greeks4 ,he has 7s to speak7 manuvr$ !m z subsidi>y figures1 ) a view to enhanc+ & sett+ (f ^? 9 :om he has int5d$ & caus$ ! pr9cipal int]e/ to c5tre2 n s z to de/roy or dim9i% effects ( individual "*1 b s z to give to ! collective or jo9t action on ! ,trojan side a subord9ate & m9i/]ial function 9 ! ma*9]y ( ! poem4 ,z ,hom] sung to ,greeks1 & ,greeks 7 8 judges & patrons z well z 8 !me1 nay r z 8 he>t & s\l 7 ,greek1 s on ! ,greek side ! *a9 ( ev5ts is closely knit2 if its direction *anges1 !re is an adequate cause1 z 9 ! vehem5ce ( ,a*illes1 or ! vacillation ( ,agamemnon4 ,b he did n s+ to ,trojans2 & s1 among ! ,trojans ( ! ,iliad1 !re are z x 7 /it*es dropp$ 9 ! web1 & ! connection is mu* less c>efully elaborat$4 ,?us !y acquiesce 9 ! brea* ( cov5ant aft] ! s+le combat ( ! ,?ird ,book1 al?\gh ! evid5t wi% among !m1 indep5d5t ( obligation1 0 = its fulfilm5t#djf4 ,!n 9 ! ,f\r? ,book1 aft] ! trea*]y ( ,p&>us1 ! ,trojans n only d n res5t x1 b !y recomm5ce ! fight :ile ! ,greek *iefs are t5d+ ! w\nd$ ,m5elaus#djg2 :i* conduct exhibits1 if ! phrase may be p]mitt$1 an extravagance ( disreg>d to ! obligations ( tru? & hon\r4 ,hector1 9 ! ,six? ,book1 quits ! battle field ^u an err&1 to :i* x is h>dly possible to assign a poetical suffici5cy ( cause1 unless we ref] x to ! read9ess :i* he n unfrequ5tly %[s to keep himself out ( ! fight4 ,aga91 !re is some?+ awkw>d & out ( keep+ 9 8 mann] ( deal+ ) ! ,fabian recomm5dations ( ,polydamas :5 ! crisis approa*es4 ,"s ( ^! he accepts1 & "s he rejects1 )\t adequate reason = ! diff]5ce1 except t he is prep>+ himself z an illu/ri\s victim = ,a*illes1 & t he mu/ act fooli%ly 9 ord] t ! sup]ior h]o1 & ) him ! poem itself1 may n be baulk$ ( _! purpose4 #djf ,il4 iii4 #dea-d4 #djg ,il4 iv4 #bbj4 ,?us1 aga91 ,hom] has giv5 u a pretty cle> idea ev5 ( ! respective ages ( ! ,greek *iefs4 ,x c h>dly be d\bt$ t ,ne/or /&s fir/1 ,idom5eus second1 ,ulysses ?ird3 :ile ,diom$ & ,antilo*us are ! y\nge/2 ,ajax & ,a*illes probably ! next4 ,b z to ,p>is1 ,hel5us1 neas1 ,s>p$on1 ,polydamas1 we f9d no conclusion z to _! respective ages d]ivable f ! poem4 ,yet ?\gh ,hom] may use a great] degree ( lib]ty 9 "o case1 & a less] 9 ano!r1 z to ! mode ( sett+ 8 jewels1 he always adh]es to ! g5]al laws ( tru? & nature z !y address !mselves to 8 poetical purpose4 ,?us !re may be reason to d\bt1 :e!r he obs]v$ ! same rigid topographical accuracy 9 deal+ ) ! pla9 ( ,troy1 z he has ev9c$ 9 ! ,greek ,catalogue3 b he has us$ mat]ials1 all ( :i* ! region suppli$2 & he has arrang$ !m cle>ly1 z a poetic :ole1 be=e ! m5tal eye ( ^? ) :om he _h to d4 ,ev5 s we may be prep>$ to f9d t he deals ) ! moral z ) ! mat]ial ,troas1 all[+ himself some:at m ( lic5se1 burd5+ himself ) some:at less ( c>e4 ,& !n we ne$ n be surpris$ at second>y or inf]5tial inconsi/5cies 9 ! action1 z respects ! ,trojan p1 because x has n be5 wor? 8 :ile to "w ! del9eation ( !m1 9 its details1 up to 8 highe/ /&>d2 yet we may rely ^u 8 g5]al repres5tations1 & we are probably on secure gr\nd 9 contemplat+ all ! ma9 features ( ,trojan life & "* z n less delib]ately drawn1 ?an ^? ( ! ,greeks4 ,=1 9 tru?1 x 0 requisite1 9 ord] to give full effect among 8 c\ntrym5 to ! ,greek portrait1 t !y %\ld be able1 at lea/ up to a c]ta9 po9t1 to comp>e x ) ! ,trojan4 ,moral sup]iority ( 8 ,greeks4 ,reg>d+ ! subject f ?is po9t ( view1 ,i %\ld say t ,hom] has1 ^u ! :ole1 assign$ to ! ,greeks a moral sup]iority ov] ! ,trojans1 n less real1 ?\gh less broad & m *equ]$1 ?an t :i* he has giv5 !m 9 ! sph]es ( intellectual & ( milit>y excell5ce4 ,b1 9 all cases alike1 he has pursu$ ! same me?od ( ca/+ ! balance4 ,he es*ews ! vulg> & commonplace exp$i5t ( a =mal aw>d3 he decides ?is & e o!r "q ?r\gh ! m$ium ( action4 ,! fir/ ?+1 !re=e1 to be done is1 to inquire into ! morality ( 8 contempor>ies1 z x is exhibit$ ?r\gh ! ma9 action ( ! poems4 ,x is admitt$ on all h&s t1 9 ! e?ical picture ( ! ,odyssey1 ! di/9ctions ( "r & wrong are broad1 cle>1 & conspicu\s4 ,b ! case ( ! ,iliad is n s simple4 ,! conduct ( ,p>is1 :i* leads to ! w>1 is s flagrant & vile1 & ! conduct ( ! ,greeks 9 dem&+ ! re/oration ( ,hel5 be=e !y resort to =ce1 s j & reasonable1 t x is n unnaturally made matt] ( surprise t any w> c\ld ev] h aris5 ^u su* a subject1 except ! w> ( a wrong$ & ju/ly inc5s$ p aga9/ m]e ruffians1 traitors1 & pirates4 ,! ,trojans appe> at fir/ sight simply z ass]tors ( a wrong ! mo/ gross & aggravat$1 ev5 9 its orig9al =m2 _! iniquity is fur!r d>k5$ by ob/9acy1 & _! cause is ! cause ( enmity to e law1 human & div9e4 ,yet ! ,greeks d n assume to !mselves1 9 connection ) ! cause ( ! w>1 to /& ^u a diff]5t level ( morality3 & ! amiable affections1 ) ! s5se ( humanity1 if n ! pr9ciples ( hon\r & ju/ice1 are exhibit$ 9 ! detail ( ! ,iliad z prevail+ among ! ,trojans1 little less ?an among ! ,greeks4 ,n[1 let u fir/ endeav\r to cle> away "s misappreh5sions t simply d>k5 ! case3 & aft] ?is let u inquire :at exhibition ,hom] has really giv5 u ( ! moral s5se ( ! ,greeks & ! ,trojans respectively1 9 connection ) ! crime ( ,p>is4 ,9 ! fir/ place1 some?+ is due to ! falsification by lat] poets ( ! ,hom]ic tradition3 & to ! reflex affiliation ^u ,hom] ( ^? traits :i*1 ?r\gh ! influ5ce fir/ ( ! ,cyclic poets1 probably exagg]at+ ! case 9 ord] to conceal _! relative want ( /r5g?1 & !n ( ! trag$ians & ,virgil1 h come to be tak5 = grant$ z g5u9e p>ts ( ! orig9al portraiture4 ,accord+ to ! ,argum5t ( ! 1 z x has be5 h&$ d[n to u1 ,p>is1 hav+ be5 receiv$ 9 hospitality by ,m5elaus1 0 left by him "u ! fri5dly c>e ( 8 wife1 on 8 sett+ out = ,crete4 ,he !n corrupt$ ,hel52 & induc$ h]1 aft] be+ corrupt$1 to elope ) him1 & ) ! great] "p ( ! moveable goods ( ,m5elaus4 ,^u ?is tale our ideas h be5 =m$1 &1 ?is be+ s1 we m>vel :y ,hom] does n make ! ,greeks feel m indignation at a proce$+ :i* simply comb9$ trea*]y1 robb]y1 & adult]y4 ,z he prizes s highly ! rights ( gue/s1 & pit*es _! gratitude accord+ly1 we _c und]/& h[ he %\ld be s ins5sible to ! grosse/ imag9able brea* ( _! obligations4 ,hom]'s acc\nt ( ! abduction4 ,hom] is "h made responsible = t :i*1 9 "p1 he does n tell u1 & :i* is positively1 z well z inf]5tially1 at v>iance ) :at he does tell u4 ,he tells u absolutely1 t ,hel5 0 n inveigl$ into leav+ ,sp>ta1 b c>ri$ (f by =ce3 & t ! crime ( adult]y 0 committ$ aft]1 & n be=e1 h] abduction4 ,?is diff]5ce alt]s ! "* ( ! de$ ( ,p>is1 9 a mann] by no means s insignificant accord+ to ! h]oic /&>d ( morality1 z accord+ to ours4 ,z x seems pla9 f ,hom]'s expression1 #djh1 t ,p>is c>ri$ (f ,hel5 9 ! fir/ in/ance by an act ( viol5ce1 s also x is probable t1 :5 ! fir/ adult]y 0 committ$ 9 ! isl& ( ,cranae1 he 0 h] ravi%] mu* m ?an h] corrupt]4 ,h] (f5ce appe>s to h consi/$ ma9ly 9 ! m]e acceptance1 at :at precise date we "k n1 ( ! relation ?us br\ght into exi/5ce betwe5 !m1 & 9 compliances t ) ! lapse ( "t naturally foll[$1 su* z ! visit to ! ,trojan horse4 ,x w\ld h be51 h[ev]1 "u all ! circum/ances1 an act ( sup]human r ?an ( human virtue1 if %e _h refus$1 ?r\gh ! long ye>s ( h] resid5ce abroad1 to recognise ,p>is z a husb&3 & accord+ly ! light1 9 :i* %e is pres5t$ to u by ! ,poet1 is t ( a suff]] inf9itely m ?an ( an (f5d]#dji4 #djh ,il4 iii4 #ddd4 #dji ,see inf4 ,aoidos1 sect4 vi4 ,:5 we reg>d ,hel5 f ?is po9t ( view1 we p]ceive t ,hom]'s n>rative is at lea/ 9 p]fect keep+ ) itself4 ,! ,greeks h made w> to av5ge ! wrongs ( ,hel5 n less ?an ^? ( ,m5elaus3 nay1 ,m5elaus himself1 ! ke5e/ ( !m all1 is ke5 on h] behalf ev5 m ?an on 8 own#daj4 ,he reg>ds h] z a p]son /ol5 f him3 & ! ,greeks reg>d ,p>is only z ! robb]4 #daj ,il4 ii4 #ehi4 ,we h no reason to suppose ! ,cyprian ,epic to be a tru/wor?y supplem5t to ! n>rative ( ,hom]4 ,we h se5 "s important po9ts ( discrepancy f ! ,iliad4 ,& !re are o!rs4 ,= in/ance1 ?is poem makes ,pollux immortal & ,ca/or only mortal1 :ile ,hom] acqua9ts u 9 ! ,iliad ) ! int]m5t ( bo?1 & 9 ! ,odyssey ) _! re/oration on equal t]ms to an alt]nate life4 ,x gives ,agamemnon f\r daught]s1 ! ,iliad b ?ree4 ,x br+s ,briseis f ,p$asus1 ! ,iliad br+s h] f ,lyrnessus4 ,& !re is o!r matt] 9 ! plot1 t does n appe> to correspond at all ) ! modes ( ,hom]ic conception#daa4 ,_h ,hom] told u ! same /ory z ! ,cyprian ,epic1 he w\ld p]haps h made 8 c\ntrym5 express all ! indignation we c\ld desire4 #daa ,dntz]1 pp4 #i-af4 ,fragm4 iv4 xi4 xv4 ,& n[ let u consid] :at is ! view tak5 ( ! abduction 9 ! ,iliad by ! v>i\s p]sons ^: s5tim5ts are made kn[n to u3 & h[ f> t view c be acc\nt$ = by ! g5]al tone ( ! age1 or by :at 0 peculi> to ! "* & in/itutions ( ea* p respectively4 ,hel5 h]self n[h]e utt]s a ^w ( atta*m5t or ( respect to ,p>is4 ,ev5 ( 8 passions %e appe>s to h be5 ! reluctant1 r ?an ! will+ in/rum5t4 ,%e ?9ks alike meanly ( 8 und]/&+#dab & ( 8 c\rage#dac3 & he %>es#dad 9 ! rebukes :i* %e ev]y:]e heaps ^u h]self2 ?\gh1 ) ! delicacy & high ref9em5t ( h] irresolute b g5tle "*1 %e nev] reproa*es him 9 ! pres5ce ( 8 p>5ts1 by :om he cont9u$ to be lov$4 #dab ,il4 vi4 #ceb4 #dac ,il4 iii4 #dbh-cf1 & vi4 #cea4 #dad ,il4 vi4 #cef4 ,to ! ,trojan p he 0 unequivocally hateful#dae4 ,!y w\ld h po9t$ him out to ,agamemnon1 if !y c\ld3 = !y dete/$ him l black ,dea?4 ,x 0 by a mixture ( brib]y & ! d>+ ass]tion ( au?ority1 t he *eck$ ^? movem5ts 9 ! ,assembly1 :i* _h x = _! object to en=ce ! re/oration ( ,hel5 to ,m5elaus#daf4 ,( all 8 c\ntrym51 ,hector appe>s to h be5 mo/ alive to 8 guilt1 & is alone 9 reproa*+ him ) x#dag4 ,x is "u ! influ5ce ( a %>p rebuke f ,hector1 t he proposes to und]take a s+le combat ) ,m5elaus#dah4 #dae ,il4 iii4 #dec4 #daf ,il4 vii4 #ced-fd1 & xi4 #abc4 #dag ,il4 iii4 #df-ec4 #dah ,ibid4 #fh-ge4 ,! ,greek e/imate ( ,p>is4 ,! only p]sons on ! ,greek side1 :o utt] any /rong s5tim5t 9 respect to ,p>is1 are ,diom$ & ,m5elaus4 ,?is is s+ul>2 = :5 we consid] :at 0 ! cause ( w>1 we might h expect$1 p]haps1 t recurr5ce to x w\ld be popul> & con/ant among ! ,greeks4 ,nor is ?is all t may excite surprise4 ,diom$ is unmeasur$ 9 vitup]at+ ,p>is1 b x is = 8 c[>dice & effem9acy4 ,! only ^w1 :i* comes at all ne> ! subject ( 8 crime1 is 3 & by mock+ him z a dangl] aft] virg9s1 ! brave son ( ,tydeus %[s h[ small a place ! orig9al trea*]y ( ,p>is occupi$ 9 8 m9d4 ,m5elaus1 inde$1 has a ke5 s5se ( ! specific nature & malignity ( ! outrage4 ,he besee*es ,jupit] to /r5g!n 8 h& aga9/ ! man :o has done su* deadly wrong1 n to him only1 b to all ! laws :i* unite mank9d3 1 #dai4 #dai ,ibid4 #cea-d4 ,b !n ,hom] has already1 9 ! ,catalogue1 introduc$ ,m5elaus to u z di/+ui%$ f ! re/ ( 8 c\ntrym51 by 8 great] ke5ness to rev5ge ! wrongs & groans ( ,hel5#dbj4 ,accord+ly1 ! injur$ husb& returns on o!r occasions to ! topic3 calls ! ,trojans 1 & invokes ^u !m ! ang] ( 1 ! ,jupit] ( hospitality#dba2 #dbj ,il4 ii4 #ehh-ij4 #dba ,il4 xiii4 #fbj-g4 ' 1 ' 4 ,?us x is pla91 t ,m5elaus res5ts n only a privation & an act ( piracy1 b a base & black brea* ( fai?4 ,x is q pla91 on ! o!r h&1 t 9 ?is respect he /&s alone among 8 c\ntrym54 ,!y1 reg>d+ ! matt] m crudely1 & f a di/ance1 appe> to see 9 x little beyond a viol5t abduction1 :i* x is p]fectly "r1 = ^? :o c1 to res5t & retrieve1 b :i* implies no extraord9>y & damn+ guilt 9 ! p]petrator4 ,h5ce probably t s+ul> appe>ance ( apa?y on ! "p ( ! ,greeks1 :i* might at fir/ sight seem to entail on !m a moral reproa*1 9 "s degree alli$ to t :i* ju/ly atta*es itself to ! ,trojan community4 ,x is n possible1 inde$1 to take a full measure ( _! /ate ( m9d 9 reg>d to ! crime ( ,p>is1 )\t condemn+ ! views & prop5sities to :i* x 0 due4 ,b ! causes 7 v>i\s3 & ! blame !y may des]ve is bo? v diff]5t f t :i* mu/ fall ^u ! ,trojans1 & is also diff]5t 9 a mode1 :i* may help to illu/rate "s ma9 di/9ctions 9 ! two national *>act]s4 ,i speak "h1 z ev]y:]e1 ( ! adju/m5t ( acts & motives 9 ! poem z poetical facts1 t is to say1 z plac$ relatively to "o ano!r ) c>e & accuracy 9 ord] to c]ta9 effects2 & z liable to be tri$ "u ! law ( effect1 j z1 9 a simple hi/ory1 all p>ticul>s alleg$ are liable to be tri$ "u ! law ( fact4 ,! assumption ( tru? or fable 9 ! poem does n mat]ially wid5 or n>r[ ! field ( poetical discussion4 ,! critic looks = consi/5cy z betwe5 motive & action1 causes & effects1 9 ! voyage to ,lilliput or ,laputa1 z well z 9 ,?ucydides or ,cl>5don4 ,! diff]5ce is t1 9 ! "o case1 our discussion t]m9ates ) ! g5ius ( ! inv5tor2 9 ! o!r we are v]ify+ ! life & condition ( mank9d4 ,if !n we admit ! abduction1 & inquire = :at probable cause x is t ! wrong1 be+ s obvi\s & gross1 0 n m prom95t 9 ! m9d ( ! p :o _h endur$ x1 a "p at lea/ ( ! answ] is ?is4 ,we d n require to g back ?ree ?\s& ye>s 9 ! hi/ory ( ! _w 9 ord] to le>n h[ (t5 x happ5s t1 :5 a conflict has aris5 betwe5 nations1 ! orig9al causes ( qu>rel t5d irresi/ibly to become absorb$ & lo/ 9 its incid5ts4 ,z long z hon\r & security are held to dep5d m on /r5g? ?an on "r1 relative /r5g? mu/ (t5 prevail ov] relative "r 9 ! decision ( que/ions1 :]e ! arbitrem5t ( battle has be5 invok$4 ,bo? ! will+ness ( ! ,trojans to re/ore1 & ! will+ness ( ! ,greeks to accept ! atonem5t1 may be exp$i5ts ( ! ,poet to give a c]ta9 moral h>mony to 8 "w2 ( :i* x is a m>k$ feature t x artfully divides our sympa?ies ?r\gh\t1 s f> at lea/ z is ne$$ = ! int]e/ ( ! poem4 ,on ! "o side1 ! ambition & rapacity ( ,agamemnon may h induc$ him n only n to seek1 b ev5 to decl9e or disc\rage accommodation2 :i*1 we may obs]ve1 he nev] promotes 9 ! ,iliad4 ,hav+ got a fair cause ( w>1 he may h be5 b5t on mak+ ! mo/ ( x1 & confid5t1 z ,?ucydides believes he 01 9 8 p[] to turn x to acc\nt4 ,:ile1 on ! o!r h&1 ,troy 0 n s f> f or s /range to ,greece1 z to be exempt f ! fe> ( appe>+ afraid2 &1 until x _h become too late1 %e may h ?\ght h] safety w\ld be compromis$ by ! surr5d] ( ,hel54 ,"h may be reasons :y re/itution 0 nei!r giv5 on ! "o side1 nor /eadily kept 9 view on ! o!r3 especially z x 0 ( c\rse includ$ 9 ! idea ( ! capture ( ! city4 ,b x is n cle> t ?is 0 en\gh to acc\nt = ! apa?y ( ! ,greeks 9 g5]al ) respect to ! crime ( ,p>is1 :i* we might h expect$ to f9d a fav\rite & famili> topic ) 8 enemies at l>ge1 in/ead ( be+ conf9$1 z x is1 to ! imm$iate suff]] by ! wrong4 ,its relation to prevail+ views ( m>riage4 ,n[1 ! answ] to ?is "q mu/ aft] all be s\ght p>tly 9 ! preval5t ideas ( ! h]oic age2 & p>tly 9 ^? :i* 7 peculi> m or less to ! ,greek p4 ,accord+ to ,*ri/ian morality1 ! abduction & appropriation ( a m>ri$ woman is n simply a crime :5 committ$1 b x is a crime t is aggravat$ by e day1 dur+ :i* h] relation ) h] s$uc] or ravi%] is cont9u$4 ,?is 0 n s 9 ! h]oic age4 ,we h examples 9 ! poems ( :at ,hom] consid]s to be a cont9u$ c\rse ( crime4 ,su* is ! conduct ( ! ,suitors 9 ! ,odyssey1 :o = ye>s toge!r wa/e ! sub/ance ( ,ulysses1 woo 8 wife1 oppress 8 son1 & cohabit ) ! s]vants4 ,?is 0 habitual crime1 crime volunt>ily & delib]ately p]sev]$ 91 :5 x might at any "t h be5 r5\nc$4 ,?is vici\s c\rse ( ! ,suitors is nev] call$ by ,hom] an 2 x is describ$ by ! names ( & #dbb4 ,s likewise ! s]ies ( enormities committ$ by gi/hus1 ! corruption ( ,clytemne/ra1 ! murd] ( h] husb&1 ! expulsion ( ,ore/es & prolong$ usurpation ( ! ?rone2 ^! are nev] call$ by ! "n ( 2 b 1 & n "o ( ! sev]] names quot$ above1 is ! appellation always giv5 by ,hom] to ! crime ( ,p>is4 #dbb ,od4 xxi4 #adf4 xxiii4 #fg4 xiii4 #aic4 xxii4 #fd4 ,see ,olympus1 sect4 ii4 p4 #afb4 ,! ( a man is a crime s f> p>tak+ ( ! nature ( error1 t x is done "u ! influ5ce ( passion or weakness2 p]haps exclud+ prem$itation1 p]haps su* t its consequ5ces foll[ spontane\sly 9 its tra91 )\t a new act ( w to draw !m1 s t ! act1 :5 once committ$1 is practically irretrievable4 ,some?+1 accord+ to ,hom]1 0 evid5tly want+ 9 ! crime ( ,p>is1 to s9k x to ! l[] dep?s ( blackness4 ,p]haps we may f9d x p>tly 9 ! nature ( m>riage1 z x 0 view$ by 8 age4 ,hav+ tak5 ,hel5 to ,troy1 he made h] 8 wife1 & 8 wife %e cont9u$ until ! end ( ! siege4 ,we %\ld ( c\rse say he did n make h] 8 wife1 = %e 0 ! wife ( ano!r man4 ,b ! di/9ction betwe5 m>riage de facto & m>riage de jure1 cle> to u 9 ! light ( ,div9e ,revelation1 0 less cle> to ! age ( ,hom]4 ,hel5 0 to ,p>is ! mi/ress ( 8 h\sehold2 ! possessor ( 8 affections1 su* z !y 72 ! sole %>]1 app>5tly1 ( 8 dignities & ( 8 b$4 ,to ! m9d ( t p]iod !re 0 no?+ di%on\rable 9 ! connection itself1 ap>t f its orig92 :ile1 to our m9d1 e day ( its cont9uance 0 a fre% accumulation ( its guilt4 ,! high] wrong ( w\nd$ & defraud$ affections 0 p]sonal to ,m5elaus4 ,9 ! aspect x pres5t$ to ! g5]al und]/&+1 ! act ( ,p>is1 once committ$1 & seal$ by ! e/abli%m5t ( ! de facto conjugal relation1 rema9$ an act ( plund] & no?+ else4 ,& to ,greek views ( homicide4 ,to compreh5d ^! notions1 s widely diff]+ f our own1 we may seek _! fur!r illu/ration by a ref]5ce to ! e/abli%$ view ( homicide4 ,he1 :o _h tak5 ! life ( a fell[ creature1 0 b\nd to make atonem5t by ! paym5t ( a f9e4 ,if he (f]$ t atonem5t1 x 0 n only ! cu/om1 b ! duty1 ( ! relations ( ! sla9 man to accept x4 ,s mu* s1 t ! blunt m9d ( ,ajax takes ?is gr\nd z ! simple/ & sure/ = argum5t ) ,a*illes1 :om he urges n to refuse rep>ation (f]$ by ,agamemnon1 9 consid]ation t rep>ation 77 cov]s ! slaught] ( a bro!r or a son4 ,be=eh&1 ! ,greek w\ld h scorn$ to accept a price = life4 ,b1 ! de$ be+ done1 x came into ! category ( ex*angeable values4 ,ev5 s ! ab/raction ( ,hel51 once committ$1 assum$ = ! common m9d ! "* ( an act ( plund]1 diff]+ f ! case ( homicide1 inasmu* z ! ?+ tak5 c\ld be giv5 back1 b n diff]+ f x z to ! ess5ce ( its moral nature1 h[ev] aggravat$ might h be5 ! circum/ances ) :i* x 0 orig9ally att5d$4 ,n[1 :]ev] ! moral judgm5t aga9/ plund] has be5 greatly relax$1 t ( fraud 9 connection ) x is sure to und]go a simil> process2 because1 9 ! same degree 9 :i* acts ( plund] are acquitt$ z lawful acquisition1 fraud is sure to come into cr$it by assum+ ! "* ( /ratagem4 ,we may1 ,i ?9k1 f9d an example ( ?is rule 9 ! ,?irte5? ,odyssey2 :]e1 ) an entire fre$om f any consci\sness ( wrong1 ,ulysses feigns to h slaught]$ ,orsilo*us at night by ambu%1 9 consequ5ce ( a qu>rel t _h previ\sly occurr$ ab\t booty#dbc4 #dbc ,od4 xiii4 #beh et seqq4 ,"h !n we rea* ! po9t1 at :i* we mu/ take into view ! peculi> ideas & t5d5cies ( ! ,greek m9d 9 ! h]oic age1 z !y be> necess>ily ^u its appreciation ( an act l t ( ,p>is4 ,! ,greeks1 ( :om we may fairly take ,diom$ z ! type1 dete/ & despise him = affectation1 irresolution1 & poltroon]y3 ^! are ! ideas upp]mo/ 9 _! m9d3 we are n to d\bt t1 besides seek+ rep>ation = ,m5elaus1 !y condemn$ morally ! act :i* made x ne$ful2 :at we h to acc\nt = is1 t !y did n condemn x 9 su* a mann] z to make ?is moral judgm5t ! rul+ idea 9 _! m9ds ) reg>d to him4 ,we h se5 t1 accord+ to ,hom]1 in/ead ( ,hel5's hav+ be5 orig9ally ! will+ p>tn] ( ! guilt ( ,p>is1 he 01 "u h] husb&'s ro(1 h] kidnapp] & n h] corrupt]4 ,h] (f5ce seems to h consi/$ 9 ?is1 t %e gave a half-will+ ass5t to ! consequ5ces ( ! abduction4 ,?\gh nev] escap+ f ! s5se ( %ame1 always reta9+ along ) a w\nd$ consci5ce h] orig9al ref9em5t ( "*1 & app>5tly fluctuat+ f "t to "t 9 an alt]nate /r5g? & weakness ( homew>d long+s#dbd1 ! specific =m ( h] (f5ce1 accord+ to ! ideas ( ! age1 0 r ! pret]ite "o ( unresi/+ acquiesc5ce1 ?an ! fact ( cont9u+ to recognise ,p>is z a husb& dur+ ! lifetime ( ,m5elaus4 ,x 0 ! hav+ *ang$ h] husb&1 n ! liv+ ) a man :o 0 n h] husb&2 & h5ce we f9d t %e 0 mo/ k9dly treat$ 9 ,troy by t memb] ( ! royal h\se1 namely ,hector1 :o 0 himself ( ! highe/ moral tone4 #dbd ,see ,il4 iii4 #aci4 ,od4 iv4 #bei-fa4 ,! (f5ce ( ,p>is1 ?\gh also 7except z to ! m]e re/itution ( plund]$ goods7 a pret]ite (f5ce1 0 m complex4 ,he violat$ ! laws ( hospitality1 z we f9d di/9ctly *>g$ ^u him by ,m5elaus#dbe4 ,he assum$ ! p[] ( a husb& ov] ano!r man's wife4 ,?is he ga9$ by viol5ce4 ,n[1 p>adoxical z x may appe>1 yet p]haps ?is v +r$i5t ( viol5ce1 :i* we look ^u z ev5 aggravat+ ! case1 & :i* 9 ! view ( ! ,greeks 0 ! prop] cause ( ! w>1 7= _! anxiety 0 to av5ge ! =c$ j\rney & ! groans ( ,hel517 may nev]!less h be5 also ! v +r$i5t1 :i* morally r$eem$ ! "* ( ! proce$+ 9 ! eyes ( ,greece4 ,?is x might d by lift+ x out ( ! region ( m]e %ame & bas5ess1 into t class ( manful wrongs1 :i* !y habitually reg>d$ z matt]s to be r$ress$ inde$ by ! /rong h&1 b nev] z m]ely infam\s4 ,h5ce1 :5 we f9d ! ,greeks full ( disgu/ & ( contempt t[>ds ,p>is1 x is only = ! effem9acy & poltroon]y ( "* :i* he %[$ 9 ! w>4 ,8 orig9al crime 0 probably palliat$ to !m by its seem+ to involve some?+ ( manhood & ( ! _s ( adv5ture4 ,s t we may ?us h to seek ! key to ! inadequate s5se among ! ,greeks ( ! guilt ( ,p>is 9 t :i*1 z we h se51 0 ! capital weakness ( _! morality2 namely1 its light e/imation ( crimes ( viol5ce1 & its t5d5cy to recognise _! ent]prise & d>+ z an actual set-(f aga9/ :atev] moral wrong !y might involve4 #dbe ,il4 iii4 #ced4 ,! *ance leg5d ( ,h]cules & ,iphitus1 9 ! ,odyssey1 af=ds ! mo/ valuable & po9t$ illu/ration ( ! great moral "q#dbf betwe5 ,p>is & ,m5elaus1 :i* lies at ! v f\ndation ( ! great /ructure ( ! ,iliad4 ,= 9 t case also1 we seem to f9d an in/ance ( abom9able crime1 :i* not)/&+ did n de/roy ! "* ( its p]petrator1 nor prev5t 8 atta9+ to ,olympus2 app>5tly = no o!r reason1 ?an t x 0 a crime su* z _h probably requir$ = its commission ! ex]cise ( mascul9e /r5g? & d>+4 #dbf ,vid4 ,od4 xxi4 #bb-cj4 ,!re rema9$1 h[ev]1 ev5 accord+ to contempor>y ideas1 q en\gh ( guilt on ! "p ( ,p>is4 ,! abduction & corruption ( a pr9ce's wife1 comb9$ ) 8 p]sonal c[>dice1 8 con/ant levity & vacillation1 & 8 reckless indiff]5ce to 8 c\ntry's dang] & affliction1 amply suffice to w>rant & acc\nt = ,hom]'s hav+ repres5t$ him z a p]sonage hat$1 hateful1 & contemptible4 ,b :ile ! =ego+ consid]ations may expla9 ! feel+s & language ( ! ,greeks1 o!rwise inexplicable1 !re /ill rema9s en\gh ( :at at fir/ sight is puzzl+ 9 ! conduct1 if n 9 ! s5tim5ts1 ( ! ,trojans4 ,! ,trojan e/imate ( ,p>is4 ,we ask ourselves1 h[ c\ld ! ,trojans endure1 or h[ c\ld ,hom] rationally repres5t !m z endur+1 to see ! glori\s weal? & /ate ( ,priam1 ) _! own lives1 families1 & =tunes1 put ^u ! die1 r ?an surr5d] ,hel51 or support ,p>is 9 )hold+ h]8 ,! p hate him3 ! wise ,ant5or op5s 9 public assembly ! proposal to re/ore ,hel5 to ! ,greeks3 ,hector1 ! pr9ce ( greate/ influ5ce1 almo/ ! actual gov]nor ( ,troy1 knew 8 bro!r's guilt1 & reproa*$ him ) x#dbg4 ,h[ is x t1 ( all ^! elem5ts & mat]ials1 none ev] become effective8 #dbg ,il4 iii4 #df-eg4 ,we mu/1 ,i ?9k1 seek ! answ] to ! que/ions p>tly 9 ! diff]5ce ( ! moral tone1 & ! moral code1 among ,greeks & ,trojans2 p>tly 9 ! diff]5ce ( _! political in/itutions4 ,we %all f9d x probable t1 al?\gh ! o/5sible privileges ( ! p 7 n less1 yet ! same _s ( fre$om did n p]vade ,trojan in/itutions2 t _! k+s 7 foll[$ ) a m s]vile rev]5ce by ! p2 t au?ority 0 ( m avail1 ap>t f rational p]suasion2 t amid/ equally /rong s5tim5ts ( connection 9 ! family & ! tribe1 !re 0 mu* less ( moral firmness & decision ?an among ! ,greeks1 & p]haps also a f> less close adh]5ce to ! great laws ( conjugal union1 :i* _h be5 violat$ by ! act ( ,p>is4 ,inde$ x w\ld appe> f ! allusion ( ,hector to a tunic ( /one#dbh1 t ,p>is 0 probably by law subject to /on+ = ! crime ( adult]y3 a curi\s remnant1 if ! int]pretation be a correct "o1 ( ! /]n traits ( pri/9e ju/ice & sev]ity1 /ill rememb]$ amid/ a preval5t dissolution ( ! /rict] moral ties4 #dbh ,il4 iii4 #eg4 ,al?\gh x results f our previ\s inquiries t ! plebeian sub/ratum1 s to speak1 ( society1 0 p]haps ne>ly ! same 9 bo? c\ntries1 yet ! op9ions ( ! masses w\ld n !n h ! same sub/antiv5ess ( "*1 nor s mu* indep5d5ce ( orig91 z 9 times ( ,*ri/ianity1 & ( a m elaborate developm5t ( fre$om & its ma9 conditions4 ,!n1 mu* m ?an n[1 ! fir/ propell+ p[] 9 ! =mation ( public op9ion w\ld be f ! high places ( society3 & 9 ! high] sph]e ( ! community1 if n 9 ! l[]1 ,greece & ,troy 71 :ile e?nically alli$1 yet mat]ially diff]5t z to moral tone4 ,x is rem>kable1 t !re is no 9 ,troy4 ,! ,trojans m s5sual & false4 ,if we may tru/ ! g5]al effect ( ,hom]'s repres5tations1 we %all conclude t ! ,trojans 7 m giv5 to ! vices ( s5suality & falsehood1 ! ,greeks1 on ! o!r h&1 m incl9$ to crimes ( viol5ce3 9 fact1 ! latt] be> ! *>act]i/ics ( a m mascul9e1 & ! =m] ( a feebl]1 p4 ,9 ! words ( ,mure1 ! contra/ %ad[s =? #8c]ta9 fundam5tal features ( di/9ction1 :i* h always be5 m or less obs]vable1 betwe5 ! ,european & ,asiatic races#dbi4' #dbi ,greek ,lit4 vol4 i4 p4 #cci4 ,on look+ back to ! previ\s hi/ory ( ,troy1 we f9d t ,laom$on defraud$ ,neptune & ,apollo ( _! /ipulat$ hire3 & ,an*ises surreptiti\sly obta9$ a bre$ ( horses f ! sires belong+ to ,laom$on1 :o 0 8 relative#dcj4 ,! conditions ( ! b>ga91 "u :i* ,p>is f\ght ) ,m5elaus1 are %amelessly & grossly violat$4 ,p&>us1 9 ! int]val ( truce1 trea*]\sly aims at & w\nds ,m5elaus ) an arr[2 b no ,trojan disapproves ! de$4 ,euphorbus comes beh9d ! dis>m$ ,patroclus1 & w\nds him 9 ! back2 & ev5 pr9cely ,hector1 see+ him 9 ?is condition1 !n only comes up & dispat*es him4 ,t ^! 7 n isolat$ acts1 we may judge f ! circum/ance t ,m5elaus1 ev] mild & fair 9 8 s5tim5ts1 :5 he accepts ! *all5ge ( ,p>is1 requires t ,priam %all be s5t = to conclude ! arrangem5t1 because 8 sons--& he makes no exceptions--are saucy & fai?less1 #dca4 ,?is mu/1 ,i ?9k1 be tak5 z *>act]i/ic ( ,troy2 ?\gh he mildly proce$s to take (f ! edge ( 8 reproa* by a ab\t y\? & age4 ,b ! mo/ sc&al\s ( all ! ,trojan proce$+s seems to h be5 ! ef=t made1 ?\gh unsuccessfully1 to h ,m5elaus put to dea?1 :5 he came on a peaceful mission to dem& ! re/oration ( 8 wife#dcb4 #dcj ,il4 v4 #bfi4 #dca ,il4 iii4 #aje4 #dcb ,il4 xi4 #aci4 ,no?+ ( ?is admiration = fraud ap>t f =ce appe>s ei!r 9 ! conduct ( ! ,greeks dur+ ! w>1 or 9 _! prior hi/ory3 & ! passage respect+ ,autolycus1 :i*1 m ?an any o!r1 appe>s to give c\nt5ance to knav]y1 takes 8 case out ( ! category ( ord9>y human action by plac+ x 9 imm$iate relation to a deity2 s t x illu/rates1 n ! national "* z x 01 b r ! =m to :i* ! gr[+ corruptions ( religion t5d$ to br+ x4 ,yet1 :ile ,hom] gives to ! ,trojans alone ! "* ( fai?lessness1 he ev]y:]e1 z we mu/ see1 v9dicates ! intellectual sup]iority ( ! ,greeks 9 ! /ratagems ( ! w>4 ,& if1 z ,i ?9k is ! case1 ,i h succe$$ 9 prov+ above t ! doctr9e ( a future /ate 0 less lively & op]ative among ! ,trojans ?an among ! ,greeks1 x is c]ta9ly in/ructive to view t defici5cy 9 connection ) ! national want ( all reg>d = tru?4 ,?is diff]5ce tea*es u1 t ! imprecations aga9/ p]jur]s1 & ! prospects ( future puni%m5t1 7 probably no contemptible auxili>ies 9 ov]com+ ! temptations to pres5t fals5ess1 ) :i* human life is ev]y:]e beset4 ,z respects s5suality1 ! *ief po9ts ( di/9ction are1 t we f9d a p>ticul> relation to ?is subject runn+ d[n ! royal l9e ( ,troy2 & t1 :]eas 9 ,greece we are told occasionally ( "s beautiful woman :o is s$uc$ or ravi%$ by a deity1 9 ,troas we f9d ! pr9ces ( ! l9e are ^? to ^: names ! leg5ds are atta*$4 ,! inf]5ce is1 t 9 ! =m] case a veil 0 ?r[n ov] su* subjects1 b t 9 ! latt] no s5se ( %ame requir$ !m to be kept secret4 ,! cases t come be=e u are ^? ( ,ti?onus1 :o is said to become ! husb& ( ,aurora2 ( ,an*ises1 = :om ,v5us conceives a passion2 & ( ,p>is1 on :om ! same deity conf]s ! evil gift ( desire#dcc1 & to :om %e promises ! mo/ beautiful ( wom51 ! wife ( ,m5elaus4 ,all ^! are /ories1 :i* seem to h t5d$ to ! fame ( ! p>ties conc]n$ on e>?1 & by no means to _! discr$it ) ! ,immortals4 ,& aga91 if1 z "s may take to be ! case1 we are to int]pret ! ?ree #dcd ( ,troas z local deities1 h[ rem>kable is ! fact t ,hom] %\ld ?us describe !m z ta9t$ ) passions1 :i* n[h]e appe> among ! correspond+ ord] )9 ! ,greek circle6 ,!re1 male deities alone are lic5ti\s4 ,juno1 ,m9]va1 ,diana1 & ,p]sephone1 :om alone we c call prop]ly ,greek goddesses ( ! p]iod1 h no su* impure connection ) mortals1 z ! goddesses bo? ( ! ,trojan & ( ! ,phnician traditions4 #dcc ,il4 xxiv4 #cj4 #dcd ,sup4 p4 #afb4 ,we he> inde$ ( ,orion#dce1 :o 0 also ! *oice ( ,aurora3 b we _c tell :e!r he belong$ m to ! ,trojan ?an to ! ,greek bran* ( ! common /em4 ,to ! ,greek race he _c h be5 ali51 z he is among ,greek company 9 ! ,elev5? ,odyssey3 b !n he is n !re z an object ( hon\r2 he appe>s 9 a /ate ( modifi$ suff]+1 engag$ 9 an endless *ase#dcf4 ,we also f9d ,iasion1 probably 9 ,crete1 :o is report$ to h be5 lov$ by ,c]es#dcg3 b he 0 imm$iately consum$ = x by ! ?und]bolt ( ,jupit]4 ,& s ! det5tion ( ,ulysses by ! beautiful & immortal ,calypso is n 9 ,hom] a glory1 b a calamity2 & x allays none ( ! passionate long+s ( t h]o = 8 wife & home4 #dce ,od4 v4 #aba4 #dcf ,od4 xi4 #egb4 #dcg ,od4 v4 #abh4 ,! m>k$ contra/1 :i* ^! gr\ps ( incid5ts pres5t1 is p]haps some:at height5$ by ! en?usia/ic obs]vation ( ! ,trojan ,eld]s on ! ,wall 9 ! ,?ird ,iliad#dch4 ,?\gh susceptible ( a good s5se1 yet1 :5 ! old age ( ! p]sons is tak5 into view1 ! passage seems to be 9 h>mony ) ! ,trojan "* at l>ge1 r ?an ! ,greek3 & p]haps x may be> "s analogy to ! lic5ti\s glances ( ! ,suitors#dci4 ,if s1 x is v significant t ,hom] %\ld assign to ! mo/ v5]able eld]s ( ,troy1 :at 9 ,greece he does n ?9k ( imput+ except to lib]t9es1 :o are ab\t to fall )9 ! sweep ( ! div9e v5geance4 #dch ,il4 iii4 #aed-fj4 #dci ,od4 xviii4 #afj-bab4 ,! diff]5ce betwe5 ! races 9 ?is respect seems to h be5 deeply root$1 = !re is evid5tly "s correspond+ diff]5ce betwe5 _! views & usages 9 respect to m>riage4 ,trojan ideas & usages ( m>riage4 ,! "* ( ,priam1 :i* has be5 s happily conceiv$ by ,mure#ddj1 und\bt$ly be>s on its v surface ! fault ( ov] indulg5ce1 along ) ! virtues ( g5tl5ess & great w>m? & ke5ness ( ! affections4 ,b x may be d\bt$1 :e!r ! poems w>rant our treat+ him z individually dissolute4 ,8 life 0 a dome/ic life3 b ! family 0 "o con/ruct$ accord+ to ,ori5tal mann]s4 ,accord+ to ^? mann]s1 polygamy & :olesale concub9age 7 9 "s s5se ! privilege1 9 ano!r view almo/ ! duty1 ( 8 /ation2 conf9$1 z ^! abuses mu/ necess>ily be f _! nature 7& z !y ev5 n[ are 9 ,turkey71 to ! highe/ ranks :]ev] !y prevail4 ,! h\sehold ( ,priam1 not)/&+ 8 div]sifi$ relations to wom51 is z regul>ly organiz$ z t ( ,ulysses3 & :5 he speaks ( 8 va/ family1 con/itut$ z x 01 he makes x kn[n to ,a*illes1 9 a mom5t ( agoniz+ sorr[1 & evid5tly by way ( lodg+ a claim = sympa?y#dda1 ?\gh ! effect ^u mod]n e>s may be some:at ludicr\s4 #8,i _h1' he says1 #8fifty sons3 n9ete5 f a s+le womb3 ! re/ f v>i\s mo!rs 9 my palace4' ,he might h add$ t he _h also twelve daught]s#ddb1 :om he probably does n ne$ to m5tion on ! occasion1 z 9 ?is dep>tm5t he 0 n a b]eav$ p>5t4 #ddj ,lit4 ,greece1 vol4 i4 p4 #cda & seqq4 #dda ,il4 xxiv4 #dic-g4 #ddb ,il4 vi4 #bdh4 ,hecuba1 ! "m ( ! n9ete51 0 evid5tly possess$ ( rights & a position peculi> to h]self4 ,! v passage la/ quot$ di/+ui%es h] f ! 1 & ?r\gh\t ! poem %e moves alone#ddc4 #ddc ,see p>ticul>ly vi4 #hg & seqq4 #cfd & seqq4 ,! family ( ,priam4 ,( ! *ildr5 ( ,priam we meet ) a great numb] 9 v>i\s places ( ! poem4 ,!re are1 ,i ?9k1 five expressly m5tion$ z *ildr5 ( ,hecuba4 ,hector1 ,il4 vi4 #hg4 ,hel5us1 ibid4 ,laodice1 vi4 #beb4 ,deiphobus1 ,il4 xxii4 #ccc4 ,p>is1 7because ,hecuba 0 to ,hel517 ,il4 xxiv4 ,next1 we h two *ildr5 ( ,lao?oe1 daught] ( ,altes1 "l ( ! ,lelegians ( ,p$asus4 ,lycaon1 ,il4 xxi4 #hd4 ,polydorus1 ibid4 #ia4 ,next ,gorgy?ion1 son ( ,ka/ianeira1 :o came f ,aisume1 7,il4 viii4 #cjb74 ,!n we h1 )\t m5tion ( ! "m1 ,aga?on ,pammon ,il4 xxiv4 ,antiphonos #bdi-ea4 ,hippo?oos ,dios ,cass&ra1 xxiv4 #fii4 ,me/or1 xxiv4 #beg4 ,troilos1 ,il4 xxiv4 #beg4 ,e*emmon#ddd1 v4 #aei4 ,*romios#ddd1 ibid4 ,antiphos1 iv4 #dij4 xi4 #aja4 ,cebriones1 viii4 #cah4 ,polites1 ii4 #gia4 #ddd ,possibly "o ( ^! is 1 illegitimate3 = !y are toge!r 9 ! same *>iot1 z ,antiphus & ,isus 74 ,"o ( ! two w\ld be ! *>iote]2 :o 0 commonly1 ?\gh n always1 an inf]ior4 ,&1 la/ly1 illegitimate 771 ,isos1 ,il4 xi4 #aja4 ,doryclos1 xi4 #dhi4 ,democoon1 iv4 #dii4 ,m$esica/e1 xiii4 #agc4 ,! mo/ important conclusion d]ivable f ! comp>ison ( ! names ?us collect$ is1 t ! *ildr5 ( ,priam1 & consequ5tly _! mo!rs1 fell into ?ree ranks3 #a4 ,! *ildr5 ( ,hecuba4 #b4 ,! *ildr5 ( 8 o!r wives4 #c4 ,! *ildr5 ( concub9es1 or ( *ance atta*m5ts1 :o 71 1 ba/>ds4 ,! "n ) ,hom]1 at lea/ among ! ,greeks1 ord9>ily m>ks inf]iority ( condition4 ,! mo!rs ( ! f\r are nev] nam$4 ,?is may1 h[ev]1 be due to accid5t4 ,at any rate ,lycaon appe>s to h ! full rank ( a pr9ce3 he 0 once ransom$ ) ! value ( a hundr$ ox51 &1 :5 aga9 tak51 he promises ?rice z mu*2 aga91 9 describ+ himself z ! half-bro!r ( ,hector1 he av[s no?+ l spuri\s bir?4 ,! ref]5ce to him by ,priam expla9s 8 position m cle>ly1 & places x beyond d\bt t ,lao?oe 0 recognis$ z a wife1 = %e br\ght ,priam a l>ge d[ry#dde2 & if h] sons be dead1 says ! ag$ k+1 #8x w be an affliction to me & to _! "m4' ,! language us$ 9 ano!r passage ab\t ,polydorus is also conclusive#ddf4 ,he is describ$ z ! y\nge/ & de>e/ ( ! sons ( ,priam1 :i* evid5tly implies 8 be+ 9 ! fulle/ s5se a memb] ( ! family4 ,aga91 9 ! palace ( ,priam !re 7 sep>ate ap>tm5ts1 n = ! n9ete5 only1 b = ! fifty4 ,?us !y seem to h includ$ all ! ?ree classes4 ,s t x is probable en\gh t ! /ate ( illegitimacy did n draw ! same cle> l9e z to rank 9 ,troy1 :i* x drew 9 ,greece4 #dde ,il4 xxii4 #ea1 #c4 #ddf ,il4 xx4 #djg4 xxi4 #gi1 #ie4 ,lao?oe1 "m ( ,lycaon & ,polydorus1 0 a woman ( pr9cely rank3 & :5 ,lycaon says t ,priam _h _m m besides h]#ddg1 #ddg ,il4 xxi4 #hh4 ' 1 1 he probably means _m m ( ! same condition1 wives & o!r well-born wom51 :o =m$ "p ( 8 family4 ,s t ,hom]1 9 all likelihood1 means to describe to u ! ?reefold ord]1 #a4 ,hecuba1 z ! pr9cipal que54 #b4 ,o!r wives1 inf]ior b di/9ctly ackn[l$g$4 #c4 ,ei!r concub9es recognis$ z 9 a position :olly subord9ate1 or wom5 :o 7 9 no p]man5t relation ( any k9d ) ,priam4 ,beyond ! case ( ,priam1 we h sl5d] means ( asc]ta9+ ! usages & ideas ( m>riage among ! ,trojans4 ,we h ,&roma*e1 wife ( ,hector2 ,hel51 a sort ( wife to ,p>is2 ,!ano1 wife to ,ant5or1 & prie/ess ( ,m9]va2 :o also took *>ge ( & br\ght up 8 illegitimate son ,p$u#ddh4 ,! mann] 9 :i* ?is is m5tion$1 z a fav\r to h] husb&1 c]ta9ly %[s t ! m>k ( ba/>dy 0 n :olly ov]look$1 ev5 9 ,troy4 ,b1 besides ?is ,p$u1 we meet 9 diff]5t places ( ! ,iliad no less ?an t5 o!r sons ( ,ant5or1 all1 ,i ?9k1 )9 ! fight+ age4 ,?is is n demon/rative1 b x raises a presumption t "s ( !m 7 probably ! sons ( o!r wives ?an ,!ano2 :o is twice describ$ z ,!ano ( ! bloom+ *eeks1 & c h>dly !re=e be suppos$ to h rea*$ a v advanc$ p]iod ( life#ddi4 #ddh ,il4 v4 #ga4 #ddi ,il4 vii4 #bih4 xi4 #bbd4 ,b x is cle> f ! important case ( ,priam1 ev5 if x /&s alone1 t among ! ,trojans no %ame atta*es to ! plurality ( wives1 or to hav+ _m illegitimate *ildr51 ! bir? ( v>i\s mo!rs4 ,x is possible t ! mann]s ( ,troy1 ) reg>d to polygamy1 7 at ?is "t ! same 7unless z to ! reason giv517 ) ^? :i* ,tacitus ascribes to ! ,g]mans ( 8 own day3 ,s+ulis uxoribus cont5ti sunt2 exceptis admodum paucis1 qui1 non libid9e1 s$ ob nobilitatem1 plurimis nuptiis ambiuntur#dej4 ,we mu/ add to ?is1 t ,p>is1 9 deta9+ z 8 wife ! sp\se ( ano!r man /ill liv+1 does an act ( :i* we h no example1 to :i* we f9d no approximation1 9 ! ,greek mann]s ( ! "t4 ,its significance is increas$1 :5 we f9d t aft] 8 dea? %e is giv5 to ,deiphobus3 = ?is fur!r union alt]s ! individual trait into "o :i* is national4 ,h] ,greek long+s1 z well z h] remorse = ! surr5d] ( h] hon\r to ,p>is1 af=d ! /ronge/ presumption t ! arrangem5t c\ld h>dly h be5 adopt$ to meet h] own incl9ation2 & t x mu/ h be5 made = h] )\t h] *oice1 z a matt] ( suppos$ family or political conv5i5ce4 #dej ,tac4 ,g]m4 c4 #ah4 ,we seem !re=e to be ju/ifi$ 9 conclud+ t1 z s+l5ess did n ent] ess5tially into ! ,trojan idea ( m>riage1 s nei!r did ! bond ) !m ei!r possess or ev5 approximate to ! "* ( indissolubility4 ,! diff]5ce is v rem>kable betwe5 ! horror :i* atta*es to ! fir/ crime ( gi/hus 9 ,greece1 ! corruption ( ,clytemne/ra1 ?\gh x 0 analog\s to ! act ( ,p>is1 & ! indiff]5ce ( ! ,trojans to ! (f5ce committ$ by _! own pr9ce4 ,we h no means inde$ ( kn[+ directly h[ gi/hus 0 reg>d$ by ! ,greeks ar\nd him1 dur+ ! p]iod :i* prec$$ ! return & murd] ( ,agamemnon4 ,b we f9d t ,jupit]1 9 ! ,olympian ,c\rt1 di/9ctly describes 8 adult]y z a sub/antive "p ( 8 s9#dea2 #dea ,od4 i4 #ce4 ' 1 ' 4 ,& ,i ?9k we may re/ assur$1 t ,jupit] nev] w\ld give utt]ance on ,olympus to any rule ( matrimonial morality1 high] ?an t :i* 0 obs]v$ among ! ,greeks on e>?4 ,s aga91 x 0 a specific "p ( ! (f5ce ( ! ,suitors 9 ! ,odyssey1 t !y s\ght to w$ ,p5elope :ile h] husb& 0 alive#deb2 t is to say1 be=e 8 dea? 0 asc]ta9$1 ?\gh x 0 really n extravagant to presume t x _h occurr$4 #deb ,od4 xxii4 #cg4 ,/rict] ideas among ! ,greeks4 ,f bo? ^! in/ances1 & m especially f ! la/1 we mu/1 ,i ?9k1 reasonably conclude t ! moral code ( ,greece 0 f> m adv]se to ! act ( ,p>is1 consid]$ z an (f5ce aga9/ matrimonial laws1 ?an ! correspond+ rule 9 ,troy4 ,9 connection ) ?is topic1 we may notice1 h[ ,hom] has ov]spread ! ,d>danid family1 at ! epo* ( ! w> z well z 9 =m] times1 ) r$undance ( p]sonal beauty4 ,( ,p>is we are prep>$ to he> x z a matt] ( c\rse2 b ,hector has also ! #dec2 &1 ev5 9 8 old age1 ! ( ,priam 0 admir$ by ,a*illes#ded4 ,deiphobus aga9 is call$ & #dee1 & on two ( ,priam's daught]s sev]ally does ,hom] be/[ ! praise ( be+ ea* ! mo/ beautiful#def among !m all4 ,) ?is 0 app>5tly connect$1 9 _m ( !m1 effem9acy1 z well z insol5ce & fals5ess ( "*2 = we mu/ suppose a gr\ndwork ( tru? 9 ! wra?ful invective ( _! fa!r1 :o describes 8 rema9+ sons z 7,il4 xxiv4 #bfa47 #dec ,il4 xxii4 #cgj4 #ded ,il4 xxiv4 #fcb4 #dee ,il4 xii4 #id4 & ,od4 iv4 #bgf4 ,see also ! case ( ,euphorbus1 ,il4 xvii4 #ea4 #def ,! s5se ( 9 ,hom]1 ?\gh emphatic1 is n absolute4 ' 1 1 ' 4 ,an invective1 :i* completely corresponds ) ! ,greek belief conc]n+ _! g5]al "* 9 ! ,?ird ,book#deg4 ,! great ,greek h]oes are also beautiful2 b _! m]e beauty1 p>ticul>ly 9 ! ,iliad1 is = ! mo/ "p kept c>efully 9 ! %ade4 #deg ,il4 iii4 #ajf4 ,trojan polity less highly organiz$4 ,we w turn n[ to ! political in/itutions ( ,troy4 ,less advanc$ t[>ds organization1 & ( a less firm tone ?an 9 ,greece1 !y w help to expla9 h[ x c\ld happ5 t a p %\ld be> prolong$ calamity & con/ant defeat1 & c\ld pass on to f9al ru91 = ! wick$ & wanton wrong ( an individual pr9ce4 ,x has be5 notic$1 t ! idea ( h]$it>y succession 0 def9ite1 z well z famili>1 9 ,greece4 ,9 ,troy x appe>s to h be5 less s4 ,& ?is is c]ta9ly :at we might expect f ! recognition 9 any =m1 h[ev] qualifi$1 ( polygamy4 ,x t5ds to conf\nd ! position ( any "o wife1 al?\gh suppos$ supreme1 ) t ( o!rs2 & 9 conf\nd+ ! ord] ( succession1 z among ! issue ( diff]5t wives1 x altoge!r breaks up ! simplicity ( ! rule ( primog5iture4 ,& aga91 if1 z we %all pres5tly see1 ! ,trojan race _h a less develop$ capacity = political organization1 !y w\ld be less likely to e/abli% a cle> rule & practice ( succession1 :i* is a prim>y elem5t ( political ord] 9 well-gov]n$ c\ntries4 ,! evid5ce z to ! ,asiatic rule ( inh]itance is1 ,i admit1 indirect & scanty3 nor d ,i attempt to place :at ,i h n[ to (f] 9 a rank high] ?an t ( probable conjecture4 #a4 ,s>p$on 0 cle>ly lead] ( ! ,lycians1 ) "s k9d ( prec$5ce ov] ,glaucus4 ,! g5]al t5\r ( ! poem cle>ly gives ?is impression4 ,he speaks & acts z ! p]son pr9cipally responsible#deh4 ,b by bir? he 0 inf]ior to ,glaucus2 = he 0 ! gr&son ( ,bell]ophon only 9 ! female l9e ?r\gh ,laodamia1 :ile ,glaucus /ood alone 9 ! male l9e ?r\gh ,hippolo*us4 ,i d n v5ture to rely mu* on ! m]e ord] ( ! names2 & !re=e ,i d n press ! fact1 :i* inde$ is n ne$$ = ! argum5t1 t x makes ,laodamia junior to ,hippolo*us4 ,x w be said t ,s>p$on 0 9 *ief comm&1 because he 0 ( sup]ior m]it4 ,b among ! ,greeks we h no in/ance 9 :i* sup]ior m]it gives preem95ce z aga9/ bir?4 ,& ! reputation ( div9e orig9 cle>ly c\ld n put aside ! prior "r ( succession4 #deh ,see ,il4 v4 #dhb4 ,aga91 bo? ,s>p$on & ,glaucus are bo? expressly call$ #dei1 k+s4 ,n[1 !y 7 fir/ c\s9s1 & !y belong$ to ! same k+dom4 ,hippolo*us 0 p]haps /ill alive#dfj2 = he gave ,glaucus a p>t+ *>ge1 & 8 dea? is n m5tion$4 ,9 ,greece we f9d ! heir app>5t call$ k+1 namely1 ,a*illes3 b ! title is nev] giv5 to m ?an "o p]son /&+ 9 ! l9e ( succession4 ,a possible explanation1 ,i ?9k1 is1 t ! ,lycian k+dom _h be5 divid$#dfa3 b if ?is be n s1 !n ! use ( ! t]m seems to prove t 9 ,asia all ! *ildr5 ( ! common ance/or /ood1 or might /&1 ^u ! same foot+ by bir?3 & z if x 0 left to o!r causes1 in/ead ( to a def9ite & s+le rule1 to det]m9e :o %\ld succe$ to ! ?rone4 #dei ,il4 xii4 #cai4 #dfj ,il4 vi4 #bjg4 #dfa ,il4 vi4 #aic4 #b4 ,9 a =m] "p ( ?is "w#dfb1 ,i h /at$ reasons = suppos+ t neas repres5t$ ! eld] bran* ( ! h\se ( ,d>danus4 ,b1 :e!r he did s or n1 x is suffici5tly cle> f ! ,iliad t he 0 n )\t pret5sions to ! succession4 ,! dignity ( 8 fa!r ,an*ises is m>k$ by 8 rema9+ at ,d>dania1 & n appe>+ 9 ! c\rt ( ,priam4 neas habitually ab/a9s f att5d+ ! meet+s or assemblies = consultation1 9 :i* ,priam1 :]e !y are civil1 & ,hector1 :]e !y are milit>y1 takes ! lead4 ,a*illes taunts him expressly ) look+ =w>d to ! succession aft] ! dea? ( ,priam1 & ) ! anticipation ( public l&s :i* he 0 to get f ! ,trojans =?)1 if he c\ld b slay ! great ,greek w>rior4 ,! p>ticul> succession1 to :i* ! taunt ref]s1 is m>k$ out2 x is ! dom9ion1 n ov] ! m]e ,d>danians1 b ov] ! #dfc4 ,9 foll[+ d[n ! g5ealogy1 neas does n adh]e to ei!r ( ! two l9es 7f ,ilus & ,ass>acus respectively7 ?r\gh\t1 z s5ior1 & !re=e supreme2 b1 aft] putt+ ! l9e ( ,ilus fir/ 9 ! e>li] "p ( ! *a91 he places 8 own bir? f ,an*ises be=e t ( ,hector f ,priam4 #dfb ,on ! 1 see ,a*is1 sect4 ix4 #dfc xx4 #ahj4 ,ap>t f ! "q :i* 0 ! old] l9e1 ! effect ( all ^! p>ticul>s1 tak5 toge!r1 is to %[ an indet]m9at5ess 9 ! rule ( succession1 ( :i* we h no indication among ! ,greeks4 ,ev5 ! incid5tal notice ( ! "r ( ,priam to give x to neas1 if he pleas$1 is z mu* )\t example 9 any?+ ,hom] tells u ( ! ,greek mann]s1 z ! correspond+ p[] conf]r$ by ! ,p>liam5t on ! ,cr[n 9 ! ,tudor p]iod 0 at v>iance ) ! g5]al analogies ( ,engli% hi/ory & in/itutions4 ,succession to ! ,?rone ( ,priam4 #c4 ,! ?ird case be=e u is "o 9 ! family ( ,priam itself4 ,x appe>s extremely d\btful :e!r we c1 ^u ! au?ority ( ! poems1 confid5tly m>k out "o ( 8 sons z hav+ be5 ! elde/1 or z /&+ on t acc\nt 9 ! l9e ( succession to ! ?rone ( ,priam4 ,! evid5ce1 s f> z x goes1 seems r to po9t to ,p>is2 :ile ! "q lies betwe5 him & ,hector4 ,!ocritus#dfd inde$ calls ,hector ! elde/ ( ! tw5ty *ildr5 ( ,hecuba4 ,b ?is is an op9ion1 n an au?ority2 & ! numb] nam$ %[s x to be unlikely t he 0 ?9k+ ( hi/oric accuracy1 = ,hom] says1 ,hecuba _h n9ete5 sons1 :ile %e _h also sev]al daught]s#dfe4 #dfd ,idyll4 xv4 #aci4 #dfe ,il4 xxiv4 #dif4 vi4 #beb4 ,!re c be no d\bt :atev]1 t ,hector 0 ! mo/ conspicu\s p]son1 ! mo/ consid]able *ampion ( ! city4 ,he 0 *>g$ exclusively ) ! direction ( ! w>1 & ) ! regulation ( ! supplies necess>y to fe$ ! =ce ( ,trojans & ( allies4 ,polydamas1 :o s (t5 takes a diff]5t view ( affairs1 & ,s>p$on1 :5 hav+ a compla9t to make1 alike apply to him4 neas is ! only p]son :o appe>s ^u ! field 9 ! same rank ) him1 & he /&s 9 a position :olly di/9ct f ! family ( ,priam4 ,z among ! memb]s ( t family1 !re c be no d\bt ( ! preem95ce ( ,hector4 ,he 01 inde$1 9 actual ex]cise ( ! heavie/ "p ( ! duties ( sov]eignty4 neas1 9 ! g5ealogy1 f9i%es ! l9e ( ,ass>acus ) himself2 &1 to all appe>ance1 z n less a matt] ( c\rse1 ! l9e ( ,ilus ) ,hector#dff4 ,aga91 ! "n ,a/uanax1 conf]r$ by ! p on 8 son1 appe>s to %[ t ! cr[n 0 to come to him4 ,b all ?is 9 no degree answ]s ! "q1 :e!r ,hector held 8 position z probable k+-designate by bir?1 or :e!r x 0 r due to 8 p]sonal qualities1 & 8 great & un%>$ responsibilities & ex]tions4 ,!re are sev]al circum/ances1 :i* may lead u to incl9e t[>ds ! latt] alt]native4 #dff ,il4 xx4 #bdj4 7#a47 ,:5 8 p>5ts & wid[ bewail 8 loss1 x is ! loss ( _! great def5d] & *ief glory#dfg1 n ( "o :o by dea? _h vacat$ ! place ( kn[n successor to ! sov]eignty4 #dfg ,il4 xxii4 #ef1 #dcc1 #ejg4 xxiv4 #bi4 7#b47 ,_h ,hector be5 by bir? assur$ ( ! seat ( ,priam1 8 "r w\ld h be5 suffici5t cause = giv+ to 8 son at once ! "n ( ,a/uanax4 ,b ?is we are told ! p did = ! express reason1 t ,hector 0 ! only real bulw>k ( ,troy4 ,x seems unlikely t 9 su* a case 8 "* z heir by bir? w\ld h be5 :olly pass$ by4 ,! "n1 !re=e1 appe>s to sugge/1 t x 0 by prov+ himself ! bulw>k ( ! ?rone t ,hector _h become z x 7 ! presumptive heir to x#dfh4 #dfh ,il4 vi4 #djb1 & xxii4 #ejf4 ,:5 ,hector takes 8 *ild 9 8 arms1 he prays1 on ! infant's behalf1 t he may become1 l himself#dfi1 #dfi ,il4 vi4 #dgg4 1 ' 1 t is1 t he may become di/+ui%$ & valiant1 & may mightily rule ov] ! ,trojans4 ,?is seems to po9t to succession by virtue ( p]sonal qualities r ?an ( bir?4 ,p>is mo/ probably ! elde/-born4 ,!re are also signs t ,p>is1 & n ,hector1 may h be5 ! elde/ son ( ,priam1 & may h _h t feebl] in*oate title to succession1 :i*1 9 ! day ( necessity1 8 bro!r's sup]ior c\rage & "* 0 to set aside4 ,?is supposition accords bett] ) ! fact ( 8 hav+ _h influ5ce suffici5t to cause ! refusal ( ! orig9al dem& = ! re/itution ( ,hel51 peacefully made by ! ,greek embassy2 & ! endurance ( s mu* evil by 8 c\ntry on 8 behalf4 ,x expla9s ! fact ( 8 hav+ _h a palace to himself on ,p]gamus2 a di/9ction :i* he %>$ ) ,hector only#dgj1 = ! m>ri$ sons z well z daught]s ( ,priam 9 g5]al slept 9 ap>tm5ts )9 ! palace ( _! fa!r#dga4 ,& also x accords ) 8 orig9al exp$ition1 :i* 0 evid5tly an affair ( great pa9s & co/2 & ) 8 be+ pla9ly next 9 milit>y rank to ,hector among ! sons ( ,priam4 #dgj ,il4 vi4 #cac1 #cag1 #cgj4 #dga ,ibid4 #bdb-ej4 ,fur!r1 x w\ld expla9 ! fact1 o!rwise v difficult to deal )1 t alone among ! *ildr5 ( ,priam1 ,p>is or ,alex&] is hon\r$ ) ! significant title ( 4 ,hel5us is call$ 1 & ,hector 1 b nei!r expression is ( ! same rank1 or has a simil> effect4 ,?is exclusive application ( ! t]m is a v /rong piece ( evid5ce1 if1 z ,i believe to be ! case1 x is n[h]e else appli$ 9 ! ,iliad to a p]son ?us select$1 )\t indicat+ ei!r ! possession1 or ! h]$it>y expectancy ( a ?rone4 ,& inde$1 ev5 if we c\ld %[ t ,hom] _h appli$ ! "n to two bro!rs 9 "o family1 ! result w\ld be ! same1 z f> z ! ma9 argum5t is conc]n$1 = !re is no su* pron\nc$ m>k ( equality f\nd among bro!rs 9 any ( ! royal families ( ,greece4 ,aga92 9 consid]+ ! law ( succession among ! ,greeks1 we h f\nd f\r cases 9 ! ,catalogue1 :]e cont+5ts 7 plac$ "u ! comm& ( two lead]s seem+ly co-ord9ate2 !y are 9 e in/ance bro!rs1 & ! f\r dual comm&s occur 9 a total ( tw5ty-n9e4 ,or let u /ate ! case 9 ano!r =m1 s z to include ! cases ( ,botia & ,elis4 ,among sixte5 ,trojan cont+5ts1 !re are b six :]e ! *ief au?ority is pla9ly 9 a s+le h&2 out ( tw5ty-n9e ,greek cont+5ts1 !re are tw5ty-?ree1 &1 ( ! rema9+ six1 f\r are ! cases ( bro!rs4 ,?is fact is mat]ial1 z t5d+ to %[ a loos] & less effective milit>y organization 9 ! ranks ( ! ,trojans & _! allies1 ?an 9 ^? ( ! ,greeks2 a circum/ance :i* does n prove1 b :i* h>monizes )1 ! hypo!sis t !y 7 want+ also 9 a def9$ ord] ( succession to ! seat ( political p[]4 ,!re are o!r reasons1 imm$iately connect$ ) ,hector1 = suppos+ t ,hom] int5d$ to repres5t ,p>is z old] ?an 8 bro!r#dgb4 ,p>is _h be5 9 manhood = at lea/ tw5ty ye>s1 accord+ to ! lett] ( ! poem1 :i* mu/ at lea/ repres5t a long p]iod ( "t4 ,b ,hector has "o *ild only1 a babe 9 arms1 :i* is 9 itself a presumption ( 8 be+ less advanc$ 9 life4 ,aga91 we mu/ suppose 8 age probably to be n v diff]5t f t ( ,&roma*e4 ,b x is q pla9 t %e 0 a "y "m2 s9ce aft] ! slaught] ( ,eetion1 h] fa!r1 ,a*illes %ortly took a ransom = h] "m1 :o !reupon w5t back to ! h\se ( h] own fa!r1 ,&roma*e's mat]nal gr&fa!r1 & subsequ5tly di$ !re#dgc4 ,if !n ! gr&fa!r ( ,&roma*e 0 alive :5 ,!be 0 tak51 & ,hector's age 0 9 due proportion to h] own1 he mu/ 9 all likelihood h be5 y\ng] ?an ,p>is4 ,aga91 x may be notic$ t ! t]m is n[h]e ascrib$ to ,p>is1 b x is assign$ to ,hector at 8 dea?#dgd4 ,not)/&+ its complim5t>y use = ,ulysses 9 ,od4 viii4 #ace1 t ^w has a c]ta9 lean+ to e>ly life4 ,b we h a /rong]1 & inde$ ,i ?9k a conclusive argum5t 9 ! spee* ( ,&roma*e aft] 8 dea?#dge2 #dgb ,il4 xxiv4 #gfe4 #dgc ,il4 vi4 #dbf-h4 #dgd ,il4 xxii4 #cfc4 #dge ,il4 xxiv4 #gbe4 1 ' 4 ,?us he is di/9ctly call$ "y4 ,& we may consid] x almo/ c]ta91 "u ^! circum/ances1 t ,p>is 0 ! fir/-born son ( ,priam#dgf1 b t 8 "r ( succession ooz$ away l wat] f a man's h&4 #dgf ,possibly ,horace meant to convey ?is op9ion 9 ! words ,quid ,p>is8 ut salvus regnet1 vivatque beatus1 ,cogi posse negat4 ,epi/4 ,i4 ii4 #aj4 ,! relations ( race betwe5 ! ,trojans & ! ,greeks h already be5 exam9$1 9 connection ) ! great ,hom]ic title ( #dgg2 "u "s difficulties1 :i* resolve !mselves into ?is1 t ,hom]1 on almo/ e subject s lum9\s a guide1 is 9 all likelihood "h1 z x 71 reta9$ on ! side ( sil5ce2 & t we h no in=mation1 except su* z he accid5tally lets fall4 ,b he 0 "u no su* preoccupation ) reg>d to ! in/itutions ( ,troy2 s t1 :ile he _h no occasion = ! same am\nt ( detail z he has giv5 u ) ref]5ce to ! ,greeks1 or ! same m9ute accuracy z he has !re obs]v$1 en\gh appe>s to supply a tol]ably cle> & consi/5t outl9e4 #dgg ,a*is1 sect4 ix4 p4 #dib4 ,we h be5 accu/om$ too neglig5tly to treat ! ,hom]ic t]m ,troy1 z if x designat$ only or prop]ly a s+le city4 ,b 9 ,hom] x mu* m commonly means a c\ntry1 ) ! city sometimes call$ ,troy = its capital1 & conta9+ _m o!r cities beside x4 ,! prop] "n1 h[ev]1 ( ! city 9 ! poems is 1 n 4 ,ilios is us$ above an hundr$ & tw5ty times 9 ! ,iliad & ,odyssey1 & always /rictly means ! city4 ,! ^w is us$ ne>ly n9ety times1 & 9 ! great majority ( cases x means ! c\ntry4 ,(t5 x has ! epi!ts 1 1 1 :i* speak = !mselves4 ,b m commonly x is )\t an epi!t2 & !n too x v g5]ally means ! c\ntry4 ,:5 ! ,greeks speak1 = example1 ( ! voyage 1 ?is is ! natural s5se1 r ?an to suppose x means a city n on ! sea %ore1 & into :i*1 till ! end ( ! siege1 !y did n f9d _! way at all#dgh4 #dgh ,"o only ( ! epi!ts ( ! ^w ,ilios seems to po9t out t x may too mean ! di/rict4 ,x is 1 us$ ,il4 v4 #eea1 & 9 f\r o!r places4 ,priam & 8 dyna/y 9 ,troas4 ,accord+ to ! g5ealogical tree 9 ! ,tw5tie? ,iliad1 ,d>danus built ,d>dania among ! m\nta9s3 8 son ,eri*?onius became weal?y by possessions 9 ! pla92 & ,tros1 ! son ( ,eri*?onius1 0 ! real f\nd] ( ! ,trojan /ate & "n#dgi4 #dgi ,il4 xx4 #bcj4 ' 4 ,?us ! "n ( ,troes at t "t cov]$ ! :ole race4 ,b ! t[n ( ,ilios mu/1 f its "n1 h be5 built n e>li] ?an ! "t ( ,ilus1 ! son ( ,tros4 ,& n[ ! dyna/y sep>ates into two l9es1 z ,ass>acus1 ! bro!r ( ,ilus1 cont9ues to reign 9 ,d>dania4 ,?us ! local exi/5ce ( ! ,d>danian "n is prolong$2 = x is pla9 t ! ,d>danian ?rone 0 associat$1 at lea/ 9 dignity1 ) a rival1 & n a subord9ate1 sov]eignty4 ,/ill x does n ext5d beyond ! hills4 ,x 0 ov] ^! t neas fl$ f ,a*illes#dhj4 ,b ev5 ! ,d>danians did n :olly cease to be kn[n by ! appellation ( ,trojans2 = n only does ,hom] frequ5tly use ! dom9ant "n ,troes = ! entire =ce oppos$ to ! ,greeks1 :i* is nam+ ! :ole f ! pr9cipal "p1 b he also uses ! ^w ,troes to signify all t "p ( ! =ce1 :i* 0 "u ! h\se ( ,d>danus 9 ei!r bran*2 & he di/+ui%es ?is portion f ! re/ ( ! =ce describ$ "u ! "n 1 at ! op5+ ( ! ,trojan ,catalogue3 #dhj ,ibid4 #ahi4 1 ' #dha4 #dha ,il4 ii4 #hae4 ,s likewise ,il4 vi4 #aaa4 xiii4 #gee4 xvii4 #ad4 xviii4 #bbi4 ,?is l9e is foll[$ by an acc\nt ( ! :ole =ce oppos$ to ! ,greeks1 9 sixte5 divisions4 ,( ^! ! elev5 la/ be> ea* _! own national "n1 beg9n+ ) ! ,pelasgians ( ,l>issa1 & end+ ) ! ,lycians2 & !y are "u lead]s1 :om ! :ole c\rse ( ! poem m>ks z n be+ ,trojan1 b indep5d5t4 ,^! elev5 evid5tly 7 ! ( v]4 #hae4 ,! five fir/ cont+5ts are introduc$ & comm&$ z foll[s3 #a4 ,troes "u ,hector#dhb3 #dhb ,v]4 #haf4 4 #b4 ,d>danians1 "u neas1 ) two ( ! 7t57 sons ( ,ant5or1 ,ar*elo*us & ,acamas1 = 8 colleagues#dhc3 #dhc ,v]4 #hai4 ' 4 #c4 ,trojans ( ,zelea1 at ! extreme spur ( ,ida1 "u ,p&>us#dhd3 #dhd ,v]4 #hbd-f4 4 #d4 ,p ( ,adre/eia & o!r t[ns1 "u ,adre/us & ,amphius1 sons ( ,m]ops ( ,p]cote#dhe3 #dhe ,v]4 #hbh4 ' ' 1 4 4 4 #e4 ,p ( ,p]cote & o!r t[ns1 "u ,asius3 ' 1 4 4 4 ,& !n beg9s ! enum]ation ( ! ,allies1 ea* "u _! respective national names4 ,x seems evid5t1 t ^! five fir/-nam$ cont+5ts comprise ! :ole ( ! subjects ( ! race ( ,d>danus4 ,fir/ come ! ,trojans ( ! capital & its di/rict1 "u ,hector4 ,!n1 tak+ prec$5ce on acc\nt ( dignity1 ! ,d>danian division ( neas4 ,9 ! ?ird cont+5t ! ,poet returns to ! "n ,troes1 :i*1 ,i ?9k1 pla9ly en\gh ov]rides ! f\r? & fif?1 j z 9 ! ,greek ,catalogue ! "n ,pelasgic ,argos#dhf introduces & compreh5ds a numb] ( cont+5ts t foll[1 besides t ( ,a*illes4 #dhf ii4 #fha4 ,!re are sev]al reasons1 :i* t5d pla9ly to ?is conclusion4 ,! s5se ( 7#hae7 & ! ref]5ce to ! div]sity ( tongues spok5 7#hjd7 almo/ require ! division ( ! =ce betwe5 ,troes & allies2 x is also ! mo/ natural division4 ,! f\r? & fif? cont+5ts are n inde$ expressly call$ ,troes1 b ?is "n1 already giv5 to ! ?ird1 may include !m4 ,we mu/1 ,i ?9k1 conclude t x does s1 :5 we f9d cle> pro( t !y 7 n indep5d5t national divisions3 = ! troops ( ,p]cote 7 9 ! fif?1 b ! sons ( ,p]cosian ,m]ops comm& ! f\r?1 a fact inexplicable if ^! 7 ! =ces ( indep5d5t ,/ates1 b natural en\gh if !y 7 all "u ! supremacy ( ,priam & 8 h\se4 ,9 ! great battle ( ! ,twelf? ,iliad1 ! ,trojans are 7xii4 #hg74 ,s>p$on comm&s ! allies ) ,glaucus & ,a/]opu 7v4 #aja71 ?us acc\nt+ = elev5 ( ! sixte5 divisions 9 ! ,catalogue4 neas1 ) two sons ( ,ant5or1 comm&s ! ,d>danians1 ?us dispos+ ( a twelf?4 ,aga91 ,hector1 ) ,polydamas & ,cebriones1 comm&s ! 1 evid5tly ! division /&+ fir/ 9 ! ,catalogue4 ,?is makes ! numb] ?irte54 ,! ?ree rema9+ cont+5ts ( ! ,catalogue are #a4 ,zelean ,troes1 "u ,p&>us1 7s9ce sla917 ,il4 ii4 #hbd-g4 #b4 ,adre/eans c4 "u ,adre/us & ,amphius1 7#hbh-cd17 bo? sla91 ,il4 v4 #fab4 vi4 #fc4 #c4 ,p]cotians c4 "u ,asius 7#hce-i74 ,^! ?ree rema9+ divisions ( ! ,catalogue evid5tly reappe> 9 ! second & ?ird ( ! five ,divisions ( ! ,twelf? ,book4 ,! ,second is "u ,p>is1 ) ,alca?\s1 son-9-law ( ,ant5or1 & ,ag5or1 "o ( 8 sons4 ,9 ! comm& ( ! ,?ird1 ,hel5us & ,deiphobus1 two sons ( ,priam1 are associat$ )1 & ev5 plac$ be=e1 ,asius4 ,! position giv5 9 ^! divisions to ! family ( ,priam appe>s to prove1 t ! troops =m+ !m 7 among 8 prop] subjects4 ,aga91 ! t]ritorial juxtaposition ( ^! di/ricts1 betwe5 ,phrygia1 :i* lay beh9d ! m\nta9s ( ,ida1 on ! "o side1 & ! sea ( ,m>mora ) ! gan on ! o!r1 p]fectly agrees ) ! description 9 ! ,tw5ty-f\r? ,iliad#dhg ( ! range ( c\ntry )9 :i* ,priam _h ! preem95ce 9 weal?1 & 9 ! vig\r & influ5ce ( 8 sons4 ,/rabo quotes ?is passage z direct evid5ce t ,priam reign$ ov] ! c\ntry x describes1 :i* is r m ?an x actually /ates2 & he says t ,troas c]ta9ly rea*$ to ,adre/eia & to ,cyzicus4 #dhg ,il4 xxiv4 #edc-e4 ,aga91 we h v>i\s signs 9 diff]5t passages ( a political connection betwe5 ! t[ns we h nam$ & ! race ( ,priam4 ,melanippus1 8 nephew1 0 employ$ be=e ! w> at ,p]cote#dhh4 ,democoon#dhi1 8 illegitimate son1 t5d$ horses at ,abydus2 d\btless1 says ,/rabo#dij1 ! horses ( 8 fa!r4 #dhh ,il4 xv4 #edh4 #dhi ,il4 iv4 #ii4 #dij ,p4 #ehe4 ,! p>tial inclusion ( ! ,d>danians )9 ! "n ( ,troes is fur!r %[n by ! v]se#dia1 #dia ,il4 xiii4 #dfc4 1 & by ! appeal ( ,hel5us to neas & ,hector jo9tly1 z ! p]sons *iefly responsible = ! safety ( ! ,troes & ,lycians3 ! "n ,lycians be+ tak5 "h1 z 9 "s o!r places#dib1 to d5ote mo/ probably a race ak9 to & locally int]sp]s$ ) ! ,trojans4 #dib ,see ,il4 iv4 #aig1 #bjg4 xv4 #dhe4 ,b ! ,d>danians h m commonly _! prop] designation sep>ately giv5 !m4 ,x nev] includes ! ,troes4 ,& we nev] f9d ! two appellations1 ,troes & ,d>dans1 cov]+ ! entire =ce4 ,:5ev] ! ,d>dans are nam$ ) ! ,troes1 !re is also ano!r ^w1 ei!r 1 or 4 ,! ^w ,troes1 x is "r to add1 is sometimes conf9$ /rictly to ! inhabitants ( ! city3 b ! occasions are r>e1 & p]haps always ) contextual indications t su* is ! s5se4 ,ano!r sign t ,priam ex]cis$ a direct sov]eignty ov] ! t]ritory :i* yield$ ! five cont+5ts may p]haps be f\nd 9 ! fact1 t we d n f9d any ( 8 nephews 9 comm& ( !m4 ,!y 7 l$ by _! local (fic]s1 :ile ! bro!rs ( ,priam con/itut$ a "p ( ! community ( ,troy1 & *iefly influ5c$ ! ,assembly3 & _! sons1 ?\gh app>5tly m consid]able p]sons ?an mo/ ( ^? local (fic]s 9 g5]al1 simply appe> z act+ "u ,hector )\t special comm&4 ,! bro!rs ( ,priam are ,lampus1 ,clytius1 & ,hiketaon4 ,8 nephews & o!r relatives are ,dolops ! son ( ,lampus2 ,melanippus ! son ( ,hiketaon2 ,polydamas1 ,hyp]5or1 & ,euphorbus1 ! sons ( ,pan?\s & 8 wife ,phrontis4 ,_h ! s5ior memb]s ( ! family held local sov]eignties1 we %\ld h f\nd _! sons 9 local comm&s4 ,b we f9d only two sons ( ,ant5or 9 comm&1 z ei!r colleagues or lieut5ants ( neas1 ov] ! ,d>dans1 :om we h no reason to suppose !y _h any %>e 9 rul+4 ,/rabo1 inde$1 cont5ds1 t !re are n9e sep>ate imm$iately connect$ ) ,troy#dic1 besides ! 4 ,( ^! /ates "o he ?9ks 0 ,lelegian1 & 0 rul$ ov] by ,altes1 fa!r ( ,lao?oe1 "o ( ,priam's wives4 ,ano!r by ,munes1 husb& ( ,briseis4 ,ano!r1 ,!be1 by ,eetion1 fa!r ( ,&roma*e4 ,o!rs he consid]s to be repres5t$ by ,an*ises & ,p&>us3 b ?is does n well agree ) ! /ructure ( ! ,catalogue4 ,he ref]s also to ,lyrnessus & ,p$asus2 :i* are n[h]e m5tion$ by ,hom] z furni%+ cont+5ts1 b !y _h app>5tly be5 de/roy$1 z well z tak51 by ,a*illes4 ,he places sev]al ( ! dyna/ies 9 cities ?us de/roy$3 & !y all1 accord+ to him1 lay beyond ! limits m>k$ out 9 ! ,tw5ty-f\r? ,iliad4 #dic ,/rabo xiii4 #g4 p4 #ehd4 ,?is assemblage ( facts appe>s to po9t to a v great div]sity ( relations subsi/+ betwe5 ,priam1 ) 8 capital1 & ! /ates1 cities1 & races1 ( :i* we he> z array$ on 8 side 9 ! w>4 ,!re are fir/ ! cities ( ,troas1 or ,troja prop]1 furni%+ ! five1 or if we except ,d>dania f\r out ( ! five1 fir/ cont+5ts ( ! ,catalogue4 ,ov] ^! ,priam 0 sov]eign4 ,!re are next ! cities1 s f> z !y c be trac$1 "u ! m5tion$ by ,/rabo1 su* z ,!be1 & ! cities ( ,altes & ,munes4 ,^! 7 probably 9 ! same sort ( relation to ! sceptre ( ,priam1 z ! ,greek /ates 9 g5]al to t ( ,agamemnon4 ,?irdly1 !re are ! indep5d5t nations4 ,( ^! elev5 nam$ 9 ! ,catalogue2 o!rs are add$ z newly arriv$ 9 ! ,t5? ,book#did1 & fur!r additions 7 subsequ5tly made1 su* z ! =ce "u ,memnon1 & ! ,keteians "u ,eurypylus#die4 ,no?+ p]haps t5ds s mu*1 z ! p[]ful assi/ance l5t to ,priam by num]\s & di/ant allies1 to %[ h[ ju/ly 9 sub/ance ,horace has describ$ ! ,trojan w> z ! conflict betwe5 ! ,ea/]n & ! ,we/]n _w4 ,! two conf$]acies1 :i* !n came into collision1 betwe5 !m absorb$ ! :ole kn[n _w ( ,hom]2 & =e%ad[$ ! great conflicts ( lat] epo*s4 #did ,il4 x4 #dbh-cj4 #die ,od4 xi4 #eai-bb4 ,political in/itutions ( ,troy4 ,we may n[ proce$ to consid] ! political in/itutions ( ! k+dom ( ,priam1 :i* has ?us loosely be5 def9$4 ,! ( ! ,trojans is less cle>ly m>k$1 ?an he is among ! ,greeks3 = 7z we %all f9d7 !y _h no 1 & !re=e we h n ! same opportunities ( see+ ! memb]s ( ! highe/ class collect$ = sep>ate action 9 ! conduct ( ! w>4 ,/ill1 h[ev]1 ! "n is di/9ctly giv5 to ! foll[+ p]sons on ! ,trojan side1 & to no o!rs4 #a4 ,priam1 ,il4 v4 #dfd1 xxiv4 #fcj4 #b4 ,p>is1 iv4 #if4 #c4 ,rhesus1 x4 #dce4 #d4 ,s>p$on1 xii4 #cai4 xvi4 #ffj4 #e4 ,glaucus1 xii4 #cai4 ,among ! ,trojans1 z among ! ,greeks1 x 0 ! cu/om = ! k+s1 z !y desc5d$ into ! vale ( ye>s1 to devolve ! m active duties ( k+%ip on _! *ildr51 & to reta91 p]haps only = a "t1 ^? ( a s$5t>y "*4 ,h5ce ,hector at lea/ %>es ) ,priam ! managem5t ( ,assemblies1 z x is he#dif :o dissolves t ( ! ,second ,book1 & calls ! milit>y "o ( ! ,eigh?4 ,h5ce1 too1 he speaks ( himself z ! p]son responsible = ! burd5s entail$ by ! w> ^u ! ,trojans4 #8,i did n1' he says to ! allies1 #8br+ y f y\r cities to multiply our numb]s1 b t y might def5d = me ! wives & *ildr5 ( ,trojans2 ) ?is object 9 view1 ,i exhau/ ! p = y\r pay & provisions#dig4' ,h5ce we h neas lead+ ! ,d>danians1 :ile 8 fa!r ,an*ises n[h]e appe>s1 &1 z x mu/ be presum$1 rema9s 9 8 capital4 ,h5ce1 :ile t5 or twelve sons ( ,ant5or be> arms = ,troy1 & two ( !m are ! colleagues ( neas 9 ! comm& ( ! ,d>danian cont+5t1 _! fa!r appe>s among ! 1 :o 7 *ief speak]s 9 ! ,assembly )9 ! city4 ,we d n "k t ,ant5or 0 a k+2 m probably he held a lord%ip subord9ate to ,priam1 9 a relation some:at m /rict ?an t betwe5 ,agamemnon & ! ,greek *iefta9s1 & r resembl+ t betwe5 ,peleus & ,m5tius2 b ! same cu/om ( p>tial retirem5t seems to h prevail$ 9 ! case ( subalt]n rul]s1 z inde$ x w\ld be dictat$ by ! same reasons ( prud5ce & necessity4 #dif ,il4 ii4 #hjh4 viii4 #dhi4 #dig ,il4 xvii4 #bbc-f4 ,! ( ,troy 0 n1 any m ?an ^? ( ,greece1 an absolute despotism4 ,9 ,troy1 z 9 ,greece1 ! public affairs 7 discuss$ & settl$ 9 ! ,assemblies1 ?\gh ) diff]5ces1 :i* w be notic$1 f ! ,greek mann] ( proc$ure4 ,x 0 9 ! ,assembly t ,iris1 disguis$ z ,polites1 address$ ,priam & ,hector to advise a review ( ! army#dih4 ,& x 0 aga9 9 an ,assembly t ,ant5or propos$1 & t ,p>is refus$1 to give up ,hel53 :]eupon ,priam propos$ ! mission ( ,idu to ask = a truce ) a view to ! burial ( ! dead1 & ! p ass5t$ to ! proposal#dii2 #dih ,il4 ii4 #gie4 #dii ,il4 vii4 #cgi4 ' ' 4 ,x 0 9 ! ,assembly1 too1 t ^? e>li] proposals _h be5 made1 ( :i* ! same p]sonage procur$ ! defeat by corruption4 ,la/ly1 9 ! ,eigh? ,book1 ,hector#ejj1 z we h se51 holds a milit>y ( ! army by ! banks ( ! ,scam&]4 ,at ?is he invites !m to biv\ac outside ! ,greek ramp>t1 & !y accept 8 proposal by acclamation4 ,?is ,assembly on ! field ( battle is an argum5t a =tiori to %[1 t ord9>y affairs 7 ref]r$ among ! ,trojans to su* meet+s4 ,we h1 inde$1 no detail ( any ,trojan ,assembly except ^! ?ree4 ,b we h ref]5ces to !m1 :i* give a simil> view ( _! nature & functions4 ,idu1 on 8 return1 ann\nces to ! ,assembly t ! truce is grant$#eja4 ,x is pla9 t ! re/oration ( ,hel5 0 debat$ be=e1 z well z dur+ ! w>1 9 ! ,assembly ( ! p2 because ,agamemnon slays ! two sons ( ,antima*us on ! special gr\nd t ! fa!r _h !re propos$ t ,m5elaus1 if n ,ulysses1 %\ld be murd]$#ejb1 :5 !y came z ,envoys to ,troy1 = ! purpose ( dem&+ h] re/oration4 ,?is ,antima*us 0 brib$ by ,p>is1 z ! ,poet tells u1 to oppose ! measure#ejc4 ,aga91 ,polydamas1 9 "o ( 8 spee*es1 *>ges ,hector ) hav+ us$ him r\ghly1 :5 he _h v5tur$ to diff] f him 9 ! ,assemblies1 ^u ! gr\nd t he ought n1 z a /rang] to ! ,trojan 1 to promote diss5sion among !m#ejd4 #ejj ,il4 viii4 #dhi1 #edb4 #eja ,il4 vii4 #dad-g4 #ejb ,il4 xi4 #ach4 #ejc ,ibid4 #abc4 #ejd ,il4 xii4 #baa-ad4 ,trojan in/itutions d n1 !n1 pres5t to our view a great] elevation ( ! royal (fice4 ,on ! contr>y1 x is rem>kable1 t ! title ( 1 :i* ,hom] applies to ! *ief speak]s ( ! ,trojan ,assembly1 n be+ k+s1 is also us$ by him to describe ,ilus ! f\nd] ( ! city#eje4 ,x is1 h[ev]1 possible1 p]haps ev5 likely1 t ?is title may be appli$ to ,ilus z a y\ng] son1 if 8 bro!r ,ass>acus 0 ! elde/ & ! heir#ejf4 #eje ,il4 xi4 #cg4 #ejf ,il4 xx4 #bcb4 ,b al?\gh x ?us appe>s t mon>*y 0 limit$ 9 ,troy1 z x 0 9 ,greece1 & t public affairs 7 conduct$ 9 ! assemblies ( ! p1 ! me?od & organization ( ^! ,assemblies 0 diff]5t 9 ! two cases4 #a4 ,! guid+ elem5t 9 ! ,trojan gov]nm5t seems to h be5 age comb9$ ) rank2 :ile among ! ,greeks1 wisdom & val\r 7 qualifications1 n less available ?an age & rank4 #b4 ,! ,greeks _h ! in/itution ( a 1 :i* prec$$ & prep>$ matt] = _! ,assemblies4 ,! ,trojans _h n4 #c4 ,! ,greeks1 z we h se51 employ$ oratory z a ma9 in/rum5t ( gov]nm5t2 ! ,trojans did n4 #d4 ,! ag$ memb]s ( ! ,trojan royal family r5d]$ _! aid to ! /ate1 n z c\nsellors ( ,priam 9 private meet+s1 b only 9 ! ,assembly ( ! p4 ,a few words on ea* ( ^! heads4 ,! great] weight ( ,age 9 ,troy4 #a4 ,! old m5 :o appe> on ! wall ) ,priam1 9 ! ,?ird ,book1 are really old1 & n m]ely titul> or (ficial 2 !y are#ejg1 #ejg ,il4 iii4 #aej4 4 ,!re are no less ?an sev5 ( !m1 besides ,priam4 ,?ree are 8 bro!rs1 ,lampus1 ,clytius1 ,hiketaon2 ! o!rs probably relatives1 we "k n 9 :at precise degree3 ,pan?\s1 ,?ymtes1 ,ucalegon1 ,ant5or4 ,!y are call$ collectively ! 1 z well z ! 2 & !y 7 manife/ly habitual speak]s 9 ! ,assembly4 ,!re is no?+ 9 ! ,greek life ( ! ,hom]ic poems t comes ne> ?is aggregation ( ag$ m54 ,n[ we h no evid5ce1 t _! be+ ?us collect$ 0 9 any degree ow+ to ! w>4 ,!ano1 wife ( ,ant5or1 0 prie/ess ( ,m9]va 9 ,troy2 :i* makes x mo/ probable t he resid$ !re habitually1 & n only on acc\nt ( ! w>4 ,! only gr\p at all approa*+ ?is is1 :]e we see ,m5tius & ,phnix at ! ,c\rt ( ,peleus2 b we _c say :e!r ?is 0 a p]man5t arrangem5t4 ,phnix1 z we "k1 0 "l ( ! ,dolopians1 & if s1 c\ld n h be5 a /&+ assi/ant at ! c\rt ( ,peleus2 we d n "k t ! ,trojan eld]s held any su* local position ap>t f ,troy1 ev5 9 any s+le case2 & on ! o!r h&1 we h no k :e!r ,phnix & ,m5tius1 ev5 :5 at ! c\rt ( ,peleus1 took any %>e 9 ! gov]nm5t ( 8 imm$iate dom9ions4 ,! "n 1 z usually employ$ among ! ,greeks to describe a class1 _h no necess>y relation to age :atev]4 ,( ! respect paid to age 9 ,greece1 we h abundant evid5ce2 b we f9d no?+ l ?is ga!r+ toge!r ( a body ( old m5 to be ! ord9>y guides ( popul> delib]ation 9 ! ,assemblies4 ,x is true t we he> by implication ( bo? ,hector & ,polydamas1 :o 7 n old1 z tak+ "p 9 affairs3 b all ! indications 9 ! ,iliad g to %[ t ,hector's %>e 9 ! gov]nm5t ( ,troy1 ?\gh n limit$ to ! m]e conduct ( ! =ces 9 ! field1 yet arose out ( 8 milit>y (fice1 & probably t\*$ only su* matt]s z 7 connect$ ) ! managem5t ( ! w>4 ,polydamas evid5tly 0 treat$ z m or less an int]lop]4 ,b ev5 if x 7 o!rwise1 & if ! middle-ag$ m5 ( high /ation & ability took a prom95t "p 9 affairs1 ! exi/5ce ( ?is grey-head$ company1 ) app>5tly ! pr9cipal /atesman%ip ( ,troy 9 _! h&s1 =ms a m>k$ diff]5ce f ,greek mann]s4 ,= 9 ,greece at peace we h no?+ ak9 to x2 :ile 9 ,greece at w> ^u ! pla9 ( ,troy1 we see ! "y ,diom$ z well z ! old ,ne/or1 & ! r "y ,a*illes & ,ajax1 z well z ! eld]ly ,idom5eus1 associat$ ) ! middle-ag$ m5 9 ! gov]nm5t ( ! army & its op]ations4 ,! abs5ce ( a 9 ,troy4 ,fir/ !n1 ,i ?9k x pla9 t ! ,trojans _h no 1 = ! foll[+ reasons3 #a4 ,t al?\gh we (t5 he> ( delib]ations & decisions tak5 on ! "p ( ! ,trojans1 & we h in/ances en\gh ( _! hold+ assemblies ( ! p1 yet we nev] f9d m5tion ( a 1 or ,c\ncil1 9 connection ) !m4 #b4 ,9 ! ,second ,book1 ,hom] describes ! ,trojan ?us 7,il4 ii4 #ghh1 #i73 ' 1 4 ,?is latt] l9e is only to be acc\nt$ = by ! supposition1 t ,hom] meant to describe a diff]5ce betwe5 ! usages ( ! ,trojans1 & ^? ( ! ,greeks2 ^: 7 recognis$ z memb]s ( ! 1 ev5 :5 9 ! ,assemblies4 ,( ! sep>ate place ( ! ,greek 9 ! ,assemblies1 we h conclusive pro( f ! ,%ield ( ,a*illes 7xviii4 #dig1 #ejc73 ' & aft]w>ds1 ' 1 4 ,& aga91 :]e ! ,i?acan make way = ,telema*us1 z he passes to ! *air ( 8 fa!r4 ,b 9 ,troy ! 7su* is probably ! mean+ ( ,il4 ii4 #ghi47 h no sep>ate function3 ! "y & ! old meet toge!r3 :ile 9 ,greece1 besides di/9ct places 9 ! ,assembly1 ! _h an exclusive function 9 ! 1 at :i* !y met sep>ately f ! "y4 #c4 ,x w\ld appe> t ! 0 ) ! ,trojans n occasional1 z ) ! ,greeks1 = great que/ions1 b habitual4 ,& ?is agrees ) ! description 9 ,il4 ii4 #ghh4 ,= :5 ,jupit] s5ds ,iris to ,troy1 %e f9ds ! p 9 ,assembly1 b app>5tly = no special purpose1 z %e imm$iately1 9 ! lik5ess ( ,polites1 beg9s to address ,priam1 & we d n he> ( any o!r bus9ess4 ,s1 :5 ,idu came back f ! ,greeks1 he f\nd ! ,trojan ,assembly /ill sitt+4 ,all ?is looks z if ! entire bus9ess ( adm9i/]+ ! gov]nm5t re/$ ) t body only4 ,i draw a simil> inf]5ce f ! rem>kable expression 9 ,il4 ii4 #ghh1 4 ,?is seems to express t !re 0 a /&+1 probably a daily1 assembly ( ! ,trojans1 n =mally summon$1 & op5 to all com]s1 :i* act$ z ! gov]n+ body = ! /ate4 ,! l9e w\ld !n mean1 n simply #8! ,trojans 7 hold+ an assembly1' b #8! ,trojans 7 hold+ _! assembly z usual4' ,! names & appe> to h be5 m]ely descriptive1 & n titul>4 ,bo? are appli$ to ! ,trojan eld]s4 ,& s 1 1 1 are con/antly us$ )\t any1 s to speak1 (ficial mean+4 ,9 ,il4 x4 #adg1 ! expression c h>dly mean #8to att5d ! 1' = ! s+ul> numb] w\ld be ! prop] t]m = ! specially convok$3 & ,i int]pret x z mean+1 to att5d at or to hold ! usual c\ncil4 ,?is is among ! ,greeks4 ,among ! ,trojans1 9 ,il4 x4 #dae-ag1 ,dolon says1 1 1 1 4 ,n[ ! ^w is appli$1 ,il4 xii4 #dad1 to ,s>p$on1 z well z 9 xiii4 #dfc & else:]e to neas4 ,nei!r 7 among ! 4 ,b fur!r1 x is appli$1 ,od4 ix4 #aab1 to ! itself3 ' ' 1 ,& !re=e ! ^w1 ?\gh x means c\ncillor 9 a g5]al s5se1 does n mean (ficially memb] ( a 1 z oppos$ to an or ,assembly4 ,! phrase 1 9 ! passage ,il4 x4 #dae-ag1 does n oppose1 b supports :at has n[ be5 said4 ,x is q pla9 t ?is ( ,hector's 0 a small milit>y meet+1 or c\ncil ( w>1 j z 9 viii4 #dhi he held an 1 or assembly ( ! army1 bo? ,trojans & allies2 x 0 n a meet+ ( a ( ,troy1 because x 0 held 9 ! field1 f> f ! city1 & )\t any ( ! ,eld]s1 :o 7 ! great & ( ,troy2 = ,hector _h already arrang$ 7,il4 viii4 #eag-ai7 t ! old m5 %\ld rema9 9 ! city1 to def5d ! walls f any night attack3 mo/ ( all h[ev] because1 z we he> ( no be=e ! milit>y ,assembly 9 ! ,eigh? ,book1 s we he> ( no ,assembly foll[+ ! meet+ = delib]ation 9 ! ,t5?4 ,g5]als 9 mod]n times hold c\ncils ( w>3 b no p>allel c be drawn betwe5 !m1 & ,c\ncils = dispat*+ ! affairs ( a ,/ate4 ,z we nev] h occasion to become acqua9t$ ) ,trojan politics 9 peace1 we c only argue ! case z to ! nonexi/5ce ( a c\ncil f ! /ate ( w>4 ,b 9 ,greece1 x w be rememb]$1 bo? w> & peace pres5t _! cases ( ! use ( ?is in/itution1 z "o regul>ly e/abli%$1 & app>5tly inve/$ ) bo? a delib]ative & an executive "*4 ,! great] weight ( oratory 9 ,greece4 ,x is next to be inquir$1 :e!r ! ,trojans1 l ! ,greeks1 employ$ eloqu5ce1 detail$ argum5t z furni%+1 & ! o!r p>ts ( oratory1 a ma9 in/rum5t ( gov]nm5t4 ,i ?9k x is pla91 t ! decisions ( _! ,assemblies 7 gov]n$ r by simple au?ority2 by ! 1 ! simple decl>ations1 ( p]sons ( weight4 ,! report ( ! re-assembl$ ( ! ,greeks 9 ! ,second ,book beg9s ) ! #baa? l9e1 & ends ) ! #cih?3 occupy+ #ahh l9es4 ,b ! ,trojan ( ! same ,book is despat*$ 9 tw5ty-"o l9es 7#ghh-hjh74 ,a m rem>kable example is af=d$ by ! second ,trojan ,assembly 7,il4 vii4 #cde-cgi74 ,= ?is is describ$ z 1 2 & well x might be1 9 circum/ances s ardu\s4 ,! ,eld]s 9 ! ,?ird ,book 7 ( op9ion t1 beautiful z ,hel5 01 x 0 bett] to re/ore h]1 ?an to cont9ue ! suff]+s & dang]s ( ! w>4 ,accord+ly1 ,ant5or urg$ 9 ?is ,assembly t %e %\ld be re/or$1 toge!r ) ! plund]$ prop]ty4 ,he ref]r$ also to ! rec5t brea* ( a sworn cov5ant on ! ,trojan side1 & said no good c\ld come ( x4 ,?is he effects 9 a spee* ( six l9es2 ! fir/ ( :i* is ! m]e vocative address to ! ,assembly1 & ! la/ is m>k$ z surplusage ) ! obelos 7#cdh-ec74 ,p>is1 ! p]son ma9ly conc]n$1 replies4 ,he does n address himself to ! ,assembly at all1 b to ,ant5or3 & he disposes ( ! subject ( debate 9 eight l9es 7#ceg-fd74 ,f\r ( !m are giv5 to ! ann\ncem5t ( 8 int5tions1 & f\r to abuse ( ,ant5or4 ,x 0 impossible to conceive a subject m likely to cause debate2 & excitem5t we see !re 01 b aft] ! spee* ( ,p>is1 no?+ m 0 said ab\t ,hel51 ei!r = or aga9/ ! re/oration4 ,priam !n arose1 & 9 a spee* ( elev5 l9es 7#cfh-gh7 laid d[n ano!r plan ( proce$+1 namely1 by a message to ! ,greeks = a truce ) a view to fun]al obsequies1 :i* 0 at once accept$4 ,oratory ( great] weight 9 ,greece4 ,n[h]e1 9 %ort1 among ! ,trojans h we any example1 ,i d n say ( multipli$ or l5g!n$ spee*es1 b ( real reason+ & delib]ation 9 ! conduct ( bus9ess3 ?\gh ,glaucus tells 8 /ory at great l5g? to ,diom$ on ! field ( battle 7,il4 vi4 #ade-baa71 & neas to ,a*illes 7,il4 xx4 #aii-beh7 ne>ly equals him4 ,inde$1 x may almo/ be said1 ! ,trojans are long speak]s :5 9 battle1 & %ort :5 9 debate3 ! ,greeks copi\s 9 debate1 b v succ9ct 9 battle4 ,aga91 we may obs]ve ! diff]5t descriptions :i* ! ,poet has giv5 ( ! elocution ( ,ne/or1 & ( t ( ! ,trojan 9 _! respective 4 ,to ,ne/or 7,il4 i4 #bdh1 #i7 he seems to assign a s(t cont9u\s fl[ indef9itely prolong$4 ,!irs he describes z resembl+ ! ( gras%opp]s 7,il4 iii4 #aea1 #b71 a cle> trill or ?read ( voice1 n only )\t any p>ticul> idea ( l5g? atta*$ to x1 b app>5tly meant to recall a %>p int]mitt5t *irp4 ,yet !re is an odd pro( t to ,priam at lea/1 z "o ( ^! old m51 !re 0 atta*$1 by ! y\ng] ones1 ! imputation ( fav\r+ ei!r too _m or else too long orations4 ,=1 9 ! ( ! ,second ,book1 ,iris 9 ! "* ( ,polites1 ?\gh !re is no acc\nt ( :at _h prec$$ h] arrival1 objurgates ,priam z bo? !n enc\rag+ :at may be call$ indiscrim9ate speak+1 & z hav+ =mally1 be=e ! w>1 be5 addict$ to ! same practice#ejh2 #ejh ,il4 ii4 #gif4 1 1 ' ' 4 ,^u ! :ole1 ,i ?9k x mu/ h be5 ,hom]'s int5tion1 :ile repres5t+ bo? ,trojans & ,greeks z c>ry+ on public affairs 9 _! public ,assemblies1 to draw a v m>k$ di/9ction betwe5 !m 9 reg>d to ! use ( t p[]ful eng9e ( oratory1 :i* play$ s conspicu\s a "p 9 ! =m]1 z well z 9 ! lat] /ages ( ! ,greek hi/ory4 ,& x is important1 t n[h]e does a s5tim5t escape ! lips ( a ,trojan *iefta91 :i* indicates a consci\sness ( ! political value ( oratory4 ,ulysses1 9 a /ate ( peace1 describes be=e ! ,phacians beauty & eloqu5ce z ! noble/ gifts ( ! gods to man#eji3 & employs & 1 eloqu5ce & intellig5ce1 z conv]tible t]ms4 ,polydamas1 :5 rebuk+ ,hector 9 ! ,?irte5? ,iliad1 deliv]s a passage 9 _m respects /rik+ly analog\s4 ,he speaks1 h[ev]1 ( & 1 m9d & c\nsel#eaj2 he does n drop a ^w relat+ to public spee* or to eloqu5ce z in/rum5ts ( gov]nm5t1 ?\gh he describes ! m5tal quality & ! habit :i* he names z ( priceless value = ! b5efit ( ,/ates4 #eji ,od4 viii4 #agj1 #e1 #g4 #eaj ,il4 xiii4 #gbf-cd4 ,! phrases appli$ to ! ,trojan eld]s appe> to indicate1 t !y d]iv$ _! political "* f tak+ a prom95t "p 9 ! ,assembly1 & f t alone4 ,= ! ^w indicates an eld] act+ 9 & among ! 1 or p4 ,& ?is "n ! ,poet uses b twice3 once 9 ,il4 iii4 #adi1 :]e he enum]ates ! eight p]sons1 :o bore t "* 9 ,troy2 & once ) ref]5ce to ,ilus 7,il4 ii4 #cgb74 ,hom] n[h]e employs ?is t]m = any ( ! ,greeks4 ,! want ( ! %[s u1 t !re 0 no balance ( =ces 9 ! ,trojan polity1 less security aga9/ precipitate action1 m liability to high-h&$ insol5ce & oppression ( ! p1 &1 on ! o!r h&1 unless ! dang] _h be5 neutraliz$ by mildness or le?>gy ( "*1 likewise 9 all likelihood to revolution>y *ange4 ,trojans less gift$ ) self-comm&4 ,aga91 on ! ,trojan side we d n f9d ! sil5ce & self-possession ( ! ,greeks4 ,aft] ! enum]ation 9 ! ,?ird ,book1 at its op5+1 we f9d t ! ,trojans m>*$ ) d9 & buzz3 ' ' 1 b z to ! ,greeks1 we are told t !y m>*$ 9 pr(\nd sil5ce3 & ! ,poet skilfully height5s ! contra/ by m5tion+ t !y brea!d =? :at !y did n articulate1 & t !y 7 /eel$ ) firm resolution to /& by "o ano!r#eaa3 #eaa ,il4 iii4 #b1 #h4 ' ' 1 4 ,we are f9ally told t ea* lead] inde$ gave ! ^w to 8 m51 :ile all beside 7 mute#eab3 #eab ,il4 iv4 #dbi4 ' 1 ' 1 b f ! ,trojans !re arose a s\nd1 l t ( %eep bleat+ = _! lambs#eac3 #eac ,ibid4 #dcf4 4 ,&1 aga91 we f9d ! relation ( ! burn+ ( ! dead giv5 ) ! usual consi/5cy ( ! ,poet4 ,! m5 ( ! two armies met3 & on bo? sides !y %$ te>s z !y lift$ _! lifeless comrades on ! wagons3 b1 he adds1 !re 0 sil5ce among ! ,trojans1 ' & x 0 because ! k+ _h felt t !re w\ld be indec5cy 9 a noisy %[ ( sorr[3 :ile ! ,greeks ne$$ n ! injunction 7,il4 vii4 #dbf-cb71 f _! spontane\s self-comm&4 ,:5 ! ,poet speaks ( ! ,trojan ,assembly 9 ! ,sev5? ,book z 1 he evid5tly means to describe an excitem5t t5d+ to disord]3 & "o contra/$ 9 a rem>kable mann] ) ! discipl9e ( ! ,greeks1 :o 7 summon$ to meet sil5tly 9 ! night1 t !y might n1 9 ga!r+1 ar\se ! enemy outside ! ramp>ts4 ,ev5 9 _! respective modes ( express+ approbation1 ,hom] makes a %ade ( diff]5ce4 ,:5 ! ,greeks applaud1 x is 1 or :at we call l\d or vehem5t *e]+3 b :5 ! ,trojans1 x is 1 :i* signifies a m miscellane\s & tumultu\s noise4 ,9 %ort1 x w\ld appe> to be ! int5tion ( ,hom] to repres5t ! ,greeks z possess$ ( a high] intellig5ce ?r\gh\t4 ,9 ! ,odyssey1 we f9d t ,ulysses made 8 way into ,troy disguis$ z a begg>1 communicat$ ) ,hel51 duly in=m$ himself 7 #ead71 & contriv$ to despat* c]ta9 ( ! ,trojans be=e he dep>t$4 ,9 ! ,iliad we are suppli$ ) abundant in/ances ( ! sup]ior managem5t ( ! ,greeks1 & likewise ( _! auxili>y gods1 9 comp>ison ) ^? ( ! ,trojans4 ,juno outwits ,v5us 9 obta9+ f h] ! ce/us1 & !n proce$s to outwit ,jupit] 9 ! use ( x4 ,m9]va1 on obs]v+ t ! ,greeks are los+1 7,il4 vii4 #ag7 betakes h]self to ,troy1 :]e ,apollo proposes j :at %e wants1 namely1 a cessation ( ! g5]al engagem5t1 ) a view to a p]sonal enc\nt] betwe5 ,hector & "s *os5 *iefta93 %e imm$iately adopts ! plan2 & he causes x to be execut$ ?r\gh ,hel5us4 ,x bo? /ops ! g5]al havoc among ! ,greeks1 & r$\nds greatly to ! hon\r ( _! *ampion ,ajax4 ,at ! end ( ! day1 h[ev]1 ,ne/or sugge/s to ! ,greek *iefs1 on acc\nt ( _! heavy losses 7,il4 vii4 #cbh71 t !y %\ld1 on ! occasion ( rais+ a m\nd ov] _! dead1 likewise dig & =tify a tr5*1 :i* might s]ve to def5d ! %ips & camp4 ,9 ! mean "t ! ,trojans are made to meet2 & !y s5d to propose ! v measure1 namely1 an armi/ice = fun]al rites1 :i* ! ,greeks desire1 9 ord]1 "u cov] ( x1 to =tify !mselves 7,il4 vii4 #cfh-ig74 ,& ?is accord+ly ,agamemnon is enabl$ to grant z a sort ( fav\r to ! ,trojans 7,il4 vii4 #djh73 #ead ,od4 iv4 #beh4 4 ,?is sup]ior intellig5ce is probably meant to be figur$ by ! ex*ange ( arms betwe5 ,glaucus & ,diom$4 ,&1 aga91 :5 ,hector attempts any?+ 9 ! nature ( a /ratagem1 z ! mission ( ,dolon by night1 x is only t he may fall into ! h&s ( ,diom$ & ,ulysses4 ,b !re does n appe> to be 9 any ( ^! cases a violation ( oa?1 compact1 or any absolute rule ( equity by ! ,greeks4 ,( all ^! traits1 h[ev]1 x may be said1 t !y are ( no value z evid5ce1 if tak5 by !mselves4 ,!y are means :i* w\ld obvi\sly occur to ! ,poet1 zeal\s = 8 own nation4 ,x is _! accordance ) o!r indications1 app>5tly undesign$1 :i* w>rants our rely+ ^u !m z real te/imonies1 available = an hi/oric purpose4 ,diff]5ce 9 pursuits ( high-born y\?4 ,al?\gh1 on ! :ole1 we seem to h ! signs ( great] weal? among ! ,trojans ?an ! ,greeks1 yet 9 c]ta9 po9ts also _! usages 7 m primitive & simple4 ,?us we f9d ! y\?s ( ! h\se ( ,ne/or imm$iately ab\t 8 p]son2 & ,patroclus1 z well z ,a*illes1 0 app>5tly br\ght up at ! c\rt ( ,peleus4 ,aga91 ! y\?ful ,ne/or travels into ,!ssaly = a campaign3 ,ulysses goes to hunt at ! ,c\rt ( 8 gr&fa!r ,autolycus4 ,! ,i?acan ,suitors employ !mselves 9 manly games4 ,b we frequ5tly come ^u passages :]e we are incid5tally in=m$1 t ! pr9ces ( ! h\se ( ,d>danus 7 occupi$ 9 ru/ic employm5ts4 ,?us ,melanippus1 son ( ,hiketaon1 & c\s9 ( ,hector1 :o 0 resid+ 9 ,priam's palace1 & treat$ z "o ( 8 *ildr51 _h be=e ! w> t5d$ ox5 9 ,p]cote#eae4 neas1 ! only son & heir ( ,an*ises1 _h be5 simil>ly occupi$ among or ne> ! hills1 at ! "t :5 he _h a n>r[ escape f capture by ,a*illes#eaf4 ,lycaon1 son ( ,priam1 0 cutt+ ! bran*es ( ! wild fig = ! fellies ( *>iot-:eels :5 ,a*illes took him = ! second "t3 on ! fir/ occasion1 he _h be5 at "w 9 a v9ey>d#eag4 ,antiphos & ,isos1 sons ( ,priam1 _h be5 captur$ by ,a*illes :il/ !y 7 act+ z %eph]ds#eah4 ,an*ises 0 act+ z a h]dsman1 :5 he =m$ 8 connection ) ,v5us#eai4 ,! "n ( ,b\colion1 an illegitimate son ( ,laom$on1 seems to indicate t he 0 br$ = ! l occupation#ebj4 #eae ,il4 xv4 #edf-ea4 #eaf ,il4 xx4 #ahh4 #eag ,il4 xxi4 #cg4 #gg4 #eah ,il4 xi4 #aje4 #eai ,il4 ii4 #hba4 v4 #cac4 #ebj ,il4 vi4 #be4 ,f ! =ce1 v>iety1 & extreme delicacy ( 8 uses ( ! ^w1 x is evid5t t ,hom] set v great /ore by ! s5tim5t :i* is g5]ally express$ ?r\gh ! ^w 1 & :i* ranges ?r\gh all ! v>ieties ( %ame1 hon\r1 mode/y1 & rev]5ce4 ,?\gh a m9ute1 x is a rem>kable circum/ance1 t he conf9es ! application ( ?is t]m to ! ,greeks2 except1 ,i ?9k1 9 "o passage1 :]e he be/[s x ^u 8 p>ticul> fav\rites ! ,lycians#eba1 & a s+le o!r "o1 :]e neas#ebb employs x "u ! imm$iate inspiration ( ,apollo1 ) ano!r s5se1 9 an appeal to ,hector & 8 bro!r *iefs1 n to ! soldi]y at l>ge4 #eba ,il4 xvi4 #dbb4 #ebb ,il4 xvii4 #ccf4 ,) ! ,greeks x supplies ! /aple ( milit>y exhortation#ebc f ! *iefs to ! army2 1 4 #ebc ,il4 v4 #ghg4 viii4 #bbh4 et alibi4 ,b q a diff]5t =m ( spee* is uni=mly address$ to ! ,trojans prop]3 x is 1 1 1 :i* is bel[ ! o!r1 & appeals to a less peculi> & ref9$ frame ( intellig5ce & ( s5tim5t4 ,summ>y ( diff]5ces4 ,:atev] may be ?\ght ( ! degree ( detail into :i* 7guid$ z ,i ?9k by ! text7 ,i h v5tur$ to c>ry ?is discussion1 & ( ! p>ticul>ity ( "s ( ! inf]5ces t h be5 drawn1 ,i v5ture to hope few w quit ! subject )\t ! conviction t ,hom] has work$ ) ! purpose & precision :i* are 8 wont1 9 ! div]sities :i* m>k ! g5]al outl9e ( 8 ,greeks & 8 ,trojans1 & ( ! in/itutions ( ea* respectively2 & t he has n altoge!r )held f 8 national portraits ! c>e1 :i* he is admitt$ to h appli$ to 8 individual *>act]s on bo? sides ) su* extraord9>y success4 ,if we look to ! in/itutions ( ! two c\ntries1 al?\gh ! comp>ison is div]sifi$1 we mu/ ^u ! :ole conc$e to ! ,greeks1 t !y _h laid m firmly ?an _! adv]s>ies ^? great corn] /ones ( human society1 :i* are nam$ 9 _! language1 1 1 & 4 ,9 ! polity ( ,troy we f9d m scope = impulse1 less = delib]ation & p]suasion2 m weight giv5 to ^? elem5ts ( au?ority :i* d n dep5d on our free w & intellig5ce1 less to ^? :i* d2 less ( organization & ( div]sity1 less firmness & t5acity ( tissue1 9 ! /ructure ( ! community4 ,we are told ( no & no 1 no int]m$iate ranks ( (fic]s 9 ! army2 no ord] ( nobles or proprietors1 su* z t :i* furni%$ ! ,suitors ( ,i?aca4 ,!re are1 9 %ort1 few] second>y em95ces2 x is a /ate ( ?+s1 m resembl+ ! dead level ( ! pres5t ,ori5tal communities subject to a despotic ?rone1 ?\gh su* 0 n ! ?rone ( ,priam4 ,among ! p !mselves1 !re is m ( religi\s obs]vance & app>atus1 b n m ( morality3 less t5d5cy inde$ to crimes ( viol5ce & turbul5ce1 b also less ( tru?1 ( hon\r1 above all ( p]sonal self-ma/]y & self-comm&4 ,! ,greeks nev] w\ld h produc$ ! ,p>is ( ! ,iliad2 = on behalf ( no su* da/>d w\ld !y h be5 induc$ to ble$4 ,b if !y _h eng5d]$ su* a creature1 !y w\ld n h paid ! p5alty3 = man 9 ! ,trojan type w\ld n h _h ! en]gy to recov] x f ! w>rior-/atesm5 ( ! ,a*an race1 & "u no circum/ances c\ld ! really extravagant s5tim5t put by ,virgil into ! m\? ( ,diom$#ebd h be5 fulfill$3 #ebd n4 xi4 #bhf4 ultro ,ina*ias v5isset ad urbes ,d>danus1 et v]sis lug]et ,grcia fatis4 ,,iii4 ,,?alassa4 ,,! ,,out] ,,geography ,,( ,,! ,,odyssey4 ,! leg5d>y ,geography ( ! ,odyssey may 9 "o s5se be comp>$ ) t ( ,ario/o1 & t ( ,boj>do4 ,i %\ld be ! fir/1 inde$1 to admit t a disquisition1 hav+ = its object to e/abli% ! delimitation ( ! ,geography ( ei!r ( ^? poets1 & to fix its relation to ! actual surface ( ! e>?1 0 b lab\r ?r[n away4 ,= two ?\s& ye>s1 h[ev]1 p]haps = m1 ! ,geography ( ! ,odyssey has be5 a subject ( int]e/ & ( controv]sy4 ,9 ent]+ ^u t field ,i ask myself1 :y ! case ( ,hom] is 9 ?is respect s diff]5t f t ( ! great ,italian romanc]s8 ,x is n only t1 great z !y 71 we are deal+ ) "o be=e :om _! greatness dw9dles into comp>ative littl5ess4 ,nor is x only1 ?\gh x seems to be 9 "p1 because ! adv5tures ( ,ulysses are1 or appe> to be1 mu* m /rictly b\nd up ) place1 ?an ^? ( ,orl&o1 ,r9aldo1 or ,ruggi]o4 ,! diff]5ce1 ,i ?9k1 ma9ly lies 9 ?is1 t an int5se e>ne/ness accompanies ,hom] e :]e1 ev5 ?r\gh 8 wild & noble romance4 ,coop$ up z he 0 )9 a n>r[ & local circle--= su* x 01 ?\gh x 0 = s _m c5turies ! c5tre ( ! :ole greatness ( ! _w--"h is 8 ef=t to pass ! horizon #8by /r5g? ( ?\ght2' to pi]ce ! mi/2 to %ape ! dim1 confus$1 & conflict+ reports he c\ld pick up1 accord+ to ! be/ ( 8 k & belief1 into l& & sea2 to p its habitable spots ) ! scanty mat]ial he c\ld comm&1 e :]e enl>g$1 made good1 & adorn$ out ( ! weal? ( 8 vigor\s imag9ation2 & to =m1 by ef=t ( ! bra91 = ! fir/ "t z f> z we "k 9 ! hi/ory ( our race1 an idea ( a c]ta9 configuration = ! surface ( ! ,e>?4 ,h5ce1 p]haps1 may h fl[$ ! pot5cy ( ! *>m1 :i* has att5d$ ! subject ( ,hom]'s ,out] ,geography4 ,! subject has1 h[ev]1 9 my belief1 its utility too4 ,x is r>ely o!rwise ?an well wor? :ile to trace ev5 ! errone\s ?\ghts ( p[]ful m9ds4 ,b1 moreov]1 9 ! pres5t in/ance1 ,i appreh5d we c le>n1 ?r\gh ! ,out] ,geography ( ,hom]1 important & int]e/+ matt] ( hi/ory1 :i* is n to be le>n$ f any o!r s\rce4 ,= ! ,poet has emb$d$ into 8 imag9ative s*eme a multitude ( real geographical & physical traditions2 & by means ( ^!1 ^u comp>+ !m ) _! prop] orig9als1 we c judge ) tol]able accuracy :at 7 ! limits ( human ent]prise on ! face ( e>? 9 ! h]oic age4 ,! "q be=e u is1 :at map ( ! e>? did ,hom] %ape 9 8 own m9d1 t he might adju/ to x ! voyages & t\rs ( 8 h]oes ,m5elaus & ,ulysses1 p>ticul>ly ! latt]8 ,& 9 ord] to a legitimate inquiry ! fir/ /ep to be tak5 is negative4 ,d n let u engage 9 ! va9 attempt to con/ruct ! ,geography ( ! ,odyssey ^u ! basis ( ! actual di/ribution ( ! e>?'s surface4 ,su* a process c lead to no satisfactory result4 ,:atev] mat]ials ,hom] may h obta9$ to assi/ him1 we mu/ consid] z s _m atoms2 ,i speak ( c\rse1 z to all t lay beyond ! n>r[ sph]e ( 8 ,greek k & exp]i5ce4 ,he _h no adequate means ( plac+ ! diff]5t p>ts ( ! acc\nts :i* rea*$ him 9 _! true geographical relations to "o ano!r4 ,! out] _w 0 = him brok5 up into fragm5ts1 & ^! fragm5ts 7 re>rang$ at 8 pleasure1 ) ! aid ( su* lights only1 z 8 limit$ physical k c\ld af=d him4 ,pr9cipal heads ( ! inquiry4 ,assum+ = ! pres5t t ! ,phnicianism ( ! ,out] ,geography has be5 on ! :ole suffici5tly prov$1 ,i proce$ to a m exact exam9ation ( ! subject itself2 & ,i propose to inquire into ! foll[+ que/ions4 #a4 ,has ,hom] two modes ( deal+ ) ! subject ( locality1 consid]$ at l>ge8 if s1 c x be %[n t he applies !m to two di/9ct geographical regions2 "o ! circumscrib$ c5tral tract ( l& & sea )9 :i* he liv$1 ! o!r a wid] & l>g] zone1 :i* lay beyond x 9 all directions2 & c a l9e be drawn ) reasonable confid5ce & precision betwe5 ^! geographical regions accord+ly8 #b4 ,if x be e/abli%$ t ,hom] has a sy/em ( ,out] ,geography1 sev]$ by a suffici5tly-def9$ b>ri] f 8 ,inn] ,geography1 !n are !re any1 & if s :at1 keys1 or lead+ ideas ( local arrangem5t = ! =m] s*eme1 :i*1 !mselves d]iv$ f ! evid5ce ( 8 text1 %\ld be us$ = ! adju/m5t ( its details8 #c4 ,"u ! sy/em ?us asc]ta9$1 :at 0 ! r\te ( ,m5elaus1 & m especially ( ,ulysses1 z ^! pres5t$ !mselves to ! m9d ( ,hom]8 ,i set out f ! proposition1 :i*1 z ,i conceive1 re/s ^u univ]sal cons5t1 t )9 a c]ta9 sph]e ! poems may be consid]$ z a record ( exp]im5tal geography2 & "o sometimes c>ri$ d[n into detail ) s mu* ( accuracy1 t x embraces ev5 ! m9iature ( t bran* ( k1 to :i* we usually give ! "n ( topography4 ,by way ( example = ! =m]1 ,i %\ld say t :5 ,hom] describes ! ,botian t[ns1 :5 he measures ! di/ance ov] ! gean1 nay1 :5 he makes ,ulysses repres5t t he float$ 9 t5 days f "s po9t ne> ,crete to ! ,!sprotian coa/1 he is a geograph]4 ,aga91 9 8 v>i\sly e/imat$ acc\nt ( ! int]ior ( ,i?aca1 he is a topograph]4 ,he is ! same on ! :ole1 ?\gh probably ) great] lic5se1 :5 he is deal+ ) ! ,pla9 ( ,troy4 ,! two sph]es ( ,geography4 ,9 speak+ ( ! exp]im5tal geography ( ,hom]1 ( c\rse ,i d n int5d to imply t he _h1 ev5 )9 8 n>r[ sph]e1 ! means t lat] sci5ce has af=d$ ( e/abli%+ situations & di/ances ) absolute precision4 ,he c\ld only proce$ by ! f> rud] te/imony ( ! s5ses1 tra9$ 9 ! s*ool ( exp]i5ce4 ,nei!r d ,i mean t ! exp]i5ce 0 9 e case 8 own1 ?\gh to a great ext5t 8 geographical in=mation 0 probably orig9al1 & acquir$ by him pr9cipally 9 ! ex]cise ( 8 pr(ession z an it9]at+ ,b>d4 ,b by ! exp]im5tal & real geography ( ,hom]1 ,i mean ^! two ?+s2 fir/1 t ! ,poet believ$ himself to be describ+ pro tanto po9ts ^u ! e>?'s surface z !y actually 72 secondly1 t 8 means ( in=mation 7 = practical purposes adequate4 ,! evid5ce ( ! passage conta9+ ! simile ( ! ,?\ght 7,il4 xv4 #ehj7 w\ld suffice1 7 !re none o!r1 to %[ t he 0 himself a travell]2 he also liv$ among a p already accu/om$ to travel1 & famili> ) ! navigation ( a c]ta9 portion ( ! e>?'s surface4 ,9 a =m] "p ( ?is "w ,i h giv5 sev]al in/ances to illu/rate ! disposition ( ! e>ly ,greeks ) respect to travel#ebe4 ,a p ( habits l !irs 0 well qualifi$ to supply a practical sy/em ( geography = ! :ole sph]e ) :i* x 0 habitually conv]sant4 #ebe ,a*is1 or ,e?nology2 sect4 vii4 p4 #ccf4 ,b ! boldness & maturity ( navigation may be measur$ pretty ne>ly by ! l5g? ( its voyages4 ,! geographical p>ticul>s ( ! ,w&]+s1 h[ev] dislocat$ & di/ort$1 %[ u t ! p :o _h suppli$ !m _h acquir$ a consid]able acqua9tance ) all ! wat]s )91 & probably also1 nay1 ,i %\ld be dispos$ to say c]ta9ly1 "s t 7 )\t1 ! ,/raits ( ,gibralt>4 ,b 9 all ! poems ( ,hom] we f9d ! traces ( ,greek k & resort become fa9t] & fa9t]1 z we pass beyond c]ta9 po9ts4 ,on ! ,greek ,p59sula1 to ! s\? ( ! ,ambracian gulf on ! we/ & ( ,m\nt ,olympus on ! ea/1 we h ! signs ( a con/ant int]c\rse to & fro4 ,! same tok5s ext5d to ! isl&s imm$iately surr\nd+ x1 & rea*+ at lea/ z f> z ,crete4 ,inde$1 ap>t f p>ticul> signs1 we may say t1 )\t famili> & frequ5t int]c\rse among ! memb]s t compos$ x1 ! empire ( ,agamemnon c\ld n h subsi/$4 ,b1 at c]ta9 di/ances1 ! mode ( geographical h&l+ becomes fa9t1 mi/ru/ful1 & indi/9ct4 ,di/ances are mis/at$1 or cease to be /at$ at all4 ,! names ( c\ntries are mass$ toge!r 9 su* a way z to %[ t ! ,poet _h no idea ( a p>ticul> mode ( juxtaposition = !m4 ,topographical or local features1 ( a "* su* z to id5tify a description ) "s p>ticul> place or region z its prototype 9 nature1 are errone\sly transpos$ to "s situation :i*1 f g5]al indications1 we c see mu/ be ^u a diff]5t & p]haps di/ant "p ( ! surface ( ! globe4 ,aga91 by ceas+ to def9e di/ances & directions1 he %[s f "t to "t t he has lo/ confid5ce 9 8 own collocation1 t he is n will+ to *all5ge a comp>ison ) actual nature1 & t1 f want ( accurate k1 he feels he mu/ seek "s degree ( %elt] 9 g5]alities4 ,x is obvi\s t1 "u ! circum/ances z !y h ?us f> be5 del9eat$1 ! geography ( ! poems1 ) a c5tre fix$ = x some:]e 9 ,greece1 say at ,olympus or ,myc51 might be fir/ ( all divid$ into ?ree zones1 rang+ ar\nd t c5tre4 ,! fir/ & inn]mo/ w\ld be t ( ! famili> k & exp]i5ce ( 8 c\ntrym54 ,! second w\ld be t ( _! r>e & occasional resort4 ,! ?ird w\ld be a region :olly unkn[n to !m1 & ) respect to :i* !y 7 :olly dep5d5t on =eign1 t is on ,phnician1 report2 mu* z a ,roman1 five hundr$ ye>s ago1 w\ld practically dep5d ^u ! reports ( ,v5etians & ,g5oese m>9]s = all or ne>ly all 8 ultra-m>9e k4 ,n[1 ?\gh we may n be able to m>k positively at e po9t ( ! compass ! p>ticul> spot at :i* we /ep f ! fir/ zone to ! second1 & f ! second to ! ?ird1 yet !re is en\gh ( ! second zone disc]nible to make x s]ve = an effectual delimitation betwe5 ! fir/ & ! ?ird2 betwe5 ! region ( exp]i5ce & t ( m>vel2 ( =eign1 arbitr>y1 un*eck$1 & semifabul\s report4 ,j z we are unable to fix ! mom5t at :i* night passes into dawn1 & dawn into day2 b yet ! dawn ( morn+1 & ! twilight ( ev5+ are !mselves ! l9es :i* broadly sep>ate betwe5 ! day & ! night1 ly+ respectively at ! extremities ( ea*4 ,s ) ! poems ( ,hom]1 x may be a "q :e!r a giv5 place1 say ,phnicia1 is 9 ! fir/ or ! second zone2 or :e!r "s o!r1 su* z ,s*]ia1 or z ! ,bosphorus1 is 9 ! second or ! ?ird2 b x w nev] be difficult to affirm ( any important place nam$ 9 ! poems ei!r t x is n 9 ! zone ( common exp]i5ce1 or else t x is n 9 ! zone ( =eign fable4 ,limits ( ! ,inn] ,geography4 ,let me n[ endeav\r to draw ! l9es1 :i* ?us f> h be5 laid d[n only 9 pr9ciple4 #a4 ,& fir/ x seems pla91 t ! exp]im5tal k ( ,hom] ext5d$ ov] ! :ole ( ! cont95tal t]ritory embrac$ )9 ! ,greek ,catalogue1 includ+1 along ) ! cont95t1 ^? isl&s :i* he has class$ ) 8 ma9l&1 & n 9 8 sep>ate insul> gr\p#ebf4 #ebf ,il4 ii4 #fde-hj4 #b4 ,x may be slightly d\btful :e!r he _h a simil> k ( ! isl&s =m+ ! base ( ! gean4 ,!re is a peculi>ity 9 ! ,cretan description 7,il4 ii4 #fde-eb71 namely1 t aft] enum]at+ c]ta9 cities he closes ) g5]al words 7#fdi71 '1 4 ,/ill he uses *>act]i/ic epi!ts3 & 9 ano!r place 7,od4 xiv4 #beg71 he def9es 7( c\rse by "t7 ! di/ance f ,crete to ,egypt4 ,s aga9 9 ,rhodes 7#fef71 ,camirus has ! *>act]i/ic epi!t ( 4 ,on ! :ole we may place ?is division )9 ! fir/ zone ( ,hom]ic geography4 #c4 ,hom] w\ld appe> to h _h an accurate k ( ! positions ( ! isl&s ( ,lemnos1 ,samo?race1 ,imbros1 ,lesbos1 ,samos1 & ,*ios#ebg4 ,^! we may consid]1 )\t fur!r detail1 z answ]+ practically = ! :ole gean sea4 #ebg ,il4 xiv4 #bbe-cj4 xiii4 #aj-af1 #cc4 xiv4 #bha4 xxiv4 #gh1 #gec1 #dcd4 ,od4 iii4 #afi-gb4 #d4 ,hom] knew ! positions ( ,ema?ia & ,pi]ia1 relatively to "o ano!r & to ,greece2 & ! g5]al c\rse ( ! s\!rn ranges ( ! ,?racian m\nta9s#ebh4 ,! ,trojan ,catalogue appe>s to %[ t he also knew ! coa/-l9e we/w>d f ! ,d>danelles1 z f> z to ! riv] ,axius4 ,!re we may consid] t 8 ,pi]ia beg9s1 ) ,greece ^u its s\!rn & we/]n bord]4 #ebh ,il4 xiv4 #bbe-cj4 ,od4 v4 #ej4 #e4 ,x w\ld appe> t ,hom] _h a pretty full k ( ! s\!rn coa/-l9e ( ! ,propontis4 ,he seems to place ! ,?racians ( ! ,trojan ,catalogue on ! nor!rn side ( t sea1 b 8 language is q g5]al ) respect to ?is "p ( x4 ,on ! s\? side1 h[ev]1 & 9 ! :ole nor?-we/]n corn] ( ,asia ,m9or1 we appe> to f9d him at home#ebi4 ,?us mu* we may safely conclude f ! detail ( ! ,trojan ,catalogue2 f ! p>ticul> acc\nt ( ! ,idan riv]s 9 ! ,twelf? ,iliad#ecj2 f ! latt] "p ( ! j\rney ( ,juno 9 ! ,f\rte5?#eca2 & f ! spee* ( ,a*illes 9 ! ,tw5ty-f\r?#ecb1 :i* fixes ! position ( ,phrygia relatively to ,troy4 #ebi ,=big] ?9ks he knew ! s\!rn coa/ ( ! ,black sea to a c]ta9 ext5t4 ,h&bu* d] ,alt5 ,geographie1 sect4 #d4 p4 #aj4 #ecj ,il4 xii4 #ag-bd4 #eca ,il4 xiv4 #bhj-d4 #ecb ,il4 xxiv4 #edc-f4 #f4 ,f ! po9t ( ,lectum to ! s\?w>d1 ,hom] %[s a k ( ! coa/-l9e z f> z ,lycia 9 ! s\?-we/]n qu>t] ( ,asia ,m9or4 ,b "h we mu/ close 8 inn] sph]e4 ,! ,solyman m\nta9s supply ! only local notice 9 ! poems :i* c be said to belong to ! int]ior c\ntry1 & ( ^! 8 conceptions are evid5tly z f> z possible f geographical4 ,9 ! ,six? ,iliad#ecc he appe>s to conceive ( ! ,solyman p z bord]+ ^u ,lycia4 ,al?\gh ! "n has sugge/$ to "s a connection ) ,j]usalem1 we ought to consid] x z repres5t+ t = :i* x /&s 9 geography1 a "p ( ! gr& inl& mass ( ,asiatic m\nta9s4 ,b f ! proximity ( ! ,solymi to ,lycia1 ,hom] w\ld appe> to h mov$ !m greatly we/w>d4 ,aga91 :5 ,neptune 9 ! ,fif? ,odyssey sees ,ulysses f ! ,solyman m\nta9s on 8 way f ,ogygia1 we mu/ suppose t ,hom] conceiv$ !m to comm& "s po9t ( a neighb\r+ & cont9u\s l9e ( sea1 :i* w\ld all[ ( su* a prospect4 ,he w\ld h>dly h made ,neptune see ,ulysses f ,lycia1 or f a po9t across ! m\nta9s ( ,?race1 or f "o on ! o!r side ( ! actual ,m\nt ,taurus4 #ecc ,il4 vi4 #ahd4 ,we h n[1 ,i ?9k1 made ! circuit ( ! :ole zone1 & x is a small "o1 ( ! real or exp]im5tal geography ( ,hom]4 ,! int]m$iate or d\btful ,zone4 ,let u take next ! int]m$iate zone1 :i* m>ks ! extreme & infrequ5t po9ts ( ,greek resort4 ,beg9n+ 9 ! we/ & nor?-we/1 we h f\nd ,sicania 7n[ ,upp] ,calabria71 ,epirus1 & ! c\ntry ( ! ,!sprotians#ecd1 m>k+ ! po9ts ( ?is int]m$iate region4 ,to ! nor?w>d1 we may fix x at ,ema?ia4 ,9 ! nor?-ea/1 x seems to be b\nd$ by ! nor!rn %ore ( ! ,sea ( ,m>mora4 ,! ,?racians ( ,hom] inhabit a c\ntry :i* he calls 1 ,il4 xx4 #dhe1 & :i* ! ,hellespont enclos$ 771 t is to say1 wa%es on two sides at lea/4 ,! ,hellespont1 z 9 ?is place x is t]m$ 1 signifies to ! ,ea/]n "p ( its wat]s 9 p>ticul>2 & ! "n probably includes ! ,propontis 7:i* he might well suppose to h a /rong curr5t ?r\gh\t1 l ! ,/raits ( ,gallipoli71 toge!r ) ! nor!rn gean betwe5 ,*alcidice & ! ,?racian ,*]sonese4 ,he has describ$ ^! ,?racians 9 v vague t]ms#ece1 & )\t any local circum/ance1 9 ! ,catalogue3 b ! =m ( ! coa/-l9e app>5tly impli$ 9 ! ^w 1 & ! epi!t ( f]tility1 appe> to indicate ! pla9 ( ,adrianople & ! ,m>itz4 ,b ?is inclosure on two sides t]m9ates :5 ! nor!rn %ore beg9s to tr5d directly to ! ea/w>d3 & ! 1 or ,bosphorus1 :i* no man b ,jason ev] succe$$ 9 pass+1 are to be consid]$ z 9 ! zone ( a semifabul\s or ext]ior *orography4 #ecd ,a*is1 or ,e?nology1 sect4 iv4 p4 #bce4 #ece ,il4 ii4 #hdd1 #e4 ,:5 we pass into ! s\?-ea/1 we f9d t ,cyprus1 ,phnicia1 & ,egypt may p]haps mo/ prop]ly be plac$ 9 ! d\btful zone4 ,we h se5 t ,cyprus 0 kn[n z a /age on ! passage to ! ,ea/1 & z )9 ! possible milit>y rea* ( ,agamemnon4 ,b its "l did n jo9 9 ! w>3 & ,hom] has no details ab\t ! isl&1 beyond ! specification ( ,paphos z ! seat ( ! resid5ce1 & ( ! pr9cipal wor%ip1 ( ,v5us4 ,we h no in/ance ( any visit paid by ,greeks to ,phnicia "u ord9>y circum/ances4 ,! t\r ( ,m5elaus is1 l t ( ,ulysses1 outside ! sph]e ( ord9>y life4 ,he describes himself 9 x to ,telema*us z ' #ecf1 :i* may be comp>$ ) ,od4 i4 #d4 respect+ ,ulysses4 ,we he> ( ! ,taphians !re2 = x 0 at ,sidon t !y kidnapp$ ! nurse ( ,eumu4 ,piracy 9 ^? times probably rea*$ some:at fur!r ?an trade4 ,^! same ,taphians appe> to be ( d\btful ,hell5ism4 ,on ! "o h&1 ,m5tes _! lead] 0 a to ,ulysses#ecg4 ,b 7#a7 we ?us f9d !m 9 ,phnicia#ech1 :i* is n a place ( usual ,greek resort4 7#b7 ,!y sail to ,temese 9 =eign p>ts1 ' 7,od4 i4 #ahc71 :i* we d n f9d else:]e said ( ,greeks4 ,! case ( ! pseudo-,ulysses _c /& z a prec$5t = ! re/ ( ,greece1 nor ev5 = ! re/ ( ,crete#eci4 7#c7 ,! fa!r ( ,m5tes _h giv5 ,ulysses poison = 8 arr[s1 :i* ,ilus1 ! ,hell5e1 _h f motives ( religion refus$ him4 ,?is at once supplies a p>ticul> reason = ! x5ial bond betwe5 !m1 & sugge/s t ?is ,taphian pr9ce may h be51 ?\gh a 1 yet ( a diff]5t religion & race4 7#d7 ,! abs5ce ( ! ,taphians f ! w>1 especially z a tribe s mu* giv5 to navigation1 fur!r /r5g!ns ! presumption t !y 7 n prop]ly ,greeks4 #ecf ,od4 iv4 #hc4 #ecg ,od4 i4 #aje4 #ech ,sup4 ,e?nology1 sect4 iv4 #eci ,ibid4 ,phnicia1 !n1 hangs d\btfully on ! out] v]ge ( ! ,greek _w1 & belongs to ! int]m$iate zone4 ,yet m decid$ly is ?is ! case ) ,egypt4 ,= ,ulysses means some?+ unusual1 :5 he describes ! voyage z "o la/+ = five days across ! op5 sea1 ev5 ) ! v be/ w9d all ! way1 f ,crete2 & x is else:]e describ$ z at a di/ance =midably great4 ,su* is ! idea app>5tly int5d$ by ! /atem5t1 t ! v birds d b make ! j\rney once a ye> ov] s va/ a sea#edj4 ,no ord9>y ,greek ev] goes to ,egypt3 & :5 ! pseudo-,ulysses plann$ 8 voyage ?i!r1 x 0 "u a s9i/] impulse f ,jupit]1 :o meant him ill#eda3 #edj ,od4 iii4 #cbj-b4 #eda ,od4 xiv4 #bdc4 4 ,aga91 ! ,poet appe>s to h entirely misconceiv$ ! di/ance ( ,ph>os f ! coa/4 ,he places x at a day's sail f 1 mean+ probably by t "n ! ,nile4 ,va9 attempts h be5 made to get rid by explanation ( ?is geographical error4 ,nitzs*#edb says truly1 t = ! geography ( ?is passage ,hom] 0 dep5d5t on ! gossip ( sailors1 & comp>es x ) t ( ,ogygia1 ,s*]ia1 & ! re/4 ,:5 ,m5elaus w5t to ,egypt1 x 0 involunt>ily1 z we are assur$ by ,ne/or#edc2 #edb ,on ,od4 iv4 #ced4 #edc ,od4 iii4 #bii4 4 ,beyond ! circumscriptions :i* h ?us be5 drawn1 lie ! c\ntries ( ! ,out] ,geography4 ,outw>ds _! limit 9 ! m9d ( ,hom] 0 ei!r ! great ,riv] ,ocean1 or else ! l& imm$iately bord]+ ^u x4 ,_! inn] l9e1 t is1 ! l9e ne>e/ to ! kn[n ,greek or ,hom]ic _w1 may be def9$ by a numb] ( po9ts specifi$ 9 ! poems4 ,we h1 = example1 ! ,lotophagi & ,libya 9 ! s\?2 ! l& ( ! ,cyclops on ! we/2 7,i pass by ,sicily1 because x c1 ,i ?9k1 be %[n1 t ,hom] transplant$ x into ano!r qu>t]27 ,s*]ia to ! nor?-we/1 ! ,abii1 ,glactophagi1 & ,hippemolgi1 to ! nor?4 ,!n come ! ,/rait ( ! 1 or ,bosphorus1 pretty accurately conceiv$ z to its site2 next t[>ds ! ea/1 ! ,amazons & ! ,solymi ) _! m\nta9s2 9 ! s\?-ea/ ! 1 & !n ! widely spread 4 ,all ! places & p visit$ by ,ulysses aft] ! ,lotophagi1 t h n be5 nam$1 mu/ be conceiv$ to lie yet fur!r outw>ds4 ,i h n[ expla9$ ! gr\nds on :i* ,i assume ! exi/5ce ( two great zones1 ! "o ( a real1 ! o!r ( an imag9ative1 fluctuat+1 & semi-fabul\s ,geography 9 ,hom]2 & ( a ?ird zone1 drawn z a some:at indet]m9ate bord]-gr\nd betwe5 !m4 ,sph]e ( ! ,out] ,geography4 ,i come n[ to consid] :at are ! keys or lead+ ideas ( local arrangem5t :i* we c fir/ obta9 f ! p>ticul>s ( ! ,out] ,geography ( ,hom]1 & :i* we may !n apply to ! solution ( su* que/ions ( detail z x pres5ts4 ,x is pla9 t we h real ne$ ( "s su* keys4 ,to asc]ta9 ! g5]al direction ( ! movem5ts ( ! ,w&]+s ( ,ulysses1 & ! g5]al idea ent]ta9$ by ! ,poet ( ! di/ribution ( l& & sea1 is an ess5tial prelim9>y to ! solution ( su* que/ions z1 ,:]e 7 ! ,sir5s8 or1 ,:]e 7 ! ,l/rygones8 ,accord+ to ! /atem5t ,i h rec5tly giv51 _m ( ! po9ts1 t ,ulysses 9 ! ,w&]+s visit$ by sea1 w\ld appe> to h be5 s fix$ by ,hom]1 z to imply 8 belief t ! *iefta9 sail$ ov] :at we "k to be ! ,european cont95t4 ,! two propositions1 :i* ,i h already v5tur$ to /ate z be+ ! keys to ! ,out] ,geography ( ! ,odyssey1 are 9 ! foll[+ t]ms#edd3 #edd ,see ,e?nology1 sect4 iv4 p4 #cjd4 #a4 ,t ,hom] plac$ to ! nor?w>d ( ,?race1 ,epirus1 & ! ,italian p59sula1 an expanse1 n ( l&1 b ( sea1 communicat+ ) ! ,eux9e2 or1 to express myself 9 o!r words1 t he greatly ext5d$ ! ,eux9e we/w>ds1 p]haps also %ort5+ x t[>ds ! ,ea/2 & t he made x communicate1 by ! gulfs ( ,g5oa & ,v5ice1 ) ! s\!rn ,m$it]ranean4 #b4 ,t he comp\nd$ into "o two sets ( ,phnician traditions respect+ ! ,ocean-m\?1 & fix$ ! site ( x 9 ! ,nor?-,ea/4 ,9 ! fir/ place1 ,i assume t x w\ld be a wa/e ( "t to ent] ^u an elaborate confutation ( ! traditional id5tifications1 :i* ! p>donable ambition ( aft]-times has devis$ = ! v>i\s po9ts ( ! w&]+s4 ,accord+ to ^? expository figm5ts1 we mu/ believe t ! l& ( ! ,cyclops is an isl&1 t x is ! same isl& :i* reappe>s at a lat] date z ,?r9acie1 t olia is ,/romboli 9 sight ( t isl& ( ! ,cyclops1 7?\gh x took ,ulysses n9e days ( fair w9d to sail f x to )9 sight ( ,i?aca17 & t ,ulysses c\ld sail /raight across ! sea f olia to ,i?aca4 ,we mu/ look = ! ,l/rygones & _! p]petual day 9 ! latitudes ( ! ,m$it]ranean4 ,we mu/ ei!r place ! ocean nor?w>d1 7b :olly )\t any prototype 9 nature17 & ! "u-_w on ! we/ coa/ ( ,italy1 :]e !re is no /ream :atev]1 & seek1 too1 = fogs & d>kness 9 ! *oice/ atmosph]es ( ! _w2 or else we mu/ remove ! ,ocean-m\? to a di/ance ab\t f\r times z f> f ! isl& ( ,circe1 z t isl& is f ,greece1 :]eas ! poem evid5tly presumes _! comp>ative proximity4 ,b 9 tru?1 x is useless to g on accumulat+ s+le objections1 = x is n ^u ^! t ! confutation pr9cipally dep5ds4 ,! confutation ( ^! p>donable b idle traditions re/s on broad] gr\nds4 ,! gr\nds are su* z really ^!1 t 9 no "o p>ticul> d ^! ,italian fables--= su* ,i mu/ call !m1 not)/&+ ! p>tial c\nt5ance !y receive f ! *aotic & seem+ly adult]at$ p>ts ( ! ,!ogony ( ,hesiod#ede--satisfy ! lett] ( ! text ( ,hom]2 t 9 ! attempt to give x a geographical "*1 !y misconceive its _s2 & t !y oblige u to ov]ride & nullify n only ! facts ( actual geography1 = t we might d )\t violat+ any law ( reason & likelihood "u ! conditions ( ! case1 b also ! positive indications :i* ,hom] has giv5 u f ph5om5a t lay )9 8 k & exp]i5ce4 ,9 fact1 !y w\ld oblige u to condemn ,hom] z geographically unwor?y ( tru/1 )9 ! sph]e ( ! e day life & resort ( ! ,greeks1 z well z 9 regions1 :i* he & 8 c\ntrym5 nev] visit$4 #ede ,hes4 ,!og4 #ajaa-ae4 ,& ! result ( all ! viol5ce ?us done to ,hom] w\ld be1 t we %\ld h sacrific$ at once 8 language & 8 imag9ation1 9 ! attempt to /ruggle ) contradictions to ! actual geography :i* defy e attempt at reconciliation4 ,at ! outset1 accord+ to my view1 bo? admissions mu/ be made1 & pr9ciples mu/ be laid d[n1 z c>d9al & ess5tial to ! conduct ( ! inquiry we h n[ 9 h&4 ,dislocation ( actual nature4 ,x mu/1 ,i ?9k1 be admitt$1 #a4 ,t ,hom] has dislocat$ or transplant$ ! traditions he _h receiv$4 ,= example1 he has ei!r c>ri$ ! ,bosphorus we/w>ds#edf1 or else ! ,/raits ( ,mess9a ea/w>ds4 #edf ,mll]'s ,or*om5os1 p4 #bgd4 #b4 ,t !re=e z we are on ?is occasion inquir+ n into ! geographical in=mation ,hom] c give u1 b into ! errors he _h embrac$1 we mu/ n be surpris$ if we fail to arrive at any conclusions1 ei!r :olly self-consi/5t or demon/ratively cle>4 ,we mu/ exact f 8 text1 ) some?+ less ?an geographical rig\r1 ev5 ! conditions ( inw>d h>mony4 ,x may !n reasonably be ask$1 if ?is be s1 h[ are we to f9d any clue to 8 mean+4 ,my answ] is1 by lay+ d[n rules :i* w enable u to discrim9ate betwe5 8 prim>y & 8 second>y /atem5ts2 betwe5 ! results ( 8 k1 & ! fruits ( 8 fancy4 ,by 8 k ,i mean1 :at he _h se51 :at he _h travell$ ov]1 :at 0 famili>ly & habitually kn[n to 8 c\ntrym51 s z to give him ample opportunities ( refre%+ recollection1 ( enl>g+ k1 & ( correct+ error4 ,by ! fruits ( 8 fancy ,i mean1 ! =ms he has ?\ght fit to give to /atem5ts ( geography ly+ outside ! _w ( 8 own exp]i5ce1 & t ( ! ,greeks 9 g5]al4 ,^! /atem5ts1 ga!r$ "h & !re z "t & opportunity might s]ve1 he c\ld h>dly h m\ld$ into a correct & consi/5t s*eme4 ,emancipat+ himself :olly f obligations :i* x 0 impossible = him to fulfil1 he has treat$ !m simply z ! creatures ( 8 poetic purpose1 & has analys$1 %ift$1 & recomb9$ !m into a _w ( 8 own1 9 ! creation & adju/m5t ( :i*1 ! pr9cipal factor has ( necessity be5 8 own w4 ,po/ulates = ! inquiry4 ,i !re=e lay d[n ! foll[+ po/ulates3 #a4 ,t1 ,hom] hav+ an ,inn] or kn[n & an ,out] or imag9$ _w1 betwe5 :i* a l9e may be drawn ) tol]able c]ta9ty1 ! voyage ( ,ulysses1 f ! ,lotophagi to ,s*]ia inclusive1 lies 9 ! ,out] _w4 #b4 ,t we may n only implicitly accept ! geographical /atem5ts ( ,hom]1 :5 !y lie )9 8 own horizon or ! ,inn] _w1 b may fe>lessly argue f !m4 #c4 ,t argum5ts s drawn are available & p>am\nt1 z f> z !y g1 = gov]n+ ! con/ruction ( passages relat+ to ! geography ( ! ,out] _w4 #d4 ,t we h no title to argue1 :5 we f9d a po9t 9 ! ,out] _w describ$ 9 su* a mann] z to correspond ) "s spot n[ kn[n1 t ,hom] gave to t tract or region 9 8 own m9d1 ! site :i* we may n[ "k x to occupy1 b t he is q z likely to h plac$ x else:]e4 #e4 ,t argum5ts gr\nd$ on ! physical k ( ! ,poet are to be tru/$4 ,i w\ld "n by way ( example1 7subject only to a c]ta9 latitude = inexactness17 su* argum5ts z are drawn f ! directions ( w9ds1 & f o!r pat5t & c>d9al facts ( common exp]i5ce1 = example1 ! di/ances :i* may be trav]s$ )9 giv5 times4 #f4 ,s likewise are ! indications1 :i* h>monize ) kn[n or reasonably presum$ hi/orical & e?nological views1 to be tru/$ z good evid5ce on que/ions relat+ to 8 geographical mean+4 ,9 ord]1 h[ev]1 to be 9 a condition to make use ( indications suppli$ by ! ,w9ds1 we mu/ consid] :at ! ,w9ds ( ,hom] are4 ,! ,w9ds ( ,hom]4 ,! ,w9ds ( ,hom] are only f\r 9 numb]1 & ! mann] ( _! physical arrangem5t is rude4 ,x by no means corresponds ) our own1 b v>ies f x greatly1 j z 8 po9ts ( ! compass v>i$ f ours4 ,& ?\gh he names only f\r w9ds1 yet ,i appreh5d we mu/ consid] t ^u ! :ole he uses !m ) su* latitude1 z to express "u ! "n ( "s "o ( !m e gale t blew4 ,z to "s ( ^! w9ds1 ,hom] has provid$ u ) an abundance ( tru/wor?y data = _! po9t ( orig93 & ?r\gh !m ! evid5ce z to ! re/ may be enl>g$4 ,hom]'s gov]n+ po9ts1 f :i* to measure arcs ( ! horizon 71 z is evid5t1 ! sunrise & ! sunset4 ,?is is cle>ly %[n by 8 expressions1 su* z ' 1 = ! ea/1 & !n 9 opposition to ?is1 #edg = ! we/4 ,aga91 :5 ,ulysses urges ^u 8 companions t he has lo/ all means ( =m+ a judgm5t ( _! position1 8 mode ( expression is ?is1 t he does n "k :]e is dusk or :]e is dawn2 :]e ! joy-giv+ sun rises1 or :]e he s9ks#edh4 ,we mu/ !re=e dismiss f our m9ds ! f\r c>d9al po9ts to :i* we are accu/om$4 ,!y 7 n c>d9al po9ts = ,hom]4 ,we mu/ also rememb] n only 7#a7 t ,hom] _h only two#edi1 b also 7#b7 t 8 two did n correspond ) any ( our f\r1 & 7#c7 t f ! v>iation ( sunrise & sunset ) ! seasons ( ! ye> a c]ta9 am\nt ( vagu5ess 0 ( necessity introduc$ into 8 conceptions ( ! po9t ( orig9 = ea* ( ! diff]5t w9ds4 #edg ,il4 xii4 #bci1 #dj4 #edh ,od4 x4 #aij-b4 #edi ,wood 7,g5ius ( ,hom]1 p4 #bc17 says1 #8only f\r1' mean+ only f\r w9ds4 ,b x is pretty cle> t ,hom]'s f\r w9ds 7 n at any?+ l n9ety degrees f "o ano!r4 ,!re is 9 ,hom] no ^w mean+ /rictly ei!r s\?1 or nor?4 ,dak%a1 h[ev]1 f :5ce is d]iv$ 1 means s\!rly z well z on ! "r3 b probably ,s4 ,e4 r ?an ,s4 ,pott1 ,etymolog4 ,=s*ung51 ,,ii4 #ahf1 #g4 ,we %\ld n1 h[ev]1 exagg]ate ?is vagu5ess4 ,x _h its cause 9 ! v>iations ( ! ecliptic1 &1 l its cause1 x 0 limit$4 ,i suppose1 h[ev]1 t ! eye guesses rudely at ! deviations ( ! ecliptic1 & t we mu/ take ,n4,w4 & ,s4,e4 = ! two c>d9al po9ts ( ,hom]4 ,hom]'s we/ !n rang$ to ! nor? ( we/1 & ,hom]'s ea/ to ! s\? ( ea/4 ,b al?\gh ?is mu/ be borne 9 m9d :5 we translate 8 w9ds into our language1 yet ( c\rse ! w9ds !mselves 7 arrang$1 n te*nically s z ea* to cov] a c]ta9 arc on ! horizon1 b ) ref]5ce to ! directions 9 :i* !y 7 f\nd by exp]i5ce commonly to bl[4 ,& 9 associat+ ea* w9d ) a p>ticul> po9t ( ! horizon1 we mu/ be> 9 m9d t su* a po9t is to be reg>d$ z its c5tre1 & t ! same "n w\ld be giv5 to a w9d )9 a numb] ( po9ts on ei!r side ( x4 ,z to ! respective preval5ce ( ! diff]5t w9ds1 ! crit]ion is c]ta9ly a rude "o1 /ill x is a crit]ion1 :i* is provid$ = u by ! comp>ative frequ5cy ( ! occasions on :i* !y are m5tion$4 ,eurus is m5tion$ 9 ! poems sev5 times1 ,notus fifte52 ,boreas tw5ty-sev51 subject to a small d$uction = cases :]e he is simply a p]son2 & ,zephyr tw5ty-six4 ,! latt] pair are ! lead+ ,w9ds ( ! poem3 n necess>ily t !y indicat$ ! prevail+ curr5ts ( air1 b t !y repres5t$ su* curr5ts ( air z usually prevail$ ) =ce suffici5t to make !m good poetical ag5ts4 ,we may also le>n1 f ! epi!ts giv5 to ! w9ds1 ! impressions :i* !y respectively made ^u ! m9d ( ,hom]4 ,eurus nev] has a "* atta*$ to x4 ,notus seldom has any epi!t2 b /ill x is m5tion$1 by ! comrade ( ,ulysses 9 ,od4 xii4 #bhi1 z "o ( ! mo/ =midable w9ds4 ,?is may probably h be5 on acc\nt ( its direction relatively to ! place ( ! speak]2 because f t po9t x blew "r ^u ,scylla#eej4 ,aga91 z ,zephyr & ,notus are n[h]e else associat$ by ! ,poet1 ! presumption arises on t gr\nd also t "h ,notus is put 9 = a special & local reason4 ,x is call$ 1 & is s ess5tially alli$ ) ! idea ( moi/ure1 t /&s simply = wet 7 1 ,il4 xi4 #haj74 #eej ,od4 xii4 #dbg4 ,! *>act]i/ic epi!ts ( ,boreas are 1 1 & 4 ,! fir/ ( ^! indicates t he blew h>d3 & we "k ! same ?+ f ! facts1 t ,a*illes desir$ him to contribute t[>ds rapidly consum+ ! pyre ( ,patroclus1 & t he is (t5 us$ = a /orm#eea4 #eea ,il4 xxiii4 #aid4 ,b1 ( all ! w9ds1 ! ,zephyr evid5tly 0 ! mo/ prom95t 9 ! view ( ,hom]4 ,x is 7,od4 xiv4 #deh71 7,il4 ii4 #adh71 7,il4 xxiii4 #bjh71 7,il4 xxiii4 #bjj1 & ,od4 xii4 #bhi71 7,od4 xii4 #djh72 & x alone ( ! w9ds ro>s1 7,il4 iv4 #bgf74 ,9 ,od4 xii4 #bhi1 x is m5tion$ ) ,notus3 !y are ! w9ds mo/ apt to de/roy %ips ev5 despite or )\t ! gods4 ,= ,notus1 z ,i h said1 ?is "* seems to be local3 b ! ,zephyr is "h call$ 1 & ! s5se ( ! passage is 9 accordance ) 8 g5]al reputation4 ,he1 ) ,boreas1 is invok$ = ! pyre ( ,patroclus3 & ^! two are ! only w9ds :i* are ev] employ$ s+ly to make f\l wea!r4 ,hom]'s o!r modes ( creat+ a tempe/ by ! ag5cy ( ! w9ds are 7#a7 to make a comb9ation ( all or sev]al ( !m1 7#b7 to cov] ! matt] 9 a g5]ality by speak+ ( ! )\t di/9ction4 ,!re is1 h[ev]1 9 ,hom] a fa9t trace ( ! mild] "*1 :i* 0 aft]w>ds m fully recognis$ 9 ,zephyr1 :5 he _h mov$ d[n f ! nor?1 & become a simple we/ w9d4 ,9 ! description ( ! ,elysian pla91 we f9d t x is nev] vex$ ) tempe/ or ) ra91 b t ! happy spirits dwell+ !re are incessantly refre%$ ) ! ,zephyrs :i* spr+ f ,ocean#eeb4 ,b ev5 "h ! breezes are 3 & ?is ^w means :at is call$ bl[+ fre%4 ,& ! conception ( ! w9d "h is r z a sea-w9d1 & !re=e n a cold "o1 ?an z be+ s(t & g5tle4 #eeb ,od4 iv4 #efe-i4 ,( ^! f\r ,w9ds1 ,hom] has made1 on v>i\s occasions1 two c\ples4 ,he repeat$ly associates ,boreas & ,zephyr 9 ! same "w#eec3 #eec ,il4 ix4 #d4 ' 1 1 4 ,& aga91 = ! purposes ( ,a*illes1 ! two come toge!r ov] ! sea1 & quickly fall to1 t ! pyre may be consum$2 ev5 z ! pray] ( ! h]o _h be5 address$ to !m 9 common#eed4 #eed ,il4 xxiii4 #aid1 #bab4 ,9 ! same way1 ,eurus & ,notus are associat$ toge!r z excit+ ! ,ic>ian ,sea4 ,?is passage is curi\sly illu/rative ( ,hom]'s di/9ctions betwe5 ! w9ds4 ,he has two successive similes1 bo? describ+ ! agitation ( ! same ,assembly#eee4 ,9 ! fir/ x is comp>$ to ! ,ic>ian ,sea la%$ by ,eurus1 & by ,notus *>g+ f ! cl\ds4 ,9 ! second1 to a corn-field1 on :i* ,zephyr p[]fully sweeps d[n#eef4 #eee ,il4 ii4 #add-f1 #adg-i4 #eef ,! arrangem5t ( ^! similes tells p[]fully aga9/ ! +5i\s argum5t ( ,mr4 ,wood conc]n+ ! bir?place ( ,hom]4 ,g5ius ( ,hom]1 pp4 #g-cc4 ,f a j consid]ation ( ^! passages1 x becomes cle> t ! f\r w9ds ( ,hom] 7 n at equidi/ant po9ts ( ! compass1 b t ea* two ( !m 7 capable ( association1 :ile nei!r memb] ( "o pair is ev] describ$1 except 9 a s+le passage1 :i* ,i w pres5tly notice1 z coop]at+ ) "o ( ! o!r4 ,( c\rse ,i d n ref] to ^? cases1 :]e ! ,poet raises all ! f\r w9ds at once1 simply to create a hurricane2 no bad conjecture1 ,i w add1 = ^? times1 9 anticipation ( ! mod]n discov]y t hurricanes are eddies1 & t x is _! circul> motion :i* makes !m seem to bl[ almo/ simultane\sly 9 all directions#eeg4 #eeg ,see ,g5]al ,reid's ,law ( ,/orms & ,v>iable ,w9ds4 ,london4 #ahdi4 ,let u n[ inquire :at c be done t[>ds asc]ta9+ m p>ticul>ly ! lead+ po9ts ( ^! w9ds1 ( :i* we h survey$ ! g5]al descriptions4 ,po9ts ( orig9 = ,zephyr & ,boreas4 ,i beg9 ) ! m prevail+ pair1 ,zephyr & ,boreas4 ,!re c1 ,i ?9k1 be no hesitation 9 d]iv+ f 4 ,x may be well to rem9d ! read] t is ! same ^w 9 sub/ance ) & #eeh4 #eeh ,buttmann4 ,lexil4 voc4 4 ,?us ! nor?-we/ is 8 cradle4 ,b he is s closely associat$ ) ,?race & ) ,boreas1 ! =m] be+ 8 resid5ce1 & ! latt]#eei 8 companion1 t ?\gh he may mean any w9d f we/ up to nor?1 we mu/ consid] him z usually lean+ f ! nor?-we/ t[>ds ! nor?1 :ile he prop]ly belongs to ! nor?-we/ r ?an any o!r giv5 po9t ( ! compass4 #eei ,il4 xxiii4 #bad4 ,! position ( ,boreas is ! be/ def9$ ( all ! w9ds ( ,hom]4 ,he _c come f any po9t to ! we/ ( due nor?3 = all t space is appropriat$ to ,zephyr4 ,he is equally well def9$ on ! o!r side4 ,= he bl[s f ,?race1 bo? g5]ally1 z 9 ,il4 ix4 #e1 & p>ticul>ly on ! ,pla9 ( ,troy#efj4 ,i hold to be ( no au?ority1 z fix+ ! direction ( ?is w9d1 ! ,boreas :i* c>ries ! pseudo-,ulysses f ,crete to ,egypt#efa3 = !re ,hom] is already beyond ! ,inn] ,_w1 & he only kn[s ! position ( ,egypt f ,phnician report4 ,b we h o!r tru/wor?y indications f )9 ! sph]e ( ,greek nautical k1 9 8 c>ry+ ,h]cules f ,ilium to ,cos#efb1 9 8 prev5t+ a voyage f ,crete to ,ilium#efc1 & 9 ! fate ( ,ulysses1 :o1 9 r\nd+ ,malea1 is c>ri$ (f by ,boreas to ! we/w>d ( ,cy!ra#efd4 ,all ^! op]ations c be p]=m$ only by a w9d bl[+ f ! qu>t] betwe5 ea/ & nor?-ea/4 #efj ,il4 xxiii4 #bad1 z above4 #efa ,od4 xiv4 #bec4 #efb ,il4 xiv4 #bee4 xv4 #bf4 #efc ,od4 xix4 #bjj4 #efd ,od4 ix4 #ha4 ,putt+ toge!r ^! indications1 ,i ?9k we mu/ conclude t ! ,boreas ( ,hom] is a w9d to ! ea/ ( nor?4 ,b x seems pla9 t he does n embrace ne>ly ! :ole quadrant f nor? to ea/4 ,=1 l & ev5 m ?an ,zephyr on ! o!r side ( ! pole1 he has a lean+ t[>ds ! pol> side1 &1 9 ! abs5ce ( m p>ticul> m>ks1 ,hom] %\ld be tak5 to mean by him a ,n4,n4,e4 w9d1 t is1 a w9d rang+ pr9cipally or :olly f ,n4 to ,n4,e4 ,i take ! l9e ,il4 ix4 #e1 :i* _m h treat$ z a difficulty1 = a s\nd & valuable geographical indication4 ,boreas & ,zephyr bl[ f ,?race4 ,to a ,greek1 say at ,myc51 ,?race1 :i* rea*es f ! ,adriatic to ! ,eux9e1 cov]s m ?an n9ety degrees ( ! horizon4 ,x is f )9 ^? n9ety degrees t e ,boreas1 & probably e ,zephyr1 ( ,hom] c be %[n to bl[4 ,^! are facts :i* we may hold 9 deposit1 ready = s]vice 9 ! explanation ( ! movem5ts ( ! ,out] ,geography4 ,& along ) !m we mu/ keep 9 m9d ! ,hom]ic aff9ity & sympa?y e/abli%$ betwe5 ,boreas & ,zephyr4 ,x is s consid]able1 & !y are especially 9 su* local proximity1 t practically we %\ld n g f> wrong 7 we to say ,hom] divides ! :ole circumf]5ce ( 8 horizon into ?ree ne>ly equal arcs ( #abj degrees1 m or less4 ,! fir/ ( ^!1 beg9n+ f due we/1 is giv5 to ,zephyr & to ,boreas4 ,! next1 rea*+ to )9 #cj ( ! ,s\? ,pole1 to ,eurus3 & ! ?ird1 embrac+ ! residue ( ! circle1 to ,notus4 ,po9ts ( ! ,compass = ,notus & ,eurus4 ,notus is ! great s\!rn w9d1 ,eurus be+ comp>atively ( little acc\nt4 ,n[1 "o ( ! *ief data applicable to det]m9+ ! direction ( ^! w9ds is ! passage ,il4 ii4 #add-f4 ,"h !y are describ$ z di/urb+ ! ,ic>ian ,sea1 :i* 0 )9 ! sph]e ( ,greek navigation4 ,n[ ! position ( t sea1 on ! coa/ ( ,asia ,m9or to ! s\? ( ,samos1 %[s1 #a4 ,t bo? ^! w9ds 9 ,hom] h a decid$ly s\!rn "*4 #b4 ,t "o1 ( c\rse ,eurus1 mu/ come f ! ea/1 & ! o!r1 ,notus1 9 t place1 f ! we/ ( s\?4 ,because ! conflict ( ! two w9ds presumes a consid]able space betwe5 ! po9ts f :i* !y bl[1 :ile ! position ( ! ,ic>ian ,sea requires bo? to be s\!rn4 ,b 9 ! ,fif? ,odyssey1 too1 ,notus is treat$ z ! prop] antagoni/ ( ,boreas4 ,8 c5tre !re=e lies a little to ! we/w>d ( due s\?2 b ,eurus does n approa* ! ,s\? ,pole1 & e w9d f ab\t ,s4,s4,e4 to ,w4 w probably fall )9 ! ,hom]ic description ( ,notus4 ,! associations ( ,notus & ,eurus are frequ5t#efe4 ,on "o occasion1 h[ev]1 ,notus is comb9$ ) ,zephyr1 ?\gh !re is no correspond+ case ( junction betwe5 ,eurus & ,boreas4 ,notus & ,zephyr are s5t f ! sea by ,juno to bla/ ! ,trojan army ) heat4 ,boreas w\ld ( c\rse be a cold w9d3 & ,eurus w\ld be cold on ! pla9 ( ,troy1 f pass+ ov] ! *a9 ( ,ida3 ?\gh 9 ,greece he melts ! sn[ t ,zephyr has br\ght4 ,diff]5ces ( season1 z well z ( situation1 may h to d ) ^! v>ieties ( op]ation4 #efe ,il4 ii4 #add-f4 xvi4 #gfe4 ,od4 v4 #ccj4 xii4 #cbf4 ,?\gh less /rong ?an ,zephyr & ,boreas1 ,notus is a /rong] w9d ?an ,eurus4 ,& ?\gh g5]ally ! c\nt]p>t ( ,boreas1 8 p[] ( coop]at+ ) ,zephyr %[s t he mu/ rea* ov] ! quadrant f ! ,s\? pole to ,we/1 :]eas we h no ,boreas com+ d[n f ! ,nor? pole z f> z ,ea/4 ,z ! opposite ( ,zephyr1 ,eurus bl[s pr9cipally f ! s\?-ea/]n qu>t]2 & h5ce is 9 frequ5t coop]ation ) ,notus1 b nev] ) any o!r w9d4 ,he mu/1 h[ev]1 be und]/ood to cov] ! :ole space f ! rigidly nor!rn ,boreas d[n to ,notus1 or f ab\t ,n4,e4 to )9 #cj ( ! ,s\? pole4 ,boreas is inflexibly conf9$ by all ! evid5ce ( ! poems to a v n>r[ space3 & ,eurus1 8 neighb\r ea/w>d1 does n mu* frequ5t ^? po9ts ( ! compass t lie ne>e/ to him4 ,illu/ration3 w9ds & directions ,! accompany+ sket* expresses :at ,i believe to be 9 ! ma9 ,hom]'s arrangem5t ( ! ,w9ds4 ,at ! same "t1 ,i d n "k t we h any practical example ( any w9d 9 ,hom] :i* bl[s f )9 =ty-five degrees on ei!r side ( due ,ea/1 or f )9 ab\t ! same numb] ( degrees on ei!r side ( due ,we/4 ,p]haps x 0 f _! local infrequ5cy1 t he does n appe> to h put su* w9ds 9 requisition#eff4 #eff ,fri$rei* has discuss$ ! w9ds ( ,hom] 7,reali5 d] ,il4 und ,od4 4 #c74 ,8 results are to me unsatisfactory3 b ! fault seems to lie 9 8 basis4 ,= 7#a7 he fixes ! f\r ,w9ds ( ,hom] z ! f\r c>d9al po9ts3 & 7#b7 he f9ds data = asc]ta9+ ! ,w9ds 9 ! ,passages ( ! ,out] ,geography1 in/ead ( det]m9+ ^? ,passages !mselves by ! ,w9ds1 aft] ^! latt] h be5 asc]ta9$ f evid5ce belong+ to ! sph]e ( ,hom]'s own exp]i5ce4 ,! "n ,eurus is fur!r atta*$ to ! po9t ( sunrise by ! root 1 to :i* x is trac$#efg4 ,! tracts ( ,aides are ) ,hom] 7,il4 xx4 #fe74 ,may n ?is come f ! same s\rce8 ,! ,cimm]ian d>kness ( ,hom] is close to ! m\? ( ,ocean1 & ne> t *amb] ( ! ,sun1 :i* is at a#efh4 ,view+ dawn z ! middle po9t betwe5 night & day1 ,hom] possibly connect$ x ) ea*4 ,x seems fur!r possible1 t he connect$ ! ,ea/]n ) ! ,we/]n d>kness3 bo? because ?is w\ld br+ 8 two regions ( ! future _w into relations ) ea* o!r1 & because he makes ! ,sun disport himself ) 8 ox5 on ! same spot 9 ,?r9acie aft] 8 sett+ 9 ! ev5+1 & be=e 8 ris+ 9 ! morn+3 a passage1 :i* = its full explanation might require ! supposition1 t ,hom] believ$ ! e>? to be cyl9drical 9 =m1 & ?us ! extremes ( ,ea/ & ,we/ to meet#efi4 ,!re w %ortly be occasion to rev]t to ?is subject1 9 fur!r consid]+ :at 7 ! con/itu5t p>ts ( ,hom]'s ,ea/4 #efg ,liddell & ,scott 9 voc4 #efh ,od4 xi4 #ac-af4 xii4 #a-d4 #efi ,see ,fri$rei*1 ,reali51 4 #i4 p4 #ai4 ,hom]ic di/ances & rates ( spe$4 ,i %all tru/ ma9ly !n to w9ds1 ?us asc]ta9$ f ,hom]'s ,inn] _w1 z ! means ( indicat+ ! directions ( ! movem5ts describ$ 9 8 ,out] "o4 ,b besides directions1 we h di/ances to consid]4 ,& "h too we h "s evid5ce1 suppli$ by 8 exp]im5tal k1 to guide u4 ,by comb9+ ! inn]-_w data ( di/ance ) ^? ( direction1 we %all obta9 ! ess5tial conditions ( decision = ! out]-_w problems4 ,conditions bo? ess5tial & suffici5t1 :5 we c lay hold ^u !m2 b we %all /ill h to cont5d ) ?is difficulty1 t 9 "o or two rem>kable cases ! ,poet takes refuge 9 language :olly vague1 & leaves u no guide = our conjectures1 except ! rule ( mak+ ! unasc]ta9$ con=m 9 _s to :at has be5 made reasonably c]ta94 ,! di/ances ( :i* ,i n[ speak are sea-di/ances4 ,x is a some:at rem>kable fact1 t ,hom] sc>cely gives u l&-di/ances at all4 ,telema*us & ,pisi/ratus drive 9 two days f ,pylus to ,sp>ta3 b x is n ! wont ( ! ,poet to describe places1 :i* communicate ov] l&1 by ! numb] ( days occupi$ 9 travell+ betwe5 !m4 ,?is circum/ance is illu/rative ( a trait1 :i* assumes great importance 9 ,hom]'s ,out] ,geography1 namely1 ! m9iature scale ( 8 conceptions z to all l&-spaces2 a trait1 ,i may add1 to :i* we %all h occasion to rev]t4 ,! sea-di/ances ( ,hom] are p]=m$ 9 no less ?an six diff]5t modes4 #a4 ,by ord9>y sail+4 #b4 ,by ord9>y r[+4 #c4 ,by rafts1 ,od4 v4 #bea4 #d4 ,by drift+ on a timb]1 ,od4 xiv4 #caj-ae4 #e4 ,by float+ & swimm+1 ,od4 v4 #cgd1 #e1 #chh1 #cii4 ,six?ly1 & la/ly1 ! %ips ( ! ,phacians p]=m _! voyages by an inw>d in/9ct1 & ) a rapidity describ$ z m>vell\s4 ,evid5ce z to rates ( motion4 ,! language ( ! poems n[h]e takes cognizance ( any diff]5ce 9 spe$ z betwe5 sail+ & r[+4 ,= example1 :5 ,a*illes speaks ( ! "t ( 8 voyage to ,ph?ia z dep5d5t ^u 1 :i* ! fav\r ( ,neptune c\ld give1 he evid5tly means a good sea & ! abs5ce ( tempe/1 & does n at all b>ga9 = a w9d f a p>ticul> qu>t]1 :i* 0 n a matt] ly+ )9 ,neptune's especial prov9ce4 ,nor does !re seem to be1 on g5]al gr\nds1 any cause = assum+ a diff]5ce betwe5 ! av]age spe$s ( r[+ & ( sail+1 :5 we consid]1 9 fav\r ( ! fir/1 t ! crew r[$ almo/ to a man1 ) little c>go to c>ry2 &1 to ! prejudice ( ! second1 t ! sci5ce & art ( build+ quick sail]s c\ld n !n h be5 und]/ood4 ,i !re=e take r[+ & sail+ z equal 9 cel]ity4 ,s t we h 9 reality no m ?an five diff]5t cases to consid]4 ,b1 aga91 ,i ?9k !re is no reason :y we %\ld assume a diff]5ce 9 spe$ betwe5 drift+ on a piece ( timb]1 & mak+ way by float+ & swimm+ only4 ,9 practicability !re may be a consid]able diff]5ce3 b t is n ! po9t be=e u4 ,! f\r me?ods n[ rema9+ seem to require ! assumption ( diff]5t spe$s respectively4 ,n[ ,hom] has suppli$ u ) ! times necess>y = p]=m+ kn[n di/ances 9 two cases2 & has also giv5 u a ?ird case1 :i* may be us$ = *eck+ "o ( ! o!r in/ances4 ,a case ( kn[n di/ance is t f ! m\? ( ! ,/raits ( ,gallipoli to ,ph?ia4 ,?is1 accord+ to ,a*illes 9 ! ,n9? ,iliad#egj1 w\ld1 ) fav\rable wea!r1 be p]=m$ s z to arrive on ! ?ird day4 ,x may am\nt to a little m ?an ?ree degrees1 & may be tak5 at two hundr$ & tw5ty miles4 ,! "t is ?ree days & two nights4 ,s t1 = ord9>y sail+ or r[+1 a day & a night may be tak5 at ab\t n9ety miles1 ( c\rse )\t any pret5sion to m9ute accuracy4 #egj ,il4 ix4 #cfb4 ,secondly4 ,) a good passage1 a %ip sail+ f ,crete to ,egypt arrives on ! fif? day 7,od4 xiv4 #beg74 ,b we _c consid] ,hom]'s op9ion ( ! di/ance betwe5 ,crete & ,egypt z entitl$ to ! full weight ( 8 exp]im5tal k4 ,aga91 x is to be borne 9 m9d1 t "h ! nor? w9d1 :i* c>ries ! %ip1 0 a prime "o 7 1 #bec74 ,la/ly1 mu* might dep5d on ! "p ( ,crete1 f :i* we suppose ! vessel to h sail$4 ,z respects ! la/-nam$ "q1 we mu/1 f ! habits ( anci5t navigation1 suppose ! ea/]n extremity ( ! isl& to h be5 ! po9t ( dep>ture2 because no sailor w\ld h committ$ himself to ,boreas on ! op5 sea1 z long z he c\ld make way "u cov] ( a %ore ly+ to w9dw>d4 ,! di/ance betwe5 ! ea/]n po9t ( ,crete & ! we/]n m\? ( ! ,nile is ab\t ?ree hundr$ & fifty miles2 ! "t five days & f\r nights4 ,?is w\ld give a some:at less rate ( progress p] diem ?an ! la/ case2 b !n x is likely t ,hom] took ! di/ance to be great] 9 t almo/ unkn[n sea 7see ,od4 iii4 #cbj47 ?an x really is2 s t we h cause to view ! two computations z 9 sub/ance accordant4 ,& ev5 if !y _h cla%$1 ! =m] w\ld /ill be entitl$ to our acceptance4 ,:at1 h[ev]1 does appe> to be ! case is1 t ,hom] mi/ook ! c\rse f ,crete to ,egypt4 ,x is really ,s4 ,w43 he has def9$ x by ! w9d ,boreas1 :i* nev] bl[s f a po9t we/w>d1 or at ! v utt]mo/ nev] f "o mat]ially we/w>d1 ( ,n4 ,s t ! c\rse mu/ h be5 ab\t ,s4 ,n[1 z ,hom] knew ! position ( ,crete1 ?is w\ld %[ t he br\ght ,egypt too mu* to ! we/w>d1 by %ort5+ ! ea/]n recess or arm ( ! ,m$it]ranean2 an error 9 exact con=mity1 ,i conceive1 ) all 8 op]ations 9 imag9+ ! geography ( ! ea/4 ,b ?is by ! way4 ,! ?ird te/ ( sea-di/ances is suppli$ by ! pret5d$ passage ( ,ulysses1 on a ma/1 f a po9t j out ( sight ( ,crete#ega to ,!sprotia#egb4 ,he arrives on ! t5? night4 ,! di/ance exce$s1 by ab\t "o half1 ! voyage f ,troas to ,ph?ia4 ,! "t is ne>ly f\r times z long4 ,b !n "s all[ance may be made = delay on ! score ( ! irregul> w9ds 7 7 :i* prevail$4 ,we may !re=e ju/ly calculate ! rate ( a float+ or drift-passage at ab\t "o half t ( a sail+ passage1 or two miles an h\r in/ead ( f\r4 ,& "h our direct evid5ce closes4 #ega ,od4 xiv4 #cja4 #egb ,ibid4 #caj-ae4 ,at an int]m$iate po9t betwe5 ^!1 we may place ! mode ( passage by raft1 :i* br\ght ,ulysses f ,ogygia4 ,= m]*ant %ips 7 built broad 9 ! beam2 & ! raft 0 z broad z a m]*ant %ip#egc4 ,?us con/ruct$1 & ) its flat bottom1 x mu/ h be5 v greatly sl[] ?an an ord9>y sail+ vessel1 & ,i v5ture to put x by conjecture z l[ z two & a half miles an h\r4 #egc ,od4 v4 #bdi-ea4 ,la/ly1 we h to consid] ! rates ( ! ,s*]ian %ips4 ,ab\t ^! ! only ?+ t is cle> is1 t ,hom] meant to repres5t !m z f> exce$+ all kn[n spe$ ( ! k9d4 ,!y w5t1 says ,alc9\s1 to ,euba1 or z ! v]se may be r5d]$1 to ,euba & back1 9 a day#egd3 !y are l a *>iot ) f\r horses sc\r+ ! pla92 ! hawk1 swifte/ ( birds1 c\ld n keep up ) !m#ege4 ,we _c1 ,i ?9k1 pret5d to appreciate ) great precision ,hom]'s mean+ 9 ?is po9t2 b x is pla9 t1 z he _h a map ( "s k9d 9 8 head1 he mu/ h _h "s mean+ ) respect to ! di/ance p]=m$ by ! %ip f ,s*]ia1 ?\gh probably a vague "o4 ,i ?9k we may v5ture to take x at ?ree times ! spe$ ( ! ord9>y sail+ vessel1 or at ab\t twelve miles an h\r4 #egd ,od4 vii4 #cbe4 #ege ,od4 xiii4 #ha1 #hf4 ,?us1 tak+ drift-spe$ = our unit1 we h ! foll[+ scale approximately e/abli%$3 #a4 ,drift #b miles p] h\r #dh miles p] day ( #bd h\rs4 #b4 ,raft #a drift #b miles p] h\r #fj miles p] day ( #bd h\rs4 #c4 ,sail+ or r[+ %ip #b drift #d miles p] h\r #if miles p] day ( #bd h\rs4 #d4 ,hawk-%ip ( ,s*]ia #c sail+ %ip #f drift #ab miles p] h\r #bhh miles p] day ( #bd h\rs4-- ,let u next proce$ to consid]1 :e!r !re are any c>d9al ideas ( p>ticul> places or arrangem5ts 9 ! ,out] ,geography ( ,hom]1 :i* gov]n its g5]al /ructure4 ,= su* ideas may1 toge!r ) ! data t we h n[ drawn f ! circle ( 8 ,inn] or ,exp]im5tal ,geography1 assi/ u 9 ! exam9ation ( :at und\bt$ly at fir/ sight appe> to be almo/ *aotic details4 ,nor?w>d sea-r\te to ! ,eux9e4 ,sett+ out f ?is po9t1 my fir/ bus9ess is to %[1 t ,hom] believ$ 9 a sea-r\te f ! ,m$it]ranean to ! ,eux9e1 o!r ?an t ( ! ,/raits ( ,gallipoli & ! ,bosphorus4 ,?is r\te 0 =m$ 9 8 m9d1 z ,i %all endeav\r to prove1 by cutt+ (f ! l& f ea/ to we/1 a little to ! nor? ( ! ,p59sula ( ,greece1 all ! way f ! ,adriatic to ! ,eux9e4 ,?us we practically sub/itute an expanse ( sea = ! mass ( ! ,european cont95t2 & we mu/ n conceive ( any def9ite b\nd>y to ?is 1 o!r ?an ! my/]i\s "o :i* may f9ally sep>ate x f ,ocean4 ,or1 9 o!r words1 we mu/ give to ! ,black ,sea an indef9ite ext5sion to ! we/ & nor?-we/1 p]haps also %ort5+ x 9 ! direction ( ! ,ea/4 ,?is is ! "o ma/] v>iation f nature 9 ,hom]'s ideal geography#egf2 &1 :5 8 belief on ?is subject has be5 suffici5tly prov$1 almo/ e ?+ else w fall into its place ) comp>ative ease4 #egf ,on ?is hypo!sis is f\nd$ ! ,hom]ic ,erdk>te ( ,=big]1 ,h&bu* d] ,alt4 ,geogr4 ,i4 #d4 ,i w endeav\r to illu/rate & su/a9 ?is hypo!sis f ! positive evid5ce1 ei!r direct or inf]5tial1 ( ! poems3 & ,i hope to %[ t x /&s ^u gr\nds indep5d5t ( ! negative argum5t1 t x is absolutely necess>y 9 ord] to supply a key to ! ,w&]+s4 ,at ! same "t1 ,i hold t t negative argum5t1 if made good1 w\ld suffice3 =1 ?\gh we d no viol5ce to probability 9 imput+ to ! geography ( ! ,odyssey any am\nt ( v>iance1 h[ev] great1 f actual nature1 yet we %\ld sorely (f5d aga9/ reason1 if we suppos$ t ,hom] _h con/ruct$ a r\te s elaborate & detail$1 )\t lay+ x out be=e 8 own m5tal vision1 & pres5t+ x to t ( 8 he>]s1 aft] ! fa%ion ( some?+ l a map4 ,?is 0 alike dem&$ by ! realism 7s to speak7 ( ! "t1 & ne$ful = ! complete compreh5sion & easy enjoym5t ( ! romance4 ,! indications on ?is subject1 ap>t f ! evid5ce ( ! ,w&]+s !mselves1 are z foll[s3 #a4 ,:51 9 ! ,?irte5? ,iliad#egg1 ,jupit] turns away 8 eyes f ! battle by ! ,%ips1 he turns !m t[>ds ! nor?-ea/3 9 ! direction1 t is1 9 :i*1 accord+ to ! hypo!sis above /at$1 !re 0 = ,hom] n1 z we n[ "k to be ! case1 a wide expanse ( l& capable ( conta9+ a c\ntless multitude ( tribes1 b1 aft] a c]ta9 int]val1 a va/ & unexplor$ sea4 ,n[ ! ,poet tells u1 n t ,jupit] look$ ov] an indef9ite mass ( cont95t1 or ! 2 b t he look$ ov] ! c\ntry ( ! ,?racians1 ! ,mysians1 ! ,hippemolgi1 ! ,glactophagi1 & ! ,abii4 ,moreov]1 he indicates1 by giv+ *>act]i/ic epi!ts to ea* ( ^! nations1 t !y lay m or less )9 ! sph]e ( contact ) ,greek int]c\rse & exp]i5ce1 & !re=e at no great di/ance to ! nor?w>d3 = n only are ! ,?racians rid]s ( horses1 b ! ,mysians are fight]s h& to h&1 ! ,hippemolgi are =midable or v5]able1 & ! ,abii are ! mo/ righte\s ( m54 ,! ,glactophagi are def9$ by _! "n z fe$]s ^u milk4 ,?is limit$ & *>act]i/ic enum]ation is 9 con=mity1 at ! v lea/1 ) ! hypo!sis1 t ,hom] imag9$ 9 t direction no cont9u\s succession ( l& & ( inhabitants1 b a sea circumscrib+ ! c\ntry ( ,?race to ! nor?4 #egg ,il4 xiii4 #a4 #b4 ,a m m>k$ indication is1 ,i ?9k1 yield$ by ! passage ( ! ,odyssey1 9 :i* ,alc9\s says to ,ulysses1 #8,we w convey y to y\r home1 ev5 ?\gh x %\ld be m di/ant ?an ,euba1 ! fur!/ po9t t has be5 visit$ by our p2 ( :om "s saw x1 :5 !y c>ri$ ,rhadaman?us ?i!r1 9 ! matt] ( ,tityus1 son ( ! ,e>?#egh4' #egh ,od4 vii4 #ai-bf4 ,x appe>s to me evid5t1 t ,hom] means 9 ?is place to suppose a m>itime r\te betwe5 ,s*]ia & ,euba1 to ! ,nor? ( ,?race4 ,he is n1 we mu/ rememb]1 exp]im5tally in=m$ z to ! position ( ,s*]ia itself1 & probably he conceiv$ x to lie q outside ! sph]e ( ,greece1 at a consid]able di/ance to ! nor?w>d4 ,?\gh he br+s ,ulysses f !nce to ,i?aca 9 a day1 ?is is effect$ by ! privileg$ & miracul\s rapidity ( passage1 :i* 0 ! di/+ui%+ gift ( ! ,phacians1 z ! k9 ( ! ,immortals4 ,!y are inde$ 9 contact1 accord+ to ! poem1 ) ! habitable _w1 b !y are /rictly ^u ! out] l9e ( x4 ,!y are ( ! race ( ,neptune3 relat$ to ! ,cyclops & ! ,giants3 _! ord9>y life & _! m>itime r\tes c\ld n1 )\t do+ utt] viol5ce to ! conceptions ( ! ,poet1 be br\ght )9 ! sph]e ( ord9>y ,greek exp]i5ce4 ,we _c1 !re=e1 be int5d$ to suppose !m to h c>ri$ ! anci5t ,rhadaman?us pa/ e kn[n t[n1 port1 & po9t 9 ,greece2 pa/ ,i?aca1 ,duli*ium1 ! ,cephall5es1 ,pylus1 & ! re/4 ,nor w\ld ,euba1 ?us approa*$1 be to ,ulysses1 :o _h himself visit$ ,aulis on 8 way to ,troy1 a good type ( remot5ess3 nor does x answ] t description = ! ,phacians !mselves1 if we consid] x accord+ to geographic prose2 = ?\gh ! way to x is long1 x is n s di/ant 9 a direct l9e z o!r p>ts ( ,greece1 ,crete = example2 & any p :o _h made a voyage to ,euba by sea1 r\nd ! p59sula1 w\ld "k v well t ! prop] way to x 0 by l&4 ,we mu/1 9 %ort1 presume su* a position = ! ,s*]ia ( ,hom]1 z to imply a communication by sea betwe5 x & ,euba1 o!r ?an t ?r\gh ! kn[n wat]s ( ,greece4 ,b if we suppose a m>itime passage f ! ,adriatic r\nd ,?race to exi/1 !n we keep ! ,phacians entirely 9 _! own elem5t1 z bord]]s betwe5 ! _w ( ,greek exp]i5ce1 & ! _w ( fable4 ,!y /ill1 :5 !y c>ry ,rhadaman?us1 z 9 all o!r cases1 hang ^u ! skirt1 z x 71 ( actual humanity4 ,&1 ?us view$1 ,euba might fairly /& = a type ( extreme remot5ess4 #c4 ,ano!r passage ( ,hom]1 :5 und]/ood accord+ to its geographical be>+s1 appe>s to me1 ( itself1 ne>ly conclusive ^u ?is "q4 ,:5 ,m]cury is ord]$ to c>ry ! message ( ! gods f ,olympus to ,calypso#egi1 8 proce$+s are c>efully describ$4 ,he equipp$ himself ) 8 foot-w+s 7,od4 v4 #dd71 took 9 h& 8 w& 7#dg71 & got ^u ! w+ 7#di74 ,! next /ep 9 ! n>rative is1 #egi ,od4 v4 #dc-eh4 ' 1 7#ej47 ,he !n b\nd$ along ! wave 7#ea71 rea*$ ! remote isl& 7#ee71 l&$ on ! bea* 7#ef71 & f9ally arriv$ at ! cave 7#eg74 ,i ?9k no "o c read ?is description1 :i* ext5ds ov] sixte5 v]ses1 )\t feel+ t x is meant to convey to u1 t ,m]cury mov$ ) great rapidity 9 a "r l9e1 ! %orte/ by :i* he c\ld rea* 8 de/9ation4 ,b n[1 if ?is be s1 !n1 z ,pi]ia lies to ! nor?w>d ( ,olympus1 we h only to ask h[ does he pursue 8 fur!r r\te8 ,f ,pi]ia he sweeps d[n ^u ! sea1 & rides ^u ! waves 7#ed7 all ! way to ,ogygia4 ,x is hopeless to fit ?is ev5 by a mod]ate deviation ei!r way to any exi/+ sea3 we h only1 !re=e1 to conclude1 9 con=mity ) ! o!r indications1 t ,hom] believ$ 9 a to ! nor?w>d ( ,pi]ia4 ,we _c take refuge 9 ! plea1 t ,hom] did n "k :]e ,pi]ia lay4 ,fir/1 because x 0 on ! ,olympian bord] ( ,!ssaly1 & z ,hom] knew t region well1 he mu/ h kn[n t ,pi]ia lay to ! nor? ( x4 ,secondly1 x 0 probably )9 ! circle ( ,greek traditions2 s9ce x is sometimes read = 9 ,il4 ii4 #gff1 & at any rate !y seem to be 9 all likelihood diff]5t =ms ( ! same ^w4 ,?irdly1 a complete pro( is giv5 by ! r\te ( ,juno 9 ! ,f\rte5? ,iliad4 ,%e passes1 9 accordance ) ! actual geography1 f ,olympus to ,pi]ia1 f ,pi]ia 7app>5tly v]g+ ea/w>ds7 to ,ema?ia1 & s by ! ,?racian m\nta9s1 evid5tly ( ,*alcidice1 to ,lemnos#ehj4 #ehj ,il4 xiv4 #bbe-cj4 #d4 ,!re is ano!r passage :i* may be cit$ 9 direct corroboration ( ^! views#eha4 ,! spirits ( ! ,suitors pass$ 7#a7 ! /ream ( ,ocean1 & 7#b7 ! ,leucadian rock2 & also pass$ 7#c7 ! gates ( ! ,sun1 & 7#d7 ! p ( ,dream ,l&4 #eha ,od4 xxiv4 #aa4 ,nor?w>d r\te to ! ,eux9e4 ,n[ x may be obs]v$1 t to pass ! ,leucadian rock is n ! way f ,i?aca to ! ,/raits ( ,gibralt>3 ! c\rse w\ld lie r\nd ei!r ! nor? or ! s\? po9t ( ,cephallonia4 ,nei!r is x ! way to ! ,bosphorus & ,black ,sea2 :i* mu/ be s\ght by /e]+ fir/ 9 a s\!rly direction4 ,b x is ! way to ,ocean1 & ! ne!r ,%ades1 if ,i am correct 9 my belief t ,hom] believ$ ! r\te to lie along ! ,adriatic1 & r\nd ! nor? ( ,?race4 ,nor am ,i aw>e ( any o!r view ( 8 geography1 on :i* ?is passage c be expla9$4 ,! evid5ce1 :i* x af=ds1 is at fir/ sight conclusive 9 support ( ! proposition1 t ,hom]'s r\te to ! ,ocean-m\? lay up ! ,adriatic4 ,b !re are two gr\nds1 on :i* a scruple may be felt ab\t its reception4 ,fir/1 x /&s 9 ! second 1 ! only consid]able portion ( ei!r poem :i* appe>s1 to me at lea/1 op5 to ! suspicion t x may h be5 s]i\sly tamp]$ )4 ,secondly1 ! ord] ( ! passage is s+ul>1 z x runs ?us3 !y pass$1 or !y w5t t[>ds1 ! *annels ( ,ocean1 & ! ,leucadian rock1 & ! gates ( ! ,sun3 :ile1 accord+ to ,hom]'s geography1 ! ,leucadian rock w\ld come fir/1 ! gates ( ! ,sun second1 & ,ocean-m\? w\ld be ! la/ ( ! ?ree po9ts4 ,b 9 answ] to ! fir/1 ! suspicions affect+ ?is passage are too vague & indet]m9ate to w>rant our reject+ its evid5ce1 :]e x is 9 h>mony ) ! g5]al te/imony ( ,hom]4 ,ev5 if ^! l9es 7 int]polat$1 !y w\ld be rem>kable z embody+ an anci5t1 probably a v anci5t op9ion1 z to ,hom]'s geographical view on ! po9t at issue4 ,z reg>ds ! second1 we may cite ! p>allel case ( ,m5elaus 9 8 n>rative ( 8 own t\r4 ,aft] ,cyprus & ,phnicia1 he describes 8 visits 9 ! foll[+ ord]3 7#a7 ,egypt1 7#b7 ,e?iopians1 7#c7 ,sidonians1 7#d7 ,erembi1 7#e7 ,libya4 ,x is evid5t t ?is _c be int5d$ to be und]/ood z ! ord] 9 :i* ! sev]al places 7 actually visit$#ehb4 #ehb ,od4 iv4 #hc-e4 ,we h ?us1 ,i hope1 secur$ = ,ulysses1 )\t draw+ ^u ! ,w&]+s = te/imony1 :at seam5 call a good or wide b]?2 room en\gh = ! disposition ( 8 m>vels1 & ! my/]y ( ! di/ances betwe5 !m4 ,9 ?is nor!rn division ( ! we may imag9e ,hom] to h plac$1 )\t any impropriety1 or any viol5ce done to 8 exp]i5ce ( 8 own latitude1 bo? ! d\ble day ( ! ,l/rygones1 & ! fogs ( ! ,cimm]ians4 ,into x he might well drive ,ulysses by ! =ce ( ! s\? w9d#ehc1 & f x br+ him back by ! /r5g? ( ,zephyr or ( ,boreas#ehd4 ,la/ly1 by means ( ?is 1 we c avoid plac+ ,circe & ! ,sunrise to ! we/ ( ,hom]'s own c\ntry2 & we are n oblig$ to f9d 8 repres5tation ( ! involv+ him 9 ! hopeless absurdity ( contradiction to 8 own exp]im5tal k ( ! g5]al direction ( ,jason's c\rse ) ! %ip ,argo4 #ehc ,od4 xii4 #cbe1 #dbg4 #ehd ,od4 v4 #dhe4 x4 #be4 xii4 #djg4 ,amalgamat$ reports ( ! ,ocean-m\?4 ,i n[ pass on to ! second ( ! two propositions1 on :i* x appe>s to me t a reasonable int]pretation ( ! ,out] ,geography is to be f\nd$4 ,x is ?is3 t ! ,poet has comp\nd$ into "o two sets ( ,phnician traditions respect+ ! ,ocean-m\?1 "o ( !m orig9ally proce$+ f1 or belong+ to1 ! ,we/1 & ! o!r to ! ,nor?-ea/3 & t he has *os5 ! nor?-ea/]n site z ! gr\nd on :i* to fix ! sc5e ( 8 amalgamat$ repres5tation4 ,! argum5t1 :i* has rec5tly be5 adduc$ = ano!r purpose f ! ,tw5ty-f\r? ,odyssey1 is available to %[ t ! ,ocean-m\? ( ,hom] is t[>ds ! nor?3 b x does n suffice to decide ! "q betwe5 ,nor?-ea/ & ,nor?-we/1 nor does x decide :e!r ,hom] simply transplant$ ! ,/raits ( ,gibralt>1 or :e!r he mix$ toge!r ! acc\nts ( x & ( "s o!r /rait1 & weld$ !m into "o4 ,?is "q we mu/ exam9e f ! evid5ce conc]n+ ! ,ocean-m\? suppli$ by ! ,w&]+s !mselves4 ,ulysses & 8 companions1 :5 !y ent] ! great ,riv] ,ocean1 ent] x at a po9t f> nor?1 by ! city & c\ntry ( ! ,cimm]ians1 :o are envelop$ 9 cl\d & vap\r#ehe3 & !y are c>ri$ up or aga9/ ! /ream 7 71 by ! brea? ( ,boreas#ehf1 to ! m\? ( ! ,inf]no4 ,return+ f !nce1 !y come d[n ! /ream 7 ,od4 xi4 #fci7 back to ! sea 772 & !y !re f9d !mselves at ! isle ( ,circe1 :]e is ! dwell+ ( 1 & :]e is also ! c\*1 f :i* ! sun rises 9 ! morn+4 #ehe ,od4 xi4 #ac1 #ba4 #ehf ,od4 ,x4 #ejg4 ,9 ?is acc\nt x is n difficult to trace c]ta9 outl9es ( tru?4 ,! ideas ( ,hom] respect+ ! gates ( ,ocean w\ld be drawn f reports :i* may h relat$ prim facie to any "o ( sev]al geographical po9ts2 to ! ,/raits ( ,gibralt>1 to ! ,bosphorus1 to ! ,/raits ( ,y5ikal lead+ into ! ,sea ( ,az(1 or to all ! ?ree4 ,at "o & all ( ^! !re appe>s to be a cont9ual /ream fl[+ inw>ds 9 ! direction ( ! ,m$it]ranean or 4 ,"o & all1 z sea-/raits1 pres5t ! "* ( a va/ m>9e riv]4 ,9 exact accordance ) ^! physical facts1 ,hom] makes ! %ip ( ,ulysses1 ent]+ ! great ,riv] ,ocean1 sail up ! /ream4 ,we may obs]ve 9 pass+1 t he describes 8 z 1 9 evid5t contra/ ) ! ,ocean1 :i* is m>k$1 !re=e1 by a contraction ( %ores4 ,fur!r1 ,hom] _h conceiv$ ! exi/5ce ( :at we may call ultra-t]r5e p>ts1 bo? we/w>ds & ea/w>ds4 ,on ! "o h&1 ,m5elaus1 aft] dea?1 is to be c>ri$ to ! ,elysian pla91 :]e ,zephyrs cont9ually bl[1 spr++ fre% f ! b$ ( we/]n ,ocean4 ,on ! o!r h&1 ! groves ( ,p]sephone are on ! bea* ( ,ocean1 b 9 ! fur!/ ,ea/4 ,/ill x does n at all foll[ f ?is1 t he _h 9 8 m9d ! idea ( a d\ble egress f ! ,m$it]ranean1 or1 ! at l>ge1 to ! ,ocean4 ,on ! contr>y1 we nev] he> ( any mode ( access to x except "o2 & 8 plac+ ! po9t :]e ,ulysses ent]s x amid/ mi/ & cl\d1 & 8 call+ 9 ! aid ( ,boreas to c>ry ! %ip to ! groves ( ,p]sephone & m\? ( ! ,%ades 7:i* he probably int5d$ to be ! exact c\nt]p>t 9 position ( ! ,elysian pla971 lead to ! belief t 8 egress f sea to ,ocean 0 9 ! nor?1 & t ! fur!r r\te to ! ,%ades lay1 = ! mo/ "p1 9 a s\!rly direction4 ,op5-sea ,passage to ,ocean-m\?4 ,! read] ( ! ,odyssey w obs]ve1 t ,ulysses enc\nt]s on 8 passage tempe/s inde$1 b yet no?+ 9 ! nature ( a dang]\s m>itime passage1 be=e he has ent]$ ! ,ocean-riv]1 & !n1 complet+ 8 excursion to ! ne!r _w1 has return$ to ! isl& ( ,circe#ehg4 ,!re=e we may say ) c]ta9ty1 t ! m\? ( ,oceanus is1 accord+ to ! ideas ( ,hom]1 accessible by ! broad & op5 sea4 ,?us we h atta9$ a fir/ condition = ! det]m9ation ( its site4 #ehg ,od4 xii4 #c4 ,b1 be=e he sets out a second "t f a1 ,circe1 n[ 8 fri5d1 directs him z to 8 onw>d & homew>d c\rse4 ,fir/1 he 0 to rea* ! isl& ( ! ,sir5s#ehh4 ,aft] pass+ beyond ?is1 ! deity no long] lays be=e him a s+le & cont9u\s r\te#ehi3 b indicates to him two alt]natives1 ea* involv+ a mo/ dang]\s passage4 ,! fir/ is describ$ 9 ! l9es ,od4 xii4 #ei-gb1 beg9n+ 4 ,! second1 :i* %e recomm5ds 9 vv4 #gc-aaj1 beg9s ) 3 :]e ! is ! apodosis to ! ( v4 #ei4 ,n[1 x mu/ be rememb]$1 t physically !re 0 no?+ to prev5t 8 return+ by ! way he came1 & ?us avoid+ bo? ( ^! passages4 ,:y !n does ,hom] expose him to su* extraord9>y dang]1 leav+ him no option b ei!r total de/ruction1 or ! c]ta9 loss1 at ! lea/1 ( six m5 ( 8 crew#eij8 #ehh ,ibid4 #ci1 #afg4 #ehi ,ibid4 #ef4 #eij ,ibid4 #aji1 #aj4 ,! voyage ( ,ulysses might h be5 giv5 u by ! ,poet z ! execution ( a div9e plan1 compreh5sively prem$itat$ z a :ole3 b x is n s3 x is %[n u z simply prolong$ f "t to "t by "s error ( 8 own or ( 8 companions1 or by ! spite ( ,neptune1 or by ! v5geance :i* ! ,sun dem&$ & obta9$#eia4 ,at a he has no?+ to d1 b to take ! be/ way home4 ,tiresias _h inde$ prophesi$ t he w\ld come to ,?r9acie#eib1 b n[h]e intimates t he 0 to be div9ely compell$ to d ?is1 or t he w\ld take t r\te = any o!r reason ?an accord+ to 8 own be/ judgm5t4 ,:y !n does he n return1 z he _h come1 by ! op5 sea1 in/ead ( tempt+ ei!r ( ! two passages ( p]il8 #eia ,od4 i4 #ge4 xii4 #cgc et seqq4 #eib ,od4 xi4 #ajd-g4 ,! answ] ,i believe to be ?is4 ,he 0 subject to ! res5tm5t ( ,neptune1 :o op]ates by /orm 9 ! op5 sea4 ,otium divos rogat 9 pat5ti pr5sus go4 ,z 9 ! h]oic age1 e w\nd1 g5]ally speak+1 is dea?1 s /orm ei!r inv>iably or commonly means f\nd]+ or %ipwreck4 ,?us !n ,ulysses might prud5tly keep to l&lock$ wat]s & n>r[ seas1 ev5 ) a crisis ( great dang] be=e him1 r ?an face ! angry ,sea-god on ! long passages ov] ! op5 ma91 by :i* he _h come to ! l& ( ! ,cyclops1 & s onw>ds to a4 ,rationaliz$1 & r$uc$ to its simple/ =m1 ?is seems to imply t ! r\tes po9t$ out to him by ,circe1 & p]haps especially t :i* he 0 to pref]1 7 %ort cuts ei!r to 8 home1 or at lea/ back into ! ,inn] or ,greek _w4 ,& 9 con=mity ) ?is supposition1 ! :ole pr$iction ( ,circe appe>s to presume t a passage ( mod]ate l5g? w\ld br+ him back )9 ! kn[n _w2 = x nev] speaks ( ! bread? ( any unkn[n sea to be cross$1 :i* to ! navigators ( t day 0 always its mo/ =midable feature4 ,9 ! m5tal view ( ,hom]1 !n1 ! passage ( ,scylla c\ld n lie mu* beyond ! horizon ( 8 own ,greek _w & ( geography prop]4 ,?is 0 ! m eligible ( ! two r\tes4 ,! o!r 0 t ( ! 1 or ,bosphorus4 ,x 0 reject$ z involv+ c]ta9 de/ruction3 = only ,jason _h safely pass$ x by ! aid ( ,juno1 & ,pallas 0 n n[ at h& to succ\r ,ulysses2 s9ce he 0 outside t ,greek _w1 to :i* h] action has be5 re/rict$1 g5]ally speak+1 & 9 all likelihood = poetical reasons1 9 ! ,odyssey4 ,n[1 s9ce bo? ^! passages are spok5 ( z app>5tly ly+ ne> ! isl& ( ! ,sir5s1 :i* is itself sep>at$1 z f> z we c judge1 by no long int]val f a & ,circe1 ! next inf]5ces we h to draw are two ( v great importance4 ,! fir/ is1 t al?\gh ! "o /rait ( ,hom] physically corresponds ) ! ,/raits ( ,mess9a1 :ile by ! o!r he pla9ly means ! ,bosphorus1 yet he conceiv$ ( ^! z )9 no great di/ance ( "o ano!r4 ,! second inf]5ce is t1 accord+ to ! belief ( ,hom]1 ! wat]s beyond ! ,bosphorus 7 accessible by "s *annel o!r ?an t ( ! ,d>danelles & ,sea ( ,m>mora3 = o!rwise ,ulysses c\ld n h plac$ himself on ! f>!r side ( ^? t]rible n>r[s1 except by navigat+ "o ( !m4 ,?ree m>itime r\tes to ,ocean-m\?4 ,!re 7 !re=e ?ree m>itime r\tes by :i* ,hom] conceiv$ t m\? ( ,ocean1 :i* ,ulysses ent]$1 to be approa*able3 #a4 ,! r\te by :i* ! h]o actually arriv$ !re3 #b4 ,! r\te ( ,scylla & ,*>ybdis1 by :i* he return$ f x3 #c4 ,! r\te ( ! ,bosphorus1 by :i* ,jason _h pass$1 & :i* ,ulysses might1 accord+ to ! description ( ,circe1 h attempt$4 ,b n[1 :at 9 ! view ( ,hom] 0 ?is m\? ( ,ocean8 t is1 on :at geographical basis re/$ ! reports or descriptions :i* he adopt$ = ! gr\ndwork ( 8 picture8 ,we _c b admire1 z we pass along1 ! mann] 9 :i* ! ,phnicians gu>d$ ! treasures ( _! di/ant m>kets3 no way lay to !m except ?r\gh a *oice ( t]rors2 t]ror 9 ! b\ndless expanse ( dev\r+ wat]s2 t]ror 9 %ipwreck by ! 1 :i* none b ,jason 7s says ,circe1 ! ,phnician witness7 _h escap$2 t]ror 9 c]ta9 loss ( m5 by ! voraci\s maw ( ,scylla4 ,:at1 h[ev]1 0 ?is ,ocean-m\? t lay beyond !m8 ,my answ] is1 t !re are two m\?s ( ,ocean1 ei!r ( :i* might tol]ably correspond ) ! ,hom]ic picture1 if tri$ only by its relation to ! int]m$iate po9ts t are repres5t$ by ^! dang]\s passages4 ,fir/ly1 ! ,/raits ( ,gibralt>1 lead+ to ! ,atlantic4 ,secondly1 ! ,/raits ( ,k]t* or ,y5ikal1 lead+ to ! ,sea ( ,az(4 ,/raits ( ,gibralt> z ,ocean-m\?4 #a4 ,z reg>ds ! ,/raits ( ,gibralt>1 !y correspond ) ! ,hom]ic description 9 respect ( _! great di/ance f ,i?aca3 ( _! curr5t ev] sett+ inw>ds to ! ,m$it]ranean3 ( _! be+ accessible1 )\t previ\sly leav+ ! wide or op5 sea = any n>r[ passage3 ( _! be+1 we may confid5tly believe1 )9 ! m>itime exp]i5ce ( ! ,phnicians4 ,fur!r1 on ! r\te to !m !re lies an isl& triangul> 9 =m1 :i* 0 already describ$ by ! "n ,?r9acie#eic4 ,aga91 x w\ld appe> t !re 7 o!r isl&s betwe5 ,?r9acie & ?is ,ocean-m\?4 ,= bo? ,circe & ! ,sir5s inhabit isl&s4 ,ev5 ! ne>e/ ( ! ,bale>ic isles1 namely1 ,ibiza1 is f ! ,/raits ( ,gibralt> ab\t z f> z ,crete f ,egypt1 :i* we "k to h be5 e/imat$ by ! ,poet at five days' sail4 ,x seems1 h[ev]1 n unlikely t ,hom]1 hav+ receiv$ a notice ( ! ,bale>ic isles 9 ! ,phnician reports conc]n+ ! ,pill>s ( ,atlas1 c>ri$ !m ov]1 toge!r ) ,atlas himself1 into ! ea/]n situation1 :]e he bl5ds two sets ( traditions into "o4 ,he may !re=e h be5 suppli$ f ?is s\rce ) mat]ials = 8 isl& ( ,circe & isl& ( ! ,sir5s4 #eic ,od4 xii4 #abg4 ,la/ly1 al?\gh ! mi/y ,cimm]ians are close by ! ,ocean-m\?1 :ile ! atmosph]e ( ,gibralt> is w>m & sunny1 yet ev5 ! fogs may f9d _! prototype 9 ,/4 ,george's ,*annel#eid1 or 9 ! ,/raits ( ,dov]1 & x may also be said t1 9 ! hazy di/ance ( a ,phnician capta9's tale1 !y might f ,hom]'s po9t ( view seem to /& ne>ly toge!r4 ,b /ill ?is is a difficulty4 ,!re are o!r m s]i\s imp$im5ts1 :i* make x absolutely impossible = u to say t ! ,hom]ic m\? ( ,ocean corresponds ) ! ,/raits ( ,gibralt>4 ,?is "o especially3 t he has1 by a multitude ( ties1 fa/5$ d[n 8 m\? ( ,ocean to an ea/]n r ?an a we/]n site2 = !re1 at lea/ h>d by1 is ! dwell+ ( ,aurora2 !re is ! morn+ c\* ( ! ,sun2 !re is ,circe1 si/] ( etes1 to ^: c\ntry ,jason sail$ ?r\gh ! ,bosphorus2 & ^! bo? h _h ! ,sun = _! fa!r1 & ,p]se1 daught] ( ,ocean1 )\t d\bt an ea/]n & n a we/]n p]sonage1 = _! "m#eie4 ,! site ( a w1 h[ev]1 toge!r ) t ( ,ogygia1 receive pres5tly a full] consid]ation4 #eid ,qu>t4 ,rev4 vol4 #ajb4 p4 #cbd4 #eie ,od4 x4 #ace-i1 & xii4 #a-d4 ,/raits ( ,y5ikal z ,ocean-m\?4 ,let u turn !n to ! o!r alt]native 9 ! inquiry4 #b4 ,z ! ,/raits ( ,gibralt> (f] a resemblance to ! ,hom]ic picture1 by _! ly+ beyond ! ,/raits ( ,mess9a1 s d ! ,/raits ( ,y5ikal1 by _! ly+ beyond ! ,bosphorus4 ,! p]petual curr5t inw>ds#eif is ano!r feature ( correspond5ce1 su* z may apply to bo? ! cases1 & su* z probably assi/$ ! process at :i* ,i %all pres5tly glance4 ,! :ole gr\p ( ,ori5tal conditions1 atta*+ to ,hom]'s ,ocean-m\?1 appe> to be exactly realiz$ 9 ! /raits ( ,y5ikal4 #eif ,danby ,seym\r's ,black ,sea & ,sea ( ,az(1 *4 xvii4 ,! ,cimm]ian c\ntry ( ,hom] is repres5t$ d[n to ! pres5t day by ! ,crimea1 "o ( ! mo/ anci5t passages f ,asia into ,europe1 & probably kn[n to ! ,phnicians1 :o c\ld well en\gh pass ! ,bosphorus !mselves1 :ile mak+ x a bugbe> to o!rs4 ,! cl\d1 9 :i* ^! ,cimm]ians are wrapp$1 f9ds its c\nt]p>t 9 ! notori\sly frequ5t w9t] fogs ( ! ,eux9e4 ,! p59sula1 ly+ on ! v ,/raits !mselves1 is 9 exact correspond5ce ) ! passage 7,od4 xi4 #ac71 ' ' 4 ,! only po9t ( ! description :i* is less fai?fully repres5t$ at ?is po9t ?an at ! o!r1 is ! epi!t 4 ,?is agrees bett] ) ! deep wat] ( ,gibralt>1 ?an ) ! 7n[ at lea/7 %all[ curr5t ( ,y5ikal#eig4 #eig ,ibid4 ,! m9imum appe>s to be f\rte5 feet3 b x seems to h be5 mu* deep] 9 old times4 ,nor is x unnatural1 t ne> ! ,cimm]ian d>kness he %\ld place ! home ( ,aurora & ! ,ea/]n ,sun3 = x is out ( d>kness t dawn & day mu/ ev] rise2 & we h occasion to notice1 9 v>i\s =ms1 ! association 9 ,hom]'s m9d ( ideas belong+ to d>kness ) ! ,ea/4 ,aga91 !re is a comb9ation ( a nor!rly ) an ea/]ly direction 9 ! conditions ( ! ,hom]ic description1 :i* is exactly met by ! position ( ^! ,/raits relatively to ,greece4 ,b if we say1 t ^! ,/raits =m ! s+le prototype ( ! ,hom]ic description1 we are aga9 met by hopeless contradictions4 ,= !re does n lie any triangul> isl& close by ! ,bosphorus1 :i* might answ] to ,?r9acie3 & !re is no free m>itime passage :atev]1 o!r ?an ! ,bosphorus1 by :i* ! ,ocean-m\?1 t is1 ! m\? ( ! ,palus ,motis1 c be atta9$ by a p]son :o has ,troy = 8 po9t ( dep>ture4 ,^! facts appe> to direct u pla9ly t[>ds "o satisfactory1 & z x seems inevitable1 conclusion4 ,x is exhibit$ 9 ! s5t5ces t imm$iately foll[4 ,fir/1 x seems at once cle> t ,hom] ei!r knew1 or else dimly figur$ to himself by ,phnician report1 c]ta9 geographical facts1 includ+ ^? :i* foll[3-- #a4 ,t !re 0 an isl&1 ^: figure 0 def9$ by a ^w signify+ ?ree promontories1 & :i* 0 accessible by a passage on ! we/]n side ( ,greece4 #b4 ,t ne> ?is isl&1 !re lay on "o side ! jaw ( a dang]\s n>r[4 #c4 ,t ei!r on ! o!r side ( x or 9 "s o!r neighb\r+ qu>t] lay ! op5 sea1 & a r\te along x1 by :i* ! fur!r side ( ! isl& might be rea*$1 )\t trav]s+ ! n>r[4 #d4 ,t at a po9t beyond bo? ^! op5+s 7,i say no?+ = ! pres5t ( ! po9ts ( ! compass7 !re lay a great /ream su* z he call$ 1 fl[+ always inw>ds to ! 1 :i* he suppos$ to be f$ by x 7,il4 xxi4 #aif74 #e4 ,t !re 0 likewise a passage1 :i* ,hom] call$ ! 1 accessible f ! ea/]n side ( ,greece2 & ?r\gh :i* ,jason1 & z he believ$ ,jason alone1 _h sail$4 #f4 ,t at a po9t beyond ?is passage too1 !re lay an expanse ( sea1 1 & aga9 a great /ream1 su* z he call$ 1 fl[+ always inw>ds to ! 4 ,n[ we h se5 t he gives u 9 ! poem "o m\?1 & "o m\? only1 ( 1 :i* corresponds ) e "o ( ^! propositions tak5 s+ly3 x is1 accord+ to him1 beyond ,?r9acie1 beyond ! ,/raits ( ,scylla & ,*>ybdis1 atta9able by an op5 sea passage1 & beyond ! or ,bosphorus4 ,x seems to foll[ almo/ ma!matically1 t he believ$ 9 an op5 sea r\te1 :i* mu/ h la9 to ! nor?1 & :i* e/abli%$ a communication1 indep5d5t ( ! ,bosphorus1 betwe5 ! ,m$it]ranean & ! ,eux9e4 ,he bl5ds two sets ( reports into "o4 ,x also h]eby appe>s t he _h receiv$ f ! ,phnicians two sets ( reports1 "o relat+ to we/]n1 & ! o!r to nor?-ea/]n navigation1 b bo? involv+ a description ( a great inw>d fl[+ /ream z an ultimate po9t1 agreeably to 8 idea ( ! ,riv] ,ocean4 ,^! two ult]ior po9ts1 obta9$ respectively f ea* set ( reports1 ,hom]1 l$ by ! simil>ity ( features1 has bl5d$ into "o4 ,we c ev5 n[ take 8 untrue repres5tation to pieces1 & c see :]e & h[ x sep>ates into two1 ea* ( !m geographically true4 ,9 8 "o m\? ( ,ocean he has comb9$ ! conditions1 t 9 nature belong to two sep>ate geographical po9ts4 ,bo? ! nor?-ea/]n report & ! we/]n report he has amalgamat$1 by c>ry+ ! remote po9t ( ! =m] r\nd1 s to speak1 9 ord] to meet ! latt]3 & hav+ ?us made 8 ,ocean-m\? nor!rn1 z well z ea/]n1 he consi/5tly calls 9 ,boreas to take ! %ip ( ,ulysses to ! m\? ( ! ,%ades bel[1 s z to fix t po9t 9 ! ea/1 because x 0 ! c\nt]p>t to 8 ,elysian fields :i* lay 9 ! we/4 ,! two sets ( ,phnician reports are 9 ?is way oddly br\ght to integrate "o ano!r4 ,! ,ocean m\? 9 ! ,eux9e gets ! b5efit ( ! op5 sea r\te2 & ! ,ocean m\? at ,gibralt> has cr$it = be+ plac$ 9 a nor!rn latitude & ea/]n longitude2 ea* report ?us ?r[+ its own sep>ate attributes into ! common /ock4 ,! effect ( ?us =c+ ,y5ikal & ,gibralt> to meet1 naturally en\gh br+s ! ,f>o ( ,mess9a & ! ,bosphorus ne> to "o ano!r3 & h5ce ,circe1 9 ! ,twelf? ,book1 names !m to ,ulysses z alt]native r\tes1 bo? app>5tly ly+ 9 ! same region4 ,b aga9 ,i say1 t 9 ord] to compreh5d ! ,out] or imag9>y geography ( ! ,odyssey1 we mu/ entirely dismiss f our m9ds ! map ( ,europe z x is4 ,we mu/ treat z hav+ be5 a real map to ,hom] only ! little sph]e :i* 0 embrac$ )9 ! resort ( ord9>y ,greek navigation4 ,beyond t n>r[ range1 we mu/ consid] him z di/ribut+ l& & sea 9 ! mann] he be/ c\ld1 by ! aid ( reports1 necess>ily 9 t age mo/ indi/9ct1 & 9 all likelihood exagg]at$1 & ev5 wilfully d>k5$ to boot1 by trad+ craft4 ,sometimes !re=e he puts a p ^u poetical t]ra firma at po9ts1 :]e x =tunately b accid5tally turns out t nature has provid$ an antitype = ! imag]y ( ! ,poem4 ,sometimes he lodges !m :]e !re is none2 ubi nl nisi pontus et a]4 ,b ?\gh details are to be ?us dispos$ (1 /ill ! "o ma/] v>iation f actual nature is ?is2 ! sea ext5d$ f ! ,m$it]ranean to ! ,eux9e1 beh9d1 i4 e4 to ! nor? (1 ! ,bosphorus & ( ,?race4 ,?is gives u t op5 passage into ! ,eux9e1 by :i* ,hom] suppos$ ,ulysses to h rea*$ ! m>itime region1 t ,jason _h s\ght & f\nd ?r\gh ! ,bosphorus4 ,9 sum2 x is too pla9 to require mu* ( ! detail$ pro( :i* ,i h tri$ to give1 t ,hom] believ$ 9 a great expanse ( wat]s ly+ some:]e to ! nor?4 ,! probability is1 t f "s ,phnician s\rce he _h he>d rum\rs ( ! great ,g]man ,ocean4 ,x ne$ n to u appe> /range t 8 m9d did n readily conceive an ext5t ( l& l t ( ! cont95t ( ,europe1 :5 we notice t 8 exp]i5ce made him conv]sant p>tly ) isl&s1 p>tly ) c\ntries 9 m9ute subdivisions1 & ( small bread? f sea to sea4 ,?is great imag9>y mass ( wat]s he includ$ )9 ! 1 to :i* ev]y?+ belong$ z f> z ! po9t :]e ! great ,riv] ,oceanus 0 rea*$4 ,i ?9k !n t we h n[ f\nd ! two keys to ! ,out] ,geography1 #a4 ,9 ! sea-r\te nor? ( ,?race2 #b4 ,9 ! amalgamation ( ! we/]n ) ! nor?-ea/]n report ( ! ,ocean-m\?4 ,f ! site ( ! ,ocean-m\? ( ,hom]1 we may mo/ naturally proce$ to exam9e ! site ( a2 :i*1 z be+ )9 "o day's sail1 is a k9d ( port]'s lodge to x#eih1 & is a po9t ( ! utmo/ importance 9 ! sy/em4 ,hi!rto ,i h proce$$ only by ass]tion1 s f> z ! site ( ! ,hom]ic a is conceiv$4 ,b to def5d ! second ma9 proposition or key to ! sy/em1 9 ! face ( c\nt]-!ories1 x w be necess>y to exam9e1 ) z mu* c>e z may be1 all ! ,hom]ic evid5ce t be>s ei!r ^u ?is "q1 or ^u ! k9dr$ "o ( ! site ( ,ogygia4 #eih ,od4 xii4 #aj-ac4 ,we h !n to inquire1 subject to ! rules :i* h be5 laid d[n1 fir/1 :e!r a1 ! isl& ( ,circe1 is to be plac$1 its nor?w>d direction be+ g5]ally admitt$1 9 ! nor?-we/ or 9 ! nor?-ea/8 ,secondly1 z dep5d5t v mu* ^u ! prior "q1 & z ent]+ at ! same "t l>gely into ! pro( ( x1 :at is ! site ( ,ogygia1 ! isl& ( ,calypso8 ,nor?-we/]n hypo!sis = ! site ( a4 ,n[ ,i ?9k t ! argum5ts1 :i* h be5 us$ = ! nor?-we/]n !ory1 h be5 pr9cipally f\nd$1 #a4 ,^u precipitate inf]5ces1 drawn f "s "o or m ( ,hom]'s out]-_w /atem5ts1 & !n illegitimately us$ 9 ord] to gov]n ! re/ ( !m2 #b4 ,^u ! c\rse ( ! lat] tradition1 :i* 0 l$1 probably by ! c\rse ( colonization1 to id5tify & appropriate ! p>ticul>s ( ! ,out] ,geography r 9 ! ,we/ ?an 9 ! ,ea/4 ,= ,sicily & ,italy became at an e>ly p]iod famili> to ! ,greeks2 b x 0 long be=e !y grew to be well acqua9t$ ) ! m dang]\s1 remote1 & isolat$ navigation ( ! ,black ,sea#eii4 ,p]haps1 inde$1 ! ma9 reason = plac+ ! t\r ( ,ulysses all along 9 ! ,we/ has be5 no bett] ?an ?is2 t ,hom] has giv5 u an acc\nt ( an isl& app>5tly correspond+ 9 =m ) ,sicily2 :i* x may v well d1 & yet ! conception ( ! site may be totally errone\s4 ,aga91 ) respect to traditional au?ority1 ,i appreh5d x may be ass]t$1 t ! ,fragm5t ( ,mimn]mus#fjj1 :i* c>ries ,jason to ! ,ea/1 to ! *amb] ( ! ,sun1 & to ! city ( etes1 z to "o & ! same po9t1 expresses an univ]sal tradition1 s f> z ! voyage ( ! ,argonauts is conc]n$4 ,& ,i w\ld also obs]ve1 t ! curr5t local appropriations ab\t ! coa/ ( ,italy seem to be giv5 up on all h&s z geographically wor?less3 ! only "q is1 n s mu* t ( removal1 z into :i* ( two qu>t]s !y %all be transplant$4 ,on ! o!r h&1 ! pr9cipal argum5ts = ! nor?-ea/]n hypo!sis are1 z ,i conceive1 f\nd$ ^u legitimate inf]5ces1 drawn f ! inn]-_w or exp]im5tal /atem5ts ( ,hom]1 & !n appli$1 by a law ess5tially s\nd1 to det]m9e ! c>d9al problems ( 8 ,out] ,geography4 #eii ,mll]'s ,or*om5os1 p4 #bfi4 #fjj ,mimn4 ,fragm4 x4 quot$ 9 ,/rabo1 i4 p4 #fg4 ,nor?-ea/]n hypo!sis4 ,= example1 mu* w dep5d ^u ! answ] to ! "q1 :e!r we are to c>ry ! ,/raits ( ,mess9a1 or r ! fable ( ,scylla & ,*>ybdis1 tak5 to repres5t !m1 ea/w>ds1 or :e!r we are 9 pref]5ce to move ! ,bosphorus we/w>ds4 ,i answ] )\t hesitation1 t x is mu* m reasonable to con/rue ,hom] z %ift+ ess5tially ! site ( ,scylla & ,*>ybdis1 ?an ! site ( ! ,bosphorus2 & = ! foll[+ reasons4 ,we h n ! slighte/ reason to suppose t ei!r ,sicily or ! ,scylla passage came )9 ! exp]im5tal k ( ,hom] & ! ,greeks ( 8 "t1 ei!r z to ! isl& & ! ,/rait !mselves1 or z to ! direction 9 :i* !y lay4 ,we f9d inde$ t a cont9uance ( w9ds1 :i* rang$ betwe5 ,e4 & ,s4 ,w4 deta9$ ,ulysses 9 ,?r9acie or ,tr9acria4 ,x has f ?is be51 z ,i ?9k by mu* too ha/ily1 inf]r$ t ,?r9acie lay to ! nor?-we/ ( ,i?aca#fja4 ,ev5 if x did s1 we %\ld /ill miss ! true be>+ ( ,sicily1 :i* is we/1 ) all incl9ation to ! s\?1 & n nor?-we/1 f ,i?aca4 ,b ! assumption is 9 fact unw>rant$4 ,! w9d1 :i* pr9cipally held ,ulysses fa/ 9 ,?r9acie1 01 z is evid5t f ! passage1 ,notus1 a s\!rly w9d4 ,eurus plays a second>y "p !re#fjb4 ,besides ?is1 ! w9d1 :i* ,ulysses ne$$1 may h be5 ne$$ to br+ him n to ,i?aca1 b to "s po9t on 8 way to ,i?aca1 f :5ce 8 be>+s w\ld be kn[n2 to "s po9t at :i*1 f ! ,out]1 x w\ld h be5 practicable = him to re-ent] ! ,inn] or ,greek _w4 ,! ne$ful conditions w\ld be satisfi$ if1 = in/ance1 ,?r9acie lay ei!r nor?-we/ or nor?-ea/ f ! ,d>danelles2 & !n ,ulysses w\ld want ei!r ,zephyr or else ,boreas to get !re4 ,& ! opposite !ory proce$s ^u ! entirely arbitr>y1 nay1 untrue1 assumption1 t ! way back ?r\gh ! ,n>r[s 01 l ! way by :i* ,ulysses _h come to a1 an op5-sea r\te1 & n "o 9 :i* ! c\rse w\ld h to be gov]n$ by fix$ po9ts ( l& ly+ along ! c\rse4 #fja ,mll]'s ,or*om5os1 p4 #bgb4 ,nitzs*1 ,od4 xii4 #cfa4 #fjb ,od4 xii4 #cbe1 #f4 ,!re is !n no middle t]m betwe5 ,?r9acie & any fix$ po9t ( ! ,inn] ,hom]ic _w1 f :i* we c by direct inf]5ce argue z to its site4 ,& ! w9ds1 :i* deta9 ,ulysses 9 ,?r9acie1 g f> ( !mselves to %[ t ?is isl& is n on ! site ( ,sicily4 ,! case is f> o!rwise 9 reg>d to ! ,bosphorus1 or 1 ( ! ,odyssey4 ,= "h we "k1 #a4 ,t ,hom] 0 famili> ) ! ,d>danelles1 a /age on ! way to x1 & n v f> f x3 #b4 ,t he makes ,jason pass ! ,bosphorus3 #c4 ,t he also makes ,jason settle at ,lemnos1 & become sov]eign ( ! isl&1 evid5tly 9 connection ) 8 r\te f ,!ssaly to ! ,ea/4 ,b ,!ssaly1 & ,lemnos too1 are places ( ! inn] _w3 ) ,lemnos ! ,poet appe>s to h be5 accurately acqua9t$2 & ! l9e betwe5 t isl& & ! home ( ,jason det]m9es absolutely s mu* z ?is2 t ! g5]al direction ( 8 voyage 0 kn[n by ,hom]1 at lea/ up to ?is po9t1 to h la9 to ! nor?-ea/w>d ?r\gh ! ,/raits ( ,gallipoli4 ,i hold !re=e t ! passage ( ! is fix$ immovably1 by kn[n-_w evid5ce1 z to its g5]al direction3 t to transplant x to ! we/1 is to break up ! f\ndations ( ,hom]'s exp]im5tal k1 :i* is always to be tru/$3 :]eas to move 8 ,?r9acie ea/w>d is m]ely to suppose t he gave ! site :i* 0 poetically mo/ conv5i5t to a tradition :i*1 z x came to him1 _h no site at all1 no positive local or geographical det]m9ation4 ,"* & site ( ,?r9acie4 ,aga91 ,i take ! isl& ,?r9acie by itself2 & ,i cont5d t1 al?\gh ! report on :i* ?is del9eation 0 f\nd$ may probably h _h its orig9 9 ,sicily1 yet ! ,?r9acie ( ,hom] is associat$ r ) ! ,ea/ ?an ) ! ,we/4 ,=1 ?\gh he has giv5 u no geographical means = directly det]m9+ ! site1 he has suppli$ u ) o!r means t belong1 n to ,phnician rum\r or fireside tale1 b to 8 own k & exp]i5ce4 ,s9ce no?+ c be m c]ta91 ?an t ! lead+ local association ( ! ,sun1 = ,hom] z = all mank9d1 is ) ! ea/4 ,x is true t he is 9 ! we/ j z (t5 z 9 ! ea/2 b we c]ta9ly hold ,napoleon to belong m to ,corsica ?an to ,sa9t ,hel5a2 & s ! m9d connects ! ,sun ) ! place ( 8 daily bir?1 & n ) t ( 8 daily dea?4 ,n[1 )\t ent]+ ^u any o!r "q = ! pres5t1 ,i only obs]ve1 t 9 ,?r9acie are ! ox5 ) :i* ! ,sun disports himself :5 n engag$ 9 8 daily lab\rs2 t is1 z he himself supplies ! explanation1 bo? be=e !y beg91 & aft] !y are end$#fjc4 ,9 def]5ce1 !n1 to ^? associations1 f\nd$ on actual nature1 :i* = ! pres5t purpose are /rictly facts1 ,i _c hesitate to ma9ta91 t ! isl& ( ,?r9acie is ^u ! :ole1 relatively to ,greece1 an ea/]n isl&4 #fjc ,od4 xii4 #chj4 ,a l inf]5ce may be drawn f ! names ,lampetie 77 & ,phae?usa 771 :i* he has giv5 to ! ,nymphs ( ! ,sun4 ,_h ! isl& be5 9 8 int5tion we/]n1 he w\ld h call$ !m by names ( a diff]5t etymology4 ,& z ! ,scylla passage1 :i* is on its coa/1 is ne> ! 1 ,i ?9k we %all pretty closely con=m to ! views ( ,hom]1 if we make ,?r9acie =m ! we/]n side ( ! ,bosphorus1 & if we sep>ate x by an imag9>y or poetical ,scylla f ! ma9 l& ( ,turkey 9 ,europe4 ,aga91 x is admitt$ t has 8 "n f 4 ,f ! p]sonal relations ( etes1 z well z f ^? ( 8 daught] ,circe1 we may !re=e argue respect+ ! site ( a1 provid$ we c atta* !m to any kn[n & fix$ po9t ( ! sy/em ( ,hom]ic ideas4 ,n[ _! p>5tage furni%es a po9t ( ?is k9d1 on bo? ! fa!r's & ! "m's side4 ,_! fa!r is ! ,sun3 a div9ity n1 l ! ,apollo or ,m9]va#fjd1 de-localiz$1 b "o hav+ 8 daily soj\rn 7out ( "w-h\rs7 9 ! ea/4 ,! "m is ,p]se3 & en\gh1 ,i ?9k1 has be5 %[n ) respect to ! import ( ?is "n = ! ,a*an m9d#fje1 to make x pretty c]ta9 t1 :5 ,hom] gives a resid5ce to ! *ildr5 ( ,p]se1 he int5ds x to be 9 ! ea/4 #fjd ,see ,olympus1 sect4 iii4 p4 #hb4 #fje ,see ,a*is1 or ,e?nology1 sect4 x2 & ,olympus1 sect4 iv4 p4 #bbj1 on ,p]sephone4 ,x is n[ "t to br+ m directly into ! discussion a po9t mu* conte/$--! situation ( ! isl& ( ,calypso4 ,! usual modes ( solution1 :i* place ! orig9al ( ?is picture on ! ,bruttian coa/ or 9 ,malta#fjf1 are inadmissible 9 _s z well z 9 ! lett]4 ,= v great remot5ess is ! mo/ ess5tial po9t 9 ! description1 & to br+ x ne> w\ld :olly *ange its "*4 ,x requires eighte5 days ( fav\rable w9d#fjg to come by raft )9 sight ( ,s*]ia f ,ogygia3 :ile ev5 ! di/ance f ,crete to ,egypt1 a great] "o ?an f ! ,bruttian coa/ to ,greece1 might be p]=m$1 z ,hom] ?9ks1 9 five#fjh4 ,x is ! midpo9t1 or #fji1 ( a va/ expanse ( sea3 & ,m]cury1 pass+ ?i!r f ,olympus1 m5tions ! r\te z "o :i* trav]ses a mighty space ( wat]1 )\t habitations ( m5 betwe5#faj4 ,aga91 ! "n ( ,calypso 77 places x :olly beyond ! circle ( ,greek m>itime exp]i5ce3 z does h] relation to ,atlas1 :o holds ! pill>s1 t is1 /&s at ! extremity1 ( e>? & sea4 ,! fir/ & c>d9al po9t to be fix$ !re=e is its decid$1 if n extreme remot5ess4 #fjf ,s*nemann de ,geogr4 ,hom4 p4 #bj4 ,nitzs* on ,od4 v4 #ej1 n4 #fjg ,od4 v4 #bfh-ge4 #fjh ,od4 xiv4 #beg4 #fji ,od4 i4 #ej4 #faj ,od4 v4 #ajj-b4 ,next1 if x is ?us remote1 we f9d by a process ( exhau/ion t x mu/ be 9 ! nor?4 ,z f> z we "k1 ,hom] recognis$ ! ,african coa/ by plac+ ! ,lotophagi ^u x1 & ! ,e?iopians inl& f ! ,ea/ all ! way to ! extreme ,we/4 ,9 t direction !re is no m 1 or sea4 ,& aga91 z ,nitzs* truly rem>ks1 ,s*]ia is on ! prop] homew>d l9e ( ! voyage ( ,ulysses#faa4 ,consequ5tly he _c pass1 nor c he ev5 approa*1 ,i?aca :ile on 8 way to ,s*]ia3 ,i add1 he mu/ come to x d[n ! ,adriatic on 8 way to ,i?aca4 #faa ,nitzs* on ,od4 v4 #bgf-h4 ,site ( ,ogygia to ! ,ea/ ( ,nor?4 ,n[ we are provid$ ) an important argum5t1 drawn1 l "s prec$+ ones1 f :at we may fairly call ,hom]'s exp]i5ce1 & t5d+ to fix ! site ( ,ogygia 9 ! nor? or nor?-ea/4 ,x is d]iv$ f ! r\te tak5 by ,m]cury1 :5 he c>ries ! message ( ! ,immortals to ,calypso1 :i* 9 ano!r po9t ( view we h already _h to exam9e#fab3 #fab ,od4 v4 #ej4 ' 1 4 ,we are oblig$ to suppose1 z has be5 obs]v$1 t ,m]cury1 :o does n m>*1 b flies l a bird wont to hunt = fi%#fac1 mu/ move 9 a direct l9e t[>ds 8 object4 ,b ,pi]ia is a di/rict /ret*+ along ! %ore ( ,mac$onia2 x beg9s 9 ! s\?1 to ! ea/w>d ( ,olympus1 & !n ext5ds due nor? ( x4 ,its limits are v>i\sly def9$#fad2 b ! only "q ab\t x c\ld be1 :e!r x v]ges1 n to ! we/w>d1 b to ! ea/w>d ( ,nor?4 ,aga91 f ! r\te ( ,juno 9 ! ,f\rte5? ,iliad#fae1 no "q c arise1 except :at w\ld t5d to give ,pi]ia an ea/w>d turn4 #fac ,ibid4 #ea-c4 #fad ,cram]'s ,greece1 i4 #bjd4 #fae ,il4 xiv4 #bbf4 ,a l9e drawn f ,olympus ov] ! c5tre ( ,pi]ia w\ld c>ry ,m]cury to ! ,nor?4 ,x might1 consi/5tly ) ! condition ( cross+ ,pi]ia1 div]ge a little ei!r to ! ea/ or ! we/ ( due ,nor?1 b only a little4 ,consequ5tly ! isl& ( ,calypso may be affirm$ to be1 accord+ to ! int5tion ( ,hom]1 9 ! ,nor?1 & n v f> f due ,nor?4 ,?is conclusion is confirm$ by two o!r argum5ts2 :i* are bo? ( ! class :i* ,i h describ$ z legitimate1 because !y are f\nd$ on ,hom]'s physical k ( ! direction ( ! w9ds4 ,aft] ! /orm has de/roy$ ! %ip ( ,ulysses to ! s\? ( ,?r9acie1 ,notus1 a w9d ( decid$ly s\!rly "*1 c>ries him back aga9 to ,scylla1 ,od4 xii4 #dbf3 & aga91 :5 he has pass$ x1 he proce$s ?us#faf3 #faf ,od4 xii4 #ddg4 ' 1 4 ,n[ !re is no m5tion betwe5 ^! two passages ei!r ( any *ange ( w9d1 or ( any p>ticul> w9d4 ,consequ5tly x seems rational to assume t ,hom] meant u to und]/& a cont9uance ( ! w9d j nam$1 namely ,notus4 ,ev5 indep5d5tly ( ?is collocation1 we %\ld be ?r[n back ^u ! g5]al rule ( ! ,w&]+s1 :i* is t s\!rly w9ds bl[ ,ulysses away f home1 :ile nor!rly ones br+ him back aga94 ,consequ5tly1 ! natural con/ruction to put ^u ! passage is1 t x 0 a s\? w9d1 :e!r a little ea/ or we/ ( s\? matt]s n mu*1 :i* cont9u$ to bl[1 & :i* drift$ ,ulysses away f ,i?aca to ! isl& ( ,calypso4 ,?is is 9 entire accordance ) ! passage :i* describes him z w9db\nd by ,eurus & ,notus at ,?r9acie2 s9ce ! way f home is presumably ! exact rev]se ( ! way t[>ds x4 ,b x w be said1 ?is implies t he made we/+ on 8 way to ,ogygia f a4 ,i answ]1 t ?is is probably s3 = ,circe is describ$ z imm$iately connect$ ) ! ea/1 :ile ,calypso is f>1 z ,m]cury compla9s1 f all l& & habitation3 s t app>5tly h] isl& is1 9 ! int5tion ( ,hom]1 mat]ially to ! we/w>d1 z well z greatly to ! nor?w>d1 ( a4 ,b ! ma9 direction tak5 f ,scylla is nor?w>d2 &1 s9ce ,scylla is ne> ! 1 & ! are ! ,bosphorus ( actual nature1 x mu/ be tak5 f a po9t ne> ! ,bosphorus1 along ! imag9>y expanse ( an enl>g$ & we/w>d-rea*+ ,eux9e4 ,accord+ to ?is argum5t1 !n1 ,ogygia might lie ^u a l9e drawn f ,m\nt ,olympus 9 a direction n v wide ei!r way ( ,/4 ,pet]sburgh4 ,nor are we :olly )\t means ( measur+ ! di/ance4 ,he floats 7f ,scylla7 = n9e days1 & arrives on ! t5?4 ,n[ ?is is j :at happ5$ to ! pseudo-,ulysses#fag1 :o 9 ! same space ( "t drift$ f a po9t ne> ,crete to ! c\ntry ( ! ,!sprotians4 ,we may !re=e fix ,ogygia z 79 ! int5tion ( ! ,poet71 at ab\t ! same di/ance f ,scylla1 :i* we measure f ! s\? ( ,epirus to a po9t ne>1 yet n 9 sight (1 ,crete4 ,b ?is 9 pass+4 #fag ,od4 xiv4 #caj-ae4 #cja-d4 ,! correspond+ argum5t is d]iv$ f ! homew>d passage ( ,ulysses1 & /&s z foll[s3 ,= sev5te5 days ,ulysses pursues 8 raft-voyage f ,ogygia to ,s*]ia2 & ! raft ?reat5s to f\nd] on ! eighte5?4 ,he !n floats1 by ! aid ( ! girdle he _h receiv$ f ,ino4 ,up to ?is po9t !re is no positive indication ( ! w9d2 ! argum5t f ! relation betwe5 8 c\rse & ! />s ,i w consid] %ortly4 ,b aft] he has put on ! girdle1 & :5 ,neptune )draws 8 p]secution1 s9ce he is n[ approa*+ ! horizon ( ! ,inn] _w aga91 ,m9]va's ag5cy revives1 & %e s5ds a nor? w9d or a nor?-nor?-ea/ w9d1 ,boreas1 to br+ him to ,s*]ia4 ,n[ !re is no reason = our suppos+ t ,hom] meant to repres5t ,ulysses z *ang+ 8 g5]al direction at ?is p>ticul> po9t4 ,! ord]s ( ,circe ) respect to ! />s all indicate a s+le "r l9e f ,ogygia to ,s*]ia1 & nei!r ! w9d nor 8 c\rse alt]1 until he has se5 ! isl& on ! f> horizon4 ,! natural inf]5ce !re=e is1 t ,boreas1 ! ,n4 or ,n4 ,n4 ,e4 w9d1 :i* at la/ drift$ him 91 0 ! w9d :i* _h br\ght him all ! way f ! isl& ( ,calypso1 ov] an unbrok5 & un9cumb]$ expanse ( sea4 ,we appe> to h se51 ?us f>1 t ,ogygia is greatly to ! nor?w>d1 & probably some:at to ! we/w>d1 ( ! ,/rait ( ,scylla4 ,we %all obta9 fur!r light ^u ! site ( t isl&1 if we c m precisely def9e ! position ( ,scylla ) reg>d to :at lay s\?w>d1 z well z ) respect to :at lay nor?w>d1 f x4 ,our data are z foll[s3 #a4 ,?r9acie appe>s to be close to ,scylla1 = x is rea*$ 7xii4 #bfa74 #b4 ,! comrades ( ,ulysses1 :5 !y arrive at ! isl&1 & :5 he attempts to dissuade !m f l&+1 reply by ask+ :at is to become ( !m if !y set sail at night1 & are !n caught by a squall ( ,eurus or ( ,zephyr 7#bhd-ic74 #c4 ,! %ip is w9db\nd 9 ,?r9acie = a mon? by ,eurus & ,notus2 :i* may be tak5 9 ,hom] z ! w9ds t cov] ! :ole horizon f a po9t nor? ( ea/ to ! we/]n qu>t]#fah4 #fah ,see sup4 p4 #bgd4 #d4 ,:5 !y f9ally set sail1 we are n told ) :at w9d x 03 b1 aft] !y h got out ( sight ( ! isl&1 ! sky d>k5s1 & mis*ief foll[s#fai2 #fai ,od4 xii4 #djc-h4 1 & ! %ip goes to pieces 9 ! tempe/4 ,at l5g? ,zephyr ceases1 & ,notus bl[s ,ulysses back ^u ,scylla4 #e4 ,if x 0 ! int5tion ( ,hom] to place ,?r9acie by ! ,bosphorus1 !n ! next po9t :i* ,ulysses _h to make 0 ! ,d>danelles4 ,scylla & ! ,d>danelles4 ,! "q !re=e is1 :at conclusion c we draw f ! evid5ce n[ be=e u z to ! position ( ,scylla relatively to ! ,d>danelles8 ,i ?9k a pretty cle> "o4 ,we h at lea/ two ( ^? /atem5ts1 :i* may be call$ exp]im5tal1 n[ be=e u4 ,hom] knew ! position ( ! m\? ( ! ,d>danelles4 ,he knew ! nature ( ! w9d ,notus4 ,& !re is a ?ird piece ( evid5ce n unimportant1 :i* we may "h prop]ly br+ into view4 ,we h se5 t1 9 ,il4 ii4 #hde1 ,hom] conf9es or conta9s 8 ,?racians 7 7 by ! ,hellespont3 & ! ,hellespont ) him means all ! wat]s f ! ,sea ( ,m>mora to ! nor!rn gan inclusive4 ,n[ by ?is he int5ds only a "p ( ! ,?racians1 ^?1 say1 ( ! pla9 ( ,adrianople4 ,x is presumable !re=e t he believ$ ! configuration ( ! coa/ at ! two extremities ( ! ,d>danelles to be some?+ l at lea/ two ( ! sides ( a squ>e1 runn+ ,n4 & ,w4 respectively3 = unless x =m$ a portion ( "s m>k$ figure1 x w\ld n answ] 8 description ( includ+ a c]ta9 di/rict1 & ! words w\ld become applicable to ! :ole ( ,?race alike4 ,!re=e x appe>s t ,hom] ?\ght ! nor!rn coa/ ( ! ,sea ( ,m>mora tr5d$1 f its we/]n po9t1 m rapidly to ! nor?1 ?an is really ! case4 ,! mo/ decisive evid5ce1 h[ev]1 is t :i* _h be5 previ\sly nam$4 ,:5 ! /orm came1 :i* %att]$ ! %ip1 ,ulysses 0 on ! true c\rse f ,?r9acie to ! ,d>danelles4 ,b if we "k ! po9t = :i* he 0 mak+ 9 a "r l9e f po9t x1 & if we also "k ! w9d :i* c>ri$ him back to po9t x1 !n ! l9e on :i* po9t x itself lies is also kn[n4 ,9 o!r words1 z ,notus1 or say ! ,s4,s4,w4 w9d1 c>ri$ him back ^u ,scylla1 ,scylla lies to ! ,n4,n4,e4 ( ! inn] m\? ( ! ,d>danelles3 & ! unnam$ w9d :i* takes him back to ,scylla is ,notus1 :i* we are entitl$ to consid] z bl[+ 7ev5 z ,boreas1 its c\nt]p>t1 bl[s f due ,n4 to ! ea/w>d7 f any po9t betwe5 ! limit ( ,eurus on ! ,ea/ ( ,s\?1 & #de or ev5 #ij degrees beyond ,s\? to ! we/w>d4 a1 !n1 is 9 ! ,ea/2 ) some:at ( an incl9ation1 z measur$ f ,greece1 t[>ds ! nor?4 ,ulysses has mu* we/+ to make1 9 ord] to get to ,s*]ia4 ,"p ( ?is is made on 8 passages betwe5 a & ,ogygia 9 ! f>!r nor?4 ,! re/ 9 ! c\rse ( 8 long sev5te5 days' voyage f ! nor?1 :i* is propell$1 z x w\ld appe>1 by ,boreas1 & !re=e includes also a slight we/]ly incl9ation4 ,all ^! argum5ts conv]ge t[>ds ! same conclusions1 & all ( !m are ma9ly f\nd$1 n on ,hom]'s out]-_w repres5tations1 b ^u indications drawn f 8 k ( nature1 or else f 8 exp]im5tal or o!rwise famili> acqua9tance ) ! ,inn] _w3 t is1 !y are built n on ! figures ( 8 fancy1 b on ! facts ( 8 own & 8 c\ntrym5's e-day exp]i5ce4 ,& n[ let u consid] ! adv]se con/ruction put ^u ! text ( ! ,odyssey2 p>ticul>ly ) reg>d to ! isl& ( a4 ,:y a _c lie ,nor?-we/w>d4 ,x is q pla91 f ! acc\nts giv5 ( ! r\te bo? ways1 t ! ,ocean-m\? is meant by ,hom] to be ne> ! isl& ( a2 t is1 )9 a day's sail#fbj ( t isl&4 ,h[ is ?is reconcilable ) ! doctr9e1 :i* places ! isl& 9 ! f> nor?-we/8 ,9 ! nor?-ea/ we h an ,ocean-m\?1 ! situation ( :i* ! ,poet1 guid$ up to a c]ta9 po9t by 8 inn]-_w k1 has n v inaccurately conceiv$4 ,9 ! nor?-we/ !re is no ,ocean-m\?4 ,! ,/raits ( ,gibralt>1 ?\gh !y lie r to ! s\? ( we/ f ,i?aca1 mu/ be c>ri$ f> into ! nor? = ! purpose2 9 :at =m1 or ) :at accompanim5ts1 x is h>d to conceive4 ,to attempt su* a transposition w\ld involve ! complete ab&onm5t ( all actual geography1 & w\ld aft] all leave u involv$ 9 hopeless confusion 9 ! ef=t to con/ruct any tol]able s*eme f ! text ( ,hom]4 #fbj ,od4 xi4 #aa4 ,con/ruction ( ,od4 xii4 #c1 #d4 ,at ! m]e transportation1 inde$1 we ne$ n scruple ov]mu*1 if we c\ld ju/ify ! proce$+ by o!r cle> indications ( ,hom]'s int5tion4 ,b !re is no su* ju/ification4 ,x is h>dly possible to exagg]ate ! viol5ce done to ! text ( ,od4 xii4 #c1 #d1 by ! int]pretation :i* ,nitzs* 7foll[+1 z ,i admit1 ,eu/a?ius71 puts ^u x4 ,! %ip1 leav+ ! /ream ( ,ocean1 rea*es ! sea & ! isl&#fba3 #fba ,od4 xii4 #c4 ' 1 ' 1 4 ,! 1 ! ris+1 or ris+-po9t ( ! sun1 does n1 he says1 mean ! ea/1 b only ! fir/ appe>ance ( ! sun on _! return f d>kness1 :i* is a k9d ( dawn+ on !m4 ,& ! dwell+ ( ! e>ly-born ,dawn1 & ! place 7su* appe>s to be ! mean+ ( 7 ( ! ,dances ( h] k9dr$ or att5dant ,nymphs--:o 9 lat] my?ology became ! virg9 tra9 ( ,h\rs1 t n[ delight u 9 ! frescoes ( ,guido & ,gu]c9o--n only d n mean any?+ ea/]n1 b app>5tly 9 ?is place are conceiv$ to h no mean+ :atev]1 & to be an idle1 inde$ a mo/ inconv5i5t & bewild]+1 pleonasm4 ,& ?us ! magic poetry ( ?is passage & all ! curi\s traditions x involves1 are de/roy$1 9 ord] to make room--= :at8 ,= ! hypo!sis t ,hom] places ! dwell+ ( ,morn+ & ! *amb] ( ! ris+ ,sun f> to ! we/w>d ( ! c\ntry t he himself inhabit$#fbb6 #fbb ,9 ! well kn[n case ( a noble description 9 ! ,antiqu>y1 ,walt] ,scott has made ! sun set on ! ea/ coa/ ( ,great ,brita93 b ?is 0 unaw>es & n on purpose4 ,_h he recit$ in/ead ( writ+1 ! error c\ld n h escap$ correction4 ,!re is1 ,i confess1 some?+ almo/ ( navet 9 ! confession ( ,nitzs*1 t #8x s\nds r /range to int]pret )\t any ref]5ce to sunrise1 s9ce x is ! cu/om>y c\nt]p>t to 1 ! sunset4' ,b =tunately !re is no ,hom]ic evid5ce aga9/ x3 z inde$ !re _c well be1 s9ce ! ^w occurs 9 no o!r passage4 ,) respect to 1 ,nitzs* cont5ds t x means n dawn1 b light3 & he quotes ! passages :i* say1 #8y\r glory %all rea* z f> z 1' & #8horses1 ! be/ to be f\nd b5ea? ! ,sun & 4' ,c]ta9ly x is mo/ all[able1 7?\gh ,i by no means ?9k ! s5se ( dawn inadmissible 9 ^! two passages17 especially z day goes n[h]e except prec$$ by dawn1 to g5]alize ! ^w s z to make x equival5t to light4 ,b ! fatal flaw 9 ! int]pretation is ?is1 t :5 is ?us us$1 x is inv>iably ap>t f any circum/ances :i* c give a local col\r to its mean+4 ,b :]ev] !re is any ?+ local impli$1 z is admitt$ to be 9 ! case be=e u1 ! uni=mly means ! ea/1 ?\gh ) a c]ta9 indef9it5ess p]haps z to nor?w>d & s\?w>d incl9ation4 ,= in/ance1 :5 ,hom] speaks ( om5-birds fly+ ea/w>ds1 he describes !m z fly+ ' 1 & ! opposite movem5t z 1 :i* "h evid5tly means nor?-we/1 al?\gh x too may signify d>kness 9 g5]al4 ,! :ole aim ( ! passage 7,od4 xii4 #a-e7 is1 to fix locality2 & x is 9 ! tee? ( all ,hom]ic usage to deprive 9 su* a passage ( local =ce1 :ile x confess$ly c h no local mean+ b an ea/]n "o4 ,to me1 ,i confess1 x appe>s t ,hom] has n[h]e done m1 & r>ely s mu*1 9 a s+le passage1 z 9 ?is1 ) a view ( decl>+ 8 int5tion4 ,! isl& a1 irrespective ( all geographical argum5t1 is1 z we h se51 directly b\nd & fa/5$ to an ea/]n site by f\r sep>ate cords4 ,fir/1 z ! ris+ po9t ( ! ,sun4 ,secondly1 z ! resid5ce ( ,dawn4 ,?irdly1 because ,circe1 its mi/ress1 has ! ,sun1 ! mo/ ea/]n ( all my?ological conceptions except ! ,dawn1 = h] fa!r4 ,f\r?ly1 because %e has also ,p]se1 ^: "n indicates a trans-,phnician orig91 = h] "m4 ,& fur!r1 ,i am conv9c$ we _c alt] ! place ( a )\t uproot+ ! :ole ,phnician s*eme ( ! ,out] ,geography4 ,! scope & range ?us giv5 to ! adv5tures ( ,ulysses conf9es !m )\t d\bt to ! nor!rn semi-circle1 b all[s !m to rea*1 )9 t semi-circle1 to its ea/]n & to its we/]n extremities1 z !y are imag9$ by ! ,poet4 olus & ! ,l/rygonians are evid5tly plac$ by him 9 ! nor?-we/4 ,! hypo!sis1 :i* has "h be5 ma9ta9$ = a & ,calypso1 supplies an effectual c\nt]p>t1 & prop]ly fills up ! ea/]n corn]4 ,b1 indep5d5tly ( all o!r objections1 ! nor?-we/]n hypo!sis = ^! isl&s jumbles !m1 if ,i may s speak1 9 "o heap ) ! o!rs1 & leaves ! ea/]n qu>t] t[>ds ! ,nor? :olly unoccupi$4 ,& yet t ,ea/ 01 = a ,greek1 ! s\rce & ! sc5e ( ! ri*e/ leg5d>y & my?ological repres5tations4 ,su* an incongru\s view ( ! "q w\ld n1 ,i ?9k1 be at all 9 keep+ ) ,hom]'s ord9>y modes ( conceiv+1 h&l+1 & pres5t+ 8 mat]ials4 ,con/ruction ( ,od4 v4 #bgf1 #g4 ,b ,i am aw>e t1 up to ?is "t1 we h left out ( view a passage1 ( :i* ,i freely admit t ! prevail+1 & 9 s f> ! mo/ obvi\s1 int]pretation is aga9/ me4 ,ulysses sails ov] ! sea f ,ogygia1 gov]n+ ! rudd] ( 8 raft ) art1 & wat*+ ! />s1 especially ! ,great ,be>2 :i* at t p]iod1 ,i believe1 0 ne>] ! ,pole1 & 0 a m conspicu\s & spl5did a/ronomical object1 ?an x n[ is4 ,x 0 ) respect to ?is con/ellation t he _h receiv$ a p>ticul> ord] f ,calypso#fbc3 #fbc ,od4 v4 #bgf4 1 1 ' 4 ,or1 accord+ to ! common con/ruction ( ! words1 he 0 to keep t con/ellation on ! left dur+ 8 voyage4 ,b if 8 c\rse lay 9 ! direction ( a "r l9e drawn f ,/4 ,pet]sburgh to ,corfu1 x appe>s t ,arctus1 :5 visible to him1 w\ld be visible on ! "r1 & n on ! left4 ,i c\ld n1 h[ev]1 accommodate myself to ?is passage at su* a co/ z t ( ov]sett+ an int]pretation ( ! g5]al s*eme1 :i* is s deeply root$ bo? 9 ! lett] & _s ( ! poem1 z is ! ea/]n1 & likewise some:at nor?-ea/]n1 hypo!sis = a1 toge!r ) a nor!rn site = ,ogygia4 ,^! two1 x may be obs]v$1 /& toge!r4 ,x is pla91 f ! times occupi$ by ! sev]al /ages betwe5 a & ,ogygia1 & f ! language us$ :]e no precise "t is /at$1 t ! ,poet conceiv$ ! di/ance betwe5 !m to be limit$1 ?\gh v consid]able4 ,& inde$ ! nor?-we/]n hypo!sis = a w\ld d no?+ = ! passage ,i h quot$1 unless we also c>ry ,ogygia into ! nor?-we/1 9 ord] t ,ulysses1 on 8 way home f x1 may h ,arctus on 8 left4 ,inasmu*1 h[ev]1 z ! admission ( ! receiv$ s5se = ! l9es w\ld involve u 9 a new s]ies ( ! mo/ complicat$ & hopeless contradictions1 we mu/ look = relief 9 "s o!r direction4 ,on ! g5u95ess ( ! passage4 ,i desire to es*ew1 z a g5]al rule1 ! dang]\s & s$uctive practice ( que/ion+ ! g5u95ess ( ! text because x seems to /& 9 conflict ) a fav\r$ int]pretation4 ,i may h[ev] /ate1 )\t unduly rely+ on !m1 "o or two p>ticul>s :i*1 drawn f ! poem itself1 may %[ t ^! two l9es are n unju/ly op5 to ! suspicion ( int]polation4 #a4 ,! two l9es are :olly void ( any necess>y connection ) :at prec$es & foll[s !m1 & ! text is complete )\t !m4 ,we %\ld n break up ! passage g5]ally by remov+ !m4 ,?is argum5t1 h[ev]1 is "o purely negative4 #b4 ,^! l9es tell u1 t ,calypso _h bid ,ulysses keep ,arctus on 8 left4 ,n[ ,hom] has giv5 u a spee* ( ,calypso#fbd on ! subject ( ?is voyage1 9 :i* %e promises to s5d1 f beh9d him1 a breeze :i* %all c>ry him home4 ,b !re is 9 ?is spee* no ord] to him :atev] ab\t obs]v+ ! />s2 & ! promise ( ! w9d 9 "s degree1 ?\gh n p]haps q conclusively1 t5ds to %[ t no su* injunction 0 ne$$4 ,= x is pla9 t1 if ! w9d blew fair across ! op5 sea1 he did n dep5d at all ^u ! helm1 & notic+ ! />s w\ld be ( no assi/ance to him4 ,i rely1 h[ev]1 m ^u ?is1 t !re is "h a sort ( pat*work1 v unlike ,hom]'s usual me?od1 9 ! mode 9 :i* ! injunction is record$4 ,cle>ly1 if ,calypso gave a direction respect+ ! />s1 ! prop] place = x 0 9 ! spee* :]e %e deliv]$ to ,ulysses :at may be call$ 8 g5]al in/ruction = ! voyage4 ,& ,i am n sure :e!r ano!r in/ance c be f\nd 9 ! :ole ( ! poems1 :]e an omission ( some?+ relevant & mat]ial 9 "o ( ! spee*es is suppli$ by a recital 9 ! subsequ5t n>rative4 ,x is :olly contr>y to ! mann] ( ,hom]1 :o s uni=mly ?r[s into spee* & ! dramatic =m :atev] is susceptible ( be+ ?us h&l$4 #fbd ,od4 v4 #afj-gj4 #c4 ,! expression ' is f\nd n[h]e else 9 ,hom]1 ?\gh ! phrase ' occurs _m times4 #d4 ,!re is no o!r passage 9 ! ,w&]+s1 or else:]e 9 ! poems1 :i* describes ! conduct ( navigation by means ( ! />s4 ,9 ! ,iliad we h ! m5tion ( a /> 9 connection ) sea-travell+2 b x is simply z a port5t1 7 1 ,il4 iv4 #gf74 ,on ?is1 h[ev]1 if x /ood alone1 ,i %\ld place no comm&+ /ress3 & x %\ld also be obs]v$ t ! objection is "o :i*1 if admitt$1 w\ld displace eight l9es4 ,s mu* = ! g5u95ess ( ! passage4 ,z respects ! grammatical mean+ ( ! phrase1 ,i h endeav\r$ to discuss x at l>ge 9 a sep>ate pap]2 & to %[ t its real s5se is 9 fact ! rev]se ( t :i* is ord9>ily assum$4 ,x means1 ,i believe1 a /> look+ t[>ds ! left1 & !re=e a /> look+ f & situat$ on ! "r h& 9 ! sky4 ,9 no case1 h[ev]1 c ,i admit x to be ! true mean+ ( ,hom]1 t ,ulysses is to foll[ a s\?-we/w>d c\rse f ,ogygia to ,s*]ia2 because ?is is at v>iance ) all ! tru/wor?y1 ,i mu/ add ) ! cons5ti5t1 indications ( ,hom]'s int5tion 9 ! :ole arrangem5t ( ! t\r1 z well z 9 ! p>ticul> description ( ,circe's isl&4 ,x is also 9 contradiction to ^? indications1 drawn f 8 inn] or exp]im5tal geography1 :i* det]m9e at c]ta9 po9ts ! be>+s applicable to ! ,out] or ,phnician sph]e4 ,be=e proce$+ to draw up 9 propositions ! :ole outl9e ( ! int]pretation :i* ,i v5ture to give to ! r\te ( ,ulysses1 ,i w\ld call att5tion to ! means1 :i* ! ,poet has adopt$ to signify to u 8 own d\bt & inc]titude respect+ its actual be>+s at sev]al important po9ts4 ,by means ( ! w9d ,boreas he indicates to u ! direction1 n h[ev] ! di/ance1 ( ! ,lotophagi4 ,aft] leav+ !m1 he tells u no?+ ei!r ( di/ance or direction betwe5 _! c\ntry & t ( ! ,cyclopes4 ,f ?is po9t he provides u ) c]ta9 aids until we rea* olia4 ,:5 9 olia1 ,ulysses is to ! nor?-we/ ( ,i?aca3 = ! ,zephyr giv5 by olus1 he says1 w\ld h c>ri$ him home4 ,f ?is isle1 six days ( r[+ take him to ,l/rygonia4 ,ano!r passage ( indef9ite l5g? next c>ries him to a2 &1 arriv+ "h1 he is entirely out ( 8 be>+s2 he _c tell :]e is ea/ or we/#fbe1 ! po9t ( dusk or ! po9t ( dawn1 until he has be5 duly in/ruct$ by ,circe3 b he sees an unb\nd$ sea 7 7 on e side ( him4 #fbe ,od4 x4 #aij4 ,hom]'s geographical misgiv+s4 ,?is expression ( ignorance1 put into ! m\? ( ,ulysses1 probably conveys ! true s5se ( ! ,poet2 :o1 m or less puzzl$ ) ev5 8 own me?od ( h>moniz+ ! ,phnician reports1 & suspect+ t x might n be> ! te/ ( application to actual nature1 %ield$ himself by anticipation1 ?r\gh giv+ u to und]/& t he did n mean to submit ,circe's isle to ! /rict rules ( geographical measurem5t4 ,& inde$ x 0 no wond] t he felt "s diffid5ce1 :5 we recollect t he _h to conc5trate 9 a s+le po9t facts or traditions t embrac$ ea/1 nor?1 & we/4 ,ea/]n 8 site mu/ be to all[ ( ! ris+ ( ! sun1 & ! accompany+ leg5ds3 he may h _h misgiv+s1 le/ 8 ,?r9acie1 & also o!r traditions ( :i* he _h to "w up ! mat]ials1 %\ld 9 reality lie we/w>d f ,greece3 la/ly1 an appreciable nor!rn elem5t 0 involv$ 9 ! g5]al direction ( ! navigation ?r\gh ! ,bosphorus1 :i* 9 fact supplies a k9d ( meet+-po9t = ! two =m]4 ,! rem$y is1 ?us to hang ! isl& ( ,circe 9 a vague & %ad[y di/ance1 :i* gives ! ne>e/ practicable approa* to an exemption f ! laws impos$ by any det]m9ate configuration ( ! e>?4 ,nor are ^! ! only cases1 9 :i* ,hom] has af=d$ u tok5s ( 8 own want ( cle> k & confid5ce 9 reg>d to ! sc5es ?r\gh :i* he has c>ri$ 8 h]o4 ,on ! contr>y1 he has indicat$ ! haz9ess ( 8 views1 & ! insecurity ( ! gr\nd he trod1 by =be>+ 9 sev]al o!r in/ances to fix ) precision ! p>ticul> w9ds :i* fav\r$ or oppos$ ! voyage ( ,ulysses1 or to p>ticul>ize ! di/ances he travell$4 ,homew>d r\te ( ,ulysses4 ,we are n[ at lib]ty to approa* ! la/ portion ( our subject4 ,we h1 ,i tru/1 fix$ ! di/9ction ( ! ,inn] & ,out] ,geography2 asc]ta9$ ! keys ( ! out] sy/em1 & fix$ its gov]n+ po9ts4 ,x rema9s to inquire :at1 accord+ to ! data asc]ta9$1 did ! ,poet int5d to be ! r\te ( ,ulysses ov] ! face ( 8 ideal map2 & !n1 f9ally1 to %[ its relation to t ( ,m5elaus1 & to ,hom]'s g5]al conception ( ! configuration & di/ribution ( ! surface ( ! e>?4 ,i4 ,8 fir/ halt+-place1 aft] quitt+ ,troy1 is ) ! ,cicones1 9 ,?race4 ,?is visit 0 paid ) sc>cely a deviation f 8 homew>d r\te3 & !re=e x does n belong to ! ,out] ,geography4 ,! ,cicones ( ! ,odyssey 7 probably plac$ ne> ! nor!rnmo/ po9t ( ! gan sea 7,od4 ix4 #ci74 ,,ii4 ,f ! c\ntry ( ! ,cicones1 he sails s\?w>d1 "u a heavy nor?-nor?-ea/ gale 7,od4 ix4 #fg71 :i* la/s = ?ree days4 ,he has !n fair wea!r1 till he gets to ,cape ,malea4 ,b1 z he is r\nd+ ,cape ,malea1 ! nor?-nor?-ea/] returns1 & drives him d[n ! we/ coa/ ( ,cy!ra 7n[ ,c]igo71 & s out to sea 7#gi-ha74 ,aft] n9e days' sail1 ) 1 he rea*es ! l& ( ! ,lotophagi 7#hb-d74 ,n[1 z x took five days ( ! be/ possible w9d to sail f ,crete to ,egypt 7,od4 xiv4 #bec71 we may p]haps assume t1 9 ! t5 days ( ve]+ gales1 ab\t an equal di/ance 0 made 9 ! g5]al direction ( s\?-s\?-ea/ indicat$ = u by ! ,boreas ( v4 #hb4 ,?is w place ! ,lotophagi on ! ,syrtis ,major1 n[ ! ,gulf ( ,sidra4 ,"h ! region ( ! m>vel-_w beg9s3 & ! m5tion ( ! 1 9 lieu ( ! pure ,boreas1 may be tak5 z fair notice f ! ,poet1 t he _h no precise k on :at portion ( ! coa/ ( ,africa ,ulysses 0 to set 8 foot4 ,! ,lotophagi are full ( ,egyptian resemblances3 & x appe>s t1 z ,egypt & ,phnicia 7 = ,hom] ! two greate/ bord]-l&s betwe5 ! real & ! imag9$ worlds1 !re=e ,ulysses makes 8 fir/ /ep into ! ,out] _w ?r\gh a quasi-,egyptian p1 & 8 la/ /ep out ( x among a quasi-,phnician p4 ,,iii4 ,! voyage f ! l& ( ! ,lotophagi to ! next /age1 ! c\ntry ( ! ,cyclopes1 is )\t ! smalle/ indication ei!r ( di/ance or direction 7#ajc-e74 ,b z1 )9 ! ,out] sph]e1 nor!rn w9ds are always homew>d1 & s\!rn ones c>ry ,ulysses outw>d1 we may assume t ,hom] "h int5d$ "s s\!rn w9d2 ?\gh1 z he breaks at ?is juncture ! la/ l9k ) ! kn[n _w1 he c\ld n v5ture to /ate any ?+ l ! precise po9t ( ! compass4 ,%all we place ! ,cyclopes ( ,hom] on any po9t ( t]ra firma1 or mu/ we imag9e a c\ntry = !m8 ,tradition has answ]$ ?is "q by commonly plac+ !m 9 ,sicily4 ,b a vague tradition1 z we h se51 is ( little au?ority 9 reg>d to ,hom]ic que/ions2 & 9 ?is in/ance1 ,i ?9k1 x may be %[n to be 9 error1 = ! foll[+ reasons3 #a4 ,! c\ntry ( ! ,cyclopes is n an isl&3 x is ma9l& 7 1 #ajf71 ) an isl& ne> to x1 #aje4 ,by ! expression 1 ,hom] sometimes means a great isl& su* z ,crete3 b we h no au?ority = suppos+ he w\ld apply x to ,sicily4 #b4 ,x c h>dly be d\bt$ t ! little :i* ,hom] probably did "k ( ,sicily is repres5t$ to u by 8 ,?r9acie4 ,& all ?is consi/s 9 two po9ts3 ! fir/1 t x 0 an isl& 7,od4 xii4 #abg73 ! second1 t x 0 triangul>1 & d]iv$ its "n f its =m4 ,b 8 ,?r9acie he has giv5 to ! ox5 ( ! ,sun3 & !re=e he c]ta9ly does n mean x to be ! l& ( ! ,cyclopes1 or he w\ld h giv5 x ! same "n on bo? occasions4 ,inde$1 on ! contr>y1 he has actually giv5 ano!r "n to ! l& ( ! ,cyclopes3 x is ! ( ,od4 vi4 #d4 ,i may add1 t ! epi!t is n g5]ally applicable to ,sicily1 :i* is *annell$ all ?r\gh ) hill & dale1 & :i* n[h]e1 unless p]haps betwe5 ,syracuse & ,catania1 seems to pres5t any great bread? ( pla94 #c4 ,besides ?is1 ,ulysses trav]ses v long di/ances#fbf1 9 ord] to rea* a f ,hyp]eia3 b ,?r9acie1 on ! o!r h&1 is v ne> a1 s t he has n retrac$ 8 di/ance1 & !re=e _c be 9 ,sicily4 #fbf ,see ,od4 x4 #bh & #hj4 ,:]e !n 7 situat$ ^! ,cyclopes1 to ^: c\ntry ,ulysses came aft] quitt+ ! ,lotophagi8 ,x is pla9 t !y 7 n )9 ! ,greek m>itime _w1 or ,hom] w\ld1 we may be sure1 h indicat$ _! position by ! "t ( ! voyage1 or by ! qu>t] f :i* ! w9d blew to take him !re4 ,i submit t ,hom] meant to place ! ,cyclopes 9 ,iapygia1 ! heel ( ,italy2 a region ne>ly correspond+1 on ! we/ ( ! ,ionian sea1 ) ! position ( ,s*]ia on ! ea/4 ,?is hypo!sis is consi/5t ) ! :ole evid5ce 9 ! case1 & might well /& on t gr\nd only4 ,b x is1 ,i ?9k1 also su/a9$ by a sep>ate argum5t f ! migration ( ! ,phacians#fbg4 #fbg ,od4 vi4 #d4 ,! ,phacians1 desc5d$ l ! ,cyclopes f ,neptune1 7 rec5t inhabitants ( ,s*]ia2 !y =m]ly dwelt ne> ! ,cyclopes 9 ,hyp]eia1 & 7 dislodg$ f !nce by ! viol5ce ( _! brutal neighb\rs4 ,!y remov$ "u ,nausi?\s1 & settl$ 9 ,s*]ia4 ,!y 7 fly+ f a race :o _h no %ips ) :i* to foll[ !m4 ,if ,hyp]eia 9 :i* !y liv$ 0 ,iapygia1 any place 9 ! situation ( ,s*]ia1 or ne> x1 w\ld be a natural place ( refuge = !m4 ,b if !y _h be5 9 ,sicily1 ,hom] 9 all likelihood w\ld n h c>ri$ !m beyond ! neighb\r+ coa/ ( ,italy1 :i* w\ld h af=d$ !m ! security !y desir$4 ,,iv4 ,f ,iapygia or ,hyp]eia1 ! c\ntry ( ! ,cyclopes1 ,ulysses proce$s to pay 8 d\ble visit to olia4 ,we are n assi/$ 9 ! fir/ in/ance 7,od4 ix4 #efe4 x4 #a47 by any indication ( w9d or di/ance4 ,x is n unfair to presume t ,/romboli1 ) its active volcano1 0 ! prototype ( ?is gu/y isl&4 ,b1 l o!r places1 x is n on ! site ( its prototype4 ,= olus gives ,ulysses a ,zephyr or nor?-we/ w9d1 :i* w\ld h c>ri$ him home1 _h x n be5 = ! folly ( 8 comrades 7,od4 x4 #be1 #df74 ,! olia ( ,hom] !n mu/ con=m to ^! two conditions3 #a4 ,x mu/ lie nor?-we/ ( ,i?aca4 #b4 ,!re mu/ be a cont9u\s op5 sea betwe5 !m2 & "o un9t]rupt$ by l&1 s t "o & ! same w9d may c>ry a %ip all ! way4 ,to meet ^! conditions1 we h only to move olia nor?w>d4 ,= ! nor!rn "p ( ,italy has no exi/5ce 9 ! ,out] ,geography4 ,x is swept away1 along ) ! great mass ( ! ,european cont95t1 & ! cov]s all4 ,aft] ! op5+ ( ! bag 7x4 #dh1 #ed7 ! %ip is driv5 back by a ^u olia4 ,b "h we h _h ano!r valuable indication4 ,!y _h enjoy$ ! ,zephyr n9e full days1 & !y 7 9 sight ( home on ! t5? 7v4 #bh1 #i71 :5 ! folly 0 committ$4 ,!re=e olia is betwe5 n9e & t5 days' sail to ! nor?-we/ ( ,i?aca3 or1 ) an all[ance ( fifty miles = ! di/ance to ! horizon1 !re w be ab\t "o ?\s& miles betwe5 !m4 ,v4 ,! fif? /age is ,l/rygonia3 & x is rea*$ aft] sev5 days' r[+ 7x4 #hj74 ,!re is no indication ( direction 9 ! voyage3 b we h a sure pro( t ! prototype ( ?is place 0 f> nor?2 namely1 t !re is "h p]petual day2 1 ' 4 ,x _c1 ,i ?9k1 be d\bt$ t ,hom] obta9$ in=mation ( a region display+ ?is natural peculi>ity f ,phnician m>9]s1 :o _h p5etrat$ into ! ,g]man ,ocean to ! nor?w>d ( ! ,briti% ,isles4 ,8 ret5tive m9d has1 !n1 made an e>ly record ( ?is1 along ) s _m o!r s+ul> reports1 out ( :i* a l>ge proportion h be5 v]ifi$4 ,!re is ano!r pro( t we are "h ne>ly1 or r q1 at ! fur!/ b\nd ( di/ance ev] rea*$ by ,ulysses4 ,= ! unit$ di/ances 7#a7 f )9 sight ( ,i?aca to olia1 & 7#b7 f olia to ,l/rygonia1 make sev5te5 days1 ! same numb] occupi$ 9 a mu* sl[] craft on ! voyage f ,ogygia to ,s*]ia4 ,x w be f\nd1 "u ! rules ( calculation :i* h be5 adopt$1 t we may place ,l/rygonia at ne> sev5te5 hundr$ miles f ,iapygia4 ,if we are to suppose t by ! "n ,artacie1 giv5 to ! f\nta9 9 ,l/rygonia1 he means an allusion to a place ( t "n 9 ! ,eux9e1 ,i take ?is z a new sign ( 8 dim & confus$ ext5sion ( t sea to ! we/w>d4 ,! "n ,l/rygonia appe>s to belong to a city1 n to a c\ntry4 ,x is 1 & x is also 4 ,hom] avoids call+ x ei!r a l& 77 or an isl& 774 ,by ! =m] t]m he sometimes designates l>ge isl&s z well z portions ( a cont95t4 ,! epi!t po9ts to a /eep & rocky site3 b 8 =be>+ to fix x z cont95t or isl& seems to %[1 t he 0 himself 9 d\bt ^u ! po9t4 ,! trait ( p]petual day1 h[ev]1 speaks mo/ explicitly = ! bona fides ( ! tradition on :i* ! ,poet proce$s1 & = ! latitude f :5ce x came3 & x seems f> f improbable t ,icel& may h be5 ! dimly p]ceiv$ orig9al ( ,l/rygonia2 ( :i* ! site 9 ! ,odyssey is ne> ! actual site ( ,d5m>k4 ,,vi4 ,! six? /age is a4 ,?is c\ld only be rea*$ by a long passage f ,l/rygonia4 ,! ,poet has n v5tur$ to def9e its ext5t or direction4 ,b he leaves himself an ample m>g9 by ! decl>ation f ! m\? ( ,ulysses1 t he knew no?+ on 8 arrival ( ! latitude or longitude 7,od4 x4 #aij-b73 & he is cont5t ) plant+ x immovably ne> ! po9t ( sunrise1 ?\gh ) a great vagu5ess ( conception 7,od4 x4 #ace-i2 xii4 #a-d74 ,!re is inde$ some?+ ne> a v]bal contradiction betwe5 ! decl>ation ( ,ulysses 9 ,od4 x41 t he1 be+ !n at a1 did n "k :]e to look = sunrise or = sunset1 & 8 n>rative 9 xii4 #c1 #d1 :]e he s directly associates ! isl& ) ! l& ( sunrise4 ,b he _h rema9$ !re a full ye> 9 fri5dly company ) ,circe 7x4 #dff-i71 & he 0 in/ruct$ by h] z to 8 movem5ts1 s t we may1 ,i presume1 fairly consid] t dur+ t "t he le>n$ :at on 8 fir/ arrival 0 /range to him4 ,! c\rse f ,l/rygonia to a is prim facie conjectural3 b x is n really s1 = ,l/rygonia is fix$ by ! times & w9ds f ,hyp]eia2 & a is practically det]m9$ by its local relations to ,ocean-m\?1 ,?r9acie1 & ! ,bosphorus4 ,! ,eux9e does n ab\nd 9 isl&s1 su* z we might appropriate to ,circe & ! ,sir5s3 = x is little likely t a rock l ! ,isle ( ,s]p5ts1 :i* on a rec5t occasion acquir$ a mom5t>y notoriety1 %\ld h be5 notic$ p>ticul>ly 9 ! navigation ( ! h]oic age4 ,x is mu* m likely1 t ,hom] br\ght 8 isl&s = ! ,eux9e f among ! mat]ials provid$ by 8 we/]n traditions4 ,we may h[ev] reasonably presume t ,hom] meant to place a at ! ea/ end ( ! ,eux9e1 n f> p]haps f ! ,col*is ( etes3 & 9 t neighb\rhood ,i %all v5ture to deposit ?ree isl&s1 vaguely correspond+ ) ! ,bale>es1 :i* may h be5 transplant$ into ?is vic9ity toge!r ) ! o!r traditions ( ! we/]n ,ocean-m\?4 7#a7 ,f h5ce1 "u ! directions ( ,circe1 !y sail = "o day ) a t[>d breeze1 to ! ,ocean-m\?1 h>d by t abode ( ! ,cimm]ians1 :i* is wrapt 9 p]petual mi/ & night 7,od4 xi4 #a-ai74 ,circe promis$ !m ! aid ( ,boreas1 :5 ,ulysses1 al>m$ at ! unusual j\rney he 0 to make1 ask$ :o w\ld guide him4 ,i !re=e inf] t ,boreas 0 to bl[ n be=e1 b aft]1 !y _h ent]$ ! ,ocean-m\?1 & 0 to c>ry !m up ! /ream4 ,be=e rea*+ x1 we may assume t1 z usual on 8 way outw>ds1 he 0 sail+ ) a w9d f "s s\!rn qu>t]4 7#b7 ,9 ! ,ocean-riv]1 !y haul _! vessel high & dry1 & proce$ by l& up ! /ream to ! m\? ( ! ,%ades or "u-_w 7,od4 xi4 #bj-b74 7#c7 ,f ! m\? ( ! ,%ades !y return to _! %ip1 & 9 x d[n 77 ! ,ocean /ream1 & to ! an isl&4 ,!y g fir/ by r[+1 & !n by a fav\rable breeze1 ( :i* ! direction is n m5tion$ 7,od4 xi4 #fch-dj2 xii4 #a-c3 also xxiii4 #cbb-e47 ,,vii4 4 ,?is isl& is rea*$ ) an 2 ! qu>t] is n nam$1 nor is ! di/ance1 b f ! t]ms ( ! passages x w\ld appe> to h be5 v %ort4 7,od4 xii4 #adi-ed1 #afe-g2 also #ci1 & xxiii4 #cbf47 ,,viii4 ,avoid+ ! 1 ! h]o passes betwe5 ,scylla & ,*>ybdis1 to ,?r9acie1 ! isl& ( ! ,sun4 ,! /rait is rea*$ =?)1 7,od4 xii4 #bja71 aft] leav+ ! isl&1 & ,?r9acie is rea*$ =?) 9 l mann] 7 v4 #bfa7 aft] leav+ ! /rait 7,od4 xi4 #ajf1 #g2 xii4 #bfb2 xxiii4 #cbg-i4 ,! la/ passage appe>s to place ! & ! ,scylla passage close toge!r1 z x says t he came to !m bo?1 ?\gh he pass$ only ?r\gh ,scylla74 ,9 ,?r9acie he is deta9$ by ,notus1 bl[+ = a mon?1 & by ! total abs5ce ( any w9d b ,notus & ,eurus4 ,! common po9t ( ^! w9ds is1 t !y are *iefly 9 ! s\!rn hemisph]e4 ,also x w\ld seem f ?is "p ( ! ,f\r? ,book t ,boreas 0 evid5tly ! w9d t ,ulysses requir$ to help him =w>d on 8 way home1 r ?an ,zephyrus3 = x 0 ! latt] w9d t caught !m :5 !y 7 already on _! passage1 & br\ght ! hurricane 9 :i* ! %ip w5t to pieces 7,od4 xii4 #djh74 ,accord+ly1 z ! ,bosphorus is geographically fix$1 ,i place ,?r9acie beside x1 & ,scylla beside ,?r9acie4 ,x w be obs]v$ t1 aft] all[ance is made = too mu* nor?+ 9 ! nor? coa/ ( ! ,propontis1 ! m\? ( ,scylla w be at ! po9t1 f :i* a ,n4 ,n4 ,e4 w9d w\ld h br\ght ,ulysses to ! ,d>danelles1 & w\ld ?us h plac$ him1 by ! %orte/ cut1 at ! v gate ( ! gan1 & ( ! kn[n r\te to 8 home4 ,! ,crimea has s mu* ! "* ( an isl&1 & its s\?-ea/]n face appe>s to be bo? 9 sc5]y & climate s delightful1 :ile aga9 its proximity to ! ,ocean-m\? ( ! ,odyssey is s suitable1 t we might be tempt$ to consid] x z repres5t+ ! abode ( ! ,sir5s4 ,b x is too l>ge = "o ( ,hom]'s 4 ,probably1 too1 ! isle ( ,sir5s %\ld lie on ! direct r\te f a to ! ,/raits4 ,,ix4 ,:5 out ( sight ( ! isl& 7#djc71 ! %ip enc\nt]s a viol5t 1 & f\nd]s4 ,ulysses m\nts on a c\ple ( sp>s 7#dbd74 ,9 "o night ,notus drifts him ^u ! passage ( ,scylla & ,*>ybdis1 :i* he trav]ses 9 safety 7#dbg-cj1 #ddb-f71 & !n drift+ on1 app>5tly ) ! same w9d1 he rea*es1 on ! t5? day1 ! isl& ( ,calypso1 7xii4 #ddg1 #h2 xxiii4 #ccc71 :i* is ! or c5tral po9t ( ! 7,od4 i4 #ej73 t is to say :i*1 z ne>ly due nor? f ,greece1 n only is conceiv$ to be alike remov$ f ! suppos$ ea/]n & we/]n ,ocean1 b also if n equidi/ant1 yet v di/ant1 at all po9ts f ma9 l&4 ,x4 ,! next /age to ,ogygia is ,s*]ia1 7,od4 vi4 #h71 or ! 7,od4 v4 #cde74 ,leav+ ,ogygia on 8 raft 7v4 #bfc & seqq471 he keeps ,arctos set on 8 "r1 & look+ t[>ds 8 left h&1 till on ! eighte5? day 7v4 #bgh71 he arrives 9 sight ( ,s*]ia4 ,neptune1 com+ up f among ! ,e?iopians1 disc]ns him af>1 f ! ,solyman m\nta9s 7#bhb74 ,! /orm rises1 & ! raft is toss$ 9 a hurricane ( all ! w9ds 7#bic & #cca1 #b74 ,at l5g? x f\nd]s 7#cgj73 ,m9]va s5ds a brisk ,boreas1 & ! h]o drifts to ,s*]ia1 arriv+ on ! ?ird day 7#chb-ih74 ,hom] gives to ,s*]ia ! "n ( 7,od4 v4 #cdh1 #ej72 & x does n appe> cle> t he consid]$ x z an isl&4 ,at ! same "t1 ! t]m may mean ! %ore3 & ! ^w may be us$1 l ' 1 = an isl&1 if x be presum$ to be ( extraord9>y size4 ,,xi4 4 ,! liv+ %ip ( ! ,phacians leaves some:at e>ly 9 ! day1 aft] ! prop] rites2 ! goods hav+ be5 /[$ at daybreak 7,od4 xiii4 #ah1 & seqq47 ,no w9d is nam$3 b1 ) a spe$ m rapid ?an t ( a hawk1 ! vessel1 propell$ by o>s1 rea*es ,i?aca be=e ! next dawn4 ,od4 xiii4 #gh1 #hf1 #ic-e4 ,directions & di/ances f a4 ,we h h[ev] /ill to consid] ! directions & di/ances ( ! t\r1 f a onw>ds1 on ! way home4 ,hom] pla9ly int5ds to describe v %ort passages1 fir/ to ! isl& ( ! ,sir5s1 next f t isl& to ,scylla1 & !n f ,scylla to ! l&+ on ! coa/ ( ,?r9acie4 ,!y are n def9$3 b !y by no means correspond ) ! v consid]able ea/w>d /ret* ( ! ,eux9e f ! ,bosphorus4 ,x has already be5 obs]v$ t ,hom] %ort5s ! ea/]n recess ( ! ,m$it]ranean1 & br+s ,egypt ne>ly to ! s\?w>d ( ,crete3 & t ?is is "p ( a sy/em ( compression :i* abbreviates all ! di/ances ( 8 ,out] geography ea/w>d f ,lycia4 ,we h n[ come to ano!r example ( ! work+ ( ?is idea 9 8 m9d3 plac+ a & ! ,sir5s s ne> ! ,bosphorus1 he pla9ly curtails ! ea/w>d ,eux9e1 l ! ea/w>d ,m$it]ranean4 ,t5 days floatage nor?w>ds f ,scylla w\ld give u a di/ance ( ne>ly five hundr$ miles 9 t direction1 up to ! po9t :]e we %\ld fix ! isl& ( ,calypso4 ,b f ,ogygia to )9 sight ( ,s*]ia1 ,ulysses occupies eighte5 days 9 sail+ by raft3 :i* w give u = ! :ole di/ance at sixty miles p] diem1 ) an all[ance ( fifty miles1 z ! di/ance f :i* ,i?aca _h become visible1 ab\t elev5 hundr$ & ?irty miles4 ,we h also to consid] ! fur!r "q1 h[ f> ,s*]ia is to be plac$ f ,i?aca4 ,we mu/ reckon ! "t occupi$ by ! hawk-l %ip at n less ?an sixte5 h\rs2 & we _c reckon ! di/ance bel[ "o hundr$ & eighty or n9ety miles4 ,?us ,ogygia ought to be reckon$ at fully ?irte5 hundr$ miles f ,i?aca4 ,l/rygonia is1 z we h f\nd1 ne>ly sev5te5 hundr$ f ,i?aca4 ,& ! site ( ,ogygia w be ^u ! po9t :i* is bo? at ! di/ance ( five hundr$ miles f ! ,hom]ic or transpos$ ,scylla1 & ( elev5 hundr$ & ?irty miles f ! ,hom]ic ,s*]ia4 ,?is po9t w1 ,i ?9k1 lie a little to ! we/ ( ! real site ( ,kieff4 ,! actual di/ance f ,i?aca to ! middle po9t ( ,corfu may be ab\t eighty miles4 ,corfu is said to resemble 9 its natural features ! ,s*]ia ( ,hom]4 ,b if ?is be admitt$1 we mu/ remove ! site ( ! isl& 9 ! direction ( ,dalmatia to m ?an d\ble its real di/ance f ,i?aca1 s z to satisfy ! conditions ( ! ,phacian voyage4 ,x w !n be ne> ! po9t :]e we may1 consi/5tly ) all ! repres5tations ( ,hom]1 cut (f ! ,greek p59sula1 & sub/itute = ! nor?w>d l& ! great spaces ( 8 sea4 ,! isl& ( ,calypso1 ?us det]m9$1 w satisfy 9 a great degree ! conditions ( ! 4 ,x may be ne>ly equidi/ant f a & ! ,cimm]ian c\ntry 9 ! s\?-ea/1 f ,scylla 9 ! s\?1 & f ! possible ext5sion ( ! ,cimm]ian c\ntry to ! nor?4 ,t[>ds olia & ,l/rygonia on ! we/ ! di/ances w inde$ be great]2 b z among v great di/ances ,hom] may naturally fail to ma9ta9 ! close measurem5ts ( small ones4 ,t\rs ( ,m5elaus & ,ulysses comp>$4 ,?us1 !n1 we h br\ght ,ulysses home2 & n[ let u proce$ to exam9e ! undevelop$1 b /ill r curi\s1 relation betwe5 ! t\rs ( ! two *iefta9s1 ,ulysses & ,m5elaus4 ,! read]s ( ,dante w recollect ) :at complex precision1 z a poetical ,ar*itect1 he has actually1 = ! purposes ( 8 "w1 built an ,univ]se ( ,hell1 ,purgatory1 & ,p>adise4 ,e l9e ( 8 poem has a det]m9ate relation to a c]ta9 po9t 9 space1 fix$ 9 8 own m9d2 b :e!r e su* po9t be fix$ or n 9 nature is no m mat]ial1 ?an if x 7 simply "o to be det]m9$ by axes ( coord9ates4 ,intricate z ! fabric is1 ?is great bro!r ( ,hom] 9 8 art nev] = a mom5t lets drop ! ?read ( 8 labyr9?1 b holds x /eadily f ! beg9n+ ( ! fir/ canto to ! end ( ! hundr$?4 ,hom]1 compos+ = a y\ng] _w1 _h to deal ) all ideas :atsoev] 9 simpl] =ms2 b1 ,i ?9k1 x is disc]nible t 9 8 way he1 too1 made a sy/ematic di/ribution ( ! ,out] ,e>?1 z he _h r vaguely conceiv$ x 9 8 teem+ imag9ation4 ,we are apt to =get1 f ! comp>atively summ>y mann] 9 :i* ! subject is dismiss$ by ! ,poet1 t ! voyages & travels ( ,m5elaus occupy a "t almo/ z long z ^? ( ,ulysses4 ,he has b rec5tly return$1 says ,ne/or to ,telema*us1 9 ! la/ ye> ( 8 fa!r's w&]+s#fbh3 & ,m5elaus himself /ates1 t he came home only 9 ! eigh? ye> aft] ! capture ( ,troy#fbi4 ,& z 9 po9t ( "t1 s likewise !y are geographically 9 correspond5ce4 ,to ,m5elaus ,hom] has giv51 9 outl9e1 ! s\!rn _w f ea/ to we/1 & to ,ulysses1 9 detail1 ! nor!rn _w f we/ to ea/4 ,x is true t he made ,ulysses beg9 8 ,w&]+s1 prop]ly s call$1 ) ! ,lotophagi 9 ,africa3 b ?is is because x 0 necess>y to ?r[ him at ,malea1 by "s wide & irrecov]able deviation1 (f 8 r\te to ,i?aca4 ,s ,m5elaus loses 8 c\rse at ! v same critical po9t1 ! ,malean ,promontory#fcj4 ,!n ! two /rike (f to ! opposite ends ( ! diamet]3 ,m5elaus to ,crete1 = ,cyprus1 ,phnicia1 & ,egypt1 9 ! s\?-ea/2 ,ulysses to ,africa1 = ! ,cyclopes1 olia1 & ,l/rygonia1 9 ! nor?-we/4 ,aga91 ,m5elaus visits ,libya to ! we/w>d1 :]e1 x w be rememb]$1 he is to f9d 8 home aft] dea? 9 ! ,elysian fields4 ,! c\nt]p>t ( ?is is 9 ! ea/w>d movem5t ( ,ulysses along a nor!rn zone to ! isle ( ,circe1 & 9 8 visit to ! ,%ades4 ,aga91 x is ,phnicia1 :i* 9 ! s\?-ea/ =ms a k9d ( b\nd>y l9e betwe5 ! kn[n & ! unkn[n _w4 ,accord+ly ,hom] has giv5 u an idealiz$ ,phnicia on ! nor?-we/]n l9e4 ,p]haps only p>tial1 b /ill p]fectly real1 resemblances ( "* e/abli% a poetical relation betwe5 ! & ! 4 ,o!r p>ts ( ! ,phacian "* might seem to h be5 borr[$ f ! ,egyptians4 ,no "o1 ,i ?9k1 c d\bt t ,hom] _h ! ,phnicians to "s ext5t 9 8 m9d1 :5 he inv5t$ ! ,phacians4 ,b he has giv5 u ano!r etymological sign ( ! connection4 ,! /& 9 evid5t connection ) #fca4 ,:o b !y c\ld give t "n to ! isl& :]e ,eumu 0 born8 an isl& ) :i* we see !m to h be5 9 relations by a d\ble tok52 ! fir/1 a ,phnician slave c>ri$ ?i!r by ! ,taphians2 & ! second1 ,eumu z a boy c>ri$ (f !nce by ! ,phnicians1 :o _h paid x a visit ) a c>go ( f9e goods4 ,! isl& ( 1 ly+ nor?-we/ f ,*ios1 probably ow$ its title to ! same s\rce3 if n also 1 corrupt$ f 4 ,surely !n1 l f 1 s ,hom] made f 4 ,x be+ always rememb]$ t ,s*]ia is = ,hom]1 l ,phnicia1 a m>itime l&4 ,x is n[h]e call$ an isl&2 f :i* we "k1 t ,hom] ei!r believ$ x to be atta*$ to ! cont95t1 or to =m1 l ,crete#fcb1 a cont95t ( itself4 #fbh ,od4 iii4 #cah4 #fbi ,od4 iv4 #hb4 #fcj ,od4 iii4 #bhf-ij4 #fca ,od4 xv4 #djb4 ,mu* difficulty has be5 rais$ ab\t ?is 3 see ,wood on ,hom]1 pp4 #i-af2 b surely )\t ne$4 ,we h no occasion to translate into trans1 1 or beyond4 ,! 1 or ,syros1 has ! same be>+ 9 respect to ,delos1 z 9 respect to ,*ios1 :i* is call$ 1 ,od4 iii4 #agj4 ,x may p]haps mean to w9dw>d1 & ?is w\ld correspond ) ! idea ( z ! prevail+ w9d ( ! gan4 ,ano!r difficulty is made ab\t ! phrase 1 :i* is int]pret$ z describ+ ! position relatively to ,delos4 ,i "k n :y ?is %\ld con/itute a difficulty at all1 if ,syros is to ! we/ & nor? ( ,delos4 ,b !re w\ld be no difficulty1 ev5 if ,delos 7 we/ ( ,syros3 = ! words may apply grammatically to ei!r ( ! two isl&s z view$ f ! o!r4 #fcb ,od4 xix4 #agb4 ,! ,erembi ( ,m5elaus are g5]ally und]/ood to be ! ,arabians4 ,! ?iopes1 :om he also visits1 ext5d f ! extreme ea/ to ! fur!/ we/ ( ! surface ( ! e>?2 & !y possibly may h a c\nt]p>t 9 ! ,cimm]ians ( ! nor?4 ,9 ! same zone ) ! ?iopes1 on ! bord]s ( ,ocean to ! s\?1 a passage ( ! ,iliad places ! #fcc4 ,h]odotus supports ,hom] 9 ?is1 z 9 mo/ o!r p>ticul>s4 ,& ! rese>*es ( ! mo/ rec5t travell]s su/a9 ! ass]tion ( ^! two old e?nologi/s ( ,greece1 t !re are dw>f$ races 9 ! int]ior ( ,africa1 accessible f ,egypt4 #fcc ,il4 iii4 #b-f4 ,?us1 !n1 x w\ld appe> 9 g5]al t ! voyage & travels ( ,m5elaus1 toge!r ) ^? ( ,ulysses1 includ+ 9 ! =m] 8 f9al passage to ,elysium1 cov] ! entire surface ( ! e>?1 su* z ,hom] _h conceiv$ x4 ,?is1 h[ev]1 c only be tak5 g5]ally1 & tells u little ( :at ,hom] ?\ght conc]n+ ! actual =m ( ! e>?'s surface1 :ile x leaves unt\*$ v>i\s que/ions reg>d+ its di/ribution 9 detail4 ,) "s ( ^! let u n[ endeav\r to deal4 ,& fir/1 :at 0 ,hom]'s belief conc]n+ ! =m ( ! e>?8 ,e>? ( ,hom] probably oval4 ,! passage ( ! poems :i* be>s mo/ directly ^u ! solution ( ?is "q is t :i* describes ! ,%ield ( ,a*illes4 ,we "h le>n t1 9 f9i%+ 8 "w1 ,vulcan gave x ! great ,riv] ,ocean = a bord]#fcd4 ,f ?is x foll[s conclusively1 t ! =m ( ! ,%ield 0 t :i* ,hom] also conceiv$ to be ne>e/ to ! =m ( ! surface ( ! ,e>?4 #fcd ,il4 xviii4 #fjg4 ,! "q !n arises1 :at 0 ! =m ( ! ,%ields treat$ ( by ,hom]8 ,& x is "o n easy to answ]4 ,hom] comp>es ! light ( ?is v ,%ield ( ,a*illes 9 a subsequ5t passage to t ( ! moon#fce3 b he does n say ! full moon1 & ! moon 9 c]ta9 /ages might sugge/ ! oval1 al?\gh :5 full x w\ld require ! circul> %ape4 ,! epi!ts :i* he uses d n solve ! "q3 = "s ( !m appe> to agree bett] ) ! "o supposition1 & "s ) ! o!r4 ,! 1 = in/ance1 9 ,il4 xi4 #cb1 sugge/s a %ape adapt$ 9 a great degree to t ( ! human =m4 ,! ( ,il4 xv4 #fdf appe>s absolutely to require x4 ,no circul> %ield1 :i* rea*$ d[n to ! feet1 c\ld h be5 c>ri$ on ! arm4 ,b1 on ! o!r h&1 ,hom] calls ! %ield #fcf & 1 :i* c]ta9ly at fir/ sight fav\r ! idea ( a circul> =m4 ,%all we !n suppose t bo? =ms prevail$8 ,& if s1 :i* ( ! two %all we assign to ! ,%ield ( ,a*illes8 #fce ,il4 xix4 #cgd4 #fch ,plut4 ,lacon4 ,in/it4 7,opp4 vi4 #hih47 ed4 ,reiske2 ,pott]'s ,greek4 ,antiq4 ,b4 iii4 *4 iv4 #fcf ,il4 v4 #dcc4 ,x appe>s t 9 ! milit>y sy/em ( hi/oric ,greece ! r\nd %ield *iefly prevail$2 b = ! "t ( ,hom] ,i _c help lean+ to ! supposition t ! ,%ield 0 oval4 ,= ,i d n "k any explicit te/imony1 ) respect to its primitive =m1 t c weigh aga9/ ! l9es ( ,tyrtu#fcg2 #fcg ,tyrt4 ii4 #bd4 ,also ,an?ol4 ,grc4 1 1 1 4 ,ano!r /rong te/imony to ! same effect is borne by ! anci5t cu/om ( be>+ ! dead w>rior ^u 8 %ield1 :5ce came ! old =mula ( ! ,sp>tan mo!rs1 1 2 ,br+ x1 or be br\ght ^u x#fch4 ,) respect to ! ,hom]ic epi!ts1 x is impossible to reconcile ^? :i* fav\r ! oblong =m ) ! rival s5se3 b ! might apply to any regul> figure1 & ! is h>dly /ra9$ if we und]/& x ( an oval pretty regul>ly =m$4 ,to a c]ta9 ext5t1 ! natural =m ( ! hides ( animals af=ds an indication2 !y 7 worn z cloaks com+ d[n to ! heels1 & !y w\ld prop]ly cut into ! oblong =m#fci4 ,aga91 9 ! expression #fdj1 ,i und]/& ! epi!t to mean t ! %ields 7 re/$ on ! gr\nd 9 front ( ! be>]s ( !m4 ,! mean+ common to x1 9 ! ?ree places :]e ,hom] uses x1 seems to be #8f ! gr\nd1' or #8f ! base4' #fci ,il4 x4 #bd1 #agh4 #fdj ,il4 xiii4 #acj4 ix4 #ecg4 x4 #ae4 ,x w\ld n be satisfactory to assume t ! two =ms prevail$1 b t !y _h1 ?\gh diff]5t1 be5 conf\nd$ by ,hom]2 & on ! :ole we %all p]haps d be/ to consid] ! z an oval4 ,x foll[s t su* 01 9 ,hom]'s e/imation1 ! =m ( ! _w4 ,& ?is int]pretation agrees ) ! o!r ,hom]ic indications on ! subject4 ,we mu/1 ,i ?9k1 take ,hom] to h suppos$ some?+ l an equal ext5sion ( ! e>? nor?w>d & s\?w>d f ,greece4 ,b1 :e!r we judge f ! ,t\rs ( ! ,odyssey or f ! g5]al indications ( ! poems1 we h1 ,i ?9k1 no sign ( an ext5sion correspond+ly great ei!r ea/w>d or we/w>d4 ,! flights ( migratory birds1 & ! prevail+ w9ds1 are bo? evid5tly f ! poles or f ! qu>t]s ne> !m4 ,! only great positive developm5ts ( di/ance 9 ! ,odyssey are ^? t[>ds ,l/rygonia & ,ogygia1 bo? ( :i* lie 9 ! nor?2 ! latt]1 z an 1 ) a sea /ret*+ f> beyond x4 ,all appe>ances1 too1 g to %[ t ! ,ea/]n ,ocean 0 9 ,hom]'s view at no great di/ance2 & ,i appreh5d we %\ld consid] ! ,we/]n "o z be+ on 8 map ab\t equally remote f ,greece4 ,n[ ! oval figure w give u :at we ?us appe> to want1 namely a %ort] diamet] ( ! e>? f ea/ to we/1 ?an ! diamet] f nor? to s\?4 ,"s o!r p>ticul>s ( evid5ce w appe> z we proce$4 ,po9ts ( contact ) ,oceanus4 ,9 con=mity ) 8 decl>ation1 t ! ,ocean-,riv] surr\nds ! e>?1 he z x 7 realizes 8 belief 9 x1 by giv+ u in/ances ( actual contact ) x at v _m po9ts ( ! compass4 ,?us ! ,pigmies 9 ! ,s\? are visit$ by ! cranes1 on _! way to ! ,ocean 9 ! ,s\?#fda4 ,! gods fea/ ) ! ,e?iopians by ! ,ocean1 & ?is mu/ be 9 ! ,s4 ,e41 z ,neptune takes ! ,solyman m\nta9s 7:i* are 9 imm$iate association ) ,lycia1 a po9t ( ! inn] _w7 on 8 way back to ! ,?alassa#fdb4 ,ulysses visits ,ocean1 z we h se51 9 ! ,ea/4 ,! ,great ,be> escapes dipp+ into its wat]s 9 ! ,nor?#fdc4 ,m5elaus is de/9$ to ! ,elysian pla9 beside ! ,ocean1 at ! po9t f :i* ,zephyr bl[s1 !re=e betwe5 ,we/ & ,nor?#fdd4 #fda ,il4 iii4 #e4 #fdb ,il4 xxiii4 #bje4 i4 #dbc4 ,od4 v4 #bhb1 #c4 #fdc ,od4 v4 #bge4 ,il4 xviii4 #dhi4 #fdd ,od4 iv4 #efa-i4 ,! ,caspian ,sea & ,p]sian ,gulf4 ,?is noble conception ( a great circumflu5t ,riv] 0 d\btless f\nd$ ^u reports ( two classes :i* _h rea*$ ,hom]4 ,"o class w\ld be reports ( /reams fl[+ f "s great out] wat] into ! ,?alassa1 & seem+ to fe$ x4 ,! o!r class might be =m$ by reports ( wat]s outside ! ,?alassa1 & n kn[n to communicate ) x1 :i* ,hom] w\ld at once v naturally reckon z portions ( 8 great _w-embrac+ ,/ream4 ,) ! =m] class we h already dealt l>gely 9 discuss+ ! ,ocean-m\?4 ,to ! latt] "o1 ,phnician sailors might contribute reports ( ! ,atlantic & ,g]man ,oceans4 ,& p>ticul>ly 9 ! ea/1 ,i ?9k1 we _c d\bt t1 along ) ! rum\rs & traditions ( ,arabians1 ,e?iopians1 ,p]sians1 & ,cimm]ians1 ,hom] _c b h receiv$ o!r vague rum\rs ( wat]s z well z l&s2 ( wat]s ext]ior to 8 ,?alassa 7:i* includ$ ! ,m$it]ranean & ! ,eux9e71 wat]s ( :i* two w\ld cle>ly be ! ,caspian ,sea1 & ! ,p]sian ,gulf4 ,on ^! two ,i wi% to fix att5tion2 & inde$ ! only o!r wat] he 0 likely to h he>d ( w\ld probably be ! ,r$ ,sea4 ,n[ x w be obs]v$ ^u any map1 #a4 t ! ,caspian lies nor? & s\?2 #b4 t a l9e prolong$ f ,n4 to ,s4 d[n ! ,caspian w /rike ! ,p]sian ,gulf4 ,9 conjunction ) ?is1 let ! read] obs]ve ! c\rse ( ,ulysses4 ,quitt+ ! ,eux9e at ! ,ocean-m\?1 or ,/raits ( ,y5ikal1 he turns r\nd to ! "r by ! ,sea ( ,az(1 enl>g$ s z to jo9 ! ,caspian4 ,9 ! int]val betwe5 !m !re is /ill a l[ salt valley1 :i* may 9 ,hom]'s "t h be5 a wat]-way#fde4 ,he is ?us 9 a condition to proce$ s\?w>d t[>ds ! dwell+ ( ,p]sephone1 :i* ,i h already %[n "s cause = plac+ 9 ! ea/ & to ! s\?4 ,n[ ! provision ( w9d1 :i* ,hom] has made = 8 h]o1 is precisely t :i* ?is hypo!sis requires#fdf3 #fde ,voyages de ,pallas1 vol4 i4 p4 #cbj1 ,p>is #ahje4 #fdf ,od4 x4 #ejg4 4 ,9 o!r words1 f ,hom]'s use ( ,boreas 9 ?is place x appe>s t he meant to describe ! c\rse ( 8 ,ocean-/ream at ?is qu>t] z f s\? to nor?1 or !reab\ts2 & ?is is ! l9e actually =m$ by ! junction ( ! ,p]sian gulf & ! ,caspian1 :i* ,i submit t we may accord+ly ) propriety consid] z g5u9e fragm5ts ( geography1 incorporat$ into 8 fabul\s conception ( ! ,ocean-/ream4 ,x is inde$ true t ! vague acc\nts1 :i* _h probably rea*$ ,hom] ( ^! two wat]s1 mu/ be suppos$ n to h includ$ ! indisp5sable elem5t ( a curr5t4 ,! same rem>k1 h[ev]1 w apply to :atev] he may h he>d ( ! ,g]man or ,atlantic ,oceans4 ,b 9 deal+ ) ^! %ad[y di/ances1 8 inf]5ce w\ld be amply w>rant$1 )\t ! means ( complete id5tification1 if he _h he>d ( any wat]s 9 positions agree+ ) t ( 8 ideal ,ocean1 capable ( communicat+ easily ) its m\?1 &1 above all1 indep5d5t ( ! ,?alassa4 ,"o ^w be=e we f9ally quit ! subject ( ! en*ant$ ,riv]2 9 ord] to complete ! *a9 ( connection betwe5 ! ,p]sephone ( ,hom] & ! wat]s ( ! ,p]sian gulf1 9 ! "* ( a "p ( ,ocean1 at t po9t ^u ! bea*1 :i* s well balances ! ,elysian pla9 9 ! we/4 ,i h already endeav\r$ to make use ( ! names ,p]seus1 ,p]se1 & ,p]sephone1 z evid5ces :i* atta* ! ,p]sians to ! ea/]n extremity ( ,hom]'s ideal _w1 & :i* connect ! ,greek race ) a ,p]sian orig94 ,b "h we h a geographical trait1 :i* des]ves fur!r consid]ation4 ,! groves ( ,p]sephone are on ! %ore ( ,ocean1 9 ! ea/1 & to ! s\? ( ! sunrise4 ,:at is ! mean+ ( ^! groves8 ,we are compell$1 by unv>y+ analogies ( signification1 to und]/& !m z bo? ! symbols & ! sites ( a c]ta9 organiz$ wor%ip1 :i* 0 paid to ,p]sephone4 ,b if paid1 !n paid by :om8 ,c]ta9ly n by ! nations ( ! dead3 = ! place1 :]e ^! groves 71 0 n )9 ! k+dom ( ! goddess1 b x 0 on ! %ore ( ,ocean4 ,ulysses1 too1 0 to haul up 8 %ip !re1 & only !n to ent] into ! abode ( k+ ,aidoneus4 ,x !re=e seems to foll[1 t ! ,poet meant u to und]/& ?is z a place :]e ,p]sephone 0 habitually wor%ipp$ by a portion ( ! human race1 :i* c\ld only be 8 ,p]sians or 8 ,e?iopians4 ,i d n say t ! two 7 %>ply sev]$ 9 8 m9d2 b "h ! race to :i* he *iefly po9ts appe>s to be ! ,p]sian race#fdg4 #fdg ,od4 x4 #ejh-ab4 ,!re are ev5 etymological signs1 indep5d5t ( ,hom]1 :i* deep5 ! association betwe5 ! ,ea/ & ! ,"u-_w4 ,"s writ]s h comp>$ ! "n ,cimm]ia ) ! ,arabic ^w kahm1 black1 & ra1 ! m>k ( ! oblique case 9 ,p]sian3 ,motis ) ! ,hebrew ,mawe?1 mean+ dea?3 & h treat$ ! anci5t ,t>t>us z equival5t to ! mod]n ,t>t>y1 & z =m$ by ! r$uplication ( ,t>1 9 ,t>ik1 ! ,p]sic ^w = d>kness#fdh4 #fdh ,wels=d on ,engl4 ,language1 pp4 #ge1 #gf1 #hh4 ,bleek's ,p]sian ,vocabul>y1 7,gramm>1 p4 #agj47 ,contraction ( ! ,hom]ic ,ea/4 ,next let me w9d up :at relates to ! contraction & compression ( ! ,hom]ic ,ea/4 ,hom]'s exp]i5ce did n supply him ) any example ( a great expanse ( l&3 b ! detail & configuration ( ! c\ntries1 ) :i* he 0 acqua9t$1 0 m9ute4 ,?is probably 0 ! reason :y he s readily assum$ ! exi/5ce ( t sea to ! nor?w>d ( ,?race1 9 :i* he has plac$ ! adv5tures ( ,ulysses4 ,to t sea1 z we p]ceive f ! t]ms ( days :i* he has assign$ to ! passages ( ,ulysses1 he atta*$ 8 ideas & 8 epi!ts = va/ness2 epi!ts1 :i* he nev] be/[$ on regions ( l&2 & ideas1 :i* 7 sure1 inde$1 to =m a prom95t feature 9 ! ,phnician reports1 t mu/ h suppli$ him ) mat]ial4 ,act+ on ! same pr9ciple1 x w\ld appe> t he greatly %ort5s ! range ( ,asia ,m9or ea/w>ds4 ,?r\gh ! m$ium ( ! ,solymi 7,il4 vi4 #ahd1 #bjd7 he appe>s to br+ ! ,solyman m\nta9s close ^u ,lycia4 ,a *a9 n[ be>+ t "n skirts ! "r bank ( ! ,indus3 b x is probable t ,hom] id5tifi$1 or r conf\nd$1 !m ) ! great *a9 ( ! ,caucasus betwe5 ! ,eux9e & ! ,caspian1 & ) ! ,taurus jo9+ x1 & bord]+ ^u ,lycia3 =1 on ! "o h&1 we _c b connect !m ) ! ,solymi1 ! w>like neighb\rs ( ! ,lycians3 & on ! o!r1 s9ce ,neptune1 f ^! m\nta9s1 sees ,ulysses mak+ 8 homew>d voyage f ,ogygia1 x foll[s t !y mu/ h be5 conceiv$ by ,hom] to comm& a cle> view ( ! ,eux9e1 & ( its we/w>d ext5sion4 ,?us he at once br+s ,egypt ne>] to ,crete 7help+ u to expla9 ! ,boreas ( ,od4 xiv4 #bec71 & ,phnicia ne>] to ,lycia3 & x is 9 all likelihood imm$iately beh9d ,phnicia t he imag9$ to lie ! c\ntry ( ! ,p]sians & ! 7,od4 x4 #ejg71 on ! %ore ( t ea/]n portion ( ,oceanus1 = :i* ! reports bo? ( ! ,caspian & ( ! ,r$ ,sea1 probably1 z we h se51 h =m$ p>ts ( 8 mat]ials4 ,?us we f9d mu* & v>i$ evid5ce conv]g+ to support ! hypo!sis1 t ,hom] greatly compress$ 8 ,ea/1 & br\ght ,p]sia )9 mod]ate di/ance ( ! ,m$it]ranean4 ,9 ! obscure p]spectives ( ,grecian leg5d1 we seem to f9d v>i\s po9ts ( contact betwe5 ,egypt1 ,phnicia1 & ,p]sia2 & ea* ( ^! po9ts ( contact fav\rs ! idea t ,p]sia & ,phnicia 7 closely associat$ 9 ,hom]'s m9d4 ,proteus1 a ,phnician sea-god1 is plac$ only at a %ort di/ance f ! ,egyptian coa/4 ,helios1 /rongly associat$ ) ,egypt ?r\gh 8 ox51 is associat$ ) ,phnicia & ) ! remot] ea/ by 8 relation%ip to ,circe1 & by 8 resid5ce1 ! 4 ,& aga91 f ! family ( ,danaus1 a reput$ ,egyptian1 desc5ds ,p]seus1 9 ^: "n we f9d a note ( relation%ip betwe5 ! ,p]sians & ! ,greeks4 ,lycia1 too1 is ne> ! ,solymi1 & ! ,solyman hills are really ,p]sian4 ,"h is a new ray ( light ca/ on ,hom]'s passion = ! ,lycians ( ! ,w>#fdi4 #fdi ,see ,a*is1 sect4 iii4 ,a few words m w suffice to complete a probable view ( ! t]re/rial sy/em ( ,hom]4 ,! ,ocean surr\nds ! e>?4 ,on its s\?-ea/]n bea* are ! groves ( ,p]sephone1 & ! desc5t to ! ,%ades3 on its nor?-we/]n1 ! ,elysian pla94 ,! :ole s\!rn range betwe5 is occupi$ by ! 1 :o /ret* f ! ris+ to ! sett+ sun#fej4 ,! natural c\nt]p>t 9 ! cold nor? to _! sun-burnt sw>?y faces is to be f\nd 9 ! ,cimm]ians1 ,hom]'s ,*ildr5 ( ! ,mi/#fea4 ,accord+ly1 !y are plac$ by ! ,ocean m\?1 h>d by ! isl& ( ,circe & ! ,dawn2 ne>ly 9 contact1 !re=e1 ) ! ,e?iopians ( ! extreme ea/4 ,two hypo!ses seem to be sugge/$ by ,hom]'s treatm5t ( ! nor?4 ,p]haps ,hom] imag9$ t ! ,cimm]ians occupi$ ! nor!rn portion ( ! e>? f ea/ to we/1 z ! ,e?iopians occupi$ ! s\!rn3 a v appropriate conjecture = ! disposal ( ! c\ntry f ! ,crimea to ! ,cwmri4 ,on ! o!r h&1 x seems pla9 t ,hom] mu/ h receiv$ f 8 ,phnician in=mants two reports1 bo? ascrib$ to ! ,nor?1 yet app>5tly contradictory3 ! "o ( c\ntries )\t day1 ! o!r ( c\ntries )\t night4 ,! true solution1 c\ld he h kn[n x1 0 by "t2 ea* be+ true ( ! same place1 b at diff]5t seasons ( ! ye>4 ,n aw>e ( ! facts1 ,hom] has adopt$ ano!r me?od4 ,:ile pres]v+ ! nor!rn locality = bo? traditions1 he has plant$ ! "o 9 ! nor?-we/1 at ! craggy city ( ,lamus2 & ! o!r 9 ! nor?-ea/1 toge!r ) 8 ,cimm]ians4 #fej ,od4 i4 #bd4 #fea ,od4 xi4 #ae4 ,outl9e ( 8 t]re/rial sy/em4 ,on ! f\ndation ( ! conclusions & inf]5ces at :i* we h ?us arriv$1 ,i h endeav\r$ to con/ruct a map ( ! ,hom]ic ,_w4 ,! mat]ials ( ?is map are ( necessity v diff]5t4 ,fir/1 !re is ! inn] or ,greek _w ( geography prop]1 ( :i* ! surface is col\r$ 9 r$4 ,next1 !re are c]ta9 =ms ( sea & l&1 g5u9e1 b :olly or p>tially misplac$1 :i* may be recognis$ by _! g5]al lik5ess to _! orig9als 9 ,nature4 ,?irdly1 !re is ! great mass ( fabul\s & imag9ative skiagraphy1 :i*1 = ! sake ( di/9ction1 is drawn 9 smoo? in/ead ( ind5t$ outl9e4 ,! ,map repres5ts1 )\t any v important v>iation1 ! ,hom]ic ,_w drawn accord+ to ! =ego+ argum5t4 ,to facilitate v]ification1 or ! detection ( error1 ,i h made x c>ry1 z f> z possible1 its own evid5ces1 9 ! inscriptions & ref]5ces ^u x4 ,illu/ration3 ,,map ( ! ,out] ,geography ( ! ,odyssey ,,& ,,( ,,! ,=m ( ! ,e>? ,,accord+ ,,to ,,hom]4 ,,excursus ,i4 ,,on ,,! ,,p>5tage ,,& ,,extraction ,,( ,,m9os4 ,9 =m] portions ( ?is "w1 ,i h argu$ f ! "n & ! ,phnician extraction ( ,m9os1 bo? to illu/rate ! dep5d5t position ( ! ,pelasgian race 9 ! ,greek c\ntries#feb1 & also to demon/rate ! ,phnician orig9 ( ! ,out] ,geography ( ! ,odyssey#fec4 ,b ,i h too summ>ily dispos$ ( ! important "q1 :e!r ,m9os 0 ( ,phnician orig91 & ( ! con/ruction ( ! v]se ,il4 xiv4 #cba4 ,?is v]se is capable grammatically ( be+ s con/ru$ z to conta9 an ass]tion ( x2 b ^u fur!r consid]ation ,i am n prep>$ to ma9ta9 t x ought to be s int]pret$4 #feb ,a*is or ,e?nology1 sect4 iii4 #fec ,ibid4 sect4 iv4 ,g5u95ess ( ,il4 xiv4 #cag-bg4 ,! ,alex&rian critics summ>ily condemn$ ! :ole passage 7,il4 xiv4 #cag-bg71 9 :i* ,jupit] details to ,juno 8 v>i\s affairs ) goddesses & wom54 #8,?is enum]ation1' says ! ,s*olia/ 7,a7 on v]se #cbg1 #8is inopportune1 = x r repels ,juno ?an attracts h]3 & ,jupit]1 :5 gre$y1 ?r\gh ! influ5ce ( ! ,ce/us1 = ! satisfaction ( 8 passion1 makes a long h>angue4' ,heyne foll[s up ! c5sure ) a yet m sweep+ condemnation4 ,san absurdiora1 quam hos decem v]sus1 vix unquam ullus comm5tus e/ rhapsodus#fed4 ,& yet he adds a consid]ation1 :i* might h s]v$ to arre/ judgm5t until aft] fur!r he>+4 ,= he says1 t ! comm5tators ^u !m ought to h tak5 notice t ! description belongs to a p]iod1 :5 ! relations ( man & wife 7 n su*1 z to prev5t ! op5 introduction & p>ad+ ( concub9es2 & t ,juno might be flatt]$ & allur$ by a decl>ation1 proce$+ f ,jupit]1 ( ! sup]iority ( h] *>ms to ^? ( s _m beautiful p]sons4 #fed ,obss4 9 loc4 ,heyne's reason appe>s to me s good1 z ev5 to outweigh 8 au?ority3 b !re are o!r gr\nds also1 on :i* ,i decl9e to b[ to ! propos$ excision4 ,! objections tak5 seem to me invalid on ! foll[+ gr\nds2 #a4 ,= ! reason /at$ by ,heyne4 #b4 ,because1 9 ! :ole "* ( ! ,hom]ic ,juno1 & 9 ! :ole ( ?is proce$+1 x is ! political _s1 & n ! animal t5d5cy1 t pr$om9ates4 ,( ?is ,hom] has giv5 u di/9ct w>n+1 :]e he tells u t ,juno j be=e _h look$ on ,jupit] f af>1 & t he 0 disgu/+ to h]2 7v4 #aeh7 4 ,x is !re=e futile to argue ab\t h]1 z if %e _h be5 "u ! p>am\nt sway ei!r ( animal desire1 or ev5 ( ! fem99e love ( admiration1 :5 %e 0 really & exclusively gov]n$ by ano!r ma/]-passion4 #c4 ,z %e has artfully p]suad$ ,jupit]1 t he has an ob/acle to ov]come 9 div]t+ h] f h] int5tion ( travell+ to a di/ance1 x is n at all unnatural t ,jupit] %\ld use :at he ?9ks1 & :at1 z ,heyne has %[n1 he may ju/ly ?9k1 to be prop] & special means ( p]suasion4 #d4 ,! passage is c>efully & skilfully compos$2 & x ends ) a climax1 s z to give ! greate/ =ce to ! complim5t ( :i* x is susceptible4 #e4 ,all ! repres5tations 9 x h>monize ) ! mann] ( h&l+ ! same p]sonages else:]e 9 ,hom]4 #f4 ,! passage has t /rong ve9 ( nationality1 :i* is s em95tly *>act]i/ic ( ,hom]4 ,no intrigues are m5tion$1 except su* z issu$ 9 ! bir? ( *ildr5 ( recognis$ ,hell5ic fame4 ,! gross animalism ( ,jupit]1 display$ 9 ! ,spee*1 is 9 ! /ricte/ keep+ ) ! entire context2 = x is ! basis ( ! transaction1 & gives ,juno ! opportunity %e s adroitly turns to acc\nt4 #g4 ,^?1 :o reject ! passage z spuri\s1 because ! action ought n at ?is po9t to be load$ ) a spee*1 d n1 ,i ?9k1 be> 9 m9d t a deviation ( ?is k9d f ! /rict poetical ord] is really 9 keep+ ) ,hom]'s practice on o!r occasions1 p>ticul>ly 9 ! disquisitions ( ,ne/or & ( ,phnix4 ,su* a deviation appe>s to be acc\nt$ = by 8 hi/oric aims4 ,to compreh5d him 9 a case ( ?is k9d1 we mu/ set out f 8 po9t ( dep>ture1 accord+ to :i*1 v]se 0 n a m]e ex]cise = pleasure1 b 0 to be ! "o great vehicle ( all k3 & a pot5t in/rum5t 9 con/ruct+ a nationality4 ,?us1 !n1 :at ! fir/ aim reject$1 ! second might 9 giv5 cases accept & ev5 require4 ,n[ 9 ?is %ort passage !re is a great deal ( important hi/orical in=mation convey$ to u4 ,we may !re=e ) consid]able confid5ce employ su* evid5ce z ! spee* may be f\nd to af=d4 ,let u1 !n1 obs]ve ! =ms ( expression z !y run 9 s]ies1 ' ' #fee4 ' #fef4 ' #feg4 #fee ,v]4 #cag4 #fef ,v]4 #cai4 #feg ,v]4 #cba4 ,s5se ( ,il4 xiv4 #cba4 ,tak5 grammatically1 ,i presume ! la/ v]se may mean1 7#a7 ,! daught] ( ! di/+ui%$ ,phnix3 or 7#b7 ,! daught] ( a di/+ui%$ ,phnician3 or 7#c7 ,a di/+ui%$ ,phnician damsel4 a4 ,aga9/ ! fir/ x may be urg$1 t we h no o!r acc\nt f ,hom]1 or f any e>ly tradition1 ( ?is ,phnix1 "h describ$ z fam\s4 b4 ,aga9/ ! second & ?ird1 t ,hom] n[h]e directly decl>es ! =eign orig9 ( any great ,greek p]sonage4 c4 ,also1 t 9 ea* ( ! previ\s cases1 ,hom] has us$ ! prop] "n ( a p]son ne>ly connect$ 9 ord] to indicate & id5tity ! woman1 :om !re=e x is n likely t he w\ld 9 ?is s+le case d5ote only by h] nation1 or ! nation ( h] fa!r4 d4 ,aga9/ ! ?ird1 t1 9 ! only o!r passage :]e he has to speak ( a ,phnician woman1 he uses a fem99e =m1 3 ' 7,od4 xv4 #dag74 ,b is grammatically capable ( ! fem99e1 z is %[n by ,h]od4 i4 #aicfeh4 #feh ,see ,jelf's ,gr4 ,gramm4 #ajc4 e4 ,also t ,hom]1 9 ! few in/ances :]e he uses ! ^w 1 conf9es x to m54 ,he1 h[ev]1 gives ! epi!t to ,latona4 ,! argum5ts f ! /ructure ( ! passage1 & f ! uni=m retic5ce ( ,hom] respect+ ! =eign orig9 ( ,greek p]sonages1 conv9ce me t x is n on ! :ole w>rantable to int]pret 9 ?is place 9 any o!r mann]1 ?an z ! "n ( ! fa!r ( ,m9os4 ,! "n 1 h[ev]1 tak5 9 connection ) ! p]iod to :i* x applies--ne>ly ?ree g5]ations be=e ! ,troica--/ill cont9ues to supply ( itself no trifl+ presumption ( ! ,phnician orig9 ( ,m9os4 ,x _c1 ,i suppose1 be d\bt$ t ! orig9al mean+ ( 1 :5 fir/ us$ z a prop] "n 9 ,greece1 probably 0 #8( ,phnician bir?1 or orig94' ,b1 if we are to judge by ! te/imony ( ,hom]1 ! "t1 :5 ,m9os liv$1 0 b v %ortly aft] ! fir/ ,phnician arrivals 9 ,greece2 & 8 gr&fa!r ,phnix1 liv+ f\r & a half g5]ations be=e ! ,troica1 0 9 all likelihood contempor>y )1 or ant]ior to1 ,cadmus4 ,at a p]iod :5 ! int]c\rse ( ! two c\ntries 0 9 its infancy1 we may1 ,i ?9k1 ) "s degree ( confid5ce con/rue ?is prop] "n z indicat+ ! c\ntry ( orig94 ,collat]al evid5ce4 ,! o!r m>ks connect$ ) ,m9os & 8 hi/ory give su* support to ?is presumption z to br+ ! supposition up to reasonable c]ta9ty4 ,su* are1 #a4 ,! connection ) ,ddalus4 #b4 ,! tradition ( ! nautical p[] ( ,m9os4 #c4 ,! *>act]i/ic epi!t 2 z also its relation to ! o!r ,hom]ic p]sonages ) ^: "n x is jo9$4 #d4 ,! fact t ,m9os br\ght a m advanc$ =m ( laws & polity among a p ( l[] social organization2 ! pro( ?us giv5 t he belong$ to a sup]ior race3 ! probability t1 if ?is race _h be5 ,hell5ic1 ,hom] w\ld h di/9ctly m>k$ ! connection ( s di/+ui%$ a p]son ) ! ,hell5ic /em3 & ! app>5t c]ta9ty t1 if n ,hell5ic1 x c\ld only be ,phnician4 ,! positive ,hom]ic gr\nds = believ+ ,m9os to be ,phnician are mu* /rong]1 ?an any t su/a9 ! same belief 9 ! case ( ,cadmus3 & ! negative objection1 t ,hom] does n call him by ! "n ( ! c\ntry f :i* he sprang1 is 9 fact an indication ( ! ,poet's uni=m practice ( draw+ ! curta9 ov] hi/ory or leg5d1 at ! po9t :]e a long] p]spective w\ld h ! effect ( exhibit+ any ,greek h]o z d]iv$ f a =eign s\rce1 & ?us ( confut+ t claim to auto*?onism :i*1 ?\gh x is n mu* 8 way to proclaim su* matt]s 9 ! ab/ract1 yet appe>s to h op]at$ ) ,hom] z a practical pr9ciple ( consid]able weight4 ,,excursus ,,ii4 ,,on ,,! ,,l9e ,,odyss4 ,v4 #bgg4 ,i h ! less scruple 9 mak+ ! v]se ,od4 v4 #bgg ! subject ( a p>ticul> inquiry1 because ! *ief elem5ts ( ! discussion are important ) ref]5ce to ! laws ( ,hom]ic ,greek1 z well z ) reg>d to t adju/m5t ( ! ,out] ,geography1 :i* ,i h support$ by a detail$ application to e "p ( ! n>rative ( ! ,odyssey1 & :i* ,i at once admit is 9 irreconcilable conflict ) ! popul> con/ruction ( ! acc\nt ( ! voyage f ,ogygia to ,s*]ia1 z f> z x dep5ds ^u ?is p>ticul> v]se4 ,! passage is#fei 7! ref]r+ to 9 v4 #bgc7 #fei ,od4 v4 #bgf1 #g4 1 1 ' 4 ,! po9ts ^u :i* ! signification ( ! la/ l9e mu/ dep5d1 seem to be z foll[s3 #a4 ,! mean+ ( ! important ,hom]ic ^w 4 #b4 ,! =m ( ! phrase 1 :i* is an 9 ,hom]4 #c4 ,! =ce ( ! preposition 1 p>ticul>ly ) ! accusative4 ,! second ( ^! po9ts may be spe$ily dismiss$4 ,= 7#a7 ! only "q t c arise ^u x w\ld be1 :e!r 7assum+ = ! mom5t ! s5se ( 7 #8! left ( 8 h&' means ! left ( ! l9e describ$ by ! onw>d movem5t ( 8 body1 or ! left ( ! direction 9 :i* 8 h&1 t is1 8 "r or /e]+ h&1 po9ts :ile ^u ! helm2 :i* w\ld be ! exact rev]se ( ! =m]4 ,b1 ?\gh ! latt] int]pretation w\ld be grammatically accurate1 x is too m9ute & subtle1 z respects ! s5se1 to agree ) ,hom]'s me?ods ( expression4 ,& 7#b7 "s ( ! ,s*olia/s report ano!r read+1 1 in/ead ( 1 :i* w\ld pres5t no po9t ( d\bt or suspicion "u ?is head4 ,we h !n two que/ions to consid]2 ( :i* ! fir/ is ! g5]al use & treatm5t by ,hom] ( ! ^w 4 ,s5ses ( & 4 ,x appe>s to me well wor? consid]ation :e!r ! & ( ,hom] ought n1 besides ! s5ses ( "r & left1 to be ackn[l$g$ capable ( ! s5ses ( ea/ & we/ respectively4 ,! ^w takes ! s5se ( left by way ( d]ivation & second int5tion only4 ,! ^w is t1 :i* etymologically & prim>ily expresses ! function ( ! left h&4 ,! use ( ?is z ! pr9cipal h& is abnormal1 & places ! body z x 7 askew 7comp>e 1 scvus1 s*ief7#ffj4 ,9 ,hom] ! only ^w us$ s+ly1 i4 e4 )\t a sub/antive1 to express ! left h& is 4 ,at ! same "t1 we _c draw positive conclusions f ?is fact1 because c\ld n /& 9 ! hexamet] to repres5t a fem99e n\n s+ul>1 on acc\nt ( ! laws ( metre1 :i* 9 ?is po9t are inflexible4 #ffj ,liddell & ,scott4 means ! left h& 9 ,il4 i4 #eja4 xvi4 #gcd4 xxi4 #dij4 ,?is adjective is b once us$ 9 ,hom] except = ! h&3 viz41 9 ,od4 iii4 #bie we h = #8! =el& on ! left4' ,b may h meant orig9ally ! left h& gates ( ,troy4 ,! application ( to ! "r h& 7f :i* we may consid] z an adaptation = metrical purposes71 is to be suffici5tly acc\nt$ =1 because x 0 ! h& by :i* greet+s 7 ex*ang$1 & engagem5ts contract$#ffa4 ,b x is n s ) 3 & :ile we contemplate ! subject 9 reg>d only to ! uses ( ! memb]1 ! ^w rema9s p]fectly unexceptionable1 & ev5 highly expressive & conv5i5t1 9 its function ( express+ ! left h&4 #ffa ,il4 ii4 #cda4 x4 #edb4 ,x appe>s t ! ,greek augurs1 9 e/imat+ ! signification ( om5s1 7 accu/om$ to /& ) _! faces nor?w>ds2 or r1 ,i presume1 ) _! faces set t[>ds a po9t midway betwe5 sunset & sunrise4 ,! mo/ common descriptions ( om5 9 ! "t ( ,hom] appe> to h be5 7#a7 ! flight ( birds1 & 7#b7 ! app>ition ( ?und] & lightn+4 ,! te/ ( a good mov+ om5 01 t x %\ld proce$ f ! we/1 & move to ! ea/2 & ( a bad mov+ om51 t x %\ld proce$ f ! ea/1 & move to ! we/4 ,possibly we may trace 9 ?is conception ! cosmogonical arrangem5t1 :i* plant$ 9 ! ,we/ ! ,elysian pla91 & 9 ! ,ea/ ! dismal & semi-p5al doma9 ( ,aidoneus & ,p]sephone4 ,possibly ! brightness ( ! sun1 :i* caus$ ! ,ea/ to be reg>d$ z ! f\nta9 ( light1 may be ! f\ndation ( x3 toge!r1 on ! o!r h&1 ) t close visible association betwe5 ! ,we/ & d>kness1 :i* ! sunset ( ea* day br\ght be=e ! eyes ( m52 s t to lie meant to lie t[>ds ! ,we/1 & 0 ! regul> opposite ( ly+ t[>ds ! sun#ffb4 #ffb ,od4 ix4 #be1 #f4 ,:atev] may h be5 ! basis ( ! doctr9e ( ! augurs1 !re grew up an e/abli%$ association 7#a7 betwe5 ! we/ & :at 0 ill-om5$ or evil1 & ?r\gh ?is 7#b7 betwe5 :at 0 ill-om5$ or evil & ! left side ( a man4 ,! we/ 0 unlucky1 because ! sci5ce ( augury made x s4 ,! left h& 0 unlucky1 because 9 ! inspection ( om5s x 0 we/]n4 ,"o half ( ! objects 9 ! _w1 & ( ! actions ( ! human body1 ?us lay1 f _! position relatively to om5s1 "u an incubus ( ill-=tune4 ,x 0 retriev$ f ?is ?reat5+ condition1 by an euphemism2 by ! application ( a ^w n m]ely innoc5t#ffc1 b preem95tly good4 ,ev]y?+ cov]$ by ! blight ( evil om5 0 to be1 n only n h>mful1 b 1 bett] ?an ! be/4 ,consequ5tly x w\ld appe> t ! ^w probably meant we/]ly1 be=e x c\ld mean on ! left h&3 because n ! left h& only1 b ev]y?+ we/]ly1 0 )9 ! range ( ! evil to :i* x 0 int5d$ to apply a rem$y4 #ffc ,comp>e ! use ( ! ^w 4 ,9 a passage l ,il4 vii4 #bch1 ! mean+ ( & is1 pla9ly1 "r & left4 ,b :at is x 9 ! spee* ( ,hector1 :]e he tells ,polydamas t he c>es n = om5s#ffd1 #ffd ,il4 xii4 #bch-dj4 ' ' ' 1 ' ' 4 ,9 ! fir/ place1 x is a m appropriate1 because m direct1 me?od ( description ) respect to birds ( om5 to say1 !y fly ea/w>d or we/w>d1 ?an t !y fly to ! "r or ! left h&3 s9ce ! s5se ( "r & left has no det]m9ate /&>d ( ref]5ce1 b requires ! aid ( an assumption t ! p]son is actually look+ to ! nor?1 s t ! words may ?us become equival5t to ea/ & we/4 ,b 9 ?is case1 :i* is "o ( w>riors on ! battle-field1 w\ld !re n be some?+ r incongru\s 9 int]polat+ ! sugge/ion ( _! turn+ nor?w>ds z !y spoke1 9 ord] to give ! prop] mean+ to ^! two words8 ,we mu/ surely conceive ( ,hector /&+ on ! battle-field ) 8 face t[>ds ! enemy1 if we are to take 8 po/ure into view at all4 ,if he /ood ?us1 he w\ld look1 z f> z we c judge1 to ! we/ ( nor?4 ,n[ ! 0 ! nor?-we/ ) ,hom]1 & n ! we/3 &1 conv]sely1 ! incl9$ to ! s\? ( ea/4 ,9 ?is way he w\ld ne>ly h 8 face to ! =m]1 & 8 back to ! latt]2 & if s ! mean+ ( "r & left w\ld be n only f>fet*$1 b :olly improp]1 :ile ! mean+ ( ea/ & we/ w\ld be no less correct ?an natural4 ,i mu/ add1 t !re are o!r places 9 ,hom] :]e difficulty arises1 if we are only p]mitt$ to con/rue & by "r & left4 ,i w ev5 v5ture to say1 t !re are passages 9 ! ,?irte5? ,book :i* r5d] ! topography ( ! battle t x describes1 n only obscure1 b ev5 contradictory1 if 9 !m means left2 & :i* become p]fectly h>moni\s if we all[$ to und]/& x z signify+ we/4 ,illu/rat$ f ,il4 xiii4 ,^! are respectively ,il4 xiii4 #fge & #gfe4 ,9 ord] to appreh5d ! case1 x w be necess>y to foll[ closely ! movem5t ( ! battle ?r\gh mo/ ( ! ,book4 #a4 ,il4 xiii4 #abf-i3 ,! ,ajaxes are oppos$ to ,hector1 1 #cab1 #af4 #b4 ,! c5tre be+ ?us provid$ =1 ,idom5eus proce$s to ! left1 ' 7#cbf71 :i* is ! /ation ( ,deiphobus2 & makes havock 9 ?is qu>t]4 #c4 ,deiphobus1 in/ead ( fight+ ,idom5eus1 ?9ks x prud5t to fet* neas1 :o is /&+ alo(1 #deh & seqq4 #d4 ,summon$ by ,deiphobus1 neas comes ) him1 att5d$ also by ,p>is & ,ag5or1 #dij4 #e4 ,!y conjo9tly c>ry on ! fight at t po9t1 ) indiff]5t success 7#die-fgc71 b no decisive issue4 #f4 ,hector1 9 ! c5tre1 rema9s ignorant t ! ,trojans 7 be+ wor/$ ' by ! ,greeks1 #fge4 #g4 ,by ! advice ( ,polydamas he goes 9 se>* ( o!r *iefs to consid] :at is to be done2 ( ,p>is among ! re/1 :om he f9ds1 ' 7#gfe74 ,) !m he returns to ! c5tre1 #gec1 #hjb1 #hji4 ,n[ ! foll[+ propositions are1 ,i ?9k1 s\nd3 #a4 ,:5 ,hom] ?us speaks ( ' 9 ,il4 xiii4 #cbf1 #fge1 & #gfe1 respectively1 he evid5tly means to describe 9 all ( !m ! same side ( ! battle-field4 ,:]e ,idom5eus is1 9 #cbi1 ?i!r he br+s neas 9 #dfi1 :o is att5d$ at ! "t by ,p>is1 #dij2 & !re ,p>is evid5tly rema9s until summon$ to ! c5tre 9 #gfe4 #b4 ,if ,hom] speaks ) ref]5ce to any p>ticul> combatant1 ( 8 be+ on ! left or ! "r ( ! battle1 he ought to mean ! ,greek left or "r if ! p]son be ,greek1 & ! ,trojan left or "r if ! p]son be ,trojan4 #c4 ,?is is actually ! rule by :i* he proce$s else:]e4 ,= 9 ! ,fif? ,book1 :5 ,m>s is 9 ! field on ! ,trojan side1 he says1 ,m9]va f\nd him ' 1 ,il4 v4 #cee4 ,:at is ! po9t ?us describ$1 & h[ came he !re8 ,! answ] is suppli$ by an e>li] "p ( ! same ,book4 ,9 v4 #ce1 ,m9]va l$ him out ( ! battle4 ,9 v4 #cf1 %e plac$ him by ! %ore ( ! ,scam&]2 t is to say1 on ! ,trojan left1 & 9 a position to :i*1 he be+ a ,trojan combatant1 ! ,poet gives ! "n ( ' 4 ,n[ ' is commonly int]pret$ #8on ! left4' ,b if x means on ! left 9 ,il4 xiii41 !n ! passages are contradictory3 because ?is w\ld place ,p>is on bo? w+s1 :]eas he obvi\sly is describ$ z on ! same w+ ( ! battle ?r\gh\t4 ,b if we con/rue z mean+ ! we/ 9 all ! ?ree passages1 !n we h ! same mean+ at once made available = all ! ?ree places1 s t ! acc\nt becomes self-consi/5t aga92 & if ! mean+ be #8on ! we/1' !n we may und]/& t ,idom5eus mo/ naturally betakes himself to ! we/1 because t 0 ! qu>t] ( ! ,myrmidons1 :]e ! ,greek l9e 0 depriv$ ( support4 ,if1 h[ev]1 x be said1 t ! ,greek left is meant ?r\gh\t1 !n ! expression 9 v4 #gfe is bo? contr>y to :at w\ld seem reasonable1 & at v>iance ) ,hom]'s own prec$5t 9 ! ,fif? ,book4 ,?us !re is consid]able reason to suppose t1 9 ,hom]1 may sometimes mean #8we/4' ,s t if 9 ,od4 v4 #bgg really means #8^u1' ! phrase w signify1 t ,ulysses 0 to h ,arctus on ! we/ side ( him1 :i* w\ld place ,ogygia 9 ! requir$ position to ! ea/ ( nor?4 ,! =ce ( 9 ,hom]4 ,! po9t rema9+ = discussion is at once ! mo/ difficult & ! mo/ important4 ,:at is ! true =ce ( ! ,hom]ic 8 ,i f9d ! s5ses ( ?is preposition cle>ly & compreh5sively treat$ 9 ,jelf's ,greek ,gramm>1 :]e ! lead+ po9ts ( its v>i\s significations are laid d[n z foll[s#ffe3 #ffe ,jelf's ,gr4 ,gr4 ,nos4 #fcc-e4 #a4 ,its orig9al =ce is ^u1 or on4 #b4 ,x is appli$ to place1 "t1 or causation4 ,( ^! ?ree1 :5 treat+ ( a geographical "q1 we ne$ only consid] ! fir/ ) any m9ut5ess4 #c4 1 :5 us$ locally1 means ) ! g5itive 7a7 on or at1 & 7b7 motion t[>ds a place or ?+4 ,) ! dative 7a7 on or at1 & 7b7 by or ne>4 ,) ! accusative 7a7 t[>ds1 & 7b7 #8ext5sion 9 space ov] an object1 z well ) v]bs ( re/ z ( motion4' ,( ?is s5se examples are quot$ 9 = v]bs ( motion1 & ' = v]bs ( re/4 ,bo? are f ,hom]1 9 ,il4 vii4 #hc1 & ,od4 xi4 #egg4 ,! ,hom]ic & ' are also quot$ z examples ( ?is la/-nam$ s5se4 ,b 9 ,od4 v4 #bgg1 if ! mean+ be on ! left1 x is pla9ly q beyond ^! def9itions3 = s f> f be+ an object ext5d$ ov] space1 ! /> is1 z x appe>s on ! left1 a lum9\s po9t1 & no?+ m4 ,x 0 an ext5sion ov] space1 su* z ! eye has f a w9d[ ov] a prospect2 b !n t space is ! space :i* lies ov]-aga9/ ! />2 s t if ! space be on ! left1 ! /> mu/ be look+ t[>ds ! left inde$1 b = t v reason set on ! "r4 ,! diff]5ce "h is mo/ important 9 connection ) ! s5se ( ! preposition4 ,if ' means on ! left1 x is only on a s+le po9t ( ! left2 if x means t[>ds or ov]-aga9/ ! "r1 x means t[>ds or ov]-aga9/ ! :ole "r4 ,n[1 ! =m] ( ^! s5ses is1 ,i cont5d1 utt]ly out ( keep+ ) ! :ole ,hom]ic use ( z a preposition gov]n+ ! accusative3 :ile ! latt] is q 9 keep+ ) x4 ,=ce ( ) 4 ,! idea ( motion1 physical or metaphysical1 9 "s "o or o!r ( its modifications1 appe>s to inh]e ess5tially 9 ! ,hom]ic use ( ) ! accusative4 ,9 ! great majority ( in/ances1 x is us$ ) a v]b ( motion1 :i* places ! matt] beyond all d\bt4 ,9 almo/ all o!r in/ances1 ei!r ! motion ( a body1 or "s cov]+ ( space :]e !re is no motion1 are obvi\sly involv$4 ,?us ! ,zephyr 7#fff7 :i/les 4 ,a h]o1 or a bevy ( maid5s1 may %\t #ffg4 ,! rim ( a basket is cov]$ ) a plat+ ( gold1 ' 3 t is1 ! gold is drawn ov] x#ffh4 ,a*illes looks#ffi 4 ,! sun appe>s to mortals #fgj4 ,"h we %\ld app>5tly und]/& #8spread1' or "s equival5t ^w4 ,we h #8animals z _m z are born' #fga4 ,or1 aga91 we h #8may 8 glory be' 7spread7 #fgb4 ,aga93 is1 #8,i %all live long#fgc4' ,& ,a*illes seat$ himself ' ' #fgd4 ,a dragon ) a purple back is#fge 4 ,! %\ld]s ( ,!rsites1 compress$ aga9/ 8 *e/1 are1 #fgf4 ,! horses ( ,admetus /& ev5 ) ! rod across _! backs#fgg1 4 ,i h n conf9$ ^! examples to m]ely local cases1 because a m v>i$ illu/ration1 ,i ?9k1 "h enl>ges our means ( judgm5t4 ,9 e case1 x appe>s1 we may ass]t t ext5sion1 :e!r 9 "t or space1 is impli$2 & ! prop] ^w to con/rue 7except ) c]ta9 v]bs ( motion1 z1 #8he fell on1' & ! l7 w be ov]1 along1 across1 or ov]-aga9/4 ,fur!r1 we h 9 ,il4 vi4 #djj1 accord+ to "o read+1 ! preposition comb9$ ) ! v]b 1 & gov]n+ ! accusative4 ,&roma*e appe>s1 #fff ,od4 ii4 #dba4 #ffg ,od4 vi4 #aag4 ,il4 v4 #aja4 #ffh ,od4 iv4 #acb4 #ffi ,il4 i4 #cej4 #fgj ,od4 iii4 #c4 #fga ,od4 iv4 #dag4 #fgb ,od4 vii4 #ccb4 #fgc ,il4 ix4 #dae4 #fgd ,il4 i4 #cej4 #fge ,il4 ii4 #cjh4 #fgf ,ibid4 #cah4 #fgg ,ibid4 #gfe4 ' ' 4 ,! rec5t editions read 3 ,i suppose because ! accusative _c prop]ly give ! mean+ ^u h] brea/4 ,b we d n require t mean+4 ,! s5se seems to be1 t ,&roma*e 0 hold+ h] infant aga9/ h] brea/2 t is1 ! infant 0 held to x by h] h&s f ! opposite side4 ,! idea ( an infant on h] brea/ is q unsuit$ to a figure decl>$ to be 9 motion4 ,b ! s5se may also be1 /ret*$ ov] or across h] brea/4 ,?us we always h ext5sion involv$ 9 ) ! accusative1 :e!r 9 range ( view or s\nd1 /eps ( a gradual process1 actual motion1 pressure t[>ds a po9t :i* is initial motion1 or ext5sion ov] space4 ,b ! ,hom]ic use ( ) ! accusative w n[h]e1 ,i ?9k1 be f\nd applicable to ! inactive1 motionless position ( a lum9\s po9t simply z p]ceiv$ 9 space4 ,& if s1 x _c be all[able to con/rue ' 1 hav+ 7,arctus7 on 8 left h&4 ,! ne>e/ p>allel t ,i h f\nd to ! phrase 9 ,od4 v4 #bgg1 is ! direction giv5 by ,idom5eus to ,m]iones1 :o _h ask$ him 7,il4 xiii4 #cjg7 at :at po9t he w\ld l to ent] ! l9e ( battle4 ,idom5eus1 aft] giv+ 8 reasons1 concludes ) ?is injunction3 ' ' ' ' 4 ,9 ! ,odyssey1 ! ord] is to keep ,arctus ' 4 ,"h x is to keep ,idom5eus 7& ,m]iones himself1 :o prec$$ him71 ' 4 ,! p>allel is n complete1 because 9 ! latt] case ! object ( ! v]b moves2 9 ! =m] x does n move4 ,let u1 h[ev]1 consid] ! mean+ ( ! latt] passage1 :i* is indisputable4 ,x is #8hold or keep u1' n on ! left1 b #8t[>ds1 look+ & mov+ t[>ds1 ! left ( ! army4' ,probably !n !y 7 com+ f its "r4 ,!re=e1 if = ! mom5t we waive ! "q ( motion1 ! ord] ( ,calypso 0 to keep ,arctus look+ t[>ds ! left ( ! %ip3 & accord+ly ,arctus 0 to look f its "r4 ,we mu/1 ,i appreh5d1 seek ! key to ! g5]al mean+ ( ?is phrase f consid]+ t idea ( motion involv$ 9 ! ord9>y manife/ation ( om5s1 :i* appe>s to be ! basis ( ! phrase itself4 ,n[1 x seems to be ! ess5tial & v peculi> *>act]i/ic ( ?is phrase 9 ,hom]1 & ( ! si/] phrases 7:e!r writt5 9 "o ^w or 9 two7 & 1 t !y v commonly imply a position diff]5t f t :i* !y seem at fir/ sight to sugge/4 ,= t :i* goes t[>ds ! left is naturally und]/ood to g f ! "r1 & vice v]s4 #8,to' & n #8on' is ! ess5tial *>act]i/ic ( ! ,hom]ic ) ! accusative4 ,accord+ly1 :]e is s us$ ) ! words or 1 we may (t5 und]/& an orig9al position ( ! p]son or ?+ int5d$1 g5]ally opposite to ! po9t or qu>t] express$4 ,9 su* a case z 444 ' we %\ld jo9 ' ) ! subject ( 1 & n ) its object4 ,n ,a f\nd ,b on ! left1 b ,a 7com+7 t[>ds ! left f\nd ,b 7!re74 ,aga91 9 ,il4 xiii4 #fge1 ' %\ld1 ,i submit1 be con/ru$ t[>ds ! left1 or 9 ! direction ( ! left4 ,n[1 :ile !re is n a s+le passage 9 ,hom] t refuses to be> a con/ruction f\nd$ on ^! pr9ciples1 an exam9ation ( a v>iety ( passages w1 ,i believe1 supply u ) in/ances to %[1 t !re is no o!r consi/5t mode ( r5d]+ ! phrases 2 ' 2 1 1 1 2 1 1 & o!rs4 ,& al?\gh 9 "s ( ^! phrases ! idea ( motion is actually includ$1 :ile ! motion ( om5s 0 ! orig9al gr\ndwork ( !m all1 yet1 z frequ5tly happ5s1 ! effect rema9s :5 ! cause has disappe>$4 ,a bird call$ is "o mov+ 2 & ?is1 accord+ to ! law ( om5s1 is usually a bird f ! left mov+ t[>ds ! "r4 ,& ?us1 by analogy1 a /> ' is a /> on ! "r n mov+ b look+ t[>ds ! left4 ,once m1 :5 we recollect t ' habitually or v frequ5tly means on ! "r z well z mov+ t[>ds ! left1 x is n difficult to conceive s easy & simple a modification ( ?is s5se z br+s x to be+ on ! "r1 :ile also look+1 in/ead ( mov+1 t[>ds ! left4 ,lightn+1 :i* _h appe>$ on ! "r1 w\ld ,i appreh5d be ' 3 ' w\ld be #8,arctus on ! "r2' & ! introduction ( ! ^w _c surely rev]se ! signification4 ,9 lat] ,greek1 ! expressions & 1 ) 1 :i* seems to be ! c\nt]p>t ( bo?1 ! preposition sometimes be+ divid$ f & sometimes unit$ ) its case1 appe> to be equival5t to our ,engli% phrases #8on ! "r1' & #8on ! left4' ,b n s 9 ,hom]4 ,illu/rat$ f ,il4 ii4 #cec4 ,od4 xxi4 #ada4 ,let u n[ exam9e v>i\s places ( ! poems1 :]e & 7s+le or comb9$7 _c mean on ! "r1 b may be r5d]$ ei!r 7#a7 f ! left1 or 7#b7 t[>ds ! "r4 ,?us we h1 ,il4 ii4 #cec1 '1 4 ,?is means lightn+ on & f ! left1 s t ! lightn+ passes1 or seems to pass1 t[>ds ! "r4 ,! analogy ( ?is case to t ( ! /> is v close2 because x is r>ely t lightn+ gives ! semblance ( motion3 & ?is expression precisely exemplifies ! obs]vation1 t ^! phrases (t5 really imply a position ( ! subject exactly opposite to t :i* at fir/ sight w\ld be suppos$4 ,aga91 :5 ,ant9\s bids ! ,suitors rise 9 turn = ! trial ( ! b[1 he says1 ,od4 xxi4 #ada1 ' 1 & he goes to expla9 himself beyond dispute1 by ref]r+ to ! ord] obs]v$ by ! cupbe>] at ! fea/2 1 4 7#adb7 ,8 mean+ evid5tly is1 ,rise up1 beg9n+ on or f ! left4 ,f ,il4 i4 #eig4 vii4 #bch4 xii4 #bci1 #bdi4 ,! practice ( ! cupbe>] is /at$ ) respect to ,vulcan1 ,il4 i4 #eig3 4 ,s ! 7,il4 vii4 #ahc7 goes r\nd ) ! lots = ! *iefta9s to draw4 ,! begg>#fgh 9 mak+ 8 r\nd foll[s ! supreme law ( luck1 & goes 4 ,& z ?is mean+ seems to be e/abli%$1 we mu/ give ! same s5se1 9 ,il4 ix4 #bcf1 to 1 z to ! 9 ,il4 ii4 #cec1 namely1 t ,jupit] display$ cele/ial signs on ! left4 #fgh ,od4 xvii4 #cfe4 ,aga91 ,hector boa/s ( 8 pr(ici5cy 9 mov+ 8 %ield s z to cov] 8 p]son1 ,il4 vii4 #bch1 ' 1 ' ' 4 ,we %\ld translate ?is probably )\t mu* ?\ght #8to ! "r & to ! left4' ,b :5 we consid] :at s5se is requir$ by ! idea to be convey$1 x is evid5t t means1 f ! left side ( 8 p]son t[>ds ! "r1 & ' f ! "r side ( 8 p]son t[>ds ! left4 ,t is to say1 ! fir/ position be=e & dur+ ! motion1 9 ea* case1 is at ! side opposite to t indicat$ by ! adjectives respectively4 ,aga91 9 a well kn[n passage 7,il4 xii4 #bci47 ,hector tells ,polydamas t he c>es n = om5s1 be !y good or bad2 ' ' ' 1 ' ' 1 4 ,ap>t f ! "q1 :e!r ! s5se ( "r & left is suitable to ?is passage at all1 & assum+ x to be s1 ! mean+ is f ! left = & f ! "r = ' 1 on _! way 9 ea* case to ! opposite qu>t]4 ,aga91 ! port5t :i* _h drawn =? ! obs]vation ( ,hector 01 7,il4 xii4 #bai17 1 ' 1 namely1 an eagle appe>+ on ! "r & !n mov+ t[>ds ! left4 ,n[ is n prop]ly a v]b ( motion2 & yet we see t ' means to close ! army 9 f ! "r2 t is to say1 ! eagle1 :i* does ! act ' 1 is itself on ! "r4 ,!re 7 9 fact ?ree ?+s1 :i* orig9ally might1 & commonly w\ld1 be includ$ 9 ea* ( ^! phrases4 ,= example1 9 ' 1 #a4 ,appe>ance at a p>ticul> po9t on ! "r2 #b4 ,motion f t po9t t[>ds ! left2 #c4 ,re/ at ano!r po9t on ! left4 ,( ^! ! second nam$ indicates ! fir/ & pr9cipal int5tion ( ! ^w2 b :5 x passes to a second int5tion or d]ivative s5se1 x may include ei!r ! fir/ po9t1 or ! ?ird1 or bo?4 ,9 ! lat] ,greek x appe>s r to indicate ! po9t ( re/2 b 9 ! ,hom]ic phrases ( ! correspond+ ^w 1 1 1 1 1 ' 1 ! />t+-po9t1 & n ! re/+-po9t1 is ! "o br\ght into view4 ,x is ! comm5cem5t ( ! motion1 9 e "o ( ^! cases1 :i* is indicat$ by ! phrase1 & n its close4 ,be+ engag$ ^u ?is subject1 ,i %all n scruple to exam9e "o or two rema9+ passages1 :i* may assi/ 9 its m ?or\gh elucidation4 ,f ,il4 xxiii4 #cce-g4 ,i !re=e ask p>ticul> att5tion to ! passage 9 ! ,tw5ty-?ird ,book ( ! ,iliad1 :]e ,ne/or in/ructs 8 son conc]n+ 8 managem5t 9 ! *>iot-race4 ,on ei!r side ( a dry trunk ^u ! pla91 !re lay two :ite /ones 7xxiii4 #cbi74 ,!y =m$ ! goal1 r\nd :i* ! *>iots 7 to be driv51 ! *>iote] keep+ !m on 8 left h&4 ,! pi? ( ! advice ( ,ne/or is1 t 8 son is to make a %ort & close turn r\nd !m1 s z to h a *ance ( w9n+1 9 spite ( ! sl[ness ( 8 team4 ,! directions are 7#cce-g73 ' ' 1 4 ,x is cle> f ! la/ l9e & a half t ! goal 0 to be on 8 left h&4 ,b :at is ! mean+ ( ' 8 ,no?+ c be m sci5tific ?an ! precept4 ,! horses are to make a %>p turn3 ! impetus 9 ! driv]'s body might ?r[ him =w>d if he 7 n prep>$3 he is to d :at e rid] 9 a circus n[ does1 to lean inw>ds2 & t is express$ by lean+ ' 1 ( ! goal--= mu/1 ,i appreh5d1 be und]/ood to agree ) ! dual 7#cbi71 & n ! plural 7#ccd72 p>ticul>ly because ! ^w is repeat$ imm$iately aft] x4 ,! mean+ !n is1 t he is desir$ to lean to ! left ( ! goal1 :ile all ! "t he keeps on its "r4 ,we %\ld "u ! same circum/ances say1 #8,lean g5tly t[>ds ! "r side ( ! goal1 z y are ab\t to turn r\nd x4' ,he1 mean+ ! same ?+1 says1 #8,lean t[>ds ! left2 t is1 lean f ! "r1 or :ile keep+ on ! "r1 ( ! object nam$4 ,n[ ?is ,i take to be exactly ! s5se ( ,od4 v4 #bgg4 ,ulysses 0 bid to sail1 hav+ ! ,great ,be> plac$ on 8 "r1 b look+ f 8 "r1 & t[>ds 8 left1 z e /> looks t[>ds ! qu>t] opposite to t 9 :i* x is itself se54 ,he is to h ! /> e dextr1 because f t po9t x looks ad s9i/ram4 ,x looks across him t[>ds 8 left1 j z ,antilo*us 0 to lean 9 ! direction across ! goal t[>ds its left4 ,! :ole ( ?is int]pretation )\t d\bt dep5ds ^u ! ^w 2 & ,i d n presume to say t x is necess>ily1 "u grammatical rules1 to be und]/ood ( ! goal1 & n ( ! horses4 ,b x is ! m natural con/ruction3 & ,hom] (t5 rev]ts m]ely by ?is demon/rative pron\n1 )\t fur!r indication1 to a subject :i* he has only nam$ "s "t back#fgi4 #fgi ,s 1 ,il4 i4 #abg1 & p>ticul>ly 9 ,il4 i4 #chi1 mean+ ,*ryseis1 :o has n be5 nam$ s9ce v4 #cgb4 ,b if gramm> leave t "q 9 any degree op51 ,i appreh5d t physical consid]ations mu/ decide x4 ,x is impossible = ! driv] to lean to ! left ( 8 horses z !y are r\nd+ ! goal4 ,to ! left ( 8 *>iot he may lean1 z he /&s ^u x3 b to _! left he _c1 = !y are consid]ably 9 advance ( him2 & 9 ord] to make ! turn at all1 !y mu/1 at ea* po9t ( ! curve1 :i* is a curve to ! left1 be mu* fur!r along ! curve1 & consequ5tly mu* fur!r to ! left1 ?an he c possibly be4 ,x w\ld be a p>allel case1 if !re 7 two rid]s r\nd a circus1 "o foll[+ ! o!r1 & ! rid] ( ! aft] horse 7 told to lean to ! "r ( ! =e horse4 ,!re=e ! ^w c1 ,i submit1 only ref] to ! two /ones1 :i* =m ! goal4 ,f ,il4 ii4 #ebf4 ,a l9e 9 ! ,greek ,catalogue w enable u to c>ry ! "q /ill fur!r4 ,9 ,il4 ii4 #eag1 aft] ! two ,botian cont+5ts1 come ! ,phocians3 & ! ,poet says1 v]4 #ebf1 ' ' 4 ,i see t ?is is translat$ ev5 by ,voss #8on ! left4' ,n[ is n ?is contr>y to all likelihood8 ,0 n all propiti\s movem5t ) ,hom] f left to "r8 ,has n ?is be5 prov$ by ! cases ( ! ,immortals1 ! ,om5s1 ! ,cupbe>]1 ! ,begg>1 & ! ,h]ald8 ,is x likely1 or is x ev5 conceivable1 t ,hom] %\ld dep>t f ?is pr9ciple 9 8 ord] ( ! army8 ,surely ! mean+ is ?is3 ,hav+ fix$ = himself geographically ! ord] ( 8 cont+5ts1 he has likewise to /ate _! ord] ( array ^u ! field2 & accord+ly by ?is l9e he in=ms u1 t ! ,phocians1 :o 7 ! second ( ! races he m5tions1 /ood ' ( ! ,botians3 he ( c\rse means u to und]/& t ! ,abantes1 ! ?ird race1 7 ' ( ! ,locrians1 & s on ?r\gh ! :ole3 or 9 o!r words1 t he in=ms u he does n =get to foll[1 amid/ ! multitud9\s detail ( ! ,catalogue1 ! e/abli%$1 ! religi\s1 & ! propiti\s ord] ( enum]ation1 namely1 ! ord] :i* beg9s f ! left1 & moves t[>ds ! "r4 ,?us we mu/ 9 ?is place translate ' #8t[>ds1 t is1 look+ t[>ds ! left ( ! ,botians2' or #8look+ to ! ,botians on _! left1' i4 e4 ( ! ,phocians2 ! ,phocians be+1 :i*ev] con/ruction we adopt1 on ! "r1 actually on ! "r1 n ! left ( ! ,botians4 ,! real =ce ( ! expression probably is ?is3 t ! ,botians1 hav+ tak5 _! gr\nd1 ! ,phocians came up & took !irs next to !m on _! "r4 ,application to ,od4 v4 #bgg4 ,n[ ?is case is precisely 9 po9t = ,od4 v4 #bgg3 because is n prop]ly a v]b ( motion3 & 9 all likelihood x may be reli$ on indep5d5tly ( fur!r details f ,hom]1 because x br+s ! matt] to an easy te/1 ?r\gh ! c]ta9ty :i* we may well ent]ta91 t ,hom] w\ld h ! ord] ( 8 army beg9 f left to "r1 l e o!r duly & auspici\sly con/itut$ ord]4 ,!re is1 h[ev]1 ano!r int]pretation propos$ z foll[s3 !y1 ! ,phocians1 took gr\nd next 77 to ! ,botians on ! left1 i4 e4 ( ! army2 ! two toge!r1 z x 71 =m+ its left w+4 ,to ?is con/ruction !re seem to be conclusive objections3 #a4 ,:y %\ld ,hom] tell u t ! ,botians & ,phocians toge!r con/itut$ a division ( ! army1 :5 he tells u no?+ simil> respect+ any ( ! tw5ty-six cont+5ts t rema98 ,nei!r ( ^! races 7 p>ticul>ly di/+ui%$ ei!r politically or 9 arms4 #b4 ,x appe>s cle> t ! ,botians & ,phocians did n toge!r =m a division ( ! army3 =1 9 ! ,?irte5? ,book1 ! ,botians fight 9 company ) ! ,a!nians or ,ionians1 ! ,locrians1 ,ph?ians1 & ,epeans1 b n ) ! ,phocians4 ,il4 xiii4 #fhe1 #f4 #c4 ,nei!r did ! ,botians belong to ! left w+ ( ! army at all3 = !y are f\nd def5d+ ! c5tre ( ! %ips aga9/ ,hector & ! ,trojans1 ) ! two ,ajaxes 9 _! front4 ,il4 xiii4 #cad-af1 #fgd-hd1 #fhe1 #gjj2 #gja1 #b2 #gai1 #bj4 #d4 ,!re is n[h]e ! smalle/ sign1 t ! ,greek army 0 divid$ into w+s & c5tre at all4 #e4 ,! ord] ( ! ,catalogue is a geographical ord]1 & n t ( a milit>y arrangem5t4 ,!re=e x 0 requisite = ,hom] to tell u h[ ! troops 7 arrang$ 9 ! ,review4 ,?is he has effect$ by tell+ u t ! ,phocians1 ! second ( 8 tribes1 drew up on ! "r ( ! ,botians3 :i* we h only to consid] tacitly repeat$ all ?r\gh1 & ! ord] is ?us bo? complete & propiti\s4 ,b1 accord+ to ! o!r con/ruction1 ! ,poet beg9s ) an arrangem5t by w+s1 ( :i* we he> n[h]e else3 & !n he =?) =gets & ab&ons x4 #f4 ,i d n ?9k ' c be con/ru$ to ! left ( ! army4 ,! army has n[h]e be5 nam$4 ,! phrases & ' require u to h a subject cle>ly 9 view4 ,x is frequ5tly nam$1 z 9 ' 4 ,:5 x is connect$ ) om5s1 x means to ! we/1 & ! rev]se4 ,aga91 is to beg9 p\r+ w9e f ! left1 & t[>ds ! "r end ( ! rank :om ! cupbe>] may be s]v+4 ,! #8army' has n be5 m5tion$ s9ce ! reassembl+ 9 v4 #bjg4 ,^! objections appe> to me fatal to ! con/ruction n[ "u our view4 ,!y d n inde$ t\* ! "q :e!r ' %\ld be int]pret$ on ! left1 or 7on ! "r &7 t[>ds ! left4 ,t mu/1 ,i ?9k1 be decid$ by ! g5]al pr9ciples ( augury duly appli$ to ord] & enum]ation4 ,on ! :ole1 !n1 ,i cont5d t x is wrong to con/rue ,od4 v4 #bgg1 #8to sail ) ,arctus on 8 left h&4' ,x w\ld be mu* m ne>ly "r1 & w\ld1 9 fact1 convey ! mean+1 ?\gh n 9 a grammatical mann]1 if we con/ru$ x #8to sail ) ,arctus on 8 "r h&4' ,b ! mann] ( con/ru+ x1 grammatically & accurately1 z ,i submit1 is ?is3 #8to sail ) ,arctus look+ t[>ds ! left 7( 8 h&1 or 8 left h&72' t is to say1 look+ f 8 "r4 ,& g5]ally1 t ! prop] mode ( con/ru+ ' & 9 ,hom] is1 t[>ds ! left1 t[>ds ! "r2 or1 conv]sely1 f ! "r1 f ! left4 ,?is mean+ is 9 exact accordance ) ! ,nor?-ea/]n1 & is entirely oppos$ to ! ,nor?-we/]n1 hypo!sis4 ,& ,i v5ture to believe t1 itself e/abli%$ by suffici5t evid5ce f o!r passages 9 ! poems1 x enables u to give a mean+ sub/antially1 ?\gh p]haps n m9utely self-consi/5t1 ?\gh ( c\rse "o n bas$ ^u ! true configuration ( ! e>?'s surface z x is n[ asc]ta9$1 to e passage 9 ,hom] :i* relates to ! ,out] ,geography ( ! ,odyssey4 ,bo? ' & ' are us$ repeat$ly 9 ! ,hymn to ,m]cury#fhj4 ,"o ( ! passages resembles 9 its =m t ( ! eagle1 ,il4 xii4 #bai4 ,x is ?is3 #fhj ,hymn4 ,m]c4 #aec4 ,cf4 #dah1 #dbd1 #dii4 1 ' 4 ,& probably ! basis ( ! idea is ! same4 ,! really correct ,greek expression = #8on ! left h&' ,i take to be 1 :i* is us$ by ,euripides#fha4 #fha ,hecuba #aabg4 ,s5se alt]$ 9 lat] ,greek4 ,b 9 ! lat] ,greek ! idea ( ! po9t ( arrival prevail$ ov] t ( ! po9t ( dep>ture3 &1 conv5tionally at lea/1 ! 1 ) its equival5t 1 came to mean simply #8on ! "r1' & ' 1 #8on ! left4' ,x is wor? notice1 t we h a l ambigu\s use 9 ,engli% ( ! ^w t[>ds4 ,sometimes t[>ds ! left means be+ on ! left3 sometimes x means mov+ f ! "r 9 ! direction ( ! left3 & a room #8t[>ds ! s\?' means "o ) its w9d[s on ! nor?1 look+ out ov] ! s\?1 l z ! /> ,arctus looks out t[>ds ! left ( ,ulysses#fhb4 #fhb ,i h obs]v$ t means a bird fly+ f ! left t[>ds ! "r1 & 1 ! rev]se4 ,"h h[ev] ! =ce ( ! epi!t is d]iv$ f imm$iate connection ) ! motion impli$1 & ) ! doctr9e ( om5s3 w\ld ( c\rse be ! "r %\ld]1 & 1 z we h se51 may /& alone to signify ! "r h&4 ,& s 9 g5]al ) ^! words1 :5 us$ z epi!ts1 ap>t f a preposition imply+ motion1 & f any relation to om5s4 ,,iv4 ,,aoidos4 ,,sect4 ,i4 ,on ! ,plot ( ! ,iliad4 ,!ory ( ,grote on ! ,iliad4 ,al?\gh ! hope has already be5 express$ at ! comm5cem5t ( ?is "w1 t = ,engl& at lea/1 ! ma9 que/ions z to ! ,hom]ic poems h well nigh be5 settl$ 9 ! affirmative s5se2 yet ,i mu/ n pass by )\t notice ! rec5tly prop\nd$ !ory ( ,grote4 ,i ref] to x1 p>tly on acc\nt ( ! g5]al au?ority ( 8 "w2 = ?is au?ority may give a curr5cy great] ?an is really due to a portion ( x1 :i*1 z ly+ outside ! doma9 ( hi/ory prop]1 has p]haps be5 less maturely consid]$ ?an 8 conclusions 9 g5]al4 ,b x is p>tly also because ,i d n "k t x has yet be5 treat$ ( else:]e2 & mo/ ( all because ! discussion takes a positive =m2 = ! answ] to 8 argum5t1 :i* p]haps may be f\nd to r5d] itself into a gratuit\s hypo!sis1 dep5ds entirely ^u a compreh5sive view ( ! g5]al /ructure ( ! poem1 & ! reciprocal relation & adaptation ( its p>ts4 ,grote believes1 t ! poem call$ ! ,iliad is divisible into two great portions3 "o ( !m he conceives to be an ,a*illeis1 or a poem hav+ = its subject ! wra? ( ,a*illes1 :i* comprises ! ,fir/ ,book1 ! ,eigh?1 & all f ! ,elev5? to ! ,tw5ty-second ,books inclusive2 t ! ,books f ! ,second to ! ,sev5? inclusive1 ) ! ,n9? & ,t5?1 & ! two la/ ,books1 are portions ( :at may be call$ an ,ilias1 or g5]al description ( ! ,w> ( ,troy1 :i* h be5 introduc$ into ! orig9al ,a*illeis1 mo/ probably by ano!r h&2 or1 if by ! orig9al ,poet1 yet to ! de/ruction1 or great detrim5t1 ( ! poetic unity ( 8 "w4 ,9 support ( ?is doctr9e he urges1 #a4 ,t ! ,books f ! ,second to ! ,sev5? inclusive 9 no way contribute to ! ma9 action1 & are #8br\ght out 9 a _s altoge!r indiff]5t to ,a*illes & 8 ang]#fhc4' #fhc ,grote's ,hi/4 ( ,greece1 vol4 ii4 p4 #beh n4 #b4 ,t ! ,n9? ,book1 conta9+ a full accompli%m5t ( ! wi%es ( ,a*illes 9 ! ,fir/1 by #8atonem5t & re/itution#fhd1' is really ! t]m9ation ( ! :ole poem1 & r5d]s ! cont9uance ( 8 ,wra? absurd3 !re=e1 & also f ! language ( p>ticul> passages1 x is pla9 t #8! ,books f ! ,elev5? d[nw>ds are compos$ by a ,poet1 :o has no k ( t ,n9? ,book1 7or1 z ,i presume he w\ld add1 :o takes no cognizance ( x#fhe4'7 #fhd ,ibid4 p4 #bda n4 #fhe ,ibid4 p4 #bdd n4 #c4 ,! ,jupit] ( ! ,f\r? ,book is inconsi/5t ) ! ,jupit] ( ! ,fir/ & ,eigh?4 #d4 ,! abject pro/ration ( ,agamemnon 9 ! ,n9? ,book is inconsi/5t ) 8 _s & gallantry 9 ! ,elev5?4 #e4 ,! junction ( ^! ,books to ! ,fir/ ,book is bad2 z ! ,dream ( ,agamemnon #8produces no effect1' & ! ,greeks are victori\s1 n defeat$#fhf4 #fhf ,ibid4 p4 #bdg4 #f4 ,= ! latt] ( ^! reasons1 ! con/ruction ( ! wall & fosse r\nd ! camp l&w>ds is out ( place4 #g4 ,! t5? ,book1 ?\gh x ref]s suffici5tly to :at prec$es1 has no be>+ on :at foll[s 9 ! poem4 ,grote has argu$ conclusively aga9/ ! supposition t we owe ! cont9u\s ,iliad#fhg to ! lab\rs ( ,pisi/ratus1 & %[s t x mu/ h be5 kn[n 9 its cont9uity long be=e4 ,he places ! poems betwe5 #hej & #ggf ,b4 ,c4#fhh2 admits ! spl5d\r ( mu* ( ! poetry :i* he ?us te>s f its context#fhi2 yet he app>5tly is n />tl$ by ! supposition1 t ! man1 or ! m51 capable ( compos+ poetry ( ! sup]lative k9d t makes up 8 ,a*illeis1 %\ld be s bl9d to ! prim>y exig5cies ( su* a "w = its effect z a :ole1 t he or !y c\ld also be capable ( ?us spoil+ its unity by add+ eight books1 :i* d n belong to ! subject1 to fifte5 o!rs 9 :i* x 0 already completely h&l$ & dispos$ (4 ,& ?\gh our hi/orian leans to ! belief ( a plurality ( au?ors = ! ,iliad1 he does n absolutely reject ! supposition t x may be ! "w ( "o#fij4 #fhg ,grote's ,hi/ory ( ,greece1 vol4 ii4 p4 #baj4 #fhh ,ibid4 p4 #agh4 #fhi ,ibid4 p4 #bfj1 #bcf1 #bfg4 #fij ,ibid4 p4 #bfi4 ,(f] ( ,il4 ix4 & its rejection4 ,z to ! ,n9? ,book#fia1 he ref]s x m decisively to a sep>ate h&2 & he makes no difficulty ab\t presum+ t ! ,hom]ids c\ld furni% m5 capable ( compos+ 7= example7 ! wond]ful spee* ( ,a*illes f ! #cjg? to ! #dbi? l9e4 ,happy ,hom]ids6 & felix prole virm1 happy l& t c\ld produce !m6 #fia ,ibid4 ,x appe>s to me t ^! are wild suppositions4 ,aga9/ no supposition c !re be /rong] presumptions ?an aga9/ ^? :i*1 by dissev]+ ! prime p>ts ( ! poem1 produce a multiplication ( ,hom]s2 & h[ev] ,grote may himself ?9k t enl>gem5ts su* z he describes1 d n imply ( necessity at lea/ a d\ble au?or%ip1 few inde$1 ,i appreh5d1 w be f\nd1 :ile admitt+ 8 criticisms on ! poem1 to cont5d t x c /ill be ! production ( a s+le m9d4 ,/ill less c ,i ?9k t any "o w\ld n[ be satisfi$ ) ! sequ5ce ( ,books propos$1 or ) ! mutilat$ proportions1 any m ?an ) ! r$uc$ dim5sions1 ( ! "w z a :ole4 ,i w say n t ! prop\nd] ( su* a !ory1 b t su* a prop\nd] ( any !ory1 is well entitl$ to h ! "q discuss$1 :e!r ^? proportions are inde$ mutilat$ by ! *ange1 or :e!r !y are1 on ! contr>y1 re/or$4 ,let me obs]ve1 h[ev]1 at ! outset1 t x is ! g5]al argum5t ) :i* only ,i %all be c>eful to deal4 ,i d n admit ! discrepancies#fib alleg$2 b nei!r is x requisite to exam9e ea* case 9 detail1 s9ce ,grote conc$es1 t 8 own !ory does n relieve him f conflict ) p>ticul> passages ( ! poem4 #fib ,note1 pp4 #bdj-d4 ,z respects ! ,n9? ,book1 ?is !ory seems to proce$ on a misconception ( ! nature ( ! (f5ce tak5 by ,a*illes2 z respects ! o!rs1 ^u a simil> misconception ( ! measure :i* ! ,poet int5ds u to take ( 8 h]o's greatness1 & ( ! modes by :i* he means u to arrive at our e/imate4 ,x takes "t to s\nd ! dep?s ( ,hom]4 ,possibly1 or ev5 probably1 _m may %>e ! idea t :at ,a*illes res5ts is ! m]e loss ( a captive woman1 & t re/itution w\ld at once undo ! wrong4 ,b !y misconceive ! act1 & ! man also1 to :om ! wrong 0 done4 ,! s\l ( ,a*illes is /irr$ f its dep?s by an outrage1 :i* seems to him to compreh5d all vices )9 itself4 ,he is w\nd$ 9 an atta*m5t t _h become a t5d] "o2 = he gives to ,briseis ! "n ( wife 7 71 & av[s 8 c>e & protection ( h] 9 t "*4 ,a pr\d & s5sitive w>rior1 he is#fic insult$ 9 ! face ( ! army2 & to ! ,greeks1 ^: gov]n+ s5tim5t 0 1 or hon\r1 insult 0 ! deadlie/ ( all inflictions4 ,fur!r1 he is defraud$ by ! )drawal ( t :i*1 by ! public au?ority1 presid+ ov] ! di/ribution ( spoil1 he _h be5 taught to call 8 own2 & he ke5ly feels ! comb9ation ( deceit ) insol5ce#fid4 ,ju/ice is outrag$ 9 8 p]son1 :5 he alone among ! w>riors is to h no %>e ( ! booty4 ,9 ?is he rightly sees an +ratitude ( ?reefold blackness2 x is done by ! man1 = ^: sake#fie he _h come to ,troy )\t an int]e/ ( 8 own2 x is done to ! man1 ^: h&1 almo/ unaid$1 _h e>n$ ! spoil :i* ! ,greeks divid$#fif3 la/ly1 x is done to him1 on ^: val\r ! =tunes ( _! ho/ ) ! hopes ( _! ent]prise pr9cipally dep5d$1 & ^: m]e pres5ce on ! field ( itself drives & holds alo( ! pr9cipal *ampions ( ,troy#fig4 ,&1 la/ly1 :ile ! :ole army is responsible by acquiesc5ce & is s decl>$ by him1 7 ' 1 ,il4 i4 #bii17 ! insult & wrong proce$ f "o1 ^: av>ice & irresolution made him 9 ! eyes ( ,a*illes at once hateful & contemptible#fih4 #fic 1 ,il4 i4 #bjc1 #bad4 1 ,il4 ix4 #cfh1 also #fdf-h4 #fid ,il4 ix4 #cgj-f3 :5 he returns aga9 & aga9 to ! ^w3 1 #cga2 1 #cge2 1 #cgf4 #fie ,il4 i4 #aeb4 #fif ,ibid4 #afe-h4 #fig ,il4 v4 #ghi4 #fih ,il4 i4 #bbe-h4 ,su* is ! deadly wrong1 t lights up ! wra? ( ,a*illes4 ,&1 z he broods ov] 8 injuries1 accord+ to ! law ( an hon\rable b !re=e susceptible1 & likewise a fi]ce & haughty nature1 ! flame waxes hott] & hott]1 & requires m & m to qu5* x4 ,?us !re is a t]rible progression & expansion 9 8 rev5ge3 & by degrees he arrives at a height ( fi]ce v9dictiv5ess1 t m9utely calculates ! modes 9 :i* ! suff]+ ( its object c be c>ri$ to a maximum1 yet s z to leave 8 own r5[n unt\*$1 & op5 ! wide/ field = ! ex]cise ( 8 val\r4 ,x is n vice1 nor is x virtue1 :i* ,hom] is describ+ 9 8 ,a*illes2 x is t /range & wayw>d mixture ( reg>d = "r & ju/ice ) self-love on ! "o side1 & wra? on ! o!r1 :i* are s common among u m5 ( mean] scale4 ,! diff]5ce is1 t 9 ,a*illes all ! p>ts ( ! comp\nd are at once deep5$ to a sup]human int5sity1 & rais$ to a scale ( magnific5ce :i* almo/ transc5ds our p[]s ( vision4 ,we mu/1 inde$1 no m look = a didactic & p$antic consi/5cy 9 ! movem5t ( 8 m9d1 ?an 9 %ocks f an e>?quake1 or bur/s ( flame f a volcano4 ,b a real consi/5cy !re is2 & d\btless x c\ld be measur$ by ! rules ( e day1 if only e day produc$ an ,a*illes4 ,let u n[ foll[ 8 c\rse ) close att5tion4 ,re/itution n ! object ( ,a*illes4 ,x c h>dly fail to draw rem>k1 t ! _s ( ,a*illes nev] f ! fir/ mom5t fa/5s on m]e re/itution1 or on re/itution at all1 z its object4 ,) 8 k ( 8 own might1 :i* 0 en\gh to prompt him1 _h he n be5 re/ra9$ f heav51 to assail & slay ,agamemnon on ! spot1 he nev]!less does n s mu* z ent]ta9 ! ?\ght ( fight+ to keep ,briseis4 ,8 ?\ght is f> o!r ?an ?is3 #8,i w n lift a f+] aga9/ "o ( y = ! girl1 s9ce y *oose to take f me :at y gave 7#bih1 #i74 ,i w n hold :at y ?9k fit to grudge4' ,:ile he adds1 t !y %all n t\* an article ( :at is prop]ly 8 own#fii4 ,n t he c>es = m]e possession or dispossession4 ,7 t 8 ?\ght1 he w\ld h lift$ up ! inv9cible arm = ! ret5tion ( ,briseis4 ,b 8 ?\ght is ?is1 #8,"o outrage y h done to ju/ice & to me1 &1 enc\rag$ z well z comm&$ by great deities1 ,i be> x2 b n ev5 "u _! promises & injunctions w ,i endure t y %all s9 aga94' ,! loss he _h suff]$ n[ became q a subord9ate image 9 8 m9d2 puni%m5t ( ! (f5d]s1 & n re/itution1 0 ev] be=e 8 view4 ,8 fir/ ?reat is t ( )drawal 7,il4 i4 #afi73 :i*1 he conceives1 w put a /op to ,agamemnon's rapaci\s accumulations4 ,next 7#bcc7 he swe>s ! mighty oa? t e ,greek %all rue ! day ( 8 wrong1 & look 9 va9 to ,agamemnon = protection aga9/ ! sword ( ,hector4 ,aga91 9 8 pray] to ,!tis1 he intreats t %e w induce ,jupit] to drive ! ,greeks 9 r\t & slaught] back ^u ! %ips & ! sea4 ,he nev] dreams ( ! m]e rep>ation ( 8 wrong3 :5 he ref]s to ,briseis 9 ! great oration ( ! ,n9? ,book1 x is = ! purpose ( a slay+ s>casm aga9/ ! ,atreid2 8 s\l utt]ly refuses to treat ! affair 9 ! mann] ( an action at law = damages2 he looks = no?+ less ?an ! pro/ration ( ! ,grecian ho/ & its be+ br\ght to ! v door ( utt] & f9al ru91 ) ! comp\nd view ( av5g+ wrong1 glorify+ ju/ice1 enhanc+ ! suff]+s ( 8 foe1 & magnify+ ! occasion & a*ievem5ts ( 8 own might1 to be put =? :5 ! prop] "t %all come4 #fii ,! 1 v4 #cjj1 mu/ mean :at he _h n acquir$ by gift ( ! army2 s9ce 9 ,il4 #i4 #cce1 z well z 9 i4 #afg1 #cef1 he app>5tly speaks ( ,briseis z ! only prize he _h receiv$4 ,! (f] radically defective4 ,! h]o )draws1 & rema9s alo(4 ,! ,greeks1 aft] a panic & a recov]y1 det]m9e to c>ry on ! w> )\t him4 ,b ! ho/ile deities1 less "u re/ra9t ?an ! fri5dly ones1 give active enc\ragem5t to ! ,trojan *iefs & army 9 ! fight4 ,!y are disc]n$ by ! ,greeks1 :o accord+ly rec$e#gjj4 ,f9d+ t1 in/ead ( driv+ ! ,trojans to ! city1 on ! contr>y1 ev5 be=e ! s+le fight ( ,hector & ,ajax1 !y !mselves _h suff]$ loss1 !y supply _! camp ) ! def5ces1 :i* x _h nev] ne$$ :ile ! "n ( ,a*illes & 8 pr[ess kept ! enemy ei!r )9 _! walls1 or 9 ! imm$iate vic9ity ( ! city4 ,?is happ5s 9 ! ,sev5? ,book1 & x is ! fir/ note ( ! consequ5ces ( ! ,wra?4 ,9 ! ,eigh?1 !y are m decid$ly wor/$ "u a div9e influ5ce1 & are driv5 back ^u _! works1 :ile ! ,trojans biv\ac on ! place ( battle4 ,! army _h suff]$ no heavy loss3 yet ! infirm w ( ,agamemnon gives way3 &1 port5d+ great] evils1 he a second "t c\nsels flight#gja4 ,! advice is w>mly repudiat$ by ,diom$ & ! o!r *iefs4 ,/ill ! c\rse ( _! affairs is n[ by und5iable signs alt]$ = ! worse4 ,h]eupon1 ,ne/or advises an attempt to conciliate ,a*illes by (f]s ( re/itution & ( gifts1 ) close union & incorporation into ! family ( ,agamemnon4 ,n[ x is mo/ important t we %\ld obs]ve1 t gifts & k9d words 7 ! beg9n+ & ! end ( ?is mission4 ,!re 0 no confession ( wrong au?oriz$ by ,agamemnon1 or made by ! ,envoys1 to ,a*illes4 ,! woes ( ! ,greeks are describ$3 ,a*illes is exhort$ to lay aside 8 ,wra?3 he is told ( all ! f9e ?+s he w receive ^u 8 compliance3 b n "o ^w 9 ! spee* ( ,ulysses conveys ! admission at l5g? ga9$ f ,agamemnon 9 ! ,n9ete5? ,book1 t he has (f5d$4 ,!re=e ,a*illes is n appeas$3 b1 ,i mu/ add1 nei!r is ju/ice satisfi$1 nor "r re-e/abli%$4 #gjj ,il4 v4 #fje1 #gjb4 #gja ,il4 ix4 #bf4 ,apology ne$$ also4 ,pres5ts & promises 7 n :at ,a*illes want$4 ,on ! contr>y1 to 8 inflam$ & inexorable _s1 be+ less ?an & diff]5t f ! ?+ he s\ght1 ! v (f] ( !m 0 matt] ( new exasp]ation4 ,! v (f] ( !m ?us made seem$1 & 9 "s degree rightly seem$1 to imply t !y :o t5d]$ x mu/ take him = a man1 ^: m9d 0 ca/ 9 ! same sordid m\ld z t ( ! k+1 :o _h giv5 ! (f5ce4 ,gifts inde$ ,a*illes mu/ h1 & abundance ( !m1 :5 he is at la/ to be appeas$3 b x is n 9 ord] to swell an inv5tory ( possessions3 x is t ! memory ( !m may dwell 9 8 m9d1 & /& ^u ! record ( 8 life1 l ! gold5 ornam5ts t he wore ^u 8 manly p]son1 namely1 to exhibit & to make felt 8 glory4 ,i d n inde$ presume to say we h evid5ce to %[ t ,a*illes w\ld h rel5t$ at ! p]iod ( ! mission1 if a frank confession ( wrong1 & apology = insult1 _h be5 made toge!r ) ! pr(f] ( ! gifts4 ,on ! contr>y1 ) 8 high] s5tim5ts !re m+l$ a t[]+ passion ( a v9dictive ord]4 ,x 0 z x 7 ! corruption or abuse1 n ! basis1 ( ! mood ( ! e/rang$ ,a*illes3 b x 0 !re1 & !re1 l ev]y?+ ,a*illean1 9 colossal proportions4 ,/ill ,i ?9k x has n be5 suffici5tly obs]v$ t1 z matt] ( fact1 ! proce$+ ( ! ,n9? ,book 0 radically defective1 because x treat$ ! affair z 7s to call x7 "o ( m]e m]*&ize1 to be dispos$ ( l ! balance ( an acc\nt4 ,:5 ,a*illes f9ds t ! desire to av5ge ! dea? ( ,patroclus has become p>am\nt )9 him1 & 9 consequ5ce r5\nces ! ,wra?#gjb1 x is true t he does n /ipulate = an apology4 ,b nei!r does he /ipulate = ! gifts4 ,bo? h[ev] are giv51 & ! apology comes fir/ 9 ! falt]+ spee* ( ,agamemnon#gjc1 :o di/+ui%es betwe5 two k9ds ( atonem5t2 #gjb ,il4 xix4 #fg4 #gjc ,ibid4 #acd-h4 1 ' ' 4 ,7 !re any d\bt ab\t ! reality ( ?is di/9ction1 x might be remov$ by evid5ce :i* ! ,odyssey supplies4 ,eurualus1 :o appe>s to h be5 "o ( ! second>y k+s 9 ,s*]ia1 _h n yet aton$ = 8 insult to ,ulysses1 :5 ,alc9\s recomm5d$ t all ! twelve1 :o belong$ to t ord]1 %\ld make a pres5t to ! dep>t+ /rang]4 ,b f ,eurualus1 he obs]ves1 some?+ m is requisite2 he mu/ (f] an apology z well z a gift#gjd2 #gjd ,od4 viii4 #cij-dae4 4 ,& ?is is done accord+ly1 9 ! ample/ & franke/ mann]4 ,all ?is %\ld be borne 9 m9d1 :5 we e/imate ! consi/5cy ( ! ,poet ?r\gh ! m$ium ( ! conduct ( ,a*illes4 ,x 0 n a mom5t's light appreh5sion1 suff]$ by ,agamemnon & ! army1 t c\ld avail to oblit]ate 8 res5tm5t4 ,!y _h sc>cely ta/$ ( ! cup ( bitt]ness2 he requir$ t !y %\ld dra9 x to ! dregs4 ,he w n he> ( ! return ( ,briseis3 #gje4 ,) a mixture ( close argum5t1 t]rible d5unciation1 & )]+ s>casm1 he ov]p[]s & sil5ces ! ,envoys4 ,only ,phnix c address him1 & t aft] a long pause & 9 te>s4 #gje ,il4 ix4 #ccf4 ,yet ! mighty _s ( ,a*illes sways to & fro 9 ! tempe/ ( its own emotions4 ,aga9 he has ?reat5$ to dep>t3 bidd+ !m1 ) a bitt]ness t m\nts f> away into ! region ( ! sublime1 come ! next day & see1 if !y ?9k su* a sight c be wor? _! see+1 8 fleet spe$+ homew>d across ! broad ,hellespont2 or nor? gean4 ,b ?is c\rse ( action w\ld h balk$ 8 appetite = glory2 :i*1 z he knew#gjf1 he c\ld only buy1 & t ) 8 life1 at ,troy4 ,p]haps1 too1 he 0 s(t5$ by ! respect ( ! ,envoys1 :o 7 p]sonally agreeable to him2 p]haps grimly pleas$ ) ! awe t 8 ,titanic passion _h inspir$2 p]haps affect$ ) a sympa!tic feel+ ( reg>d by ! /raight=w>d bluntness ( ,ajax4 ,at any rate x is pla9 t !re foll[$ ^u ! spee* ( ! ,telamoniad *ief#gjg a great] sign ( yield+1 ?an any :i* ! pat]nal exhortations ( ,phnix1 or ^? mo/ artfully drawn pictures by ,ulysses#gjh ( ! rage & fury ( ,hector1 _h suffic$ to produce4 ,9 answ] to ,ulysses1 to ! bottom ( ^: a/ut5ess 8 cle> eye _h pi]c$1 he says1 #8,i %all g#gji4' ,9 answ] to ,phnix#gaj1 #8,to-morr[ we w decide1 :e!r to g or /ay4' ,9 answ] to ,ajax1 he makes a m s5sible advance4 ,he n[ s f> rel5ts z to tell !m1 he w be?9k himself ( battle2 yet x %all only be :5 ! h& ( ,hector1 deal+ dea? to ,greeks1 & flame to _! vessels1 %all h rea*$ ! t5ts & %ips ( ! ,myrmidons4 ,!n x w be "t en\gh3 = !n1 at 8 encampm5t & by 8 d>k %ip1 he tr[s t he w /ay ! c\rse ( ,hector1 h[ev] ke5 = fight#gaa4 #gjf ,il4 i4 #ceb-d4 #gjg ,il4 ix4 #fbd-db4 ,sup4 ,agor1 p4 #aaa4 #gjh ,ibid4 #bcg-dc1 & #cjd-f4 #gji ,ibid4 #ceg4 #gaj ,ibid4 #fag4 #gaa ,il4 ix4 #fdi-ee4 ,consi/5cy ma9ta9$ 9 & aft] ,il4 ix4 ,?us f>1 !n1 we surely h no pretext = say+ t ,hom] has dep>t$ f ! purpose ( 8 poem1 ( :i* ! man ,a*illes is ! c5tre & animat+ pr9ciple1 & 8 ,wra? ) its t]rible effects ! !me4 ,^! effects are n[ develop$ up to a c]ta9 po9t3 n su* a po9t z really to endang] ! army1 or excite /rong sympa?y or appreh5sion on its behalf1 b yet su* a po9t z entirely to tame ! irresolute egotism ( ,agamemnon1 & drive 8 b half-mascul9e "* into ef=ts aga9 to lay hold ^u ! prop1 :i* he _h s ra%ly & lightly1 z well z selfi%ly & unju/ly1 put away4 ,if we 7 to consid] ,a*illes z engag$ 9 a m]e p]sonal qu>rel1 we mu/ condemn him1 )\t any qualification :atev]1 = n accept+ ! rep>ation n[ t5d]$ by ,agamemnon4 ,b if we be> 9 m9d t ! wrong done 0 a public wrong1 t no confession ( ?is wrong 0 made1 t ! o!r k+s & lead]s1 & ! :ole army1 became 9 "s degree p>ties to x by _! acquiesc5ce1 & t he 0 ?us z mu* or m ! v9dicator ( great public rights ?an ! m]e av5g] ( a p]sonal (f5ce1 x is n s cle> t ! conduct ( ,a*illes aft] ! mission ( ! ,n9? ,book is incapable 9 pr9ciple ( ju/ification1 accord+ to ! moral code ( ,greece4 ,x mu/1 h[ev]1 und\bt$ly rema9 am5able to sev]e c5sure on ! score ( excess3 a culpability1 = ! p5al notice ( :i* ,hom] has made abundant provision 9 ! sequel ( ! poem4 ,b ?is "q is by ! way3 ! ma9 issue rais$ is z to ! poetical consi/5cy & effect ( ! /ructure1 :i* ,hom] has *os5 = 8 "w4 ,^u ?is !re is surely little room = d\bt4 ,f ! ,n9? ,book we comm5ce afre%3 ,a*illes 9 8 moody seclusion1 ! ,greeks 9 a manful det]m9ation to d _! be/2 ev5 ,agamemnon is n[ r\s$ to feel :at he has br\ght ^u ! army1 ?r[n back f 8 moral irresolution z a *ief ^u 8 p]sonal c\rage z a soldi]1 & resolv$ to appe> 9 ! field1 t he too may e>n 8 laurels !re4 ,& ^! int5tions are gallantly fulfill$4 ,! night =ay ( ,diom$ & ,ulysses /&s well1 z "o ( ! m9or b safe measures1 by :i* a skilful g5]al%ip (t5 makes its fir/ ef=ts to raise ! spirits ( a d[nca/ army4 ,agamemnon !n appe>s1 & %[s himself to be a w>rior ( a high1 nay ( ! highe/ ord] ( /r5g? & val\r4 ,! o!r k+s ex]t !mselves ) _! wont$ *ivalry4 ,b ! decree ( ,jove1 work+ ?r\gh ! accid5ts ( w>1 drives ?ree ( ! f\r great *ampions f ! field1 & leaves only ,ajax2 :o1 inv9cible :]ev] he is f\nd1 yet _c be ev]y:]e1 nor1 s+le h&$1 gov]n ! result ( battle along ! :ole ext5t ( ! l9e4 ,& n[ come ! great ex]tions & successes ( ! ,trojans1 especially ,s>p$on & 8 ,lycian cont+5t1 ,hector play+ r a conv5tional ?an a real "p4 ,n[ x goes h>d inde$ ) ! ,greeks2 ! fire t\*es ! %ips2 ,patroclus mu/ g =? & die2 & ! ,wra? is at an end1 = x is dr[n$ 9 ! bitt]ness ( ! te>s ( ,a*illes4 ,) ref]5ce1 !n1 to ! ma9 purpose ( ! poem1 x proce$s regul>ly to its climax1 & !re is no limb ( ! ,iliad sep>able f ! body )\t de/roy+ ! symmetrical1 mascul9e1 & broad developm5t ( its g5]al plan4 ,i speak n[ ( ! pr9cipal fabric ( ! poem4 ,few :o are n prep>$ to pull t 9 pieces w1 ,i appreh5d1 acc$e to ! proposal to %e> x ( ! two la/ ,books1 :i* !re=e h>dly require a sep>ate def5ce4 ,skilful adju/m5t ( conflict+ aims4 ,to me x appe>s well wor?y ( rem>k1 ) :at extraord9>y skill ,hom] has contriv$ to adju/ 8 poem to ! sev]al aims :i* he _h to keep 9 view4 ,! gr& "o d\btless 0 ! glory ( 8 c\ntry 9 ! p]son ( ,a*illes#gab4 ,/ill he 0 b\nd n to sacrifice poetically ! m>tial fame ( ! re/ ( ,greece ev5 to ! fir/ among !m1 :atev] calamities he might make ! army suff] on 8 acc\nt4 ,to avoid ?is sacrifice1 he 0 oblig$ to uphold ! milit>y "* & p[] ( ! ,greeks 9 _! /ruggle ) ! ,trojans1 ev5 :5 depriv$ ( ! pr[ess ( _! great *ampion ,a*illes4 ,& yet he c\ld n degrade ,hector & ! ,trojans1 or he w\ld h rea*$ ! lame conclusion ( adorn+ 8 own c\ntry's h]oes ) a poor & unwor?y triumph4 ,?us 8 c\rse 0 to be /e]$ among a v>iety ( difficulties1 all press+ ^u him f opposite qu>t]s4 #gab ,on ! "* ( ,a*illes1 ,i recomm5d ref]5ce to ,colonel ,mure1 ,lit4 ,greece1 i4 #bgc-ia1 & #cjd-ad4 ,9 no "p ( 8 treatm5t ( ! poems has t excell5t ,hom]i/ 7if ,i may presume to say s7 done bett] s]vice4 ,see likewise ,pr(essor ,wilson's ,essays1 ,critique iv3 & ! ,prlections ( ! ,rev4 ,j4 ,keble1 i4 #ij-ajd4 ,?is ref9$ "w1 :i* criticizes ! poems 9 ! _s ( a ,b>d1 set an e>ly example1 at lea/ to ,engl&1 ( elevat+ ! tone ( ,hom]ic /udy4 ,we see at once h[ /eadily he kept 9 view 8 pole-/>2 h[ he h&l$ ! ev5ts & *>act]s ( 8 poem s z to give ! mo/ p[]ful1 or r x may be said ! mo/ ov]p[]+1 impression ( ! greatness ( 8 h]o1 :i* is lift$ high] & high] by ! :ole movem5t ( ! "w z x proce$s4 ,let u n[ exam9e :e!r1 9 giv+ full scope to 8 ma9 purpose1 he has be5 oblig$ to sacrifice o!rs :i* 7 also important1 nay1 if ! highe/ excell5ce 0 8 aim1 ev5 indisp5sable4 ,! p>am\nt glory ( ,a*illes is e/abli%$ by ?is3 fir/1 t 9 ! ,n9? ,book ! :ole army1 z x 71 lies at 8 feet1 & is spurn$ f !nce3 secondly1 t :5 he f9ally comes =?1 x is n 9 def]5ce to ^? :o h insult$ him1 b x is "u ! burn+ impulses ( 8 own he>t4 ,let u n[ proce$ to inquire :e!r ! ,poet has or has n satisfi$ two o!r great dem&s4 ,has he1 z a ,greek1 done all t 0 requir$ to glorify ,greece1 & is ,a*illes its cr[n only1 or is he its sub/itute8 ,has he1 z a man1 v9dicat$ ! pr9ciples ( ! moral ord]1 & ( t retributive ju/ice :i*1 ev5 9 ?is _w1 visibly ma9ta9s at lea/ a p>tial balance betwe5 human action & its consequ5ces to ! ag5t8 ,glory giv5 to ,greece4 ,we %\ld look 9 va91 ,i ?9k1 = a f9] & subtl] ex]cise ( poetic art1 ?an 9 ! mode 9 :i* ,hom] has contriv$ to convey to u1 bo? ! g5]al1 & 9 p>ticul> ! milit>y inf]iority ( ! ,trojans1 z comp>$ ) ! ,greeks4 ,h>dly any read] c be s sup]ficial 9 8 obs]vation ( ! poem1 z n to rise f x ) ?is inf]iority suffici5tly impress$ ^u 8 m9d4 ,yet !re is n a passage or a ^w ?r\gh\t1 9 :i* x is ass]t$4 ,& :y8 ,because e direct ass]tion t ! ,trojans 7 less valiant or less /rong ?an _! antagoni/s1 w\ld h be5 s mu* detract$ f ! glory ( ov]com+ !m4 ,x 0 ess5tial to ! "w ( ! ,poet1 t he %\ld repres5t ! conte/ z an ardu\s "o4 ,he might h done ?is 9 ! co>se me?od1 = :i* 8 !urgy w\ld h af=d$ ! mat]ials3 t is1 by conv]t+ 8 ,trojans into m]e puppets1 ^: arm1 at e turn ( ! n>rative1 m]ely repres5t$ ! impell+ =ce ( "s deity or o!r1 &1 indep5d5tly ( su* extrane\s aid1 0 p[]less4 ,b ?is w\ld h de/roy$ ! full-flu%$ humanity ( ,hom]'s poem4 ,z x is1 he has avail$ himself ( ! div9e elem5t to make up by its assi/ance = ! comp>ative weakness ( ! ,trojan *iefs3 b x is only a subdu$ & occasional assi/ance1 s t !re is no gl>+ diff]5ce 9 po9t ( free ag5cy betwe5 ! two p>ties4 ,nor c x be )\t a purpose1 t ! two deities1 :o appe> 9 ! field on behalf ( ! ,trojans1 namely1 ,v5us & ,m>s1 are s5t (f x bo? w\nd$1 ! "o :9+1 & ! o!r h[l+1 by ! pr[ess ( ,diom$4 ,if ! ,greeks are to suff] by ! gods1 he takes c>e t x %all n be by ^? gods :o are ! m]e national p>tisans ( ,troy1 b by a high] ag5cy2 by ! decree ( ,jupit]1 n[ tempor>ily inde$1 b effectively1 set aga9/ !m4 ,x is by an indef9itely great numb] ( /rokes & t\*es ea* indef9itely small1 t ,hom] has ga9$ 8 object4 ,! ,trojan successes are always effect$ ) ! concurr5ce ( sup]natural p[]2 ! ,greeks n unfrequ5tly )\t1 & sometimes ev5 aga9/ x#gac4 #gac ,il4 xvi4 #ghj4 ,he z x 7 sets up ! ,trojans1 s to speak1 by g5]alities2 b he gives to ! ,greeks1 ) c]ta9 occasional exceptions1 ! :ole detail ( solid a*ievem5t4 ,sometimes he all[s a panic ( d\bt & fe> to seize _! ho/1 b he takes c>e to make ! s5tim5t only flit l a mom5t>y %ade ov] ! sun4 ,?us1 :5 ! assembl$ *iefta9s ( ! ,greek army hesitate to accept ! *all5ge ( ,hector#gad1 #gad ,il4 vii4 #ic4 1 ' 4 ,b aft] a %ort int]val1 & a prop] appeal1 n9e *ampions appe>1 ea* & all burn+ to meet ,hector 9 s+le combat4 ,sometimes he contrives to direct 8 praises to m>tial appe>ance & ext]ior1 b c>efully avoids ! real t\*es ( h]oic "*2 z :5 he be/[s on ,p>is ! noble simile ( ! 4 ,g5]ally he pays (f1 z x 71 ! ,trojans ) high-s\nd+ words1 & res]ves ne>ly all ! true qualities ( h]oes1 z well z _! exploits1 = ! ,a*ans4 ,) !m are ! sagacity1 consi/5cy1 firmness1 promptitude1 ent]prise1 p[] ( adapt+ means to ends1 compreh5siv5ess ( view1 z well z ma9 /r5g? ( h&4 ,b by ! exp$i5ts ,i h m5tion$1 ! ,trojans are rais$ to1 & kept at & no m ?an at1 ! level necess>y to make !m wor?y & cr$itable antagoni/s4 ,"o o!r eng9e = ! purpose has be5 employ$ by him1 namely1 ! real val\r & manhood ( ! ,lycian k+s & =ces#gae1 ) :om he _h evid5tly a /rong & peculi> sympa?y2 ^: *ief1 ,s>p$on1 is really a bett] man 9 w> ?an ,hector1 ?\gh mu* less pret5ti\s2 & :o1 "u ?is pr9ce1 a*ieve ! only real1 great1 & indep5d5t success t is to be f\nd on t side ?r\gh\t ! :ole c\rse ( ! poems1 namely1 ! fir/ =c+ ( ! ,greek entr5*m5ts#gaf4 #gae ,s9ce ! fir/ portion ( ?is "w w5t to press1 ,i h f\nd f ! rec5t & /ill unf9i%$ "w ( ,wel*]1 ,grie*is*e ,gtt]lehre1 i4 #b4 n41 t philological evid5ce appe>s to h be5 rec5tly obta9$ ( a close relation%ip betwe5 ! ,lycians & ! ,greeks4 #gaf ,il4 xii4 #cig-i4 ,! ,trojan inf]iority inde$ lies v mu* m palpably 9 ! *iefs1 ?an 9 ! common soldi]s4 ,betwe5 ! bulk ( ! army on ! "o side & on ! o!r1 ,hom] repres5ts no great--at lea/ no gl>+ diff]5ce4 ,sometimes ! fight is c>ri$ on ^u t]ms purely equal#gag1 z dur+ ! =5oon ( ! day 9 ! ,elev5? ,book3 :]e !re is sup]iority1 x is assign$ to ! ,greeks#gah or to ! ,trojans#gai1 accord+ z ! exig5cies ( ! poem may require4 ,/ill he contrives "s note ( diff]5ce s z to draw a l9e betwe5 ! m]it ( ! respective successes2 ?us1 :5 ! ,trojans turn ! ,greeks to flight1 !re is commonly an intimation1 9 m or less g5]al t]ms1 ( a div9e ag5cy /imulat+ !m4 ,ho/ile weapons are inde$ (t5 turn$ aside on behalf ( ,greeks3 b only 9 "o in/ance1 ,i ?9k1 d ! ,greeks d]ive decid$ advantage f a panic div9ely inspir$3 x is :51 9 ! ,sixte5? ,book1 ,jupit] in/ils into ,hector ! _s ( fe>#gbj4 #gag ,il4 xi4 #fg-hc4 #gah ,ibid4 #ij4 #gai ,il4 viii4 #ccf4 xvi4 #efi4 xvii4 #eif4 #gbj ,il4 xvi4 #fef4 ,?is abs5ce ( broad contra/ betwe5 ! two soldi]ies is 9 entire accordance ) :at we h se5 reason to presume z to _! composition2 namely1 t ! rank & file on bo? sides 0 9 all likelihood compos$ f k9dr$ & ,pelasgian races4 ,yet a /rong jeal\sy on behalf ( 8 c\ntry is ev] ! pr$om9ant s5tim5t 9 ! ,poet's m9d2 & accord+ly he ins9uates1 ) mu* art1 sugge/ions :i* keep ev5 ! ,trojan soldi]y some:at bel[ ! ,greeks2 :ile to ! *iefta9s ( ! ,greek army1 ?\gh 8 laudatory epi!ts are ne>ly z high on ! "o side z on ! o!r1 he assigns 9 action an enorm\s sup]iority1 bo? milit>y & intellectual4 ,accord+ly1 :5 we come to ca/ up ! results ( ! actual enc\nt]s1 we are a/\nd$ at ! littl5ess1 ! almo/ no?+ness1 ( ! ,trojan a*ievem5ts1 & at ! l>ge havock wr\ght by _! oppon5ts1 ev5 dur+ ! p]iod :5 ,a*illes 0 9 e/rangem5t#gba4 #gba ,?is w\ld be be/ %[n by a li/ ( ! consid]able p]sonages sla9 on ! two sides respectively4 ,z reg>ds ! armies at l>ge1 obs]ve ! similes us$ 9 ! ,f\r? ,book#gbb4 ,! ,greeks move 9 sil5ce & discipl9e1 l ! swell+ waves :5 ! tempe/ is j beg9n+ to ga!r3 ! ,trojans1 l innum]able %eep1 :o /& bleat+ 9 ! fold :ile !y are be+ milk$#gbc4 ,9 ! ,fif? ,book1 :ile x is m5tion$1 z if casually1 t ,apollo1 ,m>s1 & ,eris1 7 /irr+ & keep+ up ! ,trojans1 x is subjo9$1 )\t o/5sible ref]5ce to ?is intimation1 b pla9ly 9 artful contra/ ) x1 t ! ,greeks f\nd suffici5t inc5tives 9 ! exhortations ( ! two ,ajaxes1 ( ,ulysses1 & ( ,diom$#gbd4 ,aga91 :5 ,hector returns1 aft] 8 battle ) ,ajax#gbe1 to 8 comrades1 we are told t !y rejoic$ 9 f9d+ him re/or$ to !m 9 safety1 contr>y to _! expectation1 4 ,on ! o!r h&1 x is add$1 ! ,greeks l$ ,ajax to ,agamemnon1 exult+ 9 8 victory ov] ,hector 7 74 ,! ,greeks feel no ?ankfulness1 because !y _h1 we are evid5tly to und]/&1 felt no fe>4 ,& ! *ief rejoices 9 8 victory1 :i* x really 04 ,x 01 inde$1 end$ z a drawn battle1 ?\gh ,ajax _h _h ! be/ ( x at e /age2 b n s mu* = ! hon\r ( ,hector1 z = ! purposes ( ! poem1 s9ce ,hector _h to meet ,a*illes 9 ! field1 & he w\ld h be5 degrad$ by enc\nt]+ an antagoni/ t anybody else _h palpably wor/$4 ,to /ate ! p>adox z ,hom] _h to confront x1 ! problem 0 to make ,ajax conqu]or1 )\t lett+ ,hector be conqu]$4 #gbb ,v]4 #dba-ch4 #gbc ,v]4 #eag-bj4 #gbd ,il4 v4 #eag-ba4 #gbe ,il4 vii4 #cjg-ab4 ,inf]iority gl>+ 9 ! ,*iefs4 ,:5 we look to ! case ( ! *iefta9s z a :ole1 ! contra/ is gl>+4 ,no fir/ rate1 or ev5 second rate1 ,greek *iefta9 is ev] kill$ 9 fair field3 ,tlepolemus1 sla9 by ,s>p$on1 comes ! ne>e/ to t rank1 b is n 9 x4 ,patroclus is only sla9 aft] be+ dis>m$ by ,apollo3 & "h x seems to me z if = once ! ,poet _h a little ov]%ot 8 m>k2 = ! artifice is gross1 & cov]s ! pret5d$ exploit ( ,hector ) indelible disgrace4 ,9 fact1 ,hector nev] once a*ieves a consid]able success 9 ! field3 ?\gh only ,a*illes1 ! fir/ ,greek w>rior1 is all[$ completely to ov]come him#gbf1 yet he is decid$ly inf]ior 9 fight to bo? ,diom$ & ,ajax1 :o jo9tly occupy ! two next places1 b z betwe5 :om ,hom] has n decisively m>k$ ! claim to prec$5ce4 ,9 g5]al t]ms1 he gives x to ,ajax m emphatically#gbg1 b he details m & great] acts ( pr[ess 9 fav\r ( ,diom$4 #gbf ,comp>e ,il4 ii4 #gfh1 ) ,il4 v4 #dad4 #gbg ,il4 xi4 #ahe-bji4 ,ev5 ) ,agamemnon ,hector is admoni%$1 on ! "p ( ,jupit]1 n to cont5d3 & he foll[s ! advice4 ,( ! ,trojan *iefs :o really fight1 a l>ge proportion are sla92 ,glaucus1 neas1 ,deiphobus1 & ,polydamas are ! mo/ consid]able :o survive4 ,no em95t ,trojan 9 fact is ev] all[$ to display real h]oism1 except "u circum/ances :]e ! issue is q hopeless3 accord+ly ,hom] has nev] surr\nd$ ,hector ) true h]oic gr&eur1 9 de$ z well z ^w1 until 8 f9al battle aga9/ ,a*illes1 :5 he is at la/ br\ght to bay1 & :5 8 doom is c]ta94 ,all ! consid]able injuries inflict$ ^u great ,greek *iefta9s are f causes n imply+ p]sonal pr[ess 9 _! rivals3 f ! arr[s ( ,p&>us or ( ,p>is1 or by ! *ance hit ( "s insignificant1 or at ! lea/ second>y1 b desp]ate ,trojan1 su* z ,socus1 or su* z ,coon1 /ruck ev5 z he is himself receiv+ or ab\t to receive 8 own dea?-bl[#gbh4 ,b = ^! ignoble w\nds1 :i* 7 inflict$ on _m *iefs1 includ+ ?ree prime h]oes1 ,agamemnon1 ,diom$1 & ,ulysses1 ! ,greeks1 accord+ to ! ag5cy ( ! poem z x /&s1 nev] w\ld h be5 driv5 back ^u _! %ips at all4 #gbh ,il4 xi4 #beb1 #dcg4 ,conflict+ exig5cies ( ! plan4 ,n[ ,hom]'s difficulty 9 ?is matt] 0 n simply t :i* has be5 h]et(ore po9t$ out1 or :i* has be5 commonly suppos$4 ,8 aim1 says ,heyne#gbi1 9 repres5t+ ! disa/]s ( ! ,greeks is1 ut p] eas ,a*illis virtus insigniatur1 quippe qu de/ituti ,a*ivi succumbunt1 edem r$dit v9cunt4 ,b ?is is surely a mis/atem5t ( ! case4 ,hom] has n repres5t$ ! ,greeks plus ,a*illes z sup]ior to ! ,trojans1 & ! ,greeks m9us ,a*illes z inf]ior to !m4 ,?is 0 :at a vulg> arti/1 ^: m9d c\ld only hold "o idea at a "t1 w\ld h done2 nay1 :at x 0 difficult to avoid do+1 = x 0 vital to ,hom]'s purpose t ! v5geance ( ,a*illes %\ld be completely satiat$3 x 0 n to be ?\ght ( t ?is transc5d5t "*1 ?is ideal h]o1 %\ld be balk$ by man ( woman born2 ! :ole web ( ! ,poet's ?\ght w\ld h be5 r5t across1 _h !re be5 failure 9 su* a po9t4 ,:at 0 ne$ful 9 ?is view c\ld only be accompli%$ by ! extreme/ calamities ( ! ,greeks4 ,^! calamities he _h to br+ ab\t1 & yet to give to ! ,greeks a real sup]iority ( milit>y virtue4 ,we h se5 already h[ he effect$ ! latt]3 h[ did he manage ! =m]8 ,p>tly by giv+ ,a*illes1 9 "r ( 8 "m ,!tis1 su* an int]e/ 9 ! c\rts ( heav51 z to ?r[ a prepond]at+ div9e ag5cy = ! "t on ! side ( ! ,trojans2 p>tly by a skilful use ( ! *ances ( w>1 9 assign+ to ,troy a sup]iority 9 ! comp>atively ignoble skill 7z x 0 !n us$7 ( ! b[4 ,?us he causes ! ,greeks to be wor/$1 not)/&+ _! sup]iority3 by _! be+ wor/$1 he satisfies ! exig5cies ( 8 plot2 by exhibit+ _! sup]iority1 he fulfils ! conditions ( 8 own (fice z a national poet4 ,to speak ( ! +5uity ( ,hom] may s\nd /range1 = we are accu/om$ to associate 8 "n ) ideas ( great] nobl5ess2 b /ill 8 +5uity1 9 ?is adju/m5t ( conflict+ dem&s ^u him1 appe>s to be su* z has nev] be5 surpass$4 #gbi ,exc4 ii4 ad ,il4 xxiv4 s4 iv4 vol4 viii4 p4 #hja4 ,see1 h[ev]1 also p4 #hjb4 ,greeks sup]ior ev5 )\t ,a*illes4 ,& "h ,i1 = "o1 _c b admire ! way 9 :i* ,hom] has made purposes1 :i* o!rs w\ld h f\nd conflict+1 to s]ve z reciprocal auxili>ies4 ,! ,embassy ( ! ,n9? ,book c]ta9ly glorifies ,a*illes3 b let u ask1 does x n help also to glorify ,greece8 ,let u consid] :at _h happ5$4 ,! )drawal ( ,a*illes 0 at once felt z a great bl[2 & x act$ on ! :ole tone ( ! army4 ,?is appe>s 9 v>i\s ways4 ,we read x 9 ! home-sick impulses ( ! ,second ,assembly 7b4 ii472 9 ! advice ( ,ne/or to take measures = secur+ ! responsibility ( (fic]s & m5 7ii4 #cfj-h72 9 ! slackness ( v>i\s *iefs dur+ ! ,circuit ( ,agamemnon 7b4 iv472 9 its be+ record$ to ! hon\r ( t lead] 7iv4 #bbc7 t he did n fl9* f 8 duty2 la/ly1 9 ! mom5t>y reluctance ( ! ,greek h]oes to enc\nt] ,hector 7vii4 #ic74 ,all ?is is ?or\ghly natural4 ,hav+ leant ^u a prop1 !y 7 n at once aw>e ( _! rema9+ & intr9sic /r5g?4 ,!y1 l all p]sons :o h n le>n$ ! habit ( self-reliance1 requir$ to le>n x ) pa94 ,h5ce1 aft] ! v fir/ t\* ( comp>ative weakness 9 ! field1 !y conceive ! idea ( ! ramp>t4 ,!y _h n really be5 wor/$3 b _! enemies _h le>n$ to face !m2 _! position 0 n[ no long] :at x _h us$ to be1 :5 ,hector did n v5ture out 9 front ( ! ,d>danian ,gate4 ,b ! build+ ( ! ramp>t produc$1 z 0 natural1 an increas$ weakness4 ,besides ?is1 ,jupit]1 see+ t ! t5d5cy ( ev5ts 0 n to give a suffici5tly rapid & decisive triumph to ,a*illes1 n[ inhibit$ ^? deities1 :o 7 fri5dly to ,greece1 f tak+ "p1 :ile he himself 7viii4 #ge7 al>m$ & aba%$ ! ,greeks ) 8 ?und]4 ,!y ?us feel !mselves ?r[n "o full /age fur!r into weakness4 ,:at m natural1 ?an t !y %\ld turn to ,a*illes1 & try 8 disposition t[>ds !m8 ,?is is effect$ 9 ! ,n9? ,book4 ,!y !n become acqua9t$ practically1 = ! fir/ "t1 ) ! fi]c5ess ( ! sev5 times heat$ furnace ( ! ,wra?4 ,?is exp]i5ce tea*es !m1 t !y mu/ d or die4 ,s at la/1 ! bridge beh9d !m be+ brok51 ,greece is put ^u h] mettle4 ,! gallant ,diom$ becomes ! spokesman at once ( *ivalry & ( common s5se4 #8,y %\ld n h ask$ him4 ,by ask+1 y h embold5$ & h>d5$ him4 ,let him alone4 ,rely ^u y\rselves4 ,refre% y\rselves ) sleep & a good meal1 & !n1 ord] out ! troops1 & h at !m3 ,i = my "p w be f\nd 9 ! van#gcj4' ,!n x is t ! ,greeks und]/& _! position1 &1 ca/+ (f hope f ,a*illes1 place x 9 !mselves4 ,h5ce t great developm5t ( valor\s en]gies 9 ! ,elev5? ,book1 :i* proves t 9 equal fight1 ev5 ?\gh ,a*illes 7 abs5t1 ,troy _h n a hope3 s t ! exp$i5t ( *ance-w\nds1 disabl+ all ! prime w>riors b ,ajax1 is absolutely necess>y 9 ord] to br+ ab\t ! requir$ am\nt ( disa/]4 ,x appe>s to me1 ,i confess1 t ?is is a ma/]ly adju/m5t1 alike true 9 nature1 & high 9 art4 #gcj ,il4 ix4 #fig-gji4 ,b fir/1 aft] ! great repulse1 comes ! pilot-balloon1 ! t5tative ef=t1 ( ! ,doloneia4 ,next to ! skill & p[] ) :i* ! ,poet has discrim9at$ ! *>act]s ( 8 great] ,greek h]oes1 ,i am tempt$ to admire ! circumspection & precision1 ) :i* he has assign$ _! relative degrees ( prom95ce 9 ! action4 ,to ^? :o compla9 ( ! ,doloneia = want ( a purpose1 ,i w\ld reply t1 9 ! fir/ place1 besides its m]its z an op]ation ) ref]5ce to ! circum/ances ( ! mom5t1 7= x fe$s ! army1 z x 71 ) milk1 :5 !y 7 n yet ready = /rong meat17 x rem>kably v>ies ! t5\r ( ! action1 :i* )\t x w\ld h fall5 into some?+ ( sleepy sam5ess1 by sub/itut+ /ratagem = =ce1 & night-adv5ture = ! conflicts ( ! day4 ,let ^? :o d\bt ?is /rike out ! ,t5? ,book1 & !n consid] h[ ! c\rse ( ! milit>y transactions ( ! poem w\ld /& )\t x3 h[ mu* m ju/ly ! fir/ moiety ( ! milit>y action ( ! poem w\ld /& liable to ! imputation ( monotony1 :i* ev5 n[ is ( necessity ! besett+ dang] ( ! :ole poem4 ,b m2 ,i cont5d t ! ,doloneia con/itutes1 9 ! ma91 ! ( ,ulysses4 ,8 di/+ui%$ "p 9 ! ,second ,book is political only1 & has no conc]n ) 8 milit>y qualifications4 ,8 ord9>y milit>y exploits else:]e are second>y1 & also scatt]$4 ,to assign to him a great %>e 9 ! field op]ations w\ld h be5 a mu* less f9e prep>ation1 ?an ! ,iliad n[ af=ds1 = 8 appe>ance 9 ! ,odyssey2 & x w\ld also h haz>d$ sam5ess z betwe5 8 a*ievem5ts & ! o!r ( ! great *iefs4 ,besides1 !re 0 little room 9 ! field1 z ! m>tial art 0 !n und]/ood1 = 8 di/9ctive qualities1 self-reliance1 pres5ce ( m9d1 f]tility 9 res\rce4 ,b milit>y di/9ction1 ev5 9 ! "t ( ,hom]1 lay 9 two great dep>tm5ts1 "o kn[n z ! fight 771 ! o!r z ambu% 774 ,! latt] 0 ( fully equal1 nay1 on acc\nt ( its %>p] trial ( moral c\rage#gca1 x 0 ev5 ( /ill great] hon\r4 ,to ?is class ! night adv5ture ess5tially belong$4 ,"h ,ulysses is ?or\ghly at home4 ,9 ! ,doloneia1 ,diom$ is m]ely ! sword 9 ! h& ( ,ulysses2 :o directs ! op]ation1 & ov]rules 8 brave companion :5 he ?9ks fit1 z1 = example1 9 ! matt] ( ! slaught] ( ,dolon4 ,9 :at o!r way c\ld ,hom] h giv5 u an equally *>act]i/ic illu/ration ( ! milit>y qualities ( ,ulysses8 #gca ,see ,il4 i4 #bbf-h4 xviii4 #eji-ac4 & especially xiii4 #bge-hf3 & ,sup4 ,agor1 p4 #ib4 ,h>mony 9 relative prom95ce ( ! ,*iefs4 ,n[ ?is view ( ! ,doloneia fills up1 ,i ?9k1 :at mu/ o!rwise be admitt$ to be a gap 9 ! poem4 ,x be+ ?us fill$ up1 let u obs]ve ! accuracy ) :i* %>es 9 ! action ( ! poem are assign$ to ! respective *iefs4 ,ne/or has 8 own place ap>t z univ]sal c\nsellor4 ,ulysses also1 :o1 z ! great tw9 conception to ,a*illes1 mu/ nev] be all[$ to appe> 9 a light ( inf]iority to any "o1 is s manag$ z n to eclipse ! might ( ,ajax or ! brav]y ( ,diom$2 & yet he has all 8 attributes kept entire = ! great "p he _h to play 9 ! ,odyssey1 & is nev] beat51 nev] baffl$1 nev] excell$4 ,!n ,ajax1 ,diom$1 ,agamemnon1 ,m5elaus1 ev5 eld]ly ,idom5eus1 h ea* ! /age made cle> = !m at diff]5t times1 & ) scope proportion$ to _! sev]al claims ^u u4 ,! v int]vals betwe5 _! sev]al appe>ances are made z wide z possible3 = ,diom$ is 9 ! ,fif? & ,elev5? ,books1 ,ajax 9 ! ,sev5?1 ,agamemnon 9 ! ,elev5?1 ,idom5eus 9 ! ,?irte5?#gcb1 ,m5elaus 9 ! ,sev5te5?4 ,ajax excels 9 %e] might1 ,diom$ 9 pure gallantry ( s\l1 & :at is call$ da%2 ,agamemnon's dignity z a w>rior is mo/ skilfully ma9ta9$1 yet )\t 8 be+ br\ght into rivalry ) ^? two /ill great] h]oes1 by ,hector's be+ c\nsell$ to avoid him4 ,m5elaus1 second>y 9 m]e =ce1 ?\gh ) a _s no less brave ?an g5tle1 is c>ri$ well ?r\gh by ! c>e tak5 t he %all only meet ) appropriate adv]s>ies1 & ! same pa9s are employ$ on behalf ( ,idom5eus4 ,= ,patroclus1 z ! fri5d & second self ( ,a*illes1 ,hom]'s f]tile inv5tion has secur$ a k9d ( di/9ction1 :i* does n displace t ( o!rs1 & :i*1 not)/&+1 is eclips$ by none ( !m4 ,he turns ! ,trojan ho/2 he slays ! great ,s>p$on2 he is himself sla9 only by f\l play4 ,i _c v9dicate ! clumsy int]v5tion ( ,apollo1 & ! meanness ( ! "p play$ by ,hector 9 ?is c>d9al passage ( 8 c>e]2 /ill ,i f9d x curi\s & in/ructive to obs]ve 9 all ?is a new in/ance ( ! int5se c>e1 ) :i* ! ,poet wat*es ov] ! "* especially ( 8 ,a*illes4 ,he exalts him1 by exalt+ fir/ ^? second>y em95ces1 f> above :i* he keeps him t[]+4 ,!re=e he w\ld h ,patroclus sla9 inde$1 b n defeat$1 by ,hector2 & to ?is capital object he appe>s to h made1 p]haps unavoidably1 consid]able sacrifices4 #gcb ,he be>s ! *ief "p f #bjf4 to #dhh4 ,^u ! :ole1 !n1 x w\ld seem t ,hom] _h to ma9ta9 a complex reg>d to a v>iety ( objects4 ,fir/ ( all !re 0 ! relation to obs]ve betwe5 ,a*illes & all ! o!r p]sonages ( 8 poem on bo? sides ( ! qu>rel4 ,!n 9 di/ribut+ 8 m9or ,alps1 ! o!r prime or di/+ui%$ ,greek w>riors1 ab\t ?is great ,alp1 he _h to keep 9 m9d & provide = _! relations to "o ano!r1 z well z to him4 ,la/ly1 he _h to c>ry ,hector & ! ,trojans s high1 t to ov]come _! *ief %\ld be 8 cr[n+ exploit1 & yet s l[1 t !y %\ld n /& inconv5i5tly betwe5 ! ,greeks & ! view ( su* national h]oes z ,ulysses1 ,diom$1 ,ajax1 & ,agamemnon4 ,l ,jupit] on ,ida#gcc1 f none ( ^! objects has he ev] remov$ 8 bright & wat*ful eye2 = all ( !m he has made a provision alike delib]ate & skilful4 #gcc ,il4 xvi4 #fdd4 ,x only rema9s to consid] ! outl9e ( ! plot 9 ref]5ce to ! ,provid5tial ,gov]nm5t ( ! _w1 & ! adm9i/ration ( retributive ju/ice2 a subject :i* has be5 ably h&l$ by ,mr4 ,granville ,p5n#gcd4 #gcd ,9 8 #8,exam9ation ( ! ,prim>y ,argum5t ( ! ,iliad4' ,d$icat$ to ,"l ,gr5ville4 #ahba4 ,i am n able to admit t broad di/9ction1 :i* is frequ5tly drawn betwe5 ! provision made = satisfy+ ?is great poetical & moral purpose 9 ! ,iliad & 9 ! ,odyssey respectively4 ,9 ea* ,i f9d x n only rem>kable1 b ev5 elaborate4 ,9 ea* poem1 ,hom] exhibits1 above all ?+s else1 "o *os5 human "* ) ! ample/ developm5t4 ,b div]sity is ! key-note ( ! developm5t 9 ! ,odyssey1 gr&eur or magnitude 9 ! ,iliad4 ,! hurricane-l =ces1 t ab\nd 9 ! "* ( ,a*illes1 entail a great] am\nt ( ab]ration f ! pa? ( wisdom4 ,b !re is n want+ a proportionate retributive provision4 ,ulysses1 aft] a long c\rse ( sev]e discipl9e pati5tly endur$1 has aw>d$ to him a peaceful old age1 & a calm dea?1 9 8 ,i?aca b>r5 b belov$1 ) 8 p prosp]+ ar\nd him4 ,a*illes1 on ! o!r h&1 is s load$ ) gorge\s gifts t1 wond]ful z is _! h>mony 9 all po9ts b "o1 t "o is ! c5tre4 ,he has n ! same unfail+ & c5tral solidity ( moral equipoise4 ,9 himself gallant1 j1 g5]\s1 ref9$1 /ill indignity c drive him into an extremity ( pride & fi]c5ess1 :i* call = /]n correction4 ,h5ce x comes ab\t t1 :ile ! adv]sity ( ,ulysses is ! way to peace1 ! transc5d5t glory ( ,a*illes is att5d$ by a s]ies ( dev\r+ agonies2 ! rival excitem5ts ( fi]ce pa9 & fi]c] pleasure accompany him along a pa?1 :i* soon & sudd5ly desc5ds into ! night ( dismal dea?4 ,alike 9 ! "o case & 9 ! o!r1 ! balance ( ! moral ord] is pres]v$2 & t ,er9s1 :o1 9 s _m p>ticul> passages ( ! poems1 makes m9iature appe>ances 9 ord] to v9dicate ! et]nal laws1 su* z ! h]oic age appreh5d$ !m1 likewise presides 9 full developm5t ov] ! g5]al action ( ea* ( ^! extraord9>y poems4 ,retributive ju/ice 9 ! two poems4 ,retributive ju/ice1 insep>ably int]wov5 ) human de/9y 7= ?us mu* ! ,er9s signifi$7 tracks & dogs ,a*illes at e /age4 ,take him1 = in/ance1 z ! ,n9? ,book %[s him1 at ! v summit ( 8 pride4 ,x is 9 no light or joy\s mood1 t he repels ! ,envoys4 ,:o among read]s does n seem to see 8 _s wri!1 :5 he describes ! hot & bur/+ res5tm5t 9 8 brea/1 ! /++ recollection ( ! outrages he has und]gone#gce4 ,ev5 by ! irrepressible curiosity1 :i* compels him to m\nt ^u 8 %ip = view1 & to s5d out ,patroclus to le>n ! c\rse ( ! battle1 ,hom] has %[n u h[ false 0 any semblance ( peace1 t he c\ld ev5 n[ enjoy 9 8 giddy elevation4 #gce ,il4 ix4 #fdf-h4 ,! ramp>t is pi]c$1 ! %ips are rea*$1 ! firebr& is hurl$1 & ! fir/ ,greek %ip burns4 ,a*illes mu/ n dep>t f 8 ^w3 b 8 re/lessness n[ conceives an exp$i5t1 ! s5d+ =? ( ,patroclus to ! fight4 ,at ! same "t1 he takes e precaution t sagacity c sugge/3 he clo!s 8 fri5d 9 8 own arm\r1 exhorts ! ,myrmidons to support him1 above all enjo9s him to conf9e himself to def5sive w>f>e1 & n to foll[ ! ,trojans1 :5 repuls$1 to ! city4 ,:at !n happ5s to him8 ,t :i* (t5 befalls ourselves3 t :5 we h turn$ our back ^u wisdom1 wisdom turns h] back ^u u4 ,a*illes insi/$ ^u ! disa/] ( 8 c\ntrym54 ,:5 x came1 x con/ra9$ him to s5d out 8 fri5d3 & ! calamity he _h himself invok$ 0 dea? to ! man t he lov$ bett] ?an 8 own s\l4 ,& :y did ,patroclus die8 ,x 0 n t ,a*illes imprud5tly expos$ him to risks beyond 8 /r5g?4 ,he 0 abundantly able to enc\nt] ,hector4 ,hector _h no c>e1 s long z ! battle 0 by ! %ips1 to enc\nt] ?is *ief4 ,& ,a*illes _h enjo9$ him to fight by ! %ips only1 le/1 if he attempt$ ! city1 a deity %\ld take "p aga9/ him#gcf4 ,patroclus disobey$1 & p]i%$ accord+ly4 ,z ,a*illes _h refus$ to foll[ ! laws ( wisdom = himself1 s1 :5 he c>efully obey$ !m1 !y 7 n to avail him = ! sav+ ( 8 fri5d4 ,heav5 f\ght aga9/ ,patroclus2 ,jupit]1 aft] delib]ation1 tempt$ him f ! %ips1 by caus+ ,hector to fly t[>ds ! city2 & ! c\nsel ( ,a*illes 0 n[ baffl$ z he _h baffl$ ! c\nsels ( o!rs1 ! d>t 0 laun*$ t 0 to pi]ce 8 s\l to ! quick4 #gcf ,il4 xvi4 #ic4 ,d\ble conque/ ov] ,a*illes4 ,?us 8 pr\d w 0 doom$ to suff]4 ,! suff]+ is foll[$ by ! reconciliation1 & by ! climax ( 8 glory & rev5ge 9 ! dea? ( ,hector4 ,h[ 9 ^! ,books we see him mov+ 9 might almo/ pret]natural1 ) ! :ole _w z x 71 & all its =ces1 9 subjection to 8 arm6 ,b he has only pass$ f "o excess ( feel+ into ano!r3 f a v9dictive excess ( feel+ aga9/ ! ,greeks1 to ano!r v9dictive excess ( feel+ aga9/ ,hector4 ,! mutilation & di%on\r ( ! body ( 8 sla9 antagoni/ n[ become a second idol1 /irr+ ! great deep ( 8 passions1 & bewild]+ 8 m9d4 ,?us1 9 pay+ (f 8 old debt to ! et]nal laws1 he has already contract$ a new "o4 ,aga91 !n1 8 pr\d w mu/ be taught to b[4 ,h5ce1 z ,mr4 ,p5n has well %[n1 ! necessity ( ! ,tw5ty-f\r? ,book ) its beautiful ma*9]y#gcg4 ,a*illes mu/ surr5d] ! d>l+ object ( 8 desire1 ! wreak+ ( 8 v5geance on an inanimate corpse4 ,on ?is occasion1 z be=e1 he is subdu$3 & bo? times x is ?r\gh ! m$ium ( 8 t5d] affections4 ,b 9 bo? cases 8 evil gratification is cut %ort3 & ! au?ority ( ! provid5tial ord] is ree/abli%$4 ,! ,greeks pursue _! righte\s w>3 ! respect :i* nature enjo9s is duly paid to ! rema9s ( ,hector1 & ! poem closes ) ! v]se :i* assures u t ?is obligation 0 duly & peacefully dis*>g$4 #gcg ,see ! #8,prim>y ,argum5t ( ! ,iliad1' pp4 #bda-gc4 ,) ^! views1 ,i f9d 9 ! plot ( ! ,iliad en\gh ( beauty1 ord]1 & /ructure1 n m]ely to su/a9 ! supposition ( its own unity1 b to be> an indep5d5t te/imony1 %\ld x be /ill ne$$1 to ! exi/5ce ( a p]sonal & individual ,hom] z its au?or4 ,,sect4 ,,ii4 ,! s5se ( ,beauty 9 ,hom]2 human1 animal1 & inanimate4 ,! idea ( ,beauty1 especially z x is connect$ ) its mo/ signal kn[n manife/ation 9 ! human =m1 & aga9 ! 1 or corruption ( t idea1 h ea* _! sep>ate c\rse & hi/ory 9 ! religion & mann]s1 z well z 9 ! arts1 ( ,greece4 ,by ! idea ( ,beauty1 ,i mean "h ! conception ( x 9 ! human m9d z a pure & wond]ful ess5ce1 ne>ly ak9 to ! ,div9e2 d]iv$ f heav51 & bo? cont9ually & spontane\sly t5d+ to rev]t to its s\rce4 ,by ! corruption ( t idea1 ,i mean ! conception ( x ei!r ma9ly or :olly ) ref]5ce to animal enjoym5t2 sometimes )91 & sometimes beyond1 ! laws ( ,nature4 ,9 ! works ( ,hom]1 we f9d ! fir/ ( ^! conceptions exce$+ly prom95t & p[]ful4 ,x approa*es almo/ to a wor%ip3 & yet is sc>cely at all ta9t$ ) ! second1 sc>cely pres5ts ! smalle/ deflection f ! v l(tie/ type4 ,9 ,hom]1 t is to say1 9 ! ,hom]ic descriptions ( human *>act]s & life1 we nev] f9d ,beauty & ,vice pleasurably associat$3 he seems to h felt 9 ! sanctu>y ( 8 m9d z mu* at lea/ z ?is1 if n m2 t a d]ogation f purity involv$ ( itself a desc5t f ! highe/ to a l[] =m ( beauty3 & !re=e he nev] associates 8 highe/ descriptions ( beauty ) vice3 diff]+ 9 ?is n only f s _m hea!n1 b ev5 f _m ,*ri/ian au?ors4 ,! ,d>danid traditions4 ,b yet x is mo/ rem>kable t1 ev5 9 ,hom]'s "t1 ! level ( popul> tradition on ! subject ( beauty _h begun to desc5d1 & ?\gh he _h escap$ ! ta9t1 yet x _h t\*$ 8 age4 ,let u1 = example1 take t mo/ /rik+ s]ies ( traditions 9 ! ,d>danian royal family1 :i* are record$ 9 ! poems ( ,hom]4 ,t family appe>s to h _h p]sonal beauty = an almo/ entail$ inh]itance4 ,n only ,hector1 ,deiphobus1 neas1 z well z ,p>is1 possess$ x1 b ,priam1 ev5 9 8 old age & affliction1 0 div9ely beautiful z he ent]$ ! ap>tm5t ( ,a*illes2 &1 z !y sat at meat1 & he admir$ ,a*illes1 ,a*illes return$ 8 admiration#gch4 #gch ,il4 xxiv4 #dhc1 #fca4 ,sup4 ,ilios1 p4 #baf4 ,! l9e ( traditions 9 ?is family1 to :i* ,i n[ ref]1 af=ds ! be/ illu/ration ( ! idea ( beauty z ev] /riv+1 by an inn] law1 to rise to a heav5ly life4 ,!re are f\r ( ^! traditions3 & z we pass f ! old] to ! m rec5t1 at ea* /ep t we make1 we lose "s gra9 ( ! fir/ e!real purity4 ,! e>lie/ ( !m all is ! translation1 s9ce co>sely & )\t gr\nd call$ ! rape1 ( ,ganym$e3 consi/5tly inde$ s call$1 accord+ to ! idea ( ! fable :i* has prevail$ 9 lat] ages1 b mo/ absurdly1 if x be appli$ to ! tradition 9 ! %ape 9 :i* x /&s ) ,hom]4 ,) him ! tale ( ,ganym$e is ! mo/ simple & p]fect ass]tion ( ! pr9ciple t beauty1 heav5ly 9 its orig91 is heav5ly also 9 its de/9y2 & t ! heav5-born & heav5-b\nd %\ld contract no ta9t ^u its int]m$iate passage4 ,!re 7 ?ree sons1 says ,hom]1 born to ,tros2 ,ilus 0 "o1 ,ass>acus ano!r3 & ! ?ird 0 ,ganym$e1 a mat* = gods4 ,ganym$e1 ! mo/ beaute\s ( m51 :om1 = 8 beauty1 & seem+ly be=e he _h come to maturity = succession1 ! gods snat*$ up & made ! cupbe>] ( ,jupit]1 t he might dwell = ev] among ! ,immortals#gci3 #gci ,il4 xx4 #bcc-e4 1 ' 4 ,! idea ( sanctity1 inde$1 is n to be discov]$ "h2 its traces c only be f\nd among ! inspir$ records2 ! resemblance to ! deity does n rea* beyond ! fle% & m9d2 yet ! sum ( ! tale is full ( int]e/4 ,! o!r sons grew up1 & became k+s2 he1 t he might n l+]1 might n suff]1 might n contract ta9t or und]go decay on e>?1 0 tak5 up to t sph]e1 :i* is ! prop] home ( all ?+s beautiful & good4 ,! ?\ght is some:at relat$ to t ( ! foll[+ rem>kable l9es by ,em]son3 ,p]*ance n he1 b nature ail$2 ,! _w1 & n ! infant1 fail$4 ,x 0 n ripe yet to su/a9 ,a g5ius ( s f9e a /ra91 ,:o gaz$ ^u ! sun & moon ,z if he came unto 8 own3 ,& pregnant ) 8 gr&] ?\ght1 ,br\ght ! old ord] into d\bt4 ,8 beauty once _! beauty tri$2 ,!y c\ld n fe$ him1 & he di$1 ,& w&]$ backw>d1 z 9 scorn1 ,to wait an on to be born4 ,f> z ! tradition ( ,ganym$e1 accord+ to ,hom]1 is bel[ t ( ,eno*1 x is set by a yet wid] di/ance above ! lat] v]sion ( ! same tale4 ,?us1 9 ,euripides1 we f9d him ! 7,iph4 ,aul4 #ajcg73 & :at is m sad is to f9d1 t ?is utt]ly debas$ & depress$ idea prevail$ ov] ! orig9al & pure "o1 ev5 to its ext9ction1 & 0 adopt$ & propagat$ by ! highe/ & ! l[e/ poets ( ! ,italian romance#gdj4 #gdj ,= example1 we might quote ! ,orl&o ,furioso ( ,ario/o2 & ! v vulg> poet1 ,=tegu]ra1 9 ! ,ricci>detto1 vi4 #bc3 ,il nett> beve1 e ,ganim$e il mesce1 ,*e tanto a ,giuno sua spiace e r9cresce4 ,next 9 ord] to ! tradition ( ,ganym$e comes t ( ,ti?onus1 :o1 on acc\nt ( 8 beauty1 0 c>ri$ up1 n by ! gods at l>ge1 to be z "o ( !m1 b by ,aurora to become h] husb&1 9 :i* capacity he rema9$ 9 ! upp] regions#gda4 ,?is is a /ep d[nw>ds2 b ! next is a /ride4 ,9 ! ?ird tradition1 s f> z is kn[n f ! au!ntic works ( ,hom]1 neas is ! son ( ,v5us & ,an*ises1 b )\t _! /&+ 9 ! relation ( husb& & wife4 ,! p>ticul>s ( ! n>rative are suppli$ 9 ! e>ly ,hymn1 :i* p]haps 0 ! m readily ascrib$ to ,hom]1 because x 0 believ$ to embody a primitive =m ( ! tradition4 ,jupit] inspir$ ,v5us ) a passion = ,an*ises1 &1 aft] hav+ array$ h]self 9 f9e ve/m5ts & gold5 ornam5ts1 %e pres5t$ h]self to him z he 0 play+ ! lyre 9 solitude on ,ida2 :5 ! connection 0 =m$ t gave bir? to neas#gdb4 #gda ,il4 xi4 #a4 ,od4 v4 #a4 #gdb ,hymn4 ad ,v54 #de-hj4 ,! next fall is ! greate/ ( all3 accord+ to ! lat] tradition1 ,v5us1 to obta9 a fav\rable judgm5t f ,p>is 7( ! next g5]ation to ,an*ises71 promis$ him a wife ( spl5did beauty & div9e extraction1 :om he 0 to obta9 by trea*]y & robb]y1 z well z adult]y2 & fill$ him ) :at ,hom] pron\nces an evil passion#gdc4 #gdc ,il4 xxiv4 #cj4 ,! ,poet1 inde$1 tells u no?+ ( ?is promise1 :i* appe>s to imply p[]s f> great] ?an any t ! ,hom]ic ,aphrodite possess$4 ,b he m5tions ! conte/1 in=ms u t ,v5us 0 ! w9n]1 makes ,p>is boa/ ( h] p>tiality1 & introduces h] z m5tion+ h] own fav\rs to ,hel5#gdd4 #gdd ,il4 iii4 #fd1 #ddj1 #dae4 ,su* 0 ! d[nw>d c\rse ( all 9 ! nature ( man t belong$ to ! moral sph]e1 ap>t f ! *]i%+ p[] ( ,div9e ,revelation2 = ! *ronological ord] ( ^! leg5ds is also t ( _! desc5t1 /ep by /ep1 f innoc5ce to vice4 ,hom]1 z we h already se51 repres5ts a v e>ly & *a/e condition ( human ?\ght4 ,we h n[ to obs]ve h[ /rong & g5u9e1 z well z pure1 0 8 appetite = beauty4 ,s9ce "h1 z else:]e1 x is n ! ,poet's usage to decl>e himself by express /atem5ts & elaborate descriptions1 we mu/ resort 9 ! usual mann] to second>y evid5ce2 :i*1 h[ev]1 conv]g+ f _m diff]5t & opposite qu>t]s ^u a s+le po9t1 is p]haps m conclusive ?an m]e /atem5t1 because x %[s t we are n deal+ ) a simple op9ion1 b ) a s5tim5t1 a passion1 & a habit1 :i* p5etrat$ ?r\gh ! ,poet's :ole nature4 ,i %all notice ,hom]'s s5se ( beauty ) ref]5ce1 fir/ & *iefly1 to ! human c\nt5ance & =m2 next1 ) respect to animals2 & ?irdly1 ) respect to inanimate objects & to comb9ations ( !m4 ,z reg>ds ! fir/ & *ief bran* ( ?is inquiry1 we mu/ notice to :at p]sons1 & 9 :at degrees1 ,hom] assigns beauty1 f :om he )holds x2 & h[ f> he consid]s x to give a title to special notice1 9 cases :]e no o!r claim to su* a di/9ction c be made good4 ,we may !n obs]ve t ,hom] does n commonly assign p]sonal beauty to any human p]son1 :o is morally odi\s4 ,9 any que/ionable in/ance :]e he does s assign x1 he seems to foll[ an hi/orical tradition1 or to be con/ra9$ by 8 subject4 ,he has cov]$ ,!rsites ) e sort ( de=mity2 & 9 ! description ( ! p]sons & ( ! twelve dissolute wom5 among ! fifty dome/ic s]vants ( ,ulysses1 !re is b>ely a ^w t implies beauty#gde4 #gde ,od4 xxii4 #dbd-gc4 ,melan?o inde$1 ! mo/ conspicu\s (f5d]1 is call$ 9 ! ,eighte5? ,odyssey#gdf 4 ,b x seems probable1 t he foll[$ a local tradition conc]n+ h]2 =1 if %e _h be5 simply a creation ( 8 own1 he c]ta9ly w\ld n h repres5t$ h] z ! daught] ( ! old & fai?ful ,dolius#gdg1 :o1 ) 8 six sons1 bore arms = ,ulysses4 #gdf ,od4 xviii4 #cba-e4 #gdg ,od4 xxiv4 #dif4 ,treatm5t ( ! beauty ( ,p>is4 ,s also ! beauty ( ,p>is 0 an insep>able incid5t ( ! ,trojan tale4 ,yet x is rem>kable h[ little x is br\ght into relief4 ,:]e he is call$ beautiful1 x is by way ( s>casm & reproa*#gdh1 #gdh ,il4 iii4 #ci4 1 4 ,! only passage1 9 :i* 8 beautiful appe>ance is describ$ at all1 is f ! m\? ( ,v5us#gdi1 to :om ,hom] nev] intru/s any?+1 to be ei!r said or done1 t he wi%es u to reg>d ) fav\r4 #gdi ,ibid4 #cia4 ,compell$1 h[ev]1 to set (f ! impos+ ext]ior ( ?is pr9ce1 if only = ! purpose ( height5+ ! contra/ ) 8 c[>dice 9 action1 he introduces him fl\ri%+ 8 pair ( spe>s at ! comm5cem5t ( ! ,?ird ,iliad2 & :at is m1 :5 he aga9 goes =? 9 8 newly burni%$ arms at ! close ( ! ,six?1 be/[s ^u him "o ( ! v noble/ ( 8 similes1 t ( ! /all-kept horse1 high f$ & sleek 9 coat1 :o hav+ brok5 away f 8 mang] ru%es neigh+ ov] ! pla9#gej4 #gej ,il4 iii4 #ah4 & vi4 #ejf4 ,x 0 necess>y1 9 ord] to make up ! true portrait ( ,p>is1 t 8 ext]ior %\ld be ?us spl5did1 & 8 movem5ts impos+2 & x 0 also a "p ( ! subtle plan1 by :i* ,hom] made use ( words & appe>ances to br+ up ! ,trojan *iefta9s & p to "s k9d ( level ) ! ,greek4 ,yet !re is some?+ s+ul> 9 ! fact t ,hom]1 :o does n1 ,i ?9k1 repeat 8 similes 9 any o!r rem>kable case1 reproduces ! :ole ( ?is spl5did passage 9 ! ,fifte5? ,iliad = ,hector#gea4 ,!re is "h1 we may rely ^u x1 "s peculi> mean+4 ,possibly he grudg$ ! exclusive appropriation ( s spl5did a passage to s despicable a p]son4 ,!re is also ano!r s+ul>ity 9 8 mode ( proce$+4 ,! simile is giv5 to ,hector )\t addition1 & ! poem proce$s #gea ,il4 xv4 #bfc4 ' 4 ,b :]e he applies x to ,p>is1 imm$iately aft] ! conclusion ( ! noble passage he subjo9s 7,il4 vi4 #eab471 1 ' 1 4 ,:at is ! mean+ ( 8 ,x is commonly tak5 z equival5t to 1 :i* means ! ,sun4 ,i _c b believe t ,hom] means by x to signify ! cock1 call$ 9 ,greek 4 ,! 1 is us$ z a simile = ,a*illes2 & x w\ld be mu* aga9/ ! mann] ( ,hom] to use ! same simile = a ,trojan1 & t ,trojan ,p>is4 ,:]eas by ! /rut ( ! cock he may mean to r$uce & modify ! effect ( ! noble figure ( ! /all-horse4 ,beauty ( ! ,greek *iefs & nation4 ,a*illes1 :o is n only ! brave/ b by f> ! mo/ p[]ful man ( ! ho/1 is also by f> ! mo/ beautiful2 & ! v /ronge/ t]ms are us$ to describe ! impression :i* 8 appe>ance produc$ on ,priam amid/ ! pr(\nde/ sorr[#geb2 #geb ,il4 xxiv4 #fbi4 ' 1 1 4 ,x may be d\bt$1 :e!r any o!r ,poet w\ld h v5tur$ to comb9e ! highe/ & mo/ delicate beauty1 ) a /r5g? & size approa*+ ! sup]human4 ,x 0 requisite = ,a*illes1 z ! ideal man1 n only to want no great human gift1 b also to h 9 unmat*$ degrees :atev] gifts he possess$4 ,! beauty ( ,a*illes is ! true c\nt]p>t to ! ugl9ess & de=mity ( ,!rsites4 ,x app]ta9s to ! "* ( ,ulysses1 :o comes next to ,a*illes1 t he too %\ld n be want+ 9 any ?+ t p]ta9s to ! excell5ce ( human nature2 :ile complet5ess & manifoldness is ! specific "* ( 8 end[m5ts1 z unp>allel$ spl5d\r is ( ^? possess$ by ,a*illes4 ,ulysses#gec1 !re=e1 is also beautiful4 ,aga91 ! (fice & function ( ,agamemnon require him to be an object capable ( attract+ admiration & rev]5ce4 ,he1 accord+ly1 is ( rem>kable beauty1 b ( ! k9d ( beauty t has 9 x mo/ ( dignity#ged2 #gec ,od4 xiii4 #dcj-c4 #ged ,il4 iii4 #afi4 ' 1 ' 4 ,hom] nev] absolutely )holds beauty f any ( 8 ,greek h]oes1 yet he does n always expressly /ate t !y possess$ x4 ,?is end[m5t is1 = in/ance1 nev] giv5 to ,diom$1 b x is ascrib$ to ,ajax 9 ! ,elev5? ,odyssey#gee2 #gee ,od4 xi4 #dfi4 1 1 1 ' 4 ,x is probably because ,diom$ equals ,ajax 9 *ivalry1 & v f> excels him 9 m5tal gifts1 t ,hom] has ?r[n weight into ! scale ( ,ajax by assign+ to him expressly1 :ile he is sil5t ab\t ,diom$1 ! gift ( a beautiful p]son4 ,z ) individuals1 s does ,hom] deal ) masses4 ,x may be obs]v$ t he has a l[] class ( epi!ts = ! ,trojans ?an ! ,greeks1 & nev] all[s !m ! b5efit ( ! same national designations4 ,individual beauty 9 m5 is conf9$ on bo? sides to ! high] ranks2 b no ,trojan1 h[ev] beautiful1 is ev] hon\r$ ) ! title ( 4 ,aga91 :ile he nev] gives to ! ,trojans z a body any epi!t :i* describes !m z possess$ ( beauty1 he has assign$ sev]al expressions ( ?is ord] to ! ,greek race4 ,su* are ! epi!ts & 1 & ! phrase 1 7,il4 v4 #ghg4 viii4 #bbh47 ,beauty ( ,nireus & o!rs4 ,we h yet to exam9e h[ f> ,hom] makes beauty a title to di/+ui%$ notice on behalf ( ^? :o h no o!r claim4 ,! passage 9 ! ,catalogue1 :]e ,nireus is nam$#gef1 is highly curi\s ) ref]5ce to ?is "p ( ! subject4 ,x is z foll[s3 #gef ,il4 ii4 #fga-e4 1 1 ' 1 1 1 ' ' 1 4 ,^! five l9es =m ! l>ge/ ( ! m]ely p]sonal descriptions conta9$ 9 ! ,catalogue4 ,yet !y are giv5 to a man1 ( :om we are frankly told t he 0 a poor creature1 & t he _h b a small foll[+4 ,ev5 ?is does n %[ ! :ole /r5g? ( ! case4 #a4 ,8 %ips 7 only ?ree3 no o!r comm&]1 hav+ s few1 is nam$ at all4 ,! next smalle/ numb] is sev53 ^! 7 ! vessels ( ,philoctetes1 & !y seem to be nam$ on acc\nt ( 8 peculi> hi/ory & great m]it4 #b4 ,?is is ! only in/ance1 9 :i* ! cont+5t suppli$ by a s+le & :olly insignificant place is nam$ by itself4 #c4 ,?is is also "o among v few cases ( an ord9>y bir?1 :]e ! "m 7,aglae7 is nam$ z well z ! fa!r 7,*>opos73 ! o!rs are usually cases ( reput$ desc5t f deities or h]oes4 #d4 ,! names giv5 to bo? p>5ts are tak5 f _! p]sonal beauty4 ,!y ?us enhance ! title ( ! son2 &1 z we _c well suppose !m connect$ ) hi/ory1 !y 7 probably inv5t$ by ! ,poet = t purpose4 #e4 ,! repetition ( ! "n ( ,nireus ?rice1 & 9 ea* case at ! beg9n+ ( ! v]se1 ! mo/ prom95t & emphatic "p ( x accord+ to ! g5ius ( ! ,greek hexamet]1 is pla9ly int5tional4 #f4 ,all ?is c>e is tak5 9 ! mo/ +5i\s mann] to m>k a man1 :o did no?+ to enable ,hom] to "n him 9 any o!r "p ( ! ,iliad4 ,"o & "o only key is to be f\nd1 :i* w lay op5 ! cause ( ^! s+ul> provisions3 x is ,hom]'s int5se love ( beauty1 :i* made x 9 8 eyes ( itself a title to celebrity4 ,s he det]m9$1 app>5tly1 t ! p>agon ( =m %\ld be immortal2 & he has giv5 effect to 8 det]m9ation1 = no read] ( ! ,iliad c pass by ! place )\t rememb]+ ,nireus4 ,9 a less m>k$ mann]1 he has giv5 a k9dr$ emphasis to ! case ( ,na/es1 :o wore gold5 ornam5ts1 & !re=e 0 presumably ( /rik+ly h&some p]son4 ,) 8 bro!r ,amphima*us he comm&$ ! ,c>ians1 & 8 "n is m5tion$ ?rice 7b t ( 8 bro!r twice only71 toge!r ) ! fact t he wore gold l a girl#geg4 #geg ,il4 ii4 #hfg4 ,!re is some?+1 z x appe>s to me1 mo/ t5d] & ref9$1 9 ?is mode us$ by ,hom] ( fa/5+ att5tion ?r\gh repetition ( ! ^w1 :i* he wi%es g5tly b firmly to /amp ^u ! memory4 ,we h ano!r in/ance ( x 9 ,il4 xxii4 #abg1 1 ' 4 ,!re is yet ano!r passage :i* af=ds a /rik+ pro( ( :at may be call$ ! wor%ip ( beauty 9 ,hom]4 ,9 ! ,sev5te5? ,iliad1 ,euphorbus1 ! son ( ,pan?oos1 falls by ! h& ( ,m5elaus4 ,hom] gives him great cr$it = *>iote]+1 ! use ( ! spe>1 & o!r accompli%m5ts2 b he p]=ms no o!r feat 9 ! poem ?an t ( w\nd+ 9 ! back ! dis>m$1 & a/\nd$1 & heav5-des]t$ ,patroclus4 ,at be/1 we mu/ call him a v second>y p]sonage4 ,?\gh 8 p]sonal comel9ess 0 n defac$ l t ( ,p>is by c[>dice or vice1 /ill he 0 ( ! same race t 9 ,italy has tak5 its "n f ,z]b9o4 ,yet ,hom] adorns 8 dea? ) a notice1 p]haps m conspicu\s ?an any :i* he has atta*$ to ! dea? ( any w>riors ( ! ,iliad1 ) ! exceptions ( ,hector1 ,s>p$on1 & ,patroclus4 ,t5 ( ! mo/ beautiful l9es ( ! poem are be/[$ 9 lam5t+ him1 *iefly by an unsurpass$ simile1 :i* comp>es ! y\? to a t5d] olive %oot1 ! victim1 :5 its blossoms are ov]*>g$ ) moi/ure1 ( a sudd5 hurricane4 ,! ,poet 0 mov$ to ?is t5d]ness by ! remembrance ( 8 beauty1 ( 8 hair1 l ! hair ( ! ,graces1 9 its tresses b\nd ) gold5 & silv] clasps#geh4 #geh ,il4 xvii4 #ej-fj4 ,comp>e ! sympa?iz+ acc\nt ( ! dea? ( ! "y bridegroom ,iphidamas 7,il4 xi4 #bda-c74 ,beauty plac$ among ! prime gifts4 ,al?\gh x is true t ,hom] es*ews ) respect to beauty1 z well z 9 o!r matt]s1 ! didactic mode ( convey+ 8 impressions1 yet he has plac$ !m di/9ctly on record 9 ! answ] ( ,ulysses to ,euryalus4 ,speak+ n at all ( wom51 b ( m51 he places ! gift ( p]sonal beauty among ! prime end[m5ts t c be receiv$ f ! provid5ce ( ! gods1 9 a rank to :i* only two o!r gifts are admitt$1 namely1 ! p[] ( ?\ght 7 or 71 & ! p[] ( spee* 774 ,9 ! idea ( p]sonal beauty1 convey$ "u ! names 1 1 & 1 evid5tly includ$ vig\r & p[]1 = x is to 8 suppos$ incapacity = a?letic ex]cises#gei1 t ! disc\rse has ref]5ce4 ,nor c x be said1 t ?is full & l>ge appreciation by ,hom] ( ! value ( bodily excell5ce1 0 simply a worldly or a pagan1 z oppos$ to a ,*ri/ian1 view4 #gei ,od4 viii4 #afg-gg4 ,x is n true1 on ! "o h&1 t :5 we cease to ent]ta9 suffici5tly elevat$ views ( ! de/9y & pr]ogatives ( ! s\l1 our /&>d = ! body rises ei!r 9 proportion or at all4 ,nor is x true1 on ! o!r1 t :5 we ?9k highly ( ! s\l1 we ought 9 consequ5ce to ?9k meanly ( ! body1 :i* is bo? its tab]nacle & its helpmate4 ,9 tru?1 a some:at sickly ca/ seems to h come ov] our tone ( ?\ght n[ = "s g5]ations back1 ! product1 p]haps1 9 "p ( c>eless or emasculat$ tea*+ 9 ! highe/ matt]s1 & due also 9 "p to ! ov]cr[d+ ( ! sev]al functions ( our life4 ,b ,hom] di/9ctly realiz$ to himself :at we "k fa9tly or sc>ce at all1 ?\gh no?+ is m emphatically or conspicu\sly taught by our religion1 namely1 t ! body is "p & p>cel ( ! integ] d5om9at$ man4 ,b ! quality ( measure ran 9 r>e proportion ?r\gh all ! conceptions ( ! ,poet4 ,/ature 0 a great elem5t ( beauty 9 ! view ( ! anci5ts = wom5 z well z = m53 & _! admiration ( tallness1 ev5 9 wom51 is h>dly re/ra9$ by a limit4 ,b ,hom]1 :o frequ5tly t\*es ! po9t1 has provid$ a limit4 ,among ! ,l/rygonians1 ! wom5 are ( enorm\s size4 ,two ( ! crew ( ,ulysses1 s5t =w>d to make inquiries1 are introduc$ to ! que54 ,!y f9d h] #8z big z a m\nta91' & are disgu/$ at h]#gfj3 #gfj ,od4 x4 #aab4 ' 1 ' 4 ,! l>ge humanity ( ,hom] is also manife/$1 among o!r signs1 by 8 sympa?y ) high qualities 9 ! animal creation4 ,!re is no passage ( deep] pa?os 9 all 8 works1 n ,&roma*e ) h] *ild1 n ,priam be=e ,a*illes1 ?an t :i* rec\nts ! dea? ( ! dog ,argus#gfa4 ,! words too are s calm & /ill1 !y seem to gr[ fa9t & fa9t]1 ea* foot ( ! v]se falls z if x 7 c\nt+ out ! la/ respirations1 &1 9 effect1 we witness t la/ slight & sc>cely flutt]+ brea?1 ) :i* life is yield$ up3 #gfa ,od4 xvii4 #cbg4 ' ' 1 ' ' 1 4 ,we may also trace ! same sympa?y 9 m9or =ms4 ,z1 = in/ance1 :]e he says ,telema*us w5t to ! ,i?acan assembly n unatt5d$#gfb3 #gfb ,od4 ii4 #aj4 ' 1 ' 1 4 ,we are c]ta9ly prep>$ to he> t "s advis]1 ei!r div9e or at ! lea/ human1 "s fri5d or fai?ful s]vant1 0 by 8 side3 b no--x is simply t "s dogs w5t ) him3 4 ,!re is no sign1 h[ev]1 t ,hom] atta*$ ! peculi> idea ( beauty to ! race ( dogs 9 any rem>kable degree4 ,inde$1 x is only 9 c]ta9 bre$s t ! dog c be call$ by comp>ison a beautiful animal4 ,:at he always comm5ds is _! swiftness2 & ,hom]'s ideas ( beauty 7 n[h]e m lively ?an 9 reg>d to motion4 ,b we see ! ,poet's feel+ = =m mu* m *>act]i/ically display$ 9 ! case to :i* we %all n[ proce$4 ,beauty 9 animals1 especially horses4 ,among o!r inf]5ces :i* ! poems raise 9 respect to ,hom] himself1 x c h>dly be d\bt$ t he 0 a great lov] ( horses1 & felt _! beauty1 p>tially 9 col\r1 mu* m 9 =m1 & 9 movem5t mo/ ( all4 ,?is 0 q 9 keep+ ) ! habits ( 8 c\ntry & 8 race4 ,bo? ! ,trojans & ! ,greeks appe> n only to h employ$ horses 9 su* uses z w>1 j\rneys1 races1 & agricultural lab\r1 b to h giv5 att5tion to develop+ ! bre$s & po9ts ( ! animal4 ,9 8 ,catalogue1 ,hom]1 at ! close1 invokes ! ,muse to in=m him :i* 7 ! be/ ( ! horses1 z well z ( ! h]oes1 on ! ,greek side4 ,he con/antly uses epi!ts bo? = ,trojans & ,greeks connect$ ) _! successful c>e & tra9+ ( ! animal3 1 1 1 4 ,he n only treasures ! traditions connect$ ) ! animal1 b treats !m z a "p ( hi/ory4 ,accord+ly1 :5 ,diom$ desires ,/h5elus to make sure ( ! horses ( neas he c>efully proce$s to /ate1 t x is because _! sires 7 ( ! race t ,jupit] gave to ,tros4 ,to !m ,an*ises1 )\t ! k ( _! own] ,laom$on1 br\ght 8 own m>es1 & s obta9$ a prog5y ( six3 ( :om he kept f\r himself1 & gave two to 8 son neas 7,il4 v4 #bfe-gc7 t he might take !m to ,troy4 ,nay he goes back fur!r yet3 :]e1 except 9 ,hom]1 %\ld we f9d a tradition l t ( ! m>es ( ,eri*?onius1 fet*$ f a "t five g5]ations be=e 8 subject8 ,_! *ildr5 _h ,boreas = _! sire4 ,?ree ?\s& mo!rs rang$ ov] ! pla9s ( ! ,troad1 & made _! "l ! weal?ie/ ( m54 ,s light 0 _! foot/ep1 t if !y skimm$ ! sea x t\*$ ! tips only ( ! curl+ foam2 & if !y rac$ ov] ! cornfield1 ! ripe e>s su/a9$ _! tread )\t "o be+ brok5#gfc4 #gfc ,il4 xx4 #bbj-i4 ,z to movem5t1 =m1 & col\r4 ,9 o!r places ,hom] describes ) no less ( sympa!tic emotion ! vivid & fi]y movem5ts ( ! animal4 ,! mo/ rem>kable ( all is ! noble simile ( ! /all-kept horse1 :om e read] seems to see z ) pr\d head & fl[+ mane1 :5 he feels 8 lib]ty1 he sc\rs ! b\ndless pa/ures4 ,t adaptation1 or ef=t at adaptation1 ( s\nd to s5se1 :i* ) poets 9 g5]al 7always except+ especially ,dante & ,%akespe>e17 is a sign t !y h appli$ _! :ole =ce to c>eful elaboration1 is ) ,hom] only a pro( ( a full] & deep] fl[ ( 8 sympa?ies3 :]ev] we f9d x1 we may be sure t 8 :ole he>t is 9 ! passage4 ,9 ?is v simile h[ admirable is ! transition f ! f9e /ation>y v]se t describes ! *>g]'s cu/om>y ba!1 1 to 8 rapid & easy b\nd+ ov] ! pla91 :5 e dactyl m>ks a spr+#gfd2 #gfd ,il4 vi4 #eaa4 ' 4 ,= ?is adaptation ( metre to s5se 9 connection ) ! movem5t ( horses1 we may take ano!r example4 ,to describe ,agamemnon deal+ de/ruction among ! r\t$ ,trojans on foot1 we h a l9e & a half ( some:at accel]at$ b by no means v rapid movem5t#gfe2 #gfe ,il4 xi4 #aeh4 ' ' 4 ,b :5 he comes to ! ,trojan horses 9 _! flight1 we h two l9es1 dactylic to ! utmo/ ext5t t ! metre w all[1 except 9 "o half-foot2 ' ' 1 4 ,!n1 com+ back to ! dead *>iote]s1 he visibly slack5s aga92 ' 1 4 ,to exhibit num]ically ! relative di/ribution ( times 9 ^! memb]s ( ! s5t5ce1 we h ^! ?ree v diff]5t proportions2 ,9 ! fir/1 #ac long syllables to #h %ort4 ,9 ! second1 #af long syllables to #bb %ort4 ,9 ! ?ird1 #aa long syllables to #aj %ort4 ,he has imp>t$ mu* ( ! same gl[+ movem5t to ! spee*1 :i* 9 ! ,n9ete5? ,iliad is assign$ to ! ,immortal horses ( ,a*illes2 ?\gh ! subject includes a ref]5ce to ! dea? ( _! ma/]#gff4 ,9 ne>ly e l9e1 ?r\gh\t ! passage1 t relates to _! own motion1 ! numb] ( dactyls is at ! maximum1 & 9 ! t5 l9es !re are eighty-six %ort syllables to sixty long ones2 a proportion1 :i* ,i d\bt our f9d+ else:]e 9 ,hom]1 except x be among ! similes1 to :i* ,hom] seems 9 _m cases to give a peculi>ly ela/ic prosodial movem5t4 #gff ,il4 xix4 #djh-ag4 ,rhesus1 k+ ( ! ,?racians1 :o arrives at ,troy aft] ! comm5cem5t ( ! ,wra?1 becomes suffici5tly di/+ui%$ = ! c5tral po9t ( int]e/ 9 ! ,doloneia1 by virtue *iefly ( 8 horses4 ,!y are ! mo/ beautiful1 says ,dolon1 & ! l>ge/ t ,i h ev] se5#gfg2 #gfg ,il4 x4 #dcg4 1 ' 4 ,! ju/ice ( ?is panegyric is corroborat$ by ! emphatic expression ( ,ne/or1 :o pron\nces !m1 & _! unp>allel$ excell5ce =ms ! subject ( ! spee* ( ! old k+1 on ! return ( ,ulysses & ,diom$ to ! camp#gfh4 #gfh ,il4 x4 #edd-ec4 ,x is n only1 h[ev]1 9 elaborate pictures t ,hom] %[s 8 feel+ = horses1 b also1 & n less m>k$ly1 9 m9or t\*es4 ,does he n speak ) ! manife/ feel+ ( a skill$ admir] ( ! animal1 :5 he describes ! pair driv5 by ,eumelus1 rapid z birds1 ! same 9 %ade ( col\r1 ! same 9 ye>s1 ! same to a hair's bread? 9 height across _! backs#gfi8 #gfi ,il4 ii4 #gfd4 1 1 1 1 4 ,aga91 we are met by ! same feel+ :i*1 9 a bold] flight1 made ! horses ( ,rhesus weep1 :5 ,p&>us falls headlong f ! *>iot ( neas1 & 8 arms rattle ov] him 9 dea?4 ,! horses1 in/ead ( plung+ or />t+ (f1 ) a f9] feel+ tremble by ! corpse#ggj2 #ggj ,il4 v4 #bie4 4 ,we may trace ! same disposition1 "u a light] & m amus+ =m1 9 :at _h already pass$ betwe5 neas & ,p&>us4 ,p&>us _h excus$ himself = n hav+ br\ght a *>iot & horses to ,troy1 on acc\nt ( 8 fe>s ab\t f9d+ =age = !m :]e su* cr[ds 7 to be ga!r$ into a small space2 at ! same "t describ+1 r boa/fully1 8 fa!r ,lycaon's elev5 c>riages ) a pair = ea*4 7,il4 v4 #aib-bjc47 neas replies by invit+ him into 8 *>iot :5 he w see :at ,trojan horses are l4 ,!n1 he cont9ues1 d y fight1 & ,i w drive2 or1 z y may *oose1 d y drive1 & ,i w fight4 ,p&>us imm$iately replies1 t neas _h bett] by all means be ! driv] ( 8 own horses4 ,!n aga91 ,hom] w h ! utmo/ c>e tak5 ( !m2 &1 s to speak1 he looks to x himself4 ,:5 he describes !m z unemploy$1 he specifies _! food2 ^? ( ,a*illes dur+ ! ,wra? /&#gga1 #gga ,il4 ii4 #ggf4 4 ,b ^? ( ,lycaon1 :i* _h rema9$ at home1 7#ggb #ggb ,il4 v4 #aif4 4 ,to ea* he gives ! appropriate prov5d]3 to ! =m]1 9 an encampm5t1 :at ! grassy m>% by its side af=d$3 to ! latt]1 9 a k+'s palace1 ! gra91 or h>d food1 ( _! prop] home4 ,& s 9 ! night-adv5ture ( ! ,t5? ,book1 :5 ,ulysses drags away ! bodies ( ^? ,?racians :om ,diom$ has sla91 x is to make a cle> pa? = ! horses ( ,rhesus :i* 7 to be c>ri$ (f1 t !y may n take fright f tread+ on corpses#ggc2 #ggc ,il4 x4 #dhi-ic4 ' 4 ,?r\gh\t ! *>iot-race1 9 ! ,tw5ty-?ird ,book1 we f9d !m upp]mo/ 9 ! ,poet's m9d1 ?\gh ! driv]s1 be+ 8 prime h]oes1 are n :olly =gott54 ,ev5 z to col\r1 ( :i* ,hom]'s p]ceptions appe> to h be5 s vague1 x may be rem>k$1 t he employs x some:at m freely ) ref]5ce to horses1 ?an to o!r objects hav+ def9ite =m or p[]s ( locomotion4 ,b 8 livelie/ conceptions ( !m are ) respect to motion1 =m1 & feel+s3 & ,i suppose !re is no poem l ! ,iliad = *>act]i/ic t\*es 9 respect to any ( ! ?ree4 ,beauty 9 inanimate nature4 ,x has be5 mu* debat$ :e!r ! anci5ts g5]ally1 & :e!r ,hom] 9 p>ticul>1 _h any di/9ct idea ( beauty 9 l&scape4 ,x may be admitt$1 ev5 9 respect to ,hom]1 t 8 similes1 to :i* "o w\ld naturally look = pro(1 less commonly ref] to ! eye ?an to o!r faculties4 ,!y commonly turn ^u s\nd1 motion1 =ce1 or multitude3 r>ely1 9 comp>ison1 ^u col\r1 or ev5 ^u =m2 /ill m r>ely ^u col\r or =m 9 su* comb9ations z to con/itute :at we call ! picturesque4 ,x seems to me1 t we may draw ! be/ mat]ials ( a demon/ration 9 ?is case f comp>+ 8 descriptions ( ! =m ( sc5]y by means ( ! outl9es ( c\ntries1 ) 8 use ( o!r epi!ts :i* he employs to d5ote beauty4 ,! c\ntry ( ,lac$mon 0 m\nta9\s1 & x is h5ce t]m$ by ,hom] 9 ! ,odyssey & 9 ! ,catalogue1 4 7,il4 ii4 #eha1 ,od4 iv4 #a47 ,b x is also t]m$ by him 7,il4 iii4 #bci71 & ?is1 x may be obs]v$1 9 a spee* ( ,hel5's2 to :om1 :ile %e 0 at ,troy1 ! image ( x 9 memory c\ld h>dly1 p]haps1 be agreeable f any moral association4 ,we are1 !re=e1 l$ to ref] x to ! physical con=mation or beauty ( ! di/rict4 ,next1 we h pretty cle> pro( t 9 ,hom]'s m9d ! epi!t 0 "o prop] to describe beauty 9 ! /ricte/ s5se4 ,= he says ( ,hel51 ) reg>d to h] daught] ,h]mione#ggd3 #ggd ,od4 iv4 #ac4 ' 1 1 4 #8,%e _h a lovely 77 daught]1 end[$ ) ! beauty ( gold5 ,aphrodite4' ,& ,i obs]ve b few passages 9 ,hom]1 p]haps only "o 7,od4 xxiii4 #cjj71 :5 does n naturally & prop]ly be> ?is s5se4 ,a s5se etymologically analog\s to our own use ( ! ^w lovely1 :i* we employ to indicate n only beauty1 b a high degree ( x4 ,x !re=e appe>s to be cle> t ,hom] call$ ,lac$mon 1 because x 0 %ap$ 9 m\nta9 & valley1 & because c\ntries s =m$ pres5t a beautiful appe>ance to ! eye1 z comp>$ ) c\ntries ( o!r =ms less m>k$4 ,x is appli$ to ,ema?ia 7,il4 xiv4 #bbe7 & to ,s*]ia 7,od4 vii4 #gi71 bo? m\nta9\s2 to ! city ,ilios1 7,il4 v4 #baj71 :i* /ood on gr\nd high & p>tially abrupt ne> ! roots ( ,ida2 & ,i d n f9d x 9 any place ( ! poems associat$ ) flat l&s4 ,! o!r in/ance :i* ,i %all cite seems to pres5t ! argum5t 9 a complete =m1 )9 ! compass ( a s+le l9e4 ,:5 describ+ ,i?aca 9 ! ,odyssey1 ,telema*us says x is#gge1 #gge ,od4 iv4 #fjf4 1 4 ,"h we may assume t by 1 goat-fe$+1 he means m\nta9\s1 & ev5 %>p & rocky2 moreov] consequ5tly1 9 comp>ison1 b>r51 s t x c\ld n be agreeable 9 ! s5se ( be+ pr(itable4 ,on ! o!r h&1 ! horse is an animal ill-suit$ to range among rocks2 & by ,hom] always means a di/rict or c\ntry suffici5tly op5 & pla9 to be suitable = fe$+ horses 9 numb]s4 ,n[1 9 say+ t ,arran is m ?an s\!rn ,lanca%ire1 we %\ld leave no d\bt ^u ! m9d ( any read] z to ! mean+2 :i* mu/ surely be t x (f]s m beauty to ! eye4 ,j su* a comp>ison does ,hom] make ( ! sc5]y ( ,i?aca z x 0 ) :at x w\ld h be51 if ! isl& _h be5 flat4 ,i ought h[ev] to notice ! v =c$ int]pretation ( ,damm1 :i* is ?is3 1 sc4 1 nam e/ patria mea2 et ad sub9telligit 4 ,hom] 0 bett] v]s$ 9 ! art ( w$d+ words to ?\ght1 ?an su* an int]pretation supposes4 ,=1 accord+ to x1 ! ?\ght ( ,hom] 0 ?is2 #8,?\gh y rule ov] broad & op5 ,argos1 my m\nta9\s ,i?aca is de>] to me1 because x is my c\ntry4' ,s t he has left out ! po9t ( ! s5t5ce1 )\t ! fa9te/ trace to guide 8 read]4 ,! idea ( ! s5t5ce1 :i* is prolong$ ?r\gh _m v]ses1 turns entirely on ! diff]5ce betwe5 an op5 & a /eep rocky c\ntry z su*1 & n 9 ! lea/ on native atta*m5ts4 ,& ,telema*us1 :o is laud+ ! ri*ness & f]tility ( ,argos1 & apologiz+ = ! b>r5ness ( ,i?aca1 n ungracefully1 9 pass+1 ?r[s 91 by way ( comp5sation1 ! elem5t ( beauty1 z "o possess$ by ,i?aca1 & z "o :i* x mu/ miss if x 7 flat4 ,inde$1 we "h trace ! usual ref9em5t ( ,hom] 9 ?is1 t ,telema*us does n say1 ,true1 y\r ,argos is ri*1 b my ,i?aca is picturesque3 b1 aft] comm5d+ ! f]tility ( broad ,argos1 he says1 #8,9 ,i?aca we h no broad runs#ggf1 & no?+ l a mead[3 x w fe$ no?+ b goats1 yet x is m picturesque ?an if x1 a little speck ( t k9d1 7 flat & op54' #ggf ,he uses ! phrase 4 ,x is curi\s to f9d ! ^w runs1 s rec5tly re-e/abli%$ z ! classical ^w = ! l>ge op5 spaces ( pa/urage 9 ! regions ( ,au/ralasia4 ,! ^w is less frequ5tly us$ 9 ,hom] ?an 2 b we h x 9 six places besides ?is4 ,!re is only "o ( !m :]e x is capable ( mean+ de>1 9 connection ) ! idea ( c\ntry#ggg4 ,9 ano!r x means enjoyable or spl5did1 be+ appli$ to ! banquet#ggh4 ,9 ! o!r places x is appli$ to a t[n on ! ,%ield1 a cav]n 9 ,i?aca 7twice71 & ! g>m5ts put ^u ,v5us 9 ,cyprus2 & 9 ^? f\r places x c only mean fair or beautiful4 #ggg ,il4 xxii4 #aba4 #ggh ,il4 ix4 #bbh4 ,we are n1 !n1 ju/ifi$ 9 limit+ ,hom]'s s5se ( natural beauty to :at 0 associat$ ) utility#ggi4 ,on ! contr>y1 x appe>s pla9ly to ext5d to beauty prop]1 & ev5 to t k9d ( beauty 9 nature :i* we ( ! pres5t day mo/ love4 #ggi ,see ,mr4 ,cope's ,essay on ! ,picturesque among ! ,greeks2 ,cambridge ,essays1 #ahef4 p4 #abf4 ,i h dealt ?us f> ) ! mo/ d\btful "p ( ! "q1 & h v5tur$ to diss5t f ,mr4 ,rusk91 ^: au?ority ,i admit1 & ( ^: sup]ior insight1 z well z ( 8 extraord9>y p[]s ( expression1 ,i am fully consci\s4 ,g]m ( feel+ = ! picturesque4 ,mr4 ,rusk9 ?9ks#ghj t #8,hom] has no trace ( feel+ = :at we call ! picturesque'2 t ,telema*us apologizes = ! sc5]y ( ,i?aca2 & t rocks are nev] lov$ b z caves4 ,i ?9k t ! expressions ,i h produc$ f ! text %[ t ^! propositions _c be su/a9$4 ,at ! same "t ,i admit t ! feel+ ) ,hom] is "o 9 ! bud only3 z1 inde$1 until )9 a v few g5]ations1 x has la9 undevelop$ among ourselves4 ,hom] may h be5 ! fa!r ( ?is s5tim5t = 8 nation1 z he 0 ( s mu* besides4 ,b ! plant did n gr[ up k9dly among ^? :o foll[$ him4 #ghj ,rusk9's ,mod]n ,pa9t]s1 "p iv4 *ap4 xiii4 pp4 #ahi-ib4 ,i ass5t entirely1 on ! o!r h&1 to :at ,mr4 ,rusk9 has said respect+ 8 s5se ( ord]ly beauty 9 common nature4 ,! g>d5 ( ,alc9\s is truly ,dut* 9 its quadrangul> conceptions2 b x is pla9 t ! ,poet means u to reg>d x z truly beautiful#gha4 ,symmetry1 s]5ity1 regul>ity1 adopt$ f ! =ms ( liv+ beauty :i* 7 be=e him1 ent] l>gely into ,hom]'s conceptions ( "o =m1 at lea/1 ( inanimate beauty4 #gha ,od4 vii4 #aab-cb4 ,! sc5]y ( ! cave ( ,calypso#ghb is less re/ra9$ 9 its ca/1 ?an is ! g>d5 9 ,s*]ia2 b ev5 "h ,hom] introduces f\r f\nta9s1 :i* compose a regul> figure1 & are evid5tly meant to supply an elem5t ( =m :i* 0 requir$ by ! fa%ionable /&>d4 #ghb ,od4 v4 #fc-ge4 ,ano!r elem5t ( l&scape1 z we und]/& x1 is1 t ! natural objects :i* x repres5ts %\ld be 9 r ext5sive comb9ation2 & our e/abli%$ traditions w\ld also require t ! view ( !m %\ld be modifi$ by ! r5d]+ ( ! atmosph]e1 especially ) ref]5ce to ! scale ( di/ances4 ,x is v difficult to f9d in/ances ( ext5d$ l&scape 9 ,hom]4 ,b ,i ?9k t we h at lea/ "o1 9 ! fam$ simile1 :]e he comp>es ! ,trojan wat*fires on ! pla9 to ! calm night1 :i* by ! light ( moon & />s exhibits a bread? ( prospect to ! rejoic+ %eph]d's eye4 ,"h are c]ta9ly tranquillity & ord]2 b ) !m we seem also to h bo? ext5t & atmosph]e2 to :i* ev5 bold & ev5 brok5 outl9e mu/ be add$ by ^? :o1 l myself1 are n prep>$ to surr5d] to ! de/roy+ ! l9e#ghc #ghc ,il4 viii4 #eeg4 ' 1 4 ,^u ! :ole1 consid]+ ,hom]'s e>ly date1 & ! v late developm5t among ! mod]ns ( a ta/e = sc5]y ( ! picturesque & romantic ord]1 ,i d n "k t we are entitl$ ev5 at fir/ sight to *all5ge him z inf]ior to any mod]n ( analog\s date 9 ?is prov9ce4 ,yet we may fairly pron\nce t he is inf]ior to himself2 t is to say1 he appe>s to h a s5se ( beauty1 9 ! region ( inanimate nature1 c]ta9ly less ke5 9 proportion ?an t1 ) :i* he look$ ^u ! animat$ creation4 ,:at is defici5t 9 him ) respect to l&scape may h[ev]1 9 all likelihood1 be m ju/ly ref]r$ to positive ?an to negative causes4 ,causes adv]se to a m develop$ feel+4 ,x may be que/ion$ :e!r ! disposition to appreciate /ill nature1 especially 9 l>ge & elaborat$ comb9ations1 may n 9 "p dep5d ^u conditions t 7 n to be f\nd 9 ! age ( ,hom]4 ,i %\ld say1 if ! expression may be all[$1 t we ( ?is g5]ation take l&scape m$ic9ally4 ,human life gr[s ) ! c\rse ( ages2 &1 especially 9 our age1 x has gr[n to be excit$ & hurri$4 ,b nature has a react+ t5d5cy t[>ds repose2 &1 ev5 9 ! case ( ! gross] /imulants1 x seems to be _! soo?+ p[] :i* mo/ helps to recomm5d !m4 ,besides ! fact1 h[ev]1 t we h wants :i* ! ,greeks _h n1 ?is subject may be reg>d$ 9 a broad] view4 ,! m9d ( ,hom] & ! m9d ( 8 age 7 n addict$ ev5 to contemplation1 f> less to introspection4 ,( ideas prop]ly subjective !re are v few inde$ to be f\nd 9 ! poems4 ,we h "o su* furni%$ by ! passage :]e he equates ?\ght to a w+1 9 a simile = ! swift %ips ( ! ,phacians1 4 ,& ano!r1 ! mo/ rem>kable t he supplies1 :5 9 m detail he uses ! motion ( a ?\ght = an illu/ration ( ! rapid flight ( ,juno#ghd4 #ghd ,il4 xv4 #hj4 ,ev5 :5 x became speculative1 ! ,greek m9d did n give a subjective turn to its speculations4 ,x 0 probably ,*ri/ianity :i*1 by ! /imulus x appli$ to ! g5]al consci5ce1 fir/ gave mank9d ! introspective habit on a l>ge scale2 & mix$ causes may (t5 r5d] ! t5d5cy excessive & morbid4 ,b ! t5d5cy ( ! h]oic age1 /&+ at its maximum 9 ,hom]1 0 to p\r life outw>d1 nay almo/ to =ce x into e ?+4 ,! f\nta9 f )9 ov]fl[$2 & its surplus w5t to make inanimate nature brea!4 ,! pr(use & easy f]tility ( ,hom] 9 simile surely ( itself demon/rates a wond]ful obs]vation & appreciation ( nature2 b1 z has be5 rem>k$1 ^! similes are v r>ely inde$ /ill similes4 ,!y delight 9 s\nd1 9 multitude1 above all 9 motion4 ,! automatic *airs ( ,vulcan1 ! liv+ !atre ( ! ,%ield ( ,a*illes1 t olde/ mirror ( our _w1 ! b\nd+ arm\r ( ! same h]o1 :at are all ^! b ! pro(s ( t r$undant en]gy ( life1 ^: fir/ resi/less impulse x 0 to c>ry ! vital fire ( ,prome!us into e object t x enc\nt]$1 & :i*1 n yet hav+ felt ! palsy+ t\* ( exhau/ion1 lay "u no necessity ( curative provisions = repose8 ,!re=e1 :ile admitt+ ! defect ( ,hom] ) respect to col\r1 & admitt+ also t l&scape 7if we are to und]/& by x ! elaborate comb9ation ( natural objects rea*+ ov] consid]able di/ances7 is a great addition to ! enjoym5t & weal? ( mank9d1 ,i ?9k ! capital explanation ( ! "q rais$ is to be f\nd1 n 9 ! want ( any space1 or ( any faculty1 9 ! m9d ( ,hom]1 b 9 ! fact t ! space & ! faculties 7 all occupi$ ) m active & vivify+ functions2 t ! beautiful =ms 9 nature1 :i* we see z beautiful =ms only1 7 to him ! hem ( ! g>m5ts1 z x 71 ( t life ) :i* all nature teem$4 ,accord+ly1 ! g5]al rule ( ! poems is1 t :]e we %\ld be passive1 he is active2 t :i* we ?9k x mu* to contemplate ) satisfaction1 he is ev] at "w1 ) a bold] en]gy & a ke5] pleasure1 to vivify4 ,we deal ) ext]nal nature1 z x 7 unrifl$2 he saw 9 x only ! residue :i* rema9$ to x1 aft] x _h at e po9t ?r[n (f its cream 9 sup]natural =mations4 ,8 uplift+ & vitaliz+ process is ev]y:]e at "w4 ,animate nature is rais$ ev5 to div9ity2 & inanimate nature is borne upw>d into life4 ,if1 !n1 ,hom] sees less 9 ! m]e s5sible =ms ( natural objects ?an we d1 x probably is 9 a great degree because ! g5ius ( 8 p & 8 own g5ius _h taught him to inve/ !m ) a s\l1 :i* drew up into itself ! be/ ( _! attractions4 ,mr4 ,rusk9 mo/ ju/ly tells u1 ) ref]5ce to ! sea1 t he cuts (f f ! mat]ial object ! s5se ( some?+ liv+1 & fa%ions x into a great ab/ract image ( a sea-p[]#ghe4 ,yet x is n1 ,i ?9k1 q true1 t ! ,poet leaves 9 ! wat]y mass no elem5t ( life4 ,on ! contr>y1 ,i %\ld say ! key to 8 :ole treatm5t ( ext]nal nature is to be f\nd 9 ?is "o proposition3 :]esoev] we look = figure1 he looks = life4 ,8 waves 7z well z 8 fire7 :5 !y are /irr$#ghf1 %\t1 9 ! v ^w 77 t he gives to ! ,assembly ( ,a*ans3 :5 !y break 9 foam1 !y put on ! plume ( ! w>rior's helmet#ghg 773 :5 _! "l drives ov] !m1 !y op5 wide = joy#ghh3 & :5 he /rides ^u ! field ( battle1 !y1 too1 boil ^u ! %ore1 9 an irrepressible sympa?y ) 8 ef=t & emotion#ghi4 #ghe ,mod]n ,pa9t]s1 "p iv4 *4 xiii4 p4 #agd4 #ghf ,il4 xxiii4 #baf4 i4 #dhb4 #ghg ,il4 iv4 #dbd4 #ghh 1 ,il4 xiii4 #bi4 #ghi ,il4 xiv4 #cib4 ,,sect4 ,,iii4 ,hom]'s p]ceptions & use ( ,numb]4 ,:ile ! faculties ( ,hom] 7 9 _m respects bo? int5se & ref9$ 9 _! action1 beyond all ord9>y1 p]haps we might say beyond all mod]n1 examples1 !re 7 o!r po9ts 9 :i* !y be> ! m>ks ( hav+ be5 less develop$ ?an is n[ common ev5 among ! mass ( _m civiliz$ nations4 ,9 ! p[] ( ab/raction & di/9ct introspective contemplation1 x is n improbable t he 0 inf]ior to ! g5]ality ( educat$ m5 9 ! pres5t day4 ,9 "s o!r l[] faculties1 he is probably excell$ by ! majority ( ! population ( ?is c\ntry1 nay ev5 by _m ( ! *ildr5 9 its s*ools4 ,i v5ture to specify1 z examples ( ! la/-nam$ proposition1 ! faculties ( numb]1 & ( col\r4 ,x may be true ( "o or bo? ( ^!1 t a c]ta9 indi/9ctness 9 ! p]ception ( !m is incid5tal ev]y:]e to ! e>ly /ages ( society4 ,b yet x is surpris+ to f9d x :]e1 z ) ,hom]1 x accompanies a rem>kable quickness & maturity n only ( great m5tal p[]s1 b ( c]ta9 o!r p]ceptions m ak9 to numb] & col\r1 su* z ^? ( motion1 ( s\nd1 & ( =m4 ,b let u proce$ to exam9e1 9 ! fir/ place1 ! =m] ( ^! two subjects4 ,x may be obs]v$ at ! outset1 t probably none ( u are aw>e to h[ great an ext5t our aptitudes ) respect to ^! matt]s are tradition>y1 & dep5d5t !re=e n ^u ourselves1 b ^u ! acquisitions made by ! human race be=e our bir?1 & ^u ! degree 9 :i* ^? acquisitions h circulat$1 & h be5 z x 7 filt]$ ?r\gh & ?r\gh ! community1 s z to take _! place among ! elem5t>y ideas1 impressions1 & habits ( ! population4 ,= su* p>ts ( human k1 z h atta9$ to ?is position1 are usually ga9$ by ea* successive g5]ation ?r\gh ! m$ium ( t ins5sible tra9+1 :i* beg9s f ! v e>lie/ infancy1 & :i* prec$es by a great int]val all ! sy/ematic1 & ev5 all ! consci\s1 processes ( education4 ,nor am ,i = "o prep>$ by any means to d5y t !re may be an actual #8traducianism' 9 ! case3 on ! contr>y1 9 full consi/5cy ) ! tea*+ ( exp]i5ce1 we may believe t ! acquir$ aptitudes ( "o g5]ation may become1 9 a great] or a less degree1 ! inh]it$ & inborn aptitudes ( ano!r4 ,we mu/1 !re=e1 reckon ^u f9d+ a set ( m>k$ diff]5ces 9 ! relative degrees ( advancem5t among diff]5t human faculties 9 diff]5t /ages ( society1 :i* %all be simply ref]able to ! s\rce n[ po9t$ out1 & di/9ct altoge!r f su* v>iations z are ref]able to o!r causes4 ,x is n difficult to admit ?is to be true 9 g5]al3 b ! "q1 :e!r 9 ! case be=e u x applies to numb] & col\r1 c ( c\rse only be decid$ by an exam9ation ( ! ,hom]ic text4 ,yet1 be=e we ent] ^u ?is exam9ation1 let u endeav\r to ?r[ "s fur!r light ^u ! g5]al aspect ( ! proposition1 :i* has j be5 laid d[n4 ,( all visible ?+s1 col\r is to our ,engli% eye ! mo/ /rik+4 ,( all ideas1 z conceiv$ by ! ,engli% m9d1 numb] appe>s to be ! mo/ rigidly def9ite1 s t we adopt x z a /&>d = r$uc+ all o!r ?+s to def9it5ess2 z :5 we say t ?is field or ?is h\se is five1 t51 or tw5ty times z l>ge z t4 ,our m]*ants1 & ev5 our s*ool*ildr51 are good calculators4 ,s t !re is a s5se ( some?+ /rik+ly p>adoxical1 to u 9 p>ticul>1 :5 we speak ( ,hom] z hav+ _h only indet]m9ate ideas ( ^! subjects4 ,conceptions ( ,numb] n always def9ite4 ,!re are h[ev] two practical in/ances1 :i* may be cit$ to illu/rate ! position1 t numb] is n a ?+ to be z matt] ( c\rse def9itely conceiv$ 9 ! m9d4 ,"o ( ^! is ! case ( v "y *ildr54 ,to !m ! v l[e/ numb]s are soon intelligible1 b all beyond ! l[e/ are n s1 & only pres5t a vague s5se ( multitude1 t _c be sev]$ into its compon5t p>ts4 ,! di/9ctive m>k ( a cle> ari?metical conception is1 t ! m9d at "o & ! same "t embraces ! two ideas1 fir/ ( ! aggregate1 secondly ( ea* "o ( ! units :i* make x up4 ,?is d\ble op]ation ( ! bra9 becomes m ardu\s1 z we asc5d high] 9 ! scale4 ,i h he>d a *ild1 put to c\nt beads or some?+ ( ! sort1 reckon !m ?us3 #8,"o1 two1 ?ree1 f\r1 a hundr$4' ,! fir/ words express 8 ideas1 ! la/ "o 8 despair4 ,up to f\r1 8 m9d c\ld conta9 ! jo9t ideas ( unity & ( sev]alty1 b n beyond2 s he !n pass$ to an expression :olly g5]al1 & meant to express a s5se l t ( ! ^w multitude4 ,b ?\gh ! transition f numb] def9itely conceiv$ to numb] )\t b\nds is l laun*+ into a sea1 yet ! conception ( multitude itself is 9 "o s5se susceptible ( degree4 ,we may h ! idea ( a limit$1 or ( an unb\nd$1 multitude4 ,! ess5tial di/9ction ( ! fir/ is1 t x might possibly be c\nt$2 ! notion ( ! second is1 t x is :olly beyond ! p[] ( num]ation to ov]take4 ,probably ev5 ! *ild1 to :om ! ^w #8hundr$' express$ an indef9ite idea1 w\ld h be5 fa9tly s5sible ( a diff]5ce 9 degree betwe5 #8hundr$' & #8million1' & w\ld h kn[n t ! latt] express$ some?+ l>g] ?an ! =m]4 ,! circumscrib+ outl9e ( ! idea appreh5d$ is loose1 b /ill !re is su* an outl9e4 ,! cle>ness ( ! d\ble conception is inde$ effac$2 ! :ole only1 & n ! :ole toge!r ) ea* "p1 is contemplat$ by ! m9d2 b /ill !re is a c]ta9 cl\d$ s5se ( a real diff]5ce 9 magnitude1 z betwe5 "o su* :ole & ano!r4 ,& ?is leads me to ! second ( ! two illu/rations1 to :i* ref]5ce has be5 made4 ,t loss ( def9it5ess 9 ! conception ( numb]1 :i* ! *ild 9 our day suff]s be=e he has c\nt$ ov] 8 f+]s1 ! gr[n man suff]s also1 ?\gh at a po9t commonly mu* high] 9 ! scale4 ,:at po9t t may be1 dep5ds v mu* ^u ! p>ticul> habits & aptitudes ( ! individual4 ,a /ud5t 9 a libr>y ( a ?\s& volumes1 an (fic] be=e 8 regim5t ( a ?\s& m5 ^u p>ade1 may h a pretty cle> idea ( ! units z well z ( ! totals2 b :5 we come to a ?\s& times a ?\s&1 or a ?\s& times a million1 all view ( ! units1 = mo/ m51 probably = e man1 is lo/3 ! million = ! gr[n man is 9 a great degree l ! hundr$ = ! *ild4 ,! num]ical t]m has n[ become ess5tially a symbol2 n only z e ^w is by its ess5ce a symbol 9 ref]5ce to ! idea x imm$iately d5otes2 b1 9 a fur!r s5se1 x is a symbol ( a symbol1 = t idea :i* x d5otes1 is itself symbolical3 x is a conv5tional repres5tation ( a c]ta9 va/ numb] ( units1 f> too great to be individually contemplat$ & appreh5d$4 ,z we rise high] /ill f millions1 say = example1 into ! class ( billions1 ! vagu5ess increases4 ,! million is n[ become a sort ( new unit1 & ! relation ( two millions to "o million1 is ?us pretty cle>ly appreh5d$ z be+ d\ble2 b ?is too becomes obscur$ z we m\nt1 & ev5 7= example7 ! relation ( quantity betwe5 t5 billions ( :eat-corns1 & an hundr$ billions ( ! same1 is f> less det]m9ately convey$ to ! m9d1 ?an ! relation betwe5 t5 :eat-corns & "o4 ,at ?is high level1 ! n\ns ( numb] approximate to ! indef9ite "* ( ! class ( algebraic symbols call$ kn[n quantities4 ,9 proportion z our conception ( numb]s is def9ite1 ! idea ( !m1 in/ead ( be+ suit$ = an address to ! imag9ation1 rema9s unsuit$ = poetic h&l+1 & ?rives )9 ! sph]e ( ! und]/&+ only4 ,b :5 we pass beyond ! scale ( det]m9ate into t ( practically indet]m9ate am\nts1 !n ! use ( numb]s becomes highly poetical4 ,i w\ld quote1 z a v noble example ( ?is use ( numb]1 a v]se 9 ! ,revelations ( ,/4 ,john4 #8,& ,i beheld1 & ,i he>d ! voice ( _m angels r\nd ab\t ! ?rone1 & ! bea/s & ! eld]s3 & ! numb] ( !m 0 t5 ?\s& times t5 ?\s&1 & ?\s&s ( ?\s&s#gij4' ,z a pro( ( ! p[] ( ?is f9e passage1 ,i w\ld obs]ve1 t ! desc5t f t5 ?\s& times t5 ?\s& to ?\s&s ( ?\s&s1 ?\gh x is 9 fact num]ically v great1 has none ( ! *ill+ effect ( anticlimax1 because ^! numb]s are n ari?metically conceiv$1 & ! la/ memb] ( ! s5t5ce is simply1 s to speak1 ! trail ( light :i* ! =m] draws beh9d x4 #gij ,rev4 v4 #aa4 ,n[ we mu/ keep cle>ly be=e our m9ds ! idea1 t ?is poetical & figurative use ( numb] among ! ,greeks at lea/ prec$$ :at ,i may call its calculative use4 ,we %all f9d 9 ,hom] no?+ t c /rictly be call$ calculation4 ,he repeat$ly gives u :at may be t]m$ ! factors ( a sum 9 multiplication2 b he nev] ev5 p>tially comb9es !m1 ev5 z !y are comb9$ = example 9 ,c[p]'s ballad1 ,john ,gilp9's sp\se said to h] de>1 ,?\gh w$d$ we h be5 ,^! twice t5 t$i\s ye>s1 yet we ,no holiday h se54 ,ref]5ce has be5 made to ! conv5i5ce :i* we f9d 9 us+ numb] z a measure ( quantity1 & z a means ( comp>+ ?+s ( e species 9 _! own k9d4 ,b we nev] meet ) ?is use ( x 9 ,hom]4 ,he has n ev5 ! words necess>y to enable him to say1 #8,?is h\se is five times z l>ge z t4' ,if he _h ! idea to express1 he w\ld say1 ,five h\ses1 ea* z l>ge z t1 w\ld h>dly be equal to ?is4 ,! ^w may be call$ an adv]b ( multiplication2 b x is nev] us$ = ^! comp>isons4 ,inde$1 ,damm obs]ves1 t 9 a l>ge majority ( in/ances x signifies an indef9ite numb]1 n a precise "o4 is f\nd only once1 & 9 a s5se :olly indet]m9ate3 ! passage is#gia 4 does n ev5 exi/4 ,ajax lifts a /one1 n #8twice z l>ge z a mortal ( to-day c\ld raise'1 b s l>ge t x w\ld require two su* mortals to raise x4 ,all ,hom]'s num]ical expressions are 9 ! mo/ elem5t>y =ms2 su* =ms1 z are )\t composition1 & refuse all fur!r analysis4 #gia ,od4 v4 #cjf4 ,greek e/imate ( ! discov]y ( ,numb]4 ,8 use ( numb] appe>s to h be5 conf9$ to simple addition3 & x is probable t all ! high] numb]s :i* we f9d 9 ! poems1 7 figurative & mo/ vaguely conceiv$4 ,if we are able to make good ! pro( ( ^! propositions f ! ,hom]ic text1 we %all !n be well able to und]/& ! mann] 9 :i* ,num]ation1 or ! sci5ce ( numb]1 is spok5 ( by ! ,greeks ( ! hi/oric age z a m>vell\s inv5tion4 ,x appe>s 9 s*ylus1 z among ! v greate/ ( ! discov]ies ( ,prome!us#gib3 #gib s*4 ,prom4 ,v4 #dfh4 see also ,soph4 ,naupl4 ,fragm4 v4 1 1 he goes on to add1 4 ,s t ! use ( numb]s by rule 0 to ! ,greek m9d z mu* a discov]y z ! lett]s ( ! alphabet1 & is ev5 describ$ "h z a great] "o3 mu* z 9 lat] times m5 h view$ ! use ( log>i?ms1 or ( ! me?od ( fluxions or ! calculus4 ,9 full con=mity ) ?is are ! sup]lative t]ms1 9 :i* ,plato speaks ( numb]4 ,numb]1 9 fact1 seems to be exhibit$ 9 great "p ( ! ,greek philosophy1 z if x _h actually be5 ! guide ( ! human m9d 9 its progress t[>ds realiz+ all ! great & c>d9al ideas ( ord]1 measure1 proportion1 & relation4 ,up to :at po9t human intellig5ce1 9 ! "t ( ,hom]1 0 able to pu% ! process ( simple addition1 we d n precisely "k4 ,x is n1 h[ev]1 ha/ily to be assum$ t1 9 any "o ( 8 faculties1 ,hom] 0 beh9d 8 age2 & x is saf] to believe t ! poems1 ev5 9 ^! po9ts1 repres5t x advantage\sly4 ,n[1 9 "o place at lea/1 we h a primitive acc\nt ( a process ( addition4 ,! passage is 9 ! ,f\r? ,odyssey1 :]e ,m5elaus relates1 h[ ,proteus c\nt$ ^u 8 f+]s ! numb] ( 8 seals#gic4 ,t x 0 a c]ta9 p>ticul> numb] is obvi\s1 because :5 f\r ( !m _h be5 kill$ by ,eido!e1 _! sk9s 7 put ^u ,m5elaus & 8 ?ree comrades1 & ! f\r ,greeks 7 !n c\nt$ into ! h]d1 s t ! ^w "h evid5tly means a def9ite total4 ,?is addition by ,proteus1 h[ev]1 0 n addition 9 ! prop] ari?metical s5se1 & w\ld be m prop]ly call$ enum]ation3 x 0 probably effect$ simply by add+ ea* unit s+ly1 9 succession1 to ! o!rs1 ) ! aid ( ! f+]s1 7prov$ ?r\gh ! ^w 17 b n by ! aid ( any scale or comb9ation ( units1 ei!r decimal or qu9al4 ,9 ! ^w we h1 inde$1 ! fir/ /ep t[>ds a decimal scale2 b we h n ev5 t 9 ! case ( ! numb] five1 !re be+ no or 4 ,! mean+ ( evid5tly is1 n t he arrang$ ! num]ation 9 fives1 b t1 by means ( ! f+]s ( "o h&1 employ$ ^u ^? ( ! o!r1 he assi/$ ! process ( simple enum]ation4 #gic ,od4 iv4 #dab1 #dea4 ,highe/ num]als ( ! poems4 ,hom]'s highe/ num]al is 4 ,he describes ! ,myrmidons z be+ #gid1 ?\gh1 if we assume a mean /r5g? ( ab\t eighty-five = _! crews1 ! =ce w\ld b little h exce$$ f\r ?\s&3 & at ! maximum ( "o hundr$ & tw5ty = ea* %ip1 x w\ld only come to six ?\s&4 ,aga91 ,hom] uses ! expression 1 to d5ote a p]son ( in/ruct$ & accompli%$ m9d#gie4 #gid ,il4 xxiii4 #bi4 #gie ,od4 ii4 #af4 ,next to ! 1 ! highe/ num]als employ$ 9 ! poems are ^? conta9$ 9 ! passage :]e ! ,poet says t ! h[l ( ,m>s1 on be+ w\nd$ by ,diom$1 0 z l\d z ! %\t ( an army ( n9e ?\s& or t5 ?\s& m5#gif3 #gif ,il4 v4 #hfj4 ' 4 ,b x is cle> t ! expressions are purely poetical & figurative4 ,= he nev] comes ne> ! use ( su* high numb]s else:]e2 & yet x obvi\sly lay 9 8 pa? to use ^!1 & high] numb]s /ill1 :5 he 0 describ+ ! /r5g? ( ! ,greek & ,trojan armies4 ,! highe/ ,hom]ic numb]1 aft] ^? :i* h be5 nam$1 is f\nd 9 ! ?ree ?\s& horses ( ,eri*?onius4 ,?is we mu/ also consid] poetical1 because x is s f> beyond ! ord9>y range ( ! poems1 & 9 "s degree likewise because ( ! obvi\s unlikelihood ( 8 hav+ possess$ t p>ticul> numb] ( m>es#gig4 #gig ,il4 xxi4 #bea4 ,only ?rice1 besides ! in/ances already quot$1 does ,hom] use ! f\r? p[] ( numb]s2 x is 9 ! case ( ! s+le ?\s&4 ,a ?\s& measures ( w9e 7 s5t by ,euneos z a pres5t to ,agamemnon & ,m5elaus4 ,a ?\s& wat*-fires 7 k9dl$ by ! ,trojans on ! pla94 ,iphidamas1 hav+ giv5 an hundr$ ox5 9 ord] to obta9 8 wife1 !n promis$ a ?\s& goats & %eep out ( 8 c\ntless h]ds#gih4 ,9 all ^! ?ree cases1 x is m ?an d\btful :e!r ! ^w ?\s& is n r\ghly & loosely us$ z a r\nd numb]4 ,! comb9ation ( ! ?\s& %eep & goats ) ! hundr$ ox51 imm$iately awak5s ! recollection t ev5 ! ,hom]ic hecatomb1 ?\gh mean+ etymologically an hundr$ ox51 practically meant no?+ ( ! k9d1 b only :at we %\ld call a lot or bat* ( ox54 ,aga91 x is s obvi\sly improbable t ! ,trojans %\ld 9 an hurri$ biv\ac h light$ j a ?\s& fires1 & plac$ j fifty m5 by ea*1 t we may take ?is passage z pla9ly figurative1 & z convey+ no m ?an a v rude approximation1 ( su* a k9d z w\ld be inadmissible :]e ! practice ( calculation is famili>4 ,x is !n mo/ likely1 t 9 ! rema9+ "o ( ! ?ree passages1 ! ,poet means only to convey t a l>ge & lib]al pres5t ( w9e 0 s5t by ,euneus1 z ! consid]ation = 8 be+ all[$ to trade ) ! army4 ,!re is c]ta9ly m ( approximation to a def9ite use ( ! s+le ?\s&1 ?an ( ! ?ree1 ! n9e1 or ! t53 b ?is diff]5ce 9 def9it5ess is 9 reality a ma9 po9t 9 ! evid5ce4 ,mo/ ( all does ?is become palpable1 :5 we consid] h[ /range is 9 itself ! omission to /ate ! numb]s ( ! combatants on ei!r side ( ?is great /ruggle3 an omission s /range1 ( :at w\ld be to ourselves a fact ( su* elem5t>y & prim>y int]e/1 t we c h>dly acc\nt = x o!rwise ?an by ! admission1 t to ! ,greeks ( ! ,hom]ic age ! totals ( ! armies1 ev5 if ! ,poet himself c\ld h reckon$ !m1 w\ld h be5 un9telligible4 #gih ,il4 vii4 #ega4 viii4 #efb4 xi4 #bdd4 ,among all ! numb]s f\nd 9 ,hom]1 ! highe/ :i* he appe>s to use ) a cle>ly det]m9ate mean+1 is t ( ! ?ree hundr$ & sixty fat hogs "u ! c>e ( ,eumu 9 ,i?aca#gii2 #gii ,od4 xiv4 #bj4 4 ,! reason = consid]+ ?is numb] z hav+ a pretty def9ite s5se 9 ! ,poet's m9d 7q a diff]5t matt]1 let x be borne 9 m9d1 f ! "q :e!r ! circum/ance is meant to be tak5 z hi/orical7 is1 t x /&s 9 evid5t association ) ! numb] ( days1 z x 0 probably !n reckon$1 9 ! ye>4 ,x seems pla9 t he meant to describe ! :ole circle ( ! ye>1 :]e he says1 t = ea* ( ! days & nights :i* ,jupit] has giv51 or1 9 8 own words#hjj1 #hjj ,od4 xiv4 #ic4 1 ! gre$y ,suitors are n cont5t$ ) ! slaught] ( "o animal1 or ev5 ( two4 ,eumu !n gives an acc\nt ( ! weal? ( ,ulysses 9 live /ock1 bo? )9 ! isle & on ! ma9l&1 f :5ce ! animals 7 suppli$3 & adds1 t f ! ,i?acan /ore a goa!rd took d[n daily a fat goat1 :ile he himself z (t5 s5t d[n a fat hog4 ,i h dwelt ?us p>ticul>ly on ! detail ( ?is case1 because x may fairly be inf]r$ f ! correspond5ce betwe5 ! numb] ( ! hogs & ! days ( ! ye>1 t = once1 at all ev5ts1 ! ,poet int5d$ to speak1 ?\gh some:at at r&om1 yet 9 a degree ari?metically1 & t ( s high a numb] z #cfj4 ,!re are o!r cases ( l[] numb]s 9 diff]5t p>ts ( ! poems1 :]e x may be argu$1 ) v>y+ measures ( probability1 t ,hom] _h a simil> int5tion4 ,! & num]als ( value4 ,! ^w 1 )\t d\bt1 af=ds a /rik+ pro( ( vagu5ess 9 ! ideas ( ! h]oic age ) respect to numb]3 & ?is vagu5ess ext5ds1 yet app>5tly 9 v>y+ degrees1 to ! adjective 4 ,i h else:]e#hja ref]r$ to adjectives ( ?is =mation z indicative ( ! fact1 t = ^? g5]ations ( mank9d ox5 may be said to h con/itut$ a measure ( value2 & ?is fact c]ta9ly involves an aim at num]ical exactitude4 ,x seems1 inde$1 on g5]al gr\nds f> f improbable1 t ! bus9ess ( ex*ange may h be5 ! orig9al guide ( our race into ! art1 & ?us into ! sci5ce1 ( ari?metic4 #hja ,agor1 p4 #hb4 ,9 ! description ( ! ,%ield ( ,m9]va1 :i* _h an hundr$ gold5 drops or tassels1 we are told t ea* ( !m 0 1 or wor? an hundr$ ox54 ,?is use ( ! ^w mu/ be reg>d$ z /rongly *>g$ ) figure4 ,m9]va 0 arm+ to m+le among m5 ^u ! pla9 ( ,troy#hjb1 & x is n likely1 !re=e1 t ! ,poet w\ld repres5t h] 9 dim5sions utt]ly inord9ate4 ,he judici\sly res]ves ?is lic5se ( exagg]ation )\t b\nds = sc5es :]e he is beyond ! sph]e ( relations prop]ly human1 z = example1 ! ,!oma*y & ! ,"u-_w4 ,n[ we may v5ture to take ! ,hom]ic value ( an ox be=e ,troy at half an ounce ( gold4 ,9 ! prizes ( ! wre/l+ mat*1 :]e a tripod 0 wor? twelve ox51 a highly skill$ woman 7 ' 7 0 wor? f\r#hjc4 ,two ounces ( gold w\ld be a l[ price = su* a p]son 9 almo/ any age4 ,accord+ to ?is computation1 ea* drop on ! gis ( ,m9]va w\ld weigh fifty ounces3 ! :ole w\ld weigh above #cjj lbs4 avoirdupois1 & if we 7 to assume ! purely ornam5tal fr+e 9 a "w ( ?is k9d to weigh "o t5? "p ( ! :ole1 ! gis itself w\ld weigh ne>ly a ton & a half4 ,prim facie1 ?is is susceptible ( explanation 9 ei!r ( two ways3 ! "o1 t ! numb]s are us$ poetically & n ari?metically2 ! o!r1 t ( %e] int5tional exagg]ation 9 bulk4 ,! rules ( ! ,poet1 z !y are else:]e appli$1 oblige u to reject ! latt] solution1 & consequ5tly ?r[ u back ^u ! =m]4 #hjb ,il4 ii4 #dej4 #hjc ,il4 xxiii4 #gjc1 #e4 ,! num]als ( value4 ,aga91 we are told t1 :5 ,diom$ obta9$ ! ex*ange ( arms f ,glaucus1 he gave a suit ( copp]1 & obta9$ 9 return a suit ( gilt#hjd2 #hjd ,il4 vi4 #bcf4 1 ' 4 ,"h !re seems to be a mixture ( ! metaphorical & ! ari?metical use4 ,=1 on ! "o h&1 x is s+ul> t he %\ld h *os5 numb]s :i* require ! aid ( a fraction to express _! relation to "o ano!r4 ,he c\ld c]ta9ly n h meant to say t ! values ( ! two suits 7 precisely z #ajj3i1 or z #aa3a4 ,& yet1 on ! "o h&1 he c\ld sc>cely use ! t]m 1 except ) ref]5ce to ! kn[n & usual value ( a suit ( arm\r1 :ile ! 1 f its use 9 o!r places1 mu/ be suspect$ ( hav+ no m ?an a m]ely indet]m9ate =ce4 ,) ?is fractional relation ( #ajj3i1 may be comp>$ ! arrangem5t at ! fea/ 9 ,pylos1 :]e ea* division ( five hundr$ p]sons 0 suppli$ ) n9e ox54 ,^! numb]s1 h[ev]1 are probably less vague ?an 9 "s o!r cases3 = ! provision /at$1 ?\gh l>ge1 is n beyond :at a rude pl5ty might sugge/ on a great public occasion4 ,aga91 ,lycaon1 :5 captur$ = ! second "t by ,a*illes1 rem9ds t h]o ( :at he _h fet*$ or be5 wor? to him on ! =m] occasion#hje3 4 ,"h we h a decisive pro( ( ! figurative use ( numb]4 ,_h ! "y pr9ce be5 ransom$ by ,priam1 a great price1 no d\bt1 w\ld h be5 giv54 ,b ,a*illes sold him into ,lemnos1 3 & to ! ,lemnians he c\ld h>dly h value b z a lab\r]1 al?\gh inde$ x *anc$ t he 0 aft]w>ds r$eem$1 by a ( ,priam#hjf1 at a high price4 ,we _c1 !n1 suppose t he _h br\ght any su* return z w\ld be repres5t$ by a full hundr$ ( ox54 #hje ,il4 xxi4 #gi4 #hjf ,il4 xxi4 #db4 ,! evid5ce ?us f>1 ,i ?9k1 t5ds p[]fully to support ! hypo!sis1 t !re is an am\nt ( vagu5ess 9 ,hom]'s g5]al use ( numb]s1 unless inde$ z to v l[ ones1 :i* _c be expla9$ o!rwise ?an z metaphorical or purely poetical3 & t 8 m9d nev] _h be=e x any ( ^? processes1 simple z !y are to all :o are famili> ) !m1 ( multiplication1 subtraction1 or division4 ,i admit x to be possible1 t 8 mann] ( treat+ numb] may h be5 ow+ to 8 det]m9ation to be intelligible1 & to ! /ate ( ! faculties ( 8 he>]s1 z mu* z1 or ev5 m ?an1 8 own4 ,b to me ! supposition ( ! infant condition ev5 ( 8 faculties ) respect to numb]1 ?\gh at fir/ sight />tl+1 approves itself on reflection z "o ?or\ghly 9 con=mity ) analogy & nature4 ,inde$ ! exp]i5ce ( life may conv9ce u t to ?is h\r we %\ld be mi/ak51 if we suppos$ ari?metical conceptions to be uni=m 9 diff]5t m9ds2 t ! relations ( numb] are fa9tly & imp]fectly appreh5d$1 except by ei!r practis$ or else peculi>ly gift$ p]sons2 & t1 9 %ort1 !re is no?+ m my/]i\s ?an ari?metic to ^? :o d n und]/& x4 ,z "o illu/ration ( ?is op9ion1 ,i w cite ! difficulty :i* mo/ educat$ p]sons1 :5 /udy+ hi/ory1 c]ta9ly feel 9 ma/]+ its *ronology2 :ile to ^? :o are apt at figures x is n only acquir$ ) ease1 b x ev5 s]ves z ! nexus & support ( ! :ole *a9 ( ev5ts4 ,!re 7 sev]al occasions1 ^u :i* x w\ld h be5 mo/ natural & appropriate = ,hom] to use ! faculty ( multiplication2 yet on no "o ( ^! has he us$ x4 ,he con/antly supplies u ) ! mat]ials ( a sum1 b nev] once p]=ms ! process4 ,sil5ce z to ! numb]s ( ! armies4 ,! fir/ example 9 ! ,iliad is suppli$ by t passage ( ! unhappy spee* ( ,agamemnon to ! ,assembly 9 ! ,second ,book1 :i* causes ! fev]-fit ( home-sickness4 ,he comp>es ! /r5g? ( ! ,greek army ) t ( ! ,trojans2 & he only effects ! purpose by ?is feeble b elaborate contrivance4 #8,%\ld ! ,greeks & ,trojans agree to be numb]$ respectively1 & %\ld ! ,trojans prop]ly s call$ be plac$ "o by "o1 b ! ,greeks 9 t5s1 & e ,trojan made cupbe>] to a ,greek t51 _m ( our t5s w\ld be )\t a cupbe>]#hjg4' ,9 ! fir/ place1 ! fact t he calls ?is asc]ta9+ ( comp>ative =ce numb]+ is rem>kable2 = x w\ld n h %[n ! numb]s ( ei!r army2 nor ev5 ! diff]5ce1 by :i* ! ,greeks exce$$ a t5fold ratio to ! ,trojans2 b simply1 by leav+ an unexhau/$ residue1 ! fact t !y 7 m1 :e!r by mu* or by little1 ?an t5 times z _m z ! besieg$4 ,secondly1 x seems pla9 t1 if ,hom] _h kn[n :at 0 meant by multiplication1 he w\ld h us$ ! process 9 ?is in/ance1 9 lieu ( ! elaborate 7yet poetical7 circumlocution :i* he has adopt$2 & w\ld h said ! ,greeks 7 t5 times1 or fifte5 times1 or tw5ty times1 z _m z ! inhabitants ( ,troy4 #hjg ,il4 ii4 #abc-h4 ,aft] ?is1 ,ulysses rem9ds ! ,assembly ( ! app>ition ( ! dragon !y _h se5 at ,aulis4 ,! phrase 1 :i* he employs1 may grammatically ei!r belong to ! epo* ( ! ga!r+ at ,aulis1 or to ! "t ( ! plague1 :i* _h c>ri$ (f a "p ( ! =ce a =tnight or ?ree weeks be=e4 ,9 :i*ev] connection ( ! two we place x1 x af=ds an in/ance ( extreme indef9it5ess 9 ! use ( two adv]bs :i* are at once expressive ( "t & ( numb]2 = on "o supposition he mu/ use !m to express :ole ye>s1 & on ! o!r !y mu/ mean ne> a =tnight1 & !re=e a c]ta9 numb] ( days4 ,! next case is rem>kable4 ,x is t ( ! ,catalogue4 ,! resolution1 :i* introduces x1 0 n a resolution to numb] ! ho/2 b simply to make a c>eful division & di/ribution ( ! m5 "u _! lead]s1 ) a view to a m effective responsibility1 bo? ( (fic]s & m5#hjh4 ,b :5 ! ,poet comes to enum]ate ! divisions1 x is evid5tly a great object ) him to make kn[n ! relative =ces1 & ?us ! relative prom95ce & p[]1 ( ! diff]5t ,/ates ( ,greece4 ,yet no?+ c be m imp]fect ?an ! mann] 9 :i* ! enum]at+ portion ( 8 task is execut$4 ,9 ! fir/ place1 we trace aga9 ! old habit ( ! loose & figurative use ( numb]s4 ,= ,hom] c\ld h>dly mean u to take lit]ally all ! numb]s ( %ips1 :i* he has /at$ 9 ! ,catalogue3 s9ce1 9 e case :]e !y come up to or exce$ tw5ty1 !y run 9 complete decades )\t odd numb]s2 subject to ! s+le exception ( ! tw5ty-two %ips ( ,g\neus4 ,podalirius & ,ma*aon h ?irty1 ! ,phocians =ty1 ,a*illes fifty1 ,m5elaus sixty1 ,diom$ eighty1 ,ne/or n9ety1 ,agamemnon an hundr$3 ! only full multiple ( t5 omitt$ be+ ! utt]ly intractable 4 ,b aga91 he gives u no effectual clue to ! numb]s ( ! crews4 ,ea* ( ! fifty %ips ( ! ,botians _h "o hundr$ & tw5ty m51 & ea* ( ! sev5 %ips ( ,philoctetes _h fifty#hji4 ,?us he supplies u ) ! two factors ( ! sum1 :i* w\ld f9d ! numb] ( m51 9 ea* ( ^! two cases2 b 9 nei!r case does he p]=m ! sum2 & su* is ! uni=m practice ?r\gh\t ! poems4 ,= ! ,greek =ce g5]ally1 he has n ev5 giv5 u ! factors4 ,x has inde$ be5 conjectur$1 t fifty may h be5 ! smalle/ %ip's company1 & "o hundr$ & tw5ty ! l>ge/3 b ?is is m]e conjecture2 & ev5 if x be well f\nd$1 /ill we d n "k :e!r ! g5]ality ( ! %ips 7 ab\t ! mean1 or ne>] "o or ! o!r ( ! extremes4 ,aga91 x w\ld appe> probable f ! ,odyssey1 t ^! numb]s1 ( fifty & "o hundr$ & tw5ty1 are exclusive at lea/ ( pilots & comm&]s1 if n also ( ! /ew>ds#haj & ! m9or (fic]s#haa2 = ! numb] m5tion$ by ,alc9\s#hab is fifty-two2 & al?\gh he says t all 7 to sit d[n to r[1 ! texts :5 comp>$ _c b sugge/1 t ! numb] fifty 0 an usual complem5t ( o>s1 & t ! two 7 ! capta9 & pilot respectively#hac4 #hjh ,il4 ii4 #cfb-h4 #hji ,il4 ii4 #eji1 #gai4 #haj ,il4 xix4 #dd4 #haa ,il4 ii4 #cfb1 #e4 #hab ,od4 viii4 #ce4 #hac ,sup4 ,agor1 p4 #ace4 ,pla9ly1 !re mu/ h be5 v great inequalities 9 ! crews ( ! ,greek armam5t2 or ,hom] c\ld n h said1 aft] giv+ ,agamemnon an hundr$ %ips1 t he _h by f> ! l>ge/ =ce ( all ! *iefs#had2 #had ,il4 ii4 #egg4 '4 ,= ,diom$ & ,idom5eus h ea* eighty %ips1 & ,ne/or has n9ety1 s t _! numb]s w\ld come v ne> ,agamemnon's1 unless _! %ips 7 small]4 ,b to sum up ?is discussion4 ,x is evid5t t1 if only we suppose ! ,greeks ( ,hom]'s "t to h _h a def9ite & well develop$ s5se ( numb]1 ! m5tion by ,hom] ( ! am\nt ( =ce 9 ! ,trojan exp$ition w\ld h be5 a fact ( ! highe/ national int]e/ & importance4 ,yet he has left u no?+1 :i* c be said ev5 def9itely to approximate to a record ( x1 ?\gh ! enum]ation ( ! ,catalogue appe>s almo/ to =ce ! subject ^u him4 ,! fair inf]5ces seem to be1 t he did n und]/& ! calculative use ( numb]s at all1 or beyond "s v limit$ range2 & t1 ev5 )9 t range1 he = ! mo/ "p employ$ !m poetically & ornam5tally2 !y 7 decorative & effective1 l epi!ts to 8 song1 b !y 7 n /ati/ical2 z expressions ( =ce !y 7 no m ?an 7z x 77 t5tative1 & t b v rudely4 ,i am fur!r confirm$ 9 ! belief ( ,hom]'s indet]m9ate conception ( numb]1 f ! /range result to :i* ! contr>y op9ion w\ld lead4 ,he tells u ( ! ,trojan biv\ac#hae2 #hae ,il4 viii4 #efb4 ' ' 4 ,9 ?is case he has giv5 u aga9 ! factors ( a sum 9 multiplication1 ?\gh n ! product4 ,did he mean !m to be tak5 lit]ally8 ,if he did1 !n x is inde$ /range t1 al?\gh he says no?+ :atev] on ! subject ( numb] 9 ! ,trojan ,catalogue1 yet he has "h suppli$ u ) all ! p>ticul>s necess>y = e/imat+ ! ,trojan =ce1 :ile z to ! ,greek army1 we rema9 unable to say :e!r x am\nt$ to fifty ?\s&1 or to half1 or to twice or ?rice t numb]4 ,b x is q pla9 f ! total abs5ce ( specifi$ numb]s 9 ! ,trojan ,catalogue1 t he _h no desire1 z inde$ he _h no occasion1 to give an accurate acc\nt ( ! ,trojan =ce4 ,on ! o!r h& x appe>s1 f ! details ( ! ,greek ,catalogue1 t he did wi% to describe ! am\nt ( ! =ce on t side1 z f> z he c\ld conceive or convey x4 ,if all ?is be s1 !n no?+ c %[ m cle>ly ?an ! ?\s& ,trojan wat*-fires1 ) _! fifty m5 at ea*1 ,hom]'s figurative mann] ( employ+ num]ical aggregations4 ,if h[ev] we admit ! figurative use1 we at once f9d ev]y?+ h>moni\s4 ,he describes ! ,trojans by ! me?od ( bold enhancem5t1 at a juncture ( ! poem :]e x is 8 purpose to make !m t]rible to ! ,greek imag9ation4 ,! in/ance ( ,proteus 9 ! ,odyssey has already be5 ref]r$ to3 b "o m m>k$ is af=d$ by ! description t ,eumu gives ( ! h]ds & flocks ( ,ulysses4 ,?is1 aga91 is "o ( ! in/ances :]e ! _s & gi/ ( ! passage almo/ requir$ t a total %\ld be /at$4 ,= ! object is to give a tell+ acc\nt4 ,! weal? ( ?is pr9ce1 says ! ,poet1 0 b\ndless2 none ( ! h]oes1 :e!r ( ,i?aca or ( ! f]tile cont95t1 _h s mu*2 no1 nor _h any tw5ty ( !m4 ,!n he m5tions h[ _m h]ds ( cattle1 goats1 & sw9e1 & flocks ( %eep !re 71 b gives no numb]s ( any ( ! h]ds1 nor any total3 ?\gh1 %ortly be=e1 ! poem _h m5tion$ ! ?ree hundr$ & sixty fat hogs "u ! c>e ( ,eumu1 & _h also giv5 u ! s[s 9 ! usual mann]1 /at+ t !re 7 twelve /ies ) fifty 9 ea*2 b n specify+ any:]e ! total ( six hundr$ :i* ^! figures yield :5 multipli$ toge!r#haf4 #haf ,od4 xiv4 #ac-bj4 ,aga91 !n ! result ( all ^! passages1 z well z ( m :i* might be quot$1 is1 ,i ?9k1 to %[ t ,hom]'s conceptions ( numb]1 & 8 use ( numb]1 especially :5 beyond a v l[ limit1 7 s indet]m9ate1 t !y may n improp]ly be call$ figurative4 ,hesiod's age ( ! ,nymphs4 ,9 support & 9 illu/ration ( ?is belief ) respect to ,hom]1 ,i w\ld once m ref] to ! curi\s fragm5t ascrib$ to ,hesiod respect+ ! age ( ! ,nymphs ) beaute\s locks1 :i* beg9s1 4 ,9 ! ,etymol4 ,magn4 #ac4 #cf1 ! read+ is 2 & ,ausonius1 foll[+ ?is au?ority 9 8 ,eighte5? ,idyll1 makes ! no less ?an #if ye>s4 ,b ! s5se ( is fix$ by ,hom]'s acc\nt ( ,ne/or1 & o!rwise1 9 su* a way z greatly to fav\r ! read+ 4 ,! ^w !re=e means ! t]m betwe5 bir? & ! prime ( life1 :i* may well be tak5 at ?irty ye>s4 ,!n comes a table z foll[s4 ,! age ( ! daw #i ages ( m54 ,! age ( ! /ag #d ( daws #cf ( m54 ,! age ( ! cr[ #c ( /ags twelve ( daws #ajh ( m54 ,! age ( ! palm #i ( cr[s #bg ( /ags #ajh ( daws #igb ( m54 ,! age ( ! ,nymph #aj ( palms #ij ( cr[s #bgj ( /ags #ajhj ( daws #igbj ( m54 ,& if ! be #cj ye>s1 ! age ( ! ,nymphs #cj #igbj #bia1fjj ye>s4 ,b ! po9t mo/ rem>kable = u is1 t :ile ,hesiod1 if ,hesiod x be1 supplies u ) ! :ole ( ! fir/ factors aft] ! 1 = ?is long sum1 he does n actually p]=m "o s+le multiplication2 nor does he ev5 def9e ! 1 :i* is ! fir/ & mo/ vital elem5t ( all4 ,he has ?us giv5 u at once a v pretty poetical inv5tion = express+ approximately ! age ( ,nymphs1 :o are ,jove-born inde$1 yet are n immortal1 & a rem>kable pro( ( ! indef9it5ess ( num]ical conceptions1 & ( total unacqua9tance ) ! rules ( ari?metic#hag4 #hag ,i subjo9 ! re/ ( ?is curi\s fragm5t2 ' ' 1 4 ,x is notic$ by ,pl9y1 7,nat4 ,hi/4 vii4 #dh47 :o t]ms x fabul\s2 b x is ) m propriety1 ,i ?9k1 to be call$ poetical4 ,"o consequ5ce ( ! proposition ,i h advanc$ ) respect to ,hom] is1 to de/roy altoge!r a suppos$ discrepancy betwe5 ! ,iliad & ! ,odyssey1 :i* has (t5 be5 p>ad$ z a reason1 among o!rs1 = assign+ !m to diff]5t au?ors4 ,x is truly alleg$ t1 9 ! ,catalogue#hah1 ,crete is call$ 2 & t 9 ! ,n9ete5? ,odyssey#hai we are told ( x1 #hah ,il4 ii4 #fdi4 #hai ,od4 xix4 #agc4 ' 1 1 4 ,ea* ( ^! words appe>s to be int]pret$ z /rictly1 z x w\ld be if caught by an auditor 9 ! acc\nts ( "s del9qu5t ,jo9t-,/ock ,company2 & ?us1 =soo?1 a div]sity ( au?ors = ! two poems is to be made good4 ,n[ x is n a little odd1 if bo? ^! poets look$ at ! subject ) ! eye ( /ati/icians1 t :ile ea* f\nd a diff]5t numb] ( cities 9 ,crete1 yet ea* f\nd an ev51 & m or less a r\nd numb]4 ,b :y is to be m /rictly int]pret$ ?an 8 ,& aga91 if we are to con/rue /ati/ically1 :at are we to d ) ! v ^w t prec$es x1 namely1 8 ,! simple fact ( ! juxtaposition ( t ^w ) ! %\ld surely h suffic$ to %[1 t ! :ole mann] ( spee* 0 7:at we n[ call7 poetical4 ,s reg>d+ x1 ,i v5ture ev5 to say t ! effect ( a comp>ison ) ! epi!t 9 ! ,catalogue is to e/abli%1 n a discrepancy 9 po9t ( fact1 b r a simil>ity 9 ! measure ( figurative conception & expression3 s t 9 consequ5ce1 z f> z x is wor? any ?+1 x r t5ds to prove ! id5tity1 ?an ! div]sity1 ( au?or%ip betwe5 ! two poems4 ,a second consequ5ce1 :i* mu/ be drawn f ! =ego+ conclusions1 is ?is2 t we %all d wrong to se>* ! poems ( ,hom] = any s*eme ( *ronology4 ,! m9ute enum]ations ( ! ,mosaic books h p]haps giv5 ! tone to our ord9>y hi/orical inquiries3 b1 at lea/ ) respect to ,hom]1 x mu/ appe> an errone\s c\rse to use 8 num]ical /atem5ts z lit]al1 :5 !y are appli$ to "t1 aft] we h _h s mu* evid5ce ( _! g5]ally ornam5tal & figurative "*4 ,:5 ,hom] has occasion to def9e di/ance1 he does n attempt to d x by a fix$ measure1 b by ref]5ce always to human or o!r action3 x is z f> z a man c ?r[ a spe>1 7 72 or z f> z a man's cry c be he>d 7 72 or z f>1 :5 we come to l>g] spaces1 z we c sail )9 a c]ta9 "t2 if ,i make a good passage1 says ,a*illes#hbj1 ,i may get to ,ph?ia on ! ?ird day3 & aga91 we he> ( ! di/ance t a %ip c p]=m )9 ! day#hba4 ,! horses ( ! gods 9 ,hom] cle>1 at ea* b\nd1 a space z l>ge z ! eye c cov] along ! surface ( ! sea4 ,z he comes to speak ( po9ts m remote & less kn[n1 he becomes greatly m vague1 & says ( ,egypt1 t ev5 ! birds d n get back f x )9 ! ye>#hbb3 )\t d\bt draw+ 8 idea f ^? birds :i* p]iodically migrate4 #hbj ,il4 ix4 #cfb4 #hba 1 ,od4 iv4 #cef4 #hbb ,od4 iii4 #cbb4 ,) ?is comp>e ! ,tempe/1 ,act ii4 ,sc4 #a2 :]e1 be x obs]v$1 ,%akespe>e is treat+ 8 subject z "o ( ,dreaml&4 ,ant4 ,:o's ! next heir ( ,naples8 ,seb4 ,cl>ibel4 ,ant4 ,%e t is que5 ( ,tunis3 %e1 t dwells ,t5 leagues beyond man's life2 %e t f ,naples ,c h no note1 unless ! sun 7 po/1 7,! man i' ?' moon 's too sl[17 till new-born *9s ,be r\gh & razorable4 ,no s*eme ( ,*ronology 9 ,hom]4 ,z ) spaces1 s ) times4 ,! ye> inde$ by its revolution =ms itself into a natural :ole1 & is ?us 9 a mann] self-def9$4 ,s ! wax+ & wan+ moon def9es ! mon?4 ,b ev5 ) ^! well m>k$ t]ms ,hom] deals loosely2 = ! bir? ( infants is promis$ to take place aft] ! revolution ( a ye> f ! "t ( conception#hbc4 #hbc ,od4 xi4 #bdh4 ,case ( ! ?ree decades ( ye>s4 ,i d n rememb] t he ev] m5tions a v high numb] ( days or ( ye>s1 b 8 use ( bo? days & ye>s1 :5 x does n embrace t]ms def9$ by cu/om1 has ! m>ks ( be+ highly poetical4 ,take = in/ance ! pr9cipal & almo/ only /atem5ts ( ! poem1 t c claim to be call$ *ronological4 ,!y are ^? :i* repres5t ! p]iod ( ! siege z a decade ( ye>s1 prec$$ by a decade ( prep>ation1 & foll[$ by a ?ird decade = ! vicissitudes ( ! ,return4 ,"h are ?ree t]ms ( ye>s1 all f\nd 9 a ,poet1 :o does n else:]e deal 9 t]ms ( ye>s at all4 ,( hi/ory1 or :at purports to be su*1 ,hom] has giv5 u a great deal1 & he has plac$ x 9 ! exacte/ & cle>e/ ord]4 ,b 9 no "o in/ance1 out ( all 8 prior hi/ory1 does he f\nd himself on any num]ical def9itions ( "t4 ,moreov]1 ^! ?ree t]ms ( ye>s are all exactly equal1 :i* height5s ! unlikelihood ( _! be+ hi/orical4 ,la/ly1 ! ?ree t]ms are j ( ! numb] ( ye>s requir$ to make up :at 01 accord+ to all appe>ances1 ! ,hom]ic t]m ( a 1 or g5]ation ( m54 ,! passage1 on :i* ! pro( ( ?is la/ ass]tion mu/ pr9cipally be f\nd$1 is t 9 ! ,fir/ ,book#hbd1 :i* describes ! age ( ,ne/or2 #hbd ,il4 i4 #bej-b4 ' '1 ' 1 4 ,i take ! ^w to mean "h1 #8! t]m ( ?irty ye>s1' b ) ! necess>y qualification ( #8or !reab\ts2' & = ! foll[+ reasons3 ,ne/or is repres5t$ 9 ! ,iliad z ! olde/ ( ! ,greek *iefta9s ( ! fir/ ord]4 ,yet ,ulysses#hbe 0 eld]ly1 4 ,idom5eus1 aga91 0 old] ?an ,ulysses1 z is pla9 f ! m m>k$ mann] 9 :i* 8 advance 9 ye>s is describ$4 ,he is #hbf1 & n fully ablebodi$1 z appe>s f 8 some:at limit$ %>e 9 milit>y op]ations2 b ,ne/or is evid5tly old] ?an ,idom5eus1 z he always addresses ! :ole body ) ! au?ority t belongs to ! mo/ ext5d$ exp]i5ce1 & z he nev] takes an active "p1 ei!r 9 battle or 9 ! games4 ,we mu/1 accord+ly1 suppose ,ne/or to be repres5t$ z at ?is "t an old man ( sev5ty1 or f t to sev5ty-five4 #hbe ,il4 xxiii4 #gia4 #hbf ,il4 xiii4 #cfa4 ,n[ ! passage implies t he 0 9 ! ?ird 1 & 9 ! mid/1 i4 e4 n at ei!r extremity1 ( x3 ! words are 4 ,no l[] numb] ?an ?irty ye>s w place ,ne/or fairly among1 or 9 ! mid/ (1 ! ?ird g5]ation f 8 bir?4 ,if1 = example1 we take five & tw5ty ye>s z ! t]m1 he w\ld h be5 n s mu* among ! ?ird z on ! eve ( arriv+ )9 ! f\r? g5]ation4 ,b nei!r c we assign to any mean+1 :i* %all make x s5sibly exce$ ?irty ye>s4 ,= z we may say ) confid5ce t ! ,ne/or ( ! ,iliad is ov] sev5ty1 s1 on ! o!r h&1 we may fairly compute t he is "u eighty2 inasmu* z1 ?\gh he takes no "p 9 ex]tions actually a?letic1 he sp>es himself no?+ else4 ,he is f\nd by ,agamemnon1 :5 ! comm&] 9 *ief goes 8 r\nds1 on ! field & at ! head ( 8 division3 he is wakeful = ! night c\ncil1 & he goes ab\t awak+ o!rs#hbg4 ,reta9+ s l>ge a %>e ( bodily activity1 he is /ill n repres5t$ z possess$ ( /r5g? 9 su* a degree z to bord] ^u ! m>vell\s2 he is simply1 9 reg>d to corporal qualities1 :at w\ld n[ be call$ a rem>kably f9e old g5tleman4 ,b if in/ead ( ?irty we 7 to take =ty ye>s1 !n1 9 ord] to h well ent]$ into ! ?ird t]m he mu/ h be5 already mu* beyond eighty1 inde$1 probably beyond n9ety1 9 ! ,iliad1 & above an hundr$ 9 ! ,odyssey2 an age1 :i*1 z he reta9s 9 t poem all 8 m5tal p[]s1 we may be q sure ,hom] did n mean to assign to him4 ,if1 !n1 meant any t]m ( ye>s1 x mu/1 9 all likelihood1 h be5 some:]e ab\t ?irty ye>s4 #hbg ,il4 x4 #aeg4 ,hom] has be5 c>eful1 9 ! case ( ,ne/or1 to m>k1 by an appropriate *ange ( expressions1 ! diff]5ce betwe5 8 age 9 ! two poems respectively4 ,9 ! ,iliad he is ex]cis+ ! k+ly (fice among ! ?ird g5]ation s9ce 8 bir?4 ,9 ! ,odyssey he is said to h exhau/$ ! ?ree t]ms#hbh2 #hbh ,od4 iii4 #bde4 ,! mean+ may be t he _h reign$ = above two g5]ations3 b 9 ! ,iliad no m is impli$ ?an t he _h liv$ well into a ?ird4 ' 4 ,t lucidity & accuracy 9 ,hom]'s expressions1 to :i* we are s (t5 behold51 may /& u yet fur!r 9 good /ead4 ,two _h pass$1 n ( m5 at l>ge1 b ( ! m5 ' 1 ( ^? :o 7 br$ & born ) him1 ( 8 contempor>ies4 ,n[ ?is proves t by ,hom] does n mean ! full duration ( human life1 b t av]age int]val betwe5 ! successions ( m51 :i* g5]al exp]i5ce places at ab\t ?irty ye>s4 ,= if ,hom] _h meant by ! :ole "t requir$ = ! dy+ out ( a g5]ation1 ,ne/or c\ld n h outliv$ two g5]ations ( contempor>ies4 ,9 ?is s5se1 8 contempor>ies 7 manife/ly n two g5]ations1 b "o1 or little m4 ,b if ! ,poet meant ! usual int]val at :i* *ild succe$s to1 or r foll[s ^u1 fa!r1 ! expression is cle>2 = ! mean+ is1 t he _h se5 two ( ^! t]ms ( ye>s1 or successions1 pass ov] ^? :o 7 born at ! same "t ) himself4 ,& 9 fact ?is s5se ( ! t]m is mu* clos] to its etymology ?an any o!r4 ,we may1 !n1 on ! :ole1 pretty safely assume x to be a t]m ( ye>s1 hav+ ! numb] ?irty1 s to speak1 = its pivot4 ,& ?us ! ?ree decades ( ! w> become yet m inadmissible z hi/orical expressions1 because !y are "u ! /ronge/ suspicion ( be+ poetically employ$ 9 ord] to make up ! 1 s f> at lea/ z !y & x c be consid]$ to approximate to an actual numb] at all4 ,9 full con=mity ) ?is reason+1 x has be5 %[n by ,mure1 t ! ev5ts ( ! ?ird decade1 ) _! times1 in/ead ( t5 ye>s only1 make up eight ye>s & sev5 mon?s#hbi3 & he proce$s 9 ! same direction ) ! =ego+ argum5t s f>1 at lea/1 z to obs]ve1 t ! decades & _! arrangem5t are conceiv$ #89 a mix$ _s ( hyp]bole & me?od1' :i* commonly m>ks ! g5ius ( h]oic romance#hcj4 #hbi ,lit4 ,greece1 i4 #dfj4 ii4 #aci4 #hcj ,ibid4 ii4 #ach4 ,t1 h[ev]1 :i* enables me ) great confid5ce at once to urge ,hom]'s hi/orical au?ority1 & yet to decl9e recognis+ him z a *ronologi/ at all1 is ! fact1 t he n[h]e f\nds 8 hi/ory at all 9 *ronology1 or 9 ! numb]+ ( ev5ts by ye>s1 m ?an he numb]s di/ances by miles1 b t he arranges ! succession ( occurr5ces by ! or succession ( human g5]ations4 ,on ^! g5]ations we mu/ look z ! real "t-keep+ organism ( 8 works3 & ! "t ) its ela/ic p]iods1 al?\gh indet]m9ate 9 its details1 is kept by him mo/ accurately & effectually z a :ole2 s t 8 g5]ations1 :i* are disp]s$ly record$ 9 v>i\s p>ts ( ! poems1 always tally :5 !y meet4 ,?is is n ! place = ! pro( ( ! ass]tion3 ,i only ref] to x1 because x may help to dispel ! illusion apt to possess ! m9d ) respect to ,hom]'s decades4 ,we1 ) our def9ite num]ical ideas1 may naturally consid] t if an au?or ( our own day _h said a w> la/$ 9 prep>ation1 action1 & return1 ea* t5 ye>s1 & if x 0 aft]w>ds f\nd p]haps to h la/$ 7say7 only = t5 ye>s altoge!r or little m1 su* an au?or w\ld h prov$ himself unwor?y ( belief3 he w\ld h brok5 fai? ) u4 ,b ,hom] does n break fai? ) u 9 us+ numb]s poetically2 !y belong to 8 pictorial & n to 8 hi/orical app>atus1 & 9 connection ) ?is pictorial app>atus x is t he con/antly employs !m4 ,i d\bt if !re is any exception to be made to ! broad ass]tion1 t1 unless 9 ! s+le case ( ! w>1 ) ! prec$+ & foll[+ decades1 ,hom] nev] applies numb] to n>rative4 ,& yet ! poems are full ( indep5d5t n>ratives4 ,( all ^!1 v few inde$ are left unfix$ 9 date2 & 9 e case ! date1 :5 f\nd1 is f\nd1 ( c\rse ) a c]ta9 m>g91 by means ( ! ord] ( g5]ations4 ,difficulties ( ! lit]al int]pretation4 ,n[ ?is view ( ,hom]'s mode ( *ronology w s]ve1 ,i ?9k1 to expla9 "s difficulties t h h]et(ore l$ to mu* ( ne$less p]plexity4 ,if ,i am "r1 x w foll[ t we mu/ n adopt ^! decades z a guide to det]m9e ari?metically ! ord] ( ev5ts1 because ,hom] has nev] conceiv$ !m ari?metically1 b has conceiv$ !m r z we conceive millions or billions4 ,h5ce !y are m ju/ly to be view$ z a drap]y ?r[n loosely ov] 8 action1 ?an z a rigid framework into :i* x mu/ at all co/s be made to fit4 ,let u apply ?is to v>i\s cases2 & among !m to ^? ( ,telema*us & ,neoptolemus respectively4 ,ulysses left ,telema*us a m]e *ild1 ' #hca4 ,he comes back & f9ds him n a full man1 = if he _h be5 a full man1 he w\ld h be5 guilty ( a root$ c[>dice beyond excuse1 :i* !re is no sign t ,hom] meant to impute to him2 b yet he 0 approa*+ manhood4 ,/ill he is contemptu\sly call$ #hcb by ,ant9\s4 ,^u ! :ole1 ! case ( ,telema*us w\ld p]haps1 accord+ to ! analogy ( ! poems1 be/ fall 9 ) an abs5ce ( n m ?an fifte5 ye>s1 ?\gh x does n absolutely exclude n9ete54 ,"h !re may be a slight1 yet !re is n a gl>+1 discrepancy4 ,b 9 ano!r case1 t ( ! numb] ( ! days = :i* ,telema*us 0 abs5t1 ,mure has %[n h[ little ,hom] c>es to foll[ ! lapse ( "t1 9 a case :]e x does n ess5tially t\* ! g5]al ord] ( ! poem1 ) ! precision t he obs]ves 9 ev]y?+ t he treats hi/orically#hcc4 ,i _c treat ?is z a difficulty ) respect to ! "q ( au?or%ip1 or admit x to be "o3 x is 8 *ildlike & indet]m9ate b poetical habit ( h&l+ numb]s = effect1 j z a pa9t] h&les col\r4 ,on ! o!r h&1 9 ! case ( ,argus1 on :om d>k dea? laid hold#hcd1 #hca ,od4 xii4 #aab1 #add4 #hcb ,od4 iv4 #ffe4 #hcc ,mure1 ,hi/4 ,lit4 ,greece1 vol4 i4 p4 #dcg4 #hcd ,od4 xvii4 #cbg4 ' ' 1 he precisely co9cides ) 8 own decades4 ,yet ,i believe he does ?is n f any s5se ( ! necessity ( su* co9cid5ce1 b because 9 t incomp>able passage he _h ! extreme old age ( a dog to repres5t1 & to ?is ! expression ( ! tw5tie? ye> 0 suit$4 ,:51 h[ev]1 we come to ! case ( ,neoptolemus1 we f9d ?is to be "o extremely difficult ( adju/m5t = any critic1 :o w\ld insi/ ^u a m]ely num]ical precision 9 ,hom]4 ,we mu/ inde$ dismiss f our m9ds ! tales ab\t ! concealm5t ( a be>dless ,a*illes at ,scyros1 "u a female disguise2 f :i* he 0 extract$ by ! art ( ,ulysses4 ,( ^! /ories ,hom] kn[s no?+2 ?\gh x seems probable t ! grace & beauty ( ! great w>rior1 z he /&s 9 ,hom]1 may h be5 connect$ )1 or may h sugge/$1 !m4 ,b :at ! ,poet does repres5t is1 t ,a*illes w5t to ,troy :5 )\t exp]i5ce 9 w>1 t he 0 put "u a c]ta9 tutelage ( ,phnix 8 orig9al tea*]1 & n[ "o ( 8 lieut5ants1 t ,patroclus z 8 s5ior 0 desir$ by ,peleus to give him good advice1 & t he is call$ #hce4 ,yet 8 son ,neoptolemus succe$s him 9 comm& be=e ! close ( ! w>1 & atta9s to v high di/9ction4 ,x is yet m ne$ful to be obs]v$1 t 8 di/9ction is 9 c\ncil1 z well z 9 ! field#hcf4 ,! age ( ,a*illes is1 inde$1 presumably some:at rais$ by ! fact1 t ,phnix seems to repres5t himself z a good deal y\ng] ?an ,peleus1 :o1 he says1 treat$ him z a fa!r might h done#hcg4 ,& aga91 ,a*illes is nev] repres5t$ z a "y man 9 ! ,iliad1 :ile ,diom$ is s repres5t$4 ,/ill !re is a decid$ incompatibility 9 ! /atem5ts z to ,a*illes & 8 son1 if we suppose t ,hom] c>ri$ 9 8 m9d ! effect ( 8 ?ree decades1 z det]m9+ precisely ! gr[? ( ,neoptolemus 9 ye>s & /r5g?2 = ,neoptolemus is m advanc$ at ! end ( ! w>1 ?an 8 illu/ri\s fa!r _h be5 at its beg9n+4 ,mure has be5 at ! pa9s#hch to arrange all ^! matt]s :i* dep5d on ! decades *ronologically1 )\t1 ,i ?9k1 remov+ ! impression t m]e *ronology is consid]ably /ra9$ by !m1 & t if /rictly judg$1 ! n>rative is1 to all appe>ance1 *>geable ) "s few ye>s ( maladju/m5t4 ,x seems to me m ne> ! tru? to consid] ! ?ree decades1 toge!r mak+ up a 1 z a di/ribution ( "t :i* ! ,poet adopt$ = its symmetry & gr&eur1 s9ce x repres5t$ ! w> z absorb+ an age or g5]ation ( m53 b n to hold him b\nd to adju/ ! relations ( all ! ev5ts he n>rates ) ref]5ce to a m9ute regul>ity ( progression1 :i* he seems n to h tak5 into acc\nt1 & :i* 8 he>]s 7 probably q incapable ( appreciat+4 ,if we wi% to te/ 8 hi/orical cr$it1 we may try him by 8 own s*eme ( *ronology1 namely1 8 g5ealogies4 ,8 leg5ds embrace "s sev5 g5]ations4 ,! same *>act]s are produc$ & reproduc$ 9 _m ( !m2 b !y are n[h]e pres5t$ 9 su* a way z to be inconsi/5t ) _! ord] ( succession accord+ to ! ord9>y laws ( human nature4 #hce ,il4 ix4 #dch4 & xi4 #ghc4 #hcf ,od4 xi4 #eaj-ab4 #hcg ,il4 ix4 #dha4 #hch ,lit4 ,greece1 ii4 #ada4 ,uses ( ! propos$ int]pretation4 ,! application ( ^! consid]ations to ! poems w assi/ 9 expla9+ difficulties1 :i* x has be5 ?\ght wor? :ile by le>n$ m5 to raise4 ,= in/ance2 :ile we take ! ?ree decades ( ye>s hi/orically1 we are p]plex$ by su* que/ions z1 ,h[ x came ab\t t ! ,greeks#hci nev] _h be5 mu/]$ till n9e ye>s _h pass$4 ,secondly1 h[ x 0 t ! ,trojans _h nev] until !n se5 !m 9 su* =ce#hdj2 :]eas we "k t multitudes ( ! ,greek army _h di$#hda2 & !re is no sign t any su* communication ) _! native c\ntry took place dur+ ! c\rse ( ! w>1 z might h suffic$ to repl5i% _! ranks4 ,?irdly1 :y ! ,trojans _h rema9$ s closely %ut )9 ! walls1 & yet at ! same "t ! ,greeks _h s seldom come ne> !m1 t ,priam %\ld n h le>nt to "k ,agamemnon & 8 compe]s by sight dur+ s long a p]iod2 & ?is al?\gh ,a*illes may probably h be5 abs5t1 = consid]able int]vals1 on 8 pr$atory exp$itions4 ,f\r?ly1 h[ x came ab\t t ! great numb] ( allies speak+ v>i\s tongues1 :o _h ga!r$ r\nd ,priam to assi/ him1 %\ld1 l ! ,greek army1 n h be5 m>%all$ at an e>li] "t4 #hci ,il4 ii4 #cfj4 #hdj ,il4 ii4 #gii4 #hda ,il4 i4 #eb4 ii4 #cjb4 ,b if we suppose ! t]m ( t5 ye>s to be 9 ! ma9 a figurative expression = convey+ ! idea ( ef=t l5g!n$ 9 duration1 z well z extraord9>y 9 int5sity1 difficulties l ^!1 :i* at ! wor/ are p]haps n v s]i\s1 ei!r :olly vani%1 or are r$uc$ to insignificant proportions4 ,we are !n at lib]ty to suppose t1 )\t at all dep>t+ f ! g5]al tru? ( hi/ory1 ,hom] felt himself au?oriz$ to compress1 to exp&1 or to gr\p ! ev5ts ( ! w>1 9 su* a mann] z he ?\ght be/ = ! conc5tration ( int]e/1 & = ! production ( adequate poetical & national effect4 ,,sect4 ,,iv4 ,hom]'s ,p]ceptions & ,use ( ,col\r4 ,! subject ( ! ,hom]ic numb]s has be5 discuss$ at consid]able l5g?1 on acc\nt ( its connection ) important que/ions ( hi/ory4 ,t ( col\rs may1 ev5 on its own m]its1 des]ve a c>eful exam9ation4 ,?is inquiry w resemble1 h[ev]1 ! =m] discussion 9 ! appe>ance ( p>adox1 :i* ! argum5t may seem to pres5t4 ,next to ! idea ( numb]1 !re is none p]haps m def9ite to ! mod]n m9d g5]ally1 z well z 9 p>ticul> to ! ,engli% m9d1 ?an t ( col\r4 ,t our own c\ntry has "s special aptitude 9 ?is respect1 we may judge f ! comp>atively advantage\s position1 :i* ! ,briti% pa9t]s h always held z col\ri/s among o!r contempor>y s*ools4 ,no?+ seems m readily und]/ood & reta9$ by v "y *ildr5 among u1 ?an ! di/9ctions betwe5 ! pr9cipal col\rs4 ,9 reg>d to "o po9t1 ! case ( numb]s is "h rev]s$4 ,!re ! idea becomes indef9ite z we asc5d 9 ! scale1 "h x is z we desc5d4 ,col\r becomes d\btful z x becomes fa9t1 m & m cle> z x is accumulat$ & height5$4 ,b ! facility ) :i* we discrim9ate col\r 9 all its m>k$ =ms1 is probably ! result ( traditional aptitude1 s9ce we seem to f9d1 z we g f> backw>d 9 human hi/ory1 t ! faculty is less & less mature4 ,i am consci\s t ! subject1 :i* is n[ be=e u1 9 reality des]ves a sci5tific inve/igation1 :i* ,i am n capable ( af=d+ to x3 & also t we are1 z yet1 f> f be+ able to r5d] ! language ( ! anci5ts = col\r into our own ) ! confid5ce1 :i* we c feel 9 almo/ e o!r dep>tm5t ( int]pretation4 ,my endeav\rs w be limit$1 fir/ly1 to a collection ( #8reali51' or facts ( ! poems1 9 ! case ( ,col\r3 &1 secondly1 to po9t+ out :at appe>s to be ! basis ( ! ideas & p]ceptions ( ,hom] respect+ x1 & ! relation ( t basis to ! ideas ( ! lat] ,greeks4 ,among ! signs ( ! immaturity :i* ,i h m5tion$1 ! foll[+ are f\nd 9 ! poems ( ,hom]3 ,i4 ,! paucity ( 8 col\rs4 ,,ii4 ,! use ( ! same ^w to d5ote n only diff]5t hues or t9ts ( ! same col\r1 b col\rs :i*1 accord+ to u1 are ess5tially diff]5t4 ,,iii4 ,! description ( ! same object "u epi!ts ( col\r fundam5tally disagree+ "o f ! o!r4 ,,iv4 ,! va/ pr$om9ance ( ! mo/ crude & elem5tal =ms ( col\r1 black & :ite1 ov] e o!r1 & ! decid$ t5d5cy to treat o!r col\rs z simply int]m$iate modes betwe5 ^! extremes4 ,v4 ,! slight use ( col\r 9 ,hom]1 z comp>$ ) o!r elem5ts ( beauty1 = ! purpose ( poetic effect1 & its abs5ce 9 c]ta9 cases :]e we might confid5tly expect to f9d x4 ,ea* ( ^! topics w des]ve a di/9ct notice4 ,hom]ic adjectives ( ,col\r4 ,i4 ,fir/1 !n1 ) respect to ! paucity ( 8 col\rs4 ,we f9d1 ,i ?9k1 sc>cely m ?an ! foll[+ words :i* c ) c]ta9ty be describ$ z adjectives ( col\r prop]ly s call$3 #a4 4 #b4 4 #c4 4 #d4 4 #e4 4 #f4 4 #g4 4 #h4 4 ,!re are o!r words :i* are tak5 f objects t h col\r1 & to mo/ ( :i* ,i %all h]eaft] ref]3 b :i* c h>dly1 9 consi/5cy ) ! :ole evid5ce f ! text ( ,hom]1 be class$ z adjectives ( def9ite col\r4 ,n[ we mu/ at once be /ruck ) ! pov]ty ( ! li/ :i* has j be5 giv51 ^u comp>+ x ) our own li/ ( prim>y col\rs1 :i* has be5 det]m9$ = u by ,nature1 & :i* is z foll[s3 #a4 ,r$4 #b4 ,orange4 #c4 ,yell[4 #d4 ,gre54 #e4 ,blue4 #f4 ,indigo4 #g4 ,violet4 ,to ^! we are to add-- #h4 ,:ite1 ! comp\nd ( all col\rs2 #i4 ,black1 ! negative or abs5ce ( !m all4 ,out ( ^! n9e1 ?ree at lea/ /& unrepres5t$4 ,= c mean none ( !m3 & c d no m ?an d\ble ei!r 1 or 1 or 4 ,! mo/ fav\rable presumptions w\ld p]haps arrange ! ,hom]ic li/ z foll[s3 #a4 1 :ite4 #b4 1 black4 #c4 1 yell[4 #d4 1 r$4 #e4 1 violet4 #f4 1 indigo4 ,& ?us orange1 gre51 & blue w\ld rema9 )\t any correspond+ t]ms4 ,b1 9 tru?1 :5 we exam9e fur!r into ,hom]'s mode ( employ+ 8 adjectives ( col\r 9 detail1 we %all p]ceive t he is by no means s ri* z ?is classification w\ld all[4 ,! o!r words :i* w pres5tly be consid]$1 b :i* h v slight claims inde$ to be treat$ z adjectives ( def9ite col\r1 are z foll[s3 #a4 4 #b4 4 #c4 4 #d4 4 #e4 4 #f4 4 #g4 4 #h4 4 #i4 4 #aj4 4 #aa4 4 #ab4 4 #ac4 4 ,along ) ea* ( ^! adjectives1 :i* are ! *ief ?\gh n q ! only ones ( _! class 9 ,hom]1 ,i %all take ! cognate words1 su* z v]bs or comp\nds1 :i* may belong to !m4 ,applications ( !m4 ,,ii4 ,let u n[ review ! p>ticul> applications :i* ,hom] has made ( ^! words respectively4 ,among !m1 h[ev]1 x w n be necess>y to include & 1 because ^? epi!ts indicate ideas :i* h at all times be5 us$1 to a consid]able ext5t1 by way ( approximation only4 #a4 is appli$ by ,hom] to ! foll[+ objects3 a4 horses1 1 ,il4 ix4 #djg4 b4 hair ( m51 1 passim3 ,a*illes1 ,il4 i4 #aig4 c4 hair ( wom51 1 ,il4 xi4 #gci2 1 ,il4 v4 #ejj4 #b4 is evid5tly ! same ^w ) ! ,lat9 rub]1 & ) our own #8ruddy1' z well z probably ! ,g]man ro?4 ,x is us$ by ,hom] = a4 ,copp] 9 ,il4 ix4 #cfe4 b4 ,nect>1 ,il4 xix4 #ch4 c4 ,w9e1 ,od4 v4 #ic4 d4 ,blood3 9 1 ,il4 x4 #dhd4 #c4 aga9 is ! ,lat9 purpura1 & our #8purple1' z well z our #8porphyry4' ,9 ! uses ( ?is ^w we %all f9d = ! fir/ "t a />tl+ am\nt ( obvi\s discrepancy3 & x w require to be consid]$ 9 ! prop] place1 :e!r ?is discrepancy is to be ref]r$ to a bold ex]cise ( ! ,poet's art1 or to an undevelop$ k & a consequ5tly defective /&>d ( col\r4 ,! ^w is employ$ z foll[s = objects ( s5se3 a4 ,blood1 ,il4 xvii4 #cfa4 b4 ,d>k cl\d1 ibid4 #eea4 c4 ,wave ( a riv] :5 di/urb$1 ,il4 xxi4 #cbf4 d4 ,wave ( ! sea1 ,il4 i4 #dhb2 & ! di/urb$ sea1 ,il4 xvi4 #cia4 e4 ,! ball ) :i* ! ,phacian danc]s play$1 ,od4 viii4 #cgc4 f4 ,g>m5ts1 z ,il4 viii4 #bba2 ,od4 iv4 #aae4 g4 ,c>pets1 z ,od4 xxi4 #aea2 ,il4 xxiv4 #fde4 h4 ,! ra9b[1 ,il4 xvii4 #edg4 i4 ,metaphorically x is appli$ to ,dea?1 ,il4 v4 #hc3 &1 z x w\ld appe>1 to bloody dea? only4 ,fur!r1 ! v]b is appli$ a4 to ! sea d>k5+1 ,il4 xiv4 #af4 b4 to ! m9d brood+1 ,il4 xx4 #eea4 ,aga91 ! comp\nd is appli$ a4 to wool1 ,od4 vi4 #ec4 b4 to g>m5ts wov5 ( x1 ,od4 xiii4 #ajh4 ,9 ?is epi!t we h ! additional idea ( ! sea introduc$2 & x lit]ally means #8sea-purple4' ,b ,i po/pone any rem>k ) respect to ,hom]'s p>ticul> int5tion 9 ! use ( ! ^w1 until we come to ! epi!ts d]iv$ f 1 a violet4 ,?ree =ms ( col\r at lea/ seem to be compreh5d$ "u ?is gr\p ( words2 #a4 ,! r$ness ( blood4 #b4 ,! purple prop]1 z ( ! sea 9 ,il4 i4 #dhb4 ,to ?is also probably belongs ! ra9b[1 ( ^: sev5 col\rs ?ree may be said to belong to ! family ( blue3 & :i* is t]m$ blue by ,%akespe>e4 #c4 ,! grey & lead5 col\r ( a d>k cl\d :5 ab\t to bur/ 9 /orm1 & ( a riv] :5 di/urb$4 ,we %all h]eaft] see reason to suppose t ! ^w may also & (t5 mean :at is tawny or br[n4 ,( & 4 #d4 ,! ^w is v important 9 ?is inquiry2 & un=tunately x is n less obscure4 ,x at once ?r[s u back on ! prior "q1 :at 0 8 ,b ?is "q rema9s almo/ :olly undet]m9$#hdb2 s t we mu/ foll[1 z well z we c1 ! ,hom]ic applications ( ! ^w itself1 toge!r ) its adjective & its comp\nds4 ,^! are v num]\s4 ,fir/ we h ! sub/antive introduc$ 9 ?ree places3 9 ea* ( :i* x evid5tly belongs to a comb9ation ( col\rs z well z ( sub/ances4 #hdb ,see note at ! end ( ! ,section4 a4 ,once x is simply4 ,! int]ior wall ( ! hall ( ,alc9\s is cov]$ ) %eets ( copp]#hdc2 & r\nd ! top is a or fr+e ( 4 ,od4 vii4 #hg4 #hdc ,ibid4 b4 ,twice x is 4 ,on ! brea/-plate ( ,agamemnon !re are tw5ty /ripes or lay]s ( t91 twelve ( gold1 & t5 4 ,il4 xi4 #bd1 ,also2 c4 ,^u 8 %ield !re 7 t5 r\nds ( copp]2 & !n1 app>5tly on ! face ( ! %ield )9 ^!1 tw5ty :ite bosses 7 7 made ( t91 if su* be ! mean+ ( 3 9 ! c5tre ( all1 !re 0 "o boss 4 ,il4 xi4 #ce4 ,pass+ n[ to 1 we come next to ?ree passages :]e x may be que/ion$ :e!r !y describe col\r only1 or sub/ance only1 or bo?4 d4 ,^u ! brea/plate ( ,agamemnon1 :i* has t5 lay]s ( black 1 !re are on ei!r side ?ree 7,il4 xi4 #bf74 ,^! are comp>$ to ! ra9b[1 :i*1 z we h already se51 is describ$ else:]e z 4 e4 ,on ! silv]-plat$ belt ( ,agamemnon !re is a 4 ,il4 xi4 #ch1 #i4 f4 ,ar\nd ! gold5 v9ey>d on ! %ield ( ,a*illes1 ) its silv] /akes1 !re is a f5ce ( & a tr5* 77 describ$ z 4 ,il4 xviii4 #efd4 ,! o!r applications at once appe> to h ref]5ce to col\r only4 g4 ,to ! eyebr[s ( ,jupit] & ,juno4 ,il4 i4 #ebh4 xv4 #ajb4 xvii4 #bji4 h4 ,to a d>k cl\d ( vap\r2 b n to a /orm-cl\d4 ,il4 xxiii4 #ahh4 v4 #cde4 xx4 #dah4 i4 ,to ! hair ( ,hector1 ,il4 xxii4 #djb2 & to ! be>d ( ,ulysses1 :5 he is re/or$ to beauty by ,m9]va4 ,od4 xvi4 #agf4 ,) ?is we may comp>e ! hyac9?9e hair ( ,ulysses 9 ,od4 vi4 #bca4 j4 ,to ! s]ri$ masses ( ! ,greeks3 4 ,il4 iv4 #bha4 ,n[ ?is epi!t mu/ h be5 d]iv$ f _! arms1 & ^! w\ld probably be compos$ 9 ! ma9 ( two elem5ts1 n easy to comb9e 9 a common idea ( col\r2 fir/ly1 copp]1 :i* is ruddy2 & secondly1 ! hides ( ox5 ^u ! %ields & else:]e4 ,hom] nev] 7except 9 ,il4 xiii4 #gjc1 & ,od4 xiii4 #cb7 describes ^! animals by any epi!t ( col\r4 ,9 ^? two passages !y are 4 ,?is epi!t w be consid]$ pres5tly4 ,9 ! meantime1 we may assume x z probable1 t a d>k col\r w\ld pr$om9ate1 & t accord+ly we %\ld s und]/& 3 b ! lean+ t[>ds blue1 :i* s (t5 *>act]izes ! epi!t1 ?us entirely escapes4 ,! ^w is also appli$ to ! ,trojan ho/1 9 ,il4 xvi4 #ff4 k4 ,!tis puts on m\rn+ g>m5ts = ,patroclus1 :5 ab\t to appe> to ,a*illes1 ,il4 xxiv4 #ic4 ' ' 4 ,"h ,hom] is c>eful to in=m u t ! 1 or hood & mantle1 0 ! blacke/ g>m5t possible2 &1 s9ce 9 ,il4 iv4 #bhg we f9d t he 0 acqua9t$ ) pit*1 we ne$ n scruple to assume t "h he speaks lit]ally1 & ei!r means a real black1 :i*1 nev]!less1 he also calls 1 or sees no diff]5ce betwe5 ! g5u9e black & ! col\r ( 4 l4 ,:5 ! wave ( ,*>ybdis retires1 ! %ore appe>s 4 ,n[ ! col\r ( sea-s&1 :5 x has j be5 left by ! wave1 is a dull b also r a light br[n4 ,we take n[ ! comp\nds4 #a4 is appli$ a4 ,to ,neptune1 e4 g4 ,il4 xv4 #agd4 b4 ,to a m>e1 ,il4 xx4 #bbd4 #b4 is appli$ to ,amphitrite1 or ! sea1 beat+ on rocks1 ,od4 xii4 #fj4 #c4 is us$ = ! foot ( a beautiful table 7,il4 xi4 #fbh74 ,"h possibly sub/ance may be designat$ r ?an col\r4 ,metal at ! foot w\ld give /ead9ess to a table4 #d4 ,we h & = ! pr[ ( a %ip4 ,evid5tly x is ! col\r$ pr[3 = o!rwise ! pr[ w\ld be ( ! same hue ) ! re/ ( ! %ip4 7,il4 xv4 #fic1 et alibi47 ,s ! pr[s ( %ips are call$ 1 9 ,il4 ii4 #fcg1 & ,od4 ix4 #abe4 ,n[ 0 r$ e>? or o*re2 & yet x seems t ,hom] uses z equival5t to 4 ,= ! fir/ epi!t is appli$ 9 ! ,catalogue to ! %ips l$ by ,ulysses2 & ! second 9 ,od4 x4 #abg to ! vessel 9 :i* he sail$4 ,! uses ( ?is gr\p ( words ?us appe> to exhibit a degree ( indef9it5ess1 h>dly reconcilable ) ! supposition t ,hom] possess$ accurate ideas ( col\r4 ,!re is no "o col\r t c cov] !m all4 ,! hood ( ,!tis is closely ak9 to black2 ! pr[ ( a %ip to at lea/ a dull r$2 ! s& is ( russet or a lighti% br[n2 ! cl\d a lead5 grey2 ! hair & eyebr[s are ( a deep b n a dull col\r2 ! cornice 9 ! hall ( ,alc9\s mu/ h be5 9 relief & contra/ z comp>$ ) ! copp] wall1 & suffici5tly light or cle> to /rike ! eye at a di/ance1 9 an int]ior light$ at night only f ! gr\nd4 ,) p]haps ?is exception1 ! ^w #8d>k' w cov] all ! uses ( 3 b d>k d]ives its =ce f a relation to light1 & n to col\r4 ,( 1 4 #e4 9 ,hom] is cle>ly a ^w descriptive ( col\r3 b x z cle>ly p>takes ( ! indef9ite "* atta*+ to ! o!r words ( ! class4 a4 ,! blood drawn by ,p&>us f ,m5elaus is comp>$ to ! col\r 1 us$ = /a9+ ivory4 ,9 ?is simile1 ! s5se leans to r$1 especially z ! hue ( ivory is s ne> to t ( fle% 7,il4 iv4 #ada74 ,x is m5tion$ 9 o!r places1 probably ) ! same s5se1 z an ornam5tal dye4 b4 ,9 ,il4 xxiii4 #ded1 we le>n t "o ( ! horses ( ,diom$ 0 1 ) a r\nd :ite m>k on 8 =ehead4 ,:e!r we r5d] ?is bay or *e/nut1 x is mat]ially diff]5t f ! r$ col\r ( blood4 c4 is us$ = blood1 ,od4 xviii4 #if4 d4 ,z is 9 ,il4 xvi4 #aei4 e4 ,& 9 ,il4 xxiii4 #gaf4 ,?is ^w is also appli$ to a cloak1 ,il4 x4 #acc4 f4 ,a dragon or s]p5t1 borne by an eagle1 is 1 app>5tly because dappl$ or /reak$ ) 8 own blood1 ,il4 xii4 #bjj-f1 #bah-ba4 g4 ,%ips are 1 ,od4 xi4 #abc1 & xxiii4 #bgb3 ?is ^w is app>5tly synonym\s ) 4 h4 ,! s]p5t is 1 ,il4 ii4 #cjh4 ,& we h ! 1 ,il4 x4 #bc4 ,on ! :ole1 we trace "h n less ?an ?ree s5ses3 t 9 :i* is appli$ to ! horse1 :i* appe>s to be ! equival5t ( 1 ! m prevail+ ^w3 next1 t ( ! tawny & dull-col\r$ lion's hide3 !n t ( ! bright] b yet deep col\r ( blood1 :i* is freely call$ 4 ,s t m]ely r5d]s o!r words1 & does n at all assi/ to make up defici5cies 9 ! ,hom]ic vocabul>y = ! expression ( col\r4 ,consid]$ z an epi!t ( col\r1 ! ^w 1 mean+ blood-r$1 is inappropriate to ! dragon or s]p5t1 & fur!r s]ves to illu/rate t vagu5ess1 ( :i* ! signs multiply z we proce$4 #f4 is appli$ 9 ,hom] z foll[s3 a4 ,to human hair 9 connection ) old age1 ,il4 xxii4 #gd et alibi4 b4 ,to ! sea1 ,il4 i4 #cej et passim4 ,x rema9s to inquire1 :e!r ?is ref]s to ! sea1 or to ! foam ^u x4 c4 ,to iron1 ,il4 ix4 #cff4 xx4 #bfa4 ,od4 xxi4 #c1 #ha4 xxiv4 #afg4 d4 ,to ! hide ( a wolf1 :i* ,dolon put on = 8 nocturnal exp$ition1 ,il4 x4 #ccd4 ,! mean+ ( ! ^w "h appe>s to be n #8gray' b #8:ite4' ,x is ,hom]'s evid5t int5tion to exhibit ,dolon z a sort ( simpleton#hdd 7x4 #caf1 #ag72 & accord+ly he takes a :ite cov]+1 :i* makes him visible to ! eye by night1 s t ,ulysses saw him 71 #cci74 #hdd ,! celebrat$ ,hunt] notic$ t ,hom] _h made ,dolon an only son ) five si/]s1 z a pro( ( ! ,poet's sagacity 9 obs]vation3 hav+ himself f\nd1 t y\?s "u su* circum/ances are g5]ally m or less effem9ate4 ,i owe ?is in=mation to "o ( ! mo/ di/+ui%$ liv+ memb]s ( ! pr(ession1 :i* ,hunt] himself adorn$4 ,x 0 also a fav\rite rem>k1 ,i believe1 ) ,mr4 ,rog]s4 ,! la/1 !n1 ( ^! f\r uses is :ite4 ,! fir/ cle>ly incl9es to ! same idea4 ,! second might be> ei!r ( two s5ses4 ,b iron _c be br\ght ne>] to :ite1 ev5 if we assume x to be always poli%$1 ?an a blui% grey2 :i*1 9 tru?1 is some:at di/ant f :ite4 ,x w1 moreov]1 be se51 t ,hom] also describes iron z 1 & z 4 ,! quasi-adjectives ( col\r4 ,i n[ come to ! class ( words1 9 deal+ ) :i* x w be %[n t !y h n 9 g5]al ev5 ! pret5sions ( ^? t h prec$$ to be treat$ z adjectives ( def9ite col\r4 #g4 is us$ 9 ,hom]1 a4 ,*iefly 9 a metaphorical s5se1 z directly descriptive ( fe>4 b4 ,= ! pal5ess ( ! face d]iv$ f fe>1 z 9 1 ,il4 x4 #cgf & xv4 #d4 ,?is use discloses to u ! basis ( ! la/-nam$ metaphor4 c4 ,= twigs1 app>5tly :5 fre%-pull$ by ,eumu to make a b$ = ,ulysses1 :o 0 an unexpect$ gue/2 ,od4 xvi4 #dg4 d4 ,= honey1 ,il4 xi4 #fcj3 :]e x mu/ mean ei!r pale1 or fre%4 e4 ,= ! olive-wood club ( ! ,cyclops 9 ,od4 ix4 #cbj1 #cgi4 ,"h1 = ! fir/ "t1 we f9d ! ^w appli$ to an object t might p]haps be call$ gre54 ,b /ill !re are two obs]vations to be made4 ,fir/1 ev5 ! leaf ( ! olive is r grey ?an gre53 & ?is is ! b>k1 n ! leaf1 :i* is yet m grey1 & yet less gre54 ,secondly1 ! gov]n+ idea is n ! gre5ness1 b ! newness3 = ,ulysses says t he heat$ x 9 ! a%es until x 0 ab\t to take fire1 2 al?\gh fre%ly cut1 & /ill see?+ ) ! sap4 f4 ,! d]ivative is appli$ to ! night+ale 9 ,od4 xix4 #eah1 z a lov] ( ! woods3 & "h ! idea ( gre5ness seems to be r less fa9tly indicat$4 ,^u ! :ole1 !n1 indicates r ! abs5ce ?an ! pres5ce ( def9ite col\r1 al?\gh x is d]iv$ f 1 mean+ "y h]bage4 ,if reg>d$ z an epi!t ( col\r1 x involves at once an hopeless contradiction betwe5 ! col\r ( honey on ! "o side1 & gre5ness on ! o!r4 ,aga91 ! m we assume x to mean gre51 ! m />tl+ x becomes t x c\ld h tak5 pal5ess1 z is manife/ly ! case1 = its gov]n+ idea4 ,next to pal5ess1 x s]ves *iefly = fre%ness1 i4 e4 z oppos$ to :at is /ale or )]$3 a s+ul> comb9ation ) ! =m] s5se4 ,! idea ( gre5 we sc>cely f9d1 unless once1 connect$ ) ?is ^w 9 ! poems ( ,hom]3 & yet x is a rem>kable fact t !re is no o!r ^w 9 ! poems t c ev5 be suppos$ to repres5t a col\r1 :i*1 n ! ra9b[ only1 b e day nature1 pres5ts s l>gely to ! eye4 #h4 ,i take next ! ^w 4 ,! ,hom]ic s5se ( ?is ^w seems some:at to resemble t ( 2 al?\gh !re is ! diff]5ce betwe5 !m1 t ! d]ivation "h is f 1 soot4 ,?is epi!t is appli$ by ,hom]1 9 suffici5t con=mity1 z is cont5d$1 ) ! idea ( soot1 a4 ,to ! int]ior ( ! palace ( ,ulysses1 ,od4 xxii4 #bci1 & to t ( ,priam1 ,il4 ii4 #dae4 ,9 ! latt] case ! ^w w1 z x appe>s f ! context1 be> to be con/ru$ ) ref]5ce to ! /ate ( a h\se black5$ by a conflagration4 b4 ,to ! d>k a% 1 :i* ,a*illes p\r$ ov] 8 head1 ,il4 xviii4 #bc1 & :i*1 9 v]4 #be1 is call$ 3 ?is mat]ial ,la]tes also us$ = ! same purpose 9 ,od4 xxiv4 #cae4 ,yet ! propriety ( ! second ( ^! two applications dep5ds1 fir/1 ^u ! r h>dy supposition1 t bo? ,a*illes & ,la]tes _h by !m1 at ! mom5t ( _! sorr[1 ! rema9s ( a wood-fire2 &1 secondly1 ^u ! assumption t ! ^w may mean fire-a%es z well z du/ 9 g5]al4 ,b we may d\bt bo? ( ^! assumptions2 :ile1 if means #8du/1' & #8sooty1' x becomes pla9 t ?is epi!t is us$1 l o!rs1 ) v great latitude4 #i4 ,x may be admitt$ t1 at a fir/ view1 ! words & w\ld appe> to be 9 ! /ricte/ s5se epi!ts ( col\r4 ,b x /ill w\ld seem t !y add no?+ to ,hom]'s defective means ( express+ x3 & n only s1 b1 9 fact1 scanty z is _! use1 x is s little congru\s1 t we are driv5 to suppose he mu/ h employ$ ^! words 9 a s5se n only ela/ic1 b altoge!r indet]m9ate & purely figurative4 1 or rosy-f+]$1 has become1 ?r\gh ,hom]'s example & au?ority1 a classical epi!t = ! morn+4 ,x is1 h[ev]1 m op5 to criticism ?an is usually ! case ) ! ,hom]ic epi!ts4 ,!re is no?+ /range 9 p]sonify+ ,morn1 9 ord] to embelli% h] ) an epi!t belong+ to p]sonal beauty2 b r$ness1 appli$ to ! f+]s1 & n m]ely to _! tips1 is m ?an equivocal 9 ?is respect1 s9ce t col\r is only ev5 admissible 9 ! int]ior ( ! h&1 :i* is ! "p n se51 & !re=e presumably ! "p n int5d$ 9 4 ,!re are c]ta9 v fugitive t9ts ( ! sky1 :i* approa* to ! hue ( ! rose3 b if ,hom] _h ! col\r ( t fl[] def9itely 9 8 view1 x is mo/ s+ul> t he %\ld nev] use x1 ei!r = ! human =m or o!rwise1 except on ?is & "o o!r occasion only4 ,! nature ( t o!r occasion is yet m /range4 ,hector's corpse is ano9t$1 9 ,il4 xxiii4 #ahf1 ) rosy oil1 4 ,x does n appe> all[able to foll[ ,damm 9 r5d]+ ?is z oil made f roses3 = we h no su* ?+ z 9 ,hom]1 except f ! olive-tree4 ,x !re=e applies to ! hue ( olive oil3 & no conceivable use ( an epi!t c\ld be m conclusive to %[ an extreme vagu5ess 9 ! ,poet's ideas ( col\r1 z well z probably 9 ^? ( 8 age4 #aj4 ,! violet1 no less ?an ! rose1 has suppli$ ,hom] ) epi!ts1 :i* he has us$ 9 su* a mann] z to deprive !m ( all specific =ce z vehicles = ! expression ( a peculi> col\r4 ,!re is c]ta9ly a great temptation1 :5 we f9d 9 ,hom] ! 1 to give him cr$it = ! full mean+ ( ?is v beautiful epi!t1 :i* he uses ?rice = ! sea 7,il4 ix4 #bih1 ,od4 v4 #ee1 xi4 #ajf71 & nev] 9 any o!r connection4 ,b :5 we exam9e 8 employm5t ( cognate words1 x is obvi\s t he c mean little m by ! epi!t1 ?an to convey a r vague idea ( d>kness4 ,= he uses z an epi!t = iron 7,il4 xxiii4 #hej73 & 1 fir/ = ! wool 7,od4 iv4 #ace7 ) :i* ,hel5 is sp9n+4 ,"h we might be tempt$ to presume a purple dye4 ,yet x w\ld be a some:at /ra9$ supposition3 = :at title h we to say t dye+ 0 9 use among ! ,greeks ( ! ,hom]ic age8 ,d we he> ( any dye except t ( ! 1 a "n :i* t5ds to indicate a =eign "*8 ,& does n ! introduction ( ! ,monian or ,c>ian woman 9 ! simile ( ,il4 iv4 #ada1 to /a9 ! ivory--a mo/ simple example ( ! art1 or sc>cely an example at all--af=d a /rong presumption1 t ! art 0 =eign to ,greece8 ,su* is app>5tly ! true inf]5ce3 b1 if x be ! true "o1 !n we at once lose ! specific =ce ( purple = all ! mantles1 c>pets1 & ! l1 9 ! poems2 & we are only entitl$ to presume !m to h be5 wov5 ( a d>k wool4 ,?is con/ruction is support$ by ! second & only o!r passage1 9 :i* ,hom] has us$ ! ^w 4 ,= "h 7,od4 ix4 #dbf7 he speaks ( ! liv+ %eep ( ,polyphemus z 1 4 ,?is passage appe>s evid5tly to apply to :at we t]m black %eep1 :i* are m /rictly ( a d>k br[n4 ,s view$1 x af=ds ano!r mo/ /rik+ tok5 ( ! indet]m9at5ess ( ,hom]ic col\rs1 t ! "n ( ! violet c be employ$ ) su* a signification4 ,& x also seems to c>ry =w>d ! pro( t ! 1 ! 1 & all o!r wov5 objects ) t epi!t annex$1 7 9 reality ei!r black or br[n4 #aa4 ,hom] employs ! ^w ) evid5t relation to col\r2 b x is = two objects only1 viz4 a4 ,= ox51 9 ,il4 xiii4 #gjc1 & ,od4 xiii4 #cb4 b4 ,= ! sea1 )\t ref]5ce to any peculi> /ate ( x1 9 ,il4 i4 #cej1 et alibi4 ,!re is no small difficulty 9 comb9+ ^! two uses by ref]5ce to ! idea ( a common col\r4 ,! sea is blue1 grey1 or gre54 ,ox5 are black1 bay1 or br[n4 ,i d n ref] to _! light] col\rs1 :i* are exclud$ by ! nature ( ! epi!t4 ,x is rem>kable t1 among col\rs prop]ly s call$1 ,hom] has none :atev]1 d]iv$ f ! "n ( an object1 t are light1 unless x be 9 ! case ( ! rose4 ,! violet1 ! unkn[n 1 ! 1 ! 1 ! 1 ! 1 :atev] else !y may be1 are all d>k4 ,& to ?is class evid5tly belongs4 ,w9e is m5tion$ by ,hom] 9 ne>ly "o hundr$ & =ty places3 9 ! majority ( !m x has an epi!t3 b only t5 times is x describ$ by an epi!t ( col\r4 ,( ^! two are us$ = x1 & 2 s t he pla9ly conceiv$ ( x z d>k1 b probably )\t a det]m9ate hue4 ,he m frequ5tly calls x 3 b ?is ^w1 :i* fluctuates betwe5 ! ideas ( flame & smoke1 ei!r means tawny1 or else ref]s to light1 & n to col\r1 & be>s ! s5se ( sp>kl+4 ,?us !n 1 l s _m o!r words t we h gone ?r\gh1 vaguely indicates a d>k hue1 b _c be ref]r$ to any "o ( ! kn[n pr9cipal col\rs4 #ab4 ,! ^w has already be5 dispos$ ( 9 connection ) & 4 #ac4 is appli$ 9 ,hom] a4 to horses1 z 9 ,il4 ii4 #hci2 viii4 #ahe4 b4 to iron1 z 9 ,od4 i4 #ahd4 c4 to a lion1 z 9 ,il4 x4 #bc4 d4 to copp] ut5sils1 z 9 ,il4 ix4 #abc2 xxiv4 #bcc4 e4 to a bull1 ,il4 xvi4 #dhh2 & to ox51 ,od4 xviii4 #cga4 f4 to an eagle1 ,il4 xv4 #fij4 ,) ?is ^w we may take its comp\nd 4 ,x is us$ a4 = w9e1 z we h se54 b4 = copp]1 ,il4 iv4 #die et alibi4 c4 = smoke1 ,od4 x4 #aeb4 ,we h also ! 1 m5 ( ! tawny or sw>?y c\nt5ance1 b5ea? ! ,s\!rn sun4 ,9 :at mann] are we to f9d a common ?read ^u :i* to hang ! col\rs ( iron1 copp]1 horses1 lions1 bulls1 eagles1 w9e1 sw>?y m51 & smoke8 ,we mu/ "h aga9 adopt ! vague ^w #8d>k1' a ^w ( light & n ( col\r1 = ! purpose4 ,b z ! idea ( includes flame /ruggl+ ) smoke1 s !re may be a fla% ( light ^u ! d>k object4 1 sooty or smutty1 belongs to ! same gr\p ) & 1 & ne$ n1 !re=e1 be sep>ately discuss$4 ,all ! rema9d] ( ! words not$ = exam9ation are to be dealt ) 9 two gr\ps1 ea* ref]able to a s+le idea3 ! fir/ t ( motion1 & ! second t ( light4 #ad1 #ae4 ,among adjectives ( motion1 :i* h sometimes be5 improp]ly treat$ z adjectives ( col\r1 are & 4 ,! =m] acquires an aff9ity to :ite1 because x may signify an object :i*1 f be+ rapidly mov$1 assumes 9 ! light ! appe>ance ( :it5ess#hde1 & along ) x may be plac$ its d]ivatives 1 1 1 1 1 1 & 4 ,! latt]1 z 9 1 1 1 1 seems to mean :atev] f ! same cause appe>s to %ift its hues4 #hde ,see ,a*is1 or ,e?nology1 p4 #chc4 #af4 ,( ^? adjectives ( light 9 ,hom]1 :i* h also be5 tak5 = adjectives ( col\r1 ! mo/ important is 4 ,its uses1 h[ev]1 are only z foll[s3 a4 1 ,il4 xvi4 #cd4 b4 1 ! /&+ epi!t1 & ev5 a prop] "n1 ( ,m9]va1 ,il4 viii4 #djf4 c4 2 appli$ to ! eye ( a lion1 :51 rea*+ ! height ( 8 wra?1 he makes 8 ru% at ! hunt]s1 ,il4 xx4 #agb4 ,! la/ ( ^! passages seems effectually to fix ! s5se ( ! t]m4 ,! ^w describes a progression4 ,! lion does n enhance ! col\r ( 8 eye z he waxes angry4 ,if1 = example1 c be tak5 z blue1 x c]ta9ly does n become m blue3 on ! contr>y1 rage1 :5 k9dl+ fire 9 ! eye1 r subdues its peculi> t9t by flood+ x ) a vivid light4 ,s ! ^w seems cle>ly to ref] to ! bright5+ fla% ( ! eye "u ! influ5ce ( passion4 ,( light & its movem5t1 z also ( s\nd1 & ( beautiful =m1 ,hom]'s conceptions are ev5 m di/9ct & lively1 ?an ^? ( col\r are1 if n dull1 yet at lea/ indet]m9ate4 is d]iv$ f 2 & has = its root 1 to see4 ,! mean+ ( bright or fla%+ w suit ! sea1 z well z ! epi!t blue4 ,& x suits ,m9]va f> bett]4 #8,blue-ey$' w\ld be = h] b a tame epi!t4 ,! lum9\s eye1 on ! contr>y1 entirely accords ) h] "*1 & belongs to a m>k$ trait ( ^? primitive traditions1 :i* %e appe>s to repres5t#hdf4 #hdf ,see ,olympus1 sect4 ii4 p4 #ec4 ,welck] 7,grie*is*e ,gtt]lehre1 vi4 #fc1 p4 #cjj7 treats ! "n z imm$iately ak9 to & ! idea ( light4 #ag4 is appli$ to ! lion 9 ,od4 xi4 #faa2 & x is ! prop] "n ( ! fa!r ( ,nireus 9 ! ,catalogue1 :ile 8 "m is 4 ,f ?is latt] use we see t is n 9 ,hom] an epi!t ( col\r2 s9ce he nev] describes ! face by means ( col\r4 ,its etymology ref]s u to gladsom5ess2 & ?is is mu* m connect$1 9 ! ,poet's m9d1 ) light ?an ) col\r4 #ah1 #ai4 ,besides ^! we h 1 glossy1 l 1 or fat2 & 1 appli$ a4 to a web1 ,il4 iii4 #abf4 b4 to ! gis1 ,il4 xvii4 #eid4 c4 to ! sea1 ,il4 xiv4 #bgc4 d4 to ! rim ( ! ,%ield1 ,il4 xviii4 #dhj4 ,we h also ! 7,od4 viii4 #bfe71 or tw9kl+ ( ! feet 9 ! dance3 & ! v]b is appli$ to ! eyes ( ,v5us 7,il4 iii4 #cig71 to arms 7,il4 xii4 #aie et alibi71 & to ! gold5 palace ( ,neptune 7,il4 xiii4 #bb74 ,! m>ble1 f :i* ! words are d]iv$1 0 :ite3 b t signification w\ld n suit any ( ! uses ( ! words1 except ! web ( ,hel54 ,! s5se1 t w suit !m1 is "o d]iv$ f ! idea ( light1 t ( glitt]+ or sp>kl+4 ,la/ly3 7,il4 v4 #ggj2 ,od4 xiii4 #ajc7 is s evid5tly an atmosph]ic epi!t only1 t x requires no detail$ discussion4 ,x is wor?y ( note1 z x indicates ! idea ( atmosph]ic transp>5cy4 ,conflict ( col\rs 9 ! same object4 ,,iii4 ,we might h atta9$ to "s ne>ly simil> results1 by tak+ ! names ( sub/antives 9 ,hom]1 & consid]+ ! diff]5ces 9 ! epi!ts ( col\r by :i* he describes !m4 ,?us1 = example1 iron is violet1 grey1 & or tawny4 ,!re is a c]ta9 opposition betwe5 ! fir/ & second3 a v m>k$ "o betwe5 ! second & ?ird4 ,:5 consid]$ z names ( col\r1 !y _c be reconcil$1 b !y may p]haps be made 9 "s degree to h>monize by introduc+ ! elem5t ( light4 ,iron is d>k or tawny if 9 ! %ade3 :ile "u light x may appe> grey4 ,aga91 ! dragon1 or s]p5t1 :i* is 9 ,il4 ii4 #cjh1 is also 9 ,il4 xi4 #bf2 & is comp>$ to ! ra9b[1 :i* is 9 ,il4 xvii4 1 be+ appli$ to ! lion's hide 9 ,il4 x4 #bc1 is ess5tially ( a dull col\r1 b ! ra9b[ is z ess5tially bright4 ,"h1 aga91 ! only mode ( h>moniz+ is by ! supposition t ,hom] really regulates ! use ( ^? epi!ts accord+ to light2 & ?us ! same object may be dull & bright 9 diff]5t positions4 ,aga91 is 9 composition :ite 773 b x is also 1 smutty4 ,9 tru? x is nei!r3 b its ne> connection bo? ) light & ) d>kness w admit ( its be+ ref]r$ to ei!r4 ,great pr$om9ance ( :ite & black4 ,,iv4 ,i h next to notice ! va/ pr$om9ance 9 ,hom] ( ! two simple opposites1 :ite & black1 :i* may be call$1 p]haps1 ! elem5tal =ms ( col\r3 :ite be+ ! comp\nd ( ! sev5 prismatic col\rs 9 _! natural proportions1 & black ! abs5ce1 or simple negative1 ( !m all4 ,! adjective 1 or #8black1' is us$1 9 its diff]5t degrees1 cases1 & numb]s1 ab\t "o hundr$ & sev5ty times4 ,besides ?is1 we h ! v]b 1 & sev]al comp\nds f ! adjective4 ,x also =ms a v frequ5t elem5t 9 prop] names4 ,! ^w 1 or #8:ite1' is us$ ne>ly sixty times3 its comp\nd =ty m1 b almo/ all ( ^! z ! /ock-epi!t ( ,juno1 :i* %\ld n be tak5 into ! acc\nt4 ,we h also 1 1 & "s prop] names4 ,b ?is by no means exhau/s ,hom]'s means ( express+ :it5ess4 ,= t purpose he also uses 1 1 p]haps 1 & an ext5sive gr\p ( words hav+ = its c5tre4 ,9 all1 :it5ess1 or some?+ int5d$ = x1 may p]haps be ?us express$ "o hundr$ times or m4 ,n[ assum+ = ! mom5t t adjectives ( col\r1 9 ! prismatic s5se ( ! ^w1 are f\nd 9 ,hom]1 /ill x is rem>kable h[ r>ely !y are f\nd1 9 comp>ison ) :it5ess & blackness4 ,= example3 except z a prop] "n1 & z ! /ock-epi!t ( ,m5elaus1 is1 ,i ?9k1 h>dly f\nd t5 times 9 ,hom]4 1 & its cognate words1 come b six times3 is an 3 is only introduc$ 9 its comp\nd twice2 yet x is probably ! be/ r$ 9 ,hom]3 & come b ?irte5 times3 & ! k9dr$ words are f\nd 9 all tw5ty-?ree times2 b x has1 ,i ?9k1 be5 %[n t ?is ^w 0 want+1 ) ,hom]1 9 ! +r$i5t ( specific col\r1 & only impli$ :at 0 d>k1 :e!r br[n1 crimson1 purple1 or ev5 black4 ,omissions to specify col\r4 ,v4 ,x rema9s to complete ?is circle ( evid5ce1 by adduc+ cases :]e ,hom]'s omission to "n col\r1 or to describe by means ( x1 is des]v+ ( rem>k4 #a4 ,hom]'s similes are s ri* 9 ! use ( all s5sible imag]y1 t we might h expect$ to f9d col\r a frequ5t & prom95t +r$i5t 9 !m4 ,b x is n s4 ,!y turn *iefly1 ,i ?9k1 ^u ! foll[+ ideas3 #a4 ,motion4 #b4 ,=ce4 #c4 ,=m4 #d4 ,s\nd4 #e4 ,symmetry4 #f4 ,numb]4 #g4 ,light & ,d>kness4 #h4 ,v r>ely1 ^u ,col\r4 ,9 ! great] "p ( !m col\r is n ev5 m5tion$4 ,i h se5 ! similes ( ! poems reckon$ at two hundr$3 & ,i h f\nd x difficult to note m ?an ?ree :i* turn ^u col\r1 ev5 :5 x is vaguely conceiv$4 ,! fir/ is ! blood ( ,m5elaus1 comp>$ to a crimson dye1 on ! *eek-piece ( a horse1 ,il4 iv4 #ada4 ,! second1 ! m$itations ( ,ne/or1 lik5$ to ! d>k5+ ( ! sea be=e a /orm1 ,il4 xiv4 #af-bb4 ,?irdly1 ! cl\d 9 :i* ,m9]va is wrapp$ is comp>$ to ! ra9b[1 ,il4 xvii4 #edg-eb4 ,( ^! ! second is v indef9ite3 ! idea ( ! fir/1 z we h se51 0 inaccurately & loosely conceiv$3 & ! ?ird is "o ( ! mo/ /rik+ pro(s ( ! want ( a close discrim9ation ( col\rs 9 ,hom]4 ,yet "h aga9 we may f9d life & beauty 9 ! passage1 if only we con/rue x ( a cl\d illum9at$ by ! rays fall+ on x4 ,inde$1 g5]ally ! elem5t ( light br+s u back to ,hom]'s usual def9it5ess1 :5 8 use ( col\r makes him obscure4 #b4 ,aga91 9 ! num]\s & v exact epi!ts by :i* ! ,poet has describ$ ! =m & appe>ance ( diff]5t c\ntries1 we sc>cely f9d any epi!t ( col\r4 ,out ( ab\t sixty ( ^! epi!ts 9 ! ,greek ,catalogue1 !re are b ?ree t ref] to col\r1 & ^! all m5tion :it5ess only 71 ,il4 ii4 #fdg1 #fef1 & 1 ibid4 #gce74 ,9 ! case ( ! horse4 #c4 ,x is mo/ s+ul> t1 ?\gh ,hom] s lov$ ! horse t he is nev] we>y ( us+ him ) 8 :ole he>t = ! purposes ( poetry1 yet 9 all 8 animat$ & beautiful descriptions ( ?is animal1 col\r %\ld be s little prom95t4 ,x is said1 inde$1 t ,hom] tells u ! horses ( ,eumelus correspond$ 9 col\r 7 ,il4 ii4 #gfe72 b :at ! col\r 0 we "k n2 & ! "q may also be rais$1 :e!r ! epi!t employ$ does n m prop]ly indicate simil>ity 9 ! f95ess ( _! coat4 ,p]haps ! only cases1 :]e col\r is di/9ctly assign$ to horses1 are ! foll[+ two3 ,fir/1 t ( ! horses ( ,rhesus4 ,!re ! col\r is ! negative "o ( :it5ess1 :i* seems1 ) its c\nt]p>t blackness1 to h be5 s mu* m pres5t to ! m9d ( ,hom] ?an any int]m$iate col\r4 ,^! horses 7 7,il4 x4 #dcg7 4 ,& aft]w>ds ,ne/or 9 a noble l9e decl>es !m l1 n to any?+ hav+ col\r1 b to ! rays ( ! sun 7,il4 x4 #edg74 ,?us reappe>s ! old id5tification 9 ,hom]'s m9d ( light & col\r4 ,!re is1 h[ev]1 ano!r reason to :i* x may be suspect$ t we owe ! m5tion ( col\r 9 ?is in/ance3 namely1 t ! :it5ess is int5d$ to make !m visible 9 ! gloom1 & ?us to assi/ ! capture by night4 ,! second case is1 t ( ! horse ( ,diom$ 9 ! *>iot-race4 ,"h ,idom5eus m5tions ! bay or *e/nut col\r 7,il4 xxiii4 #ded7 ) ! :ite m>k1 b !n x is ! only means ( id5tify+ ! ma/]1 :i* is ess5tial to 8 purpose 9 ! spee*4 ,ap>t f ^! special reasons1 ,hom] speaks inde$ twice ( ! ( horses2 ?is1 h[ev]1 is ( horses 9 ! ab/ract4 ,ne/or 7,il4 xi4 #fhj7 m5tions a set ( "o hundr$ & fifty m>es all ) col\r1 t is to say1 3 a new pro( ( ! lax use ( ! ^w1 z !y w\ld h>dly be all alike4 ,among ! f\r horses ( ,hector 7,il4 viii4 #ahe71 ! two ( ! ,atreid 7,il4 xxiii4 #bie71 & ! ?ree ( ,a*illes 7xvi4 #dge7 we f9d only ! "n ,xan?us :i* is cle>ly ref]able to col\r3 & ?is is 9 tru? ! only col\r :i*1 besides :ite1 he ev] gives to 8 horses4 ,= x is m probable t by ! "n he meant to ref] to ! effect ( light f rapidity ( motion3 :ile 9 ,il4 xxiii4 #dji1 & 7,il4 viii4 #dhe7 may signify brightness or d>kness inde$1 b nei!r ( ^! is col\r4 ,aga91 9 ! magnific5t simile ( ! !re is no col\r4 ,! ?ree ?\s& horses ( ,eri*?onius 7,il4 x4 #bba7 h no col\r4 ,! horses ( ,diom$ 7,il4 v4 #beg7 h none4 ,nor h ! heav5-born horses ( ,tros1 nor ^? :i* ,an*ises br$ f !m 7,il4 v4 #bfe4 et seqq474 ,none ( ! teams = ! race 9 ,il4 xxiii4 h col\r4 ,la/ly2 ,hom] ab\nds 9 *>act]i/ic & set epi!ts = horses1 su* z 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 & o!rs2 b none ( !m are tak5 f col\r4 ,yet col\r is 9 horses a ?+ s prom95t t x seems1 :]ev] !y are at all individualiz$1 almo/ to =ce itself into ! description4 ,let u take two examples alli$ 9 _! beauty1 al?\gh sep>at$ 9 bir? by tw5ty-two hundr$ ye>s4 ,! fir/ is f ,euripides1 :]e ! ,*orus 9 ,iphig5ia 9 ,aulide describes ! ,grecian ho/ be=e emb>cation#hdg4 #hdg ,eurip4 ,iph4 9 ,aul4 #bac-bb4 ' 1 1 - 1 1 ' 1 1 ' 4 ,! second1 also em95tly beautiful1 is f ,macaulay1 :]e 9 ! #8,battle ( ! ,lake ,regillus'1 aft] ! deadly conflict ( ,mamilius & ,h]m9ius1 he describes :at !n happ5$ to _! /e$s4 ,fa/1 fa/1 ) heels wild spurn+1 ,! d>k-grey *>g] fl$2 ,he bur/ ?r\gh ranks ( fight+ m51 ,he sprang o'er heaps ( dead4444 ,b l a grav5 image ,black ,au/] kept 8 place1 ,& ev] wi/fully he look$ ,into 8 ma/]'s face4 ,h[ *>act]i/ically ! elem5t ( col\r ent]s into ^! admirable descriptions4 #d4 ,x is n1 h[ev]1 ! case ( ! horse alone1 on :i* an argum5t may be f\nd$4 ,hom] ab\nds ) notices ( o!r animals1 bo? dome/icat$ & wild4 ,we h ox51 dogs1 goats1 hogs1 & %eep4 ,none ( 8 /ock epi!ts = !m are drawn f col\r2 & we h se5 t by 8 w9e-col\r$ ox51 & 8 violet-col\r$ %eep1 he1 9 all likelihood1 means no m ?an d>k or tawny4 ,8 epi!ts = wild animals are ( ! same "* :5 !y occur1 & simil>ly dep5d on ! scale ( degrees betwe5 light & d>kness1 n ^u col\r4 ,once he m5tions a :ite goose 7,od4 xv4 #afa72 b x is borne on high 9 ! talons ( an eagle1 & ! object evid5tly is to create a cle> visual image4 #e4 ,i w\ld n lay ov]mu* /ress on ! fact1 t ,hom] nev] ref]s to col\r 9 connection ) ! human frame1 unless z reg>ds ! hair1 :i* is ei!r or 3 expressions :i*1 z we %all see1 are app>5t exceptions1 & n real ones4 ,! olive hue ( ! ,m$it]ranean latitudes makes col\r a less prom95t elem5t 9 human beauty = a ,greek climate1 ?an x is = ours4 ,/ill its almo/ entire exclusion is an elem5t 9 ! case4 ,"o in/ance t ,i h notic$1 :i* introduces x1 adds to ! g5]al mass ( te/imony4 ,:5 ,m9]va 7,od4 xvi4 #age7 re/ores ! beauty ( ,ulysses1 ! expression is 4 ,n[ ?is c]ta9ly does n mean t 8 fle% became black aga94 ,x c only signify t he resum$ ! olive t9t1 :i* 0 associat$ ) p]sonal vig\r & beauty4 ,s t ev5 ! ( ,hom] means d>k1 & is indef9ite3 z might inde$ be %[n by _m o!r in/ances4 #f4 ,la/ly1 x seems to des]ve rem>k1 t !re is n "o s+le epi!t ( ,iris tak5 f col\r4 ,%e is once1 & only once1 7,il4 viii4 #cih72 b ?is is 9 virtue ( h] (fice1 & has no relation to ! ra9b[2 z1 inde$1 gold ) ,hom] always belongs to light r ?an to col\r4 ,all h] o!r epi!ts1 )\t exception1 are tak5 f motion only4 ,%e is swift 7 & 71 swift ( foot 7 71 swift z ! w9d 771 /orm-foot$ 7#hdh71 b f col\r %e d]ives no "p :atev] ( h] ,hom]ic co/ume4 ,n[ ?\gh ! *a9 ( traditions :i* id5tifi$ ,iris ) ! ra9b[ 0 brok5#hdi1 yet ! traces ( x 7 n :olly lo/4 ,= ,hom] treat$ ! ra9b[1 physically1 z a prophet ( /orm 7,il4 xvii4 #edh73 & aga91 we f9d t %e 0 /ill tempe/-foot$4 ,?is epi!t c only be d]iv$ f h] orig9al relation to ! ra9b[4 ,x is !re=e highly in/ructive1 t none ( h] traits ( col\r %\ld h be5 pres]v$4 #hdh ,il4 xviii4 #dji4 xxiv4 #aei4 #hdi ,see ,olympus1 sect4 ii4 p4 #aeg4 ,la/ly1 let u take ! case ( ! sky1 or ! heav5s4 ,"h ,hom] _h be=e him ! mo/ p]fect example ( blue4 ,yet he nev] once s describes ! sky4 ,8 is />ry 7,il4 i4 #cag71 or broad 7,il4 iii4 #cfd71 or great 7,il4 i4 #dig71 or iron 7,od4 xv4 #cbh71 or copp] 7,od4 iii4 #b4 ,il4 xvii4 #dbe72 b x is nev] blue4 ,?is is an important piece ( negative te/imony4 ,we h n[ be=e u a pretty l>ge1 ?\gh ,i by no means v5ture to suppose x a complete1 collection ( ! facts ( ! case4 ,causes ( ?is peculi> treatm5t4 ,i submit t !y w>rant ! two foll[+ propositions3 #a4 ,t ,hom]'s p]ceptions ( ! prismatic col\rs1 or col\rs ( ! ra9b[1 :i* dep5d on ! decomposition ( light by refraction1 & a =tiori ( _! comp\nds1 71 z a g5]al rule1 vague & indet]m9ate4 #b4 ,t we mu/ !re=e seek ano!r basis = 8 sy/em ( col\r4 ,b a few words may be p]mitt$ on ! cause :i* has l$ to 8 treatm5t ( ! subject 9 a mann] s diff]5t f t ( ! mod]ns4 ,are we ju/ifi$ 9 ref]r+ x to 8 reput$ bl9dness8 ,are we to suppose a defect 9 8 organization1 or 9 t ( 8 c\ntrym58 ,or are we to reject altoge!r ! idea ( defect1 & to treat 8 use ( col\r z "o conceiv$ 9 ! _s :i*1 ) ev5 ! mo/ p]fect k1 w\ld prop]ly belong to 8 art8 ,! m]e tradition ( ,hom]'s bl9dness is h>dly relevant4 ,! presumption ( x drawn f ! poems1 because !y make ,demodocus bl9d1 is inappreciably m9ute4 ,! te/imony ( ! ,hymn to ,apollo is anci5t#hej2 b1 z 8 bl9dness 7if he really 0 bl9d7 all[$ ( ! mo/ vivid conceptions ( light1 x w n acc\nt = defectiv5ess 9 8 conceptions ( col\r4 ,! vigor\s appreh5sion & accurate description ( s5sible objects 9 ! poems demon/rate1 t we _c seek 9 ?is hypo!sis = an explanation ( :at may be ei!r s+ul>1 crude1 or irregul>4 #hej ,hymn4 ad ,apoll4 v4 #agb4 ,nei!r c we resort to ! supposition ( any?+1 t is to be prop]ly call$ a defect 9 8 organization2 :5 we be> 9 m9d 8 int5se feel+ = =m1 & :5 we obs]ve 8 effective & p[]ful h&l+ ( ! ideas ( light & d>k4 ,lic5se ( ,poetry z to col\r4 ,our answ] to ! ?ird "q mu/ also1 ,i ?9k1 be 9 ! negative4 ,x is true1 inde$1 t mu* ( m]ely lit]al discrepancy z to col\r might be und]/ood to app]ta9 to ! lic5se ( poetry4 ,!re is high poetical effect 9 :at may be call$ /ra9+ epi!ts ( col\r4 ,b x seems ess5tial to t effect1 7#a47 ,t ! /ra9+ %\ld be ! exception1 & n ! rule4 7#b47 ,t !re %\ld be a fix$ /&>d ( ! col\r itself1 s t ! dep>tures f x may be measur$4 ,o!rwise ! result is n lic5se1 b confusion4 ,%akespe>e ) high effect says#hea1 #hea ,macbe? ii4 #c4 ,"h lay ,duncan1 ,8 silv] sk9 lac$ ) 8 gold5 blood4 ,"h ! idea is n t silv] is ( ! same col\r z sk91 nor gold z blood2 b t ! relation ( col\r betwe5 silv] & gold may be comp>$ ) t betwe5 sk9 & blood3 ! sk9 ?r[s ! blood into relief1 z a gr\nd ( silv] w\ld ?r[ out a projection ( gold4 ,9 lic5se ( ?is k9d we c always trace bo? a rule & an aim4 ,! rule is relax$ only = ! p>ticul> occasion4 ,! effect produc$ is t ( t5d]ness1 dignity1 & purity4 ,_h ,%akespe>e be5 describ+ ! horrible c>nage ( a battlefield1 he probably w\ld h spok5 ( black or f\l gore in/ead ( us+ a bright5+ figure4 ,n[ ?is purpose is n traceable 9 ,hom]'s use ( c]ta9 words1 if we are requir$ to treat !m z adjectives ( col\r4 ,!re is no ,poet1 ^: rationale is commonly m accessible2 b ^! cases1 ^u su* a pr9ciple1 d n admit ( a rationale at all4 ,take = in/ance 8 use ( ! ra9b[4 ,x is 7#a7 1 & 7#b7 l a 1 :i* is 4 ,( ^!1 ! fir/ may be con/ru$ d>k ) a hue ( crimson2 ! second1 d>k ) a hue ( deep blue or indigo4 ,surely we h "h1 view+ x z a :ole1 a mo/ inadequate treatm5t ( ! col\rs ( ! ra9b[4 ,%akespe>e inde$ says#heb1 #heb ,troilus & ,cressida1 i4 #c1 sub f94 ,8 cre/1 t pr\d] ?an blue ,iris b5ds2 & aga91 9 ! ,tempe/1 ,c]es addresses ,iris ?us#hec2 #hec ,tempe/1 iv4 #a4 ,! ra9b[ is m5tion$ z ( _m col\rs1 9 ,m]ry ,wives ( ,w9dsor1 iv4 #e1 ,w9t]'s ,tale1 iv4 #c1 & ,k+ ,john1 iv4 #b4 ,& ) ea* end ( ?y blue b[ do/ cr[n ,my bosky acres4444 ,b 7#a7 blue diff]s f 1 :i* is ess5tially d>k1 & is n blue4 7#b7 ,blue1 tak5 l>gely1 repres5ts ?ree ( ! sev5 prismatic col\rs3 i4 e4 indigo & purple along ) itself4 7#c7 ,9 ! la/ quot$ passage1 ,iris is also call$ #8_m-col\r$ mess5g]1' & ) #8saffron w+s4' ,h[ diff]5t an effect d ^! words give1 z !y =m a :ole1 f t ( ! simile 9 ,il4 xvii4 ,9 :at mann] !n are we to und]/& ,hom]8 ,i answ]1 9 ! way ( metaphor2 & ) ref]5ce to light & d>k1 n to prismatic col\r4 ,! on ! buckl] & belt are d>k & t]rible3 s is ! /orm ( :i* ,iris is ! type1 & x is 9 view+ ! ra9b[ z a type ( :at is awful1 t we are to f9d ! reason ( ,hom]'s simply treat+ x z d>k1 & n z a s]ies & sy/em ( col\rs4 ,p]haps we ought n to ov]look ! possibility t ,hom] may also mean to comp>e ! %ift+ hues ( ! s]p5t ) ! v>i$ appe>ance ( ! ra9b[4 ,aga91 let u take 8 use ( 4 ,n[ ! "q is1 did ,hom] mean by ?is simply to express d>kness1 t is to say 0 d>k 8 idea ( 1 or did he1 ) ! specific idea ( black 9 8 m9d1 use ! t]m :i* d5ot$ x poetically = ! olive complexion ( ,ulysses8 ,surely ! =m]3 = ! latt] use ( x w\ld h be5 bad4 ,x w\ld h be5 /ra9+ ! figure 9 ! wrong direction4 ,= blackness w\ld be a fitt+ trope only :]e ! object 0 to describe some?+ awful or repulsive4 ,b beauty ( =m 9 ,hom] always leans to light hues & n to d>k ones1 :5ce ! ,greeks are 1 & ! ,trojan ,hector1 ?\gh beautiful1 is only4 ,!re=e x 0 n ,hom]'s object to give an enhanc$ idea ( d>kness 9 ! t9ts ( ,ulysses4 ,& yet1 if = him meant specifically black1 !n 0 ! height ( exagg]ation 9 ! wrong s5se4 ,b if by he only und]/ood d>k1 t 0 a fair description ( ! olive t9t1 z comp>$ ) ! )]$ & %rivell$ sk9 ( old age4 ,we h o!r pro(s f ! poems t ,hom] conceiv$ ( z d>k1 & n specifically z black4 ,! =m] idea accords be/ ) 8 call+ e>? 1 :5 x is fre% beh9d ! pl\gh 7,il4 xviii4 #edh73 & 8 call+ blood 1 n /agnant gore1 b blood fre% z x comes spurt+ f ! w\nd 7,il4 i4 #cjc71 & aga91 ! fre% blood ( ,v5us h]self3 7,il4 v4 #ced74 ,x w\ld be bad poetry to call ! blood ( ,v5us black1 = ! same reasons :i* make x good poetry 9 ,%akespe>e to call ! blood ( ,duncan gold54 ,s ! ( ,il4 xxiv4 #gi is evid5tly no m ?an d>k2 ?\gh 9 vii4 #fd we may prop]ly say ! sea black5s4 ,s aga9 ) w9e-col\r$ ox51 smutty ?und]-bolts1 violet-col\r$ %eep1 & _m m1 x is surely conclusive aga9/ tak+ !m = descriptions ( prismatic col\rs or _! comp\nds1 t !y w\ld be bad descriptions 9 _! sev]al k9ds4 ,hom]'s means ( tra9+ 9 col\r4 ,we mu/ !n seek = ! basis ( ,hom]'s sy/em ) respect to col\r 9 some?+ outside our own4 ,& x may prep>e u ! m readily to ackn[l$ge su* a basis else:]e1 if we be> 9 m9d1 t _m ( ! great elem5ts & s\rces ( col\r = u pres5t$ !mselves diff]5tly to him4 ,! olive hue ( ! sk9 kept d[n ! play ( :ite & r$4 ,! hair t5d$ mu* m uni=mly1 ?an ) u1 to d>kness4 ,! s5se ( col\r 0 less ex]cis$ by ! culture ( fl[]s4 ,! sun soon] *ang$ ! spr+-gre5s ( ! e>? into br[n4 ,glass1 "o ( our in/rum5ts ( in/ruction1 did n exi/4 ,! ra9b[ w\ld mu* m r>ely meet ! view4 ,! art ( pa9t+ 0 :olly1 & t ( dye+ 0 almo/1 unkn[n2 & we may e/imate ! importance ( ?is elem5t ( ! case by recollect+ h[ mu*1 ) ! advance ( *emi/ry1 ! ta/e ( ?is c\ntry 9 col\r has improv$ )9 ! la/ tw5ty ye>s4 ,! artificial col\rs1 ) :i* ! human eye 0 conv]sant1 7 *iefly ! ill-def9$1 & any?+ b full-bodi$1 t9ts ( metals4 ,! mat]ials1 !re=e1 = a sy/em ( col\r did n (f] !mselves to ,hom]'s vision z !y d to ours4 ,p>ticul> col\rs 7 inde$ exhibit$ 9 r>e beauty1 z ! blue ( ! sea & ( ! sky4 ,yet ^! col\rs 71 s to speak1 isolat$ fragm5ts2 &1 n ent]+ into a g5]al s*eme1 !y 7 app>5tly n conceiv$ ) ! precision necess>y to ma/] !m4 ,x seems easy to compreh5d t ! eye may require a famili>ity ) an ord]$ sy/em ( col\rs1 z ! condition ( its be+ able closely to appreciate any "o among !m4 ,i conclude1 !n1 t ! organ ( col\r & its impressions 7 b p>tially develop$ among ! ,greeks ( ! h]oic age4 ,9 lieu ( ?is1 ,hom] seems to h _h1 fir/ly "s crude conceptions ( col\r d]iv$ f ! elem5ts2 secondly & pr9cipally1 a sy/em 9 lieu ( col\r1 f\nd$ ^u light & ^u d>kness1 its opposite or negative4 ,we h se5 t ! ( ,hom]1 :i* is appli$ to f9e olive t9ts 9 ! sk91 & :i* jo9s h&s ) & 1 means d>k1 ! abs5ce ( light4 ,on ! o!r h&1 ! basis ( :it5ess is cle>ly indicat$ to u 9 ! etymology ( 1 :i* is ! same z t ( to see1 & ( light 9 ! ye>1 ! walk or c\rse ( light2 z well z 9 ! cognate words1 :i* appe> to h _! root 9 ! ,sanscrit lo*1 f :5ce lo*an1 an eye#hed4 #hed ,prit*>d's ,celtic ,nations1 p4 #bai4 ,8 sy/em "o ( light & d>k4 ,z a g5]al proposition1 !n1 ,i %\ld say t ! ,hom]ic col\rs are really ! modes & =ms ( light#hee1 & ( its opposite or r negative1 d>kness3 p>tially affect$ p]haps by ideas drawn f ! metals1 l ! rudd9ess ( copp]1 or ! sombre & dead blue ( 1 :atev] ! sub/ance may h be52 & "h & !re ) an inceptive ef=t1 z x 71 to get hold ( o!r ideas ( col\r4 #hee ,vid4 ,g!1 ,ges*i*te d] ,f>b5lehre1 ,works1 vol4 #ec1 p4 #ba4 7,/uttg>t1 #ahcc47 ,"u ! application ( ?is pr9ciple1 ,i believe t all1 or ne>ly all1 ! ,hom]ic words w fall into _! places3 & t we %all f9d t ! ,poet us$ !m1 f 8 own /&+-gr\nd1 ) great vig\r & effect4 ,we c n[ see :y & ) _! k9dr$ words h su* an imm5se pr$om9ance3 ?\gh :ite & black are ! limit+ ratios ( col\r1 r ?an col\r itself4 ,( ! transp>5t & opaque1 or *i>oscuro1 we _c expect to he> f ,hom]3 yet1 z has be5 obs]v$1 a rudim5t ( x may be conta9$ 9 ! highly poetical ( ! cave or sea2 & aga9 9 ! 7,od4 xiii4 #bfi71 s9ce is ! basis ( ! epi!t4 ,:5 we speak ( col\r prop]1 we speak ( an effect :i* is produc$ by ! decomposition ( light1 & :i*1 s long z ! eye c dis*>ge its function1 is complete1 :atev] ! quantity1 or ! incid5ce1 ( light ^u ! object said to h col\r may happ5 to be4 ,:5 we speak ( light1 %ade1 & d>kness1 we ref] to ! quantity ( light1 n decompos$1 :i* falls ^u t object1 & to ! mode ( its incid5ce4 ,( light1 %ad[1 & d>kness ?us reg>d$1 ,hom] _h lively & mo/ poetical conceptions4 ,?is description ( objects by light & its abs5ce tax 8 mat]ials to ! utt]mo/4 ,8 iron-grey1 8 ruddy1 8 />ry heav51 are s _m modes ( light4 ,8 w9e-col\r$ ox5 & sea1 8 violet %eep1 8 ?+s tawny1 purple1 sooty1 & ! re/1 give u 9 fact a ri* vocabul>y ( words = describ+ :at is d>k s f> z x has col\r1 b :at also v>ies betwe5 dull & bright1 accord+ to ! quantity ( light play+ ^u x4 ,"h 7= example7 is ! l9k betwe5 8 & 8 4 ,z ^! words all foll[ 9 ! tra91 s to speak1 ( 1 ev5 s is att5d$ by its own family1 all fall+ "u ! mean+ ( ! ,engli% adjective light4 ,on ! "o h& & 2 on ! o!r 1 1 & 1 all mean light2 b ! fir/ two are dull1 & repres5t ! twilight ( col\r1 or debateable gr\nd betwe5 x & its negative1 :ile ! la/ ?ree are bright & gli/]+4 ,no?+ c be m poetical ?an ,hom]'s ideas ( d>k & light4 ,x 0 a r$undancy ( life 9 ^! ideas1 t made him associate light ) motion2 z 9 ^? f9e l9es 7,il4 ii4 #dcg71 ' 4 ,&1 aga91 9 ! ,arm+ ( ,a*illes 7,il4 xix4 #cfb71 ' 1 4 ,s1 on ! o!r h&1 ! idea ( d>kness w5t to animate metaphysical conceptions1 z 9 black fate1 black dea?1 black cl\ds ( dea?1 black pa9s 7,il4 ii4 #hei1 #hcd4 xvi4 #cej4 iv4 #aag74 ,naturali/s tell u1 t !re exi/ k9ds ( creatures respect+ :i* x is kn[n1 t _! organs are s5sitive to light & d>kness1 b ) no p]ception :atev] ei!r ( col\r or ( =m#hef4 ,s f> z respects =m1 ,hom] p]ceiv$ ke5ly su* =ms z 7 beautiful3 b ( m]e geometrical =m he may h _h v indi/9ct ideas1 if we are to judge f 8 epi!ts = ! =m ( a %ield4 ,! p>allel is ne>] 9 ! case ( col\r2 = ev5 8 p]ceptions 7 z yet undige/$2 z if !y 7 novel1 n aid$ by tradition1 acquir$ v mu* by himself1 & fix$ z yet nei!r by cu/om nor nom5clature4 #hef ,wilson's ,five ,gateways ( ,k1 p4 #d4 ,f ! rema9s :i* h rea*$ u ( ! col\rs ( ! anci5ts1 x has be5 f\nd practicable to treat ( !m 9 precise detail#heg4 ,b1 9 exam9+ ! "q f ! works ( ,hom]1 we mu/ be> 9 m9d1 fir/1 _! v e>ly date1 &1 secondly1 ! likelihood t h]oic ,greece may probably h be5 f> beh9d "s c\ntries ( ! ea/ 9 ! use & 9 ! idea ( col\r1 :i* has always _h a privileg$ home !re4 #heg ,see1 = in/ance1 #8,anci5t & ,mod]n ,col\rs1 by ,william ,l9ton4' ,london #aheb4 ,col\r 9 ! lat] ,greek language4 ,! t5d5cy1 h[ev]1 to a mixture ( ! two que/ions ( light & col\r appe>s to be traceable m or less 9 ! popul> language1 & likewise 9 ! philosophy1 ( ! lat] ,greeks4 ,9 ! classical p]iod1 ! hues ( ! eye 7 divid$1 z ! d>ke/1 ! int]m$iate1 & ! lighte/4 ,! ^w 1 leek-gre51 appe>s to be q adequate to ! expression ( ! col\r4 ,x is us$ by ,ari/otle2 b ,i d n "k t x is f\nd 9 ! poets or writ]s ( ! be/ age4 ,= ! classical ,greek ! idea ( gre5ness is express$ by 1 z f> z x is express$ at all4 ,n[ ?is ^w seems inadequate on two gr\nds4 ,fir/1 its pr$om9ant idea is t ( #8fre%' or #8rec5t2' :i* is b accid5tally1 & n inv>iably1 ! prop]ty ( ^? objects 9 nature t are gre54 ,:5 we f9d ! ^w appli$ alike to objects ( a gre5 col\r1 & to o!rs t h no col\r1 7or else n 9 respect ( _! col\r17 b yet :i* are fre% or newly sprung1 we are l$ to conclude t x 0 = fre%ness1 & n = gre5ness1 t ! ^w 0 g5]ally us$4 ,?is idea is confirm$ by two circum/ances4 ,fir/1 t :5 does signify col\r1 z 9 ! case ( pal5ess1 7:]e x _c mean :at is fre%17 x signifies ! mo/ indef9ite & feeble col\r1 little m inde$ ?an a negative4 ,! mean+ ( is probably a%y-pale fe>4 ,9 ! gre5 ( ! olive we see ! po9t ( connection betwe5 ?is use ( ! t]m on ! "o h&1 & natural v]dure on ! o!r4 ,s t ! image ( ! col\r gre51 to ! ,greeks1 0 nei!r lively & bright on ! "o h&1 nor 0 x /rong & deep on ! o!r4 ,! second circum/ance is ?is3 t ! ^w is appli$ by ! lat] ,greeks to objects t h a col\r1 b a col\r :i* is n gre53 & ?is by au?ors :o _h ! full use ( sight4 ,?us1 9 ,euripides1 7,hecuba #abd17 we h = blood fre%ly %$4 ,x seems pla9 t1 :5 ! epi!t c\ld be ?us us$1 col\r c\ld only be v c>elessly & fa9tly conceiv$ 9 ! m9ds ei!r ( ^? :o us$ ! expression1 or ( ^? to :om x 0 address$4 ,i %all n op5 ! g5]al subject ( ! treatm5t ( col\r by ! lat] ,greeks1 or by ! ,lat9 poets4 ,b t x cont9u$ to be bo? fa9t & indef9ite d[n to a v late p]iod1 & 9 a degree :i* w\ld n[ be deem$ v surpris+1 we may judge bo? f ! g5]al t5\r ( ! neid1 & f ! rem>kable v]se ( ,alb9ovanus1 an ,augu/an poet1 :i* appli$ ! epi!t #8purpureus' to sn[2 ,bra*ia purpure c&idiora nive4 ,nei!r d ,i ent] into ! "q1 :e!r ! %ad[s ( :ite may af=d any gr\nd = ?is epi!t3 because an answ]1 drawn f ! secrets z x 7 ( sci5ce or art1 c\ld n avail = ! int]pretation ( ! works ( a poet1 :o mu/ describe = ! common eye4 ,s we may note ! #8c]vix rosea' ( ,horace#heh1 & ( ,virgil#hei4 #heh ,hor4 ,od4 ,i4 #ac4 #b4 #hei ,virg4 n4 i4 #djb4 ,greek philosophy ( col\r4 ,su* exam9ation z ,i h be5 able to make w\ld lead me to suppose :atev] ( ?is k9d 0 crude or defective 9 ! common ideas ( ,greece 0 n )\t po9ts ( correspond5ce 9 its philosophy4 ,! treatise 1 popul>ly ascrib$ to ,ari/otle1 w\ld appe> to belong to "s o!r au?or4 ,x1 h[ev]1 9 con=mity ) ,greek ideas#hfj1 bases ! sy/em ( col\r n1 z we d1 ^u ! prismatic decomposition ( light1 b ^u ! f\r elem5ts2 ( :i* x decl>es air1 wat]1 & ev5 e>? :5 dry1 to be :ite1 fire to be or yell[2 f ! mixtures ( ^! arise all o!r col\rs1 & 1 or black1 is ! abs5ce ( light4 #hfj ,vid4 ,g!1 ,f>b5lehre1 ,works1 vol4 #ec4 p4 #bc4 ,dr4 ,prantl1 a rec5t editor ( ?is ,treatise1 has1 9 a le>n$ ,essay ( 8 own1 ga!r$ toge!r ! sy/ems ( ! v>i\s ,greek writ]s ^u col\r2 & especially t ( ,ari/otle1 f ! te/imony af=d$ by 8 ,meteorologica & o!r works4 ,x exhibits a curi\s comb9ation ( ! aim at sci5tific exactness1 ) ! want ( ! physical k :i* is1 9 su* matt]s1 its necess>y basis4 ,its lead+ ideas appe> to be z foll[s4 ,if we pass by ! m]e metaphysical portion ( ! subject1 ! basis ( col\r is laid !oretically 9 transp>5cy & motion4 ,) ! idea ( :it5ess are associat$ dryness & heat2 & ) blackness _! c\nt]p>ts1 wet & cold#hfa4 ,! air is :ite1 fire ! highe/ =m ( :ite2 wat] is black#hfb1 e>? ! highe/ negation ( col\r1 & blacke/ ( all4 ,all o!r col\rs are treat$ z int]m$iate betwe5 :ite & black#hfc4 ,an analogy prevails betwe5 ! int]vals ( ! pr9cipal col\rs1 & ^? ( s\nd1 ta/e 771 & o!r s5sible objects4 ,!re are sev5 col\rs#hfd3 namely1 #hfa ,prantl's ,ari/oteles b] die ,f>b51 pp4 #aja1 #c4 #hfb ,ibid4 pp4 #ajd1 #f4 #hfc ,ibid4 p4 #aji4 ,ar4 ,metaph4 ,i4 #g4 #ajeg a4 #bc4 #hfd ,ibid4 p4 #aaf4 ,ar4 de ,s5s4 #d4 #ddb a4 #ab4 #a4 black4 #b4 gold4 #c4 :ite4 #d4 r$4 #e4 violet4 #f4 gre54 #g4 blue4 ,! or grey is a mode ( black 7 72 & ! is +5i\sly describ$ z hav+ ! same relation to light1 :i* ri*ness 77 has to sweetness 774 ,r$1 or 1 is light se5 ?r\gh black4 ,?is is ! mo/ positive col\r aft] 2 !n comes gre51 & !n 77 violet#hfe4 ,he proce$s1 2 mean+1 ,i suppose1 t ! 7! same ?+ is said by ,prantl ( 1 :i* he translates br[n7 is s closely ak9 to ! negative1 or blackness1 z to be indi/+ui%able f x4 ,?us ,ari/otle appe>s to treat grey z outside 8 scale altoge!r2 he gives sometimes to r$ & sometimes to blue#hff2 & or br[n is :olly omitt$4 ,8 ord] likewise v>ies3 =1 9 diff]5t passages1 & *ange places4 #hfe ,ibid4 p4 #aah4 ,met4 ,,iii4 #d4 #cgd b4 #ca4 #hff ,comp4 ,met4 ,i4 #e4 #cdb b4 #d4 ) ,,iii4 #d4 #cgd a4 #bg4 ,nature ( our advantage ov] ,hom]4 ,?is condition ( ! philosophy ( col\r1 s _m c5turies aft] ,hom]1 & 9 ! m9d ( su* a man z ,ari/otle1 may assi/ 9 expla9+ to u ! undevelop$ /ate ( ,hom]'s p]ceptions 9 ?is p>ticul> dep>tm5t4 ,!re appe>s to be a rem>kable contra/ betwe5 su* undige/$ ideas1 & ! solidity1 tru?1 & firmness ( ! rema9s ( col\r t h come d[n to u f ! anci5ts4 ,! explanation1 ,i suppose1 is1 t ^?1 :o _h to make practical use ( col\r1 did n wait = ! con/ruction ( a philosophy1 b add$ to _! app>atus f "t to "t all sub/ances :i*1 hav+ come )9 _! k1 7 f\nd to produce results satisfactory & improv+ to ! eye4 ,& ev5 s ,hom]1 ?\gh 8 organ 0 little tra9$ 9 ! discrim9ation ( col\rs1 & ?\gh he f\nd$ himself ma9ly ^u m]e modifications ( light ap>t f its decomposition1 yet has made v bold & effective use ( ^! limit$ mat]ials4 ,8 figures 9 no case j>1 :ile !y nev] fail to /rike4 ,nor are we to suppose t we see 9 ?is dep>tm5t an exception to t comp>ative pr(usion ( p[] :i* m>k$ 8 end[m5ts 9 g5]al1 & t he bore1 9 ! p>ticul> po9t1 a crippl$ nature2 b r we are to le>n t ! p]ceptions s easy & famili> to u are ! results ( a sl[ tradition>y gr[? 9 k & 9 ! tra9+ ( ! human organ1 :i* comm5c$ long be=e we took our place 9 ! succession ( mank9d4 ,we exemplify1 ev5 9 ?is app>5tly simple matt]1 ! old prov]bial say+3 #8,! dw>f sees fur!r ?an ! giant1 = he is lift$ on ! giant's %\ld]s4' ,note on ! mean+ ( & 4 ,! fir/ impression f ! ,hom]ic text is likely to be t is a metal4 ,= ! sub/antive is m5tion$ b ?rice 9 ,hom]2 & always 9 imm$iate connection ) metals4 #a4 ,il4 xi4 #bd4 ,^u ! buckl] ( ,agamemnon !re are1 ) twelve 1 folds1 rims1 or plies1 ( gold1 & tw5ty ( t91 t5 ( 7 74 #b4 ,il4 xi4 #cd4 ,on ! %ield ( ! k+1 !re 7 tw5ty :ite bosses ( t91 &1 9 ! middle1 "o ( 7 74 #c4 ,od4 vii4 #hf4 ,! walls ( ! palace ( ,alc9\s 7 coat$ ) )91 & r\nd ab\t !m !re 0 a cornice or fr+e 77 ( 4 ,!re is no d\bt t1 9 lat] ,greek at lea/1 ! ^w acquir$ o!r significations3 su* z lapis lazuli1 ! blue cornfl[]1 ! rockbird 7also z be+ blue71 &1 la/ly1 a blue dye or lacqu]#hfg4 ,b1 moreov]1 x seems impossible to id5tify ! ( ,hom] ) any metal 9 p>ticul>4 #hfg ,liddell & ,scott 9 voc4 ,mill91 ,m9ralogie ,homrique1 p4 #adi4 ,"s h ass]t$ ! ( ,hom] to be /eel#hfh4 ,b to ?is !re seem to be conclusive objections4 ,x appe>s v d\btful1 :e!r ! ,greeks 7 acqua9t$ ) ! process ( mak+ /eel 9 masses by ! imm]sion ( iron 9 wat]4 ,! ,engli% translation ( ,beckmann's ,hi/ory ( ,inv5tions ascribes ! k ( ! process to ,hom]2 b app>5tly 9 error#hfi4 ,!re is no allusion :atev] to x3 = x is n at all impli$ by ! elem5t>y process ( ! manufacture ( a tool 9 ,od ix4 #cia-c4 ,x 0 only by fire t iron c\ld be made malleable at all3 & no d\bt x 0 kn[n t by its imm]sion 9 wat] h>dness 0 re/or$ or increas$ 7 74 ,b we h no trace ei!r ( ! repetition ( ! process on ! same piece ( metal1 or ( its application to unmanufactur$ iron1 or ( a new d5om9ation = iron :5 ?us heat$ & cool$4 ,on ! contr>y1 9 ?is passage ! metal :5 fully h>d5$ is /ill decl>$ to be 3 & we h n[h]e 9 ,hom] any trace ( a relation betwe5 & 1 except ! m]ely negative "o1 t nei!r ( !m is ca/ into ! furnace = mak+ ! ,%ield ( ,a*illes4 #hfh ,fri$rei*1 ,reali51 #ba4 p4 #hf4 #hfi ,vol4 ii4 p4 #cbe4 ,aga91 ! h>dness ( iron 0 su* z app>5tly met all _! wi%es1 & almo/ ( itself con/itut$ a difficulty4 ,h5ce x is us$ along ) /ones z a symbol ( h>dness2 #hgj4 ,aga91 we d n f9d x work$ up ) o!r metals2 = example1 on ! buckl] or %ield ( ,agamemnon4 ,z we h se51 x is n us$ by ,vulcan 9 mak+ ! %ield ( ,a*illes4 ,! god ca/s into ! fire gold & silv]1 copp] & t92 lead be+ app>5tly exclud$ z too s(t1 & iron z too h>d = work+ 9 masses ) ! o!r metals4 ,b ! idea ( h>dness is nev] associat$ ) 2 &1 if x _h be5 h>d l /eel1 c]ta9ly x w\ld n h be5 a suitable mat]ial = ! intricate =ms ( dragons4 #hgj ,il4 iv4 #eaj4 ,aga91 ! adjective means 9 col\r :at is blue & :at is deep2 & by no means corresponds ) ! ord9>y col\r ( /eel4 ,all ?is1 besides ! /r5g? ( ! negative evid5ce1 seems inconsi/5t ) ! idea t c h be5 /eel4 ,! ,compil] ( ! ,index to ,eu/a?ius makes 79 voc47 simply a d>k metal4 ,b ,mill9 argues t )\t an epi!t is t91 & t ) ! epi!t x is lead4 ,he obs]ves t ,pl9y#hga appe>s to call t9 by ! "n ( plumbum simply1 & lead by ! "n ( plumbum nigrum3 s t ! d\ble use ( & = t9 w\ld be l t ( plumbum & /annum = ! same metal 9 ,lat94 ,?is idea treats ! sub/ance z tak+ its "n f ! col\r3 & is s f> su/a9$ by ! use ( ! ,g]man blei1 :i* ,i presume is ! same ^w z blau1 = lead4 ,b x w\ld be s+ul> t ,hom] %\ld ?us h d\ble names = two metals1 :i* ( all classes ( objects h p]haps be5 mo/ commonly designat$ by s+le ones4 ,& ?is hypo!sis is n 9 accordance ) ! evid5t mean+ ( 9 ,hom]2 s9ce ! ^w indicates a d>k & deep hue v f> f t ( t91 :i* ,hom] describes z :ite4 ,! aft] use ( is equally adv]se to ! int]pretation sugge/$4 #hga ,h4 ,n4 xxxiv4 #af4 s4 #dg4 ,! mo/ probable int]pretation = ?is difficult ^w appe>s to be t :i* is also 9 accordance ) its subsequ5t use & description z a col\r4 ,f ,l9ton's #8,anci5t & ,mod]n ,col\rs1' 7p4 #ba17 x appe>s t !re 0 a 1 :i* 0 a native blue c>bonate ( copp]3 & t1 accord+ to ! express te/imony ( ,dioscorides1 ?is 0 obta9$ by ! anci5ts f ! copp]-m9es3 1 v4 #ajf4 ,?is int]pretation w\ld acc\nt = our f9d+ 9 ,hom]3 = ! r>ity ( its use3 = ! d>k col\r & ! aff9ity to 4 ,su* a sub/ance w\ld make a good relief = ! cornice 9 ! palace ( ,alc9\s1 aga9/ ! copp]-plat$ walls3 & w\ld /& well 9 ! re/ ( ! passages :]e x appe>s to be plac$ 9 relief ) o!r metals1 ,il4 xviii4 #efd1 xi4 #ci1 & ev5 on ! buckl] ( ,agamemnon1 xi4 #bd4 ,= on ?is buckl]1 ?\gh ! s]p5ts1 call$ 1 are evid5tly plac$ 9 contra/ ) ! 1 & ?\gh among ! !re are t5 ( 1 yet1 z !y are comb9$ ) twelve ( gold & tw5ty ( t91 ! g5]al effect w\ld be "o su* z we ne$ n suppose ,hom] to h reject$4 ,?is blue c>bonate is /ill f\nd among o!r copp]-ores1 b less 9 our deep m9es1 ?an 9 ! %all[ ones work$ by ! anci5ts4 ,i und]/& f a g5tleman v]s$ 9 metallurgy1 t 9 its pure/ =m x is cry/all9e1 r>ely massive or e>?y1 ( a deep azure1 brittle1 easily p[d]$1 & ?us readily conv]t$ to use z a pigm5t4 ,i %\ld !re=e suppose t ! is n a metal3 t ! on ! buckl] mean l9es or b&s col\r$ 9 pigm5t3 & t ! boss on ! %ield is probably a nodule ( ! sub/ance 9 its native /ate4 ,we c ?us und]/& :y is n us$ ei!r ) ! gold1 silv]1 1 & t91 9 ! =ge ( ,vulcan1 or ) ! gold1 silv]1 iron1 & ( ! *>iot ( ,juno#hgb4 ,we c also und]/& :y1 ?\gh is n us$ 9 ! =ge1 yet ! tr5* r\nd ! v9ey>d on ! %ield ( ,a*illes is #hgc4 ,?is int]pretation is also 9 con=mity ) ! ,hom]ic employm5t ( ! adjective 4 #hgb ,il4 xviii4 #dgd4 v4 #gbb4 #hgc ,ibid4 #efd4 ,i und]/& t !re is1 9 ! ,museo ,borbonico at ,naples1 a spoon or ladle1 ) a boss on ! end ( ! h&le1 :i* is =m$ ( ?is native blue c>bonate ( copp] bor$ ?r\gh = ! purpose4 ,( ! f\r significations giv5 to 9 ,hom] 7copp]1 brass1 bronze1 & iron#hgd71 ,i adh]e to ! fir/4 ,x _c be iron1 7#a7 because x is nev] m5tion$ z h>d 9 ! same way ) x1 7#b7 because x is s mu* m common1 7#c7 because ^! metals are expressly di/+ui%$ "o f ! o!r1 z 9 ,il4 v4 #gbc4 #hgd ,eu/a?4 ,il4 i4 p4 #ic4 ,nei!r c ! ( ,hom] be bronze4 ,n1 h[ev]1 f absolute want ( h>dness3 = ,i le>n f compet5t au?ority t v good cutt+ in/rum5ts 7n1 ( c\rse1 equal to /eel7 may be made 9 a bronze compos$ ( #hg p>ts copp]1 & #ab p>ts t94 ,b = ! foll[+ reasons3 #a4 ,hom] always speaks ( x z a pure metal along ) o!r pure metals1 ev5 :]e ,vulcan ca/s x into ! furnace to be wr\ght2 ,il4 xviii4 #dgd4 #b4 ,aga91 because1 al?\gh we mu/ n argue too confid5tly f ,hom]'s epi!ts ( col\r1 yet 9 ?is case we may lay consid]able /ress n only on 8 7s9ce ! ( ,hom] leans to brightness71 b ^u ! & 1 :i* mean bright & gleam+4 ,^! epi!ts ( light w\ld n apply to bronze3 nor w\ld ,hom] plate ) bronze ! walls ( ! palace ( ,alc9\s4 ,nei!r does x appe> likely t he w\ld give u a heav5 ( bronze among ! impos+ imag]y ( battle1 ,il4 xvii4 #dbd4 #c4 ,x does n appe> t ,hom] knew any?+ at all ( ! fusion or alloy+ ( metals4 ,we h1 !n1 to conclude t 0 copp]1 h>d5$ by "s me?od2 z "s ?9k by ! ag5cy ( wat]3 or else1 & m probably1 accord+ to a v simple process1 by cool+ sl[ly 9 ! air4 7,see ,mill91 ,m9ralogie ,homrique1 pp4 #abf-cb47 ,,sect4 ,v4#hge #hge ,! sub/ance ( ?is & ! two foll[+ ,sections =m$ two ,articles 9 ! ,qu>t]ly ,review1 ,nos4 #bja & #bjc1 = ,janu>y & ,july respectively1 #aheg4 ,!y are repr9t$ ) ! oblig+ approval ( ,mr4 ,murray4 ,hom] & "s ( 8 ,successors 9 ,epic ,poetry3 9 p>ticul>1 ,virgil & ,tasso4 ,milton & ,dante 9 relation to ,hom]4 ,! great ,epic poets ( ! _w are memb]s ( a bro!rhood /ill extremely limit$1 &1 z f> z appe>s1 n likely to be enl>g$4 ,x may inde$ well be disput$1 ) respect to "s ( ! exi/+ claimants1 :e!r !y are or are n entitl$ to /& ^u ! ,gold5 ,book4 ,!re w also be diff]5ces ( op9ion z to ! prec$5ce among ^?1 ^: "r to appe> !re is univ]sally confess$4 ,pret5sions are sometimes advanc$ "u ! influ5ce ( tempor>y or national p>tialities1 :i* ! sil5t action ( ! civiliz$ m9d ( ! _w aft] a "t effectually puts d[n4 ,among ^! !re c\ld be none m obvi\sly unt5able1 ?an t set up on behalf ( ,milton 9 ! celebrat$ ,epigram ( ,dryd51 :i* seem$ to place him at ! head ( ! poets ( ! _w1 & made him comb9e all ! great qualities ( ,hom] & ( ,virgil4 ,some:at simil> ideas 7 broa*$ by ,c[p] 9 8 ,table ,talk4 ,! l9es1 z !y are less famili>ly rememb]$1 may be quot$ "h3 ,ages elaps$ ere ,hom]'s lamp appe>$1 ,& ages ere ! ,mantuan swan 0 he>d2 ,to c>ry ,nature l5g?s unkn[n be=e1 ,to give a ,milton bir?1 ask$ ages m4 ,b ?is great ma/] is also subject to undue depreciation1 z well z flatt]$ by extravagant wor%ip4 ,i myself h be5 assur$ 9 a company compos$ ( ,pr(essors ( a ,g]man ,univ]sity1 :o 7 ard5t admir]s ( ,%akespe>e1 t )9 ! sph]e ( _! k ,milton 0 only reg>d$ z ( equal rank ) ,klop/ock4 ,x is n1 ,i tru/1 ei!r national vanity or religi\s prejudice1 nor is x ! m]e wond] inspir$ by ! wide range ( 8 atta9m5ts & p]=mances1 :i* makes ,engl& claim t he %\ld be numb]$ 9 ! fir/ class ( epic poets2 9 t class ( :i* ,hom] is ! head1 di/+ui%$ be=e all competitors by a cle> & ev5 a va/ sup]iority4 ,x w\ld be difficult to in/itute any satisfactory comp>ison betwe5 ,milton & ,hom]2 s diff]5t1 s want+ 9 po9ts ( contact1 are ! *>act]s p>tly ( ! m51 & ev5 mu* m ( _! works4 ,p]haps ! greate/ & ! mo/ p]vad+ m]it ( ! ,iliad is1 its fidelity & vividness z a mirror ( man & ( ! visible sph]e 9 :i* he liv$1 ) its inf9itely v>i$ imag]y bo? actual & ideal4 ,b t :i* mo/ excites our admiration 9 ,milton is ! ela/icity & =ce ( g5ius1 by :i* he has travell$ beyond ! human sph]e1 & bodi$ =? to u new worlds 9 ! unkn[n1 peopl$ ) inhabitants :o mu/ be s immeasurably diff]5t f our own race4 ,hom]'s task 0 "o1 :i* admitt$ ( & receiv$ :at we may call a p]fect accompli%m5t2 ,milton's 0 an und]tak+ beyond ! /r5g? ( man1 incapable ( any?+ m ?an fa9t adumbration1 & "o ( :i*1 ! m elevat$ ! spectator's po9t ( view1 ! m ke5ly he mu/ f9d c]ta9 defects gl>e ^u him4 ,! poems ( ,milton give u reason to ?9k t 8 conceptions ( "* 7 mascul9e & p[]ful2 b ! subject did n admit ( _! be+ effectually te/$4 ,= 8 ne>e/ approa*es to p]fection 9 8 art1 we mu/ look beyond 8 epics4 ,a comp>ison betwe5 ,milton & ,dante w\ld be some:at m practicable1 b x w\ld n accord ) ! composition ( ! gr\p1 :i* ,i %all "h attempt to pres5t1 & :i* has ,hom] = its c5tre4 ,on ! o!r h&1 ,dante might1 f> bett] ?an ,milton1 be comp>$ ) ,hom]2 = :ile he is 9 ! ,purgatorio & ,p>adiso f> m heav5ly ?an ,milton1 he is also ?r\gh\t ! ,div9a ,comm$ia truly & pr(\ndly human4 ,he is incessantly conv]sant ) ! nature & ! life ( man2 & ?\gh = ! mo/ "p he draws u1 z ,flaxman has drawn him1 9 outl9e only1 yet by ! /r5g? & dep? ( 8 t\* he has produc$ figures1 = example1 ,francesca & ,ugol9o1 t h z l>gely become ! common prop]ty ( mank9d1 if n z ,a*illes & ,ulysses1 yet z ,le> & ,hamlet4 ,/ill ! !ological basis1 & ! extra-t]r5e !atre1 ( ,dante's poem remove him to a great di/ance f ,hom]1 f :om he seems to h d]iv$ little1 & ) :om we may !re=e feel assur$ he c\ld h be5 b little acqua9t$4 ,! poets1 :om x is mo/ natural to comp>e ) ,hom]1 are ^? :o h suppli$ u 9 ! greate/ abundance ) po9ts ( contact betwe5 _! own orbits & 81 & :o at ! same "t are su* manife/ *ildr5 ( g5ius z to entitle !m to ! hon\r ( be+ wor/$ 9 su* a conflict4 ,^! conditions ,i presume to be mo/ cle>ly fulfill$ by ,virgil & ,tasso2 & we may beg9 ) ! eld] ( ! pair4 ,p]haps ,*apman has gone too f> :5 he says #8,virgil ha? no?+ ( 8 own1 b only elocution2 8 inv5tion1 matt]1 & =m1 be+ all ,hom]'s#hgf4' ,yet no small "p ( ?is sweep+ proposition c und\bt$ly be made good4 #hgf ,comm5t>y on ,il4 ii4 ,) an extraord9>y am\nt ( admitt$ imitation & ( obvi\s simil>ity on ! surface1 ! neid /&s1 z to almo/ e fundam5tal p>ticul>1 9 ! /ronge/ contra/ ) ! ,iliad4 ,z to metre1 figures1 names1 places1 p]sons & times1 ! two works1 :]e !y d n actually concur1 /& 9 z ne> relations "o to ano!r1 z seem to be atta9able )\t absolute id5tity ( subject2 yet x may be d\bt$ :e!r any two great poems c be nam$1 :i* are s pr(\ndly discordant ^u almo/ e po9t t t\*es _! int]ior _s2 ^u ev]y?+ t relates to ! tru? ( our nature1 to ! laws ( ?\ght & action1 & to v]acity 9 ! managem5t ( ! high] subjects1 su* z hi/ory1 morality1 polity1 & religion4 ,contra/ betwe5 =m & _s 9 ! neid4 ,! imm5se p[]s ( ,virgil z a poet _h be5 demon/rat$ be=e he wrote ! neid4 ,he _h %[n _! full spl5d\r 9 ! ,georgics2 ?\gh ! 1 or 7s to speak7 ! he>t1 ev5 ( t great "w 0 t\*$ ) p>alysis by 8 ,epicurean & self-c5tr+ philosophy4 ,! neid does n be> a fa9t] impression ( 8 g5ius4 ,! wond]fully su/a9$ beauty & maje/y ( its v]se1 ! impos+ spl5d\r ( its mo/ elaborate del9eations1 ! p[] ( ! au?or 9 unfold+1 :5 he /rives to d x1 ! res\rces ( passion1 & ev5 p]haps ! skill :i* he has %[n 9 ! g5]al con/ruction ( 8 plot1 _c be too highly prais$4 ,b :ile its g5]al nature z an epic 7= ! epic poem is preem95tly e?ical7 br\ght its defects into full] view1 ! p>ticul> object he propos$ to himself 0 fatal to ! atta9m5t ( ! v highe/ excell5ce4 ,:ile ,hom] sang = national glory1 ! poem ( ,virgil is ton$ ?r\gh\t to a _s ( c\rti]like adulation4 ,no muse1 h[ev] vigor\s1 c ma9ta9 an upright gait "u s base a burd54 ,catalogue 9 ! ,iliad & 9 ! neid4 ,& yet1 9 reg>d to its ext]nal =m1 ! neid is p]haps1 z a :ole1 ! mo/ maje/ic poem t ! ,european m9d has 9 any age produc$4 ,we (t5 he> ( ! l(ty m>* ( ! ,iliad2 b ?\gh its v]sification is always appropriate & !re=e nev] mean1 x only rises into /atel9ess1 or into a high-pit*$ sublimity1 :5 ,hom] has occasion to brace 8 en]gies = an ef=t4 ,he is inv>iably true to 8 own conception ( ! b>d#hgg1 z "o :o %\ld w9 & delight ! s\l ( ! he>]2 & s1 :5 he has /rung himself1 l a b[1 = "s great passage ( 8 action1 #8has br\ght ! /r+ to ! brea/1 ! iron to ! wood1' & has hit 8 m>k1 /raightway he unb5ds himself aga94 ,?us he u%]s 9 ) true gr&eur ! m>%all+ ( ! ,greek army 9 ! ,second ,book1 p>tly by ! invocation ( ! ,muses1 & p>tly by an assemblage ( no less ?an six consecutive similes1 :i* describe respectively ! fla% ( ! ,greek arms1 ! res\nd+ tramp1 ! sw>m+ numb]s1 ! settl+ d[n ( ! ranks z !y =m ! l9e1 ! busy m>%all+ by ! comm&]s1 ! maje/y ( ,agamemnon preem95t among !m#hgh4 ,hav+ done ?is1 he sets himself ab\t ! ,catalogue1 ) no contempt inde$ ( poetical embelli%m5t by epi!ts1 & ) an occasional relief by %ort leg5ds1 b /ill 9 ! ma9 z a matt] ( bus9ess1 hi/orical1 geographical1 & topographical4 ,& ?us he proce$s1 ) p]fect tranquillity1 = ne> ?ree hundr$ l9es1 until 8 "w is done4 ,we !n f9d t he has giv5 u1 toge!r ) a mo/ m9ute acc\nt ( ! =ces1 a liv+ map ( ! t]ritories occupi$ by ! ,greek races ( ! age4 ,b ,virgil1 9 8 imitation ( ! ,hom]ic ,catalogue 7^u :i* !re w be fur!r occasion to comm5t h]eaft]1 ) ref]5ce to o!r matt]s71 has pursu$ a c\rse q diff]5t4 ,waiv+ ,hom]'s gorge\s introduction1 :i* p\rs f a s+le po9t a broad /ream ( spl5d\r ov] ! :ole1 ,virgil ) va/1 & inde$ r pa9ful1 ef=t1 c>ries u ?r\gh 8 long-drawn li/ at a labori\sly-su/a9$ elevation4 ,to v>y ! we>isome task1 he uses e div]sity ( turn t language & gramm> c supply#hgi4 ,he passes f nom9ative to vocative1 & f vocative to nom9ative4 ,somebody 0 pres5t1 & !n somebody 0 n abs5t4 ,arms & acc\trem5ts are got up z m9utely1 z if he _h be5 a c>eful ma/] ( co/umes dress+ a new drama = ! /age4 ,t we may nev] be let d[n = a mom5t1 he di/ributes "h & !re ! similes1 :i* ,hom] accumulat$ at ! op5+1 & introduces1 betwe5 ! acc\nts ( milit>y cont+5ts1 leg5ds ( tw5ty or m l9es4 ,^u ! :ole1 ! level ( 8 v]se ?r\gh ! ,catalogue1 in/ead ( be+1 l ,hom]'s1 decid$ly l[]1 is ev5 high] ?an is usual ) him4 ,!re is n 9 x1 ,i ?9k1 a s+le v]se approa*+ to ! s]mo p$e/ris4 ,8 read] misses t tranquilliz+ relief s agreeable 9 ,hom]1 :i* v>ies z x 7 ! play ( ! muscles1 & fre%5s ! faculties = a return to high] ef=ts4 ,virgil seems to treat u1 z horses at a c]ta9 /age ( _! decl9e are treat$ by exp]i5c$ driv]s1 :o keep !m go+ f fe> t1 if !y once let !m /op or slack51 !y w be unable to get up _! pace aga94 ,he nev] unb5ds 8 b[4 ,b a table-l& may be z flat1 & ev5 we>isome1 z a pla92 & ! ornam5ts 9 ! neid frequ5tly are n1 & inde$ c\ld h>dly be1 m ornam5tal ?an ! passages :i* !y purport to embelli%4 #hgg ,od4 xvii4 #che4 #hgh ,il4 ii4 #dee-hc4 #hgi ,see also ,less+'s ,laocoon1 c4 xviii4 respect+ ! ,%ield 9 ! neid4 ,! diff]5ce ( ! two ,catalogues _c be m cle>ly exhibit$ ?an by comp>+ ,hom]'s description ( ! v fir/ cont+5t1 t f ,botia#hhj1 ) ,virgil's op5+ p>agraph ab\t ,mez5tius2 or ,hom]'s la/ & ne>ly simple/1 on ! ,magnesians#hha1 ) ! description ( ,camilla1 7c]ta9ly a description ( rem>kable beauty17 ) :i* is clos$ ! glitt]+ procession ( ! ,italian army 9 ! neid4 #hhj ,il4 ii4 #did-eaj4 n4 vii4 #fdg-ed4 #hha ,il4 ii4 #gef-i4 n4 vii4 #hjc-ag4 ,! su/a9$ /atel9ess ( diction1 metre1 & rhy?m 9 ! neid is a feat1 & an a/\nd+ feat2 b x is m l ! p]=mance ( a tra9$ a?lete1 betwe5 trick & /r5g?1 ?an ! gr&eur ( free & simple ,nature1 su* z x is se5 9 ! anci5t w>rior1 9 ,diom$ or ,a*illes2 or 9 ,hom]1 ! anci5t w>rior's only b>d4 ,diff]5t p]sons w1 accord+ to _! temp]am5ts1 be apt to treat ?is augu/ness ( diction z a m]it or a fault3 all1 h[ev]1 mu/ ackn[l$ge x to be a wond]4 ,9 ?is respect ,virgil has be5 foll[$ ) no ord9>y p[]1 b yet n equall$1 by ,tasso4 ,& ! impression1 creat$ 9 ?is respect by ! neid z x /&s1 mu/ be height5$ :5 we rememb] t x is /ill an unf9i%$ poem1 & t ! au?or _h at 8 decease by no means br\ght x1 & ! lat] books ( x 9 p>ticul>1 up to :at he consid]$ ! prop] /&>d4 ,! imm5se & untold am\nt ( imitation 9 ,virgil has p]haps t5d$ to make u less ?an duly s5sible ( 8 va/ orig9al p[]s2 & ! mean & feeble effects produc$ by ! "*1 if we c call x a "*1 ( 8 neas1 *eat u into an untrue supposition t he c\ld n h possess$ a real p[] ( ?is ! highe/ k9d ( del9eation4 ,"* ( neas4 ,x is p]haps h>dly possible to exhau/ ! topics ( c5sure :i* may be ju/ly us$ aga9/ ! neas ( ,virgil4 ,8 moral defici5cies are n 7s to speak7 hidd5 amid/ ! accompli%m5ts ( a manly intellect1 nor 8 intellectual m$iocrity r$eem$ by any fre% & g5u9e virtues4 ,he is n1 to our k1 a /atesman2 nay m1 he is n a w>rior2 = we feel t 8 battles & feats ( w> are ! poet's1 & n 83 & :5 he appe>s 9 arms we are tempt$ to ask1 #8,son ( ,v5us1 :at bus9ess h y "h8' ,! viol5t exagg]ations1 by :i* ,virgil attempts to vamp up 8 h]o's m>tial "*1 only produce ! ( ,long9us2 a cold reaction1 approa*+ to a %udd]1 ?r\gh ! read]'s m9d4 ,z1 = in/ance1 :5 9 ! ,%ades bel[1 ! poet repres5ts ! ,greek *iefta9s#hhb z trembl+ & fly+ at ! sight ( him1 ! nobl5ess ( ! v]ses _c excuse ei!r ! ta/eless solecism ( ! ?\ght1 or ! pr(anation (f]$ to ! memory ( ,hom] 9 ! p]son ( 8 h]oes1 :o inde$ (t5 made neas tremble1 b nev] trembl$ at him !mselves4 ,b ,virgil goes fur!r yet1 :5 he makes ,diom$ ass]t#hhc t1 hav+ be5 engag$ 9 s+le combat ) neas1 he kn[s by exp]i5ce h[ t]rible a w>rior he w prove2 & t1 _h !re be5 two m su* m51 ,troy w\ld h conqu]$ ,greece1 & n ,greece ,troy4 ,n[1 neas nev] 9 ! ,iliad ev5 once executes a real feat ( w>2 & z to ! s+le combat betwe5 ! two *iefs1 ,diom$ fir/ knock$ him d[n ) a /one#hhd1 & !n1 aft] he _h be5 c>ri$ (f & app>5tly set to rights by 8 "m1 he 0 ?rice sav$ f ! deadly *>ge ( ! same w>rior by ! s+le int]v5tion ( ,apollo1 :o by div9e =ce arre/$ ! attack4 ,9 pass+1 x may be obs]v$ t1 s9ce ,virgil c\ld1 ) impunity1 z x appe>s1 s f> z 8 popul>ity 0 conc]n$1 ?us mutilate & falsify ! au?or f ^: weal? he s l>gely borr[$1 ei!r ! k ( ,greek lit]ature 9 its head & fa!r1 ,hom]1 mu/ h be5 v l[ among ev5 ! educat$ ,romans1 or else _! /&>d ( ta/e mu/ h be5 s]i\sly debas$ be=e !y c\ld accept su* complim5ts4 #hhb ,at ,danam proc]es1 etc4--n4 vi4 #dhi4 #hhc n4 xi4 #bhb-g4 #hhd ,il4 v4 #cjb-aj4 ,x is common to f9d fault ) neas = 8 vile conduct to ,dido1 & = ! wret*$ excuse he (f]s 9 8 own behalf1 :5 he enc\nt]s h] (f5d$ _s 9 ! regions ( ,aidoneus & ,p]sephone4 ,b ! tru? is1 t ?is fairly exhibits & illu/rates n only ! total unreality ( ?is p>ticul> "*1 b1 z w be fur!r notic$ pres5tly1 ! feeble & det]iorat$ conception ( human nature at l>ge1 :i* ,virgil seems to h =m$4 ,man has be5 treat$ by him z1 on ! :ole1 b a %all[ be+3 he _h n s\nd$ ! dep?s ( ! he>t1 nor measur$ ei!r ! /r5g? ( good or ! /r5g? ( evil t may abide 9 x4 ,! ,virgilian neas is a made up ?+1 f> fitt] to /& among ! 1 ?an among m5 ( true fle% & blood4 ,?y bones are m>r[less1 ?y blood is cold2 ,?\ ha/ no speculation 9 ^? eyes ,:i* ?\ do/ gl>e )#hhe4 #hhe ,macbe? iii4 #c4 ,nor c we draw an apology = ! defects ( ?is prim>y "* 9 ,virgil f ! neas ( ,hom]4 ,! ,d>danian ,pr9ce is inde$ 9 ! ,iliad1 z to ev]y?+ ess5tial1 a taciturn & backgr\nd figure4 ,he is plac$ v high 9 /ation & au?ority1 &1 z we h se5#hhf1 he may probably h be51 by ! dignity ( l9eal desc5t1 ! head ( ! :ole ,trojan race4 ,b ,hom] pays him (f ) g5]alities2 =1 z no ,poet is great] 9 ! really creative "w ( "*1 s none bett] und]/&s h[1 :]e ! purpose ( 8 poem requires x1 to take a lay figure1 & /uff him out ) /raw4 ,9 :at may be call$ ! vital action ( ! ,iliad1 neas has no consid]able %>e1 ei!r m>tial or political4 ,he is v f> inde$ beh9d ! noble ,s>p$on 9 ! fir/ capacity1 & ,polydamas 9 ! second1 z well z ,hector 9 bo?4 ,/ill1 if !re is 9 ! ,hom]ic neas no?+ gr&1 no?+ vigor\s1 no?+ pr(\nd1 !re is on ! o!r h& no?+ ov]-prom95t or pret5ti\s1 & !re=e no?+ mean1 no?+ inconsi/5t1 no?+ untrue4 ,all ! ,hom]ic *>act]s1 d[n to ,!rsites1 are drawn ea* 9 its way ) a ma/]'s h&2 neas =ms no exception3 on ! contr>y1 we h to admire ! skill ) :i*1 9 a k9d ( middle di/ance1 8 outl9e is fill$ up1 & he is kept entirely cle> ( any confusion ) ei!r ^? great] *>act]s on ! ,trojan side1 :o h be5 nam$1 or ) ! effem9ate ,p>is4 ,?is is ! m wor?y ( note1 because1 z ! fav\rite *ild ( ,v5us1 he bore a qualifi$ & dim resemblance to h] *ief m9ion2 z we may see by c]ta9 traits ( 8 v negative be>+ 9 ! field1 & by ,apollo's putt+ him 7if ! phrase may be all[$7 to b$ 9 ,p]gamus#hhg1 :5 he _h be5 rescu$ f ,diom$1 j z ,v5us _h done ) ,p>is1 aft] %e _h sav$ him 9 ! ,?ird ,book f ,m5elaus#hhh4 #hhf ,a*is1 or ,e?nology1 sect4 ix4 p4 #dia4 #hhg ,il4 v4 #dde4 #hhh ,il4 iii4 #chb4 ,nei!r did ,virgil fail 9 ! del9eation ( 8 h]o1 or #8protagoni/1' f simple want ( p[] to portray human "*4 ,no su* want c be ascrib$ to ! poet ( ! ,f\r? ,book ( ! neid4 ,& if x be true t1 amid/ all ! /ormy wildness & int5sity ( ! passion ( ,dido1 !re is some?+ n q natural--some?+ t recalls ! v rem>kable imitation ( x 9 ! #8,du*esse de la ,vallire' ( ,madame de ,g5lis1 & leaves u almo/ at a loss to say :i* ( ! two has mo/ ! "* ( a copy1 & :i* ( an orig9al--:at are we to say ( ! g5u9e & manly "* ( ,turnus8 ,! :ole ( t sket* is z good & true z we c desire2 & ! noble spee* 9 p>ticul>1 9 :i* he rebukes ! trim c[>dice ( ,drances1 is a "w ( su* extraord9>y p[] & m]it1 t x is fit 7& ?is ,i take = ! summit ( all eulogies7 ev5 to h be5 spok5 by ! ,a*illes ( ,hom]4 ,9 vigor\s reason+1 9 bit+ s>casm1 9 *ivalr\s s5tim5t1 & 9 indignant passion1 x pres5ts a comb9ation n easily to be mat*$2 & x is1 z a :ole1 admirably adapt$ to ! oratorical purpose1 = :i* x is presum$ to h be5 deliv]$4 ,b1 inde$1 f our fir/ view ( ,turnus to our la/1 we d n f9d 9 him a s+le trait feeble 9 itself1 or unwor?y ( ! mascul9e idea & int5tion ( ! portrait1 except :]e1 9 ! v la/ passage ( 8 life1 8 free ag5cy seems to be tak51 z x 7 by =ce1 out ( 8 h&s4 ,! false position ( ,virgil4 ,! failure 9 ! neas ( ,virgil _c be comp>$ ) ! case ( any mod]n romance1 su* z ! ,wav]ley or ,old ,mortality ( ,scott1 :]e ! h]o may be an insipid p]son4 ,all ! great] mod]n inv5tors h be5 compell$ to lay _! f\ndations 9 ! palpable bread? ( "s hi/oric ev5t3 x 0 ! pr\d] di/9ction ( ! ,hom]ic epic1 t x _h a liv+ c5tre2 x hung ^u a man2 !re 0 en\gh ( vital p[] 9 ,hom] = ?is end3 8 ,a*illes & 8 ,ulysses 7 ea* an ,atlas1 t su/a9$ ! _w 9 :i* !y also mov$4 ,virgil made 8 poem an neid1 in/ead ( foll[+ ! example ( ! ,cyclic poets2 he ?us pl$g$ himself to 8 read]s1 t neas %\ld be its c5tre1 its pole1 its inw>d light & life4 ,b he did n keep 8 ^w3 he _h drawn ! b[ ( ,hom] )\t ,hom]'s =ce4 ,he m>ks p]haps ! f9al transition f ! old epic ( ! fir/ class to ! new4 ,aft] him we h ! epics ( fact1 ! ,ph>salia1 ! ,!baid1 & s =?4 ,b neas /&s be=e u ) ! pret5sions ( ,a*illes & ,ulysses2 & ! failure is great 9 proportion to ! gigantic scale ( ! attempt4 ,:51 9 ! ,italian romance1 ! "* ( ! ideal man1 z %[n 9 ,orl&o1 aga9 became ! basis ( new epic poems1 we aga9 f9d 9 ! protagoni/ great weakness inde$1 z comp>$ ) ,a*illes & ,ulysses2 b /r5g? & success z comp>$ ) ! neas ( ,virgil4 ,^u ! :ole we are ?r[n back on ! supposition t ?is cry+ vice ( ! neid1 ! feebl5ess & untru? ( ! "* ( neas1 0 due to ! false position ( ,virgil1 :o 0 oblig$ to dis*>ge 8 functions z a poet 9 subjection to 8 dom9ant obligations & liabilities z a c\rtly p>asite ( ,augu/us4 ,z ! entire poem1 s ! "* ( its h]o1 01 be=e all o!r ?+s1 an in/rum5t = glorify+ ! ,emp]or ( ,rome4 ,x at once foll[$1 t 9 all respects mu/ t "* be su* z to avoid sugge/+ a comp>ison disadvantage\s to ! p]son ^: dignity1 = political ends1 _h already be5 elevat$ ev5 into ! unse5 _w2 nay1 ^: =e/all$ div9ity 0 to be kept 9 a relation ( absolute & broad sup]iority to ! image ( 8 human ance/or4 neas is himself address$ 9 ! action ( ! neid1 z ,ds g5ite1 et g5iture deos4 ,9 ord] to arrive at ! disa/r\s effects ( ?is m5tal s]vitude1 take1 fir/1 ! measure ( ! cold & unh]oic "* ( ,augu/us2 !n e/imate ! degree ( relative sup]iority1 :i* x 0 ess5tial to ,virgil's position t he %\ld pres]ve = him ?r\gh\t2 & ?us we may come to "s practical conception ( ! /raitness ( ! space )9 :i* ,virgil _h to develop 8 neas1 or1 9 o!r words1 to run 8 mat* aga9/ ,hom]4 ,all ! faults1 & all ! fault9ess1 ( 8 poem may be really ow+1 9 a degree none c say h[ great1 to ?is orig9al fals5ess ( position4 ,on acc\nt ( ! p]sonal pr9ciple on :i* ! anci5t epic 0 con/ruct$1 failure 9 ! "* ( ! h]o mu/ almo/ ( necessity h entail$ failure 9 ! poem4 ,mo/ ( all w\ld ?is foll[ 9 a case :]e1 z 9 ! neid1 ! h]o is nev] out ( view1 & :]e ! action does n1 z 9 ! ,iliad1 travel away f 8 p]son1 9 ord] !n to enhance ! spl5d\r & effectiv5ess ( 8 reappe>ance4 ,?us ! fals5ess ( ,virgil's position 0 n conf9$ to an individual "*1 b ext5d$ to 8 entire "w4 ,liv+1 too1 9 an age less natural & m critical ?an t ( ,hom]1 he provid$ aga9/ criticism1 s f> z reg>d$ its m]ely te*nical functions1 m1 & he /udi$ nature less4 ,he _h to con/ruct 8 epic = a c\rt1 & a corrupt c\rt1 n = mank9d at l>ge2 x foll[$1 t he c\ld n take 8 /& ^u ^? deep & broad f\ndations 9 human nature itself1 :i* gave ,hom] a position ( univ]sal comm&4 ,h5ce z a g5]al rule he does n s+ f ! he>t1 nor to ! he>t4 ,8 t\*es ( g5u9e nature are r>e4 ,su* ( !m z occur h be5 c>efully not$ & applaud$1 = he is always /udi\s to set !m (f by *oice & melodi\s diction4 ,= my own "p1 ,i f9d sc>cely any among !m s true z ! simile ( ! "m lab\r+ ) h] maid5s at night1 :i* he owes to ,hom]#hhi3 #hhi ,hom4 ,il4 xii4 #dcc4 ,ca/um ut s]v>e cubile ,conjugis1 et possit p>vos educ]e natos#hij4 #hij n4 viii4 #djg-ac4 ,z to religion1 lib]ty1 & nationality4 ,) r>e exceptions1 ! read] ( ,virgil f9ds himself utt]ly at a loss to see at any po9t ! s\l ( ! poet reflect$ 9 8 "w4 ,we _c tell1 amid/ ! spl5did phantasmagoria1 :]e is 8 he>t1 :]e lie 8 sympa?ies4 ,9 ,hom] a g5ial _s1 brea!d f ! ,poet himself1 is transluc5t ?r\gh ! :ole2 9 ! neid we look 9 va9 almo/ = a s+le ray ( x4 ,aga91 ,virgil liv$ at a "t :5 ! prevail+ religion _h lo/ :atev] elem5ts ( real influ5ce t ( ,hom]'s era ei!r possess$ 9 its own "r1 or inh]it$ f pri/9e tradition4 ,x 0 und]m9$ at once by philosophy & by lic5ti\sness2 & x subsi/$ only z a ma*9]y1 a ma*9]y1 too1 already t]ribly discr$it$1 = civil ends4 ,?us he lo/ "o great elem5t ( tru? & nature1 z well z ( sublimity & pa?os4 ,! ext9ction ( lib]ty utt]ly depriv$ him ( ano!r4 ,hom] saw be=e him bo? a religion & a polity "y1 fre%1 & vigor\s2 = ,virgil bo? 7 practically dead3 & :atev] ?is _w has ( true greatness is s closely dep5d5t ^u !m1 t x 0 n 8 fault if 8 poem felt & be>s cog5t witness to ! loss4 ,ev5 ! sph]e ( p]sonal morality 0 n op5 to him2 = :at pr9ciple ( tru? or righte\sness c\ld he wor?ily h glorifi$1 )\t pass+ sev]e condemnation on "s capital act ( ! man1 :om x 0 8 *ief obligation to exalt8 ,& once m4 ,hom] sang to 8 own p ( ! glori\s de$s ( _! sires1 to :om !y 7 unit$ by fond recollection1 & by ne> hi/oric & local ties4 ,?is 0 at once a /imulus & a *eck2 x *e]$ 8 lab\r1 & at ! same "t x absolutely requir$ him to /udy moral h>mony & consi/5cy4 ,virgil sang to ,romans ( ! de$s ( ^? :o 7 n ,romans1 & :om only a mo/ holl[ fiction connect$ ) 8 he>]s1 ?r\gh ! dim vi/a ( a ?\s& ye>s1 & "u circum/ances :i* made ! pret5ce to hi/orical cont9uity little bett] ?an ridicul\s4 ,or r1 he sang ?us1 n to ,romans1 b to _! ,emp]or2 he _h to be> 9 m9d1 n ! great f\nta9s ( emotion 9 ! human he>t1 b 8 t[n-h\se on ! ,esquil9e1 & 8 c\ntry-h\se on ! road f ,naples to ,pozzuoli4 ,9 deal+ ) ,greeks1 ) ,trojans1 ) ,c>?ag9ians1 he aga9 lo/ ,hom]'s d\ble advantage3 he _h no?+ to give a heal?y /imulus to 8 imag9ation1 & no?+ to br+ him or to keep him to ! /&>d ( tru? & nature4 ,& "h1 p]haps1 we hit ^u "s clue to ! sup]ior "* & attractions ( ,turnus4 ,! ,poet 0 n[ = once ^u true national gr\nd3 he 0 an ,italian m9/rel1 s++ to ,italians1 :e!r truly or my?ically is ( less consequ5ce1 ab\t an ,italian h]o4 ,?us he _h some?+ l ! prop] mat]ials to "w )2 & ! result is "o wor?y ( 8 noble p[]s1 ?\gh x has ! /range consequ5ce ( sett+ all ! be/ sympa?ies ( 8 read]s1 & ( imply+ t 8 own 7 already set1 9 direct opposition to ! o/5sible purpose ( 8 poem4 ,x appe>s1 h[ev]1 z if ?is great & spl5did ,poet1 be+ ?r[n out ( 8 true be>+s 9 reg>d to all ! deep] s\rces ( int]e/ on :i* an epic writ] mu/ dep5d1 su* z religion1 patriotism1 & lib]ty1 became consequ5tly reckless1 alike 9 major & 9 m9or matt]s1 z to all ! inn] h>monies ( 8 "w1 & cont5t$ himself ) ! mo/ unwe>i$ & fa/idi\s lab\rs 9 its outw>d elaboration1 :]e he c\ld give scope to 8 extraord9>y p[]s ( v]sification & ( diction )\t fe> ( /umbl+ ^u any?+ unfit = ! artificial atmosph]e ( ! ,roman c\rt4 ,! consequ5ce is1 t a ve9 ( untru?fulness runs ?r\gh\t ! :ole neid1 z /rong & z rem>kable z is ! g5u95ess ( ?\ght & feel+ 9 ! ,hom]ic poems4 ,hom] walks 9 ! op5 day1 ,virgil by lamplight4 ,hom] gives u figures t brea! & move1 ,virgil usually treats u to waxwork4 ,hom] has ! full =ce & play ( ! drama1 ,virgil is ess5tially op]atic4 ,f ,virgil back to ,hom] is a great] di/ance1 ?an f ,hom] back to life4 ,hom] is misappreh5d$ ?r\gh ,virgil4 ,b m4 ,virgil is at once ! copyi/ ( ,hom]1 &1 = ! g5]ality ( educat$ m51 8 int]pret]#hia4 ,9 all mod]n ,europe tak5 toge!r1 ,virgil has _h t5 :o read him1 & t5 :o rememb] him1 = "o t ,hom] c\ld %[4 ,tak+ ?is 9 conjunction ) ! great ext5t ( ! gr\nd !y occupy 9 common1 we may f9d reason to ?9k t ! traditional & public idea ( ,hom]'s works1 ?r\gh\t ! entire sph]e ( ! ,we/]n civilization1 has be5 =m$1 to a mu* great] degree ?an c\ld at fir/ be suppos$1 by ! ,virgilian copies f him4 ,?is is only to say1 9 o!r words1 t x has be5 sadly impair$1 n to say s]i\sly falsifi$2 = !re is sc>cely a po9t ( vital mom5t1 9 :i* ,virgil foll[s ,hom] fai?fully1 or repres5ts him ei!r fairly or completely4 ,n[ ?is traditional idea is n only ! /ock idea t gov]ns ! indiff]5t public1 b x is likewise ! idea ) :i* ! individual /ud5t />ts1 & :i* gov]ns him until he has rea*$ su* a po9t 9 8 progress z to discov] ! necessity1 & be consci\s moreov] ( ! /r5g?1 to ?r[ x (f4 ,?is1 h[ev]1 is a po9t t1 f ! nature ( human life & its pursuits1 v few /ud5ts inde$ c rea* at all4 ,else:]e we %all see1 ) :at evil & untrue effect ,virgil has h&l$ "s ( ! ,hom]ic *>act]s4 ,x is ! same 9 e m9or trait2 & x seems /range t s great a ,poet %\ld n h _h en\gh ( rev]5ce = ano!r ,poet1 great] /ill & en%r9$ 9 almo/ ! wor%ip ( all ages1 to h re/ra9$ him f su* con/ant & wanton1 z well z wilful1 mutilations ( ! ,hom]ic tradition4 ,x w\ld1 h[ev]1 appe> t ,virgil's misc>riages are n all due to c>elessness1 9 ! common s5se ( x4 ,9 _m in/ances1 unless s f> z !y c be ref]r$ to ! necessities t press ^u a c\rti]1 x w\ld seem z if !y mu/ be ascribable to torpor 9 ! faculties1 or defect 9 ! habit ( m9d1 by :i* ,hom] %\ld h be5 appreciat$4 ,nay1 sometimes he appe>s to h be5 mov$ simply by metrical conv5i5ce to alt] ! traditions ( ,hom]4 ,let u take fir/ a m9or in/ance to te/ ?is ass]tion4 #hia ,9 ,dibd9's #8,editions ( ! ,greek & ,lat9 ,classics1' we f9d n9ete5 editions ( ,virgil betwe5 #adfi & #adgh4 ,! ,pr9ceps ( ,hom] 0 only pr9t$ 9 #adhh4 ,panz]1 accord+ to ,dibd91 enum]ates n9ety editions ( ,virgil 9 ! #ae? c5tury 7ii4 #edj474 ,mr4 ,hallam says 7,lit4 ,eur41 i4 #dbj471 #8,ario/o has be5 aft] ,hom] ! fav\rite poet ( ,europe4' ,i presume ?is di/+ui%$ writ] does n mean to imply t ,hom] has be5 m read ?an any o!r poet4 ,c 8 words mean t ,hom] has be5 m approv$8 ,x is wor? :ile to ask ! "q3 = ! judgm5ts ( ,mr4 ,hallam are l ^? ( ,m9os1 & rea* into ! future4 ,no?+ c be m m>k$ ?an ! prom95ce ( ! ,scam&] z comp>$ ) ! ,simois 9 ,hom]4 ,! ,simois is nam$ by him only six times1 & none ( ! passages %[ x to h be5 a consid]able /ream4 ,9 ! ,tw5ty-fir/ ,book#hib1 ,scam&] invites ,simois to jo9 him 9 p\r+ =? ! flood :i* 0 to be> away ,a*illes1 b 8 #8bro!r' nei!r replies1 nor takes "p 9 ! action4 ,x w\ld appe>1 inde$1 f geographical consid]ations1 :i* belong to ! topography ( ! ,troad1 t 9 ! summ] ,simois 0 probably dry4 ,?is entirely accords ) ! passage 9 :i* ?is riv] supplies #hic1 a figure1 z may be presum$1 ( grass1 = ! horses ( ,juno4 ,at any rate1 t passage is at v>iance ) ! idea ( ! riv] z a te>+ torr5t4 ,aga91 ,hom] m5tions#hid t _m h]oes fell1 he does n say 91 b ab\t1 ! /ream3 above all1 he does n say !y fell into its wat]s1 b 9 ! du/ ( x1 or ne> x3 #hib ,il4 xxi4 #cjg1 et seqq4 #hic ,il4 v4 #ggg4 #hid ,il4 xii4 #bb4 1 4 ,aga91 ,scam&] is p]sonifi$ z ! god ,xan?us1 & plays a great "p 9 ! action3 ,simois is n p]sonifi$ at all4 ,scam&] is 1 & mu* besides3 ,simois has no epi!ts4 ,simoeisius is ! son ( ,an!mion1 a p]son ( second>y acc\nt2 b ,scam&rius is ! "n giv5 by ,hector to 8 boy4 ,simois1 = all we "k1 may h be5 ei!r a dry b$1 or little bett] ?an a rivulet2 b arm$ m5 are ?r[n into ,scam&]1 & :irl$ by him to ! sea4 ,la/ly1 ! pla9 :]e ! ,greek army 0 review$ is 1 4 ,n[ a "r conception ( ^! riv]s is n altoge!r an insignificant affair1 b is mat]ial to ! cle>ness ( our ideas ^u ! milit>y action ( ! poem4 ,:at !n has ,virgil done ) !m8 ,he has simply rev]s$ ! ,hom]ic repres5tation4 ,xan?us is ) him ! unm>k$ riv]1 ,simois is ! mighty torr5t4 ,witness ^! passages3 ,mitto ea1 qu muris bell&o exhau/a sub altis1 ,quos ,simois premat ille viros4 7n4 xi4 #bef47 ,aga93 ,victor apud rapidum ,simo5ta sub ,ilio alto4 7n4 v4 #bfa47 ,& mo/ ( all1 ! passage :i* he has directly c>ri$ (f f ,hom]1 & corrupt$ x on 8 way 7n4 i4 #ajd73 ,ubi tot ,simois correpta sub undis ,scuta virm galeasque et =tia corpora volvit4 ,& :y all ?is8 ,pla9ly1 ,i appreh5d1 because1 :ile ,scam&] 0 a ^w disqualifi$ f ent]+ into ! ,lat9 hexamet]1 ,xan?us also 0 some:at less conv5i5t ?an ,simois = ! m>* ( 8 res\nd+ v]se4 ,n[ ?is is a sample 9 small ?+s ( :at ,virgil has done 9 ne>ly all ?+s1 bo? small & great4 ( ,hom] & ,virgil4 ,!re are in/ances 9 :i* ,virgil is popul>ly ?\ght to pr(it by ! comp>ison ) ,hom]1 & :]e1 not)/&+1 a full consid]ation may lead to a rev]sal ( ! s5t5ce4 ,! ( ! ,elev5? ,odyssey1 = example1 is ?\ght inf]ior to t ( ! ,six? neid4 ,to br+ !m fairly toge!r1 we %\ld p]haps put out ( view ! philosophical & prophetical "p ( ! latt]#hie2 b :e!r we d x or n is little mat]ial 9 ! comp>ison4 ,9 ei!r way1 ! ,inf]no ( ,virgil is1 ^u ! :ole1 a /age procession ( /ately & gorge\s figures2 b x has no consi/5t or v]aci\s relation to any idea ( ! future or unse5 /ate actually op]ative among mank9d4 ,yet !re exi/$ su* an idea1 at lea/ 9 ! times ( :i* ,virgil 0 treat+1 if n at ! p]iod :5 he liv$4 ,x 0 surely a subject ( ! deepe/ int]e/1 & ( ! mo/ solemn pa?os4 ,:at we are z m5 "h dep5ds v mu* on our conception ( :at we are h]eaft] to be4 ,!re is no?+ m t\*+ 9 all ! hi/ory ( ! race ( ,adam1 ?an its bl9d & pa9ful feel+ aft] a future /ill invisible4 ,!re is no witness to ! comp>ative degradation ( a race or age1 s sure z its hav+ ceas$ to ye>n t[>ds any ?+ beyond ! grave4 ,hom] has %[n u 9 ! ,elev5? ,odyssey#hif1 t1 toge!r ) 8 ke5 s5se ( ! pres5t & visible1 he felt ! full =ce ( ?is my/]i\s draw+ t[>ds ! unse54 ,he is pla9ly z mu* 9 e>ne/ "h1 z 9 any "p ( ! poems4 ,virgil1 on ! o!r h&1 succe$s 9 inve/+ 8 hell ) almo/ unequall$ pomp1 approximat+ at times to spl5d\r4 ,hom] attempts no?+ ( ! k9d2 b he produces a p]fect & pr(\nd impression ( ^? regions1 accord+ to ! idea 9 8 own m9d3 !y are %ad[y1 gloomy1 cold1 above all1 & 9 "o ^w1 dismal4 ,virgil contrives to leave ! read] conv9c$ t he is a v great arti/3 ,hom] lets all su* matt]s take c>e ( !mselves4 ,b :ile ,virgil creates no impression at all on ! m9d z to ! ,_w ( ,%ades1 no image ( ! timid1 vague1 & dim belief t 0 ent]ta9$ respect+ x1 ,hom] has set x all be=e u ) a tru?fulness nev] equall$ or approa*$4 ,& yet ,virgil ab\nds 9 details & measurem5ts :i* ,hom] avoids4 ,t>t>us is twice z deep z ! di/ance f e>? to sky#hig1 & ! ,hydra has fifty m\?s4 ,yet ! details ( ! "o give no impression ( reality1 :ile ! utt] local vagu5ess & dream9ess ( ! o!r is f> m def9ite 9 its effect1 because x is made to m9i/] to ! appropriate ideas ( sadness1 sympa?y1 & awe4 ,z to p>ticul> passages1 ! appe>ance ( ,dido is full ( gr&eur2 b h] sil5ce1 ! basis ( x1 is borr[$ f t ( ,ajax2 :ile 9 ! ,odyssey ! /rid+ ( ,a*illes 9 sil5ce ov] ! mead[ ( asphodel1 :5 he swells ) exultation ^u he>+ t 8 son excell$ 9 c\ncil & 9 w>1 is p]haps "o ( ! mo/ sublime pieces ( human repres5tation1 :i* ,hom] himself ev] has produc$4 #hie n4 vi4 #gbd-hic4 #hif ,we _c safely assume ! second ( ,od4 xxiv4 to be free f int]polations4 #hig ,hom] has us$ ?is figure2 b 9 an entirely diff]5t connection1 ,il4 viii4 #ac-af4 ,e?nological dislocations4 ,let u n[ give an in/ance ( ,virgil's utt] indiff]5ce to hi/oric tru? & consi/5cy4 ,x is ! m rem>kable1 because z he 0 pret5d+ to d]ive ! ,julian family f ! /ock ( neas1 !re w\ld app>5tly h be5 "s advantage 9 adh]+ /rictly to ! ,hom]ic di/9ctions z to races on bo? sides 9 ! ,trojan w>4 ,b ?is appe>s to be entirely b5ea? 8 att5tion4 ,= in/ance1 he calls ! ,hom]ic ,greeks ,pelasgi#hih4 ,x may be said he 0 guid$ by ! ,italian traditions1 :i* connect$ ! ,greek & ,pelasgian names z e>ly coloni/s ( t c\ntry4 ,b fir/1 "s reg>d %\ld be paid to ,hom] 9 matt]s :i* conc]n ,troy2 & x is r viol5t to call ! ,greeks ,pelasgi1 :5 ! only ,pelasgi nam$ 9 ! w> by ! ,poet are plac$ on ! side ( _! enemies4 ,secondly1 z x 0 8 purpose ?r\gh\t to depress ! ,greeks1 :y %\ld he ?us ?ru/ !m into view z "o ) an ,italian race8 ,above all1 :y d ?is 9 a case1 :]e ,hom] _h himself suppli$ a l9k betwe5 ,italy & ,troy8 ,aga91 ,virgil calls ! ,greek camp ,dorica ca/ra#hii4 ,b ! ,dorians at ! p]iod ( ! ,trojan w> 7 utt]ly insignificant1 & are nev] once nam$ by ,hom] 9 connection ) ! conte/4 ,aga91 ,virgil calls ,diom$1 & ! city ( ,arpi f\nd$ by him1 tolian1 & makes him compla9 t he 0 n all[$ to g back to ,calydon#ijj1 simply because 8 fa!r ,tydeus1 z a son ( neus1 _h be5 ( tolian extraction2 ?\gh he comm&$ ! ,argives1 & _h no?+ :atev] to d ) ! tolians ( ,hom]4 ,aga91 foll[+ a late & purposeless tradition1 he calls ,ulysses olides#ija1 ?\gh ,hom] has giv5 ! desc5t ( ,ulysses#ijb )\t 9 any mann] atta*+ x to ! l9e ( ! olids1 a collection ( families ^: desc5t1 on acc\nt probably ( _! hi/orical importance1 he is m ?an ord9>ily c>eful to m>k4 #hih n4 vi4 #ejc4 #hii n4 ii4 #bg4 vi4 #hh4 #ijj n4 xi4 #bci-bgj4 #ija n4 vi4 #ebi4 #ijb ,od4 xvi4 #aah4 ,) cases ( simple inaccuracy1 to :i* ,i d n seek to atta* undue weight1 we may connect ! mann] 9 :i* he conf\nds1 on ! o!r side1 ! di/9ctions ( ! ,trojan races1 s accurately m>k$ by ,hom]4 ,9 ! ,tw5tie? ,iliad1 ! g5ealogy ( ! reign+ families ( ,troy & ( ,d>dania is giv5 ) great precision4 ,! di/9ction betwe5 ,trojans & ,d>danians is pres]v$ ?r\gh ! ,iliad1 ?\gh ! ,trojan "n is sometimes1 b r>ely1 us$ to include ! :ole indig5\s army1 & sometimes x ev5 signifies ! entire =ce1 includ+ ! allies1 :i* oppos$ ! ,greek army4 ,we might "h1 h[ev]1 suppose t x w\ld h be5 9 ! int]e/ ( ,virgil's aim to ma9ta91 or ev5 %>p51 ! di/9ction betwe5 ! ,d>danian l9e1 :i* 0 at mo/ b indirectly wor/$ by ! ,greeks1 & ! l9e ( ,ilus1 :i* fatally bo? s9n$ & suff]$ 9 ! conflict ( ! ,troica4 ,b1 on ! contr>y1 he is /ill less discrim9at+ 9 ! use ( names "h1 ?an he has be5 = ! ,greeks4 ,! companions ( neas are sometimes ,teucri1 ,trojani1 or ,trojug5--sometimes nead1 sometimes ,d>danid4 ,9 ! fir/ ( ^! names he entirely contrav5es ,hom]1 :o produces a ,teuc] em95t among ! ,greeks1 b n[h]e connects ! "n ) ,troy1 :ile ,virgil makes a ,cretan ,teuc]#ijc ! f\nd] ( ! ,trojan race4 ,i grant t he "h f\nds himself ^u :at may be call$ a sep>ate tradition1 ?\gh x is vague & sl5d]1 ( a ,teucrian race 9 ,troas4 ,9 ! two la/ appellations1 )\t any au?ority1 he :olly alt]s ! effect ( ! ,greek patronymic1 & *anges ! m]e family-"n into a national appellation4 ,!n aga9 !y appe> z ! ,p]gamea g5s#ijd4 ,b ,p]gamus 9 ,hom] 0 simply ! citadel ( ,troy1 & is a correlative to #ije3 ! ,engli% might almo/ z well be call$ ! p ( ! ,t[]4 ,n cont5t yet1 he w also h ! ,trojans to be ,phryges3 #ijc n4 iii4 #ajd4 #ijd n4 vi4 #fc4 #ije ,scott & ,liddell1 9 voc4 ,phrygibusque adsis p$e1 diva1 secundo#ijf2 #ijf n4 x4 #bee4 ,cf4 i4 #fah1 ,phrygius ,simois2 vii4 #eig1 et alibi4 ?\gh 9 ,hom] ! ,phrygians are a p bo? e?nologically & politically sep>ate#ijg f ! ,trojan races4 ,aga9 z to neas himself4 ,he is call$ ,rhteius h]os#ijh2 b if ,virgil *ose ?us to designate 8 h]o by ref]5ce to a s+le po9t ( ! ,trojan t]ritory1 x %\ld h be5 "o ) :i* he 0 locally connect$1 :]eas ! dom9ions ( 8 family 7 n ne> ! promontory or ^u ! coa/1 b among ! hills at ! o!r extreme ( ! c\ntry4 ,!n aga9 neas is ,laom$ontius h]os#iji2 b ,laom$on 0 ( ! bran* ( ,ilus1 :ile neas belong$ to t ( ,ass>acus2 & 0 moreov] p]jur$1 :ile ! l9e ( ,ass>acus 0 m>k$ ) no su* ta9t4 ,s we h aga9-- #ijg ,il4 iii4 #ahd4 #ijh ,il4 xii4 #dcf4 #iji ,il4 viii4 #ah4 ,d>danus1 ,iliac primus pat] urbis et auctor#iaj2 #iaj ,ibid4 #acd4 ,cf4 vi4 #fej4 b ,d>danus f\nd$ ,d>dania1 :ile ,ilium did n exi/ until ! "t ( 8 great gr&son ,ilus4 ,& "h ,virgil seems :olly to =get t he _h himself made ,teuc] ! head ( ! race#iaa4 ,9 describ+ ! migration ( ?is h]o f ,crete to ,troas1 he says3 #iaa n4 iii4 #ajd4 ,nondum ,ilium et arces ,p]game /et]ant2 habitabant vallibus imis#iab4 #iab n4 iii4 #aji4 ,"h he n only rejects ,hom]1 :o places ,d>danus & ! orig9al settlem5t among ! m\nta9s1 b likewise repres5ts :at is 9 itself improbable1 s9ce em95ces1 & n bottoms1 7 commonly s\ght by ! fir/ coloni/s ) a view to security4 ,*oos+ to dep>t f ,hom]1 he does n ev5 agree ) ,apollodorus#iac4 ,la/ly1 he is n less neglectful ( ! actual topography2 = he implies t ,ilium is among ! hills1 :ile x 01 accord+ to ,hom]'s express words & accord+ to univ]sal op9ion1 on ! pla9 z oppos$ to ! hills4 ,aga9 we h f ,virgil ! allusion-- #iac ,apollod4 ,,iii4 xii4 #a4 quibus ob/itit ,ilium1 et +5s ,gloria ,d>dani#iad4 #iad n4 vi4 #fc4 ,"h is ano!r case ( metre aga9/ hi/ory1 & 9 all su* cases hi/ory mu/ g 7z is said7 to ! wall4 ,ilium w\ld n satisfactorily admit ! g5itive case2 !re c\ld !re=e be no glory ( ,ilium1 & on ?is acc\nt ,virgil lib]ally assigns va/ r5[n to ,d>dania1 :i* 0 a place ( no r5[n :atev]4 ,b he is q z ready1 x mu/ be admitt$1 to contradict himself z he is to contradict ,hom]4 ,9 n4 ii4 #edj1 he gives x to be und]/ood t ! city ( ,troy alone 0 ! k+dom ( ,priam1 & t ! ,greek camp 0 beyond x1 = he makes ,priam say ( 8 return f ! camp1 meque 9 mea regna remisit4 ,b a v little fur!r on he calls ,priam 7v4 #eef71 tot quondam populis regnisque sup]bum ,regnatorem ,asi4 ,ea* acc\nt is alike inaccurate3 ,priam _h m ?an a city1 b 8 dom9ions 7 conf9$ to a m]e nook ( ,asia ,m9or4 ,& aga91 be=e quitt+ ?is "p ( ! subject1 let u obs]ve h[1 9 ! case ( ,an*ises1 he dep>ts f ,hom]1 ev5 :]e x w\ld h s]v$ ! purpose ( 8 /ory to foll[ him closely4 ,! ,an*ises ( ,hom] is an 2 he does n appe> at ,troy among ! ( ! city1 or ( ,priam's c\rt1 :i* w\ld h made him a second>y figure2 he resides at ,d>dania z an indep5d5t sov]eign1 & x seems n unlikely t 9 l9eal dignity1 at lea/1 he 0 ev5 be=e ,priam4 ,b ! ,an*ises ( ,virgil is resid5t 9 ,troy#iae2 & is !re=e1 ( c\rse1 to be tak5 = a subject ( ,priam4 ,"h ! alt]ation v mu* l[]s ! rank ( neas1 & s f>1 !re=e1 ( ,augu/us4 #iae n4 ii4 #fcd4 ,! effect ( all ?is is1 )\t any real ga9 ei!r moral or poetical1 entirely to bewild] ! m9d ( ! read] ( ! neid1 9 reg>d to a subject ( real int]e/ bo? hi/orical & e?nological1 ) respect to :i* ,hom] has left on record a mo/ c>eful & cle> repres5tation4 ,x mu/ inde$ be admitt$1 t ! int]v5+ poets _h set _m examples ( simil> lic5se2 inde$ !y _h made irregul>ity a rule2 b !y _h no su* p[]ful reasons z ,virgil _h = imitat+1 9 "s po9ts at lea/1 ! precision ( ,hom]1 & besides1 he has p]haps exce$$ !m all 9 ! multitude & v>iety ( 8 dep>tures f x4 ,on ! o!r h&1 "s all[ance1 ,i admit1 %\ld be made = ! less flexible "* ( ! ,lat9 tongue1 :i* might h made ! peculi> accuracy ( ,hom] a real difficulty to ,virgil4 ,i h ?us m9utely trac$ out ?is c\rse ( inconsi/5cy & contradiction 9 p>ticul> in/ances1 because !y are highly illu/rative ( ! "* ( ,virgil's "w1 if n ( 8 m9d4 ,aft] ! political & c\rtly idea ( ! poem1 he seems to h ab&on$ all solicitude except = its =m & s\nd1 & to h be5 totally indiff]5t z to pres5t+ any v]aci\s1 or if t ^w imply too mu* cr$ulity1 any self-consi/5t patt]n1 ( mann]s1 places1 ev5ts1 or *>act]s4 ,virgil mu/1 mat]ially at lea/1 h saturat$ himself ) ! ,iliad be=e he plann$ ! neid1 = 8 borr[+ is alike incessant & div]sifi$2 & ?is x is :i* r5d]s x s s+ul> t he %\ld at once h expos$ himself to ! d\ble *>ge ( s]vilely imitat+ & ( gratuit\sly disfigur+ 8 orig9al4 ,if we look to ! action ( ! ,twelf? ,book ( ! neid1 x is all made up f ,hom] cut 9 pieces & reca/4 ,x beg9s ) ! idea ( ! s+le combat1 borr[$ f ! ,?ird & ,sev5? ,iliads4 ,!n come ! pact & ! brea* ( x by ,juturna1 "u ,juno's influ5ce1 :i* are borr[$ f ! trea*]y ( ,p&>us1 prompt$ by ,m9]va1 "u ! same in/igation4 ,next1 ! flight ( ,turnus be=e neas is borr[$ f t ( ,hector be=e ,a*illes4 ,aft] ?is1 ,turnus is disabl$ by a div9e ag5cy1 l ,patroclus be=e ,hector2 a d[nfall br\ght ab\t 9 ! "o case1 z 9 ! o!r1 )\t p]il & )\t hon\r1 s t "h we h a copy ev5 ( "o among ! few po9ts :]e ! ,iliad 0 little wor?y to be imitat$4 ,la/ly1 ! ?\ght ( ,pallas 9 ! m9d ( neas 7m highly wr\ght1 h[ev]1 & v effective71 plays ! "p ( ! recollection ( ,patroclus#iaf 9 ! m9d ( ,a*illes4 #iaf ,il4 xxii4 #cca-dg4 ,unfai?ful imitations ( detail4 ,bo? "h & else:]e1 ! imitations 9 detail are too num]\s to be not$4 ,"s ( !m ev5 desc5d to a "* :i*1 indep5d5tly ( _! m9ut5ess1 approa*es ! ludicr\s4 ,! v dung1 9 :i* ! ,oilean ,ajax loses 8 foot+#iag1 9 ! ,tw5ty-?ird ,iliad1 is reproduc$ 9 ! ,fif? neid1 t ,nisus may fl\nd] 9 x4 ,b ev5 "h we may note two *>act]i/ic diff]5ces4 ,hom] trips up a p]sonage1 :om he has no p>ticul> occasion to set (f fav\rably4 ,virgil *ooses = ! object ( d]ision ,nisus1 on :om1 9 ! beautiful episode :i* soon aft] foll[s1 he is ab\t to conc5trate all ! t5d]e/ sympa?ies ( 8 he>]s4 ,& aga91 ,hom] makes ,ajax slip :]e1 z he says1 ! ox5 _h j be5 sla9 ov] ,patroclus3 ,virgil has no su* probable cause to allege = ! pres5ce ( ! obnoxi\s mat]ial#iah1 b says csis =te juv5cis4 ,n[ ! ,trojans _h 9 fact left ! tomb ( ,an*ises1 & _h gone to a *os5 spot to celebrate ! foot-races#iai2 s t ev5 8 gore & ordure are q out ( place4 #iag ,il4 xxiii4 #gge-ha4 n4 v4 #ccc1 #cef4 #iah ,ibid4 #cbi4 #iai ,ibid4 #bhf-ij4 ,s aga91 ( all ! =mul 9 ,hom]1 x is n v cle> :y ,virgil %\ld h *os5 to recall ! r commonplace l9e 9 8 own m ambiti\s & res\nd+ v]se1 ,po/quam exemta fames1 et amor compressus ed5di#ibj2 #ibj n4 viii4 #ahe4 b x is /ill m s+ul> t1 in/ead ( say+ t hung] & ?ir/ 7 satisfi$1 he %\ld leave out ?ir/ altoge!r1 & fill up 8 hexamet] by m5tion+ hung] twice ov]4 ,/ill x seems n a little /range1 not)/&+ ! p[] ( ! disabl+ causes :i* h be5 enum]at$1 t1 ) s va/ an am\nt ( mat]ial imitation1 ,virgil %\ld n h acquir$1 ev5 by accid5t or by %e] =ce ( use1 "s traits ( ne>] resemblance 9 feel+1 & 9 e?ical h&l+1 to 8 great orig9al4 ,8 maltreatm5t ( ! ,hom]ic *>act]s is mo/ conspicu\s1 p]haps1 9 ! in/ance ( ,hel54 ,?is case1 inde$1 des]ves a sep>ate consid]ation ( ! causes :i* h r$uc$ a beautiful1 t\*+1 & rem>kably orig9al portrait to a gross & mo/ common c>icature4 ,b ,ulysses1 z ! pr9ce ( policy1 _h p]haps a bett] claim to be compreh5d$ by a ,roman at ! c\rt ( ,augu/us4 ,yet ! ,ulysses ( ,virgil simply repres5ts ! nak$ ideas ( h>dness1 cunn+1 & cruelty4 ,he is nev] nam$ b to be abus$2 &1 ?\gh ! m5tion ( him is n v frequ5t1 x is easy to con/ruct f ! poem a pretty l>ge catalogue ( vitup]ative epi!ts1 unmitigat$ by any s+le "o ( an opposite "*4 ,he is durus1 dirus1 svus1 pellax1 f&i fictor1 artifex1 inv5tor scel]um1 & scel]um hortator4 ,ev5 physical circum/ances1 h[ev]1 & ^? too ( ! broade/ notoriety1 ,virgil entirely ov]looks4 ,no?+ c be m at v>iance ) ! effem9ate "* ( ! ,hom]ic ,p>is1 8 impot5ce 9 fight1 & 8 di/9ction limit$ to ! b[1 :i* 0 !n ! c[>d's weapon1 ?an to repres5t him z possess$ ( va/ physical =ce4 ,yet ev5 on ?is ,virgil has v5tur$4 ,9 ! games ( ! ,fif? ,book1 :5 neas invites c&idates = ! pugili/ic enc\nt]1 ! huge ,d>es imm$iately pres5ts himself1 & he is describ$ z ! only p]son :o c\ld box ) ,p>is#iba6 #iba n4 v4 #cgj4 ,solus qui ,p>idem solitus cont5d]e contra4 ,heyne urges by way ( apology ! au?ority ( ,hyg9us1 :o 0 no m ?an ! contempor>y ( ,virgil himself2 & presumes t ,virgil foll[$ au?orities n[ lo/3 a sorry def5ce1 because ! repres5tation is inconsi/5t n m]ely ) ! facts1 b ) ! ess5tial idea ( ! ,p>is ( ,hom]1 & !re=e proves t ,virgil did n try or c>e to und]/& ! "*1 or to be fai?ful to 8 ma/]4 ,maltreatm5t ( ,my?ology & ,e?ics4 ,b x is "t to give "s in/ances1 :i* %[ an utt] disreg>d ( ei!r my?ological or moral consi/5cy4 ,9 ! ,eigh? neid1 neas & ,an*ises are mu* tr\bl$ 9 m9d2 & s x appe>s !y mu/ h cont9u$1 ,n signum clo ,cy!rea d$isset ap]to2 ,namque improviso vibratus ab !re fulgor ,cum sonitu v5it#ibb4 #ibb n4 viii4 #ebc4 ,?is idea ( a ,cy!rea tonans is z incongru\s z x is novel4 ,to pres]ve ! *>act]i/ic attributes ( ! sev]al deities ( ! ,pagan my?ology contributes to beauty1 & 0 !re=e at lea/ an obligation impos$ by ! poetic art2 b ,virgil is n cont5t ) simply dep>t+ f x by tak+ ! managem5t ( ?und] & lightn+ out ( ! h&s ( ,jupit] & ! highe/ deities2 he _c be satisfi$ )\t giv+ x to ,v5us4 ,) h] ,hom]ic "*1 & ) any consi/5t conception ( h] attributes1 x is utt]ly irreconcilable4 ,b aga91 9 ! ,second neid1 ,virgil makes ,v5us address to h] son ! foll[+ maje/ic l9es1 :5 he 0 ab\t to slay ,hel5 amid/ ! conflagration ( ,troy3 ,non tibi ,tynd>idis facies invisa ,lacn ,culpatusve ,p>is3 ,divm inclem5tia1 ,divm ,has ev]tit opes1 /]nitque a culm9e ,trojam#ibc4 #ibc n4 ii4 #fja4 ,9 :i* he pla9ly imitates ! words ( ,priam1 1 1 #ibd4 #ibd ,il4 iii4 #afd4 ,n[1 ev5 ) ref]5ce to ! acquittal ( ,hel51 ! cases are q dissimil>4 ,:at ,hom] puts into ! m\? ( ,priam1 ,virgil /amps ) ! au?ority ( a deity3 :at ,priam says ( ! ,hom]ic ,hel51 :o _h be5 c>ri$ (f by ,p>is1 & ^: g5]al "* 0 v f> f deprav$1 ! ,v5us ( ,virgil says ( a h>d5$ traitress z well z adult]ess4 ,aga91 :at ,priam says relative to himself1 #8,i d n blame !e1' seems 9 ! neid to resemble ! unlimit$ enunciation ( an ab/ract proposition4 ,b1 above all1 let u notice h[ lam5tably ,virgil has maul$ ! s5tim5t by introduc+ ,p>is into ! passage1 ( ^: moral guilt1 if !re be su* a ?+ z moral guilt ^u e>?1 !re c\ld be no d\bt1 & :om ,hom]1 ) true poetic ju/ice1 has tak5 c>e to puni% by mak+ him ! object ( ! g5]al reprobation & hatr$ ( 8 c\ntrym5#ibe4 ,9 acquitt+ su* an (f5d]1 & ?r[+ ! *>ge ( 8 crimes ^u ! ,immortals1 by ! m\?1 too1 ( "o belong+ to _! numb]1 ,virgil has giv5 into ! wor/ =m ( fatalism1 t namely :i* annihilates all moral sanctions & ideas z applicable to human conduct4 #ibe ,il4 iii4 #dec1 & else:]e4 ,& ?is he has done ) no plea :atev] :i* might h be5 drawn1 valeat quantum1 f ! exig5cies ( 8 poem4 ,p>is 0 n be=e ! eye ( neas3 ,v5us 0 n dissuad+ h] son f tak+ v5geance ^u ,p>is2 he is =c$ into our sight2 ! allusion is z irrelevant ) ref]5ce to ! purpose ( ! passage1 z x is blamewor?y 9 an e?ical po9t ( view2 & 9 all probability ! m5tion ( him is introduc$ = no o!r reason ?an t x suppli$ ,virgil ) a hemi/i* to fill up a gap 9 an extremely f9e passage1 & to secure its prosodial equilibrium1 to :i* ! balance ( moral sanctions is sacrific$ )\t remorse4 ,z x is ) ! managem5t ( 8 gods1 s ) 8 conception ( human nature2 ,virgil seems to h lo/ ! sight ( its high] pr]ogatives1 & especially ( ! great & noble tru?1 t x is susceptible ( div9e influ5ces )\t ! loss ( its free ag5cy4 ,! poems ( ,hom]1 not)/&+ _! copi\s !urgy1 are ?r\gh\t em95tly & entirely human4 ,_! human ag5cy is adorn$ & elevat$ 7z well z unhappily l[]$ & d>k5$71 x is ev5 modifi$ & controll$1 b nev] inw>dly mutilat$1 curtail$ or sup]s$$1 by ! int]f]5ce ( ! ,immortals4 ,b1 9 reg>d to 8 relations ) ! deities1 neas is a m]e puppet2 & ! gallant _s ( ,turnus on 8 la/ battlefield is1 z x 71 put d[n )9 him by ma9 =ce f heav54 neas & ,dido 9 ! ,%ades4 ,?us = example1 ,virgil is n a%am$ to introduce to u neas 9 ! %ades bel[ apologiz+ to ,dido = 8 black des]tion ( h] by say+1 #8he c\ld n help x1 ! gods compell$ him2 & really he nev] ?\ght %e w\ld take x s mu* to he>t4' ,invitus1 reg9a1 tuo de litore cessi2 ,s$ me jussa dem 444 ,imp]iis eg]e suis2 nec cr$]e quivi ,hunc tantum tibi me discessu f]re dolorem#ibf4 #ibf n4 vi4 #dfj4 ,comp>e ) ?is ! extraord9>y tru?1 beauty1 & manfulness ( ! spee*1 9 :i* ,ulysses takes 8 f>ewell ( ,calypso#ibg4 ,?is is its t5\r3 #8,be n inc5s$2 ,i "k ,p5elope is less beautiful ?an ?\2 yet is my desire1 f day by day1 t[>ds my home2 & if ,i be wreck$ ^u my way1 ?is too ,i w endure1 ev5 z ,i h endur$ mu* be=e4' ,9 ,virgil's h&s1 ! *ief w\ld probably h %uffl$ (f ! responsibility f himself ^u ! %\ld]s ( ! gods4 ,nev] %all we f9d "o ( ,hom]'s h]oes do+ ?is1 ei!r be=eh&1 z by say+1 #8,i d n wi% to d x1 b ,i am ord]$1' or retrospectively4 ,!re is "o exception2 x is :5 ,agamemnon says t 1 ! goddess ( ,mis*ief1 ) ,jupit]1 _h misl$ him#ibh1 & t he 0 n himself to blame4 ,b ,agamemnon1 alone among ! ,greek h]oes1 _h 9 8 "* a /rong elem5t ( :at we call %abb9ess2 & :at is m1 he uses ?is plea only aft] mak+ rep>ation1 & n1 z neas does1 9 lieu ( any4 ,to resume1 h[ev]1 ! ?read4 ,sometimes ! ,hom]ic h]oes are pi\s1 sometimes disob$i5t2 sometimes bold1 & sometimes fe>ful2 sometimes !y submit to ov]p[]+ =ce1 sometimes !y /ruggle ev5 aga9/ de/9y2 b !y nev] appe> be=e u %orn ( ! fir/ attribute ( manhood1 its free w4 #ibg ,od4 v4 #bae-bd4 #ibh ,il4 xix4 #hf4 ,:5 ,a*illes 7#bgj7 z x 7 c\nt]signs ?is1 x is evid5tly 9 8 "* ( a high-br$ g5tleman2 a "*1 ( :i* he gives s _m pro(s 9 ! poem4 ,x seems !n t ,virgil really did n c>e to =m ! habit1 & ?us commonly fail$ 9 ! p[]1 ( work+ ! high] spr+s ( our nature4 ,he puts ! clay into ! fire1 b ! pit*] does n always come out su* z he int5d$ x2 n ev5 :51 in/ead ( tru/+1 l ,hom]1 to simple action z ! vehicle ( 8 mean+1 he uses ! precaution>y measure ( describ+ x4 ,?us he prep>es u to expect 9 ,mez5tius a mon/] ( impiety1 cruelty1 & brutality1 f ! acc\nt & ! epi!ts by :i* he is introduc$ to u#ibi4 ,9 words scatt]$ "h & !re1 ?is #8contemptor divm' is made to su/a9 8 impi\s "*4 ,dextra mihi deus1 he says2 & aga9 nec divm p>cimus ulli#icj4 ,b ^! are really m]e black pat*es1 set ^u a "* ) :i* !y d n accord2 !y rema9 pat*es /ill1 & n p>ts ( x4 ,practically1 ,mez5tius proce$s 9 ! poem only z an affectionate fa!r1 & z a gallant w>rior1 %\ld d2 & !re is no m ( real impiety 9 him1 ?an !re is ( real piety 9 neas4 ,nay1 "h aga9 ,virgil %[s 8 contempt ( consi/5cy4 ,=1 :5 ,mez5tius slays ,orodes1 :o prophesi$ t 8 conqu]or w\ld meet ) a simil> fate ^u ! field ( battle1 ,mez5tius replies 9 ! mo/ decor\s mann] 7copy+ ! v language ( ,a*illes to ! dy+ ,hector#ica71 #ibi n4 vii4 #fdh2 viii4 #g1 #dhb4 #icj n4 x4 #ggc1 #hhj4 #ica ,il4 xxii4 #cfe4 ,nunc mor]e4 ,a/ de me divm pat] atque hom9um rex ,vid]it#icb4 #icb n4 x4 #gdc4 ,woman *>act]s ( ,hom] & ,virgil4 ,?\gh ,virgil is e/eem$ a woman-hat]1 he has avail$ himself ( ! use ( female *>act]s to a degree only exce$$1 s f> z ,i recollect1 by ! highly susceptible ,tasso4 ,8 cele/ial ma*9]y is pr9cipally work$ by ,juno & by ,v5us3 we miss altoge!r 9 him t jovial might ( ! ,hom]ic ,jupit]1 :i* is recall$ 9 ! hi/oric portraits ( k+ ,h5ry ! ,eigh? ( ,engl&4 ,( mortals we h1 besides ! mute ,lav9ia1 & m9or or transitory p]sonages1 ,dido1 ,juturna1 ,amata1 ,camilla4 ,all ^! play v m>k$ p>ts 9 ! poem2 inde$1 !y supply ! ma9spr+s ( ! action2 & ! *>act]s ( all are drawn ) great _s & success1 :ile ! ,passion ( ,dido w probably always be quot$ z ! mo/ magnific5t witness1 :i* ! :ole range ( ! poem af=ds1 to ! orig9al p[] & g5ius ( its au?or4 ,yet ev5 9 ^!1 8 signal successes1 x is curi\s to notice ! dissimil>ity betwe5 ,virgil & ,hom]4 ,hom]1 too1 has be5 em95tly successful 9 8 wom54 ,8 great] /udies ( ,hel51 ,&roma*e1 & ,p5elope are fully su/a9$ by ! tru? & =ce ( all ! less conspicu\s del9eations3 ,hecuba1 ,briseis1 ! incomp>able ,nausicaa1 ! fai?ful ,euryclea1 ! p]t & he>tless ,melan?o4 ,b h[ diff]5t are ! works ( ! two poets6 ,9 all ,virgil's wom5 7z on ! o!r h& 8 m5 are apt to be effem9ate7 !re is a t+e ( ! mascul9e4 ,_m a woman w\ld /ab h]self = love l ,dido2 b none1 n ev5 9 ,france1 ) h] pomp1 app>atus1 & self-consci\sness4 ,_! fates1 too1 are all ( a viol5t "*4 ,amata1 z well z ,dido1 commits suicide2 ,camilla is sla92 ,juturna is immortal inde$1 b is dismiss$ f e>? ) :at = h] comes ne>e/ to an image ( dea?2 ) defeat1 mortification1 %ame4 ,b on ! contr>y1 ! fem995ess ( ,hom]'s wom5 has nev] be5 surpass$4 ,9 ,hecuba alone1 at "o s+le po9t 9 ! /ory1 !re is an app>5t exception2 yet x is no great viol5ce done to nature1 if we f9d 9 h] aft] ,hector's dea? ! wild f]ocity ( ! dam depriv$ ( h] (fspr+1 & if rev5ge !n drives h] = a mom5t into ! temp] ( a cannibal4 ,else:]e beyond d\bt1 ev5 9 ,melan?o1 ! fem99e "* is n :olly oblit]at$1 b is left at ! po9t :]e 9 actual life lic5ti\sness & vanity might leave x4 ,9 ,hel51 ,&roma*e1 ,nausicaa1 x rea*es a p]fection :i* has nev] be5 surpass$1 unless by ,%akespe>e1 9 human song4 ,!re is1 h[ev]1 some?+ to be obs]v$1 :i* is m /rik+ & *>act]i/ic4 ,! ,virgilian del9eations ( wom5 tell u absolutely no?+1 or next to no?+1 ( ! social position ( womank9d ei!r at ! epo* ( neas or at any o!r2 a matt] :i* has /ood s diff]5tly 9 diff]5t ages & /ates ( mank9d1 yet :i* has at all times be5 "o ( ! sure/ te/s = di/+ui%+ a true & heal?y f a holl[ civilization4 ,b ! ,hom]ic poems furni% a picture ( ?is int]e/+ subject n a :it less complete ?an any o!r picture !y conta94 ,! ,woman ( ! h]oic age ( ,greece /&s be=e u 9 t immortal v]se no less cle>1 no less truly drawn1 no less c>efully %ad$1 ?an ! ,w>rior1 ! ,/atesman1 & ! ,k+4 ,^! are great matt]s3 b ,virgil is also z c>eless1 z ,hom] is c>eful1 ( m9or proprieties4 ,= in/ance1 he describes ! ,italian smi?s engag$ 9 prep>+ suits ( arm\r ^u ! invasion ( neas4 ,"s1 he says1 make brea/plates ( brass2 & he cont9ues1 ,aut leves ocreas l5to ducunt arg5to#icc4 #icc n4 vii4 #fcc4 ,"h1 we presume1 8 purpose 0 to repres5t ! hamm]+ process by a heavy spondaic l9e--9 evid5t imitation ( ,hom]1 :o has done x /ill m completely 9 ! #icd4 #icd ,il4 ii4 #edd4 ,b ,hom] always ga9s 8 metrical objects )\t injur+ ! s5se2 ,virgil1 on ! contr>y1 has committ$ an error1 by repres5t+ silv] 7a mo/ r>e & valuable metal1 especially 9 ! ,trojan times7 z us$ 9 l>ge masses = mak+ arm\r2 & a gross] solecism1 by repres5t+ ! greaves z made ( f> f9] mat]ial ?an ! brea/plates4 ,p]haps he 0 help$ into ?is error by a c>eless rem9isc5ce1 t ,hom] _h 9 "s way connect$ silv] ) ! greaves4 ,?is is n1 h[ev]1 9 arm\r z g5]ally us$1 b 9 ! case ( "s ( ! greate/ *iefs1 includ+ ,p>is1 ^: d&yism1 we "k1 ext5d$ p>ticul>ly to 8 arms4 ,nor are ev5 8 greaves made (1 or ev5 plat$ )1 silv]1 b only ! clasps ( !m3 1 #ice4 #ice ,il4 iii4 #ccj4 ,virgil is c>eful en\gh z to geography1 :5 he deals ) c\ntries "u ! eye ( 8 he>]s4 ,b he c sc>cely be excus$ = inv]t+ ! ,hom]ic ord] ( ! m\nta9s pil$ up by ! giants4 ,hom] places ,m\nt ,pelion on ,ossa1 & ,ossa on ,olympus3 ' 1 ' #icf4 #icf ,od4 xi4 #cae4 ,?is description is 9 con=mity ) ! proportionate heights ( ! m\nta9s1 among :i* ,olympus is ! highe/1 ,ossa ! next1 ,pelion ! lea/4 ,b ,virgil makes ,pelion ! base1 & ,olympus ! apex3 ,t] sunt conati impon]e ,pelio ,ossam ,scilicet1 atque ,oss frondosum involv]e ,olympum#icg4 #icg ,georg4 i4 #bha4 ,x is n simply t ,hom] is "h geographically accurate1 & ,virgil ! rev]se4 ,hom] has adopt$ ! pyramidal /ructure1 :i* satisfies ! eye1 & lays a firm & obvi\s road1 s to speak1 to ! skies4 ,virgil does n4 ,he subjo9s to 8 description ! v]se1 ,t] pat] extructos disjecit fulm9e montes4 ,b ,jupit] might h sp>$ himself ! tr\ble3 ! m\nta9s w\ld h tumbl$ ( !mselves4 ,confusion ( natural ,ph5om5a4 ,be=e p>t+ f ! subject1 x may be well to give ano!r example ( ! indiff]5ce ( ,virgil to ! association betwe5 poetry1 & ! ord] ( ext]nal nature z su*4 ,9 ! ,f\r? neid1 he speaks ( ,m]cury z pass+ ov] ,m\nt ,atlas on 8 way to ,c>?age2 f :at po9t ,i d n n[ inquire4 ,! l9es are ^!#ich2 #ich n4 iv4 #bdh-ea4 ,atlantis1 c9ctum assidue cui nubibus atris ,p9if]um caput et v5to pulsatur et imbri2 ,nix hum]os infusa tegit3 tum flum9a m5to ,prcipitant s5is1 et glacie riget horrida b>ba4 ,8 p9e-be>+ head1 girt ) cl\ds1 is beat5 by w9d & ra94 ,s f> s good4 ,b :ile su* is ! temp]ature ( ! air at ! summit1 x gr[s cold]1 n w>m]1 z we desc5d3 = sn[ cov]s 8 %\ld]s4 ,?is is ! second image4 ,next1 we m\nt aga9 to 8 m\?1 :i* dis*>ges riv]s ov] 8 *93 & n ev5 "h h we done ) incongruity1 = 8 be>d1 al?\gh ?us wat]$ f above1 is r\gh & /iff ) ice4 ,n[ su* a confusion1 z is "h exhibit$1 ( images :i* nature always exhibits 9 a fix$ & v impos+ ord]1 is1 we may be assur$1 no m]e casual error1 b indicates a root$ indiff]5ce ab\t matt]s :i* ! poets ( nature /udy1 n only ) accuracy1 b ) an accuracy :i* is ! fruit ( _! rev]5ce & love4 ,! ,dolopes ( ,hom] are a "p ( ! ,myrmidons1 = !y are ! subjects ( ,phnix#ici1 & ,phnix comm&s ! fif? division ( ! ,myrmidons3 !y are nam$ by ,virgil z a sep>ate race#idj4 ,! ,rhadaman?us ( ,hom] appe>s to h be5 conceiv$ by ! ,poet z a mild & b5evol5t "*1 = he is plac$ 9 ! ,pla9s ( ! ,ble/1 :ile ,m9os adm9i/]s sev]] ju/ice 9 ! "u-_w4 ,b ! ,rhadaman?us ( ,virgil is ! judge ( ! inf]nal regions1 & is ! image ( rig\r2 :ile 8 ,m9os#ida has ! v mild & also second>y function ( deal+1 9 ! ve/ibule ( ! ,%ades1 ) ! cases ( su* p]sons z _h be5 unju/ly condemn$ on e>?#idb4 ,aga91 :]e ,hom] uses exagg]ation to enhance effect1 ,virgil c>ries x f> into c>icature4 ,9 ! ,iliad1 ,diom$#idc heaves a /one1 ( a weight t #8two m5 su* z are n[adays 7 7 c\ld sc>cely lift4' ,he all[s = a %ort int]val s9ce ! ,trojan w>1 & says t two ord9>y m5 ( 8 day c\ld sc>cely lift :at w>riors ( extraord9>y /r5g?1 by an extraord9>y ef=t1 !n rais$ & hurl$4 ,9 ano!r place1 ,ajax fl+s a /one1 su* z ev5 a man 9 ! fulle/ vig\r c\ld n[ sc>cely hold#idd4 ,aga91 ,hector dis*>ges aga9/ ! ,greek ramp>t "o :i* two /rong m5 c\ld h>dly raise ) a lev]2 b !n he is specially aid$ by ,jupit]#ide4 ,n[ 9 ! ,fif? neid1 neas gives to ,mne/heus1 z a prize1 a brea/plate :i* he himself _h won1 ! spoil ( ,demoleos4 ,?is ,demoleos#idf 0 no h]o1 = he is nev] nam$ by ,hom]2 aga91 ! ,demoleos ( ,virgil wore ! brea/plate :5 he *as$ ! ,trojans fly+ 9 all directions 7#8palantes1' n4 v4 #bfe71 s t x mu/ h be5 light to him3 !re 0 no "t at all = human deg5]acy1 s9ce !y are /ill 8 contempor>ies t are on ! /age2 & yet su* 0 ! weight ( ?is brea/plate1 t two m5 toge!r c\ld sc>cely c>ry x on _! %\ld]s4 #ici ,il4 ix4 #dhd1 & xvi4 #aif4 #idj n4 ii4 #g4 #ida n4 vi4 #dcb4 #idb ,al?\gh x may be a deviation f ! direct pa?1 yet1 hav+ notic$ 9 s mu* detail ! unfai?fulness ( ,virgil to 8 orig9al1 ,i w also give an in/ance ( ! accuracy ( ,horace4 ,9 ! ,sev5? ,ode ( ! ,fir/ ,book1 he has occasion to ref] to ! places made fam\s 9 ,hom]ic song2 & ,a!ns ) him is ,palladis urbs2 s ,argos 77 is aptum equis1 ,mycn 77 dites1 ,l>issa 77 opima4 ,lac$mon is pati5s1 an epi!t correspond+ ) no p>ticul> ^w 9 ,hom]1 b n contradict$ by any2 x _h acquir$ ! "* s9ce 8 "t4 #idc ,il4 v4 #cjc4 ,see also ,il4 xx4 #bhe4 #idd ,il4 xii4 #chb4 #ide ,ibid4 #dde-ej4 #idf ,hom] names a ,demoleon1 son ( ,ag5or2 b he is sla9 fight+ = ! ,trojans4 ,il4 xx4 #cie4 #8,vix illam famuli ,phegeus ,sag>isque f]ebant ,multiplicem1 connixi hum]is#idg4' #idg n4 vi4 #bcc4 ,let x n be ?\ght t ! v>i$ examples1 :i* h "h be5 quot$1 are ei!r irrelevant or )\t s]i\s significance4 ,!re _c1 surely1 be a m decid$ error ?an to treat accuracy 9 matt]s ( ?is k9d z a matt] ( %e] indiff]5ce4 ,x is n only insep>able f ! function ( ! primitive ,poet z ! hi/orian ( 8 subject1 b x app]ta9s also to ! p]fection ( 8 poetic nature1 t he %\ld h a nice s5se ( proportion ev5 9 figurative language4 ,i h dwelt1 h[ev]1 ^u m9or po9ts1 n = _! own sake1 b because ! mann] 9 :i* ,virgil h&les !m appe>s to ?r[ no unimportant light ^u ! frame & temp] ( 8 "w at l>ge1 & ( ! lat] z comp>$ ) ! e>lie/ poetry4 ,contra/ ( pr9cipal aims4 ,9 diction1 ,virgil is ornate & ,hom] simple2 9 metre1 ,virgil is uni=m & su/a9$1 ,hom] free & v>i$2 9 ! faculty ( inv5tion1 = :i* ! hi/orical (fice ( e>ly poetry /ill leaves ample room1 ,hom] is inexhau/ible1 :ile1 f ! ne$less accumulation ( imitations 9 e sort & size1 ,virgil gives gr\nd to suspect t he 0 poor1 at lea/ by comp>ison4 ,! fir/ ?\ght ( ,hom] 0 8 subject1 & ! second 8 nation2 ! fir/ ?\ght ( ,virgil 0 8 ,emp]or & ! c\rt ar\nd ! ?rone1 ! second ! elaboration ( 8 v]se4 ,*>act]s1 feel+s1 facts1 7 us$ by ,virgil = produc+ on ! m9d ! effect ( sc5ic repres5tation2 ! end ( ,hom]1 on ! contr>y1 0 to give adequate v5t1 9 & ?r\gh ^! ?+s poetically conceiv$ & h&l$1 to 8 own ye>n+s1 & to ! sympa?ies ( 8 he>]s#idh4 ,! int]communion ( _s betwe5 ! poet & ^? to :om he sang1 0 n 9 him a sordid que/ ( popul>ity2 x 0 only an expression ( ! tru? t he f\nd$ bo? 8 composition & 8 hopes ^u ! basis ( a great ef=t to be ! organ ( ! g5]al he>t ( mank9d4 ,all ?is we may disc]n 9 8 notices1 in=mal z !y are1 ( ! pr(ession ( ! m9/rel3 #idh ,! aim ( ! poet z su* is f9ely1 b some:at too exclusively1 express$ 9 ! ,sonnet ( ,filicaja1 ,dietro a que/i ancor io4 1 #idi #idi ,od4 xvii4 #che4 9 ! names he assigns to !m1 :]e !y 7 n hi/orical *>act]s1 1 & 2 9 ! moral uprightness ) :i* he inve/s !m2 =1 ?\gh x 0 ! (fice ( ,phemius to delight1 8 he>t 0 nev] ) ! lic5ti\s & guilty b& t held ! palace ( ,ulysses3 ' #iej4 #iej ,od4 xxii4 #cca4 ,& aga91 9 ! (fices ( gu>dian%ip :i* !y ex]cis$2 = ,agamemnon1 :5 he left 8 home = ,troy1 c>efully enjo9$ ^u ! b>d ( 8 palace ! c>e ( ,clytemne/ra2 & 8 advice1 ) h] own "r s5se1 = a "t /ood h] 9 good /ead#iea4 ,su* 0 ! b>d 9 ! liv+ description ( ,hom]2 su* he 0 repres5t$ 9 ! ,poet himself1 nev] ?ru/ into view1 b ev] und]/ood1 ev] p]ceiv$1 ?r\gh 8 works4 ,on ! o!r h&1 ! "* ( ! b>d1 z exhibit$ 9 ,virgil1 is :at may be t]m$ pr(essional3 ! fire & p[] ( g5ius may be 9 him1 b !y mu/ "w only "u conv5tional =ms1 & = ends prescrib$ accord+ to ! _s ( t l[] & n>r[] utility :i* is1 n logically p]haps1 b yet v effectively1 d5om9at$ utilit>ianism4 ,a rem>kably high =m ( ext]ior art1 ) a radical inatt5tion to sub/ance1 bo? ( facts & laws1 has be5 ! result 9 ! case ( ,virgil4 ,& x is r significant1 t ?is great ,poet has n[h]e plac$ ^u 8 canvass ! figure ( ! b>d amid/ ! abodes ( man2 z if ! v type _h p]i%$ f ! e>? 9 ^? deg5]ate days1 & ! memory ( him c\ld n be recall$4 ,an effete & corrupt$ age c\ld no long] conceive a m9d l ! m9d ( ,hom]2 an olian h>p s f9ely /rung1 t x answ]s to ! fa9te/ movem5t ( ! air by a proportionate vibration3 ) e /rong] curr5t its music rises1 along an almo/ immeasurable scale1 :i* beg9s ) ! l[e/ & s(te/ :isp]1 & ends 9 ! full swell ( ! organ4 #iea ,od4 iii4 #bfg4 ,*ange 9 ! idea ( ! ,poet's (fice4 ,by a false association ( ideas1 we h come to place accuracy & g5ius 9 antagonism to "o ano!r4 ,x is ,hom] :o may be/ undeceive u3 except inde$ t mo/ complete solution :i* ! m9d gladly p]ceives :51 asc5d+ to ! ,au?or ( all be+1 x f9ds 9 ,him alone ! s\rce & ! p]fection1 alike ( ,ord] & ( ,light2 alike ( ! mo/ m9ute1 & ( ! mo/ gigantic op]ations4 ,b among m5 ,hom] be/ exemplifies ?is union4 ,x is n inde$ ! precision ( dry facts1 t]m9at+ ^u itself3 x is ! precision ( sympa?ies1 ( sympa?ies ) nature & ) man1 to :i* ! m9ute & scrupul\s adju/m5ts ( ,hom] are to be ref]r$2 & ?is precision is probably due by no means to consci\s ef=t1 b to ! spontane\s op]ations ( ! s\l4 ,9 ?is view 8 f>-fam$1 b n ev5 yet fully fa?om$1 accuracy is no d$uction f 8 greatness1 b is 9 tru? a pro( ( ! ne> approa* to p]fection 9 ! organization ( 8 faculties4 ,! lat] poets h too (t5 torn asund]1 :at 9 him 0 h>moni\sly comb9$4 ,!y h conf]r$ ^u _! art a deadly gift1 9 claim+ fir/ an exemption ad libitum f ! laws1 n only ( dry fact1 b ( ,tru? 9 its high] s5se1 ( h>mony & self-consi/5cy1 & ( all1 except a m]ely ext]nal beauty1 :i* 0 meant to be ! vehicle & n ! sub/itute = all ^? great & disc>d$ qualities4 ,9 ?is "w ( lac]ation1 ,virgil has borne no second>y %>e4 ,^u ! :ole1 ?\gh x is d\btless natural t ,virgil %\ld be comp>$ ) ,hom]1 ! m9d is a/oni%$ at f9d+ t he %\ld s (t5 ev5 h ga9$ a pref]5ce4 ,we may acc\nt = 8 be+ *os5 z ,dante's guide1 by _! be+ c\ntrym51 & by ! almo/ univ]sal ignorance ( ,greek :5 ,dante wrote4 ,x is f> m /agg]+ to f9d ,sa9t ,augu/9e emphatically call him#ieb ,poeta magnus omniumque prcl>issimus atque optimus2 = he 0 no /rang] to ,greek influ5ces1 inasmu* z ! philosophy ( ,plato _h a v high place 9 8 e/imation#iec4 ,nor c ?is be readily acc\nt$ =1 except by ! advantage :i* ,virgil _h ?r\gh writ+ 9 ! ,lat9 tongue1 & by ! v great decay ( poetical ta/es & p]ceptions4 #ieb ,de ,civ4 ,dei1 i4 #c4 #iec ,ibid4 viii4 #d-aa4 ,/ill let u n d wrong to ! memory ( him1 :o ?rill$ ) an immeasurable love1 z he bore ! sacr$ vessels ( ! ,muses2 & :o has receiv$ s unequivocally ! seal ( t approbation ( mank9d1 prolong$ ?r\gh ages1 :i* comes ne> to an infallible aw>d4 ,x is b fair to admit1 t we mu/ n measure ! relative rank ( ,hom] & ,virgil simply by ! comp>ative m]its ( _! epic works4 ,hom] liv$ 9 ! g5ial & joy\s y\? ( a poetic nation & a poetic religion1 & amid ! influ5ces ( ! s\l ( fre$om3 ,virgil among a p always matt]-(-fact r ?an poetical1 9 an age & a c\rt :]e ! he>t & its emotions 7 *ill$1 :]e lib]ty 0 dead1 :]e religion 0 a mock]y1 & ! :ole high] mat]ial ( 8 art _h pass$ f fre%ness into ! se> & yell[ leaf4 ,:e!r ,virgil1 if he _h liv$ ! life ( ,hom] 9 ,hom]'s c\ntry & ,hom]'s "t1 c\ld h compos$ ! ,iliad & ! ,odyssey1 may be m ?an d\btful2 b x is indisputably cle> t ,hom] c\ld n h produc$ !m1 if x _h be5 8 mis=tune to live at ! date & 9 ! sph]e ( ,virgil4 ,i pass on n[ to make "s attempt at comp>ison betwe5 ! "w ( ,tasso & ! ,iliad ( ,hom]4 ,b al?\gh ! relation betwe5 ! subjects appe>s to recomm5d ! *oice ( ,tasso = ?is purpose r ?an any o!r ,italian poet1 ,i h to confess1 t z f> z ! qualities ( ! m5 are conc]n$1 bo? ,boj>do & ,ario/o are 9 my e/imation m ,hom]ic ?an ,tasso2 z be+ ne>] to nature 9 its true/ s5se1 z n convey+ ! same impression ( p]petual ef=t & elaboration1 z exempt f ! temptation to ! conceits s unhappily frequ5t 9 ! ,g]usalemme1 & g5]ally z work+ ) a fre] & broad] t\*1 & exhibit+ a m vigor\s & ela/ic movem5t4 ,! ,w> ( ,troy & ! ,crusades4 ,!re is1 h[ev]1 a /rik+ resemblance betwe5 ! relation 9 :i* ! ,trojan w> /ood to ,greece1 & t ( ! ,crusades to ,we/]n ,europe4 ,! political unity & collective exi/5ce ( ,greece 0 greatly due to ! fir/1 t ( ,*ri/5dom to ! second4 ,! comb9ation ( races & ( *iefs1 ! ardu\s "* & extraord9>y prolongation ( ! ef=t1 ! *ivalry display$1 ! disorganiz+ effects ^u ! c\ntries :i* suppli$ ! invad+ army1 ! repres5tation 9 ea* ( ,europe aga9/ ,asia1 ( ,we/]n mank9d meet+ ,ea/]n mank9d 9 arms1 & ! pro( ( sup]ior pr[ess 9 ! =m]1 e/abli% _m broad & deep analogies betwe5 ! subjects ( ^! poems4 ,9 bo? /ruggles1 too1 ! object purport$ to be ! recov]y ( t :i* ! ,ea/ _h unrighte\sly acquir$3 & into bo? :at is call$ s5tim5t f> m l>gely ent]$1 ?an is common 9 ! hi/ory ( ! w>s :i* h laid desolate our e>?4 ,exagg]ation z us$ by ,hom] & by ,tasso4 ,z ,godfrey is ,tasso's v]sion ( ,agamemnon1 s ! ,r9aldo ( ,tasso occupies a place 9 ! ,j]usalem1 simil> to t ( ,a*illes 9 ! ,iliad4 ,n[ ! :ole "* ( ,a*illes1 m5tal & corporeal1 :i* ranks at lea/ among ! mo/ wond]ful ( all ! works ( ,hom]1 is colossal & va/1 b is n unduly exagg]at$4 ,al?\gh ! son ( ,peleus evid5tly 0 ( great bodily size1 yet ,hom] nev] calls him by ! epi!ts & 1 b res]ves !m = ,ajax1 because !y sugge/ a pr$om9ance ( ! animal ov] ! incorporeal elem5t1 :i*1 9 ! case ( ,a*illes1 ! ,poet utt]ly es*ews4 ,! "* ( ,r9aldo z a w>rior 7& 9 no o!r respect does he pres5t any sali5t po9t7 is1 z w be %[n1 exagg]at$ unduly1 b yet does n leave ! impression ( ! va/ or colossal1 because ! excess beyond common nature is n 9 h>mony ) ! re/ ( ! del9eation4 ,?us ! /r5g? ( ,a*illes is ! v highe/2 none c use 8 spe>4 ,b ,r9aldo1 9 ! assault ( ! ,t[]1 does ! "w ( a batt]+-ram4 ,he takes up & c>ries a beam1 ( :i* we are told1 ,n cos alte mai1 n cos grosse ,spiega l' ant5ne sue ligura nave#ied4 #ied ,g]us4 xix4 #cf4 ,) ?is he breaks ! b>s1 & beats d[n ! gates2 & ! /anza proce$s3 ,non l' arite di f> pi si vanti1 ,non la bomb>da1 fulm9e di morte#iee4 #iee ,ibid4 #cg4 ,no su* excess ( muscul> p[] z ?is is ascrib$ to ,a*illes2 & yet a mu* m lively impression ( gr&eur 9 8 m>tial "* is left ^u ! m9d ( ! read]2 ! fact be+ t m]e exagg]ation freezes1 :ile ! adju/$ repres5tation ( greatness w>ms4 ,! l>ge/ size assign$ by ,hom] to any ev5 ( 8 my?ological p]sonages :o are 9 relations ) man1 & ?is only 9 ! ,%ades bel[1 is 9 ! case ( ,otus & ,ephialtes4 ,at n9e ye>s old1 :5 !y 7 put to dea?1 !y 7 n9e cubits broad1 n9e fa?oms 7fifty-f\r feet7 high#ief4 ,^! 7 !y1 :o pil$ ! m\nta9s up to heav54 ,!y are among ! few figures absolutely gigantic1 :i* appe> 9 ,hom]2 b !y hov] only 9 ! di/ance ?r\gh ! mi/s ( ! ,"u-_w1 & 9 describ+ ev5 !m he has adh]$ /rictly to ! limits ( :at may be t]m$ ! gigantesque4 ,fur!r on1 he describes ,tityus z rea*+ ov] n9e acres2 b he n[h]e pres5ts any su* p]son to u 9 active motion1 or 9 any relation ) man on e>?4 ,9 ,il4 xxi4 h[ev]1 occurs a passage :i* x is m easy to impugn2 = ,m>s1 :o _h m>*$ ab\t among ! ,trojans & ! ,greeks 9 battle )\t driv+ ei!r fri5ds or foes f _! propriety by 8 bulk1 & _h f\ght ) ,diom$ 9 ! pla9 ( ,troy on t]ms fav\rable to t h]o1 :5 ov]?r[n by ,m9]va 9 ! battle ( ! gods1 cov]s sev5 acres 7#djg74 ,al?\gh ,hom] has skilfully avoid$ localiz+ ! conflict1 ?is may be ?\ght to we> ! aspect ( a poetical incongruity2 because 9 ! ,m>s ( ! ,!oma*y we _c :olly =get ! ,m>s ( ! pla94 ,z a g5]al rule1 h[ev]1 ,hom] does n employ va/ size1 except 9 cases :]e x c sugge/ no comp>ison ) objects ( ord9>y dim5sions1 & :]e1 accord+ly1 x 9 no way j>s ) our cu/om>y /&>d4 #ief ,od4 xi4 #caa4 ,b if !re be incongruity 9 ! dim5sions ( ! pro/rate ,m>s ( ,hom]1 :at %all we say to ,tasso1 :o1 c>efully sett+ out 9 detail t 8 inf]nal assembly is held )9 ! f\r walls ( ! palace ( ,pluto1 describes ! sub-t]ranean mon>*1 :5 he sits 9 actual c\ncil1 z exce$+ 9 mass1 & t immeasurably1 any m\nta9 :atev]8 ,n tanto scoglio 9 m>1 n rupe alpe/ra1 ,n pur ,calpe s' innalza1 o 'l magno ,atlante1 ,*' anzi lui non p>esse un picciol colle#ieg4 #ieg ,g]us4 iv4 #f4 ,?us1 :]e ,hom] is 9 excess1 ,tasso multiplies ^u him by a ?\s&fold4 ,?is is n gr&eur1 b extravagance2 nor is x va/ness1 b indi/9ctness1 ( :i* an impression is left ^u ! m9d4 ,! passage is foll[$ by a description ( ! c\nt5ance & gorge ( ,pluto1 :i* all read]s mu/ rememb]1 b :i* all read]s mu/ likewise wi% !y c\ld =get4 ,9 g5]al x is curi\s to comp>e ! v sp>+ use :i* ,hom] has made ( m]e bulk z a poetical eng9e1 ) ! b\ndless r$undance ( x1 n only ev5 to nausea 9 su* writ]s z ,=tigu]ra1 :o vulg>ize ev]y?+ !y t\*1 b ev5 9 a patri>* ( ,italian romance l ,boj>do4 ,x w\ld n1 h[ev]1 repay ! tr\ble to be entail$ by ! p]usal1 7 ,i to draw out 9 detail a comp>ison betwe5 ! diction1 ta/e1 figures1 & all o!r incid5ts ( poetic h&l+1 9 ,tasso1 & ^? ( ,hom]4 ,x is bett] to direct att5tion to :at m easily admits ( be+ br\ght into juxtaposition--t is1 ! g5]al /ructure & movem5t ( ! poems1 & ! mann] 9 :i* ! great] laws ( ! poetic art are appli$ to ! respective subjects4 ,mr4 ,hallam adopts an op9ion ( ,voltaire1 t 9 ! *oice ( 8 subject ,tasso has be5 sup]ior to ,hom]2 & adds1 t #89 ! v>iety ( occurr5ces1 9 ! *ange ( sc5es & images1 & ( ! tra9s ( s5tim5t connect$ ) !m 9 ! read]'s m9d1 we _c place ! ,iliad on a level ) ! ,j]usalem2' t1 by unity ( subject & place1 ! poem ( ,tasso has a coh]5ce & s+l5ess n to be f\nd 9 ! neid2 & t1 :ile we expect ! victory ( ! ,*ri/ians1 #8we ackn[l$ge ! probability & adequacy ( ! ev5ts t delay x#ieh4' #ieh ,hallam's ,lit]ature ( ,europe1 ii4 #bfh4 ,( ! ,italians !mselves1 "s place ! "w ( ,tasso at ! v head ( all ,epic compositions3 o!rs ma9ta91 t x 0 surpass$ by ! ,orl&o ,furioso4 ,tirabos*i1 :ile decl9+ to weigh ! poems aga9/ ea* o!r g5]ally1 yet comp>es ! poets1 & gives ! high] place to ,ario/o#iei4 ,nei!r ! agitat$1 /ruggl+1 & dep5d5t life ( ,tasso1 nor ! "* ( ! "t 9 :i* he liv$1 7 fav\rable to ! atta9m5t ( ! v summit ( poetic excell5ce4 ,! fre%ness ( ! morn+ ( ,*ri/ian civilization 9 ,italy _h worn away4 ,! romantic poetry1 :i* seem$ s cong5ial to t c\ntry1 & :i* _h atta9$ to su* high p]fection1 _h n[ run its c\rse3 x 0 r an ef=t aga9/ nature1 ?an a movem5t 9 ! l9e ( x1 :5 ,tasso wr\ght ^u a subject :i* requir$ him to bridle 8 c\ntry's fre] ,muse1 & tra9 h] to hi/oric gr&eur & sev]ity4 ,he has left u ! und\bt$ "w ( a great m9d1 adorn$ ) abundant &1 9 "s respects1 extraord9>y beauties2 yet _m w\ld own !mselves n to h exp]i5c$ f ! ,j]usalem t peculi> sort ( satisfaction1 :i* any "w ( simple t5\r1 if ne>ly approa*+ p]fection 9 its k9d1 ev5 ?\gh t k9d be some:at bel[ ! epic1 nev] fails to imp>t to ! mass ( its read]s4 #iei ,lett4 ,ital41 vol4 vii4 ,grant+ x to be true1 t ! ,siege ( ,j]usalem is a nobl] subject ?an ! ,wra? ( ,a*illes1 toge!r ) all t x includes ( ! siege ( ,troy1 yet nei!r is ! ,siege ( ,j]usalem1 ) ! high elem5ts x compreh5ds1 really ! /aple ( ! subject matt] ( ,tasso1 nor is ! ,siege ( ,troy ! real subject ( ! poem ( ,hom]4 ,tasso _h evid5tly /udi$ ) att5tion ! ,iliad z well z ! neid2 & he has tak5 l>gely f1 or work$ l>gely aft]1 bo?1 b a great deal m1 z f> z ,i h se51 f ! =m] ?an ! latt]4 ,9 :i* selection1 d\btless1 he *ose well4 ,! copy ( a copy is pretty sure to be a vulg> "w4 ,)\t notic+ at pres5t any?+ except :at gov]ns ! ma9 action1 x may be obs]v$1 t ! ,wra? ( ,a*illes is reproduc$ 9 ! ,(f5ce1 giv5 & tak51 ( ,r9aldo3 & ! relation ( ! "o to ,godfrey is evid5tly sugge/$ by t ( ! o!r to ,agamemnon4 ,a*illes ! subject ( ! ,iliad4 ,x is ne$ful "h to return to a topic1 :i* ,i h already m lightly t\*$4 ,we may reckon x among ! *ief di/9ctions ( ,hom]1 t he has be5 able to make ( ! individual man ! broad basis ( ! mo/ h]oical among epic songs4 ,! weak ?read ( ! neid is really su/a9$ by some?+ t lies beh9d ! figure ( neas1 namely1 by its hang+ on ! spl5did =tunes ( ,rome2 ! ,odyssey is ton$ m ne>ly to ! col\r ( a dome/ic pa9t+2 b 9 ! ,iliad1 ! man ,a*illes is ! p[] ^: action propels1 & ^: inaction /ops1 ! _w-wide conflict be=e ,troy4 ,! ,poet has accompli%$ ?is great feat by d9t ( p[]s1 t h giv5 to ! "* ( 8 h]o on ! "o h& dim5sions absolutely colossal1 &1 on ! o!r1 ! f9e/ l9es t m9iature itself c\ld require4 ,= ef=ts ( su* a range z ?is1 aft]-poets _h n ! necess>y /r5g?4 ,!y _h n su* comm& ov] ! high-born mat]ial1 ( :i* man is =m$1 z to make _! mode ( treat+ x 9 "o s+le figure ! ma9 /ake1 on :i* ! =tune ( _! entire works 0 to dep5d4 ,m5 l ,tasso s\ght & f\nd a basis1 less elevat$ inde$ & spl5did1 b equally solid1 & f> m accessible1 9 ! great ev5ts ( hi/ory1 or 9 ! multitude ( associations1 alike noble & famili>1 :i* belong$ to !m4 ,^!1 :i* ) ,hom] _h be5 organically1 & n me*anically alone1 gr\p$ ab\t ! "o great ,humanity ( 8 poem1 n[ became ! c5tral /em ( ! epic2 & ! prop]ly & /rictly p]sonal elem5t1 :i* _h be5 prim>y1 became no m ?an accessory4 ,b ev5ts are made = man1 & n man = ev5ts2 & we c sc>cely d\bt t ! transition f ! old] epic1 :i* ga!r$ all its int]e/s ar\nd ! human s\l z a c5tre1 to ! new]1 :i* exhibits ! human s\l itself 9 a subord9ate relation to ext]nal hi/ory or =tune1 has be5 a transition d[nw>ds4 ,x may be said1 t ,a*illes is n ! subject ( ! ,iliad1 9 ! same s5se z ,ulysses ( ! ,odyssey4 ,x is at any rate true t ! action ( ! ,odyssey is m directly relat$ to ! h]o1 ?an t ( ! ,iliad4 ,& s precise is ! work+ ( ,hom]'s intellect 9 all t app]ta9s to poetical consi/5cy1 t a di/9ction ( %ade1 j proportion$ to ?is diff]5ce1 is p]haps p]ceptible 9 ! v exordia ( ! two poems1 1 & 1 1 4 ,! "o seems to propose ! ,wra? ( ! ,man3 ! o!r ! ,man himself4 ,b sub/antially ! proposition is que/ionable3 ,a*illes is 9 effect1 z truly z ,ulysses1 ! life & /r5g?1 ! *ief glory & beauty1 ( 8 own poem4 ,x might p]haps be d\bt$1 :e!r ev5 ! ,lib]ation ( ,j]usalem 0 a f9] subject = ,*ri/5dom1 ?an ! siege ( ,troy = ! ,greek race4 ,= x is a mi/ake to suppose t because ! ,r$emption ( mank9d inf9itely transc5ds all o!r transactions1 ! poetry :i* is compos$ ab\t x w !re=e be excell5t 9 proportion4 ,b at any rate ?is is n ! "q4 ,hom]'s subject is1 inde$1 ! ,titanic passion ( ,a*illes1 & to ?is subject e ,book ( ! ,iliad1 "s ( !m positively & "s negatively1 b e "o ( !m effectively1 contributes2 b is ! ,lib]ation ( ,j]usalem ! true subject ( ! poem ( ,tasso8 ,subject ( ! ,g]usalemme m d\btful4 ,! ?ree fir/ ,cantos1 ) ! n9?1 ! elev5?1 & ! n9ete5?1 are ! only ones1 :i* are 9 /rictness occupi$ ) ! prop] !me ( ! ,j]usalem4 ,! fif?1 fifte5?1 & sixte5?1 & l>ge portions at ! lea/ ( ! o!r elev51 are tak5 f ! ,siege1 & are giv5 to ! truancy1 or erratic & sep>ate adv5tures1 ( ^? :o ought to h c>ri$ x on2 ma9ly ( ! two pr9cipal ,*ri/ian w>riors1 ,r9aldo & ,tancr$i4 ,9 %ort1 ne> a moiety ( ! "w is occupi$1 n ) ! ,lib]ation ( ,j]usalem at all1 b ) ! ev5ts :i* draw away ! *ampions pl$g$ to x1 ^u err&s ( a "* ! mo/ incongru\s ) ! gr& design4 ,w x be answ]$1 t 9 ! same mann] ,a*illes disappe>s f ! eye ( ! spectator dur+ "o moiety ( ! ,iliad8 ,! app>5t p>allel is :olly false4 ,= ! subject ( ! ,iliad is ! passion ( ,a*illes2 & ! :ole movem5t ( ! poem 9 8 abs5ce be>s directly ^u ! enhancem5t & elevation ( t subject4 ,x exhibits to u ! successive ef=ts ( ! ,greeks1 & ( _! mo/ r$\bt$ *iefta9s1 "o by "o1 to make up = ! seclusion ( ,a*illes f ! fight+ ho/4 ,x 0 impossible = ,hom] m effectually to magnify 8 h]o1 ?an by rec\nt+ fully ^! exploits & _! failure4 ,9 %[+ ! p]ils & calamities br\ght ab\t by 8 abs5ce1 !y deeply impress u ) ! gr&eur & efficacy ( 8 pres5ce1 & prep>e u = ! reappe>ance ( some?+ m ?an man3 ( some?+ :i*1 b = a mo/ skilful prep>atory me*anism1 we %\ld probably h repell$ z an unnatural exagg]ation4 ,b ! love-born vag>ies ( ! w>riors ( ,tasso are m]e imp$im5ts to ! conque/ ( ,j]usalem1 & h no effect :atev] 9 enhanc+ ! poetical greatness ( ! a*ievem5t :i* 0 to cr[n ! "w1 :ile !y s]i\sly d$uct f ! p[] & effectiv5ess1 already 9 ! case ( ,r9aldo b mod]ate1 ( ! *>act]s assign$ to ! w>riors !mselves4 ,x may !re=e be true1 z ,mr4 ,hallam has said1 t ! ev5ts 9 ,tasso spr+ naturally "o f ano!r2 b s may a s]ies ( successive turn+s (f ! l9e ( a road we h be5 travell+1 :5 tak5 s+ly1 produce no s]i\s1 & ev5 no s5sible1 deviation2 yet _! effect1 :5 tak5 toge!r1 may be :olly to *ange our direction1 & prev5t u f mak+ any way at all t[>ds our po9t4 ,)\t d\bt1 ea* incid5t ( an epic poem ought to foll[ naturally 9 ! tra9 ( t :i* directly prec$es x2 b x is f> m important t x %\ld be> a legitimate relation to ! c5tral design1 & %\ld magnify1 n detract f1 ! gr&eur ( t on :i* ! :ole fabric pr9cipally dep5ds4 ,b !re are surely _m o!r objections to ! mode1 :i* ,tasso has adopt$1 ( imp$+ & ret>d+ ! accompli%m5t ( 8 ma9 action4 ,consid]+ ! nature ( 8 !me1 & ! solemnity ( ! sanctions "u :i* ! ,crusades 7 und]tak51 al?\gh we h no "r to ask t passion & infirmity %\ld be bani%$ f ! camp1 yet ! :olesale entanglem5t ( ! v fir/ w>riors 9 love affairs1 _! ru%+ 9 a mass1 ) few exceptions besides greyheads ( ! camp1 ^u ! track ( ,armida1 _! compell+ ,godfrey to all[ ! int]e/s ( ?is trea*]\s beauty to int]rupt ! augu/ purpose ( _! und]tak+1 & !n ! v l>ge proportion ( ! poem occupi$ 9 unravell+ ! web ?us tangl$1 =m1 to my view at lea/1 a bad poetical mixture ( ! intrusive ) ! ,*ri/ian elem5ts ( ! design4 ,nor let x "h be said1 t ev5 s our great ,a*illes /ays ! progress ( ! ,greeks t[>ds triumph = ! love ( a weak woman4 ,we ne$ n dwell on su* di/9ctions z t ,briseis 0 a noble & wor?y1 b ,armida an unwor?y object ( atta*m5t2 t ,a*illes 0 b "o1 :ile ,tasso t\*es all1 :o by age 7 capable1 ) ! same phr5sy4 ,x is n ev5 ?is wor?y atta*m5t alone1 t acts ^u ,a*illes3 t is n ! ma9 /ress ( ! tempe/ :i* s r5ds ! /rong heav+ oak :5 he cries1 1 ' 1 ' 1 ' #ifj4 #ifj ,il4 ix4 #fdf4 ,9 ,a*illes1 baffl$ love is surm\nt$ by ! image ( agoniz+ pride1 pi]c$ ?r\gh & ?r\gh2 & high ov] ?is aga9 t[]s 8 hatr$ ( ! meanness ( ,agamemnon1 & 8 s5se ( ,ju/ice1 /ung to ! v inmo/ quick4 ,ev5 suppos+ ! "q to be op51 :e!r ,hom] has mix$ 8 +r$i5ts 9 due or 9 undue proportions1 at all ev5ts !re is no ess5tial conflict among !m4 ,b su* a conflict becomes visible & gl>+1 :5 a scope is assign$ to ! impulses & sway ( p]sonal passion ^u an army devot$ to ,god & to ! highe/ aim1 su* z x is q impossible to exemplify1 nay to suppose1 9 any army t has ev] be5 b&$ toge!r = any ev5 ( ! mean] ends ( e>?ly policy4 ,aga91 al?\gh ,tasso's poem is em95tly ,*ri/ian 9 its g5]al int5tion1 :o does n feel t1 in/ead ( ga!r+ our ma9 sympa?ies & int]e/ by means ( 8 accessory circum/ances r\nd 8 pr9cipal subject1 he has too effectually sev]$ !m f x1 & has left x s b>e & nak$1 t 8 lib]ation ( ,j]usalem is aft] all v l a common capture & sack2 v l :at1 mutatis mut&is1 ! capture ( x by ! ,s>ac5s mu/ h be58 ,we leave him ) our m9ds full ( ,tancr$i & ,clor9da1 ( ,r9aldo & ,armida1 ( ,gildippe & ,odo>do2 b ! associations1 :i* ^! names sugge/1 connect !mselves ) any subject1 r ?an ) ! lib]ation ( ! ,holy ,sepul*re2 & ! respect$ ,godfrey1 ) 8 plans1 has1 at mo/ po9ts ( ! poem1 little m %>e 9 our ?\ghts ?an ! ,jupit] ( ! ,iliad1 z he fea/s remotely gr& on ,olympus1 or sits on ,ida = ! conv5i5ce ( a ne>] view4 ,relative places ( ,r9aldo & ,tancr$i4 ,besides ^! objections ( irrelevant int]polation1 incongru\s mixture1 & divid$ int]e/s1 x may be obs]v$ t ! relative prom95ce ( ! h]oes ( ,tasso is n cle>ly pron\nc$4 ,no "o c d\bt z to ! "q1 :o is ! fir/1 & by f> ! fir/1 figure ( ! ,iliad4 ,a*illes ev] haunts u1 ei!r 9 recollection or by sight2 at any rate1 he /&s among & above 8 bro!r *iefta9s1 z ,saul out-topp$ by head & %\ld]s ! p ( ,israel4 ,b x is n easy to say :o is ! h]o or protagoni/ ( ! ,j]usalem4 ,al?\gh ! int]e/ :i* he attracts is inf]ior1 yet ! virtues1 intellect1 & moral =ce ( ,godfrey /& high & cle> beyond ^? ( all ! o!r m prom95t p]sonages3 he be>s himself s meekly 9 8 high (fice1 & yet s p]fectly & s exclusively exhibits ! political _s1 t by m]e moral & (ficial greatness he /&s1 9 any g5]al view ( ! poem1 an inconv5i5t neighb\r & a dang]\s rival to ! two o!r figures1 = "o ( :om ! title ( h]o mu/ h be5 design$4 ,tak+1 next1 ! yet m s]i\s "q betwe5 ,tancr$i & ,r9aldo1 :i* ( ?is pair is int5d$ to comm& ! *ief int]e/8 ,app>5tly1 9 ,tasso's int5tion1 x is ,r9aldo2 because )\t him ! ma9 action /ops1 ) him x proce$s4 ,& yet ! poet has assign$ to ,tancr$i ! deadly s+le combat )1 & ! triumph s p[]fully describ$ ov]1 ,argante1 ! only really great & t]rible *ampion on ! ,mahometan side4 ,h[ w\ld ! ,iliad /&1 if ,diom$ _h kill$ ,hector1 & _h left to ,a*illes only neas or ,s>p$on8 ,tasso "h seems himself to h felt an incongruity1 & to h s\ght to comp5sate ,r9aldo 9 quantity = ! 7comp>atively7 defici5t quality ( 8 conque/s4 ,9 ! f9al assault he slays a multitude ( ! enemy l %eep#ifa2 :51 z ! poet says1 9 a mann] surely f> b5ea? 8 !me1 ! ta/e ( victory _h excit$ 9 him ! appetite ( c>nage#ifb4 #ifa ,g]us4 xx4 #ee4 #ifb ,ibid4 #ed4 ,nor is x only 9 ! di/ribution ( milit>y glory1 t ,r9aldo appe>s to h suff]$ = ! advantage ( ,tancr$4 ,on "o occasion inde$1 imm$iately aft] ! dea? ( ,g]n&o1 ,tasso has degrad$ ,tancr$ = ! advantage ( ,r9aldo4 ,= ! poet makes ?is w>rior plead1 t ! (f5ce ( ,r9aldo %\ld be consid]$ accord+ to ! quality ( him :o committ$ x1 & t !re c be no su* ?+ z true ju/ice )\t respect ( p]sons3 ,or ti sovvegna ,saggio signor1 *i sia ,r9aldo1 e quale2 444 non dee *i regna ,nel ca/igo con tutti ess] uguale4 ,v>io l' i/esso error ne' gradi v>i2 ,e sol l' egualit giu/a co' p>i#ifc4 #ifc ,g]us4 v4 #cf4 ,x 0 act+ on an op9ion ( ?is k9d1 9 ! case ( ! ,ma/] ( ,/air aft] ! ,massacre ( ,gl5coe1 t left uneffac$ a deep /a9 on ! memory ( ,william ,,iii4 & ( ,scotl&4 ,d\btless !re h be5 p]iods :51 ev5 9 ,*ri/ian c\ntries1 su* s5tim5ts h be5 pr(ess$ z well z practis$2 b c !re h be5 any p]iod :5 ! utt]ance ( !m f ! m\? ( a knight1 :o is exhibit$ to u z a patt]n1 w\ld n h caus$ a revulsion 9 ! m9ds ( ord9>y he>]s or read]s8 ,! ,woman-*>act]s ( ,tasso4 ,! ,j]usalem is greatly ov]/ock$ ) int]e/+ c\ples2 s mu* s1 t at times we almo/ seem to be read+ a ,pa/oral poem4 ,tak5 s+ly1 ! details ( ^! love-/ories are work$ up ) inf9ite art & beauty1 & are ! mo/ effective & successful portions ( ! :ole ,epic2 b ! aggregate is s mu* too l>ge1 t x *ills ! g5]al tone1 z well z weak5s ! broad] effects4 ,! excess ( quantity is1 inde$1 gross & gl>+4 ,tasso has foll[$ ! ,*ri/ian ,romanc]s 9 employ+ l>gely ! idea ( ! woman-w>rior1 practically unkn[n to ,hom]1 introduc$ ) great _s b no v elevat$ moral effect 9 ,virgil1 c>ri$ by ,boj>do & ,ario/o to its p]fection2 &1 )\t d\bt1 a conception f> m suitable to ! /&>d ( ^? great poets ( fancy1 ?an to ! l(ty level ( ! ,epic or ! high] drama1 :i* deal ) ! greate/ p[]s & ! deepe/ problems ( our nature4 ,/ill1 z to ! mann] ( employ+ x1 we ne$ n d5y t high praise mu/ be accord$ to ! ,clor9da ( ,tasso4 ,x is inde$ easy to criticize ! religi\s incid5ts ( h] dea?1 & n easy to und]/& :at bus9ess %e has aft] dea? 9 a tree ( ! en*ant$ wood2 or :y1 :5 t wood becomes ! prey ( ! c>p5t]s1 %e is s unc]emoni\sly ov]look$ 9 h] uncom=table abode4 ,b z to ! ma9 exhibition ( ! "*1 %e foll[s ,bradamante )\t deg5]acy3 pure1 upright1 *ivalr\s1 ?or\ghly m>tial1 & yet n grossly mascul9e4 ,%e falls to ! lot ( ,tancr$4 ,b besides ! ,s(ronia1 ! ,erm9ia1 & ! ,gildippe1 9 ! second degree ( prom95ce1 !re is project$ on ! picture ano!r p]son yet m conspicu\s ?an ev5 ,clor9da1 namely1 ,armida2 s diff]5t t !y c h>dly be comp>$1 & yet inconv5i5tly j>r+ f ! simil>ity ( _! relations to ! great h]oes ( ! poem4 ,bo?1 too1 are lovely2 bo? figure 9 ! camp4 ,not)/&+1 h[ev]1 ! pr(usion ( *>ms1 :i* ,tasso has call$ into exi/5ce to set (f ! p]son & ! p[]s ( ,armida1 no?+ c be m unsatisfactory ?an h] "* itself1 except its place 9 ! poem1 & h] p>ticul> relation to ,r9aldo4 ,:5 e "o else is ravi%$ by h] ov]p[]+ attractions1 he rema9s ins5sible3 & yet aft]w>ds1 ) no poetical ju/ification = ! *ange1 he becomes desp]ately enam\r$ ( h]4 ,"h we see t feebl5ess 9 ! conception & exhibition ( "*1 :i* depresses ! flight ( ,tasso1 :i* excludes him f a place 9 ! class1 q z op5 to poets z to philosoph]s1 ! class ( ! greate/ ma/]s ( ?\ght & ( human nature4 ,! ,armida ( ,tasso4 ,we become acqua9t$ ) ,armida1 ! beautiful en*antress1 fir/ 9 ! guise ( a =lorn damsel1 :o implores succ\r f ! ,*ri/ian h]oes2 & ?is is p]haps ! mo/ successful portion ( ! rle assign$ to h]4 ,!n %e appe>s z ! ,circe ( h] own g>d5s3 !n %e is a ,dido )\t an neas1 = ! escape ( ,r9aldo f ! disgraceful s]vitude into :i* %e _h inveigl$ him be>s no resemblance to ! fond & deep passion ( ! ,c>?ag9ian que51 :i* grew out ( an hon\rable hospitality af=d$ to ! ,trojans 9 di/ress4 ,) a disagreeable am\nt ( lik5ess 9 detail1 ! copy /ill misses ! orig9al1 & loses all t =ce & maje/y ( int5se passion to :i* "h1 & "h alone1 ,virgil has be5 enabl$ to asc5d4 ,!n in/ead ( t tragic end ( ,dido1 9 :i*1 ?\gh ) an attitude some:at !atrical1 s(tness & fi]c5ess are s wond]fully bl5d$1 s t %e does n =feit sympa?y ev5 9 h] ke5e/ long+s = rev5ge1 ,armida has rec\rse to an exp$i5t :i* is :olly debas$ & vulg>4 ,%e simply (f]s h]self = sale1 promis+ to be ! prize ( any w>rior ( ! ,egyptian camp1 :o %all execute h] v5geance on ,r9aldo = ! (f5ce ( hav+ escap$ out ( h] toils4 ,nor h we yet done ) ! d\bl+s ( h] tortu\s pa?4 ,%e sees ,r9aldo pass h] 9 ! battle2 &1 n )\t inf9ite d\bt+1 %oots an arr[ at him4 ,x is p]haps difficult to def9e 9 language :at x is1 t con/itutes ! diff]5ce betwe5 ! m5tal /ruggles ( g5u9e passion1 & m]e incongru\s vacillation4 ,we see ! =m] 9 ,dido2 & "o sign ( x is a c]ta9 progression4 ,:]e ! law ( nature is foll[$1 p]petual fluctuation is n all[$2 by degrees1 ?\gh !y may be sl[ & _m1 ! m9d is work$ up to a /rong resolve1 :]e x abides3 its agitation & seem+ reflux is b ! rec$+ wave ( ! advanc+ tide2 & :5 once a /rong purpose is full-=m$ aft] /ruggle 9 a truly p[]ful nature1 :e!r ( man or woman1 x mu/ n be *ang$4 ,n[ ?is is :at we miss 9 ,armida4 ,%e is ev] play+ at backw>ds & =w>ds4 ,?rice %e draws ! b[1 ?rice %e relaxes x3 at la/ %e dis*>ges ! arr[1 b ) x a wi% t x may miss3 ,lo /ral vol2 ma con lo /rale un voto ,subito usc1 *e vada il colpo a voto#ifd4 #ifd ,g]us4 xx4 #fc4 ,n unnaturally1 ?is unsatisfactory passage leads u to "o ( ! wor/ ( all ! provok+ conceits t disfigure f "t to "t ! beautiful pages ( ?is poem3 ,tanto poteva 9 lei1 b5* p]d5te1 7,or *e potria vittorioso87 amore#ife4 #ife ,ib4 #fd4 ,yet1 aft] all ?is1 rev5ge aga9 gets ! upp] h&1 & h] eye foll[s ! arr[ ) avidity1 hop+ x may /rike4 ,%e !n repeats ! %ot aga9 & aga91 & :ile do+ x is aga9 h]self %ot 9 return by love3 ,e m5tre ella saetta1 ,amor lei piaga#iff4 #iff ,ib4 #fe4 ,aga9 ! same alt]nation is reit]at$2 b h] *ampions fail4 ,%e flies4 ,%e resumes ! "p ( ,dido2 apo/rophizes h] own weapons 9 a spee* ( ne> ?irty l9es1 entreat+ !m to despat* h]4 ,r9aldo !n arre/s h] arm2 & yet once m1 9 /anzas replete ) beauty ( diction1 we h ! same unsatisfactory & indecisive mixture ( ill-assort$ emotions1 )\t ! /r5g? ei!r ( h>mony or ( contra/1 f\nd$ on no natural law1 connect$ by no moral or m5tal tie1 ord]$ to no end or consummation4 ,h[ev]1 he v[s himself h] ador]1 & %e gives h]self up to 8 disposal3 ,ecco l' ancella tua2 d' essa a tuo s5no ,dispon1 gli disse2 e le fia legge il c5no#ifg4 #ifg ,ib4 #acf4 ,& s we leave !m4 ,b unhappily we _c1 9 leav+ !m1 =get t %e is a ,mahometan & a sorc]ess2 t h] frauds h be5 ! great sc&al ( ! army1 & ! ma9 ob/acle to ! completion ( its design2 t %e has nev] ?r\gh\t ! :ole poem exhibit$ a s+le quality conta9+ 9 x ! elem5ts ( j moral attraction2 & t ?is triumph ( m]e corporeal =m1 )\t "o solit>y note ( inw>d lovel9ess1 is a*iev$ ov] ! greate/ ( ! w>riors ( ,*ri/1 :5 engag$1 "u ! imm$iate & special direction ( ! ,almighty1 9 ! recov]y ( ! ,holy ,sepul*re f infidel dom9ion4 ,) all ^! circum/ances be=e u1 x mu/ be admitt$ t a m lame & unsatisfactory contribution to ! climax ( a great ,*ri/ian poem c\ld h>dly h be5 contriv$4 ,nor is ! impression mu* am5d$ by ! d$ication ( ! eight la/ /anzas ( ! "w to ! completion ( ! victory by ,godfrey4 ,a read] may1 on ! contr>y1 well feel p]turb$ by ! %>pness ( ! transition1 & by ! air ( unconsci\sness ) :i*1 9 ga!r+ up ! ?reads ( ! action1 ,tasso has br\ght into close neighb\rhood matt]s s het]og5e\s1 t !y =m a k9d ( moral *aos4 ,& ! obs]vation applies to ! close ( ! poem1 :i* may well h accompani$ x ?r\gh\t its c\rse2 t ! sympa?ies ( ! read] are n evok$ & manag$ ) due1 or ) any1 ref]5ce to ! greatness & nobl5ess ( ! objects1 b1 on ! contr>y1 are allur$ into ! wrong qu>t]4 ,hom] has c>efully contriv$1 9 ! case ( ,p>is1 t ev5 8 extraord9>y p]sonal attractions %all d no?+ to give him a hold ^u our fav\r1 :ile he has giv5 8 w>me/ sympa?ies to ! beauty ( ! innoc5t1 ?\gh comp>atively insignificant1 ,euphorbus#ifh4 ,h[ tame & flat1 on ! contr>y1 has ,tasso made ! /a9less ,erm9ia1 :om inde$ he altoge!r =gets be=e ! poem closes2 & :at ef=ts ( art has he n us$ to ga!r admir+ int]e/ ar\nd ! "* & fate ( ! he>tless1 ev5 :5 enam\r$1 ,armida4 ,nay1 m1 ) "s brilliant exceptions1 especially t noble "o ( ! fir/ view ( ,j]usalem1 h[ cold & slack1 h[ un9t]e/+ to ! read]1 is ! movem5t ( ! ma9 action ( ! poem1 comp>$ ) t ( ! love-/ories :i* invade & engross s inord9ate a portion ( ! gr\nd4 ,we seem to feel t1 aft] all1 ! ,siege ( ,j]usalem is n ! pr9cipal bus9ess 9 h&2 x is ! task :i* mu/ someh[ or o!r be got ?r\gh1 b x is n ! life & pulse1 ! light & joy ( ! poem4 ,z ! ,siege ( ,troy 0 ! in/rum5t ( ,hom]1 to enable him to develop 8 ,a*illes1 s ! mu* high] subject ( ! ,crusade is ! tool ( ,tasso to enable him to exhibit 8 workman%ip1 *iefly 9 connection ) love-/ories1 ^u v inf]ior p]sons & p]=mances4 ,! relative values ( ! sett+ & ! jewel are totally diff]5t 9 ! two cases4 #ifh ,il4 xvii4 #ea4 ,! affront ( ,g]n&o4 ,besides ! fir/ great h9drance to ! prosecution ( ! siege 9 ! s$uctive p[] ( ,armida :5 %e appe>s 9 ! camp1 !re is a second1 namely1 ! slaught] ( ,g]n&o by ,r9aldo1 ^u a p]sonal affront4 ,x has "h be5 object$ to ! fir/1 t ! effect assign$ to x is out ( proportion to all example & to all likelihood1 ?\gh x may be suitable to ! passionate susceptibilities ( ,tasso's individual m9d2 & t ?is disproportion j>s peculi>ly f ! m ?an usual elevation ( ! subject4 ,is ! second ob/acle m happily conceiv$8 ,r9aldo1 9 ! ,fif? ,canto1 unlike 8 companions1 has prov$ impregnable to ! assaults ( ,armida's m+l$ beauty & art3 ,ma p]*' a lui colpi d' amor pi l5ti ,non hanno il petto oltra la scorza inciso1 ,n molto impazi5te di rivale1 ,n la donzella di seguir gli cale#ifi4 #ifi ,g]us4 v4 #ab4 ,he r aspires to succe$ to ! fall5 ,dudone 9 ! imm$iate comm& ( ! =ces4 ,yet ev5 ) respect to ?is1 8 ambition purports to be "u ! guidance ( high pr9ciple3 ,i gradi primi ,pi m]it> *e conseguir desio#igj4 #igj ,ibid4 #aea4 ,pres5tly ! ,norwegian ,pr9ce ,g]n&o1 mov$ by jeal\sy1 insults him2 on :i* ,r9aldo !re & !n gives him ! lie1 & slays him4 ,x is h>dly possible to measure ! inf]iority ( ?is comb9ation1 z respects poetic art & effect1 to ! sc5e ( ! ,fir/ ,book ( ! ,iliad1 ) :i* x mu/ naturally be comp>$3 :]e ,a*illes is /ung1 & /ung at once 9 e fibre ( 8 deep1 pr\d1 & impassion$ nature1 by ! m+l$ meanness & tyranny ( ,agamemnon4 ,! affront 9 ,hom] is s contriv$ t x %all conta9 all ! highe/ elem5ts ( provocation3 av>ice1 tyranny1 inju/ice1 +ratitude1 on ! "o side are made to exac]bate ! w\nds inflict$ by public degradation1 & by ! sudd5 loss ( a belov$ object1 on ! o!r4 ,b ! insult ( ,g]n&o to ,r9aldo is an e-day insult ( ! /reets3 yet an ,am]ican duelli/ c\ld n h be5 m summ>y 9 8 proce$+s1 ?an is ! great ,*ri/ian *ampion4 ,! brutal provocation in/antly breaks d[n bo? ! piety & ! moral firmness ( ,r9aldo4 ,x is n s ) ,a*illes4 ,9 him !re is a consci\s =ce ( self-comm&1 :i* absolutely1 ?\gh n relatively to 8 passion1 is ev5 beyond t ( o!r m52 & ?\gh unequal1 inde$1 yet is all b n unequal to controll+ t tempe/u\s flood ( wra?4 ,no?+ c be gr&] ?an ! picture ( ?is 8 fir/ great m5tal convulsion4 ,we mu/ quote ! l9es3 ' '1 1 1 ' 1 1 #iga4 #iga ,il4 i4 #ahh4 ,!n1 :ile ! /rong curr5t eddies to & fro )9 him1 & :ile 8 f+]s1 play+ in/9ctively on ! h&le ( 8 sword1 cause its blade to be se51 comes ! w>n+ vision ( ,pallas to him1 & to him alone4 ,?is admonition re/ores ! di/urb$ balance ( 8 m9d2 &1 8 inw>d w\nd assuag$ ) ! promise ( a future rev5ge1 to be wr\ght out = him by ! self-condemn+ h&s ( ! inflict]s & abettors ( ! wrong1 he moodily =egoes ! reckon+ ( blood4 ,su* is ! solid1 ! ,cyclopian /ructure ( ! fabric1 into :i* ,hom] has built 8 *>act]s4 ,_h ! h]o ( ,tasso inde$ be5 end[$ ) a sublimity ( passion beyond or l t ( ,a*illes1 we might n h be5 entitl$ to call him /rictly to acc\nt = ! slaught] ( ,g]n&o4 ,b ! tru? is1 t he is a some:at jejune & feeble "*2 & 8 (f5ce 9 ?is in/ance is n f ! excess ( ! impell+1 b f ! defect1 or r ! utt] abs5ce1 ( ! re/ra9+ p[]4 ,giob]ti1 9 a po/hum\s "w#igb1 rem>ks t ! h]oes ( ,paganism are m effective ?an ^? ( ,*ri/ianity1 because ! /&>d by :i* !y are measur$ is l[]1 ! idea imp]fect in/ead ( p]fect4 ,!re is1 ,i believe1 mu* bo? ( tru? & ( dep? 9 ?is obs]vation4 ,x is no m ?an ju/ice t ,tasso %\ld h ! b5efit ( x1 :i* is n inconsid]able4 #igb ,la ,ri=ma ,cattolica1 lately publi%$ at ,tur91 ) an excell5t preface by ,mass>i4 ,diff]+ modes ( describ+ p]sonages4 ,su*1 h[ev]1 z 8 h]oes are1 he takes ! precaution to describe !m 9 outl9e at a v e>ly /age inde$ ( 8 proce$+s1 namely1 9 ! /anzas #h-aj ( ! ,fir/ ,canto4 ,he "h places be=e u ,godfrey1 ,baldw91 ,tancr$1 ,boemondo1 & ,r9aldo2 & he resumes f "t to "t ! bus9ess ( describ+ !m4 ,boj>do & ,ario/o avoid ?is2 b x is probably because !y 7 deal+ ) *>act]s ( well-kn[n type1 already famili> to _! audi5ce4 ,hom]1 :o drew s mu* m p[]fully1 _h m to describe ?an any ( !m4 ,& yet x may be said he nev] describes *>act]s at all1 ) ! v slight exceptions ( ,ne/or1 9 a few words1 & ,!rsites ) some:at m detail3 ! latt]1 x is evid5t1 because he want$ to conc5trate contempt & disgu/ ^u 8 qualities1 = exhibit+ :i* 9 action he c\ld n af=d to su* a wret* any ext5d$ space3 ! =m]1 p]haps because he has ?\ght x bett] = effect to ab/a9 f m>k+ him ?r\gh ! poem by di/9ctive epi!ts1 & c\ld produce a c]ta9 r\ndness ( figure1 highly suitable to ! p]sonage1 9 ?is way ) m conv5i5ce4 ,b1 9 g5]al1 ,hom]'s *>act]s are describ$ by _! actions only1 ) ! aid ( *oice & *>act]i/ic epi!ts1 & "h & !re ( "s small b po9t$ allusion1 n f !mselves nor f ! ,poet1 b 9 ! spee*es ( o!rs4 ,?us he grapples ) ! full scale ( ! dem&s ( ! dramatic art4 ,o!rs c\ld n foll[ him4 ,we mu/ n blame ,tasso = a proce$+ q necess>y by way ( clue to 8 poem2 r1 inde$1 we %\ld praise ! +5i\s mann] 9 :i* he has effect$ 8 purpose1 by a survey :i* ! ,almighty takes ( ! ,*ri/ian camp2 a proce$+ alike conducive to ! religi\s "* ( 8 poem1 n always s well c>$ =1 & to ! supply ( ! fir/ necessities ( 8 read]s4 ,9 ! details ( 8 battles1 ,tasso is a great & skilful describ]4 ,p]haps 9 ?is po9t alone1 out ( s _m1 he may be t]m$ sup]ior to ,hom]4 ,at lea/ we may be dispos$ to ?9k he has no?+ s unsatisfactory "u ?is head z ! dea? ( ,patroclus4 ,x may be ano!r "q h[ f> he is indebt$ = in/ruction 9 ?is dep>tm5t to 8 great c\ntrym51 especially ,ario/o1 & also :e!r he has any:]e equall$ ! magnific5t acc\nt ( t t]rible conte/ ) ,rodomonte1 :i*1 9 ! ,furioso1 sums up ,ruggi]o's triumphs4 ,z ne>ly all ! great] situations & comb9ations ( ! ,g]usalemme1 & its g5]al framework1 h be5 sugge/$ by ! anci5ts1 s ! m9or imitations are too num]\s = notice4 ,_m ( ,tasso's similes are extremely beautiful & f9i%$2 & he has foll[$ ,hom] 9 employ+ !m to relieve ! n>rative ( battle2 b he has n obs]v$ ! same judici\s p>simony 9 o!r p>ts ( 8 poem2 he has app>5tly n p]ceiv$1 c]ta9ly n foll[$1 ! g5]al rules ( ,hom] 9 ! di/ribution ( ?is ornam5t1 & ! result has be5 t !y produce a some:at cloy+ effect4 ,l ,virgil1 he has be5 betray$ into imitat+ ,hom] 9 c]ta9 cases1 :]e ! :ole reason ( ! case 0 *ang$3 z1 = in/ance1 9 ! ,invocation be=e ! ,catalogue1 & 9 ! wi% express$ = multipli$ organs ( spee*4 ,to ,hom]1 a recit+ poet1 ! ,catalogue 0 a great ef=t ( memory1 & x !re=e ju/ifi$ ! special application to ! ,muse3 to ,tasso x mu/ h be5 "o ( ! easi] p>ts ( 8 p]=mance4 ,z respects ! second po9t1 :at c be m reasonable 9 ! case ( an unwritt5 composition8 :at less s1 :5 ! poet works ) p5 & ink8 ,nor is ! case mu* m5d$ by suppos+ t ,tasso _h 9 m9d 8 recitations1 unless ! recitation _h be51 n ! accid5t1 b ! rule1 s t ! poem w\ld itself1 9 ! ord9>y c\rse ( ?\ght1 be conceiv$ ( z associat$ ) ! act ( recit+4 ,tasso seems1 h[ev]1 to h fall5 into a m s]i\s error 9 introduc+ a ,second ,catalogue into 8 poem4 ,! fir/ may be def5d$ by ! same reason+1 :i* s amply w>rants t ( ,hom]4 ,b :at int]e/ c\ld ,*ri/5dom or ,italy feel 9 ! detail$ mu/]-roll ( ! ,egyptian army8 ,! ,return ( ,r9aldo4 ,if 9 ! ,j]usalem ! ,wra? is b5ea? ! /&>d ( ! ,iliad1 s is ! ,return4 ,on ! side ( ,r9aldo1 inde$1 x is mo/ j & "r1 t he %\ld be extricat$ f ! entanglem5ts ( ! s$uctive ,armida3 b1 on ! side ( ,godfrey1 !re is ! same sorry managem5t ( all ! moral elem5ts ( ! case4 ,9 ,hom]1 ,a*illes 0 ju/ly & mo/ deeply (f5d$3 on e pr9ciple kn[n to ! cre$ ( ,paganism1 or to ,greek life & exp]i5ce1 he ju/ly res5t$ ! (f5ce3 ! utmo/ t c be imput$ to him is a decid$ excess 9 ! indulg5ce ( a ?or\ghly righte\s feel+3 & ?is 0 t]ribly expiat$ by ! bloody dea? ( t fri5d1 :o 0 to him z a second self4 ,b ! gross (f5ce ( ,agamemnon is dealt ) accord+ to ! mo/ righte\s rules2 & he is compell$ by ^w & gift to appease ! man :om he _h robb$1 insult$1 & /riv5 to degrade4 ,:ile he is br\ght bo? to re/itution & to apology1 h[ diff]5t is ! arrangem5t ( ,tasso's poem6 ,r9aldo 0 wrong$ by ,g]n&o3 b ,godfrey _h done no m ?an 8 duty3 he 0 ! m9i/] ( public ju/ice1 ( lawful au?ority1 & ( milit>y discipl9e3 9 respect to him1 & likewise 9 respect to ! army1 ,r9aldo 0 ! (f5d]1 ,godfrey & public "r 7 only ! suff]]s2 yet ,godfrey & public "r give way "u ! pressure ( adv]sity1 & ! (f5d] comes back 9 a k9d ( triumph4 ,if x has be5 f\nd possible 9 ! case ( ,virgil to in/itute a m m9ute comp>ison ) ,hom]1 ?is _c be attempt$ 9 ! case ( ,tasso1 = 8 "w h>dly admits ( juxta-positions 9 detail4 ,we h already notic$ ! abundant /ock ( real analogies betwe5 ! subject ( ! ,trojan exp$ition1 & t ( ! ,crusades4 ,tasso himself1 9 8 anxiety to foll[ ,hom]1 ev5 add$ to !m1 by feign+ a c5tralization ( ! ,*ri/ian ent]prise1 :i* ,i fe> did n really exi/4 ,b to imitate is "o ?+1 to be l is ano!r2 & x /ill rema9s h>d really to comp>e ! poems1 f> h>d] ! poets4 ,9 ord] to see ?is cle>ly1 let u asc5d a height1 & view ! sc5e :i* lies be=e u4 ,h[ va/ a deluge ( "t & ( ev5ts has swept away ! v _w 9 :i* ,hom] liv$1 & ! worlds t succe$$ 83 ! place ( nativity is *ang$1 ! great gulf ( "t is /ret*$ betwe51 ! language is ano!r1 ! religion new1 all ! *a9s ( association h be5 tak5 to pieces & re-=g$1 all ! old *ords ( feel+ are n[ mute1 & o!rs t give =? a diff]5t music are /rung 9 _! /ead4 ,& !re is also1 x mu/ be confess$1 a great & %>p desc5t f ! /ature ( ,hom]1 z a creative poet1 to t ( ,tasso4 ,yet he too is a classic ( ,italy1 & a classic ( ! _w2 & if = a mom5t we feel x a disp>agem5t to 8 c\ntry t %e suff]s 9 ?is "o comp>ison1 let h] soo! h] ruffl$ recollection by ! consci\sness1 t ?\gh ,tasso has n become a rival to ,hom]1 yet he %>es ?is failure ) e epic writ] ( e l&4 ,on ! o!r h&1 no mod]n poet1 deal+ ) simil> subject-matt]1 has be5 equal to ,tasso4 ,none has erect$1 ^u simil> f\ndations to 81 a fabric s l(ty & s durable1 s ri* 9 beauty & 9 grace3 s well entitl$1 if n to vie ) ! v greate/ a*ievem5t ( ! ages t w5t be=e him1 at lea/ to *all5ge or to w9 ! admiration ( ^? g5]ations t h succe$$4 ,b 8 defeat is1 aft] all1 8 greate/ victory4 ,to lose ! mat* aga9/ ,hom] is a high] prize ?an to w9 x f 8 o!r competitors4 ,few inde$ are ! sons ( g5ius1 & elect among ! elect1 :o c be br\ght into comp>ison ) t sire & k+ ( v]se2 & ,tasso1 we are p]suad$1 w\ld be> aga9/ none a grudge = ?us f>1 9 8 own words1 limit+ 8 hon\rs3 e ci fia sommo onore2 ,que/i gi con ,g]n&o 9 g>a v5ne#igc4 #igc ,g]4 v4 #bj4 ,,section ,,vi4 ,"s pr9cipal ,hom]ic *>act]s 9 ,troy4 ,hector3 ,hel53 ,p>is4 ,to "o only among ! c\ntless millions ( human be+s has x be5 giv5 to draw *>act]s1 by ! /r5g? ( 8 own individual h&1 9 l9es ( su* =ce & vig\r1 t !y h become1 f 8 day to our own1 ! common inh]itance ( civiliz$ man4 ,t "o is ,hom]4 ,ev] s9ce 8 "t1 besides f9d+ 8 way into ! usually imp5etrable ,ea/1 he has provid$ lit]>y capital & available /ock 9 trade = recit]s & he>]s1 = au?ors & read]s ( all times & ( all places )9 ! limits ( ! ,we/]n _w2 ,adjice ,monid51 a quo1 ceu fonte p]5ni1 ,vatum ,pi]iis ora rigantur aquis4 ,l ! sun1 :i* furni%es ) its light ! close c\rts & alleys ( ,london1 :ile himself unse5 by _! inhabitants1 ,hom] has suppli$ ) ! illum9ation ( 8 ideas millions ( m9ds t 7 nev] br\ght into direct contact ) 8 works1 & ev5 millions m1 t h h>dly be5 aw>e ( 8 exi/5ce4 ,z ! full fl[ ( 8 g5ius has op5$ itself out into t5 ?\s& irrigat+ *annels by successive subdivision1 !re c be no cause = wond]1 if "s ( !m h n pres]v$ ! pellucid cle>ness ( ! /ream4 ,l blood f ! great art]y ( ! he>t ( man1 z x returns ?r\gh innum]able ve9s1 x is gradually d>k5$ 9 its fl[4 ,! v univ]sality ( ! tradition has multipli$ ! causes ( corruption4 ,t :i*1 z to docum5ts1 is a gu>antee1 because _! errors correct "o ano!r1 z to ideas is a new s\rce ( dang]1 because e ?+ dep5ds ^u con/ant ref]5ce to ! f9] t\*es ( an orig9al1 :i* has escap$ f view4 ,& ?is univ]sality is 8 alone4 ,an ,engli%man may p>donably ?9k t 8 great rival 9 ! portraiture ( "* is ,%akespe>e--a ,briton may ev5 g fur!r1 & *all5ge1 on behalf ( ,sir ,walt] ,scott1 a place 9 ?is pr9cely *oir1 second to no o!r p]son b ^!4 ,yet ! fame ( ,hamlet1 ,o!llo1 ,lady ,macbe?1 or ,fal/aff1 & mu* m t ( ,v>ney1 or ,rav5swood1 or ,caleb ,bald]/on1 or ,meg ,m]rilies1 has n yet come1 & may nev] come1 to be a _w-wide fame4 ,on ! o!r h&1 t di/9ction has long be5 inali5ably secur$ to e "* ( ! fir/ class1 :o appe>s 9 ! ,hom]ic poems4 ,he has conf]r$ ^u !m a dea?less inh]itance4 ,b1 ?r\gh wayw>dness & infirmity1 mank9d corrupts t ) :i* x sympa?izes1 & und]m9es :at x obeys4 ,! same law ( wa/e & decomposition1 :i* f day to day corrodes ! works ( nature1 op]ates also 9 div]s mann]s & degrees ^u ! creations ( m9d4 ,z ! portraitures ( individual "*1 to be f\nd 9 ! works ( ! great ma/]s ( ! imag9ative faculty1 are among ! v highe/ ( ^! creations1 s1 because !y are ! greate/1 !y are ! mo/ difficult to r5d] into o!r =ms1 & to transfuse ?r\gh new m$ia4 ,among ! anci5t sculptures x is easi] to f9d a good ,faun ?an a good ,v5us1 :ile aga9 ^? works1 :i* embody ! v highe/ ideals1 are n only r>e1 b are 9 mo/ in/ances unique4 ,9 l mann] ! ,pun* & ! ,h>lequ91 ! broad *>act]s ( primitive spectacle & f>ce1 readily become national1 & are transmitt$1 spontane\sly z x 71 ?r\gh ages )\t sub/antial *ange2 b ! f9] & nobl] repres5tations ( man1 requir+ great] ef=t1 & a diff]5t ord] ( m9d to compreh5d1 z well z to project !m1 rapidly deg5]ate 9 ! v po9ts on :i* _! peculi> excell5ce dep5ds4 ,o!r causes1 besides m5tal impot5ce 9 ! recipi5t1 contribute t[>ds ?is result4 ,"o ma9 ag5t is1 ! inability or ! dis9cl9ation ( mank9d to g back to orig9als4 ,= ! mass1 a mod]niz+ process is commonly 9 dem&1 is readily furni%$1 & is itself aga9 & aga9 v>i$ f age to age4 ,x is always easi] to d]ive f :at is itself d]ivative1 ?an to g up to ! f\nta9-head4 ,into ! bus9ess ( e pr(ession1 includ+ 7n[ m ?an ev]7 t ( lett]s1 necessity drives h] adamant9e clamps3 & ! & ! 1 or slang & ! clap-trap1 ma9ta9 a too successful /ruggle to depress its high] & m g5ial aims4 ,causes ( injury to ,hom]ic *>act]s4 ,x is n difficult to po9t out reasons :y ! *>act]s ( ,hom] %\ld h be5 peculi>ly expos$ to injury f ! lapse ( "t4 ,mo/ ( all f two causes2 because !y 7 ( su* extraord9>y & ref9$ m]it1 & because ( ! =m 9 :i* !y 7 convey$4 ,n only did !y be> ! /amp t ! highe/ g5ius alone c\ld affix1 b no?+ less ?an c>e1 sympa?y1 & manly ef=t1 c\ld enable m5 to compreh5d !m4 ,= !y 7 n exhibit$ 9 ! set =ms ( descriptive passages1 :i* might be le>nt by rote1 b !y 7 wr\ght out 9 ! f9e1 z well z deep & /rong l9es ( life & action2 & none ( !m c\ld be def9$ 9 t]ms1 until !y _h fir/ be5 pr(\ndly felt )94 ,we 7 to become acqua9t$ ) !m z fri5ds1 by liv+ ) !m ?r\gh _! v>i$ =tunes2 n z /rang]s1 by "s lett] ( introduction1 t sets =? _! bir?1 p>5tage1 call+1 & qualifications4 ,= e>ne/ & he>ty att5tion !y provid$ ! ri*e/ possible rew>d2 by ! c>eless !y 7 to be enjoy$ inde$1 b sc>cely to be appreh5d$4 ,to ! eyes ( su* m5 !re is little or no?+ to discrim9ate1 z betwe5 ,agamemnon1 ,ajax1 ,diom$1 ,m5elaus1 & ,patroclus2 & if ,ne/or is a good deal old]1 ,ulysses a good deal m cunn+1 & ,a*illes ev5 m valiant ?an ! re/1 a s+le t\* disposes ( ^! diff]5ces1 & enables u to r$uce all ! eight ne>ly to a common type4 ,a prior exam9ation ( p>ticul> in/ances w be/ prep>e u = weigh+ ! =ce ( ^? o!r causes1 besides ! weakness ( human nature1 & ! excell5ce ( ! works 9 ! g5]al s5se ( ! words1 t contribut$ to depress & deface ! ,hom]ic *>act]s4 ,9 ! pres5t ,section1 !n1 ,i propose to invite att5tion to a few ,hom]ic *>act]s1 z !y /& 9 ! poems1 :i*1 z f> z ,i am able to judge1 /& 9 ne$ z yet ( fur!r elucidation4 ,p]haps !re is no "o p>ticul> 9 :i* ,colonel ,mure has r5d]$ su* important s]vice to ! mod]n ,hom]id1 z 9 8 acc\nt ( ! ,hom]ic *>act]s4 ,9 g5]al1 ,i %all be/ dis*>ge my duty by simply ref]r+ ! read] to 8 pages4 ,i v5ture1 h[ev]1 to ?9k1 t :ile ! p>am\nt subject ( ! great ,grecian *>act]s is incomp>ably h&l$ by him ?r\gh\t1 "s exception may be tak5 to 8 repres5tation ( a "p ( ! ,trojan p]sonages2 ( ,hector1 = example1 & m p>ticul>ly 7if %e may be plac$ 9 ?is class7 ( ,hel54 ,at lea/1 ,i presume to reg>d "s ( !m z fairly capable ( be+ pres5t$ 9 ano!r light1 & ,i %all proce$ at once to make ! attempt ) ,hector4 ,relation ( ,orl&o to ,hector4 ,i4 #8,9 ! "* ( ?is h]o1' says ,mure1 #8good & evil are s curi\sly bl5d$ t x is h>d to say :i* elem5t pr$om9ates#igd4' ,is !re n a diff]5t view ( ! composition ( qualities1 :i* ,mure has ?us plac$ 9 equipoise8 #igd ,"* ( ,hector1 ,lit4 ,greece1 vol4 i4 p4 #cdg4 ,x is inde$ em95tly true1 z 9 ! same place he proce$s to obs]ve1 t 9 ord] to ma9ta9 :at may be call$ ! conv5tional balance1 or /age-equality1 :i* 0 necess>y 9 ord] to give int]e/ to 8 poem1 ,hom] has magnifi$ ! pr[ess ( ,hector1 9 g5]al t]ms1 z ( ! highe/ transc5d5tal ord]3 b t 9 actual a*ievem5t he is greatly surpass$ by ! lead+ ,greek h]oes4 ,inde$1 9 _m places ( ! ,iliad x ev5 seems que/ionable1 :e!r ,hector is a h]o at all4 ,h[ successful ,hom]'s art has be5 9 ?us pay+ (f ! ,trojan *ampion ) g5]alities1 :ile he nev]!less res]v$ ! true palm ( milit>y virtue to 8 own c\ntrym51 we may1 p]haps1 be/ judge f consid]+ ! effect :i* ! picture has _h ^u ! poets ( ,italy1 & ^u ,european op9ion at l>ge1 9 m rec5t times4 ,) ! =m]1 ! "n ( ,hector seems to be ! prime type ( ! h]oic "*4 ,?us ,tasso celebrates-- #8,il buon ,=e/o1 dell' ,italia ,ettorre#ige4' #ige ,g]4 xvii4 #fi4 ,& fur!r4 ,beyond ! ,alps1 ,orl&o 0 ! prime w>rior or protagoni/1 z well z ! f9e/ "*1 ( ! m$ival romance1 until x 0 modifi$ by ,ario/o1 ^: c\rtly object x 0 to elevate ,ruggi]o above him4 ,b ) ! poets :o foll[$ ,ario/o1 ,ruggi]o seems to h be5 put by z an int]polation1 & ,orl&o to h resum$ 8 p>am\nt place4 ,n[ ! "* ( ,orl&o is pla9ly modell$ ^u ! traditional idea ( ,hector1 ) ! ,*ri/ian elem5t atta*$ to & p]vad+ x4 ,t ,hector 0 ?us *os51 9 pref]5ce to ,a*illes or any ,greek h]o1 may be ow+1 among o!r causes1 to ^!4 ,fir/1 t ! ,roman poets1 ,virgil especially1 _h taught ,italians to look to ,troy z ! cradle ( _! gr&eur4 ,secondly1 t ! "* ( ,hector1 f ! l>ge infusion into x ( moral & ( passive +r$i5ts1 0 bett] fitt$ = coalesc+ ) ! ,*ri/ian ideas4 ,& ?irdly1 t1 z ! "p assign$ to ,italian patriotism 9 ! middle ages 0 commonly def5sive1 9 ?is po9t also ,hector (f]$ a m appropriate model4 ,!re is m1 h[ev]1 to obs]ve2 = x may be ?\ght t1 among ! ,trojans1 neas w\ld h (f]$ a bett] gr\ndwork = ,italian poets4 ,b "h we may rem>k h[ ! g5u9e & mascul9e bir? outlives ! spuri\s4 ,! natural ,hector ( ,hom] ?ru/ aside ! pale & sickly automaton ( ! neid1 ev5 9 ,italy1 its adopt$ c\ntry4 ,! latt] 0 s artificial & effete1 t x w\ld n ev5 be> copy+3 ! =m] _h a f\ndation 9 tru?1 ^u :i* ! /ructure ( exagg]ation c\ld be re>$4 ,?us ,hector became1 aft] two ?\s& ye>s1 ! c5tral p[] ( a new & spl5did lit]ature4 ,b :5 we turn back to ! v]se ( ,hom]1 & put toge!r ! evid5ce 9 ! case piece by piece1 surprise is excit$ by ! contra/ betwe5 ! pret5sions ( ,hector1 hav+ its basis 9 g5]al descriptions & 9 ! lat] tradition1 on ! "o side1 & on ! o!r ! actual p]=mances1 9 ! ,iliad itself1 ( ! ,trojan *ampion4 ,fir/1 !re is ,a*illes1 8 kn[n sup]ior2 ( :om1 z a w>rior1 he comes )9 no measurable di/ance4 ,b besides ?is1 he suff]s virtual defeat at ! h&s1 once ( ,diom$1 & twice ( ,ajax2 gl>+ly z to ! =m]1 & n d\btfully z to ! latt]3 = ?\gh ! fir/ battle is int]rupt$1 & is tak5 = a drawn "o1 yet ,ajax has _h ! be/ ( x at e po9t1 &1 :ile ! ,trojans are too happy ^u ! m]e escape ( 8 oppon5t )\t bodily h>m1 ,hom] c>ries him to ! t5t ( ,agamemnon rejoic+ 9 8 victory 7 #igf74 ,x is yet m wor?y ( note1 t ,hector is nev] p]mitt$ 9 actual fight to ov]come any "o consid]able ,greek4 ,9 ! case ( ,patroclus1 ! ,poet has ev5 laid ?is fact mu* too b>ely op52 = he makes ,hector little1 if any?+1 m ?an ! m]e execution] ( dea? ^u an un>m$ man4 ,m5elaus1 :o /ood 9 :at we may call ! ?ird rank ( ,grecian h]oes1 is inde$1 on "o occasion1 )drawn f conflict ) him1 z be+ too greatly inf]ior to risk ! fight2 b ! conflict = ! body ( ,patroclus#igg is s contriv$ z to %[ ev5 ?is pr9ce hold+ ! field ) success 9 despite ( ! ,trojan *ief2 &1 dur+ ! abs5ce ( ,a*illes & ,patroclus f ! conte/1 no less ?an n9e o!r ,greek w>riors (f] !mselves to meet him 9 s+le combat#igh4 #igf ,il4 vii4 #cab4 #igg ,ibid4 #aji4 #igh ,ibid4 #afa4 ,! greate/ exploit ( ,hector1 9 ! :ole ,iliad1 is ! bur/+ op5 ( ! gates ( ! ,greek ramp>t#igi4 ,b if we comp>e ?is ) ! feat ( ,s>p$on1 :o _h j be=e op5$ a brea* by te>+ d[n ! battlem5t#ihj1 we mu/ give a decid$ pref]5ce to ! ,lycian h]o2 = he p]=ms 8 a*ievem5t 9 ! tee? ( ,ajax & ,teuc]1 :o are on ! spot2 :ile !re is n a s+le ,greek comm&] pres5t :5 ,hector breaks ?r\gh ! gates4 ,! comp>ative feebl5ess ( ,hector's milit>y "* is1 h[ev]1 mo/ po9t$ly %[n 9 ! ,elev5? ,book1 :5 ,jupit] det]m9es to give effect to ! decision t hon\r %all be done to him#iha4 ,9 ! fir/ place1 he receives a fri5dly w>n+ to keep out ( ! way z long z ,agamemnon rema9s on ! field4 ,he accord+ly ent]s ! battle only :5 ,agamemnon has retir$2 b he is =?) driv5 out ( x by ,diom$#ihb4 ,:5 he aga9 returns to x1 ! ,greeks "u ,ma*aon baffle all 8 ef=ts1 until t v second>y *iefta9 has be5 disabl$ by an arr[ f ! b[ ( ,p>is#ihc4 ,& accord+ to all human appe>ances1 ! ,trojans mu/ h be5 defeat$ & %ut up 9 ! city by ! ,greeks ev5 )\t ,a*illes1 su* 0 ! sup]iority ( ,a*an arms1 _h n ,hom] call$ 9 ! inf]ior ag5cy ( /ones & arr[s to w\nd ?ree ( ! f\r *ief rema9+ ,grecian w>riors1 namely ,diom$1 ,agamemnon1 & ,ulysses2 besides ,eurypylus & ,ma*aon#ihd4 #igi ,il4 xii4 #dde-ga4 #ihj ,ib4 #cib-djg4 #iha ,il4 xi4 #ahf-ij4 #ihb ,il4 xi4 #cdi-fg4 #ihc ,ib4 #ejb-g4 #ihd ,ib4 #ffj4 ,! only occasion :5 ,hector comes out z a really great & gallant w>rior is t "o :5 he is c]ta9 to be1 & is accord+ly1 wor/$ by ! ov]p[]+ might & div9e arms ( ,a*illes4 ,= "h ,hom] c\ld safely give him ample scope )\t endang]+ or obscur+ ! fame ( t h]o1 to :om1 ) art nev] surpass$1 he has giv5 an immeasurable1 b yet n a =c$ or unnatural1 preem95ce4 ,hector second-rate z a h]o4 ,! place ( ,hector1 !n1 z a fight+ h]o1 is c]ta9ly no m ?an second-rate2 b s f>1 ,i v5ture to ?9k1 is ,hom] f hav+ almo/ equally weight$ 9 8 "* ! scales ( good & evil respectively1 t1 ) ! exception ( 8 boa/fulness1 x is h>d to fa/5 on him s mu* z a s+le fault4 ,?is boa/fulness1 & ! disproportion betwe5 pret5sion & p]=mance1 is n altoge!r conf9$ to him1 b ext5ds 9 "s measure to ! o!r ,trojan w>riors1 except ,s>p$on2 = example1 to ,polydamas1 neas1 & ,p>is4 ,"s ( ! be/ ,greeks too1 p>ticul>ly ,diom$1 are t\*$ ) x#ihe4 ,& p]haps1 9 our m elaborat$ & artificial condition ( society1 we are n q fair judges h[ f> ?is practice1 :i* may seem to /& 9 %>p contra/ ) ! prevail+ mode/y ( ! ,hom]ic h]oes1 may h be5 ) !m n a sub/itute =1 b a k9d ( embelli%m5t & auxili>y to1 _! /r5g? ( s\l & h&4 ,) u x is ju/ly suspect$ ( imply+ a t5d5cy to fall %ort 9 p]=mance3 ) !m x may h app]ta9$ to t /raight=w>dness 9 ! expression ( inw>d emotions1 :i* made !m 7= example7 weep s freely :5ev] ! *ord ( sorr[ 0 t\*$ )9 !m4 #ihe ,il4 vi4 #abg4 ,s conspicu\s is ?is quality1 says ,mure1 t ! "n ( ! ,trojan *ief is to ?is day synonym\s 9 our own tongue ) #8blu/]' or #8swagg]#ihf4' ,b x is rem>kable t ! v same ?+ has happ5$ 9 ! case ( ! ^w #8rodomontade1' :i* is d]iv$ f ,rodomonte1 ! mo/ p[]ful1 next to ,ruggi]o1 ( all ! h]oes ( ! ,furioso4 ,?is circum/ance seems to make probable1 :at1 )\t x1 w\ld be only possible1 namely1 t we miscon/rue ! phrases2 & t1 accord+ to ! true mean+1 a rodomontad] is a man pass+ himself (f = a ,rodomonte3 & "o :o hectors is a man falsely pret5d+ to be a ,hector4 #ihf ,mure1 i4 #ceb4 ,ano!r v high au?ority1 ,"l ,gr5ville1 intimately acqua9t$ ) ! poems ( ,hom]1 supplies a m>k$ example ( ! bl9d+ =ce ( lit]>y traditions4 ,= 9 8 #8,nug ,metric#ihg1' he says3 #8,a hector+ fell[ is 444 /rangely di/ort$ 9 its use to express a mean+ almo/ ! opposite ( its orig9al4' ,& he adds 9 a note3 #8,! ,hector ( ,hom] unites1 we "k1 #ihg p4 #he4 ,! milde/ mann]s ) ! brave/ m9d4' ,! disposition ( ! ,trojan *ief to brag is1 h[ev]1 ! m (f5sive1 because x v5ts itself s mu* 9 ! fir/ p]son s+ul>2 because 9 ! case ( ,patroclus x seems to be associat$ ) an act at lea/ unmanly2 & because ^u _m occasions ,hector %[s ev5 m ?an a prud5tial reg>d to 8 p]sonal safety4 ,:at is m /range is1 t 8 ord9>y /ra9 ( boa/+ is *equ]$ ) passages ( m g5u9e mode/y & humility ?an are to be f\nd 9 ! spee* ( any o!r *iefta9 on ei!r side4 ,z = example1 :5 he ackn[l$ges 8 m>k$ inf]iority to ,a*illes2 ' 1 #ihh4 #ihh ,il4 xx4 #dcd4 ,b above all1 9 ! incomp>able v]se ( 8 pray] ov] 8 infant son2 1 ' #ihi4 #ihi ,il4 vi4 #dgi4 ,hector's moral "*4 ,hom] is ( all poets ! mo/ free f any ?+ t c be call$ trick2 b p]haps x may be t ! same necessity ( 8 position1 :i* oblig$ him to magnify ,trojan pr[ess 9 words1 :ile x falls s %ort 9 de$s1 has f\nd its way f ! n>rative into ! dramatic "p ( ! poem4 ,if s1 !n 9 ,hector's boa/s we may recognise ,hom] work+ out 8 own g5]al purpose r ?an con=m+ ) p]fect fidelity to tradition1 or f9i%+ an ideally p]fect portrait ) ! p[] & exactitude1 :i* he has appli$ to 8 great] ,grecian h]oes4 ,yet1 be ! cause :at x may t has l$ ,hom] to exhibit 9 ,hector ! disagreeable gift ( a bragg+ disposition1 ,mure appe>s to %[ less ?an 8 usual precision :5 he ascribes to ,hector 9 "o place a p>tial#iij1 & 9 ano!r a total1 indiff]5ce to ! moral guilt ( 8 bro!r ,p>is4 #iij ,vol4 i4 pp4 #cdi1 #fj4 ,:atev] may be ! reason1 ! fact und\bt$ly is1 t nei!r on ! ,trojan1 nor ev5 on ! ,greek side1 d we f9d display$ su* a s5se ( ! %ameful crime ( ,p>is z we might h anticipat$ f a fir/ view ( ! mann]s & feel+s ( ! age4 ,z f> z reg>ds ! ,poet himself1 we may read 8 indignant s5se ( x 9 ! portraiture he has be5 c>eful to give ( ,p>is himself1 & ( 8 ill fame among 8 c\ntrym52 b1 und\bt$ly1 al?\gh 8 act is ev]y:]e describ$ z ! cause ( w>1 x is n[h]e spok5 (1 among ^? :o _h suff]$ by x1 ) ! passion & indignation :i* we might suppose x w\ld h ar\s$4 ,( all ! ,greeks1 only ,m5elaus alludes to x z an act ( guilt4 ,v>i\s causes may be assign$ = ?is ) m or less confid5ce4 ,a probable "o is1 z we h se5#iia1 t ! act p>took ( ! "* ( an abduction or rape1 9 :i* ent]prise & =ce gild or hide ! ugly features ( crime4 ,an unpopul> =m ( crim9ality might !n1 z n[1 come (f ! m easily f be+ cov]$ by ano!r :i* is popul>4 ,x also )\t d\bt appe>s1 t ano!r reason may be ! l5g? ( "t :i*1 9 any view ( ! case1 mu/ h elaps$ s9ce ! act _h tak5 place4 ,b p]haps ! solution ( ! "q is to be ma9ly f\nd 9 ?is consid]ation1 common to mod]n ) anci5t times1 t ! causes ( w> are apt to be swall[$ up 9 its circum/ances4 ,9 ent]+ ^u ! arbitrem5t ( ! sword1 m5 d n *oose a fix$ position1 b !y emb>k ^u a /ream1 always p[]ful & (t5 ungov]nable4 ,:5 once ! armam5t 0 on ! %ores ( ! ,hellespont1 !re w\ld be on bo? sides ! motive ( milit>y hon\r1 &1 besides ?is1 ) ! ,trojans1 ! def5ce ( _! families & homes1 ) ! ,greeks ! hope ( plund] & ( lic5se4 ,h5ce1 ev5 aft] ! ,greeks are weak5$ & disc\rag$ by ! secession ( ,a*illes1 x is n f !m1 b f ! ,trojans1 t a proposal proce$s = decid+ ! case ( ,hel5 by s+le combat4 ,h5ce1 ^u ! %ameful escape ( ,p>is f fulfill+ ?is engagem5t1 aft] 8 defeat by ,m5elaus1 we f9d little expression ( indignation on "o side1 & no confession ( wrong on ! o!r4 ,b ! criticism ( ,mure seems to am\nt to ?is2 t x 0 a capital fault on ! "p ( ,hector1 n to h 8 m9d con/antly full ( a "q1 :i* 0 r>ely ?\ght ( at all by any "o on ei!r side1 except ,p>is & ,m5elaus1 ! p]sons mo/ directly int]e/$4 #iia ,see sup4 ,ilios1 pp4 #aif-bje4 ,x is pla91 h[ev]1 t ,hom] has repres5t$ ,hector z ke5ly feel+ & res5t+1 n only 8 bro!r's c[>dice1 b 8 s5suality4 ,twice does he address him z mad ) lu/1 & z a deceiv] ( wom5#iib3 out ( 8 five spee*es address$ to ,p>is1 only "o is n reproa*ful2 & 9 ! only "o :i* ext5ds beyond a few l9es he b>bs 8 reproa*es on ! score ( c[>dice by fully sett+ =? 8 guilt1 bo? morally & z t[>ds 8 c\ntry1 9 t1 be+ a c[>d1 he 0 also a ravi%]#iic4 ,! *>ge1 h[ev]1 also takes a m specific =m4 ,we see t ,hector 0 greatly delight$1 :5 8 rebuke#iid _h /irr$ up ,p>is to (f] to /ake ! :ole issue on a s+le combat ) ,m5elaus4 ,b x is said1 :y1 :5 ! battle _h be5 lo/1 did n ,hector en=ce ! t]ms ( ! b>ga98 ,! answ] seems to be ?is4 ,we /& "h at a juncture 9 ! poem1 :]e its !urgy sup]s$es its human me*anism4 ,x is presumable t ?is v ?+ 0 ab\t to be done1 :5 ! ord] ( ev5ts 0 int]rupt$ by ! c\nsel ( ! gods4 ,agamemnon _h at ! close ( ! ,?ird ,book 9 due c\rse dem&$ ,hel54 ,jupit] imm$iately appreh5d$ ! consequ5ces2 he saw t if fai? 7 kept1 ,a*illes w\ld nei!r be av5g$ nor glorifi$2 & he accord+ly invit$ ! assembly on ,olympus to det]m9e1 :e!r ,hel5 %\ld be r5d]$ back or n4 ,:5 ?is _h be5 settl$ 9 ! negative1 ! "q 0 h[ to prev5t x2 & x 0 done1 on ! sugge/ion ( ,juno1 by caus+ ,p&>us to r5ew ! w> )\t ! privity ( ,hector4 ,?is %[s pretty cle>ly t ! re/oration ( ,hel5 0 ab\t to take place1 _h n ! gods int]f]$2 & !re=e amply suffices to relieve ,hector f reproa*1 :o1 x may be obs]v$1 takes no "p until1 :5 ! armies h be5 long 9 conflict1 he has be5 /ung by ! reproa*es ( ,s>p$on 7v4 #dic74 ,if c5sure be due to ! arrangem5t1 x mu/ be lodg$ aga9/ ! ,poet1 & n aga9/ "o ( 8 p]sonages1 :o simply does n appe> because !re is no "p = him to play4 #iib ,il4 iii4 #ci & xiii4 #gfi4 #iic ,il4 iii4 #df-ea4 #iid ,ib4 #gf4 ,8 responsibilities beyond 8 /r5g?4 ,let u n[ proce$ to a some:at m g5]al view ( ! "* ( ,hector4 ,he occupies 9 ! ,hom]ic tradition a place altoge!r peculi>1 z1 at ! "t ( ! poem1 ! sole em95tly w>like memb] ( an unw>like family2 z ! g5]al ( a divid$ & incongru\s army2 & z s+ly responsible 9 *ief = ! safety ( 8 c\ntry1 :ile he has n be5 inve/$ ) ! dignity & p[] ( k+4 ,z to ! fir/ ( ^! po9ts1 we h ! direct te/imony ( ,hom]3 #iie4 #iie ,il4 vi4 #djc4 ,( 8 bro!rs1 ,deiphobus alone is repres5t$ z 9 any degree des]v+ or %>+ 8 confid5ce4 ,( 8 relatives1 ,polydamas appe>s to h be5 a rival 9 ! c\ncil1 neas 9 ! succession to political supremacy3 & ^! 7 ! two mo/ consid]able p]sons ( ! class4 ,x has1 ,i conceive1 be5 %[n to be probable1 t ,p>is 0 8 s5ior#iif2 & t he held 8 place 9 ,troy by m]it aga9/ age4 ,8 uneasy relations ) 8 allies might be inf]r$ f _! con/itut+ ! great bulk ( 8 =ce1 ev5 7 !y n m di/9ctly betok5$ by ! reproa* ( ,s>p$on1 & by ! spee* 9 :i* he himself ent]s on ! subject4 ,toge!r ) 8 p[] ov] ! army1 he _h ! virtual *>ge ( ! safety ( ! /ate1 & we see signs ( 8 influ5ce !re2 b yet he did n direct ! policy ( ,troy3 = ! only important measure1 :i* is record$ z hav+ be5 tak5 by ! ,trojans1 namely ! rejection ( ! proposals ( ,ant5or to give back ,hel5 to ! ,greeks1 0 tak5 9 8 abs5ce & )\t 8 k4 ,?us we see 9 ,hector's case1 abundantly accumulat$1 ! elem5ts ( a false position4 ,&1 9 a ^w1 9 ord] to e/imate 8 "* aright1 we mu/ keep 9 full view t inf]iority ( ! ,trojans1 subjects n less ?an pr9ces1 z respects political g5ius & organization1 to :i* ! ,iliad1 :5 c>efully exam9$1 be>s ample te/imony4 #iif ,ilios1 pp4 #bai-bc4 ,"u ! weight ( public *>ge1 z ,agamemnon 9 ! ,greek camp1 s1 & yet m1 ,hector on ! ,trojan side1 appe>s to reel2 s1 & yet m2 =1 9 ,hector's case1 political p[] is crippl$ by 8 n be+ 9 actual possession ( ! supreme /ation1 :ile responsibility is edg$ & enhanc$ by 8 be+ n only ! head to devise1 b also ! "r h& to execute4 ,9 nei!r ( ! two1 h[ev]1 d we f9d /rong w1 def9it5ess1 & con/ancy ( purpose1 or unfail+ c\rage4 ,b ,agamemnon has ! advantage ( bo? wis] c\nsels ar\nd him1 & /rong] arms ?an 8 own ne> 8 side4 ,hector has little aid4 ,s>p$on alone ( ! ,trojan comm&]s 7= neas really does no?+7 c be call$ a w>rior ( note2 & 8 inf]iority to ,patroclus1 not)/&+ 8 ?or\gh gallantry1 is decorat$ r ?an hidd5 by ! /age ma*9]y ( div9e consultations on ! subject ( 8 dea?4 ,b z ,s>p$on 9 ! field plays a "p mu* inf]ior to ! correspond+ "o ( ,diom$ or ,ajax1 s ,polydamas1 ! ,ne/or ( ! ,trojans1 is n equal to 8 k9dly & g5ial c\nt]p>t4 ,f\r times he gives 8 c\nsel 9 ! field4 ,twice he prefaces x ) p]sonal imputations 7xii4 #baa1 & xiii4 #gbf72 & :51 9 ! ,twelf? ,book 7#baa71 he recomm5ds ! ab&onm5t ( ! assault on ! %ips 9 def]5ce to an om51 feel+ & judgm5t are alike on ! side ( ,hector's reply1 :o ov]turns 8 augury by ! kn[n 7?\gh1 z !y prov$1 deceitful7 c\nsels ( ,jupit]1 & emphatically pleads aga9/ d\btful signs ! indubitable dictates ( patriotism4 ,8 bright side 9 ! affections4 ,! prophetic gift1 = :atev] reason1 is assign$ pretty l>gely by ,hom] to ! ,trojans4 ,)\t ent]+ into ! case ( ,cass&ra1 x atta*es to ,hel5us1 & also 7xii4 #bch7 app>5tly to ,polydamas1 :o und]takes to int]pret a sign4 ,hector himself _h ! weight ( presci5ce on 8 brea/1 = he tells ,&roma*e#iig t he well kn[s ! day ( ru9 is at h&2 &1 :5 he is at ! po9t ( dea?1 he progno/icates ! com+ fate ( ,a*illes4 ,! conc5trat$ /ra9 ( 8 duties & 8 previsions is too mu* = ! /r5g? ( a "* :i*1 f ! intellectual or dramatic po9t ( view1 is impulsive1 fluctuat+1 & unequal1 & :i* mu/ !re=e und\bt$ly be set d[n z s f> second>y4 ,b :5 we pass f intellect to moral tone1 f to 1 we c]ta9ly f9d 9 ,hector "o among ! mo/ t\*+1 ! mo/ human1 ( all ! del9eations ( mascul9e "* 9 ! ,iliad4 ,9 him alone has ,hom] pres5t$ to u t mo/ comm&+ & mo/ mov+ comb9ation1 ( a woman's g5tl5ess & deep affection ) w>like & h]oic /r5g?4 ,if ! h& ( ,hector 0 f> weak] ?an t ( ! son ( ,peleus1 ! tempe/u\s griefs ( ,a*illes d n op5 to u a "* ne>ly s attractive z ! dep? ( ! g5tle affections ( ,hector1 & ! mildness w>m$ into su* brilliancy by 8 m>tial fame4 #8,?y love to me 0 wond]ful2 pass+ ! love ( wom5#iih4' ,! con/ancy & t5acity ( ! atta*m5ts ( ,ulysses come out 9 8 relations to ,p5elope & ,telema*us3 b1 dwell+ h>moni\sly 9 a "* ( f> broad] scope & m v>i$ s5sibilities1 ! peculi> elem5t ( a t5d]ness mat*+ t ( woman is ! only "o !y d n conta94 ,hector is nei!r a w>rior nor a /atesman aft] ! prim>y1 t is ! ,a*an1 type3 b = a model ( int5sity & s(tness 9 ! love ( a fa!r & a husb&1 x is to him t we mu/ repair1 9 ! incomp>able sc5e by ! ,scan gate2 incomp>able1 unless we may comp>e x ) t o!r sc5e1 s ne> at h&1 :]e ! sight ( "y ,polydorus sla91 pi]c+ him to ! he>t1 rais$ him 9 8 la/ h\r to ! heights ( h]oism2 & :]e ! int]e/ & sympa?y1 t he has attract$ all along1 are absorb$ into admiration ( ! real sublimity ( t clos+ h\r1 :5 he resolv$ to be = ev] fam\s at lea/ 9 8 too c]ta9 dea?4 #iig ,il4 vi4 #ddg4 #iih #b ,samuel i4 #bf4 ,probably a ma9 reason :y ,hector has become ! gr\ndwork ( ! mod]n ,orl&o is1 t no "o ( ! ,hom]ic h]oes exhibits a comb9ation ( qualities supply+ s appropriate a basis = ! "* ( a ,*ri/ian h]o2 a tone s s5sibly approximat+ to t ( ! gospel4 ,p>tly because ( ^? acts ( piety t[>ds ! ,immortals1 :i* c h>dly receive 9 ! case ( ,hector any b a fav\rable con/ruction1 & :i* drew d[n ! all b unanim\s compassion ( ! ,olympian assembly on 8 rema9s2 b p>tly also1 & yet m1 9 t mild1 j1 & t5d] e/imate ( "*1 :i* n only secur$ 8 con/ant g5tl5ess ( demean\r t[>ds ,hel51 b made him h] protector aga9/ ! acrimony ( o!rs1 & r5d]$ him consid]ate & k9d ev5 to ,p>is#iii1 s soon z he saw him dispos$ at l5g? to be p]sonally active 9 ! mortal /ruggle he _h br\ght ^u 8 c\ntry4 ,!re is1 p]haps1 no virtue m especially ,*ri/ian1 ?an ! temp] :i* ?us equitably & g5tly makes all[ances = human weakness1 p>ticul>ly if x be weakness by ! effects ( :i* we ourselves h suff]$4 #iii ,il4 vi4 #eba4 ,! employm5t1 h[ev]1 ( ,hector = ! purposes ( ,*ri/ian poetry has c]ta9ly _h ! effect ( p]v]t+ = u ! true ,hom]ic tradition4 ,b1 9 ord] to und]/& ?is1 we mu/ ?r[ aside ! ,hector ( our prov]bs or our plays1 travel back to ! ,iliad1 & set out anew f ! />t+-po9t ( its great au?or4 ,we mu/ !re be cont5t to take him n z a pure ef=t ( imag9ation aim$ at ! production ( an ideal man1 b z a "p ( ! poem ( ,hom]1 subord9at$ l e o!r "p ( x to its ma9 purpose1 z well z to ! g5]al laws ( hi/orical consi/5cy4 ,9 modell+ ! sev]al h]oes1 he made ! exig5cies ( 8 ,hector yield to ! exig5cies ( 8 ,a*illes1 :o c\ld h no real competitor4 ,nor1 ) ! f9e *>act]i/ic s5se he has ev]y:]e %[n ( ! national diff]5ces betwe5 ,greek & ,trojan1 c\ld he build up 8 ,hector on ! same f\ndations ) 8 ,greek h]oes1 or give him t /r5g? & t5acity ( tissue :i* belongs to ! ,european & ,a*an "*4 ,he c\ld n equip him ) ei!r ! dauntless *ivalry 9 battle1 or ! pr(\nd unsw]v+ sagacity 9 c\ncil1 :i* 7 res]v$ = ! k+s ( 8 own race1 & = ^? mo/ ne>ly alli$ to !m4 ,he has imp>t$ to ! "* ( ! *ief ,trojan h]o1 no less ?an to t ( ! ,trojan p at l>ge1 a decid$ ,asiatic t+e1 :i* modifies _! community ( col\r ) ! prop]ly ,european races4 ,9 su* *>act]s1 in/9ct & s5tim5t take (t5times ! place ( inquiry & reflection1 & impulse does ! "w ( conviction3 ! ideas ( "r1 ord]1 consi/5cy1 moral dignity & self-respect1 are less cle>ly1 less symmetrically1 conceiv$4 ,?\gh 9 p>ticul> cases1 su* z t ( ,hector1 ! defici5cy may be made up by a lib]al & full developm5t ( ! mo/ affectionate emotions1 we feel1 9 comp>+ x ) ! ,greeks1 t we are deal+ ) a m contract$ type ( manhood3 z if morally1 no less ?an locally1 we _h gone back ) ,hom] "o full /age ne>] to ! cradle ( our race1 & _h arre/$ & fix$ ! human "* at ! v po9t :]e x is nei!r *ild nor man4 ,inequality ( 8 "*4 ,! "* ( ,hector1 z x has be5 "h int]pret$1 does n give t satisfaction to ! m9d1 :i* ?or\gh cle>ness & on5ess w\ld imp>t4 ,8 intellectual qualities & 8 affections are n on ! same scale2 8 m>tial "* j>s ev5 ) itself4 ,yet p]haps 9 ^! v circum/ances we may ^u consid]ation f9d b fre% reason to admire ! skill ( ,hom]1 & t r>ely err+ in/9ct :i* =bade him to =get 8 :ole 9 runn+ aft] 8 details4 ,8 fir/ object seems to h be5 to give ! fulle/ & bolde/ prom95ce to ! colossal %ape1 moral z well z physical1 ( ,a*illes1 & !re=e to tone d[n :atev] c\ld dim9i% its effect4 ,& "h ! po9t ( dang] evid5tly lay 9 ,agamemnon2 ! *ief ( ! army 0 too likely to be ! *ief ( ! poem4 ,accord+ly he has brok5 ! unity ( t "*1 & has *equ]$ x ) weakness 9 v>i\s =ms4 ,b ?is 0 n all3 he _h to keep ! ,greeks be=e ! ,trojans1 z well z ,a*illes be=e ! ,greeks2 n only t he might consult 8 popul>ity1 b t he might indulge ! g5ial ve9 ( 8 poesy1 & foll[ ! impulses ( 8 patriotism1 9 ma9ta9+ high above all "q _! intellectual & m>tial sup]iority4 ,_h ?is1 h[ev]1 be5 all1 8 task w\ld h be5 easy2 he w\ld !n h _h only to depress _! oppon5ts 9 all ! prop]ties t attract admiration4 ,b if he _h simply done ?is1 if he _h cut (f ! int]e/ & sympa?ies ( 8 read]s f ! ,trojans by g5]al disp>agem5t1 he w\ld h depriv$ ,greek val\r ( its *oice/ cr[n4 ,x is a noble necessity ( w> t1 ev5 9 ! int]e/ ( c\ntrym51 we _c d inju/ice to adv]s>ies1 )\t feel+ ! (f5ce recoil on our own heads4 ,?us x 0 impossible = ,hom] to make 8 ,trojan h]o at once great & consi/5t2 & if he has made ,hector unequal1 x 0 to avoid mak+ him mean4 ,by *equ]+ 8 m>tial d>+ ) boa/fulness1 & ) occasional weakness ( purpose1 he has effectually provid$ aga9/ any int]f]5ce1 f ?is qu>t]1 to ! prejudice ( ^? *iefta9s ^: praises he 0 to s+ 9 ! c\rts & ?rongs ( ,greece4 ,?us he has left ! field q cle> = expatiat+ on _! milit>y virtues2 & if1 = suffici5t reasons1 he has dep>t$ f 8 rule 9 ! case ( ,agamemnon1 :o receives 8 comp5sation 9 sup]iority ( rank & p[]1 all 8 o!r ,greek *>act]s1 be>+ =w>d p>ts 9 ! poem1 are con/ruct$ 9 faultless con=mity to ! idea1 or modification ( an idea1 :i* he _h select$ = ! basis ( ea*4 ,!re is n a flaw 9 ! picture ( ,a*illes1 ,diom$1 ,ajax1 ,ne/or1 ,m5elaus1 or ,ulysses4 ,n t all ^! are ( a type equally elevat$1 or alike wond]ful2 b t !re is no "o ?+ 9 any ( !m :i* does n manife/ly con=m to its type1 & no "o ?+ consequ5tly :i* j>s ) any o!r4 ,hav+ ?us giv5 to 8 c\ntrym5 a cle> & m>k$ asc5dancy 9 :at !n at lea/ 7 ! only great & gov]n+ elem5ts ( human society1 ! /rong m9d1 & ! /rong h&1 he does 8 be/ = ! ,trojans ) :at rema9$1 t is to say1 ) ! s(t] affections ( dome/ic life1 add+ only s mu* ( ! m>tial elem5t z 0 ne$ful to make !m no discr$itable adv]s>ies = 8 c\ntrym54 ,?us1 consi/5tly ) all 8 poetic objects1 he has be5 enabl$ to pres5t u1 to say no?+ ( ! highly respectable "* ( ,hecuba1 ) ! ?ree unsurpass$ pictures ( ,priam1 ( ,&roma*e1 & p]haps ev5 mo/1 ( ,hector4 ,! "* ( ,hel54 ,,ii4 ,let u n[ pass on to a production nev] surpass$ by ! m9d or h& ( man4 ,! "* ( ,argeian ,hel5 occupies a l>ge place 9 ,grecian hi/ory1 & is ( extreme importance to ! entire /ructure ( ! ,iliad4 ,on behalf ( ! fir/ ( ^! propositions1 we call z witnesses h] temple at ,sp>ta1 & ! ,encomium ( ,isocrates4 ,z to ! second1 ! reason is express$ 9 "s ( ,hom]'s noble/ oratory3 2 ' 2 ' #ajjj2 #ajjj ,il4 ix4 #ccg4 ,0 %e a vici\s woman & a s$uctress1 or 0 %e m ne>ly a victim & a p5it5t8 ,d ! laws ( poetical v]isimilitude & beauty1 z !y 7 und]/ood by ,hom]1 all[ u to suppose t he int5d$ to repres5t 8 c\ntrym51 ( :om he has pres5t$ to u s l(ty a conception1 z agitat+ ! _w1 =sak+ home1 p\r+ =? _! blood1 & ?r[+ _! c\ntry into c]ta9 confusion1 = ! sake ( a vile & wor?less "*8 ,c]ta9ly !re 7 p]iods1 :5 9 ! ,greek m9d ! wor%ip ( beauty 0 s ?or\ghly dissociat$ f all :i* beauty ought to typify1 t an ,iliad s con/ruct$ might h be5 approv$4 ,b ^! 7 p]iods long aft] ,hom]'s fle% _h m\ld]$ 9 ! grave4 ,! pres5t inquiry has no?+ to d ) ! op9ion t ,hel5 01 or t %e 0 n1 an hi/orical p]sonage4 ,= my own "p1 ,i "k ( no reason except discrepancies ( m]e traditional *ronology = disbeliev+ h] exi/5ce4 ,^! seem to arise entirely f ! practice ( putt+ on a p> ) ,hom] tales ( v inf]ior au?ority to 84 ,b ev5 ap>t f ?is1 consid]+ :at1 "u ord9>y circum/ances1 ! *ronology ( pre-hi/oric times is likely to be1 & h[ _m m *ances !re are = ! pres]vation ( great ev5ts 9 outl9e1 ?an = a c>eful adju/m5t ( _! relative times1 ,i _c b ?9k t difficulties aris+ f o!r leg5ds z to ,hel51 & be>+ simply ^u "t1 =m a v insuffici5t reason = ! :olesale rejection ( belief 9 h] exi/5ce4 ,ev5 if1 h[ev]1 %e nev] exi/$ at all1 x /ill is n "o :it ! less reasonably to be presum$1 t ,hom] 9 fictions conc]n+ h] w\ld be gov]n$ "h & else:]e by all ! laws1 includ+ ! moral laws1 ( 8 art4 ,nei!r is x n[ ! "q1 :e!r ,hel5 0 ! model ( an h]oic "*4 ,t is probably inconsi/5t1 = ! e>lie/ times ( ,greece1 ) h] adult]\s relation to ,p>is & aft]w>ds to ,deiphobus4 ,b !re is a va/ space betwe5 a faultless & a wor?less woman4 ,! idea ( ,hel5 repres5t$ by ! lat] tradition1 f ! ,greek trag$ians d[nw>ds1 is /rictly ! latt] idea3 & ?is repres5tation has naturally occupi$ ! popul> m9d1 :i* is depriv$ ( ! p[] ( access to ! remote ,hom]ic picture4 ,n[ x seems to be pla9 t1 if ?is repres5tation be sub/antially true1 x is a great reproa* to ! b>d ( ! ,iliad z a b>d1 & /amps him z "o1 :o has done 8 be/ to poison morality at its f\nta9-head4 ,= !re c be no "q1 t he has made 8 ,hel5 highly attractive1 & t he int5ds h] to possess our sympa?ies4 ,is x !n true1 or is x false8 ,let u proce$ to exam9e ! evid5ce4 ,9 ! ,iliad we meet m ?an once ) ! l9e1 ' #ajja #ajja ,il4 ii4 #cef1 #eij4 & expositors1 9 ord] to avoid ascrib+ to ,hel5 any p]sonal wrongs1 or ! repres5tation ( h] z r a suff]] ?an an (f5d]1 h resort$ to a =c$ con/ruction ( ! passage1 & h int]pret$ ! words z ref]r+ to ! exp$ition und]tak51 & ! griefs suff]$1 on acc\nt ( ,hel5#ajjb4 #ajjb ,see ,heyne on ,il4 ii4 #cef4 ,g4 ,c4 ,crusius 7,hanov]4 #ahde1 on d47 ,*apman translates 9 ! same s5se2 b ,voss ref]s ! outsett+ & ! groans to ,hel5 h]self2 s too ! ,s*olia/s4 ,hom]'s int5tion ) respect to x4 ,unless ?is =c$ con/ruction be ! "o int5d$ by ,hom]1 ! popul> conception ( h] mu/ at once explode4 ,accord+ to ! direct & natural con/ruction1 ! ,greeks made w> to av5ge ! wrong %e _h suff]$1 & ! groans :i* t wrong _h drawn f h]4 ,& x is to be obs]v$ t ?is l9e#ajjc is put into ! m\? ( ,m5elaus1 :om x is v natural to repres5t z mo/ eag] to av5ge ! wrongs ( 8 wife1 b some:at f>-fet*$ to repres5t z ?9k+ ( rev5ge = ! tr\ble ( ! exp$ition he _h s ke5ly promot$4 ,! l9e1 9 fact1 unless ju/ifiably /ra9$ by ^! expositors1 is conclusive 9 support ( ! belief t ! only evil :i* c ju/ly be imput$ to ! ,hom]ic ,hel5 simply am\nts to ?is1 t %e 0 n a woman ( p]fect virtue back$ by absolute & indomitable h]oism4 ,pope has r rudely approximat$ t[>ds rectify+ ! preval5t impression 9 a note#ajjd1 :]e he obs]ves t 9 all %e says ( h]self #8!re is sc>ce a ^w t is n big ) rep5tance & good nature4' #ajjc ,il4 ii4 #eij4 #ajjd ,on ,pope's ,il4 iii4 #afe4 ,be=e exam9+ ! direct evid5ce ) respect to ! ,hom]ic ,hel51 let u adv]t to "s :i* is indirect4 ,& 9 ! fir/ place x may be obs]v$1 t ,m5elaus nev] expresses ! slighte/ res5tm5t aga9/ h]1 or appe>s to h consid]$ h] z hav+ 9 any mann] injur$ him4 ,next1 ,priam1 ^: "* is evid5tly int5d$ to attract a good deal ( our sympa?y & respect1 treat$ h] z a daught]3 1 1 #ajje4 #ajje ,il4 xxiv4 #ggj4 ,nor 0 ?is a m]e figure2 = 9 ! ,?ird ,book he addresses h] z #ajjf1 & makes h] sit d[n by 8 side4 ,9 con=mity ) ?is picture1 h] si/]-9-law ,laodice addresses h] z #ajjg4 ,priam goes on to acquit h] ( all responsibility 9 8 eyes ) reg>d to ! w>3 #ajjf ,il4 iii4 #afb4 #ajjg ,ibid4 #acj4 1 4 ,& t ?is 0 n meant to cov] ,p>is1 we may le>n f ! _m passages1 :i* %[ u h[ ! g5]al s5tim5t ( ,troy dete/$ him4 ,_h ,hel5 be5 ( ! "* :i* is commonly imput$ to h]1 su* an absolution z ?is w\ld probably n h be5 ascrib$ to ,priam2 :ile mo/ c]ta9ly x w\ld n h be5 record$ to ! hon\r ( ,hector t he always re/ra9$ ^?1 :o 7 dispos$ to taunt h] on acc\nt ( ! woes %e _h br\ght ^u ,troy#ajjh4 #ajjh ,il4 xxiv4 #gfh-gb4 ,%e describes h]self inde$ z ! object ( g5]al horror 9 ,troy 7 #ajji74 ,b ^! words d no m ?an /ate ! impression1 at a mom5t ( agony1 on h] own humbl$ & self-mi/ru/+ m9d3 :ile1 ev5 _h !y giv5 a fai?ful picture ( ! mann] 9 :i* %e 0 reg>d$ by ! ,trojans1 /ill !y might well be expla9$ ) ref]5ce to ! woes ( :i* %e _h be5 at lea/ ! occasion1 & ! s5tim5t !y describe might z naturally h be5 felt1 ev5 _h %e be5 ! lawfully obta9$ wife ( ,p>is4 #ajji ,ibid4 #gge4 ,!re are two o!r passages1 :i* may seem at fir/ sight to betok5 a /ate ( m9d adv]se to h] among ! ,greeks4 ,b ! explanation ( !m is simply ?is1 t ! cause ( woe is naturally en\gh d5\nc$ on acc\nt ( ! mis=tunes x has entail$1 irrespective ( ! "q :e!r or 9 :at degree x may be a guilty cause#ajaj4 ,?us ,a*illes calls ,hel5 1 #8t horrible ,hel52' b x is only :5 h] abduction has produc$ to him ! bitt] & h>r[+ affliction ( ! dea? ( ,patroclus4 ,:5 he m5tions h] 9 ! magnific5t spee* ( ! ,n9? ,book to ! envoys1 %e is 1 #8! fair-hair$ ,hel54' ,n[1 if %e _h be5 vile1 ! c\rse ( 8 argum5t mu/ h con/ra9$ him !n to /ate x4 ,= he 0 reason+ ?us3 ,may ,i n res5t ! loss ( ,briseis1 :o 0 de> to me 7#ajaa71 :5 ! sons ( ,atreus h made _! loss ( ,hel5 ! cause ( ! w>8 ,_h ,hel5 be5 wor?less1 x w\ld h add$ greatly to ! /r+5cy ( 8 argum5t to h drawn ! contra/ 9 t p>ticul>1 betwe5 ! woman :om ,agamemnon _h tak5 away1 & ! woman t he 0 seek+1 by means ( ! convulsive /ruggle ( a nation1 to recov]4 #ajaj ,il4 xvi4 #ajaa ,il4 ix4 #ccf4 ,! o!r passage is 9 ,od4 xxiii41 :]e ,p5elope1 aft] ! recognition ( h] husb&1 speaks ( ,hel5 9 ^! words3-- ' #ajab4 #ajab ,od4 xxiii4 #bbb4 ,b ev5 9 ?is only passage :]e ! act ( ,hel5 is s describ$1 sev]al po9ts are to be obs]v$4 ,fir/1 x is ref]r$ to a pret]natural influ5ce1 :i* is n ! mann] ( ?is ,poet 9 cases at lea/ ( deep & delib]ate crime2 secondly1 no epi!t ( infamy is appli$ to h]2 ?irdly1 we mu/ obs]ve ! drift ( ! speak]4 ,p5elope is excus+ h]self to ,ulysses1 = h] own extreme caution & res]ve 9 admitt+ 8 id5tity4 ,!re=e %e is naturally l$ to enhance ! dreadful nature ( ! occurr5ce :]e a wife gives h]self ov] into ! p[] ( any man1 o!r ?an "o kn[n to be h] husb&2 & ?is1 :e!r ! act be volunt>y or involunt>y4 ,accord+ly %e ref]s to ! act ( ,hel5 r ?an to ! ag5t1 & treats x z horrible2 b avoids *>g+ x z wilful4 ,hom]'s ,epi!ts = ,hel54 ,on ! o!r h&1 we may obs]ve t ! g5]al t5\r ( ! epi!ts be/[$ ^u ,hel5 leans on ! :ole t[>ds ! laudatory s5se4 ,%e is 1 ! high-born2 ,il4 vi4 #bib2 ,od4 xxii4 #bbg2 mo/ probably agree+ 9 s5se ) ! next phrase4 1 ! *ild ( ,jupit]2 ,il4 iii4 #aii2 et alibi4 1 ! daught] ( ,jupit]2 ,il4 iii4 #dbf4 1 ! excell5t1 or fl[] ( wom52 ,il4 iii4 #aga1 #bbh2 & ,od4 iv4 #cje2 xv4 #ajf4 1 ( ! beautiful *eeks2 ,od4 xv4 #abc4 2 ,od4 xv4 #eh2 2 ,il4 iii4 #cbi1 et alibi1 ! fair-hair$4 1 ! :ite-arm$2 ,il4 iii4 #aba2 ,od4 xxii4 #bbg4 1 ! well-r\nd$2 ,il4 iii4 #bbh2 et alibi4 ,& la/ly1 1 ! ,argive2 ,il4 ii4 #afa2 & 9 no less ?an twelve o!r places4 ,no "o ( ^! appellations c>ries ! smalle/ ta9t or c5sure4 ,! epi!t 9 all probability applies to h] p]sonal beauty & maje/y1 z we f9d x us$ ( ,p>is & ( ,clytemne/ra4 ,x w\ld appe>1 h[ev]1 t ! use ( ! t]m ,argive or ,argeian1 9 _m passages :]e x is n requir$ = m]e description1 has a special =ce4 ,= ,hom] nev] exhibits t :i* is simply ,greek 9 any o!r ?an an hon\rable light2 & 9 call+ ,hel5 ,argeian1 he c]ta9ly expresses some?+ ( g5]al sympa?y t[>ds h]4 ,no o!r p]son1 except only ,juno1 is call$ ,argeian4 ,pla9ly ! effect ( 8 epi!ts = h] z a :ole is q out ( h>mony ) ! ideas1 :i* ! lat] tradition has atta*$ to h] "n4 ,a yet m m>k$ indication 9 h] fav\r1 ?an any ( !m tak5 s+ly w supply1 may be d]iv$ f 8 lik5+ h]1 9 ! palace ( ,m5elaus1 to ,diana3 1 #ajac4 #ajac ,od4 iv4 #abb4 ,he c]ta9ly w\ld n h associat$ by ?is comp>ison "o1 ( :om he meant u to ?9k ill1 ) ! *a/e & ev5 sev]e maje/y ( 8 ev]-pure ,diana 7 74 ,s mu* ) reg>d to ! designations appli$ to ,hel5 9 ! ,iliad & ,odyssey4 ,next1 ) reg>d to h] demean\r4 ,x is admitt$ to be1 s f> z ! matt] ( *a/ity is conc]n$1 )\t any fault o!r ?an ! inevitable "o ( h] position4 ,besides o!r qualities t w be notic$ pres5tly1 %e appe>s 9 ! light ( a ref9$ & feel+1 a blameless & ev5 matronly p]son2 a "*1 :i*1 z we %all see1 h] abduction by ,p>is f ,m5elaus did n dis5title h] to be>4 ,we mu/ bew>e ( apply+ unconditionally1 to wom5 plac$ "u conditions widely diff]5t1 ideas s specifically ,*ri/ian z ^? t belong to ! absolute sanctity ( ! m>riage tie4 ,we mu/ r look = ! moral aspect ( ! case 9 ! op9ions ( ! p]iod1 & 9 ! p>ticul> circum/ances :i* att5d$ ! rupture ( ! bond 9 ! giv5 in/ance1 ?an assume x f ! nak$ fact t !re 0 a rupture4 ,! case ( ,ba?%eba4 ,x may seem n unfair to comp>e ! case ( ,hel5 ) ! some:at simil> case ( ,ba?%eba among ! ,jews4 ,if on ! "o h& we are b\nd to be> 9 m9d ! inf]ior /ation ( ! latt] p]sonage1 on ! o!r x is to be rememb]$ t ! ,greeks 7 fur!r remov$ f ! light ( ,div9e ,revelation4 ,n[ we are n accu/om$ to look ^u ! "* ( ,ba?%eba z infam\s1 ?\gh %e liv$ ) ,k+ ,david z "o among 8 wives1 :ile ,uriah1 h] =m] husb&1 :o _h be5 robb$ ( h]1 0 s5t to c]ta9 dea? on h] acc\nt2 & ?is1 s f> z we are in=m$1 )\t awak5+ 9 h] any peculi> emotions ( sympa?y1 sorr[1 reluctance1 or remorse4 ,& ?is1 z ,i take x1 ma9ly = two reasons--fir/1 t we h no signs ( any passion1 & 9 p>ticul> ( any antec$5t passion1 = ! (f5d+ k+ on h] "p2 secondly1 t %e does n appe> to h be5 o!rwise ?an passively a p>ty to ! abduction4 ,x is 9 ! capacity ( wife1 & only wife1 to ,p>is t ,hel5 appe>s to u 9 ! ,iliad3 :]e %e h]self speaks ( ,m5elaus z h] #ajad4 #ajad ,il4 iii4 #dbi cf4 #afc4 ,see ,ilios1 pp4 #bjj1 #bjc4 ,n[ ! presum$ reasons = n reg>d+ ! "* ( ,ba?%eba z infam\s apply ) ne>ly equal =ce to ,hel54 ,inde$ ! "* ( ,hel5 9 "o po9t /&s high] 9 ,hom] ?an t ( ,ba?%eba 9 ! ,old ,te/am5t1 because %e liv$ ) ,p>is z a recognis$ & only wife1 & because ( h] g5tl5ess1 & especially ( h] rep5tance4 ,( ^! z to ,ba?%eba1 we "k no?+2 b su* pleas z tell = h] tell 9 ! ma9 also = ,hel54 ,we h no indication1 ei!r 9 ! ,iliad or 9 ! ,odyssey1 ( h] hav+ at any "t felt ei!r passion or affection t[>ds ! wor?less ,p>is4 ,above all1 z x w be attempt$ to prove1 ! language ( ! poems n only does n su/a9 ! idea t %e will+ly left ! h\se ( h] husb& ,m5elaus1 b x %[s some?+ :i* closely approa*es to ! direct contr>y4 ,b !re is no me?od ( measur+ s accurately ! view & int5tion ( ,hom] z to ! impression we 7 meant to receive ( ,hel51 z by comp>+ ! language he applies to h] ) ! widely diff]5t t]ms 9 :i* he describes ! conduct ( ,clytemne/ra1 9 conjunction ) gi/hus1 dur+ ! abs5ce ( ,agamemnon3 ' #ajae4 #ajae ,od4 iii4 #bgb4 ,9 speak+ ( h] own abduction1 ,hel5 inde$ uses ! ^w #ajaf4 ,& aga9 9 h] %>p expo/ulation ) ,aphrodite1 %e says1 #8,:at1 w y take me 77 to "s o!r ,phrygian or ,monian city1 :]e y may h a fav\rite#ajag8' ,n[ ?is by no means implies h] hav+ act$ freely2 ! ^w is t commonly appli$ to ! c>ry+ (f captives f a conqu]$ city1 z is to ! removal ( inanimate objects4 ,und\bt$ly 9 "o ( h] passages ( self-reproa* %e says#ajah3 #ajaf ,od4 iv4 #bfb2 ,il4 xxiv4 #gfd4 #ajag ,il4 iii4 #djj-b4 #ajah ,ibid4 #agd4 1 4 ,b1 9 ! fir/ place1 x is nei!r "h nor any:]e else said t h] flight 0 volunt>y2 & on ! o!r h&1 )\t d\bt1 x is n to be pret5d$ t %e _h resi/$ ) ! _s ( a m>tyr4 ,! real "q is z to ! fir/ & fatal act ( quitt+ h] husb&1 :e!r x 0 prem$itat$1 & :e!r x 0 ( h] free *oice4 ,n[ bo? bran*es ( ?is "q appe> to be conclusively decid$ by ! ^w 9 ! foll[+ passage#ajai1 spok5 by ,p>is3 #ajai ,ibid4 #ddb-d4 ' ' 1 ' 4 ,& ! re/ ( ! passage corroborates ! evid5ce1 by %[+ t %e 0 free f any act ( guilt at ! "t :5 ! voyage 0 comm5c$4 ,! repres5tation ( ,m5elaus himself1 9 ! ,?irte5? ,iliad1 accords ) ! spee* ( ,p>is4 ,he *>ges t ,pr9ce & 8 abettors n ) hav+ corrupt$ 8 wife1 b ) hav+ c>ri$ h] (f1 ' 1 ' #ajbj4 #ajbj ,il4 xiii4 #fbf4 ,aga91 9 ! only place :]e ,hel5 ref]s jo9tly to h] own %>e & to t ( ,p>is 9 ! matt]#ajba1 %e di/+ui%es _! respective p>ts1 say+ to ,hector1 #8,y h _h to toil on acc\nt ( me1 %ameless t ,i am1 & ' 1 on acc\nt ( ! s9 ( ,p>is4' #ajba ,il4 vi4 #cee4 ,picture ( ,hel5 9 ,il4 iii4 ,let u n[ foll[ ! "* ( ,hel51 z x is exhibit$ 9 life & motion be=e u by ! ,poet4 ,9 ! ,?ird ,book1 :5 ,p>is is ab\t to enc\nt] ,m5elaus1 ,iris1 9 ! =m ( h] si/]-9-law ,laodice1 ann\nces ! fact to ,hel51 & lets h] "k t h] own fate is susp5d$ on ! issue1 :i* w decide :e!r %e is to be ! wife ( ,p>is or ( ,m5elaus4 ,laodice f9ds h] busi$ 9 embroid]y1 :i* is to repres5t ! ,w> ( ,greeks & ,trojans4 ,! expression1 1 ) :i* ! disguis$ goddess addresses h]1 is a sign t %e 0 held 9 respect1 & t :5 %e speaks#ajbb 9 ! la/ ,book ( ! taunts & skits ( :i* %e 0 ! object1 we mu/ und]/& h] to use ! natural exagg]ation ( impassion$ grief4 ,at ! call ( ! seem+ ,laodice1 mov$ app>5tly by t5d]ness t[>ds h] =m] husb&#ajbc1 ,hel5 goes =?1 clad 9 a robe ( simple :ite#ajbd4 ,on h] rea*+ ! walls ,priam calls h] to 8 side1 t %e may tell him ! "n ( a k+ly w>rior1 :o proves to be ,agamemnon4 ,9 do+ ?is1 he g5tly acquits h] ( all responsibility = ! w>4 ,%e answ]s 9 a spee* ( uncommon grace1 #8t %e dreads :ile %e rev]es & loves him3 w\ld t %e _h mis]ably di$ r ?an leave h] family1 h] nuptial b$1 h] infant1 & h] fri5ds4 ,b ?is c\ld n be2 s t %e ev] p9$ away 9 te>s4' ,%e designates h]self "h & else:]e#ajbe z 1 & also z 1 braz5-fac$ or %ameless2 b yet %e appe>s at all times to h reta9$ ! fond recollection ( h] home & fri5ds#ajbf1 & to h liv$ 9 grave & sorr[ful retirem5t4 ,ev]y:]e %e seems n only n to avoid1 b to se>* =1 ! opportunity ( bitt] self-accusation4 ,?us1 :5 %e has po9t$ out ! ,greek *iefta9s :om %e knew p]sonally1 %e proce$s1 #8b ,i d n see my bro!rs1 ,ca/or & ,polydeuces3 p]haps !y came n f ,greece2 p]haps1 ?\gh "h1 yet on acc\nt ( my infamy & reproa*1 !y w n appe> 9 fight#ajbg4' #ajbb ,il4 xxiv4 #gfh4 #ajbc ,il4 iii4 #aci4 #ajbd ,see ,damm on 4 #ajbe ,il4 vi4 #cdd1 #cef2 ,od4 iv4 #ade4 #ajbf ,od4 iv4 #ahd1 #bed4 #ajbg ,il4 iii4 #bcf-db4 ,cf4 ,il4 iii4 #djd4 & xxiv4 ,p>is1 aft] 8 defeat1 is remov$ by ,aphrodite f ! field3 ,m5elaus rema9s z victor4 ,b ,hel5 /ill t>ries ^u ! wall1 evid5tly hop+ t ! h\r ( h] re/oration _h n[ at la/ arriv$4 ,! goddess ,v5us !n appe>s to h]1 disguis$ 9 ! =m ( an ag$ s]vant2 & endeav\rs to attract h] by a gl[+ description ( ,p>is1 9 8 beauty & 8 spl5did g>m5ts4 ,by ?is address ,hel5 0 al>m$#ajbh3 & h] al>m almo/ became /upefaction1 :5 %e p]ceiv$ ! features ( ! deity4 ,b a /rong reaction foll[$3 s t %e made a bitt] & /++ reply4 ,g5tle on all o!r occasions1 %e is "h %>p & s>ca/ic4 ,%e#ajbi reproa*es ,v5us ) hav+ come to prev5t ,m5elaus f tak+ h] home 9 "r ( 8 victory2 !n bids h] assume to h]self ! odi\s "* %e s\ght to =ce on "o :o _h too long borne x1 & utt]ly refuses to g4 ,v5us h]eupon intimidates h]1 by a ?reat ( mak+ h] hateful alike to ,greek & ,trojan1 & s br++ h] to mis]able de/ruction4 ,%e !n obeys1 cov]+ h] face 9 %ame & indignation2 & :5 plac$ by ! goddess 9 front ( ,p>is 9 _! *amb]1 %e %>ply reproa*es him2 b ! real delicacy ( h] "* is ma9ta9$ 9 ?is1 t %e does x 1 ) av]t$ & d[nca/ eyes4 ,9 :at foll[s1 %e is b ! reluctant in/rum5t ( a passion1 :i* ,hom] seems to h describ$ 9 ?is place1 contr>y to 8 wont1 ) ! di/9ct purpose ( rais+ indignation to ! highe/ pit*1 & cov]+ ,p>is ) a contempt & %ame proportion$ to ! crime he _h committ$1 & to ! mis]ies ( :i* by crime he _h be5 ! cause4 #ajbh ,! expression is 4 ,! v]b is us$ by ,hom] mo/ commonly to d5ote appreh5sion 7z 9 ,il4 iv4 #bjh4 xv4 #g4 xvi4 #bhj1 #eji4 xviii4 #bbc72 ?\gh x also sometimes signifies o!r k9ds ( excitem5t1 su* z ang] or surprise4 #ajbi #chc-ih4 ,^u ! :ole1 ?is del9eation ( ,hel5 9 ! ,?ird ,book may well be tak5 z "o ( ! mo/ ma/]ly p>ts ( ! ,iliad4 ,! extreme f95ess & delicacy ( its %ad+ m>k x z an immortal "w ( g5ius1 & ! g5tl5ess ( ,hel5 t[>ds ,priam1 ) h] sev]ity to h]self1 & h] /]nness bo? to ! corrupt]1 & to ! goddess t aid$ & inspir$ him1 =m a moral picture ( ! mo/ /rik+ tru? & beauty4 ,inde$1 if ! "q be ask$1 :]e does ,paganism come ne>e/ to ! p5it5tial tone & ! pr(\nd self-abasem5t t belong to ,*ri/ianity1 we might f9d x difficult to po9t out an in/ance ( approximation s /rik+ z is1 "h & else:]e1 ! ,hel5 ( ,hom]4 ,9 ,il4 vi4 ,il4 xxiv4 ,od4 iv4 ,9 ?ree o!r places ( ! poems1 ,hel5 is put prom95tly =w>d4 ,9 ! ,six? ,book1 be=e ,hector repairs to ! field1 he goes to ! palace ( ,p>is to summon him =?4 ,he f9ds ! effem9ate pr9ce h&l+ uselessly 8 arms1 :ile ,hel5 is sup]9t5d+ ! beautiful works ( h] wom5#ajcj4 ,by & by x appe>s t1 s5sible ( ! %ame ( h] husb&'s c[>dice1 ?\gh )\t int]e/ 9 8 fame1 %e has be5 p]suad+ him to g =? & fight2 & %e takes ! opportunity ( ,hector's pres5ce to (f] him a *air t he may re/ f 8 fatigues2 to revile h]self z1 next to h] husb&1 ! cause ( !m2 &1 :ile griev+ t %e _h outliv$ h] infancy1 to lam5t also t1 if %e 0 to live at all1 %e _h n be5 unit$ to "o less imp]vi\s to ! s5tim5t ( hon\r4 #ajcj ,il4 vi4 #cba-e4 ,aga91 ,hom] has ?\ght h] n unwor?y ( ! ?ird place1 ) ,&roma*e & ,hecuba1 z m\rn]s ov] ! mighty ,hector1 9 ! deeply t\*+ description ( ! return ( 8 rema9s to ,troy#ajca4 ,! t5\r ( ?is spee* is kept 9 ! exacte/ h>mony ) :at has gone be=e4 #ajca ,il4 xxiv4 #gfj-ge4 ,we n[ bid adieu to ! ,hel5 ( ,hom] 9 h] sorr[ & %ame among ! ,trojans4 ,b ! ,poet pres5ts h] to u aga9 9 prosp]ity & dome/ic peace1 z ! ,que5 ( ,m5elaus2 :o1 ?\gh n ! heir ( ! high ?rone ( ,agamemnon1 yet held a /ation 9 ,greece1 aft] ! ,return1 ( highly elevat$ influ5ce4 ,?is is a picture1 :i* x w\ld n h be5 9 accordance ) ! usual c\rse ( ,hom] to set be=e u1 _h 8 m9d atta*$ to ,hel5 ! "* giv5 to h] by ! lat] tradition2 = :]e does he repres5t to u ! wick$ 9 prosp]ity1 )\t br++ d[n on !m subsequ5tly ! v5geance ( heav58 ,b on ! ,hel5 ( ! ,odyssey he has left no note ( sorr[1 except ! mo/ mov+ & appropriate ( all1 namely ?is1 t ! gods gave h] no *ild aft] ,h]mione1 ! daught] ( h] e>ly y\?#ajcb4 #ajcb ,od4 iv4 #ac4 ,f h] /ately *amb] %e comes =? into ! hall1 aft] ! fea/4 ,%e is att5d$ by ?ree maid5s1 :o be> respectively ! fir/ h] seat1 ! second its cov]+1 ! ?ird h] "w-basket & di/aff4 ,%e rem>ks on ! lik5ess ( ,telema*us to ,ulysses1 & humbly recollects to confess1 t %e h]self has be5 ! cause ( ! suff]+s ( ! ,greeks4 ,! allusions !n made to ,ulysses cause h]1 ) ! re/1 to weep t5d]ly2 & :5 h] husb& ) 8 fri5ds resumes ! banquet1 %e infuses into _! w9e ! soo?+ drug1 suppos$ to h be5 opium1 :i* %e _h obta9$ f ,egypt1 to make !m =getful ( _! sorr[s4 ,!n %e beg9s to tell tales 9 hon\r ( ,ulysses3 & h[1 :5 9 8 begg>'s dress he escap$ sca!less f ,troy1 & left _m ( ! ,trojans slaught]$ beh9d him1 %e alone1 amid/ ! wail+s ( ! wom51 0 full ( joy1 = h] he>t _h be5 ye>n+ t[>ds h] home4 ,!re is inde$ a trait t des]ves notice 9 ! spee* ( ,m5elaus1 :i* has be5 lately m5tion$4 ,hel5 came d[n to detect1 if possible1 ! ,greeks conceal$ )9 ! ,horse3 !re=e1 to act 9 ! int]e/ ( ! ,trojans4 ,n[ if1 on ! "o h&1 %e look$ back on h] c\ntry & h] fir/ husb& ) _m ye>n+s1 yet x 0 n to be wond]$ at t z a woman1 n[h]e pret5d+ to ! "* ( a h]o9e1 %e %\ld be s f> pliable to ! wi%es or subject to ! compulsion ( ! ,trojans--especially :5 we rememb] h] love & rev]5ce = _! head1 & = ,hector1 :o _h b lately di$ 9 _! def5ce--z to make ?is ef=t to defeat ! /ratagem ( ! besieg]s4 ,b ,m5elaus1 9 ref]r+ to ! incid5t1 c>efully sp>es ,hel5's feel+s by ano!r ( ^? /rokes ( exce$+ tact & ref9em5t = :i* ,hom]'s writ+s are s rem>kable1 bo? g5]ally1 & z to ! *ivalr\s "* ( ?is h]o 9 p>ticul>4 #8,?i!r1' he says1 t is to ! ,horse1 #8?\ came/2 & no d\bt1' he adds1 #8x 0 ! influ5ce ( "s cele/ial be+1 fav\rable to ,troy1 t prompt$ !e2' ?us prev5t+ by anticipation ! /+ t 8 words might c>ry3 ' 1 #ajcc4 #ajcc ,od4 iv4 #bgd4 ,h] m>riage to ,deiphobus4 ,tradition has assign$ ,deiphobus to ,hel51 z a husb& aft] ! dea? ( ,p>is4 ,?is tradition is support$1 ?\gh n expressly1 yet suffici5tly1 by ! ,odyssey2 =1 says ,m5elaus1 :5 ! ,greeks _h con/ruct$ ! ,horse1 & :5 ,hel5 0 br\ght d[n to detect ^? :o 7 )9 x1 by imitat+ ! voices ( _! wives respectively1 x is add$1 ' #ajcd4 #ajcd ,od4 iv4 #bgf4 ,& by ! fur!r passage 9 ,od4 vii4 #eag1 :i* repres5ts ,ulysses z repair+ /raight f ! ,horse to ! h\se ( ,deiphobus1 9 company ) ,m5elaus4 ,presum+ !re=e t ?is tale 0 well f\nd$1 x may be rem>k$1 t ! selection ( ,deiphobus1 z ! p]son :o %\ld take ,hel5 to wife1 0 probably f\nd$ on 8 sup]ior m]it#ajce4 ,x 0 "u 8 image1 t ,m9]va came ^u ! field to inveigle ,hector into fac+ ,a*illes3 & ,hector !n describ$ him z ! "o :om he lov$ by f> ! be/ amid/ 8 full bro!rs1 ! *ildr5 ( ,priam & ( ,hecuba4 ,?is !re=e ?or\ghly accords ) ! idea1 t ,hel5 0 held 9 respect4 ,nor let x be ?\ght /range1 t %e 0 n p]mitt$ to rema9 s+le4 ,! idea ( s+le life = wom51 outside _! fa!rs' home1 seems to h be5 :olly unkn[n among ! ,greeks ( ,hom]4 ,:5 m>riageable1 !y m>ri$2 :5 _! c\ntry 0 ov]come1 !y became1 z ( c\rse1 ! app5dages ( ! c\* ( ! captor4 ,p5elope h]self nev] dreamt ( urg+ t1 :5 once ! return ( ,ulysses 0 out ( ! "q1 %e c\ld h any o!r option ?an to make *oice among ! ,suitors ^: wife %e w\ld become4 ,telema*us contemplates h] imm$iate re/oration to h] fa!r's home :5 he1 h] son1 %\ld assume ! full pr]ogatives ( manhood4 #ajce ,lycophron1 #afh2 ,s*ol4 on ,il4 xxiv4 #bea4 ,9 ! ,troades ( ,euripides %e is introduc$1 say+ t ,deiphobus took h] by =ce1 aga9/ ! w ( ! ,phrygians 7,trojans71 #ied-e4 ,! :ole ,hom]ic evid5ce1 !n1 appe>s to %[ t1 f ! mom5t ( h] removal1 nei!r ! usages ( society1 nor ! ideas ( religion or ! moral code1 c\ld all[ ,hel5 to rema9 9 ! s+le /ate4 ,b x may be said ?is seems to prove too mu* on h] behalf2 namely1 t bo? ! abduction & ! subsequ5t life 7 aga9/ h] w4 ,x is1 h[ev]1 entirely 9 keep+ ) ! te/imony ( ! poems1 to suppose t h] :ole (f5ce lay 9 hav+ p]mitt$ at ! fir/1 p]haps half unconsci\sly1 ! att5tions ( a flatt]]1 :o became at once a p>am\r & a tyrant to 8 victim4 ,9 ord] to compreh5d ! h]oic age1 x is indisp5sable t we %\ld recollect t ! responsibilities ( wom5 7 contract$ 9 proportion to h] /r5g?2 & t ! h]oism ( endurance1 9 :i* %e has s9ce excell$1 is a ,*ri/ian product4 ,t elem5t ( weakness & lightness 9 a "* o!rwise beautiful1 :i* ! incid5t ( ! ,horse betrays1 0 probably at once ! s\rce & ! measure ( h] (f5d+ 9 ref]5ce to ! cause ( w>4 ,x 0 a m9d ( relax$ fibre1 & vacillat$ "u pressure4 ,less ?an ?is we _c suppose1 & !re is no occasion to suppose m4 ,! respect felt1 )9 c]ta9 limits1 = wom5 9 ! h]oic age1 & s p[]fully prov$ by ! ,odyssey1 may p]haps be adv]se to ! supposition t ,p>is c>ri$ h] away )\t "s degree ( previ\s enc\ragem5t4 ,i conf9e myself to #8p]haps1' because x is n[h]e indicat$ 9 ! poems1 & we c at mo/ h only a presumption to ?is effect4 ,on ! o!r h&1 x seems c]ta9 t :at %e expiat$ 9 life-long sadness 01 at any rate1 no m ?an ! fir/ /ep 9 ! ways ( folly1 ! ?\ghtless error ( %ort-sight$ vanity1 :i* ! /ate ( mann]s did n p]mit h] subsequ5tly to r$eem4 ,rep5t %e might3 b to return 0 beyond h] p[]4 ,on ! :ole1 x may be said ) confid5ce t ! ,hel5 ( ! ,hom]ic poems has be5 conceiv$1 by an au?or himself ( peculi> delicacy1 ) great tru? ( nature1 & ) no int5tion to deprive h] ( a %>e 9 ! sympa?ies ( 8 he>]s2 t he has made h] a woman1 n ca/ 9 ! m\ld ( m>tyrs1 nor elevat$ 9 moral ideas to a capacity ( compreh5sion & ( endurance above h] age1 b yet end[$ ) mu* t5d]ness ( feel+1 ) ! highe/ grace & ref9em5t1 & ) a deep & peculi> s5se ( %ame = hav+ done wrong4 ,probably h] appreciation ( virtue & ( hon\r1 ?\gh b5ea? t ( ! highe/ matronly *>act]s1 may h be5 9 no way inf]ior to t ( society at l>ge 9 h] own "t1 & sup]ior to ! /&>d ( _m foll[+ epo*s2 nay sup]ior also to t :i* has prevail$1 at lea/ locally1 ev5 at "s p]iods ( ! ,*ri/ian era3 z1 = example1 :5 ,ario/o wrote ! rem>kable passage-- ,p]*e si de' punir donna o biasm>e ,*e con uno1 o pi d' uno1 abbia commesso ,quel1 *e l' uom fa con quante n' ha appetito ,e lodato ne va1 non *e impunito#ajcf8 #ajcf ,orl4 ,fur4 iv4 #ff4 ,g5]al e/imate ( ! ,hom]ic ,hel54 ,! degradation ( ,hel5 by ! lat] tradition w be treat$ ( h]eaft]4 ,meantime x w be se5 h[ mu* on ?is subject ,i h ! mis=tune to diff] f ,mure1 :o has be5 usually s great a b5efactor to ! /ud5ts ( ,hom]4 ,) him #8,hel5 is ! female c\nt]p>t ( ,p>is#ajcg4' ,p>is & ,hel5 are respectively #8! man ( fa%ion & ! woman ( pleasure ( ! h]oic age4' #8,bo? are unpr9cipl$ vot>ies ( s5sual enjoym5t2 bo? self-will$ & petulant1 b n devoid ( amiable & g5]\s feel+4' ,he f9ds inde$ 9 h] a #8t5d]ness ( he>t & k9dly disposition2' & says t #8traces ( bett] pr9ciple seem also to lurk "u ! g5]al levity ( h] habits4' ,?is petulance1 ?is g5]al levity1 ,i d n f9d2 b r ! notes ( a fatal fall1 cont9ually & deeply felt "u ! g5]al grace & beauty ( h] "*4 ,:at ,mure calls h] #8petulant argum5t ) h] patron goddess1' we take to be ! noble & indignant reaction ( a s\l "u ! yoke ( consci\s slav]y1 & /ill quick to ! ?rob ( virtue4 ,inde$ ,i d]ive "s com=t f ! clos+ words ( 8 criticism1 9 :i*1 aft] express+ 8 pity & condemnation1 he says t /ill #8we are con/ra9$ to love & admire4' ,9 ! :ole circle ( ! classical lit]ature1 z f> z x is kn[n to u1 !re is1 ,i repeat1 no?+ t approa*es s ne>ly to :at ,*ri/ian !ology w\ld t]m a s5se ( s91 z ! humble demean\r1 & ! self-d5\nc+1 self-/abb+ language ( ! ,argeian ,hel54 #ajcg ,book ii4 *4 viii4 sect4 #bj4 ,! "* ( ,p>is4 ,,iii4 ,! "* ( ,p>is is z wor?y1 z any o!r 9 ! poems1 ( ! p[]ful h& & j judgm5t ( ,hom]4 ,x is nei!r on ! "o h& slightly1 nor on ! o!r too elaborately1 drawn2 ! t\*es are j su* & s _m1 z 8 poetic purpose seem$ on ! "o h& to dem&1 & on ! o!r to admit4 ,p>is is n inde$ ! g5tleman1 b he is ! f9e g5tleman1 & ! patt]n voluptu>y1 ( ! h]oic ages2 & all 8 successors 9 ^! capacities may well be wi%$ joy ( _! illu/ri\s prototype4 ,! r$eem+1 or at lea/ reliev+ po9t 9 8 "*1 is "o :i* w\ld condemn any p]sonage ( high] intellectual or moral pret5sions2 x is a total want ( e>ne/ness1 ! unbrok5 sway ( levity & ( indiff]5ce to all s]i\s & manly consid]ations4 ,he completely fulfils ! idea ( ! poco-curante1 except z to ! display ( 8 p]sonal beauty1 ! enjoym5t ( luxury1 & ! resort to s5suality z ! be/ refuge f pa9 & c>e4 ,he is n a mon/]1 = he is nei!r savage nor rev5geful2 b /ill fur!r is he f be+ "o ( ,hom]'s h]oes1 = he has nei!r hon\r1 c\rage1 eloqu5ce1 ?\ght1 nor prud5ce4 ,t he be>s ! reproa*es ( ,hector )\t irritation1 is due to t same moral apa?y1 & t n>r[ness ( intellig5ce1 :i* makes him ins5sible to ^? ( 8 wife4 ,no man c s]i\sly res5t :at he does n really feel4 ,he is :olly de/itute ev5 ( ! delicacy & ref9em5t :i* s(t5 _m ( ! features ( vice2 & ! s5suality he %[s 9 ! ,?ird ,book#ajch p>takes l>gely ( ! brutal "* :i* m>ks ! lu/s ( ,jupit]4 ,no wise1 no g5]\s ^w1 ev] passes f 8 lips4 ,on "o subject only he is det]m9$ en\gh2 x is1 t he w n give up ! woman :om he well kn[s to be )\t atta*m5t to him#ajci1 & :om he keeps n z ! object ( 8 affections1 b m]ely z ! in/rum5t ( 8 pleasures4 ,"o solicitude only he *]i%es2 x is to decorate 8 p]son1 to exhibit 8 beauty1 to bright5 ) c>e ! arms t he w\ld fa9 p>ade1 b has n ! c\rage to employ aga9/ ! w>riors ( ,greece4 #ajch ,il4 iii4 #dcg-dh4 #ajci ,ibid4 #dbh4 ,!re are o!r great] a*ievem5ts 9 ! ,iliad1 b none f9]1 or m des]v+ our comm5dation1 ?an ! mann] 9 :i* ,hom] has h&l$ ! difficult "* ( ,p>is4 ,x 0 q necess>y to raise him to a c]ta9 po9t ( importance2 _h he be5 simply contemptible1 8 place 9 ! e>ly /ages ( ! ,trojan tale1 & ! prolongation ( ! ,w> on 8 acc\nt1 w\ld h involv$ a too viol5t dep>ture f ! laws ( poetical cr$ibility4 ,?is importance ,hom]1 :e!r f imag9ation or f hi/ory1 has suppli$2 9 "p by 8 v high position4 ,ev5 if ,i 7 wrong 9 ! op9ion t ! ,poet meant to repres5t him z ! elde/ son1 or ! elde/ liv+ son1 ( ,priam1 x w\ld /ill at lea/ be pla9 t he is m em95t & conspicu\s ?an any o!r memb] ( ! royal h\se aft] ,hector2 :ile he is s mu* less wor?y ?an ,deiphobus1 = example1 t no "o1 ,i ?9k1 c\ld d\bt t 8 di/9ction is due to 8 be+ s5ior to t respectable pr9ce & w>rior1 & to ! re/ ( 8 bro!rs4 ,fur!r1 ! ,poet has rais$ him to ! v highe/ elevation 9 two p>ticul>s2 "o ! gift ( ar*]y1 ! o!r ! end[m5t ( corporeal grace & beauty4 ,b nei!r ( ^! involves "o p>ticle ( c\rage1 or ( any o!r virtue2 = ! ar*] ( ,hom]'s "t 0 n l ! ,briti% b[man1 :o /ood ) 8 comrades 9 ! l9e1 & dis*>g$ ! function 9 w> :i* has s9ce fall5 to musketry2 he 0 a m]e %>p%oot]1 always hav+ ! mo/ delib]ate opportunity ( aim at ! enemy1 & always himself out ( dang]4 ,no ar*] is ev] hit 9 ! ,iliad2 b ,p&>us1 s skill$ 9 ! b[1 is sla91 & ,p>is is disgrac$1 :5 !y respectively v5ture to assume ! spe>4 ,aga91 ! ,poet has contriv$ t ! accompli%m5ts ( ,p>is1 ?\gh 9 !mselves unsurpass$1 %all attract t[>ds him no %>e1 great or small1 ( our reg>d4 ,?is pr9ce really does m1 ?an ev5 ,hector does1 to /ay ! torr5t ( ! ,grecian w>2 = 9 ! ,elev5? ,book1 f beh9d a pill>1 he w\nds ,diom$1 :o _h f\ght ) ! ,immortals1 ,eurypylus1 :o _h also be5 "o ( ! n9e accept]s ( ,hector's *all5ge1 & ,ma*aon1 "o ( ! two surgeons4 ,?us ,hom]#ajdj has be5 able to make him mo/ useful 9 battle1 mo/ lovely to ! eye1 & yet alike dete/able & dete/$4 #ajdj ,il4 xi4 #cfh-gi1 #eha-d1 #eje-g4 ,?is aim he atta9s1 n by t tame me?od ( description :i* he s mu* es*ews1 b by ! turn he gives to n>rative1 & by ! col\r he imp>ts to x 9 "o or a few words4 ,p>is1 ?\gh effem9ate & apa!tic1 is n g5tle1 ei!r to 8 wife or 8 enemies2 &1 :5 he has w\nd$ ,diom$1 he wi%es ! %ot _h be5 a fatal "o4 ,! reply ( ,diom$ cuts deep] ?an any arr[ :5 he addresses him z1 ,b[man6 ribald6 well-frizzl$ girl-hunt]#ajda6 #ajda ,il4 xi4 #che4 ,aga91 ! ,poet tells u1 z if by accid5t1 t :51 aft] ! battle ) ,m5elaus1 he c\ld n be f\nd1 x 0 n because ! ,trojans 7 unwill+ to give him up1 = !y hat$ him ) ! hatr$1 :i* !y felt to d>k ,dea?#ajdb4 ,& aga9 we le>n1 h[ he uses brib]y to keep 8 gr\nd 9 ! ,assembly2 h[ he refuses to recognise ev5 8 own milit>y inf]iority1 b lamely acc\nts = ! success ( ,m5elaus by say+ t all m5 h _! turn#ajdc2 & h[ he causes %ame to 8 own c\ntrym5 & exultation to ! ,greeks1 :5 !y contra/ ! pret5sions ( 8 spl5did appe>ance ) 8 mis]able p]=mances 9 ! field#ajdd4 #ajdb ,il4 iii4 #ded4 #ajdc ,il4 vi4 #cci4 #ajdd ,il4 iii4 #dc1 #ea4 ,hom]1 full z he is ( ! h>monies ( nature1 diff]s 9 ?is z 9 s _m po9ts f mo/ among lat] writ]s1 t he does n set at n\ght ! due proportion betwe5 ! moral & ! intellectual man1 nor comb9e high gifts ( m9d ) a mean & bad he>t4 ,he nev] v>ies f ?is rule2 & he has be5 c>eful to pay x a m>k$ obs]vance 9 ! case ( ,p>is4 ,no set ( spee*es 9 ! ,iliad are m>k$ by great] pov]ty ( ideas4 ,if he cleans 8 arms & builds 8 h\se1 :i* are hon\rable employm5ts1 !y are employm5ts imm$iately connect$ ) ! o/5tation to :i* he 0 s mu* giv54 ,m ?an ?is1 ! ,poet in=ms u1 ?r\gh ! m$ium ( ,hel51 t he 0 b ill suppli$ ) s5se1 & t he 0 too old to m5d3 ' ' 1 ' #ajde4 #ajde ,il4 vi4 #cgb4 ,! imm$iate transition1 9 ! ,?ird ,book1 f ! field ( battle1 :]e he 0 disgrac$1 to ! b$ ( luxury1 is admirably suit$ to impress ^u ! m9d1 by ! /rong contra/1 ! real "* ( ,p>is4 ,nor let x be ?\ght1 t ,hom] has gratuit\sly =c$ ^u u ! sc5e betwe5 him & 8 reluctant wife4 ,x 0 j t he %\ld m>k z a bad man him :o _h s9n$ grossly1 selfi%ly1 & fatally1 alike aga9/ ,greece & 8 own family & c\ntry4 ,?is impression w\ld n h be5 consi/5t & ?or\gh 9 all its p>ts1 if we _h be5 ev5 all[$ to suppose t1 z a ref9$1 affectionate1 & t5d] husb&1 he made su* am5ds to ,hel5 z ! case p]mitt$ = ! wrong done h] 9 8 hot & heady y\?4 ,su* a supposition might excusably h be5 ent]ta9$1 & x w\ld h be5 support$ by ! v feebl5ess ( ! "* ( ,p>is & by 8 "p 9 ! w>1 _h ,hom] be5 sil5t ^u ! subject4 ,he1 !re=e1 ?\gh ) cauti\s h&1 lifts ! veil s f> z to %[ u t 9 our v>i\sly comp\nd$ nature animal desire c use up & absorb ! /r5g? :i* ought to n]ve our high] faculties1 & t1 z none are m cruel ?an ! timid1 s none are m brutal ?an ! effem9ate4 ,"o hold1 & "o only1 ,p>is seems to reta9 on human affection 9 any sort or =m4 ,! pat]nal in/9ct ( ,priam makes him %udd] & retire1 :5 he is told t ,p>is is ab\t to meet ,m5elaus 9 s+le combat4 ,?is trait w\ld h be5 ( extraord9>y & univ]sal beauty1 _h ! object ( ! affection be5 ev5 mod]ately wor?y3 x is a rem>kable pro( ( ! debasem5t ( ,p>is1 & ( ! /rong s5se :i* ,hom] gives u ( t debasem5t1 t ! t5d] fa!r seems 9 a measure ta9t$ by ! v w>m? & /r5g? ( 8 love4 ,,sect4 ,,vii4 ,! decl5sion ( ! great ,hom]ic ,*>act]s 9 ! lat] ,tradition#ajdf4 #ajdf ,see note p4 #ejj4 sup4 ,physical conditions ( ! ,greek ,!atre4 ,"o legitimate mode ( measur+ ! true greatness ( ,hom] is1 by obs]v+ :at has become ( ! mat]ials & in/rum5ts he work$ )1 ^u _! pass+ into o!r h&s4 ,act+ on ?is pr9ciple1 let u n[ pass on to consid] ! murd]\s maltreatm5t1 :i* ! mo/ rem>kable ( all ! ,hom]ic *>act]s h _h to endure 9 ! lat] tradition2 p>tly1 z ,i h already obs]v$1 f g5]al1 & p>tly f special causes4 ,on ! m g5]al influ5ce ( ?is k9d ,i h already t\*$4 ,among ! special causes1 we %\ld place ! decl5sion 9 ! fundam5tal ideas ( morals & ( politics betwe5 ! "t ( ,hom] & ! hi/oric age4 ,) ?is we may reckon "o :i*1 ?\gh x may appe> to be te*nical1 mu/1 9 all likelihood1 h be5 mo/ important1 namely1 ! physical necessities impos$ by ! fix$ conditions ( dramatic repres5tation among ! ,greeks#ajdg4 ,_! !atres 7 con/ruct$ on a scale1 :i* may be call$ colossal z comp>$ ) ours4 ,bo? polity & religion ent]$ into ! in/itution ( ! /age4 ,! int5se nationality ( _! life requir$ a simil> "* 9 _! plays1 & likewise 9 ! places :]e !y 7 to be repres5t$4 ,n !re=e a p>ticul> company ( auditors1 b r ! :ole public ( ! city1 :]e ! repres5tation took place1 0 to be accommodat$4 ,9 consequ5ce1 ! dim5sions ( ! build+s exce$$ ! usual p[]s ( ! human eye & e>2 s t ! figure 0 height5$ by busk9s1 ! c\nt5ance ?r[n into bold] & co>s] outl9e by masks1 & ! voice end[$ ) a great increase ( p[] by ac\/ic contrivances )9 ! masks1 z well z aid$ by ! con/ruction ( ! build+s4 ,all ?is 0 ! m /rictly requisite1 because ! plays 7 act$ 9 ! op5 air4 #ajdg ,s*legel1 ,lect4 iii4 vol4 i4 p4 #ha2 ,donaldson1 ,greek ,!atre1 sect4 ii4 ,n[ ?is g5]al exagg]ation ( feature beyond ! /&>d ( nature _h an irresi/ible t5d5cy to affect ! mode 9 :i* *>act]s 7 modell$ = repres5tation2 to cause !m to be laid out morally z well z physically 9 /rong outl9e1 9 masses l>ge & comp>atively co>se4 ,! f9e & c>eful f9i%+ ( ,hom] requir$ t ^?1 :o 7 to recite him1 %\ld reta9 an entire & unfett]$ comm& ov] ! measure 9 :i* ! bodily organs 7 to be employ$4 ,! ' ( ,a*illes to ,patroclus might be> to be spok5 9 a voice ( ?und]1 & w\ld absolutely require ! b>d to use consid]able ex]tion ( ! lungs2 b ! sc5es ( ,hel5 ) ,priam 9 ! ,?ird ,book1 ( ,hector ) ,&roma*e 9 ! ,six?1 ( ,priam ) ,a*illes 9 ! ,tw5ty-f\r?1 w\ld admit ( no su* treatm5t2 & z ^! passages c\ld n !mselves be r5d]$1 s nei!r c\ld any?+ be>+ a true analogy to ,hom] be giv51 unless ! actor _h enjoy$ full lib]ty to contract z well z exp& 8 own volume ( s\nd1 or unless he _h enjoy$ bo? easy access1 on any t]ms he pleas$1 to ! e>s ( 8 audi5ce1 & ! full b5efit ( t mo/ important assi/ance1 :i* ! eye r5d]s to ! e> by obs]v+ ! play ( c\nt5ance t accompanies deliv]y4 ,k+ ,le>1 ,k+ ,john1 or ,o!llo1 c\ld n h be5 repres5t$ m truly & adequately 9 a ,greek !atre1 ?an ! ,a*illes1 or ?an ! ,hel51 ( ,hom]4 ,^? :o h ev] happ5$ to discuss ) a deaf p]son a critical subject1 requir+ circumspect & t5d] h&l+1 w "k h[ mu* ! necessity = con/ant t5sion ( ! voice re/ra9s fre$om 9 ! expression ( ?\ght1 & m>s its p]fectness4 ,! ,greek actors lay "u a some:at simil> necessity1 & to _! necessities ( c\rse ! diction ( ! trag$ians 01 :e!r consci\sly or unconsci\sly1 adapt$4 ,let x1 h[ev]1 be borne 9 m9d1 t :5 we criticize ! conceptions ( ! ,hom]ic *>act]s by ! lat] ,greek writ]s1 x ne$ n be ) ! supposition t we h eyes to disc]n 9 ,hom] :at !y did n see4 ,_! reproductions mu/ be tak5 to repres5t n s mu* ! free dictates ( ! m9d & judgm5t ( ! lat] poets1 z ! conditions ( repres5tation to :i* !y 7 compell$ to con=m1 & ! popul> s5tim5ts & op9ions :i*1 9 ! "* ( popul> writ]s1 !y c\ld n b take = _! /&>d4 ,! inv5tion ( pr9t+ has giv5 a lib]ty & indep5d5ce to ?\ght1 at lea/ 9 conjunction ) poetry & ! drama1 su* z x c\ld n possess :ile ! poet1 9 ,a!ns = example1 c\ld s+ 9 no o!r way b "o1 namely1 to ! nation collect$ 9 a mass4 ,! poet ( mod]n times may write = a m9ority ( ! public1 nay1 = a m]e h&ful ( admir]s1 :i* is de/9$1 yet only 9 aft]-ye>s1 to gr[ l ! mu/>d-se$ ( ! p>able4 ,b ! ,a!nian dramati/ 0 compell$ to be ! poet ( ! majority at ! mom5t1 & to be c>ri$ on ! /ream ( its sympa?ies1 h[ev] adv]se its direction might be to t 9 :i*1 if at lib]ty to *oose1 he w\ld himself h mov$4 ,oblit]ation ( ! f9] di/9ctions4 ,accord+ly1 :5 we come to survey ! lit]>y hi/ory ( ^? great *>act]s :i* ! ,poet gave z a p]petual possession to ! _w1 we f9d1 naturally en\gh1 t ! flood ( ! m rec5t traditions has long ago come 9 ^u ! ,hom]ic n>rative1 l ! inundation br\ght by ,neptune & ,apollo ov] ! wall & tr5* ( ! ,greeks4 ,l e o!r deluge1 9 sweep+ away ! s(t] mat]ials1 :i* give ! m ref9$ l9es to ! picture1 x leaves ! comp>atively h>d & %>p ones h>d] & %>p] ?an ev]4 ,?us x is ) ! ,hom]ic *>act]s1 transplant$ into ! lat] tradition4 ,! broad] di/9ctions ( 8 p]sonages "o f ano!r h be5 n only reta9$1 b exagg]at$3 all ! f9] ones h disappe>$4 ,no "o1 d]iv+ 8 ideas f ,hom] only1 c\ld conf\nd ,diom$ ) ,ajax1 or ei!r ) ,agamemnon1 or any ( ! ?ree ) ,m5elaus1 or any ( ! f\r ) ,a*illes2 b :5 we come d[n to ! age ( ! trag$ians1 :at rema9s to m>k !m1 except only = ,agamemnon 8 (fice1 & = ,a*illes 8 sup]iority 9 physical /r5g?8 ,9 ! ,hom]ic poems1 ! /rong & t[]+ intellectual qualities ev5 outweigh ! great physical & animal =ces ( 8 *ief h]o3 by ! usual pr$om9ance 9 man ( :at is gross ov] :at is f9e1 ! pr9cipal & high] p>ts ( 8 "* are aft]w>ds suppress$1 & x becomes comp>atively vulg>iz$4 ,9 ! ,ulysses ( ,hom]1 aga91 ! intellectual elem5t pr$om9ates 9 su* a mann]1 t n ev5 ! mo/ sup]ficial read] c fail to p]ceive x4 ,he & ,hel5 /& out 9 ! ,iliad f among o!rs ) :om !y might h be5 conf\nd$2 ! fir/ by virtue ( 8 self-ma/]y & sagacity1 ! second1 n only by h] beauty & h] fall1 b by ! s+ul>ly t5d] & e!real %ad+ ( h] "*4 ,! lat] tradition1 lay+ rude h&s ^u ! subtl] di/9ctions ?us e/abli%$1 has degrad$ ^! two great *>act]s1 ! "o into little bett] ?an a /age rogue1 ! o!r into little m ?an a /age voluptu>y1 :o adds to ! guilt ( t "* ! fur!r & co>se enormities ( fai?lessness1 & ev5 ( blood?ir/9ess4 ,ev5 s soon z 9 ! "t ( ! ,cyclical writ]s ! "* ( ,hel5 _h begun to be alt]$4 ,9 ,hom] %e is ! victim ( ,p>is1 c>ri$ (f f h] home & c\ntry1 & only !n yield+ to 8 lu/4 ,9 ! 1 z we h t poem report$ by ,proclus1 %e beg9s by receiv+ 8 gifts1 t is to say1 8 bribes2 %e is an adult]ess "u h] husb&'s ro(2 & %e jo9s 9 plund]+ him1 9 ord] to escape ) h] p>am\r4 ,x is 9 ,euripides t we f9d ! l>ge/ & mo/ div]sifi$ reproduction ( ! old ,hom]ic *>act]s1 & to him1 !re=e1 among ! ?ree trag$ians1 we %\ld give our *ief att5tion4 ,:5 we consid] !m z a :ole1 accord+ to 8 repres5tation ( !m1 we f9d t _! entire primitive & patri>*al col\r+ has gone4 ,! mann]s are n ^? ( any age 9 p>ticul>2 lea/ ( all are !y ! mann]s ( a v e>ly age4 ,&1 z ! entire company has lo/ its di/9ctive type1 s h ! memb]s ( x :5 tak5 s+ly4 ,9 ! ,troades1 = example1 ,m5elaus is simply ! injur$ & exasp]at$ husb&2 ,hel5 is ! fai?less wife2 & %e is kept up to a c]ta9 /&>d ( dramatic importance 9 ! eye ( ! _w only by ano!r dep>ture f ! ,hom]ic picture1 = %e is arm$ ) an enorm\s p[] ( argum5t & sophi/ry4 ,by a simil> app5dage ( +5i\s disquisition1 ! ess5tially pla9 & matronly qualities ( ,hecuba h be5 ov]laid & hidd54 ,a*illes1 9 ! ,iphig5ia1 is a gallant & a g5]\s w>rior2 b we h nei!r ! gr&eur ( 8 tempe/u\s emotions z 9 ,hom]1 nor1 on ! o!r h&1 any ( t peculi> ref9em5t ) :i* !y are 9 s admirable a mann] bo? bl5d$ & set 9 contra/4 ,agamemnon has lo/1 9 ,euripides1 8 vacillation & misgiv+s1 & is ! av]age &1 s to speak1 r\nd$ k+ & w>rior1 in/ead ( ! mix$ & p>ticol\r$1 b 9 no s5se common-place1 "* t ,hom] has made him4 ,?\gh ,&roma*e is a passionately fond "m1 %e has no?+ :atev] t id5tifies h] z ! orig9al ,&roma*e4 ,inde$1 ( ! ,hom]ic wom51 x may be said t 9 ,euripides !y h ceas$ to be womanly2 !y h 9 g5]al no?+ ( t adjective "* 7if ! phrase may be all[$71 t ev] lean+ & cl++ attitude1 to :i* support f )\t is a moral necessity1 & :i* s pr(\ndly m>ks !m all 9 ,hom]4 ,aga91 ,iphig5ia1 ,cass&ra1 ,polyx5a1 :o are ei!r sc>cely or n at all ,hom]ic1 h n[ become gr& h]o9es1 ) unb\nd$ /age-effect2 b !re is no /age-effect at all 9 ,hom]'s ,hel51 or 9 8 ,&roma*e4 ,&roma*e1 = example1 is n elaborately drawn4 ,%e is r a product ( ,hom]'s "* & feel+1 ?an ( 8 art4 ,%e is simply :at ,t5nyson 9 8 #8,isabel' calls #8! /ately fl[] ( p]fect wifehood4' ,9 h] simplicity1 ! true idea ( h] might easily h be5 pres]v$ by ! lat] lit]ature1 _h ! conception ( woman z su* rema9$ morally ! same4 ,b ! ,&roma*e ( ,hom] 0 doom$ to det]iorate1 on acc\nt ( h] purity1 z 8 ,a*illes1 8 ,ulysses1 8 ,hel5 deg5]at$1 because ! flights ( su* high g5ius c\ld n be su/a9$1 & weak] w+s droop$ d[n to a l[] level4 ,z ,hecuba 0 ! ag$ matron ( ! ,iliad1 & ,hel5 its mix$ type ( woman1 s ,&roma*e 0 ! "y "m & ! wife4 ,h] "o only ?\ght lay 9 h] husb& & h] *ild2 b 9 ! ,troades1 wordy & diffuse1 %e discusses1 9 a mo/ bus9ess-l mann]1 ! "q :e!r %e %all or %all n transf] h] affections to ! new "l1 ^: prop]ty %e has become4 ,%e ends1 inde$1 by decid+ ! "q rightly2 b x is "o t ! ,hom]ic ,&roma*e nev] c\ld h ent]ta9$4 ,?ree1 h[ev]1 among ! ,hom]ic *>act]s1 h be5 mangl$ by ! lat] tradition mu* m cruelly ?an any o!rs2 !y are ^? prime ef=ts ( 8 mighty g5ius1 ,hel51 ,a*illes1 & ,ulysses4 ,! fir/1 mo/ probably1 on acc\nt ( ! wond]ful delicacy ) :i* 9 ,hom] x is m\ld$3 ! o!rs on acc\nt ( _! s+ul> compreh5siv5ess & bread? ( scope4 ,ea* ( ^! ?ree cases well des]ves p>ticul> consid]ation4 ,mutilation ( ! ,hel5 ( ,hom]4 ,9 ! case ( ,hel51 ! extreme t5d]ness ( ! col\r+1 t ,hom] has employ$1 multipli$ inf9itely ! *ances aga9/ its pres]vation4 ,among all ! wom5 ( antiquity1 %e is by nature ! mo/ fem99e1 ! f9e/ 9 gra91 ?\gh1 z 9 _m o!r in/ances1 a c]ta9 slightness ( texture is ess5tially connect$ ) ?is f95ess4 ,h] natural s(tness is v greatly deep5$ by ! d\ble effect ( h] affliction & h] rep5tance4 ,a quiet & settl$ sadness broods ov] h] :ole image1 & comes out n only :5 %e weeps by ! body ( ,hector1 or :5 h] husb&'s pres5ce rem9ds h] ( h] (f5ce1 b ev5 "u ! g5ial smiles & soo?+ words ( old ,priam on ! wall4 ,vehem5t & agoniz+ passion draws deep /rong l9es1 :i*1 ev5 9 copies1 may be easily caught & easily pres]v$2 x is q diff]5t ) ! pr(\nd ?\gh l[-ton$ suff]+1 ( :i* ! passive influ5ce1 ! p5etrat+ t9t1 circulates z x 7 9 e ve91 & issues into view at e pore4 ,hel5 ( ,euripides1 ,isocrates1 ,virgil4 ,let u n[ consid] h[ ! "* ( ,hel5 reappe>s 9 ,euripides1 9 ,isocrates1 & 9 ,virgil4 ,9 ! ,agamemnon1 s*ylus _h designat$ h] "u ! =m ( a pun1 z 2 & ^! phrases1 z !y /&1 _c be said 9 any mann] to =ce u beyond ! limits ( ! ,hom]ic tradition4 ,b 9 ! ,hecuba %e is curs$ outright by ! ,*orus1 & repres5t$ by ,hecuba h]self z hav+ be5 ! great ag5t1 in/ead ( ! passive occasion & ! suff]+ in/rum5t1 9 ! calamit\s fall ( ,troy#ajdh4 ,9 ! ,troades %e is ! %ame ( ! c\ntry1 ! slay] ( ,priam1 ! will+ fugitive f ,sp>ta#ajdi4 ,&roma*e d5\nces h] 9 ! fi]ce/ mann]1 & gives h] = h] ance/ors n ,jupit]1 b ,dea?1 ,slaught]1 ,v5geance1 ,jeal\sy1 & all ! evils ^u e>?#ajej4 ,m5elaus is furi\sly enrag$1 calls on 8 att5dants to drag h] 9 by h] blood-guilty hair1 w n give h] ! "n ( wife1 w s5d h] to ,lac$mon#ajea1 !re h]self to die z a satisfaction to ^? ^: dea? %e has guiltily br\ght ab\t4 ,:5 %e asks :e!r %e may be he>d 9 def5ce ( h]self1 he answ]s summ>ily1 no3 #ajdh ,hecuba1 #dbi1 #ibd-ca4 #ajdi ,troades1 #acb1 #cgg4 #ajej ,v]4 #ggj4 #ajea ,v]4 #hee-gh4 '1 #ajeb4 #ajeb ,v]4 #ijj4 ,%e !n deliv]s a sophi/ical spee*#ajec1 & pleads1 t %e c\ld n be guilty 9 yield+ to a passion :i* ev5 ,jupit] c\ld n resi/1 :ile %e retaliates abuse on ,m5elaus = leav+ h] expos$ to temptation4 ,quantum mutata6 ,z respects ,deiphobus1 h[ev]1 %e decl>es t %e only yield$ to =ce1 & t %e 0 (t5 detect$1 aft] ! dea? ( ,p>is1 9 endeav\rs to escape ov] ! wall to ! ,greeks4 #ajec ,v]4 #iji-fj4 ,we h moreov] an example1 9 ! ,hel5 pa9t$ by ,euripides1 ( ! rude mann] 9 :i* *>act]s n und]/ood1 & tak5 to be inconsi/5t by an age :i* _h fail$ to und]/& !m1 7 torn 9 pieces1 & h[ ! sev]al fragm5ts />t$ anew1 ea* = itself1 on ! /ream ( tradition4 ,9 ,hom] we h ! t\*+ contra/ betwe5 ! *a/ity ( ,hel5's m9d1 & ! unlawful condition 9 :i* %e liv$4 ,! latt]1 tak5 sep>ately1 0 presum$ to imply an un*a/e s\l2 ! =m] a lawful condition4 ,in/ead !re=e ( ! "o n>rative1 we h two2 a %ade or c\nt]feit ( ,hel5 plays ! "p ( ! adult]ess ) ,p>is1 :ile ! true & liv+ ,hel5 rema9s conceal$ 9 ,egypt1 keep+ pure h] husb&'s b$1 s t1 ?\gh h] "n has become infam\s1 h] body may rema9 unta9t$4 ,?is latt] tradition is *iefly valuable1 because x m>ks ! mode ( transition f ! ,hom]ic to ! spuri\s repres5tations1 & ! consci\sness ( ! e>ly poets1 t !y 7 n pres]v+ ! image drawn by ,hom]4 ,no s*eme1 h[ev]1 con/ruct$ ( su* flimsy mat]ials1 c\ld live2 &1 naturally en\gh1 ! "* ( ,hel5 ! wife 0 =gott51 t ( ,hel5 ! voluptu>y 0 pres]v$4 ,f ! vitup]ation & disgrace ( ,hel5 9 mo/ ( ! plays ( ,euripides1 we pass to ! elaborate panegyric h&$ d[n to u 9 ! ( ,isocrates4 ,! falsehood eulogi/ic is n less unsatisfy+ ?an ! falsehood damnatory4 ,= n[1 ) ! lapse ( "t1 we f9d a fur!r depression ( ! moral /&>d4 ,we h "h1 9 its mo/ absolute =m1 ! deification ( beauty#ajed2 1 1 #ajee4 ,b x is totally disjo9$ f purity4 ,he does n w>rant & support 8 eulogy ^u ,hel51 by recurr+ to ! true ,hom]ic repres5tation ( h]2 b he boldly decl>es ! high value ( s5sual enjoym5t#ajef1 comm5ds ! ambition ( ,p>is to acquire an unrivall$ possession & !reby a close aff9ity ) ! gods1 & sees 9 ! w> only a pro( ( ! imm5se & j e/imation 9 :i* bo? p>ties held s great a treasure#ajeg1 )\t ! smalle/ scruple z to ! means by :i* x 0 to be acquir$ or held4 ,f ?is picture we may pass on to ! ,hel5 ( ,virgil1 :i* repres5ts ! de/ructive process 9 its la/ /age ( exagg]ation1 & leaves no?+ m = ! _s ( havoc to devise4 #ajed ,i d n rememb] to h se5 ! pr9ciples ( ,isocrates rigor\sly appli$ 9 mod]n lit]ature1 except+ 9 ! ,adri5ne de la ,c>donnaye ( ,m4 ,eugne ,sue's ,le ,juif ,errant4 #ajee ,hel4 ,enc4 #fa4 #ajef ,ibid4 #dg4 #ajeg ,ibid4 #ed4 ,9 n4 i4 #fej1 ,hel5 is decl>$ to h s\ght ,troy & unlawful nuptials1 in/ead ( hav+ be5 c>ri$ (f f home aga9/ h] w4 ,9 n4 vi4 #eac1 %e is repres5t$ z hav+ made use ( ! religi\s orgies on ! fatal night1 to invite ! ,greeks into ,troy2 &1 aft] fir/ c>efully remov+ all weapons = def5ce1 %e is said to h op5$ ! ap>tm5t ( h] sleep+ husb& ,deiphobus to ,m5elaus1 9 ! hope t1 by becom+ accessory to a trea*]\s murd]1 %e might dis>m ! res5tm5t ( "o :om %e _h s deeply wrong$4 ,b ev5 ?is passage has probably done less t[>ds occupy+ ! mod]n m9d ) ! falsifi$ idea ( ,hel51 ?an "o ( mo/ extraord9>y sc5ic gr&eur 9 ! second neid2 :]e neas relates h[ he saw h]1 ! common curse ( h] own c\ntry & ( ,troy1 cr\*+ beside ! alt> ( ,ve/a1 amid/ ! lurid flames ( ! f9al conflagration1 9 ord] to escape ! wra? ( ,m5elaus4 ,illa sibi infe/os ev]sa ob ,p]gama ,teucros ,et pnas ,danam et des]ti conjugis iras ,prmetu5s1 ,troj et patri communis ,erynnis1 ,abdid]at sese1 atque aris invisa s$ebat4 ,n4 ii4 #ega-d4 ,& !n1 9 language1 ! gl[+ magnific5ce ( :i* s]ves to hide ! v paltry "* ( ! s5tim5t1 neas proce$s to ann\nce t he 0 ab\t to slay ! woman :o1 accord+ to himself1 _h liv$ = t5 ye>s z a fri5d among 8 fri5ds2 :51 at ! "r mom5t1 8 "m ,v5us appe>$1 & rem9d$ him t on ! :ole he might d r bett] to ?9k ab\t sav+1 if possible1 8 own fa!r1 wife1 & boy4 ,?us1 9 ! ,hel5 ( ,virgil1 we h spl5did p]sonal beauty comb9$ ) an accumulation ( ! mo/ pr(\ndly odi\s moral features4 ,%e is lo/ 9 s5suality1 a traitress alike to ,greece & to ,troy1 will+ to make mis]able victims ( o!rs 9 ! hope ( pur*as+ h] own immunity3 all h] deep remorse & sorr[1 all h] t5d]ness & mode/y1 are blott$ out f h] "*1 & ! void places 9 ! picture are fill$ by ! dete/ation1 ) :i* bo? ,greeks & ,trojans reg>d$1 z inde$ !y might well reg>d1 su* a mon/]4 ,b let u pass on4 ,a*illes & ,ulysses4 ,among ! _m pro(s ( ! va/ scope ( ,hom]'s m9d1 "o ( ! mo/ rem>kable is to be f\nd 9 ! tw9 *>act]s ( 8 prime h]oes or protagoni/s4 ,x seems z if he _h tak5 a survey ( human nature 9 its utmo/ bread? & dep?1 &1 f9d+ t he _h n ! means to e/abli% a p]fect equilibrium betwe5 its highe/ p[]s :5 all 9 full developm5t1 _h det]m9$ to repres5t !m1 ) ref]5ce to ! two great functions ( intellect & passion1 9 two immortal figures4 ,9 ea* ( ! two1 ea* ( ^! elem5ts has be5 repres5t$ ) an extraord9>y p[]1 yet s1 t ! sov]eignty %\ld re/ 9 ,a*illes z to ! "o1 & 9 ,ulysses z to ! o!r4 ,b ! dep? ( emotion 9 ,ulysses is great] ?an 9 any o!r male "* ( ! poems1 except ,a*illes2 only x is )drawn f view because s mu* "u ! ma/]y ( 8 wisdom4 ,& 9 l mann] on ! o!r h&1 a f> great] p[]1 direct$ to ! purpose ( self-comm& & self-repression1 is %[n u 9 ,a*illes ?an 9 any o!r "* except ,ulysses2 b ?is also is "u p>tial eclipse1 because ! inju/ice1 +ratitude1 scorn1 & meanness :i* ,agamemnon conc5trates 9 ! robb]y ( a belov$ object f him1 appeal s irresi/ibly to ! passionate side ( 8 nature z to br+ x out 9 ov]p[]+ proportions4 ,^! be+ ! lead+ ideas ( ! two *>act]s1 ,hom] has equipp$ ea* ( !m ) ! app>atus ( a full-furni%$ man2 & 9 apportion+ to ea* 8 %>e ( o!r qualities & accompli%m5ts1 he has made su* a di/ribution z on ! :ole w\ld give ! be/ balance & ! mo/ satisfactory g5]al result4 ,?us x is pla9 t ! "* ( ,a*illes1 cov]+ z x did volcanic passions1 0 9 dang] ( deg5]at+ into phr5sy4 ,hom] has1 !re=e1 assign$ to him a peculi> ref9em5t4 ,8 leisure is beguil$ ) song1 consecrat$ to ! a*ievem5ts ( anci5t h]oes2 he has ! f9e/ tact1 & is by f> ! greate/ g5tleman1 ( all ! w>riors ( ! poems2 ev5 p]sonal ornam5ts to set (f 8 transc5d5t beauty#ajeh are n b5ea? 8 notice1 a trait :i* w\ld h be5 misplac$ 9 ,ulysses1 ludicr\s 9 ,ajax1 & :i* is 9 ,p>is contemptible1 b :i* has its advantage 9 ,a*illes1 because x is a simple accessory subord9ate to great] matt]s1 & because1 s f> z x goes1 x is a weight plac$ 9 ! scale opposite to t :i* ?reat5s to prepond]ate1 & to m> by ! /rong ve9 ( viol5ce ! g5]al h>mony ( ! "*4 #ajeh ,il4 ii4 #hge4 ,9 ! same way1 z ,ulysses is di/+ui%$ by a nev]-fail+ pres5ce ( m9d1 =e?\ght1 & ma/]y ov] emotion1 s ! dang] = him lies on ! side ( an undue pr$om9ance ( ! calculat+ elem5t1 :i* ?reat5s to r$uce him f ! h]oic /&>d to ! l[ level ( a vulg> utilit>ianism4 ,"h1 z be=e1 ,hom] has be5 ready ) 8 rem$ies4 ,he exhibits to u ?is great pr9ce & /atesman z be>+ also a "* ( patri>*al simplicity1 & makes him1 ! pr(\nde/ & mo/ a/ute man ( ! _w1 repres5t ! v *ildhood ( ! human race 9 8 read9ess to ply ! sickle or to drive ! pl\gh#ajei4 ,above all--& ?is is ! prime safegu>d ( 8 "*--he makes ,ulysses a model = ,greece ( /eady unv>y+ brightness 9 ! dome/ic affections4 ,! emotion ( ,hector 9 ! ,six? ,iliad1 & ( ,priam 9 ! ,tw5ty-f\r?1 are n capable ( comp>ison ) ^? ( ,ulysses1 because !irs con/itute ! c5tral po9ts ( ! *>act]s1 & likewise are ! products ( great junctures ( dang] & affliction respectively1 :ile 8 exhibit & inde$ compose a settl$ & /&+ b5t ( 8 s\l4 ,he alone1 ( all ! *iefta9s :o 7 b5ea? ! walls ( ,troy1 is full ( ! ne> recollection ( 8 son1 8 ,telema*us#ajfj2 8 desire & ambition nev] pass inde$ beyond b>r5 ,i?aca1 & 8 daily ?\ght ?r\gh long ye>s ( w&]+ & det5tion is to return !re#ajfa1 to see ! v smoke curl+ upw>d f its *imneys1 s t ! *>ms ( a goddess are a pa9 to him1 because !y keep him f ,p5elope#ajfb4 #ajei ,od4 xviii4 #cff-ge4 #ajfj ,il4 ii4 #bfj4 #ajfa ,od4 i4 #eh4 #ajfb ,od4 v4 #bae-bj4 ,su* 0 ! c>e ) :i*1 9 ea* ( ^! great & wond]ful *>act]s1 ,hom] provid$ aga9/ an exclusive pr$om9ance ( _! lead+ trait4 ,b 9 va94 ,a*illes too1 m sl[ly h[ev] ?an 8 rival1 pass$1 ) lat] au?ors1 into ! wild bea/2 ,ulysses desc5d$ at a leap into ! m]e %opman ( politics & w>2 & x is s+ul> to see h[1 :5 once ! basis ( ! "* _h be5 vulg>iz$1 & ! key to its movem5ts lo/1 x came to be drawn 9 attitudes ! mo/ oppos$ to ev5 ! broade/ & mo/ und5iable ( ! ,hom]ic traits4 ,mutilation ( ! ,ulysses ( ,hom]4 ,!re is no?+ 9 ! political "* ( ,ulysses m rem>kable1 ?an 8 p[] ( sett+ himself 9 sole action aga9/ a multitude2 :e!r we take him 9 ! gov]nm5t ( 8 refractory crew dur+ 8 w&]+s2 or 9 ! body ( ! ,horse1 :5 a s\nd w\ld h ru9$ ! ent]prize ( ! ,greeks1 s t he _h to lay 8 /rong h& ov] ! jaws ( ! babbl] ,anticlus#ajfc2 or 9 ! /]n prelim9>ies to 8 f9al rev5ge ^u ! ,suitors2 or 9 8 w> ) 8 rebelli\s subjects2 or1 above all1 9 ! desp]ate crisis ( ! ,second ,iliad1 :5 by 8 fe>less c\rage1 decision1 & activity he saves ! ,greek army f total & %ameful failure4 ,& yet1 mu* z ! ,mahometans#ajfd 7 rail$ at by ! poets ( ,italy1 inde$ ( ,engl&1 9 ! "* ( image-wor%ipp]s1 s ,ulysses is held up to scorn 9 ,euripides z a m]e wait] ^u popul> fav\r4 ,?us 9 ! ,hecuba he is #ajfc ,od4 iv4 #bhe-h4 #ajfd ,9 pro( ( ! e/abli%m5t ( ?is curi\s usage 9 our lit]ature1 7:i* attract$ ! notice ( ,seld517 see ,mawmet1 ,maumetry 9 ,ri*>dson's ,diction>y1 ) ! illu/rative passages4 1 1 1 4 ,n[1 :5 ! mo/ gl>+ & *>act]i/ic facts ( ! n>rative ( ,hom] c be ?us boldly trav]s$1 !re is sc>cely room = a/oni%m5t at any o!r k9d ( misrepres5tation4 ,z :5 ,hecuba lam5ts1 9 ! ,troades#ajfe1 t h] lot is to be ! captive ( ! base1 fai?less1 malignant1 all-/++ mak] ( mis*ief4 ,su* is ! /&+ type ( ,ulysses 9 ! aft]-tradition4 ,:5ev] any?+ bad1 cruel1 & above all mean1 is to be done1 he is ! ev]-ready1 & inde$ ?or\ghly ,satanic1 in/rum5t4 #ajfe ,tro4 #bhe-i1 #abaf4 ,! ,second ,epi/le ( ! ,fir/ ,book ( ,horace is full ( int]e/ ) ref]5ce to ?is subject1 because 9 x he gives u ! result ( 8 rec5t re-p]usal ( ! ,hom]ic poems at ,prne/e4 ,&1 accord+ly1 we f9d "h a great improvem5t ^u ! ,ulysses ( ! ,greek drama4 ,he seems to h /ruck ,horace at ?is "t m =cibly1 or m fav\rably1 ?an any o!r ,hom]ic "*2 =1 aft] describ+ 9 /rong t]ms :at 0 amiss bo? )9 & )\t ! walls ( ,troy1 he makes ?is transition#ajff2 #ajff ,hor4 ,ep4 ,i4 ii4 #ah4 ,rursus1 quid virtus et quid sapi5tia possit1 ,utile proposuit nobis exempl> ,ulyss54 ,he consid]s ?is h]o z ! conqu]or ( ,troy1 & notices 8 self-re/ra9t & indomitable c\rage 9 adv]sity4 ,su* 0 ! advantage ( an impression fre% f ! ,hom]ic text1 in/ead ( ^? drawn f ! muddy s\rce ( ! curr5t traditions4 ,x does n dim9i% b enhances ! complim5t1 :5 ! acute b ,epicurean writ] goes on to intimate1 9 m ?an half-e>ne/1 t ^! virtues ( ,ulysses 7 too high = imitation1 & t he himself 0 cont5t r to emulate ! suitors ( ,p5elope1 & ! easy life ( ! y\?s ab\t ,alc9\s#ajfg4 #ajfg ,hor4 ,epi/4 ,i4 ii4 #a-ca4 ,b if "s small in/alm5t ( ju/ice 0 ?us done by ,horace to ! ,hom]ic ,ulysses1 ,virgil )drew ! boon1 & 0 c>eful to reproduce1 )\t mitigation or relief1 ! wor/ features ( ! wor/ =m ( ! "*4 ,) him x is ,ulysses :o is *os5 to play ! slay] ( ,palam$es & ! betray] ( ,s9on#ajfh1 & to lead ! p>ty :i*1 conduct$ by ,hel51 0 to massacre ,deiphobus 9 8 *amb]#ajfi4 ,on acc\nt ( 8 fi]ce cruelty1 ev5 ! #8gr\nd is curs$ = 8 sake2' poor ,i?aca is load$ ) imprecations by neas z he passes ne> x4 ,once he is call$ infelix1 ! greate/ complim5t t he any:]e receives2 b 8 "n 9 few cases escapes ! affix ( "s abusive epi!t1 drawn alike f inhumanity or f cunn+1 x seems to matt] little f :i*#ajgj4 #ajfh n4 ii4 #ij4 et seqq4 #ajfi n4 vi4 #fbh4 #ajgj n4 iii4 #bgb4 sup4 p4 #ebb4 ,( ! ,a*illes ( ,hom]4 ,! "* ( ,a*illes 0 m =tunate1 9 ! h&l+ x exp]i5c$ f ! ,greek drama1 ?an t ( ,ulysses4 ,9 ! ,iphig5ia ( ,euripides1 ! h]o ( ! ,iliad appe>s z a fai?ful lov]1 & z a gallant & *ivalr\s w>rior4 ,at ! same "t1 x has lo/ altoge!r ! bread? ( t\* & l>g5ess ( scope1 ) :i* x is drawn 9 ,hom]4 ,we miss entirely t unfa?omable p[] ( intellect1 ( passion1 & also ( bodily =ce1 all comb9$ 9 "o figure1 :i* c>ry ! ,a*illes ( ,hom] beyond e o!r human example 9 ! quality ( %e] gr&eur1 & make x t\* ! limits ( ! sup]human4 ,!re is no?+ said or done by ! ,a*illes ( ,euripides1 no?+ report$ ( him or assign$ to him1 no impression borne into a read]'s m9d conc]n+ him1 :i* w\ld n h be5 p]fectly suitable to o!r w>riors2 = example1 to ! ,diom$ ( ,hom]4 ,he falls back into a class1 & becomes a simple memb] ( x1 in/ead ( be+ a creation p>am\nt & alone2 alone1 l ,olympus amid/ ! m\nta9s ( ,greece2 alone = ev] 9 8 sublimity1 amid/ ! fam\s memories ( o!r h]oes1 no less truly ?an he 0 alone 9 8 solit>y encampm5t dur+ ! cont9uance ( ! ,wra?4 ,) ,p9d> ,a*illes appe>s 9 a diff]5t dress4 ,he is "h conceiv$ )\t m9d1 z a y\? m>vell\s 9 /r5g?1 h>dihood1 & swiftness ( foot1 gr[+ up into a mighty w>rior#ajga4 ,! ,a*illes ( ,p9d> is b z a pebble brok5 away f ! m\nta9-mass ( ,hom]4 #ajga ,p9d4 ,nem4 iii4 #dc-fd4 ,catullus1 9 8 beautiful poem on ! ,nuptials ( ,peleus & ,!tis1 _h a r>e opportunity ( sett+ =? ! glories ( ,a*illes4 ,& he is 9 fact made ! ma9 subject ( ! nuptial song1 prop]ly s call$2 yet no?+ ( him is really celebrat$ by ! poet#ajgb1 except 8 val\r & 8 swiftness2 all ! re/ is simple amplification & embelli%m5t4 ,x seems by ?is "t to h be5 :olly =gott51 t ! ,hom]ic ,a*illes _h a s\l4 #ajgb ,epi?al4 ,pel4 & ,!t4 #cci-cgb4 ,! disc]nm5t ( ,horace did n "h enable him1 z x _h enabl$ him be=e1 to escape f ! popul> delusions1 ,scriptor honoratum si =te reponis ,a*illem1 ,impig]1 iracundus1 inexorabilis1 ac]1 ,jura neget sibi nata1 nihil non arroget armis#ajgc4 #ajgc ,hor4 ,a4 ,p4 #abj4 ,x w be rememb]$ t ! ru?less ,b5tley /ruck out ev5 ! honoratum ( ! text1 &1 ) an audacity surpass+ 8 great +5uity1 put 9 ,hom]eum4 ,! "* is exhibit$ "h 9 a light at once feeble & mislead+1 = its c>d9al po9t is made to be ! supremacy ( =ce ov] "r4 ,n[ 9 ,hom] x is a s5se t "r has be5 deeply violat$1 :i* s]ves = ! v gr\ndwork out ( :i* 8 exasp]ation rises4 ,he does n view ! "q z "o ( meum & tuum only1 or ev5 ma9ly4 ,8 eye is fir/ ^u ! gross wrong done1 & only !n ^u himself z ! subject ( x4 ,he resi/s ,agamemnon's claim#ajgd = a comp5sation at ! v fir/1 :5 x is urg$1 n aga9/ him1 b aga9/ ! ,greeks at l>ge#ajge2 & he bur/s out into indignant vitup]ation ( ! gre$y k+ be=e ,agamemnon has ?reat5$ to take ,briseis1 & :5 he has only insi/$ t1 if ! ,greeks d n comp5sate him1 he w !n help himself to ! prize ei!r ( ,a*illes or ( ,ajax or ( ,ulysses4 ,9 tru? he is ! ass]tor ( ! supremacy ( law ov] w1 mu* m ?an ( =ce ov] law2 & !re is ! greate/ diff]5ce betwe5 pu%+ a s\nd & true pr9ciple ev5 to gross excess1 & proce$+ f ! outset ^u a false "o4 ,! =m]1 n ! latt]1 is ! case ( ! ,a*illes ( ! ,iliad4 #ajgd ,il4 i4 #abb4 #ajge ,ib4 #adi4 ,! ,a*illes ( ,/atius4 ,! poet ,/atius obs]v$1 ) sagacity en\gh1 t ! ,a*illes ( ,hom] 0 b a torso2 t ! ,iliad _h only all[$ him to be exhibit$ 9 "o light1 z x 71 & at a s+le juncture ( 8 c>e]4 ,s he resolv$ to pr(it by ! ungott5 m9e1 & to f\nd a poem on ! :ole ,a*illes1 *ild & man1 9 8 ris+1 at 8 z5i?1 & 9 8 sett+ blaze2 ,nos ire p] omnem 7,sic amor e/7 h]oa velis 444 444 s$ tot juv5em d$uc]e ,troj#ajgf4 #ajgf ,/at4 ,a*ill4 i4 ,we are !re=e p]haps entitl$ to expect f him a full] & m compreh5sive grasp ( ! "* ?an 0 usual1 ev5 al?\gh ! n>rative is brok5 (f4 ,! five books :i* rema9 ( ?is "w d n br+ him s f> z to ! pla9s ( ,troy2 b we leave him on ! voyage f ,scyros to ,troas4 ,!y are *iefly occupi$1 !re=e1 ) 8 resid5ce !re 9 ! disguise ( a maid51 & ) ! incid5ts ( 8 soj\rn4 ,n[ ! /ory ( ,a*illes at ,scyros1 & ( 8 connexion ) ,deidamia1 h>monizes ) "o side ( 8 "* z x is drawn 9 ,hom]4 ,x is evid5t t 8 p]sonal beauty 0 n less graceful ?an manful2 & he alone ( ! ,greek *iefta9s is relat$ to h worn ornam5ts ( gold4 ,!re=e t 9 ! days ( 8 boyhood he %\ld we> ! dress ( maid5s1 & pass = "o ( !m1 is at any rate 9 accordance ) a p>ticul> po9t ( ! ,hom]ic tradition1 ?\gh little adequate to its l(ty tone z a :ole4 ,b ?is p>ticul> po9t is j :at ,/atius contrives :olly to let drop4 ,he %[s u ,a*illes l ! %am ,anne ,page1 9 ! ,m]ry ,wives ( ,w9dsor#ajgg1 #8z a great lubb]ly boy1' nei!r c>eful nor able to give any grace to ! movem5t ( 8 limbs4 ,=1 9 ! dance1 he w\ld break ! he>t ( any rightm9d$ ma/] ( ! c]emonies3 #ajgg ,act v4 sc4 #e4 ,nec s]v>e vices1 nec jung]e bra*ia1 curat3 ,tunc molles gressus1 tunc asp]natur amictus ,plus solito1 rumpitque *oros1 et plurima turbat4 ,nor does ?is writ] appe> at all to h appreh5d$ ! ma9 ideas ( ! ,hom]ic "*4 ,9 ! ,iliad1 ! education :i* ,a*illes receives is ! ord9>y education ( m5 ( 8 rank1 & 8 transc5d5t p[]s 9 aft]-life are due to a j1 yet no m ?an a j1 developm5t ( 8 extraord9>y orig9al gifts4 ,b 9 ,/atius he is repres5t$ z hav+ ow$ ev]y?+ to ! peculi> tra9+ ( ,*iron2 ^: semif]9e life he %>$1 s t 8 diet 9 *ildhood consi/$ ( ! raw entrails ( lions1 & ! m>r[ ( half-dead %e-wolves6 ,8 m9d1 inde$1 0 n ov]look$ amid/ ^! brutalities1 = he exhau/s a long catalogue ( acquirem5ts2 b ,/atius1 z might be expect$1 completely drops out ( 8 political education :at is its "o gr& elem5t 9 ,hom]1 namely1 ! art ( gov]nm5t ov] man by spee*4 ,in/ead ( ?is1 ,*iron ! ,c5taur m]ely tea*es him ^? ab/ract rules ( "r1 by :i* he _h himself be5 wont to gov]n ,c5taurs#ajgh4 #ajgh ,a*illeis1 v4 #afc4 ,to ! same age ) ! ,a*illeis ( ,/atius belongs ! ,troades ( ,s5eca4 ,h[ev] ?is play may be criticiz$1 z a /udy1 l ! o!rs ( ! same au?or1 = ! closet only1 & h[ev] x may betray ! *oice ( ,euripides = a model1 x seems to be by "s degrees bett]1 9 ! conception & use ( "s fam\s ,hom]ic *>act]s1 ?an any production s9ce ! "t ( s*ylus4 ,! del9eation ( ,&roma*e1 if x has n ceas$ to be !atrical1 is full at lea/ ( int5se affection1 all /ill c5tr+ 9 ,hector4 ,ulysses1 ?\gh revil$ by t matron 9 h] passionate grief1 at lea/ does ! humane action ( all[+ h] a little "t to weep be=e ! s5t5ce ( ,cal*as is execut$ ^u ,a/yanax1 & %[s some?+ too ( ! intellect ( 8 antitype#ajgi4 ,hel5 is exhibit$ n z vici\s1 b z want+ 9 firmness ( "*4 ,%e is driv5 by solicitation into ! (f5ce ( allur+ ,polyx5a to h] immolation1 "u ! "n ( a bridal ) ,neoptolemus2 comm5ces ! p]=mance ( ?is false "p ) self-reproa*1 & !n1 *all5g$ by ,&roma*e1 quits x & av[s ! tru?#ajhj4 #ajgi ,s5eca1 ,troades1 #gfe4 ,ibid4 #fji et seqq4 #ajhj ,act iv4 ,b "h we f9d a new =m ( dep>ture f ! anci5t & g5u9e tradition4 ,! pr9cipal motive1 assign$ by ,s5eca to ! ,greeks = putt+ ,a/yanax to dea?1 is a t]rifi$ recollection ( 8 fa!r ,hector1 & a dread le/1 ^u atta9+ to manhood1 he %\ld av5ge 8 own c\ntry aga9/ ,greece4 ,aga91 ,&roma*e1 z x 71 intimidates ,ulysses1 by invok+ ! %ade ( h] husb&3 ,rumpe fatorum moras2 ,molire t]ras1 ,hector1 ut ,ulyss5 domes6 ,vel umbra satis es#ajha4 #ajha ,ibid4 #fhe4 ,a /range inv]sion ( ! relations drawn by ,hom]4 ,dur+ all ! "t1 h[ev]1 9 :i* we mov$ among ! ,greeks & among ! e>li] ,romans1 ! corrupt+ process act$ only ^u ea* ( ! ,hom]ic creations by itself1 & !re 0 no cause at "w1 :i* w5t to alt] & p]v]t :olesale _! collective relations to "o ano!r4 ,new relative position ( ,trojans & ,greeks4 ,b f ! p]iod :5 ! neid appe>$1 or at lea/ s soon z x became ! normal poem ( ! ,roman lit]ature1 a new cause 0 9 op]ation :i*1 )\t mitigat+ 9 any degree ! previ\s deprav+ ag5cies1 introduc$ a new set ( !m1 & began to di/urb ! positions ( ! two gr& sets ( *>act]s1 ,greek & ,trojan1 relatively to "o ano!r4 ,virgil _h s\ght to give to ! ,cs>s ! advantage ( a hold ^u royal antiquity by fabul\s desc5t4 ,he _h be=e him ! *oice betwe5 ,greece & ,troy1 :i* alike & alone enjoy$ a _w-wide hon\r4 ,he c\ld n hesitate :i* to select4 ,! ,greek hi/ories 7 too ne> & too well kn[n4 ,besides1 ! ,greek dyna/ies g5]ally _h dw9dl$ be=e !y disappe>$4 ,! spl5d\r ( ! ,pelopids 9 p>ticul> _h be5 qu5*$ 9 calamity & crime1 & no o!r ( ! ,hom]ic l9es _h atta9$ to greatness 9 political influ5ce or hi/oric fame4 ,b ! family ( ,priam _h fall5 glori\sly 9 fight+ = he>? & alt>3 x _h disappe>$ f hi/ory 9 its full r5[n1 #8,magna mei sub t]ras ibat imago4' ,virgil *ose too ! h\se :i* 0 mo/ anci5t1 & :i* trac$ l9k by l9k1 z t ( ,agamemnon did n1 a kn[n & a nam$ l9eage up to ,jupit]4 ,f ?is cause1 bo? 9 ! neid itself & aft]w>ds1 ! ,trojan *>act]s 7 set ^u /ilts1 & ! ,greeks 7 left to take _! *ance4 ,besides ! loss ( equilibrium1 & ! all[$ pr$om9ance ( co>s] elem5ts1 :i* we h to lam5t 9 ! ,greek h&l+ ( !m1 we n[ see !m pass1 ) ! ,romans1 ev5 into insignificance4 ,! ,diom$ ( ,arpi is a p]son :olly unm>k$2 & he1 l all ! re/ ( 8 c\ntrym51 is treat$ by ,virgil simply z an in/rum5t = obta9+ enhanc$ effect1 9 ! int]e/ t he endeav\rs to conc5trate on 8 ,trojan *>act]s2 :]eas ! key to all ,hom]'s dispositions 9 ! ,iliad is to be f\nd 9 ! recollection1 t he dealt ) ev]y?+ ,trojan 9 ! mann] :i* 0 recomm5d$ & requir$ by 8 ,greek nationality4 ,f ?is "t =w>d1 we f9d ! palm bo? ( val\r & ( wisdom clean c>ri$ ov] f ! ,greek to ! ,trojan side3 ! h]oes ( ,hom] rema91 l unhewn b\ld]s on ! pla91 crude1 gross1 & reciprocally almo/ indi/+ui%able masses ( cunn+ or f]ocity4 ,virgil gave ! tone 9 ?is respect1 n only to ! lit]ature ( anci5t ,rome1 b to t ( ,*ri/ian ,italy4 ,= ?is reason1 we may presume1 among o!rs1 ,orl&o1 ! prime h]o ( ! ,italian romance1 is1 z ,i h be=e obs]v$1 modell$ ^u ,hector4 ,he is 9 _m respects a v gr& conception4 ,pulci1 9 describ+ 8 dea?1 rises ev5 to ! sublime :5 he says !re is #8,un ,dio1 ed una ,f$e1 ed uno ,orl&o4' ,:i* we may r5d] 9 prose #8,"o ,god1 "o way to ,god1 "o true type ( manhood4' ,/ill x is rem>kable t 9 ,boj>do1 z well z 9 ,ario/o1 ! pur] traces ( ! ,hom]ic arrangem5t ?us f> at lea/ rema91 t ,orl&o1 al?\gh he is ! type ( ! ,*ri/ian *ivalry1 yet1 z he resembles ,hector 9 piety & virtue1 s likewise reta9s 8 lik5ess 9 ?is respect1 t he is n ! mo/ =midable or valiant w>rior ( ! poems4 ,9 ,ario/o p>ticul>ly1 he is made inf]ior to ,m&ric>do1 to ,rodomonte1 & mo/ ( all1 b ?is = p]sonal & prud5tial reasons1 to ,ruggi]o4 ,^! ?ree p]haps may be consid]$ z be+ respectively ! ,ajax1 ! ,diom$1 & ! ,a*illes ( ! ,orl&o ,furioso4 ,& n[ ! fancy = d]ivation f a ,trojan /ock1 ( :i* ,virgil _h set ! fa%ion1 0 fully develop$4 ,ario/o1 at great l5g? & 9 ! mo/ =mal mann]1 e/abli%es ?is l9eage = 8 patrons1 ! family ( ,e/e4 ,o!rs foll[$ him4 ,! hum\r pass$ ev5 beyond ! limits ( ,italy1 into ^! !n remote isles4 ,a ,trojan orig9 0 ascrib$ to ! ,engli% nation1 & ! au?ority ( ,hom]1 z to *>act]s & hi/ory1 0 op5ly r5\nc$ by ,dryd54 #8,my fai?ful sc5e f true records %all tell ,h[ ,trojan val\r did ! ,greek excel3 ,y\r great =efa!rs %all _! fame rega91 ,& ,hom]'s angry gho/ rep9e 9 va9#ajhb4' #ajhb ,prologue to ,dryd5's ,troilus & ,cressida2 & aga9 9 ! ,epilogue spok5 by ,!rsites3 #8,y ,briti% fools1 ( ! old ,trojan /ock4' ,9 ,ox=d1 at ! revival ( classical lett]s1 ! "n ( ,trojans 0 assum$ by ^? :o 7 adv]se to ! new ,greek /udies1 & :o1 hav+ no?+ b a "n to rely on1 d\btless *ose ! be/ !y c\ld4 ,! ,imitations by ,tasso4 ,?r\gh\t ! #8,j]usalem' ( ,tasso1 we f9d imitations :i* are inve/$ ) great] int]e/ ?an ! remote copies commonly 9 circulation1 because1 f ! l>ge infusion ( _m lead+ arrangem5ts1 copi$ f ,hom]1 into ! plot ( ! poem1 we may conclude ) reason t !y 7 9 all likelihood drawn imm$iately f ! orig9al4 ,"s ( ^! p]sonages1 too1 are 9 s f> closely imitat$ f ,hom]1 t ,tasso has sp5t little or no?+ ( 8 own ^u !m1 b has simply equipp$ !m ) z mu* ( ! ,hom]ic idea z he ?\ght available4 ,! mo/ successful among !m is ,godfrey1 modell$1 b also p]haps improv$1 ^u ,agamemnon1 :o is by no means 9 my view "o ( ! great] *>act]s ( ! ,iliad1 ?\gh he has be5 incauti\sly call$ by ,mit=d #8ambiti\s1 active1 brave1 g5]\s1 & humane#ajhc4' ,agamemnon has inde$ t prim>y & fundam5tal qualification = 8 (fice1 ! political _s1 s to t]m x1 & ! s5se ( responsibility1 :i* are s well develop$ 9 ,godfrey2 b x is d\btful :e!r he is entitl$ to be call$ ei!r ?or\ghly brave1 or at all g5]\s or humane4 ,agamemnon's "* is admirably adapt$ to its place & purpose 9 ! ,iliad2 9 any m g5]al view1 ,godfrey's bo? /&s high] 9 ! moral sph]e1 & p]haps =ms by itself a bett] poetic :ole4 #ajhc ,hi/4 ,greece1 *4 i4 sect4 iv4 ,:ile ! action ( ,a*illes 9 ! ,iliad is app>5tly assign$ to ,r9aldo1 !re is room to d\bt :e!r ,tasso meant ! p]son or "* ( 8 h]o to c>ry correspond+ m>ks ( resemblance4 ,9 :at may be call$ a by-place ( 8 poem1 he has made a pass+ attempt to reproduce bo? ,a*illes & ,ulysses "u ! names ( ,argante & ,alete1 :o appe> z envoys f ! ,sultan ( ,egypt to ! ,franki% camp4 ,= ! b5efit ( ! =m]1 ,tasso has translat$ ! two l9es t describe ,a*illes 9 ,horace1 & has add$ a spice ( ! ,virgilian ,mez5tius3 ,impazi5te1 inesorabil1 f]o1 ,nell' arme infaticabil ed invitto1 ,d' ogni ,dio sprezzatore1 e *i ripone ,nella spada sua legge e sua ragione#ajhd4 #ajhd ,g]us4 ii4 #ei4 ,accord+ly1 ,argante proves to be ! prime w>rior on ! ,pagan side1 & 8 "*1 describ$ 9 ^! l9es1 is consi/5tly c>ri$ ?r\gh4 ,x is p]haps n to be regrett$1 t ,tasso has left on record no o!r m>k t ,a*illes 0 9 8 m9d2 = x is only ! mo/ debas$ edition ( ,a*illes to :om ,argante be>s ! slighte/ resemblance4 ,! same is ! case ) ,alete4 ,( humble orig91 he rises to high hon\rs by 8 p[]s ( inv5tion & ( spee*1 & by ! pliability ( 8 "*4 ,prompt 9 fiction1 adroit 9 lay+ sn>es1 a ma/] ( ! disguis$ calumnies #8*e sono accuse1 e pajon lodi#ajhe1' he evid5tly recalls ! c>icatures1 :i* = two ?\s& ye>s _h circulat$ "u ! "n ( ! ,hom]ic ,ulysses4 ,?us ,tasso's acqua9tance ) ! text1 :atev] x may h be51 did n avail to op5 8 eyes1 d>k5$ by corrupt tradition1 or to br+ him ne>] to ! tru? z reg>d$ ^? sov]eign creations ( ! g5ius ( ,hom]4 ,s sure x is1 bo? 9 ?is & 9 o!r matt]s1 t :5 long-e/abli%$ falsehoods h _h habitual & undi/urb$ possession ( ! public m9d1 !y =m an atmosph]e :i* we inhale long be=e consci\sness beg9s4 ,h5ce ! spuri\s col\rs ) :i* we h ?us be5 surreptiti\sly imbu$1 long survive ! p[]1 or ev5 ! act1 ( recurr5ce to ! orig9al /&>ds4 ,= t recurr5ce r>ely takes place ) su* a conc5tration ( ! m9d z is necess>y 9 ord] to ! d\ble process1 fir/1 ( dis5tangl+ itself f ! sn>es ( a false conception1 & secondly1 ( build+ up = itself1 & ?is too f ! v gr\nd1 a true "o4 #ajhe ,g]us4 ii4 #eh4 ,%akespe>e & ,*auc]4 ,9 ! ,troilus & ,cressida1 ( :i* ,%akespe>e _h at lea/ a %>e1 we see1 p]haps1 "o ( ! l[e/ & late/ pictures ( m]e m$ival ,hom]ism4 ,! sun ( ! anci5t criticism _h set2 t ( ! mod]n _h n ris54 ,x mu/ be admitt$ t1 9 ?is play1 al?\gh x %[s ! cle> h&iwork ( ,%akespe>e 9 "s spl5did passages1 & mu* ( beautiful & ( *>act]i/ic diction1 we sc>cely f9d "o s+le liv+ trait ( ! fa!r ( all b>ds pres]v$4 ,our incomp>able dramati/1 by no fault ( 8 own1 came 9 at ! v end ( t deprav$ l9eage ( copyi/s1 = :i* progressive deg5]acy is ! necess>y law4 ,z is said#ajhf1 he foll[$ ,lydgate2 ,lydgate drew f a ,guido ( ,mess9a1 :o 9 ! ?irte5? c5tury f\nd$ himself on ,dictys ,cret5sis & ,d>es ,phrygius4 #ajhf ,/ev5s on ,troilus & ,cressida4 ,be=e 8 "t ,*auc]1 we may presume1 _h drawn f ! same s\rces4 ,yet 8 poem ( #8,troilus & ,cressida' be>s a tok5 ( ! famili>ity ( ! ,engli% m9d ) free in/itutions "u ! ,plantag5ets4 ,! fidelity ) :i* traditions are pres]v$1 & also ! facility ) :i* !y are reviv$1 no d\bt (t5 dep5ds m ^u moral sympa?ies1 ?an ^u any cause op]at+ simply ?r\gh ! intellect ( man4 ,?\gh deal+ ) un-,hom]ic p]sons1 or ev5ts1 or bo?1 & copy+ aga9 f copies probably v corrupt1 yet ,*auc]1 z an ,engli%man accu/om$ to ,engli% ideas ( gov]nm5t1 br+s out ) mu* m fre%ness & fre$om ! notion ( public delib]ation 9 ,troy1 7nay1 ev5 ! v ^w p>liam5t is n want+17 ?an d ! poets ( ! lit]>y age ( ,greece4 ,= :i* delib]$ 0 by ,p>lim5t ,= ,ant5or to yield5 out ,cresside1 ,& x pron\nc$ by ! ,presid5t ,?\gh t ,hector may full (t praid2 ,& f9ally1 :at wight t x )said ,x 0 = n\ght1 x mu/ b51 & %\ld1 ,= sub/aunce ( ! p>lim5t x w\ld#ajhg4 #ajhg ,*auc]'s ,troilus & ,cressida1 book iv4 ,b let u return to ! s-call$ ,%akespe>e4 ,!rsites is conv]t$ into ! mod]n fool4 ,diom$ /ruts ^u 8 toes1 :ile 9 ,hom] 8 mode/y among ! ,greeks is ! peculi> ornam5t ( 8 val\r4 ,ajax1 :om ,hom] has made lumpi% & goodnatur$1 is full ( haughty follies1 ! coxcomb ( w>riors2 :ile ! m]e bulk :i*1 comb9$ ) brav]y & bluntness1 =m$ 8 peculi> note1 is made ! di/9ctive *>act]i/ic ( ,a*illes4 ,x is /ill m griev\s to f9d ! relation ( ?is h]o to ,patroclus degrad$ by f\l ins9uations1 entirely =eign to ! ,iliad1 to its au?or1 & ev5 to its age4 ,agamemnon is a m]e /age k+2 & x c be no wond] t ,ne/or's "*1 :i* requires a f9e appreciation f its g5tly r\nd$ con/ruction1 %\ld h become ?or\ghly commonplace & vapid4 ,! same lot befalls ,ulysses1 :o is made to play q a second>y "p4 ,p>is1 )\t any m5d+ ( 8 moral qualities1 is all[$ to pres5t a mu* m respectable figure3 ! ,hel5 ( ,hom] reproa*es 8 c[>dice2 b "h he says1 #8,i w\ld fa9 h arm$ to-day1 b my ,nell w\ld n h x s#ajhh4' ,%e appe>s z ! m]e adult]ess2 & ^?1 :o rememb] h[ %e is treat$ 9 ,hom]1 w be able to measure ! decl5sion t "t & unskill$ h&s _h wr\ght1 :5 !y read ! spee* ( ,diom$ describ+ h] z foll[s3 #ajhh ,act iii4 sc4 #a4 ,%e's bitt] to h] c\ntry3 he> me1 ,p>is6 ,= e false drop 9 h] bawdy ve9s ,a ,grecian's life ha? sunk3 = e scruple ,( h] contam9at$ c>rion weight ,a ,trojan ha? be5 sla93 s9ce %e c\ld speak ,%e ha? n giv5 s _m good words brea? ,z1 = h]1 ,greeks & ,trojans suff]$ dea?#ajhi4 #ajhi ,act iv4 sc4 #a4 ,! palm ( pure h]oism is n[ become s entirely ,hector's prop]ty1 t ,a*illes only slays him by means ( ! swords ( 8 ,myrmidons1 n by 8 own prop] might2 & t1 too1 does n happ5 until1 we>i$ & dis>m$1 he applies to ,a*illes to =ego 8 vantage#ajij3 s t ,ajax says ) v great propriety inde$1 #ajij ,troilus & ,cressida1 v4 #i4 ,great ,hector 0 z good a man z he#ajia4 #ajia ,ibid4 v4 #aj4 ,%irley's #8,cont5tion ( ,ajax & ,ulysses1' indep5d5tly ( o!r m]its1 des]ves notice = a p>tial return t[>ds j conception ( ! ,hom]ic *>act]s4 ,yet ev5 "h ! claim ( ,ajax to ! arms ( ,a*illes is f\nd$ pr9cipally on ! impea*m5t ( ,ulysses z a c[>d2 & ! reply ( t *iefta9 re/s mu* too exclusively on sett+ up 8 political m]its & a*ievem5ts1 z if he 7 /rong 9 no o!r title4 ,! description ( ,ajax may des]ve to be quot$3 ,& n[ ,i look on ,ajax ,telamon1 ,i may comp>e him to "s spaci\s build+2 ,8 body holds va/ rooms ( ent]ta9m5t1 ,& l[] p>ts ma9ta9 ! (fices2 ,only ! g>ret1 8 exalt$ head1 ,useless = wise receipt1 is fill'd ) lumb]4 ,dryd5 foll[$ ,%akespe>e 9 ! portion ( ?is field :i* he _h select$2 & ca/ afre% ! subject ( ,troilus & ,cressida4 ,he dep>t$ alike f ,%akespe>e & f ,*auc] by mak+ ,cressida prove innoc5t1 a supposition1 says ,scott1 no m endurable 9 ! prec$+ age1 ?an "o #8:i* %\ld h exhibit$ ,hel5 *a/e1 or ,hector a c[>d4' ,all ! incongruities ( ,%akespe>e's play are "h reproduc$1 includ+ ! mixture ( ! mod]n elem5t ( love ) ! ,greek & ,trojan *ivalry2 ,ajax & ,a*illes are depress$ to "o & ! same l[ level4 ,ajax & ,a*illes6 two mudwalls ( fool1 ,t diff] only 9 degrees ( ?ickness#ajib1 #ajib ,dryd5's ,troil4 & ,cress41 act ii4 sc4 #c4 says ,!rsites2 & ,ulysses answ]s 9 a simil> /ra94 ,troilus fairly slays ,diom$ 9 s+le combat1 & is !n himself sla9 by ,a*illes 9 ! cr[d4 ,hector is dispat*$1 beh9d ! sc5es1 "u ! swords ( a multitude ( m5#ajic4 #ajic ,act v4 sc4 #b4 ,rac9e's ,&romaque & ,iphignie4 ,a %ort "t be=e ?is play ( ,dryd5's1 ,rac9e _h tak5 ! *>act]s ( ! ,trojan w> 9 h&4 ,8 #8,&romaque' & #8,iphignie1' h[ev]1 af=d u no new lights1 & might v well h be5 conceiv$ by a p]son :o _h nev] read a l9e ( ,hom]1 ?\gh 9 v>i\s passages !re are imitations :i* mu/ h filt]$ f ! ,hom]ic text4 ,he 0 cont5t 9 g5]al to copy ! traditions z giv5 by ,euripides2 & x may provoke a smile to read an apology ( "o ( 8 editors1 ,boisj]ma91 = ! mann] 9 :i* ,ulysses is h&l$ 9 ! #8,iphignie4' ,appe>+1 ne> ! outset ( ! piece1 z a p]sonage ( v high importance1 he not)/&+ plays 9 ! plot a "p :olly insignificant1 in/ead ( assum+1 z he does 9 ,euripides1 ! important function ( urg+ ! slaught] ( ,iphig5ia = ! hon\r & b5efit ( ,greece4 ,speak+ ( ! critics :o blame ?is arrangem5t1 ! editor says1 !y h fail$ to obs]ve t ,rac9e has adopt$ ! jeal\sy & intrigues ( ,h]mione z ! prime mov]s aga9/ ,iphig5ia1 & t ^! produce ! same result z might o!rwise 7=soo?7 h be5 br\ght ab\t by ! reason+s ( ,ulysses4 ,! "w ( lit]>y pr(anation c\ld h>dly be c>ri$ fur!r3 x 0 n to be ?us caprici\sly b&i$ ab\t f pill> to po/1 t ,hom] con/ruct$ 8 dea?less ma/]pieces4 ,9 ! #8,&romaque1' mu* z x is prais$1 we miss1 /ill m egregi\sly ?an 9 ! #8,iphignie1' all ! simplicity & gr&eur ( ! ,greek h]oic age1 & f9d ourselves environ$ by ! inf9ite littl5ess ( m]ely passionate p]sonal intrigues1 :i* h self only = _! pole & c5tre4 ,no?+ c be m unsatisfactory ?an to see ^! ar*aic ,grecian *>act]s dress$ 9 ! v la/ ,p>isian fa%ions1 ) spee* & action accord+ly4 ,! total want ( bread? & dep? ( "*1 & ( e>ne/ness & resolution1 z oppos$ to m]e viol5ce1 is su* t at p>ts ( ! #8,&romaque' we are almo/ compell$ to ask1 :e!r we are read+ a trag$y or a burlesque8 ,z1 = in/ance1 :51 ) ! ,six? ,iliad yet l+]+ ^u our m5tal vision1 we he> ,&roma*e say to h] confidante1 ,tu vois le p\voir de mes yeux#ajid2 #ajid ,acte iii4 sc4 #e4 & :5 ,h]mione ?reat5s h] pis-all] lov]1 ,ore/es1 ) respect to ,pyrrhus1 ,s'il ne meurt auj\rd'hui--je puis l'aim] dema9#ajie4 #ajie ,acte iv4 sc4 iii4 ,x is "h1 too1 t we see c>ri$ p]haps to ! v highe/ po9t ( exagg]ation ! mis/atem5t ( ! relative m>tial m]its & p]=mances ( ,hector & 8 adv]s>ies4 ,! ,greeks ,h]mione1 h]self a ,sp>tan1 describes z ,des peuples qui dix ans ont fui devant ,hector2 ,qui c5t fois1 effrays de l'abs5ce de l',a*ille1 ,dans leur vaisseaux brlants ont *]* leur asyle2 ,et qu'on v]roit encore1 sans l'appui de son fils1 ,r$em&] ,hlne aux ,troy5s impunis#ajif4 #ajif ,acte iii4 sc4 #c4 ,x 0 well t ! h&l+ ( ,hom] %\ld cease altoge!r = a "t1 :5 ! *>act]s & sc5es belong+ to 8 subject _h become s ?or\ghly anti-,hom]ic1 t !y only falsifi$ :at !y ought to h assi/$ to p]petuate4 ,an int]val has foll[$1 dur+ :i* !y h be5 all[$ to repose4 ,x w\ld be haz>d\s to conjecture1 aft] ! failures ( s _m ages1 h[ f> !y c h]eaft] be satisfactorily reproduc$4 ,x has be5 res]v$ = ,goe!1 ) 8 vigor\s grasp ( classical antiquity1 to tread regions bord]+ ^u t ( ! ,iliad & ,odyssey ) ! consci\sness ( a ma/]'s p[]4 ,9 8 #8,iphig5ie1' = example1 he has giv5 to 8 sc5es1 ev5ts1 & *>act]s ! tone & col\r+1 ) :i* alone !y ought to be inve/$4 ,&1 if ! /udy & inve/igation ( ,hom] %all h5ce=w>d be c>ri$ on ) a zeal at all proportion$ to ! advantages ( ! pres5t age1 !y _c fail to accumulate mat]ials1 :i* x may be p]mitt$ u to hope t future g5ius w m\ld into su* =ms z1 if only !y are fai?ful to ! _s ( _! orig9al1 mu/ alike ab\nd 9 beauty1 tru?1 & gr&eur1 & alike avail = ! delight & ! in/ruction ( mank9d4 99 99 99 99 99 ,conclusion4 ,we h n[ walk$1 9 ! tra9 & 9 ! light ( ! great ,poet ( antiquity1 ?r\gh a long1 yet1 s f> at lea/ z he is a p>ty1 n a b>r5 circuit4 ,we h begun ) 8 e>lie/ leg5ds1 fa9tly glimm]+ ^u u f ! di/ance ( an hundr$ g5]ations4 ,we h se5 ! creations ( 8 m9d live & move1 brea! & almo/ burn be=e u1 "u ! p[] & magic ( 8 art4 ,we h f\nd him to h %ap$ a great & noble m\ld ( humanity1 sep>ate inde$ f our exp]i5ce1 b alli$ ?r\gh a ?\s& *annels ) our sympa?ies4 ,we h se5 ! greatness ( our race at "o & ! same "t adorn$ ) ! simplicity ( its *ildhood1 & built up 9 ! /r5g? ( its maturity4 ,we h se5 x unfold itself 9 ! relations ( society & sex1 9 peace & 9 w>1 9 ?+s human & ?+s div9e2 & h exam9$ x "u ! v>i$ lights ( comp>ison & contra/4 ,we h se5 h[ ! memory ( t great age1 & ( its yet great] ,poet1 has be5 *]i%$3 h[ ! tru/ :i* he bequea!d to mank9d has be5 ackn[l$g$1 & yet h[ imp]fectly x has be5 dis*>g$4 ,we h /riv5 to trace ! fate ( "s among 8 greate/ creations2 & hav+ accompani$ !m d[n ! /ream ( ye>s ev5 to our own day1 x is full "t to "p4 ,nemesis mu/ n f9d me#ajig1 #ajig ,il4 i4 #bg4 '1 4 ,to pass f ! /udy ( ,hom] to ! ord9>y bus9ess ( ! _w is to /ep out ( a palace ( en*antm5ts into ! cold grey light ( a pol> day4 ,b ! spells1 9 :i* ?is sorc]] deals1 h no aff9ity ) t drug f ,egypt#ajih1 :i* dr[ns ! _s 9 effem9ate indiff]5ce3 r !y are l ! 1 ! rem$ial specific#ajii1 :i*1 fre%5+ ! und]/&+ by contact ) ! tru? & /r5g? ( nature1 %\ld bo? improve its vigilance aga9/ deceit & dang]1 & increase its vig\r & resolution = ! dis*>ge ( duty4 #ajih ,od4 iv4 #bbj-f4 #ajii ,od4 x4 #bhg4 ,transcrib]'s ,note ,page head]s 9 ! pr9t$ book h be5 conv]t$ to head+s1 & are m>k$ ) swung da%es4 ,! map at ! back ( ! book has be5 mov$ to accompany its description 9 ! text4 ,! foll[+ app>5t errors h be5 correct$3 p4 #g #ad2 & t e?ical--footnote m>k] add$ p4 #i *ang$ to p4 #bj *ang$ to p4 #bf 4#dc--;footnote m>k] add$ p4 #bh no :]e *ang$ to n[h]e p4 #ca *ang$ to p4 #dd *ang$ to p4 #eb ,iaolcus *ang$ to ,iolcus p4 #fa #abf *ang$ to #abf1 p4 #fb *ang$ to p4 #fd *ang$ to p4 #gj *ang$ to p4 #if *ang$ to p4 #if *ang$ to p4 #if 7note7 #djh-h *ang$ to #djh-i p4 #ig *ang$ to p4 #ih *ang$ to p4 #ajj *ang$ to p4 #ajc 7note7 #bd1 #cia *ang$ to #bd4 #cia p4 #ajd *ang$ to 7two in/ances7 p4 #aaj *ang$ to p4 #aag *ang$ to p4 #aai ,c[>d t t *ang$ to ,c[>d t p4 #aba slighe/ *ang$ to slighte/ p4 #abc r5d] y0 *ang$ to r5d] y' p4 #aca *ang$ to p4 #adj 7note7 #dig *ang$ to #dig4 p4 #aea *ang$ to p4 #aec 7sid5ote7 9 ,troas *ang$ to 9 ,troas4 p4 #aec *ang$ to p4 #afb 7note7 ,ibid *ang$ to ,ibid4 p4 #agb *ang$ to p4 #agb *ang$ to p4 #agi ! ! same *ang$ to ! same p4 #ahj *ang$ to p4 #baa *ang$ to p4 #baf *ang$ to p4 #bbf colleagues#dhc4 *ang$ to colleagues#dhc3 p4 #bcf *ang$ to p4 #bcg *ang$ to p4 #bcg *ang$ to p4 #bcg *ang$ to p4 #bci tw5ty "o *ang$ to tw5ty-"o p4 #bci *ang$ to p4 #bci *ang$ to p4 #bdf *ang$ to p4 #bea r\t *ang$ to r\te p4 #bed arbit>y *ang$ to arbitr>y p4 #bgi *ang$ to p4 #bhg *ang$ to p4 #bid ! footnote m>k] aft] curr5t ( ,y5ikal _h no mat*+ footnote 9 ! pr9t$ book2 ! footnote atta*$ to ! prec$+ quotation f ,od4 xi4 #ac appe>s to correspond to ?is m>k]4 p4 #cbj 7#giha7 *ang$ to 7#gi-ha7 p4 #ccj or ,corfu *ang$ to ( ,corfu p4 #cec 7#ie-fgc7 *ang$ to 7#die-fgc7 p4 #cee #dae *ang$ to #dae4 p4 #ceg *ang$ to 7two in/ances7 p4 #ceh #ada4 *ang$ to #ada1 p4 #cei 7sid5ote7 xii1 #bci *ang$ to xii4 #bci p4 #cfc *ang$ to p4 #cge ! spee* *ang$ to spee* p4 #chd 7note7 p]songaes *ang$ to p]sonages p4 #cic gallant j *ang$ to gallant1 j p4 #daj *ang$ to ' p4 #dac %ort1 *ang$ to %ort4 p4 #dah ,?\gh *ang$ to #8,?\gh p4 #dcj *ang$ to p4 #dcg *ang$ to p4 #dei & violet *ang$ to & blue p4 #dfe ,od x4 *ang$ to ,od4 x4 p4 #dhc *ang$ to p4 #ead ?[n *ang$ to ?r[n p4 #edf ex*antress *ang$ to en*antress p4 #egh passage1 *ang$ to passage p4 #fac ,boisj]ma91' *ang$ to ,boisj]ma91 ,inconsi/5t spell+1 hyph5ation1 italics & punctuation h o!rwise be5 kept z pr9t$4 ,! foll[+ are us$ inconsi/5tly 9 ! book3 ablebodi$ & able-bodi$ abov5am$ & above-nam$ any?+ & any ?+ battlefield & battle-field bon & bona brea/plate & brea/-plate commonplace & common-place control & contr\l cornfield & corn-field f>fet*$ & f>-fet*$ f\lm\!d & f\l-m\!d f\nta9head & f\nta9-head lat] & latt] ,out] ,geography & ,out] geography pseudo-,ulysses & ,pseudo-,ulysses re5t] & re-ent] ree/abli%$ & re-e/abli%$ ,s4,e4 & ,s4 ,e4 7etc47 semifabul\s & semi-fabul\s tomorr[ & to-morr[ wat*fires & wat*-fires