,,workshop ,,on ,,electronic ,,texts ,,proceedings ,edited by ,james ,daly #i-aj ,june #aiib ,library of ,congress ,washington1 ,d4,c4 ,supported by a ,grant from the ,david and ,lucile ,packard ,foundation 999999 999999 999999 999999999999 999999 999999 999999 ,,table ,,of ,,contents ,acknowledgements ,introduction ,proceedings ,welcome ,prosser ,gifford and ,carl ,fleischhauer ,session ,i4 ,content in a ,new ,form3 ,who ,will ,use ,it and ,what ,will ,they ,do8 ,james ,daly 7,moderator7 ,avra ,michelson1 ,overview ,susan ,h4 ,veccia1 ,user ,evaluation ,joanne ,freeman1 ,beyond the ,scholar ,discussion ,session ,,ii4 ,show and ,tell ,jacqueline ,hess 7,moderator7 ,elli ,mylonas1 ,perseus ,project ,discussion ,eric ,m4 ,calaluca1 ,patrologia ,latina ,database ,carl ,fleischhauer and ,ricky ,erway1 ,american ,memory ,discussion ,dorothy ,twohig1 ,the ,papers of ,george ,washington ,discussion ,maria ,l4 ,lebron1 ,the ,online ,journal of ,current ,clinical ,trials ,discussion ,lynne ,k4 ,personius1 ,cornell mathematics books ,discussion ,session ,,iii4 ,distribution1 ,networks1 and ,networking3 ,options for ,dissemination ,robert ,g4 ,zich 7,moderator7 ,clifford ,a4 ,lynch ,discussion ,howard ,besser ,discussion ,ronald ,l4 ,larsen ,edwin ,b4 ,brownrigg ,discussion ,session ,,iv4 ,image ,capture1 ,text ,capture1 ,overview of ,text and ,image ,storage ,formats ,william ,l4 ,hooton 7,moderator7 ,a7 ,principal ,methods for ,image ,capture of ,text3 direct scanning1 use of microform ,anne ,r4 ,kenney ,pamela ,q4,j4 ,andre ,judith ,a4 ,zidar ,donald ,j4 ,waters ,discussion ,b7 ,special ,problems3 bound volumes1 conservation1 reproducing printed halftones ,george ,thoma ,carl ,fleischhauer ,discussion ,c7 ,image ,standards and ,implications for ,preservation ,jean ,baronas ,patricia ,battin ,discussion ,d7 ,text ,conversion3 ,,ocr vs4 rekeying1 standards of accuracy and use of imperfect texts1 service bureaus ,michael ,lesk ,ricky ,erway ,judith ,a4 ,zidar ,discussion ,session ,v4 ,approaches to ,preparing ,electronic ,texts ,susan ,hockey 7,moderator7 ,stuart ,weibel ,discussion ,c4,m4 ,sperberg-,mc,queen ,discussion ,eric ,m4 ,calaluca ,discussion ,session ,,vi4 ,copyright ,issues ,marybeth ,peters ,session ,,vii4 ,conclusion ,prosser ,gifford 7,moderator7 ,general discussion ,appendix ,i3 ,program ,appendix ,,ii3 ,abstracts ,appendix ,,iii3 ,directory of ,participants 999999 999999 999999 999999999999 999999 999999 999999 ,acknowledgements ,i would like to thank ,carl ,fleischhauer and ,prosser ,gifford for the opportunity to learn about areas of human activity unknown to me a scant ten months ago1 and the ,david and ,lucile ,packard ,foundation for supporting that opportunity4 ,the help given by others is acknowledged on a separate page4 #ai ,october #aiib 999999 999999 999999 999999999999 999999 999999 999999 ,,introduction ,the ,workshop on ,electronic ,texts 7#a7 drew together representatives of various projects and interest groups to compare ideas1 beliefs1 experiences1 and1 in particular1 methods of placing and presenting historical textual materials in computerized form4 ,most attendees gained much in insight and outlook from the event4 ,but the assembly did not form a new nation1 or1 to put it another way1 the diversity of projects and interests was too great to draw the representatives into a cohesive1 action-oriented body47#b7 ,everyone attending the ,workshop shared an interest in preserving and providing access to historical texts4 ,but within this broad field the attendees represented a variety of formal1 informal1 figurative1 and literal groups1 with many individuals belonging to more than one4 ,these groups may be defined roughly according to the following topics or activities3 99 ,imaging 99 ,searchable coded texts 99 ,national and international computer networks 99 ,,cd-,,rom production and dissemination 99 ,methods and technology for converting older paper materials into electronic form 99 ,study of the use of digital materials by scholars and others ,this summary is arranged thematically and does not follow the actual sequence of presentations4 ,,notes3 7#a7 ,in this document1 the phrase electronic text is used to mean any computerized reproduction or version of a document1 book1 article1 or manuscript 7including images71 and not merely a machine- readable or machine-searchable text4 7#b7 ,the ,workshop was held at the ,library of ,congress on #i-aj ,june #aiib1 with funding from the ,david and ,lucile ,packard ,foundation4 ,the document that follows represents a summary of the presentations made at the ,workshop and was compiled by ,james ,,daly4 ,this introduction was written by ,,daly and ,carl ,,fleischhauer4 ,,preservation ,,and ,,imaging ,preservation1 as that term is used by archivists17#c7 was most explicitly discussed in the context of imaging4 ,anne ,,kenney and ,lynne ,,personius explained how the concept of a faithful copy and the user-friendliness of the traditional book have guided their project at ,cornell ,university47#d7 ,although interested in computerized dissemination1 participants in the ,cornell project are creating digital image sets of older books in the public domain as a source for a fresh paper facsimile or1 in a future phase1 microfilm4 ,the books returned to the library shelves are high-quality and useful replacements on acid-free paper that should last a long time4 ,to date1 the ,cornell project has placed little or no emphasis on creating searchable texts2 one would not be surprised to find that the project participants view such texts as new editions1 and thus not as faithful reproductions4 ,in her talk on preservation1 ,patricia ,,battin struck an ecumenical and flexible note as she endorsed the creation and dissemination of a variety of types of digital copies4 ,do not be too narrow in defining what counts as a preservation element1 ,,battin counseled2 for the present1 at least1 digital copies made with preservation in mind cannot be as narrowly standardized as1 say1 microfilm copies with the same objective4 ,setting standards precipitously can inhibit creativity1 but delay can result in chaos1 she advised4 ,in part1 ,,battin's position reflected the unsettled nature of image-format standards1 and attendees could hear echoes of this unsettledness in the comments of various speakers4 ,for example1 ,jean ,,baronas reviewed the status of several formal standards moving through committees of experts2 and ,clifford ,,lynch encouraged the use of a new guideline for transmitting document images on ,internet4 ,testimony from participants in the ,national ,agricultural ,library's 7,,nal7 ,text ,digitization ,program and ,,lc's ,american ,memory project highlighted some of the challenges to the actual creation or interchange of images1 including difficulties in converting preservation microfilm to digital form4 ,donald ,,waters reported on the progress of a master plan for a project at ,yale ,university to convert books on microfilm to digital image sets1 ,project ,open ,book 7,,pob74 ,the ,workshop offered rather less of an imaging practicum than planned1 but how-to hints emerge at various points1 for example1 throughout ,,kenney's presentation and in the discussion of arcana such as thresholding and dithering offered by ,george ,,thoma and ,,fleischhauer4 ,,notes3 7#c7 ,although there is a sense in which any reproductions of historical materials preserve the human record1 specialists in the field have developed particular guidelines for the creation of acceptable preservation copies4 7#d7 ,titles and affiliations of presenters are given at the beginning of their respective talks and in the ,directory of ,participants 7,appendix ,,iii74 ,,the ,,machine-,,readable ,,text3 ,,markup ,,and ,,use ,the sections of the ,workshop that dealt with machine-readable text tended to be more concerned with access and use than with preservation1 at least in the narrow technical sense4 ,michael ,,sperberg-,mc,q,u,e,e,n made a forceful presentation on the ,text ,encoding ,initiative's 7,,tei7 implementation of the ,standard ,generalized ,markup ,language 7,,sgml74 ,his ideas were echoed by ,susan ,,hockey1 ,elli ,,mylonas1 and ,stuart ,,weibel4 ,while the presentations made by the ,,tei advocates contained no practicum1 their discussion focused on the value of the finished product1 what the ,european ,community calls reusability1 but what may also be termed durability4 ,they argued that marking up--that is1 coding--a text in a well-conceived way will permit it to be moved from one computer environment to another1 as well as to be used by various users4 ,two kinds of markup were distinguished3 #a7 procedural markup1 which describes the features of a text 7e4g41 dots on a page71 and #b7 descriptive markup1 which describes the structure or elements of a document 7e4g41 chapters1 paragraphs1 and front matter74 ,the ,,tei proponents emphasized the importance of texts to scholarship4 ,they explained how heavily coded 7and thus analyzed and annotated7 texts can underlie research1 play a role in scholarly communication1 and facilitate classroom teaching4 ,,sperberg-,mc,q,u,e,e,n reminded listeners that a written or printed item 7e4g41 a particular edition of a book7 is merely a representation of the abstraction we call a text4 ,to concern ourselves with faithfully reproducing a printed instance of the text1 ,,sperberg-,mc,q,u,e,e,n argued1 is to concern ourselves with the representation of a representation 7images as simulacra for the text74 ,the ,,tei proponents' interest in images tends to focus on corollary materials for use in teaching1 for example1 photographs of the ,acropolis to accompany a ,greek text4 ,by the end of the ,workshop1 ,,sperberg-,mc,q,u,e,e,n confessed to having been converted to a limited extent to the view that electronic images constitute a promising alternative to microfilming2 indeed1 an alternative probably superior to microfilming4 ,but he was not convinced that electronic images constitute a serious attempt to represent text in electronic form4 ,,hockey and ,,mylonas also conceded that their experience at the ,pierce ,symposium the previous week at ,georgetown ,university and the present conference at the ,library of ,congress had compelled them to reevaluate their perspective on the usefulness of text as images4 ,attendees could see that the text and image advocates were in constructive tension1 so to say4 ,three non,t,e,i presentations described approaches to preparing machine-readable text that are less rigorous and thus less expensive4 ,in the case of the ,papers of ,george ,washington1 ,dorothy ,,twohig explained that the digital version will provide a not-quite-perfect rendering of the transcribed text--some #ace1jjj documents1 available for research during the decades while the perfect or print version is completed4 ,members of the ,american ,memory team and the staff of ,,nal's ,text ,digitization ,program 7see below7 also outlined a middle ground concerning searchable texts4 ,in the case of ,american ,memory1 contractors produce texts with about #ii-percent accuracy that serve as browse or reference versions of written or printed originals4 ,end users who need faithful copies or perfect renditions must refer to accompanying sets of digital facsimile images or consult copies of the originals in a nearby library or archive4 ,american ,memory staff argued that the high cost of producing #ajj-percent accurate copies would prevent ,,lc from offering access to large parts of its collections4 ,,the ,,machine-,,readable ,,text3 ,,methods ,,of ,,conversion ,although the ,workshop did not include a systematic examination of the methods for converting texts from paper 7or from facsimile images7 into machine-readable form1 nevertheless1 various speakers touched upon this matter4 ,for example1 ,,weibel reported that ,,oclc has experimented with a merging of multiple optical character recognition systems that will reduce errors from an unacceptable rate of #e characters out of every l1#jjj to an unacceptable rate of #b characters out of every l1#jjj4 ,pamela ,,andre presented an overview of ,,nal's ,text ,digitization ,program and ,judith ,,zidar discussed the technical details4 ,,zidar explained how ,,nal purchased hardware and software capable of performing optical character recognition 7,,ocr7 and text conversion and used its own staff to convert texts4 ,the process1 ,,zidar said1 required extensive editing and project staff found themselves considering alternatives1 including rekeying and_/or creating abstracts or summaries of texts4 ,,nal reckoned costs at #g per page4 ,by way of contrast1 ,ricky ,,erway explained that ,american ,memory had decided from the start to contract out conversion to external service bureaus4 ,the criteria used to select these contractors were cost and quality of results1 as opposed to methods of conversion4 ,,erway noted that historical documents or books often do not lend themselves to ,,ocr4 ,bound materials represent a special problem4 ,in her experience1 quality control--inspecting incoming materials1 counting errors in samples--posed the most time-consuming aspect of contracting out conversion4 ,,erway reckoned ,american ,memory's costs at #d per page1 but cautioned that fewer cost-elements had been included than in ,,nal's figure4 ,,options ,,for ,,dissemination ,the topic of dissemination proper emerged at various points during the ,workshop4 ,at the session devoted to national and international computer networks1 ,,lynch1 ,howard ,,besser1 ,ronald ,,larsen1 and ,edwin ,,brownrigg highlighted the virtues of ,internet today and of the network that will evolve from ,internet4 ,listeners could discern in these narratives a vision of an information democracy in which millions of citizens freely find and use what they need4 ,,lynch noted that a lack of standards inhibits disseminating multimedia on the network1 a topic also discussed by ,,besser4 ,,larsen addressed the issues of network scalability and modularity and commented upon the difficulty of anticipating the effects of growth in orders of magnitude4 ,,brownrigg talked about the ability of packet radio to provide certain links in a network without the need for wiring4 ,however1 the presenters also called attention to the shortcomings and incongruities of present-day computer networks4 ,for example3 #a7 ,network use is growing dramatically1 but much network traffic consists of personal communication 7,e-mail74 #b7 ,large bodies of information are available1 but a user's ability to search across their entirety is limited4 #c7 ,there are significant resources for science and technology1 but few network sources provide content in the humanities4 #d7 ,machine-readable texts are commonplace1 but the capability of the system to deal with images 7let alone other media formats7 lags behind4 ,a glimpse of a multimedia future for networks1 however1 was provided by ,maria ,,lebron in her overview of the ,online ,journal of ,current ,clinical ,trials 7,,ojcct71 and the process of scholarly publishing on-line4 ,the contrasting form of the ,,cd-,,rom disk was never systematically analyzed1 but attendees could glean an impression from several of the show-and-tell presentations4 ,the ,perseus and ,american ,memory examples demonstrated recently published disks1 while the descriptions of the ,,ibycus version of the ,papers of ,george ,washington and ,chadwyck-,healey's ,patrologia ,latina ,database 7,,pld7 told of disks to come4 ,according to ,eric ,,calaluca1 ,,pld's principal focus has been on converting ,jacques-,paul ,migne's definitive collection of ,latin texts to machine-readable form4 ,although everyone could share the network advocates' enthusiasm for an on-line future1 the possibility of rolling up one's sleeves for a session with a ,,cd-,,rom containing both textual materials and a powerful retrieval engine made the disk seem an appealing vessel indeed4 ,the overall discussion suggested that the transition from ,,cd-,,rom to on-line networked access may prove far slower and more difficult than has been anticipated4 ,,who ,,are ,,the ,,users ,,and ,,what ,,do ,,they ,,do8 ,although concerned with the technicalities of production1 the ,workshop never lost sight of the purposes and uses of electronic versions of textual materials4 ,as noted above1 those interested in imaging discussed the problematical matter of digital preservation1 while the ,,tei proponents described how machine-readable texts can be used in research4 ,this latter topic received thorough treatment in the paper read by ,avra ,,michelson4 ,she placed the phenomenon of electronic texts within the context of broader trends in information technology and scholarly communication4 ,among other things1 ,,michelson described on-line conferences that represent a vigorous and important intellectual forum for certain disciplines4 ,internet now carries more than #gjj conferences1 with about #hj percent of these devoted to topics in the social sciences and the humanities4 ,other scholars use on-line networks for distance learning4 ,meanwhile1 there has been a tremendous growth in end-user computing2 professors today are less likely than their predecessors to ask the campus computer center to process their data4 ,electronic texts are one key to these sophisticated applications1 ,,michelson reported1 and more and more scholars in the humanities now work in an on-line environment4 ,toward the end of the ,workshop1 ,michael ,,lesk presented a corollary to ,,michelson's talk1 reporting the results of an experiment that compared the work of one group of chemistry students using traditional printed texts and two groups using electronic sources4 ,the experiment demonstrated that in the event one does not know what to read1 one needs the electronic systems2 the electronic systems hold no advantage at the moment if one knows what to read1 but neither do they impose a penalty4 ,,daly provided an anecdotal account of the revolutionizing impact of the new technology on his previous methods of research in the field of classics4 ,his account1 by extrapolation1 served to illustrate in part the arguments made by ,,michelson concerning the positive effects of the sudden and radical transformation being wrought in the ways scholars work4 ,susan ,,veccia and ,joanne ,,freeman delineated the use of electronic materials outside the university4 ,the most interesting aspect of their use1 ,,freeman said1 could be seen as a paradox3 teachers in elementary and secondary schools requested access to primary source materials but1 at the same time1 found that primariness itself made these materials difficult for their students to use4 ,,other ,,topics ,marybeth ,,peters reviewed copyright law in the ,united ,states and offered advice during a lively discussion of this subject4 ,but uncertainty remains concerning the price of copyright in a digital medium1 because a solution remains to be worked out concerning management and synthesis of copyrighted and out-of-copyright pieces of a database4 ,as moderator of the final session of the ,workshop1 ,prosser ,,gifford directed discussion to future courses of action and the potential role of ,,lc in advancing them4 ,among the recommendations that emerged were the following3 99 ,workshop participants should #a7 begin to think about working with image material1 but structure and digitize it in such a way that at a later stage it can be interpreted into text1 and #b7 find a common way to build text and images together so that they can be used jointly at some stage in the future1 with appropriate network support1 because that is how users will want to access these materials4 ,the ,library might encourage attempts to bring together people who are working on texts and images4 99 ,a network version of ,american ,memory should be developed or consideration should be given to making the data in it available to people interested in doing network multimedia4 ,given the current dearth of digital data that is appealing and unencumbered by extremely complex rights problems1 developing a network version of ,american ,memory could do much to help make network multimedia a reality4 99 ,concerning the thorny issue of electronic deposit1 ,,lc should initiate a catalytic process in terms of distributed responsibility1 that is1 bring together the distributed organizations and set up a study group to look at all the issues related to electronic deposit and see where we as a nation should move4 ,for example1 ,,lc might attempt to persuade one major library in each state to deal with its state equivalent publisher1 which might produce a cooperative project that would be equitably distributed around the country1 and one in which ,,lc would be dealing with a minimal number of publishers and minimal copyright problems4 ,,lc must also deal with the concept of on-line publishing1 determining1 among other things1 how serials such as ,,ojcct might be deposited for copyright4 99 ,since a number of projects are planning to carry out preservation by creating digital images that will end up in on-line or near-line storage at some institution1 ,,lc might play a helpful role1 at least in the near term1 by accelerating how to catalog that information into the ,research ,library ,information ,network 7,,rlin7 and then into ,,oclc1 so that it would be accessible4 ,this would reduce the possibility of multiple institutions digitizing the same work4 ,,conclusion ,the ,workshop was valuable because it brought together partisans from various groups and provided an occasion to compare goals and methods4 ,the more committed partisans frequently communicate with others in their groups1 but less often across group boundaries4 ,the ,workshop was also valuable to attendees--including those involved with ,american ,memory--who came less committed to particular approaches or concepts4 ,these attendees learned a great deal1 and plan to select and employ elements of imaging1 text-coding1 and networked distribution that suit their respective projects and purposes4 ,still1 reality rears its ugly head3 no breakthrough has been achieved4 ,on the imaging side1 one confronts a proliferation of competing data-interchange standards and a lack of consensus on the role of digital facsimiles in preservation4 ,in the realm of machine-readable texts1 one encounters a reasonably mature standard but methodological difficulties and high costs4 ,these latter problems1 of course1 represent a special impediment to the desire1 as it is sometimes expressed in the popular press1 to put the contents of the ,library of ,congress on line4 ,in the words of one participant1 there was no solution to the economic problems--the projects that are out there are surviving1 but it is going to be a lot of work to transform the information industry1 and so far the investment to do that is not forthcoming 7,,lesk1 per litteras74 999999 999999 999999 999999999999 999999 999999 999999 ,,proceedings ,,welcome ,,gifford 99 ,origin of ,workshop in current ,librarian's desire to make ,,lc's collections more widely available 99 ,desiderata arising from the prospect of greater interconnectedness 99 ,after welcoming participants on behalf of the ,library of ,congress1 ,american ,memory 7,,am71 and the ,national ,demonstration ,lab1 ,prosser ,,gifford1 director for scholarly programs1 ,library of ,congress1 located the origin of the ,workshop on ,electronic ,texts in a conversation he had had considerably more than a year ago with ,carl ,,fleischhauer concerning some of the issues faced by ,,am4 ,on the assumption that numerous other people were asking the same questions1 the decision was made to bring together as many of these people as possible to ask the same questions together4 ,in a deeper sense1 ,,gifford said1 the origin of the ,workshop lay in the desire of the current ,librarian of ,congress1 ,james ,h4 ,billington1 to make the collections of the ,library1 especially those offering unique or unusual testimony on aspects of the ,american experience1 available to a much wider circle of users than those few people who can come to ,washington to use them4 ,this meant that the emphasis of ,,am1 from the outset1 has been on archival collections of the basic material1 and on making these collections themselves available1 rather than selected or heavily edited products4 ,from ,,am's emphasis followed the questions with which the ,workshop began3 who will use these materials1 and in what form will they wish to use them4 ,but an even larger issue deserving mention1 in ,,gifford's view1 was the phenomenal growth in ,internet connectivity4 ,he expressed the hope that the prospect of greater interconnectedness than ever before would lead to3 #a7 much more cooperative and mutually supportive endeavors2 #b7 development of systems of shared and distributed responsibilities to avoid duplication and to ensure accuracy and preservation of unique materials2 and #c7 agreement on the necessary standards and development of the appropriate directories and indices to make navigation straightforward among the varied resources that are1 and increasingly will be1 available4 ,in this connection1 ,,gifford requested that participants reflect from the outset upon the sorts of outcomes they thought the ,workshop might have4 ,did those present constitute a group with sufficient common interests to propose a next step or next steps1 and if so1 what might those be8 ,they would return to these questions the following afternoon4 999999999999 ,,fleischhauer 99 ,core of ,workshop concerns preparation and production of materials 99 ,special challenge in conversion of textual materials 99 ,quality versus quantity 99 ,do the several groups represented share common interests8 99 ,carl ,,fleischhauer1 coordinator1 ,american ,memory1 ,library of ,congress1 emphasized that he would attempt to represent the people who perform some of the work of converting or preparing materials and that the core of the ,workshop had to do with preparation and production4 ,,fleischhauer then drew a distinction between the long term1 when many things would be available and connected in the ways that ,,gifford described1 and the short term1 in which ,,am not only has wrestled with the issue of what is the best course to pursue but also has faced a variety of technical challenges4 ,,fleischhauer remarked ,,am's endeavors to deal with a wide range of library formats1 such as motion picture collections1 sound-recording collections1 and pictorial collections of various sorts1 especially collections of photographs4 ,in the course of these efforts1 ,,am kept coming back to textual materials--manuscripts or rare printed matter1 bound materials1 etc4 ,text posed the greatest conversion challenge of all4 ,thus1 the genesis of the ,workshop1 which reflects the problems faced by ,,am4 ,these problems include physical problems4 ,for example1 those in the library and archive business deal with collections made up of fragile and rare manuscript items1 bound materials1 especially the notoriously brittle bound materials of the late nineteenth century4 ,these are precious cultural artifacts1 however1 as well as interesting sources of information1 and ,,lc desires to retain and conserve them4 ,,am needs to handle things without damaging them4 ,guillotining a book to run it through a sheet feeder must be avoided at all costs4 ,beyond physical problems1 issues pertaining to quality arose4 ,for example1 the desire to provide users with a searchable text is affected by the question of acceptable level of accuracy4 ,one hundred percent accuracy is tremendously expensive4 ,on the other hand1 the output of optical character recognition 7,,ocr7 can be tremendously inaccurate4 ,although ,,am has attempted to find a middle ground1 uncertainty persists as to whether or not it has discovered the right solution4 ,questions of quality arose concerning images as well4 ,,fleischhauer contrasted the extremely high level of quality of the digital images in the ,cornell ,xerox ,project with ,,am's efforts to provide a browse-quality or access-quality image1 as opposed to an archival or preservation image4 ,,fleischhauer therefore welcomed the opportunity to compare notes4 ,,fleischhauer observed in passing that conversations he had had about networks have begun to signal that for various forms of media a determination may be made that there is a browse-quality item1 or a distribution-and-access-quality item that may coexist in some systems with a higher quality archival item that would be inconvenient to send through the network because of its size4 ,,fleischhauer referred1 of course1 to images more than to searchable text4 ,as ,,am considered those questions1 several conceptual issues arose3 ought ,,am occasionally to reproduce materials entirely through an image set1 at other times1 entirely through a text set1 and in some cases1 a mix8 ,there probably would be times when the historical authenticity of an artifact would require that its image be used4 ,an image might be desirable as a recourse for users if one could not provide #ajj-percent accurate text4 ,again1 ,,am wondered1 as a practical matter1 if a distinction could be drawn between rare printed matter that might exist in multiple collections--that is1 in ten or fifteen libraries4 ,in such cases1 the need for perfect reproduction would be less than for unique items4 ,implicit in his remarks1 ,,fleischhauer conceded1 was the admission that ,,am has been tilting strongly towards quantity and drawing back a little from perfect quality4 ,that is1 it seemed to ,,am that society would be better served if more things were distributed by ,,lc--even if they were not quite perfect--than if fewer things1 perfectly represented1 were distributed4 ,this was stated as a proposition to be tested1 with responses to be gathered from users4 ,in thinking about issues related to reproduction of materials and seeing other people engaged in parallel activities1 ,,am deemed it useful to convene a conference4 ,hence1 the ,workshop4 ,,fleischhauer thereupon surveyed the several groups represented3 #a7 the world of images 7image users and image makers72 #b7 the world of text and scholarship and1 within this group1 those concerned with language--,,fleischhauer confessed to finding delightful irony in the fact that some of the most advanced thinkers on computerized texts are those dealing with ancient ,greek and ,roman materials2 #c7 the network world2 and #d7 the general world of library science1 which includes people interested in preservation and cataloging4 ,,fleischhauer concluded his remarks with special thanks to the ,david and ,lucile ,packard ,foundation for its support of the meeting1 the ,american ,memory group1 the ,office for ,scholarly ,programs1 the ,national ,demonstration ,lab1 and the ,office of ,special ,events4 ,he expressed the hope that ,david ,woodley ,packard might be able to attend1 noting that ,packard's work and the work of the foundation had sponsored a number of projects in the text area4 999999999999 ,,session ,i4 ,,content ,,in ,a ,,new ,,form3 ,,who ,,will ,,use ,,it ,,and ,,what ,,will ,,they ,,do8 ,,daly 99 ,acknowledgements 99 ,a new ,latin authors disk 99 ,effects of the new technology on previous methods of research 99 ,serving as moderator1 ,james ,,daly acknowledged the generosity of all the presenters for giving of their time1 counsel1 and patience in planning the ,workshop1 as well as of members of the ,american ,memory project and other ,library of ,congress staff1 and the ,david and ,lucile ,packard ,foundation and its executive director1 ,colburn ,s4 ,wilbur4 ,,daly then recounted his visit in ,march to the ,center for ,electronic ,texts in the ,humanities 7,,ceth7 and the ,department of ,classics at ,rutgers ,university1 where an old friend1 ,lowell ,edmunds1 introduced him to the department's ,,ibycus scholarly personal computer1 and1 in particular1 the new ,latin ,,cd-,,rom1 containing1 among other things1 almost all classical ,latin literary texts through ,a4,d4 #bjj4 ,packard ,humanities ,institute 7,,phi71 ,los ,altos1 ,california1 released this disk late in #aiia1 with a nominal triennial licensing fee4 ,playing with the disk for an hour or so at ,rutgers brought home to ,,daly at once the revolutionizing impact of the new technology on his previous methods of research4 ,had this disk been available two or three years earlier1 ,,daly contended1 when he was engaged in preparing a commentary on ,book #aj of ,virgil's ,aeneid for ,cambridge ,university ,press1 he would not have required a forty-eight-square-foot table on which to spread the numerous1 most frequently consulted items1 including some ten or twelve concordances to key ,latin authors1 an almost equal number of lexica to authors who lacked concordances1 and where either lexica or concordances were lacking1 numerous editions of authors antedating and postdating ,virgil4 ,nor1 when checking each of the average six to seven words contained in the ,virgilian hexameter for its usage elsewhere in ,virgil's works or other ,latin authors1 would ,,daly have had to maintain the laborious mechanical process of flipping through these concordances1 lexica1 and editions each time4 ,nor would he have had to frequent as often the ,milton ,s4 ,eisenhower ,library at the ,johns ,hopkins ,university to consult the ,thesaurus ,linguae ,latinae4 ,instead of devoting countless hours1 or the bulk of his research time1 to gathering data concerning ,virgil's use of words1 ,,daly--now freed by ,,phi's ,latin authors disk from the tyrannical1 yet in some ways paradoxically happy scholarly drudgery-- would have been able to devote that same bulk of time to analyzing and interpreting ,virgilian verbal usage4 ,citing ,theodore ,brunner1 ,gregory ,crane1 ,elli ,,mylonas1 and ,avra ,,michelson1 ,,daly argued that this reversal in his style of work1 made possible by the new technology1 would perhaps have resulted in better1 more productive research4 ,indeed1 even in the course of his browsing the ,latin authors disk at ,rutgers1 its powerful search1 retrieval1 and highlighting capabilities suggested to him several new avenues of research into ,virgil's use of sound effects4 ,this anecdotal account1 ,,daly maintained1 may serve to illustrate in part the sudden and radical transformation being wrought in the ways scholars work4 999999999999 ,,michelson 99 ,elements related to scholarship and technology 99 ,electronic texts within the context of broader trends within information technology and scholarly communication 99 ,evaluation of the prospects for the use of electronic texts 99 ,relationship of electronic texts to processes of scholarly communication in humanities research 99 ,new exchange formats created by scholars 99 ,projects initiated to increase scholarly access to converted text 99 ,trend toward making electronic resources available through research and education networks 99 ,changes taking place in scholarly communication among humanities scholars 99 ,network-mediated scholarship transforming traditional scholarly practices 99 ,key information technology trends affecting the conduct of scholarly communication over the next decade 99 ,the trend toward end-user computing 99 ,the trend toward greater connectivity 99 ,effects of these trends 99 ,key transformations taking place 99 ,summary of principal arguments 99 ,avra ,,michelson1 ,archival ,research and ,evaluation ,staff1 ,national ,archives and ,records ,administration 7,,nara71 argued that establishing who will use electronic texts and what they will use them for involves a consideration of both information technology and scholarship trends4 ,this consideration includes several elements related to scholarship and technology3 #a7 the key trends in information technology that are most relevant to scholarship2 #b7 the key trends in the use of currently available technology by scholars in the nonscientific community2 and #c7 the relationship between these two very distinct but interrelated trends4 ,the investment in understanding this relationship being made by information providers1 technologists1 and public policy developers1 as well as by scholars themselves1 seems to be pervasive and growing1 ,,michelson contended4 ,she drew on collaborative work with ,jeff ,rothenberg on the scholarly use of technology4 ,,michelson sought to place the phenomenon of electronic texts within the context of broader trends within information technology and scholarly communication4 ,she argued that electronic texts are of most use to researchers to the extent that the researchers' working context 7i4e41 their relevant bibliographic sources1 collegial feedback1 analytic tools1 notes1 drafts1 etc471 along with their field's primary and secondary sources1 also is accessible in electronic form and can be integrated in ways that are unique to the on-line environment4 ,evaluation of the prospects for the use of electronic texts includes two elements3 #a7 an examination of the ways in which researchers currently are using electronic texts along with other electronic resources1 and #b7 an analysis of key information technology trends that are affecting the long-term conduct of scholarly communication4 ,,michelson limited her discussion of the use of electronic texts to the practices of humanists and noted that the scientific community was outside the panel's overview4 ,,michelson examined the nature of the current relationship of electronic texts in particular1 and electronic resources in general1 to what she maintained were1 essentially1 five processes of scholarly communication in humanities research4 ,researchers #a7 identify sources1 #b7 communicate with their colleagues1 #c7 interpret and analyze data1 #d7 disseminate their research findings1 and #e7 prepare curricula to instruct the next generation of scholars and students4 ,this examination would produce a clearer understanding of the synergy among these five processes that fuels the tendency of the use of electronic resources for one process to stimulate its use for other processes of scholarly communication4 ,for the first process of scholarly communication1 the identification of sources1 ,,michelson remarked the opportunity scholars now enjoy to supplement traditional word-of-mouth searches for sources among their colleagues with new forms of electronic searching4 ,so1 for example1 instead of having to visit the library1 researchers are able to explore descriptions of holdings in their offices4 ,furthermore1 if their own institutions' holdings prove insufficient1 scholars can access more than #bjj major ,american library catalogues over ,internet1 including the universities of ,california1 ,michigan1 ,pennsylvania1 and ,wisconsin4 ,direct access to the bibliographic databases offers intellectual empowerment to scholars by presenting a comprehensive means of browsing through libraries from their homes and offices at their convenience4 ,the second process of communication involves communication among scholars4 ,beyond the most common methods of communication1 scholars are using ,e-mail and a variety of new electronic communications formats derived from it for further academic interchange4 ,e-mail exchanges are growing at an astonishing rate1 reportedly #ae percent a month4 ,they currently constitute approximately half the traffic on research and education networks4 ,moreover1 the global spread of ,e-mail has been so rapid that it is now possible for ,american scholars to use it to communicate with colleagues in close to #adj other countries4 ,other new exchange formats created by scholars and operating on ,internet include more than #gjj conferences1 with about #hj percent of these devoted to topics in the social sciences and humanities4 ,the rate of growth of these scholarly electronic conferences also is astonishing4 ,from l#iij to l#iia1 #bjj new conferences were identified on ,internet4 ,from ,october #aiia to ,june #aiib1 an additional #aej conferences in the social sciences and humanities were added to this directory of listings4 ,scholars have established conferences in virtually every field1 within every different discipline4 ,for example1 there are currently close to #fjj active social science and humanities conferences on topics such as art and architecture1 ethnomusicology1 folklore1 ,japanese culture1 medical education1 and gifted and talented education4 ,the appeal to scholars of communicating through these conferences is that1 unlike any other medium1 electronic conferences today provide a forum for global communication with peers at the front end of the research process4 ,interpretation and analysis of sources constitutes the third process of scholarly communication that ,,michelson discussed in terms of texts and textual resources4 ,the methods used to analyze sources fall somewhere on a continuum from quantitative analysis to qualitative analysis4 ,typically1 evidence is culled and evaluated using methods drawn from both ends of this continuum4 ,at one end1 quantitative analysis involves the use of mathematical processes such as a count of frequencies and distributions of occurrences or1 on a higher level1 regression analysis4 ,at the other end of the continuum1 qualitative analysis typically involves nonmathematical processes oriented toward language interpretation or the building of theory4 ,aspects of this work involve the processing--either manual or computational--of large and sometimes massive amounts of textual sources1 although the use of nontextual sources as evidence1 such as photographs1 sound recordings1 film footage1 and artifacts1 is significant as well4 ,scholars have discovered that many of the methods of interpretation and analysis that are related to both quantitative and qualitative methods are processes that can be performed by computers4 ,for example1 computers can count4 ,they can count brush strokes used in a ,rembrandt painting or perform regression analysis for understanding cause and effect4 ,by means of advanced technologies1 computers can recognize patterns1 analyze text1 and model concepts4 ,furthermore1 computers can complete these processes faster with more sources and with greater precision than scholars who must rely on manual interpretation of data4 ,but if scholars are to use computers for these processes1 source materials must be in a form amenable to computer-assisted analysis4 ,for this reason many scholars1 once they have identified the sources that are key to their research1 are converting them to machine-readable form4 ,thus1 a representative example of the numerous textual conversion projects organized by scholars around the world in recent years to support computational text analysis is the ,,tlg1 the ,thesaurus ,linguae ,graecae4 ,this project is devoted to converting the extant ancient texts of classical ,greece4 7,editor's note3 according to the ,,tlg ,newsletter of ,may l#iib1 ,,tlg was in use in thirty-two different countries4 ,this figure updates ,,michelson's previous count by one47 ,the scholars performing these conversions have been asked to recognize that the electronic sources they are converting for one use possess value for other research purposes as well4 ,as a result1 during the past few years1 humanities scholars have initiated a number of projects to increase scholarly access to converted text4 ,so1 for example1 the ,text ,encoding ,initiative 7,,tei71 about which more is said later in the program1 was established as an effort by scholars to determine standard elements and methods for encoding machine-readable text for electronic exchange4 ,in a second effort to facilitate the sharing of converted text1 scholars have created a new institution1 the ,center for ,electronic ,texts in the ,humanities 7,,ceth74 ,the center estimates that there are #h1jjj series of source texts in the humanities that have been converted to machine-readable form worldwide4 ,,ceth is undertaking an international search for converted text in the humanities1 compiling it into an electronic library1 and preparing bibliographic descriptions of the sources for the ,research ,libraries ,information ,network's 7,,rlin7 machine-readable data file4 ,the library profession has begun to initiate large conversion projects as well1 such as ,american ,memory4 ,while scholars have been making converted text available to one another1 typically on disk or on ,,cd-,,rom1 the clear trend is toward making these resources available through research and education networks4 ,thus1 the ,american and ,french ,research on the ,treasury of the ,french ,language 7,,artfl7 and the ,dante ,project are already available on ,internet4 ,,michelson summarized this section on interpretation and analysis by noting that3 #a7 increasing numbers of humanities scholars in the library community are recognizing the importance to the advancement of scholarship of retrospective conversion of source materials in the arts and humanities2 and #b7 there is a growing realization that making the sources available on research and education networks maximizes their usefulness for the analysis performed by humanities scholars4 ,the fourth process of scholarly communication is dissemination of research findings1 that is1 publication4 ,scholars are using existing research and education networks to engineer a new type of publication3 scholarly-controlled journals that are electronically produced and disseminated4 ,although such journals are still emerging as a communication format1 their number has grown1 from approximately twelve to thirty-six during the past year 7,july #aiia to ,june #aiib74 ,most of these electronic scholarly journals are devoted to topics in the humanities4 ,as with network conferences1 scholarly enthusiasm for these electronic journals stems from the medium's unique ability to advance scholarship in a way that no other medium can do by supporting global feedback and interchange1 practically in real time1 early in the research process4 ,beyond scholarly journals1 ,,michelson remarked the delivery of commercial full-text products1 such as articles in professional journals1 newsletters1 magazines1 wire services1 and reference sources4 ,these are being delivered via on-line local library catalogues1 especially through ,,cd-,r,o,ms4 ,furthermore1 according to ,,michelson1 there is general optimism that the copyright and fees issues impeding the delivery of full text on existing research and education networks soon will be resolved4 ,the final process of scholarly communication is curriculum development and instruction1 and this involves the use of computer information technologies in two areas4 ,the first is the development of computer-oriented instructional tools1 which includes simulations1 multimedia applications1 and computer tools that are used to assist in the analysis of sources in the classroom1 etc4 ,the ,perseus ,project1 a database that provides a multimedia curriculum on classical ,greek civilization1 is a good example of the way in which entire curricula are being recast using information technologies4 ,it is anticipated that the current difficulty in exchanging electronically computer-based instructional software1 which in turn makes it difficult for one scholar to build upon the work of others1 will be resolved before too long4 ,stand-alone curricular applications that involve electronic text will be sharable through networks1 reinforcing their significance as intellectual products as well as instructional tools4 ,the second aspect of electronic learning involves the use of research and education networks for distance education programs4 ,such programs interactively link teachers with students in geographically scattered locations and rely on the availability of electronic instructional resources4 ,distance education programs are gaining wide appeal among state departments of education because of their demonstrated capacity to bring advanced specialized course work and an array of experts to many classrooms4 ,a recent report found that at least #cb states operated at least one statewide network for education in #aiia1 with networks under development in many of the remaining states4 ,,michelson summarized this section by noting two striking changes taking place in scholarly communication among humanities scholars4 ,first is the extent to which electronic text in particular1 and electronic resources in general1 are being infused into each of the five processes described above4 ,as mentioned earlier1 there is a certain synergy at work here4 ,the use of electronic resources for one process tends to stimulate its use for other processes1 because the chief course of movement is toward a comprehensive on-line working context for humanities scholars that includes on-line availability of key bibliographies1 scholarly feedback1 sources1 analytical tools1 and publications4 ,,michelson noted further that the movement toward a comprehensive on-line working context for humanities scholars is not new4 ,in fact1 it has been underway for more than forty years in the humanities1 since ,father ,roberto ,busa began developing an electronic concordance of the works of ,saint ,thomas ,aquinas in #aidi4 ,what we are witnessing today1 ,,michelson contended1 is not the beginning of this on-line transition but1 for at least some humanities scholars1 the turning point in the transition from a print to an electronic working context4 ,coinciding with the on-line transition1 the second striking change is the extent to which research and education networks are becoming the new medium of scholarly communication4 ,the existing ,internet and the pending ,national ,education and ,research ,network 7,,nren7 represent the new meeting ground where scholars are going for bibliographic information1 scholarly dialogue and feedback1 the most current publications in their field1 and high-level educational offerings4 ,traditional scholarly practices are undergoing tremendous transformations as a result of the emergence and growing prominence of what is called network-mediated scholarship4 ,,michelson next turned to the second element of the framework she proposed at the outset of her talk for evaluating the prospects for electronic text1 namely the key information technology trends affecting the conduct of scholarly communication over the next decade3 #a7 end-user computing and #b7 connectivity4 ,end-user computing means that the person touching the keyboard1 or performing computations1 is the same as the person who initiates or consumes the computation4 ,the emergence of personal computers1 along with a host of other forces1 such as ubiquitous computing1 advances in interface design1 and the on-line transition1 is prompting the consumers of computation to do their own computing1 and is thus rendering obsolete the traditional distinction between end users and ultimate users4 ,the trend toward end-user computing is significant to consideration of the prospects for electronic texts because it means that researchers are becoming more adept at doing their own computations and1 thus1 more competent in the use of electronic media4 ,by avoiding programmer intermediaries1 computation is becoming central to the researcher's thought process4 ,this direct involvement in computing is changing the researcher's perspective on the nature of research itself1 that is1 the kinds of questions that can be posed1 the analytical methodologies that can be used1 the types and amount of sources that are appropriate for analyses1 and the form in which findings are presented4 ,the trend toward end-user computing means that1 increasingly1 electronic media and computation are being infused into all processes of humanities scholarship1 inspiring remarkable transformations in scholarly communication4 ,the trend toward greater connectivity suggests that researchers are using computation increasingly in network environments4 ,connectivity is important to scholarship because it erases the distance that separates students from teachers and scholars from their colleagues1 while allowing users to access remote databases1 share information in many different media1 connect to their working context wherever they are1 and collaborate in all phases of research4 ,the combination of the trend toward end-user computing and the trend toward connectivity suggests that the scholarly use of electronic resources1 already evident among some researchers1 will soon become an established feature of scholarship4 ,the effects of these trends1 along with ongoing changes in scholarly practices1 point to a future in which humanities researchers will use computation and electronic communication to help them formulate ideas1 access sources1 perform research1 collaborate with colleagues1 seek peer review1 publish and disseminate results1 and engage in many other professional and educational activities4 ,in summary1 ,,michelson emphasized four points3 #a7 ,a portion of humanities scholars already consider electronic texts the preferred format for analysis and dissemination4 #b7 ,scholars are using these electronic texts1 in conjunction with other electronic resources1 in all the processes of scholarly communication4 #c7 ,the humanities scholars' working context is in the process of changing from print technology to electronic technology1 in many ways mirroring transformations that have occurred or are occurring within the scientific community4 #d7 ,these changes are occurring in conjunction with the development of a new communication medium3 research and education networks that are characterized by their capacity to advance scholarship in a wholly unique way4 ,,michelson also reiterated her three principal arguments3 l7 ,electronic texts are best understood in terms of the relationship to other electronic resources and the growing prominence of network-mediated scholarship4 #b7 ,the prospects for electronic texts lie in their capacity to be integrated into the on-line network of electronic resources that comprise the new working context for scholars4 #c7 ,retrospective conversion of portions of the scholarly record should be a key strategy as information providers respond to changes in scholarly communication practices4 999999999999 ,,veccia 99 ,,am's evaluation project and public users of electronic resources 99 ,,am and its design 99 ,site selection and evaluating the ,macintosh implementation of ,,am 99 ,characteristics of the six public libraries selected 99 ,characteristics of ,,am's users in these libraries 99 ,principal ways ,,am is being used 99 ,susan ,,veccia1 team leader1 and ,joanne ,,freeman1 associate coordinator1 ,american ,memory1 ,library of ,congress1 gave a joint presentation4 ,first1 by way of introduction1 ,,veccia explained her and ,,freeman's roles in ,american ,memory 7,,am74 ,serving principally as an observer1 ,,veccia has assisted with the evaluation project of ,,am1 placing ,,am collections in a variety of different sites around the country and helping to organize and implement that project4 ,,freeman has been an associate coordinator of ,,am and has been involved principally with the interpretative materials1 preparing some of the electronic exhibits and printed historical information that accompanies ,,am and that is requested by users4 ,,veccia and ,,freeman shared anecdotal observations concerning ,,am with public users of electronic resources4 ,notwithstanding a fairly structured evaluation in progress1 both ,,veccia and ,,freeman chose not to report on specifics in terms of numbers1 etc41 because they felt it was too early in the evaluation project to do so4 ,,am is an electronic archive of primary source materials from the ,library of ,congress1 selected collections representing a variety of formats-- photographs1 graphic arts1 recorded sound1 motion pictures1 broadsides1 and soon1 pamphlets and books4 ,in terms of the design of this system1 the interpretative exhibits have been kept separate from the primary resources1 with good reason4 ,accompanying this collection are printed documentation and user guides1 as well as guides that ,,freeman prepared for teachers so that they may begin using the content of the system at once4 ,,veccia described the evaluation project before talking about the public users of ,,am1 limiting her remarks to public libraries1 because ,,freeman would talk more specifically about schools from kindergarten to twelfth grade 7,k-#ab74 ,having started in spring #aiia1 the evaluation currently involves testing of the ,macintosh implementation of ,,am4 ,since the primary goal of this evaluation is to determine the most appropriate audience or audiences for ,,am1 very different sites were selected4 ,this makes evaluation difficult because of the varying degrees of technology literacy among the sites4 ,,am is situated in forty-four locations1 of which six are public libraries and sixteen are schools4 ,represented among the schools are elementary1 junior high1 and high schools4 ,district offices also are involved in the evaluation1 which will conclude in summer #aiic4 ,,veccia focused the remainder of her talk on the six public libraries1 one of which doubles as a state library4 ,they represent a range of geographic areas and a range of demographic characteristics4 ,for example1 three are located in urban settings1 two in rural settings1 and one in a suburban setting4 ,a range of technical expertise is to be found among these facilities as well4 ,for example1 one is an ,apple library of the future1 while two others are rural one-room libraries--in one1 ,,am sits at the front desk next to a tractor manual4 ,all public libraries have been extremely enthusiastic1 supportive1 and appreciative of the work that ,,am has been doing4 ,,veccia characterized various users3 ,most users in public libraries describe themselves as general readers2 of the students who use ,,am in the public libraries1 those in fourth grade and above seem most interested4 ,public libraries in rural sites tend to attract retired people1 who have been highly receptive to ,,am4 ,users tend to fall into two additional categories3 people interested in the content and historical connotations of these primary resources1 and those fascinated by the technology4 ,the format receiving the most comments has been motion pictures4 ,the adult users in public libraries are more comfortable with ,,ibm computers1 whereas young people seem comfortable with either ,,ibm or ,macintosh1 although most of them seem to come from a ,macintosh background4 ,this same tendency is found in the schools4 ,what kinds of things do users do with ,,am8 ,in a public library there are two main goals or ways that ,,am is being used3 as an individual learning tool1 and as a leisure activity4 ,adult learning was one area that ,,veccia would highlight as a possible application for a tool such as ,,am4 ,she described a patron of a rural public library who comes in every day on his lunch hour and literally reads ,,am1 methodically going through the collection image by image4 ,at the end of his hour he makes an electronic bookmark1 puts it in his pocket1 and returns to work4 ,the next day he comes in and resumes where he left off4 ,interestingly1 this man had never been in the library before he used ,,am4 ,in another small1 rural library1 the coordinator reports that ,,am is a popular activity for some of the older1 retired people in the community1 who ordinarily would not use those things1--computers4 ,another example of adult learning in public libraries is book groups1 one of which1 in particular1 is using ,,am as part of its reading on industrialization1 integration1 and urbanization in the early #aijjs4 ,one library reports that a family is using ,,am to help educate their children4 ,in another instance1 individuals from a local museum came in to use ,,am to prepare an exhibit on toys of the past4 ,these two examples emphasize the mission of the public library as a cultural institution1 reaching out to people who do not have the same resources available to those who live in a metropolitan area or have access to a major library4 ,one rural library reports that junior high school students in large numbers came in one afternoon to use ,,am for entertainment4 ,a number of public libraries reported great interest among postcard collectors in the ,detroit collection1 which was essentially a collection of images used on postcards around the turn of the century4 ,train buffs are similarly interested because that was a time of great interest in railroading4 ,people1 it was found1 relate to things that they know of firsthand4 ,for example1 in both rural public libraries where ,,am was made available1 observers reported that the older people with personal remembrances of the turn of the century were gravitating to the ,detroit collection4 ,these examples served to underscore ,,michelson's observation re the integration of electronic tools and ideas--that people learn best when the material relates to something they know4 ,,veccia made the final point that in many cases ,,am serves as a public-relations tool for the public libraries that are testing it4 ,in one case1 ,,am is being used as a vehicle to secure additional funding for the library4 ,in another case1 ,,am has served as an inspiration to the staff of a major local public library in the ,south to think about ways to make its own collection of photographs more accessible to the public4 999999999999 ,,freeman 99 ,,am and archival electronic resources in a school environment 99 ,questions concerning context 99 ,questions concerning the electronic format itself 99 ,computer anxiety 99 ,access and availability of the system 99 ,hardware 99 ,strengths gained through the use of archival resources in schools 99 ,reiterating an observation made by ,,veccia1 that ,,am is an archival resource made up of primary materials with very little interpretation1 ,,freeman stated that the project has attempted to bridge the gap between these bare primary materials and a school environment1 and in that cause has created guided introductions to ,,am collections4 ,loud demand from the educational community1 chiefly from teachers working with the upper grades of elementary school through high school1 greeted the announcement that ,,am would be tested around the country4 ,,freeman reported not only on what was learned about ,,am in a school environment1 but also on several universal questions that were raised concerning archival electronic resources in schools4 ,she discussed several strengths of this type of material in a school environment as opposed to a highly structured resource that offers a limited number of paths to follow4 ,,freeman first raised several questions about using ,,am in a school environment4 ,there is often some difficulty in developing a sense of what the system contains4 ,many students sit down at a computer resource and assume that1 because ,,am comes from the ,library of ,congress1 all of ,american history is now at their fingertips4 ,as a result of that sort of mistaken judgment1 some students are known to conclude that ,,am contains nothing of use to them when they look for one or two things and do not find them4 ,it is difficult to discover that middle ground where one has a sense of what the system contains4 ,some students grope toward the idea of an archive1 a new idea to them1 since they have not previously experienced what it means to have access to a vast body of somewhat random information4 ,other questions raised by ,,freeman concerned the electronic format itself4 ,for instance1 in a school environment it is often difficult both for teachers and students to gain a sense of what it is they are viewing4 ,they understand that it is a visual image1 but they do not necessarily know that it is a postcard from the turn of the century1 a panoramic photograph1 or even machine-readable text of an eighteenth-century broadside1 a twentieth-century printed book1 or a nineteenth-century diary4 ,that distinction is often difficult for people in a school environment to grasp4 ,because of that1 it occasionally becomes difficult to draw conclusions from what one is viewing4 ,,freeman also noted the obvious fear of the computer1 which constitutes a difficulty in using an electronic resource4 ,though students in general did not suffer from this anxiety1 several older students feared that they were computer-illiterate1 an assumption that became self-fulfilling when they searched for something but failed to find it4 ,,freeman said she believed that some teachers also fear computer resources1 because they believe they lack complete control4 ,,freeman related the example of teachers shooing away students because it was not their time to use the system4 ,this was a case in which the situation had to be extremely structured so that the teachers would not feel that they had lost their grasp on what the system contained4 ,a final question raised by ,,freeman concerned access and availability of the system4 ,she noted the occasional existence of a gap in communication between school librarians and teachers4 ,often ,,am sits in a school library and the librarian is the person responsible for monitoring the system4 ,teachers do not always take into their world new library resources about which the librarian is excited4 ,indeed1 at the sites where ,,am had been used most effectively within a library1 the librarian was required to go to specific teachers and instruct them in its use4 ,as a result1 several ,,am sites will have in-service sessions over a summer1 in the hope that perhaps1 with a more individualized link1 teachers will be more likely to use the resource4 ,a related issue in the school context concerned the number of workstations available at any one location4 ,centralization of equipment at the district level1 with teachers invited to download things and walk away with them1 proved unsuccessful because the hours these offices were open were also school hours4 ,another issue was hardware4 ,as ,,veccia observed1 a range of sites exists1 some technologically advanced and others essentially acquiring their first computer for the primary purpose of using it in conjunction with ,,am's testing4 ,users at technologically sophisticated sites want even more sophisticated hardware1 so that they can perform even more sophisticated tasks with the materials in ,,am4 ,but once they acquire a newer piece of hardware1 they must learn how to use that also2 at an unsophisticated site it takes an extremely long time simply to become accustomed to the computer1 not to mention the program offered with the computer4 ,all of these small issues raise one large question1 namely1 are systems like ,,am truly rewarding in a school environment1 or do they simply act as innovative toys that do little more than spark interest8 ,,freeman contended that the evaluation project has revealed several strengths that were gained through the use of archival resources in schools1 including3 99 ,psychic rewards from using ,,am as a vast1 rich database1 with teachers assigning various projects to students--oral presentations1 written reports1 a documentary1 a turn-of-the-century newspaper-- projects that start with the materials in ,,am but are completed using other resources2 ,,am thus is used as a research tool in conjunction with other electronic resources1 as well as with books and items in the library where the system is set up4 99 ,students are acquiring computer literacy in a humanities context4 99 ,this sort of system is overcoming the isolation between disciplines that often exists in schools4 ,for example1 many ,english teachers are requiring their students to write papers on historical topics represented in ,,am4 ,numerous teachers have reported that their students are learning critical thinking skills using the system4 99 ,on a broader level1 ,,am is introducing primary materials1 not only to students but also to teachers1 in an environment where often simply none exist--an exciting thing for the students because it helps them learn to conduct research1 to interpret1 and to draw their own conclusions4 ,in learning to conduct research and what it means1 students are motivated to seek knowledge4 ,that relates to another positive outcome--a high level of personal involvement of students with the materials in this system and greater motivation to conduct their own research and draw their own conclusions4 99 ,perhaps the most ironic strength of these kinds of archival electronic resources is that many of the teachers ,,am interviewed were desperate1 it is no exaggeration to say1 not only for primary materials but for unstructured primary materials4 ,these would1 they thought1 foster personally motivated research1 exploration1 and excitement in their students4 ,indeed1 these materials have done just that4 ,ironically1 however1 this lack of structure produces some of the confusion to which the newness of these kinds of resources may also contribute4 ,the key to effective use of archival products in a school environment is a clear1 effective introduction to the system and to what it contains4 999999999999 ,,discussion 99 ,nothing known1 quantitatively1 about the number of humanities scholars who must see the original versus those who would settle for an edited transcript1 or about the ways in which humanities scholars are using information technology 99 ,firm conclusions concerning the manner and extent of the use of supporting materials in print provided by ,,am to await completion of evaluative study 99 ,a listener's reflections on additional applications of electronic texts 99 ,role of electronic resources in teaching elementary research skills to students 99 ,during the discussion that followed the presentations by ,,michelson1 ,,veccia1 and ,,freeman1 additional points emerged4 ,,lesk asked if ,,michelson could give any quantitative estimate of the number of humanities scholars who must see or want to see the original1 or the best possible version of the material1 versus those who typically would settle for an edited transcript4 ,while unable to provide a figure1 she offered her impressions as an archivist who has done some reference work and has discussed this issue with other archivists who perform reference1 that those who use archives and those who use primary sources for what would be considered very high-level scholarly research1 as opposed to1 say1 undergraduate papers1 were few in number1 especially given the public interest in using primary sources to conduct genealogical or avocational research and the kind of professional research done by people in private industry or the federal government4 ,more important in ,,michelson's view was that1 quantitatively1 nothing is known about the ways in which1 for example1 humanities scholars are using information technology4 ,no studies exist to offer guidance in creating strategies4 ,the most recent study was conducted in #aihe by the ,american ,council of ,learned ,societies 7,,acls71 and what it showed was that #ej percent of humanities scholars at that time were using computers4 ,that constitutes the extent of our knowledge4 ,concerning ,,am's strategy for orienting people toward the scope of electronic resources1 ,,freeman could offer no hard conclusions at this point1 because she and her colleagues were still waiting to see1 particularly in the schools1 what has been made of their efforts4 ,within the system1 however1 ,,am has provided what are called electronic exhibits- -such as introductions to time periods and materials--and these are intended to offer a student user a sense of what a broadside is and what it might tell her or him4 ,but ,,freeman conceded that the project staff would have to talk with students next year1 after teachers have had a summer to use the materials1 and attempt to discover what the students were learning from the materials4 ,in addition1 ,,freeman described supporting materials in print provided by ,,am at the request of local teachers during a meeting held at ,,lc4 ,these included time lines1 bibliographies1 and other materials that could be reproduced on a photocopier in a classroom4 ,teachers could walk away with and use these1 and in this way gain a better understanding of the contents4 ,but again1 reaching firm conclusions concerning the manner and extent of their use would have to wait until next year4 ,as to the changes she saw occurring at the ,national ,archives and ,records ,administration 7,,nara7 as a result of the increasing emphasis on technology in scholarly research1 ,,michelson stated that ,,nara at this point was absorbing the report by her and ,jeff ,rothenberg addressing strategies for the archival profession in general1 although not for the ,national ,archives specifically4 ,,nara is just beginning to establish its role and what it can do4 ,in terms of changes and initiatives that ,,nara can take1 no clear response could be given at this time4 ,,greenfield remarked two trends mentioned in the session4 ,reflecting on ,,daly's opening comments on how he could have used a ,latin collection of text in an electronic form1 he said that at first he thought most scholars would be unwilling to do that4 ,but as he thought of that in terms of the original meaning of research--that is1 having already mastered these texts1 researching them for critical and comparative purposes--for the first time1 the electronic format made a lot of sense4 ,,greenfield could envision growing numbers of scholars learning the new technologies for that very aspect of their scholarship and for convenience's sake4 ,listening to ,,veccia and ,,freeman1 ,,greenfield thought of an additional application of electronic texts4 ,he realized that ,,am could be used as a guide to lead someone to original sources4 ,students cannot be expected to have mastered these sources1 things they have never known about before4 ,thus1 ,,am is leading them1 in theory1 to a vast body of information and giving them a superficial overview of it1 enabling them to select parts of it4 ,,greenfield asked if any evidence exists that this resource will indeed teach the new user1 the ,k-#ab students1 how to do research4 ,scholars already know how to do research and are applying these new tools4 ,but he wondered why students would go beyond picking out things that were most exciting to them4 ,,freeman conceded the correctness of ,,greenfield's observation as applied to a school environment4 ,the risk is that a student would sit down at a system1 play with it1 find some things of interest1 and then walk away4 ,but in the relatively controlled situation of a school library1 much will depend on the instructions a teacher or a librarian gives a student4 ,she viewed the situation not as one of fine-tuning research skills but of involving students at a personal level in understanding and researching things4 ,given the guidance one can receive at school1 it then becomes possible to teach elementary research skills to students1 which in fact one particular librarian said she was teaching her fifth graders4 ,,freeman concluded that introducing the idea of following one's own path of inquiry1 which is essentially what research entails1 involves more than teaching specific skills4 ,to these comments ,,veccia added the observation that the individual teacher and the use of a creative resource1 rather than ,,am itself1 seemed to make the key difference4 ,some schools and some teachers are making excellent use of the nature of critical thinking and teaching skills1 she said4 ,concurring with these remarks1 ,,daly closed the session with the thought that the more that producers produced for teachers and for scholars to use with their students1 the more successful their electronic products would prove4 999999999999 ,,session ,,ii4 ,,show ,,and ,,tell ,jacqueline ,,hess1 director1 ,national ,demonstration ,laboratory1 served as moderator of the show-and-tell session4 ,she noted that a question-and-answer period would follow each presentation4 ,,mylonas 99 ,overview and content of ,perseus 99 ,perseus' primary materials exist in a system-independent1 archival form 99 ,a concession 99 ,textual aspects of ,perseus 99 ,tools to use with the ,greek text 99 ,prepared indices and full-text searches in ,perseus 99 ,english-,greek word search leads to close study of words and concepts 99 ,navigating ,perseus by tracing down indices 99 ,using the iconography to perform research 99 ,elli ,,mylonas1 managing editor1 ,perseus ,project1 ,harvard ,university1 first gave an overview of ,perseus1 a large1 collaborative effort based at ,harvard ,university but with contributors and collaborators located at numerous universities and colleges in the ,united ,states 7e4g41 ,bowdoin1 ,maryland1 ,pomona1 ,chicago1 ,virginia74 ,funded primarily by the ,annenberg_/,,cpb ,project1 with additional funding from ,apple1 ,harvard1 and the ,packard ,humanities ,institute1 among others1 ,perseus is a multimedia1 hypertextual database for teaching and research on classical ,greek civilization1 which was released in ,february #aiib in version #a4j and distributed by ,yale ,university ,press4 ,consisting entirely of primary materials1 ,perseus includes ancient ,greek texts and translations of those texts2 catalog entries--that is1 museum catalog entries1 not library catalog entries--on vases1 sites1 coins1 sculpture1 and archaeological objects2 maps2 and a dictionary1 among other sources4 ,the number of objects and the objects for which catalog entries exist are accompanied by thousands of color images1 which constitute a major feature of the database4 ,perseus contains approximately #cj megabytes of text1 an amount that will double in subsequent versions4 ,in addition to these primary materials1 the ,perseus ,project has been building tools for using them1 making access and navigation easier1 the goal being to build part of the electronic environment discussed earlier in the morning in which students or scholars can work with their sources4 ,the demonstration of ,perseus will show only a fraction of the real work that has gone into it1 because the project had to face the dilemma of what to enter when putting something into machine-readable form3 should one aim for very high quality or make concessions in order to get the material in8 ,since ,perseus decided to opt for very high quality1 all of its primary materials exist in a system-independent--insofar as it is possible to be system-independent--archival form4 ,deciding what that archival form would be and attaining it required much work and thought4 ,for example1 all the texts are marked up in ,,sgml1 which will be made compatible with the guidelines of the ,text ,encoding ,initiative 7,,tei7 when they are issued4 ,drawings are postscript files1 not meeting international standards1 but at least designed to go across platforms4 ,images1 or rather the real archival forms1 consist of the best available slides1 which are being digitized4 ,much of the catalog material exists in database form--a form that the average user could use1 manipulate1 and display on a personal computer1 but only at great cost4 ,thus1 this is where the concession comes in3 ,all of this rich1 well-marked-up information is stripped of much of its content2 the images are converted into bit-maps and the text into small formatted chunks4 ,all this information can then be imported into ,hyper,card and run on a mid-range ,macintosh1 which is what ,perseus users have4 ,this fact has made it possible for ,perseus to attain wide use fairly rapidly4 ,without those archival forms the ,hyper,card version being demonstrated could not be made easily1 and the project could not have the potential to move to other forms and machines and software as they appear1 none of which information is in ,perseus on the ,,cd4 ,of the numerous multimedia aspects of ,perseus1 ,,mylonas focused on the textual4 ,part of what makes ,perseus such a pleasure to use1 ,,mylonas said1 is this effort at seamless integration and the ability to move around both visual and textual material4 ,perseus also made the decision not to attempt to interpret its material any more than one interprets by selecting4 ,but1 ,,mylonas emphasized1 ,perseus is not courseware3 ,no syllabus exists4 ,there is no effort to define how one teaches a topic using ,perseus1 although the project may eventually collect papers by people who have used it to teach4 ,rather1 ,perseus aims to provide primary material in a kind of electronic library1 an electronic sandbox1 so to say1 in which students and scholars who are working on this material can explore by themselves4 ,with that1 ,,mylonas demonstrated ,perseus1 beginning with the ,perseus gateway1 the first thing one sees upon opening ,perseus--an effort in part to solve the contextualizing problem--which tells the user what the system contains4 ,,mylonas demonstrated only a very small portion1 beginning with primary texts and running off the ,,cd-,,rom4 ,having selected ,aeschylus' ,prometheus ,bound1 which was viewable in ,greek and ,english pretty much in the same segments together1 ,,mylonas demonstrated tools to use with the ,greek text1 something not possible with a book3 looking up the dictionary entry form of an unfamiliar word in ,greek after subjecting it to ,perseus' morphological analysis for all the texts4 ,after finding out about a word1 a user may then decide to see if it is used anywhere else in ,greek4 ,because vast amounts of indexing support all of the primary material1 one can find out where else all forms of a particular ,greek word appear-- often not a trivial matter because ,greek is highly inflected4 ,further1 since the story of ,prometheus has to do with the origins of sacrifice1 a user may wish to study and explore sacrifice in ,greek literature2 by typing sacrifice into a small window1 a user goes to the ,english-,greek word list--something one cannot do without the computer 7,perseus has indexed the definitions of its dictionary7--the string sacrifice appears in the definitions of these sixty-five words4 ,one may then find out where any of those words is used in the work7s7 of a particular author4 ,the ,english definitions are not lemmatized4 ,all of the indices driving this kind of usage were originally devised for speed1 ,,mylonas observed2 in other words1 all that kind of information-- all forms of all words1 where they exist1 the dictionary form they belong to--were collected into databases1 which will expedite searching4 ,then it was discovered that one can do things searching in these databases that could not be done searching in the full texts4 ,thus1 although there are full-text searches in ,perseus1 much of the work is done behind the scenes1 using prepared indices4 ,re the indexing that is done behind the scenes1 ,,mylonas pointed out that without the ,,sgml forms of the text1 it could not be done effectively4 ,much of this indexing is based on the structures that are made explicit by the ,,sgml tagging4 ,it was found that one of the things many of ,perseus' non-,greek-reading users do is start from the dictionary and then move into the close study of words and concepts via this kind of ,english-,greek word search1 by which means they might select a concept4 ,this exercise has been assigned to students in core courses at ,harvard--to study a concept by looking for the ,english word in the dictionary1 finding the ,greek words1 and then finding the words in the ,greek but1 of course1 reading across in the ,english4 ,that tells them a great deal about what a translation means as well4 ,should one also wish to see images that have to do with sacrifice1 that person would go to the object key word search1 which allows one to perform a similar kind of index retrieval on the database of archaeological objects4 ,without words1 pictures are useless2 ,perseus has not reached the point where it can do much with images that are not cataloged4 ,thus1 although it is possible in ,perseus with text and images to navigate by knowing where one wants to end up--for example1 a red-figure vase from the ,boston ,museum of ,fine ,arts--one can perform this kind of navigation very easily by tracing down indices4 ,,mylonas illustrated several generic scenes of sacrifice on vases4 ,the features demonstrated derived from ,perseus #a4j2 version #b4j will implement even better means of retrieval4 ,,mylonas closed by looking at one of the pictures and noting again that one can do a great deal of research using the iconography as well as the texts4 ,for instance1 students in a core course at ,harvard this year were highly interested in ,greek concepts of foreigners and representations of non-,greeks4 ,so they performed a great deal of research1 both with texts 7e4g41 ,herodotus7 and with iconography on vases and coins1 on how the ,greeks portrayed non-,greeks4 ,at the same time1 art historians who study iconography were also interested1 and were able to use this material4 999999999999 ,,discussion 99 ,indexing and searchability of all ,english words in ,perseus 99 ,several features of ,perseus #a4j 99 ,several levels of customization possible 99 ,perseus used for general education 99 ,perseus' effects on education 99 ,contextual information in ,perseus 99 ,main challenge and emphasis of ,perseus 99 ,several points emerged in the discussion that followed ,,mylonas's presentation4 ,although ,,mylonas had not demonstrated ,perseus' ability to cross-search documents1 she confirmed that all ,english words in ,perseus are indexed and can be searched4 ,so1 for example1 sacrifice could have been searched in all texts1 the historical essay1 and all the catalogue entries with their descriptions--in short1 in all of ,perseus4 ,boolean logic is not in ,perseus #a4j but will be added to the next version1 although an effort is being made not to restrict ,perseus to a database in which one just performs searching1 ,boolean or otherwise4 ,it is possible to move laterally through the documents by selecting a word one is interested in and selecting an area of information one is interested in and trying to look that word up in that area4 ,since ,perseus was developed in ,hyper,card1 several levels of customization are possible4 ,simple authoring tools exist that allow one to create annotated paths through the information1 which are useful for note-taking and for guided tours for teaching purposes and for expository writing4 ,with a little more ingenuity it is possible to begin to add or substitute material in ,perseus4 ,perseus has not been used so much for classics education as for general education1 where it seemed to have an impact on the students in the core course at ,harvard 7a general required course that students must take in certain areas74 ,students were able to use primary material much more4 ,the ,perseus ,project has an evaluation team at the ,university of ,maryland that has been documenting ,perseus' effects on education4 ,perseus is very popular1 and anecdotal evidence indicates that it is having an effect at places other than ,harvard1 for example1 test sites at ,ball ,state ,university1 ,drury ,college1 and numerous small places where opportunities to use vast amounts of primary data may not exist4 ,one documented effect is that archaeological1 anthropological1 and philological research is being done by the same person instead of by three different people4 ,the contextual information in ,perseus includes an overview essay1 a fairly linear historical essay on the fifth century ,b4,c4 that provides links into the primary material 7e4g41 ,herodotus1 ,thucydides1 and ,plutarch71 via small gray underscoring 7on the screen7 of linked passages4 ,these are handmade links into other material4 ,to different extents1 most of the production work was done at ,harvard1 where the people and the equipment are located4 ,much of the collaborative activity involved data collection and structuring1 because the main challenge and the emphasis of ,perseus is the gathering of primary material1 that is1 building a useful environment for studying classical ,greece1 collecting data1 and making it useful4 ,systems-building is definitely not the main concern4 ,thus1 much of the work has involved writing essays1 collecting information1 rewriting it1 and tagging it4 ,that can be done off site4 ,the creative link for the overview essay as well as for both systems and data was collaborative1 and was forged via ,e-mail and paper mail with professors at ,pomona and ,bowdoin4 999999999999 ,,calaluca 99 ,,pld's principal focus and contribution to scholarship 99 ,various questions preparatory to beginning the project 99 ,basis for project 99 ,basic rule in converting ,,pld 99 ,concerning the images in ,,pld 99 ,running ,,pld under a variety of retrieval softwares 99 ,encoding the database a hard-fought issue 99 ,various features demonstrated 99 ,importance of user documentation 99 ,limitations of the ,,cd-,,rom version 99 ,eric ,,calaluca1 vice president1 ,chadwyck-,healey1 ,inc41 demonstrated a software interpretation of the ,patrologia ,latina ,database 7,,pld74 ,,pld's principal focus from the beginning of the project about three-and-a-half years ago was on converting ,migne's ,latin series1 and in the end1 ,,calaluca suggested1 conversion of the text will be the major contribution to scholarship4 ,,calaluca stressed that1 as possibly the only private publishing organization at the ,workshop1 ,chadwyck-,healey had sought no federal funds or national foundation support before embarking upon the project1 but instead had relied upon a great deal of homework and marketing to accomplish the task of conversion4 ,ever since the possibilities of computer-searching have emerged1 scholars in the field of late ancient and early medieval studies 7philosophers1 theologians1 classicists1 and those studying the history of natural law and the history of the legal development of ,western civilization7 have been longing for a fully searchable version of ,western literature1 for example1 all the texts of ,augustine and ,bernard of ,clairvaux and ,boethius1 not to mention all the secondary and tertiary authors4 ,various questions arose1 ,,calaluca said4 ,should one convert ,migne8 ,should the database be encoded8 ,is it necessary to do that8 ,how should it be delivered8 ,what about ,,cd-,,rom8 ,since this is a transitional medium1 why even bother to create software to run on a ,,cd-,,rom8 ,since everybody knows people will be networking information1 why go to the trouble--which is far greater with ,,cd-,,rom than with the production of magnetic data8 ,finally1 how does one make the data available8 ,can many of the hurdles to using electronic information that some publishers have imposed upon databases be eliminated8 ,the ,,pld project was based on the principle that computer-searching of texts is most effective when it is done with a large database4 ,because ,,pld represented a collection that serves so many disciplines across so many periods1 it was irresistible4 ,the basic rule in converting ,,pld was to do no harm1 to avoid the sins of intrusion in such a database3 no introduction of newer editions1 no on-the-spot changes1 no eradicating of all possible falsehoods from an edition4 ,thus1 ,,pld is not the final act in electronic publishing for this discipline1 but simply the beginning4 ,the conversion of ,,pld has evoked numerous unanticipated questions3 ,how will information be used8 ,what about networking8 ,can the rights of a database be protected8 ,should one protect the rights of a database8 ,how can it be made available8 ,those converting ,,pld also tried to avoid the sins of omission1 that is1 excluding portions of the collections or whole sections4 ,what about the images8 ,,pld is full of images1 some are extremely pious nineteenth-century representations of the ,fathers1 while others contain highly interesting elements4 ,the goal was to cover all the text of ,migne 7including notes1 in ,greek and in ,hebrew1 the latter of which1 in particular1 causes problems in creating a search structure71 all the indices1 and even the images1 which are being scanned in separately searchable files4 ,several ,north ,american institutions that have placed acquisition requests for the ,,pld database have requested it in magnetic form without software1 which means they are already running it without software1 without anything demonstrated at the ,workshop4 ,what cannot practically be done is go back and reconvert and re-encode data1 a time-consuming and extremely costly enterprise4 ,,calaluca sees ,,pld as a database that can1 and should1 be run under a variety of retrieval softwares4 ,this will permit the widest possible searches4 ,consequently1 the need to produce a ,,cd-,,rom of ,,pld1 as well as to develop software that could handle some #a4c gigabyte of heavily encoded text1 developed out of conversations with collection development and reference librarians who wanted software both compassionate enough for the pedestrian but also capable of incorporating the most detailed lexicographical studies that a user desires to conduct4 ,in the end1 the encoding and conversion of the data will prove the most enduring testament to the value of the project4 ,the encoding of the database was also a hard-fought issue3 ,did the database need to be encoded8 ,were there normative structures for encoding humanist texts8 ,should it be ,,sgml8 ,what about the ,,tei--will it last1 will it prove useful8 ,,calaluca expressed some minor doubts as to whether a data bank can be fully ,,tei-conformant4 ,every effort can be made1 but in the end to be ,,tei-conformant means to accept the need to make some firm encoding decisions that can1 indeed1 be disputed4 ,the ,,tei points the publisher in a proper direction but does not presume to make all the decisions for him or her4 ,essentially1 the goal of encoding was to eliminate1 as much as possible1 the hindrances to information-networking1 so that if an institution acquires a database1 everybody associated with the institution can have access to it4 ,,calaluca demonstrated a portion of ,volume #afj1 because it had the most anomalies in it4 ,the software was created by ,electronic ,book ,technologies of ,providence1 ,,ri1 and is called ,dynatext4 ,the software works only with ,,sgml-coded data4 ,viewing a table of contents on the screen1 the audience saw how ,dynatext treats each element as a book and attempts to simplify movement through a volume4 ,familiarity with the ,patrologia in print 7i4e41 the text1 its source1 and the editions7 will make the machine-readable versions highly useful4 7,software with a ,windows application was sought for ,,pld1 ,,calaluca said1 because this was the main trend for scholarly use47 ,,calaluca also demonstrated how a user can perform a variety of searches and quickly move to any part of a volume2 the look-up screen provides some basic1 simple word-searching4 ,,calaluca argued that one of the major difficulties is not the software4 ,rather1 in creating a product that will be used by scholars representing a broad spectrum of computer sophistication1 user documentation proves to be the most important service one can provide4 ,,calaluca next illustrated a truncated search under mysterium within ten words of virtus and how one would be able to find its contents throughout the entire database4 ,he said that the exciting thing about ,,pld is that many of the applications in the retrieval software being written for it will exceed the capabilities of the software employed now for the ,,cd-,,rom version4 ,the ,,cd-,,rom faces genuine limitations1 in terms of speed and comprehensiveness1 in the creation of a retrieval software to run it4 ,,calaluca said he hoped that individual scholars will download the data1 if they wish1 to their personal computers1 and have ready access to important texts on a constant basis1 which they will be able to use in their research and from which they might even be able to publish4 7,,calaluca explained that the blue numbers represented ,migne's column numbers1 which are the standard scholarly references4 ,pulling up a note1 he stated that these texts were heavily edited and the image files would appear simply as a note as well1 so that one could quickly access an image47 999999999999 ,,fleischhauer_/,,erway 99 ,several problems with which ,,am is still wrestling 99 ,various search and retrieval capabilities 99 ,illustration of automatic stemming and a truncated search 99 ,,am's attempt to find ways to connect cataloging to the texts 99 ,,am's gravitation towards ,,sgml 99 ,striking a balance between quantity and quality 99 ,how ,,am furnishes users recourse to images 99 ,conducting a search in a full-text environment 99 ,macintosh and ,,ibm prototypes of ,,am 99 ,multimedia aspects of ,,am 99 ,a demonstration of ,american ,memory by its coordinator1 ,carl ,,fleischhauer1 and ,ricky ,,erway1 associate coordinator1 ,library of ,congress1 concluded the morning session4 ,beginning with a collection of broadsides from the ,continental ,congress and the ,constitutional ,convention1 the only text collection in a presentable form at the time of the ,workshop1 ,,fleischhauer highlighted several of the problems with which ,,am is still wrestling4 7,in its final form1 the disk will contain two collections1 not only the broadsides but also the full text with illustrations of a set of approximately #cjj ,african-,american pamphlets from the period #ahgj to #aiaj47 ,as ,,freeman had explained earlier1 ,,am has attempted to use a small amount of interpretation to introduce collections4 ,in the present case1 the contractor1 a company named ,quick ,source1 in ,silver ,spring1 ,,md41 used software called ,toolbook and put together a modestly interactive introduction to the collection4 ,like the two preceding speakers1 ,,fleischhauer argued that the real asset was the underlying collection4 ,,fleischhauer proceeded to describe various search and retrieval capabilities while ,,erway worked the computer4 ,in this particular package the go to pull-down allowed the user in effect to jump out of ,toolbook1 where the interactive program was located1 and enter the third-party software used by ,,am for this text collection1 which is called ,personal ,librarian4 ,this was the ,windows version of ,personal ,librarian1 a software application put together by a company in ,rockville1 ,md4 ,since the broadsides came from the ,revolutionary ,war period1 a search was conducted using the words ,british or war1 with the default operator reset as or4 ,,fleischhauer demonstrated both automatic stemming 7which finds other forms of the same root7 and a truncated search4 ,one of ,personal ,librarian's strongest features1 the relevance ranking1 was represented by a chart that indicated how often words being sought appeared in documents1 with the one receiving the most hits obtaining the highest score4 ,the hit list that is supplied takes the relevance ranking into account1 making the first hit1 in effect1 the one the software has selected as the most relevant example4 ,while in the text of one of the broadside documents1 ,,fleischhauer remarked ,,am's attempt to find ways to connect cataloging to the texts1 which it does in different ways in different manifestations4 ,in the case shown1 the cataloging was pasted on3 ,,am took ,,marc records that were written as on-line records right into one of the ,library's mainframe retrieval programs1 pulled them out1 and handed them off to the contractor1 who massaged them somewhat to display them in the manner shown4 ,one of ,,am's questions is1 ,does the cataloguing normally performed in the mainframe work in this context1 or had ,,am ought to think through adjustments8 ,,fleischhauer made the additional point that1 as far as the text goes1 ,,am has gravitated towards ,,sgml 7he pointed to the boldface in the upper part of the screen74 ,although extremely limited in its ability to translate or interpret ,,sgml1 ,personal ,librarian will furnish both bold and italics on screen2 a fairly easy thing to do1 but it is one of the ways in which ,,sgml is useful4 ,striking a balance between quantity and quality has been a major concern of ,,am1 with accuracy being one of the places where project staff have felt that less than #ajj-percent accuracy was not unacceptable4 ,,fleischhauer cited the example of the standard of the rekeying industry1 namely #ii4ie percent2 as one service bureau informed him1 to go from #ii4ie to #ajj percent would double the cost4 ,,fleischhauer next demonstrated how ,,am furnishes users recourse to images1 and at the same time recalled ,,lesk's pointed question concerning the number of people who would look at those images and the number who would work only with the text4 ,if the implication of ,,lesk's question was sound1 ,,fleischhauer said1 it raised the stakes for text accuracy and reduced the value of the strategy for images4 ,contending that preservation is always a bugaboo1 ,,fleischhauer demonstrated several images derived from a scan of a preservation microfilm that ,,am had made4 ,he awarded a grade of ,c at best1 perhaps a ,c minus or a ,c plus1 for how well it worked out4 ,indeed1 the matter of learning if other people had better ideas about scanning in general1 and1 in particular1 scanning from microfilm1 was one of the factors that drove ,,am to attempt to think through the agenda for the ,workshop4 ,skew1 for example1 was one of the issues that ,,am in its ignorance had not reckoned would prove so difficult4 ,further1 the handling of images of the sort shown1 in a desktop computer environment1 involved a considerable amount of zooming and scrolling4 ,ultimately1 ,,am staff feel that perhaps the paper copy that is printed out might be the most useful one1 but they remain uncertain as to how much on-screen reading users will do4 ,returning to the text1 ,,fleischhauer asked viewers to imagine a person who might be conducting a search in a full-text environment4 ,with this scenario1 he proceeded to illustrate other features of ,personal ,librarian that he considered helpful2 for example1 it provides the ability to notice words as one reads4 ,clicking the include button on the bottom of the search window pops the words that have been highlighted into the search4 ,thus1 a user can refine the search as he or she reads1 re-executing the search and continuing to find things in the quest for materials4 ,this software not only contains relevance ranking1 ,boolean operators1 and truncation1 it also permits one to perform word algebra1 so to say1 where one puts two or three words in parentheses and links them with one ,boolean operator and then a couple of words in another set of parentheses and asks for things within so many words of others4 ,until they became acquainted recently with some of the work being done in classics1 the ,,am staff had not realized that a large number of the projects that involve electronic texts were being done by people with a profound interest in language and linguistics4 ,their search strategies and thinking are oriented to those fields1 as is shown in particular by the ,perseus example4 ,as amateur historians1 the ,,am staff were thinking more of searching for concepts and ideas than for particular words4 ,obviously1 ,,fleischhauer conceded1 searching for concepts and ideas and searching for words may be two rather closely related things4 ,while displaying several images1 ,,fleischhauer observed that the ,macintosh prototype built by ,,am contains a greater diversity of formats4 ,echoing a previous speaker1 he said that it was easier to stitch things together in the ,macintosh1 though it tended to be a little more anemic in search and retrieval4 ,,am1 therefore1 increasingly has been investigating sophisticated retrieval engines in the ,,ibm format4 ,,fleischhauer demonstrated several additional examples of the prototype interfaces3 ,one was ,,am's metaphor for the network future1 in which a kind of reading-room graphic suggests how one would be able to go around to different materials4 ,,am contains a large number of photographs in analog video form worked up from a videodisc1 which enable users to make copies to print or incorporate in digital documents4 ,a frame-grabber is built into the system1 making it possible to bring an image into a window and digitize or print it out4 ,,fleischhauer next demonstrated sound recording1 which included texts4 ,recycled from a previous project1 the collection included sixty #gh-rpm phonograph records of political speeches that were made during and immediately after ,world ,war ,i4 ,these constituted approximately three hours of audio1 as ,,am has digitized it1 which occupy #aej megabytes on a ,,cd4 ,thus1 they are considerably compressed4 ,from the catalogue card1 ,,fleischhauer proceeded to a transcript of a speech with the audio available and with highlighted text following it as it played4 ,a photograph has been added and a transcription made4 ,considerable value has been added beyond what the ,library of ,congress normally would do in cataloguing a sound recording1 which raises several questions for ,,am concerning where to draw lines about how much value it can afford to add and at what point1 perhaps1 this becomes more than ,,am could reasonably do or reasonably wish to do4 ,,fleischhauer also demonstrated a motion picture4 ,as ,,freeman had reported earlier1 the motion picture materials have proved the most popular1 not surprisingly4 ,this says more about the medium1 he thought1 than about ,,am's presentation of it4 ,because ,,am's goal was to bring together things that could be used by historians or by people who were curious about history1 turn-of-the-century footage seemed to represent the most appropriate collections from the ,library of ,congress in motion pictures4 ,these were the very first films made by ,thomas ,edison's company and some others at that time4 ,the particular example illustrated was a ,biograph film1 brought in with a frame-grabber into a window4 ,a single videodisc contains about fifty titles and pieces of film from that period1 all of ,new ,york ,city4 ,taken together1 ,,am believes1 they provide an interesting documentary resource4 999999999999 ,,discussion 99 ,using the frame-grabber in ,,am 99 ,volume of material processed and to be processed 99 ,purpose of ,,am within ,,lc 99 ,cataloguing and the nature of ,,am's material 99 ,,sgml coding and the question of quality versus quantity 99 ,during the question-and-answer period that followed ,,fleischhauer's presentation1 several clarifications were made4 ,,am is bringing in motion pictures from a videodisc4 ,the frame-grabber devices create a window on a computer screen1 which permits users to digitize a single frame of the movie or one of the photographs4 ,it produces a crude1 rough-and-ready image that high school students can incorporate into papers1 and that has worked very nicely in this way4 ,commenting on ,,fleischhauer's assertion that ,,am was looking more at searching ideas than words1 ,,mylonas argued that without words an idea does not exist4 ,,fleischhauer conceded that he ought to have articulated his point more clearly4 ,,mylonas stated that they were in fact both talking about the same thing4 ,by searching for words and by forcing people to focus on the word1 the ,perseus ,project felt that they would get them to the idea4 ,the way one reviews results is tailored more to one kind of user than another4 ,concerning the total volume of material that has been processed in this way1 ,,am at this point has in retrievable form seven or eight collections1 all of them photographic4 ,in the ,macintosh environment1 for example1 there probably are #ce1jjj-dj1jjj photographs4 ,the sound recordings number sixty items4 ,the broadsides number about #cjj items4 ,there are #ejj political cartoons in the form of drawings4 ,the motion pictures1 as individual items1 number sixty to seventy4 ,,am also has a manuscript collection1 the life history portion of one of the federal project series1 which will contain #b1ijj individual documents1 all first-person narratives4 ,,am has in process about #cej ,african-,american pamphlets1 or about #ab1jjj printed pages for the period #ahgj-aiaj4 ,also in the works are some #d1jjj panoramic photographs4 ,,am has recycled a fair amount of the work done by ,,lc's ,prints and ,photographs ,division during the ,library's optical disk pilot project in the #aihjs4 ,for example1 a special division of ,,lc has tooled up and thought through all the ramifications of electronic presentation of photographs4 ,indeed1 they are wheeling them out in great barrel loads4 ,the purpose of ,,am within the ,library1 it is hoped1 is to catalyze several of the other special collection divisions which have no particular experience with1 in some cases1 mixed feelings about1 an activity such as ,,am4 ,moreover1 in many cases the divisions may be characterized as not only lacking experience in electronifying things but also in automated cataloguing4 ,,marc cataloguing as practiced in the ,united ,states is heavily weighted toward the description of monograph and serial materials1 but is much thinner when one enters the world of manuscripts and things that are held in the ,library's music collection and other units4 ,in response to a comment by ,,lesk1 that ,,am's material is very heavily photographic1 and is so primarily because individual records have been made for each photograph1 ,,fleischhauer observed that an item-level catalog record exists1 for example1 for each photograph in the ,detroit ,publishing collection of #be1jjj pictures4 ,in the case of the ,federal ,writers ,project1 for which nearly #c1jjj documents exist1 representing information from twenty-six different states1 ,,am with the assistance of ,karen ,,stuart of the ,manuscript ,division will attempt to find some way not only to have a collection-level record but perhaps a ,,marc record for each state1 which will then serve as an umbrella for the #ajj-bjj documents that come under it4 ,but that drama remains to be enacted4 ,the ,,am staff is conservative and clings to cataloguing1 though of course visitors tout artificial intelligence and neural networks in a manner that suggests that perhaps one need not have cataloguing or that much of it could be put aside4 ,the matter of ,,sgml coding1 ,,fleischhauer conceded1 returned the discussion to the earlier treated question of quality versus quantity in the ,library of ,congress4 ,of course1 text conversion can be done with #ajj-percent accuracy1 but it means that when one's holdings are as vast as ,,lc's only a tiny amount will be exposed1 whereas permitting lower levels of accuracy can lead to exposing or sharing larger amounts1 but with the quality correspondingly impaired4 999999999999 ,,twohig 99 ,a contrary experience concerning electronic options 99 ,volume of material in the ,washington papers and a suggestion of ,david ,packard 99 ,implications of ,packard's suggestion 99 ,transcribing the documents for the ,,cd-,,rom 99 ,accuracy of transcriptions 99 ,the ,,cd-,,rom edition of the ,founding ,fathers documents 99 ,finding encouragement in a comment of ,,michelson's from the morning session--that numerous people in the humanities were choosing electronic options to do their work--,dorothy ,,twohig1 editor1 ,the ,papers of ,george ,washington1 opened her illustrated talk by noting that her experience with literary scholars and numerous people in editing was contrary to ,,michelson's4 ,,twohig emphasized literary scholars' complete ignorance of the technological options available to them or their reluctance or1 in some cases1 their downright hostility toward these options4 ,after providing an overview of the five ,founding ,fathers projects 7,jefferson at ,princeton1 ,franklin at ,yale1 ,john ,adams at the ,massachusetts ,historical ,society1 and ,madison down the hall from her at the ,university of ,virginia71 ,,twohig observed that the ,washington papers1 like all of the projects1 include both sides of the ,washington correspondence and deal with some #ace1jjj documents to be published with extensive annotation in eighty to eighty-five volumes1 a project that will not be completed until well into the next century4 ,thus1 it was with considerable enthusiasm several years ago that the ,washington ,papers ,project 7,,wpp7 greeted ,david ,packard's suggestion that the papers of the ,founding ,fathers could be published easily and inexpensively1 and to the great benefit of ,american scholarship1 via ,,cd-,,rom4 ,in pragmatic terms1 funding from the ,packard ,foundation would expedite the transcription of thousands of documents waiting to be put on disk in the ,,wpp offices4 ,further1 since the costs of collecting1 editing1 and converting the ,founding ,fathers documents into letterpress editions were running into the millions of dollars1 and the considerable staffs involved in all of these projects were devoting their careers to producing the work1 the ,packard ,foundation's suggestion had a revolutionary aspect3 ,transcriptions of the entire corpus of the ,founding ,fathers papers would be available on ,,cd-,,rom to public and college libraries1 even high schools1 at a fraction of the cost-- #ajj-aej for the annual license fee--to produce a limited university press run of #a1jjj of each volume of the published papers at #de-aej per printed volume4 ,given the current budget crunch in educational systems and the corresponding constraints on librarians in smaller institutions who wish to add these volumes to their collections1 producing the documents on ,,cd-,,rom would likely open a greatly expanded audience for the papers4 ,,twohig stressed1 however1 that development of the ,founding ,fathers ,,cd-,,rom is still in its infancy4 ,serious software problems remain to be resolved before the material can be put into readable form4 ,funding from the ,packard ,foundation resulted in a major push to transcribe the #ge1jjj or so documents of the ,washington papers remaining to be transcribed onto computer disks4 ,slides illustrated several of the problems encountered1 for example1 the present inability of ,,cd-,,rom to indicate the cross-outs 7deleted material7 in eighteenth century documents4 ,,twohig next described documents from various periods in the eighteenth century that have been transcribed in chronological order and delivered to the ,packard offices in ,california1 where they are converted to the ,,cd-,,rom1 a process that is expected to consume five years to complete 7that is1 reckoning from ,david ,packard's suggestion made several years ago1 until about ,july #aiid74 ,,twohig found an encouraging indication of the project's benefits in the ongoing use made by scholars of the search functions of the ,,cd-,,rom1 particularly in reducing the time spent in manually turning the pages of the ,washington papers4 ,,twohig next furnished details concerning the accuracy of transcriptions4 ,for instance1 the insertion of thousands of documents on the ,,cd-,,rom currently does not permit each document to be verified against the original manuscript several times as in the case of documents that appear in the published edition4 ,however1 the transcriptions receive a cursory check for obvious typos1 the misspellings of proper names1 and other errors from the ,,wpp ,,cd-,,rom editor4 ,eventually1 all documents that appear in the electronic version will be checked by project editors4 ,although this process has met with opposition from some of the editors on the grounds that imperfect work may leave their offices1 the advantages in making this material available as a research tool outweigh fears about the misspelling of proper names and other relatively minor editorial matters4 ,completion of all five ,founding ,fathers projects 7i4e41 retrievability and searchability of all of the documents by proper names1 alternate spellings1 or varieties of subjects7 will provide one of the richest sources of this size for the history of the ,united ,states in the latter part of the eighteenth century4 ,further1 publication on ,,cd-,,rom will allow editors to include even minutiae1 such as laundry lists1 not included in the printed volumes4 ,it seems possible that the extensive annotation provided in the printed volumes eventually will be added to the ,,cd-,,rom edition1 pending negotiations with the publishers of the papers4 ,at the moment1 the ,founding ,fathers ,,cd-,,rom is accessible only on the ,,ibycus1 a computer developed out of the ,thesaurus ,linguae ,graecae project and designed for the use of classical scholars4 ,there are perhaps #djj ,,ibycus computers in the country1 most of which are in university classics departments4 ,ultimately1 it is anticipated that the ,,cd-,,rom edition of the ,founding ,fathers documents will run on any ,,ibm-compatible or ,macintosh computer with a ,,cd-,,rom drive4 ,numerous changes in the software will also occur before the project is completed4 7,editor's note3 an ,,ibycus was unavailable to demonstrate the ,,cd-,,rom47 999999999999 ,,discussion 99 ,several additional features of ,,wpp clarified 99 ,discussion following ,,twohig's presentation served to clarify several additional features1 including 7#a7 that the project's primary intellectual product consists in the electronic transcription of the material2 7#b7 that the text transmitted to the ,,cd-,,rom people is not marked up2 7#c7 that cataloging and subject-indexing of the material remain to be worked out 7though at this point material can be retrieved by name72 and 7#d7 that because all the searching is done in the hardware1 the ,,ibycus is designed to read a ,,cd-,,rom which contains only sequential text files4 ,technically1 it then becomes very easy to read the material off and put it on another device4 999999999999 ,,lebron 99 ,overview of the history of the joint project between ,,aaas and ,,oclc 99 ,several practices the on-line environment shares with traditional publishing on hard copy 99 ,several technical and behavioral barriers to electronic publishing 99 ,how ,,aaas and ,,oclc arrived at the subject of clinical trials 99 ,advantages of the electronic format and other features of ,,ojcct 99 ,an illustrated tour of the journal 99 ,maria ,,lebron1 managing editor1 ,the ,online ,journal of ,current ,clinical ,trials 7,,ojcct71 presented an illustrated overview of the history of the joint project between the ,american ,association for the ,advancement of ,science 7,,aaas7 and the ,online ,computer ,library ,center1 ,inc4 7,,oclc74 ,the joint venture between ,,aaas and ,,oclc owes its beginning to a reorganization launched by the new chief executive officer at ,,oclc about three years ago and combines the strengths of these two disparate organizations4 ,in short1 ,,ojcct represents the process of scholarly publishing on line4 ,,lebron next discussed several practices the on-line environment shares with traditional publishing on hard copy--for example1 peer review of manuscripts--that are highly important in the academic world4 ,,lebron noted in particular the implications of citation counts for tenure committees and grants committees4 ,in the traditional hard-copy environment1 citation counts are readily demonstrable1 whereas the on-line environment represents an ethereal medium to most academics4 ,,lebron remarked several technical and behavioral barriers to electronic publishing1 for instance1 the problems in transmission created by special characters or by complex graphics and halftones4 ,in addition1 she noted economic limitations such as the storage costs of maintaining back issues and market or audience education4 ,manuscripts cannot be uploaded to ,,ojcct1 ,,lebron explained1 because it is not a bulletin board or ,e-mail1 forms of electronic transmission of information that have created an ambience clouding people's understanding of what the journal is attempting to do4 ,,ojcct1 which publishes peer-reviewed medical articles dealing with the subject of clinical trials1 includes text1 tabular material1 and graphics1 although at this time it can transmit only line illustrations4 ,next1 ,,lebron described how ,,aaas and ,,oclc arrived at the subject of clinical trials3 ,it is #a7 a highly statistical discipline that #b7 does not require halftones but can satisfy the needs of its audience with line illustrations and graphic material1 and #c7 there is a need for the speedy dissemination of high-quality research results4 ,clinical trials are research activities that involve the administration of a test treatment to some experimental unit in order to test its usefulness before it is made available to the general population4 ,,lebron proceeded to give additional information on ,,ojcct concerning its editor-in-chief1 editorial board1 editorial content1 and the types of articles it publishes 7including peer-reviewed research reports and reviews71 as well as features shared by other traditional hard-copy journals4 ,among the advantages of the electronic format are faster dissemination of information1 including raw data1 and the absence of space constraints because pages do not exist4 7,this latter fact creates an interesting situation when it comes to citations47 ,nor are there any issues4 ,,aaas's capacity to download materials directly from the journal to a subscriber's printer1 hard drive1 or floppy disk helps ensure highly accurate transcription4 ,other features of ,,ojcct include on-screen alerts that allow linkage of subsequently published documents to the original documents2 on-line searching by subject1 author1 title1 etc42 indexing of every single word that appears in an article2 viewing access to an article by component 7abstract1 full text1 or graphs72 numbered paragraphs to replace page counts2 publication in ,science every thirty days of indexing of all articles published in the journal2 typeset-quality screens2 and ,hypertext links that enable subscribers to bring up ,medline abstracts directly without leaving the journal4 ,after detailing the two primary ways to gain access to the journal1 through the ,,oclc network and ,compuserv if one desires graphics or through the ,internet if just an ,,ascii file is desired1 ,,lebron illustrated the speedy editorial process and the coding of the document using ,,sgml tags after it has been accepted for publication4 ,she also gave an illustrated tour of the journal1 its search-and-retrieval capabilities in particular1 but also including problems associated with scanning in illustrations1 and the importance of on-screen alerts to the medical profession re retractions or corrections1 or more frequently1 editorials1 letters to the editors1 or follow-up reports4 ,she closed by inviting the audience to join ,,aaas on #a ,july1 when ,,ojcct was scheduled to go on-line4 999999999999 ,,discussion 99 ,additional features of ,,ojcct 99 ,in the lengthy discussion that followed ,,lebron's presentation1 these points emerged3 99 ,the ,,sgml text can be tailored as users wish4 99 ,all these articles have a fairly simple document definition4 99 ,document-type definitions 7,d,t,ds7 were developed and given to ,,ojcct for coding4 99 ,no articles will be removed from the journal4 7,because there are no back issues1 there are no lost issues either4 ,once a subscriber logs onto the journal he or she has access not only to the currently published materials1 but retrospectively to everything that has been published in it4 ,thus the table of contents grows bigger4 ,the date of publication serves to distinguish between currently published materials and older materials47 99 ,the pricing system for the journal resembles that for most medical journals3 for #aiib1 #ie for a year1 plus telecommunications charges 7there are no connect time charges72 for #aiic1 #aaj for the entire year for single users1 though the journal can be put on a local area network 7,,lan74 ,however1 only one person can access the journal at a time4 ,site licenses may come in the future4 99 ,,aaas is working closely with colleagues at ,,oclc to display mathematical equations on screen4 99 ,without compromising any steps in the editorial process1 the technology has reduced the time lag between when a manuscript is originally submitted and the time it is accepted2 the review process does not differ greatly from the standard six-to-eight weeks employed by many of the hard-copy journals4 ,the process still depends on people4 99 ,as far as a preservation copy is concerned1 articles will be maintained on the computer permanently and subscribers1 as part of their subscription1 will receive a microfiche-quality archival copy of everything published during that year2 in addition1 reprints can be purchased in much the same way as in a hard-copy environment4 ,hard copies are prepared but are not the primary medium for the dissemination of the information4 99 ,because ,,ojcct is not yet on line1 it is difficult to know how many people would simply browse through the journal on the screen as opposed to downloading the whole thing and printing it out2 a mix of both types of users likely will result4 999999999999 ,,personius 99 ,developments in technology over the past decade 99 ,the ,,class ,project 99 ,advantages for technology and for the ,,class ,project 99 ,developing a network application an underlying assumption of the project 99 ,details of the scanning process 99 ,print-on-demand copies of books 99 ,future plans include development of a browsing tool 99 ,lynne ,,personius1 assistant director1 ,cornell ,information ,technologies for ,scholarly ,information ,services1 ,cornell ,university1 first commented on the tremendous impact that developments in technology over the past ten years--networking1 in particular--have had on the way information is handled1 and how1 in her own case1 these developments have counterbalanced ,cornell's relative geographical isolation4 ,other significant technologies include scanners1 which are much more sophisticated than they were ten years ago2 mass storage and the dramatic savings that result from it in terms of both space and money relative to twenty or thirty years ago2 new and improved printing technologies1 which have greatly affected the distribution of information2 and1 of course1 digital technologies1 whose applicability to library preservation remains at issue4 ,given that context1 ,,personius described the ,college ,library ,access and ,storage ,system 7,,class7 ,project1 a library preservation project1 primarily1 and what has been accomplished4 ,directly funded by the ,commission on ,preservation and ,access and by the ,xerox ,corporation1 which has provided a significant amount of hardware1 the ,,class ,project has been working with a development team at ,xerox to develop a software application tailored to library preservation requirements4 ,within ,cornell1 participants in the project have been working jointly with both library and information technologies4 ,the focus of the project has been on reformatting and saving books that are in brittle condition4 ,,personius showed ,workshop participants a brittle book1 and described how such books were the result of developments in papermaking around the beginning of the ,industrial ,revolution4 ,the papermaking process was changed so that a significant amount of acid was introduced into the actual paper itself1 which deteriorates as it sits on library shelves4 ,one of the advantages for technology and for the ,,class ,project is that the information in brittle books is mostly out of copyright and thus offers an opportunity to work with material that requires library preservation1 and to create and work on an infrastructure to save the material4 ,acknowledging the familiarity of those working in preservation with this information1 ,,personius noted that several things are being done3 the primary preservation technology used today is photocopying of brittle material4 ,saving the intellectual content of the material is the main goal4 ,with microfilm copy1 the intellectual content is preserved on the assumption that in the future the image can be reformatted in any other way that then exists4 ,an underlying assumption of the ,,class ,project from the beginning was that it would develop a network application4 ,project staff scan books at a workstation located in the library1 near the brittle material4 ,an image-server filing system is located at a distance from that workstation1 and a printer is located in another building4 ,all of the materials digitized and stored on the image-filing system are cataloged in the on-line catalogue4 ,in fact1 a record for each of these electronic books is stored in the ,,rlin database so that a record exists of what is in the digital library throughout standard catalogue procedures4 ,in the future1 researchers working from their own workstations in their offices1 or their networks1 will have access--wherever they might be--through a request server being built into the new digital library4 ,a second assumption is that the preferred means of finding the material will be by looking through a catalogue4 ,,personius described the scanning process1 which uses a prototype scanner being developed by ,xerox and which scans a very high resolution image at great speed4 ,another significant feature1 because this is a preservation application1 is the placing of the pages that fall apart one for one on the platen4 ,ordinarily1 a scanner could be used with some sort of a document feeder1 but because of this application that is not feasible4 ,further1 because ,,class is a preservation application1 after the paper replacement is made there1 a very careful quality control check is performed4 ,an original book is compared to the printed copy and verification is made1 before proceeding1 that all of the image1 all of the information1 has been captured4 ,then1 a new library book is produced3 ,the printed images are rebound by a commercial binder and a new book is returned to the shelf4 ,significantly1 the books returned to the library shelves are beautiful and useful replacements on acid-free paper that should last a long time1 in effect1 the equivalent of preservation photocopies4 ,thus1 the project has a library of digital books4 ,in essence1 ,,class is scanning and storing books as #fjj dot-per-inch bit-mapped images1 compressed using ,group #d ,,ccitt 7i4e41 the ,french acronym for ,international ,consultative ,committee for ,telegraph and ,telephone7 compression4 ,they are stored as ,,tiff files on an optical filing system that is composed of a database used for searching and locating the books and an optical jukebox that stores #fd twelve-inch platters4 ,a very-high-resolution printed copy of these books at #fjj dots per inch is created1 using a ,xerox ,docu,tech printer to make the paper replacements on acid-free paper4 ,,personius maintained that the ,,class ,project presents an opportunity to introduce people to books as digital images by using a paper medium4 ,books are returned to the shelves while people are also given the ability to print on demand--to make their own copies of books4 7,,personius distributed copies of an engineering journal published by engineering students at ,cornell around #aijj as an example of what a print-on-demand copy of material might be like4 ,this very cheap copy would be available to people to use for their own research purposes and would bridge the gap between an electronic work and the paper that readers like to have47 ,,personius then attempted to illustrate a very early prototype of networked access to this digital library4 ,xerox ,corporation has developed a prototype of a view station that can send images across the network to be viewed4 ,the particular library brought down for demonstration contained two mathematics books4 ,,class is developing and will spend the next year developing an application that allows people at workstations to browse the books4 ,thus1 ,,class is developing a browsing tool1 on the assumption that users do not want to read an entire book from a workstation1 but would prefer to be able to look through and decide if they would like to have a printed copy of it4 999999999999 ,,discussion 99 ,re retrieval software 99 ,digital file copyright 99 ,scanning rate during production 99 ,autosegmentation 99 ,criteria employed in selecting books for scanning 99 ,compression and decompression of images 99 ,,ocr not precluded 99 ,during the question-and-answer period that followed her presentation1 ,,personius made these additional points3 99 ,re retrieval software1 ,cornell is developing a ,unix-based server as well as clients for the server that support multiple platforms 7,macintosh1 ,,ibm and ,sun workstations71 in the hope that people from any of those platforms will retrieve books2 a further operating assumption is that standard interfaces will be used as much as possible1 where standards can be put in place1 because ,,class considers this retrieval software a library application and would like to be able to look at material not only at ,cornell but at other institutions4 99 ,the phrase digital file copyright by ,cornell ,university was added at the advice of ,cornell's legal staff with the caveat that it probably would not hold up in court4 ,cornell does not want people to copy its books and sell them but would like to keep them available for use in a library environment for library purposes4 99 ,in production the scanner can scan about #cjj pages per hour1 capturing #fjj dots per inch4 99 ,the ,xerox software has filters to scan halftone material and avoid the moire patterns that occur when halftone material is scanned4 ,xerox has been working on hardware and software that would enable the scanner itself to recognize this situation and deal with it appropriately--a kind of autosegmentation that would enable the scanner to handle halftone material as well as text on a single page4 99 ,the books subjected to the elaborate process described above were selected because ,,class is a preservation project1 with the first #ejj books selected coming from ,cornell's mathematics collection1 because they were still being heavily used and because1 although they were in need of preservation1 the mathematics library and the mathematics faculty were uncomfortable having them microfilmed4 7,they wanted a printed copy47 ,thus1 these books became a logical choice for this project4 ,other books were chosen by the project's selection committees for experiments with the technology1 as well as to meet a demand or need4 99 ,images will be decompressed before they are sent over the line2 at this time they are compressed and sent to the image filing system and then sent to the printer as compressed images2 they are returned to the workstation as compressed #fjj-;dpi images and the workstation decompresses and scales them for display--an inefficient way to access the material though it works quite well for printing and other purposes4 99 ,,class is also decompressing on ,macintosh and ,,ibm1 a slow process right now4 ,eventually1 compression and decompression will take place on an image conversion server4 ,trade-offs will be made1 based on future performance testing1 concerning where the file is compressed and what resolution image is sent4 99 ,,ocr has not been precluded2 images are being stored that have been scanned at a high resolution1 which presumably would suit them well to an ,,ocr process4 ,because the material being scanned is about #ajj years old and was printed with less-than-ideal technologies1 very early and preliminary tests have not produced good results4 ,but the project is capturing an image that is of sufficient resolution to be subjected to ,,ocr in the future4 ,moreover1 the system architecture and the system plan have a logical place to store an ,,ocr image if it has been captured4 ,but that is not being done now4 999999999999 ,,session ,,iii4 ,,distribution1 ,,networks1 ,,and ,,networking3 ,,options ,,for ,,dissemination ,,zich 99 ,issues pertaining to ,,cd-,r,o,ms 99 ,options for publishing in ,,cd-,,rom 99 ,robert ,,zich1 special assistant to the associate librarian for special projects1 ,library of ,congress1 and moderator of this session1 first noted the blessed but somewhat awkward circumstance of having four very distinguished people representing networks and networking or at least leaning in that direction1 while lacking anyone to speak from the strongest possible background in ,,cd-,r,o,ms4 ,,zich expressed the hope that members of the audience would join the discussion4 ,he stressed the subtitle of this particular session1 ,options for ,dissemination1 and1 concerning ,,cd-,r,o,ms1 the importance of determining when it would be wise to consider dissemination in ,,cd-,,rom versus networks4 ,a shopping list of issues pertaining to ,,cd-,r,o,ms included3 the grounds for selecting commercial publishers1 and in-house publication where possible versus nonprofit or government publication4 ,a similar list for networks included3 determining when one should consider dissemination through a network1 identifying the mechanisms or entities that exist to place items on networks1 identifying the pool of existing networks1 determining how a producer would choose between networks1 and identifying the elements of a business arrangement in a network4 ,options for publishing in ,,cd-,,rom3 an outside publisher versus self-publication4 ,if an outside publisher is used1 it can be nonprofit1 such as the ,government ,printing ,office 7,,gpo7 or the ,national ,technical ,information ,service 7,,ntis71 in the case of government4 ,the pros and cons associated with employing an outside publisher are obvious4 ,among the pros1 there is no trouble getting accepted4 ,one pays the bill and1 in effect1 goes one's way4 ,among the cons1 when one pays an outside publisher to perform the work1 that publisher will perform the work it is obliged to do1 but perhaps without the production expertise and skill in marketing and dissemination that some would seek4 ,there is the body of commercial publishers that do possess that kind of expertise in distribution and marketing but that obviously are selective4 ,in self-publication1 one exercises full control1 but then one must handle matters such as distribution and marketing4 ,such are some of the options for publishing in the case of ,,cd-,,rom4 ,in the case of technical and design issues1 which are also important1 there are many matters which many at the ,workshop already knew a good deal about3 retrieval system requirements and costs1 what to do about images1 the various capabilities and platforms1 the trade-offs between cost and performance1 concerns about local-area networkability1 interoperability1 etc4 999999999999 ,,lynch 99 ,creating networked information is different from using networks as an access or dissemination vehicle 99 ,networked multimedia on a large scale does not yet work 99 ,typical ,,cd-,,rom publication model a two-edged sword 99 ,publishing information on a ,,cd-,,rom in the present world of immature standards 99 ,contrast between ,,cd-,,rom and network pricing 99 ,examples demonstrated earlier in the day as a set of insular information gems 99 ,paramount need to link databases 99 ,layering to become increasingly necessary 99 ,project ,,needs and the issues of information reuse and active versus passive use 99 ,x-,windows as a way of differentiating between network access and networked information 99 ,barriers to the distribution of networked multimedia information 99 ,need for good1 real-time delivery protocols 99 ,the question of presentation integrity in client-server computing in the academic world 99 ,recommendations for producing multimedia ,clifford ,,lynch1 director1 ,library ,automation1 ,university of ,california1 opened his talk with the general observation that networked information constituted a difficult and elusive topic because it is something just starting to develop and not yet fully understood4 ,,lynch contended that creating genuinely networked information was different from using networks as an access or dissemination vehicle and was more sophisticated and more subtle4 ,he invited the members of the audience to extrapolate1 from what they heard about the preceding demonstration projects1 to what sort of a world of electronics information--scholarly1 archival1 cultural1 etc4--they wished to end up with ten or fifteen years from now4 ,,lynch suggested that to extrapolate directly from these projects would produce unpleasant results4 ,putting the issue of ,,cd-,,rom in perspective before getting into generalities on networked information1 ,,lynch observed that those engaged in multimedia today who wish to ship a product1 so to say1 probably do not have much choice except to use ,,cd-,,rom3 networked multimedia on a large scale basically does not yet work because the technology does not exist4 ,for example1 anybody who has tried moving images around over the ,internet knows that this is an exciting touch-and-go process1 a fascinating and fertile area for experimentation1 research1 and development1 but not something that one can become deeply enthusiastic about committing to production systems at this time4 ,this situation will change1 ,,lynch said4 ,he differentiated ,,cd-,,rom from the practices that have been followed up to now in distributing data on ,,cd-,,rom4 ,for ,,lynch the problem with ,,cd-,,rom is not its portability or its slowness but the two-edged sword of having the retrieval application and the user interface inextricably bound up with the data1 which is the typical ,,cd-,,rom publication model4 ,it is not a case of publishing data but of distributing a typically stand-alone1 typically closed system1 all--software1 user interface1 and data--on a little disk4 ,hence1 all the between-disk navigational issues as well as the impossibility in most cases of integrating data on one disk with that on another4 ,most ,,cd-,,rom retrieval software does not network very gracefully at present4 ,however1 in the present world of immature standards and lack of understanding of what network information is or what the ground rules are for creating or using it1 publishing information on a ,,cd-,,rom does add value in a very real sense4 ,,lynch drew a contrast between ,,cd-,,rom and network pricing and in doing so highlighted something bizarre in information pricing4 ,a large institution such as the ,university of ,california has vendors who will offer to sell information on ,,cd-,,rom for a price per year in four digits1 but for the same data 7e4g41 an abstracting and indexing database7 on magnetic tape1 regardless of how many people may use it concurrently1 will quote a price in six digits4 ,what is packaged with the ,,cd-,,rom in one sense adds value--a complete access system1 not just raw1 unrefined information--although it is not generally perceived that way4 ,this is because the access software1 although it adds value1 is viewed by some people1 particularly in the university environment where there is a very heavy commitment to networking1 as being developed in the wrong direction4 ,given that context1 ,,lynch described the examples demonstrated as a set of insular information gems--,perseus1 for example1 offers nicely linked information1 but would be very difficult to integrate with other databases1 that is1 to link together seamlessly with other source files from other sources4 ,it resembles an island1 and in this respect is similar to numerous stand-alone projects that are based on videodiscs1 that is1 on the single-workstation concept4 ,as scholarship evolves in a network environment1 the paramount need will be to link databases4 ,we must link personal databases to public databases1 to group databases1 in fairly seamless ways--which is extremely difficult in the environments under discussion with copies of databases proliferating all over the place4 ,the notion of layering also struck ,,lynch as lurking in several of the projects demonstrated4 ,several databases in a sense constitute information archives without a significant amount of navigation built in4 ,educators1 critics1 and others will want a layered structure--one that defines or links paths through the layers to allow users to reach specific points4 ,in ,,lynch's view1 layering will become increasingly necessary1 and not just within a single resource but across resources 7e4g41 tracing mythology and cultural themes across several classics databases as well as a database of ,renaissance culture74 ,this ability to organize resources1 to build things out of multiple other things on the network or select pieces of it1 represented for ,,lynch one of the key aspects of network information4 ,contending that information reuse constituted another significant issue1 ,,lynch commended to the audience's attention ,project ,,needs 7i4e41 ,national ,engineering ,education ,delivery ,system74 ,this project's objective is to produce a database of engineering courseware as well as the components that can be used to develop new courseware4 ,in a number of the existing applications1 ,,lynch said1 the issue of reuse 7how much one can take apart and reuse in other applications7 was not being well considered4 ,he also raised the issue of active versus passive use1 one aspect of which is how much information will be manipulated locally by users4 ,most people1 he argued1 may do a little browsing and then will wish to print4 ,,lynch was uncertain how these resources would be used by the vast majority of users in the network environment4 ,,lynch next said a few words about ,x-,windows as a way of differentiating between network access and networked information4 ,a number of the applications demonstrated at the ,workshop could be rewritten to use ,x across the network1 so that one could run them from any ,x-capable device- -a workstation1 an ,x terminal--and transact with a database across the network4 ,although this opens up access a little1 assuming one has enough network to handle it1 it does not provide an interface to develop a program that conveniently integrates information from multiple databases4 ,x is a viewing technology that has limits4 ,in a real sense1 it is just a graphical version of remote log-in across the network4 ,x-type applications represent only one step in the progression towards real access4 ,,lynch next discussed barriers to the distribution of networked multimedia information4 ,the heart of the problem is a lack of standards to provide the ability for computers to talk to each other1 retrieve information1 and shuffle it around fairly casually4 ,at the moment1 little progress is being made on standards for networked information2 for example1 present standards do not cover images1 digital voice1 and digital video4 ,a useful tool kit of exchange formats for basic texts is only now being assembled4 ,the synchronization of content streams 7i4e41 synchronizing a voice track to a video track1 establishing temporal relations between different components in a multimedia object7 constitutes another issue for networked multimedia that is just beginning to receive attention4 ,underlying network protocols also need some work2 good1 real-time delivery protocols on the ,internet do not yet exist4 ,in ,,lynch's view1 highly important in this context is the notion of networked digital object ,i,ds1 the ability of one object on the network to point to another object 7or component thereof7 on the network4 ,serious bandwidth issues also exist4 ,,lynch was uncertain if billion-bit-per-second networks would prove sufficient if numerous people ran video in parallel4 ,,lynch concluded by offering an issue for database creators to consider1 as well as several comments about what might constitute good trial multimedia experiments4 ,in a networked information world the database builder or service builder 7publisher7 does not exercise the same extensive control over the integrity of the presentation2 strange programs munge with one's data before the user sees it4 ,serious thought must be given to what guarantees integrity of presentation4 ,part of that is related to where one draws the boundaries around a networked information service4 ,this question of presentation integrity in client-server computing has not been stressed enough in the academic world1 ,,lynch argued1 though commercial service providers deal with it regularly4 ,concerning multimedia1 ,,lynch observed that good multimedia at the moment is hideously expensive to produce4 ,he recommended producing multimedia with either very high sale value1 or multimedia with a very long life span1 or multimedia that will have a very broad usage base and whose costs therefore can be amortized among large numbers of users4 ,in this connection1 historical and humanistically oriented material may be a good place to start1 because it tends to have a longer life span than much of the scientific material1 as well as a wider user base4 ,,lynch noted1 for example1 that ,american ,memory fits many of the criteria outlined4 ,he remarked the extensive discussion about bringing the ,internet or the ,national ,research and ,education ,network 7,,nren7 into the ,k-#ab environment as a way of helping the ,american educational system4 ,,lynch closed by noting that the kinds of applications demonstrated struck him as excellent justifications of broad-scale networking for ,k-#ab1 but that at this time no killer application exists to mobilize the ,k-#ab community to obtain connectivity4 999999999999 ,,discussion 99 ,dearth of genuinely interesting applications on the network a slow-changing situation 99 ,the issue of the integrity of presentation in a networked environment 99 ,several reasons why ,,cd-,,rom software does not network 99 ,during the discussion period that followed ,,lynch's presentation1 several additional points were made4 ,,lynch reiterated even more strongly his contention that1 historically1 once one goes outside high-end science and the group of those who need access to supercomputers1 there is a great dearth of genuinely interesting applications on the network4 ,he saw this situation changing slowly1 with some of the scientific databases and scholarly discussion groups and electronic journals coming on as well as with the availability of ,wide ,area ,information ,servers 7,,wais7 and some of the databases that are being mounted there4 ,however1 many of those things do not seem to have piqued great popular interest4 ,for instance1 most high school students of ,,lynch's acquaintance would not qualify as devotees of serious molecular biology4 ,concerning the issue of the integrity of presentation1 ,,lynch believed that a couple of information providers have laid down the law at least on certain things4 ,for example1 his recollection was that the ,national ,library of ,medicine feels strongly that one needs to employ the identifier field if he or she is to mount a database commercially4 ,the problem with a real networked environment is that one does not know who is reformatting and reprocessing one's data when one enters a client server mode4 ,it becomes anybody's guess1 for example1 if the network uses a ,z#ci4ej server1 or what clients are doing with one's data4 ,a data provider can say that his contract will only permit clients to have access to his data after he vets them and their presentation and makes certain it suits him4 ,but ,,lynch held out little expectation that the network marketplace would evolve in that way1 because it required too much prior negotiation4 ,,cd-,,rom software does not network for a variety of reasons1 ,,lynch said4 ,he speculated that ,,cd-,,rom publishers are not eager to have their products really hook into wide area networks1 because they fear it will make their data suppliers nervous4 ,moreover1 until relatively recently1 one had to be rather adroit to run a full ,,tcp_/,,ip stack plus applications on a ,,pc-size machine1 whereas nowadays it is becoming easier as ,p,cs grow bigger and faster4 ,,lynch also speculated that software providers had not heard from their customers until the last year or so1 or had not heard from enough of their customers4 999999999999 ,,besser 99 ,implications of disseminating images on the network2 planning the distribution of multimedia documents poses two critical implementation problems 99 ,layered approach represents the way to deal with users' capabilities 99 ,problems in platform design2 file size and its implications for networking 99 ,transmission of megabyte size images impractical 99 ,compression and decompression at the user's end 99 ,promising trends for compression 99 ,a disadvantage of using ,x-,windows 99 ,a project at the ,smithsonian that mounts images on several networks 99 ,howard ,,besser1 ,school of ,library and ,information ,science1 ,university of ,pittsburgh1 spoke primarily about multimedia1 focusing on images and the broad implications of disseminating them on the network4 ,he argued that planning the distribution of multimedia documents posed two critical implementation problems1 which he framed in the form of two questions3 #a7 ,what platform will one use and what hardware and software will users have for viewing of the material8 and #b7 ,how can one deliver a sufficiently robust set of information in an accessible format in a reasonable amount of time8 ,depending on whether network or ,,cd-,,rom is the medium used1 this question raises different issues of storage1 compression1 and transmission4 ,concerning the design of platforms 7e4g41 sound1 gray scale1 simple color1 etc47 and the various capabilities users may have1 ,,besser maintained that a layered approach was the way to deal with users' capabilities4 ,a result would be that users with less powerful workstations would simply have less functionality4 ,he urged members of the audience to advocate standards and accompanying software that handle layered functionality across a wide variety of platforms4 ,,besser also addressed problems in platform design1 namely1 deciding how large a machine to design for situations when the largest number of users have the lowest level of the machine1 and one desires higher functionality4 ,,besser then proceeded to the question of file size and its implications for networking4 ,he discussed still images in the main4 ,for example1 a digital color image that fills the screen of a standard mega-pel workstation 7,sun or ,next7 will require one megabyte of storage for an eight-bit image or three megabytes of storage for a true color or twenty-four-bit image4 ,lossless compression algorithms 7that is1 computational procedures in which no data is lost in the process of compressing and decompressing an image--the exact bit-representation is maintained7 might bring storage down to a third of a megabyte per image1 but not much further than that4 ,the question of size makes it difficult to fit an appropriately sized set of these images on a single disk or to transmit them quickly enough on a network4 ,with these full screen mega-pel images that constitute a third of a megabyte1 one gets #a1jjj-c1jjj full-screen images on a one-gigabyte disk2 a standard ,,cd-,,rom represents approximately #fj percent of that4 ,storing images the size of a ,,pc screen 7just #h bit color7 increases storage capacity to #d1jjj-ab1jjj images per gigabyte2 #fj percent of that gives one the size of a ,,cd-,,rom1 which in turn creates a major problem4 ,one cannot have full-screen1 full-color images with lossless compression2 one must compress them or use a lower resolution4 ,for megabyte-size images1 anything slower than a ,t-#a speed is impractical4 ,for example1 on a fifty-six-kilobaud line1 it takes three minutes to transfer a one-megabyte file1 if it is not compressed2 and this speed assumes ideal circumstances 7no other user contending for network bandwidth74 ,thus1 questions of disk access1 remote display1 and current telephone connection speed make transmission of megabyte-size images impractical4 ,,besser then discussed ways to deal with these large images1 for example1 compression and decompression at the user's end4 ,in this connection1 the issues of how much one is willing to lose in the compression process and what image quality one needs in the first place are unknown4 ,but what is known is that compression entails some loss of data4 ,,besser urged that more studies be conducted on image quality in different situations1 for example1 what kind of images are needed for what kind of disciplines1 and what kind of image quality is needed for a browsing tool1 an intermediate viewing tool1 and archiving4 ,,besser remarked two promising trends for compression3 from a technical perspective1 algorithms that use what is called subjective redundancy employ principles from visual psycho-physics to identify and remove information from the image that the human eye cannot perceive2 from an interchange and interoperability perspective1 the ,,jpeg 7i4e41 ,joint ,photographic ,experts ,group1 an ,,iso standard7 compression algorithms also offer promise4 ,these issues of compression and decompression1 ,,besser argued1 resembled those raised earlier concerning the design of different platforms4 ,gauging the capabilities of potential users constitutes a primary goal4 ,,besser advocated layering or separating the images from the applications that retrieve and display them1 to avoid tying them to particular software4 ,,besser detailed several lessons learned from his work at ,berkeley with ,imagequery1 especially the advantages and disadvantages of using ,x-,windows4 ,in the latter category1 for example1 retrieval is tied directly to one's data1 an intolerable situation in the long run on a networked system4 ,finally1 ,,besser described a project of ,jim ,wallace at the ,smithsonian ,institution1 who is mounting images in a extremely rudimentary way on the ,compuserv and ,genie networks and is preparing to mount them on ,america ,on ,line4 ,although the average user takes over thirty minutes to download these images 7assuming a fairly fast modem71 nevertheless1 images have been downloaded #be1jjj times4 ,,besser concluded his talk with several comments on the business arrangement between the ,smithsonian and ,compuserv4 ,he contended that not enough is known concerning the value of images4 999999999999 ,,discussion 99 ,creating digitized photographic collections nearly impossible except with large organizations like museums 99 ,need for study to determine quality of images users will tolerate 99 ,during the brief exchange between ,,lesk and ,,besser that followed1 several clarifications emerged4 ,,lesk argued that the photographers were far ahead of ,,besser3 ,it is almost impossible to create such digitized photographic collections except with large organizations like museums1 because all the photographic agencies have been going crazy about this and will not sign licensing agreements on any sort of reasonable terms4 ,,lesk had heard that ,national ,geographic1 for example1 had tried to buy the right to use some image in some kind of educational production for #ajj per image1 but the photographers will not touch it4 ,they want accounting and payment for each use1 which cannot be accomplished within the system4 ,,besser responded that a consortium of photographers1 headed by a former ,national ,geographic photographer1 had started assembling its own collection of electronic reproductions of images1 with the money going back to the cooperative4 ,,lesk contended that ,,besser was unnecessarily pessimistic about multimedia images1 because people are accustomed to low-quality images1 particularly from video4 ,,besser urged the launching of a study to determine what users would tolerate1 what they would feel comfortable with1 and what absolutely is the highest quality they would ever need4 ,conceding that he had adopted a dire tone in order to arouse people about the issue1 ,,besser closed on a sanguine note by saying that he would not be in this business if he did not think that things could be accomplished4 999999999999 ,,larsen 99 ,issues of scalability and modularity 99 ,geometric growth of the ,internet and the role played by layering 99 ,basic functions sustaining this growth 99 ,a library's roles and functions in a network environment 99 ,effects of implementation of the ,z#ci4ej protocol for information retrieval on the library system 99 ,the trade-off between volumes of data and its potential usage 99 ,a snapshot of current trends 99 ,ronald ,,larsen1 associate director for information technology1 ,university of ,maryland at ,college ,park1 first addressed the issues of scalability and modularity4 ,he noted the difficulty of anticipating the effects of orders-of-magnitude growth1 reflecting on the twenty years of experience with the ,arpanet and ,internet4 ,recalling the day's demonstrations of ,,cd-,,rom and optical disk material1 he went on to ask if the field has yet learned how to scale new systems to enable delivery and dissemination across large-scale networks4 ,,larsen focused on the geometric growth of the ,internet from its inception circa #aifi to the present1 and the adjustments required to respond to that rapid growth4 ,to illustrate the issue of scalability1 ,,larsen considered computer networks as including three generic components3 computers1 network communication nodes1 and communication media4 ,each component scales 7e4g41 computers range from ,p,cs to supercomputers2 network nodes scale from interface cards in a ,,pc through sophisticated routers and gateways2 and communication media range from #b1djj-;baud dial-up facilities through #d4e-,mbps backbone links1 and eventually to multigigabit-per-second communication lines71 and architecturally1 the components are organized to scale hierarchically from local area networks to international-scale networks4 ,such growth is made possible by building layers of communication protocols1 as ,,besser pointed out4 ,by layering both physically and logically1 a sense of scalability is maintained from local area networks in offices1 across campuses1 through bridges1 routers1 campus backbones1 fiber-optic links1 etc41 up into regional networks and ultimately into national and international networks4 ,,larsen then illustrated the geometric growth over a two-year period-- through ,september #aiia--of the number of networks that comprise the ,internet4 ,this growth has been sustained largely by the availability of three basic functions3 electronic mail1 file transfer 7ftp71 and remote log-on 7telnet74 ,,larsen also reviewed the growth in the kind of traffic that occurs on the network4 ,network traffic reflects the joint contributions of a larger population of users and increasing use per user4 ,today one sees serious applications involving moving images across the network--a rarity ten years ago4 ,,larsen recalled and concurred with ,,besser's main point that the interesting problems occur at the application level4 ,,larsen then illustrated a model of a library's roles and functions in a network environment4 ,he noted1 in particular1 the placement of on-line catalogues onto the network and patrons obtaining access to the library increasingly through local networks1 campus networks1 and the ,internet4 ,,larsen supported ,,lynch's earlier suggestion that we need to address fundamental questions of networked information in order to build environments that scale in the information sense as well as in the physical sense4 ,,larsen supported the role of the library system as the access point into the nation's electronic collections4 ,implementation of the ,z#ci4ej protocol for information retrieval would make such access practical and feasible4 ,for example1 this would enable patrons in ,maryland to search ,california libraries1 or other libraries around the world that are conformant with ,z#ci4ej in a manner that is familiar to ,university of ,maryland patrons4 ,this client-server model also supports moving beyond secondary content into primary content4 7,the notion of how one links from secondary content to primary content1 ,,larsen said1 represents a fundamental problem that requires rigorous thought47 ,after noting numerous network experiments in accessing full-text materials1 including projects supporting the ordering of materials across the network1 ,,larsen revisited the issue of transmitting high-density1 high-resolution color images across the network and the large amounts of bandwidth they require4 ,he went on to address the bandwidth and synchronization problems inherent in sending full-motion video across the network4 ,,larsen illustrated the trade-off between volumes of data in bytes or orders of magnitude and the potential usage of that data4 ,he discussed transmission rates 7particularly1 the time it takes to move various forms of information71 and what one could do with a network supporting multigigabit-per-second transmission4 ,at the moment1 the network environment includes a composite of data-transmission requirements1 volumes and forms1 going from steady to bursty 7high-volume7 and from very slow to very fast4 ,this aggregate must be considered in the design1 construction1 and operation of multigigabyte networks4 ,,larsen's objective is to use the networks and library systems now being constructed to increase access to resources wherever they exist1 and thus1 to evolve toward an on-line electronic virtual library4 ,,larsen concluded by offering a snapshot of current trends3 continuing geometric growth in network capacity and number of users2 slower development of applications2 and glacial development and adoption of standards4 ,the challenge is to design and develop each new application system with network access and scalability in mind4 999999999999 ,,brownrigg 99 ,access to the ,internet cannot be taken for granted 99 ,packet radio and the development of ,,melvyl in #aihj-ha in the ,division of ,library ,automation at the ,university of ,california 99 ,design criteria for packet radio 99 ,a demonstration project in ,san ,diego and future plans 99 ,spread spectrum 99 ,frequencies at which the radios will run and plans to reimplement the ,,wais server software in the public domain 99 ,need for an infrastructure of radios that do not move around 99 ,edwin ,,brownrigg1 executive director1 ,memex ,research ,institute1 first polled the audience in order to seek out regular users of the ,internet as well as those planning to use it some time in the future4 ,with nearly everybody in the room falling into one category or the other1 ,,brownrigg made a point re access1 namely that numerous individuals1 especially those who use the ,internet every day1 take for granted their access to it1 the speeds with which they are connected1 and how well it all works4 ,however1 as ,,brownrigg discovered between #aihg and #aihi in ,australia1 if one wants access to the ,internet but cannot afford it or has some physical boundary that prevents her or him from gaining access1 it can be extremely frustrating4 ,he suggested that because of economics and physical barriers we were beginning to create a world of haves and have-nots in the process of scholarly communication1 even in the ,united ,states4 ,,brownrigg detailed the development of ,,melvyl in academic year #aihj-ha in the ,division of ,library ,automation at the ,university of ,california1 in order to underscore the issue of access to the system1 which at the outset was extremely limited4 ,in short1 the project needed to build a network1 which at that time entailed use of satellite technology1 that is1 putting earth stations on campus and also acquiring some terrestrial links from the ,state of ,california's microwave system4 ,the installation of satellite links1 however1 did not solve the problem 7which actually formed part of a larger problem involving politics and financial resources74 ,for while the project team could get a signal onto a campus1 it had no means of distributing the signal throughout the campus4 ,the solution involved adopting a recent development in wireless communication called packet radio1 which combined the basic notion of packet-switching with radio4 ,the project used this technology to get the signal from a point on campus where it came down1 an earth station for example1 into the libraries1 because it found that wiring the libraries1 especially the older marble buildings1 would cost #b1jjj-e1jjj per terminal4 ,,brownrigg noted that1 ten years ago1 the project had neither the public policy nor the technology that would have allowed it to use packet radio in any meaningful way4 ,since then much had changed4 ,he proceeded to detail research and development of the technology1 how it is being deployed in ,california1 and what direction he thought it would take4 ,the design criteria are to produce a high-speed1 one-time1 low-cost1 high-quality1 secure1 license-free device 7packet radio7 that one can plug in and play today1 forget about it1 and have access to the ,internet4 ,by high speed1 ,,brownrigg meant #a megabyte and #a4e megabytes4 ,those units have been built1 he continued1 and are in the process of being type-certified by an independent underwriting laboratory so that they can be type-licensed by the ,federal ,communications ,commission4 ,as is the case with citizens band1 one will be able to purchase a unit and not have to worry about applying for a license4 ,the basic idea1 ,,brownrigg elaborated1 is to take high-speed radio data transmission and create a backbone network that at certain strategic points in the network will gateway into a medium-speed packet radio 7i4e41 one that runs at #ch4d kilobytes71 so that perhaps by #aiid-aiie people1 like those in the audience for the price of a ,,vcr could purchase a medium-speed radio for the office or home1 have full network connectivity to the ,internet1 and partake of all its services1 with no need for an ,,fcc license and no regular bill from the local common carrier4 ,,brownrigg presented several details of a demonstration project currently taking place in ,san ,diego and described plans1 pending funding1 to install a full-bore network in the ,san ,francisco area4 ,this network will have #fjj nodes running at backbone speeds1 and #ajj of these nodes will be libraries1 which in turn will be the gateway ports to the #ch4d kilobyte radios that will give coverage for the neighborhoods surrounding the libraries4 ,,brownrigg next explained ,part #ae4bdg1 a new rule within ,title #dg of the ,code of ,federal ,regulations enacted by the ,,fcc in #aihe4 ,this rule challenged the industry1 which has only now risen to the occasion1 to build a radio that would run at no more than one watt of output power and use a fairly exotic method of modulating the radio wave called spread spectrum4 ,spread spectrum in fact permits the building of networks so that numerous data communications can occur simultaneously1 without interfering with each other1 within the same wide radio channel4 ,,brownrigg explained that the frequencies at which the radios would run are very short wave signals4 ,they are well above standard microwave and radar4 ,with a radio wave that small1 one watt becomes a tremendous punch per bit and thus makes transmission at reasonable speed possible4 ,in order to minimize the potential for congestion1 the project is undertaking to reimplement software which has been available in the networking business and is taken for granted now1 for example1 ,,tcp_/,,ip1 routing algorithms1 bridges1 and gateways4 ,in addition1 the project plans to take the ,,wais server software in the public domain and reimplement it so that one can have a ,,wais server on a ,mac instead of a ,unix machine4 ,the ,memex ,research ,institute believes that libraries1 in particular1 will want to use the ,,wais servers with packet radio4 ,this project1 which has a team of about twelve people1 will run through #aiic and will include the #ajj libraries already mentioned as well as other professionals such as those in the medical profession1 engineering1 and law4 ,thus1 the need is to create an infrastructure of radios that do not move around1 which1 ,,brownrigg hopes1 will solve a problem not only for libraries but for individuals who1 by and large today1 do not have access to the ,internet from their homes and offices4 999999999999 ,,discussion 99 ,project operating frequencies 99 ,during a brief discussion period1 which also concluded the day's proceedings1 ,,brownrigg stated that the project was operating in four frequencies4 ,the slow speed is operating at #dce megahertz1 and it would later go up to #ibj megahertz4 ,with the high-speed frequency1 the one-megabyte radios will run at #b4d gigabits1 and #a4e will run at #e4g4 ,at #e4g1 rain can be a factor1 but it would have to be tropical rain1 unlike what falls in most parts of the ,united ,states4 999999999999 ,,session ,,iv4 ,,image ,,capture1 ,,text ,,capture1 ,,overview ,,of ,,text ,,and ,,image ,,storage ,,formats ,william ,,hooton1 vice president of operations1 ,i-,,net1 moderated this session4 ,,kenney 99 ,factors influencing development of ,,cxp 99 ,advantages of using digital technology versus photocopy and microfilm 99 ,a primary goal of ,,cxp2 publishing challenges 99 ,characteristics of copies printed 99 ,quality of samples achieved in image capture 99 ,several factors to be considered in choosing scanning 99 ,emphasis of ,,cxp on timely and cost-effective production of black-and-white printed facsimiles 99 ,results of producing microfilm from digital files 99 ,advantages of creating microfilm 99 ,details concerning production 99 ,costs 99 ,role of digital technology in library preservation 99 ,anne ,,kenney1 associate director1 ,department of ,preservation and ,conservation1 ,cornell ,university1 opened her talk by observing that the ,cornell ,xerox ,project 7,,cxp7 has been guided by the assumption that the ability to produce printed facsimiles or to replace paper with paper would be important1 at least for the present generation of users and equipment4 ,she described three factors that influenced development of the project3 #a7 ,because the project has emphasized the preservation of deteriorating brittle books1 the quality of what was produced had to be sufficiently high to return a paper replacement to the shelf4 ,,cxp was only interested in using3 #b7 a system that was cost-effective1 which meant that it had to be cost-competitive with the processes currently available1 principally photocopy and microfilm1 and #c7 new or currently available product hardware and software4 ,,kenney described the advantages that using digital technology offers over both photocopy and microfilm3 #a7 ,the potential exists to create a higher quality reproduction of a deteriorating original than conventional light-lens technology4 #b7 ,because a digital image is an encoded representation1 it can be reproduced again and again with no resulting loss of quality1 as opposed to the situation with light-lens processes1 in which there is discernible difference between a second and a subsequent generation of an image4 #c7 ,a digital image can be manipulated in a number of ways to improve image capture2 for example1 ,xerox has developed a windowing application that enables one to capture a page containing both text and illustrations in a manner that optimizes the reproduction of both4 7,with light-lens technology1 one must choose which to optimize1 text or the illustration2 in preservation microfilming1 the current practice is to shoot an illustrated page twice1 once to highlight the text and the second time to provide the best capture for the illustration47 #d7 ,a digital image can also be edited1 density levels adjusted to remove underlining and stains1 and to increase legibility for faint documents4 #e7 ,on-screen inspection can take place at the time of initial setup and adjustments made prior to scanning1 factors that substantially reduce the number of retakes required in quality control4 ,a primary goal of ,,cxp has been to evaluate the paper output printed on the ,xerox ,docu,tech1 a high-speed printer that produces #fjj-;dpi pages from scanned images at a rate of #ace pages a minute4 ,,kenney recounted several publishing challenges to represent faithful and legible reproductions of the originals that the #fjj-;dpi copy for the most part successfully captured4 ,for example1 many of the deteriorating volumes in the project were heavily illustrated with fine line drawings or halftones or came in languages such as ,japanese1 in which the buildup of characters comprised of varying strokes is difficult to reproduce at lower resolutions2 a surprising number of them came with annotations and mathematical formulas1 which it was critical to be able to duplicate exactly4 ,,kenney noted that #a7 the copies are being printed on paper that meets the ,,ansi standards for performance1 #b7 the ,docu,tech printer meets the machine and toner requirements for proper adhesion of print to page1 as described by the ,national ,archives1 and thus #c7 paper product is considered to be the archival equivalent of preservation photocopy4 ,,kenney then discussed several samples of the quality achieved in the project that had been distributed in a handout1 for example1 a copy of a print-on-demand version of the #aiaa ,reed lecture on the steam turbine1 which contains halftones1 line drawings1 and illustrations embedded in text2 the first four loose pages in the volume compared the capture capabilities of scanning to photocopy for a standard test target1 the ,,ieee standard #afg;,a #aihg test chart4 ,in all instances scanning proved superior to photocopy1 though only slightly more so in one4 ,conceding the simplistic nature of her review of the quality of scanning to photocopy1 ,,kenney described it as one representation of the kinds of settings that could be used with scanning capabilities on the equipment ,,cxp uses4 ,,kenney also pointed out that ,,cxp investigated the quality achieved with binary scanning only1 and noted the great promise in gray scale and color scanning1 whose advantages and disadvantages need to be examined4 ,she argued further that scanning resolutions and file formats can represent a complex trade-off between the time it takes to capture material1 file size1 fidelity to the original1 and on-screen display2 and printing and equipment availability4 ,all these factors must be taken into consideration4 ,,cxp placed primary emphasis on the production in a timely and cost-effective manner of printed facsimiles that consisted largely of black-and-white text4 ,with binary scanning1 large files may be compressed efficiently and in a lossless manner 7i4e41 no data is lost in the process of compressing and decompressing an image--the exact bit-representation is maintained7 using ,group #d ,,ccitt 7i4e41 the ,french acronym for ,international ,consultative ,committee for ,telegraph and ,telephone7 compression4 ,,cxp was getting compression ratios of about forty to one4 ,gray-scale compression1 which primarily uses ,,jpeg1 is much less economical and can represent a lossy compression 7i4e41 not lossless71 so that as one compresses and decompresses1 the illustration is subtly changed4 ,while binary files produce a high-quality printed version1 it appears #a7 that other combinations of spatial resolution with gray and_/or color hold great promise as well1 and #b7 that gray scale can represent a tremendous advantage for on-screen viewing4 ,the quality associated with binary and gray scale also depends on the equipment used4 ,for instance1 binary scanning produces a much better copy on a binary printer4 ,among ,,cxp's findings concerning the production of microfilm from digital files1 ,,kenney reported that the digital files for the same ,reed lecture were used to produce sample film using an electron beam recorder4 ,the resulting film was faithful to the image capture of the digital files1 and while ,,cxp felt that the text and image pages represented in the ,reed lecture were superior to that of the light-lens film1 the resolution readings for the #fjj dpi were not as high as standard microfilming4 ,,kenney argued that the standards defined for light-lens technology are not totally transferable to a digital environment4 ,moreover1 they are based on definition of quality for a preservation copy4 ,although making this case will prove to be a long1 uphill struggle1 ,,cxp plans to continue to investigate the issue over the course of the next year4 ,,kenney concluded this portion of her talk with a discussion of the advantages of creating film3 it can serve as a primary backup and as a preservation master to the digital file2 it could then become the print or production master and service copies could be paper1 film1 optical disks1 magnetic media1 or on-screen display4 ,finally1 ,,kenney presented details re production3 99 ,development and testing of a moderately-high resolution production scanning workstation represented a third goal of ,,cxp2 to date1 #a1jjj volumes have been scanned1 or about #cjj1jjj images4 99 ,the resulting digital files are stored and used to produce hard-copy replacements for the originals and additional prints on demand2 although the initial costs are high1 scanning technology offers an affordable means for reformatting brittle material4 99 ,a technician in production mode can scan #cjj pages per hour when performing single-sheet scanning1 which is a necessity when working with truly brittle paper2 this figure is expected to increase significantly with subsequent iterations of the software from ,xerox2 a three-month time-and-cost study of scanning found that the average #cjj-page book would take about an hour and forty minutes to scan 7this figure included the time for setup1 which involves keying in primary bibliographic data1 going into quality control mode to define page size1 establishing front-to-back registration1 and scanning sample pages to identify a default range of settings for the entire book--functions not dissimilar to those performed by filmers or those preparing a book for photocopy74 99 ,the final step in the scanning process involved rescans1 which happily were few and far between1 representing well under #a percent of the total pages scanned4 ,in addition to technician time1 ,,cxp costed out equipment1 amortized over four years1 the cost of storing and refreshing the digital files every four years1 and the cost of printing and binding1 book-cloth binding1 a paper reproduction4 ,the total amounted to a little under #fe per single #cjj-page volume1 with #cj percent overhead included--a figure competitive with the prices currently charged by photocopy vendors4 ,of course1 with scanning1 in addition to the paper facsimile1 one is left with a digital file from which subsequent copies of the book can be produced for a fraction of the cost of photocopy1 with readers afforded choices in the form of these copies4 ,,kenney concluded that digital technology offers an electronic means for a library preservation effort to pay for itself4 ,if a brittle-book program included the means of disseminating reprints of books that are in demand by libraries and researchers alike1 the initial investment in capture could be recovered and used to preserve additional but less popular books4 ,she disclosed that an economic model for a self-sustaining program could be developed for ,,cxp's report to the ,commission on ,preservation and ,access 7,,cpa74 ,,kenney stressed that the focus of ,,cxp has been on obtaining high quality in a production environment4 ,the use of digital technology is viewed as an affordable alternative to other reformatting options4 999999999999 ,,andre 99 ,overview and history of ,,natdp 99 ,various agricultural ,,cd-,,rom products created inhouse and by service bureaus 99 ,pilot project on ,internet transmission 99 ,additional products in progress 99 ,pamela ,,andre1 associate director for automation1 ,national ,agricultural ,text ,digitizing ,program 7,,natdp71 ,national ,agricultural ,library 7,,nal71 presented an overview of ,,natdp1 which has been underway at ,,nal the last four years1 before ,judith ,,zidar discussed the technical details4 ,,andre defined agricultural information as a broad range of material going from basic and applied research in the hard sciences to the one-page pamphlets that are distributed by the cooperative state extension services on such things as how to grow blueberries4 ,,natdp began in late #aihf with a meeting of representatives from the land-grant library community to deal with the issue of electronic information4 ,,nal and forty-five of these libraries banded together to establish this project--to evaluate the technology for converting what were then source documents in paper form into electronic form1 to provide access to that digital information1 and then to distribute it4 ,distributing that material to the community--the university community as well as the extension service community1 potentially down to the county level--constituted the group's chief concern4 ,since ,january #aihh 7when the microcomputer-based scanning system was installed at ,,nal71 ,,natdp has done a variety of things1 concerning which ,,zidar would provide further details4 ,for example1 the first technology considered in the project's discussion phase was digital videodisc1 which indicates how long ago it was conceived4 ,over the four years of this project1 four separate ,,cd-,,rom products on four different agricultural topics were created1 two at a scanning-and-,,ocr station installed at ,,nal1 and two by service bureaus4 ,thus1 ,,natdp has gained comparative information in terms of those relative costs4 ,each of these products contained the full ,,ascii text as well as page images of the material1 or between #d1jjj and #f1jjj pages of material on these disks4 ,topics included aquaculture1 food1 agriculture and science 7i4e41 international agriculture and research71 acid rain1 and ,agent ,orange1 which was the final product distributed 7approximately eighteen months before the ,workshop74 ,the third phase of ,,natdp focused on delivery mechanisms other than ,,cd-,,rom4 ,at the suggestion of ,clifford ,,lynch1 who was a technical consultant to the project at this point1 ,,natdp became involved with the ,internet and initiated a project with the help of ,north ,carolina ,state ,university1 in which fourteen of the land-grant university libraries are transmitting digital images over the ,internet in response to interlibrary loan requests--a topic for another meeting4 ,at this point1 the pilot project had been completed for about a year and the final report would be available shortly after the ,workshop4 ,in the meantime1 the project's success had led to its extension4 7,,andre noted that one of the first things done under the program title was to select a retrieval package to use with subsequent products2 ,windows ,personal ,librarian was the package of choice after a lengthy evaluation47 ,three additional products had been planned and were in progress3 #a7 ,an arrangement with the ,american ,society of ,agronomy--a professional society that has published the ,agronomy ,journal since about #aijh--to scan and create bit-mapped images of its journal4 ,,asa granted permission first to put and then to distribute this material in electronic form1 to hold it at ,,nal1 and to use these electronic images as a mechanism to deliver documents or print out material for patrons1 among other uses4 ,effectively1 ,,nal has the right to use this material in support of its program4 7,significantly1 this arrangement offers a potential cooperative model for working with other professional societies in agriculture to try to do the same thing--put the journals of particular interest to agriculture research into electronic form47 #b7 ,an extension of the earlier product on aquaculture4 #c7 ,the ,george ,washington ,carver ,papers--a joint project with ,tuskegee ,university to scan and convert from microfilm some #c1ejj images of ,carver's papers1 letters1 and drawings4 ,it was anticipated that all of these products would appear no more than six months after the ,workshop4 999999999999 ,,zidar 99 7,a separate arena for scanning7 99 ,steps in creating a database 99 ,image capture1 with and without performing ,,ocr 99 ,keying in tracking data 99 ,scanning1 with electronic and manual tracking 99 ,adjustments during scanning process 99 ,scanning resolutions 99 ,compression 99 ,de-skewing and filtering 99 ,image capture from microform3 the papers and letters of ,george ,washington ,carver 99 ,equipment used for a scanning system 99 ,judith ,,zidar1 coordinator1 ,national ,agricultural ,text ,digitizing ,program 7,,natdp71 ,national ,agricultural ,library 7,,nal71 illustrated the technical details of ,,natdp1 including her primary responsibility1 scanning and creating databases on a topic and putting them on ,,cd-,,rom4 7,,zidar remarked a separate arena from the ,,cd-,,rom projects1 although the processing of the material is nearly identical1 in which ,,natdp is also scanning material and loading it on a ,next microcomputer1 which in turn is linked to ,,nal's integrated library system4 ,thus1 searches in ,,nal's bibliographic database will enable people to pull up actual page images and text for any documents that have been entered47 ,in accordance with the session's topic1 ,,zidar focused her illustrated talk on image capture1 offering a primer on the three main steps in the process3 #a7 assemble the printed publications2 #b7 design the database 7database design occurs in the process of preparing the material for scanning2 this step entails reviewing and organizing the material1 defining the contents--what will constitute a record1 what kinds of fields will be captured in terms of author1 title1 etc472 #c7 perform a certain amount of markup on the paper publications4 ,,nal performs this task record by record1 preparing work sheets or some other sort of tracking material and designing descriptors and other enhancements to be added to the data that will not be captured from the printed publication4 ,part of this process also involves determining ,,natdp's file and directory structure3 ,,natdp attempts to avoid putting more than approximately #ajj images in a directory1 because placing more than that on a ,,cd-,,rom would reduce the access speed4 ,this up-front process takes approximately two weeks for a #f1jjj-g1jjj-page database4 ,the next step is to capture the page images4 ,how long this process takes is determined by the decision whether or not to perform ,,ocr4 ,not performing ,,ocr speeds the process1 whereas text capture requires greater care because of the quality of the image3 it has to be straighter and allowance must be made for text on a page1 not just for the capture of photographs4 ,,natdp keys in tracking data1 that is1 a standard bibliographic record including the title of the book and the title of the chapter1 which will later either become the access information or will be attached to the front of a full-text record so that it is searchable4 ,images are scanned from a bound or unbound publication1 chiefly from bound publications in the case of ,,natdp1 however1 because often they are the only copies and the publications are returned to the shelves4 ,,natdp usually scans one record at a time1 because its database tracking system tracks the document in that way and does not require further logical separating of the images4 ,after performing optical character recognition1 ,,natdp moves the images off the hard disk and maintains a volume sheet4 ,though the system tracks electronically1 all the processing steps are also tracked manually with a log sheet4 ,,zidar next illustrated the kinds of adjustments that one can make when scanning from paper and microfilm1 for example1 redoing images that need special handling1 setting for dithering or gray scale1 and adjusting for brightness or for the whole book at one time4 ,,natdp is scanning at #cjj dots per inch1 a standard scanning resolution4 ,though adequate for capturing text that is all of a standard size1 #cjj dpi is unsuitable for any kind of photographic material or for very small text4 ,many scanners allow for different image formats1 ,,tiff1 of course1 being a de facto standard4 ,but if one intends to exchange images with other people1 the ability to scan other image formats1 even if they are less common1 becomes highly desirable4 ,,ccitt ,group #d is the standard compression for normal black-and-white images1 ,,jpeg for gray scale or color4 ,,zidar recommended #a7 using the standard compressions1 particularly if one attempts to make material available and to allow users to download images and reuse them from ,,cd-,r,o,ms2 and #b7 maintaining the ability to output an uncompressed image1 because in image exchange uncompressed images are more likely to be able to cross platforms4 ,,zidar emphasized the importance of de-skewing and filtering as requirements on ,,natdp's upgraded system4 ,for instance1 scanning bound books1 particularly books published by the federal government whose pages are skewed1 and trying to scan them straight if ,,ocr is to be performed1 is extremely time-consuming4 ,the same holds for filtering of poor-quality or older materials4 ,,zidar described image capture from microform1 using as an example three reels from a sixty-seven-reel set of the papers and letters of ,george ,washington ,carver that had been produced by ,tuskegee ,university4 ,these resulted in approximately #c1ejj images1 which ,,natdp had had scanned by its service contractor1 ,science ,applications ,international ,corporation 7,,saic74 ,,natdp also created bibliographic records for access4 7,,natdp did not have such specialized equipment as a microfilm scanner4 ,unfortunately1 the process of scanning from microfilm was not an unqualified success1 ,,zidar reported3 because microfilm frame sizes vary1 occasionally some frames were missed1 which without spending much time and money could not be recaptured4 ,,ocr could not be performed from the scanned images of the frames4 ,the bleeding in the text simply output text1 when ,,ocr was run1 that could not even be edited4 ,,natdp tested for negative versus positive images1 landscape versus portrait orientation1 and single- versus dual-page microfilm1 none of which seemed to affect the quality of the image2 but also on none of them could ,,ocr be performed4 ,in selecting the microfilm they would use1 therefore1 ,,natdp had other factors in mind4 ,,zidar noted two factors that influenced the quality of the images3 #a7 the inherent quality of the original and #b7 the amount of size reduction on the pages4 ,the ,carver papers were selected because they are informative and visually interesting1 treat a single subject1 and are valuable in their own right4 ,the images were scanned and divided into logical records by ,,saic1 then delivered1 and loaded onto ,,natdp's system1 where bibliographic information taken directly from the images was added4 ,scanning was completed in summer #aiia and by the end of summer #aiib the disk was scheduled to be published4 ,problems encountered during processing included the following3 ,because the microfilm scanning had to be done in a batch1 adjustment for individual page variations was not possible4 ,the frame size varied on account of the nature of the material1 and therefore some of the frames were missed while others were just partial frames4 ,the only way to go back and capture this material was to print out the page with the microfilm reader from the missing frame and then scan it in from the page1 which was extremely time-consuming4 ,the quality of the images scanned from the printout of the microfilm compared unfavorably with that of the original images captured directly from the microfilm4 ,the inability to perform ,,ocr also was a major disappointment4 ,at the time1 computer output microfilm was unavailable to test4 ,the equipment used for a scanning system was the last topic addressed by ,,zidar4 ,the type of equipment that one would purchase for a scanning system included3 a microcomputer1 at least a #chf1 but preferably a #dhf2 a large hard disk1 #chj megabyte at minimum2 a multi-tasking operating system that allows one to run some things in batch in the background while scanning or doing text editing1 for example1 ,unix or ,,os_/#b and1 theoretically1 ,windows2 a high-speed scanner and scanning software that allows one to make the various adjustments mentioned earlier2 a high-resolution monitor 7#aej dpi 72 ,,ocr software and hardware to perform text recognition2 an optical disk subsystem on which to archive all the images as the processing is done2 file management and tracking software4 ,,zidar opined that the software one purchases was more important than the hardware and might also cost more than the hardware1 but it was likely to prove critical to the success or failure of one's system4 ,in addition to a stand-alone scanning workstation for image capture1 then1 text capture requires one or two editing stations networked to this scanning station to perform editing4 ,editing the text takes two or three times as long as capturing the images4 ,finally1 ,,zidar stressed the importance of buying an open system that allows for more than one vendor1 complies with standards1 and can be upgraded4 999999999999 ,,waters 99,yale ,university ,library's master plan to convert microfilm to digital imagery 7,,pob7 99 ,the place of electronic tools in the library of the future 99 ,the uses of images and an image library 99 ,primary input from preservation microfilm 99 ,features distinguishing ,,pob from ,,cxp and key hypotheses guiding ,,pob 99 ,use of vendor selection process to facilitate organizational work 99 ,criteria for selecting vendor 99 ,finalists and results of process for ,yale 99 ,key factor distinguishing vendors 99 ,components1 design principles1 and some estimated costs of ,,pob 99 ,role of preservation materials in developing imaging market 99 ,factors affecting quality and cost 99 ,factors affecting the usability of complex documents in image form 99 ,donald ,,waters1 head of the ,systems ,office1 ,yale ,university ,library1 reported on the progress of a master plan for a project at ,yale to convert microfilm to digital imagery1 ,project ,open ,book 7,,pob74 ,stating that ,,pob was in an advanced stage of planning1 ,,waters detailed1 in particular1 the process of selecting a vendor partner and several key issues under discussion as ,yale prepares to move into the project itself4 ,he commented first on the vision that serves as the context of ,,pob and then described its purpose and scope4 ,,waters sees the library of the future not necessarily as an electronic library but as a place that generates1 preserves1 and improves for its clients ready access to both intellectual and physical recorded knowledge4 ,electronic tools must find a place in the library in the context of this vision4 ,several roles for electronic tools include serving as3 indirect sources of electronic knowledge or as finding aids 7the on-line catalogues1 the article-level indices1 registers for documents and archives72 direct sources of recorded knowledge2 full-text images2 and various kinds of compound sources of recorded knowledge 7the so-called compound documents of ,hypertext1 mixed text and image1 mixed-text image format1 and multimedia74 ,,pob is looking particularly at images and an image library1 the uses to which images will be put 7e4g41 storage1 printing1 browsing1 and then use as input for other processes71 ,,ocr as a subsequent process to image capture1 or creating an image library1 and also possibly generating microfilm4 ,while input will come from a variety of sources1 ,,pob is considering especially input from preservation microfilm4 ,a possible outcome is that the film and paper which provide the input for the image library eventually may go off into remote storage1 and that the image library may be the primary access tool4 ,the purpose and scope of ,,pob focus on imaging4 ,though related to ,,cxp1 ,,pob has two features which distinguish it3 #a7 scale--conversion of #aj1jjj volumes into digital image form2 and #b7 source--conversion from microfilm4 ,given these features1 several key working hypotheses guide ,,pob1 including3 #a7 ,since ,,pob is using microfilm1 it is not concerned with the image library as a preservation medium4 #b7 ,digital imagery can improve access to recorded knowledge through printing and network distribution at a modest incremental cost of microfilm4 #c7 ,capturing and storing documents in a digital image form is necessary to further improvements in access4 7,,pob distinguishes between the imaging1 digitizing process and ,,ocr1 which at this stage it does not plan to perform47 ,currently in its first or organizational phase1 ,,pob found that it could use a vendor selection process to facilitate a good deal of the organizational work 7e4g41 creating a project team and advisory board1 confirming the validity of the plan1 establishing the cost of the project and a budget1 selecting the materials to convert1 and then raising the necessary funds74 ,,pob developed numerous selection criteria1 including3 a firm committed to image-document management1 the ability to serve as systems integrator in a large-scale project over several years1 interest in developing the requisite software as a standard rather than a custom product1 and a willingness to invest substantial resources in the project itself4 ,two vendors1 ,,dec and ,xerox1 were selected as finalists in ,october #aiia1 and with the support of the ,commission on ,preservation and ,access1 each was commissioned to generate a detailed requirements analysis for the project and then to submit a formal proposal for the completion of the project1 which included a budget and costs4 ,the terms were that ,,pob would pay the loser4 ,the results for ,yale of involving a vendor included3 broad involvement of ,yale staff across the board at a relatively low cost1 which may have long-term significance in carrying out the project 7twenty-five to thirty university people are engaged in ,,pob72 better understanding of the factors that affect corporate response to markets for imaging products2 a competitive proposal2 and a more sophisticated view of the imaging markets4 ,the most important factor that distinguished the vendors under consideration was their identification with the customer4 ,the size and internal complexity of the company also was an important factor4 ,,pob was looking at large companies that had substantial resources4 ,in the end1 the process generated for ,yale two competitive proposals1 with ,xerox's the clear winner4 ,,waters then described the components of the proposal1 the design principles1 and some of the costs estimated for the process4 ,components are essentially four3 a conversion subsystem1 a network-accessible storage subsystem for #aj1jjj books 7and ,,pob expects #bjj to #fjj dpi storage71 browsing stations distributed on the campus network1 and network access to the image printers4 ,among the design principles1 ,,pob wanted conversion at the highest possible resolution4 ,assuming ,,tiff files1 ,,tiff files with ,group #d compression1 ,,tcp_/,,ip1 and ethernet network on campus1 ,,pob wanted a client-server approach with image documents distributed to the workstations and made accessible through native workstation interfaces such as ,windows4 ,,pob also insisted on a phased approach to implementation3 #a7 a stand-alone1 single-user1 low-cost entry into the business with a workstation focused on conversion and allowing ,,pob to explore user access2 #b7 movement into a higher-volume conversion with network-accessible storage and multiple access stations2 and #c7 a high-volume conversion1 full-capacity storage1 and multiple browsing stations distributed throughout the campus4 ,the costs proposed for start-up assumed the existence of the ,yale network and its two ,docu,tech image printers4 ,other start-up costs are estimated at #a million over the three phases4 ,at the end of the project1 the annual operating costs estimated primarily for the software and hardware proposed come to about #fj1jjj1 but these exclude costs for labor needed in the conversion process1 network and printer usage1 and facilities management4 ,finally1 the selection process produced for ,yale a more sophisticated view of the imaging markets3 the management of complex documents in image form is not a preservation problem1 not a library problem1 but a general problem in a broad1 general industry4 ,preservation materials are useful for developing that market because of the qualities of the material4 ,for example1 much of it is out of copyright4 ,the resolution of key issues such as the quality of scanning and image browsing also will affect development of that market4 ,the technology is readily available but changing rapidly4 ,in this context of rapid change1 several factors affect quality and cost1 to which ,,pob intends to pay particular attention1 for example1 the various levels of resolution that can be achieved4 ,,pob believes it can bring resolution up to #fjj dpi1 but an interpolation process from #djj to #fjj is more likely4 ,the variation quality in microfilm will prove to be a highly important factor4 ,,pob may reexamine the standards used to film in the first place by looking at this process as a follow-on to microfilming4 ,other important factors include3 the techniques available to the operator for handling material1 the ways of integrating quality control into the digitizing work flow1 and a work flow that includes indexing and storage4 ,,pob's requirement was to be able to deal with quality control at the point of scanning4 ,thus1 thanks to ,xerox1 ,,pob anticipates having a mechanism which will allow it not only to scan in batch form1 but to review the material as it goes through the scanner and control quality from the outset4 ,the standards for measuring quality and costs depend greatly on the uses of the material1 including subsequent ,,ocr1 storage1 printing1 and browsing4 ,but especially at issue for ,,pob is the facility for browsing4 ,this facility1 ,,waters said1 is perhaps the weakest aspect of imaging technology and the most in need of development4 ,a variety of factors affect the usability of complex documents in image form1 among them3 #a7 the ability of the system to handle the full range of document types1 not just monographs but serials1 multi-part monographs1 and manuscripts2 #b7 the location of the database of record for bibliographic information about the image document1 which ,,pob wants to enter once and in the most useful place1 the on-line catalog2 #c7 a document identifier for referencing the bibliographic information in one place and the images in another2 #d7 the technique for making the basic internal structure of the document accessible to the reader2 and finally1 #e7 the physical presentation on the ,,crt of those documents4 ,,pob is ready to complete this phase now4 ,one last decision involves deciding which material to scan4 999999999999 ,,discussion 99 ,,tiff files constitute de facto standard 99 ,,nara's experience with image conversion software and text conversion 99 ,,rfc #acad 99 ,considerable flux concerning available hardware and software solutions 99 ,,nal through-put rate during scanning 99 ,window management questions 99 ,in the question-and-answer period that followed ,,waters's presentation1 the following points emerged3 99 ,,zidar's statement about using ,,tiff files as a standard meant de facto standard4 ,this is what most people use and typically exchange with other groups1 across platforms1 or even occasionally across display software4 99 ,,holmes commented on the unsuccessful experience of ,,nara in attempting to run image-conversion software or to exchange between applications3 ,what are supposedly ,,tiff files go into other software that is supposed to be able to accept ,,tiff but cannot recognize the format and cannot deal with it1 and thus renders the exchange useless4 ,re text conversion1 he noted the different recognition rates obtained by substituting the make and model of scanners in ,,nara's recent test of an intelligent character-recognition product for a new company4 ,in the selection of hardware and software1 ,,holmes argued1 software no longer constitutes the overriding factor it did until about a year ago2 rather it is perhaps important to look at both now4 99 ,danny ,cohen and ,alan ,katz of the ,university of ,southern ,california ,information ,sciences ,institute began circulating as an ,internet ,,rfc 7,,rfc #acad7 about a month ago a standard for a ,,tiff interchange format for ,internet distribution of monochrome bit-mapped images1 which ,,lynch said he believed would be used as a de facto standard4 99 ,,fleischhauer's impression from hearing these reports and thinking about ,,am's experience was that there is considerable flux concerning available hardware and software solutions4 ,,hooton agreed and commented at the same time on ,,zidar's statement that the equipment employed affects the results produced4 ,one cannot draw a complete conclusion by saying it is difficult or impossible to perform ,,ocr from scanning microfilm1 for example1 with that device1 that set of parameters1 and system requirements1 because numerous other people are accomplishing just that1 using other components1 perhaps4 ,,hooton opined that both the hardware and the software were highly important4 ,most of the problems discussed today have been solved in numerous different ways by other people4 ,though it is good to be cognizant of various experiences1 this is not to say that it will always be thus4 99 ,at ,,nal1 the through-put rate of the scanning process for paper1 page by page1 performing ,,ocr1 ranges from #cjj to #fjj pages per day2 not performing ,,ocr is considerably faster1 although how much faster is not known4 ,this is for scanning from bound books1 which is much slower4 99 ,,waters commented on window management questions3 ,,dec proposed an ,x-,windows solution which was problematical for two reasons4 ,one was ,,pob's requirement to be able to manipulate images on the workstation and bring them down to the workstation itself and the other was network usage4 999999999999 ,,thoma 99 ,illustration of deficiencies in scanning and storage process 99 ,image quality in this process 99 ,different costs entailed by better image quality 99 ,techniques for overcoming various de-ficiencies3 fixed thresholding1 dynamic thresholding1 dithering1 image merge 99 ,page edge effects 99 ,george ,,thoma1 chief1 ,communications ,engineering ,branch1 ,national ,library of ,medicine 7,,nlm71 illustrated several of the deficiencies discussed by the previous speakers4 ,he introduced the topic of special problems by noting the advantages of electronic imaging4 ,for example1 it is regenerable because it is a coded file1 and real-time quality control is possible with electronic capture1 whereas in photographic capture it is not4 ,one of the difficulties discussed in the scanning and storage process was image quality which1 without belaboring the obvious1 means different things for maps1 medical ,x-rays1 or broadcast television4 ,in the case of documents1 ,,thoma said1 image quality boils down to legibility of the textual parts1 and fidelity in the case of gray or color photo print-type material4 ,legibility boils down to scan density1 the standard in most cases being #cjj dpi4 ,increasing the resolution with scanners that perform #fjj or #abjj dpi1 however1 comes at a cost4 ,better image quality entails at least four different kinds of costs3 #a7 equipment costs1 because the ,,ccd 7i4e41 charge-couple device7 with greater number of elements costs more2 #b7 time costs that translate to the actual capture costs1 because manual labor is involved 7the time is also dependent on the fact that more data has to be moved around in the machine in the scanning or network devices that perform the scanning as well as the storage72 #c7 media costs1 because at high resolutions larger files have to be stored2 and #d7 transmission costs1 because there is just more data to be transmitted4 ,but while resolution takes care of the issue of legibility in image quality1 other deficiencies have to do with contrast and elements on the page scanned or the image that needed to be removed or clarified4 ,thus1 ,,thoma proceeded to illustrate various deficiencies1 how they are manifested1 and several techniques to overcome them4 ,fixed thresholding was the first technique described1 suitable for black-and-white text1 when the contrast does not vary over the page4 ,one can have many different threshold levels in scanning devices4 ,thus1 ,,thoma offered an example of extremely poor contrast1 which resulted from the fact that the stock was a heavy red4 ,this is the sort of image that when microfilmed fails to provide any legibility whatsoever4 ,fixed thresholding is the way to change the black-to-red contrast to the desired black-to-white contrast4 ,other examples included material that had been browned or yellowed by age4 ,this was also a case of contrast deficiency1 and correction was done by fixed thresholding4 ,a final example boils down to the same thing1 slight variability1 but it is not significant4 ,fixed thresholding solves this problem as well4 ,the microfilm equivalent is certainly legible1 but it comes with dark areas4 ,though ,,thoma did not have a slide of the microfilm in this case1 he did show the reproduced electronic image4 ,when one has variable contrast over a page or the lighting over the page area varies1 especially in the case where a bound volume has light shining on it1 the image must be processed by a dynamic thresholding scheme4 ,one scheme1 dynamic averaging1 allows the threshold level not to be fixed but to be recomputed for every pixel from the neighboring characteristics4 ,the neighbors of a pixel determine where the threshold should be set for that pixel4 ,,thoma showed an example of a page that had been made deficient by a variety of techniques1 including a burn mark1 coffee stains1 and a yellow marker4 ,application of a fixed-thresholding scheme1 ,,thoma argued1 might take care of several deficiencies on the page but not all of them4 ,performing the calculation for a dynamic threshold setting1 however1 removes most of the deficiencies so that at least the text is legible4 ,another problem is representing a gray level with black-and-white pixels by a process known as dithering or electronic screening4 ,but dithering does not provide good image quality for pure black-and-white textual material4 ,,thoma illustrated this point with examples4 ,although its suitability for photoprint is the reason for electronic screening or dithering1 it cannot be used for every compound image4 ,in the document that was distributed by ,,cxp1 ,,thoma noticed that the dithered image of the ,,ieee test chart evinced some deterioration in the text4 ,he presented an extreme example of deterioration in the text in which compounded documents had to be set right by other techniques4 ,the technique illustrated by the present example was an image merge in which the page is scanned twice and the settings go from fixed threshold to the dithering matrix2 the resulting images are merged to give the best results with each technique4 ,,thoma illustrated how dithering is also used in nonphotographic or nonprint materials with an example of a grayish page from a medical text1 which was reproduced to show all of the gray that appeared in the original4 ,dithering provided a reproduction of all the gray in the original of another example from the same text4 ,,thoma finally illustrated the problem of bordering1 or page-edge1 effects4 ,books and bound volumes that are placed on a photocopy machine or a scanner produce page-edge effects that are undesirable for two reasons3 #a7 the aesthetics of the image2 after all1 if the image is to be preserved1 one does not necessarily want to keep all of its deficiencies2 #b7 compression 7with the bordering problem ,,thoma illustrated1 the compression ratio deteriorated tremendously74 ,one way to eliminate this more serious problem is to have the operator at the point of scanning window the part of the image that is desirable and automatically turn all of the pixels out of that picture to white4 999999999999 ,,fleischhauer 99 ,,am's experience with scanning bound materials 99 ,dithering 99 ,carl ,,fleischhauer1 coordinator1 ,american ,memory1 ,library of ,congress1 reported ,,am's experience with scanning bound materials1 which he likened to the problems involved in using photocopying machines4 ,very few devices in the industry offer book-edge scanning1 let alone book cradles4 ,the problem may be unsolvable1 ,,fleischhauer said1 because a large enough market does not exist for a preservation-quality scanner4 ,,am is using a ,kurzweil scanner1 which is a book-edge scanner now sold by ,xerox4 ,devoting the remainder of his brief presentation to dithering1 ,,fleischhauer related ,,am's experience with a contractor who was using unsophisticated equipment and software to reduce moire patterns from printed halftones4 ,,am took the same image and used the dithering algorithm that forms part of the same ,kurzweil ,xerox scanner2 it disguised moire patterns much more effectively4 ,,fleischhauer also observed that dithering produces a binary file which is useful for numerous purposes1 for example1 printing it on a laser printer without having to re-halftone it4 ,but it tends to defeat efficient compression1 because the very thing that dithers to reduce moire patterns also tends to work against compression schemes4 ,,am thought the difference in image quality was worth it4 999999999999 ,,discussion 99 ,relative use as a criterion for ,,pob's selection of books to be converted into digital form 99 ,during the discussion period1 ,,waters noted that one of the criteria for selecting books among the #aj1jjj to be converted into digital image form would be how much relative use they would receive--a subject still requiring evaluation4 ,the challenge will be to understand whether coherent bodies of material will increase usage or whether ,,pob should seek material that is being used1 scan that1 and make it more accessible4 ,,pob might decide to digitize materials that are already heavily used1 in order to make them more accessible and decrease wear on them4 ,another approach would be to provide a large body of intellectually coherent material that may be used more in digital form than it is currently used in microfilm4 ,,pob would seek material that was out of copyright4 999999999999 ,,baronas 99 ,origin and scope of ,,aiim 99 ,types of documents produced in ,,aiim's standards program 99 ,domain of ,,aiim's standardization work 99 ,,aiim's structure 99 ,,tc #aga and ,,ms#bc 99 ,electronic image management standards 99 ,categories of ,,eim standardization where ,,aiim standards are being developed 99 ,jean ,,baronas1 senior manager1 ,department of ,standards and ,technology1 ,association for ,information and ,image ,management 7,,aiim71 described the not-for-profit association and the national and international programs for standardization in which ,,aiim is active4 ,accredited for twenty-five years as the nation's standards development organization for document image management1 ,,aiim began life in a library community developing microfilm standards4 ,today the association maintains both its library and business-image management standardization activities--and has moved into electronic image-management standardization 7,,eim74 ,,baronas defined the program's scope4 ,,aiim deals with3 #a7 the terminology of standards and of the technology it uses2 #b7 methods of measurement for the systems1 as well as quality2 #c7 methodologies for users to evaluate and measure quality2 #d7 the features of apparatus used to manage and edit images2 and #e7 the procedures used to manage images4 ,,baronas noted that three types of documents are produced in the ,,aiim standards program3 the first two1 accredited by the ,american ,national ,standards ,institute 7,,ansi71 are standards and standard recommended practices4 ,recommended practices differ from standards in that they contain more tutorial information4 ,a technical report is not an ,,ansi standard4 ,because ,,aiim's policies and procedures for developing standards are approved by ,,ansi1 its standards are labeled ,,ansi_/,,aiim1 followed by the number and title of the standard4 ,,baronas then illustrated the domain of ,,aiim's standardization work4 ,for example1 ,,aiim is the administrator of the ,u4,s4 ,technical ,advisory ,group 7,,tag7 to the ,international ,standards ,organization's 7,,iso7 technical committee1 ,,tc l#gl ,micrographics and ,optical ,memories for ,document and ,image ,recording1 ,storage1 and ,use4 ,,aiim officially works through ,,ansi in the international standardization process4 ,,baronas described ,,aiim's structure1 including its board of directors1 its standards board of twelve individuals active in the image-management industry1 its strategic planning and legal admissibility task forces1 and its ,national ,standards ,council1 which is comprised of the members of a number of organizations who vote on every ,,aiim standard before it is published4 ,,baronas pointed out that ,,aiim's liaisons deal with numerous other standards developers1 including the optical disk community1 office and publishing systems1 image-codes-and-character set committees1 and the ,national ,information ,standards ,organization 7,,niso74 ,,baronas illustrated the procedures of ,,tc l#gl1 which covers all aspects of image management4 ,when ,,aiim's national program has conceptualized a new project1 it is usually submitted to the international level1 so that the member countries of ,,tc l#gl can simultaneously work on the development of the standard or the technical report4 ,,baronas also illustrated a classic microfilm standard1 ,,ms#bc1 which deals with numerous imaging concepts that apply to electronic imaging4 ,originally developed in the l#igjs1 revised in the l#ihjs1 and revised again in l#iia1 this standard is scheduled for another revision4 ,,ms#bc is an active standard whereby users may propose new density ranges and new methods of evaluating film images in the standard's revision4 ,,baronas detailed several electronic image-management standards1 for instance1 ,,ansi_/,,aiim ,,ms#dd1 a quality-control guideline for scanning #h4e by #aa black-and-white office documents4 ,this standard is used with the ,,ieee fax image--a continuous tone photographic image with gray scales1 text1 and several continuous tone pictures--and ,,aiim test target number #b1 a representative document used in office document management4 ,,baronas next outlined the four categories of ,,eim standardization in which ,,aiim standards are being developed3 transfer and retrieval1 evaluation1 optical disc and document scanning applications1 and design and conversion of documents4 ,she detailed several of the main projects of each3 #a7 in the category of image transfer and retrieval1 a bi-level image transfer format1 ,,ansi_/,,aiim ,,ms#ec1 which is a proposed standard that describes a file header for image transfer between unlike systems when the images are compressed using ,g#c and ,g#d compression2 #b7 the category of image evaluation1 which includes the ,,aiim-proposed ,,tr#bf tutorial on image resolution 7this technical report will treat the differences and similarities between classical or photographic and electronic imaging72 #c7 design and conversion1 which includes a proposed technical report called ,forms ,design ,optimization for ,,eim 7this report considers how general-purpose business forms can be best designed so that scanning is optimized2 reprographic characteristics such as type1 rules1 background1 tint1 and color will likewise be treated in the technical report72 #d7 disk and document scanning applications includes a project a7 on planning platters and disk management1 b7 on generating an application profile for ,,eim when images are stored and distributed on ,,cd-,,rom1 and c7 on evaluating ,,scsi#b1 and how a common command set can be generated for ,,scsi#b so that document scanners are more easily integrated4 7,,ansi_/,,aiim ,,ms#ec will also apply to compressed images47 999999999999 ,,battin 99 ,the implications of standards for preservation 99 ,a major obstacle to successful cooperation 99 ,a hindrance to access in the digital environment 99 ,standards a double-edged sword for those concerned with the preservation of the human record 99 ,near-term prognosis for reliable archival standards 99 ,preservation concerns for electronic media 99 ,need for reconceptualizing our preservation principles 99 ,standards in the real world and the politics of reproduction 99 ,need to redefine the concept of archival and to begin to think in terms of life cycles 99 ,cooperation and the ,la ,guardia ,eight 99 ,concerns generated by discussions on the problems of preserving text and image 99 ,general principles to be adopted in a world without standards 99 ,patricia ,,battin1 president1 the ,commission on ,preservation and ,access 7,,cpa71 addressed the implications of standards for preservation4 ,she listed several areas where the library profession and the analog world of the printed book had made enormous contributions over the past hundred years--for example1 in bibliographic formats1 binding standards1 and1 most important1 in determining what constitutes longevity or archival quality4 ,although standards have lightened the preservation burden through the development of national and international collaborative programs1 nevertheless1 a pervasive mistrust of other people's standards remains a major obstacle to successful cooperation1 ,,battin said4 ,the zeal to achieve perfection1 regardless of the cost1 has hindered rather than facilitated access in some instances1 and in the digital environment1 where no real standards exist1 has brought an ironically just reward4 ,,battin argued that standards are a double-edged sword for those concerned with the preservation of the human record1 that is1 the provision of access to recorded knowledge in a multitude of media as far into the future as possible4 ,standards are essential to facilitate interconnectivity and access1 but1 ,,battin said1 as ,,lynch pointed out yesterday1 if set too soon they can hinder creativity1 expansion of capability1 and the broadening of access4 ,the characteristics of standards for digital imagery differ radically from those for analog imagery4 ,and the nature of digital technology implies continuing volatility and change4 ,to reiterate1 precipitous standard-setting can inhibit creativity1 but delayed standard-setting results in chaos4 ,since in ,,battin',s opinion the near-term prognosis for reliable archival standards1 as defined by librarians in the analog world1 is poor1 two alternatives remain3 standing pat with the old technology1 or reconceptualizing4 ,preservation concerns for electronic media fall into two general domains4 ,one is the continuing assurance of access to knowledge originally generated1 stored1 disseminated1 and used in electronic form4 ,this domain contains several subdivisions1 including #a7 the closed1 proprietary systems discussed the previous day1 bundled information such as electronic journals and government agency records1 and electronically produced or captured raw data2 and #b7 the application of digital technologies to the reformatting of materials originally published on a deteriorating analog medium such as acid paper or videotape4 ,the preservation of electronic media requires a reconceptualizing of our preservation principles during a volatile1 standardless transition which may last far longer than any of us envision today4 ,,battin urged the necessity of shifting focus from assessing1 measuring1 and setting standards for the permanence of the medium to the concept of managing continuing access to information stored on a variety of media and requiring a variety of ever-changing hardware and software for access--a fundamental shift for the library profession4 ,,battin offered a primer on how to move forward with reasonable confidence in a world without standards4 ,her comments fell roughly into two sections3 #a7 standards in the real world and #b7 the politics of reproduction4 ,in regard to real-world standards1 ,,battin argued the need to redefine the concept of archive and to begin to think in terms of life cycles4 ,in the past1 the naive assumption that paper would last forever produced a cavalier attitude toward life cycles4 ,the transient nature of the electronic media has compelled people to recognize and accept upfront the concept of life cycles in place of permanency4 ,digital standards have to be developed and set in a cooperative context to ensure efficient exchange of information4 ,moreover1 during this transition period1 greater flexibility concerning how concepts such as backup copies and archival copies in the ,,cxp are defined is necessary1 or the opportunity to move forward will be lost4 ,in terms of cooperation1 particularly in the university setting1 ,,battin also argued the need to avoid going off in a hundred different directions4 ,the ,,cpa has catalyzed a small group of universities called the ,la ,guardia ,eight--because ,la ,guardia ,airport is where meetings take place--,harvard1 ,yale1 ,cornell1 ,princeton1 ,penn ,state1 ,tennessee1 ,stanford1 and ,,usc1 to develop a digital preservation consortium to look at all these issues and develop de facto standards as we move along1 instead of waiting for something that is officially blessed4 ,continuing to apply analog values and definitions of standards to the digital environment1 ,,battin said1 will effectively lead to forfeiture of the benefits of digital technology to research and scholarship4 ,under the second rubric1 the politics of reproduction1 ,,battin reiterated an oft-made argument concerning the electronic library1 namely1 that it is more difficult to transform than to create1 and nowhere is that belief expressed more dramatically than in the conversion of brittle books to new media4 ,preserving information published in electronic media involves making sure the information remains accessible and that digital information is not lost through reproduction4 ,in the analog world of photocopies and microfilm1 the issue of fidelity to the original becomes paramount1 as do issues of ,whose fidelity8 and ,whose original8 ,,battin elaborated these arguments with a few examples from a recent study conducted by the ,,cpa on the problems of preserving text and image4 ,discussions with scholars1 librarians1 and curators in a variety of disciplines dependent on text and image generated a variety of concerns1 for example3 #a7 ,copy what is1 not what the technology is capable of4 ,this is very important for the history of ideas4 ,scholars wish to know what the author saw and worked from4 ,and make available at the workstation the opportunity to erase all the defects and enhance the presentation4 #b7 ,the fidelity of reproduction--what is good enough1 what can we afford1 and the difference it makes--issues of subjective versus objective resolution4 #c7 ,the differences between primary and secondary users4 ,restricting the definition of primary user to the one in whose discipline the material has been published runs one headlong into the reality that these printed books have had a host of other users from a host of other disciplines1 who not only were looking for very different things1 but who also shared values very different from those of the primary user4 #d7 ,the relationship of the standard of reproduction to new capabilities of scholarship--the browsing standard versus an archival standard4 ,how good must the archival standard be8 ,can a distinction be drawn between potential users in setting standards for reproduction8 ,archival storage1 use copies1 browsing copies--ought an attempt to set standards even be made8 #e7 ,finally1 costs4 ,how much are we prepared to pay to capture absolute fidelity8 ,what are the trade-offs between vastly enhanced access1 degrees of fidelity1 and costs8 ,these standards1 ,,battin concluded1 serve to complicate further the reproduction process1 and add to the long list of technical standards that are necessary to ensure widespread access4 ,ways to articulate and analyze the costs that are attached to the different levels of standards must be found4 ,given the chaos concerning standards1 which promises to linger for the foreseeable future1 ,,battin urged adoption of the following general principles3 99 ,strive to understand the changing information requirements of scholarly disciplines as more and more technology is integrated into the process of research and scholarly communication in order to meet future scholarly needs1 not to build for the past4 ,capture deteriorating information at the highest affordable resolution1 even though the dissemination and display technologies will lag4 99 ,develop cooperative mechanisms to foster agreement on protocols for document structure and other interchange mechanisms necessary for widespread dissemination and use before official standards are set4 99 ,accept that1 in a transition period1 de facto standards will have to be developed4 99 ,capture information in a way that keeps all options open and provides for total convertibility3 ,,ocr1 scanning of microfilm1 producing microfilm from scanned documents1 etc4 99 ,work closely with the generators of information and the builders of networks and databases to ensure that continuing accessibility is a primary concern from the beginning4 99 ,piggyback on standards under development for the broad market1 and avoid library-specific standards2 work with the vendors1 in order to take advantage of that which is being standardized for the rest of the world4 99 ,concentrate efforts on managing permanence in the digital world1 rather than perfecting the longevity of a particular medium4 999999999999 ,,discussion 99 ,additional comments on ,,tiff 99 ,during the brief discussion period that followed ,,battin's presentation1 ,,baronas explained that ,,tiff was not developed in collaboration with or under the auspices of ,,aiim4 ,,tiff is a company product1 not a standard1 is owned by two corporations1 and is always changing4 ,,baronas also observed that ,,ansi_/,,aiim ,,ms#ec1 a bi-level image file transfer format that allows unlike systems to exchange images1 is compatible with ,,tiff as well as with ,,dec's architecture and ,,ibm's ,,modca_/,,ioca4 999999999999 ,,hooton 99 ,several questions to be considered in discussing text conversion 99 ,,hooton introduced the final topic1 text conversion1 by noting that it is becoming an increasingly important part of the imaging business4 ,many people now realize that it enhances their system to be able to have more and more character data as part of their imaging system4 ,re the issue of ,,ocr versus rekeying1 ,,hooton posed several questions3 ,how does one get text into computer-readable form8 ,does one use automated processes8 ,does one attempt to eliminate the use of operators where possible8 ,standards for accuracy1 he said1 are extremely important3 it makes a major difference in cost and time whether one sets as a standard #ih4e percent acceptance or #ii4e percent4 ,he mentioned outsourcing as a possibility for converting text4 ,finally1 what one does with the image to prepare it for the recognition process is also important1 he said1 because such preparation changes how recognition is viewed1 as well as facilitates recognition itself4 999999999999 ,,lesk 99 ,roles of participants in ,,core 99 ,data flow 99 ,the scanning process 99 ,the image interface 99 ,results of experiments involving the use of electronic resources and traditional paper copies 99 ,testing the issue of serendipity 99 ,conclusions 99 ,michael ,,lesk1 executive director1 ,computer ,science ,research1 ,bell ,communications ,research1 ,inc4 7,bellcore71 discussed the ,chemical ,online ,retrieval ,experiment 7,,core71 a cooperative project involving ,cornell ,university1 ,,oclc1 ,bellcore1 and the ,american ,chemical ,society 7,,acs74 ,,lesk spoke on #a7 how the scanning was performed1 including the unusual feature of page segmentation1 and #b7 the use made of the text and the image in experiments4 ,working with the chemistry journals 7because ,,acs has been saving its typesetting tapes since the mid-#aigjs and thus has a significant back-run of the most important chemistry journals in the ,united ,states71 ,,core is attempting to create an automated chemical library4 ,approximately a quarter of the pages by square inch are made up of images of quasi-pictorial material2 dealing with the graphic components of the pages is extremely important4 ,,lesk described the roles of participants in ,,core3 #a7 ,,acs provides copyright permission1 journals on paper1 journals on microfilm1 and some of the definitions of the files2 #b7 at ,bellcore1 ,,lesk chiefly performs the data preparation1 while ,dennis ,egan performs experiments on the users of chemical abstracts1 and supplies the indexing and numerous magnetic tapes2 #c7 ,cornell provides the site of the experiment2 #d7 ,,oclc develops retrieval software and other user interfaces4 ,various manufacturers and publishers have furnished other help4 ,concerning data flow1 ,bellcore receives microfilm and paper from ,,acs2 the microfilm is scanned by outside vendors1 while the paper is scanned inhouse on an ,improvision scanner1 twenty pages per minute at #cjj dpi1 which provides sufficient quality for all practical uses4 ,,lesk would prefer to have more gray level1 because one of the ,,acs journals prints on some colored pages1 which creates a problem4 ,bellcore performs all this scanning1 creates a page-image file1 and also selects from the pages the graphics1 to mix with the text file 7which is discussed later in the ,workshop74 ,the user is always searching the ,,ascii file1 but she or he may see a display based on the ,,ascii or a display based on the images4 ,,lesk illustrated how the program performs page analysis1 and the image interface4 7,the user types several words1 is presented with a list-- usually of the titles of articles contained in an issue--that derives from the ,,ascii1 clicks on an icon and receives an image that mirrors an ,,acs page47 ,,lesk also illustrated an alternative interface1 based on text on the ,,ascii1 the so-called ,super,book interface from ,bellcore4 ,,lesk next presented the results of an experiment conducted by ,dennis ,egan and involving thirty-six students at ,cornell1 one third of them undergraduate chemistry majors1 one third senior undergraduate chemistry majors1 and one third graduate chemistry students4 ,a third of them received the paper journals1 the traditional paper copies and chemical abstracts on paper4 ,a third received image displays of the pictures of the pages1 and a third received the text display with pop-up graphics4 ,the students were given several questions made up by some chemistry professors4 ,the questions fell into five classes1 ranging from very easy to very difficult1 and included questions designed to simulate browsing as well as a traditional information retrieval-type task4 ,,lesk furnished the following results4 ,in the straightforward question search--the question being1 what is the phosphorus oxygen bond distance and hydroxy phosphate8--the students were told that they could take fifteen minutes and1 then1 if they wished1 give up4 ,the students with paper took more than fifteen minutes on average1 and yet most of them gave up4 ,the students with either electronic format1 text or image1 received good scores in reasonable time1 hardly ever had to give up1 and usually found the right answer4 ,in the browsing study1 the students were given a list of eight topics1 told to imagine that an issue of the ,journal of the ,american ,chemical ,society had just appeared on their desks1 and were also told to flip through it and to find topics mentioned in the issue4 ,the average scores were about the same4 7,the students were told to answer yes or no about whether or not particular topics appeared47 ,the errors1 however1 were quite different4 ,the students with paper rarely said that something appeared when it had not4 ,but they often failed to find something actually mentioned in the issue4 ,the computer people found numerous things1 but they also frequently said that a topic was mentioned when it was not4 7,the reason1 of course1 was that they were performing word searches4 ,they were finding that words were mentioned and they were concluding that they had accomplished their task47 ,this question also contained a trick to test the issue of serendipity4 ,the students were given another list of eight topics and instructed1 without taking a second look at the journal1 to recall how many of this new list of eight topics were in this particular issue4 ,this was an attempt to see if they performed better at remembering what they were not looking for4 ,they all performed about the same1 paper or electronics1 about #fb percent accurate4 ,in short1 ,,lesk said1 people were not very good when it came to serendipity1 but they were no worse at it with computers than they were with paper4 7,,lesk gave a parenthetical illustration of the learning curve of students who used ,super,book47 ,the students using the electronic systems started off worse than the ones using print1 but by the third of the three sessions in the series had caught up to print4 ,as one might expect1 electronics provide a much better means of finding what one wants to read2 reading speeds1 once the object of the search has been found1 are about the same4 ,almost none of the students could perform the hard task--the analogous transformation4 7,it would require the expertise of organic chemists to complete47 ,but an interesting result was that the students using the text search performed terribly1 while those using the image system did best4 ,that the text search system is driven by text offers the explanation4 ,everything is focused on the text2 to see the pictures1 one must press on an icon4 ,many students found the right article containing the answer to the question1 but they did not click on the icon to bring up the right figure and see it4 ,they did not know that they had found the right place1 and thus got it wrong4 ,the short answer demonstrated by this experiment was that in the event one does not know what to read1 one needs the electronic systems2 the electronic systems hold no advantage at the moment if one knows what to read1 but neither do they impose a penalty4 ,,lesk concluded by commenting that1 on one hand1 the image system was easy to use4 ,on the other hand1 the text display system1 which represented twenty man-years of work in programming and polishing1 was not winning1 because the text was not being read1 just searched4 ,the much easier system is highly competitive as well as remarkably effective for the actual chemists4 999999999999 ,,erway 99 ,most challenging aspect of working on ,,am 99 ,assumptions guiding ,,am's approach 99 ,testing different types of service bureaus 99 ,,am's requirement for #ii4ie percent accuracy 99 ,requirements for text-coding 99 ,additional factors influencing ,,am's approach to coding 99 ,results of ,,am's experience with rekeying 99 ,other problems in dealing with service bureaus 99 ,quality control the most time-consuming aspect of contracting out conversion 99 ,long-term outlook uncertain 99 ,to ,ricky ,,erway1 associate coordinator1 ,american ,memory1 ,library of ,congress1 the constant variety of conversion projects taking place simultaneously represented perhaps the most challenging aspect of working on ,,am4 ,thus1 the challenge was not to find a solution for text conversion but a tool kit of solutions to apply to ,,lc's varied collections that need to be converted4 ,,erway limited her remarks to the process of converting text to machine-readable form1 and the variety of ,,lc's text collections1 for example1 bound volumes1 microfilm1 and handwritten manuscripts4 ,two assumptions have guided ,,am's approach1 ,,erway said3 #a7 ,a desire not to perform the conversion inhouse4 ,because of the variety of formats and types of texts1 to capitalize the equipment and have the talents and skills to operate them at ,,lc would be extremely expensive4 ,further1 the natural inclination to upgrade to newer and better equipment each year made it reasonable for ,,am to focus on what it did best and seek external conversion services4 ,using service bureaus also allowed ,,am to have several types of operations take place at the same time4 #b7 ,,am was not a technology project1 but an effort to improve access to library collections4 ,hence1 whether text was converted using ,,ocr or rekeying mattered little to ,,am4 ,what mattered were cost and accuracy of results4 ,,am considered different types of service bureaus and selected three to perform several small tests in order to acquire a sense of the field4 ,the sample collections with which they worked included handwritten correspondence1 typewritten manuscripts from the #aidjs1 and eighteenth-century printed broadsides on microfilm4 ,on none of these samples was ,,ocr performed2 they were all rekeyed4 ,,am had several special requirements for the three service bureaus it had engaged4 ,for instance1 any errors in the original text were to be retained4 ,working from bound volumes or anything that could not be sheet-fed also constituted a factor eliminating companies that would have performed ,,ocr4 ,,am requires #ii4ie percent accuracy1 which1 though it sounds high1 often means one or two errors per page4 ,the initial batch of test samples contained several handwritten materials for which ,,am did not require text-coding4 ,the results1 ,,erway reported1 were in all cases fairly comparable3 for the most part1 all three service bureaus achieved #ii4ie percent accuracy4 ,,am was satisfied with the work but surprised at the cost4 ,as ,,am began converting whole collections1 it retained the requirement for #ii4ie percent accuracy and added requirements for text-coding4 ,,am needed to begin performing work more than three years ago before ,,lc requirements for ,,sgml applications had been established4 ,since ,,am's goal was simply to retain any of the intellectual content represented by the formatting of the document 7which would be lost if one performed a straight ,,ascii conversion71 ,,am used ,,sgml-like codes4 ,these codes resembled ,,sgml tags but were used without the benefit of document-type definitions4 ,,am found that many service bureaus were not yet ,,sgml-proficient4 ,additional factors influencing the approach ,,am took with respect to coding included3 #a7 the inability of any known microcomputer-based user-retrieval software to take advantage of ,,sgml coding2 and #b7 the multiple inconsistencies in format of the older documents1 which confirmed ,,am in its desire not to attempt to force the different formats to conform to a single document-type definition 7,,dtd7 and thus create the need for a separate ,,dtd for each document4 ,the five text collections that ,,am has converted or is in the process of converting include a collection of eighteenth-century broadsides1 a collection of pamphlets1 two typescript document collections1 and a collection of #aej books4 ,,erway next reviewed the results of ,,am's experience with rekeying1 noting again that because the bulk of ,,am's materials are historical1 the quality of the text often does not lend itself to ,,ocr4 ,while non-,english speakers are less likely to guess or elaborate or correct typos in the original text1 they are also less able to infer what we would2 they also are nearly incapable of converting handwritten text4 ,another disadvantage of working with overseas keyers is that they are much less likely to telephone with questions1 especially on the coding1 with the result that they develop their own rules as they encounter new situations4 ,government contracting procedures and time frames posed a major challenge to performing the conversion4 ,many service bureaus are not accustomed to retaining the image1 even if they perform ,,ocr4 ,thus1 questions of image format and storage media were somewhat novel to many of them4 ,,erway also remarked other problems in dealing with service bureaus1 for example1 their inability to perform text conversion from the kind of microfilm that ,,lc uses for preservation purposes4 ,but quality control1 in ,,erway's experience1 was the most time-consuming aspect of contracting out conversion4 ,,am has been attempting to perform a #aj-percent quality review1 looking at either every tenth document or every tenth page to make certain that the service bureaus are maintaining #ii4ie percent accuracy4 ,but even if they are complying with the requirement for accuracy1 finding errors produces a desire to correct them and1 in turn1 to clean up the whole collection1 which defeats the purpose to some extent4 ,even a double entry requires a character-by-character comparison to the original to meet the accuracy requirement4 ,,lc is not accustomed to publish imperfect texts1 which makes attempting to deal with the industry standard an emotionally fraught issue for ,,am4 ,as was mentioned in the previous day's discussion1 going from #ii4ie to #ii4ii percent accuracy usually doubles costs and means a third keying or another complete run-through of the text4 ,although ,,am has learned much from its experiences with various collections and various service bureaus1 ,,erway concluded pessimistically that no breakthrough has been achieved4 ,incremental improvements have occurred in some of the ,,ocr technology1 some of the processes1 and some of the standards acceptances1 which1 though they may lead to somewhat lower costs1 do not offer much encouragement to many people who are anxiously awaiting the day that the entire contents of ,,lc are available on-line4 999999999999 ,,zidar 99 ,several answers to why one attempts to perform full-text conversion 99 ,per page cost of performing ,,ocr 99 ,typical problems encountered during editing 99 ,editing poor copy ,,ocr vs4 rekeying 99 ,judith ,,zidar1 coordinator1 ,national ,agricultural ,text ,digitizing ,program 7,,natdp71 ,national ,agricultural ,library 7,,nal71 offered several answers to the question of why one attempts to perform full-text conversion3 #a7 ,text in an image can be read by a human but not by a computer1 so of course it is not searchable and there is not much one can do with it4 #b7 ,some material simply requires word-level access4 ,for instance1 the legal profession insists on full-text access to its material2 with taxonomic or geographic material1 which entails numerous names1 one virtually requires word-level access4 #c7 ,full text permits rapid browsing and searching1 something that cannot be achieved in an image with today's technology4 #d7 ,text stored as ,,ascii and delivered in ,,ascii is standardized and highly portable4 #e7 ,people just want full-text searching1 even those who do not know how to do it4 ,,nal1 for the most part1 is performing ,,ocr at an actual cost per average-size page of approximately #g4 ,,nal scans the page to create the electronic image and passes it through the ,,ocr device4 ,,zidar next rehearsed several typical problems encountered during editing4 ,praising the celerity of her student workers1 ,,zidar observed that editing requires approximately five to ten minutes per page1 assuming that there are no large tables to audit4 ,confusion among the three characters ,i1 #a1 and l1 constitutes perhaps the most common problem encountered4 ,zeroes and ,o's also are frequently confused4 ,double ,m's create a particular problem1 even on clean pages4 ,they are so wide in most fonts that they touch1 and the system simply cannot tell where one letter ends and the other begins4 ,complex page formats occasionally fail to columnate properly1 which entails rescanning as though one were working with a single column1 entering the ,,ascii1 and decolumnating for better searching4 ,with proportionally spaced text1 ,,ocr can have difficulty discerning what is a space and what are merely spaces between letters1 as opposed to spaces between words1 and therefore will merge text or break up words where it should not4 ,,zidar said that it can often take longer to edit a poor-copy ,,ocr than to key it from scratch4 ,,nal has also experimented with partial editing of text1 whereby project workers go into and clean up the format1 removing stray characters but not running a spell-check4 ,,nal corrects typos in the title and authors' names1 which provides a foothold for searching and browsing4 ,even extremely poor-quality ,,ocr 7e4g41 #fj-percent accuracy7 can still be searched1 because numerous words are correct1 while the important words are probably repeated often enough that they are likely to be found correct somewhere4 ,librarians1 however1 cannot tolerate this situation1 though end users seem more willing to use this text for searching1 provided that ,,nal indicates that it is unedited4 ,,zidar concluded that rekeying of text may be the best route to take1 in spite of numerous problems with quality control and cost4 999999999999 ,,discussion 99 ,modifying an image before performing ,,ocr 99 ,,nal's costs per page 99,,am's costs per page and experience with ,federal ,prison ,industries 99 ,elements comprising ,,natdp's costs per page 99 ,,ocr and structured markup 99 ,distinction between the structure of a document and its representation when put on the screen or printed 99 ,,hooton prefaced the lengthy discussion that followed with several comments about modifying an image before one reaches the point of performing ,,ocr4 ,for example1 in regard to an application containing a significant amount of redundant data1 such as form-type data1 numerous companies today are working on various kinds of form renewal1 prior to going through a recognition process1 by using dropout colors4 ,thus1 acquiring access to form design or using electronic means are worth considering4 ,,hooton also noted that conversion usually makes or breaks one's imaging system4 ,it is extremely important1 extremely costly in terms of either capital investment or service1 and determines the quality of the remainder of one's system1 because it determines the character of the raw material used by the system4 ,concerning the four projects undertaken by ,,nal1 two inside and two performed by outside contractors1 ,,zidar revealed that an in-house service bureau executed the first at a cost between #h and #aj per page for everything1 including building of the database4 ,the project undertaken by the ,consultative ,group on ,international ,agricultural ,research 7,,cgiar7 cost approximately #aj per page for the conversion1 plus some expenses for the software and building of the database4 ,the ,acid ,rain ,project--a two-disk set produced by the ,university of ,vermont1 consisting of ,canadian publications on acid rain--cost #f4gj per page for everything1 including keying of the text1 which was double keyed1 scanning of the images1 and building of the database4 ,the in-house project offered considerable ease of convenience and greater control of the process4 ,on the other hand1 the service bureaus know their job and perform it expeditiously1 because they have more people4 ,as a useful comparison1 ,,erway revealed ,,am's costs as follows3 #j4ge cents to #j4he cents per thousand characters1 with an average page containing #b1gjj characters4 ,requirements for coding and imaging increase the costs4 ,thus1 conversion of the text1 including the coding1 costs approximately #c per page4 7,this figure does not include the imaging and database-building included in the ,,nal costs47 ,,am also enjoyed a happy experience with ,federal ,prison ,industries1 which precluded the necessity of going through the request-for-proposal process to award a contract1 because it is another government agency4 ,the prisoners performed ,,am's rekeying just as well as other service bureaus and proved handy as well4 ,,am shipped them the books1 which they would photocopy on a book-edge scanner4 ,they would perform the markup on photocopies1 return the books as soon as they were done with them1 perform the keying1 and return the material to ,,am on ,,worm disks4 ,,zidar detailed the elements that constitute the previously noted cost of approximately #g per page4 ,most significant is the editing1 correction of errors1 and spell-checkings1 which though they may sound easy to perform require1 in fact1 a great deal of time4 ,reformatting text also takes a while1 but a significant amount of ,,nal's expenses are for equipment1 which was extremely expensive when purchased because it was one of the few systems on the market4 ,the costs of equipment are being amortized over five years but are still quite high1 nearly #b1jjj per month4 ,,hockey raised a general question concerning ,,ocr and the amount of editing required 7substantial in her experience7 to generate the kind of structured markup necessary for manipulating the text on the computer or loading it into any retrieval system4 ,she wondered if the speakers could extend the previous question about the cost-benefit of adding or exerting structured markup4 ,,erway noted that several ,,ocr systems retain italics1 bolding1 and other spatial formatting4 ,while the material may not be in the format desired1 these systems possess the ability to remove the original materials quickly from the hands of the people performing the conversion1 as well as to retain that information so that users can work with it4 ,,hockey rejoined that the current thinking on markup is that one should not say that something is italic or bold so much as why it is that way4 ,to be sure1 one needs to know that something was italicized1 but how can one get from one to the other8 ,one can map from the structure to the typographic representation4 ,,fleischhauer suggested that1 given the #ajj million items the ,library holds1 it may not be possible for ,,lc to do more than report that a thing was in italics as opposed to why it was italics1 although that may be desirable in some contexts4 ,promising to talk a bit during the afternoon session about several experiments ,,oclc performed on automatic recognition of document elements1 and which they hoped to extend1 ,,weibel said that in fact one can recognize the major elements of a document with a fairly high degree of reliability1 at least as good as ,,ocr4 ,,stevens drew a useful distinction between standard1 generalized markup 7i4e41 defining for a document-type definition the structure of the document71 and what he termed a style sheet1 which had to do with italics1 bolding1 and other forms of emphasis4 ,thus1 two different components are at work1 one being the structure of the document itself 7its logic71 and the other being its representation when it is put on the screen or printed4 999999999999 ,,session ,v4 ,,approaches ,,to ,,preparing ,,electronic ,,texts ,,hockey 99 ,text in ,,ascii and the representation of electronic text versus an image 99 ,the need to look at ways of using markup to assist retrieval 99 ,the need for an encoding format that will be reusable and multifunctional ,susan ,,hockey1 director1 ,center for ,electronic ,texts in the ,humanities 7,,ceth71 ,rutgers and ,princeton ,universities1 announced that one talk 7,,weibel's7 was moved into this session from the morning and that ,david ,packard was unable to attend4 ,the session would attempt to focus more on what one can do with a text in ,,ascii and the representation of electronic text rather than just an image1 what one can do with a computer that cannot be done with a book or an image4 ,it would be argued that one can do much more than just read a text1 and from that starting point one can use markup and methods of preparing the text to take full advantage of the capability of the computer4 ,that would lead to a discussion of what the ,european ,community calls ,,reusability1 what may better be termed ,,durability1 that is1 how to prepare or make a text that will last a long time and that can be used for as many applications as possible1 which would lead to issues of improving intellectual access4 ,,hockey urged the need to look at ways of using markup to facilitate retrieval1 not just for referencing or to help locate an item that is retrieved1 but also to put markup tags in a text to help retrieve the thing sought either with linguistic tagging or interpretation4 ,,hockey also argued that little advancement had occurred in the software tools currently available for retrieving and searching text4 ,she pressed the desideratum of going beyond ,boolean searches and performing more sophisticated searching1 which the insertion of more markup in the text would facilitate4 ,thinking about electronic texts as opposed to images means considering material that will never appear in print form1 or print will not be its primary form1 that is1 material which only appears in electronic form4 ,,hockey alluded to the history and the need for markup and tagging and electronic text1 which was developed through the use of computers in the humanities2 as ,,michelson had observed1 ,father ,busa had started in #aidi to prepare the first-ever text on the computer4 ,,hockey remarked several large projects1 particularly in ,europe1 for the compilation of dictionaries1 language studies1 and language analysis1 in which people have built up archives of text and have begun to recognize the need for an encoding format that will be reusable and multifunctional1 that can be used not just to print the text1 which may be assumed to be a byproduct of what one wants to do1 but to structure it inside the computer so that it can be searched1 built into a ,hypertext system1 etc4 999999999999 ,,weibel 99 ,,oclc's approach to preparing electronic text3 retroconversion1 keying of texts1 more automated ways of developing data 99 ,project ,,adapt and the ,,core ,project 99 ,intelligent character recognition does not exist 99 ,advantages of ,,sgml 99 ,data should be free of procedural markup2 descriptive markup strongly advocated 99 ,,oclc's interface illustrated 99 ,storage requirements and costs for putting a lot of information on line 99 ,stuart ,,weibel1 senior research scientist1 ,online ,computer ,library ,center1 ,inc4 7,,oclc71 described ,,oclc's approach to preparing electronic text4 ,he argued that the electronic world into which we are moving must accommodate not only the future but the past as well1 and to some degree even the present4 ,thus1 starting out at one end with retroconversion and keying of texts1 one would like to move toward much more automated ways of developing data4 ,for example1 ,project ,,adapt had to do with automatically converting document images into a structured document database with ,,ocr text as indexing and also a little bit of automatic formatting and tagging of that text4 ,the ,,core project hosted by ,cornell ,university1 ,bellcore1 ,,oclc1 the ,american ,chemical ,society1 and ,chemical ,abstracts1 constitutes ,,weibel's principal concern at the moment4 ,this project is an example of converting text for which one already has a machine-readable version into a format more suitable for electronic delivery and database searching4 7,since ,michael ,,lesk had previously described ,,core1 ,,weibel would say little concerning it47 ,borrowing a chemical phrase1 de novo synthesis1 ,,weibel cited the ,online ,journal of ,current ,clinical ,trials as an example of de novo electronic publishing1 that is1 a form in which the primary form of the information is electronic4 ,project ,,adapt1 then1 which ,,oclc completed a couple of years ago and in fact is about to resume1 is a model in which one takes page images either in paper or microfilm and converts them automatically to a searchable electronic database1 either on-line or local4 ,the operating assumption is that accepting some blemishes in the data1 especially for retroconversion of materials1 will make it possible to accomplish more4 ,not enough money is available to support perfect conversion4 ,,weibel related several steps taken to perform image preprocessing 7processing on the image before performing optical character recognition71 as well as image postprocessing4 ,he denied the existence of intelligent character recognition and asserted that what is wanted is page recognition1 which is a long way off4 ,,oclc has experimented with merging of multiple optical character recognition systems that will reduce errors from an unacceptable rate of #e characters out of every l1#jjj to an unacceptable rate of #b characters out of every l1#jjj1 but it is not good enough4 ,it will never be perfect4 ,concerning the ,,core ,project1 ,,weibel observed that ,bellcore is taking the topography files1 extracting the page images1 and converting those topography files to ,,sgml markup4 ,,lesk hands that data off to ,,oclc1 which builds that data into a ,newton database1 the same system that underlies the on-line system in virtually all of the reference products at ,,oclc4 ,the long-term goal is to make the systems interoperable so that not just ,bellcore's system and ,,oclc's system can access this data1 but other systems can as well1 and the key to that is the ,z#ci4ej common command language and the full-text extension4 ,z#ci4ej is fine for ,,marc records1 but is not enough to do it for full text 7that is1 make full texts interoperable74 ,,weibel next outlined the critical role of ,,sgml for a variety of purposes1 for example1 as noted by ,,hockey1 in the world of extremely large databases1 using highly structured data to perform field searches4 ,,weibel argued that by building the structure of the data in 7i4e41 the structure of the data originally on a printed page71 it becomes easy to look at a journal article even if one cannot read the characters and know where the title or author is1 or what the sections of that document would be4 ,,oclc wants to make that structure explicit in the database1 because it will be important for retrieval purposes4 ,the second big advantage of ,,sgml is that it gives one the ability to build structure into the database that can be used for display purposes without contaminating the data with instructions about how to format things4 ,the distinction lies between procedural markup1 which tells one where to put dots on the page1 and descriptive markup1 which describes the elements of a document4 ,,weibel believes that there should be no procedural markup in the data at all1 that the data should be completely unsullied by information about italics or boldness4 ,that should be left up to the display device1 whether that display device is a page printer or a screen display device4 ,by keeping one's database free of that kind of contamination1 one can make decisions down the road1 for example1 reorganize the data in ways that are not cramped by built-in notions of what should be italic and what should be bold4 ,,weibel strongly advocated descriptive markup4 ,as an example1 he illustrated the index structure in the ,,core data4 ,with subsequent illustrated examples of markup1 ,,weibel acknowledged the common complaint that ,,sgml is hard to read in its native form1 although markup decreases considerably once one gets into the body4 ,without the markup1 however1 one would not have the structure in the data4 ,one can pass markup through a ,la,te,x processor and convert it relatively easily to a printed version of the document4 ,,weibel next illustrated an extremely cluttered screen dump of ,,oclc's system1 in order to show as much as possible the inherent capability on the screen4 7,he noted parenthetically that he had become a supporter of ,x-,windows as a result of the progress of the ,,core ,project47 ,,weibel also illustrated the two major parts of the interface3 l7 a control box that allows one to generate lists of items1 which resembles a small table of contents based on key words one wishes to search1 and #b7 a document viewer1 which is a separate process in and of itself4 ,he demonstrated how to follow links through the electronic database simply by selecting the appropriate button and bringing them up4 ,he also noted problems that remain to be accommodated in the interface 7e4g41 as pointed out by ,,lesk1 what happens when users do not click on the icon for the figure74 ,given the constraints of time1 ,,weibel omitted a large number of ancillary items in order to say a few words concerning storage requirements and what will be required to put a lot of things on line4 ,since it is extremely expensive to reconvert all of this data1 especially if it is just in paper form 7and even if it is in electronic form in typesetting tapes71 he advocated building journals electronically from the start4 ,in that case1 if one only has text graphics and indexing 7which is all that one needs with de novo electronic publishing1 because there is no need to go back and look at bit-maps of pages71 one can get #aj1jjj journals of full text1 or almost #f million pages per year4 ,these pages can be put in approximately #ace gigabytes of storage1 which is not all that much1 ,,weibel said4 ,for twenty years1 something less than three terabytes would be required4 ,,weibel calculated the costs of storing this information as follows3 ,if a gigabyte costs approximately #a1jjj1 then a terabyte costs approximately #a million to buy in terms of hardware4 ,one also needs a building to put it in and a staff like ,,oclc to handle that information4 ,so1 to support a terabyte1 multiply by five1 which gives #e million per year for a supported terabyte of data4 999999999999 ,,discussion 99 ,tapes saved by ,,acs are the typography files originally supporting publication of the journal 99 ,cost of building tagged text into the database 99 ,during the question-and-answer period that followed ,,weibel's presentation1 these clarifications emerged4 ,the tapes saved by the ,american ,chemical ,society are the typography files that originally supported the publication of the journal4 ,although they are not tagged in ,,sgml1 they are tagged in very fine detail4 ,every single sentence is marked1 all the registry numbers1 all the publications issues1 dates1 and volumes4 ,no cost figures on tagging material on a per-megabyte basis were available4 ,because ,,acs's typesetting system runs from tagged text1 there is no extra cost per article4 ,it was unknown what it costs ,,acs to keyboard the tagged text rather than just keyboard the text in the cheapest process4 ,in other words1 since one intends to publish things and will need to build tagged text into a typography system in any case1 if one does that in such a way that it can drive not only typography but an electronic system 7which is what ,,acs intends to do--move to ,,sgml publishing71 the marginal cost is zero4 ,the marginal cost represents the cost of building tagged text into the database1 which is small4 999999999999 ,,sperberg-,mc,q,u,e,e,n 99 ,distinction between texts and computers 99 ,implications of recognizing that all representation is encoding 99 ,dealing with complicated representations of text entails the need for a grammar of documents 99 ,variety of forms of formal grammars 99 ,text as a bit-mapped image does not represent a serious attempt to represent text in electronic form 99 ,,sgml1 the ,,tei1 document-type declarations1 and the reusability and longevity of data 99 ,,tei conformance explicitly allows extension or modification of the ,,tei tag set 99 ,administrative background of the ,,tei 99 ,several design goals for the ,,tei tag set 99 ,an absolutely fixed requirement of the ,,tei ,guidelines 99 ,challenges the ,,tei has attempted to face 99 ,good texts not beyond economic feasibility 99 ,the issue of reproducibility or processability 99 ,the issue of mages as simulacra for the text redux 99 ,one's model of text determines what one's software can do with a text and has economic consequences 99 ,prior to speaking about ,,sgml and markup1 ,michael ,,sperberg-,mc,q,u,e,e,n1 editor1 ,text ,encoding ,initiative 7,,tei71 ,university of ,illinois-,chicago1 first drew a distinction between texts and computers3 ,texts are abstract cultural and linguistic objects while computers are complicated physical devices1 he said4 ,abstract objects cannot be placed inside physical devices2 with computers one can only represent text and act upon those representations4 ,the recognition that all representation is encoding1 ,,sperberg-,mc,q,u,e,e,n argued1 leads to the recognition of two things3 #a7 ,the topic description for this session is slightly misleading1 because there can be no discussion of pros and cons of text-coding unless what one means is pros and cons of working with text with computers4 #b7 ,no text can be represented in a computer without some sort of encoding2 images are one way of encoding text1 ,,ascii is another1 ,,sgml yet another4 ,there is no encoding without some information loss1 that is1 there is no perfect reproduction of a text that allows one to do away with the original4 ,thus1 the question becomes1 ,what is the most useful representation of text for a serious work8 ,this depends on what kind of serious work one is talking about4 ,the projects demonstrated the previous day all involved highly complex information and fairly complex manipulation of the textual material4 ,in order to use that complicated information1 one has to calculate it slowly or manually and store the result4 ,it needs to be stored1 therefore1 as part of one's representation of the text4 ,thus1 one needs to store the structure in the text4 ,to deal with complicated representations of text1 one needs somehow to control the complexity of the representation of a text2 that means one needs a way of finding out whether a document and an electronic representation of a document is legal or not2 and that means one needs a grammar of documents4 ,,sperberg-,mc,q,u,e,e,n discussed the variety of forms of formal grammars1 implicit and explicit1 as applied to text1 and their capabilities4 ,he argued that these grammars correspond to different models of text that different developers have4 ,for example1 one implicit model of the text is that there is no internal structure1 but just one thing after another1 a few characters and then perhaps a start-title command1 and then a few more characters and an end-title command4 ,,sperberg-,mc,q,u,e,e,n also distinguished several kinds of text that have a sort of hierarchical structure that is not very well defined1 which1 typically1 corresponds to grammars that are not very well defined1 as well as hierarchies that are very well defined 7e4g41 the ,thesaurus ,linguae ,graecae7 and extremely complicated things such as ,,sgml1 which handle strictly hierarchical data very nicely4 ,,sperberg-,mc,q,u,e,e,n conceded that one other model not illustrated on his two displays was the model of text as a bit-mapped image1 an image of a page1 and confessed to having been converted to a limited extent by the ,workshop to the view that electronic images constitute a promising1 probably superior alternative to microfilming4 ,but he was not convinced that electronic images represent a serious attempt to represent text in electronic form4 ,many of their problems stem from the fact that they are not direct attempts to represent the text but attempts to represent the page1 thus making them representations of representations4 ,in this situation of increasingly complicated textual information and the need to control that complexity in a useful way 7which begs the question of the need for good textual grammars71 one has the introduction of ,,sgml4 ,with ,,sgml1 one can develop specific document-type declarations for specific text types or1 as with the ,,tei1 attempts to generate general document-type declarations that can handle all sorts of text4 ,the ,,tei is an attempt to develop formats for text representation that will ensure the kind of reusability and longevity of data discussed earlier4 ,it offers a way to stay alive in the state of permanent technological revolution4 ,it has been a continuing challenge in the ,,tei to create document grammars that do some work in controlling the complexity of the textual object but also allowing one to represent the real text that one will find4 ,fundamental to the notion of the ,,tei is that ,,tei conformance allows one the ability to extend or modify the ,,tei tag set so that it fits the text that one is attempting to represent4 ,,sperberg-,mc,q,u,e,e,n next outlined the administrative background of the ,,tei4 ,the ,,tei is an international project to develop and disseminate guidelines for the encoding and interchange of machine-readable text4 ,it is sponsored by the ,association for ,computers in the ,humanities1 the ,association for ,computational ,linguistics1 and the ,association for ,literary and ,linguistic ,computing4 ,representatives of numerous other professional societies sit on its advisory board4 ,the ,,tei has a number of affiliated projects that have provided assistance by testing drafts of the guidelines4 ,among the design goals for the ,,tei tag set1 the scheme first of all must meet the needs of research1 because the ,,tei came out of the research community1 which did not feel adequately served by existing tag sets4 ,the tag set must be extensive as well as compatible with existing and emerging standards4 ,in #aiij1 version #a4j of the ,guidelines was released 7,,sperberg-,mc,q,u,e,e,n illustrated their contents74 ,,sperberg-,mc,q,u,e,e,n noted that one problem besetting electronic text has been the lack of adequate internal or external documentation for many existing electronic texts4 ,the ,,tei guidelines as currently formulated contain few fixed requirements1 but one of them is this3 ,there must always be a document header1 an in-file ,,sgml tag that provides #a7 a bibliographic description of the electronic object one is talking about 7that is1 who included it1 when1 what for1 and under which title72 and #b7 the copy text from which it was derived1 if any4 ,if there was no copy text or if the copy text is unknown1 then one states as much4 ,version #b4j of the ,guidelines was scheduled to be completed in fall #aiib and a revised third version is to be presented to the ,,tei advisory board for its endorsement this coming winter4 ,the ,,tei itself exists to provide a markup language1 not a marked-up text4 ,among the challenges the ,,tei has attempted to face is the need for a markup language that will work for existing projects1 that is1 handle the level of markup that people are using now to tag only chapter1 section1 and paragraph divisions and not much else4 ,at the same time1 such a language also will be able to scale up gracefully to handle the highly detailed markup which many people foresee as the future destination of much electronic text1 and which is not the future destination but the present home of numerous electronic texts in specialized areas4 ,,sperberg-,mc,q,u,e,e,n dismissed the lowest-common-denominator approach as unable to support the kind of applications that draw people who have never been in the public library regularly before1 and make them come back4 ,he advocated more interesting text and more intelligent text4 ,asserting that it is not beyond economic feasibility to have good texts1 ,,sperberg-,mc,q,u,e,e,n noted that the ,,tei ,guidelines listing #bjj-odd tags contains tags that one is expected to enter every time the relevant textual feature occurs4 ,it contains all the tags that people need now1 and it is not expected that everyone will tag things in the same way4 ,the question of how people will tag the text is in large part a function of their reaction to what ,,sperberg-,mc,q,u,e,e,n termed the issue of reproducibility4 ,what one needs to be able to reproduce are the things one wants to work with4 ,perhaps a more useful concept than that of reproducibility or recoverability is that of processability1 that is1 what can one get from an electronic text without reading it again in the original4 ,he illustrated this contention with a page from ,jan ,comenius's bilingual ,introduction to ,latin4 ,,sperberg-,mc,q,u,e,e,n returned at length to the issue of images as simulacra for the text1 in order to reiterate his belief that in the long run more than images of pages of particular editions of the text are needed1 because just as second-generation photocopies and second-generation microfilm degenerate1 so second-generation representations tend to degenerate1 and one tends to overstress some relatively trivial aspects of the text such as its layout on the page1 which is not always significant1 despite what the text critics might say1 and slight other pieces of information such as the very important lexical ties between the ,english and ,latin versions of ,comenius's bilingual text1 for example4 ,moreover1 in many crucial respects it is easy to fool oneself concerning what a scanned image of the text will accomplish4 ,for example1 in order to study the transmission of texts1 information concerning the text carrier is necessary1 which scanned images simply do not always handle4 ,further1 even the high-quality materials being produced at ,cornell use much of the information that one would need if studying those books as physical objects4 ,it is a choice that has been made4 ,it is an arguably justifiable choice1 but one does not know what color those pen strokes in the margin are or whether there was a stain on the page1 because it has been filtered out4 ,one does not know whether there were rips in the page because they do not show up1 and on a couple of the marginal marks one loses half of the mark because the pen is very light and the scanner failed to pick it up1 and so what is clearly a checkmark in the margin of the original becomes a little scoop in the margin of the facsimile4 ,standard problems for facsimile editions1 not new to electronics1 but also true of light-lens photography1 and are remarked here because it is important that we not fool ourselves that even if we produce a very nice image of this page with good contrast1 we are not replacing the manuscript any more than microfilm has replaced the manuscript4 ,the ,,tei comes from the research community1 where its first allegiance lies1 but it is not just an academic exercise4 ,it has relevance far beyond those who spend all of their time studying text1 because one's model of text determines what one's software can do with a text4 ,good models lead to good software4 ,bad models lead to bad software4 ,that has economic consequences1 and it is these economic consequences that have led the ,european ,community to help support the ,,tei1 and that will lead1 ,,sperberg-,mc,q,u,e,e,n hoped1 some software vendors to realize that if they provide software with a better model of the text they can make a killing4 999999999999 ,,discussion 99 ,implications of different ,d,t,ds and tag sets 99 ,,oda versus ,,sgml 99 ,during the discussion that followed1 several additional points were made4 ,neither ,,aap 7i4e41 ,association of ,american ,publishers7 nor ,,cals 7i4e41 ,computer-aided ,acquisition and ,logistics ,support7 has a document-type definition for ancient ,greek drama1 although the ,,tei will be able to handle that4 ,given this state of affairs and assuming that the technical-journal producers and the commercial vendors decide to use the other two types1 then an institution like the ,library of ,congress1 which might receive all of their publications1 would have to be able to handle three different types of document definitions and tag sets and be able to distinguish among them4 ,office ,document ,architecture 7,,oda7 has some advantages that flow from its tight focus on office documents and clear directions for implementation4 ,much of the ,,oda standard is easier to read and clearer at first reading than the ,,sgml standard1 which is extremely general4 ,what that means is that if one wants to use graphics in ,,tiff and ,,oda1 one is stuck1 because ,,oda defines graphics formats while ,,tiff does not1 whereas ,,sgml says the world is not waiting for this work group to create another graphics format4 ,what is needed is an ability to use whatever graphics format one wants4 ,the ,,tei provides a socket that allows one to connect the ,,sgml document to the graphics4 ,the notation that the graphics are in is clearly a choice that one needs to make based on her or his environment1 and that is one advantage4 ,,sgml is less megalomaniacal in attempting to define formats for all kinds of information1 though more megalomaniacal in attempting to cover all sorts of documents4 ,the other advantage is that the model of text represented by ,,sgml is simply an order of magnitude richer and more flexible than the model of text offered by ,,oda4 ,both offer hierarchical structures1 but ,,sgml recognizes that the hierarchical model of the text that one is looking at may not have been in the minds of the designers1 whereas ,,oda does not4 ,,oda is not really aiming for the kind of document that the ,,tei wants to encompass4 ,the ,,tei can handle the kind of material ,,oda has1 as well as a significantly broader range of material4 ,,oda seems to be very much focused on office documents1 which is what it started out being called-- office document architecture4 999999999999 ,,calaluca 99 ,text-encoding from a publisher's perspective 99 ,responsibilities of a publisher 99 ,reproduction of ,migne's ,latin series whole and complete with ,,sgml tags based on perceived need and expected use 99 ,particular decisions arising from the general decision to produce and publish ,,pld 99 ,the final speaker in this session1 ,eric ,,calaluca1 vice president1 ,chadwyck-,healey1 ,inc41 spoke from the perspective of a publisher re text-encoding1 rather than as one qualified to discuss methods of encoding data1 and observed that the presenters sitting in the room1 whether they had chosen to or not1 were acting as publishers3 making choices1 gathering data1 gathering information1 and making assessments4 ,,calaluca offered the hard-won conviction that in publishing very large text files 7such as ,,pld71 one cannot avoid making personal judgments of appropriateness and structure4 ,in ,,calaluca's view1 encoding decisions stem from prior judgments4 ,two notions have become axioms for him in the consideration of future sources for electronic publication3 #a7 electronic text publishing is as personal as any other kind of publishing1 and questions of if and how to encode the data are simply a consequence of that prior decision2 #b7 all personal decisions are open to criticism1 which is unavoidable4 ,,calaluca rehearsed his role as a publisher or1 better1 as an intermediary between what is viewed as a sound idea and the people who would make use of it4 ,finding the specialist to advise in this process is the core of that function4 ,the publisher must monitor and hug the fine line between giving users what they want and suggesting what they might need4 ,one responsibility of a publisher is to represent the desires of scholars and research librarians as opposed to bullheadedly forcing them into areas they would not choose to enter4 ,,calaluca likened the questions being raised today about data structure and standards to the decisions faced by the ,abbe ,migne himself during production of the ,patrologia series in the mid-nineteenth century4 ,chadwyck-,healey's decision to reproduce ,migne's ,latin series whole and complete with ,,sgml tags was also based upon a perceived need and an expected use4 ,in the same way that ,migne's work came to be far more than a simple handbook for clerics1 ,,pld is already far more than a database for theologians4 ,it is a bedrock source for the study of ,western civilization1 ,,calaluca asserted4 ,in regard to the decision to produce and publish ,,pld1 the editorial board offered direct judgments on the question of appropriateness of these texts for conversion1 their encoding and their distribution1 and concluded that the best possible project was one that avoided overt intrusions or exclusions in so important a resource4 ,thus1 the general decision to transmit the original collection as clearly as possible with the widest possible avenues for use led to other decisions3 #a7 ,to encode the data or not1 ,,sgml or not1 ,,tei or not4 ,again1 the expected user community asserted the need for normative tagging structures of important humanities texts1 and the ,,tei seemed the most appropriate structure for that purpose4 ,research librarians1 who are trained to view the larger impact of electronic text sources on #hj or #ij or #ajj doctoral disciplines1 loudly approved the decision to include tagging4 ,they see what is coming better than the specialist who is completely focused on one edition of ,ambrose's ,de ,anima1 and they also understand that the potential uses exceed present expectations4 #b7 ,what will be tagged and what will not4 ,once again1 the board realized that one must tag the obvious4 ,but in no way should one attempt to identify through encoding schemes every single discrete area of a text that might someday be searched4 ,that was another decision4 ,searching by a column number1 an author1 a word1 a volume1 permitting combination searches1 and tagging notations seemed logical choices as core elements4 #c7 ,how does one make the data available8 ,tieing it to a ,,cd-,,rom edition creates limitations1 but a magnetic tape file that is very large1 is accompanied by the encoding specifications1 and that allows one to make local modifications also allows one to incorporate any changes one may desire within the bounds of private research1 though exporting tag files from a ,,cd-,,rom could serve just as well4 ,since no one on the board could possibly anticipate each and every way in which a scholar might choose to mine this data bank1 it was decided to satisfy the basics and make some provisions for what might come4 #d7 ,not to encode the database would rob it of the interchangeability and portability these important texts should accommodate4 ,for ,,calaluca1 the extensive options presented by full-text searching require care in text selection and strongly support encoding of data to facilitate the widest possible search strategies4 ,better software can always be created1 but summoning the resources1 the people1 and the energy to reconvert the text is another matter4 ,,pld is being encoded1 captured1 and distributed1 because to ,chadwyck-,healey and the board it offers the widest possible array of future research applications that can be seen today4 ,,calaluca concluded by urging the encoding of all important text sources in whatever way seems most appropriate and durable at the time1 without blanching at the thought that one's work may require emendation in the future4 7,thus1 ,chadwyck-,healey produced a very large humanities text database before the final release of the ,,tei ,guidelines47 999999999999 ,,discussion 99 ,creating texts with markup advocated 99 ,trends in encoding 99 ,the ,,tei and the issue of interchangeability of standards 99 ,a misconception concerning the ,,tei 99 ,implications for an institution like ,,lc in the event that a multiplicity of ,d,t,ds develops 99 ,producing images as a first step towards possible conversion to full text through character recognition 99 ,the ,,aap tag sets as a common starting point and the need for caution 99 ,,hockey prefaced the discussion that followed with several comments in favor of creating texts with markup and on trends in encoding4 ,in the future1 when many more texts are available for on-line searching1 real problems in finding what is wanted will develop1 if one is faced with millions of words of data4 ,it therefore becomes important to consider putting markup in texts to help searchers home in on the actual things they wish to retrieve4 ,various approaches to refining retrieval methods toward this end include building on a computer version of a dictionary and letting the computer look up words in it to obtain more information about the semantic structure or semantic field of a word1 its grammatical structure1 and syntactic structure4 ,,hockey commented on the present keen interest in the encoding world in creating3 #a7 machine-readable versions of dictionaries that can be initially tagged in ,,sgml1 which gives a structure to the dictionary entry2 these entries can then be converted into a more rigid or otherwise different database structure inside the computer1 which can be treated as a dynamic tool for searching mechanisms2 #b7 large bodies of text to study the language4 ,in order to incorporate more sophisticated mechanisms1 more about how words behave needs to be known1 which can be learned in part from information in dictionaries4 ,however1 the last ten years have seen much interest in studying the structure of printed dictionaries converted into computer-readable form4 ,the information one derives about many words from those is only partial1 one or two definitions of the common or the usual meaning of a word1 and then numerous definitions of unusual usages4 ,if the computer is using a dictionary to help retrieve words in a text1 it needs much more information about the common usages1 because those are the ones that occur over and over again4 ,hence the current interest in developing large bodies of text in computer-readable form in order to study the language4 ,several projects are engaged in compiling1 for example1 #ajj million words4 ,,hockey described one with which she was associated briefly at ,oxford ,university involving compilation of #ajj million words of ,british ,english3 about #aj percent of that will contain detailed linguistic tagging encoded in ,,sgml2 it will have word class taggings1 with words identified as nouns1 verbs1 adjectives1 or other parts of speech4 ,this tagging can then be used by programs which will begin to learn a bit more about the structure of the language1 and then1 can go to tag more text4 ,,hockey said that the more that is tagged accurately1 the more one can refine the tagging process and thus the bigger body of text one can build up with linguistic tagging incorporated into it4 ,hence1 the more tagging or annotation there is in the text1 the more one may begin to learn about language and the more it will help accomplish more intelligent ,,ocr4 ,she recommended the development of software tools that will help one begin to understand more about a text1 which can then be applied to scanning images of that text in that format and to using more intelligence to help one interpret or understand the text4 ,,hockey posited the need to think about common methods of text-encoding for a long time to come1 because building these large bodies of text is extremely expensive and will only be done once4 ,in the more general discussion on approaches to encoding that followed1 these points were made3 ,,besser identified the underlying problem with standards that all have to struggle with in adopting a standard1 namely1 the tension between a very highly defined standard that is very interchangeable but does not work for everyone because something is lacking1 and a standard that is less defined1 more open1 more adaptable1 but less interchangeable4 ,contending that the way in which people use ,,sgml is not sufficiently defined1 ,,besser wondered #a7 if people resist the ,,tei because they think it is too defined in certain things they do not fit into1 and #b7 how progress with interchangeability can be made without frightening people away4 ,,sperberg-,mc,q,u,e,e,n replied that the published drafts of the ,,tei had met with surprisingly little objection on the grounds that they do not allow one to handle ,x or ,y or ,z4 ,particular concerns of the affiliated projects have led1 in practice1 to discussions of how extensions are to be made2 the primary concern of any project has to be how it can be represented locally1 thus making interchange secondary4 ,the ,,tei has received much criticism based on the notion that everything in it is required or even recommended1 which1 as it happens1 is a misconception from the beginning1 because none of it is required and very little is actually actively recommended for all cases1 except that one document one's source4 ,,sperberg-,mc,q,u,e,e,n agreed with ,,besser about this trade-off3 all the projects in a set of twenty ,,tei-conformant projects will not necessarily tag the material in the same way4 ,one result of the ,,tei will be that the easiest problems will be solved--those dealing with the external form of the information2 but the problem that is hardest in interchange is that one is not encoding what another wants1 and vice versa4 ,thus1 after the adoption of a common notation1 the differences in the underlying conceptions of what is interesting about texts become more visible4 ,the success of a standard like the ,,tei will lie in the ability of the recipient of interchanged texts to use some of what it contains and to add the information that was not encoded that one wants1 in a layered way1 so that texts can be gradually enriched and one does not have to put in everything all at once4 ,hence1 having a well-behaved markup scheme is important4 ,,stevens followed up on the paradoxical analogy that ,,besser alluded to in the example of the ,,marc records1 namely1 the formats that are the same except that they are different4 ,,stevens drew a parallel between document-type definitions and ,,marc records for books and serials and maps1 where one has a tagging structure and there is a text-interchange4 ,,stevens opined that the producers of the information will set the terms for the standard 7i4e41 develop document-type definitions for the users of their products71 creating a situation that will be problematical for an institution like the ,library of ,congress1 which will have to deal with the ,d,t,ds in the event that a multiplicity of them develops4 ,thus1 numerous people are seeking a standard but cannot find the tag set that will be acceptable to them and their clients4 ,,sperberg-,mc,q,u,e,e,n agreed with this view1 and said that the situation was in a way worse3 attempting to unify arbitrary ,d,t,ds resembled attempting to unify a ,,marc record with a bibliographic record done according to the ,prussian instructions4 ,according to ,,stevens1 this situation occurred very early in the process4 ,,waters recalled from early discussions on ,project ,open ,book the concern of many people that merely by producing images1 ,,pob was not really enhancing intellectual access to the material4 ,nevertheless1 not wishing to overemphasize the opposition between imaging and full text1 ,,waters stated that ,,pob views getting the images as a first step toward possibly converting to full text through character recognition1 if the technology is appropriate4 ,,waters also emphasized that encoding is involved even with a set of images4 ,,sperberg-,mc,q,u,e,e,n agreed with ,,waters that one can create an ,,sgml document consisting wholly of images4 ,at first sight1 organizing graphic images with an ,,sgml document may not seem to offer great advantages1 but the advantages of the scheme ,,waters described would be precisely that ability to move into something that is more of a multimedia document3 a combination of transcribed text and page images4 ,,weibel concurred in this judgment1 offering evidence from ,project ,,adapt1 where a page is divided into text elements and graphic elements1 and in fact the text elements are organized by columns and lines4 ,these lines may be used as the basis for distributing documents in a network environment4 ,as one develops software intelligent enough to recognize what those elements are1 it makes sense to apply ,,sgml to an image initially1 that may1 in fact1 ultimately become more and more text1 either through ,,ocr or edited ,,ocr or even just through keying4 ,for ,,waters1 the labor of composing the document and saying this set of documents or this set of images belongs to this document constitutes a significant investment4 ,,weibel also made the point that the ,,aap tag sets1 while not excessively prescriptive1 offer a common starting point2 they do not define the structure of the documents1 though4 ,they have some recommendations about ,d,t,ds one could use as examples1 but they do just suggest tag sets4 ,for example1 the ,,core project attempts to use the ,,aap markup as much as possible1 but there are clearly areas where structure must be added4 ,that in no way contradicts the use of ,,aap tag sets4 ,,sperberg-,mc,q,u,e,e,n noted that the ,,tei prepared a long working paper early on about the ,,aap tag set and what it lacked that the ,,tei thought it needed1 and a fairly long critique of the naming conventions1 which has led to a very different style of naming in the ,,tei4 ,he stressed the importance of the opposition between prescriptive markup1 the kind that a publisher or anybody can do when producing documents de novo1 and descriptive markup1 in which one has to take what the text carrier provides4 ,in these particular tag sets it is easy to overemphasize this opposition1 because the ,,aap tag set is extremely flexible4 ,even if one just used the ,d,t,ds1 they allow almost anything to appear almost anywhere4 999999999999 ,,session ,,vi4 ,,copyright ,,issues ,,peters 99 ,several cautions concerning copyright in an electronic environment 99 ,review of copyright law in the ,united ,states 99 ,the notion of the public good and the desirability of incentives to promote it 99 ,what copyright protects 99 ,works not protected by copyright 99 ,the rights of copyright holders 99 ,publishers' concerns in today's electronic environment 99 ,compulsory licenses 99 ,the price of copyright in a digital medium and the need for cooperation 99 ,additional clarifications 99 ,rough justice oftentimes the outcome in numerous copyright matters 99 ,copyright in an electronic society 99 ,copyright law always only sets up the boundaries2 anything can be changed by contract 99 ,marybeth ,,peters1 policy planning adviser to the ,register of ,copyrights1 ,library of ,congress1 made several general comments and then opened the floor to discussion of subjects of interest to the audience4 ,having attended several sessions in an effort to gain a sense of what people did and where copyright would affect their lives1 ,,peters expressed the following cautions3 99 ,if one takes and converts materials and puts them in new forms1 then1 from a copyright point of view1 one is creating something and will receive some rights4 99 ,however1 if what one is converting already exists1 a question immediately arises about the status of the materials in question4 99 ,putting something in the public domain in the ,united ,states offers some freedom from anxiety1 but distributing it throughout the world on a network is another matter1 even if one has put it in the public domain in the ,united ,states4 ,re foreign laws1 very frequently a work can be in the public domain in the ,united ,states but protected in other countries4 ,thus1 one must consider all of the places a work may reach1 lest one unwittingly become liable to being faced with a suit for copyright infringement1 or at least a letter demanding discussion of what one is doing4 ,,peters reviewed copyright law in the ,united ,states4 ,the ,u4,s4 ,constitution effectively states that ,congress has the power to enact copyright laws for two purposes3 #a7 to encourage the creation and dissemination of intellectual works for the good of society as a whole2 and1 significantly1 #b7 to give creators and those who package and disseminate materials the economic rewards that are due them4 ,congress strives to strike a balance1 which at times can become an emotional issue4 ,the ,united ,states has never accepted the notion of the natural right of an author so much as it has accepted the notion of the public good and the desirability of incentives to promote it4 ,this state of affairs1 however1 has created strains on the international level and is the reason for several of the differences in the laws that we have4 ,today the ,united ,states protects almost every kind of work that can be called an expression of an author4 ,the standard for gaining copyright protection is simply originality4 ,this is a low standard and means that a work is not copied from something else1 as well as shows a certain minimal amount of authorship4 ,one can also acquire copyright protection for making a new version of preexisting material1 provided it manifests some spark of creativity4 ,however1 copyright does not protect ideas1 methods1 systems--only the way that one expresses those things4 ,nor does copyright protect anything that is mechanical1 anything that does not involve choice1 or criteria concerning whether or not one should do a thing4 ,for example1 the results of a process called declicking1 in which one mechanically removes impure sounds from old recordings1 are not copyrightable4 ,on the other hand1 the choice to record a song digitally and to increase the sound of violins or to bring up the tympani constitutes the results of conversion that are copyrightable4 ,moreover1 if a work is protected by copyright in the ,united ,states1 one generally needs the permission of the copyright owner to convert it4 ,normally1 who will own the new--that is1 converted- -material is a matter of contract4 ,in the absence of a contract1 the person who creates the new material is the author and owner4 ,but people do not generally think about the copyright implications until after the fact4 ,,peters stressed the need when dealing with copyrighted works to think about copyright in advance4 ,one's bargaining power is much greater up front than it is down the road4 ,,peters next discussed works not protected by copyright1 for example1 any work done by a federal employee as part of his or her official duties is in the public domain in the ,united ,states4 ,the issue is not wholly free of doubt concerning whether or not the work is in the public domain outside the ,united ,states4 ,other materials in the public domain include3 any works published more than seventy-five years ago1 and any work published in the ,united ,states more than twenty-eight years ago1 whose copyright was not renewed4 ,in talking about the new technology and putting material in a digital form to send all over the world1 ,,peters cautioned1 one must keep in mind that while the rights may not be an issue in the ,united ,states1 they may be in different parts of the world1 where most countries previously employed a copyright term of the life of the author plus fifty years4 ,,peters next reviewed the economics of copyright holding4 ,simply1 economic rights are the rights to control the reproduction of a work in any form4 ,they belong to the author1 or in the case of a work made for hire1 the employer4 ,the second right1 which is critical to conversion1 is the right to change a work4 ,the right to make new versions is perhaps one of the most significant rights of authors1 particularly in an electronic world4 ,the third right is the right to publish the work and the right to disseminate it1 something that everyone who deals in an electronic medium needs to know4 ,the basic rule is if a copy is sold1 all rights of distribution are extinguished with the sale of that copy4 ,the key is that it must be sold4 ,a number of companies overcome this obstacle by leasing or renting their product4 ,these companies argue that if the material is rented or leased and not sold1 they control the uses of a work4 ,the fourth right1 and one very important in a digital world1 is a right of public performance1 which means the right to show the work sequentially4 ,for example1 copyright owners control the showing of a ,,cd-,,rom product in a public place such as a public library4 ,the reverse side of public performance is something called the right of public display4 ,moral rights also exist1 which at the federal level apply only to very limited visual works of art1 but in theory may apply under contract and other principles4 ,moral rights may include the right of an author to have his or her name on a work1 the right of attribution1 and the right to object to distortion or mutilation--the right of integrity4 ,the way copyright law is worded gives much latitude to activities such as preservation2 to use of material for scholarly and research purposes when the user does not make multiple copies2 and to the generation of facsimile copies of unpublished works by libraries for themselves and other libraries4 ,but the law does not allow anyone to become the distributor of the product for the entire world4 ,in today's electronic environment1 publishers are extremely concerned that the entire world is networked and can obtain the information desired from a single copy in a single library4 ,hence1 if there is to be only one sale1 which publishers may choose to live with1 they will obtain their money in other ways1 for example1 from access and use4 ,hence1 the development of site licenses and other kinds of agreements to cover what publishers believe they should be compensated for4 ,any solution that the ,united ,states takes today has to consider the international arena4 ,noting that the ,united ,states is a member of the ,berne ,convention and subscribes to its provisions1 ,,peters described the permissions process4 ,she also defined compulsory licenses4 ,a compulsory license1 of which the ,united ,states has had a few1 builds into the law the right to use a work subject to certain terms and conditions4 ,in the international arena1 however1 the ability to use compulsory licenses is extremely limited4 ,thus1 clearinghouses and other collectives comprise one option that has succeeded in providing for use of a work4 ,often overlooked when one begins to use copyrighted material and put products together is how expensive the permissions process and managing it is4 ,according to ,,peters1 the price of copyright in a digital medium1 whatever solution is worked out1 will include managing and assembling the database4 ,she strongly recommended that publishers and librarians or people with various backgrounds cooperate to work out administratively feasible systems1 in order to produce better results4 ,in the lengthy question-and-answer period that followed ,,peters's presentation1 the following points emerged3 99 ,the ,copyright ,office maintains that anything mechanical and totally exhaustive probably is not protected4 ,in the event that what an individual did in developing potentially copyrightable material is not understood1 the ,copyright ,office will ask about the creative choices the applicant chose to make or not to make4 ,as a practical matter1 if one believes she or he has made enough of those choices1 that person has a right to assert a copyright and someone else must assert that the work is not copyrightable4 ,the more mechanical1 the more automatic1 a thing is1 the less likely it is to be copyrightable4 99 ,nearly all photographs are deemed to be copyrightable1 but no one worries about them much1 because everyone is free to take the same image4 ,thus1 a photographic copyright represents what is called a thin copyright4 ,the photograph itself must be duplicated1 in order for copyright to be violated4 99 ,the ,copyright ,office takes the position that ,x-rays are not copyrightable because they are mechanical4 ,it can be argued whether or not image enhancement in scanning can be protected4 ,one must exercise care with material created with public funds and generally in the public domain4 ,an article written by a federal employee1 if written as part of official duties1 is not copyrightable4 ,however1 control over a scientific article written by a ,national ,institutes of ,health grantee 7i4e41 someone who receives money from the ,u4,s4 government71 depends on ,,nih policy4 ,if the government agency has no policy 7and that policy can be contained in its regulations1 the contract1 or the grant71 the author retains copyright4 ,if a provision of the contract1 grant1 or regulation states that there will be no copyright1 then it does not exist4 ,when a work is created1 copyright automatically comes into existence unless something exists that says it does not4 99 ,an enhanced electronic copy of a print copy of an older reference work in the public domain that does not contain copyrightable new material is a purely mechanical rendition of the original work1 and is not copyrightable4 99 ,usually1 when a work enters the public domain1 nothing can remove it4 ,for example1 ,congress recently passed into law the concept of automatic renewal1 which means that copyright on any work published between l#ifd and l#igh does not have to be renewed in order to receive a seventy-five-year term4 ,but any work not renewed before #aifd is in the public domain4 99 ,concerning whether or not the ,united ,states keeps track of when authors die1 nothing was ever done1 nor is anything being done at the moment by the ,copyright ,office4 99 ,software that drives a mechanical process is itself copyrightable4 ,if one changes platforms1 the software itself has a copyright4 ,the ,world ,intellectual ,property ,organization will hold a symposium #bh ,march through #b ,april l#iic1 at ,harvard ,university1 on digital technology1 and will study this entire issue4 ,if one purchases a computer software package1 such as ,mac,paint1 and creates something new1 one receives protection only for that which has been added4 ,,peters added that often in copyright matters1 rough justice is the outcome1 for example1 in collective licensing1 ,,ascap 7i4e41 ,american ,society of ,composers1 ,authors1 and ,publishers71 and ,,bmi 7i4e41 ,broadcast ,music1 ,inc471 where it may seem that the big guys receive more than their due4 ,of course1 people ought not to copy a creative product without paying for it2 there should be some compensation4 ,but the truth of the world1 and it is not a great truth1 is that the big guy gets played on the radio more frequently than the little guy1 who has to do much more until he becomes a big guy4 ,that is true of every author1 every composer1 everyone1 and1 unfortunately1 is part of life4 ,copyright always originates with the author1 except in cases of works made for hire4 7,most software falls into this category47 ,when an author sends his article to a journal1 he has not relinquished copyright1 though he retains the right to relinquish it4 ,the author receives absolutely everything4 ,the less prominent the author1 the more leverage the publisher will have in contract negotiations4 ,in order to transfer the rights1 the author must sign an agreement giving them away4 ,in an electronic society1 it is important to be able to license a writer and work out deals4 ,with regard to use of a work1 it usually is much easier when a publisher holds the rights4 ,in an electronic era1 a real problem arises when one is digitizing and making information available4 ,,peters referred again to electronic licensing clearinghouses4 ,copyright ought to remain with the author1 but as one moves forward globally in the electronic arena1 a middleman who can handle the various rights becomes increasingly necessary4 ,the notion of copyright law is that it resides with the individual1 but in an on-line environment1 where a work can be adapted and tinkered with by many individuals1 there is concern4 ,if changes are authorized and there is no agreement to the contrary1 the person who changes a work owns the changes4 ,to put it another way1 the person who acquires permission to change a work technically will become the author and the owner1 unless some agreement to the contrary has been made4 ,it is typical for the original publisher to try to control all of the versions and all of the uses4 ,copyright law always only sets up the boundaries4 ,anything can be changed by contract4 999999999999 ,,session ,,vii4 ,,conclusion ,,general ,,discussion 99 ,two questions for discussion 99 ,different emphases in the ,workshop 99 ,bringing the text and image partisans together 99 ,desiderata in planning the long-term development of something 99 ,questions surrounding the issue of electronic deposit 99 ,discussion of electronic deposit as an allusion to the issue of standards 99 ,need for a directory of preservation projects in digital form and for access to their digitized files 99 ,,ceth's catalogue of machine-readable texts in the humanities 99 ,what constitutes a publication in the electronic world8 99 ,need for ,,lc to deal with the concept of on-line publishing 99 ,,lc's ,network ,development ,office exploring the limits of ,,marc as a standard in terms of handling electronic information 99 ,magnitude of the problem and the need for distributed responsibility in order to maintain and store electronic information 99 ,workshop participants to be viewed as a starting point 99 ,development of a network version of ,,am urged 99 ,a step toward ,,am's construction of some sort of apparatus for network access 99 ,a delicate and agonizing policy question for ,,lc 99 ,re the issue of electronic deposit1 ,,lc urged to initiate a catalytic process in terms of distributed responsibility 99 ,suggestions for cooperative ventures 99 ,commercial publishers' fears 99 ,strategic questions for getting the image and text people to think through long-term cooperation 99 ,clarification of the driving force behind both the ,perseus and the ,cornell ,xerox projects 99 ,in his role as moderator of the concluding session1 ,,gifford raised two questions he believed would benefit from discussion3 #a7 ,are there enough commonalities among those of us that have been here for two days so that we can see courses of action that should be taken in the future8 ,and1 if so1 what are they and who might take them8 #b7 ,partly derivative from that1 but obviously very dangerous to ,,lc as host1 do you see a role for the ,library of ,congress in all this8 ,of course1 the ,library of ,congress holds a rather special status in a number of these matters1 because it is not perceived as a player with an economic stake in them1 but are there roles that ,,lc can play that can help advance us toward where we are heading8 ,describing himself as an uninformed observer of the technicalities of the last two days1 ,,gifford detected three different emphases in the ,workshop3 #a7 people who are very deeply committed to text2 #b7 people who are almost passionate about images2 and #c7 a few people who are very committed to what happens to the networks4 ,in other words1 the new networking dimension1 the accessibility of the processability1 the portability of all this across the networks4 ,how do we pull those three together8 ,adding a question that reflected ,,hockey's comment that this was the fourth workshop she had attended in the previous thirty days1 ,,fleischhauer wondered to what extent this meeting had reinvented the wheel1 or if it had contributed anything in the way of bringing together a different group of people from those who normally appear on the workshop circuit4 ,,hockey confessed to being struck at this meeting and the one the ,electronic ,pierce ,consortium organized the previous week that this was a coming together of people working on texts and not images4 ,attempting to bring the two together is something we ought to be thinking about for the future3 ,how one can think about working with image material to begin with1 but structuring it and digitizing it in such a way that at a later stage it can be interpreted into text1 and find a common way of building text and images together so that they can be used jointly in the future1 with the network support to begin there because that is how people will want to access it4 ,in planning the long-term development of something1 which is what is being done in electronic text1 ,,hockey stressed the importance not only of discussing the technical aspects of how one does it but particularly of thinking about what the people who use the stuff will want to do4 ,but conversely1 there are numerous things that people start to do with electronic text or material that nobody ever thought of in the beginning4 ,,lesk1 in response to the question concerning the role of the ,library of ,congress1 remarked the often suggested desideratum of having electronic deposit3 ,since everything is now computer-typeset1 an entire decade of material that was machine-readable exists1 but the publishers frequently did not save it2 has ,,lc taken any action to have its copyright deposit operation start collecting these machine-readable versions8 ,in the absence of ,,peters1 ,,gifford replied that the question was being actively considered but that that was only one dimension of the problem4 ,another dimension is the whole question of the integrity of the original electronic document4 ,it becomes highly important in science to prove authorship4 ,how will that be done8 ,,erway explained that1 under the old policy1 to make a claim for a copyright for works that were published in electronic form1 including software1 one had to submit a paper copy of the first and last twenty pages of code--something that represented the work but did not include the entire work itself and had little value to anyone4 ,as a temporary measure1 ,,lc has claimed the right to demand electronic versions of electronic publications4 ,this measure entails a proactive role for the ,library to say that it wants a particular electronic version4 ,publishers then have perhaps a year to submit it4 ,but the real problem for ,,lc is what to do with all this material in all these different formats4 ,will the ,library mount it8 ,how will it give people access to it8 ,how does ,,lc keep track of the appropriate computers1 software1 and media8 ,the situation is so hard to control1 ,,erway said1 that it makes sense for each publishing house to maintain its own archive4 ,but ,,lc cannot enforce that either4 ,,gifford acknowledged ,,lesk's suggestion that establishing a priority offered the solution1 albeit a fairly complicated one4 ,but who maintains that register81 he asked4 ,,graber noted that ,,lc does attempt to collect a ,macintosh version and the ,,ibm-compatible version of software4 ,it does not collect other versions4 ,but while true for software1 ,,byrum observed1 this reply does not speak to materials1 that is1 all the materials that were published that were on somebody's microcomputer or driver tapes at a publishing office across the country4 ,,lc does well to acquire specific machine-readable products selectively that were intended to be machine-readable4 ,materials that were in machine-readable form at one time1 ,,byrum said1 would be beyond ,,lc's capability at the moment1 insofar as attempting to acquire1 organize1 and preserve them are concerned--and preservation would be the most important consideration4 ,in this connection1 ,,gifford reiterated the need to work out some sense of distributive responsibility for a number of these issues1 which inevitably will require significant cooperation and discussion4 ,nobody can do it all4 ,,lesk suggested that some publishers may look with favor on ,,lc beginning to serve as a depository of tapes in an electronic manuscript standard4 ,publishers may view this as a service that they did not have to perform and they might send in tapes4 ,however1 ,,sperberg-,mc,q,u,e,e,n countered1 although publishers have had equivalent services available to them for a long time1 the electronic text archive has never turned away or been flooded with tapes and is forever sending feedback to the depositor4 ,some publishers do send in tapes4 ,,andre viewed this discussion as an allusion to the issue of standards4 ,she recommended that the ,,aap standard and the ,,tei1 which has already been somewhat harmonized internationally and which also shares several compatibilities with the ,,aap1 be harmonized to ensure sufficient compatibility in the software4 ,she drew the line at saying ,,lc ought to be the locus or forum for such harmonization4 ,taking the group in a slightly different direction1 but one where at least in the near term ,,lc might play a helpful role1 ,,lynch remarked the plans of a number of projects to carry out preservation by creating digital images that will end up in on-line or near-line storage at some institution4 ,presumably1 ,,lc will link this material somehow to its on-line catalog in most cases4 ,thus1 it is in a digital form4 ,,lynch had the impression that many of these institutions would be willing to make those files accessible to other people outside the institution1 provided that there is no copyright problem4 ,this desideratum will require propagating the knowledge that those digitized files exist1 so that they can end up in other on-line catalogs4 ,although uncertain about the mechanism for achieving this result1 ,,lynch said that it warranted scrutiny because it seemed to be connected to some of the basic issues of cataloging and distribution of records4 ,it would be foolish1 given the amount of work that all of us have to do and our meager resources1 to discover multiple institutions digitizing the same work4 ,re microforms1 ,,lynch said1 we are in pretty good shape4 ,,battin called this a big problem and noted that the ,cornell people 7who had already departed7 were working on it4 ,at issue from the beginning was to learn how to catalog that information into ,,rlin and then into ,,oclc1 so that it would be accessible4 ,that issue remains to be resolved4 ,,lynch rejoined that putting it into ,,oclc or ,,rlin was helpful insofar as somebody who is thinking of performing preservation activity on that work could learn about it4 ,it is not necessarily helpful for institutions to make that available4 ,,battin opined that the idea was that it not only be for preservation purposes but for the convenience of people looking for this material4 ,she endorsed ,,lynch's dictum that duplication of this effort was to be avoided by every means4 ,,hockey informed the ,workshop about one major current activity of ,,ceth1 namely a catalogue of machine-readable texts in the humanities4 ,held on ,,rlin at present1 the catalogue has been concentrated on ,,ascii as opposed to digitized images of text4 ,she is exploring ways to improve the catalogue and make it more widely available1 and welcomed suggestions about these concerns4 ,,ceth owns the records1 which are not just restricted to ,,rlin1 and can distribute them however it wishes4 ,taking up ,,lesk's earlier question1 ,,battin inquired whether ,,lc1 since it is accepting electronic files and designing a mechanism for dealing with that rather than putting books on shelves1 would become responsible for the ,national ,copyright ,depository of ,electronic ,materials4 ,of course that could not be accomplished overnight1 but it would be something ,,lc could plan for4 ,,gifford acknowledged that much thought was being devoted to that set of problems and returned the discussion to the issue raised by ,,lynch--whether or not putting the kind of records that both ,,battin and ,,hockey have been talking about in ,,rlin is not a satisfactory solution4 ,it seemed to him that ,,rlin answered ,,lynch's original point concerning some kind of directory for these kinds of materials4 ,in a situation where somebody is attempting to decide whether or not to scan this or film that or to learn whether or not someone has already done so1 ,,lynch suggested1 ,,rlin is helpful1 but it is not helpful in the case of a local1 on-line catalogue4 ,further1 one would like to have her or his system be aware that that exists in digital form1 so that one can present it to a patron1 even though one did not digitize it1 if it is out of copyright4 ,the only way to make those linkages would be to perform a tremendous amount of real-time look-up1 which would be awkward at best1 or periodically to yank the whole file from ,,rlin and match it against one's own stuff1 which is a nuisance4 ,but where1 ,,erway inquired1 does one stop including things that are available with ,internet1 for instance1 in one's local catalogue8 ,it almost seems that that is ,,lc's means to acquire access to them4 ,that represents ,,lc's new form of library loan4 ,perhaps ,,lc's new on-line catalogue is an amalgamation of all these catalogues on line4 ,,lynch conceded that perhaps that was true in the very long term1 but was not applicable to scanning in the short term4 ,in his view1 the totals cited by ,yale1 #aj1jjj books over perhaps a four-year period1 and #a1jjj-a1ejj books from ,cornell1 were not big numbers1 while searching all over creation for relatively rare occurrences will prove to be less efficient4 ,as ,,gifford wondered if this would not be a separable file on ,,rlin and could be requested from them1 ,,battin interjected that it was easily accessible to an institution4 ,,severtson pointed out that that file1 cum enhancements1 was available with reference information on ,,cd-,,rom1 which makes it a little more available4 ,in ,,hockey's view1 the real question facing the ,workshop is what to put in this catalogue1 because that raises the question of what constitutes a publication in the electronic world4 7,,weibel interjected that ,eric ,joule in ,,oclc's ,office of ,research is also wrestling with this particular problem1 while ,,gifford thought it sounded fairly generic47 ,,hockey contended that a majority of texts in the humanities are in the hands of either a small number of large research institutions or individuals and are not generally available for anyone else to access at all4 ,she wondered if these texts ought to be catalogued4 ,after argument proceeded back and forth for several minutes over why cataloguing might be a necessary service1 ,,lebron suggested that this issue involved the responsibility of a publisher4 ,the fact that someone has created something electronically and keeps it under his or her control does not constitute publication4 ,publication implies dissemination4 ,while it would be important for a scholar to let other people know that this creation exists1 in many respects this is no different from an unpublished manuscript4 ,that is what is being accessed in there1 except that now one is not looking at it in the hard-copy but in the electronic environment4 ,,lebron expressed puzzlement at the variety of ways electronic publishing has been viewed4 ,much of what has been discussed throughout these two days has concerned ,,cd-,,rom publishing1 whereas in the on-line environment that she confronts1 the constraints and challenges are very different4 ,sooner or later ,,lc will have to deal with the concept of on-line publishing4 ,taking up the comment ,,erway made earlier about storing copies1 ,,lebron gave her own journal as an example4 ,how would she deposit ,,ojcct for copyright81 she asked1 because the journal will exist in the mainframe at ,,oclc and people will be able to access it4 ,here the situation is different1 ownership versus access1 and is something that arises with publication in the on-line environment1 faster than is sometimes realized4 ,lacking clear answers to all of these questions herself1 ,,lebron did not anticipate that ,,lc would be able to take a role in helping to define some of them for quite a while4 ,,greenfield observed that ,,lc's ,network ,development ,office is attempting1 among other things1 to explore the limits of ,,marc as a standard in terms of handling electronic information4 ,,greenfield also noted that ,rebecca ,,guenther from that office gave a paper to the ,american ,society for ,information ,science 7,,asis7 summarizing several of the discussion papers that were coming out of the ,network ,development ,office4 ,,greenfield said he understood that that office had a list-server soliciting just the kind of feedback received today concerning the difficulties of identifying and cataloguing electronic information4 ,,greenfield hoped that everybody would be aware of that and somehow contribute to that conversation4 ,noting two of ,,lc's roles1 first1 to act as a repository of record for material that is copyrighted in this country1 and second1 to make materials it holds available in some limited form to a clientele that goes beyond ,congress1 ,,besser suggested that it was incumbent on ,,lc to extend those responsibilities to all the things being published in electronic form4 ,this would mean eventually accepting electronic formats4 ,,lc could require that at some point they be in a certain limited set of formats1 and then develop mechanisms for allowing people to access those in the same way that other things are accessed4 ,this does not imply that they are on the network and available to everyone4 ,,lc does that with most of its bibliographic records1 ,,besser said1 which end up migrating to the utility 7e4g41 ,,oclc7 or somewhere else4 ,but just as most of ,,lc's books are available in some form through interlibrary loan or some other mechanism1 so in the same way electronic formats ought to be available to others in some format1 though with some copyright considerations4 ,,besser was not suggesting that these mechanisms be established tomorrow1 only that they seemed to fall within ,,lc's purview1 and that there should be long-range plans to establish them4 ,acknowledging that those from ,,lc in the room agreed with ,,besser concerning the need to confront difficult questions1 ,,gifford underscored the magnitude of the problem of what to keep and what to select4 ,,gifford noted that ,,lc currently receives some #ca1jjj items per day1 not counting electronic materials1 and argued for much more distributed responsibility in order to maintain and store electronic information4 ,,besser responded that the assembled group could be viewed as a starting point1 whose initial operating premise could be helping to move in this direction and defining how ,,lc could do so1 for example1 in areas of standardization or distribution of responsibility4 ,,fleischhauer added that ,,am was fully engaged1 wrestling with some of the questions that pertain to the conversion of older historical materials1 which would be one thing that the ,library of ,congress might do4 ,several points mentioned by ,,besser and several others on this question have a much greater impact on those who are concerned with cataloguing and the networking of bibliographic information1 as well as preservation itself4 ,speaking directly to ,,am1 which he considered was a largely uncopyrighted database1 ,,lynch urged development of a network version of ,,am1 or consideration of making the data in it available to people interested in doing network multimedia4 ,on account of the current great shortage of digital data that is both appealing and unencumbered by complex rights problems1 this course of action could have a significant effect on making network multimedia a reality4 ,in this connection1 ,,fleischhauer reported on a fragmentary prototype in ,,lc's ,office of ,information ,technology ,services that attempts to associate digital images of photographs with cataloguing information in ways that work within a local area network--a step1 so to say1 toward ,,am's construction of some sort of apparatus for access4 ,further1 ,,am has attempted to use standard data forms in order to help make that distinction between the access tools and the underlying data1 and thus believes that the database is networkable4 ,a delicate and agonizing policy question for ,,lc1 however1 which comes back to resources and unfortunately has an impact on this1 is to find some appropriate1 honorable1 and legal cost-recovery possibilities4 ,a certain skittishness concerning cost-recovery has made people unsure exactly what to do4 ,,am would be highly receptive to discussing further ,,lynch's offer to test or demonstrate its database in a network environment1 ,,fleischhauer said4 ,returning the discussion to what she viewed as the vital issue of electronic deposit1 ,,battin recommended that ,,lc initiate a catalytic process in terms of distributed responsibility1 that is1 bring together the distributed organizations and set up a study group to look at all these issues and see where we as a nation should move4 ,the broader issues of how we deal with the management of electronic information will not disappear1 but only grow worse4 ,,lesk took up this theme and suggested that ,,lc attempt to persuade one major library in each state to deal with its state equivalent publisher1 which might produce a cooperative project that would be equitably distributed around the country1 and one in which ,,lc would be dealing with a minimal number of publishers and minimal copyright problems4 ,,graber remarked the recent development in the scientific community of a willingness to use ,,sgml and either deposit or interchange on a fairly standardized format4 ,he wondered if a similar movement was taking place in the humanities4 ,although the ,national ,library of ,medicine found only a few publishers to cooperate in a like venture two or three years ago1 a new effort might generate a much larger number willing to cooperate4 ,,kimball recounted his unit's 7,machine-,readable ,collections ,reading ,room7 troubles with the commercial publishers of electronic media in acquiring materials for ,,lc's collections1 in particular the publishers' fear that they would not be able to cover their costs and would lose control of their products1 that ,,lc would give them away or sell them and make profits from them4 ,he doubted that the publishing industry was prepared to move into this area at the moment1 given its resistance to allowing ,,lc to use its machine-readable materials as the ,library would like4 ,the copyright law now addresses compact disk as a medium1 and ,,lc can request one copy of that1 or two copies if it is the only version1 and can request copies of software1 but that fails to address magazines or books or anything like that which is in machine-readable form4 ,,gifford acknowledged the thorny nature of this issue1 which he illustrated with the example of the cumbersome process involved in putting a copy of a scientific database on a ,,lan in ,,lc's science reading room4 ,he also acknowledged that ,,lc needs help and could enlist the energies and talents of ,workshop participants in thinking through a number of these problems4 ,,gifford returned the discussion to getting the image and text people to think through together where they want to go in the long term4 ,,mylonas conceded that her experience at the ,pierce ,symposium the previous week at ,georgetown ,university and this week at ,,lc had forced her to reevaluate her perspective on the usefulness of text as images4 ,,mylonas framed the issues in a series of questions3 ,how do we acquire machine-readable text8 ,do we take pictures of it and perform ,,ocr on it later8 ,is it important to obtain very high-quality images and text1 etc48 ,,fleischhauer agreed with ,,mylonas's framing of strategic questions1 adding that a large institution such as ,,lc probably has to do all of those things at different times4 ,thus1 the trick is to exercise judgment4 ,the ,workshop had added to his and ,,am's considerations in making those judgments4 ,concerning future meetings or discussions1 ,,mylonas suggested that screening priorities would be helpful4 ,,weibel opined that the diversity reflected in this group was a sign both of the health and of the immaturity of the field1 and more time would have to pass before we convince one another concerning standards4 ,an exchange between ,,mylonas and ,,battin clarified the point that the driving force behind both the ,perseus and the ,cornell ,xerox projects was the preservation of knowledge for the future1 not simply for particular research use4 ,in the case of ,perseus1 ,,mylonas said1 the assumption was that the texts would not be entered again into electronically readable form4 ,,sperberg-,mc,q,u,e,e,n added that a scanned image would not serve as an archival copy for purposes of preservation in the case of1 say1 the ,bill of ,rights1 in the sense that the scanned images are effectively the archival copies for the ,cornell mathematics books4 999999 999999 999999 999999999999 999999 999999 999999 ,appendix ,i3 ,,program ,,workshop ,,on ,,electronic ,,texts #i-aj ,june #aiib ,library of ,congress ,washington1 ,d4,c4 ,supported by a ,grant from the ,david and ,lucile ,packard ,foundation ,tuesday1 #i ,june #aiib ,,national ,,demonstration ,,lab1 ,,atrium1 ,,library ,,madison #h3cj ,,am ,coffee and ,danish1 registration #i3jj ,,am ,welcome ,prosser ,gifford1 ,director for ,scholarly ,programs1 and ,carl ,fleischhauer1 ,coordinator1 ,american ,memory1 ,library of ,congress #i3l#e ,,am ,session ,i4 ,content in a ,new ,form3 ,who ,will ,use ,it and ,what ,will ,they ,do8 ,broad description of the range of electronic information4 ,characterization of who uses it and how it is or may be used4 ,in addition to a look at scholarly uses1 this session will include a presentation on use by students 7,k-#ab and college7 and the general public4 ,moderator3 ,james ,daly ,avra ,michelson1 ,archival ,research and ,evaluation ,staff1 ,national ,archives and ,records ,administration 7,overview7 ,susan ,h4 ,veccia1 ,team ,leader1 ,american ,memory1 ,user ,evaluation1 and ,joanne ,freeman1 ,associate ,coordinator1 ,american ,memory1 ,library of ,congress 7,beyond the scholar7 #aj3cj- #aa3jj ,,am ,break #aa3jj ,,am ,session ,,ii4 ,show and ,tell4 ,each presentation to consist of a fifteen-minute statement_/show2 group discussion will follow lunch4 ,moderator3 ,jacqueline ,hess1 ,director1 ,national ,demonstration ,lab #a4 ,a classics project1 stressing texts and text retrieval more than multimedia3 ,perseus ,project1 ,harvard ,university ,elli ,mylonas1 ,managing ,editor #b4 ,other humanities projects employing the emerging norms of the ,text ,encoding ,initiative 7,,tei73 ,chadwyck-,healey's ,the ,english ,poetry ,full ,text ,database and_/or ,patrologia ,latina ,database ,eric ,m4 ,calaluca1 ,vice ,president1 ,chadwyck-,healey1 ,inc4 #c4 ,american ,memory ,carl ,fleischhauer1 ,coordinator1 and ,ricky ,erway1 ,associate ,coordinator1 ,library of ,congress #d4 ,founding ,fathers example from ,packard ,humanities ,institute3 ,the ,papers of ,george ,washington1 ,university of ,virginia ,dorothy ,twohig1 ,managing ,editor1 and_/or ,david ,woodley ,packard #e4 ,an electronic medical journal offering graphics and full-text searchability3 ,the ,online ,journal of ,current ,clinical ,trials1 ,american ,association for the ,advancement of ,science ,maria ,l4 ,lebron1 ,managing ,editor #f4 ,a project that offers facsimile images of pages but omits searchable text3 ,cornell math books ,lynne ,k4 ,personius1 ,assistant ,director1 ,cornell ,information ,technologies for ,scholarly ,information ,sources1 ,cornell ,university #ab3cj ,,pm ,lunch 7,dining ,room ,a1 ,library ,madison #fbj4 ,exhibits available47 #a3cj ,,pm ,session ,,ii4 ,show and ,tell 7,cont'd474 #c3jj- #c3cj ,,pm ,break #c3cj- #e3cj ,,pm ,session ,,iii4 ,distribution1 ,networks1 and ,networking3 ,options for ,dissemination4 ,published disks3 ,university presses and public-sector publishers1 private-sector publishers ,computer networks ,moderator3 ,robert ,g4 ,zich1 ,special ,assistant to the ,associate ,librarian for ,special ,projects1 ,library of ,congress ,clifford ,a4 ,lynch1 ,director1 ,library ,automation1 ,university of ,california ,howard ,besser1 ,school of ,library and ,information ,science1 ,university of ,pittsburgh ,ronald ,l4 ,larsen1 ,associate ,director of ,libraries for ,information ,technology1 ,university of ,maryland at ,college ,park ,edwin ,b4 ,brownrigg1 ,executive ,director1 ,memex ,research ,institute #f3cj ,,pm ,reception 7,montpelier ,room1 ,library ,madison #fai47 999999999999 ,wednesday1 #aj ,june #aiib ,,dining ,,room ,a1 ,,library ,,madison #fbj #h3cj ,,am ,coffee and ,danish #i3jj ,,am ,session ,,iv4 ,image ,capture1 ,text ,capture1 ,overview of ,text and ,image ,storage ,formats4 ,moderator3 ,william ,l4 ,hooton1 ,vice ,president of ,operations1 ,i-,,net ,a7 ,principal ,methods for ,image ,capture of ,text3 ,direct scanning ,use of microform ,anne ,r4 ,kenney1 ,assistant ,director1 ,department of ,preservation and ,conservation1 ,cornell ,university ,pamela ,q4,j4 ,andre1 ,associate ,director1 ,automation1 and ,judith ,a4 ,zidar1 ,coordinator1 ,national ,agricultural ,text ,digitizing ,program 7,,natdp71 ,national ,agricultural ,library 7,,nal7 ,donald ,j4 ,waters1 ,head1 ,systems ,office1 ,yale ,university ,library ,b7 ,special ,problems3 ,bound volumes ,conservation ,reproducing printed halftones ,carl ,fleischhauer1 ,coordinator1 ,american ,memory1 ,library of ,congress ,george ,thoma1 ,chief1 ,communications ,engineering ,branch1 ,national ,library of ,medicine 7,,nlm7 #aj3cj- #aa3jj ,,am ,break #aa3jj ,,am ,session ,,iv4 ,image ,capture1 ,text ,capture1 ,overview of ,text and ,image ,storage ,formats 7,cont'd474 ,c7 ,image ,standards and ,implications for ,preservation ,jean ,baronas1 ,senior ,manager1 ,department of ,standards and ,technology1 ,association for ,information and ,image ,management 7,,aiim7 ,patricia ,battin1 ,president1 ,the ,commission on ,preservation and ,access 7,,cpa7 ,d7 ,text ,conversion3 ,,ocr vs4 rekeying ,standards of accuracy and use of imperfect texts ,service bureaus ,stuart ,weibel1 ,senior ,research ,specialist1 ,online ,computer ,library ,center1 ,inc4 7,,oclc7 ,michael ,lesk1 ,executive ,director1 ,computer ,science ,research1 ,bellcore ,ricky ,erway1 ,associate ,coordinator1 ,american ,memory1 ,library of ,congress ,pamela ,q4,j4 ,andre1 ,associate ,director1 ,automation1 and ,judith ,a4 ,zidar1 ,coordinator1 ,national ,agricultural ,text ,digitizing ,program 7,,natdp71 ,national ,agricultural ,library 7,,nal7 #ab3cj- #a3cj ,,pm ,lunch #a3cj ,,pm ,session ,v4 ,approaches to ,preparing ,electronic ,texts4 ,discussion of approaches to structuring text for the computer2 pros and cons of text coding1 description of methods in practice1 and comparison of text-coding methods4 ,moderator3 ,susan ,hockey1 ,director1 ,center for ,electronic ,texts in the ,humanities 7,,ceth71 ,rutgers and ,princeton ,universities ,david ,woodley ,packard ,c4,m4 ,sperberg-,mc,queen1 ,editor1 ,text ,encoding ,initiative 7,,tei71 ,university of ,illinois-,chicago ,eric ,m4 ,calaluca1 ,vice ,president1 ,chadwyck-,healey1 ,inc4 #c3cj- #d3jj ,,pm ,break #d3jj ,,pm ,session ,,vi4 ,copyright ,issues4 ,marybeth ,peters1 ,policy ,planning ,adviser to the ,register of ,copyrights1 ,library of ,congress #e3jj ,,pm ,session ,,vii4 ,conclusion4 ,general discussion4 ,what topics were omitted or given short shrift that anyone would like to talk about now8 ,is there a group here8 ,what should the group do next1 if anything8 ,what should the ,library of ,congress do next1 if anything8 ,moderator3 ,prosser ,gifford1 ,director for ,scholarly ,programs1 ,library of ,congress #f3jj ,,pm ,adjourn 999999 999999 999999 999999999999 999999 999999 999999 ,appendix ,,ii3 ,,abstracts ,,session ,i ,avra ,,michelson ,forecasting the ,use of ,electronic ,texts by ,social ,sciences and ,humanities ,scholars ,this presentation explores the ways in which electronic texts are likely to be used by the non-scientific scholarly community4 ,many of the remarks are drawn from a report the speaker coauthored with ,jeff ,rothenberg1 a computer scientist at ,the ,,rand ,corporation4 ,the speaker assesses #a7 current scholarly use of information technology and #b7 the key trends in information technology most relevant to the research process1 in order to predict how social sciences and humanities scholars are apt to use electronic texts4 ,in introducing the topic1 current use of electronic texts is explored broadly within the context of scholarly communication4 ,from the perspective of scholarly communication1 the work of humanities and social sciences scholars involves five processes3 #a7 identification of sources1 #b7 communication with colleagues1 #c7 interpretation and analysis of data1 #d7 dissemination of research findings1 and #e7 curriculum development and instruction4 ,the extent to which computation currently permeates aspects of scholarly communication represents a viable indicator of the prospects for electronic texts4 ,the discussion of current practice is balanced by an analysis of key trends in the scholarly use of information technology4 ,these include the trends toward end-user computing and connectivity1 which provide a framework for forecasting the use of electronic texts through this millennium4 ,the presentation concludes with a summary of the ways in which the nonscientific scholarly community can be expected to use electronic texts1 and the implications of that use for information providers4 ,susan ,,veccia and ,joanne ,,freeman ,electronic ,archives for the ,public3 ,use of ,american ,memory in ,public and ,school ,libraries ,this joint discussion focuses on nonscholarly applications of electronic library materials1 specifically addressing use of the ,library of ,congress ,american ,memory 7,,am7 program in a small number of public and school libraries throughout the ,united ,states4 ,,am consists of selected ,library of ,congress primary archival materials1 stored on optical media 7,,cd-,,rom_/videodisc71 and presented with little or no editing4 ,many collections are accompanied by electronic introductions and user's guides offering background information and historical context4 ,collections represent a variety of formats including photographs1 graphic arts1 motion pictures1 recorded sound1 music1 broadsides and manuscripts1 books1 and pamphlets4 ,in #aiia1 the ,library of ,congress began a nationwide evaluation of ,,am in different types of institutions4 ,test sites include public libraries1 elementary and secondary school libraries1 college and university libraries1 state libraries1 and special libraries4 ,susan ,,veccia and ,joanne ,,freeman will discuss their observations on the use of ,,am by the nonscholarly community1 using evidence gleaned from this ongoing evaluation effort4 ,,veccia will comment on the overall goals of the evaluation project1 and the types of public and school libraries included in this study4 ,her comments on nonscholarly use of ,,am will focus on the public library as a cultural and community institution1 often bridging the gap between formal and informal education4 ,,freeman will discuss the use of ,,am in school libraries4 ,use by students and teachers has revealed some broad questions about the use of electronic resources1 as well as definite benefits gained by the nonscholar4 ,topics will include the problem of grasping content and context in an electronic environment1 the stumbling blocks created by new technologies1 and the unique skills and interests awakened through use of electronic resources4 ,,session ,,ii ,elli ,,mylonas ,the ,perseus ,project3 ,interactive ,sources and ,studies in ,classical ,greece ,the ,perseus ,project 7#e7 has just released ,perseus #a4j1 the first publicly available version of its hypertextual database of multimedia materials on classical ,greece4 ,perseus is designed to be used by a wide audience1 comprised of readers at the student and scholar levels4 ,as such1 it must be able to locate information using different strategies1 and it must contain enough detail to serve the different needs of its users4 ,in addition1 it must be delivered so that it is affordable to its target audience4 ,these problems and the solutions we chose are described in ,mylonas1 ,an ,interface to ,classical ,greek ,civilization1 ,,jasis #dc3b1 ,march #aiib4 ,in order to achieve its objective1 the project staff decided to make a conscious separation between selecting and converting textual1 database1 and image data on the one hand1 and putting it into a delivery system on the other4 ,that way1 it is possible to create the electronic data without thinking about the restrictions of the delivery system4 ,we have made a great effort to choose system-independent formats for our data1 and to put as much thought and work as possible into structuring it so that the translation from paper to electronic form will enhance the value of the data4 ,a discussion of these solutions as of two years ago is in ,elli ,mylonas1 ,gregory ,crane1 ,kenneth ,morrell1 and ,d4 ,neel ,smith1 ,the ,perseus ,project3 ,data in the ,electronic ,age1 in ,accessing ,antiquity3 ,the ,computerization of ,classical ,databases1 ,j4 ,solomon and ,t4 ,worthen 7eds471 ,university of ,arizona ,press1 in press4 ,much of the work on ,perseus is focused on collecting and converting the data on which the project is based4 ,at the same time1 it is necessary to provide means of access to the information1 in order to make it usable1 and them to investigate how it is used4 ,as we learn more about what students and scholars from different backgrounds do with ,perseus1 we can adjust our data collection1 and also modify the system to accommodate them4 ,in creating a delivery system for general use1 we have tried to avoid favoring any one type of use by allowing multiple forms of access to and navigation through the system4 ,the way text is handled exemplifies some of these principles4 ,all text in ,perseus is tagged using ,,sgml1 following the guidelines of the ,text ,encoding ,initiative 7,,tei74 ,this markup is used to index the text1 and process it so that it can be imported into ,hyper,card4 ,no ,,sgml markup remains in the text that reaches the user1 because currently it would be too expensive to create a system that acts on ,,sgml in real time4 ,however1 the regularity provided by ,,sgml is essential for verifying the content of the texts1 and greatly speeds all the processing performed on them4 ,the fact that the texts exist in ,,sgml ensures that they will be relatively easy to port to different hardware and software1 and so will outlast the current delivery platform4 ,finally1 the ,,sgml markup incorporates existing canonical reference systems 7chapter1 verse1 line1 etc472 indexing and navigation are based on these features4 ,this ensures that the same canonical reference will always resolve to the same point within a text1 and that all versions of our texts1 regardless of delivery platform 7even paper printouts7 will function the same way4 ,in order to provide tools for users1 the text is processed by a morphological analyzer1 and the results are stored in a database4 ,together with the index1 the ,greek-,english ,lexicon1 and the index of all the ,english words in the definitions of the lexicon1 the morphological analyses comprise a set of linguistic tools that allow users of all levels to work with the textual information1 and to accomplish different tasks4 ,for example1 students who read no ,greek may explore a concept as it appears in ,greek texts by using the ,english-,greek index1 and then looking up works in the texts and translations1 or scholars may do detailed morphological studies of word use by using the morphological analyses of the texts4 ,because these tools were not designed for any one use1 the same tools and the same data can be used by both students and scholars4 ,,notes3 7#e7 ,perseus is based at ,harvard ,university1 with collaborators at several other universities4 ,the project has been funded primarily by the ,annenberg_/,,cpb ,project1 as well as by ,harvard ,university1 ,apple ,computer1 and others4 ,it is published by ,yale ,university ,press4 ,perseus runs on ,macintosh computers1 under the ,hyper,card program4 ,eric ,,calaluca ,chadwyck-,healey embarked last year on two distinct yet related full-text humanities database projects4 ,the ,english ,poetry ,full-,text ,database and the ,patrologia ,latina ,database represent new approaches to linguistic research resources4 ,the size and complexity of the projects present problems for electronic publishers1 but surmountable ones if they remain abreast of the latest possibilities in data capture and retrieval software techniques4 ,the issues which required address prior to the commencement of the projects were legion3 #a4 ,editorial selection 7or exclusion7 of materials in each database #b4 ,deciding whether or not to incorporate a normative encoding structure into the databases8 ,a4 ,if one is selected1 should it be ,,sgml8 ,b4 ,if ,,sgml1 then the ,,tei8 #c4 ,deliver as ,,cd-,,rom1 magnetic tape1 or both8 #d4 ,can one produce retrieval software advanced enough for the postdoctoral linguist1 yet accessible enough for unattended general use8 ,should one try8 #e4 ,re fair and liberal networking policies1 what are the risks to an electronic publisher8 #f4 ,how does the emergence of national and international education networks affect the use and viability of research projects requiring high investment8 ,do the new ,european ,community directives concerning database protection necessitate two distinct publishing projects1 one for ,north ,america and one for overseas8 ,from new notions of scholarly fair use to the future of optical media1 virtually every issue related to electronic publishing was aired4 ,the result is two projects which have been constructed to provide the quality research resources with the fewest encumbrances to use by teachers and private scholars4 ,dorothy ,,twohig ,in spring #aihh the editors of the papers of ,george ,washington1 ,john ,adams1 ,thomas ,jefferson1 ,james ,madison1 and ,benjamin ,franklin were approached by classics scholar ,david ,packard on behalf of the ,packard ,humanities ,foundation with a proposal to produce a ,,cd-,,rom edition of the complete papers of each of the ,founding ,fathers4 ,this electronic edition will supplement the published volumes1 making the documents widely available to students and researchers at reasonable cost4 ,we estimate that our ,,cd-,,rom edition of ,washington's ,papers will be substantially completed within the next two years and ready for publication4 ,within the next ten years or so1 similar ,,cd-,,rom editions of the ,franklin1 ,adams1 ,jefferson1 and ,madison papers also will be available4 ,at the ,library of ,congress's session on technology1 ,i would like to discuss not only the experience of the ,washington ,papers in producing the ,,cd-,,rom edition1 but the impact technology has had on these major editorial projects4 ,already1 we are editing our volumes with an eye to the material that will be readily available in the ,,cd-,,rom edition4 ,the completed electronic edition will provide immense possibilities for the searching of documents for information in a way never possible before4 ,the kind of technical innovations that are currently available and on the drawing board will soon revolutionize historical research and the production of historical documents4 ,unfortunately1 much of this new technology is not being used in the planning stages of historical projects1 simply because many historians are aware only in the vaguest way of its existence4 ,at least two major new historical editing projects are considering microfilm editions1 simply because they are not aware of the possibilities of electronic alternatives and the advantages of the new technology in terms of flexibility and research potential compared to microfilm4 ,in fact1 too many of us in history and literature are still at the stage of struggling with our ,p,cs4 ,there are many historical editorial projects in progress presently1 and an equal number of literary projects4 ,while the two fields have somewhat different approaches to textual editing1 there are ways in which electronic technology can be of service to both4 ,since few of the editors involved in the ,founding ,fathers ,,cd-,,rom editions are technical experts in any sense1 ,i hope to point out in my discussion of our experience how many of these electronic innovations can be used successfully by scholars who are novices in the world of new technology4 ,one of the major concerns of the sponsors of the multitude of new scholarly editions is the limited audience reached by the published volumes4 ,most of these editions are being published in small quantities and the publishers' price for them puts them out of the reach not only of individual scholars but of most public libraries and all but the largest educational institutions4 ,however1 little attention is being given to ways in which technology can bypass conventional publication to make historical and literary documents more widely available4 ,what attracted us most to the ,,cd-,,rom edition of ,the ,papers of ,george ,washington was the fact that ,david ,packard's aim was to make a complete edition of all of the #ace1jjj documents we have collected available in an inexpensive format that would be placed in public libraries1 small colleges1 and even high schools4 ,this would provide an audience far beyond our present #a1jjj-;copy1 #de published edition4 ,since the ,,cd-,,rom edition will carry none of the explanatory annotation that appears in the published volumes1 we also feel that the use of the ,,cd-,,rom will lead many researchers to seek out the published volumes4 ,in addition to ignorance of new technical advances1 ,i have found that too many editors--and historians and literary scholars--are resistant and even hostile to suggestions that electronic technology may enhance their work4 ,i intend to discuss some of the arguments traditionalists are advancing to resist technology1 ranging from distrust of the speed with which it changes 7we are already wondering what is out there that is better than ,,cd-,,rom7 to suspicion of the technical language used to describe electronic developments4 ,maria ,,lebron ,the ,online ,journal of ,current ,clinical ,trials1 a joint venture of the ,american ,association for the ,advancement of ,science 7,,aaas7 and the ,online ,computer ,library ,center1 ,inc4 7,,oclc71 is the first peer-reviewed journal to provide full text1 tabular material1 and line illustrations on line4 ,this presentation will discuss the genesis and start-up period of the journal4 ,topics of discussion will include historical overview1 day-to-day management of the editorial peer review1 and manuscript tagging and publication4 ,a demonstration of the journal and its features will accompany the presentation4 ,lynne ,,personius ,cornell ,university ,library1 ,cornell ,information ,technologies1 and ,xerox ,corporation1 with the support of the ,commission on ,preservation and ,access1 and ,sun ,microsystems1 ,inc41 have been collaborating in a project to test a prototype system for recording brittle books as digital images and producing1 on demand1 high-quality archival paper replacements4 ,the project goes beyond that1 however1 to investigate some of the issues surrounding scanning1 storing1 retrieving1 and providing access to digital images in a network environment4 ,the ,joint ,study in ,digital ,preservation began in ,january #aiij4 ,xerox provided the ,college ,library ,access and ,storage ,system 7,,class7 software1 a prototype #fjj-;dots-per-inch 7dpi7 scanner1 and the hardware necessary to support network printing on the ,docu,tech printer housed in ,cornell's ,computing and ,communications ,center 7,,ccc74 ,the ,cornell staff using the hardware and software became an integral part of the development and testing process for enhancements to the ,,class software system4 ,the collaborative nature of this relationship is resulting in a system that is specifically tailored to the preservation application4 ,a digital library of #a1jjj volumes 7or approximately #cjj1jjj images7 has been created and is stored on an optical jukebox that resides in ,,ccc4 ,the library includes a collection of select mathematics monographs that provides mathematics faculty with an opportunity to use the electronic library4 ,the remaining volumes were chosen for the library to test the various capabilities of the scanning system4 ,one project objective is to provide users of the ,cornell library and the library staff with the ability to request facsimiles of digitized images or to retrieve the actual electronic image for browsing4 ,a prototype viewing workstation has been created by ,xerox1 with input into the design by a committee of ,cornell librarians and computer professionals4 ,this will allow us to experiment with patron access to the images that make up the digital library4 ,the viewing station provides search1 retrieval1 and 7ultimately7 printing functions with enhancements to facilitate navigation through multiple documents4 ,cornell currently is working to extend access to the digital library to readers using workstations from their offices4 ,this year is devoted to the development of a network resident image conversion and delivery server1 and client software that will support readers who use ,apple ,macintosh computers1 ,,ibm windows platforms1 and ,sun workstations4 ,equipment for this development was provided by ,sun ,microsystems with support from the ,commission on ,preservation and ,access4 ,during the show-and-tell session of the ,workshop on ,electronic ,texts1 a prototype view station will be demonstrated4 ,in addition1 a display of original library books that have been digitized will be available for review with associated printed copies for comparison4 ,the fifteen-minute overview of the project will include a slide presentation that constitutes a tour of the preservation digitizing process4 ,the final network-connected version of the viewing station will provide library users with another mechanism for accessing the digital library1 and will also provide the capability of viewing images directly4 ,this will not require special software1 although a powerful computer with good graphics will be needed4 ,the ,joint ,study in ,digital ,preservation has generated a great deal of interest in the library community4 ,unfortunately1 or perhaps fortunately1 this project serves to raise a vast number of other issues surrounding the use of digital technology for the preservation and use of deteriorating library materials1 which subsequent projects will need to examine4 ,much work remains4 ,,session ,,iii ,howard ,,besser ,networking ,multimedia ,databases ,what do we have to consider in building and distributing databases of visual materials in a multi-user environment8 ,this presentation examines a variety of concerns that need to be addressed before a multimedia database can be set up in a networked environment4 ,in the past it has not been feasible to implement databases of visual materials in shared-user environments because of technological barriers4 ,each of the two basic models for multi-user multimedia databases has posed its own problem4 ,the analog multimedia storage model 7represented by ,project ,athena's parallel analog and digital networks7 has required an incredibly complex 7and expensive7 infrastructure4 ,the economies of scale that make multi-user setups cheaper per user served do not operate in an environment that requires a computer workstation1 videodisc player1 and two display devices for each user4 ,the digital multimedia storage model has required vast amounts of storage space 7as much as one gigabyte per thirty still images74 ,in the past the cost of such a large amount of storage space made this model a prohibitive choice as well4 ,but plunging storage costs are finally making this second alternative viable4 ,if storage no longer poses such an impediment1 what do we need to consider in building digitally stored multi-user databases of visual materials8 ,this presentation will examine the networking and telecommunication constraints that must be overcome before such databases can become commonplace and useful to a large number of people4 ,the key problem is the vast size of multimedia documents1 and how this affects not only storage but telecommunications transmission time4 ,anything slower than ,t-#a speed is impractical for files of #a megabyte or larger 7which is likely to be small for a multimedia document74 ,for instance1 even on a #ef ,kb line it would take three minutes to transfer a #a-megabyte file4 ,and these figures assume ideal circumstances1 and do not take into consideration other users contending for network bandwidth1 disk access time1 or the time needed for remote display4 ,current common telephone transmission rates would be completely impractical2 few users would be willing to wait the hour necessary to transmit a single image at #bdjj baud4 ,this necessitates compression1 which itself raises a number of other issues4 ,in order to decrease file sizes significantly1 we must employ lossy compression algorithms4 ,but how much quality can we afford to lose8 ,to date there has been only one significant study done of image-quality needs for a particular user group1 and this study did not look at loss resulting from compression4 ,only after identifying image-quality needs can we begin to address storage and network bandwidth needs4 ,experience with ,x-,windows-based applications 7such as ,imagequery1 the ,university of ,california at ,berkeley image database7 demonstrates the utility of a client-server topology1 but also points to the limitation of current software for a distributed environment4 ,for example1 applications like ,imagequery can incorporate compression1 but current ,x implementations do not permit decompression at the end user's workstation4 ,such decompression at the host computer alleviates storage capacity problems while doing nothing to address problems of telecommunications bandwidth4 ,we need to examine the effects on network through-put of moving multimedia documents around on a network4 ,we need to examine various topologies that will help us avoid bottlenecks around servers and gateways4 ,experience with applications such as these raise still broader questions4 ,how closely is the multimedia document tied to the software for viewing it8 ,can it be accessed and viewed from other applications8 ,experience with the ,,marc format 7and more recently with the ,z#ci4ej protocols7 shows how useful it can be to store documents in a form in which they can be accessed by a variety of application software4 ,finally1 from an intellectual-access standpoint1 we need to address the issue of providing access to these multimedia documents in interdisciplinary environments4 ,we need to examine terminology and indexing strategies that will allow us to provide access to this material in a cross-disciplinary way4 ,ronald ,,larsen ,directions in ,high-,performance ,networking for ,libraries ,the pace at which computing technology has advanced over the past forty years shows no sign of abating4 ,roughly speaking1 each five-year period has yielded an order-of-magnitude improvement in price and performance of computing equipment4 ,no fundamental hurdles are likely to prevent this pace from continuing for at least the next decade4 ,it is only in the past five years1 though1 that computing has become ubiquitous in libraries1 affecting all staff and patrons1 directly or indirectly4 ,during these same five years1 communications rates on the ,internet1 the principal academic computing network1 have grown from #ef kbps to #a4e ,mbps1 and the ,n,s,f,net backbone is now running #de ,mbps4 ,over the next five years1 communication rates on the backbone are expected to exceed #a ,gbps4 ,growth in both the population of network users and the volume of network traffic has continued to grow geometrically1 at rates approaching #ae percent per month4 ,this flood of capacity and use1 likened by some to drinking from a firehose1 creates immense opportunities and challenges for libraries4 ,libraries must anticipate the future implications of this technology1 participate in its development1 and deploy it to ensure access to the world's information resources4 ,the infrastructure for the information age is being put in place4 ,libraries face strategic decisions about their role in the development1 deployment1 and use of this infrastructure4 ,the emerging infrastructure is much more than computers and communication lines4 ,it is more than the ability to compute at a remote site1 send electronic mail to a peer across the country1 or move a file from one library to another4 ,the next five years will witness substantial development of the information infrastructure of the network4 ,in order to provide appropriate leadership1 library professionals must have a fundamental understanding of and appreciation for computer networking1 from local area networks to the ,national ,research and ,education ,network 7,,nren74 ,this presentation addresses these fundamentals1 and how they relate to libraries today and in the near future4 ,edwin ,,brownrigg ,electronic ,library ,visions and ,realities ,the electronic library has been a vision desired by many--and rejected by some--since ,vannevar ,bush coined the term memex to describe an automated1 intelligent1 personal information system4 ,variations on this vision have included ,ted ,nelson's ,xanadau1 ,alan ,kay's ,dynabook1 and ,lancaster's paperless library1 with the most recent incarnation being the ,knowledge ,navigator described by ,john ,scully of ,apple4 ,but the reality of library service has been less visionary and the leap to the electronic library has eluded universities1 publishers1 and information technology files4 ,the ,memex ,research ,institute 7,mem,r,i71 an independent1 nonprofit research and development organization1 has created an ,electronic ,library ,program of shared research and development in order to make the collective vision more concrete4 ,the program is working toward the creation of large1 indexed publicly available electronic image collections of published documents in academic1 special1 and public libraries4 ,this strategic plan is the result of the first stage of the program1 which has been an investigation of the information technologies available to support such an effort1 the economic parameters of electronic service compared to traditional library operations1 and the business and political factors affecting the shift from print distribution to electronic networked access4 ,the strategic plan envisions a combination of publicly searchable access databases1 image 7and text7 document collections stored on network file servers1 local and remote network access1 and an intellectual property management-control system4 ,this combination of technology and information content is defined in this plan as an ,e-library or ,e-library collection4 ,some participating sponsors are already developing projects based on ,mem,r,i's recommended directions4 ,the ,e-library strategy projected in this plan is a visionary one that can enable major changes and improvements in academic1 public1 and special library service4 ,this vision is1 though1 one that can be realized with today's technology4 ,at the same time1 it will challenge the political and social structure within which libraries operate3 in academic libraries1 the traditional emphasis on local collections1 extending to accreditation issues2 in public libraries1 the potential of electronic branch and central libraries fully available to the public2 and for special libraries1 new opportunities for shared collections and networks4 ,the environment in which this strategic plan has been developed is1 at the moment1 dominated by a sense of library limits4 ,the continued expansion and rapid growth of local academic library collections is now clearly at an end4 ,corporate libraries1 and even law libraries1 are faced with operating within a difficult economic climate1 as well as with very active competition from commercial information sources4 ,for example1 public libraries may be seen as a desirable but not critical municipal service in a time when the budgets of safety and health agencies are being cut back4 ,further1 libraries in general have a very high labor-to-cost ratio in their budgets1 and labor costs are still increasing1 notwithstanding automation investments4 ,it is difficult for libraries to obtain capital1 startup1 or seed funding for innovative activities1 and those technology-intensive initiatives that offer the potential of decreased labor costs can provoke the opposition of library staff4 ,however1 libraries have achieved some considerable successes in the past two decades by improving both their service and their credibility within their organizations--and these positive changes have been accomplished mostly with judicious use of information technologies4 ,the advances in computing and information technology have been well-chronicled3 the continuing precipitous drop in computing costs1 the growth of the ,internet and private networks1 and the explosive increase in publicly available information databases4 ,for example1 ,,oclc has become one of the largest computer network organizations in the world by creating a cooperative cataloging network of more than #f1jjj libraries worldwide4 ,on-line public access catalogs now serve millions of users on more than #ej1jjj dedicated terminals in the ,united ,states alone4 ,the ,university of ,california ,,melvyl on-line catalog system has now expanded into an index database reference service and supports more than six million searches a year4 ,and1 libraries have become the largest group of customers of ,,cd-,,rom publishing technology2 more than #cj1jjj optical media publications such as those offered by ,info,trac and ,silver ,platter are subscribed to by ,u4,s4 libraries4 ,this march of technology continues and in the next decade will result in further innovations that are extremely difficult to predict4 ,what is clear is that libraries can now go beyond automation of their order files and catalogs to automation of their collections themselves--and it is possible to circumvent the fiscal limitations that appear to obtain today4 ,this ,electronic ,library ,strategic ,plan recommends a paradigm shift in library service1 and demonstrates the steps necessary to provide improved library services with limited capacities and operating investments4 ,,session ,,iv-,a ,anne ,,kenney ,the ,cornell_/,xerox ,joint ,study in ,digital ,preservation resulted in the recording of #a1jjj brittle books as #fjj-;dpi digital images and the production1 on demand1 of high-quality and archivally sound paper replacements4 ,the project1 which was supported by the ,commission on ,preservation and ,access1 also investigated some of the issues surrounding scanning1 storing1 retrieving1 and providing access to digital images in a network environment4 ,anne ,kenney will focus on some of the issues surrounding direct scanning as identified in the ,cornell ,xerox ,project4 ,among those to be discussed are3 image versus text capture2 indexing and access2 image-capture capabilities2 a comparison to photocopy and microfilm2 production and cost analysis2 storage formats1 protocols1 and standards2 and the use of this scanning technology for preservation purposes4 ,the #fjj-;dpi digital images produced in the ,cornell ,xerox ,project proved highly acceptable for creating paper replacements of deteriorating originals4 ,the #a1jjj scanned volumes provided an array of image-capture challenges that are common to nineteenth-century printing techniques and embrittled material1 and that defy the use of text-conversion processes4 ,these challenges include diminished contrast between text and background1 fragile and deteriorated pages1 uneven printing1 elaborate type faces1 faint and bold text adjacency1 handwritten text and annotations1 non,roman languages1 and a proliferation of illustrated material embedded in text4 ,the latter category included high-frequency and low-frequency halftones1 continuous tone photographs1 intricate mathematical drawings1 maps1 etchings1 reverse-polarity drawings1 and engravings4 ,the ,xerox prototype scanning system provided a number of important features for capturing this diverse material4 ,technicians used multiple threshold settings1 filters1 line art and halftone definitions1 autosegmentation1 windowing1 and software-editing programs to optimize image capture4 ,at the same time1 this project focused on production4 ,the goal was to make scanning as affordable and acceptable as photocopying and microfilming for preservation reformatting4 ,a time-and-cost study conducted during the last three months of this project confirmed the economic viability of digital scanning1 and these findings will be discussed here4 ,from the outset1 the ,cornell ,xerox ,project was predicated on the use of nonproprietary standards and the use of common protocols when standards did not exist4 ,digital files were created as ,,tiff images which were compressed prior to storage using ,group #d ,,ccitt compression4 ,the ,xerox software is ,,ms ,,dos based and utilizes off-the shelf programs such as ,microsoft ,windows and ,wang ,image ,wizard4 ,the digital library is designed to be hardware-independent and to provide interchangeability with other institutions through network connections4 ,access to the digital files themselves is two-tiered3 ,bibliographic records for the computer files are created in ,,rlin and ,cornell's local system and access into the actual digital images comprising a book is provided through a document control structure and a networked image file-server1 both of which will be described4 ,the presentation will conclude with a discussion of some of the issues surrounding the use of this technology as a preservation tool 7storage1 refreshing1 backup74 ,pamela ,,andre and ,judith ,,zidar ,the ,national ,agricultural ,library 7,,nal7 has had extensive experience with raster scanning of printed materials4 ,since #aihg1 the ,library has participated in the ,national ,agricultural ,text ,digitizing ,project 7,,natdp7 a cooperative effort between ,,nal and forty-five land grant university libraries4 ,an overview of the project will be presented1 giving its history and ,,nal's strategy for the future4 ,an in-depth discussion of ,,natdp will follow1 including a description of the scanning process1 from the gathering of the printed materials to the archiving of the electronic pages4 ,the type of equipment required for a stand-alone scanning workstation and the importance of file management software will be discussed4 ,issues concerning the images themselves will be addressed briefly1 such as image format2 black and white versus color2 gray scale versus dithering2 and resolution4 ,also described will be a study currently in progress by ,,nal to evaluate the usefulness of converting microfilm to electronic images in order to improve access4 ,with the cooperation of ,tuskegee ,university1 ,,nal has selected three reels of microfilm from a collection of sixty-seven reels containing the papers1 letters1 and drawings of ,george ,washington ,carver4 ,the three reels were converted into #c1ejj electronic images using a specialized microfilm scanner4 ,the selection1 filming1 and indexing of this material will be discussed4 ,donald ,,waters ,project ,open ,book1 the ,yale ,university ,library's effort to convert #aj1 #jjj books from microfilm to digital imagery1 is currently in an advanced state of planning and organization4 ,the ,yale ,library has selected a major vendor to serve as a partner in the project and as systems integrator4 ,in its proposal1 the successful vendor helped isolate areas of risk and uncertainty as well as key issues to be addressed during the life of the project4 ,the ,yale ,library is now poised to decide what material it will convert to digital image form and to seek funding1 initially for the first phase and then for the entire project4 ,the proposal that ,yale accepted for the implementation of ,project ,open ,book will provide at the end of three phases a conversion subsystem1 browsing stations distributed on the campus network within the ,yale ,library1 a subsystem for storing #aj1jjj books at #bjj and #fjj dots per inch1 and network access to the image printers4 ,pricing for the system implementation assumes the existence of ,yale's campus ethernet network and its high-speed image printers1 and includes other requisite hardware and software1 as well as system integration services4 ,proposed operating costs include hardware and software maintenance1 but do not include estimates for the facilities management of the storage devices and image servers4 ,yale selected its vendor partner in a formal process1 partly funded by the ,commission for ,preservation and ,access4 ,following a request for proposal1 the ,yale ,library selected two vendors as finalists to work with ,yale staff to generate a detailed analysis of requirements for ,project ,open ,book4 ,each vendor used the results of the requirements analysis to generate and submit a formal proposal for the entire project4 ,this competitive process not only enabled the ,yale ,library to select its primary vendor partner but also revealed much about the state of the imaging industry1 about the varying1 corporate commitments to the markets for imaging technology1 and about the varying organizational dynamics through which major companies are responding to and seeking to develop these markets4 ,project ,open ,book is focused specifically on the conversion of images from microfilm to digital form4 ,the technology for scanning microfilm is readily available but is changing rapidly4 ,in its project requirements1 the ,yale ,library emphasized features of the technology that affect the technical quality of digital image production and the costs of creating and storing the image library3 ,what levels of digital resolution can be achieved by scanning microfilm8 ,how does variation in the quality of microfilm1 particularly in film produced to preservation standards1 affect the quality of the digital images8 ,what technologies can an operator effectively and economically apply when scanning film to separate two-up images and to control for and correct image imperfections8 ,how can quality control best be integrated into digitizing work flow that includes document indexing and storage8 ,the actual and expected uses of digital images--storage1 browsing1 printing1 and ,,ocr--help determine the standards for measuring their quality4 ,browsing is especially important1 but the facilities available for readers to browse image documents is perhaps the weakest aspect of imaging technology and most in need of development4 ,as it defined its requirements1 the ,yale ,library concentrated on some fundamental aspects of usability for image documents3 ,does the system have sufficient flexibility to handle the full range of document types1 including monographs1 multi-part and multivolume sets1 and serials1 as well as manuscript collections8 ,what conventions are necessary to identify a document uniquely for storage and retrieval8 ,where is the database of record for storing bibliographic information about the image document8 ,how are basic internal structures of documents1 such as pagination1 made accessible to the reader8 ,how are the image documents physically presented on the screen to the reader8 ,the ,yale ,library designed ,project ,open ,book on the assumption that microfilm is more than adequate as a medium for preserving the content of deteriorated library materials4 ,as planning in the project has advanced1 it is increasingly clear that the challenge of digital image technology and the key to the success of efforts like ,project ,open ,book is to provide a means of both preserving and improving access to those deteriorated materials4 ,,session ,,iv-,b ,george ,,thoma ,in the use of electronic imaging for document preservation1 there are several issues to consider1 such as3 ensuring adequate image quality1 maintaining substantial conversion rates 7through-put71 providing unique identification for automated access and retrieval1 and accommodating bound volumes and fragile material4 ,to maintain high image quality1 image processing functions are required to correct the deficiencies in the scanned image4 ,some commercially available systems include these functions1 while some do not4 ,the scanned raw image must be processed to correct contrast deficiencies-- both poor overall contrast resulting from light print and_/or dark background1 and variable contrast resulting from stains and bleed-through4 ,furthermore1 the scan density must be adequate to allow legibility of print and sufficient fidelity in the pseudo-halftoned gray material4 ,borders or page-edge effects must be removed for both compactibility and aesthetics4 ,page skew must be corrected for aesthetic reasons and to enable accurate character recognition if desired4 ,compound images consisting of both two-toned text and gray-scale illustrations must be processed appropriately to retain the quality of each4 ,,session ,,iv-,c ,jean ,,baronas ,standards publications being developed by scientists1 engineers1 and business managers in ,association for ,information and ,image ,management 7,,aiim7 standards committees can be applied to electronic image management 7,,eim7 processes including3 document 7image7 transfer1 retrieval and evaluation2 optical disk and document scanning2 and document design and conversion4 ,when combined with ,,eim system planning and operations1 standards can assist in generating image databases that are interchangeable among a variety of systems4 ,the applications of different approaches for image-tagging1 indexing1 compression1 and transfer often cause uncertainty concerning ,,eim system compatibility1 calibration1 performance1 and upward compatibility1 until standard implementation parameters are established4 ,the ,,aiim standards that are being developed for these applications can be used to decrease the uncertainty1 successfully integrate imaging processes1 and promote open systems4 ,,aiim is an accredited ,american ,national ,standards ,institute 7,,ansi7 standards developer with more than twenty committees comprised of #cjj volunteers representing users1 vendors1 and manufacturers4 ,the standards publications that are developed in these committees have national acceptance and provide the basis for international harmonization in the development of new ,international ,organization for ,standardization 7,,iso7 standards4 ,this presentation describes the development of ,,aiim's ,,eim standards and a new effort at ,,aiim1 a database on standards projects in a wide framework of imaging industries including capture1 recording1 processing1 duplication1 distribution1 display1 evaluation1 and preservation4 ,the ,,aiim ,imagery ,database will cover imaging standards being developed by many organizations in many different countries4 ,it will contain standards publications' dates1 origins1 related national and international projects1 status1 key words1 and abstracts4 ,the ,,ansi ,image ,technology ,standards ,board requested that such a database be established1 as did the ,,iso_/,international ,electrotechnical ,commission ,joint ,task ,force on ,imagery4 ,,aiim will take on the leadership role for the database and coordinate its development with several standards developers4 ,patricia ,,battin ,characteristics of standards for digital imagery3 99 ,nature of digital technology implies continuing volatility4 99 ,precipitous standard-setting not possible and probably not desirable4 99 ,standards are a complex issue involving the medium1 the hardware1 the software1 and the technical capacity for reproductive fidelity and clarity4 99 ,the prognosis for reliable archival standards 7as defined by librarians7 in the foreseeable future is poor4 ,significant potential and attractiveness of digital technology as a preservation medium and access mechanism4 ,productive use of digital imagery for preservation requires a reconceptualizing of preservation principles in a volatile1 standardless world4 ,concept of managing continuing access in the digital environment rather than focusing on the permanence of the medium and long-term archival standards developed for the analog world4 ,transition period3 ,how long and what to do8 99 ,redefine archival4 99 ,remove the burden of archival copy from paper artifacts4 99 ,use digital technology for storage1 develop management strategies for refreshing medium1 hardware and software4 99 ,create acid-free paper copies for transition period backup until we develop reliable procedures for ensuring continuing access to digital files4 ,,session ,,iv-,d ,stuart ,,weibel ,the ,role of ,,sgml ,markup in the ,,core ,project 7#f7 ,the emergence of high-speed telecommunications networks as a basic feature of the scholarly workplace is driving the demand for electronic document delivery4 ,three distinct categories of electronic publishing_/republishing are necessary to support access demands in this emerging environment3 #a47 ,conversion of paper or microfilm archives to electronic format #b47 ,conversion of electronic files to formats tailored to electronic retrieval and display #c47 ,primary electronic publishing 7materials for which the electronic version is the primary format7 ,,oclc has experimental or product development activities in each of these areas4 ,among the challenges that lie ahead is the integration of these three types of information stores in coherent distributed systems4 ,the ,,core 7,chemistry ,online ,retrieval ,experiment7 ,project is a model for the conversion of large text and graphics collections for which electronic typesetting files are available 7category #b74 ,the ,american ,chemical ,society has made available computer typography files dating from #aihj for its twenty journals4 ,this collection of some #bej journal-years is being converted to an electronic format that will be accessible through several end-user applications4 ,the use of ,standard ,generalized ,markup ,language 7,,sgml7 offers the means to capture the structural richness of the original articles in a way that will support a variety of retrieval1 navigation1 and display options necessary to navigate effectively in very large text databases4 ,an ,,sgml document consists of text that is marked up with descriptive tags that specify the function of a given element within the document4 ,as a formal language construct1 an ,,sgml document can be parsed against a document-type definition 7,,dtd7 that unambiguously defines what elements are allowed and where in the document they can 7or must7 occur4 ,this formalized map of article structure allows the user interface design to be uncoupled from the underlying database system1 an important step toward interoperability4 ,demonstration of this separability is a part of the ,,core project1 wherein user interface designs born of very different philosophies will access the same database4 ,,notes3 7#f7 ,the ,,core project is a collaboration among ,cornell ,university's ,mann ,library1 ,bell ,communications ,research 7,bellcore71 the ,american ,chemical ,society 7,,acs71 the ,chemical ,abstracts ,service 7,,cas71 and ,,oclc4 ,michael ,,lesk ,the ,,core ,electronic ,chemistry ,library ,a major on-line file of chemical journal literature complete with graphics is being developed to test the usability of fully electronic access to documents1 as a joint project of ,cornell ,university1 the ,american ,chemical ,society1 the ,chemical ,abstracts ,service1 ,,oclc1 and ,bellcore 7with additional support from ,sun ,microsystems1 ,springer-,verlag1 ,digita,i ,equipment ,corporation1 ,sony ,corporation of ,america1 and ,apple ,computers74 ,our file contains the ,american ,chemical ,society's on-line journals1 supplemented with the graphics from the paper publication4 ,the indexing of the articles from ,chemical ,abstracts ,documents is available in both image and text format1 and several different interfaces can be used4 ,our goals are 7#a7 to assess the effectiveness and acceptability of electronic access to primary journals as compared with paper1 and 7#b7 to identify the most desirable functions of the user interface to an electronic system of journals1 including in particular a comparison of page-image display with ,,ascii display interfaces4 ,early experiments with chemistry students on a variety of tasks suggest that searching tasks are completed much faster with any electronic system than with paper1 but that for reading all versions of the articles are roughly equivalent4 ,pamela ,,andre and ,judith ,,zidar ,text conversion is far more expensive and time-consuming than image capture alone4 ,,nal's experience with optical character recognition 7,,ocr7 will be related and compared with the experience of having text rekeyed4 ,what factors affect ,,ocr accuracy8 ,how accurate does full text have to be in order to be useful8 ,how do different users react to imperfect text8 ,these are questions that will be explored4 ,for many1 a service bureau may be a better solution than performing the work inhouse2 this will also be discussed4 ,,session ,,vi ,marybeth ,,peters ,copyright law protects creative works4 ,protection granted by the law to authors and disseminators of works includes the right to do or authorize the following3 reproduce the work1 prepare derivative works1 distribute the work to the public1 and publicly perform or display the work4 ,in addition1 copyright owners of sound recordings and computer programs have the right to control rental of their works4 ,these rights are not unlimited2 there are a number of exceptions and limitations4 ,an electronic environment places strains on the copyright system4 ,copyright owners want to control uses of their work and be paid for any use2 the public wants quick and easy access at little or no cost4 ,the marketplace is working in this area4 ,contracts1 guidelines on electronic use1 and collective licensing are in use and being refined4 ,issues concerning the ability to change works without detection are more difficult to deal with4 ,questions concerning the integrity of the work and the status of the changed version under the copyright law are to be addressed4 ,these are public policy issues which require informed dialogue4 999999 999999 999999 999999999999 999999 999999 999999 ,appendix ,,iii3 ,,directory ,,of ,,participants ,,presenters3 ,pamela ,q4,j4 ,andre ,associate ,director1 ,automation ,national ,agricultural ,library #ajcja ,baltimore ,boulevard ,beltsville1 ,,md #bjgje-bcea ,phone3 7#cja7 #ejd-fhac ,fax3 7#cja7 #ejd-gdgc ,e-mail3 ,,internet3 ,,pandre,,asrr4,,arsusda4,,gov ,jean ,baronas1 ,senior ,manager ,department of ,standards and ,technology ,association for ,information and ,image ,management 7,,aiim7 #aajj ,wayne ,avenue1 ,suite #aajj ,silver ,spring1 ,,md #bjiaj ,phone3 7#cja7 #ehg-hbjb ,fax3 7#cja7 #ehg-bgaa ,patricia ,battin1 ,president ,the ,commission on ,preservation and ,access #adjj #afth ,street1 ,n4,w4 ,suite #gdj ,washington1 ,,dc #bjjcf-bbag ,phone3 7#bjb7 #ici-cdjj ,fax3 7#bjb7 #ici-cdjg ,e-mail3 ,,cpa,,gwuvm4,,bitnet ,howard ,besser ,centre ,canadien d',architecture 7,canadian ,center for ,architecture7 #aibj1 rue ,baile ,montreal1 ,quebec ,h#c;,h #b,s#f ,,canada ,phone3 7#ead7 #ici-gjja ,fax3 7#ead7 #ici-gjbj ,e-mail3 howardlis4pitt4edu ,edwin ,b4 ,brownrigg1 ,executive ,director ,memex ,research ,institute #dbb ,bonita ,avenue ,roseville1 ,,ca #iefgh ,phone3 7#iaf7 #ghd-bbih ,fax3 7#iaf7 #ghf-geei ,e-mail3 ,,bitnet3 ,,memex,,calstate4#b ,eric ,m4 ,calaluca1 ,vice ,president ,chadwyck-,healey1 ,inc4 #aaja ,king ,street ,alexandria1 ,,va #bbcl#d ,phone3 7#hjj7 #geb-jel#e ,fax3 7#gjc7 #fhc-gehi ,james ,daly #djae ,deepwood ,road ,baltimore1 ,,md #babah-adjd ,phone3 7#daj7 #bce-jgfc ,ricky ,erway1 ,associate ,coordinator ,american ,memory ,library of ,congress ,phone3 7#bjb7 #gjg-fbcc ,fax3 7#bjb7 #gjg-cgfd ,carl ,fleischhauer1 ,coordinator ,american ,memory ,library of ,congress ,phone3 7#bjb7 #gjg-fbcc ,fax3 7#bjb7 #gjg-cgfd ,joanne ,freeman #bjjj ,jefferson ,park ,avenue1 ,no4 #g ,charlottesville1 ,,va #bbijc ,prosser ,gifford ,director for ,scholarly ,programs ,library of ,congress ,phone3 7#bjb7 #gjg-aeag ,fax3 7#bjb7 #gjg-ihih ,e-mail3 pgifseq#a4loc4gov ,jacqueline ,hess1 ,director ,national ,demonstration ,laboratory for ,interactive ,information ,technologies ,library of ,congress ,phone3 7#bjb7 #gjg-daeg ,fax3 7#bjb7 #gjg-bhbi ,susan ,hockey1 ,director ,center for ,electronic ,texts in the ,humanities 7,,ceth7 ,alexander ,library ,rutgers ,university #afi ,college ,avenue ,new ,brunswick1 ,,nj #jhijc ,phone3 7#ijh7 #icb-achd ,fax3 7#ijh7 #icb-achf ,e-mail3 hockeyzodiac4rutgers4edu ,william ,l4 ,hooton1 ,vice ,president ,business ,technical ,development ,imaging ,information ,systems ,group ,i-,,net #fdcj ,rockledge ,drive1 ,suite #djj ,bethesda1 ,,md #bjhl#g ,phone3 7#cja7 #efd-fgej ,fax3 7#eac7 #efd-fhfg ,anne ,r4 ,kenney1 ,associate ,director ,department of ,preservation and ,conservation #gja ,olin ,library ,cornell ,university ,ithaca1 ,,ny #adhec ,phone3 7#fjg7 #bee-fhge ,fax3 7#fjg7 #bee-icdf ,e-mail3 ,,lydy,,cornella4,,bitnet ,ronald ,l4 ,larsen ,associate ,director for ,information ,technology ,university of ,maryland at ,college ,park ,room ,b#jbbd1 ,mc,keldin ,library ,college ,park1 ,,md #bjgdb-gjaa ,phone3 7#cja7 #dje-iaid ,fax3 7#cja7 #cad-ihfe ,e-mail3 rlarsenlibr4umd4edu ,maria ,l4 ,lebron1 ,managing ,editor ,the ,online ,journal of ,current ,clinical ,trials l#ccc ,h ,street1 ,n4,w4 ,washington1 ,,dc #bjjje ,phone3 7#bjb7 #cbf-fgce ,fax3 7#bjb7 #hdb-bhfh ,e-mail3 ,,pubsaaas,,gwuvm4,,bitnet ,michael ,lesk1 ,executive ,director ,computer ,science ,research ,bell ,communications ,research1 ,inc4 ,rm #b;,a-#che #dde ,south ,street ,morristown1 ,,nj #jgifj-l#il#j ,phone3 7#bja7 #hbi-djgj ,fax3 7#bja7 #hbi-eiha ,e-mail3 leskbellcore4com 7,internet7 or bellcore6lesk 7uucp7 ,clifford ,a4 ,lynch ,director1 ,library ,automation ,university of ,california1 ,office of the ,president #cjj ,lakeside ,drive1 #hth ,floor ,oakland1 ,,ca #idfab-ccej ,phone3 7#eaj7 #ihg-jebb ,fax3 7#eaj7 #hci-cegc ,e-mail3 caluruccmvsa ,avra ,michelson ,national ,archives and ,records ,administration ,,nsz ,rm4 #ad,n #gth ,pennsylvania1 ,n4,w4 ,washington1 ,d4,c4 #bjdjh ,phone3 7#bjb7 #eja-eedd ,fax3 7#bjb7 #eja-eecc ,e-mail3 tmicu4nih4gov ,elli ,mylonas1 ,managing ,editor ,perseus ,project ,department of the ,classics ,harvard ,university #cai ,boylston ,hall ,cambridge1 ,,ma #jbach ,phone3 7#fag7 #die-ijbe1 7#fag7 #die-jdef 7direct7 ,fax3 7#fag7 #dif-hhhf ,e-mail3 ,elli,,ikaros4,harvard4,,edu or elliwjh#ab4;harvard4edu ,david ,woodley ,packard ,packard ,humanities ,institute #cjj ,second ,street1 ,suite #bja ,los ,altos1 ,,ca #idjjb ,phone3 7#dae7 #idh-jaej 7,,phi7 ,fax3 7#dae7 #idh-egic ,lynne ,k4 ,personius1 ,assistant ,director ,cornell ,information ,technologies for ,scholarly ,information ,sources #ejb ,olin ,library ,cornell ,university ,ithaca1 ,,ny #adhec ,phone3 7#fjg7 #bee-ccic ,fax3 7#fjg7 #bee-icdf ,e-mail3 ,,jrn,,cornellc4,,bitnet ,marybeth ,peters ,policy ,planning ,adviser to the ,register of ,copyrights ,library of ,congress ,office ,,lm #djc ,phone3 7#bjb7 #gjg-hcej ,fax3 7#bjb7 #gjg-hcff ,c4 ,michael ,sperberg-,mc,queen ,editor1 ,text ,encoding ,initiative ,computer ,center 7,m_/,c #ace7 ,university of ,illinois at ,chicago ,box #fiih ,chicago1 ,,il #fjfhj ,phone3 7#cab7 #dac-jcag ,fax3 7#cab7 #iif-fhcd ,e-mail3 u#cecieuicvm44cc4uic4edu or u#cecieuicvm4bitnet ,george ,r4 ,thoma1 ,chief ,communications ,engineering ,branch ,national ,library of ,medicine #hfjj ,rockville ,pike ,bethesda1 ,,md #bjhid ,phone3 7#cja7 #dif-ddif ,fax3 7#cja7 #djb-jcda ,e-mail3 thomalhc4nlm4nih4gov ,dorothy ,twohig1 ,editor ,the ,papers of ,george ,washington #ejd ,alderman ,library ,university of ,virginia ,charlottesville1 ,,va #bbijc-bdih ,phone3 7#hjd7 #ibd-jebc ,fax3 7#hjd7 #ibd-dccg ,susan ,h4 ,veccia1 ,team leader ,american ,memory1 ,user ,evaluation ,library of ,congress ,american ,memory ,evaluation ,project ,phone3 7#bjb7 #gjg-iajd ,fax3 7#bjb7 #gjg-cgfd ,e-mail3 svecseq#a4loc4gov ,donald ,j4 ,waters1 ,head ,systems ,office ,yale ,university ,library ,new ,haven1 ,,ct #jfebj ,phone3 7#bjc7 #dcb-dhhi ,fax3 7#bjc7 #dcb-gbca ,e-mail3 ,,dwaters,,yalevm4,,bitnet or ,,dwaters,,yalevm4,,ycc4,,yale4,,edu ,stuart ,weibel1 ,senior ,research ,scientist ,,oclc #fefe ,frantz ,road ,dublin1 ,,oh #dcjag ,phone3 7#fad7 #gfd-fjhl ,fax3 7#fad7 #gfd-bcdd ,e-mail3 ,,internet3 ,stursch4oclc4org ,robert ,g4 ,zich ,special ,assistant to the ,associate ,librarian for ,special ,projects ,library of ,congress ,phone3 7#bjb7 #gjg-fbcc ,fax3 7#bjb7 #gjg-cgfd ,e-mail3 rzicseq#a4loc4gov ,judith ,a4 ,zidar1 ,coordinator ,national ,agricultural ,text ,digitizing ,program ,information ,systems ,division ,national ,agricultural ,library #ajcja ,baltimore ,boulevard ,beltsville1 ,,md #bjgje-bcea ,phone3 7#cja7 #ejd-fhac or #ejd-ehec ,fax3 7#cja7 #ejd-gdgc ,e-mail3 ,,internet3 ,,jzidar,,asrr4,,arsusda4,,gov ,,observers3 ,helen ,aguera1 ,program ,officer ,division of ,research ,room #cah ,national ,endowment for the ,humanities #aajj ,pennsylvania ,avenue1 ,n4,w4 ,washington1 ,d4,c4 #bjejf ,phone3 7#bjb7 #ghf-jceh ,fax3 7#bjb7 #ghf-jbdc ,m4 ,ellyn ,blanton1 ,deputy ,director ,national ,demonstration ,laboratory for ,interactive ,information ,technologies ,library of ,congress ,phone3 7#bjb7 #gjg-daeg ,fax3 7#bjb7 #gjg-bhbi ,charles ,m4 ,dollar ,national ,archives and ,records ,administration ,,nsz ,rm4 #ad,n #gth ,pennsylvania1 ,n4,w4 ,washington1 ,,dc #bjdjh ,phone3 7#bjb7 #eja-eecb ,fax3 7#bjb7 #eja-eeab ,jeffrey ,field1 ,deputy to the ,director ,division of ,preservation and ,access ,room #hjb ,national ,endowment for the ,humanities #aajj ,pennsylvania ,avenue1 ,n4,w4 ,washington1 ,,dc #bjejf ,phone3 7#bjb7 #ghf-jegj ,fax3 7#bjb7 #ghf-jbdc ,lorrin ,garson ,american ,chemical ,society ,research and ,development ,department #aaee #afth ,street1 ,n4,w4 ,washington1 ,d4,c4 #bjjcf ,phone3 7#bjb7 #hgb-deda ,fax3 ,e-mail3 ,,internet3 ,,lrg#if;,,acs4,,org ,william ,m4 ,holmes1 ,jr4 ,national ,archives and ,records ,administration ,,nsz ,rm4 #ad,n #gth ,pennsylvania1 ,n4,w4 ,washington1 ,,dc #bjdjh ,phone3 7#bjb7 #eja-eedj ,fax3 7#bjb7 #eja-eeab ,e-mail3 ,,wholmes,,american4,,edu ,sperling ,martin ,information ,resource ,management #bjjcj ,doolittle ,street ,gaithersburg1 ,,md #bjhgi ,phone3 7#cja7 #ibd-ahjc ,michael ,neuman1 ,director ,the ,center for ,text and ,technology ,academic ,computing ,center #bch ,reiss ,science ,building ,georgetown ,university ,washington1 ,,dc #bjjeg ,phone3 7#bjb7 #fhg-fjif ,fax3 7#bjb7 #fhg-fjjc ,e-mail3 neumanguvax4bitnet1 neumanguvax4georgetown4edu ,barbara ,paulson1 ,program ,officer ,division of ,preservation and ,access ,room #hjb ,national ,endowment for the ,humanities #aajj ,pennsylvania ,avenue1 ,n4,w4 ,washington1 ,,dc #bjejf ,phone3 7#bjb7 #ghf-jegg ,fax3 7#bjb7 #ghf-jbdc ,allen ,h4 ,renear ,senior ,academic ,planning ,analyst ,brown ,university ,computing and ,information ,services #aae ,waterman ,street ,campus ,box #ahhe ,providence1 ,r4,i4 #jbiab ,phone3 7#dja7 #hfc-gcab ,fax3 7#dja7 #hfc-gcbi ,e-mail3 ,,bitnet3 ,allen,,brownvm or ,,internet3 ,allenbrownvm4brown4edu ,susan ,m4 ,severtson1 ,president ,chadwyck-,healey1 ,inc4 #aaja ,king ,street ,alexandria1 ,,va #bbcl#d ,phone3 7#hjj7 #geb-jel#e ,fax3 7#gjc7 #fhc-gehi ,frank ,withrow ,u4,s4 ,department of ,education #eee ,new ,jersey ,avenue1 ,n4,w4 ,washington1 ,,dc #bjbjh-efdd ,phone3 7#bjb7 #bai-bbjj ,fax3 7#bjb7 #bai-bajf 7,,lc ,,staff7 ,linda ,l4 ,arret ,machine-,readable ,collections ,reading ,room ,,lj #acb 7#bjb7 #gjg-adij ,john ,d4 ,byrum1 ,jr4 ,descriptive ,cataloging ,division ,,lm #edj 7#bjb7 #gjg-eaid ,mary ,jane ,cavallo ,science and ,technology ,division ,,la #ebaj 7#bjb7 #gjg-abai ,susan ,thea ,david ,congressional ,research ,service ,,lm #bbf 7#bjb7 #gjg-gafi ,robert ,dierker ,senior ,adviser for ,multimedia ,activities ,,lm #fjh 7#bjb7 #gjg-faea ,william ,w4 ,ellis ,associate ,librarian for ,science and ,technology ,,lm #faa 7#bjb7 #gjg-fibh ,ronald ,gephart ,manuscript ,division ,,lm #ajb 7#bjb7 #gjg-ejig ,james ,graber ,information ,technology ,services ,,lm ,g#ea 7#bjb7 #gjg-ifbh ,rich ,greenfield ,american ,memory ,,lm #fjc 7#bjb7 #gjg-fbcc ,rebecca ,guenther ,network ,development ,,lm #fci 7#bjb7 #gjg-ejib ,kenneth ,e4 ,harris ,preservation ,,lm ,g#ba 7#bjb7 #gjg-ebac ,staley ,hitchcock ,manuscript ,division ,,lm #ajb 7#bjb7 #gjg-echc ,bohdan ,kantor ,office of ,special ,projects ,,lm #fab 7#bjb7 #gjg-jahj ,john ,w4 ,kimball1 ,jr ,machine-,readable ,collections ,reading ,room ,,lj #acb 7#bjb7 #gjg-fefj ,basil ,manns ,information ,technology ,services ,,lm ,g#ea 7#bjb7 #gjg-hcde ,sally ,hart ,mc,callum ,network ,development ,,lm #fci 7#bjb7 #gjg-fbcg ,dana ,j4 ,pratt ,publishing ,office ,,lm #fjb 7#bjb7 #gjg-fjbg ,jane ,riefenhauser ,american ,memory ,,lm #fjc 7#bjb7 #gjg-fbcc ,william ,z4 ,schenck ,collections ,development ,,lm #fej 7#bjb7 #gjg-ggjf ,chandru ,j4 ,shahani ,preservation ,research and ,testing ,office 7,r,t7 ,,lm ,g#ch 7#bjb7 #gjg-efjg ,william ,j4 ,sittig ,collections ,development ,,lm #fej 7#bjb7 #gjg-gjej ,paul ,smith ,manuscript ,division ,,lm #ajb 7#bjb7 #gjg-ejig ,james ,l4 ,stevens ,information ,technology ,services ,,lm ,g#ea 7#bjb7 #gjg-ifhh ,karen ,stuart ,manuscript ,division ,,lm #acj 7#bjb7 #gjg-echi ,tamara ,swora ,preservation ,microfilming ,office ,,lm ,g#je 7#bjb7 #gjg-fbic ,sarah ,thomas ,collections ,cataloging ,,lm #fdb 7#bjb7 #gjg-eccc ,,end 9999999999999999999999999999999999999999 9999999999999999999999999999999999999999 9999999999999999999999999999999999999999 99 ,note3 ,this file has been edited for use on computer networks4 ,this editing required the removal of diacritics1 underlining1 and fonts such as italics and bold4 kde #aa_/ib ,a few of the italics 7when used for emphasis7 were replaced by ,,caps mh