,,work%op ,,on ,,electronic ,,texts ,,proce$+s ,edit$ by ,james ,daly #i-aj ,june #aiib ,libr>y ( ,congress ,wa%+ton1 ,d4,c4 ,support$ by a ,grant f ! ,david & ,lucile ,pack>d ,f\ndation 999999 999999 999999 999999999999 999999 999999 999999 ,,table ,,( ,,cont5ts ,ackn[l$gem5ts ,introduction ,proce$+s ,welcome ,pross] ,gif=d & ,c>l ,fleis*hau] ,session ,i4 ,cont5t 9 a ,new ,=m3 ,:o ,w ,use ,x & ,:at ,w ,!y ,d8 ,james ,daly 7,mod]ator7 ,avra ,mi*elson1 ,ov]view ,susan ,h4 ,veccia1 ,us] ,evaluation ,joanne ,freeman1 ,beyond ! ,s*ol> ,discussion ,session ,,ii4 ,%[ & ,tell ,jacquel9e ,hess 7,mod]ator7 ,elli ,mylonas1 ,p]seus ,project ,discussion ,eric ,m4 ,calaluca1 ,patrologia ,lat9a ,database ,c>l ,fleis*hau] & ,ricky ,erway1 ,am]ican ,memory ,discussion ,doro?y ,twohig1 ,! ,pap]s ( ,george ,wa%+ton ,discussion ,m>ia ,l4 ,lebron1 ,! ,onl9e ,j\rnal ( ,curr5t ,cl9ical ,trials ,discussion ,lynne ,k4 ,p]sonius1 ,cornell ma!matics books ,discussion ,session ,,iii4 ,di/ribution1 ,networks1 & ,network+3 ,options = ,dissem9ation ,rob]t ,g4 ,zi* 7,mod]ator7 ,clif=d ,a4 ,lyn* ,discussion ,h[>d ,bess] ,discussion ,ronald ,l4 ,l>s5 ,edw9 ,b4 ,br[nrigg ,discussion ,session ,,iv4 ,image ,capture1 ,text ,capture1 ,ov]view ( ,text & ,image ,/orage ,=mats ,william ,l4 ,hooton 7,mod]ator7 ,a7 ,pr9cipal ,me?ods = ,image ,capture ( ,text3 direct scann+1 use ( micr(orm ,anne ,r4 ,k5ney ,pamela ,q4,j4 ,&re ,judi? ,a4 ,zid> ,donald ,j4 ,wat]s ,discussion ,b7 ,special ,problems3 b\nd volumes1 cons]vation1 reproduc+ pr9t$ halftones ,george ,?oma ,c>l ,fleis*hau] ,discussion ,c7 ,image ,/&>ds & ,implications = ,pres]vation ,jean ,b>onas ,patricia ,batt9 ,discussion ,d7 ,text ,conv]sion3 ,,ocr vs4 rekey+1 /&>ds ( accuracy & use ( imp]fect texts1 s]vice bureaus ,mi*ael ,lesk ,ricky ,erway ,judi? ,a4 ,zid> ,discussion ,session ,v4 ,approa*es to ,prep>+ ,electronic ,texts ,susan ,hockey 7,mod]ator7 ,/u>t ,weibel ,discussion ,c4,m4 ,sp]b]g-,mc,queen ,discussion ,eric ,m4 ,calaluca ,discussion ,session ,,vi4 ,copyright ,issues ,m>ybe? ,pet]s ,session ,,vii4 ,conclusion ,pross] ,gif=d 7,mod]ator7 ,g5]al discussion ,app5dix ,i3 ,program ,app5dix ,,ii3 ,ab/racts ,app5dix ,,iii3 ,directory ( ,p>ticipants 999999 999999 999999 999999999999 999999 999999 999999 ,ackn[l$gem5ts ,i w\ld l to ?ank ,c>l ,fleis*hau] & ,pross] ,gif=d = ! opportunity to le>n ab\t areas ( human activity unkn[n to me a scant t5 mon?s ago1 & ! ,david & ,lucile ,pack>d ,f\ndation = support+ t opportunity4 ,! help giv5 by o!rs is ackn[l$g$ on a sep>ate page4 #ai ,octob] #aiib 999999 999999 999999 999999999999 999999 999999 999999 ,,introduction ,! ,work%op on ,electronic ,texts 7#a7 drew toge!r repres5tatives ( v>i\s projects & int]e/ gr\ps to comp>e ideas1 beliefs1 exp]i5ces1 &1 9 p>ticul>1 me?ods ( plac+ & pres5t+ hi/orical textual mat]ials 9 comput]iz$ =m4 ,mo/ att5dees ga9$ mu* 9 insight & outlook f ! ev5t4 ,b ! assembly did n =m a new nation1 or1 to put x ano!r way1 ! div]sity ( projects & int]e/s 0 too great to draw ! repres5tatives into a cohesive1 action-ori5t$ body47#b7 ,ev]yone att5d+ ! ,work%op %>$ an int]e/ 9 pres]v+ & provid+ access to hi/orical texts4 ,b )9 ?is broad field ! att5dees repres5t$ a v>iety ( =mal1 in=mal1 figurative1 & lit]al gr\ps1 ) _m individuals belong+ to m ?an "o4 ,^! gr\ps may be def9$ r\ghly accord+ to ! foll[+ topics or activities3 99 ,imag+ 99 ,se>*able cod$ texts 99 ,national & int]national comput] networks 99 ,,cd-,,rom production & dissem9ation 99 ,me?ods & te*nology = conv]t+ old] pap] mat]ials into electronic =m 99 ,/udy ( ! use ( digital mat]ials by s*ol>s & o!rs ,?is summ>y is arrang$ !matically & does n foll[ ! actual sequ5ce ( pres5tations4 ,,notes3 7#a7 ,9 ?is docum5t1 ! phrase electronic text is us$ to mean any comput]iz$ reproduction or v]sion ( a docum5t1 book1 article1 or manuscript 7includ+ images71 & n m]ely a ma*9e- readable or ma*9e-se>*able text4 7#b7 ,! ,work%op 0 held at ! ,libr>y ( ,congress on #i-aj ,june #aiib1 ) fund+ f ! ,david & ,lucile ,pack>d ,f\ndation4 ,! docum5t t foll[s repres5ts a summ>y ( ! pres5tations made at ! ,work%op & 0 compil$ by ,james ,,daly4 ,?is introduction 0 writt5 by ,,daly & ,c>l ,,fleis*hau]4 ,,pres]vation ,,& ,,imag+ ,pres]vation1 z t t]m is us$ by ar*ivi/s17#c7 0 mo/ explicitly discuss$ 9 ! context ( imag+4 ,anne ,,k5ney & ,lynne ,,p]sonius expla9$ h[ ! concept ( a fai?ful copy & ! us]-fri5dl9ess ( ! traditional book h guid$ _! project at ,cornell ,univ]sity47#d7 ,al?\gh int]e/$ 9 comput]iz$ dissem9ation1 p>ticipants 9 ! ,cornell project are creat+ digital image sets ( old] books 9 ! public doma9 z a s\rce = a fre% pap] facsimile or1 9 a future phase1 micr(ilm4 ,! books return$ to ! libr>y %elves are high-quality & useful replacem5ts on acid-free pap] t %\ld la/ a long "t4 ,to date1 ! ,cornell project has plac$ little or no emphasis on creat+ se>*able texts2 "o w\ld n be surpris$ to f9d t ! project p>ticipants view su* texts z new editions1 & ?us n z fai?ful reproductions4 ,9 h] talk on pres]vation1 ,patricia ,,batt9 /ruck an ecum5ical & flexible note z %e endors$ ! creation & dissem9ation ( a v>iety ( types ( digital copies4 ,d n be too n>r[ 9 def9+ :at c\nts z a pres]vation elem5t1 ,,batt9 c\nsel$2 = ! pres5t1 at lea/1 digital copies made ) pres]vation 9 m9d _c be z n>r[ly /&>diz$ z1 say1 micr(ilm copies ) ! same objective4 ,sett+ /&>ds precipit\sly c inhibit creativity1 b delay c result 9 *aos1 %e advis$4 ,9 "p1 ,,batt9's position reflect$ ! unsettl$ nature ( image-=mat /&>ds1 & att5dees c\ld he> e*oes ( ?is unsettl$ness 9 ! comm5ts ( v>i\s speak]s4 ,= example1 ,jean ,,b>onas review$ ! /atus ( sev]al =mal /&>ds mov+ ?r\gh committees ( exp]ts2 & ,clif=d ,,lyn* enc\rag$ ! use ( a new guidel9e = transmitt+ docum5t images on ,int]net4 ,te/imony f p>ticipants 9 ! ,national ,agricultural ,libr>y's 7,,nal7 ,text ,digitization ,program & ,,lc's ,am]ican ,memory project highlight$ "s ( ! *all5ges to ! actual creation or int]*ange ( images1 includ+ difficulties 9 conv]t+ pres]vation micr(ilm to digital =m4 ,donald ,,wat]s report$ on ! progress ( a ma/] plan = a project at ,yale ,univ]sity to conv]t books on micr(ilm to digital image sets1 ,project ,op5 ,book 7,,pob74 ,! ,work%op (f]$ r less ( an imag+ practicum ?an plann$1 b h[-to h9ts em]ge at v>i\s po9ts1 = example1 ?r\gh\t ,,k5ney's pres5tation & 9 ! discussion ( arcana su* z ?re%old+ & di!r+ (f]$ by ,george ,,?oma & ,,fleis*hau]4 ,,notes3 7#c7 ,al?\gh !re is a s5se 9 :i* any reproductions ( hi/orical mat]ials pres]ve ! human record1 speciali/s 9 ! field h develop$ p>ticul> guidel9es = ! creation ( acceptable pres]vation copies4 7#d7 ,titles & affiliations ( pres5t]s are giv5 at ! beg9n+ ( _! respective talks & 9 ! ,directory ( ,p>ticipants 7,app5dix ,,iii74 ,,! ,,ma*9e-,,readable ,,text3 ,,m>kup ,,& ,,use ,! sections ( ! ,work%op t dealt ) ma*9e-readable text t5d$ to be m conc]n$ ) access & use ?an ) pres]vation1 at lea/ 9 ! n>r[ te*nical s5se4 ,mi*ael ,,sp]b]g-,mc,q,u,e,e,n made a =ceful pres5tation on ! ,text ,encod+ ,initiative's 7,,tei7 implem5tation ( ! ,/&>d ,g5]aliz$ ,m>kup ,language 7,,sgml74 ,8 ideas 7 e*o$ by ,susan ,,hockey1 ,elli ,,mylonas1 & ,/u>t ,,weibel4 ,:ile ! pres5tations made by ! ,,tei advocates conta9$ no practicum1 _! discussion focus$ on ! value ( ! f9i%$ product1 :at ! ,european ,community calls reusability1 b :at may also be t]m$ durability4 ,!y argu$ t m>k+ up--t is1 cod+--a text 9 a well-conceiv$ way w p]mit x to be mov$ f "o comput] environm5t to ano!r1 z well z to be us$ by v>i\s us]s4 ,two k9ds ( m>kup 7 di/+ui%$3 #a7 proc$ural m>kup1 :i* describes ! features ( a text 7e4g41 dots on a page71 & #b7 descriptive m>kup1 :i* describes ! /ructure or elem5ts ( a docum5t 7e4g41 *apt]s1 p>agraphs1 & front matt]74 ,! ,,tei propon5ts emphasiz$ ! importance ( texts to s*ol>%ip4 ,!y expla9$ h[ heavily cod$ 7& ?us analyz$ & annotat$7 texts c und]lie rese>*1 play a role 9 s*ol>ly communication1 & facilitate classroom tea*+4 ,,sp]b]g-,mc,q,u,e,e,n rem9d$ li/5]s t a writt5 or pr9t$ item 7e4g41 a p>ticul> edition ( a book7 is m]ely a repres5tation ( ! ab/raction we call a text4 ,to conc]n ourselves ) fai?fully reproduc+ a pr9t$ in/ance ( ! text1 ,,sp]b]g-,mc,q,u,e,e,n argu$1 is to conc]n ourselves ) ! repres5tation ( a repres5tation 7images z simulacra = ! text74 ,! ,,tei propon5ts' int]e/ 9 images t5ds to focus on coroll>y mat]ials = use 9 tea*+1 = example1 photographs ( ! ,acropolis to accompany a ,greek text4 ,by ! end ( ! ,work%op1 ,,sp]b]g-,mc,q,u,e,e,n confess$ to hav+ be5 conv]t$ to a limit$ ext5t to ! view t electronic images con/itute a promis+ alt]native to micr(ilm+2 inde$1 an alt]native probably sup]ior to micr(ilm+4 ,b he 0 n conv9c$ t electronic images con/itute a s]i\s attempt to repres5t text 9 electronic =m4 ,,hockey & ,,mylonas also conc$$ t _! exp]i5ce at ! ,pi]ce ,symposium ! previ\s week at ,georget[n ,univ]sity & ! pres5t conf]5ce at ! ,libr>y ( ,congress _h compell$ !m to reevaluate _! p]spective on ! usefulness ( text z images4 ,att5dees c\ld see t ! text & image advocates 7 9 con/ructive t5sion1 s to say4 ,?ree non,t,e,i pres5tations describ$ approa*es to prep>+ ma*9e-readable text t are less rigor\s & ?us less exp5sive4 ,9 ! case ( ! ,pap]s ( ,george ,wa%+ton1 ,doro?y ,,twohig expla9$ t ! digital v]sion w provide a n-q-p]fect r5d]+ ( ! transcrib$ text--"s #ace1jjj docum5ts1 available = rese>* dur+ ! decades :ile ! p]fect or pr9t v]sion is complet$4 ,memb]s ( ! ,am]ican ,memory team & ! /aff ( ,,nal's ,text ,digitization ,program 7see bel[7 also outl9$ a middle gr\nd conc]n+ se>*able texts4 ,9 ! case ( ,am]ican ,memory1 contractors produce texts ) ab\t #ii-p]c5t accuracy t s]ve z br[se or ref]5ce v]sions ( writt5 or pr9t$ orig9als4 ,end us]s :o ne$ fai?ful copies or p]fect r5ditions mu/ ref] to accompany+ sets ( digital facsimile images or consult copies ( ! orig9als 9 a ne>by libr>y or ar*ive4 ,am]ican ,memory /aff argu$ t ! high co/ ( produc+ #ajj-p]c5t accurate copies w\ld prev5t ,,lc f (f]+ access to l>ge p>ts ( its collections4 ,,! ,,ma*9e-,,readable ,,text3 ,,me?ods ,,( ,,conv]sion ,al?\gh ! ,work%op did n include a sy/ematic exam9ation ( ! me?ods = conv]t+ texts f pap] 7or f facsimile images7 into ma*9e-readable =m1 nev]!less1 v>i\s speak]s t\*$ ^u ?is matt]4 ,= example1 ,,weibel report$ t ,,oclc has exp]im5t$ ) a m]g+ ( multiple optical "* recognition sy/ems t w r$uce errors f an unacceptable rate ( #e *>act]s out ( e l1#jjj to an unacceptable rate ( #b *>act]s out ( e l1#jjj4 ,pamela ,,&re pres5t$ an ov]view ( ,,nal's ,text ,digitization ,program & ,judi? ,,zid> discuss$ ! te*nical details4 ,,zid> expla9$ h[ ,,nal pur*as$ h>dw>e & s(tw>e capable ( p]=m+ optical "* recognition 7,,ocr7 & text conv]sion & us$ its own /aff to conv]t texts4 ,! process1 ,,zid> said1 requir$ ext5sive edit+ & project /aff f\nd !mselves consid]+ alt]natives1 includ+ rekey+ &_/or creat+ ab/racts or summ>ies ( texts4 ,,nal reckon$ co/s at #g p] page4 ,by way ( contra/1 ,ricky ,,erway expla9$ t ,am]ican ,memory _h decid$ f ! />t to contract out conv]sion to ext]nal s]vice bureaus4 ,! crit]ia us$ to select ^! contractors 7 co/ & quality ( results1 z oppos$ to me?ods ( conv]sion4 ,,erway not$ t hi/orical docum5ts or books (t5 d n l5d !mselves to ,,ocr4 ,b\nd mat]ials repres5t a special problem4 ,9 h] exp]i5ce1 quality control--inspect+ incom+ mat]ials1 c\nt+ errors 9 samples--pos$ ! mo/ "t-consum+ aspect ( contract+ out conv]sion4 ,,erway reckon$ ,am]ican ,memory's co/s at #d p] page1 b caution$ t few] co/-elem5ts _h be5 includ$ ?an 9 ,,nal's figure4 ,,options ,,= ,,dissem9ation ,! topic ( dissem9ation prop] em]g$ at v>i\s po9ts dur+ ! ,work%op4 ,at ! session devot$ to national & int]national comput] networks1 ,,lyn*1 ,h[>d ,,bess]1 ,ronald ,,l>s51 & ,edw9 ,,br[nrigg highlight$ ! virtues ( ,int]net today & ( ! network t w evolve f ,int]net4 ,li/5]s c\ld disc]n 9 ^! n>ratives a vision ( an in=mation democracy 9 :i* millions ( citiz5s freely f9d & use :at !y ne$4 ,,lyn* not$ t a lack ( /&>ds inhibits dissem9at+ multim$ia on ! network1 a topic also discuss$ by ,,bess]4 ,,l>s5 address$ ! issues ( network scalability & modul>ity & comm5t$ ^u ! difficulty ( anticipat+ ! effects ( gr[? 9 ord]s ( magnitude4 ,,br[nrigg talk$ ab\t ! ability ( packet radio to provide c]ta9 l9ks 9 a network )\t ! ne$ = wir+4 ,h[ev]1 ! pres5t]s also call$ att5tion to ! %ortcom+s & incongruities ( pres5t-day comput] networks4 ,= example3 #a7 ,network use is gr[+ dramatically1 b mu* network traffic consi/s ( p]sonal communication 7,e-mail74 #b7 ,l>ge bodies ( in=mation are available1 b a us]'s ability to se>* across _! entirety is limit$4 #c7 ,!re are significant res\rces = sci5ce & te*nology1 b few network s\rces provide cont5t 9 ! humanities4 #d7 ,ma*9e-readable texts are commonplace1 b ! capability ( ! sy/em to deal ) images 7let alone o!r m$ia =mats7 lags beh9d4 ,a glimpse ( a multim$ia future = networks1 h[ev]1 0 provid$ by ,m>ia ,,lebron 9 h] ov]view ( ! ,onl9e ,j\rnal ( ,curr5t ,cl9ical ,trials 7,,ojcct71 & ! process ( s*ol>ly publi%+ on-l9e4 ,! contra/+ =m ( ! ,,cd-,,rom disk 0 nev] sy/ematically analyz$1 b att5dees c\ld glean an impression f sev]al ( ! %[-&-tell pres5tations4 ,! ,p]seus & ,am]ican ,memory examples demon/rat$ rec5tly publi%$ disks1 :ile ! descriptions ( ! ,,ibycus v]sion ( ! ,pap]s ( ,george ,wa%+ton & ,*adwyck-,healey's ,patrologia ,lat9a ,database 7,,pld7 told ( disks to come4 ,accord+ to ,eric ,,calaluca1 ,,pld's pr9cipal focus has be5 on conv]t+ ,jacques-,paul ,migne's def9itive collection ( ,lat9 texts to ma*9e-readable =m4 ,al?\gh ev]yone c\ld %>e ! network advocates' en?usiasm = an on-l9e future1 ! possibility ( roll+ up "o's sleeves = a session ) a ,,cd-,,rom conta9+ bo? textual mat]ials & a p[]ful retrieval eng9e made ! disk seem an appeal+ vessel inde$4 ,! ov]all discussion sugge/$ t ! transition f ,,cd-,,rom to on-l9e network$ access may prove f> sl[] & m difficult ?an has be5 anticipat$4 ,,:o ,,are ,,! ,,us]s ,,& ,,:at ,,d ,,!y ,,d8 ,al?\gh conc]n$ ) ! te*nicalities ( production1 ! ,work%op nev] lo/ sight ( ! purposes & uses ( electronic v]sions ( textual mat]ials4 ,z not$ above1 ^? int]e/$ 9 imag+ discuss$ ! problematical matt] ( digital pres]vation1 :ile ! ,,tei propon5ts describ$ h[ ma*9e-readable texts c be us$ 9 rese>*4 ,?is latt] topic receiv$ ?or\gh treatm5t 9 ! pap] read by ,avra ,,mi*elson4 ,%e plac$ ! ph5om5on ( electronic texts )9 ! context ( broad] tr5ds 9 in=mation te*nology & s*ol>ly communication4 ,among o!r ?+s1 ,,mi*elson describ$ on-l9e conf]5ces t repres5t a vigor\s & important intellectual =um = c]ta9 discipl9es4 ,int]net n[ c>ries m ?an #gjj conf]5ces1 ) ab\t #hj p]c5t ( ^! devot$ to topics 9 ! social sci5ces & ! humanities4 ,o!r s*ol>s use on-l9e networks = di/ance le>n+4 ,mean:ile1 !re has be5 a trem5d\s gr[? 9 end-us] comput+2 pr(essors today are less likely ?an _! pr$ecessors to ask ! campus comput] c5t] to process _! data4 ,electronic texts are "o key to ^! sophi/icat$ applications1 ,,mi*elson report$1 & m & m s*ol>s 9 ! humanities n[ "w 9 an on-l9e environm5t4 ,t[>d ! end ( ! ,work%op1 ,mi*ael ,,lesk pres5t$ a coroll>y to ,,mi*elson's talk1 report+ ! results ( an exp]im5t t comp>$ ! "w ( "o gr\p ( *emi/ry /ud5ts us+ traditional pr9t$ texts & two gr\ps us+ electronic s\rces4 ,! exp]im5t demon/rat$ t 9 ! ev5t "o does n "k :at to read1 "o ne$s ! electronic sy/ems2 ! electronic sy/ems hold no advantage at ! mom5t if "o kn[s :at to read1 b nei!r d !y impose a p5alty4 ,,daly provid$ an anecdotal acc\nt ( ! revolutioniz+ impact ( ! new te*nology on 8 previ\s me?ods ( rese>* 9 ! field ( classics4 ,8 acc\nt1 by extrapolation1 s]v$ to illu/rate 9 "p ! argum5ts made by ,,mi*elson conc]n+ ! positive effects ( ! sudd5 & radical trans=mation be+ wr\ght 9 ! ways s*ol>s "w4 ,susan ,,veccia & ,joanne ,,freeman del9eat$ ! use ( electronic mat]ials outside ! univ]sity4 ,! mo/ int]e/+ aspect ( _! use1 ,,freeman said1 c\ld be se5 z a p>adox3 tea*]s 9 elem5t>y & second>y s*ools reque/$ access to prim>y s\rce mat]ials b1 at ! same "t1 f\nd t prim>9ess itself made ^! mat]ials difficult = _! /ud5ts to use4 ,,o!r ,,topics ,m>ybe? ,,pet]s review$ copyright law 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates & (f]$ advice dur+ a lively discussion ( ?is subject4 ,b unc]ta9ty rema9s conc]n+ ! price ( copyright 9 a digital m$ium1 because a solution rema9s to be work$ out conc]n+ managem5t & syn!sis ( copyright$ & out-(-copyright pieces ( a database4 ,z mod]ator ( ! f9al session ( ! ,work%op1 ,pross] ,,gif=d direct$ discussion to future c\rses ( action & ! pot5tial role ( ,,lc 9 advanc+ !m4 ,among ! recomm5dations t em]g$ 7 ! foll[+3 99 ,work%op p>ticipants %\ld #a7 beg9 to ?9k ab\t work+ ) image mat]ial1 b /ructure & digitize x 9 su* a way t at a lat] /age x c be int]pret$ into text1 & #b7 f9d a common way to build text & images toge!r s t !y c be us$ jo9tly at "s /age 9 ! future1 ) appropriate network support1 because t is h[ us]s w want to access ^! mat]ials4 ,! ,libr>y might enc\rage attempts to br+ toge!r p :o are work+ on texts & images4 99 ,a network v]sion ( ,am]ican ,memory %\ld be develop$ or consid]ation %\ld be giv5 to mak+ ! data 9 x available to p int]e/$ 9 do+ network multim$ia4 ,giv5 ! curr5t de>? ( digital data t is appeal+ & un5cumb]$ by extremely complex rights problems1 develop+ a network v]sion ( ,am]ican ,memory c\ld d mu* to help make network multim$ia a reality4 99 ,conc]n+ ! ?orny issue ( electronic deposit1 ,,lc %\ld initiate a catalytic process 9 t]ms ( di/ribut$ responsibility1 t is1 br+ toge!r ! di/ribut$ organizations & set up a /udy gr\p to look at all ! issues relat$ to electronic deposit & see :]e we z a nation %\ld move4 ,= example1 ,,lc might attempt to p]suade "o major libr>y 9 ea* /ate to deal ) its /ate equival5t publi%]1 :i* might produce a coop]ative project t w\ld be equitably di/ribut$ ar\nd ! c\ntry1 & "o 9 :i* ,,lc w\ld be deal+ ) a m9imal numb] ( publi%]s & m9imal copyright problems4 ,,lc mu/ also deal ) ! concept ( on-l9e publi%+1 det]m9+1 among o!r ?+s1 h[ s]ials su* z ,,ojcct might be deposit$ = copyright4 99 ,s9ce a numb] ( projects are plann+ to c>ry out pres]vation by creat+ digital images t w end up 9 on-l9e or ne>-l9e /orage at "s in/itution1 ,,lc might play a helpful role1 at lea/ 9 ! ne> t]m1 by accel]at+ h[ to catalog t in=mation into ! ,rese>* ,libr>y ,in=mation ,network 7,,rl97 & !n into ,,oclc1 s t x w\ld be accessible4 ,?is w\ld r$uce ! possibility ( multiple in/itutions digitiz+ ! same "w4 ,,conclusion ,! ,work%op 0 valuable because x br\ght toge!r p>tisans f v>i\s gr\ps & provid$ an occasion to comp>e goals & me?ods4 ,! m committ$ p>tisans frequ5tly communicate ) o!rs 9 _! gr\ps1 b less (t5 across gr\p b\nd>ies4 ,! ,work%op 0 also valuable to att5dees--includ+ ^? involv$ ) ,am]ican ,memory--:o came less committ$ to p>ticul> approa*es or concepts4 ,^! att5dees le>n$ a great deal1 & plan to select & employ elem5ts ( imag+1 text-cod+1 & network$ di/ribution t suit _! respective projects & purposes4 ,/ill1 reality re>s its ugly head3 no break?r\gh has be5 a*iev$4 ,on ! imag+ side1 "o confronts a prolif]ation ( compet+ data-int]*ange /&>ds & a lack ( cons5sus on ! role ( digital facsimiles 9 pres]vation4 ,9 ! realm ( ma*9e-readable texts1 "o enc\nt]s a reasonably mature /&>d b me?odological difficulties & high co/s4 ,^! latt] problems1 ( c\rse1 repres5t a special imp$im5t to ! desire1 z x is sometimes express$ 9 ! popul> press1 to put ! cont5ts ( ! ,libr>y ( ,congress on l9e4 ,9 ! words ( "o p>ticipant1 !re 0 no solution to ! economic problems--! projects t are out !re are surviv+1 b x is go+ to be a lot ( "w to trans=m ! in=mation indu/ry1 & s f> ! inve/m5t to d t is n =?com+ 7,,lesk1 p] litt]as74 999999 999999 999999 999999999999 999999 999999 999999 ,,proce$+s ,,welcome ,,gif=d 99 ,orig9 ( ,work%op 9 curr5t ,libr>ian's desire to make ,,lc's collections m widely available 99 ,desid]ata aris+ f ! prospect ( great] int]connect$ness 99 ,aft] welcom+ p>ticipants on behalf ( ! ,libr>y ( ,congress1 ,am]ican ,memory 7,,am71 & ! ,national ,demon/ration ,lab1 ,pross] ,,gif=d1 director = s*ol>ly programs1 ,libr>y ( ,congress1 locat$ ! orig9 ( ! ,work%op on ,electronic ,texts 9 a conv]sation he _h _h consid]ably m ?an a ye> ago ) ,c>l ,,fleis*hau] conc]n+ "s ( ! issues fac$ by ,,am4 ,on ! assumption t num]\s o!r p 7 ask+ ! same que/ions1 ! decision 0 made to br+ toge!r z _m ( ^! p z possible to ask ! same que/ions toge!r4 ,9 a deep] s5se1 ,,gif=d said1 ! orig9 ( ! ,work%op lay 9 ! desire ( ! curr5t ,libr>ian ( ,congress1 ,james ,h4 ,bill+ton1 to make ! collections ( ! ,libr>y1 especially ^? (f]+ unique or unusual te/imony on aspects ( ! ,am]ican exp]i5ce1 available to a mu* wid] circle ( us]s ?an ^? few p :o c come to ,wa%+ton to use !m4 ,?is meant t ! emphasis ( ,,am1 f ! outset1 has be5 on ar*ival collections ( ! basic mat]ial1 & on mak+ ^! collections !mselves available1 r ?an select$ or heavily edit$ products4 ,f ,,am's emphasis foll[$ ! que/ions ) :i* ! ,work%op began3 :o w use ^! mat]ials1 & 9 :at =m w !y wi% to use !m4 ,b an ev5 l>g] issue des]v+ m5tion1 9 ,,gif=d's view1 0 ! ph5om5al gr[? 9 ,int]net connectivity4 ,he express$ ! hope t ! prospect ( great] int]connect$ness ?an ev] be=e w\ld lead to3 #a7 mu* m coop]ative & mutually supportive endeavors2 #b7 developm5t ( sy/ems ( %>$ & di/ribut$ responsibilities to avoid duplication & to ensure accuracy & pres]vation ( unique mat]ials2 & #c7 agreem5t on ! necess>y /&>ds & developm5t ( ! appropriate directories & indices to make navigation /raight=w>d among ! v>i$ res\rces t are1 & increas+ly w be1 available4 ,9 ?is connection1 ,,gif=d reque/$ t p>ticipants reflect f ! outset ^u ! sorts ( outcomes !y ?\ght ! ,work%op might h4 ,did ^? pres5t con/itute a gr\p ) suffici5t common int]e/s to propose a next /ep or next /eps1 & if s1 :at might ^? be8 ,!y w\ld return to ^! que/ions ! foll[+ aft]noon4 999999999999 ,,fleis*hau] 99 ,core ( ,work%op conc]ns prep>ation & production ( mat]ials 99 ,special *all5ge 9 conv]sion ( textual mat]ials 99 ,quality v]sus quantity 99 ,d ! sev]al gr\ps repres5t$ %>e common int]e/s8 99 ,c>l ,,fleis*hau]1 coord9ator1 ,am]ican ,memory1 ,libr>y ( ,congress1 emphasiz$ t he w\ld attempt to repres5t ! p :o p]=m "s ( ! "w ( conv]t+ or prep>+ mat]ials & t ! core ( ! ,work%op _h to d ) prep>ation & production4 ,,fleis*hau] !n drew a di/9ction betwe5 ! long t]m1 :5 _m ?+s w\ld be available & connect$ 9 ! ways t ,,gif=d describ$1 & ! %ort t]m1 9 :i* ,,am n only has wre/l$ ) ! issue ( :at is ! be/ c\rse to pursue b also has fac$ a v>iety ( te*nical *all5ges4 ,,fleis*hau] rem>k$ ,,am's endeavors to deal ) a wide range ( libr>y =mats1 su* z motion picture collections1 s\nd-record+ collections1 & pictorial collections ( v>i\s sorts1 especially collections ( photographs4 ,9 ! c\rse ( ^! ef=ts1 ,,am kept com+ back to textual mat]ials--manuscripts or r>e pr9t$ matt]1 b\nd mat]ials1 etc4 ,text pos$ ! greate/ conv]sion *all5ge ( all4 ,?us1 ! g5esis ( ! ,work%op1 :i* reflects ! problems fac$ by ,,am4 ,^! problems include physical problems4 ,= example1 ^? 9 ! libr>y & ar*ive bus9ess deal ) collections made up ( fragile & r>e manuscript items1 b\nd mat]ials1 especially ! notori\sly brittle b\nd mat]ials ( ! late n9ete5? c5tury4 ,^! are preci\s cultural artifacts1 h[ev]1 z well z int]e/+ s\rces ( in=mation1 & ,,lc desires to reta9 & cons]ve !m4 ,,am ne$s to h&le ?+s )\t damag+ !m4 ,guillot9+ a book to run x ?r\gh a %eet fe$] mu/ be avoid$ at all co/s4 ,beyond physical problems1 issues p]ta9+ to quality arose4 ,= example1 ! desire to provide us]s ) a se>*able text is affect$ by ! "q ( acceptable level ( accuracy4 ,"o hundr$ p]c5t accuracy is trem5d\sly exp5sive4 ,on ! o!r h&1 ! output ( optical "* recognition 7,,ocr7 c be trem5d\sly inaccurate4 ,al?\gh ,,am has attempt$ to f9d a middle gr\nd1 unc]ta9ty p]si/s z to :e!r or n x has discov]$ ! "r solution4 ,que/ions ( quality arose conc]n+ images z well4 ,,fleis*hau] contra/$ ! extremely high level ( quality ( ! digital images 9 ! ,cornell ,x]ox ,project ) ,,am's ef=ts to provide a br[se-quality or access-quality image1 z oppos$ to an ar*ival or pres]vation image4 ,,fleis*hau] !re=e welcom$ ! opportunity to comp>e notes4 ,,fleis*hau] obs]v$ 9 pass+ t conv]sations he _h _h ab\t networks h begun to signal t = v>i\s =ms ( m$ia a det]m9ation may be made t !re is a br[se-quality item1 or a di/ribution-&-access-quality item t may coexi/ 9 "s sy/ems ) a high] quality ar*ival item t w\ld be inconv5i5t to s5d ?r\gh ! network because ( its size4 ,,fleis*hau] ref]r$1 ( c\rse1 to images m ?an to se>*able text4 ,z ,,am consid]$ ^? que/ions1 sev]al conceptual issues arose3 ought ,,am occasionally to reproduce mat]ials entirely ?r\gh an image set1 at o!r times1 entirely ?r\gh a text set1 & 9 "s cases1 a mix8 ,!re probably w\ld be times :5 ! hi/orical au!nticity ( an artifact w\ld require t its image be us$4 ,an image might be desirable z a rec\rse = us]s if "o c\ld n provide #ajj-p]c5t accurate text4 ,aga91 ,,am wond]$1 z a practical matt]1 if a di/9ction c\ld be drawn betwe5 r>e pr9t$ matt] t might exi/ 9 multiple collections--t is1 9 t5 or fifte5 libr>ies4 ,9 su* cases1 ! ne$ = p]fect reproduction w\ld be less ?an = unique items4 ,implicit 9 8 rem>ks1 ,,fleis*hau] conc$$1 0 ! admission t ,,am has be5 tilt+ /rongly t[>ds quantity & draw+ back a little f p]fect quality4 ,t is1 x seem$ to ,,am t society w\ld be bett] s]v$ if m ?+s 7 di/ribut$ by ,,lc--ev5 if !y 7 n q p]fect--?an if few] ?+s1 p]fectly repres5t$1 7 di/ribut$4 ,?is 0 /at$ z a proposition to be te/$1 ) responses to be ga!r$ f us]s4 ,9 ?9k+ ab\t issues relat$ to reproduction ( mat]ials & see+ o!r p engag$ 9 p>allel activities1 ,,am deem$ x useful to conv5e a conf]5ce4 ,h5ce1 ! ,work%op4 ,,fleis*hau] !reupon survey$ ! sev]al gr\ps repres5t$3 #a7 ! _w ( images 7image us]s & image mak]s72 #b7 ! _w ( text & s*ol>%ip &1 )9 ?is gr\p1 ^? conc]n$ ) language--,,fleis*hau] confess$ to f9d+ delightful irony 9 ! fact t "s ( ! mo/ advanc$ ?9k]s on comput]iz$ texts are ^? deal+ ) anci5t ,greek & ,roman mat]ials2 #c7 ! network _w2 & #d7 ! g5]al _w ( libr>y sci5ce1 :i* includes p int]e/$ 9 pres]vation & catalog+4 ,,fleis*hau] conclud$ 8 rem>ks ) special ?anks to ! ,david & ,lucile ,pack>d ,f\ndation = its support ( ! meet+1 ! ,am]ican ,memory gr\p1 ! ,(fice = ,s*ol>ly ,programs1 ! ,national ,demon/ration ,lab1 & ! ,(fice ( ,special ,ev5ts4 ,he express$ ! hope t ,david ,woodley ,pack>d might be able to att5d1 not+ t ,pack>d's "w & ! "w ( ! f\ndation _h sponsor$ a numb] ( projects 9 ! text area4 999999999999 ,,session ,i4 ,,cont5t ,,9 ,a ,,new ,,=m3 ,,:o ,,w ,,use ,,x ,,& ,,:at ,,w ,,!y ,,d8 ,,daly 99 ,ackn[l$gem5ts 99 ,a new ,lat9 au?ors disk 99 ,effects ( ! new te*nology on previ\s me?ods ( rese>* 99 ,s]v+ z mod]ator1 ,james ,,daly ackn[l$g$ ! g5]osity ( all ! pres5t]s = giv+ ( _! "t1 c\nsel1 & pati5ce 9 plann+ ! ,work%op1 z well z ( memb]s ( ! ,am]ican ,memory project & o!r ,libr>y ( ,congress /aff1 & ! ,david & ,lucile ,pack>d ,f\ndation & its executive director1 ,colburn ,s4 ,wilbur4 ,,daly !n rec\nt$ 8 visit 9 ,m>* to ! ,c5t] = ,electronic ,texts 9 ! ,humanities 7,,ce?7 & ! ,dep>tm5t ( ,classics at ,rutg]s ,univ]sity1 :]e an old fri5d1 ,l[ell ,edmunds1 introduc$ him to ! dep>tm5t's ,,ibycus s*ol>ly p]sonal comput]1 &1 9 p>ticul>1 ! new ,lat9 ,,cd-,,rom1 conta9+1 among o!r ?+s1 almo/ all classical ,lat9 lit]>y texts ?r\gh ,a4,d4 #bjj4 ,pack>d ,humanities ,in/itute 7,,phi71 ,los ,altos1 ,cali=nia1 releas$ ?is disk late 9 #aiia1 ) a nom9al tri5nial lic5s+ fee4 ,play+ ) ! disk = an h\r or s at ,rutg]s br\ght home to ,,daly at once ! revolutioniz+ impact ( ! new te*nology on 8 previ\s me?ods ( rese>*4 ,_h ?is disk be5 available two or ?ree ye>s e>li]1 ,,daly cont5d$1 :5 he 0 engag$ 9 prep>+ a comm5t>y on ,book #aj ( ,virgil's ,a5eid = ,cambridge ,univ]sity ,press1 he w\ld n h requir$ a =ty-eight-squ>e-foot table on :i* to spread ! num]\s1 mo/ frequ5tly consult$ items1 includ+ "s t5 or twelve concordances to key ,lat9 au?ors1 an almo/ equal numb] ( lexica to au?ors :o lack$ concordances1 & :]e ei!r lexica or concordances 7 lack+1 num]\s editions ( au?ors ant$at+ & po/dat+ ,virgil4 ,nor1 :5 *eck+ ea* ( ! av]age six to sev5 words conta9$ 9 ! ,virgilian hexamet] = its usage else:]e 9 ,virgil's works or o!r ,lat9 au?ors1 w\ld ,,daly h _h to ma9ta9 ! labori\s me*anical process ( flipp+ ?r\gh ^! concordances1 lexica1 & editions ea* "t4 ,nor w\ld he h _h to frequ5t z (t5 ! ,milton ,s4 ,eis5h[] ,libr>y at ! ,johns ,hopk9s ,univ]sity to consult ! ,!saurus ,l+uae ,lat9ae4 ,in/ead ( devot+ c\ntless h\rs1 or ! bulk ( 8 rese>* "t1 to ga!r+ data conc]n+ ,virgil's use ( words1 ,,daly--n[ fre$ by ,,phi's ,lat9 au?ors disk f ! tyrannical1 yet 9 "s ways p>adoxically happy s*ol>ly drudg]y-- w\ld h be5 able to devote t same bulk ( "t to analyz+ & int]pret+ ,virgilian v]bal usage4 ,cit+ ,!odore ,brunn]1 ,gregory ,crane1 ,elli ,,mylonas1 & ,avra ,,mi*elson1 ,,daly argu$ t ?is rev]sal 9 8 /yle ( "w1 made possible by ! new te*nology1 w\ld p]haps h result$ 9 bett]1 m productive rese>*4 ,inde$1 ev5 9 ! c\rse ( 8 br[s+ ! ,lat9 au?ors disk at ,rutg]s1 its p[]ful se>*1 retrieval1 & highlight+ capabilities sugge/$ to him sev]al new av5ues ( rese>* into ,virgil's use ( s\nd effects4 ,?is anecdotal acc\nt1 ,,daly ma9ta9$1 may s]ve to illu/rate 9 "p ! sudd5 & radical trans=mation be+ wr\ght 9 ! ways s*ol>s "w4 999999999999 ,,mi*elson 99 ,elem5ts relat$ to s*ol>%ip & te*nology 99 ,electronic texts )9 ! context ( broad] tr5ds )9 in=mation te*nology & s*ol>ly communication 99 ,evaluation ( ! prospects = ! use ( electronic texts 99 ,relation%ip ( electronic texts to processes ( s*ol>ly communication 9 humanities rese>* 99 ,new ex*ange =mats creat$ by s*ol>s 99 ,projects initiat$ to increase s*ol>ly access to conv]t$ text 99 ,tr5d t[>d mak+ electronic res\rces available ?r\gh rese>* & education networks 99 ,*anges tak+ place 9 s*ol>ly communication among humanities s*ol>s 99 ,network-m$iat$ s*ol>%ip trans=m+ traditional s*ol>ly practices 99 ,key in=mation te*nology tr5ds affect+ ! conduct ( s*ol>ly communication ov] ! next decade 99 ,! tr5d t[>d end-us] comput+ 99 ,! tr5d t[>d great] connectivity 99 ,effects ( ^! tr5ds 99 ,key trans=mations tak+ place 99 ,summ>y ( pr9cipal argum5ts 99 ,avra ,,mi*elson1 ,ar*ival ,rese>* & ,evaluation ,/aff1 ,national ,ar*ives & ,records ,adm9i/ration 7,,n>a71 argu$ t e/abli%+ :o w use electronic texts & :at !y w use !m = involves a consid]ation ( bo? in=mation te*nology & s*ol>%ip tr5ds4 ,?is consid]ation includes sev]al elem5ts relat$ to s*ol>%ip & te*nology3 #a7 ! key tr5ds 9 in=mation te*nology t are mo/ relevant to s*ol>%ip2 #b7 ! key tr5ds 9 ! use ( curr5tly available te*nology by s*ol>s 9 ! nonsci5tific community2 & #c7 ! relation%ip betwe5 ^! two v di/9ct b int]relat$ tr5ds4 ,! inve/m5t 9 und]/&+ ?is relation%ip be+ made by in=mation provid]s1 te*nologi/s1 & public policy develop]s1 z well z by s*ol>s !mselves1 seems to be p]vasive & gr[+1 ,,mi*elson cont5d$4 ,%e drew on collaborative "w ) ,jeff ,ro!nb]g on ! s*ol>ly use ( te*nology4 ,,mi*elson s\ght to place ! ph5om5on ( electronic texts )9 ! context ( broad] tr5ds )9 in=mation te*nology & s*ol>ly communication4 ,%e argu$ t electronic texts are ( mo/ use to rese>*]s to ! ext5t t ! rese>*]s' work+ context 7i4e41 _! relevant bibliographic s\rces1 collegial fe$back1 analytic tools1 notes1 drafts1 etc471 along ) _! field's prim>y & second>y s\rces1 also is accessible 9 electronic =m & c be integrat$ 9 ways t are unique to ! on-l9e environm5t4 ,evaluation ( ! prospects = ! use ( electronic texts includes two elem5ts3 #a7 an exam9ation ( ! ways 9 :i* rese>*]s curr5tly are us+ electronic texts along ) o!r electronic res\rces1 & #b7 an analysis ( key in=mation te*nology tr5ds t are affect+ ! long-t]m conduct ( s*ol>ly communication4 ,,mi*elson limit$ h] discussion ( ! use ( electronic texts to ! practices ( humani/s & not$ t ! sci5tific community 0 outside ! panel's ov]view4 ,,mi*elson exam9$ ! nature ( ! curr5t relation%ip ( electronic texts 9 p>ticul>1 & electronic res\rces 9 g5]al1 to :at %e ma9ta9$ 71 ess5tially1 five processes ( s*ol>ly communication 9 humanities rese>*4 ,rese>*]s #a7 id5tify s\rces1 #b7 communicate ) _! colleagues1 #c7 int]pret & analyze data1 #d7 dissem9ate _! rese>* f9d+s1 & #e7 prep>e curricula to in/ruct ! next g5]ation ( s*ol>s & /ud5ts4 ,?is exam9ation w\ld produce a cle>] und]/&+ ( ! syn]gy among ^! five processes t fuels ! t5d5cy ( ! use ( electronic res\rces = "o process to /imulate its use = o!r processes ( s*ol>ly communication4 ,= ! fir/ process ( s*ol>ly communication1 ! id5tification ( s\rces1 ,,mi*elson rem>k$ ! opportunity s*ol>s n[ enjoy to supplem5t traditional ^w-(-m\? se>*es = s\rces among _! colleagues ) new =ms ( electronic se>*+4 ,s1 = example1 in/ead ( hav+ to visit ! libr>y1 rese>*]s are able to explore descriptions ( hold+s 9 _! (fices4 ,fur!rmore1 if _! own in/itutions' hold+s prove insuffici5t1 s*ol>s c access m ?an #bjj major ,am]ican libr>y catalogues ov] ,int]net1 includ+ ! univ]sities ( ,cali=nia1 ,mi*igan1 ,p5nsylvania1 & ,wiscons94 ,direct access to ! bibliographic databases (f]s intellectual emp[]m5t to s*ol>s by pres5t+ a compreh5sive means ( br[s+ ?r\gh libr>ies f _! homes & (fices at _! conv5i5ce4 ,! second process ( communication involves communication among s*ol>s4 ,beyond ! mo/ common me?ods ( communication1 s*ol>s are us+ ,e-mail & a v>iety ( new electronic communications =mats d]iv$ f x = fur!r academic int]*ange4 ,e-mail ex*anges are gr[+ at an a/oni%+ rate1 report$ly #ae p]c5t a mon?4 ,!y curr5tly con/itute approximately half ! traffic on rese>* & education networks4 ,moreov]1 ! global spread ( ,e-mail has be5 s rapid t x is n[ possible = ,am]ican s*ol>s to use x to communicate ) colleagues 9 close to #adj o!r c\ntries4 ,o!r new ex*ange =mats creat$ by s*ol>s & op]at+ on ,int]net include m ?an #gjj conf]5ces1 ) ab\t #hj p]c5t ( ^! devot$ to topics 9 ! social sci5ces & humanities4 ,! rate ( gr[? ( ^! s*ol>ly electronic conf]5ces also is a/oni%+4 ,f l#iij to l#iia1 #bjj new conf]5ces 7 id5tifi$ on ,int]net4 ,f ,octob] #aiia to ,june #aiib1 an additional #aej conf]5ces 9 ! social sci5ces & humanities 7 add$ to ?is directory ( li/+s4 ,s*ol>s h e/abli%$ conf]5ces 9 virtually e field1 )9 e diff]5t discipl9e4 ,= example1 !re are curr5tly close to #fjj active social sci5ce & humanities conf]5ces on topics su* z art & ar*itecture1 e?nomusicology1 folklore1 ,japanese culture1 m$ical education1 & gift$ & tal5t$ education4 ,! appeal to s*ol>s ( communicat+ ?r\gh ^! conf]5ces is t1 unlike any o!r m$ium1 electronic conf]5ces today provide a =um = global communication ) pe]s at ! front end ( ! rese>* process4 ,int]pretation & analysis ( s\rces con/itutes ! ?ird process ( s*ol>ly communication t ,,mi*elson discuss$ 9 t]ms ( texts & textual res\rces4 ,! me?ods us$ to analyze s\rces fall some:]e on a cont9uum f quantitative analysis to qualitative analysis4 ,typically1 evid5ce is cull$ & evaluat$ us+ me?ods drawn f bo? ends ( ?is cont9uum4 ,at "o end1 quantitative analysis involves ! use ( ma!matical processes su* z a c\nt ( frequ5cies & di/ributions ( occurr5ces or1 on a high] level1 regression analysis4 ,at ! o!r end ( ! cont9uum1 qualitative analysis typically involves nonma!matical processes ori5t$ t[>d language int]pretation or ! build+ ( !ory4 ,aspects ( ?is "w involve ! process+--ei!r manual or computational--( l>ge & sometimes massive am\nts ( textual s\rces1 al?\gh ! use ( nontextual s\rces z evid5ce1 su* z photographs1 s\nd record+s1 film footage1 & artifacts1 is significant z well4 ,s*ol>s h discov]$ t _m ( ! me?ods ( int]pretation & analysis t are relat$ to bo? quantitative & qualitative me?ods are processes t c be p]=m$ by comput]s4 ,= example1 comput]s c c\nt4 ,!y c c\nt bru% /rokes us$ 9 a ,rembr&t pa9t+ or p]=m regression analysis = und]/&+ cause & effect4 ,by means ( advanc$ te*nologies1 comput]s c recognize patt]ns1 analyze text1 & model concepts4 ,fur!rmore1 comput]s c complete ^! processes fa/] ) m s\rces & ) great] precision ?an s*ol>s :o mu/ rely on manual int]pretation ( data4 ,b if s*ol>s are to use comput]s = ^! processes1 s\rce mat]ials mu/ be 9 a =m am5able to comput]-assi/$ analysis4 ,= ?is reason _m s*ol>s1 once !y h id5tifi$ ! s\rces t are key to _! rese>*1 are conv]t+ !m to ma*9e-readable =m4 ,?us1 a repres5tative example ( ! num]\s textual conv]sion projects organiz$ by s*ol>s ar\nd ! _w 9 rec5t ye>s to support computational text analysis is ! ,,tlg1 ! ,!saurus ,l+uae ,graecae4 ,?is project is devot$ to conv]t+ ! extant anci5t texts ( classical ,greece4 7,editor's note3 accord+ to ! ,,tlg ,newslett] ( ,may l#iib1 ,,tlg 0 9 use 9 ?irty-two diff]5t c\ntries4 ,?is figure updates ,,mi*elson's previ\s c\nt by "o47 ,! s*ol>s p]=m+ ^! conv]sions h be5 ask$ to recognize t ! electronic s\rces !y are conv]t+ = "o use possess value = o!r rese>* purposes z well4 ,z a result1 dur+ ! pa/ few ye>s1 humanities s*ol>s h initiat$ a numb] ( projects to increase s*ol>ly access to conv]t$ text4 ,s1 = example1 ! ,text ,encod+ ,initiative 7,,tei71 ab\t :i* m is said lat] 9 ! program1 0 e/abli%$ z an ef=t by s*ol>s to det]m9e /&>d elem5ts & me?ods = encod+ ma*9e-readable text = electronic ex*ange4 ,9 a second ef=t to facilitate ! %>+ ( conv]t$ text1 s*ol>s h creat$ a new in/itution1 ! ,c5t] = ,electronic ,texts 9 ! ,humanities 7,,ce?74 ,! c5t] e/imates t !re are #h1jjj s]ies ( s\rce texts 9 ! humanities t h be5 conv]t$ to ma*9e-readable =m worldwide4 ,,ce? is und]tak+ an int]national se>* = conv]t$ text 9 ! humanities1 compil+ x into an electronic libr>y1 & prep>+ bibliographic descriptions ( ! s\rces = ! ,rese>* ,libr>ies ,in=mation ,network's 7,,rl97 ma*9e-readable data file4 ,! libr>y pr(ession has begun to initiate l>ge conv]sion projects z well1 su* z ,am]ican ,memory4 ,:ile s*ol>s h be5 mak+ conv]t$ text available to "o ano!r1 typically on disk or on ,,cd-,,rom1 ! cle> tr5d is t[>d mak+ ^! res\rces available ?r\gh rese>* & education networks4 ,?us1 ! ,am]ican & ,fr5* ,rese>* on ! ,treasury ( ! ,fr5* ,language 7,,artfl7 & ! ,dante ,project are already available on ,int]net4 ,,mi*elson summ>iz$ ?is section on int]pretation & analysis by not+ t3 #a7 increas+ numb]s ( humanities s*ol>s 9 ! libr>y community are recogniz+ ! importance to ! advancem5t ( s*ol>%ip ( retrospective conv]sion ( s\rce mat]ials 9 ! arts & humanities2 & #b7 !re is a gr[+ realization t mak+ ! s\rces available on rese>* & education networks maximizes _! usefulness = ! analysis p]=m$ by humanities s*ol>s4 ,! f\r? process ( s*ol>ly communication is dissem9ation ( rese>* f9d+s1 t is1 publication4 ,s*ol>s are us+ exi/+ rese>* & education networks to eng9e] a new type ( publication3 s*ol>ly-controll$ j\rnals t are electronically produc$ & dissem9at$4 ,al?\gh su* j\rnals are /ill em]g+ z a communication =mat1 _! numb] has gr[n1 f approximately twelve to ?irty-six dur+ ! pa/ ye> 7,july #aiia to ,june #aiib74 ,mo/ ( ^! electronic s*ol>ly j\rnals are devot$ to topics 9 ! humanities4 ,z ) network conf]5ces1 s*ol>ly en?usiasm = ^! electronic j\rnals /ems f ! m$ium's unique ability to advance s*ol>%ip 9 a way t no o!r m$ium c d by support+ global fe$back & int]*ange1 practically 9 real "t1 e>ly 9 ! rese>* process4 ,beyond s*ol>ly j\rnals1 ,,mi*elson rem>k$ ! deliv]y ( comm]cial full-text products1 su* z articles 9 pr(essional j\rnals1 newslett]s1 magaz9es1 wire s]vices1 & ref]5ce s\rces4 ,^! are be+ deliv]$ via on-l9e local libr>y catalogues1 especially ?r\gh ,,cd-,r,o,ms4 ,fur!rmore1 accord+ to ,,mi*elson1 !re is g5]al optimism t ! copyright & fees issues imp$+ ! deliv]y ( full text on exi/+ rese>* & education networks soon w be resolv$4 ,! f9al process ( s*ol>ly communication is curriculum developm5t & in/ruction1 & ?is involves ! use ( comput] in=mation te*nologies 9 two areas4 ,! fir/ is ! developm5t ( comput]-ori5t$ in/ructional tools1 :i* includes simulations1 multim$ia applications1 & comput] tools t are us$ to assi/ 9 ! analysis ( s\rces 9 ! classroom1 etc4 ,! ,p]seus ,project1 a database t provides a multim$ia curriculum on classical ,greek civilization1 is a good example ( ! way 9 :i* entire curricula are be+ reca/ us+ in=mation te*nologies4 ,x is anticipat$ t ! curr5t difficulty 9 ex*ang+ electronically comput]-bas$ in/ructional s(tw>e1 :i* 9 turn makes x difficult = "o s*ol> to build ^u ! "w ( o!rs1 w be resolv$ be=e too long4 ,/&-alone curricul> applications t involve electronic text w be %>able ?r\gh networks1 re9=c+ _! significance z intellectual products z well z in/ructional tools4 ,! second aspect ( electronic le>n+ involves ! use ( rese>* & education networks = di/ance education programs4 ,su* programs int]actively l9k tea*]s ) /ud5ts 9 geographically scatt]$ locations & rely on ! availability ( electronic in/ructional res\rces4 ,di/ance education programs are ga9+ wide appeal among /ate dep>tm5ts ( education because ( _! demon/rat$ capacity to br+ advanc$ specializ$ c\rse "w & an array ( exp]ts to _m classrooms4 ,a rec5t report f\nd t at lea/ #cb /ates op]at$ at lea/ "o /atewide network = education 9 #aiia1 ) networks "u developm5t 9 _m ( ! rema9+ /ates4 ,,mi*elson summ>iz$ ?is section by not+ two /rik+ *anges tak+ place 9 s*ol>ly communication among humanities s*ol>s4 ,fir/ is ! ext5t to :i* electronic text 9 p>ticul>1 & electronic res\rces 9 g5]al1 are be+ infus$ into ea* ( ! five processes describ$ above4 ,z m5tion$ e>li]1 !re is a c]ta9 syn]gy at "w "h4 ,! use ( electronic res\rces = "o process t5ds to /imulate its use = o!r processes1 because ! *ief c\rse ( movem5t is t[>d a compreh5sive on-l9e work+ context = humanities s*ol>s t includes on-l9e availability ( key bibliographies1 s*ol>ly fe$back1 s\rces1 analytical tools1 & publications4 ,,mi*elson not$ fur!r t ! movem5t t[>d a compreh5sive on-l9e work+ context = humanities s*ol>s is n new4 ,9 fact1 x has be5 und]way = m ?an =ty ye>s 9 ! humanities1 s9ce ,fa!r ,rob]to ,busa began develop+ an electronic concordance ( ! works ( ,sa9t ,?omas ,aqu9as 9 #aidi4 ,:at we are witness+ today1 ,,mi*elson cont5d$1 is n ! beg9n+ ( ?is on-l9e transition b1 = at lea/ "s humanities s*ol>s1 ! turn+ po9t 9 ! transition f a pr9t to an electronic work+ context4 ,co9cid+ ) ! on-l9e transition1 ! second /rik+ *ange is ! ext5t to :i* rese>* & education networks are becom+ ! new m$ium ( s*ol>ly communication4 ,! exi/+ ,int]net & ! p5d+ ,national ,education & ,rese>* ,network 7,,nr57 repres5t ! new meet+ gr\nd :]e s*ol>s are go+ = bibliographic in=mation1 s*ol>ly dialogue & fe$back1 ! mo/ curr5t publications 9 _! field1 & high-level educational (f]+s4 ,traditional s*ol>ly practices are und]go+ trem5d\s trans=mations z a result ( ! em]g5ce & gr[+ prom95ce ( :at is call$ network-m$iat$ s*ol>%ip4 ,,mi*elson next turn$ to ! second elem5t ( ! framework %e propos$ at ! outset ( h] talk = evaluat+ ! prospects = electronic text1 namely ! key in=mation te*nology tr5ds affect+ ! conduct ( s*ol>ly communication ov] ! next decade3 #a7 end-us] comput+ & #b7 connectivity4 ,end-us] comput+ means t ! p]son t\*+ ! keybo>d1 or p]=m+ computations1 is ! same z ! p]son :o initiates or consumes ! computation4 ,! em]g5ce ( p]sonal comput]s1 along ) a ho/ ( o!r =ces1 su* z ubiquit\s comput+1 advances 9 int]face design1 & ! on-l9e transition1 is prompt+ ! consum]s ( computation to d _! own comput+1 & is ?us r5d]+ obsolete ! traditional di/9ction betwe5 end us]s & ultimate us]s4 ,! tr5d t[>d end-us] comput+ is significant to consid]ation ( ! prospects = electronic texts because x means t rese>*]s are becom+ m adept at do+ _! own computations &1 ?us1 m compet5t 9 ! use ( electronic m$ia4 ,by avoid+ programm] int]m$i>ies1 computation is becom+ c5tral to ! rese>*]'s ?\ght process4 ,?is direct involvem5t 9 comput+ is *ang+ ! rese>*]'s p]spective on ! nature ( rese>* itself1 t is1 ! k9ds ( que/ions t c be pos$1 ! analytical me?odologies t c be us$1 ! types & am\nt ( s\rces t are appropriate = analyses1 & ! =m 9 :i* f9d+s are pres5t$4 ,! tr5d t[>d end-us] comput+ means t1 increas+ly1 electronic m$ia & computation are be+ infus$ into all processes ( humanities s*ol>%ip1 inspir+ rem>kable trans=mations 9 s*ol>ly communication4 ,! tr5d t[>d great] connectivity sugge/s t rese>*]s are us+ computation increas+ly 9 network environm5ts4 ,connectivity is important to s*ol>%ip because x erases ! di/ance t sep>ates /ud5ts f tea*]s & s*ol>s f _! colleagues1 :ile all[+ us]s to access remote databases1 %>e in=mation 9 _m diff]5t m$ia1 connect to _! work+ context :]ev] !y are1 & collaborate 9 all phases ( rese>*4 ,! comb9ation ( ! tr5d t[>d end-us] comput+ & ! tr5d t[>d connectivity sugge/s t ! s*ol>ly use ( electronic res\rces1 already evid5t among "s rese>*]s1 w soon become an e/abli%$ feature ( s*ol>%ip4 ,! effects ( ^! tr5ds1 along ) ongo+ *anges 9 s*ol>ly practices1 po9t to a future 9 :i* humanities rese>*]s w use computation & electronic communication to help !m =mulate ideas1 access s\rces1 p]=m rese>*1 collaborate ) colleagues1 seek pe] review1 publi% & dissem9ate results1 & engage 9 _m o!r pr(essional & educational activities4 ,9 summ>y1 ,,mi*elson emphasiz$ f\r po9ts3 #a7 ,a portion ( humanities s*ol>s already consid] electronic texts ! pref]r$ =mat = analysis & dissem9ation4 #b7 ,s*ol>s are us+ ^! electronic texts1 9 conjunction ) o!r electronic res\rces1 9 all ! processes ( s*ol>ly communication4 #c7 ,! humanities s*ol>s' work+ context is 9 ! process ( *ang+ f pr9t te*nology to electronic te*nology1 9 _m ways mirror+ trans=mations t h occurr$ or are occurr+ )9 ! sci5tific community4 #d7 ,^! *anges are occurr+ 9 conjunction ) ! developm5t ( a new communication m$ium3 rese>* & education networks t are *>act]iz$ by _! capacity to advance s*ol>%ip 9 a :olly unique way4 ,,mi*elson also reit]at$ h] ?ree pr9cipal argum5ts3 l7 ,electronic texts are be/ und]/ood 9 t]ms ( ! relation%ip to o!r electronic res\rces & ! gr[+ prom95ce ( network-m$iat$ s*ol>%ip4 #b7 ,! prospects = electronic texts lie 9 _! capacity to be integrat$ into ! on-l9e network ( electronic res\rces t comprise ! new work+ context = s*ol>s4 #c7 ,retrospective conv]sion ( portions ( ! s*ol>ly record %\ld be a key /rategy z in=mation provid]s respond to *anges 9 s*ol>ly communication practices4 999999999999 ,,veccia 99 ,,am's evaluation project & public us]s ( electronic res\rces 99 ,,am & its design 99 ,site selection & evaluat+ ! ,mac9to% implem5tation ( ,,am 99 ,*>act]i/ics ( ! six public libr>ies select$ 99 ,*>act]i/ics ( ,,am's us]s 9 ^! libr>ies 99 ,pr9cipal ways ,,am is be+ us$ 99 ,susan ,,veccia1 team lead]1 & ,joanne ,,freeman1 associate coord9ator1 ,am]ican ,memory1 ,libr>y ( ,congress1 gave a jo9t pres5tation4 ,fir/1 by way ( introduction1 ,,veccia expla9$ h] & ,,freeman's roles 9 ,am]ican ,memory 7,,am74 ,s]v+ pr9cipally z an obs]v]1 ,,veccia has assi/$ ) ! evaluation project ( ,,am1 plac+ ,,am collections 9 a v>iety ( diff]5t sites ar\nd ! c\ntry & help+ to organize & implem5t t project4 ,,freeman has be5 an associate coord9ator ( ,,am & has be5 involv$ pr9cipally ) ! int]pretative mat]ials1 prep>+ "s ( ! electronic exhibits & pr9t$ hi/orical in=mation t accompanies ,,am & t is reque/$ by us]s4 ,,veccia & ,,freeman %>$ anecdotal obs]vations conc]n+ ,,am ) public us]s ( electronic res\rces4 ,not)/&+ a fairly /ructur$ evaluation 9 progress1 bo? ,,veccia & ,,freeman *ose n to report on specifics 9 t]ms ( numb]s1 etc41 because !y felt x 0 too e>ly 9 ! evaluation project to d s4 ,,am is an electronic ar*ive ( prim>y s\rce mat]ials f ! ,libr>y ( ,congress1 select$ collections repres5t+ a v>iety ( =mats-- photographs1 graphic arts1 record$ s\nd1 motion pictures1 broadsides1 & soon1 pamphlets & books4 ,9 t]ms ( ! design ( ?is sy/em1 ! int]pretative exhibits h be5 kept sep>ate f ! prim>y res\rces1 ) good reason4 ,accompany+ ?is collection are pr9t$ docum5tation & us] guides1 z well z guides t ,,freeman prep>$ = tea*]s s t !y may beg9 us+ ! cont5t ( ! sy/em at once4 ,,veccia describ$ ! evaluation project be=e talk+ ab\t ! public us]s ( ,,am1 limit+ h] rem>ks to public libr>ies1 because ,,freeman w\ld talk m specifically ab\t s*ools f k9d]g>t5 to twelf? grade 7,k-#ab74 ,hav+ />t$ 9 spr+ #aiia1 ! evaluation curr5tly involves te/+ ( ! ,mac9to% implem5tation ( ,,am4 ,s9ce ! prim>y goal ( ?is evaluation is to det]m9e ! mo/ appropriate audi5ce or audi5ces = ,,am1 v diff]5t sites 7 select$4 ,?is makes evaluation difficult because ( ! v>y+ degrees ( te*nology lit]acy among ! sites4 ,,am is situat$ 9 =ty-f\r locations1 ( :i* six are public libr>ies & sixte5 are s*ools4 ,repres5t$ among ! s*ools are elem5t>y1 junior high1 & high s*ools4 ,di/rict (fices also are involv$ 9 ! evaluation1 :i* w conclude 9 summ] #aiic4 ,,veccia focus$ ! rema9d] ( h] talk on ! six public libr>ies1 "o ( :i* d\bles z a /ate libr>y4 ,!y repres5t a range ( geographic areas & a range ( demographic *>act]i/ics4 ,= example1 ?ree are locat$ 9 urban sett+s1 two 9 rural sett+s1 & "o 9 a suburban sett+4 ,a range ( te*nical exp]tise is to be f\nd among ^! facilities z well4 ,= example1 "o is an ,apple libr>y ( ! future1 :ile two o!rs are rural "o-room libr>ies--9 "o1 ,,am sits at ! front desk next to a tractor manual4 ,all public libr>ies h be5 extremely en?usia/ic1 supportive1 & appreciative ( ! "w t ,,am has be5 do+4 ,,veccia *>act]iz$ v>i\s us]s3 ,mo/ us]s 9 public libr>ies describe !mselves z g5]al read]s2 ( ! /ud5ts :o use ,,am 9 ! public libr>ies1 ^? 9 f\r? grade & above seem mo/ int]e/$4 ,public libr>ies 9 rural sites t5d to attract retir$ p1 :o h be5 highly receptive to ,,am4 ,us]s t5d to fall into two additional categories3 p int]e/$ 9 ! cont5t & hi/orical connotations ( ^! prim>y res\rces1 & ^? fasc9at$ by ! te*nology4 ,! =mat receiv+ ! mo/ comm5ts has be5 motion pictures4 ,! adult us]s 9 public libr>ies are m com=table ) ,,ibm comput]s1 :]eas "y p seem com=table ) ei!r ,,ibm or ,mac9to%1 al?\gh mo/ ( !m seem to come f a ,mac9to% backgr\nd4 ,?is same t5d5cy is f\nd 9 ! s*ools4 ,:at k9ds ( ?+s d us]s d ) ,,am8 ,9 a public libr>y !re are two ma9 goals or ways t ,,am is be+ us$3 z an individual le>n+ tool1 & z a leisure activity4 ,adult le>n+ 0 "o area t ,,veccia w\ld highlight z a possible application = a tool su* z ,,am4 ,%e describ$ a patron ( a rural public libr>y :o comes 9 e day on 8 lun* h\r & lit]ally reads ,,am1 me?odically go+ ?r\gh ! collection image by image4 ,at ! end ( 8 h\r he makes an electronic bookm>k1 puts x 9 8 pocket1 & returns to "w4 ,! next day he comes 9 & resumes :]e he left (f4 ,int]e/+ly1 ?is man _h nev] be5 9 ! libr>y be=e he us$ ,,am4 ,9 ano!r small1 rural libr>y1 ! coord9ator reports t ,,am is a popul> activity = "s ( ! old]1 retir$ p 9 ! community1 :o ord9>ily w\ld n use ^? ?+s1--comput]s4 ,ano!r example ( adult le>n+ 9 public libr>ies is book gr\ps1 "o ( :i*1 9 p>ticul>1 is us+ ,,am z "p ( its read+ on indu/rialization1 integration1 & urbanization 9 ! e>ly #aijjs4 ,"o libr>y reports t a family is us+ ,,am to help educate _! *ildr54 ,9 ano!r in/ance1 individuals f a local museum came 9 to use ,,am to prep>e an exhibit on toys ( ! pa/4 ,^! two examples emphasize ! mission ( ! public libr>y z a cultural in/itution1 rea*+ out to p :o d n h ! same res\rces available to ^? :o live 9 a metropolitan area or h access to a major libr>y4 ,"o rural libr>y reports t junior high s*ool /ud5ts 9 l>ge numb]s came 9 "o aft]noon to use ,,am = ent]ta9m5t4 ,a numb] ( public libr>ies report$ great int]e/ among po/c>d collectors 9 ! ,detroit collection1 :i* 0 ess5tially a collection ( images us$ on po/c>ds ar\nd ! turn ( ! c5tury4 ,tra9 buffs are simil>ly int]e/$ because t 0 a "t ( great int]e/ 9 railroad+4 ,p1 x 0 f\nd1 relate to ?+s t !y "k ( fir/h&4 ,= example1 9 bo? rural public libr>ies :]e ,,am 0 made available1 obs]v]s report$ t ! old] p ) p]sonal remembrances ( ! turn ( ! c5tury 7 gravitat+ to ! ,detroit collection4 ,^! examples s]v$ to und]score ,,mi*elson's obs]vation re ! integration ( electronic tools & ideas--t p le>n be/ :5 ! mat]ial relates to some?+ !y "k4 ,,veccia made ! f9al po9t t 9 _m cases ,,am s]ves z a public-relations tool = ! public libr>ies t are te/+ x4 ,9 "o case1 ,,am is be+ us$ z a vehicle to secure additional fund+ = ! libr>y4 ,9 ano!r case1 ,,am has s]v$ z an inspiration to ! /aff ( a major local public libr>y 9 ! ,s\? to ?9k ab\t ways to make its own collection ( photographs m accessible to ! public4 999999999999 ,,freeman 99 ,,am & ar*ival electronic res\rces 9 a s*ool environm5t 99 ,que/ions conc]n+ context 99 ,que/ions conc]n+ ! electronic =mat itself 99 ,comput] anxiety 99 ,access & availability ( ! sy/em 99 ,h>dw>e 99 ,/r5g?s ga9$ ?r\gh ! use ( ar*ival res\rces 9 s*ools 99 ,reit]at+ an obs]vation made by ,,veccia1 t ,,am is an ar*ival res\rce made up ( prim>y mat]ials ) v little int]pretation1 ,,freeman /at$ t ! project has attempt$ to bridge ! gap betwe5 ^! b>e prim>y mat]ials & a s*ool environm5t1 & 9 t cause has creat$ guid$ introductions to ,,am collections4 ,l\d dem& f ! educational community1 *iefly f tea*]s work+ ) ! upp] grades ( elem5t>y s*ool ?r\gh high s*ool1 greet$ ! ann\ncem5t t ,,am w\ld be te/$ ar\nd ! c\ntry4 ,,freeman report$ n only on :at 0 le>n$ ab\t ,,am 9 a s*ool environm5t1 b also on sev]al univ]sal que/ions t 7 rais$ conc]n+ ar*ival electronic res\rces 9 s*ools4 ,%e discuss$ sev]al /r5g?s ( ?is type ( mat]ial 9 a s*ool environm5t z oppos$ to a highly /ructur$ res\rce t (f]s a limit$ numb] ( pa?s to foll[4 ,,freeman fir/ rais$ sev]al que/ions ab\t us+ ,,am 9 a s*ool environm5t4 ,!re is (t5 "s difficulty 9 develop+ a s5se ( :at ! sy/em conta9s4 ,_m /ud5ts sit d[n at a comput] res\rce & assume t1 because ,,am comes f ! ,libr>y ( ,congress1 all ( ,am]ican hi/ory is n[ at _! f+]tips4 ,z a result ( t sort ( mi/ak5 judgm5t1 "s /ud5ts are kn[n to conclude t ,,am conta9s no?+ ( use to !m :5 !y look = "o or two ?+s & d n f9d !m4 ,x is difficult to discov] t middle gr\nd :]e "o has a s5se ( :at ! sy/em conta9s4 ,"s /ud5ts grope t[>d ! idea ( an ar*ive1 a new idea to !m1 s9ce !y h n previ\sly exp]i5c$ :at x means to h access to a va/ body ( some:at r&om in=mation4 ,o!r que/ions rais$ by ,,freeman conc]n$ ! electronic =mat itself4 ,= in/ance1 9 a s*ool environm5t x is (t5 difficult bo? = tea*]s & /ud5ts to ga9 a s5se ( :at x is !y are view+4 ,!y und]/& t x is a visual image1 b !y d n necess>ily "k t x is a po/c>d f ! turn ( ! c5tury1 a panoramic photograph1 or ev5 ma*9e-readable text ( an eighte5?-c5tury broadside1 a tw5tie?-c5tury pr9t$ book1 or a n9ete5?-c5tury di>y4 ,t di/9ction is (t5 difficult = p 9 a s*ool environm5t to grasp4 ,because ( t1 x occasionally becomes difficult to draw conclusions f :at "o is view+4 ,,freeman also not$ ! obvi\s fe> ( ! comput]1 :i* con/itutes a difficulty 9 us+ an electronic res\rce4 ,?\gh /ud5ts 9 g5]al did n suff] f ?is anxiety1 sev]al old] /ud5ts fe>$ t !y 7 comput]-illit]ate1 an assumption t became self-fulfill+ :5 !y se>*$ = some?+ b fail$ to f9d x4 ,,freeman said %e believ$ t "s tea*]s also fe> comput] res\rces1 because !y believe !y lack complete control4 ,,freeman relat$ ! example ( tea*]s %oo+ away /ud5ts because x 0 n _! "t to use ! sy/em4 ,?is 0 a case 9 :i* ! situation _h to be extremely /ructur$ s t ! tea*]s w\ld n feel t !y _h lo/ _! grasp on :at ! sy/em conta9$4 ,a f9al "q rais$ by ,,freeman conc]n$ access & availability ( ! sy/em4 ,%e not$ ! occasional exi/5ce ( a gap 9 communication betwe5 s*ool libr>ians & tea*]s4 ,(t5 ,,am sits 9 a s*ool libr>y & ! libr>ian is ! p]son responsible = monitor+ ! sy/em4 ,tea*]s d n always take into _! _w new libr>y res\rces ab\t :i* ! libr>ian is excit$4 ,inde$1 at ! sites :]e ,,am _h be5 us$ mo/ effectively )9 a libr>y1 ! libr>ian 0 requir$ to g to specific tea*]s & in/ruct !m 9 its use4 ,z a result1 sev]al ,,am sites w h 9-s]vice sessions ov] a summ]1 9 ! hope t p]haps1 ) a m individualiz$ l9k1 tea*]s w be m likely to use ! res\rce4 ,a relat$ issue 9 ! s*ool context conc]n$ ! numb] ( work/ations available at any "o location4 ,c5tralization ( equipm5t at ! di/rict level1 ) tea*]s invit$ to d[nload ?+s & walk away ) !m1 prov$ unsuccessful because ! h\rs ^! (fices 7 op5 7 also s*ool h\rs4 ,ano!r issue 0 h>dw>e4 ,z ,,veccia obs]v$1 a range ( sites exi/s1 "s te*nologically advanc$ & o!rs ess5tially acquir+ _! fir/ comput] = ! prim>y purpose ( us+ x 9 conjunction ) ,,am's te/+4 ,us]s at te*nologically sophi/icat$ sites want ev5 m sophi/icat$ h>dw>e1 s t !y c p]=m ev5 m sophi/icat$ tasks ) ! mat]ials 9 ,,am4 ,b once !y acquire a new] piece ( h>dw>e1 !y mu/ le>n h[ to use t also2 at an unsophi/icat$ site x takes an extremely long "t simply to become accu/om$ to ! comput]1 n to m5tion ! program (f]$ ) ! comput]4 ,all ( ^! small issues raise "o l>ge "q1 namely1 are sy/ems l ,,am truly rew>d+ 9 a s*ool environm5t1 or d !y simply act z innovative toys t d little m ?an sp>k int]e/8 ,,freeman cont5d$ t ! evaluation project has reveal$ sev]al /r5g?s t 7 ga9$ ?r\gh ! use ( ar*ival res\rces 9 s*ools1 includ+3 99 ,psy*ic rew>ds f us+ ,,am z a va/1 ri* database1 ) tea*]s assign+ v>i\s projects to /ud5ts--oral pres5tations1 writt5 reports1 a docum5t>y1 a turn-(-!-c5tury newspap]-- projects t />t ) ! mat]ials 9 ,,am b are complet$ us+ o!r res\rces2 ,,am ?us is us$ z a rese>* tool 9 conjunction ) o!r electronic res\rces1 z well z ) books & items 9 ! libr>y :]e ! sy/em is set up4 99 ,/ud5ts are acquir+ comput] lit]acy 9 a humanities context4 99 ,?is sort ( sy/em is ov]com+ ! isolation betwe5 discipl9es t (t5 exi/s 9 s*ools4 ,= example1 _m ,engli% tea*]s are requir+ _! /ud5ts to write pap]s on hi/orical topics repres5t$ 9 ,,am4 ,num]\s tea*]s h report$ t _! /ud5ts are le>n+ critical ?9k+ skills us+ ! sy/em4 99 ,on a broad] level1 ,,am is introduc+ prim>y mat]ials1 n only to /ud5ts b also to tea*]s1 9 an environm5t :]e (t5 simply none exi/--an excit+ ?+ = ! /ud5ts because x helps !m le>n to conduct rese>*1 to int]pret1 & to draw _! own conclusions4 ,9 le>n+ to conduct rese>* & :at x means1 /ud5ts are motivat$ to seek k4 ,t relates to ano!r positive outcome--a high level ( p]sonal involvem5t ( /ud5ts ) ! mat]ials 9 ?is sy/em & great] motivation to conduct _! own rese>* & draw _! own conclusions4 99 ,p]haps ! mo/ ironic /r5g? ( ^! k9ds ( ar*ival electronic res\rces is t _m ( ! tea*]s ,,am int]view$ 7 desp]ate1 x is no exagg]ation to say1 n only = prim>y mat]ials b = un/ructur$ prim>y mat]ials4 ,^! w\ld1 !y ?\ght1 fo/] p]sonally motivat$ rese>*1 exploration1 & excitem5t 9 _! /ud5ts4 ,inde$1 ^! mat]ials h done j t4 ,ironically1 h[ev]1 ?is lack ( /ructure produces "s ( ! confusion to :i* ! newness ( ^! k9ds ( res\rces may also contribute4 ,! key to effective use ( ar*ival products 9 a s*ool environm5t is a cle>1 effective introduction to ! sy/em & to :at x conta9s4 999999999999 ,,discussion 99 ,no?+ kn[n1 quantitatively1 ab\t ! numb] ( humanities s*ol>s :o mu/ see ! orig9al v]sus ^? :o w\ld settle = an edit$ transcript1 or ab\t ! ways 9 :i* humanities s*ol>s are us+ in=mation te*nology 99 ,firm conclusions conc]n+ ! mann] & ext5t ( ! use ( support+ mat]ials 9 pr9t provid$ by ,,am to await completion ( evaluative /udy 99 ,a li/5]'s reflections on additional applications ( electronic texts 99 ,role ( electronic res\rces 9 tea*+ elem5t>y rese>* skills to /ud5ts 99 ,dur+ ! discussion t foll[$ ! pres5tations by ,,mi*elson1 ,,veccia1 & ,,freeman1 additional po9ts em]g$4 ,,lesk ask$ if ,,mi*elson c\ld give any quantitative e/imate ( ! numb] ( humanities s*ol>s :o mu/ see or want to see ! orig9al1 or ! be/ possible v]sion ( ! mat]ial1 v]sus ^? :o typically w\ld settle = an edit$ transcript4 ,:ile unable to provide a figure1 %e (f]$ h] impressions z an ar*ivi/ :o has done "s ref]5ce "w & has discuss$ ?is issue ) o!r ar*ivi/s :o p]=m ref]5ce1 t ^? :o use ar*ives & ^? :o use prim>y s\rces = :at w\ld be consid]$ v high-level s*ol>ly rese>*1 z oppos$ to1 say1 und]graduate pap]s1 7 few 9 numb]1 especially giv5 ! public int]e/ 9 us+ prim>y s\rces to conduct g5ealogical or avocational rese>* & ! k9d ( pr(essional rese>* done by p 9 private indu/ry or ! f$]al gov]nm5t4 ,m important 9 ,,mi*elson's view 0 t1 quantitatively1 no?+ is kn[n ab\t ! ways 9 :i*1 = example1 humanities s*ol>s are us+ in=mation te*nology4 ,no /udies exi/ to (f] guidance 9 creat+ /rategies4 ,! mo/ rec5t /udy 0 conduct$ 9 #aihe by ! ,am]ican ,c\ncil ( ,le>n$ ,societies 7,,acls71 & :at x %[$ 0 t #ej p]c5t ( humanities s*ol>s at t "t 7 us+ comput]s4 ,t con/itutes ! ext5t ( our k4 ,conc]n+ ,,am's /rategy = ori5t+ p t[>d ! scope ( electronic res\rces1 ,,freeman c\ld (f] no h>d conclusions at ?is po9t1 because %e & h] colleagues 7 /ill wait+ to see1 p>ticul>ly 9 ! s*ools1 :at has be5 made ( _! ef=ts4 ,)9 ! sy/em1 h[ev]1 ,,am has provid$ :at are call$ electronic exhibits- -su* z introductions to "t p]iods & mat]ials--& ^! are int5d$ to (f] a /ud5t us] a s5se ( :at a broadside is & :at x might tell h] or him4 ,b ,,freeman conc$$ t ! project /aff w\ld h to talk ) /ud5ts next ye>1 aft] tea*]s h _h a summ] to use ! mat]ials1 & attempt to discov] :at ! /ud5ts 7 le>n+ f ! mat]ials4 ,9 addition1 ,,freeman describ$ support+ mat]ials 9 pr9t provid$ by ,,am at ! reque/ ( local tea*]s dur+ a meet+ held at ,,lc4 ,^! includ$ "t l9es1 bibliographies1 & o!r mat]ials t c\ld be reproduc$ on a photocopi] 9 a classroom4 ,tea*]s c\ld walk away ) & use ^!1 & 9 ?is way ga9 a bett] und]/&+ ( ! cont5ts4 ,b aga91 rea*+ firm conclusions conc]n+ ! mann] & ext5t ( _! use w\ld h to wait until next ye>4 ,z to ! *anges %e saw occurr+ at ! ,national ,ar*ives & ,records ,adm9i/ration 7,,n>a7 z a result ( ! increas+ emphasis on te*nology 9 s*ol>ly rese>*1 ,,mi*elson /at$ t ,,n>a at ?is po9t 0 absorb+ ! report by h] & ,jeff ,ro!nb]g address+ /rategies = ! ar*ival pr(ession 9 g5]al1 al?\gh n = ! ,national ,ar*ives specifically4 ,,n>a is j beg9n+ to e/abli% its role & :at x c d4 ,9 t]ms ( *anges & initiatives t ,,n>a c take1 no cle> response c\ld be giv5 at ?is "t4 ,,gre5field rem>k$ two tr5ds m5tion$ 9 ! session4 ,reflect+ on ,,daly's op5+ comm5ts on h[ he c\ld h us$ a ,lat9 collection ( text 9 an electronic =m1 he said t at fir/ he ?\ght mo/ s*ol>s w\ld be unwill+ to d t4 ,b z he ?\ght ( t 9 t]ms ( ! orig9al mean+ ( rese>*--t is1 hav+ already ma/]$ ^! texts1 rese>*+ !m = critical & comp>ative purposes--= ! fir/ "t1 ! electronic =mat made a lot ( s5se4 ,,gre5field c\ld envision gr[+ numb]s ( s*ol>s le>n+ ! new te*nologies = t v aspect ( _! s*ol>%ip & = conv5i5ce's sake4 ,li/5+ to ,,veccia & ,,freeman1 ,,gre5field ?\ght ( an additional application ( electronic texts4 ,he realiz$ t ,,am c\ld be us$ z a guide to lead someone to orig9al s\rces4 ,/ud5ts _c be expect$ to h ma/]$ ^! s\rces1 ?+s !y h nev] kn[n ab\t be=e4 ,?us1 ,,am is lead+ !m1 9 !ory1 to a va/ body ( in=mation & giv+ !m a sup]ficial ov]view ( x1 enabl+ !m to select p>ts ( x4 ,,gre5field ask$ if any evid5ce exi/s t ?is res\rce w inde$ tea* ! new us]1 ! ,k-#ab /ud5ts1 h[ to d rese>*4 ,s*ol>s already "k h[ to d rese>* & are apply+ ^! new tools4 ,b he wond]$ :y /ud5ts w\ld g beyond pick+ out ?+s t 7 mo/ excit+ to !m4 ,,freeman conc$$ ! correctness ( ,,gre5field's obs]vation z appli$ to a s*ool environm5t4 ,! risk is t a /ud5t w\ld sit d[n at a sy/em1 play ) x1 f9d "s ?+s ( int]e/1 & !n walk away4 ,b 9 ! relatively controll$ situation ( a s*ool libr>y1 mu* w dep5d on ! in/ructions a tea*] or a libr>ian gives a /ud5t4 ,%e view$ ! situation n z "o ( f9e-tun+ rese>* skills b ( involv+ /ud5ts at a p]sonal level 9 und]/&+ & rese>*+ ?+s4 ,giv5 ! guidance "o c receive at s*ool1 x !n becomes possible to tea* elem5t>y rese>* skills to /ud5ts1 :i* 9 fact "o p>ticul> libr>ian said %e 0 tea*+ h] fif? grad]s4 ,,freeman conclud$ t introduc+ ! idea ( foll[+ "o's own pa? ( inquiry1 :i* is ess5tially :at rese>* entails1 involves m ?an tea*+ specific skills4 ,to ^! comm5ts ,,veccia add$ ! obs]vation t ! individual tea*] & ! use ( a creative res\rce1 r ?an ,,am itself1 seem$ to make ! key diff]5ce4 ,"s s*ools & "s tea*]s are mak+ excell5t use ( ! nature ( critical ?9k+ & tea*+ skills1 %e said4 ,concurr+ ) ^! rem>ks1 ,,daly clos$ ! session ) ! ?\ght t ! m t produc]s produc$ = tea*]s & = s*ol>s to use ) _! /ud5ts1 ! m successful _! electronic products w\ld prove4 999999999999 ,,session ,,ii4 ,,%[ ,,& ,,tell ,jacquel9e ,,hess1 director1 ,national ,demon/ration ,laboratory1 s]v$ z mod]ator ( ! %[-&-tell session4 ,%e not$ t a "q-&-answ] p]iod w\ld foll[ ea* pres5tation4 ,,mylonas 99 ,ov]view & cont5t ( ,p]seus 99 ,p]seus' prim>y mat]ials exi/ 9 a sy/em-indep5d5t1 ar*ival =m 99 ,a concession 99 ,textual aspects ( ,p]seus 99 ,tools to use ) ! ,greek text 99 ,prep>$ indices & full-text se>*es 9 ,p]seus 99 ,engli%-,greek ^w se>* leads to close /udy ( words & concepts 99 ,navigat+ ,p]seus by trac+ d[n indices 99 ,us+ ! iconography to p]=m rese>* 99 ,elli ,,mylonas1 manag+ editor1 ,p]seus ,project1 ,h>v>d ,univ]sity1 fir/ gave an ov]view ( ,p]seus1 a l>ge1 collaborative ef=t bas$ at ,h>v>d ,univ]sity b ) contributors & collaborators locat$ at num]\s univ]sities & colleges 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates 7e4g41 ,b[do91 ,m>yl&1 ,pomona1 ,*icago1 ,virg9ia74 ,fund$ prim>ily by ! ,ann5b]g_/,,cpb ,project1 ) additional fund+ f ,apple1 ,h>v>d1 & ! ,pack>d ,humanities ,in/itute1 among o!rs1 ,p]seus is a multim$ia1 hyp]textual database = tea*+ & rese>* on classical ,greek civilization1 :i* 0 releas$ 9 ,febru>y #aiib 9 v]sion #a4j & di/ribut$ by ,yale ,univ]sity ,press4 ,consi/+ entirely ( prim>y mat]ials1 ,p]seus includes anci5t ,greek texts & translations ( ^? texts2 catalog entries--t is1 museum catalog entries1 n libr>y catalog entries--on vases1 sites1 co9s1 sculpture1 & ar*aeological objects2 maps2 & a diction>y1 among o!r s\rces4 ,! numb] ( objects & ! objects = :i* catalog entries exi/ are accompani$ by ?\s&s ( color images1 :i* con/itute a major feature ( ! database4 ,p]seus conta9s approximately #cj megabytes ( text1 an am\nt t w d\ble 9 subsequ5t v]sions4 ,9 addition to ^! prim>y mat]ials1 ! ,p]seus ,project has be5 build+ tools = us+ !m1 mak+ access & navigation easi]1 ! goal be+ to build "p ( ! electronic environm5t discuss$ e>li] 9 ! morn+ 9 :i* /ud5ts or s*ol>s c "w ) _! s\rces4 ,! demon/ration ( ,p]seus w %[ only a fraction ( ! real "w t has gone into x1 because ! project _h to face ! dilemma ( :at to ent] :5 putt+ some?+ into ma*9e-readable =m3 %\ld "o aim = v high quality or make concessions 9 ord] to get ! mat]ial 98 ,s9ce ,p]seus decid$ to opt = v high quality1 all ( its prim>y mat]ials exi/ 9 a sy/em-indep5d5t--ins(> z x is possible to be sy/em-indep5d5t--ar*ival =m4 ,decid+ :at t ar*ival =m w\ld be & atta9+ x requir$ mu* "w & ?\ght4 ,= example1 all ! texts are m>k$ up 9 ,,sgml1 :i* w be made compatible ) ! guidel9es ( ! ,text ,encod+ ,initiative 7,,tei7 :5 !y are issu$4 ,draw+s are po/script files1 n meet+ int]national /&>ds1 b at lea/ design$ to g across plat=ms4 ,images1 or r ! real ar*ival =ms1 consi/ ( ! be/ available slides1 :i* are be+ digitiz$4 ,mu* ( ! catalog mat]ial exi/s 9 database =m--a =m t ! av]age us] c\ld use1 manipulate1 & display on a p]sonal comput]1 b only at great co/4 ,?us1 ?is is :]e ! concession comes 93 ,all ( ?is ri*1 well-m>k$-up in=mation is /ripp$ ( mu* ( its cont5t2 ! images are conv]t$ into bit-maps & ! text into small =matt$ *unks4 ,all ?is in=mation c !n be import$ into ,hyper,card & run on a mid-range ,mac9to%1 :i* is :at ,p]seus us]s h4 ,?is fact has made x possible = ,p]seus to atta9 wide use fairly rapidly4 ,)\t ^? ar*ival =ms ! ,hyper,card v]sion be+ demon/rat$ c\ld n be made easily1 & ! project c\ld n h ! pot5tial to move to o!r =ms & ma*9es & s(tw>e z !y appe>1 none ( :i* in=mation is 9 ,p]seus on ! ,,cd4 ,( ! num]\s multim$ia aspects ( ,p]seus1 ,,mylonas focus$ on ! textual4 ,"p ( :at makes ,p]seus su* a pleasure to use1 ,,mylonas said1 is ?is ef=t at seamless integration & ! ability to move ar\nd bo? visual & textual mat]ial4 ,p]seus also made ! decision n to attempt to int]pret its mat]ial any m ?an "o int]prets by select+4 ,b1 ,,mylonas emphasiz$1 ,p]seus is n c\rsew>e3 ,no syllabus exi/s4 ,!re is no ef=t to def9e h[ "o tea*es a topic us+ ,p]seus1 al?\gh ! project may ev5tually collect pap]s by p :o h us$ x to tea*4 ,r1 ,p]seus aims to provide prim>y mat]ial 9 a k9d ( electronic libr>y1 an electronic s&box1 s to say1 9 :i* /ud5ts & s*ol>s :o are work+ on ?is mat]ial c explore by !mselves4 ,) t1 ,,mylonas demon/rat$ ,p]seus1 beg9n+ ) ! ,p]seus gateway1 ! fir/ ?+ "o sees ^u op5+ ,p]seus--an ef=t 9 "p to solve ! contextualiz+ problem--:i* tells ! us] :at ! sy/em conta9s4 ,,mylonas demon/rat$ only a v small portion1 beg9n+ ) prim>y texts & runn+ (f ! ,,cd-,,rom4 ,hav+ select$ ,aes*ylus' ,prome!us ,b\nd1 :i* 0 viewable 9 ,greek & ,engli% pretty mu* 9 ! same segm5ts toge!r1 ,,mylonas demon/rat$ tools to use ) ! ,greek text1 some?+ n possible ) a book3 look+ up ! diction>y entry =m ( an unfamili> ^w 9 ,greek aft] subject+ x to ,p]seus' morphological analysis = all ! texts4 ,aft] f9d+ out ab\t a ^w1 a us] may !n decide to see if x is us$ any:]e else 9 ,greek4 ,because va/ am\nts ( index+ support all ( ! prim>y mat]ial1 "o c f9d out :]e else all =ms ( a p>ticul> ,greek ^w appe>-- (t5 n a trivial matt] because ,greek is highly inflect$4 ,fur!r1 s9ce ! /ory ( ,prome!us has to d ) ! orig9s ( sacrifice1 a us] may wi% to /udy & explore sacrifice 9 ,greek lit]ature2 by typ+ sacrifice into a small w9d[1 a us] goes to ! ,engli%-,greek ^w li/--some?+ "o _c d )\t ! comput] 7,p]seus has index$ ! def9itions ( its diction>y7--! /r+ sacrifice appe>s 9 ! def9itions ( ^! sixty-five words4 ,"o may !n f9d out :]e any ( ^? words is us$ 9 ! "w7s7 ( a p>ticul> au?or4 ,! ,engli% def9itions are n lemmatiz$4 ,all ( ! indices driv+ ?is k9d ( usage 7 orig9ally devis$ = spe$1 ,,mylonas obs]v$2 9 o!r words1 all t k9d ( in=mation-- all =ms ( all words1 :]e !y exi/1 ! diction>y =m !y belong to--7 collect$ into databases1 :i* w exp$ite se>*+4 ,!n x 0 discov]$ t "o c d ?+s se>*+ 9 ^! databases t c\ld n be done se>*+ 9 ! full texts4 ,?us1 al?\gh !re are full-text se>*es 9 ,p]seus1 mu* ( ! "w is done beh9d ! sc5es1 us+ prep>$ indices4 ,re ! index+ t is done beh9d ! sc5es1 ,,mylonas po9t$ out t )\t ! ,,sgml =ms ( ! text1 x c\ld n be done effectively4 ,mu* ( ?is index+ is bas$ on ! /ructures t are made explicit by ! ,,sgml tagg+4 ,x 0 f\nd t "o ( ! ?+s _m ( ,p]seus' non-,greek-read+ us]s d is />t f ! diction>y & !n move into ! close /udy ( words & concepts via ?is k9d ( ,engli%-,greek ^w se>*1 by :i* means !y might select a concept4 ,?is ex]cise has be5 assign$ to /ud5ts 9 core c\rses at ,h>v>d--to /udy a concept by look+ = ! ,engli% ^w 9 ! diction>y1 f9d+ ! ,greek words1 & !n f9d+ ! words 9 ! ,greek b1 ( c\rse1 read+ across 9 ! ,engli%4 ,t tells !m a great deal ab\t :at a translation means z well4 ,%\ld "o also wi% to see images t h to d ) sacrifice1 t p]son w\ld g to ! object key ^w se>*1 :i* all[s "o to p]=m a simil> k9d ( index retrieval on ! database ( ar*aeological objects4 ,)\t words1 pictures are useless2 ,p]seus has n rea*$ ! po9t :]e x c d mu* ) images t are n catalog$4 ,?us1 al?\gh x is possible 9 ,p]seus ) text & images to navigate by kn[+ :]e "o wants to end up--= example1 a r$-figure vase f ! ,bo/on ,museum ( ,f9e ,arts--"o c p]=m ?is k9d ( navigation v easily by trac+ d[n indices4 ,,mylonas illu/rat$ sev]al g5]ic sc5es ( sacrifice on vases4 ,! features demon/rat$ d]iv$ f ,p]seus #a4j2 v]sion #b4j w implem5t ev5 bett] means ( retrieval4 ,,mylonas clos$ by look+ at "o ( ! pictures & not+ aga9 t "o c d a great deal ( rese>* us+ ! iconography z well z ! texts4 ,= in/ance1 /ud5ts 9 a core c\rse at ,h>v>d ?is ye> 7 highly int]e/$ 9 ,greek concepts ( =eign]s & repres5tations ( non-,greeks4 ,s !y p]=m$ a great deal ( rese>*1 bo? ) texts 7e4g41 ,h]odotus7 & ) iconography on vases & co9s1 on h[ ! ,greeks portray$ non-,greeks4 ,at ! same "t1 art hi/orians :o /udy iconography 7 also int]e/$1 & 7 able to use ?is mat]ial4 999999999999 ,,discussion 99 ,index+ & se>*ability ( all ,engli% words 9 ,p]seus 99 ,sev]al features ( ,p]seus #a4j 99 ,sev]al levels ( cu/omization possible 99 ,p]seus us$ = g5]al education 99 ,p]seus' effects on education 99 ,contextual in=mation 9 ,p]seus 99 ,ma9 *all5ge & emphasis ( ,p]seus 99 ,sev]al po9ts em]g$ 9 ! discussion t foll[$ ,,mylonas's pres5tation4 ,al?\gh ,,mylonas _h n demon/rat$ ,p]seus' ability to cross-se>* docum5ts1 %e confirm$ t all ,engli% words 9 ,p]seus are index$ & c be se>*$4 ,s1 = example1 sacrifice c\ld h be5 se>*$ 9 all texts1 ! hi/orical essay1 & all ! catalogue entries ) _! descriptions--9 %ort1 9 all ( ,p]seus4 ,boolean logic is n 9 ,p]seus #a4j b w be add$ to ! next v]sion1 al?\gh an ef=t is be+ made n to re/rict ,p]seus to a database 9 :i* "o j p]=ms se>*+1 ,boolean or o!rwise4 ,x is possible to move lat]ally ?r\gh ! docum5ts by select+ a ^w "o is int]e/$ 9 & select+ an area ( in=mation "o is int]e/$ 9 & try+ to look t ^w up 9 t area4 ,s9ce ,p]seus 0 develop$ 9 ,hyper,card1 sev]al levels ( cu/omization are possible4 ,simple au?or+ tools exi/ t all[ "o to create annotat$ pa?s ?r\gh ! in=mation1 :i* are useful = note-tak+ & = guid$ t\rs = tea*+ purposes & = expository writ+4 ,) a little m +5uity x is possible to beg9 to add or sub/itute mat]ial 9 ,p]seus4 ,p]seus has n be5 us$ s mu* = classics education z = g5]al education1 :]e x seem$ to h an impact on ! /ud5ts 9 ! core c\rse at ,h>v>d 7a g5]al requir$ c\rse t /ud5ts mu/ take 9 c]ta9 areas74 ,/ud5ts 7 able to use prim>y mat]ial mu* m4 ,! ,p]seus ,project has an evaluation team at ! ,univ]sity ( ,m>yl& t has be5 docum5t+ ,p]seus' effects on education4 ,p]seus is v popul>1 & anecdotal evid5ce indicates t x is hav+ an effect at places o!r ?an ,h>v>d1 = example1 te/ sites at ,ball ,/ate ,univ]sity1 ,drury ,college1 & num]\s small places :]e opportunities to use va/ am\nts ( prim>y data may n exi/4 ,"o docum5t$ effect is t ar*aeological1 an?ropological1 & philological rese>* is be+ done by ! same p]son in/ead ( by ?ree diff]5t p4 ,! contextual in=mation 9 ,p]seus includes an ov]view essay1 a fairly l9e> hi/orical essay on ! fif? c5tury ,b4,c4 t provides l9ks into ! prim>y mat]ial 7e4g41 ,h]odotus1 ,?ucydides1 & ,plut>*71 via small gray und]scor+ 7on ! scre57 ( l9k$ passages4 ,^! are h&made l9ks into o!r mat]ial4 ,to diff]5t ext5ts1 mo/ ( ! production "w 0 done at ,h>v>d1 :]e ! p & ! equipm5t are locat$4 ,mu* ( ! collaborative activity involv$ data collection & /ructur+1 because ! ma9 *all5ge & ! emphasis ( ,p]seus is ! ga!r+ ( prim>y mat]ial1 t is1 build+ a useful environm5t = /udy+ classical ,greece1 collect+ data1 & mak+ x useful4 ,sy/ems-build+ is def9itely n ! ma9 conc]n4 ,?us1 mu* ( ! "w has involv$ writ+ essays1 collect+ in=mation1 rewrit+ x1 & tagg+ x4 ,t c be done (f site4 ,! creative l9k = ! ov]view essay z well z = bo? sy/ems & data 0 collaborative1 & 0 =g$ via ,e-mail & pap] mail ) pr(essors at ,pomona & ,b[do94 999999999999 ,,calaluca 99 ,,pld's pr9cipal focus & contribution to s*ol>%ip 99 ,v>i\s que/ions prep>atory to beg9n+ ! project 99 ,basis = project 99 ,basic rule 9 conv]t+ ,,pld 99 ,conc]n+ ! images 9 ,,pld 99 ,runn+ ,,pld "u a v>iety ( retrieval s(tw>es 99 ,encod+ ! database a h>d-f\ght issue 99 ,v>i\s features demon/rat$ 99 ,importance ( us] docum5tation 99 ,limitations ( ! ,,cd-,,rom v]sion 99 ,eric ,,calaluca1 vice presid5t1 ,*adwyck-,healey1 ,inc41 demon/rat$ a s(tw>e int]pretation ( ! ,patrologia ,lat9a ,database 7,,pld74 ,,pld's pr9cipal focus f ! beg9n+ ( ! project ab\t ?ree-&-a-half ye>s ago 0 on conv]t+ ,migne's ,lat9 s]ies1 & 9 ! end1 ,,calaluca sugge/$1 conv]sion ( ! text w be ! major contribution to s*ol>%ip4 ,,calaluca /ress$ t1 z possibly ! only private publi%+ organization at ! ,work%op1 ,*adwyck-,healey _h s\ght no f$]al funds or national f\ndation support be=e emb>k+ ^u ! project1 b in/ead _h reli$ ^u a great deal ( homework & m>ket+ to accompli% ! task ( conv]sion4 ,ev] s9ce ! possibilities ( comput]-se>*+ h em]g$1 s*ol>s 9 ! field ( late anci5t & e>ly m$ieval /udies 7philosoph]s1 !ologians1 classici/s1 & ^? /udy+ ! hi/ory ( natural law & ! hi/ory ( ! legal developm5t ( ,we/]n civilization7 h be5 long+ = a fully se>*able v]sion ( ,we/]n lit]ature1 = example1 all ! texts ( ,augu/9e & ,b]n>d ( ,clairvaux & ,boe?ius1 n to m5tion all ! second>y & t]ti>y au?ors4 ,v>i\s que/ions arose1 ,,calaluca said4 ,%\ld "o conv]t ,migne8 ,%\ld ! database be encod$8 ,is x necess>y to d t8 ,h[ %\ld x be deliv]$8 ,:at ab\t ,,cd-,,rom8 ,s9ce ?is is a transitional m$ium1 :y ev5 bo!r to create s(tw>e to run on a ,,cd-,,rom8 ,s9ce ev]ybody kn[s p w be network+ in=mation1 :y g to ! tr\ble--:i* is f> great] ) ,,cd-,,rom ?an ) ! production ( magnetic data8 ,f9ally1 h[ does "o make ! data available8 ,c _m ( ! hurdles to us+ electronic in=mation t "s publi%]s h impos$ ^u databases be elim9at$8 ,! ,,pld project 0 bas$ on ! pr9ciple t comput]-se>*+ ( texts is mo/ effective :5 x is done ) a l>ge database4 ,because ,,pld repres5t$ a collection t s]ves s _m discipl9es across s _m p]iods1 x 0 irresi/ible4 ,! basic rule 9 conv]t+ ,,pld 0 to d no h>m1 to avoid ! s9s ( intrusion 9 su* a database3 no introduction ( new] editions1 no on-!-spot *anges1 no eradicat+ ( all possible falsehoods f an edition4 ,?us1 ,,pld is n ! f9al act 9 electronic publi%+ = ?is discipl9e1 b simply ! beg9n+4 ,! conv]sion ( ,,pld has evok$ num]\s unanticipat$ que/ions3 ,h[ w in=mation be us$8 ,:at ab\t network+8 ,c ! rights ( a database be protect$8 ,%\ld "o protect ! rights ( a database8 ,h[ c x be made available8 ,^? conv]t+ ,,pld also tri$ to avoid ! s9s ( omission1 t is1 exclud+ portions ( ! collections or :ole sections4 ,:at ab\t ! images8 ,,pld is full ( images1 "s are extremely pi\s n9ete5?-c5tury repres5tations ( ! ,fa!rs1 :ile o!rs conta9 highly int]e/+ elem5ts4 ,! goal 0 to cov] all ! text ( ,migne 7includ+ notes1 9 ,greek & 9 ,hebrew1 ! latt] ( :i*1 9 p>ticul>1 causes problems 9 creat+ a se>* /ructure71 all ! indices1 & ev5 ! images1 :i* are be+ scann$ 9 sep>ately se>*able files4 ,sev]al ,nor? ,am]ican in/itutions t h plac$ acquisition reque/s = ! ,,pld database h reque/$ x 9 magnetic =m )\t s(tw>e1 :i* means !y are already runn+ x )\t s(tw>e1 )\t any?+ demon/rat$ at ! ,work%op4 ,:at _c practically be done is g back & reconv]t & re-encode data1 a "t-consum+ & extremely co/ly ent]prise4 ,,calaluca sees ,,pld z a database t c1 & %\ld1 be run "u a v>iety ( retrieval s(tw>es4 ,?is w p]mit ! wide/ possible se>*es4 ,consequ5tly1 ! ne$ to produce a ,,cd-,,rom ( ,,pld1 z well z to develop s(tw>e t c\ld h&le "s #a4c gigabyte ( heavily encod$ text1 develop$ out ( conv]sations ) collection developm5t & ref]5ce libr>ians :o want$ s(tw>e bo? compassionate en\gh = ! p$e/rian b also capable ( incorporat+ ! mo/ detail$ lexicographical /udies t a us] desires to conduct4 ,9 ! end1 ! encod+ & conv]sion ( ! data w prove ! mo/ endur+ te/am5t to ! value ( ! project4 ,! encod+ ( ! database 0 also a h>d-f\ght issue3 ,did ! database ne$ to be encod$8 ,7 !re normative /ructures = encod+ humani/ texts8 ,%\ld x be ,,sgml8 ,:at ab\t ! ,,tei--w x la/1 w x prove useful8 ,,calaluca express$ "s m9or d\bts z to :e!r a data bank c be fully ,,tei-con=mant4 ,e ef=t c be made1 b 9 ! end to be ,,tei-con=mant means to accept ! ne$ to make "s firm encod+ decisions t c1 inde$1 be disput$4 ,! ,,tei po9ts ! publi%] 9 a prop] direction b does n presume to make all ! decisions = him or h]4 ,ess5tially1 ! goal ( encod+ 0 to elim9ate1 z mu* z possible1 ! h9drances to in=mation-network+1 s t if an in/itution acquires a database1 ev]ybody associat$ ) ! in/itution c h access to x4 ,,calaluca demon/rat$ a portion ( ,volume #afj1 because x _h ! mo/ anomalies 9 x4 ,! s(tw>e 0 creat$ by ,electronic ,book ,te*nologies ( ,provid5ce1 ,,ri1 & is call$ ,dynatext4 ,! s(tw>e works only ) ,,sgml-cod$ data4 ,view+ a table ( cont5ts on ! scre51 ! audi5ce saw h[ ,dynatext treats ea* elem5t z a book & attempts to simplify movem5t ?r\gh a volume4 ,famili>ity ) ! ,patrologia 9 pr9t 7i4e41 ! text1 its s\rce1 & ! editions7 w make ! ma*9e-readable v]sions highly useful4 7,s(tw>e ) a ,w9d[s application 0 s\ght = ,,pld1 ,,calaluca said1 because ?is 0 ! ma9 tr5d = s*ol>ly use47 ,,calaluca also demon/rat$ h[ a us] c p]=m a v>iety ( se>*es & quickly move to any "p ( a volume2 ! look-up scre5 provides "s basic1 simple ^w-se>*+4 ,,calaluca argu$ t "o ( ! major difficulties is n ! s(tw>e4 ,r1 9 creat+ a product t w be us$ by s*ol>s repres5t+ a broad spectrum ( comput] sophi/ication1 us] docum5tation proves to be ! mo/ important s]vice "o c provide4 ,,calaluca next illu/rat$ a truncat$ se>* "u my/]ium )9 t5 words ( virtus & h[ "o w\ld be able to f9d its cont5ts ?r\gh\t ! entire database4 ,he said t ! excit+ ?+ ab\t ,,pld is t _m ( ! applications 9 ! retrieval s(tw>e be+ writt5 = x w exce$ ! capabilities ( ! s(tw>e employ$ n[ = ! ,,cd-,,rom v]sion4 ,! ,,cd-,,rom faces g5u9e limitations1 9 t]ms ( spe$ & compreh5siv5ess1 9 ! creation ( a retrieval s(tw>e to run x4 ,,calaluca said he hop$ t individual s*ol>s w d[nload ! data1 if !y wi%1 to _! p]sonal comput]s1 & h ready access to important texts on a con/ant basis1 :i* !y w be able to use 9 _! rese>* & f :i* !y might ev5 be able to publi%4 7,,calaluca expla9$ t ! blue numb]s repres5t$ ,migne's column numb]s1 :i* are ! /&>d s*ol>ly ref]5ces4 ,pull+ up a note1 he /at$ t ^! texts 7 heavily edit$ & ! image files w\ld appe> simply z a note z well1 s t "o c\ld quickly access an image47 999999999999 ,,fleis*hau]_/,,erway 99 ,sev]al problems ) :i* ,,am is /ill wre/l+ 99 ,v>i\s se>* & retrieval capabilities 99 ,illu/ration ( automatic /emm+ & a truncat$ se>* 99 ,,am's attempt to f9d ways to connect catalog+ to ! texts 99 ,,am's gravitation t[>ds ,,sgml 99 ,/rik+ a balance betwe5 quantity & quality 99 ,h[ ,,am furni%es us]s rec\rse to images 99 ,conduct+ a se>* 9 a full-text environm5t 99 ,mac9to% & ,,ibm prototypes ( ,,am 99 ,multim$ia aspects ( ,,am 99 ,a demon/ration ( ,am]ican ,memory by its coord9ator1 ,c>l ,,fleis*hau]1 & ,ricky ,,erway1 associate coord9ator1 ,libr>y ( ,congress1 conclud$ ! morn+ session4 ,beg9n+ ) a collection ( broadsides f ! ,cont95tal ,congress & ! ,con/itutional ,conv5tion1 ! only text collection 9 a pres5table =m at ! "t ( ! ,work%op1 ,,fleis*hau] highlight$ sev]al ( ! problems ) :i* ,,am is /ill wre/l+4 7,9 its f9al =m1 ! disk w conta9 two collections1 n only ! broadsides b also ! full text ) illu/rations ( a set ( approximately #cjj ,african-,am]ican pamphlets f ! p]iod #ahgj to #aiaj47 ,z ,,freeman _h expla9$ e>li]1 ,,am has attempt$ to use a small am\nt ( int]pretation to introduce collections4 ,9 ! pres5t case1 ! contractor1 a company nam$ ,quick ,s\rce1 9 ,silv] ,spr+1 ,,md41 us$ s(tw>e call$ ,toolbook & put toge!r a mode/ly int]active introduction to ! collection4 ,l ! two prec$+ speak]s1 ,,fleis*hau] argu$ t ! real asset 0 ! und]ly+ collection4 ,,fleis*hau] proce$$ to describe v>i\s se>* & retrieval capabilities :ile ,,erway work$ ! comput]4 ,9 ?is p>ticul> package ! g to pull-d[n all[$ ! us] 9 effect to jump out ( ,toolbook1 :]e ! int]active program 0 locat$1 & ent] ! ?ird-p>ty s(tw>e us$ by ,,am = ?is text collection1 :i* is call$ ,p]sonal ,libr>ian4 ,?is 0 ! ,w9d[s v]sion ( ,p]sonal ,libr>ian1 a s(tw>e application put toge!r by a company 9 ,rockville1 ,md4 ,s9ce ! broadsides came f ! ,revolution>y ,w> p]iod1 a se>* 0 conduct$ us+ ! words ,briti% or w>1 ) ! default op]ator reset z or4 ,,fleis*hau] demon/rat$ bo? automatic /emm+ 7:i* f9ds o!r =ms ( ! same root7 & a truncat$ se>*4 ,"o ( ,p]sonal ,libr>ian's /ronge/ features1 ! relevance rank+1 0 repres5t$ by a *>t t indicat$ h[ (t5 words be+ s\ght appe>$ 9 docum5ts1 ) ! "o receiv+ ! mo/ hits obta9+ ! highe/ score4 ,! hit li/ t is suppli$ takes ! relevance rank+ into acc\nt1 mak+ ! fir/ hit1 9 effect1 ! "o ! s(tw>e has select$ z ! mo/ relevant example4 ,:ile 9 ! text ( "o ( ! broadside docum5ts1 ,,fleis*hau] rem>k$ ,,am's attempt to f9d ways to connect catalog+ to ! texts1 :i* x does 9 diff]5t ways 9 diff]5t manife/ations4 ,9 ! case %[n1 ! catalog+ 0 pa/$ on3 ,,am took ,,m>c records t 7 writt5 z on-l9e records "r into "o ( ! ,libr>y's ma9frame retrieval programs1 pull$ !m out1 & h&$ !m (f to ! contractor1 :o massag$ !m some:at to display !m 9 ! mann] %[n4 ,"o ( ,,am's que/ions is1 ,does ! catalogu+ normally p]=m$ 9 ! ma9frame "w 9 ?is context1 or _h ,,am ought to ?9k ?r\gh adju/m5ts8 ,,fleis*hau] made ! additional po9t t1 z f> z ! text goes1 ,,am has gravitat$ t[>ds ,,sgml 7he po9t$ to ! boldface 9 ! upp] "p ( ! scre574 ,al?\gh extremely limit$ 9 its ability to translate or int]pret ,,sgml1 ,p]sonal ,libr>ian w furni% bo? bold & italics on scre52 a fairly easy ?+ to d1 b x is "o ( ! ways 9 :i* ,,sgml is useful4 ,/rik+ a balance betwe5 quantity & quality has be5 a major conc]n ( ,,am1 ) accuracy be+ "o ( ! places :]e project /aff h felt t less ?an #ajj-p]c5t accuracy 0 n unacceptable4 ,,fleis*hau] cit$ ! example ( ! /&>d ( ! rekey+ indu/ry1 namely #ii4ie p]c5t2 z "o s]vice bureau in=m$ him1 to g f #ii4ie to #ajj p]c5t w\ld d\ble ! co/4 ,,fleis*hau] next demon/rat$ h[ ,,am furni%es us]s rec\rse to images1 & at ! same "t recall$ ,,lesk's po9t$ "q conc]n+ ! numb] ( p :o w\ld look at ^? images & ! numb] :o w\ld "w only ) ! text4 ,if ! implication ( ,,lesk's "q 0 s\nd1 ,,fleis*hau] said1 x rais$ ! /akes = text accuracy & r$uc$ ! value ( ! /rategy = images4 ,cont5d+ t pres]vation is always a bugaboo1 ,,fleis*hau] demon/rat$ sev]al images d]iv$ f a scan ( a pres]vation micr(ilm t ,,am _h made4 ,he aw>d$ a grade ( ,c at be/1 p]haps a ,c m9us or a ,c plus1 = h[ well x work$ out4 ,inde$1 ! matt] ( le>n+ if o!r p _h bett] ideas ab\t scann+ 9 g5]al1 &1 9 p>ticul>1 scann+ f micr(ilm1 0 "o ( ! factors t drove ,,am to attempt to ?9k ?r\gh ! ag5da = ! ,work%op4 ,skew1 = example1 0 "o ( ! issues t ,,am 9 its ignorance _h n reckon$ w\ld prove s difficult4 ,fur!r1 ! h&l+ ( images ( ! sort %[n1 9 a desktop comput] environm5t1 involv$ a consid]able am\nt ( zoom+ & scroll+4 ,ultimately1 ,,am /aff feel t p]haps ! pap] copy t is pr9t$ out might be ! mo/ useful "o1 b !y rema9 unc]ta9 z to h[ mu* on-scre5 read+ us]s w d4 ,return+ to ! text1 ,,fleis*hau] ask$ view]s to imag9e a p]son :o might be conduct+ a se>* 9 a full-text environm5t4 ,) ?is sc5>io1 he proce$$ to illu/rate o!r features ( ,p]sonal ,libr>ian t he consid]$ helpful2 = example1 x provides ! ability to notice words z "o reads4 ,click+ ! include button on ! bottom ( ! se>* w9d[ pops ! words t h be5 highlight$ into ! se>*4 ,?us1 a us] c ref9e ! se>* z he or %e reads1 re-execut+ ! se>* & cont9u+ to f9d ?+s 9 ! que/ = mat]ials4 ,?is s(tw>e n only conta9s relevance rank+1 ,boolean op]ators1 & truncation1 x also p]mits "o to p]=m ^w algebra1 s to say1 :]e "o puts two or ?ree words 9 p>5!ses & l9ks !m ) "o ,boolean op]ator & !n a c\ple ( words 9 ano!r set ( p>5!ses & asks = ?+s )9 s _m words ( o!rs4 ,until !y became acqua9t$ rec5tly ) "s ( ! "w be+ done 9 classics1 ! ,,am /aff _h n realiz$ t a l>ge numb] ( ! projects t involve electronic texts 7 be+ done by p ) a pr(\nd int]e/ 9 language & l+ui/ics4 ,_! se>* /rategies & ?9k+ are ori5t$ to ^? fields1 z is %[n 9 p>ticul> by ! ,p]seus example4 ,z amateur hi/orians1 ! ,,am /aff 7 ?9k+ m ( se>*+ = concepts & ideas ?an = p>ticul> words4 ,obvi\sly1 ,,fleis*hau] conc$$1 se>*+ = concepts & ideas & se>*+ = words may be two r closely relat$ ?+s4 ,:ile display+ sev]al images1 ,,fleis*hau] obs]v$ t ! ,mac9to% prototype built by ,,am conta9s a great] div]sity ( =mats4 ,e*o+ a previ\s speak]1 he said t x 0 easi] to /it* ?+s toge!r 9 ! ,mac9to%1 ?\gh x t5d$ to be a little m anemic 9 se>* & retrieval4 ,,am1 !re=e1 increas+ly has be5 inve/igat+ sophi/icat$ retrieval eng9es 9 ! ,,ibm =mat4 ,,fleis*hau] demon/rat$ sev]al additional examples ( ! prototype int]faces3 ,"o 0 ,,am's metaphor = ! network future1 9 :i* a k9d ( read+-room graphic sugge/s h[ "o w\ld be able to g ar\nd to diff]5t mat]ials4 ,,am conta9s a l>ge numb] ( photographs 9 analog video =m work$ up f a videodisc1 :i* enable us]s to make copies to pr9t or incorporate 9 digital docum5ts4 ,a frame-grabb] is built into ! sy/em1 mak+ x possible to br+ an image into a w9d[ & digitize or pr9t x out4 ,,fleis*hau] next demon/rat$ s\nd record+1 :i* includ$ texts4 ,recycl$ f a previ\s project1 ! collection includ$ sixty #gh-rpm phonograph records ( political spee*es t 7 made dur+ & imm$iately aft] ,_w ,w> ,i4 ,^! con/itut$ approximately ?ree h\rs ( audio1 z ,,am has digitiz$ x1 :i* occupy #aej megabytes on a ,,cd4 ,?us1 !y are consid]ably compress$4 ,f ! catalogue c>d1 ,,fleis*hau] proce$$ to a transcript ( a spee* ) ! audio available & ) highlight$ text foll[+ x z x play$4 ,a photograph has be5 add$ & a transcription made4 ,consid]able value has be5 add$ beyond :at ! ,libr>y ( ,congress normally w\ld d 9 catalogu+ a s\nd record+1 :i* raises sev]al que/ions = ,,am conc]n+ :]e to draw l9es ab\t h[ mu* value x c af=d to add & at :at po9t1 p]haps1 ?is becomes m ?an ,,am c\ld reasonably d or reasonably wi% to d4 ,,fleis*hau] also demon/rat$ a motion picture4 ,z ,,freeman _h report$ e>li]1 ! motion picture mat]ials h prov$ ! mo/ popul>1 n surpris+ly4 ,?is says m ab\t ! m$ium1 he ?\ght1 ?an ab\t ,,am's pres5tation ( x4 ,because ,,am's goal 0 to br+ toge!r ?+s t c\ld be us$ by hi/orians or by p :o 7 curi\s ab\t hi/ory1 turn-(-!-c5tury footage seem$ to repres5t ! mo/ appropriate collections f ! ,libr>y ( ,congress 9 motion pictures4 ,^! 7 ! v fir/ films made by ,?omas ,edison's company & "s o!rs at t "t4 ,! p>ticul> example illu/rat$ 0 a ,biograph film1 br\ght 9 ) a frame-grabb] into a w9d[4 ,a s+le videodisc conta9s ab\t fifty titles & pieces ( film f t p]iod1 all ( ,new ,york ,city4 ,tak5 toge!r1 ,,am believes1 !y provide an int]e/+ docum5t>y res\rce4 999999999999 ,,discussion 99 ,us+ ! frame-grabb] 9 ,,am 99 ,volume ( mat]ial process$ & to be process$ 99 ,purpose ( ,,am )9 ,,lc 99 ,catalogu+ & ! nature ( ,,am's mat]ial 99 ,,sgml cod+ & ! "q ( quality v]sus quantity 99 ,dur+ ! "q-&-answ] p]iod t foll[$ ,,fleis*hau]'s pres5tation1 sev]al cl>ifications 7 made4 ,,am is br++ 9 motion pictures f a videodisc4 ,! frame-grabb] devices create a w9d[ on a comput] scre51 :i* p]mits us]s to digitize a s+le frame ( ! movie or "o ( ! photographs4 ,x produces a crude1 r\gh-&-ready image t high s*ool /ud5ts c incorporate into pap]s1 & t has work$ v nicely 9 ?is way4 ,comm5t+ on ,,fleis*hau]'s ass]tion t ,,am 0 look+ m at se>*+ ideas ?an words1 ,,mylonas argu$ t )\t words an idea does n exi/4 ,,fleis*hau] conc$$ t he ought to h articulat$ 8 po9t m cle>ly4 ,,mylonas /at$ t !y 7 9 fact bo? talk+ ab\t ! same ?+4 ,by se>*+ = words & by =c+ p to focus on ! ^w1 ! ,p]seus ,project felt t !y w\ld get !m to ! idea4 ,! way "o reviews results is tailor$ m to "o k9d ( us] ?an ano!r4 ,conc]n+ ! total volume ( mat]ial t has be5 process$ 9 ?is way1 ,,am at ?is po9t has 9 retrievable =m sev5 or eight collections1 all ( !m photographic4 ,9 ! ,mac9to% environm5t1 = example1 !re probably are #ce1jjj-dj1jjj photographs4 ,! s\nd record+s numb] sixty items4 ,! broadsides numb] ab\t #cjj items4 ,!re are #ejj political c>toons 9 ! =m ( draw+s4 ,! motion pictures1 z individual items1 numb] sixty to sev5ty4 ,,am also has a manuscript collection1 ! life hi/ory portion ( "o ( ! f$]al project s]ies1 :i* w conta9 #b1ijj individual docum5ts1 all fir/-p]son n>ratives4 ,,am has 9 process ab\t #cej ,african-,am]ican pamphlets1 or ab\t #ab1jjj pr9t$ pages = ! p]iod #ahgj-aiaj4 ,also 9 ! works are "s #d1jjj panoramic photographs4 ,,am has recycl$ a fair am\nt ( ! "w done by ,,lc's ,pr9ts & ,photographs ,division dur+ ! ,libr>y's optical disk pilot project 9 ! #aihjs4 ,= example1 a special division ( ,,lc has tool$ up & ?\ght ?r\gh all ! ramifications ( electronic pres5tation ( photographs4 ,inde$1 !y are :eel+ !m out 9 great b>rel loads4 ,! purpose ( ,,am )9 ! ,libr>y1 x is hop$1 is to catalyze sev]al ( ! o!r special collection divisions :i* h no p>ticul> exp]i5ce )1 9 "s cases1 mix$ feel+s ab\t1 an activity su* z ,,am4 ,moreov]1 9 _m cases ! divisions may be *>act]iz$ z n only lack+ exp]i5ce 9 electronify+ ?+s b also 9 automat$ catalogu+4 ,,m>c catalogu+ z practic$ 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates is heavily weight$ t[>d ! description ( monograph & s]ial mat]ials1 b is mu* ?9n] :5 "o ent]s ! _w ( manuscripts & ?+s t are held 9 ! ,libr>y's music collection & o!r units4 ,9 response to a comm5t by ,,lesk1 t ,,am's mat]ial is v heavily photographic1 & is s prim>ily because individual records h be5 made = ea* photograph1 ,,fleis*hau] obs]v$ t an item-level catalog record exi/s1 = example1 = ea* photograph 9 ! ,detroit ,publi%+ collection ( #be1jjj pictures4 ,9 ! case ( ! ,f$]al ,writ]s ,project1 = :i* ne>ly #c1jjj docum5ts exi/1 repres5t+ in=mation f tw5ty-six diff]5t /ates1 ,,am ) ! assi/ance ( ,k>5 ,,/u>t ( ! ,manuscript ,division w attempt to f9d "s way n only to h a collection-level record b p]haps a ,,m>c record = ea* /ate1 :i* w !n s]ve z an umbrella = ! #ajj-bjj docum5ts t come "u x4 ,b t drama rema9s to be enact$4 ,! ,,am /aff is cons]vative & cl+s to catalogu+1 ?\gh ( c\rse visitors t\t artificial intellig5ce & neural networks 9 a mann] t sugge/s t p]haps "o ne$ n h catalogu+ or t mu* ( x c\ld be put aside4 ,! matt] ( ,,sgml cod+1 ,,fleis*hau] conc$$1 return$ ! discussion to ! e>li] treat$ "q ( quality v]sus quantity 9 ! ,libr>y ( ,congress4 ,( c\rse1 text conv]sion c be done ) #ajj-p]c5t accuracy1 b x means t :5 "o's hold+s are z va/ z ,,lc's only a t9y am\nt w be expos$1 :]eas p]mitt+ l[] levels ( accuracy c lead to expos+ or %>+ l>g] am\nts1 b ) ! quality correspond+ly impair$4 999999999999 ,,twohig 99 ,a contr>y exp]i5ce conc]n+ electronic options 99 ,volume ( mat]ial 9 ! ,wa%+ton pap]s & a sugge/ion ( ,david ,pack>d 99 ,implications ( ,pack>d's sugge/ion 99 ,transcrib+ ! docum5ts = ! ,,cd-,,rom 99 ,accuracy ( transcriptions 99 ,! ,,cd-,,rom edition ( ! ,f\nd+ ,fa!rs docum5ts 99 ,f9d+ enc\ragem5t 9 a comm5t ( ,,mi*elson's f ! morn+ session--t num]\s p 9 ! humanities 7 *oos+ electronic options to d _! "w--,doro?y ,,twohig1 editor1 ,! ,pap]s ( ,george ,wa%+ton1 op5$ h] illu/rat$ talk by not+ t h] exp]i5ce ) lit]>y s*ol>s & num]\s p 9 edit+ 0 contr>y to ,,mi*elson's4 ,,twohig emphasiz$ lit]>y s*ol>s' complete ignorance ( ! te*nological options available to !m or _! reluctance or1 9 "s cases1 _! d[nright ho/ility t[>d ^! options4 ,aft] provid+ an ov]view ( ! five ,f\nd+ ,fa!rs projects 7,jeff]son at ,pr9ceton1 ,frankl9 at ,yale1 ,john ,adams at ! ,massa*usetts ,hi/orical ,society1 & ,madison d[n ! hall f h] at ! ,univ]sity ( ,virg9ia71 ,,twohig obs]v$ t ! ,wa%+ton pap]s1 l all ( ! projects1 include bo? sides ( ! ,wa%+ton correspond5ce & deal ) "s #ace1jjj docum5ts to be publi%$ ) ext5sive annotation 9 eighty to eighty-five volumes1 a project t w n be complet$ until well into ! next c5tury4 ,?us1 x 0 ) consid]able en?usiasm sev]al ye>s ago t ! ,wa%+ton ,pap]s ,project 7,,wpp7 greet$ ,david ,pack>d's sugge/ion t ! pap]s ( ! ,f\nd+ ,fa!rs c\ld be publi%$ easily & inexp5sively1 & to ! great b5efit ( ,am]ican s*ol>%ip1 via ,,cd-,,rom4 ,9 pragmatic t]ms1 fund+ f ! ,pack>d ,f\ndation w\ld exp$ite ! transcription ( ?\s&s ( docum5ts wait+ to be put on disk 9 ! ,,wpp (fices4 ,fur!r1 s9ce ! co/s ( collect+1 edit+1 & conv]t+ ! ,f\nd+ ,fa!rs docum5ts into lett]press editions 7 runn+ into ! millions ( doll>s1 & ! consid]able /affs involv$ 9 all ( ^! projects 7 devot+ _! c>e]s to produc+ ! "w1 ! ,pack>d ,f\ndation's sugge/ion _h a revolution>y aspect3 ,transcriptions ( ! entire corpus ( ! ,f\nd+ ,fa!rs pap]s w\ld be available on ,,cd-,,rom to public & college libr>ies1 ev5 high s*ools1 at a fraction ( ! co/-- #ajj-aej = ! annual lic5se fee--to produce a limit$ univ]sity press run ( #a1jjj ( ea* volume ( ! publi%$ pap]s at #de-aej p] pr9t$ volume4 ,giv5 ! curr5t budget crun* 9 educational sy/ems & ! correspond+ con/ra9ts on libr>ians 9 small] in/itutions :o wi% to add ^! volumes to _! collections1 produc+ ! docum5ts on ,,cd-,,rom w\ld likely op5 a greatly exp&$ audi5ce = ! pap]s4 ,,twohig /ress$1 h[ev]1 t developm5t ( ! ,f\nd+ ,fa!rs ,,cd-,,rom is /ill 9 its infancy4 ,s]i\s s(tw>e problems rema9 to be resolv$ be=e ! mat]ial c be put into readable =m4 ,fund+ f ! ,pack>d ,f\ndation result$ 9 a major pu% to transcribe ! #ge1jjj or s docum5ts ( ! ,wa%+ton pap]s rema9+ to be transcrib$ onto comput] disks4 ,slides illu/rat$ sev]al ( ! problems enc\nt]$1 = example1 ! pres5t inability ( ,,cd-,,rom to indicate ! cross-outs 7delet$ mat]ial7 9 eighte5? c5tury docum5ts4 ,,twohig next describ$ docum5ts f v>i\s p]iods 9 ! eighte5? c5tury t h be5 transcrib$ 9 *ronological ord] & deliv]$ to ! ,pack>d (fices 9 ,cali=nia1 :]e !y are conv]t$ to ! ,,cd-,,rom1 a process t is expect$ to consume five ye>s to complete 7t is1 reckon+ f ,david ,pack>d's sugge/ion made sev]al ye>s ago1 until ab\t ,july #aiid74 ,,twohig f\nd an enc\rag+ indication ( ! project's b5efits 9 ! ongo+ use made by s*ol>s ( ! se>* functions ( ! ,,cd-,,rom1 p>ticul>ly 9 r$uc+ ! "t sp5t 9 manually turn+ ! pages ( ! ,wa%+ton pap]s4 ,,twohig next furni%$ details conc]n+ ! accuracy ( transcriptions4 ,= in/ance1 ! ins]tion ( ?\s&s ( docum5ts on ! ,,cd-,,rom curr5tly does n p]mit ea* docum5t to be v]ifi$ aga9/ ! orig9al manuscript sev]al times z 9 ! case ( docum5ts t appe> 9 ! publi%$ edition4 ,h[ev]1 ! transcriptions receive a cursory *eck = obvi\s typos1 ! misspell+s ( prop] names1 & o!r errors f ! ,,wpp ,,cd-,,rom editor4 ,ev5tually1 all docum5ts t appe> 9 ! electronic v]sion w be *eck$ by project editors4 ,al?\gh ?is process has met ) opposition f "s ( ! editors on ! gr\nds t imp]fect "w may leave _! (fices1 ! advantages 9 mak+ ?is mat]ial available z a rese>* tool outweigh fe>s ab\t ! misspell+ ( prop] names & o!r relatively m9or editorial matt]s4 ,completion ( all five ,f\nd+ ,fa!rs projects 7i4e41 retrievability & se>*ability ( all ( ! docum5ts by prop] names1 alt]nate spell+s1 or v>ieties ( subjects7 w provide "o ( ! ri*e/ s\rces ( ?is size = ! hi/ory ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates 9 ! latt] "p ( ! eighte5? c5tury4 ,fur!r1 publication on ,,cd-,,rom w all[ editors to include ev5 m9utiae1 su* z laundry li/s1 n includ$ 9 ! pr9t$ volumes4 ,x seems possible t ! ext5sive annotation provid$ 9 ! pr9t$ volumes ev5tually w be add$ to ! ,,cd-,,rom edition1 p5d+ negotiations ) ! publi%]s ( ! pap]s4 ,at ! mom5t1 ! ,f\nd+ ,fa!rs ,,cd-,,rom is accessible only on ! ,,ibycus1 a comput] develop$ out ( ! ,!saurus ,l+uae ,graecae project & design$ = ! use ( classical s*ol>s4 ,!re are p]haps #djj ,,ibycus comput]s 9 ! c\ntry1 mo/ ( :i* are 9 univ]sity classics dep>tm5ts4 ,ultimately1 x is anticipat$ t ! ,,cd-,,rom edition ( ! ,f\nd+ ,fa!rs docum5ts w run on any ,,ibm-compatible or ,mac9to% comput] ) a ,,cd-,,rom drive4 ,num]\s *anges 9 ! s(tw>e w also occur be=e ! project is complet$4 7,editor's note3 an ,,ibycus 0 unavailable to demon/rate ! ,,cd-,,rom47 999999999999 ,,discussion 99 ,sev]al additional features ( ,,wpp cl>ifi$ 99 ,discussion foll[+ ,,twohig's pres5tation s]v$ to cl>ify sev]al additional features1 includ+ 7#a7 t ! project's prim>y intellectual product consi/s 9 ! electronic transcription ( ! mat]ial2 7#b7 t ! text transmitt$ to ! ,,cd-,,rom p is n m>k$ up2 7#c7 t catalog+ & subject-index+ ( ! mat]ial rema9 to be work$ out 7?\gh at ?is po9t mat]ial c be retriev$ by "n72 & 7#d7 t because all ! se>*+ is done 9 ! h>dw>e1 ! ,,ibycus is design$ to read a ,,cd-,,rom :i* conta9s only sequ5tial text files4 ,te*nically1 x !n becomes v easy to read ! mat]ial (f & put x on ano!r device4 999999999999 ,,lebron 99 ,ov]view ( ! hi/ory ( ! jo9t project betwe5 ,,aaas & ,,oclc 99 ,sev]al practices ! on-l9e environm5t %>es ) traditional publi%+ on h>d copy 99 ,sev]al te*nical & behavioral b>ri]s to electronic publi%+ 99 ,h[ ,,aaas & ,,oclc arriv$ at ! subject ( cl9ical trials 99 ,advantages ( ! electronic =mat & o!r features ( ,,ojcct 99 ,an illu/rat$ t\r ( ! j\rnal 99 ,m>ia ,,lebron1 manag+ editor1 ,! ,onl9e ,j\rnal ( ,curr5t ,cl9ical ,trials 7,,ojcct71 pres5t$ an illu/rat$ ov]view ( ! hi/ory ( ! jo9t project betwe5 ! ,am]ican ,association = ! ,advancem5t ( ,sci5ce 7,,aaas7 & ! ,onl9e ,comput] ,libr>y ,c5t]1 ,inc4 7,,oclc74 ,! jo9t v5ture betwe5 ,,aaas & ,,oclc owes its beg9n+ to a reorganization laun*$ by ! new *ief executive (fic] at ,,oclc ab\t ?ree ye>s ago & comb9es ! /r5g?s ( ^! two disp>ate organizations4 ,9 %ort1 ,,ojcct repres5ts ! process ( s*ol>ly publi%+ on l9e4 ,,lebron next discuss$ sev]al practices ! on-l9e environm5t %>es ) traditional publi%+ on h>d copy--= example1 pe] review ( manuscripts--t are highly important 9 ! academic _w4 ,,lebron not$ 9 p>ticul> ! implications ( citation c\nts = t5ure committees & grants committees4 ,9 ! traditional h>d-copy environm5t1 citation c\nts are readily demon/rable1 :]eas ! on-l9e environm5t repres5ts an e!real m$ium to mo/ academics4 ,,lebron rem>k$ sev]al te*nical & behavioral b>ri]s to electronic publi%+1 = in/ance1 ! problems 9 transmission creat$ by special *>act]s or by complex graphics & halftones4 ,9 addition1 %e not$ economic limitations su* z ! /orage co/s ( ma9ta9+ back issues & m>ket or audi5ce education4 ,manuscripts _c be upload$ to ,,ojcct1 ,,lebron expla9$1 because x is n a bullet9 bo>d or ,e-mail1 =ms ( electronic transmission ( in=mation t h creat$ an ambi5ce cl\d+ p's und]/&+ ( :at ! j\rnal is attempt+ to d4 ,,ojcct1 :i* publi%es pe]-review$ m$ical articles deal+ ) ! subject ( cl9ical trials1 includes text1 tabul> mat]ial1 & graphics1 al?\gh at ?is "t x c transmit only l9e illu/rations4 ,next1 ,,lebron describ$ h[ ,,aaas & ,,oclc arriv$ at ! subject ( cl9ical trials3 ,x is #a7 a highly /ati/ical discipl9e t #b7 does n require halftones b c satisfy ! ne$s ( its audi5ce ) l9e illu/rations & graphic mat]ial1 & #c7 !re is a ne$ = ! spe$y dissem9ation ( high-quality rese>* results4 ,cl9ical trials are rese>* activities t involve ! adm9i/ration ( a te/ treatm5t to "s exp]im5tal unit 9 ord] to te/ its usefulness be=e x is made available to ! g5]al population4 ,,lebron proce$$ to give additional in=mation on ,,ojcct conc]n+ its editor-9-*ief1 editorial bo>d1 editorial cont5t1 & ! types ( articles x publi%es 7includ+ pe]-review$ rese>* reports & reviews71 z well z features %>$ by o!r traditional h>d-copy j\rnals4 ,among ! advantages ( ! electronic =mat are fa/] dissem9ation ( in=mation1 includ+ raw data1 & ! abs5ce ( space con/ra9ts because pages d n exi/4 7,?is latt] fact creates an int]e/+ situation :5 x comes to citations47 ,nor are !re any issues4 ,,aaas's capacity to d[nload mat]ials directly f ! j\rnal to a subscrib]'s pr9t]1 h>d drive1 or floppy disk helps ensure highly accurate transcription4 ,o!r features ( ,,ojcct include on-scre5 al]ts t all[ l9kage ( subsequ5tly publi%$ docum5ts to ! orig9al docum5ts2 on-l9e se>*+ by subject1 au?or1 title1 etc42 index+ ( e s+le ^w t appe>s 9 an article2 view+ access to an article by compon5t 7ab/ract1 full text1 or graphs72 numb]$ p>agraphs to replace page c\nts2 publication 9 ,sci5ce e ?irty days ( index+ ( all articles publi%$ 9 ! j\rnal2 typeset-quality scre5s2 & ,hyp]text l9ks t enable subscrib]s to br+ up ,m$l9e ab/racts directly )\t leav+ ! j\rnal4 ,aft] detail+ ! two prim>y ways to ga9 access to ! j\rnal1 ?r\gh ! ,,oclc network & ,compus]v if "o desires graphics or ?r\gh ! ,int]net if j an ,,ascii file is desir$1 ,,lebron illu/rat$ ! spe$y editorial process & ! cod+ ( ! docum5t us+ ,,sgml tags aft] x has be5 accept$ = publication4 ,%e also gave an illu/rat$ t\r ( ! j\rnal1 its se>*-&-retrieval capabilities 9 p>ticul>1 b also includ+ problems associat$ ) scann+ 9 illu/rations1 & ! importance ( on-scre5 al]ts to ! m$ical pr(ession re retractions or corrections1 or m frequ5tly1 editorials1 lett]s to ! editors1 or foll[-up reports4 ,%e clos$ by invit+ ! audi5ce to jo9 ,,aaas on #a ,july1 :5 ,,ojcct 0 s*$ul$ to g on-l9e4 999999999999 ,,discussion 99 ,additional features ( ,,ojcct 99 ,9 ! l5g?y discussion t foll[$ ,,lebron's pres5tation1 ^! po9ts em]g$3 99 ,! ,,sgml text c be tailor$ z us]s wi%4 99 ,all ^! articles h a fairly simple docum5t def9ition4 99 ,docum5t-type def9itions 7,d,t,ds7 7 develop$ & giv5 to ,,ojcct = cod+4 99 ,no articles w be remov$ f ! j\rnal4 7,because !re are no back issues1 !re are no lo/ issues ei!r4 ,once a subscrib] logs onto ! j\rnal he or %e has access n only to ! curr5tly publi%$ mat]ials1 b retrospectively to ev]y?+ t has be5 publi%$ 9 x4 ,?us ! table ( cont5ts gr[s bigg]4 ,! date ( publication s]ves to di/+ui% betwe5 curr5tly publi%$ mat]ials & old] mat]ials47 99 ,! pric+ sy/em = ! j\rnal resembles t = mo/ m$ical j\rnals3 = #aiib1 #ie = a ye>1 plus telecommunications *>ges 7!re are no connect "t *>ges72 = #aiic1 #aaj = ! entire ye> = s+le us]s1 ?\gh ! j\rnal c be put on a local area network 7,,lan74 ,h[ev]1 only "o p]son c access ! j\rnal at a "t4 ,site lic5ses may come 9 ! future4 99 ,,aaas is work+ closely ) colleagues at ,,oclc to display ma!matical equations on scre54 99 ,)\t compromis+ any /eps 9 ! editorial process1 ! te*nology has r$uc$ ! "t lag betwe5 :5 a manuscript is orig9ally submitt$ & ! "t x is accept$2 ! review process does n diff] greatly f ! /&>d six-to-eight weeks employ$ by _m ( ! h>d-copy j\rnals4 ,! process /ill dep5ds on p4 99 ,z f> z a pres]vation copy is conc]n$1 articles w be ma9ta9$ on ! comput] p]man5tly & subscrib]s1 z "p ( _! subscription1 w receive a micr(i*e-quality ar*ival copy ( ev]y?+ publi%$ dur+ t ye>2 9 addition1 repr9ts c be pur*as$ 9 mu* ! same way z 9 a h>d-copy environm5t4 ,h>d copies are prep>$ b are n ! prim>y m$ium = ! dissem9ation ( ! in=mation4 99 ,because ,,ojcct is n yet on l9e1 x is difficult to "k h[ _m p w\ld simply br[se ?r\gh ! j\rnal on ! scre5 z oppos$ to d[nload+ ! :ole ?+ & pr9t+ x out2 a mix ( bo? types ( us]s likely w result4 999999999999 ,,p]sonius 99 ,developm5ts 9 te*nology ov] ! pa/ decade 99 ,! ,,class ,project 99 ,advantages = te*nology & = ! ,,class ,project 99 ,develop+ a network application an und]ly+ assumption ( ! project 99 ,details ( ! scann+ process 99 ,pr9t-on-dem& copies ( books 99 ,future plans include developm5t ( a br[s+ tool 99 ,lynne ,,p]sonius1 assi/ant director1 ,cornell ,in=mation ,te*nologies = ,s*ol>ly ,in=mation ,s]vices1 ,cornell ,univ]sity1 fir/ comm5t$ on ! trem5d\s impact t developm5ts 9 te*nology ov] ! pa/ t5 ye>s--network+1 9 p>ticul>--h _h on ! way in=mation is h&l$1 & h[1 9 h] own case1 ^! developm5ts h c\nt]balanc$ ,cornell's relative geographical isolation4 ,o!r significant te*nologies include scann]s1 :i* are mu* m sophi/icat$ ?an !y 7 t5 ye>s ago2 mass /orage & ! dramatic sav+s t result f x 9 t]ms ( bo? space & money relative to tw5ty or ?irty ye>s ago2 new & improv$ pr9t+ te*nologies1 :i* h greatly affect$ ! di/ribution ( in=mation2 &1 ( c\rse1 digital te*nologies1 ^: applicability to libr>y pres]vation rema9s at issue4 ,giv5 t context1 ,,p]sonius describ$ ! ,college ,libr>y ,access & ,/orage ,sy/em 7,,class7 ,project1 a libr>y pres]vation project1 prim>ily1 & :at has be5 accompli%$4 ,directly fund$ by ! ,commission on ,pres]vation & ,access & by ! ,x]ox ,corporation1 :i* has provid$ a significant am\nt ( h>dw>e1 ! ,,class ,project has be5 work+ ) a developm5t team at ,x]ox to develop a s(tw>e application tailor$ to libr>y pres]vation requirem5ts4 ,)9 ,cornell1 p>ticipants 9 ! project h be5 work+ jo9tly ) bo? libr>y & in=mation te*nologies4 ,! focus ( ! project has be5 on re=matt+ & sav+ books t are 9 brittle condition4 ,,p]sonius %[$ ,work%op p>ticipants a brittle book1 & describ$ h[ su* books 7 ! result ( developm5ts 9 pap]mak+ ar\nd ! beg9n+ ( ! ,indu/rial ,revolution4 ,! pap]mak+ process 0 *ang$ s t a significant am\nt ( acid 0 introduc$ into ! actual pap] itself1 :i* det]iorates z x sits on libr>y %elves4 ,"o ( ! advantages = te*nology & = ! ,,class ,project is t ! in=mation 9 brittle books is mo/ly out ( copyright & ?us (f]s an opportunity to "w ) mat]ial t requires libr>y pres]vation1 & to create & "w on an infra/ructure to save ! mat]ial4 ,ackn[l$g+ ! famili>ity ( ^? work+ 9 pres]vation ) ?is in=mation1 ,,p]sonius not$ t sev]al ?+s are be+ done3 ! prim>y pres]vation te*nology us$ today is photocopy+ ( brittle mat]ial4 ,sav+ ! intellectual cont5t ( ! mat]ial is ! ma9 goal4 ,) micr(ilm copy1 ! intellectual cont5t is pres]v$ on ! assumption t 9 ! future ! image c be re=matt$ 9 any o!r way t !n exi/s4 ,an und]ly+ assumption ( ! ,,class ,project f ! beg9n+ 0 t x w\ld develop a network application4 ,project /aff scan books at a work/ation locat$ 9 ! libr>y1 ne> ! brittle mat]ial4 ,an image-s]v] fil+ sy/em is locat$ at a di/ance f t work/ation1 & a pr9t] is locat$ 9 ano!r build+4 ,all ( ! mat]ials digitiz$ & /or$ on ! image-fil+ sy/em are catalog$ 9 ! on-l9e catalogue4 ,9 fact1 a record = ea* ( ^! electronic books is /or$ 9 ! ,,rl9 database s t a record exi/s ( :at is 9 ! digital libr>y ?r\gh\t /&>d catalogue proc$ures4 ,9 ! future1 rese>*]s work+ f _! own work/ations 9 _! (fices1 or _! networks1 w h access--:]ev] !y might be--?r\gh a reque/ s]v] be+ built into ! new digital libr>y4 ,a second assumption is t ! pref]r$ means ( f9d+ ! mat]ial w be by look+ ?r\gh a catalogue4 ,,p]sonius describ$ ! scann+ process1 :i* uses a prototype scann] be+ develop$ by ,x]ox & :i* scans a v high resolution image at great spe$4 ,ano!r significant feature1 because ?is is a pres]vation application1 is ! plac+ ( ! pages t fall ap>t "o = "o on ! plat54 ,ord9>ily1 a scann] c\ld be us$ ) "s sort ( a docum5t fe$]1 b because ( ?is application t is n feasible4 ,fur!r1 because ,,class is a pres]vation application1 aft] ! pap] replacem5t is made !re1 a v c>eful quality control *eck is p]=m$4 ,an orig9al book is comp>$ to ! pr9t$ copy & v]ification is made1 be=e proce$+1 t all ( ! image1 all ( ! in=mation1 has be5 captur$4 ,!n1 a new libr>y book is produc$3 ,! pr9t$ images are reb\nd by a comm]cial b9d] & a new book is return$ to ! %elf4 ,significantly1 ! books return$ to ! libr>y %elves are beautiful & useful replacem5ts on acid-free pap] t %\ld la/ a long "t1 9 effect1 ! equival5t ( pres]vation photocopies4 ,?us1 ! project has a libr>y ( digital books4 ,9 ess5ce1 ,,class is scann+ & /or+ books z #fjj dot-p]-in* bit-mapp$ images1 compress$ us+ ,gr\p #d ,,ccitt 7i4e41 ! ,fr5* acronym = ,int]national ,consultative ,committee = ,telegraph & ,telephone7 compression4 ,!y are /or$ z ,,tiff files on an optical fil+ sy/em t is compos$ ( a database us$ = se>*+ & locat+ ! books & an optical jukebox t /ores #fd twelve-in* platt]s4 ,a v-high-resolution pr9t$ copy ( ^! books at #fjj dots p] in* is creat$1 us+ a ,x]ox ,docu,tech pr9t] to make ! pap] replacem5ts on acid-free pap]4 ,,p]sonius ma9ta9$ t ! ,,class ,project pres5ts an opportunity to introduce p to books z digital images by us+ a pap] m$ium4 ,books are return$ to ! %elves :ile p are also giv5 ! ability to pr9t on dem&--to make _! own copies ( books4 7,,p]sonius di/ribut$ copies ( an eng9e]+ j\rnal publi%$ by eng9e]+ /ud5ts at ,cornell ar\nd #aijj z an example ( :at a pr9t-on-dem& copy ( mat]ial might be l4 ,?is v *eap copy w\ld be available to p to use = _! own rese>* purposes & w\ld bridge ! gap betwe5 an electronic "w & ! pap] t read]s l to h47 ,,p]sonius !n attempt$ to illu/rate a v e>ly prototype ( network$ access to ?is digital libr>y4 ,x]ox ,corporation has develop$ a prototype ( a view /ation t c s5d images across ! network to be view$4 ,! p>ticul> libr>y br\ght d[n = demon/ration conta9$ two ma!matics books4 ,,class is develop+ & w sp5d ! next ye> develop+ an application t all[s p at work/ations to br[se ! books4 ,?us1 ,,class is develop+ a br[s+ tool1 on ! assumption t us]s d n want to read an entire book f a work/ation1 b w\ld pref] to be able to look ?r\gh & decide if !y w\ld l to h a pr9t$ copy ( x4 999999999999 ,,discussion 99 ,re retrieval s(tw>e 99 ,digital file copyright 99 ,scann+ rate dur+ production 99 ,autosegm5tation 99 ,crit]ia employ$ 9 select+ books = scann+ 99 ,compression & decompression ( images 99 ,,ocr n preclud$ 99 ,dur+ ! "q-&-answ] p]iod t foll[$ h] pres5tation1 ,,p]sonius made ^! additional po9ts3 99 ,re retrieval s(tw>e1 ,cornell is develop+ a ,unix-bas$ s]v] z well z cli5ts = ! s]v] t support multiple plat=ms 7,mac9to%1 ,,ibm & ,sun work/ations71 9 ! hope t p f any ( ^? plat=ms w retrieve books2 a fur!r op]at+ assumption is t /&>d int]faces w be us$ z mu* z possible1 :]e /&>ds c be put 9 place1 because ,,class consid]s ?is retrieval s(tw>e a libr>y application & w\ld l to be able to look at mat]ial n only at ,cornell b at o!r in/itutions4 99 ,! phrase digital file copyright by ,cornell ,univ]sity 0 add$ at ! advice ( ,cornell's legal /aff ) ! caveat t x probably w\ld n hold up 9 c\rt4 ,cornell does n want p to copy its books & sell !m b w\ld l to keep !m available = use 9 a libr>y environm5t = libr>y purposes4 99 ,9 production ! scann] c scan ab\t #cjj pages p] h\r1 captur+ #fjj dots p] in*4 99 ,! ,x]ox s(tw>e has filt]s to scan halftone mat]ial & avoid ! moire patt]ns t occur :5 halftone mat]ial is scann$4 ,x]ox has be5 work+ on h>dw>e & s(tw>e t w\ld enable ! scann] itself to recognize ?is situation & deal ) x appropriately--a k9d ( autosegm5tation t w\ld enable ! scann] to h&le halftone mat]ial z well z text on a s+le page4 99 ,! books subject$ to ! elaborate process describ$ above 7 select$ because ,,class is a pres]vation project1 ) ! fir/ #ejj books select$ com+ f ,cornell's ma!matics collection1 because !y 7 /ill be+ heavily us$ & because1 al?\gh !y 7 9 ne$ ( pres]vation1 ! ma!matics libr>y & ! ma!matics faculty 7 uncom=table hav+ !m micr(ilm$4 7,!y want$ a pr9t$ copy47 ,?us1 ^! books became a logical *oice = ?is project4 ,o!r books 7 *os5 by ! project's selection committees = exp]im5ts ) ! te*nology1 z well z to meet a dem& or ne$4 99 ,images w be decompress$ be=e !y are s5t ov] ! l9e2 at ?is "t !y are compress$ & s5t to ! image fil+ sy/em & !n s5t to ! pr9t] z compress$ images2 !y are return$ to ! work/ation z compress$ #fjj-;dpi images & ! work/ation decompresses & scales !m = display--an ineffici5t way to access ! mat]ial ?\gh x works q well = pr9t+ & o!r purposes4 99 ,,class is also decompress+ on ,mac9to% & ,,ibm1 a sl[ process "r n[4 ,ev5tually1 compression & decompression w take place on an image conv]sion s]v]4 ,trade-(fs w be made1 bas$ on future p]=mance te/+1 conc]n+ :]e ! file is compress$ & :at resolution image is s5t4 99 ,,ocr has n be5 preclud$2 images are be+ /or$ t h be5 scann$ at a high resolution1 :i* presumably w\ld suit !m well to an ,,ocr process4 ,because ! mat]ial be+ scann$ is ab\t #ajj ye>s old & 0 pr9t$ ) less-?an-ideal te*nologies1 v e>ly & prelim9>y te/s h n produc$ good results4 ,b ! project is captur+ an image t is ( suffici5t resolution to be subject$ to ,,ocr 9 ! future4 ,moreov]1 ! sy/em ar*itecture & ! sy/em plan h a logical place to /ore an ,,ocr image if x has be5 captur$4 ,b t is n be+ done n[4 999999999999 ,,session ,,iii4 ,,di/ribution1 ,,networks1 ,,& ,,network+3 ,,options ,,= ,,dissem9ation ,,zi* 99 ,issues p]ta9+ to ,,cd-,r,o,ms 99 ,options = publi%+ 9 ,,cd-,,rom 99 ,rob]t ,,zi*1 special assi/ant to ! associate libr>ian = special projects1 ,libr>y ( ,congress1 & mod]ator ( ?is session1 fir/ not$ ! bless$ b some:at awkw>d circum/ance ( hav+ f\r v di/+ui%$ p repres5t+ networks & network+ or at lea/ lean+ 9 t direction1 :ile lack+ anyone to speak f ! /ronge/ possible backgr\nd 9 ,,cd-,r,o,ms4 ,,zi* express$ ! hope t memb]s ( ! audi5ce w\ld jo9 ! discussion4 ,he /ress$ ! subtitle ( ?is p>ticul> session1 ,options = ,dissem9ation1 &1 conc]n+ ,,cd-,r,o,ms1 ! importance ( det]m9+ :5 x w\ld be wise to consid] dissem9ation 9 ,,cd-,,rom v]sus networks4 ,a %opp+ li/ ( issues p]ta9+ to ,,cd-,r,o,ms includ$3 ! gr\nds = select+ comm]cial publi%]s1 & 9-h\se publication :]e possible v]sus nonpr(it or gov]nm5t publication4 ,a simil> li/ = networks includ$3 det]m9+ :5 "o %\ld consid] dissem9ation ?r\gh a network1 id5tify+ ! me*anisms or entities t exi/ to place items on networks1 id5tify+ ! pool ( exi/+ networks1 det]m9+ h[ a produc] w\ld *oose betwe5 networks1 & id5tify+ ! elem5ts ( a bus9ess arrangem5t 9 a network4 ,options = publi%+ 9 ,,cd-,,rom3 an outside publi%] v]sus self-publication4 ,if an outside publi%] is us$1 x c be nonpr(it1 su* z ! ,gov]nm5t ,pr9t+ ,(fice 7,,gpo7 or ! ,national ,te*nical ,in=mation ,s]vice 7,,ntis71 9 ! case ( gov]nm5t4 ,! pros & cons associat$ ) employ+ an outside publi%] are obvi\s4 ,among ! pros1 !re is no tr\ble gett+ accept$4 ,"o pays ! bill &1 9 effect1 goes "o's way4 ,among ! cons1 :5 "o pays an outside publi%] to p]=m ! "w1 t publi%] w p]=m ! "w x is oblig$ to d1 b p]haps )\t ! production exp]tise & skill 9 m>ket+ & dissem9ation t "s w\ld seek4 ,!re is ! body ( comm]cial publi%]s t d possess t k9d ( exp]tise 9 di/ribution & m>ket+ b t obvi\sly are selective4 ,9 self-publication1 "o ex]cises full control1 b !n "o mu/ h&le matt]s su* z di/ribution & m>ket+4 ,su* are "s ( ! options = publi%+ 9 ! case ( ,,cd-,,rom4 ,9 ! case ( te*nical & design issues1 :i* are also important1 !re are _m matt]s :i* _m at ! ,work%op already knew a good deal ab\t3 retrieval sy/em requirem5ts & co/s1 :at to d ab\t images1 ! v>i\s capabilities & plat=ms1 ! trade-(fs betwe5 co/ & p]=mance1 conc]ns ab\t local-area networkability1 int]op]ability1 etc4 999999999999 ,,lyn* 99 ,creat+ network$ in=mation is diff]5t f us+ networks z an access or dissem9ation vehicle 99 ,network$ multim$ia on a l>ge scale does n yet "w 99 ,typical ,,cd-,,rom publication model a two-edg$ sword 99 ,publi%+ in=mation on a ,,cd-,,rom 9 ! pres5t _w ( immature /&>ds 99 ,contra/ betwe5 ,,cd-,,rom & network pric+ 99 ,examples demon/rat$ e>li] 9 ! day z a set ( insul> in=mation gems 99 ,p>am\nt ne$ to l9k databases 99 ,lay]+ to become increas+ly necess>y 99 ,project ,,ne$s & ! issues ( in=mation reuse & active v]sus passive use 99 ,x-,w9d[s z a way ( diff]5tiat+ betwe5 network access & network$ in=mation 99 ,b>ri]s to ! di/ribution ( network$ multim$ia in=mation 99 ,ne$ = good1 real-"t deliv]y protocols 99 ,! "q ( pres5tation integrity 9 cli5t-s]v] comput+ 9 ! academic _w 99 ,recomm5dations = produc+ multim$ia ,clif=d ,,lyn*1 director1 ,libr>y ,automation1 ,univ]sity ( ,cali=nia1 op5$ 8 talk ) ! g5]al obs]vation t network$ in=mation con/itut$ a difficult & elusive topic because x is some?+ j />t+ to develop & n yet fully und]/ood4 ,,lyn* cont5d$ t creat+ g5u9ely network$ in=mation 0 diff]5t f us+ networks z an access or dissem9ation vehicle & 0 m sophi/icat$ & m subtle4 ,he invit$ ! memb]s ( ! audi5ce to extrapolate1 f :at !y he>d ab\t ! prec$+ demon/ration projects1 to :at sort ( a _w ( electronics in=mation--s*ol>ly1 ar*ival1 cultural1 etc4--!y wi%$ to end up ) t5 or fifte5 ye>s f n[4 ,,lyn* sugge/$ t to extrapolate directly f ^! projects w\ld produce unpleasant results4 ,putt+ ! issue ( ,,cd-,,rom 9 p]spective be=e gett+ into g5]alities on network$ in=mation1 ,,lyn* obs]v$ t ^? engag$ 9 multim$ia today :o wi% to %ip a product1 s to say1 probably d n h mu* *oice except to use ,,cd-,,rom3 network$ multim$ia on a l>ge scale basically does n yet "w because ! te*nology does n exi/4 ,= example1 anybody :o has tri$ mov+ images ar\nd ov] ! ,int]net kn[s t ?is is an excit+ t\*-&-g process1 a fasc9at+ & f]tile area = exp]im5tation1 rese>*1 & developm5t1 b n some?+ t "o c become deeply en?usia/ic ab\t committ+ to production sy/ems at ?is "t4 ,?is situation w *ange1 ,,lyn* said4 ,he diff]5tiat$ ,,cd-,,rom f ! practices t h be5 foll[$ up to n[ 9 di/ribut+ data on ,,cd-,,rom4 ,= ,,lyn* ! problem ) ,,cd-,,rom is n its portability or its sl[ness b ! two-edg$ sword ( hav+ ! retrieval application & ! us] int]face inextricably b\nd up ) ! data1 :i* is ! typical ,,cd-,,rom publication model4 ,x is n a case ( publi%+ data b ( di/ribut+ a typically /&-alone1 typically clos$ sy/em1 all--s(tw>e1 us] int]face1 & data--on a little disk4 ,h5ce1 all ! betwe5-disk navigational issues z well z ! impossibility 9 mo/ cases ( integrat+ data on "o disk ) t on ano!r4 ,mo/ ,,cd-,,rom retrieval s(tw>e does n network v gracefully at pres5t4 ,h[ev]1 9 ! pres5t _w ( immature /&>ds & lack ( und]/&+ ( :at network in=mation is or :at ! gr\nd rules are = creat+ or us+ x1 publi%+ in=mation on a ,,cd-,,rom does add value 9 a v real s5se4 ,,lyn* drew a contra/ betwe5 ,,cd-,,rom & network pric+ & 9 do+ s highlight$ some?+ biz>re 9 in=mation pric+4 ,a l>ge in/itution su* z ! ,univ]sity ( ,cali=nia has v5dors :o w (f] to sell in=mation on ,,cd-,,rom = a price p] ye> 9 f\r digits1 b = ! same data 7e4g41 an ab/ract+ & index+ database7 on magnetic tape1 reg>dless ( h[ _m p may use x concurr5tly1 w quote a price 9 six digits4 ,:at is packag$ ) ! ,,cd-,,rom 9 "o s5se adds value--a complete access sy/em1 n j raw1 unref9$ in=mation--al?\gh x is n g5]ally p]ceiv$ t way4 ,?is is because ! access s(tw>e1 al?\gh x adds value1 is view$ by "s p1 p>ticul>ly 9 ! univ]sity environm5t :]e !re is a v heavy commitm5t to network+1 z be+ develop$ 9 ! wrong direction4 ,giv5 t context1 ,,lyn* describ$ ! examples demon/rat$ z a set ( insul> in=mation gems--,p]seus1 = example1 (f]s nicely l9k$ in=mation1 b w\ld be v difficult to integrate ) o!r databases1 t is1 to l9k toge!r seamlessly ) o!r s\rce files f o!r s\rces4 ,x resembles an isl&1 & 9 ?is respect is simil> to num]\s /&-alone projects t are bas$ on videodiscs1 t is1 on ! s+le-work/ation concept4 ,z s*ol>%ip evolves 9 a network environm5t1 ! p>am\nt ne$ w be to l9k databases4 ,we mu/ l9k p]sonal databases to public databases1 to gr\p databases1 9 fairly seamless ways--:i* is extremely difficult 9 ! environm5ts "u discussion ) copies ( databases prolif]at+ all ov] ! place4 ,! notion ( lay]+ also /ruck ,,lyn* z lurk+ 9 sev]al ( ! projects demon/rat$4 ,sev]al databases 9 a s5se con/itute in=mation ar*ives )\t a significant am\nt ( navigation built 94 ,educators1 critics1 & o!rs w want a lay]$ /ructure--"o t def9es or l9ks pa?s ?r\gh ! lay]s to all[ us]s to rea* specific po9ts4 ,9 ,,lyn*'s view1 lay]+ w become increas+ly necess>y1 & n j )9 a s+le res\rce b across res\rces 7e4g41 trac+ my?ology & cultural !mes across sev]al classics databases z well z a database ( ,r5aissance culture74 ,?is ability to organize res\rces1 to build ?+s out ( multiple o!r ?+s on ! network or select pieces ( x1 repres5t$ = ,,lyn* "o ( ! key aspects ( network in=mation4 ,cont5d+ t in=mation reuse con/itut$ ano!r significant issue1 ,,lyn* comm5d$ to ! audi5ce's att5tion ,project ,,ne$s 7i4e41 ,national ,eng9e]+ ,education ,deliv]y ,sy/em74 ,?is project's objective is to produce a database ( eng9e]+ c\rsew>e z well z ! compon5ts t c be us$ to develop new c\rsew>e4 ,9 a numb] ( ! exi/+ applications1 ,,lyn* said1 ! issue ( reuse 7h[ mu* "o c take ap>t & reuse 9 o!r applications7 0 n be+ well consid]$4 ,he also rais$ ! issue ( active v]sus passive use1 "o aspect ( :i* is h[ mu* in=mation w be manipulat$ locally by us]s4 ,mo/ p1 he argu$1 may d a little br[s+ & !n w wi% to pr9t4 ,,lyn* 0 unc]ta9 h[ ^! res\rces w\ld be us$ by ! va/ majority ( us]s 9 ! network environm5t4 ,,lyn* next said a few words ab\t ,x-,w9d[s z a way ( diff]5tiat+ betwe5 network access & network$ in=mation4 ,a numb] ( ! applications demon/rat$ at ! ,work%op c\ld be rewritt5 to use ,x across ! network1 s t "o c\ld run !m f any ,x-capable device- -a work/ation1 an ,x t]m9al--& transact ) a database across ! network4 ,al?\gh ?is op5s up access a little1 assum+ "o has en\gh network to h&le x1 x does n provide an int]face to develop a program t conv5i5tly integrates in=mation f multiple databases4 ,x is a view+ te*nology t has limits4 ,9 a real s5se1 x is j a graphical v]sion ( remote log-9 across ! network4 ,x-type applications repres5t only "o /ep 9 ! progression t[>ds real access4 ,,lyn* next discuss$ b>ri]s to ! di/ribution ( network$ multim$ia in=mation4 ,! he>t ( ! problem is a lack ( /&>ds to provide ! ability = comput]s to talk to ea* o!r1 retrieve in=mation1 & %uffle x ar\nd fairly casually4 ,at ! mom5t1 little progress is be+ made on /&>ds = network$ in=mation2 = example1 pres5t /&>ds d n cov] images1 digital voice1 & digital video4 ,a useful tool kit ( ex*ange =mats = basic texts is only n[ be+ assembl$4 ,! syn*ronization ( cont5t /reams 7i4e41 syn*roniz+ a voice track to a video track1 e/abli%+ temporal relations betwe5 diff]5t compon5ts 9 a multim$ia object7 con/itutes ano!r issue = network$ multim$ia t is j beg9n+ to receive att5tion4 ,und]ly+ network protocols also ne$ "s "w2 good1 real-"t deliv]y protocols on ! ,int]net d n yet exi/4 ,9 ,,lyn*'s view1 highly important 9 ?is context is ! notion ( network$ digital object ,i,ds1 ! ability ( "o object on ! network to po9t to ano!r object 7or compon5t !re(7 on ! network4 ,s]i\s b&wid? issues also exi/4 ,,lyn* 0 unc]ta9 if billion-bit-p]-second networks w\ld prove suffici5t if num]\s p ran video 9 p>allel4 ,,lyn* conclud$ by (f]+ an issue = database creators to consid]1 z well z sev]al comm5ts ab\t :at might con/itute good trial multim$ia exp]im5ts4 ,9 a network$ in=mation _w ! database build] or s]vice build] 7publi%]7 does n ex]cise ! same ext5sive control ov] ! integrity ( ! pres5tation2 /range programs munge ) "o's data be=e ! us] sees x4 ,s]i\s ?\ght mu/ be giv5 to :at gu>antees integrity ( pres5tation4 ,"p ( t is relat$ to :]e "o draws ! b\nd>ies ar\nd a network$ in=mation s]vice4 ,?is "q ( pres5tation integrity 9 cli5t-s]v] comput+ has n be5 /ress$ en\gh 9 ! academic _w1 ,,lyn* argu$1 ?\gh comm]cial s]vice provid]s deal ) x regul>ly4 ,conc]n+ multim$ia1 ,,lyn* obs]v$ t good multim$ia at ! mom5t is hide\sly exp5sive to produce4 ,he recomm5d$ produc+ multim$ia ) ei!r v high sale value1 or multim$ia ) a v long life span1 or multim$ia t w h a v broad usage base & ^: co/s !re=e c be amortiz$ among l>ge numb]s ( us]s4 ,9 ?is connection1 hi/orical & humani/ically ori5t$ mat]ial may be a good place to />t1 because x t5ds to h a long] life span ?an mu* ( ! sci5tific mat]ial1 z well z a wid] us] base4 ,,lyn* not$1 = example1 t ,am]ican ,memory fits _m ( ! crit]ia outl9$4 ,he rem>k$ ! ext5sive discussion ab\t br++ ! ,int]net or ! ,national ,rese>* & ,education ,network 7,,nr57 into ! ,k-#ab environm5t z a way ( help+ ! ,am]ican educational sy/em4 ,,lyn* clos$ by not+ t ! k9ds ( applications demon/rat$ /ruck him z excell5t ju/ifications ( broad-scale network+ = ,k-#ab1 b t at ?is "t no kill] application exi/s to mobilize ! ,k-#ab community to obta9 connectivity4 999999999999 ,,discussion 99 ,de>? ( g5u9ely int]e/+ applications on ! network a sl[-*ang+ situation 99 ,! issue ( ! integrity ( pres5tation 9 a network$ environm5t 99 ,sev]al reasons :y ,,cd-,,rom s(tw>e does n network 99 ,dur+ ! discussion p]iod t foll[$ ,,lyn*'s pres5tation1 sev]al additional po9ts 7 made4 ,,lyn* reit]at$ ev5 m /rongly 8 cont5tion t1 hi/orically1 once "o goes outside high-end sci5ce & ! gr\p ( ^? :o ne$ access to sup]comput]s1 !re is a great de>? ( g5u9ely int]e/+ applications on ! network4 ,he saw ?is situation *ang+ sl[ly1 ) "s ( ! sci5tific databases & s*ol>ly discussion gr\ps & electronic j\rnals com+ on z well z ) ! availability ( ,wide ,area ,in=mation ,s]v]s 7,,wais7 & "s ( ! databases t are be+ m\nt$ !re4 ,h[ev]1 _m ( ^? ?+s d n seem to h piqu$ great popul> int]e/4 ,= in/ance1 mo/ high s*ool /ud5ts ( ,,lyn*'s acqua9tance w\ld n qualify z devotees ( s]i\s molecul> biology4 ,conc]n+ ! issue ( ! integrity ( pres5tation1 ,,lyn* believ$ t a c\ple ( in=mation provid]s h laid d[n ! law at lea/ on c]ta9 ?+s4 ,= example1 8 recollection 0 t ! ,national ,libr>y ( ,m$ic9e feels /rongly t "o ne$s to employ ! id5tifi] field if he or %e is to m\nt a database comm]cially4 ,! problem ) a real network$ environm5t is t "o does n "k :o is re=matt+ & reprocess+ "o's data :5 "o ent]s a cli5t s]v] mode4 ,x becomes anybody's guess1 = example1 if ! network uses a ,z#ci4ej s]v]1 or :at cli5ts are do+ ) "o's data4 ,a data provid] c say t 8 contract w only p]mit cli5ts to h access to 8 data aft] he vets !m & _! pres5tation & makes c]ta9 x suits him4 ,b ,,lyn* held out little expectation t ! network m>ketplace w\ld evolve 9 t way1 because x requir$ too mu* prior negotiation4 ,,cd-,,rom s(tw>e does n network = a v>iety ( reasons1 ,,lyn* said4 ,he speculat$ t ,,cd-,,rom publi%]s are n eag] to h _! products really hook into wide area networks1 because !y fe> x w make _! data suppli]s n]v\s4 ,moreov]1 until relatively rec5tly1 "o _h to be r adroit to run a full ,,tcp_/,,ip /ack plus applications on a ,,pc-size ma*9e1 :]eas n[adays x is becom+ easi] z ,p,cs gr[ bigg] & fa/]4 ,,lyn* also speculat$ t s(tw>e provid]s _h n he>d f _! cu/om]s until ! la/ ye> or s1 or _h n he>d f en\gh ( _! cu/om]s4 999999999999 ,,bess] 99 ,implications ( dissem9at+ images on ! network2 plann+ ! di/ribution ( multim$ia docum5ts poses two critical implem5tation problems 99 ,lay]$ approa* repres5ts ! way to deal ) us]s' capabilities 99 ,problems 9 plat=m design2 file size & its implications = network+ 99 ,transmission ( megabyte size images impractical 99 ,compression & decompression at ! us]'s end 99 ,promis+ tr5ds = compression 99 ,a disadvantage ( us+ ,x-,w9d[s 99 ,a project at ! ,smi?sonian t m\nts images on sev]al networks 99 ,h[>d ,,bess]1 ,s*ool ( ,libr>y & ,in=mation ,sci5ce1 ,univ]sity ( ,pittsburgh1 spoke prim>ily ab\t multim$ia1 focus+ on images & ! broad implications ( dissem9at+ !m on ! network4 ,he argu$ t plann+ ! di/ribution ( multim$ia docum5ts pos$ two critical implem5tation problems1 :i* he fram$ 9 ! =m ( two que/ions3 #a7 ,:at plat=m w "o use & :at h>dw>e & s(tw>e w us]s h = view+ ( ! mat]ial8 & #b7 ,h[ c "o deliv] a suffici5tly robu/ set ( in=mation 9 an accessible =mat 9 a reasonable am\nt ( "t8 ,dep5d+ on :e!r network or ,,cd-,,rom is ! m$ium us$1 ?is "q raises diff]5t issues ( /orage1 compression1 & transmission4 ,conc]n+ ! design ( plat=ms 7e4g41 s\nd1 gray scale1 simple color1 etc47 & ! v>i\s capabilities us]s may h1 ,,bess] ma9ta9$ t a lay]$ approa* 0 ! way to deal ) us]s' capabilities4 ,a result w\ld be t us]s ) less p[]ful work/ations w\ld simply h less functionality4 ,he urg$ memb]s ( ! audi5ce to advocate /&>ds & accompany+ s(tw>e t h&le lay]$ functionality across a wide v>iety ( plat=ms4 ,,bess] also address$ problems 9 plat=m design1 namely1 decid+ h[ l>ge a ma*9e to design = situations :5 ! l>ge/ numb] ( us]s h ! l[e/ level ( ! ma*9e1 & "o desires high] functionality4 ,,bess] !n proce$$ to ! "q ( file size & its implications = network+4 ,he discuss$ /ill images 9 ! ma94 ,= example1 a digital color image t fills ! scre5 ( a /&>d mega-pel work/ation 7,sun or ,next7 w require "o megabyte ( /orage = an eight-bit image or ?ree megabytes ( /orage = a true color or tw5ty-f\r-bit image4 ,lossless compression algori?ms 7t is1 computational proc$ures 9 :i* no data is lo/ 9 ! process ( compress+ & decompress+ an image--! exact bit-repres5tation is ma9ta9$7 might br+ /orage d[n to a ?ird ( a megabyte p] image1 b n mu* fur!r ?an t4 ,! "q ( size makes x difficult to fit an appropriately siz$ set ( ^! images on a s+le disk or to transmit !m quickly en\gh on a network4 ,) ^! full scre5 mega-pel images t con/itute a ?ird ( a megabyte1 "o gets #a1jjj-c1jjj full-scre5 images on a "o-gigabyte disk2 a /&>d ,,cd-,,rom repres5ts approximately #fj p]c5t ( t4 ,/or+ images ! size ( a ,,pc scre5 7j #h bit color7 increases /orage capacity to #d1jjj-ab1jjj images p] gigabyte2 #fj p]c5t ( t gives "o ! size ( a ,,cd-,,rom1 :i* 9 turn creates a major problem4 ,"o _c h full-scre51 full-color images ) lossless compression2 "o mu/ compress !m or use a l[] resolution4 ,= megabyte-size images1 any?+ sl[] ?an a ,t-#a spe$ is impractical4 ,= example1 on a fifty-six-kilobaud l9e1 x takes ?ree m9utes to transf] a "o-megabyte file1 if x is n compress$2 & ?is spe$ assumes ideal circum/ances 7no o!r us] cont5d+ = network b&wid?74 ,?us1 que/ions ( disk access1 remote display1 & curr5t telephone connection spe$ make transmission ( megabyte-size images impractical4 ,,bess] !n discuss$ ways to deal ) ^! l>ge images1 = example1 compression & decompression at ! us]'s end4 ,9 ?is connection1 ! issues ( h[ mu* "o is will+ to lose 9 ! compression process & :at image quality "o ne$s 9 ! fir/ place are unkn[n4 ,b :at is kn[n is t compression entails "s loss ( data4 ,,bess] urg$ t m /udies be conduct$ on image quality 9 diff]5t situations1 = example1 :at k9d ( images are ne$$ = :at k9d ( discipl9es1 & :at k9d ( image quality is ne$$ = a br[s+ tool1 an int]m$iate view+ tool1 & ar*iv+4 ,,bess] rem>k$ two promis+ tr5ds = compression3 f a te*nical p]spective1 algori?ms t use :at is call$ subjective r$undancy employ pr9ciples f visual psy*o-physics to id5tify & remove in=mation f ! image t ! human eye _c p]ceive2 f an int]*ange & int]op]ability p]spective1 ! ,,jpeg 7i4e41 ,jo9t ,photographic ,exp]ts ,gr\p1 an ,,iso /&>d7 compression algori?ms also (f] promise4 ,^! issues ( compression & decompression1 ,,bess] argu$1 resembl$ ^? rais$ e>li] conc]n+ ! design ( diff]5t plat=ms4 ,gaug+ ! capabilities ( pot5tial us]s con/itutes a prim>y goal4 ,,bess] advocat$ lay]+ or sep>at+ ! images f ! applications t retrieve & display !m1 to avoid ty+ !m to p>ticul> s(tw>e4 ,,bess] detail$ sev]al lessons le>n$ f 8 "w at ,b]keley ) ,imagequ]y1 especially ! advantages & disadvantages ( us+ ,x-,w9d[s4 ,9 ! latt] category1 = example1 retrieval is ti$ directly to "o's data1 an intol]able situation 9 ! long run on a network$ sy/em4 ,f9ally1 ,,bess] describ$ a project ( ,jim ,wallace at ! ,smi?sonian ,in/itution1 :o is m\nt+ images 9 a extremely rudim5t>y way on ! ,compus]v & ,g5ie networks & is prep>+ to m\nt !m on ,am]ica ,on ,l9e4 ,al?\gh ! av]age us] takes ov] ?irty m9utes to d[nload ^! images 7assum+ a fairly fa/ modem71 nev]!less1 images h be5 d[nload$ #be1jjj times4 ,,bess] conclud$ 8 talk ) sev]al comm5ts on ! bus9ess arrangem5t betwe5 ! ,smi?sonian & ,compus]v4 ,he cont5d$ t n en\gh is kn[n conc]n+ ! value ( images4 999999999999 ,,discussion 99 ,creat+ digitiz$ photographic collections ne>ly impossible except ) l>ge organizations l museums 99 ,ne$ = /udy to det]m9e quality ( images us]s w tol]ate 99 ,dur+ ! brief ex*ange betwe5 ,,lesk & ,,bess] t foll[$1 sev]al cl>ifications em]g$4 ,,lesk argu$ t ! photograph]s 7 f> ahead ( ,,bess]3 ,x is almo/ impossible to create su* digitiz$ photographic collections except ) l>ge organizations l museums1 because all ! photographic ag5cies h be5 go+ crazy ab\t ?is & w n sign lic5s+ agreem5ts on any sort ( reasonable t]ms4 ,,lesk _h he>d t ,national ,geographic1 = example1 _h tri$ to buy ! "r to use "s image 9 "s k9d ( educational production = #ajj p] image1 b ! photograph]s w n t\* x4 ,!y want acc\nt+ & paym5t = ea* use1 :i* _c be accompli%$ )9 ! sy/em4 ,,bess] respond$ t a consortium ( photograph]s1 head$ by a =m] ,national ,geographic photograph]1 _h />t$ assembl+ its own collection ( electronic reproductions ( images1 ) ! money go+ back to ! coop]ative4 ,,lesk cont5d$ t ,,bess] 0 unnecess>ily pessimi/ic ab\t multim$ia images1 because p are accu/om$ to l[-quality images1 p>ticul>ly f video4 ,,bess] urg$ ! laun*+ ( a /udy to det]m9e :at us]s w\ld tol]ate1 :at !y w\ld feel com=table )1 & :at absolutely is ! highe/ quality !y w\ld ev] ne$4 ,conc$+ t he _h adopt$ a dire tone 9 ord] to ar\se p ab\t ! issue1 ,,bess] clos$ on a sangu9e note by say+ t he w\ld n be 9 ?is bus9ess if he did n ?9k t ?+s c\ld be accompli%$4 999999999999 ,,l>s5 99 ,issues ( scalability & modul>ity 99 ,geometric gr[? ( ! ,int]net & ! role play$ by lay]+ 99 ,basic functions su/a9+ ?is gr[? 99 ,a libr>y's roles & functions 9 a network environm5t 99 ,effects ( implem5tation ( ! ,z#ci4ej protocol = in=mation retrieval on ! libr>y sy/em 99 ,! trade-(f betwe5 volumes ( data & its pot5tial usage 99 ,a snap%ot ( curr5t tr5ds 99 ,ronald ,,l>s51 associate director = in=mation te*nology1 ,univ]sity ( ,m>yl& at ,college ,p>k1 fir/ address$ ! issues ( scalability & modul>ity4 ,he not$ ! difficulty ( anticipat+ ! effects ( ord]s-(-magnitude gr[?1 reflect+ on ! tw5ty ye>s ( exp]i5ce ) ! ,arpanet & ,int]net4 ,recall+ ! day's demon/rations ( ,,cd-,,rom & optical disk mat]ial1 he w5t on to ask if ! field has yet le>n$ h[ to scale new sy/ems to enable deliv]y & dissem9ation across l>ge-scale networks4 ,,l>s5 focus$ on ! geometric gr[? ( ! ,int]net f its inception circa #aifi to ! pres5t1 & ! adju/m5ts requir$ to respond to t rapid gr[?4 ,to illu/rate ! issue ( scalability1 ,,l>s5 consid]$ comput] networks z includ+ ?ree g5]ic compon5ts3 comput]s1 network communication nodes1 & communication m$ia4 ,ea* compon5t scales 7e4g41 comput]s range f ,p,cs to sup]comput]s2 network nodes scale f int]face c>ds 9 a ,,pc ?r\gh sophi/icat$ r\t]s & gateways2 & communication m$ia range f #b1djj-;baud dial-up facilities ?r\gh #d4e-,mbps backbone l9ks1 & ev5tually to multigigabit-p]-second communication l9es71 & ar*itecturally1 ! compon5ts are organiz$ to scale hi]>*ically f local area networks to int]national-scale networks4 ,su* gr[? is made possible by build+ lay]s ( communication protocols1 z ,,bess] po9t$ out4 ,by lay]+ bo? physically & logically1 a s5se ( scalability is ma9ta9$ f local area networks 9 (fices1 across campuses1 ?r\gh bridges1 r\t]s1 campus backbones1 fib]-optic l9ks1 etc41 up into regional networks & ultimately into national & int]national networks4 ,,l>s5 !n illu/rat$ ! geometric gr[? ov] a two-ye> p]iod-- ?r\gh ,septemb] #aiia--( ! numb] ( networks t comprise ! ,int]net4 ,?is gr[? has be5 su/a9$ l>gely by ! availability ( ?ree basic functions3 electronic mail1 file transf] 7ftp71 & remote log-on 7telnet74 ,,l>s5 also review$ ! gr[? 9 ! k9d ( traffic t occurs on ! network4 ,network traffic reflects ! jo9t contributions ( a l>g] population ( us]s & increas+ use p] us]4 ,today "o sees s]i\s applications involv+ mov+ images across ! network--a r>ity t5 ye>s ago4 ,,l>s5 recall$ & concurr$ ) ,,bess]'s ma9 po9t t ! int]e/+ problems occur at ! application level4 ,,l>s5 !n illu/rat$ a model ( a libr>y's roles & functions 9 a network environm5t4 ,he not$1 9 p>ticul>1 ! placem5t ( on-l9e catalogues onto ! network & patrons obta9+ access to ! libr>y increas+ly ?r\gh local networks1 campus networks1 & ! ,int]net4 ,,l>s5 support$ ,,lyn*'s e>li] sugge/ion t we ne$ to address fundam5tal que/ions ( network$ in=mation 9 ord] to build environm5ts t scale 9 ! in=mation s5se z well z 9 ! physical s5se4 ,,l>s5 support$ ! role ( ! libr>y sy/em z ! access po9t into ! nation's electronic collections4 ,implem5tation ( ! ,z#ci4ej protocol = in=mation retrieval w\ld make su* access practical & feasible4 ,= example1 ?is w\ld enable patrons 9 ,m>yl& to se>* ,cali=nia libr>ies1 or o!r libr>ies ar\nd ! _w t are con=mant ) ,z#ci4ej 9 a mann] t is famili> to ,univ]sity ( ,m>yl& patrons4 ,?is cli5t-s]v] model also supports mov+ beyond second>y cont5t into prim>y cont5t4 7,! notion ( h[ "o l9ks f second>y cont5t to prim>y cont5t1 ,,l>s5 said1 repres5ts a fundam5tal problem t requires rigor\s ?\ght47 ,aft] not+ num]\s network exp]im5ts 9 access+ full-text mat]ials1 includ+ projects support+ ! ord]+ ( mat]ials across ! network1 ,,l>s5 revisit$ ! issue ( transmitt+ high-d5sity1 high-resolution color images across ! network & ! l>ge am\nts ( b&wid? !y require4 ,he w5t on to address ! b&wid? & syn*ronization problems inh]5t 9 s5d+ full-motion video across ! network4 ,,l>s5 illu/rat$ ! trade-(f betwe5 volumes ( data 9 bytes or ord]s ( magnitude & ! pot5tial usage ( t data4 ,he discuss$ transmission rates 7p>ticul>ly1 ! "t x takes to move v>i\s =ms ( in=mation71 & :at "o c\ld d ) a network support+ multigigabit-p]-second transmission4 ,at ! mom5t1 ! network environm5t includes a composite ( data-transmission requirem5ts1 volumes & =ms1 go+ f /eady to bur/y 7high-volume7 & f v sl[ to v fa/4 ,?is aggregate mu/ be consid]$ 9 ! design1 con/ruction1 & op]ation ( multigigabyte networks4 ,,l>s5's objective is to use ! networks & libr>y sy/ems n[ be+ con/ruct$ to increase access to res\rces :]ev] !y exi/1 & ?us1 to evolve t[>d an on-l9e electronic virtual libr>y4 ,,l>s5 conclud$ by (f]+ a snap%ot ( curr5t tr5ds3 cont9u+ geometric gr[? 9 network capacity & numb] ( us]s2 sl[] developm5t ( applications2 & glacial developm5t & adoption ( /&>ds4 ,! *all5ge is to design & develop ea* new application sy/em ) network access & scalability 9 m9d4 999999999999 ,,br[nrigg 99 ,access to ! ,int]net _c be tak5 = grant$ 99 ,packet radio & ! developm5t ( ,,melvyl 9 #aihj-ha 9 ! ,division ( ,libr>y ,automation at ! ,univ]sity ( ,cali=nia 99 ,design crit]ia = packet radio 99 ,a demon/ration project 9 ,san ,diego & future plans 99 ,spread spectrum 99 ,frequ5cies at :i* ! radios w run & plans to reimplem5t ! ,,wais s]v] s(tw>e 9 ! public doma9 99 ,ne$ = an infra/ructure ( radios t d n move ar\nd 99 ,edw9 ,,br[nrigg1 executive director1 ,memex ,rese>* ,in/itute1 fir/ poll$ ! audi5ce 9 ord] to seek out regul> us]s ( ! ,int]net z well z ^? plann+ to use x "s "t 9 ! future4 ,) ne>ly ev]ybody 9 ! room fall+ into "o category or ! o!r1 ,,br[nrigg made a po9t re access1 namely t num]\s individuals1 especially ^? :o use ! ,int]net e day1 take = grant$ _! access to x1 ! spe$s ) :i* !y are connect$1 & h[ well x all works4 ,h[ev]1 z ,,br[nrigg discov]$ betwe5 #aihg & #aihi 9 ,au/ralia1 if "o wants access to ! ,int]net b _c af=d x or has "s physical b\nd>y t prev5ts h] or him f ga9+ access1 x c be extremely fru/rat+4 ,he sugge/$ t because ( economics & physical b>ri]s we 7 beg9n+ to create a _w ( haves & h-nots 9 ! process ( s*ol>ly communication1 ev5 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates4 ,,br[nrigg detail$ ! developm5t ( ,,melvyl 9 academic ye> #aihj-ha 9 ! ,division ( ,libr>y ,automation at ! ,univ]sity ( ,cali=nia1 9 ord] to und]score ! issue ( access to ! sy/em1 :i* at ! outset 0 extremely limit$4 ,9 %ort1 ! project ne$$ to build a network1 :i* at t "t entail$ use ( satellite te*nology1 t is1 putt+ e>? /ations on campus & also acquir+ "s t]re/rial l9ks f ! ,/ate ( ,cali=nia's micr[ave sy/em4 ,! in/allation ( satellite l9ks1 h[ev]1 did n solve ! problem 7:i* actually =m$ "p ( a l>g] problem involv+ politics & f9ancial res\rces74 ,= :ile ! project team c\ld get a signal onto a campus1 x _h no means ( di/ribut+ ! signal ?r\gh\t ! campus4 ,! solution involv$ adopt+ a rec5t developm5t 9 wireless communication call$ packet radio1 :i* comb9$ ! basic notion ( packet-swit*+ ) radio4 ,! project us$ ?is te*nology to get ! signal f a po9t on campus :]e x came d[n1 an e>? /ation = example1 into ! libr>ies1 because x f\nd t wir+ ! libr>ies1 especially ! old] m>ble build+s1 w\ld co/ #b1jjj-e1jjj p] t]m9al4 ,,br[nrigg not$ t1 t5 ye>s ago1 ! project _h nei!r ! public policy nor ! te*nology t w\ld h all[$ x to use packet radio 9 any mean+ful way4 ,s9ce !n mu* _h *ang$4 ,he proce$$ to detail rese>* & developm5t ( ! te*nology1 h[ x is be+ deploy$ 9 ,cali=nia1 & :at direction he ?\ght x w\ld take4 ,! design crit]ia are to produce a high-spe$1 "o-"t1 l[-co/1 high-quality1 secure1 lic5se-free device 7packet radio7 t "o c plug 9 & play today1 =get ab\t x1 & h access to ! ,int]net4 ,by high spe$1 ,,br[nrigg meant #a megabyte & #a4e megabytes4 ,^? units h be5 built1 he cont9u$1 & are 9 ! process ( be+ type-c]tifi$ by an indep5d5t und]writ+ laboratory s t !y c be type-lic5s$ by ! ,f$]al ,communications ,commission4 ,z is ! case ) citiz5s b&1 "o w be able to pur*ase a unit & n h to worry ab\t apply+ = a lic5se4 ,! basic idea1 ,,br[nrigg elaborat$1 is to take high-spe$ radio data transmission & create a backbone network t at c]ta9 /rategic po9ts 9 ! network w gateway into a m$ium-spe$ packet radio 7i4e41 "o t runs at #ch4d kilobytes71 s t p]haps by #aiid-aiie p1 l ^? 9 ! audi5ce = ! price ( a ,,vcr c\ld pur*ase a m$ium-spe$ radio = ! (fice or home1 h full network connectivity to ! ,int]net1 & p>take ( all its s]vices1 ) no ne$ = an ,,fcc lic5se & no regul> bill f ! local common c>ri]4 ,,br[nrigg pres5t$ sev]al details ( a demon/ration project curr5tly tak+ place 9 ,san ,diego & describ$ plans1 p5d+ fund+1 to in/all a full-bore network 9 ! ,san ,francisco area4 ,?is network w h #fjj nodes runn+ at backbone spe$s1 & #ajj ( ^! nodes w be libr>ies1 :i* 9 turn w be ! gateway ports to ! #ch4d kilobyte radios t w give cov]age = ! neighborhoods surr\nd+ ! libr>ies4 ,,br[nrigg next expla9$ ,"p #ae4bdg1 a new rule )9 ,title #dg ( ! ,code ( ,f$]al ,regulations enact$ by ! ,,fcc 9 #aihe4 ,?is rule *all5g$ ! indu/ry1 :i* has only n[ ris5 to ! occasion1 to build a radio t w\ld run at no m ?an "o watt ( output p[] & use a fairly exotic me?od ( modulat+ ! radio wave call$ spread spectrum4 ,spread spectrum 9 fact p]mits ! build+ ( networks s t num]\s data communications c occur simultane\sly1 )\t int]f]+ ) ea* o!r1 )9 ! same wide radio *annel4 ,,br[nrigg expla9$ t ! frequ5cies at :i* ! radios w\ld run are v %ort wave signals4 ,!y are well above /&>d micr[ave & rad>4 ,) a radio wave t small1 "o watt becomes a trem5d\s pun* p] bit & ?us makes transmission at reasonable spe$ possible4 ,9 ord] to m9imize ! pot5tial = conge/ion1 ! project is und]tak+ to reimplem5t s(tw>e :i* has be5 available 9 ! network+ bus9ess & is tak5 = grant$ n[1 = example1 ,,tcp_/,,ip1 r\t+ algori?ms1 bridges1 & gateways4 ,9 addition1 ! project plans to take ! ,,wais s]v] s(tw>e 9 ! public doma9 & reimplem5t x s t "o c h a ,,wais s]v] on a ,mac in/ead ( a ,unix ma*9e4 ,! ,memex ,rese>* ,in/itute believes t libr>ies1 9 p>ticul>1 w want to use ! ,,wais s]v]s ) packet radio4 ,?is project1 :i* has a team ( ab\t twelve p1 w run ?r\gh #aiic & w include ! #ajj libr>ies already m5tion$ z well z o!r pr(essionals su* z ^? 9 ! m$ical pr(ession1 eng9e]+1 & law4 ,?us1 ! ne$ is to create an infra/ructure ( radios t d n move ar\nd1 :i*1 ,,br[nrigg hopes1 w solve a problem n only = libr>ies b = individuals :o1 by & l>ge today1 d n h access to ! ,int]net f _! homes & (fices4 999999999999 ,,discussion 99 ,project op]at+ frequ5cies 99 ,dur+ a brief discussion p]iod1 :i* also conclud$ ! day's proce$+s1 ,,br[nrigg /at$ t ! project 0 op]at+ 9 f\r frequ5cies4 ,! sl[ spe$ is op]at+ at #dce megah]tz1 & x w\ld lat] g up to #ibj megah]tz4 ,) ! high-spe$ frequ5cy1 ! "o-megabyte radios w run at #b4d gigabits1 & #a4e w run at #e4g4 ,at #e4g1 ra9 c be a factor1 b x w\ld h to be tropical ra91 unlike :at falls 9 mo/ p>ts ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates4 999999999999 ,,session ,,iv4 ,,image ,,capture1 ,,text ,,capture1 ,,ov]view ,,( ,,text ,,& ,,image ,,/orage ,,=mats ,william ,,hooton1 vice presid5t ( op]ations1 ,i-,,net1 mod]at$ ?is session4 ,,k5ney 99 ,factors influ5c+ developm5t ( ,,cxp 99 ,advantages ( us+ digital te*nology v]sus photocopy & micr(ilm 99 ,a prim>y goal ( ,,cxp2 publi%+ *all5ges 99 ,*>act]i/ics ( copies pr9t$ 99 ,quality ( samples a*iev$ 9 image capture 99 ,sev]al factors to be consid]$ 9 *oos+ scann+ 99 ,emphasis ( ,,cxp on timely & co/-effective production ( black-&-:ite pr9t$ facsimiles 99 ,results ( produc+ micr(ilm f digital files 99 ,advantages ( creat+ micr(ilm 99 ,details conc]n+ production 99 ,co/s 99 ,role ( digital te*nology 9 libr>y pres]vation 99 ,anne ,,k5ney1 associate director1 ,dep>tm5t ( ,pres]vation & ,cons]vation1 ,cornell ,univ]sity1 op5$ h] talk by obs]v+ t ! ,cornell ,x]ox ,project 7,,cxp7 has be5 guid$ by ! assumption t ! ability to produce pr9t$ facsimiles or to replace pap] ) pap] w\ld be important1 at lea/ = ! pres5t g5]ation ( us]s & equipm5t4 ,%e describ$ ?ree factors t influ5c$ developm5t ( ! project3 #a7 ,because ! project has emphasiz$ ! pres]vation ( det]iorat+ brittle books1 ! quality ( :at 0 produc$ _h to be suffici5tly high to return a pap] replacem5t to ! %elf4 ,,cxp 0 only int]e/$ 9 us+3 #b7 a sy/em t 0 co/-effective1 :i* meant t x _h to be co/-competitive ) ! processes curr5tly available1 pr9cipally photocopy & micr(ilm1 & #c7 new or curr5tly available product h>dw>e & s(tw>e4 ,,k5ney describ$ ! advantages t us+ digital te*nology (f]s ov] bo? photocopy & micr(ilm3 #a7 ,! pot5tial exi/s to create a high] quality reproduction ( a det]iorat+ orig9al ?an conv5tional light-l5s te*nology4 #b7 ,because a digital image is an encod$ repres5tation1 x c be reproduc$ aga9 & aga9 ) no result+ loss ( quality1 z oppos$ to ! situation ) light-l5s processes1 9 :i* !re is disc]nible diff]5ce betwe5 a second & a subsequ5t g5]ation ( an image4 #c7 ,a digital image c be manipulat$ 9 a numb] ( ways to improve image capture2 = example1 ,x]ox has develop$ a w9d[+ application t enables "o to capture a page conta9+ bo? text & illu/rations 9 a mann] t optimizes ! reproduction ( bo?4 7,) light-l5s te*nology1 "o mu/ *oose :i* to optimize1 text or ! illu/ration2 9 pres]vation micr(ilm+1 ! curr5t practice is to %oot an illu/rat$ page twice1 once to highlight ! text & ! second "t to provide ! be/ capture = ! illu/ration47 #d7 ,a digital image c also be edit$1 d5sity levels adju/$ to remove und]l9+ & /a9s1 & to increase legibility = fa9t docum5ts4 #e7 ,on-scre5 inspection c take place at ! "t ( initial setup & adju/m5ts made prior to scann+1 factors t sub/antially r$uce ! numb] ( retakes requir$ 9 quality control4 ,a prim>y goal ( ,,cxp has be5 to evaluate ! pap] output pr9t$ on ! ,x]ox ,docu,tech1 a high-spe$ pr9t] t produces #fjj-;dpi pages f scann$ images at a rate ( #ace pages a m9ute4 ,,k5ney rec\nt$ sev]al publi%+ *all5ges to repres5t fai?ful & legible reproductions ( ! orig9als t ! #fjj-;dpi copy = ! mo/ "p successfully captur$4 ,= example1 _m ( ! det]iorat+ volumes 9 ! project 7 heavily illu/rat$ ) f9e l9e draw+s or halftones or came 9 languages su* z ,japanese1 9 :i* ! buildup ( *>act]s compris$ ( v>y+ /rokes is difficult to reproduce at l[] resolutions2 a surpris+ numb] ( !m came ) annotations & ma!matical =mulas1 :i* x 0 critical to be able to duplicate exactly4 ,,k5ney not$ t #a7 ! copies are be+ pr9t$ on pap] t meets ! ,,ansi /&>ds = p]=mance1 #b7 ! ,docu,tech pr9t] meets ! ma*9e & ton] requirem5ts = prop] adhesion ( pr9t to page1 z describ$ by ! ,national ,ar*ives1 & ?us #c7 pap] product is consid]$ to be ! ar*ival equival5t ( pres]vation photocopy4 ,,k5ney !n discuss$ sev]al samples ( ! quality a*iev$ 9 ! project t _h be5 di/ribut$ 9 a h&\t1 = example1 a copy ( a pr9t-on-dem& v]sion ( ! #aiaa ,re$ lecture on ! /eam turb9e1 :i* conta9s halftones1 l9e draw+s1 & illu/rations emb$d$ 9 text2 ! fir/ f\r loose pages 9 ! volume comp>$ ! capture capabilities ( scann+ to photocopy = a /&>d te/ t>get1 ! ,,ieee /&>d #afg;,a #aihg te/ *>t4 ,9 all in/ances scann+ prov$ sup]ior to photocopy1 ?\gh only slightly m s 9 "o4 ,conc$+ ! simpli/ic nature ( h] review ( ! quality ( scann+ to photocopy1 ,,k5ney describ$ x z "o repres5tation ( ! k9ds ( sett+s t c\ld be us$ ) scann+ capabilities on ! equipm5t ,,cxp uses4 ,,k5ney also po9t$ out t ,,cxp inve/igat$ ! quality a*iev$ ) b9>y scann+ only1 & not$ ! great promise 9 gray scale & color scann+1 ^: advantages & disadvantages ne$ to be exam9$4 ,%e argu$ fur!r t scann+ resolutions & file =mats c repres5t a complex trade-(f betwe5 ! "t x takes to capture mat]ial1 file size1 fidelity to ! orig9al1 & on-scre5 display2 & pr9t+ & equipm5t availability4 ,all ^! factors mu/ be tak5 into consid]ation4 ,,cxp plac$ prim>y emphasis on ! production 9 a timely & co/-effective mann] ( pr9t$ facsimiles t consi/$ l>gely ( black-&-:ite text4 ,) b9>y scann+1 l>ge files may be compress$ effici5tly & 9 a lossless mann] 7i4e41 no data is lo/ 9 ! process ( compress+ & decompress+ an image--! exact bit-repres5tation is ma9ta9$7 us+ ,gr\p #d ,,ccitt 7i4e41 ! ,fr5* acronym = ,int]national ,consultative ,committee = ,telegraph & ,telephone7 compression4 ,,cxp 0 gett+ compression ratios ( ab\t =ty to "o4 ,gray-scale compression1 :i* prim>ily uses ,,jpeg1 is mu* less economical & c repres5t a lossy compression 7i4e41 n lossless71 s t z "o compresses & decompresses1 ! illu/ration is subtly *ang$4 ,:ile b9>y files produce a high-quality pr9t$ v]sion1 x appe>s #a7 t o!r comb9ations ( spatial resolution ) gray &_/or color hold great promise z well1 & #b7 t gray scale c repres5t a trem5d\s advantage = on-scre5 view+4 ,! quality associat$ ) b9>y & gray scale also dep5ds on ! equipm5t us$4 ,= in/ance1 b9>y scann+ produces a mu* bett] copy on a b9>y pr9t]4 ,among ,,cxp's f9d+s conc]n+ ! production ( micr(ilm f digital files1 ,,k5ney report$ t ! digital files = ! same ,re$ lecture 7 us$ to produce sample film us+ an electron beam record]4 ,! result+ film 0 fai?ful to ! image capture ( ! digital files1 & :ile ,,cxp felt t ! text & image pages repres5t$ 9 ! ,re$ lecture 7 sup]ior to t ( ! light-l5s film1 ! resolution read+s = ! #fjj dpi 7 n z high z /&>d micr(ilm+4 ,,k5ney argu$ t ! /&>ds def9$ = light-l5s te*nology are n totally transf]able to a digital environm5t4 ,moreov]1 !y are bas$ on def9ition ( quality = a pres]vation copy4 ,al?\gh mak+ ?is case w prove to be a long1 uphill /ruggle1 ,,cxp plans to cont9ue to inve/igate ! issue ov] ! c\rse ( ! next ye>4 ,,k5ney conclud$ ?is portion ( h] talk ) a discussion ( ! advantages ( creat+ film3 x c s]ve z a prim>y backup & z a pres]vation ma/] to ! digital file2 x c\ld !n become ! pr9t or production ma/] & s]vice copies c\ld be pap]1 film1 optical disks1 magnetic m$ia1 or on-scre5 display4 ,f9ally1 ,,k5ney pres5t$ details re production3 99 ,developm5t & te/+ ( a mod]ately-high resolution production scann+ work/ation repres5t$ a ?ird goal ( ,,cxp2 to date1 #a1jjj volumes h be5 scann$1 or ab\t #cjj1jjj images4 99 ,! result+ digital files are /or$ & us$ to produce h>d-copy replacem5ts = ! orig9als & additional pr9ts on dem&2 al?\gh ! initial co/s are high1 scann+ te*nology (f]s an af=dable means = re=matt+ brittle mat]ial4 99 ,a te*nician 9 production mode c scan #cjj pages p] h\r :5 p]=m+ s+le-%eet scann+1 :i* is a necessity :5 work+ ) truly brittle pap]2 ?is figure is expect$ to increase significantly ) subsequ5t it]ations ( ! s(tw>e f ,x]ox2 a ?ree-mon? "t-&-co/ /udy ( scann+ f\nd t ! av]age #cjj-page book w\ld take ab\t an h\r & =ty m9utes to scan 7?is figure includ$ ! "t = setup1 :i* involves key+ 9 prim>y bibliographic data1 go+ into quality control mode to def9e page size1 e/abli%+ front-to-back regi/ration1 & scann+ sample pages to id5tify a default range ( sett+s = ! entire book--functions n dissimil> to ^? p]=m$ by film]s or ^? prep>+ a book = photocopy74 99 ,! f9al /ep 9 ! scann+ process involv$ rescans1 :i* happily 7 few & f> betwe51 repres5t+ well "u #a p]c5t ( ! total pages scann$4 ,9 addition to te*nician "t1 ,,cxp co/$ out equipm5t1 amortiz$ ov] f\r ye>s1 ! co/ ( /or+ & refre%+ ! digital files e f\r ye>s1 & ! co/ ( pr9t+ & b9d+1 book-clo? b9d+1 a pap] reproduction4 ,! total am\nt$ to a little "u #fe p] s+le #cjj-page volume1 ) #cj p]c5t ov]head includ$--a figure competitive ) ! prices curr5tly *>g$ by photocopy v5dors4 ,( c\rse1 ) scann+1 9 addition to ! pap] facsimile1 "o is left ) a digital file f :i* subsequ5t copies ( ! book c be produc$ = a fraction ( ! co/ ( photocopy1 ) read]s af=d$ *oices 9 ! =m ( ^! copies4 ,,k5ney conclud$ t digital te*nology (f]s an electronic means = a libr>y pres]vation ef=t to pay = itself4 ,if a brittle-book program includ$ ! means ( dissem9at+ repr9ts ( books t are 9 dem& by libr>ies & rese>*]s alike1 ! initial inve/m5t 9 capture c\ld be recov]$ & us$ to pres]ve additional b less popul> books4 ,%e disclos$ t an economic model = a self-su/a9+ program c\ld be develop$ = ,,cxp's report to ! ,commission on ,pres]vation & ,access 7,,cpa74 ,,k5ney /ress$ t ! focus ( ,,cxp has be5 on obta9+ high quality 9 a production environm5t4 ,! use ( digital te*nology is view$ z an af=dable alt]native to o!r re=matt+ options4 999999999999 ,,&re 99 ,ov]view & hi/ory ( ,,natdp 99 ,v>i\s agricultural ,,cd-,,rom products creat$ inh\se & by s]vice bureaus 99 ,pilot project on ,int]net transmission 99 ,additional products 9 progress 99 ,pamela ,,&re1 associate director = automation1 ,national ,agricultural ,text ,digitiz+ ,program 7,,natdp71 ,national ,agricultural ,libr>y 7,,nal71 pres5t$ an ov]view ( ,,natdp1 :i* has be5 und]way at ,,nal ! la/ f\r ye>s1 be=e ,judi? ,,zid> discuss$ ! te*nical details4 ,,&re def9$ agricultural in=mation z a broad range ( mat]ial go+ f basic & appli$ rese>* 9 ! h>d sci5ces to ! "o-page pamphlets t are di/ribut$ by ! coop]ative /ate ext5sion s]vices on su* ?+s z h[ to gr[ blueb]ries4 ,,natdp began 9 late #aihf ) a meet+ ( repres5tatives f ! l&-grant libr>y community to deal ) ! issue ( electronic in=mation4 ,,nal & =ty-five ( ^! libr>ies b&$ toge!r to e/abli% ?is project--to evaluate ! te*nology = conv]t+ :at 7 !n s\rce docum5ts 9 pap] =m into electronic =m1 to provide access to t digital in=mation1 & !n to di/ribute x4 ,di/ribut+ t mat]ial to ! community--! univ]sity community z well z ! ext5sion s]vice community1 pot5tially d[n to ! c\nty level--con/itut$ ! gr\p's *ief conc]n4 ,s9ce ,janu>y #aihh 7:5 ! microcomput]-bas$ scann+ sy/em 0 in/all$ at ,,nal71 ,,natdp has done a v>iety ( ?+s1 conc]n+ :i* ,,zid> w\ld provide fur!r details4 ,= example1 ! fir/ te*nology consid]$ 9 ! project's discussion phase 0 digital videodisc1 :i* indicates h[ long ago x 0 conceiv$4 ,ov] ! f\r ye>s ( ?is project1 f\r sep>ate ,,cd-,,rom products on f\r diff]5t agricultural topics 7 creat$1 two at a scann+-&-,,ocr /ation in/all$ at ,,nal1 & two by s]vice bureaus4 ,?us1 ,,natdp has ga9$ comp>ative in=mation 9 t]ms ( ^? relative co/s4 ,ea* ( ^! products conta9$ ! full ,,ascii text z well z page images ( ! mat]ial1 or betwe5 #d1jjj & #f1jjj pages ( mat]ial on ^! disks4 ,topics includ$ aquaculture1 food1 agriculture & sci5ce 7i4e41 int]national agriculture & rese>*71 acid ra91 & ,ag5t ,orange1 :i* 0 ! f9al product di/ribut$ 7approximately eighte5 mon?s be=e ! ,work%op74 ,! ?ird phase ( ,,natdp focus$ on deliv]y me*anisms o!r ?an ,,cd-,,rom4 ,at ! sugge/ion ( ,clif=d ,,lyn*1 :o 0 a te*nical consultant to ! project at ?is po9t1 ,,natdp became involv$ ) ! ,int]net & initiat$ a project ) ! help ( ,nor? ,c>ol9a ,/ate ,univ]sity1 9 :i* f\rte5 ( ! l&-grant univ]sity libr>ies are transmitt+ digital images ov] ! ,int]net 9 response to int]libr>y loan reque/s--a topic = ano!r meet+4 ,at ?is po9t1 ! pilot project _h be5 complet$ = ab\t a ye> & ! f9al report w\ld be available %ortly aft] ! ,work%op4 ,9 ! meantime1 ! project's success _h l$ to its ext5sion4 7,,&re not$ t "o ( ! fir/ ?+s done "u ! program title 0 to select a retrieval package to use ) subsequ5t products2 ,w9d[s ,p]sonal ,libr>ian 0 ! package ( *oice aft] a l5g?y evaluation47 ,?ree additional products _h be5 plann$ & 7 9 progress3 #a7 ,an arrangem5t ) ! ,am]ican ,society ( ,agronomy--a pr(essional society t has publi%$ ! ,agronomy ,j\rnal s9ce ab\t #aijh--to scan & create bit-mapp$ images ( its j\rnal4 ,,asa grant$ p]mission fir/ to put & !n to di/ribute ?is mat]ial 9 electronic =m1 to hold x at ,,nal1 & to use ^! electronic images z a me*anism to deliv] docum5ts or pr9t out mat]ial = patrons1 among o!r uses4 ,effectively1 ,,nal has ! "r to use ?is mat]ial 9 support ( its program4 7,significantly1 ?is arrangem5t (f]s a pot5tial coop]ative model = work+ ) o!r pr(essional societies 9 agriculture to try to d ! same ?+--put ! j\rnals ( p>ticul> int]e/ to agriculture rese>* into electronic =m47 #b7 ,an ext5sion ( ! e>li] product on aquaculture4 #c7 ,! ,george ,wa%+ton ,c>v] ,pap]s--a jo9t project ) ,tuskegee ,univ]sity to scan & conv]t f micr(ilm "s #c1ejj images ( ,c>v]'s pap]s1 lett]s1 & draw+s4 ,x 0 anticipat$ t all ( ^! products w\ld appe> no m ?an six mon?s aft] ! ,work%op4 999999999999 ,,zid> 99 7,a sep>ate ar5a = scann+7 99 ,/eps 9 creat+ a database 99 ,image capture1 ) & )\t p]=m+ ,,ocr 99 ,key+ 9 track+ data 99 ,scann+1 ) electronic & manual track+ 99 ,adju/m5ts dur+ scann+ process 99 ,scann+ resolutions 99 ,compression 99 ,de-skew+ & filt]+ 99 ,image capture f micr(orm3 ! pap]s & lett]s ( ,george ,wa%+ton ,c>v] 99 ,equipm5t us$ = a scann+ sy/em 99 ,judi? ,,zid>1 coord9ator1 ,national ,agricultural ,text ,digitiz+ ,program 7,,natdp71 ,national ,agricultural ,libr>y 7,,nal71 illu/rat$ ! te*nical details ( ,,natdp1 includ+ h] prim>y responsibility1 scann+ & creat+ databases on a topic & putt+ !m on ,,cd-,,rom4 7,,zid> rem>k$ a sep>ate ar5a f ! ,,cd-,,rom projects1 al?\gh ! process+ ( ! mat]ial is ne>ly id5tical1 9 :i* ,,natdp is also scann+ mat]ial & load+ x on a ,next microcomput]1 :i* 9 turn is l9k$ to ,,nal's integrat$ libr>y sy/em4 ,?us1 se>*es 9 ,,nal's bibliographic database w enable p to pull up actual page images & text = any docum5ts t h be5 ent]$47 ,9 accordance ) ! session's topic1 ,,zid> focus$ h] illu/rat$ talk on image capture1 (f]+ a prim] on ! ?ree ma9 /eps 9 ! process3 #a7 assemble ! pr9t$ publications2 #b7 design ! database 7database design occurs 9 ! process ( prep>+ ! mat]ial = scann+2 ?is /ep entails review+ & organiz+ ! mat]ial1 def9+ ! cont5ts--:at w con/itute a record1 :at k9ds ( fields w be captur$ 9 t]ms ( au?or1 title1 etc472 #c7 p]=m a c]ta9 am\nt ( m>kup on ! pap] publications4 ,,nal p]=ms ?is task record by record1 prep>+ "w %eets or "s o!r sort ( track+ mat]ial & design+ descriptors & o!r enhancem5ts to be add$ to ! data t w n be captur$ f ! pr9t$ publication4 ,"p ( ?is process also involves det]m9+ ,,natdp's file & directory /ructure3 ,,natdp attempts to avoid putt+ m ?an approximately #ajj images 9 a directory1 because plac+ m ?an t on a ,,cd-,,rom w\ld r$uce ! access spe$4 ,?is up-front process takes approximately two weeks = a #f1jjj-g1jjj-page database4 ,! next /ep is to capture ! page images4 ,h[ long ?is process takes is det]m9$ by ! decision :e!r or n to p]=m ,,ocr4 ,n p]=m+ ,,ocr spe$s ! process1 :]eas text capture requires great] c>e because ( ! quality ( ! image3 x has to be /raight] & all[ance mu/ be made = text on a page1 n j = ! capture ( photographs4 ,,natdp keys 9 track+ data1 t is1 a /&>d bibliographic record includ+ ! title ( ! book & ! title ( ! *apt]1 :i* w lat] ei!r become ! access in=mation or w be atta*$ to ! front ( a full-text record s t x is se>*able4 ,images are scann$ f a b\nd or unb\nd publication1 *iefly f b\nd publications 9 ! case ( ,,natdp1 h[ev]1 because (t5 !y are ! only copies & ! publications are return$ to ! %elves4 ,,natdp usually scans "o record at a "t1 because its database track+ sy/em tracks ! docum5t 9 t way & does n require fur!r logical sep>at+ ( ! images4 ,aft] p]=m+ optical "* recognition1 ,,natdp moves ! images (f ! h>d disk & ma9ta9s a volume %eet4 ,?\gh ! sy/em tracks electronically1 all ! process+ /eps are also track$ manually ) a log %eet4 ,,zid> next illu/rat$ ! k9ds ( adju/m5ts t "o c make :5 scann+ f pap] & micr(ilm1 = example1 r$o+ images t ne$ special h&l+1 sett+ = di!r+ or gray scale1 & adju/+ = brightness or = ! :ole book at "o "t4 ,,natdp is scann+ at #cjj dots p] in*1 a /&>d scann+ resolution4 ,?\gh adequate = captur+ text t is all ( a /&>d size1 #cjj dpi is unsuitable = any k9d ( photographic mat]ial or = v small text4 ,_m scann]s all[ = diff]5t image =mats1 ,,tiff1 ( c\rse1 be+ a de facto /&>d4 ,b if "o int5ds to ex*ange images ) o!r p1 ! ability to scan o!r image =mats1 ev5 if !y are less common1 becomes highly desirable4 ,,ccitt ,gr\p #d is ! /&>d compression = normal black-&-:ite images1 ,,jpeg = gray scale or color4 ,,zid> recomm5d$ #a7 us+ ! /&>d compressions1 p>ticul>ly if "o attempts to make mat]ial available & to all[ us]s to d[nload images & reuse !m f ,,cd-,r,o,ms2 & #b7 ma9ta9+ ! ability to output an uncompress$ image1 because 9 image ex*ange uncompress$ images are m likely to be able to cross plat=ms4 ,,zid> emphasiz$ ! importance ( de-skew+ & filt]+ z requirem5ts on ,,natdp's upgrad$ sy/em4 ,= in/ance1 scann+ b\nd books1 p>ticul>ly books publi%$ by ! f$]al gov]nm5t ^: pages are skew$1 & try+ to scan !m /raight if ,,ocr is to be p]=m$1 is extremely "t-consum+4 ,! same holds = filt]+ ( poor-quality or old] mat]ials4 ,,zid> describ$ image capture f micr(orm1 us+ z an example ?ree reels f a sixty-sev5-reel set ( ! pap]s & lett]s ( ,george ,wa%+ton ,c>v] t _h be5 produc$ by ,tuskegee ,univ]sity4 ,^! result$ 9 approximately #c1ejj images1 :i* ,,natdp _h _h scann$ by its s]vice contractor1 ,sci5ce ,applications ,int]national ,corporation 7,,saic74 ,,natdp also creat$ bibliographic records = access4 7,,natdp did n h su* specializ$ equipm5t z a micr(ilm scann]4 ,un=tunately1 ! process ( scann+ f micr(ilm 0 n an unqualifi$ success1 ,,zid> report$3 because micr(ilm frame sizes v>y1 occasionally "s frames 7 miss$1 :i* )\t sp5d+ mu* "t & money c\ld n be recaptur$4 ,,ocr c\ld n be p]=m$ f ! scann$ images ( ! frames4 ,! ble$+ 9 ! text simply output text1 :5 ,,ocr 0 run1 t c\ld n ev5 be edit$4 ,,natdp te/$ = negative v]sus positive images1 l&scape v]sus portrait ori5tation1 & s+le- v]sus dual-page micr(ilm1 none ( :i* seem$ to affect ! quality ( ! image2 b also on none ( !m c\ld ,,ocr be p]=m$4 ,9 select+ ! micr(ilm !y w\ld use1 !re=e1 ,,natdp _h o!r factors 9 m9d4 ,,zid> not$ two factors t influ5c$ ! quality ( ! images3 #a7 ! inh]5t quality ( ! orig9al & #b7 ! am\nt ( size r$uction on ! pages4 ,! ,c>v] pap]s 7 select$ because !y are in=mative & visually int]e/+1 treat a s+le subject1 & are valuable 9 _! own "r4 ,! images 7 scann$ & divid$ into logical records by ,,saic1 !n deliv]$1 & load$ onto ,,natdp's sy/em1 :]e bibliographic in=mation tak5 directly f ! images 0 add$4 ,scann+ 0 complet$ 9 summ] #aiia & by ! end ( summ] #aiib ! disk 0 s*$ul$ to be publi%$4 ,problems enc\nt]$ dur+ process+ includ$ ! foll[+3 ,because ! micr(ilm scann+ _h to be done 9 a bat*1 adju/m5t = individual page v>iations 0 n possible4 ,! frame size v>i$ on acc\nt ( ! nature ( ! mat]ial1 & !re=e "s ( ! frames 7 miss$ :ile o!rs 7 j p>tial frames4 ,! only way to g back & capture ?is mat]ial 0 to pr9t out ! page ) ! micr(ilm read] f ! miss+ frame & !n scan x 9 f ! page1 :i* 0 extremely "t-consum+4 ,! quality ( ! images scann$ f ! pr9t\t ( ! micr(ilm comp>$ unfavorably ) t ( ! orig9al images captur$ directly f ! micr(ilm4 ,! inability to p]=m ,,ocr also 0 a major disappo9tm5t4 ,at ! "t1 comput] output micr(ilm 0 unavailable to te/4 ,! equipm5t us$ = a scann+ sy/em 0 ! la/ topic address$ by ,,zid>4 ,! type ( equipm5t t "o w\ld pur*ase = a scann+ sy/em includ$3 a microcomput]1 at lea/ a #chf1 b pref]ably a #dhf2 a l>ge h>d disk1 #chj megabyte at m9imum2 a multi-task+ op]at+ sy/em t all[s "o to run "s ?+s 9 bat* 9 ! backgr\nd :ile scann+ or do+ text edit+1 = example1 ,unix or ,,os_/#b &1 !oretically1 ,w9d[s2 a high-spe$ scann] & scann+ s(tw>e t all[s "o to make ! v>i\s adju/m5ts m5tion$ e>li]2 a high-resolution monitor 7#aej dpi 72 ,,ocr s(tw>e & h>dw>e to p]=m text recognition2 an optical disk subsy/em on :i* to ar*ive all ! images z ! process+ is done2 file managem5t & track+ s(tw>e4 ,,zid> op9$ t ! s(tw>e "o pur*ases 0 m important ?an ! h>dw>e & might also co/ m ?an ! h>dw>e1 b x 0 likely to prove critical to ! success or failure ( "o's sy/em4 ,9 addition to a /&-alone scann+ work/ation = image capture1 !n1 text capture requires "o or two edit+ /ations network$ to ?is scann+ /ation to p]=m edit+4 ,edit+ ! text takes two or ?ree times z long z captur+ ! images4 ,f9ally1 ,,zid> /ress$ ! importance ( buy+ an op5 sy/em t all[s = m ?an "o v5dor1 complies ) /&>ds1 & c be upgrad$4 999999999999 ,,wat]s 99,yale ,univ]sity ,libr>y's ma/] plan to conv]t micr(ilm to digital imag]y 7,,pob7 99 ,! place ( electronic tools 9 ! libr>y ( ! future 99 ,! uses ( images & an image libr>y 99 ,prim>y input f pres]vation micr(ilm 99 ,features di/+ui%+ ,,pob f ,,cxp & key hypo!ses guid+ ,,pob 99 ,use ( v5dor selection process to facilitate organizational "w 99 ,crit]ia = select+ v5dor 99 ,f9ali/s & results ( process = ,yale 99 ,key factor di/+ui%+ v5dors 99 ,compon5ts1 design pr9ciples1 & "s e/imat$ co/s ( ,,pob 99 ,role ( pres]vation mat]ials 9 develop+ imag+ m>ket 99 ,factors affect+ quality & co/ 99 ,factors affect+ ! usability ( complex docum5ts 9 image =m 99 ,donald ,,wat]s1 head ( ! ,sy/ems ,(fice1 ,yale ,univ]sity ,libr>y1 report$ on ! progress ( a ma/] plan = a project at ,yale to conv]t micr(ilm to digital imag]y1 ,project ,op5 ,book 7,,pob74 ,/at+ t ,,pob 0 9 an advanc$ /age ( plann+1 ,,wat]s detail$1 9 p>ticul>1 ! process ( select+ a v5dor p>tn] & sev]al key issues "u discussion z ,yale prep>es to move into ! project itself4 ,he comm5t$ fir/ on ! vision t s]ves z ! context ( ,,pob & !n describ$ its purpose & scope4 ,,wat]s sees ! libr>y ( ! future n necess>ily z an electronic libr>y b z a place t g5]ates1 pres]ves1 & improves = its cli5ts ready access to bo? intellectual & physical record$ k4 ,electronic tools mu/ f9d a place 9 ! libr>y 9 ! context ( ?is vision4 ,sev]al roles = electronic tools include s]v+ z3 indirect s\rces ( electronic k or z f9d+ aids 7! on-l9e catalogues1 ! article-level indices1 regi/]s = docum5ts & ar*ives72 direct s\rces ( record$ k2 full-text images2 & v>i\s k9ds ( comp\nd s\rces ( record$ k 7! s-call$ comp\nd docum5ts ( ,hyp]text1 mix$ text & image1 mix$-text image =mat1 & multim$ia74 ,,pob is look+ p>ticul>ly at images & an image libr>y1 ! uses to :i* images w be put 7e4g41 /orage1 pr9t+1 br[s+1 & !n use z input = o!r processes71 ,,ocr z a subsequ5t process to image capture1 or creat+ an image libr>y1 & also possibly g5]at+ micr(ilm4 ,:ile input w come f a v>iety ( s\rces1 ,,pob is consid]+ especially input f pres]vation micr(ilm4 ,a possible outcome is t ! film & pap] :i* provide ! input = ! image libr>y ev5tually may g (f into remote /orage1 & t ! image libr>y may be ! prim>y access tool4 ,! purpose & scope ( ,,pob focus on imag+4 ,?\gh relat$ to ,,cxp1 ,,pob has two features :i* di/+ui% x3 #a7 scale--conv]sion ( #aj1jjj volumes into digital image =m2 & #b7 s\rce--conv]sion f micr(ilm4 ,giv5 ^! features1 sev]al key work+ hypo!ses guide ,,pob1 includ+3 #a7 ,s9ce ,,pob is us+ micr(ilm1 x is n conc]n$ ) ! image libr>y z a pres]vation m$ium4 #b7 ,digital imag]y c improve access to record$ k ?r\gh pr9t+ & network di/ribution at a mode/ increm5tal co/ ( micr(ilm4 #c7 ,captur+ & /or+ docum5ts 9 a digital image =m is necess>y to fur!r improvem5ts 9 access4 7,,pob di/+ui%es betwe5 ! imag+1 digitiz+ process & ,,ocr1 :i* at ?is /age x does n plan to p]=m47 ,curr5tly 9 its fir/ or organizational phase1 ,,pob f\nd t x c\ld use a v5dor selection process to facilitate a good deal ( ! organizational "w 7e4g41 creat+ a project team & advisory bo>d1 confirm+ ! validity ( ! plan1 e/abli%+ ! co/ ( ! project & a budget1 select+ ! mat]ials to conv]t1 & !n rais+ ! necess>y funds74 ,,pob develop$ num]\s selection crit]ia1 includ+3 a firm committ$ to image-docum5t managem5t1 ! ability to s]ve z sy/ems integrator 9 a l>ge-scale project ov] sev]al ye>s1 int]e/ 9 develop+ ! requisite s(tw>e z a /&>d r ?an a cu/om product1 & a will+ness to inve/ sub/antial res\rces 9 ! project itself4 ,two v5dors1 ,,dec & ,x]ox1 7 select$ z f9ali/s 9 ,octob] #aiia1 & ) ! support ( ! ,commission on ,pres]vation & ,access1 ea* 0 commission$ to g5]ate a detail$ requirem5ts analysis = ! project & !n to submit a =mal proposal = ! completion ( ! project1 :i* includ$ a budget & co/s4 ,! t]ms 7 t ,,pob w\ld pay ! los]4 ,! results = ,yale ( involv+ a v5dor includ$3 broad involvem5t ( ,yale /aff across ! bo>d at a relatively l[ co/1 :i* may h long-t]m significance 9 c>ry+ out ! project 7tw5ty-five to ?irty univ]sity p are engag$ 9 ,,pob72 bett] und]/&+ ( ! factors t affect corporate response to m>kets = imag+ products2 a competitive proposal2 & a m sophi/icat$ view ( ! imag+ m>kets4 ,! mo/ important factor t di/+ui%$ ! v5dors "u consid]ation 0 _! id5tification ) ! cu/om]4 ,! size & int]nal complexity ( ! company also 0 an important factor4 ,,pob 0 look+ at l>ge companies t _h sub/antial res\rces4 ,9 ! end1 ! process g5]at$ = ,yale two competitive proposals1 ) ,x]ox's ! cle> w9n]4 ,,wat]s !n describ$ ! compon5ts ( ! proposal1 ! design pr9ciples1 & "s ( ! co/s e/imat$ = ! process4 ,compon5ts are ess5tially f\r3 a conv]sion subsy/em1 a network-accessible /orage subsy/em = #aj1jjj books 7& ,,pob expects #bjj to #fjj dpi /orage71 br[s+ /ations di/ribut$ on ! campus network1 & network access to ! image pr9t]s4 ,among ! design pr9ciples1 ,,pob want$ conv]sion at ! highe/ possible resolution4 ,assum+ ,,tiff files1 ,,tiff files ) ,gr\p #d compression1 ,,tcp_/,,ip1 & e!rnet network on campus1 ,,pob want$ a cli5t-s]v] approa* ) image docum5ts di/ribut$ to ! work/ations & made accessible ?r\gh native work/ation int]faces su* z ,w9d[s4 ,,pob also insi/$ on a phas$ approa* to implem5tation3 #a7 a /&-alone1 s+le-us]1 l[-co/ entry into ! bus9ess ) a work/ation focus$ on conv]sion & all[+ ,,pob to explore us] access2 #b7 movem5t into a high]-volume conv]sion ) network-accessible /orage & multiple access /ations2 & #c7 a high-volume conv]sion1 full-capacity /orage1 & multiple br[s+ /ations di/ribut$ ?r\gh\t ! campus4 ,! co/s propos$ = />t-up assum$ ! exi/5ce ( ! ,yale network & its two ,docu,tech image pr9t]s4 ,o!r />t-up co/s are e/imat$ at #a million ov] ! ?ree phases4 ,at ! end ( ! project1 ! annual op]at+ co/s e/imat$ prim>ily = ! s(tw>e & h>dw>e propos$ come to ab\t #fj1jjj1 b ^! exclude co/s = labor ne$$ 9 ! conv]sion process1 network & pr9t] usage1 & facilities managem5t4 ,f9ally1 ! selection process produc$ = ,yale a m sophi/icat$ view ( ! imag+ m>kets3 ! managem5t ( complex docum5ts 9 image =m is n a pres]vation problem1 n a libr>y problem1 b a g5]al problem 9 a broad1 g5]al indu/ry4 ,pres]vation mat]ials are useful = develop+ t m>ket because ( ! qualities ( ! mat]ial4 ,= example1 mu* ( x is out ( copyright4 ,! resolution ( key issues su* z ! quality ( scann+ & image br[s+ also w affect developm5t ( t m>ket4 ,! te*nology is readily available b *ang+ rapidly4 ,9 ?is context ( rapid *ange1 sev]al factors affect quality & co/1 to :i* ,,pob int5ds to pay p>ticul> att5tion1 = example1 ! v>i\s levels ( resolution t c be a*iev$4 ,,pob believes x c br+ resolution up to #fjj dpi1 b an int]polation process f #djj to #fjj is m likely4 ,! v>iation quality 9 micr(ilm w prove to be a highly important factor4 ,,pob may reexam9e ! /&>ds us$ to film 9 ! fir/ place by look+ at ?is process z a foll[-on to micr(ilm+4 ,o!r important factors include3 ! te*niques available to ! op]ator = h&l+ mat]ial1 ! ways ( integrat+ quality control into ! digitiz+ "w fl[1 & a "w fl[ t includes index+ & /orage4 ,,pob's requirem5t 0 to be able to deal ) quality control at ! po9t ( scann+4 ,?us1 ?anks to ,x]ox1 ,,pob anticipates hav+ a me*anism :i* w all[ x n only to scan 9 bat* =m1 b to review ! mat]ial z x goes ?r\gh ! scann] & control quality f ! outset4 ,! /&>ds = measur+ quality & co/s dep5d greatly on ! uses ( ! mat]ial1 includ+ subsequ5t ,,ocr1 /orage1 pr9t+1 & br[s+4 ,b especially at issue = ,,pob is ! facility = br[s+4 ,?is facility1 ,,wat]s said1 is p]haps ! weake/ aspect ( imag+ te*nology & ! mo/ 9 ne$ ( developm5t4 ,a v>iety ( factors affect ! usability ( complex docum5ts 9 image =m1 among !m3 #a7 ! ability ( ! sy/em to h&le ! full range ( docum5t types1 n j monographs b s]ials1 multi-"p monographs1 & manuscripts2 #b7 ! location ( ! database ( record = bibliographic in=mation ab\t ! image docum5t1 :i* ,,pob wants to ent] once & 9 ! mo/ useful place1 ! on-l9e catalog2 #c7 a docum5t id5tifi] = ref]5c+ ! bibliographic in=mation 9 "o place & ! images 9 ano!r2 #d7 ! te*nique = mak+ ! basic int]nal /ructure ( ! docum5t accessible to ! read]2 & f9ally1 #e7 ! physical pres5tation on ! ,,crt ( ^? docum5ts4 ,,pob is ready to complete ?is phase n[4 ,"o la/ decision involves decid+ :i* mat]ial to scan4 999999999999 ,,discussion 99 ,,tiff files con/itute de facto /&>d 99 ,,n>a's exp]i5ce ) image conv]sion s(tw>e & text conv]sion 99 ,,rfc #acad 99 ,consid]able flux conc]n+ available h>dw>e & s(tw>e solutions 99 ,,nal ?r\gh-put rate dur+ scann+ 99 ,w9d[ managem5t que/ions 99 ,9 ! "q-&-answ] p]iod t foll[$ ,,wat]s's pres5tation1 ! foll[+ po9ts em]g$3 99 ,,zid>'s /atem5t ab\t us+ ,,tiff files z a /&>d meant de facto /&>d4 ,?is is :at mo/ p use & typically ex*ange ) o!r gr\ps1 across plat=ms1 or ev5 occasionally across display s(tw>e4 99 ,,holmes comm5t$ on ! unsuccessful exp]i5ce ( ,,n>a 9 attempt+ to run image-conv]sion s(tw>e or to ex*ange betwe5 applications3 ,:at are suppos$ly ,,tiff files g into o!r s(tw>e t is suppos$ to be able to accept ,,tiff b _c recognize ! =mat & _c deal ) x1 & ?us r5d]s ! ex*ange useless4 ,re text conv]sion1 he not$ ! diff]5t recognition rates obta9$ by sub/itut+ ! make & model ( scann]s 9 ,,n>a's rec5t te/ ( an intellig5t "*-recognition product = a new company4 ,9 ! selection ( h>dw>e & s(tw>e1 ,,holmes argu$1 s(tw>e no long] con/itutes ! ov]rid+ factor x did until ab\t a ye> ago2 r x is p]haps important to look at bo? n[4 99 ,danny ,coh5 & ,alan ,katz ( ! ,univ]sity ( ,s\!rn ,cali=nia ,in=mation ,sci5ces ,in/itute began circulat+ z an ,int]net ,,rfc 7,,rfc #acad7 ab\t a mon? ago a /&>d = a ,,tiff int]*ange =mat = ,int]net di/ribution ( mono*rome bit-mapp$ images1 :i* ,,lyn* said he believ$ w\ld be us$ z a de facto /&>d4 99 ,,fleis*hau]'s impression f he>+ ^! reports & ?9k+ ab\t ,,am's exp]i5ce 0 t !re is consid]able flux conc]n+ available h>dw>e & s(tw>e solutions4 ,,hooton agre$ & comm5t$ at ! same "t on ,,zid>'s /atem5t t ! equipm5t employ$ affects ! results produc$4 ,"o _c draw a complete conclusion by say+ x is difficult or impossible to p]=m ,,ocr f scann+ micr(ilm1 = example1 ) t device1 t set ( p>amet]s1 & sy/em requirem5ts1 because num]\s o!r p are accompli%+ j t1 us+ o!r compon5ts1 p]haps4 ,,hooton op9$ t bo? ! h>dw>e & ! s(tw>e 7 highly important4 ,mo/ ( ! problems discuss$ today h be5 solv$ 9 num]\s diff]5t ways by o!r p4 ,?\gh x is good to be cognizant ( v>i\s exp]i5ces1 ?is is n to say t x w always be ?us4 99 ,at ,,nal1 ! ?r\gh-put rate ( ! scann+ process = pap]1 page by page1 p]=m+ ,,ocr1 ranges f #cjj to #fjj pages p] day2 n p]=m+ ,,ocr is consid]ably fa/]1 al?\gh h[ mu* fa/] is n kn[n4 ,?is is = scann+ f b\nd books1 :i* is mu* sl[]4 99 ,,wat]s comm5t$ on w9d[ managem5t que/ions3 ,,dec propos$ an ,x-,w9d[s solution :i* 0 problematical = two reasons4 ,"o 0 ,,pob's requirem5t to be able to manipulate images on ! work/ation & br+ !m d[n to ! work/ation itself & ! o!r 0 network usage4 999999999999 ,,?oma 99 ,illu/ration ( defici5cies 9 scann+ & /orage process 99 ,image quality 9 ?is process 99 ,diff]5t co/s entail$ by bett] image quality 99 ,te*niques = ov]com+ v>i\s de-fici5cies3 fix$ ?re%old+1 dynamic ?re%old+1 di!r+1 image m]ge 99 ,page edge effects 99 ,george ,,?oma1 *ief1 ,communications ,eng9e]+ ,bran*1 ,national ,libr>y ( ,m$ic9e 7,,nlm71 illu/rat$ sev]al ( ! defici5cies discuss$ by ! previ\s speak]s4 ,he introduc$ ! topic ( special problems by not+ ! advantages ( electronic imag+4 ,= example1 x is reg5]able because x is a cod$ file1 & real-"t quality control is possible ) electronic capture1 :]eas 9 photographic capture x is n4 ,"o ( ! difficulties discuss$ 9 ! scann+ & /orage process 0 image quality :i*1 )\t belabor+ ! obvi\s1 means diff]5t ?+s = maps1 m$ical ,x-rays1 or broadca/ television4 ,9 ! case ( docum5ts1 ,,?oma said1 image quality boils d[n to legibility ( ! textual p>ts1 & fidelity 9 ! case ( gray or color photo pr9t-type mat]ial4 ,legibility boils d[n to scan d5sity1 ! /&>d 9 mo/ cases be+ #cjj dpi4 ,increas+ ! resolution ) scann]s t p]=m #fjj or #abjj dpi1 h[ev]1 comes at a co/4 ,bett] image quality entails at lea/ f\r diff]5t k9ds ( co/s3 #a7 equipm5t co/s1 because ! ,,ccd 7i4e41 *>ge-c\ple device7 ) great] numb] ( elem5ts co/s m2 #b7 "t co/s t translate to ! actual capture co/s1 because manual labor is involv$ 7! "t is also dep5d5t on ! fact t m data has to be mov$ ar\nd 9 ! ma*9e 9 ! scann+ or network devices t p]=m ! scann+ z well z ! /orage72 #c7 m$ia co/s1 because at high resolutions l>g] files h to be /or$2 & #d7 transmission co/s1 because !re is j m data to be transmitt$4 ,b :ile resolution takes c>e ( ! issue ( legibility 9 image quality1 o!r defici5cies h to d ) contra/ & elem5ts on ! page scann$ or ! image t ne$$ to be remov$ or cl>ifi$4 ,?us1 ,,?oma proce$$ to illu/rate v>i\s defici5cies1 h[ !y are manife/$1 & sev]al te*niques to ov]come !m4 ,fix$ ?re%old+ 0 ! fir/ te*nique describ$1 suitable = black-&-:ite text1 :5 ! contra/ does n v>y ov] ! page4 ,"o c h _m diff]5t ?re%old levels 9 scann+ devices4 ,?us1 ,,?oma (f]$ an example ( extremely poor contra/1 :i* result$ f ! fact t ! /ock 0 a heavy r$4 ,?is is ! sort ( image t :5 micr(ilm$ fails to provide any legibility :atsoev]4 ,fix$ ?re%old+ is ! way to *ange ! black-to-r$ contra/ to ! desir$ black-to-:ite contra/4 ,o!r examples includ$ mat]ial t _h be5 br[n$ or yell[$ by age4 ,?is 0 also a case ( contra/ defici5cy1 & correction 0 done by fix$ ?re%old+4 ,a f9al example boils d[n to ! same ?+1 slight v>iability1 b x is n significant4 ,fix$ ?re%old+ solves ?is problem z well4 ,! micr(ilm equival5t is c]ta9ly legible1 b x comes ) d>k areas4 ,?\gh ,,?oma did n h a slide ( ! micr(ilm 9 ?is case1 he did %[ ! reproduc$ electronic image4 ,:5 "o has v>iable contra/ ov] a page or ! light+ ov] ! page area v>ies1 especially 9 ! case :]e a b\nd volume has light %9+ on x1 ! image mu/ be process$ by a dynamic ?re%old+ s*eme4 ,"o s*eme1 dynamic av]ag+1 all[s ! ?re%old level n to be fix$ b to be recomput$ = e pixel f ! neighbor+ *>act]i/ics4 ,! neighbors ( a pixel det]m9e :]e ! ?re%old %\ld be set = t pixel4 ,,?oma %[$ an example ( a page t _h be5 made defici5t by a v>iety ( te*niques1 includ+ a burn m>k1 c(fee /a9s1 & a yell[ m>k]4 ,application ( a fix$-?re%old+ s*eme1 ,,?oma argu$1 might take c>e ( sev]al defici5cies on ! page b n all ( !m4 ,p]=m+ ! calculation = a dynamic ?re%old sett+1 h[ev]1 removes mo/ ( ! defici5cies s t at lea/ ! text is legible4 ,ano!r problem is repres5t+ a gray level ) black-&-:ite pixels by a process kn[n z di!r+ or electronic scre5+4 ,b di!r+ does n provide good image quality = pure black-&-:ite textual mat]ial4 ,,?oma illu/rat$ ?is po9t ) examples4 ,al?\gh its suitability = photopr9t is ! reason = electronic scre5+ or di!r+1 x _c be us$ = e comp\nd image4 ,9 ! docum5t t 0 di/ribut$ by ,,cxp1 ,,?oma notic$ t ! di!r$ image ( ! ,,ieee te/ *>t ev9c$ "s det]ioration 9 ! text4 ,he pres5t$ an extreme example ( det]ioration 9 ! text 9 :i* comp\nd$ docum5ts _h to be set "r by o!r te*niques4 ,! te*nique illu/rat$ by ! pres5t example 0 an image m]ge 9 :i* ! page is scann$ twice & ! sett+s g f fix$ ?re%old to ! di!r+ matrix2 ! result+ images are m]g$ to give ! be/ results ) ea* te*nique4 ,,?oma illu/rat$ h[ di!r+ is also us$ 9 nonphotographic or nonpr9t mat]ials ) an example ( a grayi% page f a m$ical text1 :i* 0 reproduc$ to %[ all ( ! gray t appe>$ 9 ! orig9al4 ,di!r+ provid$ a reproduction ( all ! gray 9 ! orig9al ( ano!r example f ! same text4 ,,?oma f9ally illu/rat$ ! problem ( bord]+1 or page-edge1 effects4 ,books & b\nd volumes t are plac$ on a photocopy ma*9e or a scann] produce page-edge effects t are undesirable = two reasons3 #a7 ! ae/hetics ( ! image2 aft] all1 if ! image is to be pres]v$1 "o does n necess>ily want to keep all ( its defici5cies2 #b7 compression 7) ! bord]+ problem ,,?oma illu/rat$1 ! compression ratio det]iorat$ trem5d\sly74 ,"o way to elim9ate ?is m s]i\s problem is to h ! op]ator at ! po9t ( scann+ w9d[ ! "p ( ! image t is desirable & automatically turn all ( ! pixels out ( t picture to :ite4 999999999999 ,,fleis*hau] 99 ,,am's exp]i5ce ) scann+ b\nd mat]ials 99 ,di!r+ 99 ,c>l ,,fleis*hau]1 coord9ator1 ,am]ican ,memory1 ,libr>y ( ,congress1 report$ ,,am's exp]i5ce ) scann+ b\nd mat]ials1 :i* he lik5$ to ! problems involv$ 9 us+ photocopy+ ma*9es4 ,v few devices 9 ! indu/ry (f] book-edge scann+1 let alone book cradles4 ,! problem may be unsolvable1 ,,fleis*hau] said1 because a l>ge en\gh m>ket does n exi/ = a pres]vation-quality scann]4 ,,am is us+ a ,kurzweil scann]1 :i* is a book-edge scann] n[ sold by ,x]ox4 ,devot+ ! rema9d] ( 8 brief pres5tation to di!r+1 ,,fleis*hau] relat$ ,,am's exp]i5ce ) a contractor :o 0 us+ unsophi/icat$ equipm5t & s(tw>e to r$uce moire patt]ns f pr9t$ halftones4 ,,am took ! same image & us$ ! di!r+ algori?m t =ms "p ( ! same ,kurzweil ,x]ox scann]2 x disguis$ moire patt]ns mu* m effectively4 ,,fleis*hau] also obs]v$ t di!r+ produces a b9>y file :i* is useful = num]\s purposes1 = example1 pr9t+ x on a las] pr9t] )\t hav+ to re-halftone x4 ,b x t5ds to defeat effici5t compression1 because ! v ?+ t di!rs to r$uce moire patt]ns also t5ds to "w aga9/ compression s*emes4 ,,am ?\ght ! diff]5ce 9 image quality 0 wor? x4 999999999999 ,,discussion 99 ,relative use z a crit]ion = ,,pob's selection ( books to be conv]t$ into digital =m 99 ,dur+ ! discussion p]iod1 ,,wat]s not$ t "o ( ! crit]ia = select+ books among ! #aj1jjj to be conv]t$ into digital image =m w\ld be h[ mu* relative use !y w\ld receive--a subject /ill requir+ evaluation4 ,! *all5ge w be to und]/& :e!r coh]5t bodies ( mat]ial w increase usage or :e!r ,,pob %\ld seek mat]ial t is be+ us$1 scan t1 & make x m accessible4 ,,pob might decide to digitize mat]ials t are already heavily us$1 9 ord] to make !m m accessible & decrease we> on !m4 ,ano!r approa* w\ld be to provide a l>ge body ( intellectually coh]5t mat]ial t may be us$ m 9 digital =m ?an x is curr5tly us$ 9 micr(ilm4 ,,pob w\ld seek mat]ial t 0 out ( copyright4 999999999999 ,,b>onas 99 ,orig9 & scope ( ,,aiim 99 ,types ( docum5ts produc$ 9 ,,aiim's /&>ds program 99 ,doma9 ( ,,aiim's /&>dization "w 99 ,,aiim's /ructure 99 ,,tc #aga & ,,ms#bc 99 ,electronic image managem5t /&>ds 99 ,categories ( ,,eim /&>dization :]e ,,aiim /&>ds are be+ develop$ 99 ,jean ,,b>onas1 s5ior manag]1 ,dep>tm5t ( ,/&>ds & ,te*nology1 ,association = ,in=mation & ,image ,managem5t 7,,aiim71 describ$ ! n-=-pr(it association & ! national & int]national programs = /&>dization 9 :i* ,,aiim is active4 ,accr$it$ = tw5ty-five ye>s z ! nation's /&>ds developm5t organization = docum5t image managem5t1 ,,aiim began life 9 a libr>y community develop+ micr(ilm /&>ds4 ,today ! association ma9ta9s bo? its libr>y & bus9ess-image managem5t /&>dization activities--& has mov$ into electronic image-managem5t /&>dization 7,,eim74 ,,b>onas def9$ ! program's scope4 ,,aiim deals )3 #a7 ! t]m9ology ( /&>ds & ( ! te*nology x uses2 #b7 me?ods ( measurem5t = ! sy/ems1 z well z quality2 #c7 me?odologies = us]s to evaluate & measure quality2 #d7 ! features ( app>atus us$ to manage & edit images2 & #e7 ! proc$ures us$ to manage images4 ,,b>onas not$ t ?ree types ( docum5ts are produc$ 9 ! ,,aiim /&>ds program3 ! fir/ two1 accr$it$ by ! ,am]ican ,national ,/&>ds ,in/itute 7,,ansi71 are /&>ds & /&>d recomm5d$ practices4 ,recomm5d$ practices diff] f /&>ds 9 t !y conta9 m tutorial in=mation4 ,a te*nical report is n an ,,ansi /&>d4 ,because ,,aiim's policies & proc$ures = develop+ /&>ds are approv$ by ,,ansi1 its /&>ds are label$ ,,ansi_/,,aiim1 foll[$ by ! numb] & title ( ! /&>d4 ,,b>onas !n illu/rat$ ! doma9 ( ,,aiim's /&>dization "w4 ,= example1 ,,aiim is ! adm9i/rator ( ! ,u4,s4 ,te*nical ,advisory ,gr\p 7,,tag7 to ! ,int]national ,/&>ds ,organization's 7,,iso7 te*nical committee1 ,,tc l#gl ,micrographics & ,optical ,memories = ,docum5t & ,image ,record+1 ,/orage1 & ,use4 ,,aiim (ficially works ?r\gh ,,ansi 9 ! int]national /&>dization process4 ,,b>onas describ$ ,,aiim's /ructure1 includ+ its bo>d ( directors1 its /&>ds bo>d ( twelve individuals active 9 ! image-managem5t indu/ry1 its /rategic plann+ & legal admissibility task =ces1 & its ,national ,/&>ds ,c\ncil1 :i* is compris$ ( ! memb]s ( a numb] ( organizations :o vote on e ,,aiim /&>d be=e x is publi%$4 ,,b>onas po9t$ out t ,,aiim's liaisons deal ) num]\s o!r /&>ds develop]s1 includ+ ! optical disk community1 (fice & publi%+ sy/ems1 image-codes-&-"* set committees1 & ! ,national ,in=mation ,/&>ds ,organization 7,,niso74 ,,b>onas illu/rat$ ! proc$ures ( ,,tc l#gl1 :i* cov]s all aspects ( image managem5t4 ,:5 ,,aiim's national program has conceptualiz$ a new project1 x is usually submitt$ to ! int]national level1 s t ! memb] c\ntries ( ,,tc l#gl c simultane\sly "w on ! developm5t ( ! /&>d or ! te*nical report4 ,,b>onas also illu/rat$ a classic micr(ilm /&>d1 ,,ms#bc1 :i* deals ) num]\s imag+ concepts t apply to electronic imag+4 ,orig9ally develop$ 9 ! l#igjs1 revis$ 9 ! l#ihjs1 & revis$ aga9 9 l#iia1 ?is /&>d is s*$ul$ = ano!r revision4 ,,ms#bc is an active /&>d :]eby us]s may propose new d5sity ranges & new me?ods ( evaluat+ film images 9 ! /&>d's revision4 ,,b>onas detail$ sev]al electronic image-managem5t /&>ds1 = in/ance1 ,,ansi_/,,aiim ,,ms#dd1 a quality-control guidel9e = scann+ #h4e by #aa black-&-:ite (fice docum5ts4 ,?is /&>d is us$ ) ! ,,ieee fax image--a cont9u\s tone photographic image ) gray scales1 text1 & sev]al cont9u\s tone pictures--& ,,aiim te/ t>get numb] #b1 a repres5tative docum5t us$ 9 (fice docum5t managem5t4 ,,b>onas next outl9$ ! f\r categories ( ,,eim /&>dization 9 :i* ,,aiim /&>ds are be+ develop$3 transf] & retrieval1 evaluation1 optical disc & docum5t scann+ applications1 & design & conv]sion ( docum5ts4 ,%e detail$ sev]al ( ! ma9 projects ( ea*3 #a7 9 ! category ( image transf] & retrieval1 a bi-level image transf] =mat1 ,,ansi_/,,aiim ,,ms#ec1 :i* is a propos$ /&>d t describes a file head] = image transf] betwe5 unlike sy/ems :5 ! images are compress$ us+ ,g#c & ,g#d compression2 #b7 ! category ( image evaluation1 :i* includes ! ,,aiim-propos$ ,,tr#bf tutorial on image resolution 7?is te*nical report w treat ! diff]5ces & simil>ities betwe5 classical or photographic & electronic imag+72 #c7 design & conv]sion1 :i* includes a propos$ te*nical report call$ ,=ms ,design ,optimization = ,,eim 7?is report consid]s h[ g5]al-purpose bus9ess =ms c be be/ design$ s t scann+ is optimiz$2 reprographic *>act]i/ics su* z type1 rules1 backgr\nd1 t9t1 & color w likewise be treat$ 9 ! te*nical report72 #d7 disk & docum5t scann+ applications includes a project a7 on plann+ platt]s & disk managem5t1 b7 on g5]at+ an application pr(ile = ,,eim :5 images are /or$ & di/ribut$ on ,,cd-,,rom1 & c7 on evaluat+ ,,scsi#b1 & h[ a common comm& set c be g5]at$ = ,,scsi#b s t docum5t scann]s are m easily integrat$4 7,,ansi_/,,aiim ,,ms#ec w also apply to compress$ images47 999999999999 ,,batt9 99 ,! implications ( /&>ds = pres]vation 99 ,a major ob/acle to successful coop]ation 99 ,a h9drance to access 9 ! digital environm5t 99 ,/&>ds a d\ble-edg$ sword = ^? conc]n$ ) ! pres]vation ( ! human record 99 ,ne>-t]m prognosis = reliable ar*ival /&>ds 99 ,pres]vation conc]ns = electronic m$ia 99 ,ne$ = reconceptualiz+ our pres]vation pr9ciples 99 ,/&>ds 9 ! real _w & ! politics ( reproduction 99 ,ne$ to r$ef9e ! concept ( ar*ival & to beg9 to ?9k 9 t]ms ( life cycles 99 ,coop]ation & ! ,la ,gu>dia ,eight 99 ,conc]ns g5]at$ by discussions on ! problems ( pres]v+ text & image 99 ,g5]al pr9ciples to be adopt$ 9 a _w )\t /&>ds 99 ,patricia ,,batt91 presid5t1 ! ,commission on ,pres]vation & ,access 7,,cpa71 address$ ! implications ( /&>ds = pres]vation4 ,%e li/$ sev]al areas :]e ! libr>y pr(ession & ! analog _w ( ! pr9t$ book _h made enorm\s contributions ov] ! pa/ hundr$ ye>s--= example1 9 bibliographic =mats1 b9d+ /&>ds1 &1 mo/ important1 9 det]m9+ :at con/itutes longevity or ar*ival quality4 ,al?\gh /&>ds h light5$ ! pres]vation burd5 ?r\gh ! developm5t ( national & int]national collaborative programs1 nev]!less1 a p]vasive mi/ru/ ( o!r p's /&>ds rema9s a major ob/acle to successful coop]ation1 ,,batt9 said4 ,! zeal to a*ieve p]fection1 reg>dless ( ! co/1 has h9d]$ r ?an facilitat$ access 9 "s in/ances1 & 9 ! digital environm5t1 :]e no real /&>ds exi/1 has br\ght an ironically j rew>d4 ,,batt9 argu$ t /&>ds are a d\ble-edg$ sword = ^? conc]n$ ) ! pres]vation ( ! human record1 t is1 ! provision ( access to record$ k 9 a multitude ( m$ia z f> into ! future z possible4 ,/&>ds are ess5tial to facilitate int]connectivity & access1 b1 ,,batt9 said1 z ,,lyn* po9t$ out ye/]day1 if set too soon !y c h9d] creativity1 expansion ( capability1 & ! broad5+ ( access4 ,! *>act]i/ics ( /&>ds = digital imag]y diff] radically f ^? = analog imag]y4 ,& ! nature ( digital te*nology implies cont9u+ volatility & *ange4 ,to reit]ate1 precipit\s /&>d-sett+ c inhibit creativity1 b delay$ /&>d-sett+ results 9 *aos4 ,s9ce 9 ,,batt9',s op9ion ! ne>-t]m prognosis = reliable ar*ival /&>ds1 z def9$ by libr>ians 9 ! analog _w1 is poor1 two alt]natives rema93 /&+ pat ) ! old te*nology1 or reconceptualiz+4 ,pres]vation conc]ns = electronic m$ia fall into two g5]al doma9s4 ,"o is ! cont9u+ assurance ( access to k orig9ally g5]at$1 /or$1 dissem9at$1 & us$ 9 electronic =m4 ,?is doma9 conta9s sev]al subdivisions1 includ+ #a7 ! clos$1 propriet>y sy/ems discuss$ ! previ\s day1 bundl$ in=mation su* z electronic j\rnals & gov]nm5t ag5cy records1 & electronically produc$ or captur$ raw data2 & #b7 ! application ( digital te*nologies to ! re=matt+ ( mat]ials orig9ally publi%$ on a det]iorat+ analog m$ium su* z acid pap] or videotape4 ,! pres]vation ( electronic m$ia requires a reconceptualiz+ ( our pres]vation pr9ciples dur+ a volatile1 /&>dless transition :i* may la/ f> long] ?an any ( u envision today4 ,,batt9 urg$ ! necessity ( %ift+ focus f assess+1 measur+1 & sett+ /&>ds = ! p]man5ce ( ! m$ium to ! concept ( manag+ cont9u+ access to in=mation /or$ on a v>iety ( m$ia & requir+ a v>iety ( ev]-*ang+ h>dw>e & s(tw>e = access--a fundam5tal %ift = ! libr>y pr(ession4 ,,batt9 (f]$ a prim] on h[ to move =w>d ) reasonable confid5ce 9 a _w )\t /&>ds4 ,h] comm5ts fell r\ghly into two sections3 #a7 /&>ds 9 ! real _w & #b7 ! politics ( reproduction4 ,9 reg>d to real-_w /&>ds1 ,,batt9 argu$ ! ne$ to r$ef9e ! concept ( ar*ive & to beg9 to ?9k 9 t]ms ( life cycles4 ,9 ! pa/1 ! naive assumption t pap] w\ld la/ =ev] produc$ a cavali] attitude t[>d life cycles4 ,! transi5t nature ( ! electronic m$ia has compell$ p to recognize & accept upfront ! concept ( life cycles 9 place ( p]man5cy4 ,digital /&>ds h to be develop$ & set 9 a coop]ative context to ensure effici5t ex*ange ( in=mation4 ,moreov]1 dur+ ?is transition p]iod1 great] flexibility conc]n+ h[ concepts su* z backup copies & ar*ival copies 9 ! ,,cxp are def9$ is necess>y1 or ! opportunity to move =w>d w be lo/4 ,9 t]ms ( coop]ation1 p>ticul>ly 9 ! univ]sity sett+1 ,,batt9 also argu$ ! ne$ to avoid go+ (f 9 a hundr$ diff]5t directions4 ,! ,,cpa has catalyz$ a small gr\p ( univ]sities call$ ! ,la ,gu>dia ,eight--because ,la ,gu>dia ,airport is :]e meet+s take place--,h>v>d1 ,yale1 ,cornell1 ,pr9ceton1 ,p5n ,/ate1 ,t5nessee1 ,/an=d1 & ,,usc1 to develop a digital pres]vation consortium to look at all ^! issues & develop de facto /&>ds z we move along1 in/ead ( wait+ = some?+ t is (ficially bless$4 ,cont9u+ to apply analog values & def9itions ( /&>ds to ! digital environm5t1 ,,batt9 said1 w effectively lead to =feiture ( ! b5efits ( digital te*nology to rese>* & s*ol>%ip4 ,"u ! second rubric1 ! politics ( reproduction1 ,,batt9 reit]at$ an (t-made argum5t conc]n+ ! electronic libr>y1 namely1 t x is m difficult to trans=m ?an to create1 & n[h]e is t belief express$ m dramatically ?an 9 ! conv]sion ( brittle books to new m$ia4 ,pres]v+ in=mation publi%$ 9 electronic m$ia involves mak+ sure ! in=mation rema9s accessible & t digital in=mation is n lo/ ?r\gh reproduction4 ,9 ! analog _w ( photocopies & micr(ilm1 ! issue ( fidelity to ! orig9al becomes p>am\nt1 z d issues ( ,^: fidelity8 & ,^: orig9al8 ,,batt9 elaborat$ ^! argum5ts ) a few examples f a rec5t /udy conduct$ by ! ,,cpa on ! problems ( pres]v+ text & image4 ,discussions ) s*ol>s1 libr>ians1 & curators 9 a v>iety ( discipl9es dep5d5t on text & image g5]at$ a v>iety ( conc]ns1 = example3 #a7 ,copy :at is1 n :at ! te*nology is capable (4 ,?is is v important = ! hi/ory ( ideas4 ,s*ol>s wi% to "k :at ! au?or saw & work$ f4 ,& make available at ! work/ation ! opportunity to erase all ! defects & enhance ! pres5tation4 #b7 ,! fidelity ( reproduction--:at is good en\gh1 :at c we af=d1 & ! diff]5ce x makes--issues ( subjective v]sus objective resolution4 #c7 ,! diff]5ces betwe5 prim>y & second>y us]s4 ,re/rict+ ! def9ition ( prim>y us] to ! "o 9 ^: discipl9e ! mat]ial has be5 publi%$ runs "o headlong into ! reality t ^! pr9t$ books h _h a ho/ ( o!r us]s f a ho/ ( o!r discipl9es1 :o n only 7 look+ = v diff]5t ?+s1 b :o also %>$ values v diff]5t f ^? ( ! prim>y us]4 #d7 ,! relation%ip ( ! /&>d ( reproduction to new capabilities ( s*ol>%ip--! br[s+ /&>d v]sus an ar*ival /&>d4 ,h[ good mu/ ! ar*ival /&>d be8 ,c a di/9ction be drawn betwe5 pot5tial us]s 9 sett+ /&>ds = reproduction8 ,ar*ival /orage1 use copies1 br[s+ copies--ought an attempt to set /&>ds ev5 be made8 #e7 ,f9ally1 co/s4 ,h[ mu* are we prep>$ to pay to capture absolute fidelity8 ,:at are ! trade-(fs betwe5 va/ly enhanc$ access1 degrees ( fidelity1 & co/s8 ,^! /&>ds1 ,,batt9 conclud$1 s]ve to complicate fur!r ! reproduction process1 & add to ! long li/ ( te*nical /&>ds t are necess>y to ensure widespread access4 ,ways to articulate & analyze ! co/s t are atta*$ to ! diff]5t levels ( /&>ds mu/ be f\nd4 ,giv5 ! *aos conc]n+ /&>ds1 :i* promises to l+] = ! =eseeable future1 ,,batt9 urg$ adoption ( ! foll[+ g5]al pr9ciples3 99 ,/rive to und]/& ! *ang+ in=mation requirem5ts ( s*ol>ly discipl9es z m & m te*nology is integrat$ into ! process ( rese>* & s*ol>ly communication 9 ord] to meet future s*ol>ly ne$s1 n to build = ! pa/4 ,capture det]iorat+ in=mation at ! highe/ af=dable resolution1 ev5 ?\gh ! dissem9ation & display te*nologies w lag4 99 ,develop coop]ative me*anisms to fo/] agreem5t on protocols = docum5t /ructure & o!r int]*ange me*anisms necess>y = widespread dissem9ation & use be=e (ficial /&>ds are set4 99 ,accept t1 9 a transition p]iod1 de facto /&>ds w h to be develop$4 99 ,capture in=mation 9 a way t keeps all options op5 & provides = total conv]tibility3 ,,ocr1 scann+ ( micr(ilm1 produc+ micr(ilm f scann$ docum5ts1 etc4 99 ,"w closely ) ! g5]ators ( in=mation & ! build]s ( networks & databases to ensure t cont9u+ accessibility is a prim>y conc]n f ! beg9n+4 99 ,piggyback on /&>ds "u developm5t = ! broad m>ket1 & avoid libr>y-specific /&>ds2 "w ) ! v5dors1 9 ord] to take advantage ( t :i* is be+ /&>diz$ = ! re/ ( ! _w4 99 ,conc5trate ef=ts on manag+ p]man5ce 9 ! digital _w1 r ?an p]fect+ ! longevity ( a p>ticul> m$ium4 999999999999 ,,discussion 99 ,additional comm5ts on ,,tiff 99 ,dur+ ! brief discussion p]iod t foll[$ ,,batt9's pres5tation1 ,,b>onas expla9$ t ,,tiff 0 n develop$ 9 collaboration ) or "u ! auspices ( ,,aiim4 ,,tiff is a company product1 n a /&>d1 is own$ by two corporations1 & is always *ang+4 ,,b>onas also obs]v$ t ,,ansi_/,,aiim ,,ms#ec1 a bi-level image file transf] =mat t all[s unlike sy/ems to ex*ange images1 is compatible ) ,,tiff z well z ) ,,dec's ar*itecture & ,,ibm's ,,modca_/,,ioca4 999999999999 ,,hooton 99 ,sev]al que/ions to be consid]$ 9 discuss+ text conv]sion 99 ,,hooton introduc$ ! f9al topic1 text conv]sion1 by not+ t x is becom+ an increas+ly important "p ( ! imag+ bus9ess4 ,_m p n[ realize t x enhances _! sy/em to be able to h m & m "* data z "p ( _! imag+ sy/em4 ,re ! issue ( ,,ocr v]sus rekey+1 ,,hooton pos$ sev]al que/ions3 ,h[ does "o get text into comput]-readable =m8 ,does "o use automat$ processes8 ,does "o attempt to elim9ate ! use ( op]ators :]e possible8 ,/&>ds = accuracy1 he said1 are extremely important3 x makes a major diff]5ce 9 co/ & "t :e!r "o sets z a /&>d #ih4e p]c5t acceptance or #ii4e p]c5t4 ,he m5tion$ outs\rc+ z a possibility = conv]t+ text4 ,f9ally1 :at "o does ) ! image to prep>e x = ! recognition process is also important1 he said1 because su* prep>ation *anges h[ recognition is view$1 z well z facilitates recognition itself4 999999999999 ,,lesk 99 ,roles ( p>ticipants 9 ,,core 99 ,data fl[ 99 ,! scann+ process 99 ,! image int]face 99 ,results ( exp]im5ts involv+ ! use ( electronic res\rces & traditional pap] copies 99 ,te/+ ! issue ( s]5dipity 99 ,conclusions 99 ,mi*ael ,,lesk1 executive director1 ,comput] ,sci5ce ,rese>*1 ,bell ,communications ,rese>*1 ,inc4 7,bellcore71 discuss$ ! ,*emical ,onl9e ,retrieval ,exp]im5t 7,,core71 a coop]ative project involv+ ,cornell ,univ]sity1 ,,oclc1 ,bellcore1 & ! ,am]ican ,*emical ,society 7,,acs74 ,,lesk spoke on #a7 h[ ! scann+ 0 p]=m$1 includ+ ! unusual feature ( page segm5tation1 & #b7 ! use made ( ! text & ! image 9 exp]im5ts4 ,work+ ) ! *emi/ry j\rnals 7because ,,acs has be5 sav+ its typesett+ tapes s9ce ! mid-#aigjs & ?us has a significant back-run ( ! mo/ important *emi/ry j\rnals 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates71 ,,core is attempt+ to create an automat$ *emical libr>y4 ,approximately a qu>t] ( ! pages by squ>e in* are made up ( images ( quasi-pictorial mat]ial2 deal+ ) ! graphic compon5ts ( ! pages is extremely important4 ,,lesk describ$ ! roles ( p>ticipants 9 ,,core3 #a7 ,,acs provides copyright p]mission1 j\rnals on pap]1 j\rnals on micr(ilm1 & "s ( ! def9itions ( ! files2 #b7 at ,bellcore1 ,,lesk *iefly p]=ms ! data prep>ation1 :ile ,d5nis ,egan p]=ms exp]im5ts on ! us]s ( *emical ab/racts1 & supplies ! index+ & num]\s magnetic tapes2 #c7 ,cornell provides ! site ( ! exp]im5t2 #d7 ,,oclc develops retrieval s(tw>e & o!r us] int]faces4 ,v>i\s manufactur]s & publi%]s h furni%$ o!r help4 ,conc]n+ data fl[1 ,bellcore receives micr(ilm & pap] f ,,acs2 ! micr(ilm is scann$ by outside v5dors1 :ile ! pap] is scann$ inh\se on an ,improvision scann]1 tw5ty pages p] m9ute at #cjj dpi1 :i* provides suffici5t quality = all practical uses4 ,,lesk w\ld pref] to h m gray level1 because "o ( ! ,,acs j\rnals pr9ts on "s color$ pages1 :i* creates a problem4 ,bellcore p]=ms all ?is scann+1 creates a page-image file1 & also selects f ! pages ! graphics1 to mix ) ! text file 7:i* is discuss$ lat] 9 ! ,work%op74 ,! us] is always se>*+ ! ,,ascii file1 b %e or he may see a display bas$ on ! ,,ascii or a display bas$ on ! images4 ,,lesk illu/rat$ h[ ! program p]=ms page analysis1 & ! image int]face4 7,! us] types sev]al words1 is pres5t$ ) a li/-- usually ( ! titles ( articles conta9$ 9 an issue--t d]ives f ! ,,ascii1 clicks on an icon & receives an image t mirrors an ,,acs page47 ,,lesk also illu/rat$ an alt]native int]face1 bas$ on text on ! ,,ascii1 ! s-call$ ,super,book int]face f ,bellcore4 ,,lesk next pres5t$ ! results ( an exp]im5t conduct$ by ,d5nis ,egan & involv+ ?irty-six /ud5ts at ,cornell1 "o ?ird ( !m und]graduate *emi/ry majors1 "o ?ird s5ior und]graduate *emi/ry majors1 & "o ?ird graduate *emi/ry /ud5ts4 ,a ?ird ( !m receiv$ ! pap] j\rnals1 ! traditional pap] copies & *emical ab/racts on pap]4 ,a ?ird receiv$ image displays ( ! pictures ( ! pages1 & a ?ird receiv$ ! text display ) pop-up graphics4 ,! /ud5ts 7 giv5 sev]al que/ions made up by "s *emi/ry pr(essors4 ,! que/ions fell into five classes1 rang+ f v easy to v difficult1 & includ$ que/ions design$ to simulate br[s+ z well z a traditional in=mation retrieval-type task4 ,,lesk furni%$ ! foll[+ results4 ,9 ! /raight=w>d "q se>*--! "q be+1 :at is ! phosphorus oxyg5 bond di/ance & hydroxy phosphate8--! /ud5ts 7 told t !y c\ld take fifte5 m9utes &1 !n1 if !y wi%$1 give up4 ,! /ud5ts ) pap] took m ?an fifte5 m9utes on av]age1 & yet mo/ ( !m gave up4 ,! /ud5ts ) ei!r electronic =mat1 text or image1 receiv$ good scores 9 reasonable "t1 h>dly ev] _h to give up1 & usually f\nd ! "r answ]4 ,9 ! br[s+ /udy1 ! /ud5ts 7 giv5 a li/ ( eight topics1 told to imag9e t an issue ( ! ,j\rnal ( ! ,am]ican ,*emical ,society _h j appe>$ on _! desks1 & 7 also told to flip ?r\gh x & to f9d topics m5tion$ 9 ! issue4 ,! av]age scores 7 ab\t ! same4 7,! /ud5ts 7 told to answ] yes or no ab\t :e!r or n p>ticul> topics appe>$47 ,! errors1 h[ev]1 7 q diff]5t4 ,! /ud5ts ) pap] r>ely said t some?+ appe>$ :5 x _h n4 ,b !y (t5 fail$ to f9d some?+ actually m5tion$ 9 ! issue4 ,! comput] p f\nd num]\s ?+s1 b !y also frequ5tly said t a topic 0 m5tion$ :5 x 0 n4 7,! reason1 ( c\rse1 0 t !y 7 p]=m+ ^w se>*es4 ,!y 7 f9d+ t words 7 m5tion$ & !y 7 conclud+ t !y _h accompli%$ _! task47 ,?is "q also conta9$ a trick to te/ ! issue ( s]5dipity4 ,! /ud5ts 7 giv5 ano!r li/ ( eight topics & in/ruct$1 )\t tak+ a second look at ! j\rnal1 to recall h[ _m ( ?is new li/ ( eight topics 7 9 ?is p>ticul> issue4 ,?is 0 an attempt to see if !y p]=m$ bett] at rememb]+ :at !y 7 n look+ =4 ,!y all p]=m$ ab\t ! same1 pap] or electronics1 ab\t #fb p]c5t accurate4 ,9 %ort1 ,,lesk said1 p 7 n v good :5 x came to s]5dipity1 b !y 7 no worse at x ) comput]s ?an !y 7 ) pap]4 7,,lesk gave a p>5!tical illu/ration ( ! le>n+ curve ( /ud5ts :o us$ ,super,book47 ,! /ud5ts us+ ! electronic sy/ems />t$ (f worse ?an ! ones us+ pr9t1 b by ! ?ird ( ! ?ree sessions 9 ! s]ies _h caught up to pr9t4 ,z "o might expect1 electronics provide a mu* bett] means ( f9d+ :at "o wants to read2 read+ spe$s1 once ! object ( ! se>* has be5 f\nd1 are ab\t ! same4 ,almo/ none ( ! /ud5ts c\ld p]=m ! h>d task--! analog\s trans=mation4 7,x w\ld require ! exp]tise ( organic *emi/s to complete47 ,b an int]e/+ result 0 t ! /ud5ts us+ ! text se>* p]=m$ t]ribly1 :ile ^? us+ ! image sy/em did be/4 ,t ! text se>* sy/em is driv5 by text (f]s ! explanation4 ,ev]y?+ is focus$ on ! text2 to see ! pictures1 "o mu/ press on an icon4 ,_m /ud5ts f\nd ! "r article conta9+ ! answ] to ! "q1 b !y did n click on ! icon to br+ up ! "r figure & see x4 ,!y did n "k t !y _h f\nd ! "r place1 & ?us got x wrong4 ,! %ort answ] demon/rat$ by ?is exp]im5t 0 t 9 ! ev5t "o does n "k :at to read1 "o ne$s ! electronic sy/ems2 ! electronic sy/ems hold no advantage at ! mom5t if "o kn[s :at to read1 b nei!r d !y impose a p5alty4 ,,lesk conclud$ by comm5t+ t1 on "o h&1 ! image sy/em 0 easy to use4 ,on ! o!r h&1 ! text display sy/em1 :i* repres5t$ tw5ty man-ye>s ( "w 9 programm+ & poli%+1 0 n w9n+1 because ! text 0 n be+ read1 j se>*$4 ,! mu* easi] sy/em is highly competitive z well z rem>kably effective = ! actual *emi/s4 999999999999 ,,erway 99 ,mo/ *all5g+ aspect ( work+ on ,,am 99 ,assumptions guid+ ,,am's approa* 99 ,te/+ diff]5t types ( s]vice bureaus 99 ,,am's requirem5t = #ii4ie p]c5t accuracy 99 ,requirem5ts = text-cod+ 99 ,additional factors influ5c+ ,,am's approa* to cod+ 99 ,results ( ,,am's exp]i5ce ) rekey+ 99 ,o!r problems 9 deal+ ) s]vice bureaus 99 ,quality control ! mo/ "t-consum+ aspect ( contract+ out conv]sion 99 ,long-t]m outlook unc]ta9 99 ,to ,ricky ,,erway1 associate coord9ator1 ,am]ican ,memory1 ,libr>y ( ,congress1 ! con/ant v>iety ( conv]sion projects tak+ place simultane\sly repres5t$ p]haps ! mo/ *all5g+ aspect ( work+ on ,,am4 ,?us1 ! *all5ge 0 n to f9d a solution = text conv]sion b a tool kit ( solutions to apply to ,,lc's v>i$ collections t ne$ to be conv]t$4 ,,erway limit$ h] rem>ks to ! process ( conv]t+ text to ma*9e-readable =m1 & ! v>iety ( ,,lc's text collections1 = example1 b\nd volumes1 micr(ilm1 & h&writt5 manuscripts4 ,two assumptions h guid$ ,,am's approa*1 ,,erway said3 #a7 ,a desire n to p]=m ! conv]sion inh\se4 ,because ( ! v>iety ( =mats & types ( texts1 to capitalize ! equipm5t & h ! tal5ts & skills to op]ate !m at ,,lc w\ld be extremely exp5sive4 ,fur!r1 ! natural incl9ation to upgrade to new] & bett] equipm5t ea* ye> made x reasonable = ,,am to focus on :at x did be/ & seek ext]nal conv]sion s]vices4 ,us+ s]vice bureaus also all[$ ,,am to h sev]al types ( op]ations take place at ! same "t4 #b7 ,,am 0 n a te*nology project1 b an ef=t to improve access to libr>y collections4 ,h5ce1 :e!r text 0 conv]t$ us+ ,,ocr or rekey+ matt]$ little to ,,am4 ,:at matt]$ 7 co/ & accuracy ( results4 ,,am consid]$ diff]5t types ( s]vice bureaus & select$ ?ree to p]=m sev]al small te/s 9 ord] to acquire a s5se ( ! field4 ,! sample collections ) :i* !y work$ includ$ h&writt5 correspond5ce1 typewritt5 manuscripts f ! #aidjs1 & eighte5?-c5tury pr9t$ broadsides on micr(ilm4 ,on none ( ^! samples 0 ,,ocr p]=m$2 !y 7 all rekey$4 ,,am _h sev]al special requirem5ts = ! ?ree s]vice bureaus x _h engag$4 ,= in/ance1 any errors 9 ! orig9al text 7 to be reta9$4 ,work+ f b\nd volumes or any?+ t c\ld n be %eet-f$ also con/itut$ a factor elim9at+ companies t w\ld h p]=m$ ,,ocr4 ,,am requires #ii4ie p]c5t accuracy1 :i*1 ?\gh x s\nds high1 (t5 means "o or two errors p] page4 ,! initial bat* ( te/ samples conta9$ sev]al h&writt5 mat]ials = :i* ,,am did n require text-cod+4 ,! results1 ,,erway report$1 7 9 all cases fairly comp>able3 = ! mo/ "p1 all ?ree s]vice bureaus a*iev$ #ii4ie p]c5t accuracy4 ,,am 0 satisfi$ ) ! "w b surpris$ at ! co/4 ,z ,,am began conv]t+ :ole collections1 x reta9$ ! requirem5t = #ii4ie p]c5t accuracy & add$ requirem5ts = text-cod+4 ,,am ne$$ to beg9 p]=m+ "w m ?an ?ree ye>s ago be=e ,,lc requirem5ts = ,,sgml applications _h be5 e/abli%$4 ,s9ce ,,am's goal 0 simply to reta9 any ( ! intellectual cont5t repres5t$ by ! =matt+ ( ! docum5t 7:i* w\ld be lo/ if "o p]=m$ a /raight ,,ascii conv]sion71 ,,am us$ ,,sgml-l codes4 ,^! codes resembl$ ,,sgml tags b 7 us$ )\t ! b5efit ( docum5t-type def9itions4 ,,am f\nd t _m s]vice bureaus 7 n yet ,,sgml-pr(ici5t4 ,additional factors influ5c+ ! approa* ,,am took ) respect to cod+ includ$3 #a7 ! inability ( any kn[n microcomput]-bas$ us]-retrieval s(tw>e to take advantage ( ,,sgml cod+2 & #b7 ! multiple inconsi/5cies 9 =mat ( ! old] docum5ts1 :i* confirm$ ,,am 9 its desire n to attempt to =ce ! diff]5t =mats to con=m to a s+le docum5t-type def9ition 7,,dtd7 & ?us create ! ne$ = a sep>ate ,,dtd = ea* docum5t4 ,! five text collections t ,,am has conv]t$ or is 9 ! process ( conv]t+ include a collection ( eighte5?-c5tury broadsides1 a collection ( pamphlets1 two typescript docum5t collections1 & a collection ( #aej books4 ,,erway next review$ ! results ( ,,am's exp]i5ce ) rekey+1 not+ aga9 t because ! bulk ( ,,am's mat]ials are hi/orical1 ! quality ( ! text (t5 does n l5d itself to ,,ocr4 ,:ile non-,engli% speak]s are less likely to guess or elaborate or correct typos 9 ! orig9al text1 !y are also less able to inf] :at we w\ld2 !y also are ne>ly incapable ( conv]t+ h&writt5 text4 ,ano!r disadvantage ( work+ ) ov]seas key]s is t !y are mu* less likely to telephone ) que/ions1 especially on ! cod+1 ) ! result t !y develop _! own rules z !y enc\nt] new situations4 ,gov]nm5t contract+ proc$ures & "t frames pos$ a major *all5ge to p]=m+ ! conv]sion4 ,_m s]vice bureaus are n accu/om$ to reta9+ ! image1 ev5 if !y p]=m ,,ocr4 ,?us1 que/ions ( image =mat & /orage m$ia 7 some:at novel to _m ( !m4 ,,erway also rem>k$ o!r problems 9 deal+ ) s]vice bureaus1 = example1 _! inability to p]=m text conv]sion f ! k9d ( micr(ilm t ,,lc uses = pres]vation purposes4 ,b quality control1 9 ,,erway's exp]i5ce1 0 ! mo/ "t-consum+ aspect ( contract+ out conv]sion4 ,,am has be5 attempt+ to p]=m a #aj-p]c5t quality review1 look+ at ei!r e t5? docum5t or e t5? page to make c]ta9 t ! s]vice bureaus are ma9ta9+ #ii4ie p]c5t accuracy4 ,b ev5 if !y are comply+ ) ! requirem5t = accuracy1 f9d+ errors produces a desire to correct !m &1 9 turn1 to clean up ! :ole collection1 :i* defeats ! purpose to "s ext5t4 ,ev5 a d\ble entry requires a "*-by-"* comp>ison to ! orig9al to meet ! accuracy requirem5t4 ,,lc is n accu/om$ to publi% imp]fect texts1 :i* makes attempt+ to deal ) ! indu/ry /&>d an emotionally fraught issue = ,,am4 ,z 0 m5tion$ 9 ! previ\s day's discussion1 go+ f #ii4ie to #ii4ii p]c5t accuracy usually d\bles co/s & means a ?ird key+ or ano!r complete run-?r\gh ( ! text4 ,al?\gh ,,am has le>n$ mu* f its exp]i5ces ) v>i\s collections & v>i\s s]vice bureaus1 ,,erway conclud$ pessimi/ically t no break?r\gh has be5 a*iev$4 ,increm5tal improvem5ts h occurr$ 9 "s ( ! ,,ocr te*nology1 "s ( ! processes1 & "s ( ! /&>ds acceptances1 :i*1 ?\gh !y may lead to some:at l[] co/s1 d n (f] mu* enc\ragem5t to _m p :o are anxi\sly await+ ! day t ! entire cont5ts ( ,,lc are available on-l9e4 999999999999 ,,zid> 99 ,sev]al answ]s to :y "o attempts to p]=m full-text conv]sion 99 ,p] page co/ ( p]=m+ ,,ocr 99 ,typical problems enc\nt]$ dur+ edit+ 99 ,edit+ poor copy ,,ocr vs4 rekey+ 99 ,judi? ,,zid>1 coord9ator1 ,national ,agricultural ,text ,digitiz+ ,program 7,,natdp71 ,national ,agricultural ,libr>y 7,,nal71 (f]$ sev]al answ]s to ! "q ( :y "o attempts to p]=m full-text conv]sion3 #a7 ,text 9 an image c be read by a human b n by a comput]1 s ( c\rse x is n se>*able & !re is n mu* "o c d ) x4 #b7 ,"s mat]ial simply requires ^w-level access4 ,= in/ance1 ! legal pr(ession insi/s on full-text access to its mat]ial2 ) taxonomic or geographic mat]ial1 :i* entails num]\s names1 "o virtually requires ^w-level access4 #c7 ,full text p]mits rapid br[s+ & se>*+1 some?+ t _c be a*iev$ 9 an image ) today's te*nology4 #d7 ,text /or$ z ,,ascii & deliv]$ 9 ,,ascii is /&>diz$ & highly portable4 #e7 ,p j want full-text se>*+1 ev5 ^? :o d n "k h[ to d x4 ,,nal1 = ! mo/ "p1 is p]=m+ ,,ocr at an actual co/ p] av]age-size page ( approximately #g4 ,,nal scans ! page to create ! electronic image & passes x ?r\gh ! ,,ocr device4 ,,zid> next rehe>s$ sev]al typical problems enc\nt]$ dur+ edit+4 ,prais+ ! cel]ity ( h] /ud5t work]s1 ,,zid> obs]v$ t edit+ requires approximately five to t5 m9utes p] page1 assum+ t !re are no l>ge tables to audit4 ,confusion among ! ?ree *>act]s ,i1 #a1 & l1 con/itutes p]haps ! mo/ common problem enc\nt]$4 ,z]oes & ,o's also are frequ5tly confus$4 ,d\ble ,m's create a p>ticul> problem1 ev5 on clean pages4 ,!y are s wide 9 mo/ fonts t !y t\*1 & ! sy/em simply _c tell :]e "o lett] ends & ! o!r beg9s4 ,complex page =mats occasionally fail to columnate prop]ly1 :i* entails rescann+ z ?\gh "o 7 work+ ) a s+le column1 ent]+ ! ,,ascii1 & decolumnat+ = bett] se>*+4 ,) proportionally spac$ text1 ,,ocr c h difficulty disc]n+ :at is a space & :at are m]ely spaces betwe5 lett]s1 z oppos$ to spaces betwe5 words1 & !re=e w m]ge text or break up words :]e x %\ld n4 ,,zid> said t x c (t5 take long] to edit a poor-copy ,,ocr ?an to key x f scrat*4 ,,nal has also exp]im5t$ ) p>tial edit+ ( text1 :]eby project work]s g into & clean up ! =mat1 remov+ /ray *>act]s b n runn+ a spell-*eck4 ,,nal corrects typos 9 ! title & au?ors' names1 :i* provides a foo?old = se>*+ & br[s+4 ,ev5 extremely poor-quality ,,ocr 7e4g41 #fj-p]c5t accuracy7 c /ill be se>*$1 because num]\s words are correct1 :ile ! important words are probably repeat$ (t5 en\gh t !y are likely to be f\nd correct some:]e4 ,libr>ians1 h[ev]1 _c tol]ate ?is situation1 ?\gh end us]s seem m will+ to use ?is text = se>*+1 provid$ t ,,nal indicates t x is un$it$4 ,,zid> conclud$ t rekey+ ( text may be ! be/ r\te to take1 9 spite ( num]\s problems ) quality control & co/4 999999999999 ,,discussion 99 ,modify+ an image be=e p]=m+ ,,ocr 99 ,,nal's co/s p] page 99,,am's co/s p] page & exp]i5ce ) ,f$]al ,prison ,indu/ries 99 ,elem5ts compris+ ,,natdp's co/s p] page 99 ,,ocr & /ructur$ m>kup 99 ,di/9ction betwe5 ! /ructure ( a docum5t & its repres5tation :5 put on ! scre5 or pr9t$ 99 ,,hooton prefac$ ! l5g?y discussion t foll[$ ) sev]al comm5ts ab\t modify+ an image be=e "o rea*es ! po9t ( p]=m+ ,,ocr4 ,= example1 9 reg>d to an application conta9+ a significant am\nt ( r$undant data1 su* z =m-type data1 num]\s companies today are work+ on v>i\s k9ds ( =m r5ewal1 prior to go+ ?r\gh a recognition process1 by us+ drop\t colors4 ,?us1 acquir+ access to =m design or us+ electronic means are wor? consid]+4 ,,hooton also not$ t conv]sion usually makes or breaks "o's imag+ sy/em4 ,x is extremely important1 extremely co/ly 9 t]ms ( ei!r capital inve/m5t or s]vice1 & det]m9es ! quality ( ! rema9d] ( "o's sy/em1 because x det]m9es ! "* ( ! raw mat]ial us$ by ! sy/em4 ,conc]n+ ! f\r projects und]tak5 by ,,nal1 two inside & two p]=m$ by outside contractors1 ,,zid> reveal$ t an 9-h\se s]vice bureau execut$ ! fir/ at a co/ betwe5 #h & #aj p] page = ev]y?+1 includ+ build+ ( ! database4 ,! project und]tak5 by ! ,consultative ,gr\p on ,int]national ,agricultural ,rese>* 7,,cgi>7 co/ approximately #aj p] page = ! conv]sion1 plus "s exp5ses = ! s(tw>e & build+ ( ! database4 ,! ,acid ,ra9 ,project--a two-disk set produc$ by ! ,univ]sity ( ,v]mont1 consi/+ ( ,canadian publications on acid ra9--co/ #f4gj p] page = ev]y?+1 includ+ key+ ( ! text1 :i* 0 d\ble key$1 scann+ ( ! images1 & build+ ( ! database4 ,! 9-h\se project (f]$ consid]able ease ( conv5i5ce & great] control ( ! process4 ,on ! o!r h&1 ! s]vice bureaus "k _! job & p]=m x exp$iti\sly1 because !y h m p4 ,z a useful comp>ison1 ,,erway reveal$ ,,am's co/s z foll[s3 #j4ge c5ts to #j4he c5ts p] ?\s& *>act]s1 ) an av]age page conta9+ #b1gjj *>act]s4 ,requirem5ts = cod+ & imag+ increase ! co/s4 ,?us1 conv]sion ( ! text1 includ+ ! cod+1 co/s approximately #c p] page4 7,?is figure does n include ! imag+ & database-build+ includ$ 9 ! ,,nal co/s47 ,,am also enjoy$ a happy exp]i5ce ) ,f$]al ,prison ,indu/ries1 :i* preclud$ ! necessity ( go+ ?r\gh ! reque/-=-proposal process to aw>d a contract1 because x is ano!r gov]nm5t ag5cy4 ,! prison]s p]=m$ ,,am's rekey+ j z well z o!r s]vice bureaus & prov$ h&y z well4 ,,am %ipp$ !m ! books1 :i* !y w\ld photocopy on a book-edge scann]4 ,!y w\ld p]=m ! m>kup on photocopies1 return ! books z soon z !y 7 done ) !m1 p]=m ! key+1 & return ! mat]ial to ,,am on ,,worm disks4 ,,zid> detail$ ! elem5ts t con/itute ! previ\sly not$ co/ ( approximately #g p] page4 ,mo/ significant is ! edit+1 correction ( errors1 & spell-*eck+s1 :i* ?\gh !y may s\nd easy to p]=m require1 9 fact1 a great deal ( "t4 ,re=matt+ text also takes a :ile1 b a significant am\nt ( ,,nal's exp5ses are = equipm5t1 :i* 0 extremely exp5sive :5 pur*as$ because x 0 "o ( ! few sy/ems on ! m>ket4 ,! co/s ( equipm5t are be+ amortiz$ ov] five ye>s b are /ill q high1 ne>ly #b1jjj p] mon?4 ,,hockey rais$ a g5]al "q conc]n+ ,,ocr & ! am\nt ( edit+ requir$ 7sub/antial 9 h] exp]i5ce7 to g5]ate ! k9d ( /ructur$ m>kup necess>y = manipulat+ ! text on ! comput] or load+ x into any retrieval sy/em4 ,%e wond]$ if ! speak]s c\ld ext5d ! previ\s "q ab\t ! co/-b5efit ( add+ or ex]t+ /ructur$ m>kup4 ,,erway not$ t sev]al ,,ocr sy/ems reta9 italics1 bold+1 & o!r spatial =matt+4 ,:ile ! mat]ial may n be 9 ! =mat desir$1 ^! sy/ems possess ! ability to remove ! orig9al mat]ials quickly f ! h&s ( ! p p]=m+ ! conv]sion1 z well z to reta9 t in=mation s t us]s c "w ) x4 ,,hockey rejo9$ t ! curr5t ?9k+ on m>kup is t "o %\ld n say t some?+ is italic or bold s mu* z :y x is t way4 ,to be sure1 "o ne$s to "k t some?+ 0 italiciz$1 b h[ c "o get f "o to ! o!r8 ,"o c map f ! /ructure to ! typographic repres5tation4 ,,fleis*hau] sugge/$ t1 giv5 ! #ajj million items ! ,libr>y holds1 x may n be possible = ,,lc to d m ?an report t a ?+ 0 9 italics z oppos$ to :y x 0 italics1 al?\gh t may be desirable 9 "s contexts4 ,promis+ to talk a bit dur+ ! aft]noon session ab\t sev]al exp]im5ts ,,oclc p]=m$ on automatic recognition ( docum5t elem5ts1 & :i* !y hop$ to ext5d1 ,,weibel said t 9 fact "o c recognize ! major elem5ts ( a docum5t ) a fairly high degree ( reliability1 at lea/ z good z ,,ocr4 ,,/ev5s drew a useful di/9ction betwe5 /&>d1 g5]aliz$ m>kup 7i4e41 def9+ = a docum5t-type def9ition ! /ructure ( ! docum5t71 & :at he t]m$ a /yle %eet1 :i* _h to d ) italics1 bold+1 & o!r =ms ( emphasis4 ,?us1 two diff]5t compon5ts are at "w1 "o be+ ! /ructure ( ! docum5t itself 7its logic71 & ! o!r be+ its repres5tation :5 x is put on ! scre5 or pr9t$4 999999999999 ,,session ,v4 ,,approa*es ,,to ,,prep>+ ,,electronic ,,texts ,,hockey 99 ,text 9 ,,ascii & ! repres5tation ( electronic text v]sus an image 99 ,! ne$ to look at ways ( us+ m>kup to assi/ retrieval 99 ,! ne$ = an encod+ =mat t w be reusable & multifunctional ,susan ,,hockey1 director1 ,c5t] = ,electronic ,texts 9 ! ,humanities 7,,ce?71 ,rutg]s & ,pr9ceton ,univ]sities1 ann\nc$ t "o talk 7,,weibel's7 0 mov$ into ?is session f ! morn+ & t ,david ,pack>d 0 unable to att5d4 ,! session w\ld attempt to focus m on :at "o c d ) a text 9 ,,ascii & ! repres5tation ( electronic text r ?an j an image1 :at "o c d ) a comput] t _c be done ) a book or an image4 ,x w\ld be argu$ t "o c d mu* m ?an j read a text1 & f t />t+ po9t "o c use m>kup & me?ods ( prep>+ ! text to take full advantage ( ! capability ( ! comput]4 ,t w\ld lead to a discussion ( :at ! ,european ,community calls ,,reusability1 :at may bett] be t]m$ ,,durability1 t is1 h[ to prep>e or make a text t w la/ a long "t & t c be us$ = z _m applications z possible1 :i* w\ld lead to issues ( improv+ intellectual access4 ,,hockey urg$ ! ne$ to look at ways ( us+ m>kup to facilitate retrieval1 n j = ref]5c+ or to help locate an item t is retriev$1 b also to put m>kup tags 9 a text to help retrieve ! ?+ s\ght ei!r ) l+ui/ic tagg+ or int]pretation4 ,,hockey also argu$ t little advancem5t _h occurr$ 9 ! s(tw>e tools curr5tly available = retriev+ & se>*+ text4 ,%e press$ ! desid]atum ( go+ beyond ,boolean se>*es & p]=m+ m sophi/icat$ se>*+1 :i* ! ins]tion ( m m>kup 9 ! text w\ld facilitate4 ,?9k+ ab\t electronic texts z oppos$ to images means consid]+ mat]ial t w nev] appe> 9 pr9t =m1 or pr9t w n be its prim>y =m1 t is1 mat]ial :i* only appe>s 9 electronic =m4 ,,hockey allud$ to ! hi/ory & ! ne$ = m>kup & tagg+ & electronic text1 :i* 0 develop$ ?r\gh ! use ( comput]s 9 ! humanities2 z ,,mi*elson _h obs]v$1 ,fa!r ,busa _h />t$ 9 #aidi to prep>e ! fir/-ev] text on ! comput]4 ,,hockey rem>k$ sev]al l>ge projects1 p>ticul>ly 9 ,europe1 = ! compilation ( diction>ies1 language /udies1 & language analysis1 9 :i* p h built up ar*ives ( text & h begun to recognize ! ne$ = an encod+ =mat t w be reusable & multifunctional1 t c be us$ n j to pr9t ! text1 :i* may be assum$ to be a byproduct ( :at "o wants to d1 b to /ructure x inside ! comput] s t x c be se>*$1 built into a ,hyp]text sy/em1 etc4 999999999999 ,,weibel 99 ,,oclc's approa* to prep>+ electronic text3 retroconv]sion1 key+ ( texts1 m automat$ ways ( develop+ data 99 ,project ,,adapt & ! ,,core ,project 99 ,intellig5t "* recognition does n exi/ 99 ,advantages ( ,,sgml 99 ,data %\ld be free ( proc$ural m>kup2 descriptive m>kup /rongly advocat$ 99 ,,oclc's int]face illu/rat$ 99 ,/orage requirem5ts & co/s = putt+ a lot ( in=mation on l9e 99 ,/u>t ,,weibel1 s5ior rese>* sci5ti/1 ,onl9e ,comput] ,libr>y ,c5t]1 ,inc4 7,,oclc71 describ$ ,,oclc's approa* to prep>+ electronic text4 ,he argu$ t ! electronic _w into :i* we are mov+ mu/ accommodate n only ! future b ! pa/ z well1 & to "s degree ev5 ! pres5t4 ,?us1 />t+ out at "o end ) retroconv]sion & key+ ( texts1 "o w\ld l to move t[>d mu* m automat$ ways ( develop+ data4 ,= example1 ,project ,,adapt _h to d ) automatically conv]t+ docum5t images into a /ructur$ docum5t database ) ,,ocr text z index+ & also a little bit ( automatic =matt+ & tagg+ ( t text4 ,! ,,core project ho/$ by ,cornell ,univ]sity1 ,bellcore1 ,,oclc1 ! ,am]ican ,*emical ,society1 & ,*emical ,ab/racts1 con/itutes ,,weibel's pr9cipal conc]n at ! mom5t4 ,?is project is an example ( conv]t+ text = :i* "o already has a ma*9e-readable v]sion into a =mat m suitable = electronic deliv]y & database se>*+4 7,s9ce ,mi*ael ,,lesk _h previ\sly describ$ ,,core1 ,,weibel w\ld say little conc]n+ x47 ,borr[+ a *emical phrase1 de novo syn!sis1 ,,weibel cit$ ! ,onl9e ,j\rnal ( ,curr5t ,cl9ical ,trials z an example ( de novo electronic publi%+1 t is1 a =m 9 :i* ! prim>y =m ( ! in=mation is electronic4 ,project ,,adapt1 !n1 :i* ,,oclc complet$ a c\ple ( ye>s ago & 9 fact is ab\t to resume1 is a model 9 :i* "o takes page images ei!r 9 pap] or micr(ilm & conv]ts !m automatically to a se>*able electronic database1 ei!r on-l9e or local4 ,! op]at+ assumption is t accept+ "s blemi%es 9 ! data1 especially = retroconv]sion ( mat]ials1 w make x possible to accompli% m4 ,n en\gh money is available to support p]fect conv]sion4 ,,weibel relat$ sev]al /eps tak5 to p]=m image preprocess+ 7process+ on ! image be=e p]=m+ optical "* recognition71 z well z image po/process+4 ,he d5i$ ! exi/5ce ( intellig5t "* recognition & ass]t$ t :at is want$ is page recognition1 :i* is a long way (f4 ,,oclc has exp]im5t$ ) m]g+ ( multiple optical "* recognition sy/ems t w r$uce errors f an unacceptable rate ( #e *>act]s out ( e l1#jjj to an unacceptable rate ( #b *>act]s out ( e l1#jjj1 b x is n good en\gh4 ,x w nev] be p]fect4 ,conc]n+ ! ,,core ,project1 ,,weibel obs]v$ t ,bellcore is tak+ ! topography files1 extract+ ! page images1 & conv]t+ ^? topography files to ,,sgml m>kup4 ,,lesk h&s t data (f to ,,oclc1 :i* builds t data into a ,newton database1 ! same sy/em t und]lies ! on-l9e sy/em 9 virtually all ( ! ref]5ce products at ,,oclc4 ,! long-t]m goal is to make ! sy/ems int]op]able s t n j ,bellcore's sy/em & ,,oclc's sy/em c access ?is data1 b o!r sy/ems c z well1 & ! key to t is ! ,z#ci4ej common comm& language & ! full-text ext5sion4 ,z#ci4ej is f9e = ,,m>c records1 b is n en\gh to d x = full text 7t is1 make full texts int]op]able74 ,,weibel next outl9$ ! critical role ( ,,sgml = a v>iety ( purposes1 = example1 z not$ by ,,hockey1 9 ! _w ( extremely l>ge databases1 us+ highly /ructur$ data to p]=m field se>*es4 ,,weibel argu$ t by build+ ! /ructure ( ! data 9 7i4e41 ! /ructure ( ! data orig9ally on a pr9t$ page71 x becomes easy to look at a j\rnal article ev5 if "o _c read ! *>act]s & "k :]e ! title or au?or is1 or :at ! sections ( t docum5t w\ld be4 ,,oclc wants to make t /ructure explicit 9 ! database1 because x w be important = retrieval purposes4 ,! second big advantage ( ,,sgml is t x gives "o ! ability to build /ructure into ! database t c be us$ = display purposes )\t contam9at+ ! data ) in/ructions ab\t h[ to =mat ?+s4 ,! di/9ction lies betwe5 proc$ural m>kup1 :i* tells "o :]e to put dots on ! page1 & descriptive m>kup1 :i* describes ! elem5ts ( a docum5t4 ,,weibel believes t !re %\ld be no proc$ural m>kup 9 ! data at all1 t ! data %\ld be completely unsulli$ by in=mation ab\t italics or boldness4 ,t %\ld be left up to ! display device1 :e!r t display device is a page pr9t] or a scre5 display device4 ,by keep+ "o's database free ( t k9d ( contam9ation1 "o c make decisions d[n ! road1 = example1 reorganize ! data 9 ways t are n cramp$ by built-9 notions ( :at %\ld be italic & :at %\ld be bold4 ,,weibel /rongly advocat$ descriptive m>kup4 ,z an example1 he illu/rat$ ! index /ructure 9 ! ,,core data4 ,) subsequ5t illu/rat$ examples ( m>kup1 ,,weibel ackn[l$g$ ! common compla9t t ,,sgml is h>d to read 9 its native =m1 al?\gh m>kup decreases consid]ably once "o gets into ! body4 ,)\t ! m>kup1 h[ev]1 "o w\ld n h ! /ructure 9 ! data4 ,"o c pass m>kup ?r\gh a ,la,te,x processor & conv]t x relatively easily to a pr9t$ v]sion ( ! docum5t4 ,,weibel next illu/rat$ an extremely clutt]$ scre5 dump ( ,,oclc's sy/em1 9 ord] to %[ z mu* z possible ! inh]5t capability on ! scre54 7,he not$ p>5!tically t he _h become a support] ( ,x-,w9d[s z a result ( ! progress ( ! ,,core ,project47 ,,weibel also illu/rat$ ! two major p>ts ( ! int]face3 l7 a control box t all[s "o to g5]ate li/s ( items1 :i* resembles a small table ( cont5ts bas$ on key words "o wi%es to se>*1 & #b7 a docum5t view]1 :i* is a sep>ate process 9 & ( itself4 ,he demon/rat$ h[ to foll[ l9ks ?r\gh ! electronic database simply by select+ ! appropriate button & br++ !m up4 ,he also not$ problems t rema9 to be accommodat$ 9 ! int]face 7e4g41 z po9t$ out by ,,lesk1 :at happ5s :5 us]s d n click on ! icon = ! figure74 ,giv5 ! con/ra9ts ( "t1 ,,weibel omitt$ a l>ge numb] ( ancill>y items 9 ord] to say a few words conc]n+ /orage requirem5ts & :at w be requir$ to put a lot ( ?+s on l9e4 ,s9ce x is extremely exp5sive to reconv]t all ( ?is data1 especially if x is j 9 pap] =m 7& ev5 if x is 9 electronic =m 9 typesett+ tapes71 he advocat$ build+ j\rnals electronically f ! />t4 ,9 t case1 if "o only has text graphics & index+ 7:i* is all t "o ne$s ) de novo electronic publi%+1 because !re is no ne$ to g back & look at bit-maps ( pages71 "o c get #aj1jjj j\rnals ( full text1 or almo/ #f million pages p] ye>4 ,^! pages c be put 9 approximately #ace gigabytes ( /orage1 :i* is n all t mu*1 ,,weibel said4 ,= tw5ty ye>s1 some?+ less ?an ?ree t]abytes w\ld be requir$4 ,,weibel calculat$ ! co/s ( /or+ ?is in=mation z foll[s3 ,if a gigabyte co/s approximately #a1jjj1 !n a t]abyte co/s approximately #a million to buy 9 t]ms ( h>dw>e4 ,"o also ne$s a build+ to put x 9 & a /aff l ,,oclc to h&le t in=mation4 ,s1 to support a t]abyte1 multiply by five1 :i* gives #e million p] ye> = a support$ t]abyte ( data4 999999999999 ,,discussion 99 ,tapes sav$ by ,,acs are ! typography files orig9ally support+ publication ( ! j\rnal 99 ,co/ ( build+ tagg$ text into ! database 99 ,dur+ ! "q-&-answ] p]iod t foll[$ ,,weibel's pres5tation1 ^! cl>ifications em]g$4 ,! tapes sav$ by ! ,am]ican ,*emical ,society are ! typography files t orig9ally support$ ! publication ( ! j\rnal4 ,al?\gh !y are n tagg$ 9 ,,sgml1 !y are tagg$ 9 v f9e detail4 ,e s+le s5t5ce is m>k$1 all ! regi/ry numb]s1 all ! publications issues1 dates1 & volumes4 ,no co/ figures on tagg+ mat]ial on a p]-megabyte basis 7 available4 ,because ,,acs's typesett+ sy/em runs f tagg$ text1 !re is no extra co/ p] article4 ,x 0 unkn[n :at x co/s ,,acs to keybo>d ! tagg$ text r ?an j keybo>d ! text 9 ! *eape/ process4 ,9 o!r words1 s9ce "o int5ds to publi% ?+s & w ne$ to build tagg$ text into a typography sy/em 9 any case1 if "o does t 9 su* a way t x c drive n only typography b an electronic sy/em 7:i* is :at ,,acs int5ds to d--move to ,,sgml publi%+71 ! m>g9al co/ is z]o4 ,! m>g9al co/ repres5ts ! co/ ( build+ tagg$ text into ! database1 :i* is small4 999999999999 ,,sp]b]g-,mc,q,u,e,e,n 99 ,di/9ction betwe5 texts & comput]s 99 ,implications ( recogniz+ t all repres5tation is encod+ 99 ,deal+ ) complicat$ repres5tations ( text entails ! ne$ = a gramm> ( docum5ts 99 ,v>iety ( =ms ( =mal gramm>s 99 ,text z a bit-mapp$ image does n repres5t a s]i\s attempt to repres5t text 9 electronic =m 99 ,,sgml1 ! ,,tei1 docum5t-type decl>ations1 & ! reusability & longevity ( data 99 ,,tei con=mance explicitly all[s ext5sion or modification ( ! ,,tei tag set 99 ,adm9i/rative backgr\nd ( ! ,,tei 99 ,sev]al design goals = ! ,,tei tag set 99 ,an absolutely fix$ requirem5t ( ! ,,tei ,guidel9es 99 ,*all5ges ! ,,tei has attempt$ to face 99 ,good texts n beyond economic feasibility 99 ,! issue ( reproducibility or processability 99 ,! issue ( mages z simulacra = ! text r$ux 99 ,"o's model ( text det]m9es :at "o's s(tw>e c d ) a text & has economic consequ5ces 99 ,prior to speak+ ab\t ,,sgml & m>kup1 ,mi*ael ,,sp]b]g-,mc,q,u,e,e,n1 editor1 ,text ,encod+ ,initiative 7,,tei71 ,univ]sity ( ,ill9ois-,*icago1 fir/ drew a di/9ction betwe5 texts & comput]s3 ,texts are ab/ract cultural & l+ui/ic objects :ile comput]s are complicat$ physical devices1 he said4 ,ab/ract objects _c be plac$ inside physical devices2 ) comput]s "o c only repres5t text & act ^u ^? repres5tations4 ,! recognition t all repres5tation is encod+1 ,,sp]b]g-,mc,q,u,e,e,n argu$1 leads to ! recognition ( two ?+s3 #a7 ,! topic description = ?is session is slightly mislead+1 because !re c be no discussion ( pros & cons ( text-cod+ unless :at "o means is pros & cons ( work+ ) text ) comput]s4 #b7 ,no text c be repres5t$ 9 a comput] )\t "s sort ( encod+2 images are "o way ( encod+ text1 ,,ascii is ano!r1 ,,sgml yet ano!r4 ,!re is no encod+ )\t "s in=mation loss1 t is1 !re is no p]fect reproduction ( a text t all[s "o to d away ) ! orig9al4 ,?us1 ! "q becomes1 ,:at is ! mo/ useful repres5tation ( text = a s]i\s "w8 ,?is dep5ds on :at k9d ( s]i\s "w "o is talk+ ab\t4 ,! projects demon/rat$ ! previ\s day all involv$ highly complex in=mation & fairly complex manipulation ( ! textual mat]ial4 ,9 ord] to use t complicat$ in=mation1 "o has to calculate x sl[ly or manually & /ore ! result4 ,x ne$s to be /or$1 !re=e1 z "p ( "o's repres5tation ( ! text4 ,?us1 "o ne$s to /ore ! /ructure 9 ! text4 ,to deal ) complicat$ repres5tations ( text1 "o ne$s someh[ to control ! complexity ( ! repres5tation ( a text2 t means "o ne$s a way ( f9d+ out :e!r a docum5t & an electronic repres5tation ( a docum5t is legal or n2 & t means "o ne$s a gramm> ( docum5ts4 ,,sp]b]g-,mc,q,u,e,e,n discuss$ ! v>iety ( =ms ( =mal gramm>s1 implicit & explicit1 z appli$ to text1 & _! capabilities4 ,he argu$ t ^! gramm>s correspond to diff]5t models ( text t diff]5t develop]s h4 ,= example1 "o implicit model ( ! text is t !re is no int]nal /ructure1 b j "o ?+ aft] ano!r1 a few *>act]s & !n p]haps a />t-title comm&1 & !n a few m *>act]s & an end-title comm&4 ,,sp]b]g-,mc,q,u,e,e,n also di/+ui%$ sev]al k9ds ( text t h a sort ( hi]>*ical /ructure t is n v well def9$1 :i*1 typically1 corresponds to gramm>s t are n v well def9$1 z well z hi]>*ies t are v well def9$ 7e4g41 ! ,!saurus ,l+uae ,graecae7 & extremely complicat$ ?+s su* z ,,sgml1 :i* h&le /rictly hi]>*ical data v nicely4 ,,sp]b]g-,mc,q,u,e,e,n conc$$ t "o o!r model n illu/rat$ on 8 two displays 0 ! model ( text z a bit-mapp$ image1 an image ( a page1 & confess$ to hav+ be5 conv]t$ to a limit$ ext5t by ! ,work%op to ! view t electronic images con/itute a promis+1 probably sup]ior alt]native to micr(ilm+4 ,b he 0 n conv9c$ t electronic images repres5t a s]i\s attempt to repres5t text 9 electronic =m4 ,_m ( _! problems /em f ! fact t !y are n direct attempts to repres5t ! text b attempts to repres5t ! page1 ?us mak+ !m repres5tations ( repres5tations4 ,9 ?is situation ( increas+ly complicat$ textual in=mation & ! ne$ to control t complexity 9 a useful way 7:i* begs ! "q ( ! ne$ = good textual gramm>s71 "o has ! introduction ( ,,sgml4 ,) ,,sgml1 "o c develop specific docum5t-type decl>ations = specific text types or1 z ) ! ,,tei1 attempts to g5]ate g5]al docum5t-type decl>ations t c h&le all sorts ( text4 ,! ,,tei is an attempt to develop =mats = text repres5tation t w ensure ! k9d ( reusability & longevity ( data discuss$ e>li]4 ,x (f]s a way to /ay alive 9 ! /ate ( p]man5t te*nological revolution4 ,x has be5 a cont9u+ *all5ge 9 ! ,,tei to create docum5t gramm>s t d "s "w 9 controll+ ! complexity ( ! textual object b also all[+ "o to repres5t ! real text t "o w f9d4 ,fundam5tal to ! notion ( ! ,,tei is t ,,tei con=mance all[s "o ! ability to ext5d or modify ! ,,tei tag set s t x fits ! text t "o is attempt+ to repres5t4 ,,sp]b]g-,mc,q,u,e,e,n next outl9$ ! adm9i/rative backgr\nd ( ! ,,tei4 ,! ,,tei is an int]national project to develop & dissem9ate guidel9es = ! encod+ & int]*ange ( ma*9e-readable text4 ,x is sponsor$ by ! ,association = ,comput]s 9 ! ,humanities1 ! ,association = ,computational ,l+ui/ics1 & ! ,association = ,lit]>y & ,l+ui/ic ,comput+4 ,repres5tatives ( num]\s o!r pr(essional societies sit on its advisory bo>d4 ,! ,,tei has a numb] ( affiliat$ projects t h provid$ assi/ance by te/+ drafts ( ! guidel9es4 ,among ! design goals = ! ,,tei tag set1 ! s*eme fir/ ( all mu/ meet ! ne$s ( rese>*1 because ! ,,tei came out ( ! rese>* community1 :i* did n feel adequately s]v$ by exi/+ tag sets4 ,! tag set mu/ be ext5sive z well z compatible ) exi/+ & em]g+ /&>ds4 ,9 #aiij1 v]sion #a4j ( ! ,guidel9es 0 releas$ 7,,sp]b]g-,mc,q,u,e,e,n illu/rat$ _! cont5ts74 ,,sp]b]g-,mc,q,u,e,e,n not$ t "o problem besett+ electronic text has be5 ! lack ( adequate int]nal or ext]nal docum5tation = _m exi/+ electronic texts4 ,! ,,tei guidel9es z curr5tly =mulat$ conta9 few fix$ requirem5ts1 b "o ( !m is ?is3 ,!re mu/ always be a docum5t head]1 an 9-file ,,sgml tag t provides #a7 a bibliographic description ( ! electronic object "o is talk+ ab\t 7t is1 :o includ$ x1 :51 :at =1 & "u :i* title72 & #b7 ! copy text f :i* x 0 d]iv$1 if any4 ,if !re 0 no copy text or if ! copy text is unkn[n1 !n "o /ates z mu*4 ,v]sion #b4j ( ! ,guidel9es 0 s*$ul$ to be complet$ 9 fall #aiib & a revis$ ?ird v]sion is to be pres5t$ to ! ,,tei advisory bo>d = its endorsem5t ?is com+ w9t]4 ,! ,,tei itself exi/s to provide a m>kup language1 n a m>k$-up text4 ,among ! *all5ges ! ,,tei has attempt$ to face is ! ne$ = a m>kup language t w "w = exi/+ projects1 t is1 h&le ! level ( m>kup t p are us+ n[ to tag only *apt]1 section1 & p>agraph divisions & n mu* else4 ,at ! same "t1 su* a language also w be able to scale up gracefully to h&le ! highly detail$ m>kup :i* _m p =esee z ! future de/9ation ( mu* electronic text1 & :i* is n ! future de/9ation b ! pres5t home ( num]\s electronic texts 9 specializ$ areas4 ,,sp]b]g-,mc,q,u,e,e,n dismiss$ ! l[e/-common-d5om9ator approa* z unable to support ! k9d ( applications t draw p :o h nev] be5 9 ! public libr>y regul>ly be=e1 & make !m come back4 ,he advocat$ m int]e/+ text & m intellig5t text4 ,ass]t+ t x is n beyond economic feasibility to h good texts1 ,,sp]b]g-,mc,q,u,e,e,n not$ t ! ,,tei ,guidel9es li/+ #bjj-odd tags conta9s tags t "o is expect$ to ent] e "t ! relevant textual feature occurs4 ,x conta9s all ! tags t p ne$ n[1 & x is n expect$ t ev]yone w tag ?+s 9 ! same way4 ,! "q ( h[ p w tag ! text is 9 l>ge "p a function ( _! reaction to :at ,,sp]b]g-,mc,q,u,e,e,n t]m$ ! issue ( reproducibility4 ,:at "o ne$s to be able to reproduce are ! ?+s "o wants to "w )4 ,p]haps a m useful concept ?an t ( reproducibility or recov]ability is t ( processability1 t is1 :at c "o get f an electronic text )\t read+ x aga9 9 ! orig9al4 ,he illu/rat$ ?is cont5tion ) a page f ,jan ,com5ius's bil+ual ,introduction to ,lat94 ,,sp]b]g-,mc,q,u,e,e,n return$ at l5g? to ! issue ( images z simulacra = ! text1 9 ord] to reit]ate 8 belief t 9 ! long run m ?an images ( pages ( p>ticul> editions ( ! text are ne$$1 because j z second-g5]ation photocopies & second-g5]ation micr(ilm deg5]ate1 s second-g5]ation repres5tations t5d to deg5]ate1 & "o t5ds to ov]/ress "s relatively trivial aspects ( ! text su* z its lay\t on ! page1 :i* is n always significant1 despite :at ! text critics might say1 & slight o!r pieces ( in=mation su* z ! v important lexical ties betwe5 ! ,engli% & ,lat9 v]sions ( ,com5ius's bil+ual text1 = example4 ,moreov]1 9 _m crucial respects x is easy to fool oneself conc]n+ :at a scann$ image ( ! text w accompli%4 ,= example1 9 ord] to /udy ! transmission ( texts1 in=mation conc]n+ ! text c>ri] is necess>y1 :i* scann$ images simply d n always h&le4 ,fur!r1 ev5 ! high-quality mat]ials be+ produc$ at ,cornell use mu* ( ! in=mation t "o w\ld ne$ if /udy+ ^? books z physical objects4 ,x is a *oice t has be5 made4 ,x is an arguably ju/ifiable *oice1 b "o does n "k :at color ^? p5 /rokes 9 ! m>g9 are or :e!r !re 0 a /a9 on ! page1 because x has be5 filt]$ out4 ,"o does n "k :e!r !re 7 rips 9 ! page because !y d n %[ up1 & on a c\ple ( ! m>g9al m>ks "o loses half ( ! m>k because ! p5 is v light & ! scann] fail$ to pick x up1 & s :at is cle>ly a *eckm>k 9 ! m>g9 ( ! orig9al becomes a little scoop 9 ! m>g9 ( ! facsimile4 ,/&>d problems = facsimile editions1 n new to electronics1 b also true ( light-l5s photography1 & are rem>k$ "h because x is important t we n fool ourselves t ev5 if we produce a v nice image ( ?is page ) good contra/1 we are n replac+ ! manuscript any m ?an micr(ilm has replac$ ! manuscript4 ,! ,,tei comes f ! rese>* community1 :]e its fir/ allegiance lies1 b x is n j an academic ex]cise4 ,x has relevance f> beyond ^? :o sp5d all ( _! "t /udy+ text1 because "o's model ( text det]m9es :at "o's s(tw>e c d ) a text4 ,good models lead to good s(tw>e4 ,bad models lead to bad s(tw>e4 ,t has economic consequ5ces1 & x is ^! economic consequ5ces t h l$ ! ,european ,community to help support ! ,,tei1 & t w lead1 ,,sp]b]g-,mc,q,u,e,e,n hop$1 "s s(tw>e v5dors to realize t if !y provide s(tw>e ) a bett] model ( ! text !y c make a kill+4 999999999999 ,,discussion 99 ,implications ( diff]5t ,d,t,ds & tag sets 99 ,,oda v]sus ,,sgml 99 ,dur+ ! discussion t foll[$1 sev]al additional po9ts 7 made4 ,nei!r ,,aap 7i4e41 ,association ( ,am]ican ,publi%]s7 nor ,,cals 7i4e41 ,comput]-aid$ ,acquisition & ,logi/ics ,support7 has a docum5t-type def9ition = anci5t ,greek drama1 al?\gh ! ,,tei w be able to h&le t4 ,giv5 ?is /ate ( affairs & assum+ t ! te*nical-j\rnal produc]s & ! comm]cial v5dors decide to use ! o!r two types1 !n an in/itution l ! ,libr>y ( ,congress1 :i* might receive all ( _! publications1 w\ld h to be able to h&le ?ree diff]5t types ( docum5t def9itions & tag sets & be able to di/+ui% among !m4 ,(fice ,docum5t ,ar*itecture 7,,oda7 has "s advantages t fl[ f its tight focus on (fice docum5ts & cle> directions = implem5tation4 ,mu* ( ! ,,oda /&>d is easi] to read & cle>] at fir/ read+ ?an ! ,,sgml /&>d1 :i* is extremely g5]al4 ,:at t means is t if "o wants to use graphics 9 ,,tiff & ,,oda1 "o is /uck1 because ,,oda def9es graphics =mats :ile ,,tiff does n1 :]eas ,,sgml says ! _w is n wait+ = ?is "w gr\p to create ano!r graphics =mat4 ,:at is ne$$ is an ability to use :atev] graphics =mat "o wants4 ,! ,,tei provides a socket t all[s "o to connect ! ,,sgml docum5t to ! graphics4 ,! notation t ! graphics are 9 is cle>ly a *oice t "o ne$s to make bas$ on h] or 8 environm5t1 & t is "o advantage4 ,,sgml is less megalomaniacal 9 attempt+ to def9e =mats = all k9ds ( in=mation1 ?\gh m megalomaniacal 9 attempt+ to cov] all sorts ( docum5ts4 ,! o!r advantage is t ! model ( text repres5t$ by ,,sgml is simply an ord] ( magnitude ri*] & m flexible ?an ! model ( text (f]$ by ,,oda4 ,bo? (f] hi]>*ical /ructures1 b ,,sgml recognizes t ! hi]>*ical model ( ! text t "o is look+ at may n h be5 9 ! m9ds ( ! design]s1 :]eas ,,oda does n4 ,,oda is n really aim+ = ! k9d ( docum5t t ! ,,tei wants to encompass4 ,! ,,tei c h&le ! k9d ( mat]ial ,,oda has1 z well z a significantly broad] range ( mat]ial4 ,,oda seems to be v mu* focus$ on (fice docum5ts1 :i* is :at x />t$ out be+ call$-- (fice docum5t ar*itecture4 999999999999 ,,calaluca 99 ,text-encod+ f a publi%]'s p]spective 99 ,responsibilities ( a publi%] 99 ,reproduction ( ,migne's ,lat9 s]ies :ole & complete ) ,,sgml tags bas$ on p]ceiv$ ne$ & expect$ use 99 ,p>ticul> decisions aris+ f ! g5]al decision to produce & publi% ,,pld 99 ,! f9al speak] 9 ?is session1 ,eric ,,calaluca1 vice presid5t1 ,*adwyck-,healey1 ,inc41 spoke f ! p]spective ( a publi%] re text-encod+1 r ?an z "o qualifi$ to discuss me?ods ( encod+ data1 & obs]v$ t ! pres5t]s sitt+ 9 ! room1 :e!r !y _h *os5 to or n1 7 act+ z publi%]s3 mak+ *oices1 ga!r+ data1 ga!r+ in=mation1 & mak+ assessm5ts4 ,,calaluca (f]$ ! h>d-won conviction t 9 publi%+ v l>ge text files 7su* z ,,pld71 "o _c avoid mak+ p]sonal judgm5ts ( appropriat5ess & /ructure4 ,9 ,,calaluca's view1 encod+ decisions /em f prior judgm5ts4 ,two notions h become axioms = him 9 ! consid]ation ( future s\rces = electronic publication3 #a7 electronic text publi%+ is z p]sonal z any o!r k9d ( publi%+1 & que/ions ( if & h[ to encode ! data are simply a consequ5ce ( t prior decision2 #b7 all p]sonal decisions are op5 to criticism1 :i* is unavoidable4 ,,calaluca rehe>s$ 8 role z a publi%] or1 bett]1 z an int]m$i>y betwe5 :at is view$ z a s\nd idea & ! p :o w\ld make use ( x4 ,f9d+ ! speciali/ to advise 9 ?is process is ! core ( t function4 ,! publi%] mu/ monitor & hug ! f9e l9e betwe5 giv+ us]s :at !y want & sugge/+ :at !y might ne$4 ,"o responsibility ( a publi%] is to repres5t ! desires ( s*ol>s & rese>* libr>ians z oppos$ to bullhead$ly =c+ !m into areas !y w\ld n *oose to ent]4 ,,calaluca lik5$ ! que/ions be+ rais$ today ab\t data /ructure & /&>ds to ! decisions fac$ by ! ,abbe ,migne himself dur+ production ( ! ,patrologia s]ies 9 ! mid-n9ete5? c5tury4 ,*adwyck-,healey's decision to reproduce ,migne's ,lat9 s]ies :ole & complete ) ,,sgml tags 0 also bas$ ^u a p]ceiv$ ne$ & an expect$ use4 ,9 ! same way t ,migne's "w came to be f> m ?an a simple h&book = cl]ics1 ,,pld is already f> m ?an a database = !ologians4 ,x is a b$rock s\rce = ! /udy ( ,we/]n civilization1 ,,calaluca ass]t$4 ,9 reg>d to ! decision to produce & publi% ,,pld1 ! editorial bo>d (f]$ direct judgm5ts on ! "q ( appropriat5ess ( ^! texts = conv]sion1 _! encod+ & _! di/ribution1 & conclud$ t ! be/ possible project 0 "o t avoid$ ov]t intrusions or exclusions 9 s important a res\rce4 ,?us1 ! g5]al decision to transmit ! orig9al collection z cle>ly z possible ) ! wide/ possible av5ues = use l$ to o!r decisions3 #a7 ,to encode ! data or n1 ,,sgml or n1 ,,tei or n4 ,aga91 ! expect$ us] community ass]t$ ! ne$ = normative tagg+ /ructures ( important humanities texts1 & ! ,,tei seem$ ! mo/ appropriate /ructure = t purpose4 ,rese>* libr>ians1 :o are tra9$ to view ! l>g] impact ( electronic text s\rces on #hj or #ij or #ajj doctoral discipl9es1 l\dly approv$ ! decision to include tagg+4 ,!y see :at is com+ bett] ?an ! speciali/ :o is completely focus$ on "o edition ( ,ambrose's ,de ,anima1 & !y also und]/& t ! pot5tial uses exce$ pres5t expectations4 #b7 ,:at w be tagg$ & :at w n4 ,once aga91 ! bo>d realiz$ t "o mu/ tag ! obvi\s4 ,b 9 no way %\ld "o attempt to id5tify ?r\gh encod+ s*emes e s+le discrete area ( a text t might som$ay be se>*$4 ,t 0 ano!r decision4 ,se>*+ by a column numb]1 an au?or1 a ^w1 a volume1 p]mitt+ comb9ation se>*es1 & tagg+ notations seem$ logical *oices z core elem5ts4 #c7 ,h[ does "o make ! data available8 ,tie+ x to a ,,cd-,,rom edition creates limitations1 b a magnetic tape file t is v l>ge1 is accompani$ by ! encod+ specifications1 & t all[s "o to make local modifications also all[s "o to incorporate any *anges "o may desire )9 ! b\nds ( private rese>*1 ?\gh export+ tag files f a ,,cd-,,rom c\ld s]ve j z well4 ,s9ce no "o on ! bo>d c\ld possibly anticipate ea* & e way 9 :i* a s*ol> might *oose to m9e ?is data bank1 x 0 decid$ to satisfy ! basics & make "s provisions = :at might come4 #d7 ,n to encode ! database w\ld rob x ( ! int]*angeability & portability ^! important texts %\ld accommodate4 ,= ,,calaluca1 ! ext5sive options pres5t$ by full-text se>*+ require c>e 9 text selection & /rongly support encod+ ( data to facilitate ! wide/ possible se>* /rategies4 ,bett] s(tw>e c always be creat$1 b summon+ ! res\rces1 ! p1 & ! en]gy to reconv]t ! text is ano!r matt]4 ,,pld is be+ encod$1 captur$1 & di/ribut$1 because to ,*adwyck-,healey & ! bo>d x (f]s ! wide/ possible array ( future rese>* applications t c be se5 today4 ,,calaluca conclud$ by urg+ ! encod+ ( all important text s\rces 9 :atev] way seems mo/ appropriate & durable at ! "t1 )\t blan*+ at ! ?\ght t "o's "w may require em5dation 9 ! future4 7,?us1 ,*adwyck-,healey produc$ a v l>ge humanities text database be=e ! f9al release ( ! ,,tei ,guidel9es47 999999999999 ,,discussion 99 ,creat+ texts ) m>kup advocat$ 99 ,tr5ds 9 encod+ 99 ,! ,,tei & ! issue ( int]*angeability ( /&>ds 99 ,a misconception conc]n+ ! ,,tei 99 ,implications = an in/itution l ,,lc 9 ! ev5t t a multiplicity ( ,d,t,ds develops 99 ,produc+ images z a fir/ /ep t[>ds possible conv]sion to full text ?r\gh "* recognition 99 ,! ,,aap tag sets z a common />t+ po9t & ! ne$ = caution 99 ,,hockey prefac$ ! discussion t foll[$ ) sev]al comm5ts 9 favor ( creat+ texts ) m>kup & on tr5ds 9 encod+4 ,9 ! future1 :5 _m m texts are available = on-l9e se>*+1 real problems 9 f9d+ :at is want$ w develop1 if "o is fac$ ) millions ( words ( data4 ,x !re=e becomes important to consid] putt+ m>kup 9 texts to help se>*]s home 9 on ! actual ?+s !y wi% to retrieve4 ,v>i\s approa*es to ref9+ retrieval me?ods t[>d ?is end include build+ on a comput] v]sion ( a diction>y & lett+ ! comput] look up words 9 x to obta9 m in=mation ab\t ! semantic /ructure or semantic field ( a ^w1 its grammatical /ructure1 & syntactic /ructure4 ,,hockey comm5t$ on ! pres5t ke5 int]e/ 9 ! encod+ _w 9 creat+3 #a7 ma*9e-readable v]sions ( diction>ies t c be initially tagg$ 9 ,,sgml1 :i* gives a /ructure to ! diction>y entry2 ^! entries c !n be conv]t$ into a m rigid or o!rwise diff]5t database /ructure inside ! comput]1 :i* c be treat$ z a dynamic tool = se>*+ me*anisms2 #b7 l>ge bodies ( text to /udy ! language4 ,9 ord] to incorporate m sophi/icat$ me*anisms1 m ab\t h[ words behave ne$s to be kn[n1 :i* c be le>n$ 9 "p f in=mation 9 diction>ies4 ,h[ev]1 ! la/ t5 ye>s h se5 mu* int]e/ 9 /udy+ ! /ructure ( pr9t$ diction>ies conv]t$ into comput]-readable =m4 ,! in=mation "o d]ives ab\t _m words f ^? is only p>tial1 "o or two def9itions ( ! common or ! usual mean+ ( a ^w1 & !n num]\s def9itions ( unusual usages4 ,if ! comput] is us+ a diction>y to help retrieve words 9 a text1 x ne$s mu* m in=mation ab\t ! common usages1 because ^? are ! ones t occur ov] & ov] aga94 ,h5ce ! curr5t int]e/ 9 develop+ l>ge bodies ( text 9 comput]-readable =m 9 ord] to /udy ! language4 ,sev]al projects are engag$ 9 compil+1 = example1 #ajj million words4 ,,hockey describ$ "o ) :i* %e 0 associat$ briefly at ,ox=d ,univ]sity involv+ compilation ( #ajj million words ( ,briti% ,engli%3 ab\t #aj p]c5t ( t w conta9 detail$ l+ui/ic tagg+ encod$ 9 ,,sgml2 x w h ^w class tagg+s1 ) words id5tifi$ z n\ns1 v]bs1 adjectives1 or o!r p>ts ( spee*4 ,?is tagg+ c !n be us$ by programs :i* w beg9 to le>n a bit m ab\t ! /ructure ( ! language1 & !n1 c g to tag m text4 ,,hockey said t ! m t is tagg$ accurately1 ! m "o c ref9e ! tagg+ process & ?us ! bigg] body ( text "o c build up ) l+ui/ic tagg+ incorporat$ into x4 ,h5ce1 ! m tagg+ or annotation !re is 9 ! text1 ! m "o may beg9 to le>n ab\t language & ! m x w help accompli% m intellig5t ,,ocr4 ,%e recomm5d$ ! developm5t ( s(tw>e tools t w help "o beg9 to und]/& m ab\t a text1 :i* c !n be appli$ to scann+ images ( t text 9 t =mat & to us+ m intellig5ce to help "o int]pret or und]/& ! text4 ,,hockey posit$ ! ne$ to ?9k ab\t common me?ods ( text-encod+ = a long "t to come1 because build+ ^! l>ge bodies ( text is extremely exp5sive & w only be done once4 ,9 ! m g5]al discussion on approa*es to encod+ t foll[$1 ^! po9ts 7 made3 ,,bess] id5tifi$ ! und]ly+ problem ) /&>ds t all h to /ruggle ) 9 adopt+ a /&>d1 namely1 ! t5sion betwe5 a v highly def9$ /&>d t is v int]*angeable b does n "w = ev]yone because some?+ is lack+1 & a /&>d t is less def9$1 m op51 m adaptable1 b less int]*angeable4 ,cont5d+ t ! way 9 :i* p use ,,sgml is n suffici5tly def9$1 ,,bess] wond]$ #a7 if p resi/ ! ,,tei because !y ?9k x is too def9$ 9 c]ta9 ?+s !y d n fit into1 & #b7 h[ progress ) int]*angeability c be made )\t fright5+ p away4 ,,sp]b]g-,mc,q,u,e,e,n repli$ t ! publi%$ drafts ( ! ,,tei _h met ) surpris+ly little objection on ! gr\nds t !y d n all[ "o to h&le ,x or ,y or ,z4 ,p>ticul> conc]ns ( ! affiliat$ projects h l$1 9 practice1 to discussions ( h[ ext5sions are to be made2 ! prim>y conc]n ( any project has to be h[ x c be repres5t$ locally1 ?us mak+ int]*ange second>y4 ,! ,,tei has receiv$ mu* criticism bas$ on ! notion t ev]y?+ 9 x is requir$ or ev5 recomm5d$1 :i*1 z x happ5s1 is a misconception f ! beg9n+1 because none ( x is requir$ & v little is actually actively recomm5d$ = all cases1 except t "o docum5t "o's s\rce4 ,,sp]b]g-,mc,q,u,e,e,n agre$ ) ,,bess] ab\t ?is trade-(f3 all ! projects 9 a set ( tw5ty ,,tei-con=mant projects w n necess>ily tag ! mat]ial 9 ! same way4 ,"o result ( ! ,,tei w be t ! easie/ problems w be solv$--^? deal+ ) ! ext]nal =m ( ! in=mation2 b ! problem t is h>de/ 9 int]*ange is t "o is n encod+ :at ano!r wants1 & vice v]sa4 ,?us1 aft] ! adoption ( a common notation1 ! diff]5ces 9 ! und]ly+ conceptions ( :at is int]e/+ ab\t texts become m visible4 ,! success ( a /&>d l ! ,,tei w lie 9 ! ability ( ! recipi5t ( int]*ang$ texts to use "s ( :at x conta9s & to add ! in=mation t 0 n encod$ t "o wants1 9 a lay]$ way1 s t texts c be gradually enri*$ & "o does n h to put 9 ev]y?+ all at once4 ,h5ce1 hav+ a well-behav$ m>kup s*eme is important4 ,,/ev5s foll[$ up on ! p>adoxical analogy t ,,bess] allud$ to 9 ! example ( ! ,,m>c records1 namely1 ! =mats t are ! same except t !y are diff]5t4 ,,/ev5s drew a p>allel betwe5 docum5t-type def9itions & ,,m>c records = books & s]ials & maps1 :]e "o has a tagg+ /ructure & !re is a text-int]*ange4 ,,/ev5s op9$ t ! produc]s ( ! in=mation w set ! t]ms = ! /&>d 7i4e41 develop docum5t-type def9itions = ! us]s ( _! products71 creat+ a situation t w be problematical = an in/itution l ! ,libr>y ( ,congress1 :i* w h to deal ) ! ,d,t,ds 9 ! ev5t t a multiplicity ( !m develops4 ,?us1 num]\s p are seek+ a /&>d b _c f9d ! tag set t w be acceptable to !m & _! cli5ts4 ,,sp]b]g-,mc,q,u,e,e,n agre$ ) ?is view1 & said t ! situation 0 9 a way worse3 attempt+ to unify arbitr>y ,d,t,ds resembl$ attempt+ to unify a ,,m>c record ) a bibliographic record done accord+ to ! ,prussian in/ructions4 ,accord+ to ,,/ev5s1 ?is situation occurr$ v e>ly 9 ! process4 ,,wat]s recall$ f e>ly discussions on ,project ,op5 ,book ! conc]n ( _m p t m]ely by produc+ images1 ,,pob 0 n really enhanc+ intellectual access to ! mat]ial4 ,nev]!less1 n wi%+ to ov]emphasize ! opposition betwe5 imag+ & full text1 ,,wat]s /at$ t ,,pob views gett+ ! images z a fir/ /ep t[>d possibly conv]t+ to full text ?r\gh "* recognition1 if ! te*nology is appropriate4 ,,wat]s also emphasiz$ t encod+ is involv$ ev5 ) a set ( images4 ,,sp]b]g-,mc,q,u,e,e,n agre$ ) ,,wat]s t "o c create an ,,sgml docum5t consi/+ :olly ( images4 ,at fir/ sight1 organiz+ graphic images ) an ,,sgml docum5t may n seem to (f] great advantages1 b ! advantages ( ! s*eme ,,wat]s describ$ w\ld be precisely t ability to move into some?+ t is m ( a multim$ia docum5t3 a comb9ation ( transcrib$ text & page images4 ,,weibel concurr$ 9 ?is judgm5t1 (f]+ evid5ce f ,project ,,adapt1 :]e a page is divid$ into text elem5ts & graphic elem5ts1 & 9 fact ! text elem5ts are organiz$ by columns & l9es4 ,^! l9es may be us$ z ! basis = di/ribut+ docum5ts 9 a network environm5t4 ,z "o develops s(tw>e intellig5t en\gh to recognize :at ^? elem5ts are1 x makes s5se to apply ,,sgml to an image initially1 t may1 9 fact1 ultimately become m & m text1 ei!r ?r\gh ,,ocr or edit$ ,,ocr or ev5 j ?r\gh key+4 ,= ,,wat]s1 ! labor ( compos+ ! docum5t & say+ ?is set ( docum5ts or ?is set ( images belongs to ?is docum5t con/itutes a significant inve/m5t4 ,,weibel also made ! po9t t ! ,,aap tag sets1 :ile n excessively prescriptive1 (f] a common />t+ po9t2 !y d n def9e ! /ructure ( ! docum5ts1 ?\gh4 ,!y h "s recomm5dations ab\t ,d,t,ds "o c\ld use z examples1 b !y d j sugge/ tag sets4 ,= example1 ! ,,core project attempts to use ! ,,aap m>kup z mu* z possible1 b !re are cle>ly areas :]e /ructure mu/ be add$4 ,t 9 no way contradicts ! use ( ,,aap tag sets4 ,,sp]b]g-,mc,q,u,e,e,n not$ t ! ,,tei prep>$ a long work+ pap] e>ly on ab\t ! ,,aap tag set & :at x lack$ t ! ,,tei ?\ght x ne$$1 & a fairly long critique ( ! nam+ conv5tions1 :i* has l$ to a v diff]5t /yle ( nam+ 9 ! ,,tei4 ,he /ress$ ! importance ( ! opposition betwe5 prescriptive m>kup1 ! k9d t a publi%] or anybody c d :5 produc+ docum5ts de novo1 & descriptive m>kup1 9 :i* "o has to take :at ! text c>ri] provides4 ,9 ^! p>ticul> tag sets x is easy to ov]emphasize ?is opposition1 because ! ,,aap tag set is extremely flexible4 ,ev5 if "o j us$ ! ,d,t,ds1 !y all[ almo/ any?+ to appe> almo/ any:]e4 999999999999 ,,session ,,vi4 ,,copyright ,,issues ,,pet]s 99 ,sev]al cautions conc]n+ copyright 9 an electronic environm5t 99 ,review ( copyright law 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates 99 ,! notion ( ! public good & ! desirability ( inc5tives to promote x 99 ,:at copyright protects 99 ,works n protect$ by copyright 99 ,! rights ( copyright hold]s 99 ,publi%]s' conc]ns 9 today's electronic environm5t 99 ,compulsory lic5ses 99 ,! price ( copyright 9 a digital m$ium & ! ne$ = coop]ation 99 ,additional cl>ifications 99 ,r\gh ju/ice (t5times ! outcome 9 num]\s copyright matt]s 99 ,copyright 9 an electronic society 99 ,copyright law always only sets up ! b\nd>ies2 any?+ c be *ang$ by contract 99 ,m>ybe? ,,pet]s1 policy plann+ advis] to ! ,regi/] ( ,copyrights1 ,libr>y ( ,congress1 made sev]al g5]al comm5ts & !n op5$ ! floor to discussion ( subjects ( int]e/ to ! audi5ce4 ,hav+ att5d$ sev]al sessions 9 an ef=t to ga9 a s5se ( :at p did & :]e copyright w\ld affect _! lives1 ,,pet]s express$ ! foll[+ cautions3 99 ,if "o takes & conv]ts mat]ials & puts !m 9 new =ms1 !n1 f a copyright po9t ( view1 "o is creat+ some?+ & w receive "s rights4 99 ,h[ev]1 if :at "o is conv]t+ already exi/s1 a "q imm$iately arises ab\t ! /atus ( ! mat]ials 9 "q4 99 ,putt+ some?+ 9 ! public doma9 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates (f]s "s fre$om f anxiety1 b di/ribut+ x ?r\gh\t ! _w on a network is ano!r matt]1 ev5 if "o has put x 9 ! public doma9 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates4 ,re =eign laws1 v frequ5tly a "w c be 9 ! public doma9 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates b protect$ 9 o!r c\ntries4 ,?us1 "o mu/ consid] all ( ! places a "w may rea*1 le/ "o unwitt+ly become liable to be+ fac$ ) a suit = copyright infr+em5t1 or at lea/ a lett] dem&+ discussion ( :at "o is do+4 ,,pet]s review$ copyright law 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates4 ,! ,u4,s4 ,con/itution effectively /ates t ,congress has ! p[] to enact copyright laws = two purposes3 #a7 to enc\rage ! creation & dissem9ation ( intellectual works = ! good ( society z a :ole2 &1 significantly1 #b7 to give creators & ^? :o package & dissem9ate mat]ials ! economic rew>ds t are due !m4 ,congress /rives to /rike a balance1 :i* at times c become an emotional issue4 ,! ,unit$ ,/ates has nev] accept$ ! notion ( ! natural "r ( an au?or s mu* z x has accept$ ! notion ( ! public good & ! desirability ( inc5tives to promote x4 ,?is /ate ( affairs1 h[ev]1 has creat$ /ra9s on ! int]national level & is ! reason = sev]al ( ! diff]5ces 9 ! laws t we h4 ,today ! ,unit$ ,/ates protects almo/ e k9d ( "w t c be call$ an expression ( an au?or4 ,! /&>d = ga9+ copyright protection is simply orig9ality4 ,?is is a l[ /&>d & means t a "w is n copi$ f some?+ else1 z well z %[s a c]ta9 m9imal am\nt ( au?or%ip4 ,"o c also acquire copyright protection = mak+ a new v]sion ( preexi/+ mat]ial1 provid$ x manife/s "s sp>k ( creativity4 ,h[ev]1 copyright does n protect ideas1 me?ods1 sy/ems--only ! way t "o expresses ^? ?+s4 ,nor does copyright protect any?+ t is me*anical1 any?+ t does n involve *oice1 or crit]ia conc]n+ :e!r or n "o %\ld d a ?+4 ,= example1 ! results ( a process call$ declick+1 9 :i* "o me*anically removes impure s\nds f old record+s1 are n copyrightable4 ,on ! o!r h&1 ! *oice to record a song digitally & to increase ! s\nd ( viol9s or to br+ up ! tympani con/itutes ! results ( conv]sion t are copyrightable4 ,moreov]1 if a "w is protect$ by copyright 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates1 "o g5]ally ne$s ! p]mission ( ! copyright own] to conv]t x4 ,normally1 :o w own ! new--t is1 conv]t$- -mat]ial is a matt] ( contract4 ,9 ! abs5ce ( a contract1 ! p]son :o creates ! new mat]ial is ! au?or & own]4 ,b p d n g5]ally ?9k ab\t ! copyright implications until aft] ! fact4 ,,pet]s /ress$ ! ne$ :5 deal+ ) copyright$ works to ?9k ab\t copyright 9 advance4 ,"o's b>ga9+ p[] is mu* great] up front ?an x is d[n ! road4 ,,pet]s next discuss$ works n protect$ by copyright1 = example1 any "w done by a f$]al employee z "p ( 8 or h] (ficial duties is 9 ! public doma9 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates4 ,! issue is n :olly free ( d\bt conc]n+ :e!r or n ! "w is 9 ! public doma9 outside ! ,unit$ ,/ates4 ,o!r mat]ials 9 ! public doma9 include3 any works publi%$ m ?an sev5ty-five ye>s ago1 & any "w publi%$ 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates m ?an tw5ty-eight ye>s ago1 ^: copyright 0 n r5ew$4 ,9 talk+ ab\t ! new te*nology & putt+ mat]ial 9 a digital =m to s5d all ov] ! _w1 ,,pet]s caution$1 "o mu/ keep 9 m9d t :ile ! rights may n be an issue 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates1 !y may be 9 diff]5t p>ts ( ! _w1 :]e mo/ c\ntries previ\sly employ$ a copyright t]m ( ! life ( ! au?or plus fifty ye>s4 ,,pet]s next review$ ! economics ( copyright hold+4 ,simply1 economic rights are ! rights to control ! reproduction ( a "w 9 any =m4 ,!y belong to ! au?or1 or 9 ! case ( a "w made = hire1 ! employ]4 ,! second "r1 :i* is critical to conv]sion1 is ! "r to *ange a "w4 ,! "r to make new v]sions is p]haps "o ( ! mo/ significant rights ( au?ors1 p>ticul>ly 9 an electronic _w4 ,! ?ird "r is ! "r to publi% ! "w & ! "r to dissem9ate x1 some?+ t ev]yone :o deals 9 an electronic m$ium ne$s to "k4 ,! basic rule is if a copy is sold1 all rights ( di/ribution are ext+ui%$ ) ! sale ( t copy4 ,! key is t x mu/ be sold4 ,a numb] ( companies ov]come ?is ob/acle by leas+ or r5t+ _! product4 ,^! companies argue t if ! mat]ial is r5t$ or leas$ & n sold1 !y control ! uses ( a "w4 ,! f\r? "r1 & "o v important 9 a digital _w1 is a "r ( public p]=mance1 :i* means ! "r to %[ ! "w sequ5tially4 ,= example1 copyright own]s control ! %[+ ( a ,,cd-,,rom product 9 a public place su* z a public libr>y4 ,! rev]se side ( public p]=mance is some?+ call$ ! "r ( public display4 ,moral rights also exi/1 :i* at ! f$]al level apply only to v limit$ visual works ( art1 b 9 !ory may apply "u contract & o!r pr9ciples4 ,moral rights may include ! "r ( an au?or to h 8 or h] "n on a "w1 ! "r ( attribution1 & ! "r to object to di/ortion or mutilation--! "r ( integrity4 ,! way copyright law is word$ gives mu* latitude to activities su* z pres]vation2 to use ( mat]ial = s*ol>ly & rese>* purposes :5 ! us] does n make multiple copies2 & to ! g5]ation ( facsimile copies ( unpubli%$ works by libr>ies = !mselves & o!r libr>ies4 ,b ! law does n all[ anyone to become ! di/ributor ( ! product = ! entire _w4 ,9 today's electronic environm5t1 publi%]s are extremely conc]n$ t ! entire _w is network$ & c obta9 ! in=mation desir$ f a s+le copy 9 a s+le libr>y4 ,h5ce1 if !re is to be only "o sale1 :i* publi%]s may *oose to live )1 !y w obta9 _! money 9 o!r ways1 = example1 f access & use4 ,h5ce1 ! developm5t ( site lic5ses & o!r k9ds ( agreem5ts to cov] :at publi%]s believe !y %\ld be comp5sat$ =4 ,any solution t ! ,unit$ ,/ates takes today has to consid] ! int]national ar5a4 ,not+ t ! ,unit$ ,/ates is a memb] ( ! ,b]ne ,conv5tion & subscribes to its provisions1 ,,pet]s describ$ ! p]missions process4 ,%e also def9$ compulsory lic5ses4 ,a compulsory lic5se1 ( :i* ! ,unit$ ,/ates has _h a few1 builds into ! law ! "r to use a "w subject to c]ta9 t]ms & conditions4 ,9 ! int]national ar5a1 h[ev]1 ! ability to use compulsory lic5ses is extremely limit$4 ,?us1 cle>+h\ses & o!r collectives comprise "o option t has succe$$ 9 provid+ = use ( a "w4 ,(t5 ov]look$ :5 "o beg9s to use copyright$ mat]ial & put products toge!r is h[ exp5sive ! p]missions process & manag+ x is4 ,accord+ to ,,pet]s1 ! price ( copyright 9 a digital m$ium1 :atev] solution is work$ out1 w include manag+ & assembl+ ! database4 ,%e /rongly recomm5d$ t publi%]s & libr>ians or p ) v>i\s backgr\nds coop]ate to "w out adm9i/ratively feasible sy/ems1 9 ord] to produce bett] results4 ,9 ! l5g?y "q-&-answ] p]iod t foll[$ ,,pet]s's pres5tation1 ! foll[+ po9ts em]g$3 99 ,! ,copyright ,(fice ma9ta9s t any?+ me*anical & totally exhau/ive probably is n protect$4 ,9 ! ev5t t :at an individual did 9 develop+ pot5tially copyrightable mat]ial is n und]/ood1 ! ,copyright ,(fice w ask ab\t ! creative *oices ! applicant *ose to make or n to make4 ,z a practical matt]1 if "o believes %e or he has made en\gh ( ^? *oices1 t p]son has a "r to ass]t a copyright & someone else mu/ ass]t t ! "w is n copyrightable4 ,! m me*anical1 ! m automatic1 a ?+ is1 ! less likely x is to be copyrightable4 99 ,ne>ly all photographs are deem$ to be copyrightable1 b no "o worries ab\t !m mu*1 because ev]yone is free to take ! same image4 ,?us1 a photographic copyright repres5ts :at is call$ a ?9 copyright4 ,! photograph itself mu/ be duplicat$1 9 ord] = copyright to be violat$4 99 ,! ,copyright ,(fice takes ! position t ,x-rays are n copyrightable because !y are me*anical4 ,x c be argu$ :e!r or n image enhancem5t 9 scann+ c be protect$4 ,"o mu/ ex]cise c>e ) mat]ial creat$ ) public funds & g5]ally 9 ! public doma94 ,an article writt5 by a f$]al employee1 if writt5 z "p ( (ficial duties1 is n copyrightable4 ,h[ev]1 control ov] a sci5tific article writt5 by a ,national ,in/itutes ( ,heal? grantee 7i4e41 someone :o receives money f ! ,u4,s4 gov]nm5t71 dep5ds on ,,nih policy4 ,if ! gov]nm5t ag5cy has no policy 7& t policy c be conta9$ 9 its regulations1 ! contract1 or ! grant71 ! au?or reta9s copyright4 ,if a provision ( ! contract1 grant1 or regulation /ates t !re w be no copyright1 !n x does n exi/4 ,:5 a "w is creat$1 copyright automatically comes into exi/5ce unless some?+ exi/s t says x does n4 99 ,an enhanc$ electronic copy ( a pr9t copy ( an old] ref]5ce "w 9 ! public doma9 t does n conta9 copyrightable new mat]ial is a purely me*anical r5dition ( ! orig9al "w1 & is n copyrightable4 99 ,usually1 :5 a "w ent]s ! public doma91 no?+ c remove x4 ,= example1 ,congress rec5tly pass$ into law ! concept ( automatic r5ewal1 :i* means t copyright on any "w publi%$ betwe5 l#ifd & l#igh does n h to be r5ew$ 9 ord] to receive a sev5ty-five-ye> t]m4 ,b any "w n r5ew$ be=e #aifd is 9 ! public doma94 99 ,conc]n+ :e!r or n ! ,unit$ ,/ates keeps track ( :5 au?ors die1 no?+ 0 ev] done1 nor is any?+ be+ done at ! mom5t by ! ,copyright ,(fice4 99 ,s(tw>e t drives a me*anical process is itself copyrightable4 ,if "o *anges plat=ms1 ! s(tw>e itself has a copyright4 ,! ,_w ,intellectual ,prop]ty ,organization w hold a symposium #bh ,m>* ?r\gh #b ,april l#iic1 at ,h>v>d ,univ]sity1 on digital te*nology1 & w /udy ?is entire issue4 ,if "o pur*ases a comput] s(tw>e package1 su* z ,mac,paint1 & creates some?+ new1 "o receives protection only = t :i* has be5 add$4 ,,pet]s add$ t (t5 9 copyright matt]s1 r\gh ju/ice is ! outcome1 = example1 9 collective lic5s+1 ,,ascap 7i4e41 ,am]ican ,society ( ,compos]s1 ,au?ors1 & ,publi%]s71 & ,,bmi 7i4e41 ,broadca/ ,music1 ,inc471 :]e x may seem t ! big guys receive m ?an _! due4 ,( c\rse1 p ought n to copy a creative product )\t pay+ = x2 !re %\ld be "s comp5sation4 ,b ! tru? ( ! _w1 & x is n a great tru?1 is t ! big guy gets play$ on ! radio m frequ5tly ?an ! little guy1 :o has to d mu* m until he becomes a big guy4 ,t is true ( e au?or1 e compos]1 ev]yone1 &1 un=tunately1 is "p ( life4 ,copyright always orig9ates ) ! au?or1 except 9 cases ( works made = hire4 7,mo/ s(tw>e falls into ?is category47 ,:5 an au?or s5ds 8 article to a j\rnal1 he has n rel9qui%$ copyright1 ?\gh he reta9s ! "r to rel9qui% x4 ,! au?or receives absolutely ev]y?+4 ,! less prom95t ! au?or1 ! m lev]age ! publi%] w h 9 contract negotiations4 ,9 ord] to transf] ! rights1 ! au?or mu/ sign an agreem5t giv+ !m away4 ,9 an electronic society1 x is important to be able to lic5se a writ] & "w out deals4 ,) reg>d to use ( a "w1 x usually is mu* easi] :5 a publi%] holds ! rights4 ,9 an electronic era1 a real problem arises :5 "o is digitiz+ & mak+ in=mation available4 ,,pet]s ref]r$ aga9 to electronic lic5s+ cle>+h\ses4 ,copyright ought to rema9 ) ! au?or1 b z "o moves =w>d globally 9 ! electronic ar5a1 a middleman :o c h&le ! v>i\s rights becomes increas+ly necess>y4 ,! notion ( copyright law is t x resides ) ! individual1 b 9 an on-l9e environm5t1 :]e a "w c be adapt$ & t9k]$ ) by _m individuals1 !re is conc]n4 ,if *anges are au?oriz$ & !re is no agreem5t to ! contr>y1 ! p]son :o *anges a "w owns ! *anges4 ,to put x ano!r way1 ! p]son :o acquires p]mission to *ange a "w te*nically w become ! au?or & ! own]1 unless "s agreem5t to ! contr>y has be5 made4 ,x is typical = ! orig9al publi%] to try to control all ( ! v]sions & all ( ! uses4 ,copyright law always only sets up ! b\nd>ies4 ,any?+ c be *ang$ by contract4 999999999999 ,,session ,,vii4 ,,conclusion ,,g5]al ,,discussion 99 ,two que/ions = discussion 99 ,diff]5t emphases 9 ! ,work%op 99 ,br++ ! text & image p>tisans toge!r 99 ,desid]ata 9 plann+ ! long-t]m developm5t ( some?+ 99 ,que/ions surr\nd+ ! issue ( electronic deposit 99 ,discussion ( electronic deposit z an allusion to ! issue ( /&>ds 99 ,ne$ = a directory ( pres]vation projects 9 digital =m & = access to _! digitiz$ files 99 ,,ce?'s catalogue ( ma*9e-readable texts 9 ! humanities 99 ,:at con/itutes a publication 9 ! electronic _w8 99 ,ne$ = ,,lc to deal ) ! concept ( on-l9e publi%+ 99 ,,lc's ,network ,developm5t ,(fice explor+ ! limits ( ,,m>c z a /&>d 9 t]ms ( h&l+ electronic in=mation 99 ,magnitude ( ! problem & ! ne$ = di/ribut$ responsibility 9 ord] to ma9ta9 & /ore electronic in=mation 99 ,work%op p>ticipants to be view$ z a />t+ po9t 99 ,developm5t ( a network v]sion ( ,,am urg$ 99 ,a /ep t[>d ,,am's con/ruction ( "s sort ( app>atus = network access 99 ,a delicate & agoniz+ policy "q = ,,lc 99 ,re ! issue ( electronic deposit1 ,,lc urg$ to initiate a catalytic process 9 t]ms ( di/ribut$ responsibility 99 ,sugge/ions = coop]ative v5tures 99 ,comm]cial publi%]s' fe>s 99 ,/rategic que/ions = gett+ ! image & text p to ?9k ?r\gh long-t]m coop]ation 99 ,cl>ification ( ! driv+ =ce beh9d bo? ! ,p]seus & ! ,cornell ,x]ox projects 99 ,9 8 role z mod]ator ( ! conclud+ session1 ,,gif=d rais$ two que/ions he believ$ w\ld b5efit f discussion3 #a7 ,are !re en\gh commonalities among ^? ( u t h be5 "h = two days s t we c see c\rses ( action t %\ld be tak5 9 ! future8 ,&1 if s1 :at are !y & :o might take !m8 #b7 ,p>tly d]ivative f t1 b obvi\sly v dang]\s to ,,lc z ho/1 d y see a role = ! ,libr>y ( ,congress 9 all ?is8 ,( c\rse1 ! ,libr>y ( ,congress holds a r special /atus 9 a numb] ( ^! matt]s1 because x is n p]ceiv$ z a play] ) an economic /ake 9 !m1 b are !re roles t ,,lc c play t c help advance u t[>d :]e we are head+8 ,describ+ himself z an un9=m$ obs]v] ( ! te*nicalities ( ! la/ two days1 ,,gif=d detect$ ?ree diff]5t emphases 9 ! ,work%op3 #a7 p :o are v deeply committ$ to text2 #b7 p :o are almo/ passionate ab\t images2 & #c7 a few p :o are v committ$ to :at happ5s to ! networks4 ,9 o!r words1 ! new network+ dim5sion1 ! accessibility ( ! processability1 ! portability ( all ?is across ! networks4 ,h[ d we pull ^? ?ree toge!r8 ,add+ a "q t reflect$ ,,hockey's comm5t t ?is 0 ! f\r? work%op %e _h att5d$ 9 ! previ\s ?irty days1 ,,fleis*hau] wond]$ to :at ext5t ?is meet+ _h re9v5t$ ! :eel1 or if x _h contribut$ any?+ 9 ! way ( br++ toge!r a diff]5t gr\p ( p f ^? :o normally appe> on ! work%op circuit4 ,,hockey confess$ to be+ /ruck at ?is meet+ & ! "o ! ,electronic ,pi]ce ,consortium organiz$ ! previ\s week t ?is 0 a com+ toge!r ( p work+ on texts & n images4 ,attempt+ to br+ ! two toge!r is some?+ we ought to be ?9k+ ab\t = ! future3 ,h[ "o c ?9k ab\t work+ ) image mat]ial to beg9 )1 b /ructur+ x & digitiz+ x 9 su* a way t at a lat] /age x c be int]pret$ into text1 & f9d a common way ( build+ text & images toge!r s t !y c be us$ jo9tly 9 ! future1 ) ! network support to beg9 !re because t is h[ p w want to access x4 ,9 plann+ ! long-t]m developm5t ( some?+1 :i* is :at is be+ done 9 electronic text1 ,,hockey /ress$ ! importance n only ( discuss+ ! te*nical aspects ( h[ "o does x b p>ticul>ly ( ?9k+ ab\t :at ! p :o use ! /uff w want to d4 ,b conv]sely1 !re are num]\s ?+s t p />t to d ) electronic text or mat]ial t nobody ev] ?\ght ( 9 ! beg9n+4 ,,lesk1 9 response to ! "q conc]n+ ! role ( ! ,libr>y ( ,congress1 rem>k$ ! (t5 sugge/$ desid]atum ( hav+ electronic deposit3 ,s9ce ev]y?+ is n[ comput]-typeset1 an entire decade ( mat]ial t 0 ma*9e-readable exi/s1 b ! publi%]s frequ5tly did n save x2 has ,,lc tak5 any action to h its copyright deposit op]ation />t collect+ ^! ma*9e-readable v]sions8 ,9 ! abs5ce ( ,,pet]s1 ,,gif=d repli$ t ! "q 0 be+ actively consid]$ b t t 0 only "o dim5sion ( ! problem4 ,ano!r dim5sion is ! :ole "q ( ! integrity ( ! orig9al electronic docum5t4 ,x becomes highly important 9 sci5ce to prove au?or%ip4 ,h[ w t be done8 ,,erway expla9$ t1 "u ! old policy1 to make a claim = a copyright = works t 7 publi%$ 9 electronic =m1 includ+ s(tw>e1 "o _h to submit a pap] copy ( ! fir/ & la/ tw5ty pages ( code--some?+ t repres5t$ ! "w b did n include ! entire "w itself & _h little value to anyone4 ,z a tempor>y measure1 ,,lc has claim$ ! "r to dem& electronic v]sions ( electronic publications4 ,?is measure entails a proactive role = ! ,libr>y to say t x wants a p>ticul> electronic v]sion4 ,publi%]s !n h p]haps a ye> to submit x4 ,b ! real problem = ,,lc is :at to d ) all ?is mat]ial 9 all ^! diff]5t =mats4 ,w ! ,libr>y m\nt x8 ,h[ w x give p access to x8 ,h[ does ,,lc keep track ( ! appropriate comput]s1 s(tw>e1 & m$ia8 ,! situation is s h>d to control1 ,,erway said1 t x makes s5se = ea* publi%+ h\se to ma9ta9 its own ar*ive4 ,b ,,lc _c en=ce t ei!r4 ,,gif=d ackn[l$g$ ,,lesk's sugge/ion t e/abli%+ a priority (f]$ ! solution1 albeit a fairly complicat$ "o4 ,b :o ma9ta9s t regi/]81 he ask$4 ,,grab] not$ t ,,lc does attempt to collect a ,mac9to% v]sion & ! ,,ibm-compatible v]sion ( s(tw>e4 ,x does n collect o!r v]sions4 ,b :ile true = s(tw>e1 ,,byrum obs]v$1 ?is reply does n speak to mat]ials1 t is1 all ! mat]ials t 7 publi%$ t 7 on somebody's microcomput] or driv] tapes at a publi%+ (fice across ! c\ntry4 ,,lc does well to acquire specific ma*9e-readable products selectively t 7 int5d$ to be ma*9e-readable4 ,mat]ials t 7 9 ma*9e-readable =m at "o "t1 ,,byrum said1 w\ld be beyond ,,lc's capability at ! mom5t1 ins(> z attempt+ to acquire1 organize1 & pres]ve !m are conc]n$--& pres]vation w\ld be ! mo/ important consid]ation4 ,9 ?is connection1 ,,gif=d reit]at$ ! ne$ to "w out "s s5se ( di/ributive responsibility = a numb] ( ^! issues1 :i* inevitably w require significant coop]ation & discussion4 ,nobody c d x all4 ,,lesk sugge/$ t "s publi%]s may look ) favor on ,,lc beg9n+ to s]ve z a depository ( tapes 9 an electronic manuscript /&>d4 ,publi%]s may view ?is z a s]vice t !y did n h to p]=m & !y might s5d 9 tapes4 ,h[ev]1 ,,sp]b]g-,mc,q,u,e,e,n c\nt]$1 al?\gh publi%]s h _h equival5t s]vices available to !m = a long "t1 ! electronic text ar*ive has nev] turn$ away or be5 flood$ ) tapes & is =ev] s5d+ fe$back to ! depositor4 ,"s publi%]s d s5d 9 tapes4 ,,&re view$ ?is discussion z an allusion to ! issue ( /&>ds4 ,%e recomm5d$ t ! ,,aap /&>d & ! ,,tei1 :i* has already be5 some:at h>moniz$ int]nationally & :i* also %>es sev]al compatibilities ) ! ,,aap1 be h>moniz$ to ensure suffici5t compatibility 9 ! s(tw>e4 ,%e drew ! l9e at say+ ,,lc ought to be ! locus or =um = su* h>monization4 ,tak+ ! gr\p 9 a slightly diff]5t direction1 b "o :]e at lea/ 9 ! ne> t]m ,,lc might play a helpful role1 ,,lyn* rem>k$ ! plans ( a numb] ( projects to c>ry out pres]vation by creat+ digital images t w end up 9 on-l9e or ne>-l9e /orage at "s in/itution4 ,presumably1 ,,lc w l9k ?is mat]ial someh[ to its on-l9e catalog 9 mo/ cases4 ,?us1 x is 9 a digital =m4 ,,lyn* _h ! impression t _m ( ^! in/itutions w\ld be will+ to make ^? files accessible to o!r p outside ! in/itution1 provid$ t !re is no copyright problem4 ,?is desid]atum w require propagat+ ! k t ^? digitiz$ files exi/1 s t !y c end up 9 o!r on-l9e catalogs4 ,al?\gh unc]ta9 ab\t ! me*anism = a*iev+ ?is result1 ,,lyn* said t x w>rant$ scrut9y because x seem$ to be connect$ to "s ( ! basic issues ( catalog+ & di/ribution ( records4 ,x w\ld be fooli%1 giv5 ! am\nt ( "w t all ( u h to d & our meag] res\rces1 to discov] multiple in/itutions digitiz+ ! same "w4 ,re micr(orms1 ,,lyn* said1 we are 9 pretty good %ape4 ,,batt9 call$ ?is a big problem & not$ t ! ,cornell p 7:o _h already dep>t$7 7 work+ on x4 ,at issue f ! beg9n+ 0 to le>n h[ to catalog t in=mation into ,,rl9 & !n into ,,oclc1 s t x w\ld be accessible4 ,t issue rema9s to be resolv$4 ,,lyn* rejo9$ t putt+ x into ,,oclc or ,,rl9 0 helpful ins(> z somebody :o is ?9k+ ( p]=m+ pres]vation activity on t "w c\ld le>n ab\t x4 ,x is n necess>ily helpful = in/itutions to make t available4 ,,batt9 op9$ t ! idea 0 t x n only be = pres]vation purposes b = ! conv5i5ce ( p look+ = ?is mat]ial4 ,%e endors$ ,,lyn*'s dictum t duplication ( ?is ef=t 0 to be avoid$ by e means4 ,,hockey in=m$ ! ,work%op ab\t "o major curr5t activity ( ,,ce?1 namely a catalogue ( ma*9e-readable texts 9 ! humanities4 ,held on ,,rl9 at pres5t1 ! catalogue has be5 conc5trat$ on ,,ascii z oppos$ to digitiz$ images ( text4 ,%e is explor+ ways to improve ! catalogue & make x m widely available1 & welcom$ sugge/ions ab\t ^! conc]ns4 ,,ce? owns ! records1 :i* are n j re/rict$ to ,,rl91 & c di/ribute !m h[ev] x wi%es4 ,tak+ up ,,lesk's e>li] "q1 ,,batt9 inquir$ :e!r ,,lc1 s9ce x is accept+ electronic files & design+ a me*anism = deal+ ) t r ?an putt+ books on %elves1 w\ld become responsible = ! ,national ,copyright ,depository ( ,electronic ,mat]ials4 ,( c\rse t c\ld n be accompli%$ ov]night1 b x w\ld be some?+ ,,lc c\ld plan =4 ,,gif=d ackn[l$g$ t mu* ?\ght 0 be+ devot$ to t set ( problems & return$ ! discussion to ! issue rais$ by ,,lyn*--:e!r or n putt+ ! k9d ( records t bo? ,,batt9 & ,,hockey h be5 talk+ ab\t 9 ,,rl9 is n a satisfactory solution4 ,x seem$ to him t ,,rl9 answ]$ ,,lyn*'s orig9al po9t conc]n+ "s k9d ( directory = ^! k9ds ( mat]ials4 ,9 a situation :]e somebody is attempt+ to decide :e!r or n to scan ?is or film t or to le>n :e!r or n someone has already done s1 ,,lyn* sugge/$1 ,,rl9 is helpful1 b x is n helpful 9 ! case ( a local1 on-l9e catalogue4 ,fur!r1 "o w\ld l to h h] or 8 sy/em be aw>e t t exi/s 9 digital =m1 s t "o c pres5t x to a patron1 ev5 ?\gh "o did n digitize x1 if x is out ( copyright4 ,! only way to make ^? l9kages w\ld be to p]=m a trem5d\s am\nt ( real-"t look-up1 :i* w\ld be awkw>d at be/1 or p]iodically to yank ! :ole file f ,,rl9 & mat* x aga9/ "o's own /uff1 :i* is a nuisance4 ,b :]e1 ,,erway inquir$1 does "o /op includ+ ?+s t are available ) ,int]net1 = in/ance1 9 "o's local catalogue8 ,x almo/ seems t t is ,,lc's means to acquire access to !m4 ,t repres5ts ,,lc's new =m ( libr>y loan4 ,p]haps ,,lc's new on-l9e catalogue is an amalgamation ( all ^! catalogues on l9e4 ,,lyn* conc$$ t p]haps t 0 true 9 ! v long t]m1 b 0 n applicable to scann+ 9 ! %ort t]m4 ,9 8 view1 ! totals cit$ by ,yale1 #aj1jjj books ov] p]haps a f\r-ye> p]iod1 & #a1jjj-a1ejj books f ,cornell1 7 n big numb]s1 :ile se>*+ all ov] creation = relatively r>e occurr5ces w prove to be less effici5t4 ,z ,,gif=d wond]$ if ?is w\ld n be a sep>able file on ,,rl9 & c\ld be reque/$ f !m1 ,,batt9 int]ject$ t x 0 easily accessible to an in/itution4 ,,sev]tson po9t$ out t t file1 cum enhancem5ts1 0 available ) ref]5ce in=mation on ,,cd-,,rom1 :i* makes x a little m available4 ,9 ,,hockey's view1 ! real "q fac+ ! ,work%op is :at to put 9 ?is catalogue1 because t raises ! "q ( :at con/itutes a publication 9 ! electronic _w4 7,,weibel int]ject$ t ,eric ,j\le 9 ,,oclc's ,(fice ( ,rese>* is also wre/l+ ) ?is p>ticul> problem1 :ile ,,gif=d ?\ght x s\nd$ fairly g5]ic47 ,,hockey cont5d$ t a majority ( texts 9 ! humanities are 9 ! h&s ( ei!r a small numb] ( l>ge rese>* in/itutions or individuals & are n g5]ally available = anyone else to access at all4 ,%e wond]$ if ^! texts ought to be catalogu$4 ,aft] argum5t proce$$ back & =? = sev]al m9utes ov] :y catalogu+ might be a necess>y s]vice1 ,,lebron sugge/$ t ?is issue involv$ ! responsibility ( a publi%]4 ,! fact t someone has creat$ some?+ electronically & keeps x "u 8 or h] control does n con/itute publication4 ,publication implies dissem9ation4 ,:ile x w\ld be important = a s*ol> to let o!r p "k t ?is creation exi/s1 9 _m respects ?is is no diff]5t f an unpubli%$ manuscript4 ,t is :at is be+ access$ 9 !re1 except t n[ "o is n look+ at x 9 ! h>d-copy b 9 ! electronic environm5t4 ,,lebron express$ puzzlem5t at ! v>iety ( ways electronic publi%+ has be5 view$4 ,mu* ( :at has be5 discuss$ ?r\gh\t ^! two days has conc]n$ ,,cd-,,rom publi%+1 :]eas 9 ! on-l9e environm5t t %e confronts1 ! con/ra9ts & *all5ges are v diff]5t4 ,soon] or lat] ,,lc w h to deal ) ! concept ( on-l9e publi%+4 ,tak+ up ! comm5t ,,erway made e>li] ab\t /or+ copies1 ,,lebron gave h] own j\rnal z an example4 ,h[ w\ld %e deposit ,,ojcct = copyright81 %e ask$1 because ! j\rnal w exi/ 9 ! ma9frame at ,,oclc & p w be able to access x4 ,"h ! situation is diff]5t1 own]%ip v]sus access1 & is some?+ t arises ) publication 9 ! on-l9e environm5t1 fa/] ?an is sometimes realiz$4 ,lack+ cle> answ]s to all ( ^! que/ions h]self1 ,,lebron did n anticipate t ,,lc w\ld be able to take a role 9 help+ to def9e "s ( !m = q a :ile4 ,,gre5field obs]v$ t ,,lc's ,network ,developm5t ,(fice is attempt+1 among o!r ?+s1 to explore ! limits ( ,,m>c z a /&>d 9 t]ms ( h&l+ electronic in=mation4 ,,gre5field also not$ t ,rebecca ,,gu5!r f t (fice gave a pap] to ! ,am]ican ,society = ,in=mation ,sci5ce 7,,asis7 summ>iz+ sev]al ( ! discussion pap]s t 7 com+ out ( ! ,network ,developm5t ,(fice4 ,,gre5field said he und]/ood t t (fice _h a li/-s]v] solicit+ j ! k9d ( fe$back receiv$ today conc]n+ ! difficulties ( id5tify+ & catalogu+ electronic in=mation4 ,,gre5field hop$ t ev]ybody w\ld be aw>e ( t & someh[ contribute to t conv]sation4 ,not+ two ( ,,lc's roles1 fir/1 to act z a repository ( record = mat]ial t is copyright$ 9 ?is c\ntry1 & second1 to make mat]ials x holds available 9 "s limit$ =m to a cli5tele t goes beyond ,congress1 ,,bess] sugge/$ t x 0 incumb5t on ,,lc to ext5d ^? responsibilities to all ! ?+s be+ publi%$ 9 electronic =m4 ,?is w\ld mean ev5tually accept+ electronic =mats4 ,,lc c\ld require t at "s po9t !y be 9 a c]ta9 limit$ set ( =mats1 & !n develop me*anisms = all[+ p to access ^? 9 ! same way t o!r ?+s are access$4 ,?is does n imply t !y are on ! network & available to ev]yone4 ,,lc does t ) mo/ ( its bibliographic records1 ,,bess] said1 :i* end up migrat+ to ! utility 7e4g41 ,,oclc7 or some:]e else4 ,b j z mo/ ( ,,lc's books are available 9 "s =m ?r\gh int]libr>y loan or "s o!r me*anism1 s 9 ! same way electronic =mats ought to be available to o!rs 9 "s =mat1 ?\gh ) "s copyright consid]ations4 ,,bess] 0 n sugge/+ t ^! me*anisms be e/abli%$ tomorr[1 only t !y seem$ to fall )9 ,,lc's purview1 & t !re %\ld be long-range plans to e/abli% !m4 ,ackn[l$g+ t ^? f ,,lc 9 ! room agre$ ) ,,bess] conc]n+ ! ne$ to confront difficult que/ions1 ,,gif=d und]scor$ ! magnitude ( ! problem ( :at to keep & :at to select4 ,,gif=d not$ t ,,lc curr5tly receives "s #ca1jjj items p] day1 n c\nt+ electronic mat]ials1 & argu$ = mu* m di/ribut$ responsibility 9 ord] to ma9ta9 & /ore electronic in=mation4 ,,bess] respond$ t ! assembl$ gr\p c\ld be view$ z a />t+ po9t1 ^: initial op]at+ premise c\ld be help+ to move 9 ?is direction & def9+ h[ ,,lc c\ld d s1 = example1 9 areas ( /&>dization or di/ribution ( responsibility4 ,,fleis*hau] add$ t ,,am 0 fully engag$1 wre/l+ ) "s ( ! que/ions t p]ta9 to ! conv]sion ( old] hi/orical mat]ials1 :i* w\ld be "o ?+ t ! ,libr>y ( ,congress might d4 ,sev]al po9ts m5tion$ by ,,bess] & sev]al o!rs on ?is "q h a mu* great] impact on ^? :o are conc]n$ ) catalogu+ & ! network+ ( bibliographic in=mation1 z well z pres]vation itself4 ,speak+ directly to ,,am1 :i* he consid]$ 0 a l>gely uncopyright$ database1 ,,lyn* urg$ developm5t ( a network v]sion ( ,,am1 or consid]ation ( mak+ ! data 9 x available to p int]e/$ 9 do+ network multim$ia4 ,on acc\nt ( ! curr5t great %ortage ( digital data t is bo? appeal+ & un5cumb]$ by complex rights problems1 ?is c\rse ( action c\ld h a significant effect on mak+ network multim$ia a reality4 ,9 ?is connection1 ,,fleis*hau] report$ on a fragm5t>y prototype 9 ,,lc's ,(fice ( ,in=mation ,te*nology ,s]vices t attempts to associate digital images ( photographs ) catalogu+ in=mation 9 ways t "w )9 a local area network--a /ep1 s to say1 t[>d ,,am's con/ruction ( "s sort ( app>atus = access4 ,fur!r1 ,,am has attempt$ to use /&>d data =ms 9 ord] to help make t di/9ction betwe5 ! access tools & ! und]ly+ data1 & ?us believes t ! database is networkable4 ,a delicate & agoniz+ policy "q = ,,lc1 h[ev]1 :i* comes back to res\rces & un=tunately has an impact on ?is1 is to f9d "s appropriate1 honorable1 & legal co/-recov]y possibilities4 ,a c]ta9 skitti%ness conc]n+ co/-recov]y has made p unsure exactly :at to d4 ,,am w\ld be highly receptive to discuss+ fur!r ,,lyn*'s (f] to te/ or demon/rate its database 9 a network environm5t1 ,,fleis*hau] said4 ,return+ ! discussion to :at %e view$ z ! vital issue ( electronic deposit1 ,,batt9 recomm5d$ t ,,lc initiate a catalytic process 9 t]ms ( di/ribut$ responsibility1 t is1 br+ toge!r ! di/ribut$ organizations & set up a /udy gr\p to look at all ^! issues & see :]e we z a nation %\ld move4 ,! broad] issues ( h[ we deal ) ! managem5t ( electronic in=mation w n disappe>1 b only gr[ worse4 ,,lesk took up ?is !me & sugge/$ t ,,lc attempt to p]suade "o major libr>y 9 ea* /ate to deal ) its /ate equival5t publi%]1 :i* might produce a coop]ative project t w\ld be equitably di/ribut$ ar\nd ! c\ntry1 & "o 9 :i* ,,lc w\ld be deal+ ) a m9imal numb] ( publi%]s & m9imal copyright problems4 ,,grab] rem>k$ ! rec5t developm5t 9 ! sci5tific community ( a will+ness to use ,,sgml & ei!r deposit or int]*ange on a fairly /&>diz$ =mat4 ,he wond]$ if a simil> movem5t 0 tak+ place 9 ! humanities4 ,al?\gh ! ,national ,libr>y ( ,m$ic9e f\nd only a few publi%]s to coop]ate 9 a l v5ture two or ?ree ye>s ago1 a new ef=t might g5]ate a mu* l>g] numb] will+ to coop]ate4 ,,kimball rec\nt$ 8 unit's 7,ma*9e-,readable ,collections ,read+ ,room7 tr\bles ) ! comm]cial publi%]s ( electronic m$ia 9 acquir+ mat]ials = ,,lc's collections1 9 p>ticul> ! publi%]s' fe> t !y w\ld n be able to cov] _! co/s & w\ld lose control ( _! products1 t ,,lc w\ld give !m away or sell !m & make pr(its f !m4 ,he d\bt$ t ! publi%+ indu/ry 0 prep>$ to move into ?is area at ! mom5t1 giv5 its resi/ance to all[+ ,,lc to use its ma*9e-readable mat]ials z ! ,libr>y w\ld l4 ,! copyright law n[ addresses compact disk z a m$ium1 & ,,lc c reque/ "o copy ( t1 or two copies if x is ! only v]sion1 & c reque/ copies ( s(tw>e1 b t fails to address magaz9es or books or any?+ l t :i* is 9 ma*9e-readable =m4 ,,gif=d ackn[l$g$ ! ?orny nature ( ?is issue1 :i* he illu/rat$ ) ! example ( ! cumb]some process involv$ 9 putt+ a copy ( a sci5tific database on a ,,lan 9 ,,lc's sci5ce read+ room4 ,he also ackn[l$g$ t ,,lc ne$s help & c\ld enli/ ! en]gies & tal5ts ( ,work%op p>ticipants 9 ?9k+ ?r\gh a numb] ( ^! problems4 ,,gif=d return$ ! discussion to gett+ ! image & text p to ?9k ?r\gh toge!r :]e !y want to g 9 ! long t]m4 ,,mylonas conc$$ t h] exp]i5ce at ! ,pi]ce ,symposium ! previ\s week at ,georget[n ,univ]sity & ?is week at ,,lc _h =c$ h] to reevaluate h] p]spective on ! usefulness ( text z images4 ,,mylonas fram$ ! issues 9 a s]ies ( que/ions3 ,h[ d we acquire ma*9e-readable text8 ,d we take pictures ( x & p]=m ,,ocr on x lat]8 ,is x important to obta9 v high-quality images & text1 etc48 ,,fleis*hau] agre$ ) ,,mylonas's fram+ ( /rategic que/ions1 add+ t a l>ge in/itution su* z ,,lc probably has to d all ( ^? ?+s at diff]5t times4 ,?us1 ! trick is to ex]cise judgm5t4 ,! ,work%op _h add$ to 8 & ,,am's consid]ations 9 mak+ ^? judgm5ts4 ,conc]n+ future meet+s or discussions1 ,,mylonas sugge/$ t scre5+ priorities w\ld be helpful4 ,,weibel op9$ t ! div]sity reflect$ 9 ?is gr\p 0 a sign bo? ( ! heal? & ( ! immaturity ( ! field1 & m "t w\ld h to pass be=e we conv9ce "o ano!r conc]n+ /&>ds4 ,an ex*ange betwe5 ,,mylonas & ,,batt9 cl>ifi$ ! po9t t ! driv+ =ce beh9d bo? ! ,p]seus & ! ,cornell ,x]ox projects 0 ! pres]vation ( k = ! future1 n simply = p>ticul> rese>* use4 ,9 ! case ( ,p]seus1 ,,mylonas said1 ! assumption 0 t ! texts w\ld n be ent]$ aga9 into electronically readable =m4 ,,sp]b]g-,mc,q,u,e,e,n add$ t a scann$ image w\ld n s]ve z an ar*ival copy = purposes ( pres]vation 9 ! case (1 say1 ! ,bill ( ,rights1 9 ! s5se t ! scann$ images are effectively ! ar*ival copies = ! ,cornell ma!matics books4 999999 999999 999999 999999999999 999999 999999 999999 ,app5dix ,i3 ,,program ,,work%op ,,on ,,electronic ,,texts #i-aj ,june #aiib ,libr>y ( ,congress ,wa%+ton1 ,d4,c4 ,support$ by a ,grant f ! ,david & ,lucile ,pack>d ,f\ndation ,tuesday1 #i ,june #aiib ,,national ,,demon/ration ,,lab1 ,,atrium1 ,,libr>y ,,madison #h3cj ,,am ,c(fee & ,dani%1 regi/ration #i3jj ,,am ,welcome ,pross] ,gif=d1 ,director = ,s*ol>ly ,programs1 & ,c>l ,fleis*hau]1 ,coord9ator1 ,am]ican ,memory1 ,libr>y ( ,congress #i3l#e ,,am ,session ,i4 ,cont5t 9 a ,new ,=m3 ,:o ,w ,use ,x & ,:at ,w ,!y ,d8 ,broad description ( ! range ( electronic in=mation4 ,*>act]ization ( :o uses x & h[ x is or may be us$4 ,9 addition to a look at s*ol>ly uses1 ?is session w include a pres5tation on use by /ud5ts 7,k-#ab & college7 & ! g5]al public4 ,mod]ator3 ,james ,daly ,avra ,mi*elson1 ,ar*ival ,rese>* & ,evaluation ,/aff1 ,national ,ar*ives & ,records ,adm9i/ration 7,ov]view7 ,susan ,h4 ,veccia1 ,team ,lead]1 ,am]ican ,memory1 ,us] ,evaluation1 & ,joanne ,freeman1 ,associate ,coord9ator1 ,am]ican ,memory1 ,libr>y ( ,congress 7,beyond ! s*ol>7 #aj3cj- #aa3jj ,,am ,break #aa3jj ,,am ,session ,,ii4 ,%[ & ,tell4 ,ea* pres5tation to consi/ ( a fifte5-m9ute /atem5t_/%[2 gr\p discussion w foll[ lun*4 ,mod]ator3 ,jacquel9e ,hess1 ,director1 ,national ,demon/ration ,lab #a4 ,a classics project1 /ress+ texts & text retrieval m ?an multim$ia3 ,p]seus ,project1 ,h>v>d ,univ]sity ,elli ,mylonas1 ,manag+ ,editor #b4 ,o!r humanities projects employ+ ! em]g+ norms ( ! ,text ,encod+ ,initiative 7,,tei73 ,*adwyck-,healey's ,! ,engli% ,poetry ,full ,text ,database &_/or ,patrologia ,lat9a ,database ,eric ,m4 ,calaluca1 ,vice ,presid5t1 ,*adwyck-,healey1 ,inc4 #c4 ,am]ican ,memory ,c>l ,fleis*hau]1 ,coord9ator1 & ,ricky ,erway1 ,associate ,coord9ator1 ,libr>y ( ,congress #d4 ,f\nd+ ,fa!rs example f ,pack>d ,humanities ,in/itute3 ,! ,pap]s ( ,george ,wa%+ton1 ,univ]sity ( ,virg9ia ,doro?y ,twohig1 ,manag+ ,editor1 &_/or ,david ,woodley ,pack>d #e4 ,an electronic m$ical j\rnal (f]+ graphics & full-text se>*ability3 ,! ,onl9e ,j\rnal ( ,curr5t ,cl9ical ,trials1 ,am]ican ,association = ! ,advancem5t ( ,sci5ce ,m>ia ,l4 ,lebron1 ,manag+ ,editor #f4 ,a project t (f]s facsimile images ( pages b omits se>*able text3 ,cornell ma? books ,lynne ,k4 ,p]sonius1 ,assi/ant ,director1 ,cornell ,in=mation ,te*nologies = ,s*ol>ly ,in=mation ,s\rces1 ,cornell ,univ]sity #ab3cj ,,pm ,lun* 7,d9+ ,room ,a1 ,libr>y ,madison #fbj4 ,exhibits available47 #a3cj ,,pm ,session ,,ii4 ,%[ & ,tell 7,cont'd474 #c3jj- #c3cj ,,pm ,break #c3cj- #e3cj ,,pm ,session ,,iii4 ,di/ribution1 ,networks1 & ,network+3 ,options = ,dissem9ation4 ,publi%$ disks3 ,univ]sity presses & public-sector publi%]s1 private-sector publi%]s ,comput] networks ,mod]ator3 ,rob]t ,g4 ,zi*1 ,special ,assi/ant to ! ,associate ,libr>ian = ,special ,projects1 ,libr>y ( ,congress ,clif=d ,a4 ,lyn*1 ,director1 ,libr>y ,automation1 ,univ]sity ( ,cali=nia ,h[>d ,bess]1 ,s*ool ( ,libr>y & ,in=mation ,sci5ce1 ,univ]sity ( ,pittsburgh ,ronald ,l4 ,l>s51 ,associate ,director ( ,libr>ies = ,in=mation ,te*nology1 ,univ]sity ( ,m>yl& at ,college ,p>k ,edw9 ,b4 ,br[nrigg1 ,executive ,director1 ,memex ,rese>* ,in/itute #f3cj ,,pm ,reception 7,montpeli] ,room1 ,libr>y ,madison #fai47 999999999999 ,w$nesday1 #aj ,june #aiib ,,d9+ ,,room ,a1 ,,libr>y ,,madison #fbj #h3cj ,,am ,c(fee & ,dani% #i3jj ,,am ,session ,,iv4 ,image ,capture1 ,text ,capture1 ,ov]view ( ,text & ,image ,/orage ,=mats4 ,mod]ator3 ,william ,l4 ,hooton1 ,vice ,presid5t ( ,op]ations1 ,i-,,net ,a7 ,pr9cipal ,me?ods = ,image ,capture ( ,text3 ,direct scann+ ,use ( micr(orm ,anne ,r4 ,k5ney1 ,assi/ant ,director1 ,dep>tm5t ( ,pres]vation & ,cons]vation1 ,cornell ,univ]sity ,pamela ,q4,j4 ,&re1 ,associate ,director1 ,automation1 & ,judi? ,a4 ,zid>1 ,coord9ator1 ,national ,agricultural ,text ,digitiz+ ,program 7,,natdp71 ,national ,agricultural ,libr>y 7,,nal7 ,donald ,j4 ,wat]s1 ,head1 ,sy/ems ,(fice1 ,yale ,univ]sity ,libr>y ,b7 ,special ,problems3 ,b\nd volumes ,cons]vation ,reproduc+ pr9t$ halftones ,c>l ,fleis*hau]1 ,coord9ator1 ,am]ican ,memory1 ,libr>y ( ,congress ,george ,?oma1 ,*ief1 ,communications ,eng9e]+ ,bran*1 ,national ,libr>y ( ,m$ic9e 7,,nlm7 #aj3cj- #aa3jj ,,am ,break #aa3jj ,,am ,session ,,iv4 ,image ,capture1 ,text ,capture1 ,ov]view ( ,text & ,image ,/orage ,=mats 7,cont'd474 ,c7 ,image ,/&>ds & ,implications = ,pres]vation ,jean ,b>onas1 ,s5ior ,manag]1 ,dep>tm5t ( ,/&>ds & ,te*nology1 ,association = ,in=mation & ,image ,managem5t 7,,aiim7 ,patricia ,batt91 ,presid5t1 ,! ,commission on ,pres]vation & ,access 7,,cpa7 ,d7 ,text ,conv]sion3 ,,ocr vs4 rekey+ ,/&>ds ( accuracy & use ( imp]fect texts ,s]vice bureaus ,/u>t ,weibel1 ,s5ior ,rese>* ,speciali/1 ,onl9e ,comput] ,libr>y ,c5t]1 ,inc4 7,,oclc7 ,mi*ael ,lesk1 ,executive ,director1 ,comput] ,sci5ce ,rese>*1 ,bellcore ,ricky ,erway1 ,associate ,coord9ator1 ,am]ican ,memory1 ,libr>y ( ,congress ,pamela ,q4,j4 ,&re1 ,associate ,director1 ,automation1 & ,judi? ,a4 ,zid>1 ,coord9ator1 ,national ,agricultural ,text ,digitiz+ ,program 7,,natdp71 ,national ,agricultural ,libr>y 7,,nal7 #ab3cj- #a3cj ,,pm ,lun* #a3cj ,,pm ,session ,v4 ,approa*es to ,prep>+ ,electronic ,texts4 ,discussion ( approa*es to /ructur+ text = ! comput]2 pros & cons ( text cod+1 description ( me?ods 9 practice1 & comp>ison ( text-cod+ me?ods4 ,mod]ator3 ,susan ,hockey1 ,director1 ,c5t] = ,electronic ,texts 9 ! ,humanities 7,,ce?71 ,rutg]s & ,pr9ceton ,univ]sities ,david ,woodley ,pack>d ,c4,m4 ,sp]b]g-,mc,queen1 ,editor1 ,text ,encod+ ,initiative 7,,tei71 ,univ]sity ( ,ill9ois-,*icago ,eric ,m4 ,calaluca1 ,vice ,presid5t1 ,*adwyck-,healey1 ,inc4 #c3cj- #d3jj ,,pm ,break #d3jj ,,pm ,session ,,vi4 ,copyright ,issues4 ,m>ybe? ,pet]s1 ,policy ,plann+ ,advis] to ! ,regi/] ( ,copyrights1 ,libr>y ( ,congress #e3jj ,,pm ,session ,,vii4 ,conclusion4 ,g5]al discussion4 ,:at topics 7 omitt$ or giv5 %ort %rift t anyone w\ld l to talk ab\t n[8 ,is !re a gr\p "h8 ,:at %\ld ! gr\p d next1 if any?+8 ,:at %\ld ! ,libr>y ( ,congress d next1 if any?+8 ,mod]ator3 ,pross] ,gif=d1 ,director = ,s*ol>ly ,programs1 ,libr>y ( ,congress #f3jj ,,pm ,adj\rn 999999 999999 999999 999999999999 999999 999999 999999 ,app5dix ,,ii3 ,,ab/racts ,,session ,i ,avra ,,mi*elson ,=eca/+ ! ,use ( ,electronic ,texts by ,social ,sci5ces & ,humanities ,s*ol>s ,?is pres5tation explores ! ways 9 :i* electronic texts are likely to be us$ by ! non-sci5tific s*ol>ly community4 ,_m ( ! rem>ks are drawn f a report ! speak] coau?or$ ) ,jeff ,ro!nb]g1 a comput] sci5ti/ at ,! ,,r& ,corporation4 ,! speak] assesses #a7 curr5t s*ol>ly use ( in=mation te*nology & #b7 ! key tr5ds 9 in=mation te*nology mo/ relevant to ! rese>* process1 9 ord] to pr$ict h[ social sci5ces & humanities s*ol>s are apt to use electronic texts4 ,9 introduc+ ! topic1 curr5t use ( electronic texts is explor$ broadly )9 ! context ( s*ol>ly communication4 ,f ! p]spective ( s*ol>ly communication1 ! "w ( humanities & social sci5ces s*ol>s involves five processes3 #a7 id5tification ( s\rces1 #b7 communication ) colleagues1 #c7 int]pretation & analysis ( data1 #d7 dissem9ation ( rese>* f9d+s1 & #e7 curriculum developm5t & in/ruction4 ,! ext5t to :i* computation curr5tly p]meates aspects ( s*ol>ly communication repres5ts a viable indicator ( ! prospects = electronic texts4 ,! discussion ( curr5t practice is balanc$ by an analysis ( key tr5ds 9 ! s*ol>ly use ( in=mation te*nology4 ,^! include ! tr5ds t[>d end-us] comput+ & connectivity1 :i* provide a framework = =eca/+ ! use ( electronic texts ?r\gh ?is mill5nium4 ,! pres5tation concludes ) a summ>y ( ! ways 9 :i* ! nonsci5tific s*ol>ly community c be expect$ to use electronic texts1 & ! implications ( t use = in=mation provid]s4 ,susan ,,veccia & ,joanne ,,freeman ,electronic ,ar*ives = ! ,public3 ,use ( ,am]ican ,memory 9 ,public & ,s*ool ,libr>ies ,?is jo9t discussion focuses on nons*ol>ly applications ( electronic libr>y mat]ials1 specifically address+ use ( ! ,libr>y ( ,congress ,am]ican ,memory 7,,am7 program 9 a small numb] ( public & s*ool libr>ies ?r\gh\t ! ,unit$ ,/ates4 ,,am consi/s ( select$ ,libr>y ( ,congress prim>y ar*ival mat]ials1 /or$ on optical m$ia 7,,cd-,,rom_/videodisc71 & pres5t$ ) little or no edit+4 ,_m collections are accompani$ by electronic introductions & us]'s guides (f]+ backgr\nd in=mation & hi/orical context4 ,collections repres5t a v>iety ( =mats includ+ photographs1 graphic arts1 motion pictures1 record$ s\nd1 music1 broadsides & manuscripts1 books1 & pamphlets4 ,9 #aiia1 ! ,libr>y ( ,congress began a nationwide evaluation ( ,,am 9 diff]5t types ( in/itutions4 ,te/ sites include public libr>ies1 elem5t>y & second>y s*ool libr>ies1 college & univ]sity libr>ies1 /ate libr>ies1 & special libr>ies4 ,susan ,,veccia & ,joanne ,,freeman w discuss _! obs]vations on ! use ( ,,am by ! nons*ol>ly community1 us+ evid5ce glean$ f ?is ongo+ evaluation ef=t4 ,,veccia w comm5t on ! ov]all goals ( ! evaluation project1 & ! types ( public & s*ool libr>ies includ$ 9 ?is /udy4 ,h] comm5ts on nons*ol>ly use ( ,,am w focus on ! public libr>y z a cultural & community in/itution1 (t5 bridg+ ! gap betwe5 =mal & in=mal education4 ,,freeman w discuss ! use ( ,,am 9 s*ool libr>ies4 ,use by /ud5ts & tea*]s has reveal$ "s broad que/ions ab\t ! use ( electronic res\rces1 z well z def9ite b5efits ga9$ by ! nons*ol>4 ,topics w include ! problem ( grasp+ cont5t & context 9 an electronic environm5t1 ! /umbl+ blocks creat$ by new te*nologies1 & ! unique skills & int]e/s awak5$ ?r\gh use ( electronic res\rces4 ,,session ,,ii ,elli ,,mylonas ,! ,p]seus ,project3 ,int]active ,s\rces & ,/udies 9 ,classical ,greece ,! ,p]seus ,project 7#e7 has j releas$ ,p]seus #a4j1 ! fir/ publicly available v]sion ( its hyp]textual database ( multim$ia mat]ials on classical ,greece4 ,p]seus is design$ to be us$ by a wide audi5ce1 compris$ ( read]s at ! /ud5t & s*ol> levels4 ,z su*1 x mu/ be able to locate in=mation us+ diff]5t /rategies1 & x mu/ conta9 en\gh detail to s]ve ! diff]5t ne$s ( its us]s4 ,9 addition1 x mu/ be deliv]$ s t x is af=dable to its t>get audi5ce4 ,^! problems & ! solutions we *ose are describ$ 9 ,mylonas1 ,an ,int]face to ,classical ,greek ,civilization1 ,,jasis #dc3b1 ,m>* #aiib4 ,9 ord] to a*ieve its objective1 ! project /aff decid$ to make a consci\s sep>ation betwe5 select+ & conv]t+ textual1 database1 & image data on ! "o h&1 & putt+ x into a deliv]y sy/em on ! o!r4 ,t way1 x is possible to create ! electronic data )\t ?9k+ ab\t ! re/rictions ( ! deliv]y sy/em4 ,we h made a great ef=t to *oose sy/em-indep5d5t =mats = our data1 & to put z mu* ?\ght & "w z possible into /ructur+ x s t ! translation f pap] to electronic =m w enhance ! value ( ! data4 ,a discussion ( ^! solutions z ( two ye>s ago is 9 ,elli ,mylonas1 ,gregory ,crane1 ,k5ne? ,morrell1 & ,d4 ,neel ,smi?1 ,! ,p]seus ,project3 ,data 9 ! ,electronic ,age1 9 ,access+ ,antiquity3 ,! ,comput]ization ( ,classical ,databases1 ,j4 ,solomon & ,t4 ,wor!n 7eds471 ,univ]sity ( ,arizona ,press1 9 press4 ,mu* ( ! "w on ,p]seus is focus$ on collect+ & conv]t+ ! data on :i* ! project is bas$4 ,at ! same "t1 x is necess>y to provide means ( access to ! in=mation1 9 ord] to make x usable1 & !m to inve/igate h[ x is us$4 ,z we le>n m ab\t :at /ud5ts & s*ol>s f diff]5t backgr\nds d ) ,p]seus1 we c adju/ our data collection1 & also modify ! sy/em to accommodate !m4 ,9 creat+ a deliv]y sy/em = g5]al use1 we h tri$ to avoid favor+ any "o type ( use by all[+ multiple =ms ( access to & navigation ?r\gh ! sy/em4 ,! way text is h&l$ exemplifies "s ( ^! pr9ciples4 ,all text 9 ,p]seus is tagg$ us+ ,,sgml1 foll[+ ! guidel9es ( ! ,text ,encod+ ,initiative 7,,tei74 ,?is m>kup is us$ to index ! text1 & process x s t x c be import$ into ,hyper,card4 ,no ,,sgml m>kup rema9s 9 ! text t rea*es ! us]1 because curr5tly x w\ld be too exp5sive to create a sy/em t acts on ,,sgml 9 real "t4 ,h[ev]1 ! regul>ity provid$ by ,,sgml is ess5tial = v]ify+ ! cont5t ( ! texts1 & greatly spe$s all ! process+ p]=m$ on !m4 ,! fact t ! texts exi/ 9 ,,sgml ensures t !y w be relatively easy to port to diff]5t h>dw>e & s(tw>e1 & s w outla/ ! curr5t deliv]y plat=m4 ,f9ally1 ! ,,sgml m>kup incorporates exi/+ canonical ref]5ce sy/ems 7*apt]1 v]se1 l9e1 etc472 index+ & navigation are bas$ on ^! features4 ,?is ensures t ! same canonical ref]5ce w always resolve to ! same po9t )9 a text1 & t all v]sions ( our texts1 reg>dless ( deliv]y plat=m 7ev5 pap] pr9t\ts7 w function ! same way4 ,9 ord] to provide tools = us]s1 ! text is process$ by a morphological analyz]1 & ! results are /or$ 9 a database4 ,toge!r ) ! index1 ! ,greek-,engli% ,lexicon1 & ! index ( all ! ,engli% words 9 ! def9itions ( ! lexicon1 ! morphological analyses comprise a set ( l+ui/ic tools t all[ us]s ( all levels to "w ) ! textual in=mation1 & to accompli% diff]5t tasks4 ,= example1 /ud5ts :o read no ,greek may explore a concept z x appe>s 9 ,greek texts by us+ ! ,engli%-,greek index1 & !n look+ up works 9 ! texts & translations1 or s*ol>s may d detail$ morphological /udies ( ^w use by us+ ! morphological analyses ( ! texts4 ,because ^! tools 7 n design$ = any "o use1 ! same tools & ! same data c be us$ by bo? /ud5ts & s*ol>s4 ,,notes3 7#e7 ,p]seus is bas$ at ,h>v>d ,univ]sity1 ) collaborators at sev]al o!r univ]sities4 ,! project has be5 fund$ prim>ily by ! ,ann5b]g_/,,cpb ,project1 z well z by ,h>v>d ,univ]sity1 ,apple ,comput]1 & o!rs4 ,x is publi%$ by ,yale ,univ]sity ,press4 ,p]seus runs on ,mac9to% comput]s1 "u ! ,hyper,card program4 ,eric ,,calaluca ,*adwyck-,healey emb>k$ la/ ye> on two di/9ct yet relat$ full-text humanities database projects4 ,! ,engli% ,poetry ,full-,text ,database & ! ,patrologia ,lat9a ,database repres5t new approa*es to l+ui/ic rese>* res\rces4 ,! size & complexity ( ! projects pres5t problems = electronic publi%]s1 b surm\ntable ones if !y rema9 abrea/ ( ! late/ possibilities 9 data capture & retrieval s(tw>e te*niques4 ,! issues :i* requir$ address prior to ! comm5cem5t ( ! projects 7 legion3 #a4 ,editorial selection 7or exclusion7 ( mat]ials 9 ea* database #b4 ,decid+ :e!r or n to incorporate a normative encod+ /ructure into ! databases8 ,a4 ,if "o is select$1 %\ld x be ,,sgml8 ,b4 ,if ,,sgml1 !n ! ,,tei8 #c4 ,deliv] z ,,cd-,,rom1 magnetic tape1 or bo?8 #d4 ,c "o produce retrieval s(tw>e advanc$ en\gh = ! po/doctoral l+ui/1 yet accessible en\gh = unatt5d$ g5]al use8 ,%\ld "o try8 #e4 ,re fair & lib]al network+ policies1 :at are ! risks to an electronic publi%]8 #f4 ,h[ does ! em]g5ce ( national & int]national education networks affect ! use & viability ( rese>* projects requir+ high inve/m5t8 ,d ! new ,european ,community directives conc]n+ database protection necessitate two di/9ct publi%+ projects1 "o = ,nor? ,am]ica & "o = ov]seas8 ,f new notions ( s*ol>ly fair use to ! future ( optical m$ia1 virtually e issue relat$ to electronic publi%+ 0 air$4 ,! result is two projects :i* h be5 con/ruct$ to provide ! quality rese>* res\rces ) ! fewe/ encumbrances to use by tea*]s & private s*ol>s4 ,doro?y ,,twohig ,9 spr+ #aihh ! editors ( ! pap]s ( ,george ,wa%+ton1 ,john ,adams1 ,?omas ,jeff]son1 ,james ,madison1 & ,b5jam9 ,frankl9 7 approa*$ by classics s*ol> ,david ,pack>d on behalf ( ! ,pack>d ,humanities ,f\ndation ) a proposal to produce a ,,cd-,,rom edition ( ! complete pap]s ( ea* ( ! ,f\nd+ ,fa!rs4 ,?is electronic edition w supplem5t ! publi%$ volumes1 mak+ ! docum5ts widely available to /ud5ts & rese>*]s at reasonable co/4 ,we e/imate t our ,,cd-,,rom edition ( ,wa%+ton's ,pap]s w be sub/antially complet$ )9 ! next two ye>s & ready = publication4 ,)9 ! next t5 ye>s or s1 simil> ,,cd-,,rom editions ( ! ,frankl91 ,adams1 ,jeff]son1 & ,madison pap]s also w be available4 ,at ! ,libr>y ( ,congress's session on te*nology1 ,i w\ld l to discuss n only ! exp]i5ce ( ! ,wa%+ton ,pap]s 9 produc+ ! ,,cd-,,rom edition1 b ! impact te*nology has _h on ^! major editorial projects4 ,already1 we are edit+ our volumes ) an eye to ! mat]ial t w be readily available 9 ! ,,cd-,,rom edition4 ,! complet$ electronic edition w provide imm5se possibilities = ! se>*+ ( docum5ts = in=mation 9 a way nev] possible be=e4 ,! k9d ( te*nical innovations t are curr5tly available & on ! draw+ bo>d w soon revolutionize hi/orical rese>* & ! production ( hi/orical docum5ts4 ,un=tunately1 mu* ( ?is new te*nology is n be+ us$ 9 ! plann+ /ages ( hi/orical projects1 simply because _m hi/orians are aw>e only 9 ! vague/ way ( its exi/5ce4 ,at lea/ two major new hi/orical edit+ projects are consid]+ micr(ilm editions1 simply because !y are n aw>e ( ! possibilities ( electronic alt]natives & ! advantages ( ! new te*nology 9 t]ms ( flexibility & rese>* pot5tial comp>$ to micr(ilm4 ,9 fact1 too _m ( u 9 hi/ory & lit]ature are /ill at ! /age ( /ruggl+ ) our ,p,cs4 ,!re are _m hi/orical editorial projects 9 progress pres5tly1 & an equal numb] ( lit]>y projects4 ,:ile ! two fields h some:at diff]5t approa*es to textual edit+1 !re are ways 9 :i* electronic te*nology c be ( s]vice to bo?4 ,s9ce few ( ! editors involv$ 9 ! ,f\nd+ ,fa!rs ,,cd-,,rom editions are te*nical exp]ts 9 any s5se1 ,i hope to po9t out 9 my discussion ( our exp]i5ce h[ _m ( ^! electronic innovations c be us$ successfully by s*ol>s :o are novices 9 ! _w ( new te*nology4 ,"o ( ! major conc]ns ( ! sponsors ( ! multitude ( new s*ol>ly editions is ! limit$ audi5ce rea*$ by ! publi%$ volumes4 ,mo/ ( ^! editions are be+ publi%$ 9 small quantities & ! publi%]s' price = !m puts !m out ( ! rea* n only ( individual s*ol>s b ( mo/ public libr>ies & all b ! l>ge/ educational in/itutions4 ,h[ev]1 little att5tion is be+ giv5 to ways 9 :i* te*nology c bypass conv5tional publication to make hi/orical & lit]>y docum5ts m widely available4 ,:at attract$ u mo/ to ! ,,cd-,,rom edition ( ,! ,pap]s ( ,george ,wa%+ton 0 ! fact t ,david ,pack>d's aim 0 to make a complete edition ( all ( ! #ace1jjj docum5ts we h collect$ available 9 an inexp5sive =mat t w\ld be plac$ 9 public libr>ies1 small colleges1 & ev5 high s*ools4 ,?is w\ld provide an audi5ce f> beyond our pres5t #a1jjj-;copy1 #de publi%$ edition4 ,s9ce ! ,,cd-,,rom edition w c>ry none ( ! explanatory annotation t appe>s 9 ! publi%$ volumes1 we also feel t ! use ( ! ,,cd-,,rom w lead _m rese>*]s to seek out ! publi%$ volumes4 ,9 addition to ignorance ( new te*nical advances1 ,i h f\nd t too _m editors--& hi/orians & lit]>y s*ol>s--are resi/ant & ev5 ho/ile to sugge/ions t electronic te*nology may enhance _! "w4 ,i int5d to discuss "s ( ! argum5ts traditionali/s are advanc+ to resi/ te*nology1 rang+ f di/ru/ ( ! spe$ ) :i* x *anges 7we are already wond]+ :at is out !re t is bett] ?an ,,cd-,,rom7 to suspicion ( ! te*nical language us$ to describe electronic developm5ts4 ,m>ia ,,lebron ,! ,onl9e ,j\rnal ( ,curr5t ,cl9ical ,trials1 a jo9t v5ture ( ! ,am]ican ,association = ! ,advancem5t ( ,sci5ce 7,,aaas7 & ! ,onl9e ,comput] ,libr>y ,c5t]1 ,inc4 7,,oclc71 is ! fir/ pe]-review$ j\rnal to provide full text1 tabul> mat]ial1 & l9e illu/rations on l9e4 ,?is pres5tation w discuss ! g5esis & />t-up p]iod ( ! j\rnal4 ,topics ( discussion w include hi/orical ov]view1 day-to-day managem5t ( ! editorial pe] review1 & manuscript tagg+ & publication4 ,a demon/ration ( ! j\rnal & its features w accompany ! pres5tation4 ,lynne ,,p]sonius ,cornell ,univ]sity ,libr>y1 ,cornell ,in=mation ,te*nologies1 & ,x]ox ,corporation1 ) ! support ( ! ,commission on ,pres]vation & ,access1 & ,sun ,microsy/ems1 ,inc41 h be5 collaborat+ 9 a project to te/ a prototype sy/em = record+ brittle books z digital images & produc+1 on dem&1 high-quality ar*ival pap] replacem5ts4 ,! project goes beyond t1 h[ev]1 to inve/igate "s ( ! issues surr\nd+ scann+1 /or+1 retriev+1 & provid+ access to digital images 9 a network environm5t4 ,! ,jo9t ,/udy 9 ,digital ,pres]vation began 9 ,janu>y #aiij4 ,x]ox provid$ ! ,college ,libr>y ,access & ,/orage ,sy/em 7,,class7 s(tw>e1 a prototype #fjj-;dots-p]-in* 7dpi7 scann]1 & ! h>dw>e necess>y to support network pr9t+ on ! ,docu,tech pr9t] h\s$ 9 ,cornell's ,comput+ & ,communications ,c5t] 7,,ccc74 ,! ,cornell /aff us+ ! h>dw>e & s(tw>e became an integral "p ( ! developm5t & te/+ process = enhancem5ts to ! ,,class s(tw>e sy/em4 ,! collaborative nature ( ?is relation%ip is result+ 9 a sy/em t is specifically tailor$ to ! pres]vation application4 ,a digital libr>y ( #a1jjj volumes 7or approximately #cjj1jjj images7 has be5 creat$ & is /or$ on an optical jukebox t resides 9 ,,ccc4 ,! libr>y includes a collection ( select ma!matics monographs t provides ma!matics faculty ) an opportunity to use ! electronic libr>y4 ,! rema9+ volumes 7 *os5 = ! libr>y to te/ ! v>i\s capabilities ( ! scann+ sy/em4 ,"o project objective is to provide us]s ( ! ,cornell libr>y & ! libr>y /aff ) ! ability to reque/ facsimiles ( digitiz$ images or to retrieve ! actual electronic image = br[s+4 ,a prototype view+ work/ation has be5 creat$ by ,x]ox1 ) input into ! design by a committee ( ,cornell libr>ians & comput] pr(essionals4 ,?is w all[ u to exp]im5t ) patron access to ! images t make up ! digital libr>y4 ,! view+ /ation provides se>*1 retrieval1 & 7ultimately7 pr9t+ functions ) enhancem5ts to facilitate navigation ?r\gh multiple docum5ts4 ,cornell curr5tly is work+ to ext5d access to ! digital libr>y to read]s us+ work/ations f _! (fices4 ,?is ye> is devot$ to ! developm5t ( a network resid5t image conv]sion & deliv]y s]v]1 & cli5t s(tw>e t w support read]s :o use ,apple ,mac9to% comput]s1 ,,ibm w9d[s plat=ms1 & ,sun work/ations4 ,equipm5t = ?is developm5t 0 provid$ by ,sun ,microsy/ems ) support f ! ,commission on ,pres]vation & ,access4 ,dur+ ! %[-&-tell session ( ! ,work%op on ,electronic ,texts1 a prototype view /ation w be demon/rat$4 ,9 addition1 a display ( orig9al libr>y books t h be5 digitiz$ w be available = review ) associat$ pr9t$ copies = comp>ison4 ,! fifte5-m9ute ov]view ( ! project w include a slide pres5tation t con/itutes a t\r ( ! pres]vation digitiz+ process4 ,! f9al network-connect$ v]sion ( ! view+ /ation w provide libr>y us]s ) ano!r me*anism = access+ ! digital libr>y1 & w also provide ! capability ( view+ images directly4 ,?is w n require special s(tw>e1 al?\gh a p[]ful comput] ) good graphics w be ne$$4 ,! ,jo9t ,/udy 9 ,digital ,pres]vation has g5]at$ a great deal ( int]e/ 9 ! libr>y community4 ,un=tunately1 or p]haps =tunately1 ?is project s]ves to raise a va/ numb] ( o!r issues surr\nd+ ! use ( digital te*nology = ! pres]vation & use ( det]iorat+ libr>y mat]ials1 :i* subsequ5t projects w ne$ to exam9e4 ,mu* "w rema9s4 ,,session ,,iii ,h[>d ,,bess] ,network+ ,multim$ia ,databases ,:at d we h to consid] 9 build+ & di/ribut+ databases ( visual mat]ials 9 a multi-us] environm5t8 ,?is pres5tation exam9es a v>iety ( conc]ns t ne$ to be address$ be=e a multim$ia database c be set up 9 a network$ environm5t4 ,9 ! pa/ x has n be5 feasible to implem5t databases ( visual mat]ials 9 %>$-us] environm5ts because ( te*nological b>ri]s4 ,ea* ( ! two basic models = multi-us] multim$ia databases has pos$ its own problem4 ,! analog multim$ia /orage model 7repres5t$ by ,project ,a!na's p>allel analog & digital networks7 has requir$ an incr$ibly complex 7& exp5sive7 infra/ructure4 ,! economies ( scale t make multi-us] setups *eap] p] us] s]v$ d n op]ate 9 an environm5t t requires a comput] work/ation1 videodisc play]1 & two display devices = ea* us]4 ,! digital multim$ia /orage model has requir$ va/ am\nts ( /orage space 7z mu* z "o gigabyte p] ?irty /ill images74 ,9 ! pa/ ! co/ ( su* a l>ge am\nt ( /orage space made ?is model a prohibitive *oice z well4 ,b plung+ /orage co/s are f9ally mak+ ?is second alt]native viable4 ,if /orage no long] poses su* an imp$im5t1 :at d we ne$ to consid] 9 build+ digitally /or$ multi-us] databases ( visual mat]ials8 ,?is pres5tation w exam9e ! network+ & telecommunication con/ra9ts t mu/ be ov]come be=e su* databases c become commonplace & useful to a l>ge numb] ( p4 ,! key problem is ! va/ size ( multim$ia docum5ts1 & h[ ?is affects n only /orage b telecommunications transmission "t4 ,any?+ sl[] ?an ,t-#a spe$ is impractical = files ( #a megabyte or l>g] 7:i* is likely to be small = a multim$ia docum5t74 ,= in/ance1 ev5 on a #ef ,kb l9e x w\ld take ?ree m9utes to transf] a #a-megabyte file4 ,& ^! figures assume ideal circum/ances1 & d n take into consid]ation o!r us]s cont5d+ = network b&wid?1 disk access "t1 or ! "t ne$$ = remote display4 ,curr5t common telephone transmission rates w\ld be completely impractical2 few us]s w\ld be will+ to wait ! h\r necess>y to transmit a s+le image at #bdjj baud4 ,?is necessitates compression1 :i* itself raises a numb] ( o!r issues4 ,9 ord] to decrease file sizes significantly1 we mu/ employ lossy compression algori?ms4 ,b h[ mu* quality c we af=d to lose8 ,to date !re has be5 only "o significant /udy done ( image-quality ne$s = a p>ticul> us] gr\p1 & ?is /udy did n look at loss result+ f compression4 ,only aft] id5tify+ image-quality ne$s c we beg9 to address /orage & network b&wid? ne$s4 ,exp]i5ce ) ,x-,w9d[s-bas$ applications 7su* z ,imagequ]y1 ! ,univ]sity ( ,cali=nia at ,b]keley image database7 demon/rates ! utility ( a cli5t-s]v] topology1 b also po9ts to ! limitation ( curr5t s(tw>e = a di/ribut$ environm5t4 ,= example1 applications l ,imagequ]y c incorporate compression1 b curr5t ,x implem5tations d n p]mit decompression at ! end us]'s work/ation4 ,su* decompression at ! ho/ comput] alleviates /orage capacity problems :ile do+ no?+ to address problems ( telecommunications b&wid?4 ,we ne$ to exam9e ! effects on network ?r\gh-put ( mov+ multim$ia docum5ts ar\nd on a network4 ,we ne$ to exam9e v>i\s topologies t w help u avoid bottl5ecks ar\nd s]v]s & gateways4 ,exp]i5ce ) applications su* z ^! raise /ill broad] que/ions4 ,h[ closely is ! multim$ia docum5t ti$ to ! s(tw>e = view+ x8 ,c x be access$ & view$ f o!r applications8 ,exp]i5ce ) ! ,,m>c =mat 7& m rec5tly ) ! ,z#ci4ej protocols7 %[s h[ useful x c be to /ore docum5ts 9 a =m 9 :i* !y c be access$ by a v>iety ( application s(tw>e4 ,f9ally1 f an intellectual-access /&po9t1 we ne$ to address ! issue ( provid+ access to ^! multim$ia docum5ts 9 int]discipl9>y environm5ts4 ,we ne$ to exam9e t]m9ology & index+ /rategies t w all[ u to provide access to ?is mat]ial 9 a cross-discipl9>y way4 ,ronald ,,l>s5 ,directions 9 ,high-,p]=mance ,network+ = ,libr>ies ,! pace at :i* comput+ te*nology has advanc$ ov] ! pa/ =ty ye>s %[s no sign ( abat+4 ,r\ghly speak+1 ea* five-ye> p]iod has yield$ an ord]-(-magnitude improvem5t 9 price & p]=mance ( comput+ equipm5t4 ,no fundam5tal hurdles are likely to prev5t ?is pace f cont9u+ = at lea/ ! next decade4 ,x is only 9 ! pa/ five ye>s1 ?\gh1 t comput+ has become ubiquit\s 9 libr>ies1 affect+ all /aff & patrons1 directly or indirectly4 ,dur+ ^! same five ye>s1 communications rates on ! ,int]net1 ! pr9cipal academic comput+ network1 h gr[n f #ef kbps to #a4e ,mbps1 & ! ,n,s,f,net backbone is n[ runn+ #de ,mbps4 ,ov] ! next five ye>s1 communication rates on ! backbone are expect$ to exce$ #a ,gbps4 ,gr[? 9 bo? ! population ( network us]s & ! volume ( network traffic has cont9u$ to gr[ geometrically1 at rates approa*+ #ae p]c5t p] mon?4 ,?is flood ( capacity & use1 lik5$ by "s to dr9k+ f a firehose1 creates imm5se opportunities & *all5ges = libr>ies4 ,libr>ies mu/ anticipate ! future implications ( ?is te*nology1 p>ticipate 9 its developm5t1 & deploy x to ensure access to ! _w's in=mation res\rces4 ,! infra/ructure = ! in=mation age is be+ put 9 place4 ,libr>ies face /rategic decisions ab\t _! role 9 ! developm5t1 deploym5t1 & use ( ?is infra/ructure4 ,! em]g+ infra/ructure is mu* m ?an comput]s & communication l9es4 ,x is m ?an ! ability to compute at a remote site1 s5d electronic mail to a pe] across ! c\ntry1 or move a file f "o libr>y to ano!r4 ,! next five ye>s w witness sub/antial developm5t ( ! in=mation infra/ructure ( ! network4 ,9 ord] to provide appropriate lead]%ip1 libr>y pr(essionals mu/ h a fundam5tal und]/&+ ( & appreciation = comput] network+1 f local area networks to ! ,national ,rese>* & ,education ,network 7,,nr574 ,?is pres5tation addresses ^! fundam5tals1 & h[ !y relate to libr>ies today & 9 ! ne> future4 ,edw9 ,,br[nrigg ,electronic ,libr>y ,visions & ,realities ,! electronic libr>y has be5 a vision desir$ by _m--& reject$ by "s--s9ce ,vannev> ,bu% co9$ ! t]m memex to describe an automat$1 intellig5t1 p]sonal in=mation sy/em4 ,v>iations on ?is vision h includ$ ,t$ ,nelson's ,xanadau1 ,alan ,kay's ,dynabook1 & ,lanca/]'s pap]less libr>y1 ) ! mo/ rec5t inc>nation be+ ! ,k ,navigator describ$ by ,john ,scully ( ,apple4 ,b ! reality ( libr>y s]vice has be5 less vision>y & ! leap to ! electronic libr>y has elud$ univ]sities1 publi%]s1 & in=mation te*nology files4 ,! ,memex ,rese>* ,in/itute 7,mem,r,i71 an indep5d5t1 nonpr(it rese>* & developm5t organization1 has creat$ an ,electronic ,libr>y ,program ( %>$ rese>* & developm5t 9 ord] to make ! collective vision m concrete4 ,! program is work+ t[>d ! creation ( l>ge1 index$ publicly available electronic image collections ( publi%$ docum5ts 9 academic1 special1 & public libr>ies4 ,?is /rategic plan is ! result ( ! fir/ /age ( ! program1 :i* has be5 an inve/igation ( ! in=mation te*nologies available to support su* an ef=t1 ! economic p>amet]s ( electronic s]vice comp>$ to traditional libr>y op]ations1 & ! bus9ess & political factors affect+ ! %ift f pr9t di/ribution to electronic network$ access4 ,! /rategic plan envisions a comb9ation ( publicly se>*able access databases1 image 7& text7 docum5t collections /or$ on network file s]v]s1 local & remote network access1 & an intellectual prop]ty managem5t-control sy/em4 ,?is comb9ation ( te*nology & in=mation cont5t is def9$ 9 ?is plan z an ,e-libr>y or ,e-libr>y collection4 ,"s p>ticipat+ sponsors are already develop+ projects bas$ on ,mem,r,i's recomm5d$ directions4 ,! ,e-libr>y /rategy project$ 9 ?is plan is a vision>y "o t c enable major *anges & improvem5ts 9 academic1 public1 & special libr>y s]vice4 ,?is vision is1 ?\gh1 "o t c be realiz$ ) today's te*nology4 ,at ! same "t1 x w *all5ge ! political & social /ructure )9 :i* libr>ies op]ate3 9 academic libr>ies1 ! traditional emphasis on local collections1 ext5d+ to accr$itation issues2 9 public libr>ies1 ! pot5tial ( electronic bran* & c5tral libr>ies fully available to ! public2 & = special libr>ies1 new opportunities = %>$ collections & networks4 ,! environm5t 9 :i* ?is /rategic plan has be5 develop$ is1 at ! mom5t1 dom9at$ by a s5se ( libr>y limits4 ,! cont9u$ expansion & rapid gr[? ( local academic libr>y collections is n[ cle>ly at an end4 ,corporate libr>ies1 & ev5 law libr>ies1 are fac$ ) op]at+ )9 a difficult economic climate1 z well z ) v active competition f comm]cial in=mation s\rces4 ,= example1 public libr>ies may be se5 z a desirable b n critical municipal s]vice 9 a "t :5 ! budgets ( safety & heal? ag5cies are be+ cut back4 ,fur!r1 libr>ies 9 g5]al h a v high labor-to-co/ ratio 9 _! budgets1 & labor co/s are /ill increas+1 not)/&+ automation inve/m5ts4 ,x is difficult = libr>ies to obta9 capital1 />tup1 or se$ fund+ = innovative activities1 & ^? te*nology-int5sive initiatives t (f] ! pot5tial ( decreas$ labor co/s c provoke ! opposition ( libr>y /aff4 ,h[ev]1 libr>ies h a*iev$ "s consid]able successes 9 ! pa/ two decades by improv+ bo? _! s]vice & _! cr$ibility )9 _! organizations--& ^! positive *anges h be5 accompli%$ mo/ly ) judici\s use ( in=mation te*nologies4 ,! advances 9 comput+ & in=mation te*nology h be5 well-*ronicl$3 ! cont9u+ precipit\s drop 9 comput+ co/s1 ! gr[? ( ! ,int]net & private networks1 & ! explosive increase 9 publicly available in=mation databases4 ,= example1 ,,oclc has become "o ( ! l>ge/ comput] network organizations 9 ! _w by creat+ a coop]ative catalog+ network ( m ?an #f1jjj libr>ies worldwide4 ,on-l9e public access catalogs n[ s]ve millions ( us]s on m ?an #ej1jjj d$icat$ t]m9als 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates alone4 ,! ,univ]sity ( ,cali=nia ,,melvyl on-l9e catalog sy/em has n[ exp&$ into an index database ref]5ce s]vice & supports m ?an six million se>*es a ye>4 ,&1 libr>ies h become ! l>ge/ gr\p ( cu/om]s ( ,,cd-,,rom publi%+ te*nology2 m ?an #cj1jjj optical m$ia publications su* z ^? (f]$ by ,info,trac & ,silv] ,platt] are subscrib$ to by ,u4,s4 libr>ies4 ,?is m>* ( te*nology cont9ues & 9 ! next decade w result 9 fur!r innovations t are extremely difficult to pr$ict4 ,:at is cle> is t libr>ies c n[ g beyond automation ( _! ord] files & catalogs to automation ( _! collections !mselves--& x is possible to circumv5t ! fiscal limitations t appe> to obta9 today4 ,?is ,electronic ,libr>y ,/rategic ,plan recomm5ds a p>adigm %ift 9 libr>y s]vice1 & demon/rates ! /eps necess>y to provide improv$ libr>y s]vices ) limit$ capacities & op]at+ inve/m5ts4 ,,session ,,iv-,a ,anne ,,k5ney ,! ,cornell_/,x]ox ,jo9t ,/udy 9 ,digital ,pres]vation result$ 9 ! record+ ( #a1jjj brittle books z #fjj-;dpi digital images & ! production1 on dem&1 ( high-quality & ar*ivally s\nd pap] replacem5ts4 ,! project1 :i* 0 support$ by ! ,commission on ,pres]vation & ,access1 also inve/igat$ "s ( ! issues surr\nd+ scann+1 /or+1 retriev+1 & provid+ access to digital images 9 a network environm5t4 ,anne ,k5ney w focus on "s ( ! issues surr\nd+ direct scann+ z id5tifi$ 9 ! ,cornell ,x]ox ,project4 ,among ^? to be discuss$ are3 image v]sus text capture2 index+ & access2 image-capture capabilities2 a comp>ison to photocopy & micr(ilm2 production & co/ analysis2 /orage =mats1 protocols1 & /&>ds2 & ! use ( ?is scann+ te*nology = pres]vation purposes4 ,! #fjj-;dpi digital images produc$ 9 ! ,cornell ,x]ox ,project prov$ highly acceptable = creat+ pap] replacem5ts ( det]iorat+ orig9als4 ,! #a1jjj scann$ volumes provid$ an array ( image-capture *all5ges t are common to n9ete5?-c5tury pr9t+ te*niques & embrittl$ mat]ial1 & t defy ! use ( text-conv]sion processes4 ,^! *all5ges include dim9i%$ contra/ betwe5 text & backgr\nd1 fragile & det]iorat$ pages1 unev5 pr9t+1 elaborate type faces1 fa9t & bold text adjac5cy1 h&writt5 text & annotations1 non,roman languages1 & a prolif]ation ( illu/rat$ mat]ial emb$d$ 9 text4 ,! latt] category includ$ high-frequ5cy & l[-frequ5cy halftones1 cont9u\s tone photographs1 intricate ma!matical draw+s1 maps1 et*+s1 rev]se-pol>ity draw+s1 & engrav+s4 ,! ,x]ox prototype scann+ sy/em provid$ a numb] ( important features = captur+ ?is div]se mat]ial4 ,te*nicians us$ multiple ?re%old sett+s1 filt]s1 l9e art & halftone def9itions1 autosegm5tation1 w9d[+1 & s(tw>e-edit+ programs to optimize image capture4 ,at ! same "t1 ?is project focus$ on production4 ,! goal 0 to make scann+ z af=dable & acceptable z photocopy+ & micr(ilm+ = pres]vation re=matt+4 ,a "t-&-co/ /udy conduct$ dur+ ! la/ ?ree mon?s ( ?is project confirm$ ! economic viability ( digital scann+1 & ^! f9d+s w be discuss$ "h4 ,f ! outset1 ! ,cornell ,x]ox ,project 0 pr$icat$ on ! use ( nonpropriet>y /&>ds & ! use ( common protocols :5 /&>ds did n exi/4 ,digital files 7 creat$ z ,,tiff images :i* 7 compress$ prior to /orage us+ ,gr\p #d ,,ccitt compression4 ,! ,x]ox s(tw>e is ,,ms ,,dos bas$ & utilizes (f-! %elf programs su* z ,micros(t ,w9d[s & ,wang ,image ,wiz>d4 ,! digital libr>y is design$ to be h>dw>e-indep5d5t & to provide int]*angeability ) o!r in/itutions ?r\gh network connections4 ,access to ! digital files !mselves is two-ti]$3 ,bibliographic records = ! comput] files are creat$ 9 ,,rl9 & ,cornell's local sy/em & access into ! actual digital images compris+ a book is provid$ ?r\gh a docum5t control /ructure & a network$ image file-s]v]1 bo? ( :i* w be describ$4 ,! pres5tation w conclude ) a discussion ( "s ( ! issues surr\nd+ ! use ( ?is te*nology z a pres]vation tool 7/orage1 refre%+1 backup74 ,pamela ,,&re & ,judi? ,,zid> ,! ,national ,agricultural ,libr>y 7,,nal7 has _h ext5sive exp]i5ce ) ra/] scann+ ( pr9t$ mat]ials4 ,s9ce #aihg1 ! ,libr>y has p>ticipat$ 9 ! ,national ,agricultural ,text ,digitiz+ ,project 7,,natdp7 a coop]ative ef=t betwe5 ,,nal & =ty-five l& grant univ]sity libr>ies4 ,an ov]view ( ! project w be pres5t$1 giv+ its hi/ory & ,,nal's /rategy = ! future4 ,an 9-dep? discussion ( ,,natdp w foll[1 includ+ a description ( ! scann+ process1 f ! ga!r+ ( ! pr9t$ mat]ials to ! ar*iv+ ( ! electronic pages4 ,! type ( equipm5t requir$ = a /&-alone scann+ work/ation & ! importance ( file managem5t s(tw>e w be discuss$4 ,issues conc]n+ ! images !mselves w be address$ briefly1 su* z image =mat2 black & :ite v]sus color2 gray scale v]sus di!r+2 & resolution4 ,also describ$ w be a /udy curr5tly 9 progress by ,,nal to evaluate ! usefulness ( conv]t+ micr(ilm to electronic images 9 ord] to improve access4 ,) ! coop]ation ( ,tuskegee ,univ]sity1 ,,nal has select$ ?ree reels ( micr(ilm f a collection ( sixty-sev5 reels conta9+ ! pap]s1 lett]s1 & draw+s ( ,george ,wa%+ton ,c>v]4 ,! ?ree reels 7 conv]t$ into #c1ejj electronic images us+ a specializ$ micr(ilm scann]4 ,! selection1 film+1 & index+ ( ?is mat]ial w be discuss$4 ,donald ,,wat]s ,project ,op5 ,book1 ! ,yale ,univ]sity ,libr>y's ef=t to conv]t #aj1 #jjj books f micr(ilm to digital imag]y1 is curr5tly 9 an advanc$ /ate ( plann+ & organization4 ,! ,yale ,libr>y has select$ a major v5dor to s]ve z a p>tn] 9 ! project & z sy/ems integrator4 ,9 its proposal1 ! successful v5dor help$ isolate areas ( risk & unc]ta9ty z well z key issues to be address$ dur+ ! life ( ! project4 ,! ,yale ,libr>y is n[ pois$ to decide :at mat]ial x w conv]t to digital image =m & to seek fund+1 initially = ! fir/ phase & !n = ! entire project4 ,! proposal t ,yale accept$ = ! implem5tation ( ,project ,op5 ,book w provide at ! end ( ?ree phases a conv]sion subsy/em1 br[s+ /ations di/ribut$ on ! campus network )9 ! ,yale ,libr>y1 a subsy/em = /or+ #aj1jjj books at #bjj & #fjj dots p] in*1 & network access to ! image pr9t]s4 ,pric+ = ! sy/em implem5tation assumes ! exi/5ce ( ,yale's campus e!rnet network & its high-spe$ image pr9t]s1 & includes o!r requisite h>dw>e & s(tw>e1 z well z sy/em integration s]vices4 ,propos$ op]at+ co/s include h>dw>e & s(tw>e ma9t5ance1 b d n include e/imates = ! facilities managem5t ( ! /orage devices & image s]v]s4 ,yale select$ its v5dor p>tn] 9 a =mal process1 p>tly fund$ by ! ,commission = ,pres]vation & ,access4 ,foll[+ a reque/ = proposal1 ! ,yale ,libr>y select$ two v5dors z f9ali/s to "w ) ,yale /aff to g5]ate a detail$ analysis ( requirem5ts = ,project ,op5 ,book4 ,ea* v5dor us$ ! results ( ! requirem5ts analysis to g5]ate & submit a =mal proposal = ! entire project4 ,?is competitive process n only enabl$ ! ,yale ,libr>y to select its prim>y v5dor p>tn] b also reveal$ mu* ab\t ! /ate ( ! imag+ indu/ry1 ab\t ! v>y+1 corporate commitm5ts to ! m>kets = imag+ te*nology1 & ab\t ! v>y+ organizational dynamics ?r\gh :i* major companies are respond+ to & seek+ to develop ^! m>kets4 ,project ,op5 ,book is focus$ specifically on ! conv]sion ( images f micr(ilm to digital =m4 ,! te*nology = scann+ micr(ilm is readily available b is *ang+ rapidly4 ,9 its project requirem5ts1 ! ,yale ,libr>y emphasiz$ features ( ! te*nology t affect ! te*nical quality ( digital image production & ! co/s ( creat+ & /or+ ! image libr>y3 ,:at levels ( digital resolution c be a*iev$ by scann+ micr(ilm8 ,h[ does v>iation 9 ! quality ( micr(ilm1 p>ticul>ly 9 film produc$ to pres]vation /&>ds1 affect ! quality ( ! digital images8 ,:at te*nologies c an op]ator effectively & economically apply :5 scann+ film to sep>ate two-up images & to control = & correct image imp]fections8 ,h[ c quality control be/ be integrat$ into digitiz+ "w fl[ t includes docum5t index+ & /orage8 ,! actual & expect$ uses ( digital images--/orage1 br[s+1 pr9t+1 & ,,ocr--help det]m9e ! /&>ds = measur+ _! quality4 ,br[s+ is especially important1 b ! facilities available = read]s to br[se image docum5ts is p]haps ! weake/ aspect ( imag+ te*nology & mo/ 9 ne$ ( developm5t4 ,z x def9$ its requirem5ts1 ! ,yale ,libr>y conc5trat$ on "s fundam5tal aspects ( usability = image docum5ts3 ,does ! sy/em h suffici5t flexibility to h&le ! full range ( docum5t types1 includ+ monographs1 multi-"p & multivolume sets1 & s]ials1 z well z manuscript collections8 ,:at conv5tions are necess>y to id5tify a docum5t uniquely = /orage & retrieval8 ,:]e is ! database ( record = /or+ bibliographic in=mation ab\t ! image docum5t8 ,h[ are basic int]nal /ructures ( docum5ts1 su* z pag9ation1 made accessible to ! read]8 ,h[ are ! image docum5ts physically pres5t$ on ! scre5 to ! read]8 ,! ,yale ,libr>y design$ ,project ,op5 ,book on ! assumption t micr(ilm is m ?an adequate z a m$ium = pres]v+ ! cont5t ( det]iorat$ libr>y mat]ials4 ,z plann+ 9 ! project has advanc$1 x is increas+ly cle> t ! *all5ge ( digital image te*nology & ! key to ! success ( ef=ts l ,project ,op5 ,book is to provide a means ( bo? pres]v+ & improv+ access to ^? det]iorat$ mat]ials4 ,,session ,,iv-,b ,george ,,?oma ,9 ! use ( electronic imag+ = docum5t pres]vation1 !re are sev]al issues to consid]1 su* z3 ensur+ adequate image quality1 ma9ta9+ sub/antial conv]sion rates 7?r\gh-put71 provid+ unique id5tification = automat$ access & retrieval1 & accommodat+ b\nd volumes & fragile mat]ial4 ,to ma9ta9 high image quality1 image process+ functions are requir$ to correct ! defici5cies 9 ! scann$ image4 ,"s comm]cially available sy/ems include ^! functions1 :ile "s d n4 ,! scann$ raw image mu/ be process$ to correct contra/ defici5cies-- bo? poor ov]all contra/ result+ f light pr9t &_/or d>k backgr\nd1 & v>iable contra/ result+ f /a9s & ble$-?r\gh4 ,fur!rmore1 ! scan d5sity mu/ be adequate to all[ legibility ( pr9t & suffici5t fidelity 9 ! pseudo-halfton$ gray mat]ial4 ,bord]s or page-edge effects mu/ be remov$ = bo? compactibility & ae/hetics4 ,page skew mu/ be correct$ = ae/hetic reasons & to enable accurate "* recognition if desir$4 ,comp\nd images consi/+ ( bo? two-ton$ text & gray-scale illu/rations mu/ be process$ appropriately to reta9 ! quality ( ea*4 ,,session ,,iv-,c ,jean ,,b>onas ,/&>ds publications be+ develop$ by sci5ti/s1 eng9e]s1 & bus9ess manag]s 9 ,association = ,in=mation & ,image ,managem5t 7,,aiim7 /&>ds committees c be appli$ to electronic image managem5t 7,,eim7 processes includ+3 docum5t 7image7 transf]1 retrieval & evaluation2 optical disk & docum5t scann+2 & docum5t design & conv]sion4 ,:5 comb9$ ) ,,eim sy/em plann+ & op]ations1 /&>ds c assi/ 9 g5]at+ image databases t are int]*angeable among a v>iety ( sy/ems4 ,! applications ( diff]5t approa*es = image-tagg+1 index+1 compression1 & transf] (t5 cause unc]ta9ty conc]n+ ,,eim sy/em compatibility1 calibration1 p]=mance1 & upw>d compatibility1 until /&>d implem5tation p>amet]s are e/abli%$4 ,! ,,aiim /&>ds t are be+ develop$ = ^! applications c be us$ to decrease ! unc]ta9ty1 successfully integrate imag+ processes1 & promote op5 sy/ems4 ,,aiim is an accr$it$ ,am]ican ,national ,/&>ds ,in/itute 7,,ansi7 /&>ds develop] ) m ?an tw5ty committees compris$ ( #cjj volunte]s repres5t+ us]s1 v5dors1 & manufactur]s4 ,! /&>ds publications t are develop$ 9 ^! committees h national acceptance & provide ! basis = int]national h>monization 9 ! developm5t ( new ,int]national ,organization = ,/&>dization 7,,iso7 /&>ds4 ,?is pres5tation describes ! developm5t ( ,,aiim's ,,eim /&>ds & a new ef=t at ,,aiim1 a database on /&>ds projects 9 a wide framework ( imag+ indu/ries includ+ capture1 record+1 process+1 duplication1 di/ribution1 display1 evaluation1 & pres]vation4 ,! ,,aiim ,imag]y ,database w cov] imag+ /&>ds be+ develop$ by _m organizations 9 _m diff]5t c\ntries4 ,x w conta9 /&>ds publications' dates1 orig9s1 relat$ national & int]national projects1 /atus1 key words1 & ab/racts4 ,! ,,ansi ,image ,te*nology ,/&>ds ,bo>d reque/$ t su* a database be e/abli%$1 z did ! ,,iso_/,int]national ,electrote*nical ,commission ,jo9t ,task ,=ce on ,imag]y4 ,,aiim w take on ! lead]%ip role = ! database & coord9ate its developm5t ) sev]al /&>ds develop]s4 ,patricia ,,batt9 ,*>act]i/ics ( /&>ds = digital imag]y3 99 ,nature ( digital te*nology implies cont9u+ volatility4 99 ,precipit\s /&>d-sett+ n possible & probably n desirable4 99 ,/&>ds are a complex issue involv+ ! m$ium1 ! h>dw>e1 ! s(tw>e1 & ! te*nical capacity = reproductive fidelity & cl>ity4 99 ,! prognosis = reliable ar*ival /&>ds 7z def9$ by libr>ians7 9 ! =eseeable future is poor4 ,significant pot5tial & attractiv5ess ( digital te*nology z a pres]vation m$ium & access me*anism4 ,productive use ( digital imag]y = pres]vation requires a reconceptualiz+ ( pres]vation pr9ciples 9 a volatile1 /&>dless _w4 ,concept ( manag+ cont9u+ access 9 ! digital environm5t r ?an focus+ on ! p]man5ce ( ! m$ium & long-t]m ar*ival /&>ds develop$ = ! analog _w4 ,transition p]iod3 ,h[ long & :at to d8 99 ,r$ef9e ar*ival4 99 ,remove ! burd5 ( ar*ival copy f pap] artifacts4 99 ,use digital te*nology = /orage1 develop managem5t /rategies = refre%+ m$ium1 h>dw>e & s(tw>e4 99 ,create acid-free pap] copies = transition p]iod backup until we develop reliable proc$ures = ensur+ cont9u+ access to digital files4 ,,session ,,iv-,d ,/u>t ,,weibel ,! ,role ( ,,sgml ,m>kup 9 ! ,,core ,project 7#f7 ,! em]g5ce ( high-spe$ telecommunications networks z a basic feature ( ! s*ol>ly workplace is driv+ ! dem& = electronic docum5t deliv]y4 ,?ree di/9ct categories ( electronic publi%+_/republi%+ are necess>y to support access dem&s 9 ?is em]g+ environm5t3 #a47 ,conv]sion ( pap] or micr(ilm ar*ives to electronic =mat #b47 ,conv]sion ( electronic files to =mats tailor$ to electronic retrieval & display #c47 ,prim>y electronic publi%+ 7mat]ials = :i* ! electronic v]sion is ! prim>y =mat7 ,,oclc has exp]im5tal or product developm5t activities 9 ea* ( ^! areas4 ,among ! *all5ges t lie ahead is ! integration ( ^! ?ree types ( in=mation /ores 9 coh]5t di/ribut$ sy/ems4 ,! ,,core 7,*emi/ry ,onl9e ,retrieval ,exp]im5t7 ,project is a model = ! conv]sion ( l>ge text & graphics collections = :i* electronic typesett+ files are available 7category #b74 ,! ,am]ican ,*emical ,society has made available comput] typography files dat+ f #aihj = its tw5ty j\rnals4 ,?is collection ( "s #bej j\rnal-ye>s is be+ conv]t$ to an electronic =mat t w be accessible ?r\gh sev]al end-us] applications4 ,! use ( ,/&>d ,g5]aliz$ ,m>kup ,language 7,,sgml7 (f]s ! means to capture ! /ructural ri*ness ( ! orig9al articles 9 a way t w support a v>iety ( retrieval1 navigation1 & display options necess>y to navigate effectively 9 v l>ge text databases4 ,an ,,sgml docum5t consi/s ( text t is m>k$ up ) descriptive tags t specify ! function ( a giv5 elem5t )9 ! docum5t4 ,z a =mal language con/ruct1 an ,,sgml docum5t c be p>s$ aga9/ a docum5t-type def9ition 7,,dtd7 t unambigu\sly def9es :at elem5ts are all[$ & :]e 9 ! docum5t !y c 7or mu/7 occur4 ,?is =maliz$ map ( article /ructure all[s ! us] int]face design to be unc\pl$ f ! und]ly+ database sy/em1 an important /ep t[>d int]op]ability4 ,demon/ration ( ?is sep>ability is a "p ( ! ,,core project1 :]e9 us] int]face designs born ( v diff]5t philosophies w access ! same database4 ,,notes3 7#f7 ,! ,,core project is a collaboration among ,cornell ,univ]sity's ,mann ,libr>y1 ,bell ,communications ,rese>* 7,bellcore71 ! ,am]ican ,*emical ,society 7,,acs71 ! ,*emical ,ab/racts ,s]vice 7,,cas71 & ,,oclc4 ,mi*ael ,,lesk ,! ,,core ,electronic ,*emi/ry ,libr>y ,a major on-l9e file ( *emical j\rnal lit]ature complete ) graphics is be+ develop$ to te/ ! usability ( fully electronic access to docum5ts1 z a jo9t project ( ,cornell ,univ]sity1 ! ,am]ican ,*emical ,society1 ! ,*emical ,ab/racts ,s]vice1 ,,oclc1 & ,bellcore 7) additional support f ,sun ,microsy/ems1 ,spr+]-,v]lag1 ,digita,i ,equipm5t ,corporation1 ,sony ,corporation ( ,am]ica1 & ,apple ,comput]s74 ,our file conta9s ! ,am]ican ,*emical ,society's on-l9e j\rnals1 supplem5t$ ) ! graphics f ! pap] publication4 ,! index+ ( ! articles f ,*emical ,ab/racts ,docum5ts is available 9 bo? image & text =mat1 & sev]al diff]5t int]faces c be us$4 ,our goals are 7#a7 to assess ! effectiv5ess & acceptability ( electronic access to prim>y j\rnals z comp>$ ) pap]1 & 7#b7 to id5tify ! mo/ desirable functions ( ! us] int]face to an electronic sy/em ( j\rnals1 includ+ 9 p>ticul> a comp>ison ( page-image display ) ,,ascii display int]faces4 ,e>ly exp]im5ts ) *emi/ry /ud5ts on a v>iety ( tasks sugge/ t se>*+ tasks are complet$ mu* fa/] ) any electronic sy/em ?an ) pap]1 b t = read+ all v]sions ( ! articles are r\ghly equival5t4 ,pamela ,,&re & ,judi? ,,zid> ,text conv]sion is f> m exp5sive & "t-consum+ ?an image capture alone4 ,,nal's exp]i5ce ) optical "* recognition 7,,ocr7 w be relat$ & comp>$ ) ! exp]i5ce ( hav+ text rekey$4 ,:at factors affect ,,ocr accuracy8 ,h[ accurate does full text h to be 9 ord] to be useful8 ,h[ d diff]5t us]s react to imp]fect text8 ,^! are que/ions t w be explor$4 ,= _m1 a s]vice bureau may be a bett] solution ?an p]=m+ ! "w inh\se2 ?is w also be discuss$4 ,,session ,,vi ,m>ybe? ,,pet]s ,copyright law protects creative works4 ,protection grant$ by ! law to au?ors & dissem9ators ( works includes ! "r to d or au?orize ! foll[+3 reproduce ! "w1 prep>e d]ivative works1 di/ribute ! "w to ! public1 & publicly p]=m or display ! "w4 ,9 addition1 copyright own]s ( s\nd record+s & comput] programs h ! "r to control r5tal ( _! works4 ,^! rights are n unlimit$2 !re are a numb] ( exceptions & limitations4 ,an electronic environm5t places /ra9s on ! copyright sy/em4 ,copyright own]s want to control uses ( _! "w & be paid = any use2 ! public wants quick & easy access at little or no co/4 ,! m>ketplace is work+ 9 ?is area4 ,contracts1 guidel9es on electronic use1 & collective lic5s+ are 9 use & be+ ref9$4 ,issues conc]n+ ! ability to *ange works )\t detection are m difficult to deal )4 ,que/ions conc]n+ ! integrity ( ! 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,e4 ,h>ris ,pres]vation ,,lm ,g#ba 7#bjb7 #gjg-ebac ,/aley ,hit*cock ,manuscript ,division ,,lm #ajb 7#bjb7 #gjg-echc ,bohdan ,kantor ,(fice ( ,special ,projects ,,lm #fab 7#bjb7 #gjg-jahj ,john ,w4 ,kimball1 ,jr ,ma*9e-,readable ,collections ,read+ ,room ,,lj #acb 7#bjb7 #gjg-fefj ,basil ,manns ,in=mation ,te*nology ,s]vices ,,lm ,g#ea 7#bjb7 #gjg-hcde ,sally ,h>t ,mc,callum ,network ,developm5t ,,lm #fci 7#bjb7 #gjg-fbcg ,dana ,j4 ,pratt ,publi%+ ,(fice ,,lm #fjb 7#bjb7 #gjg-fjbg ,jane ,rief5haus] ,am]ican ,memory ,,lm #fjc 7#bjb7 #gjg-fbcc ,william ,z4 ,s*5ck ,collections ,developm5t ,,lm #fej 7#bjb7 #gjg-ggjf ,*&ru ,j4 ,%ahani ,pres]vation ,rese>* & ,te/+ ,(fice 7,r,t7 ,,lm ,g#ch 7#bjb7 #gjg-efjg ,william ,j4 ,sittig ,collections ,developm5t ,,lm #fej 7#bjb7 #gjg-gjej ,paul ,smi? ,manuscript ,division ,,lm #ajb 7#bjb7 #gjg-ejig ,james ,l4 ,/ev5s ,in=mation ,te*nology ,s]vices ,,lm ,g#ea 7#bjb7 #gjg-ifhh ,k>5 ,/u>t ,manuscript ,division ,,lm #acj 7#bjb7 #gjg-echi ,tam>a ,swora ,pres]vation ,micr(ilm+ ,(fice ,,lm ,g#je 7#bjb7 #gjg-fbic ,s>ah ,?omas ,collections ,catalog+ ,,lm #fdb 7#bjb7 #gjg-eccc ,,end 9999999999999999999999999999999999999999 9999999999999999999999999999999999999999 9999999999999999999999999999999999999999 99 ,note3 ,?is file has be5 edit$ = use on comput] networks4 ,?is edit+ requir$ ! removal ( diacritics1 und]l9+1 & fonts su* z italics & bold4 kde #aa_/ib ,a few ( ! italics 7:5 us$ = emphasis7 7 replac$ by ,,caps mh