,,!    ,,"r ,,to ,,be ,,lazy      ,,&   
,,o!r ,,/udies      ,,by    ,,paul      
,,laf>gue      ,translat$ by ,,*>les ,h4
 ,,k]r        ,,*icago    ,,*>les ,h4   
,,k]r  ,,company            ,copyright1 
#aijg      ,,by ,,*>les ,h4 ,,k]r       
,,company    ,illu/ration3 ,pr9t]'s     
/amp4          ,,preface      ,m4 ,?i]s1
 at a private session ( ! commission on 
prim>y education  ( #ahdi1 said3 ,i wi% 
to make ! influ5ce ( ! cl]gy all-p[]ful 
because ,i c\nt ^u x to propagate t good
 philosophy :i* tea*es  man t he is "h  
bel[ to suff]1 & n t o!r philosophy  :i*
 on ! contr>y bids man to enjoy4 ,m4    
,?i]s 0 /at+  ! e?ics ( ! capitali/     
class1 ^: fi]ce egoism & n>r[           
intellig5ce he inc>nat$4    ,!          
,b\rgeoisie1 :5 x 0 /ruggl+ aga9/ !     
nobility su/a9$  by ! cl]gy1 hoi/$ !    
flag ( free ?\ght & a!ism2 b once       
triumphant1 x *ang$ its tone & mann] &  
today x uses religion  to support its   
economic & political supremacy4 ,9 !    
fifte5? &  sixte5? c5turies1 x _h       

joyfully tak5 up ! pagan tradition &    
glorifi$ ! fle% & its passions1 reprov$ 
by ,*ri/ianity2 9 our  days1 gorg$ )    
goods & ) pleasures1 x d5ies ! tea*+s ( 
its ?9k]s l ,rabelais & ,did]ot1 &      
prea*es ab/95ce to !  wage-work]s4      
,capitali/ e?ics1 a pitiful p>ody on    
,*ri/ian e?ics1  /rikes ) its ana!ma !  
fle% ( ! labor]2 its ideal is to  r$uce 
! produc] to ! smalle/ numb] ( ne$s1 to 
suppress 8  joys & 8 passions & to      
condemn him to play ! "p ( a ma*9e      
turn+ out "w )\t respite & )\t ?anks4   
,! revolution>y sociali/s mu/ take up   
aga9 ! battle f\ght by  ! philosoph]s & 
pamphlete]s ( ! b\rgeoisie2 !y mu/ m>*  
up to ! assault ( ! e?ics & ! social    
!ories ( capitalism2  !y mu/ demoli% 9 !
 heads ( ! class :i* !y call to action  
! prejudices s[n 9 !m by ! rul+ class2  
!y mu/ proclaim 9  ! faces ( !          
hypocrites ( all e?ical sy/ems t ! e>?  
%all  cease to be ! vale ( te>s = !     
labor]2 t 9 ! communi/  society ( !     
future1 :i* we %all e/abli% peaceably if

 we may1  =cibly if we mu/1 ! impulses (
 m5 w be giv5 a free re91  = all ^!     
impulses are by nature good1 we h no?+  
to avoid  b _! misuse & _! excesses1#a &
 !y w n be avoid$  except by _! mutual  
c\nt]-balanc+1 balanc+1 by ! h>moni\s   
developm5t ( ! human organism1 = z ,dr4 
,b$doe says1 ,x is  only :5 a race      
rea*es its maximum ( physical           
developm5t1 t x  arrives at its highe/  
po9t ( en]gy & moral vigor4#b ,su* 0    
also ! op9ion ( ! great naturali/ ,*>les
 ,d>w94#c    ,?is refutation ( ! ,"r to 
,"w :i* ,i am republi%+ )  "s additional
 notes appe>$ 9 ! weekly ,egalit1 #ahhj1
 second  s]ies4                         
,p4 ,l4      ,sa9te-,plagie ,prison1    
#ahhc4      ,,footnotes3    #a          
,desc>tes4 ,les ,passions de l'me4    #b
 ,doctor ,b$doe4 ,memoirs ( !           
,an?ropological ,society4    #c ,*>les  
,d>w94 ,desc5t ( ,man4          ,,table 
,,( ,,cont5ts                           
,page      ,,! ,,"r ,,to ,,be ,,lazy--  
,i4 ,a ,disa/r\s ,dogma                 

#i         ,,ii4 ,bless+s ( ,"w         
#ad        ,,iii4 ,! ,consequ5ces (     
,ov]-,production                        
#cj         ,,iv4 ,new ,songs to ,new   
,music                                  
#dh         ,app5dix                    
#eg      ,,socialism ,,& ,,!            
,,intellectuals                         
#fc      ,,! ,,bankruptcy ,,(           
,,capitalism                            
#aje      ,,! ,,woman ,,"q              
#aaa      ,,! ,,sociali/ ,,ideal        
#aci      ,,! ,,rights ,,( ,,! ,,horse  
,,& ,,! ,,rights ,,( ,,man              
#aeg          ,,! ,,"r ,,to ,,be ,,lazy 
,let u be lazy 9 ev]y?+1 except 9 lov+ &
 dr9k+1 except    9 be+ lazy4           
--,less+4          ,i4    ,a ,,disa/r\s 
,,dogma4      ,a /range delusion        
possesses ! work+ classes ( ! nations   
:]e  capitali/ civilization holds its   
sway4 ,?is delusion drags 9 its  tra9 ! 
individual & social woes :i* = two      
c5turies h  tortur$ sad humanity4 ,?is  
delusion is ! love ( "w1 ! furi\s       

passion = "w1 pu%$ ev5 to ! exhau/ion ( 
! vital =ce  ( ! individual & 8 prog5y4 
,in/ead ( oppos+ ?is m5tal  ab]ration1 !
 prie/s1 ! economi/s & ! morali/s h ca/ 
a  sacr$ halo ov] "w4 ,bl9d & f9ite m51 
!y h wi%$ to be  wis] ?an _! ,god2 weak 
& contemptible m51 !y h presum$  to     
rehabilitate :at _! ,god _h curs$4 ,i1  
:o d n pr(ess to be  a ,*ri/ian1 an     
economi/ or a morali/1 ,i appeal f _!   
judgem5t  to t ( _! ,god2 f ! prea*+s ( 
_! religi\s1 economics  or free-?\ght   
e?ics1 to ! frightful consequ5ces ( "w 9
  capitali/ society4    ,9 capitali/    
society "w is ! cause ( all intellectual
 deg5]acy1  ( all organic de=mity4      
,comp>e ! ?or\gh-br$ 9 ,ro?s*ild's      
/ables1 s]v$ by a ret9ue ( bip$s1 ) !   
heavy brute ( !  ,norman f>ms :i* pl[s !
 e>?1 c>ts ! manure1 hauls ! crops4     
,look at ! noble savage :om !           
mission>ies ( trade & ! trad]s  (       
religion h n yet corrupt$ ) ,*ri/ianity1
 syphilis & !  dogma ( "w1 & !n look at 
our mis]able slaves ( ma*9es4#d    ,:51 

9 our civiliz$ ,europe1 we w\ld f9d a   
trace ( ! native  beauty ( man1 we mu/ g
 seek x 9 ! nations :]e economic        
prejudices h n yet uproot$ ! hatr$ ( "w4
 ,spa91 :i*1  alas1 is deg5]at+1 may    
/ill boa/ ( possess+ few] factories  ?an
 we h ( prisons & b>racks2 b ! arti/    
rejoices 9 8  admiration ( ! h>dy       
,&alusian1 br[n z 8 native *e/nuts1     
/raight & flexible z a /eel rod2 & !    
he>t leaps at he>+  ! begg>1 sup]bly    
drap$ 9 8 ragg$ capa1 p>ley+ on t]ms  ( 
equality ) ! duke ( ,ossuna4 ,= !       
,spani>d1 9 :om !  primitive animal has 
n be5 atrophi$1 "w is ! wor/ sort (     
slav]y4#e ,! ,greeks 9 _! era (         
greatness _h only contempt =  "w3 _!    
slaves alone 7 p]mitt$ to labor3 ! free 
man knew  only ex]cises = ! body & m9d4 
,& s x 0 9 ?is era t  m5 l ,ari/otle1   
,phidias1 ,ari/ophanes mov$ & brea!d    
among !  p2 x 0 ! "t :5 a h&ful ( h]oes 
at ,m>a?on cru%$  ! hordes ( ,asia1 soon
 to be subdu$ by ,alex&]4 ,! philosoph]s
  ( antiquity taught contempt = "w1 t   

degradation ( ! free  man1 ! poets sang 
( idl5ess1 t gift f ! ,gods3    ,o      
,melibae ,deus nobis haec otia fecit4#f 
,jesus1 9 8 s]mon on ! ,m\nt1 prea*$    
idl5ess3 ,consid] !  lilies ( ! field1  
h[ !y gr[3 !y toil n1 nei!r d !y  sp93 &
 yet ,i say unto y t ev5 ,solomon 9 all 
8 glory 0 n  array$ l "o ( ^!4 ,jehovah 
! be>d$ & angry god1 gave 8  wor%ip]s ! 
supreme example ( ideal laz9ess2 aft]   
six days (  "w1 he re/s = all et]nity4  
,on ! o!r h&1 :at are ! races = :i* "w  
is an organic  necessity8 ,!            
,auv]gnians2 ! ,scot*1 ^? ,auv]gnians ( 
!  ,briti% ,isles2 ! ,galicians1 ^?     
,auv]gnians ( ,spa92 !  ,pom]anians1 ^? 
,auv]gnians ( ,g]many2 ! ,*9ese1 ^?     
,auv]gnians ( ,asia4 ,9 our society1 :i*
 are ! classes t love  "w = "w's sake8  
,! peasant proprietors1 ! little        
%op-keep]s2  ! =m] b5t d\ble ov] _!     
fields1 ! latt] cr\*$ 9 _!  %ops1 burr[ 
l ! mole 9 8 subt]ranean passage & nev] 
/&  up to look at nature leisurely4     
,& mean:ile ! prolet>iat1 ! great class 

embrac+ all !  produc]s ( civiliz$      
nations1 ! class :i* 9 free+ itself w   
free humanity f s]vile toil & w make ( !
 human animal a  free be+1--!           
prolet>iat1 betray+ its in/9cts1 despis+
 its  hi/oric mission1 has let itself be
 p]v]t$ by ! dogma ( "w4  ,rude &       
t]rible has be5 its puni%m5t4 ,all its  
individual &  social woes are born ( its
 passion = "w4      ,,footnotes3    #d  
,european explor]s pause 9 wond] be=e ! 
physical beauty &  ! pr\d be>+ ( ! m5 ( 
primitive races1 n soil$ by :at         
,paeppig calls ! poison\s brea? (       
civilization4 ,speak+ (  ! aborig9es ( !
 ,oceanic ,isl&s1 ,"l ,george ,campbell 
writes3  ,!re is n a p 9 ! _w :i* /rikes
 "o m favorably  at fir/ sight4 ,_!     
smoo? sk9 ( a light copp] t9t1 _! hair  
gold5 & curly1 _! beautiful & happy     
faces4 ,9 a ^w1 _!  :ole p]son =m$ a new
 & spl5did specim5 ( ! 'g5us homo'2  _! 
physical appe>ance gave ! impression ( a
 race sup]ior to  ours4 ,! civiliz$ m5 (
 anci5t ,rome1 witness ,caes> &         

,tacitus1  reg>d$ ) ! same admiration ! 
,g]mans ( ! communi/ tribes  :i* invad$ 
! ,roman empire4 ,foll[+ ,tacitus1      
,salvi51 ! prie/  ( ! fif? c5tury :o    
receiv$ ! surname ( ma/] ( ! ,bi%ops1   
held up ! b>b>ians z an example to      
civiliz$ ,*ri/ians3 ,we are  immode/    
be=e ! b>b>ians1 :o are m *a/e ?an we4  
,ev5  m ! b>b>ians are w\nd$ at our lack
 ( mode/y2 ! ,go?s d  n p]mit debau*ees 
( _! own nation to rema9 among !m2 alone
  9 ! mid/ ( !m1 by ! sad privilege ( _!
 nationality &  _! "n1 ! ,romans h ! "r 
to be impure4 7,p$]a/y 0  !n ! height ( 
! fa%ion among bo? pagans & ,*ri/ians47 
,!  oppress$ fly to ! b>b>ians to seek =
 m]cy & a %elt]4 7,de  ,gub]natione     
,dei47 ,! old civilization & ! ris+     
,*ri/ianity  corrupt$ ! b>b>ians ( !    
anci5t _w1 z ! old ,*ri/ianity  & !     
mod]n capitali/ civilization are        
corrupt+ ! savages (  ! new _w4    ,m4  
,f4 ,le,play1 ^: tal5t = obs]vation mu/ 
be recogniz$1 ev5  if we reject 8       
sociological conclusions1 ta9t$ )       

philan?ropic  & ,*ri/ian ph>isaism1 says
 9 8 book ,les ,ouvri]s ,europens       
7#ahhe73 ,! ,prop5sity ( ! ,ba*kirs =   
laz9ess 7! ,ba*kirs are  semi-nomadic   
%eph]ds ( ! ,asiatic slope ( ! ,ural    
m\nta9s72  ! leisure ( nomadic life1 !  
habit ( m$itation :i* ?is  eng5d]s 9 !  
be/ end[$ individuals4--all ?is (t5     
gives !m a  di/9ction ( mann]1 a f95ess 
( intellig5ce & judgem5t :i*  is r>ely  
to be obs]v$ on ! same social level 9 a 
m develop$  civilization4444 ,! ?+ mo/  
repugnant to !m is agricultural  labor3 
!y w d any?+ r ?an accept ! trade ( a   
f>m]4  ,agriculture is 9 fact ! fir/    
example ( s]vile labor 9 !  hi/ory (    
man4 ,accord+ to biblical tradition1 !  
fir/ crim9al1  ,ca91 is a f>m]4    #e ,!
 ,spani% prov]b says3 ,descanz> es      
salud4 7,re/ is heal?ful47    #f ,o     
,melibaeus6 a god has grant$ u ?is      
idl5ess4 ,virgil's ,bucolics4  7,see    
app5dix47          ,,ii4    ,,bless+s   
,,( ,,"w4      ,9 #aggj at ,london1 an  
anonym\s pamphlet appe>$ "u ! title1    

,an ,essay on ,trade & ,comm]ce4 ,x made
 "s /ir 9 its "t4  ,! au?or1 a great    
philan?ropi/1 0 indignant t ! factory   
population ( ,engl& _h tak5 into its    
head ! fix$ idea t 9  _! quality (      
,engli%m5 all ! individuals compos+ x h 
by "r ( bir? ! privilege ( be+ fre] & m 
indep5d5t  ?an ! labor]s ( any c\ntry 9 
,europa4 ,?is idea may h its  usefulness
 = soldi]s1 s9ce x /imulates _! valor1 b
 !  less ! factory work]s are imbu$ ) x 
! bett] = !mselves  & ! /ate4 ,labor]s  
ought nev] to look on !mselves z        
indep5d5t ( _! sup]iors4 ,x is extremely
 dang]\s to enc\rage  su* infatuations 9
 a comm]cial /ate l ours1 :]e p]haps    
sev5-eigh?s ( ! population h little or  
no prop]ty4 ,! cure  w n be complete    
until our indu/rial labor]s are cont5t$ 
to  "w six days = ! same sum :i* !y n[  
e>n 9 f\r4 ,?us1  ne>ly a c5tury be=e   
,guizot1 "w 0 op5ly prea*$ 9 ,london z  
a curb to ! noble passions ( man4 ,! m  
my p "w1 !  less vices !y w h1 wrote    
,napoleon on ,may #e?1 #ahjg1 f  ,o/]od4

 ,i am ! au?ority 444 & ,i %\ld be      
dispos$ to ord]  t on ,sunday aft] ! h\r
 ( s]vice be pa/1 ! %ops be op5$  & !   
labor]s return to _! "w4 ,to root out   
laz9ess & curb  ! s5tim5ts ( pride &    
indep5d5ce :i* arise f x1 !  au?or ( !  
,essay on ,trade propos$ to imprison !  
poor 9 ideal  "w-h\ses1 :i* %\ld become 
h\ses ( t]ror1 :]e !y %\ld  "w f\rte5   
h\rs a day 9 su* fa%ion t :5 meal "t 0  
d$uct$ !re %\ld rema9 twelve h\rs ( "w  
full & complete4    ,twelve h\rs ( "w a 
day1 t is ! ideal ( ! philan?ropi/s  &  
morali/s ( ! eighte5? c5tury4 ,h[ h we  
outdone ?is nec  plus ultra6 ,mod]n     
factories h become ideal h\ses (        
correction 9  :i* ! toil+ masses are    
imprison$1 9 :i* !y are condemn$  to    
compulsory "w = twelve or f\rte5 h\rs1 n
 ! m5 only b  also wom5 & *ildr54#g ,&  
to ?9k t ! sons ( ! h]oes  ( ! ,t]ror h 
all[$ !mselves to be degrad$ by !       
religion  ( "w1 to ! po9t ( accept+1    
s9ce #ahdh1 z a revolution>y  conque/1 !
 law limit+ factory labor to twelve     

h\rs4 ,!y proclaim  z a revolution>y    
pr9ciple ! ,"r to ,"w4 ,%ame to ! ,fr5* 
prolet>iat6 ,only slaves w\ld h be5     
capable ( su* bas5ess4  ,a ,greek ( !   
h]oic times w\ld h requir$ tw5ty ye>s ( 
capitali/ civilization be=e he c\ld h   
conceiv$ su* vil5ess4    ,& if ! mis]ies
 ( compulsory "w & ! tortures ( hung] h 
desc5d$ ^u ! prolet>iat m 9 numb] ?an ! 
locu/s ( !  ,bible1 x is because !      
prolet>iat itself invit$ !m4 ,?is "w1   
:i* 9 ,june #ahdh ! labor]s dem&$ ) arms
 9 _! h&s1  ?is !y h impos$ on _!       
families2 !y h deliv]$ up to  ! b>ons ( 
indu/ry _! wives & *ildr54 ,) _! own h&s
  !y h demoli%$ _! dome/ic he>?s4 ,) _! 
own h&s !y  h dri$ up ! milk ( _! wives4
 ,! unhappy wom5 c>ry+  & nurs+ _! babes
 h be5 oblig$ to g into ! m9es &        
factories to b5d _! backs & exhau/ _!   
n]ves4 ,) _! own  h&s !y h brok5 ! life 
& ! vigor ( _! *ildr54 ,%ame  on !      
prolet>ians6 ,:]e are ^? neighborly     
h\sewives told (  9 our fables & 9 our  
old tales1 bold & frank ( spee*1 lov]s  

( ,bac*us8 ,:]e are ^? buxom girls1     
always on ! move1 always  cook+1 always 
s++1 always spread+ life1 eng5d]+ life's
 joy1  giv+ pa9less bir? to heal?y &    
vigor\s *ildr58444 ,today we  h factory 
girls & wom51 pale droop+ fl[]s1 )      
impov]i%$  blood1 ) disord]$ /oma*s1 )  
languid limbs4444 ,!y h nev]  kn[n !    
pleasure ( a heal?ful passion1 nor w\ld 
!y be capable  ( tell+ ( x m]rily6 ,& ! 
*ildr58 ,twelve h\rs ( "w  = *ildr56 ,o1
 mis]y4 ,b n all ! ,jules ,simon ( !    
,academy  ( ,moral & ,political ,sci5ce1
 n all ! ,g]m9ys ( jesuitism  c\ld h    
inv5t$ a vice m degrad+ to ! intellig5ce
 ( !  *ildr51 m corrupt+ ( _! in/9cts1 m
 de/ructive ( _!  organism ?an "w 9 !   
vitiat$ atmosph]e ( ! capitali/ factory4
    ,our epo* has be5 call$ ! c5tury (  
"w4 ,x is 9 fact !  c5tury ( pa91 mis]y 
& corruption4    ,& all ! :ile !        
philosoph]s1 ! b\rgeois economi/s--f  ! 
pa9fully confus$ ,augu/ ,comte to !     
ludicr\sly cle>  ,l]oy-,beaulieu2 ! p ( 
b\rgeois lit]ature--f ! quacki%ly       

romantic ,victor ,hugo to ! artlessly   
grotesque ,paul de ,kock1--all h  inton$
 nauseat+ songs 9 honor ( ! god         
,progress1 ! elde/ son  ( ,"w4 ,li/5 to 
!m & y w\ld ?9k t happ9ess 0 soon  to   
reign ov] ! e>?1 t its com+ 0 already   
p]ceiv$4 ,!y  rummag$ 9 ! du/ ( pa/     
c5turies to br+ back feudal mis]ies  to 
s]ve z a sombre contra/ to ! delights ( 
! pres5t times4  ,h !y we>i$ u1 ^!      
satisfi$ p1 ye/]day p5sion]s at  ! table
 ( ! nobility1 today p5-valets ( !      
capitali/ class  & fatly paid8 ,h !y    
reckon$ u we>y ( ! peasant1 su* z  ,la  
,bruyre describ$ him8 ,well1 "h is !    
brilliant picture (  prolet>ian delights
 9 ! ye> ( capitali/ progress #ahdj1    
p5n$ by  "o ( _! own m51 ,dr4 ,vill]m1  
memb] ( ! ,in/itute1 ! same  :o 9 #ahdh 
0 a memb] ( t sci5tific society 7,?i]s1 
,c\s91  ,passy1 ,blanqui1 ! academician1
 7 9 x71 :i* dissem9at$ among  ! masses 
! nons5se ( b\rgeois economics & e?ics4 
,x is ( manufactur+ ,alsace t ,dr4      
,vill]m speaks1--! ,alsace  ( ,ke/n] &  

,dollfus1 ^? fl[]s ( indu/rial          
philan?ropy &  republicanism4 ,b be=e ! 
doctor raises up be=e u 8 picture (     
prolet>ian mis]ies1 let u li/5 to an    
,alsatian manufactur]1 ,mr4  ,?4 ,mieg1 
( ! h\se ( ,dollfus1 ,mieg  ,co41       
depict+ ! condition  ( ! old-"t artisan3
 ,at ,mulh\se fifty ye>s ago 79 #ahac1  
:5  mod]n me*anical indu/ry 0 j aris+7 !
 labor]s 7 all  *ildr5 ( ! soil1        
inhabit+ ! t[n & ! surr\nd+ villages1  &
 almo/ all own+ a h\se & (t5 a little   
field4#h ,x 0  ! gold5 age ( ! labor]4  
,b at t "t ,alsatian indu/ry did  n     
deluge ! _w ) its cottons1 nor make     
millionaires out (  its ,dollfus &      
,koe*l94 ,b tw5ty-five ye>s aft]1 :5    
,vill]m  visit$ ,alsace1 ! mod]n        
,m9otaur1 ! capitali/ work%op1 _h       
conqu]$ ! c\ntry2 9 its insatiable      
appetite = human labor x  _h dragg$ !   
workm5 f _! he>?s1 ! bett] to wr+ !m  & 
press out ! labor :i* !y conta9$4 ,x 0  
by ?\s&s  t ! work]s flock$ toge!r at ! 
signal ( ! /eam :i/le4  ,a great numb]1 

says ,vill]m1 five ?\s& out ( sev5te5   
?\s&1 7 oblig$ by high r5ts to lodge 9  
neighbor+ villages4  ,"s ( !m liv$ ?ree 
or f\r miles f ! factory :]e !y         
work$4#i    ,at ,mulh\se 9 ,dorna*1 "w  
began at five o'clock 9 ! morn+ &  end$ 
at eight o'clock 9 ! ev5+1 summ] & w9t]4
 ,x 0 a  sight to wat* !m arrive ea*    
morn+ into ! city & dep>t ea*  ev5+4    
,among !m 7 a multitude ( wom51 pale1   
(t5 walk+  b>e-foot$ ?r\gh ! mud1 & :o =
 lack ( umbrellas :5 !  ra9 or sn[ fell1
 wore _! aprons or skirts turn$ up ov]  
_!  heads4 ,!re 0 a /ill l>g] numb] ( "y
 *ildr51 equally  dirty1 equally pale1  
cov]$ ) rags1 greasy f ! ma*9e oil  :i* 
drops on !m :ile !y "w4 ,!y 7 bett]     
protect$ f  ! ra9 because _! clo!s %$   
wat]2 b unlike ! wom5 j  m5tion$1 !y did
 n c>ry _! day's provisions 9 a basket1 
b  !y c>ry$ 9 _! h&s or hid "u _! clo?+ 
z be/ !y  might1 ! morsel ( bread :i*   
mu/ s]ve !m z food until "t =  !m to    
return home4    ,?us to ! /ra9 ( an     
insuff]ably long day--at lea/ fifte5    

h\rs--is add$ = ^! wret*es ! fatigue ( !
 pa9ful daily  j\rneys4 ,consequ5tly !y 
rea* home ov]:elm$ by ! ne$ (  sleep1 & 
next day !y rise be=e !y are completely 
re/$ 9  ord] to rea* ! factory by ! op5+
 "t4    ,n[1 look at ! holes 9 :i* 7    
pack$ ^? :o lodge 9 !  t[n3 ,i saw at   
,mulh\se 9 ,dorna*1 & ! neighbor+ h\ses1
 "s  ( ^? mis]able lodg+s :]e two       
families slept ea* 9 its corn]  on /raw 
?r[n on ! floor & kept 9 its place by   
two planks4444  ,?is wret*$ness among ! 
labor]s ( ! cotton indu/ry 9 !  dep>tm5t
 ( ! upp] ,rh9e is s extreme t x        
produces ?is sad  result1 t :ile 9 !    
families ( ! manufactur]s1 m]*ants1     
%op-keep]s or factory sup]9t5d5ts1 half 
( ! *ildr5 rea*  _! tw5ty-fir/ ye>1 ?is 
same half ceases to exi/ be=e !  lapse (
 two ye>s 9 ! families ( weav]s & cotton
 sp9n]s4    ,speak+ ( ! labor ( !       
work%op1 ,vill]m adds3 ,x is n a  "w1 a 
task1 x is a torture & x is inflict$ on 
*ildr5 ( six  to eight ye>s4 ,x is ?is  
long torture day aft] day :i* wa/es     

away ! labor]s 9 ! cotton sp9n+         
factories4 ,& z to !  duration ( ! "w   
,vill]m obs]ves1 t ! convicts 9 prisons 
"w b t5 h\rs1 ! slaves 9 ! we/ ,indies  
"w b n9e h\rs1  :ile !re exi/$ 9 ,france
 aft] its ,revolution ( #aghi1 :i* _h   
proclaim$ ! pomp\s ,rights ( ,man       
factories :]e ! day 0  sixte5 h\rs1 out 
( :i* ! labor]s 7 all[$ only an h\r &  a
 half = meals4#aj    ,:at a mis]able    
abortion ( ! revolution>y pr9ciples (  !
 b\rgeoisie6 ,:at woeful gifts f its god
 ,progress6 ,!  philan?ropi/s hail z    
b5efactors ( humanity ^? :o hav+ done   
no?+ to become ri*1 give "w to ! poor4  
,f> bett] 7 x to  scatt] pe/il5ce & to  
poison ! spr+s ?an to erect a capitali/ 
factory 9 ! mid/ ( a rural population4  
,introduce factory "w1  & f>ewell joy1  
heal? & lib]ty2 f>ewell to all t makes  
life  beautiful & wor? liv+4#aa    ,& ! 
economi/s g on repeat+ to ! labor]s1    
,"w1 to increase  social weal?1 &       
nev]!less an economi/1 ,de/utt de       
,tracy1  answ]s3 ,x is 9 poor nations t 

p are com=table1 9  ri* nations !y are  
ord9>ily poor2 & 8 disciple ,*]buliez   
cont9ues3 ,! labor]s !mselves 9         
co-op]at+ t[>d !  accumulation (        
productive capital contribute to ! ev5t 
:i* soon]  or lat] mu/ deprive !m ( a "p
 ( _! wages4 ,b deaf5$ &  /upifi$ by _! 
own h[l+s1 ! economi/s answ]3 ,"w1      
always  "w1 to create y\r prosp]ity1 & 9
 ! "n ( ,*ri/ian meekness  a prie/ ( !  
,anglican ,*ur*1 ! ,rev4 ,mr4 ,t[n%5d1  
intones3 ,"w1  "w1 night & day4 ,by     
work+ y make y\r pov]ty increase & y\r  
pov]ty releases u f impos+ "w ^u y by   
=ce ( law4 ,!  legal imposition ( "w    
gives too mu* tr\ble1 requires too mu*  
viol5ce & makes too mu* noise4 ,hung]1  
on ! contr>y1 is n only  a pressure :i* 
is peaceful1 sil5t & incessant1 b z x is
 !  mo/ natural motive = "w & indu/ry1 x
 also provokes to !  mo/ p[]ful ef=ts4  
,"w1 "w1 prolet>ians1 to increase social
  weal? & y\r individual pov]ty2 "w1 "w1
 9 ord] t becom+  poor]1 y may h m      
reason to "w & become mis]able4 ,su* is 

! inexorable law ( capitali/ production4
    ,because1 l5d+ e> to ! fallaci\s    
words ( ! economi/s1 !  prolet>ians h   
giv5 !mselves up body & s\l to ! vice ( 
"w1 !y precipitate ! :ole ( society into
 ^! indu/rial  crises ( ov]-production  
:i* convulse ! social organism4 ,!n     
because !re is a ple?ora ( m]*&ise & a  
de>? ( pur*as]s1  ! %ops are clos$ &    
hung] sc\rges ! work+ p ) its  :ip ( a  
?\s& la%es4 ,! prolet>ians1 brutaliz$ by
 ! dogma (  "w1 n und]/&+ t ! ov]-"w :i*
 !y h inflict$  ^u !mselves dur+ ! "t ( 
pret5d$ prosp]ity is ! cause (  _!      
pres5t mis]y1 d n run to ! gran>ies (   
:eat & cry3 ,we  are hungry1 we wi% to  
eat4 ,true we h n a r$ c5t1 b begg>s z  
we are1 x is we1 nev]!less1 :o h>ve/$ ! 
:eat & ga!r$  ! grapes4 ,!y d n besiege 
! w>eh\se ( ,bonnet1 or ,jujurieux1  !  
inv5tor ( indu/rial conv5ts1 & cry out3 
,m4 ,bonnet1 "h  are y\r work+ wom51    
silk work]s1 sp9n]s1 weav]s2 !y are     
%iv]+ pitifully "u _! pat*$ cotton      
dresses1 yet x is !y  :o h spun & wov5 !

 silk robes ( ! fa%ionable wom5 ( all   
,*ri/5dom4 ,! poor creatures work+      
?irte5 h\rs a day1 _h no  "t to ?9k ( _!
 toilet4 ,n[1 !y are out ( "w & h "t  to
 ru/le 9 ! silks !y h made4 ,ev] s9ce !y
 lo/ _! milk  tee? !y h devot$ !mselves 
to y\r =tune & h liv$ 9  ab/95ce4 ,n[ !y
 are at leisure & wi% to enjoy a little 
( !  fruits ( _! labor4 ,come1 ,m4      
,bonnet1 give !m y\r silks1 ,m4 ,h>mel  
%all furni% 8 musl9s1 ,m4 ,p\y]-,qu]ti] 
8 calicos1 ,m4 ,p9et 8  boots = _! de>  
little feet1 cold & damp4 ,clad f top to
 toe  & gleeful1 !y w be delightful to  
look at4 ,come1 no evasions1  y are a   
fri5d ( humanity1 are y n1 & a ,*ri/ian 
into !  b>ga98 ,put at ! disposal ( y\r 
work+ girls ! =tune !y  h built up = y  
out ( _! fle%2 y want to help bus9ess1  
get y\r goods into circulation1--"h are 
consum]s ready at h&4  ,give !m unlimit$
 cr$it4 ,y are simply compell$ to give  
cr$it  to m]*ants :om y d n "k f ,adam  
or ,eve1 :o h giv5  y no?+1 n ev5 a     
glass ( wat]4 ,y\r work+ wom5 w pay  !  

debt ! be/ !y c4 ,if at maturity !y let 
_! notes g to  prote/1 & if !y h no?+ to
 atta*1 y c dem& t !y  pay y 9 pray]s4  
,!y w s5d y to p>adise bett] ?an y\r    
black-g[n$ prie/s /eep$ 9 tobacco4      
,in/ead ( tak+ advantage ( p]iods (     
crisis1 = a g5]al  di/ribution ( _!     
products & a univ]sal holiday1 !        
labor]s1  p]i%+ ) hung]1 g & beat _!    
heads aga9/ ! doors ( !  work%ops4 ,)   
pale faces1 emaciat$ bodies1 pitiful    
spee*es !y  assail ! manufactur]s3 ,good
 ,m4 ,*agot1 sweet ,m4 ,s*neid]1 give u 
"w1 x is n hung]1 b ! passion = "w :i*  
torm5ts u4  ,& ^! wret*es1 :o h sc>cely 
! /r5g? to /& upright1  sell twelve &   
f\rte5 h\rs ( "w twice z *eap z :5 !y _h
  bread on ! table4 ,& ! philan?ropi/s (
 indu/ry pr(it by _!  lock\ts to        
manufacture at l[] co/4    ,if indu/rial
 crises foll[ p]iods ( ov]-"w z         
inevitably z night  foll[s day1 br++    
aft] !m lock\ts & pov]ty )\t end1  !y   
also lead to inevitable bankruptcy4 ,s  
long z ! manufactur]  has cr$it he gives

 free re9 to ! rage = "w4 ,he borr[s1 & 
borr[s aga91 to furni% raw mat]ial to 8 
labor]s1 & goes on  produc+ )\t consid]+
 t ! m>ket is becom+ satiat$  & t if 8  
goods don't happ5 to be sold1 8 notes w 
/ill  come due4 ,at 8 wits' end1 he     
implores ! bank]1 he ?r[s himself  at 8 
feet1 (f]+ 8 blood1 8 honor4 ,a little  
gold w d my  bus9ess bett]1 answ]s !    
,ro?s*ild4 ,y h #bj1jjj pairs (  hose 9 
y\r w>eh\se2 !y are wor? #bj;c4 ,i w    
take !m at #d;c4  ,! bank] gets         
possession ( ! goods & sells !m at #f;c 
or #h;c1  & pockets c]ta9 frisky doll>s 
:i* owe no?+ to anybody3 b  !           
manufactur] has /epp$ back = a bett]    
leap4 ,at la/ ! cra%  comes & ! w>eh\ses
 disgorge4 ,!n s mu* m]*&ise is ?r[n    
out ( ! w9d[ t y _c imag9e h[ x came 9  
by ! door4  ,hundr$s ( millions are     
requir$ to figure ! value ( ! goods t   
are de/roy$4 ,9 ! la/ c5tury !y 7 burn$ 
or ?r[n into !  wat]4#ab    ,b be=e     
rea*+ ?is decision1 ! manufactur]s      
travel ! _w  ov] 9 se>* ( m>kets = !    

goods :i* are heap+ up4 ,!y  =ce _!     
gov]nm5t to annex ,congo1 to seize on   
,tonqu91 to batt]  d[n ! ,*9ese ,wall ) 
cannon %ots to make an outlet = _!      
cotton goods4 ,9 previ\s c5turies x 0 a 
duel to ! dea? betwe5  ,france & ,engl& 
z to :i* %\ld h ! exclusive privilege ( 
sell+ to ,am]ica & ! ,indies4 ,?\s&s (  
"y & vigor\s m5  r$d5$ ! seas ) _! blood
 dur+ ! colonial w>s ( !  sixte5?1      
sev5te5? & eighte5? c5turies4    ,!re is
 a surplus ( capital z well z ( goods4  
,! f9anci]s no  long] "k :]e to place x4
 ,!n !y g among ! happy nations :o  are 
loaf+ 9 ! sun smok+ cig>ettes & !y lay  
d[n railroads1  erect factories & import
 ! curse ( "w4 ,& ?is exportation (     
,fr5* capital ends "o f9e morn+ 9       
diplomatic complications4 ,9  ,egypt1 = 
example1 ,france1 ,engl& & ,g]many 7 on 
! po9t (  hairpull+ to decide :i* usur]s
 %all be paid fir/4 ,or x ends  ) w>s l 
t 9 ,mexico :]e ,fr5* soldi]s are s5t to
 play  ! "p ( con/ables to collect bad  
debts4#ac    ,^! individual & social    

mis]ies1 h[ev] great & innum]able  !y   
may be1 h[ev] et]nal !y appe>1 w vani% l
 hy5as  & jackals at ! approa* ( ! lion1
 :5 ! prolet>iat %all  say ,i w4 ,b to  
arrive at ! realization ( its /r5g? !   
prolet>iat mu/ trample "u foot !        
prejudices ( ,*ri/ian e?ics1  economic  
e?ics & free-?\ght e?ics4 ,x mu/ return 
to its natural  in/9cts1 x mu/ proclaim 
! ,rights ( ,laz9ess1 a ?\s& times  m   
noble & m sacr$ ?an ! anaemic ,rights ( 
,man concoct$ by  ! metaphysical lawy]s 
( ! b\rgeois revolution4 ,x mu/ accu/om 
itself to work+ b ?ree h\rs a day1      
res]v+ ! re/ ( ! day  & night = leisure 
& fea/+4    ,?us f> my task has be5     
easy2 ,i h _h b to describe real evils  
well kn[n1 alas1 by all ( u2 b to       
conv9ce ! prolet>iat t  ! e?ics         
innoculat$ into x is wick$1 t ! unbridl$
 "w to  :i* x has giv5 itself up = ! la/
 hundr$ ye>s is ! mo/  t]rible sc\rge t 
has ev] /ruck humanity1 t "w w become  a
 m]e condim5t to ! pleasures ( idl5ess1 
a b5eficial ex]cise to  ! human         

organism1 a passion useful to ! social  
organism only :5  wisely regulat$ &     
limit$ to a maximum ( ?ree h\rs a day2  
?is  is an ardu\s task beyond my /r5g?4 
,only communi/ physiologi/s1  hygi5i/s &
 economi/s c\ld und]take x4 ,9 ! foll[+ 
pages  ,i %all m]ely try to %[ t giv5 ! 
mod]n means ( production  & _! unlimit$ 
reproductive p[] x is necess>y to curb !
  extravagant passion ( ! labor]s = "w &
 to oblige !m to  consume ! goods :i* !y
 produce4      ,,footnotes3    #g ,at ! 
fir/ ,congress ( ,*>ities held at       
,brussels 9 #aheg "o  ( ! ri*e/         
manufactur]s ( ,m>quette1 ne> ,lille1   
,m4 ,scrive1 to  ! plaudits ( ! memb]s (
 ! congress decl>$ ) ! noble            
satisfaction ( a duty p]=m$3 ,we h      
introduc$ c]ta9 me?ods  ( div]sion = !  
*ildr54 ,we tea* !m to s+ dur+ _! "w1   
also to c\nt :ile work+4 ,t di/racts !m 
& makes !m accept  bravely ^? twelve    
h\rs ( labor :i* are necess>y to procure
  _! means ( exi/5ce4 ,twelve h\rs (    
labor1 & su* labor1  impos$ on *ildr5   

less ?an twelve ye>s old6 ,! mat]iali/s 
w  always regret t !re is no hell 9 :i* 
to conf9e ^! ,*ri/ian  philan?ropic     
murd]]s ( *ildhood4    #h ,spee* deliv]$
 be=e ! ,int]national ,society (        
,practical  ,/udies 9 ,social           
,economics1 at ,p>is 9 ,may #ahfc1 &    
publi%$ 9 !  ,fr5* ,economi/ ( ! same   
epo*4    #i ,note t ?is 0 be=e ! era (  
railroads & /reet c>s4  7,translator47  
#aj ,l4 ,r4 ,vill]m4 ,tableau de l'tat  
physique et moral des ouvri]s  dans les 
fabriques de coton1 de la9e et de soie  
7#ahdj74 ,x is n  because ,dollfus1     
,koe*l9 & o!r ,alsatian manufactur]s 7  
republicans1 patriots & prote/ant       
philan?ropi/s t !y treat$  _! labor]s 9 
?is way1 = ,blanqui1 ! academician1     
,reybaud1 !  prototype ( ,j]ome         
,paturot1 & ,jules ,simon1 h obs]v$ !   
same  am5ities = ! work+ class among ! v
 ca?olic & mon>*ical  manufactur]s (    
,lille & ,lyons4 ,^! are capitali/      
virtues :i*  h>monize delightfully ) all
 political & religi\s convictions4      

#aa ,! ,indians ( ! w>like tribes (     
,brazil kill _! invalids  & old p2 !y %[
 _! affection = !m by putt+ an end  to a
 life :i* is no long] enliv5$ by        
combats1 fea/s & dances4  ,all primitive
 peoples h giv5 ^! pro(s ( affection to 
_!  relatives3 ! ,massagetae ( !        
,caspian ,sea 7,h]odotus71 z well z  !  
,w5s ( ,g]many & ! ,celts ( ,gaul4 ,9 ! 
*ur*es ( ,sw$5  ev5 lately !y pres]v$   
clubs call$ family clubs :i* s]v$ to    
deliv] p>5ts f ! sorr[s ( old age4 ,h[  
deg5]ate are !  mod]n prolet>ians to    
accept ) pati5ce ! t]rible mis]ies (    
factory labor6    #ab ,at ! ,indu/rial  
,congress held 9 ,b]l9 9 ,jan4 #ba1     
#ahgi1 !  losses 9 ! iron indu/ry (     
,g]many dur+ ! la/ crisis 7  e/imat$ at 
#aji1jef1jjj4    #ac ,m4 ,clem5ceau's   
,ju/ice said on ,april #f1 #ahhj1 9 its 
f9ancial  dep>tm5t3 ,we h he>d ?is      
op9ion ma9ta9$1 t ev5 )\t  pressure !   
billions ( ! w> ( #ahgj w\ld h be5      
equally lo/  = ,france1 t is "u ! =m (  
loans p]iodically put out to  balance ! 

budgets ( =eign c\ntries2 ?is is also   
our op9ion4  ,! loss ( ,engli% capital  
on loans ( ,s\? ,am]ican ,republics is  
e/imat$ at a billion doll>s4 ,! ,fr5*   
labor]s n only produc$  ! billion doll>s
 paid ,bism>ck1 b !y cont9u$ to pay     
int]e/  on ! w> indemnity to ,ollivi]1  
,gir>d91 ,baza9e & o!r income  draw]s1  
:o br\ght on ! w> & ! r\t4 ,nev]!less !y
 /ill  h "o %r$ ( consolation3 ^!       
billions w n br+ on a w>  ( reprisal4   
,,iii4    ,,! ,,consequ5ces ,,(         
,,ov]-,,production4      ,a ,greek poet 
( ,cic]o's "t1 ,antip>os1 ?us sang ( !  
inv5tion  ( ! wat]-mill 7= gr9d+ gra971 
:i* 0 to free ! slave  wom5 & br+ back !
 ,gold5 ,age3 ,sp>e ! arm :i* turns !   
mill1 ,o1 mill]s1 & sleep peacefully4   
,let ! cock w>n y 9 va9  t day is       
break+4 ,demet] has impos$ ^u ! nymphs !
 labor  ( ! slaves1 & behold !m leap+   
m]rily ov] ! :eel1 &  behold ! axle     
tree1 %ak51 turn+ ) its spokes & mak+ ! 
heavy roll+ /one revolve4 ,let u live ! 
life ( our fa!rs1 &  let u rejoice 9    

idl5ess ov] ! gifts t ! goddess grants  
u4 ,alas61 ! leisure :i* ! pagan poet   
ann\nc$ has n come4  ,! bl9d1 p]v]se &  
murd]\s passion = "w trans=ms !  lib]at+
 ma*9e into an in/rum5t = ! enslavem5t (
 free m54  ,its productiv5ess impov]i%es
 !m4    ,a good work+woman makes ) h]   
ne$les only five me%es a m9ute1  :ile   
c]ta9 circul> knitt+ ma*9es make #cj1jjj
 9 ! same "t4  ,e m9ute ( ! ma*9e is ?us
 equival5t to a hundr$ h\rs (  !        
work+wom5's labor1 or aga91 e m9ute ( ! 
ma*9e's  labor1 gives ! work+wom5 t5    
days ( re/4 ,:at is true = !  knitt+    
indu/ry is m or less true = all         
indu/ries recon/ruct$  by mod]n ma*9]y4 
,b :at d we see8 ,9 proportion z ! ma*9e
  is improv$ & p]=ms man's "w ) an ev]  
increas+ rapidity  & exactness1 !       
labor]1 in/ead ( prolong+ 8 =m] re/     
times1 r$\bles 8 ardor1 z if he wi%$ to 
rival ! ma*9e4 ,o1  absurd & murd]\s    
competition6    ,t ! competition ( man &
 ! ma*9e might h free c\rse1  !         
prolet>ians h aboli%$ wise laws :i*     

limit$ ! labor  ( ! artisans ( ! anci5t 
guilds2 !y h suppress$ !  holidays4#ad  
,because ! produc]s ( t "t work$ b five 
days out ( sev51 are we to believe !    
/ories told by ly+  economi/s1 t !y liv$
 on no?+ b air & fre% wat]8 ,n  s1 !y _h
 leisure to ta/e ! joys ( e>?1 to make  
love & to  frolic1 to banquet joy\sly 9 
honor ( ! jovial god ( idl5ess4  ,gloomy
 ,engl&1 imm]s$ 9 prote/antism1 0 !n    
call$ ,m]rie  ,engl&4 ,rabelais1        
,quev$o1 ,c]vantes1 & ! unkn[n au?ors ( 
!  romances make our m\?s wat] ) _!     
pictures ( ^? monum5tal  fea/s#ae ) :i* 
! m5 ( t "t regal$ !mselves betwe5  two 
battles & two deva/ations1 9 :i* ev]y?+ 
w5t by !  b>rel4 ,jorda5s & ! ,flemi%   
,s*ool h told ! /ory ( ^!  fea/s 9 _!   
delightful pictures4 ,:]e1 ,o1 :]e1 are 
! sublime  g>gantuan /oma*s ( ^? days2  
:]e are ! sublime bra9s  encircl+ all   
human ?\ght8 ,we h inde$ gr[n puny &    
deg5]ate4  ,embalm$ beef1 potatoes1     
doctor$ w9e & ,prussian s*naps1         
judici\sly comb9$ ) compulsory labor h  

weak5$ our bodies &  n>r[$ our m9ds4 ,& 
! times :5 man cramps 8 /oma* & !  ma*9e
 enl>ges its output are ! v times :5 !  
economi/s  prea* to u ! ,mal?usian !ory1
 ! religion ( ab/95ce & !  dogma ( "w4  
,really x w\ld be bett] to pluck out su*
 tongues &  ?r[ !m to ! dogs4           
,because ! work+ class1 ) its simple    
good fai?1 has all[$  itself to be ?us  
indoctr9at$1 because ) its native       
impetuosity  x has bl9dly hurl$ itself  
into "w & ab/95ce1 ! capitali/  class   
has f\nd itself condemn$ to laz9ess &   
=c$ enjoym5t1 to  unproductiv5ess &     
ov]-consumption4 ,b if ! ov]-"w ( !     
labor] bruises 8 fle% & tortures 8      
n]ves1 x is also f]tile  9 griefs = !   
capitali/4    ,! ab/95ce to :i* !       
productive class condemns itself obliges
  ! capitali/s to devote !mselves to !  
ov]-consumption ( !  products turn$ out 
s riot\sly by ! labor]s4 ,at ! beg9n+  (
 capitali/ production a c5tury or two   
ago1 ! capitali/ 0 a  /eady man (       
reasonable & peaceable habits4 ,he      

cont5t$ himself  ) "o wife or !reab\ts4 
,he drank only :5 he 0 ?ir/y &  ate only
 :5 he 0 hungry4 ,he left to ! lords &  
ladies ( !  c\rt ! noble virtues (      
debau*]y4 ,today e son ( ! newly  ri*   
makes x incumb5t ^u himself to cultivate
 ! disease = :i*  quicksilv] is a       
specific 9 ord] to ju/ify ! labors      
impos$ ^u  ! workm5 9 quicksilv] m9es2 e
 capitali/ crams himself )  capons /uff$
 ) truffles & ) ! *oice/ br&s ( w9e 9   
ord] to enc\rage ! bre$]s ( blood$      
p\ltry & ! gr[]s (  ,bordelais4 ,9 ?is  
occupation ! organism rapidly becomes   
%att]$1  ! hair falls out1 ! gums %r9k  
away f ! tee?1 ! body  becomes de=m$1 ! 
/oma* obtrudes abnormally1 respiration  
becomes  difficult1 ! motions become    
labor$1 ! jo9ts become /iff1 !  f+]s    
knott$4 ,o!rs1 too feeble 9 body to     
endure ! fatigues (  debau*]y1 b end[$ )
 ! bump ( philan?ropic discrim9ation1   
dry up _! bra9s ov] political economy1  
or juridical philosophy  9 elaborat+    
?ick soporific books to employ ! leisure

 h\rs  ( compositors & pressm54 ,! wom5 
( fa%ion live a life (  m>tyrdom1 9 try+
 on & %[+ (f ! fairy-l toilets  :i* !   
seam/resses die 9 mak+4 ,!y %ift l      
%uttles f  morn+ until night f "o g[n   
into ano!r4 ,= h\rs toge!r  !y give up  
_! holl[ heads to ! arti/s 9 hair1 :o at
 any  co/ insi/ on assuag+ _! passion = 
! con/ruction ( false  *ignons4 ,b\nd 9 
_! corsets1 p9*$ 9 _! boots1 dcollett   
to make a coal-m9] blu%1 !y :irl ar\nd !
 :ole night ?r\gh  at _! *>ity balls 9  
ord] to pick up a few c5ts = poor       
p1--sanctifi$ s\ls6    ,to fulfill 8    
d\ble social function ( non-produc] &   
ov]-consum]1 ! capitali/ 0 n only oblig$
 to violate 8  mode/ ta/e1 to lose 8    
labori\s habits ( two c5turies ago & to 
give himself up to unb\nd$ luxury1 spicy
 indige/ibles & syphilitic  debau*es1 b 
also to )draw f productive labor an     
enorm\s mass  ( m5 9 ord] to enli/ !m z 
8 assi/ants4    ,"h are a few figures to
 prove h[ colossal is ?is wa/e (        
productive =ces4 ,accord+ to ! c5sus (  

#ahfa1 ! population (  ,engl& & ,wales  
compris$ #bj1jff1bdd p]sons1 #i1ggf1bei 
male &  #aj1bhi1ife female4 ,if we d$uct
 ^? too old or too "y to "w1 !          
unproductive wom51 boys & girls1 !n !   
ideological pr(essions1  su* z gov]nors1
 policem51 cl]gy1 magi/rates1 soldi]s1  
pro/itutes1 arti/s1 sci5ti/s1 etc41 next
 ! p exclusively  occupi$ ) eat+ ! labor
 ( o!rs "u ! =m ( l&-r5t1  int]e/1      
divid5ds1 etc4 444 !re rema9s a total ( 
eight million  individuals ( bo? sexes &
 ( e age1 includ+ ! capitali/s  :o      
function 9 production1 comm]ce1 f9ance1 
etc4 ,out ( ^! eight  millions ! figures
 run3      ,agricultural labor]s1       
includ+ h]dsm51 s]vants      & f>m]s'   
daught]s liv+ at home                   
#a1jih1bfa    ,factory ,work]s 9 cotton1
 wool1 hemp1      l95 silk1 knitt+      
#fdb1fjg    ,m9e ,work]s                
#efe1hce    ,metal ,work]s 7bla/        
furnaces1 roll+ mills1 etc47            
#cif1iih    ,dome/ics                   
#a1bjh1fdh    ,if we add toge!r !       

textile work]s & ! m9]s1 we obta9  !    
figures ( #a1bjh1ddb2 if to ! =m] we add
 ! metal work]s1  we h a total (        
#a1jci1fje p]sons2 t is to say1 9 ea*   
case a  numb] bel[ t ( ! mod]n dome/ic  
slaves4 ,behold ! magnific5t  result ( !
 capitali/ exploitation ( ma*9es4#af ,to
 ?is class  ( dome/ics1 ! size ( :i*    
indicates ! /age atta9$ by  capitali/   
civilization1 mu/ /ill be add$ ! enorm\s
 class (  un=tunates devot$ exclusively 
to satisfy+ ! va9 & exp5sive  ta/es ( ! 
ri* classes3 diamond cutt]s1 lace-mak]s1
 embroid]]s1  b9d]s ( luxuri\s books1   
seam/resses employ$ on exp5sive g[ns1   
decorators ( villas1 etc4#ag    ,once   
settl$ d[n into absolute laz9ess &      
demoraliz$ by en=c$  enjoym5t1 !        
capitali/ class 9 spite ( ! injury      
involv$ 9  its new k9d ( life1 adapt$   
itself to x4 ,soon x began to look  ^u  
any *ange ) horror4 ,! sight ( !        
mis]able conditions  ( life resign$ly   
accept$ by ! work+ class & ! sight (  ! 
organic degradation eng5d]$ by ! deprav$

 passion = "w  increas$ its av]sion =   
all compulsory labor & all re/rictions  
( its pleasures4 ,x is precisely at t "t
 t1 )\t tak+  into acc\nt !             
demoralization :i* ! capitali/ class _h 
impos$  ^u itself z a social duty1 !    
prolet>ians took x into _!  heads to    
inflict "w on ! capitali/s4 ,artless z  
!y 71 !y  took s]i\sly ! !ories ( "w    
proclaim$ by ! economi/s &  morali/s1 & 
gird$ up _! lo9s to inflict ! practice (
 ^!  !ories ^u ! capitali/s4 ,!         
prolet>iat hoi/$ ! bann]1 ,he  :o w n "w
 ,nei!r %all he ,eat4 ,lyons 9 #ahca    
rose up =  bullets or "w4 ,! f$]at$     
labor]s ( ,m>* #ahga call$ _!  upris+ ,!
 ,revolution ( ,"w4 ,to ^! outbreaks (  
b>b>\s fury  de/ructive ( all capitali/ 
joy & laz9ess1 ! capitali/s _h  no o!r  
answ] ?an f]oci\s repression1 b !y "k t 
if !y  h be5 able to repress ^!         
revolution>y explosions1 !y h  n dr[n$ 9
 ! blood ( ^! gigantic massacres !      
absurd idea  ( ! prolet>iat wi%+ to     
inflict "w ^u ! idle & reputable        

classes1 & x is to av]t ?is mis=tune t  
!y surr\nd  !mselves ) gu>ds1 policem51 
magi/rates & jailors1 support$  9       
labori\s unproductiv5ess4 ,!re is no m  
room = illusion z  to ! function ( mod]n
 armies4 ,!y are p]man5tly ma9ta9$ only 
to suppress ! enemy )94 ,?us ! =ts (    
,p>is & ,lyons  h n be5 built to def5d !
 city aga9/ ! =eign]1 b to  cru% x 9    
case ( revolt4 ,& if an unansw]able     
example be call$  =1 we m5tion ! army ( 
,belgium1 t p>adise ( capitalism4 ,its  
neutrality is gu>ante$ by ! ,european   
p[]s1 & nev]!less its  army is "o ( !   
/ronge/ 9 proportion to its population4 
,!  glori\s battlefields ( ! brave      
,belgian army are ! pla9s ( !  ,bor9age 
& ( ,*>l]oi4 ,x is 9 ! blood ( ! un>m$  
m9]s &  labor]s t ! ,belgian (fic]s     
temp] _! swords & w9 _!  epaulets4 ,!   
nations ( ,europe h n national armies b 
m]c5>y  armies4 ,!y protect ! capitali/s
 aga9/ ! popul> fury :i*  w\ld condemn  
!m to t5 h\rs ( m9+ or sp9n+4 ,aga91    
:ile  compress+ its own /oma* ! work+   

class has develop$ abnormally  ! /oma* (
 ! capitali/ class1 condemn$ to         
ov]-consumption4    ,= alleviation ( its
 pa9ful labor ! capitali/ class has     
)drawn  f ! work+ class a mass ( m5 f>  
sup]ior to ^? /ill  devot$ to useful    
production & has condemn$ !m 9 _! turn  
to  unproductiv5ess & ov]-consumption4  
,b ?is troop ( useless m\?s  9 spite (  
its insatiable voracity1 does n suffice 
to consume all  ! goods :i* ! labor]s1  
brutaliz$ by ! dogma ( "w1 produce  l   
madm51 )\t wi%+ to consume !m & )\t ev5 
?9k+  :e!r p w be f\nd to consume !m4   
,confront$ ) ?is d\ble madness ( !      
labor]s kill+ !mselves  ) ov]-production
 & vegetat+ 9 ab/95ce1 ! great problem (
  capitali/ production is no long] to   
f9d produc]s & to multiply  _! p[]s b to
 discov] consum]s1 to excite _!         
appetites &  create 9 !m fictiti\s ne$s4
 ,s9ce ! ,european labor]s1 %iv]+  )    
cold & hung]1 refuse to we> ! /uffs !y  
weave1 to dr9k  ! w9es f ! v9ey>ds !y   
t5d1 ! poor manufactur]s 9  _! goodness 

( he>t mu/ run to ! ends ( ! e>? to f9d 
p to we> ! clo!s & dr9k ! w9es3 ,europe 
exports e  ye> goods am\nt+ to billions 
( doll>s to ! f\r corn]s (  ! e>?1 to   
nations t h no ne$ ( !m4#ah ,b ! explor$
  cont95ts are no long] va/ en\gh4      
,virg9 c\ntries are ne$$4  ,european    
manufactur]s dream night & day (        
,africa1 ( a lake 9 !  ,sah>an des]t1 ( 
a railroad to ! ,s\dan4 ,!y anxi\sly    
foll[ !  progress ( ,liv+/on1 ,/anley1  
,du ,*aillu2 !y li/5 op5-m\!d  to !     
m>vel\s tales ( ^! brave travel]s4 ,:at 
unkn[n wond]s  are conta9$ 9 ! d>k      
cont95t6 ,fields are s[n ) elephants'   
tee?1 riv]s ( cocoa-nut oil are dott$ ) 
gold1 millions (  backsides1 z b>e z !  
faces ( ,dufaure & ,gir>d91 are await+  
cotton goods to tea* !m dec5cy1 &       
bottles ( s*naps & bibles  f :i* !y may 
le>n ! virtues ( civilization4    ,b all
 to no purpose3 ! ov]-f$ capitali/1 !   
s]vant class  great] 9 numb]s ?an !     
productive class1 ! =eign & b>b>\s      
nations1 gorg$ ) ,european goods2 no?+1 

no?+ c melt away  ! m\nta9s ( products  
heap$ up high] & m enorm\s ?an !        
pyramids ( ,egypt4 ,! productiv5ess (   
,european labor]s defies all            
consumption1 all wa/e4    ,!            
manufactur]s h lo/ _! be>+s & "k n :i*  
way to  turn4 ,!y c no long] f9d ! raw  
mat]ial to satisfy ! lawless  deprav$   
passion ( _! labor]s = "w4 ,9 our wool5 
di/ricts  dirty & half rott5 rags are   
ravel$ out to use 9 mak+ c]ta9  clo?s   
sold "u ! "n ( r5aissance1 :i* h ab\t ! 
same  durability z ! promises made to   
vot]s4 ,at ,lyons1 in/ead ( leav+  !    
silk fib] 9 its natural simplicity &    
suppl5ess1 x is load$  d[n ) m9]al      
salts1 :i* :ile increas+ its weight1    
make x  friable & f> f durable4 ,all our
 products are adult]at$ to aid  9 _!    
sale & %ort5 _! life4 ,our epo* w be    
call$ !  ,age ( adult]ation j z ! fir/  
epo*s ( humanity receiv$  ! names ( ,!  
,age ( ,/one1 ,! ,age ( ,bronze1 f !  "*
 ( _! production4 ,c]ta9 ignorant p     
accuse our pi\s  manufactur]s ( fraud1  

:ile 9 reality ! ?\ght :i* animates  !m 
is to furni% "w to _! labor]s1 :o _c    
resign !mselves  to liv+ ) _! arms      
fold$4 ,^! adult]ations1 ^: sole  motive
 is a humanit>ian s5tim5t1 b :i* br+    
spl5did pr(its  to ! manufactur]s :o    
practice !m1 if !y are disa/r\s =  !    
quality ( ! goods1 if !y are an         
inexhau/ible s\rce (  wa/e 9 human      
labor1 nev]!less prove ! +5u\s          
philan?ropy  ( ! capitali/s1 & !        
horrible p]v]sion ( ! labor]s1 :o  to   
gratify _! vice = "w oblige !           
manufactur]s to /ifle !  cries ( _!     
consci5ce & to violate ev5 ! laws (     
comm]cial  hone/y4    ,& nev]!less1 9   
spite ( ! ov]-production ( goods1 9     
spite (  ! adult]ations 9 manufactur+1 !
 labor]s encumb] ! m>ket  9 c\ntless    
numb]s implor+3 ,"w6 ,"w6 ,_!           
sup]abundance ought  to compel !m to    
bridle _! passion2 on ! contr>y x c>ries
  x to ! po9t ( p>oxysm4 ,let a *ance = 
"w pres5t itself1  ?i!r !y ru%2 !n !y   
dem& twelve1 f\rte5 h\rs to glut  _!    

appetite = "w1 & ! next day !y are aga9 
?r[n out  on ! pavem5t ) no m food = _! 
vice4 ,e ye> 9  all indu/ries lock\ts   
occur ) ! regul>ity ( ! seasons4        
,ov]-"w1 de/ructive ( ! organism1 is    
succe$$ by absolute re/  dur+ two or f\r
 mon?s1 & :5 "w ceases ! pittance       
ceases4  ,s9ce ! vice ( "w is           
diabolically atta*$ to ! he>t ( !       
labor]s1 s9ce its requirem5ts /ifle all 
! o!r in/9cts (  nature1 s9ce ! quantity
 ( "w requir$ by society is necess>ily  
limit$ by consumption & by ! supply (   
raw mat]ials1 :y dev\r  9 six mon?s ! "w
 ( a :ole ye>2 :y n di/ribute x uni=mly 
ov] ! twelve mon?s & =ce e work+man to  
cont5t himself  ) six or five h\rs a day
 ?r\gh\t ! ye> in/ead ( gett+           
indige/ion f twelve h\rs dur+ six mon?s8
 ,once assur$ ( _!  daily portion ( "w1 
! labor]s w no long] be jeal\s ( ea*    
o!r1 no long] fight to snat* away "w f  
ea* o!r's h&s &  bread f ea* o!r's m\?s1
 & !n1 n exhau/$ 9 body &  m9d1 !y w    
beg9 to practice ! virtues ( laz9ess4   

,brutaliz$ by _! vice1 ! labor]s h be5  
unable to rise to !  conception ( ?is   
fact1 t to h "w = all x is necess>y  to 
apportion x l wat] on a %ip 9 di/ress4  
,mean:ile c]ta9  manufactur]s 9 ! "n (  
capitali/ exploitation h = a long  "t   
dem&$ a legal limitation ( ! "w day4    
,be=e ! commission  ( #ahfj on          
pr(essional education1 "o ( ! greate/   
manufactur]s (  ,alsace1 ,m4 ,b\rc>t (  
,guebwill]1 decl>$3 ,! day ( twelve h\rs
  is excessive & ought to be r$uc$ to   
elev51 :ile "w ought to  be /opp$ at two
 o'clock on ,saturday4 ,i advise !      
adoption ( ?is  measure1 al?\gh x may   
appe> on]\s at fir/ sight4 ,we h tri$  x
 9 our indu/rial e/abli%m5ts = f\r ye>s 
& f9d ourselves  ! bett] = x1 :ile !    
av]age production1 f> f hav+  dim9i%$1  
has increas$4 ,9 8 /udy ( ma*9es ,m4 ,f4
 ,passy quotes  ! foll[+ lett] f a great
 ,belgian manufactur] ,m4 ,otteva]e3    
,our ma*9es1 al?\gh ! same z ^? ( !     
,engli% sp9n+  mills1 d n produce :at !y
 ought to produce or :at ^? same  ma*9es

 w\ld produce 9 ,engl&1 al?\gh ! sp9n]s 
!re "w two  h\rs a day less4 ,we all "w 
two good h\rs too mu*4 ,i am conv9c$  t 
if we work$ only elev5 h\rs in/ead (    
?irte5 we %\ld h  ! same product & we   
%\ld consequ5tly produce m economically4
  ,aga91 ,m4 ,l]oy ,beaulieu affirms t x
 is a rem>k ( a great ,belgian          
manufactur] t ! weeks 9 :i* a holiday   
falls result 9 a  product n less ?an    
ord9>y weeks4#ai    ,an ari/ocratic     
gov]nm5t has d>$ to d :at a p1 dup$ 9   
_! simplicity by ! morali/s1 nev] d>$4  
,despis+ ! l(ty &  moral indu/rial      
consid]ations ( ! economi/s1 :o l !     
birds  ( ill om51 croak$ t to r$uce by  
"o h\r ! "w 9 factories  0 to decree !  
ru9 ( ,engli% indu/ry1 ! gov]nm5t (     
,engl&  has =bidd5 by a law /rictly     
en=c$ to "w m ?an t5 h\rs a  day1 & z   
be=e ,engl& rema9s ! fir/ indu/rial     
nation ( !  _w4#bj    ,! exp]im5t tri$  
on s great a scale is on record2 !      
exp]i5ce  ( c]ta9 intellig5t capitali/s 
is on record4 ,!y prove beyond a  d\bt t

 to /r5g!n human production x is        
necess>y to r$uce  ! h\rs ( labor &     
multiply ! pay days & fea/ days1 yet !  
,fr5* nation is n conv9c$4 ,b if !      
mis]able r$uction ( two  h\rs has       
increas$ ,engli% production by almo/    
"o-?ird 9 t5  ye>s1 :at brea?less spe$  
w\ld be giv5 to ,fr5* production  by a  
legal limitation ( ! work+ day to ?ree  
h\rs4 ,_c !  labor]s und]/& t by        
ov]-work+ !mselves !y exhau/  _! own    
/r5g? & t ( _! prog5y1 t !y are us$ up  
& long be=e _! "t come to be incapable (
 any "w at all1  t absorb$ & brutaliz$  
by ?is s+le vice !y are no long]  m5 b  
pieces ( m51 t !y kill )9 !mselves all  
beautiful  faculties1 to leave no?+     
alive & fl\ri%+ except ! furi\s  madness
 = "w4 ,l ,arcadian p>rots1 !y repeat ! 
lesson (  ! economi/3 ,let u "w1 let u  
"w to increase ! national  weal?4' ,o1  
idiots1 x is because y "w too mu* t !   
indu/rial  equipm5t develops sl[ly4 ,/op
 bray+ & li/5 to an economi/1  no o!r   
?an ,m4 ,l4 ,reybaud1 :om we 7 =tunate  

en\gh to lose a  few mon?s ago4 ,x is 9 
g5]al by ! conditions ( h&-"w t  !      
revolution 9 me?ods ( labor is regulat$4
 ,z long z h&-"w  furni%es its s]vices  
at a l[ price1 x is lavi%$1 :ile ef=ts  
are made to economize x :5 its s]vices  
become m co/ly4#ba    ,to =ce !         
capitali/s to improve _! ma*9es ( wood &
 iron  x is necess>y to raise wages &   
dim9i% ! work+ h\rs (  ! ma*9es ( fle% &
 blood4 ,d y ask = pro(s8 ,!y c  be     
furni%$ by ! hundr$s4 ,9 sp9n+1 !       
self-act+ mule 0  inv5t$ & appli$ at    
,man*e/] because ! sp9n]s refus$ to  "w 
su* long h\rs z be=e4 ,9 ,am]ica ! ma*9e
 is invad+ all  bran*es ( f>m           
production1 f ! mak+ ( butt] to ! we$+  
( :eat4 ,:y1 because ! ,am]ican1 free & 
lazy1 w\ld pref] a  ?\s& dea?s to !     
bov9e life ( ! ,fr5* peasant4 ,pl[+1 s  
pa9ful & s crippl+ to ! labor] 9 our    
glori\s ,france1 is 9  ! ,am]ican ,we/  
an agreeable op5-air pa/ime1 :i* he     
practices 9  a sitt+ po/ure1 smok+ 8    
pipe non*alantly4      ,,footnotes3     

#ad ,"u ! old regime1 ! laws ( ! *ur*   
gu>ante$ !  labor] n9ety re/ days1      
fifty-two ,sundays & ?irty-eight        
holidays1  dur+ :i* he 0 /rictly =bidd5 
to "w4 ,?is 0 ! great  crime (          
ca?olicism1 ! pr9cipal cause ( !        
irreligion ( !  indu/rial & comm]cial   
b\rgeoisie3 "u ! revolution1 :5 once  x 
0 9 ! saddle1 x aboli%$ ! holidays &    
replac$ ! week  ( sev5 days by t ( t51 9
 ord] t ! p might no long]  h m ?an "o  
re/ day out ( ! t54 ,x emancipat$ !     
labor]s  f ! yoke ( ! *ur* 9 ord] !     
bett] to subjugate !m "u  ! yoke ( "w4  
,! hatr$ aga9/ ! holidays does n appe>  
until ! mod]n  indu/rial & comm]cial    
b\rgeoisie takes def9ite =m1 betwe5 !   
fifte5? & sixte5? c5turies4 ,h5ry ,,iv  
ask$ ( ! pope t !y  be r$uc$4 ,he refus$
 because "o ( ! curr5t h]esies ( !  day 
is reg>d+ fea/s 7,lett]s ( ,c>d9al      
d',ossat74 ,b 9 #afff  ,p]efixus1       
ar*bi%op ( ,p>is1 suppress$ sev5te5 ( !m
 9 8  diocese4 prote/antism1 :i* 0 !    
,*ri/ian religion adapt$ to  ! new      

indu/rial & comm]cial ne$s ( !          
b\rgeoisie1 0 less  solicit\s = ! p's   
re/4 ,x de?ron$ ! sa9ts 9 heav5 9  ord] 
to aboli% _! fea/ days on e>?4          
,religi\s re=m & philosophical free     
?\ght 7 b pretexts :i*  p]mitt$ !       
jesuitical & rapaci\s b\rgeoisie to     
pilf] ! fea/  days ( ! p4    #ae ,^!    
gigantic fea/s la/$ = weeks4 ,don       
,rodrigo de ,l>a w9s  8 bride by expell+
 ! ,moors f old ,calatrava1 & !         
,romanc]o  relates ! /ory3      ,les    
bodas fu]on en ,burgos    ,las          
tornabodas en ,salas3    ,en bodas y    
tornabodas    ,pas>on siete semanas     
,tantas vi55 de las g5tes    ,que no    
cab5 por las plazas    7,! w$d+ 0 at    
,b\rges1 ! inf>+ at ,salas4 ,9 ! w$d+ & 
! inf>+ sev5 weeks 7 sp5t4 ,s _m p came 
t ! t[n  c\ld n hold !m44474    ,! m5 ( 
^! sev5-weeks w$d+s 7 ! h]oic soldi]s ( 
!  w>s ( indep5d5ce4    #af ,k>l ,m>x's 
,capital4    #ag ,! proportion 9 :i* !  
population ( ! c\ntry is employ$  z     
dome/ics 9 ! s]vice ( ! weal?y class    

indicates its progress  9 national weal?
 & civilization4 7,r4 ,m4 ,m>t91 ,irel& 
,be=e  & ,aft] ! ,union1 #ahah74        
,gambetta1 :o has d5i$ t !re 0  a social
 "q ev] s9ce he ceas$ to be ! pov]ty    
/rick5  lawy] ( ! ,caf ,procope1        
und\bt$ly allud$ to ?is ev]-increas+    
dome/ic class :5 he ann\nc$ ! adv5t (   
new social /rata4    #ah ,two examples3 
,! ,engli% gov]nm5t to satisfy !        
peasants (  ,india1 :o 9 spite ( !      
p]iodical fam9es desolat+ _! c\ntry     
insi/ on cultivat+ poppies in/ead ( rice
 or :eat1 has be5  oblig$ to und]take   
bloody w>s 9 ord] to impose ^u ! ,*9ese 
,gov]nm5t ! free entry ( ,indian opium4 
,! savages ( ,polynesia1  9 spite ( !   
mortality result+ f x are oblig$ to clo!
  !mselves 9 ! ,engli% fa%ion 9 ord] to 
consume ! products (  ! ,scot*          
di/ill]ies & ! ,man*e/] cotton mills4   
#ai ,paul ,l]oy-,beaulieu4 ,la ,"q      
,ouvrire au ,,xix sicle1 #ahgb4    #bj  
,x %\ld be obs]v$ t ?is 0 writt5 9      
#ahhc1 s9ce :i*  "t ! ,unit$ ,/ates has 

tak5 ! fir/ rank4 ,! s\ndness (         
,laf>gue's reason+ is confirm$ by ! fact
 t 9 ?is c\ntry !  h\rs ( labor 9 ! mo/ 
important indu/ries are ev5 less ?an 9  
,engl&4 7,translator47    #ba ,l\is     
,reybaud4 ,le coton1 son regime1 ses    
problmes 7#ahfc74          ,,iv4        
,,new ,,songs ,,to ,,new ,,music4       
,we h se5 t by dim9i%+ ! h\rs ( labor   
new me*anical  =ces w be conqu]$ =      
social production4 ,fur!rmore1 by       
oblig+ ! labor]s to consume _! products 
! army ( work]s  w be imm5sely increas$4
 ,! capitali/ class once reliev$ f  its 
function ( univ]sal consum] w ha/5 to   
dismiss its tra9 (  soldi]s1 magi/rates1
 j\rnali/s1 procur]s1 :i* x has )drawn  
f useful labor to help x 9 consum+ &    
wa/+4 ,!n ! labor  m>ket w ov]fl[4 ,!n w
 be requir$ an iron law to put a limit  
on "w4 ,x w be impossible to f9d        
employm5t = t sw>m (  =m] unproductives1
 m num]\s ?an insect p>asites1 & aft]   
!m mu/ be consid]$ all ^? :o provide =  
_! ne$s & _!  va9 & exp5sive ta/es4 ,:5 

!re are no m lackeys & g5]als  to       
decorate1 no m free & m>ri$ pro/itutes  
to be cov]$ )  laces1 no m cannons to   
bore1 no m palaces to build1 !re w  be  
ne$ ( sev]e laws to compel ! work+ wom5 
& work+m5 :o  h be5 employ$ on embroid]$
 laces1 iron work+s1 build+s1 to  take !
 hygi5ic & cali/h5ic ex]cises requisite 
to re-e/abli%  _! heal? & improve _!    
race4 ,:5 once we beg9 to consume       
,european products at home in/ead ( s5d+
 !m to ! devil1 x w  be necess>y t !    
sailors1 dock h&l]s & ! draym5 sit d[n  
& le>n to twirl _! ?umbs4 ,! happy      
,polynesians may !n love  z !y l )\t    
fe>+ ! civiliz$ ,v5us & ! s]mons (      
,european morali/s4    ,& t is n all3 ,9
 ord] to f9d "w = all ! non-produc]s  ( 
our pres5t society1 9 ord] to leave room
 = ! indu/rial  equipm5t to g on        
develop+ indef9itely1 ! work+ class w   
be compell$1 l ! capitali/ class1 to d  
viol5ce to its ta/e  = ab/95ce & to     
develop indef9itely its consum+         
capacities4  ,in/ead ( eat+ an ounce or 

two ( gri/ly meat once a day1 :5 x  eats
 any1 x w eat juicy beef/eaks ( a p\nd  
or two2 in/ead (  dr9k+ mod]ately ( bad 
w9e1 x w become m or?odox ?an !  pope & 
w dr9k broad & deep bump]s ( ,bordeaux &
 ,burgundy  )\t comm]cial baptism & w   
leave wat] to ! bea/s4    ,! prolet>ians
 h tak5 into _! heads to inflict ^u !   
capitali/s t5 h\rs ( =ge & factory2 t is
 _! great  mi/ake1 because ( social     
antagonisms & civil w>s4 ,"w ought to be
  =bidd5 & n impos$4 ,! ,ro?s*ilds & o!r
 capitali/s %\ld  be all[$ to br+       
te/imony to ! fact t ?r\gh\t _! :ole    
lives !y h be5 p]fect vagabonds1 & if !y
 swe> !y wi% to  cont9ue to live z      
p]fect vagabonds 9 spite ( ! g5]al mania
  = "w1 !y %\ld be p5sion$ & %\ld       
receive e morn+  at ! city hall a       
five-doll> gold piece = _! pocket money4
  ,social discords w vani%4 ,bond hold]s
 & capitali/s w be fir/  to rally to !  
popul> p>ty1 once conv9c$ t f> f wi%+   
!m h>m1 its purpose is r to relieve !m (
 ! labor (  ov]-consumption & wa/e1 )   

:i* !y h be5 ov]:elm$ s9ce  _! bir?4 ,z 
= ! capitali/s :o are incapable ( prov+ 
_!  title to ! "n ( vagabond1 !y w be   
all[$ to foll[ _!  in/9cts4 ,!re are    
pl5ty ( disgu/+ occupations 9 :i* to    
place  !m4 ,dufaure might be set at     
clean+ public closets1 ,gallifet#bb     
might p]=m surgical op]ations on diseas$
 horses & hogs4 ,!  memb]s ( ! amne/y   
commission might be s5t to ! /ock y>ds  
to  pick out ! ox5 & ! %eep to be       
slaught]$4 ,! s5ators might  play ! "p (
 und]tak]s & lackeys 9 fun]al           
processions4 ,z =  ! o!rs1 occupations  
c\ld be f\nd = !m on a level ) _!       
intellig5ce4 ,lorg]il & ,broglie c\ld   
cork *ampagne bottles1 only  !y w\ld h  
to be muzzl$ z a precaution aga9/       
intoxication4  ,f]ry1 ,freyc9et & ,tir>d
 might de/roy ! bugs & v]m9 9 !         
dep>tm5ts ( /ate & o!r public h\ses4 ,x 
w\ld1 h[ev]1 be  necess>y to put !      
public funds out ( ! rea* ( ! capitali/s
  out ( due reg>d = _! acquir$ habits4  
,b v5geance1 h>% & prolong$1 w be heap$ 

^u ! morali/s  :o h p]v]t$ nature1 !    
bigots1 ! cant]s1 ! hypocrites1  & o!r  
su* sects ( m5 :o disguise !mselves l   
mask]s  to deceive ! _w4 ,= :il/ !y give
 ! common p to  und]/& t !y are busi$   
ab\t no?+ b contemplation &  devotion 9 
fa/+s & mac]ation ( _! s5suality1--& t  
only  to su/a9 & alim5t ! small frailty 
( _! humanity1--x is s  f> o!rwise t on 
! contr>y1 ,god kn[s1 :at *e] !y make2  
et ,curios simulant1 s$ ,bac*analia     
vivunt4#bc ,y may read x  9 great       
lett]s1 9 ! color+ ( _! r$ sn\ts1 &     
gul*+  bellies z big z a tun1 unless x  
be :5 !y p]fume !mselves )  sulphur4#bd 
,on ! days ( great popul> rejoic+1 :5   
in/ead  ( swall[+ du/ z on ! #ae? (     
,augu/ & #ad? ( ,july "u  capitalism1 ! 
communi/s & collectivi/s w eat1 dr9k &  
dance  to _! he>ts' cont5t1 ! memb]s ( !
 ,academy1 ( moral &  political sci5ces1
 ! prie/s ) long robes & %ort1 ( !      
economic1 ca?olic1 prote/ant1 jewi%1    
positivi/ & free-?\ght  *ur*2 !         
propag&i/s ( ,mal?usianism1 & (         

,*ri/ian1  altrui/ic1 indep5d5t or      
dep5d5t e?ics1 clo!d 9 yell[1 %all  be  
compell$ to hold a c&le until x burns _!
 f+]s1 %all  />ve 9 sight ( tables load$
 ) meats1 fruits & fl[]s &  %all agonize
 ) ?ir/ 9 sight ( fl[+ hog%eads4 ,f\r   
times a  ye> ) ! *ang+ seasons !y %all  
be %ut up l ! knife  gr9d]s' dogs 9     
great :eels & condemn$ to gr9d w9d = t5 
h\rs4    ,! lawy]s & legislators %all   
suff] ! same puni%m5t4 ,"u !  regime (  
idl5ess1 to kill ! "t1 :i* kills u      
second by second1  !re w be %[s &       
!atrical p]=mances always & always4 ,&  
"h we h ! v "w = our b\rgeois           
legislators4 ,we %all  organize !m into 
travel+ companies to g to ! fairs &     
villages1  giv+ legislative exhibitions4
 ,! g5]als 9 rid+ boots1 _!  brea/s     
brilliantly decorat$ ) m$als & crosses1 
%all g ?r\gh  ! /reets & c\rts levy+    
recruits among ! good p4 ,gambetta  & 8 
comrade ,cassagnac %all t5d door4       
,cassagnac1 9 full dueli/  co/ume1 roll+
 8 eyes & twi/+ 8 mu/a*e1 spitt+ out    

burn+ t[1 %all ?reat5 e "o ) 8 fa!r's   
pi/ol#be &  s9k into a hole z soon z !y 
%[ him ,lulli]'s portrait4 ,gambetta  w 
disc\rse on =eign politics & on little  
,greece1 :o makes a  doctor ( him & w\ld
 set ,europe on fire to pilf] ,turkey2  
on great  ,russia t /ultifies him ) !   
m9cemeat %e promises to make (  ,prussia
 & :o w\ld fa9 see mis*ief brew+ 9 ! we/
 ( ,europe  s z to fea!r h] ne/ 9 ! ea/ 
& to /rangle nihilism at home2  on ,mr4 
,bism>k :o 0 good en\gh to all[ him to  
pron\nce himself on  ! amne/y 444 !n    
uncov]+ 8 m\nta9\s belly sme>$ ov] )  r$
 & :ite & blue1 ! ?ree national colors1 
he w beat !  tattoo on x1 & enum]ate !  
delicate little ortolans1 ! truffles  & 
! glasses ( ,m>gaux & ,y'quem t x has   
gulp$ d[n to  enc\rage agriculture1 & to
 keep 8 electors ( ,belleville 9 good   
spirits4    ,9 ! b>racks ! ent]ta9m5t w 
op5 ) ! ,electoral ,f>ce4    ,9 !       
pres5ce ( ! vot]s ) wood5 heads & asses'
 e>s1 !  b\rgeois c&idates1 dress$ z    
cl[ns1 w dance ! dance (  political     

lib]ties1 wip+ !mselves =e & aft ) _!   
freely  promis+ electoral programs1 &   
talk+ ) te>s 9 _! eyes  ( ! mis]ies ( ! 
p & ) copp] 9 _! voices ( !  glories (  
,france4 ,!n ! heads ( ! vot]s w bray   
solidly 9  *orus1 hi han6 hi han6    ,!n
 w />t ! great play1 ,! ,!ft ( !        
,nation's ,goods4    ,capitali/ ,france1
 an enorm\s female1 hairy-fac$ &        
bald-head$1  fat1 flabby1 puffy & pale1 
) sunk5 eyes1 sleepy & yawn+1  is /ret*+
 h]self out on a velvet c\*4 ,at h] feet
 ,indu/rial  ,capitalism1 a gigantic    
organism ( iron1 ) an ape-l mask1 is    
me*anically dev\r+ m51 wom5 & *ildr51 ^:
 ?rill+ &  he>t-r5d+ cries fill ! air2 !
 bank ) a m>t5's muzzle1  a hy5a's body 
& h>py-h&s1 is nimbly flipp+ co9s out ( 
8  pocket4 ,hordes ( mis]able1 emaciat$ 
prolet>ians 9 rags1 escort$  by g5d>mes 
) drawn sab]s1 pursu$ by furies la%+ !m 
)  :ips ( hung]1 are br++ to ! feet (   
capitali/ ,france heaps  ( m]*&ise1     
casks ( w9e1 sacks ( gold & :eat4       
,langlois1 8  ne!r g>m5t 9 "o h&1 !     

te/am5t ( ,pr\dhon 9 ! o!r &  ! book ( !
 national budget betwe5 8 tee?1 is      
encamp$ at !  head ( ! def5d]s (        
national prop]ty & is m\nt+ gu>d4 ,:5  !
 labor]s1 beat5 ) gun /ocks & prick$ )  
bayonets1 h  laid d[n _! burd5s1 !y are 
driv5 away & ! door is op5$  to !       
manufactur]s1 m]*ants & bank]s4 ,!y hurl
 !mselves pell  mell ^u ! heap1 dev\r+  
cotton goods1 sacks ( :eat1 +ots (      
gold1 empty+ casks ( w9e4 ,:5 !y h      
dev\r$ all !y c1  !y s9k d[n1 fil?y &   
disgu/+ objects 9 _! ordure &  vomit+s4 
,!n ! ?und] bur/s =?1 ! e>? %akes &     
op5s1  ,hi/oric ,de/9y arises1 ) h] iron
 foot %e cru%es ! heads (  ! capitali/s1
 hicc\gh+1 /agg]+1 fall+1 unable to     
flee4 ,)  h] broad h& %e ov]?r[s        
capitali/ ,france1 a/\nd$ & sweat+  )   
fe>4           99       99       99     
99       99    ,if1 uproot+ f its he>t !
 vice :i* dom9ates x & degrades  its    
nature1 ! work+ class 7 to arise 9 its  
t]rible /r5g?1  n to dem& ! ,rights (   
,man1 :i* are b ! rights ( capitali/    

exploitation1 n to dem& ! ,"r to ,"w :i*
 is b ! "r  to mis]y1 b to =ge a braz5  
law =bidd+ any man to "w m  ?an ?ree    
h\rs a day1 ! e>?1 ! old e>?1 trembl+ ) 
joy w\ld feel a new univ]se leap+ )9 h]4
 ,b h[ %\ld we  ask a prolet>iat        
corrupt$ by capitali/ e?ics1 to take a  
manly  resolution4444    ,l ,*ri/1 !    
doleful p]sonification ( anci5t slav]y1 
! m51  ! wom5 & ! *ildr5 ( ! prolet>iat 
h be5 climb+  pa9fully = a c5tury up !  
h>d ,calv>y ( pa92 = a c5tury           
compulsory toil has brok5 _! bones1     
bruis$ _! fle%1 tortur$  _! n]ves2 = a  
c5tury hung] has torn _! entrails & _!  
bra9s4 ,o ,laz9ess1 h pity on our long  
mis]y6 ,o ,laz9ess1 "m (  ! arts & noble
 virtues1 be ?\ ! balm ( human angui%6  
,,footnotes3    #bb ,gallifet 0 ! g5]al 
:o 0 directly responsible = !  massacre 
( ?\s&s ( ,fr5* work+m5 at ! clos+ days 
( !  ,p>is ,commune4    #bc ,!y simulate
 ,curius b live l ,bac*anals4 7,juv5al47
    #bd ,rabelais ,pantagruel1 ,book    
,,ii4 ,*apt] ,,xxxiv4 ,translation (    

,urquh>t & ,motteux4    #be ,paul de    
,cassagnac1 l 8 fa!r1 ,grani]1 0 prom95t
 z a  cons]vative politician1 j\rnali/ &
 dueli/4          ,,app5dix      ,our   
morali/s are v mode/ p4 ,if !y inv5t$ ! 
dogma (  "w1 !y /ill h d\bts ( its      
efficacy 9 tranquiliz+ !  s\l1 rejoic+ !
 _s1 & ma9ta9+ ! prop] function+ (  !   
entrails & o!r organs4 ,!y wi% to try   
its work+s on !  populace1 9 anima vili1
 be=e turn+ x aga9/ ! capitali/s1  to   
excuse & au?orize ^: vices is _! peculi>
 mission4    ,b1 y1 ?ree-=-a-c5t        
philosoph]s1 :y ?us cudgel y\r bra9s to 
"w out an e?ics ! practice ( :i* y d>e n
 c\nsel to y\r  ma/]s8 ,y\r dogma ( "w1 
( :i* y are s pr\d1 d y wi%  to see x   
sc(f$ at1 di%onor$8 ,let u op5 ! hi/ory 
( anci5t  peoples & ! writ+s ( _!       
philosoph]s & law giv]s4 ,i c\ld  n     
affirm1 says ! fa!r ( hi/ory1 ,h]odotus1
 :e!r ! ,greeks  d]iv$ f ! ,egyptians ! 
contempt :i* !y h = "w1  because ,i f9d 
! same contempt e/abli%$ among !        
,?racians1 !  ,cy?ians1 ! ,p]sians1 !   

,lydians2 9 a ^w1 because among mo/     
b>b>ians1 ^? :o le>n me*anical arts &   
ev5 _! *ildr5 are  reg>d$ z ! meane/ (  
_! citiz5s4 ,all ! ,greeks h be5        
nurtur$ 9 ?is pr9ciple1 p>ticul>ly !    
,lac$aemonians4#bf    ,at ,a!ns !       
citiz5s 7 v]itable nobles :o _h to      
conc]n  !mselves b ) ! def5se & !       
adm9i/ration ( !  community1 l ! savage 
w>riors f :om !y desc5d$4 ,s9ce  !y mu/ 
?us h all _! "t free to wat* ov] !      
int]e/s  ( ! republic1 ) _! m5tal &     
bodily /r5g?1 !y laid all  labor ^u !   
slaves4 ,likewise at ,lac$aemon1 ev5 !  
wom5 7  n all[$ to sp9 or weave t !y    
might n detract f _!  nobility4#bg    ,!
 ,romans recogniz$ b two noble & free   
pr(essions1 agriculture  & arms4 ,all ! 
citiz5s by "r liv$ at ! exp5se ( !      
treasury )\t be+ con/ra9$ to provide =  
_! liv+ by any  ( ! sordid arts 7?us1 !y
 designat$ ! trades71 :i* rightfully    
belong$ to slaves4 ,! eld] ,brutus to   
ar\se ! p1 accus$  ,t>qu91 ! tyrant1 ( !
 special outrage ( hav+ conv]t$ free    

citiz5s into artisans & masons4#bh    ,!
 anci5t philosoph]s _h _! disputes ^u ! 
orig9 ( ideas  b !y agre$ :5 x came to !
 abhorr5ce ( "w4 ,nature1  said ,plato 9
 8 social utopia1 8 model republic1     
,nature has  made no %oemak] nor smi?4  
,su* occupations degrade ! p :o  ex]cise
 !m4 ,vile m]c5>ies1 nameless wret*es1  
:o are by _!  v condition exclud$ f     
political rights4 ,z = ! m]*ants        
accu/om$ to ly+ & deceiv+1 !y w be all[$
 9 ! city  only z a necess>y evil4 ,!   
citiz5 :o %all h degrad$ himself  by !  
comm]ce ( ! %op %all be prosecut$ = ?is 
(f5se4 ,if he  is convict$1 he %all be  
condemn$ to a ye> 9 prison2 ! puni%m5t  
%all be d\bl$ = ea* repeat$ (f5se4#bi   
,9 8 ,economics1 ,x5ophon writes1 ,! p  
:o give !mselves  up to manual labor are
 nev] promot$ to public (fices1 & ) good
  reason4 ,! great] "p ( !m1 condemn$ to
 be seat$ ! :ole day  long1 "s ev5 to   
endure ! heat ( ! fire cont9ually1 _c   
fail to be *ang$ 9 body1 & x is almo/   
inevitable t ! m9d  be affect$4 ,:at    

honorable ?+ c come out ( a %op8 asks   
,cic]o4 ,:at c comm]ce produce 9 ! way (
 honor8 ,ev]y?+  call$ %op is unwor?y ( 
an honorable man4 ,m]*ants c ga9 no     
pr(it  )\t ly+1 & :at is m %ameful ?an  
falsehood8 ,aga91 we mu/  reg>d z some?+
 base & vile ! trade ( ^? :o sell _!    
toil & indu/ry1 = :oev] gives 8 labor = 
money sells himself  & puts himself 9 ! 
rank ( slaves4#cj    ,prolet>ians1      
brutaliz$ by ! dogma ( "w1 li/5 to !    
voice (  ^! philosoph]s1 :i* has be5    
conceal$ f y ) jeal\s  c>e3 ,a citiz5 :o
 gives 8 labor = money degrades himself 
to !  rank ( slaves1 he commits a crime 
:i* des]ves ye>s ( imprisonm5t4         
,*ri/ian hypocrisy & capitali/          
utilit>ianism _h n p]v]t$  ^!           
philosoph]s ( ! anci5t republics4       
,speak+ = free  m51 !y express$ _! ?\ght
 naively4 ,plato1 ,ari/otle1 ^?         
intellectual giants1 beside :om our     
latt] day philosoph]s are b  pygmies1   
wi% ! citiz5s ( _! ideal republics to   
live 9 !  mo/ complete leisure1 = z     

,x5ophon obs]v$1 ,"w takes all !  "t & )
 x "o has no leisure = ! republic & 8   
fri5ds4  ,accord+ to ,plut>*1 ! great   
claim ( ,lycurgus1 wise/ ( m51 to  !    
admiration ( po/]ity1 0 t he _h grant$  
leisure to !  citiz5s ( ,sp>ta by =bidd+
 to !m any trade :atev]4 ,b our         
morali/s ( ,*ri/ianity & capitalism w   
answ]1 ,^! ?9k]s  & philosoph]s prais$ !
 in/itution ( slav]y4 ,p]fectly true1  b
 c\ld x h be5 o!rwise1 grant$ ! economic
 & political  conditions ( _! epo*8 ,w> 
0 ! normal /ate ( anci5t  societies4 ,! 
free man 0 oblig$ to devote 8 "t to     
discuss+  ! affairs ( /ate & wat*+ ov]  
its def5se4 ,! trades 7  !n too         
primitive & clumsy = ^? practic+ !m to  
ex]cise  _! bir?-"r ( soldi] & citiz52  
?us ! philosoph]s &  law-giv]s1 if !y   
wi%$ to h w>riors & citiz5s 9 _!  h]oic 
republics1 7 oblig$ to tol]ate slaves4  
,b d n !  morali/s & economi/s (        
capitalism praise wage labor1 ! mod]n   
slav]y2 & to :at m5 does ! capitali/    
slav]y give leisure8  ,to p l ,ro?s*ild1

 ,s*neid]1 & ,madame ,b\cicaut1 useless 
& h>mful slaves ( _! vices & ( _!       
dome/ic s]vants4  ,! prejudice ( slav]y 
dom9at$ ! m9ds ( ,py?agoras &           
,ari/otle1--?is has be5 writt5          
disda9fully2 & yet ,ari/otle  =esaw3 t  
if e tool c\ld by itself execute its    
prop]  function1 z ! ma/]pieces (       
,da$alus mov$ !mselves or z !  tripods (
 ,vulcan set !mselves spontane\sly at _!
 sacr$ "w2  if = example ! %uttles ( !  
weav]s did _! own weav+1 !  =eman ( !   
work%op w\ld h no m ne$ ( help]s1 nor ! 
ma/] ( slaves4    ,ari/otle's dream is  
our reality4 ,our ma*9es1 ) brea? (     
fire1 ) limbs ( unwe>y+ /eel1 )         
fruitfulness1 wond]ful  inexhau/ible1   
accompli% by !mselves ) docility _!     
sacr$  labor4 ,& nev]!less ! g5ius ( !  
great philosoph]s (  capitalism rema9s  
dom9at$ by ! prejudice ( ! wage sy/em1  
wor/ ( slav]ies4 ,!y d n yet und]/& t ! 
ma*9e is !  savi\r ( humanity1 ! god :o 
%all r$eem man f ! sordidae  artes & f  
work+ = hire1 ! god :o %all give him    

leisure &  lib]ty4      ,,footnotes3    
#bf ,h]odotus1 ,book ,,ii4    #bg ,biot4
 ,de ,l'abolition de ,l'esclavage anci5 
en ,occid5t1 #ahdj4    #bh ,livy1 ,book 
,i4    #bi ,plato's ,republic1 ,book ,v4
    #cj ,cic]o's ,de ,(ficiis1 ,i1 #db4 
,,socialism ,,& ,,! ,,intellectuals     
,,address ,,deliv]$ ,,at ,,p>is ,,m>*   
#bc1 #aijj1 ,,at ,a ,,meet+ ,,call$ ,,by
 ,,!  ,,gr\p ,,( ,,collectivi/ ,,/ud5ts 
,,atta*$ ,,to ,,! ,,p>ti ,,ouvri]       
,,fran,,ais4      ,ladies &             
,g5tlem53--,i am happy to deliv] ?is    
address "u !  presid5cy ( ,vaillant1    
because x is a pl$ge ( ! close & la/+   
union betwe5 our two organizations1 &   
because ,vaillant is "o ( !             
intellectuals ( ! sociali/ p>ty2 he is  
ackn[l$g$ to be ! mo/  le>n$ ( ,fr5*    
sociali/s & p]haps ( ,european          
sociali/s1 n[  t ,m>x1 ,engels & ,lavr(f
 are no long] ) u4    ,! gr\p (         
collectivi/ /ud5ts :i* has organiz$ ?is 
conf]5ce1  has be5 l$ to *oose ?is      
subject1 because ,fr5* socialism has j  

pass$ ?r\gh a crisis :i* is n exactly "o
 ( gr[?1 ?\gh  su* x has be5 call$1 b   
:i* has be5 caus$ by ! arrival  ( a     
c]ta9 numb] ( b\rgeois intellectuals )9 
! ranks (  ! p>ty4 ,x is !re=e int]e/+  
to exam9e ! situation (  ! intellectuals
 9 capitali/ society1 _! hi/oric role   
s9ce  ! revolution ( #aghi1 & ! mann] 9 
:i* ! b\rgeoisie has  kept ! promises x 
made !m :5 x 0 /ruggl+ aga9/ !          
ari/ocracy4    ,! eighte5? c5tury 0 !   
c5tury ( reason--ev]y?+1 religion1      
philosophy1 sci5ce1 politics1 privileges
 ( classes1 ( ! /ate1  ( municipalities1
 0 submitt$ to its pitiless criticism4  
,nev]  9 hi/ory has !re be5 su* a       
f]m5tation ( ideas & su* a  revolution>y
 prep>ation ( m5's m9ds4 ,mirabeau1 :o  
himself  play$ a great role 9 !         
ideological agitation1 might well say 9 
! national assembly3 ,we h no "t to ?9k1
 b happily1 we  h a supply ( ideas4 ,all
 t 0 ne$$ 0 to realize !m4  ,capitalism1
 to rew>d ! intellectuals :o _h labor$ )
 s mu*  en?usiasm = ! com+ ( its        

revolution1 promis$ !m honors &  favors2
 intellig5ce & wisdom1 z well z virtue1 
%\ld be !  sole privileges ( ! society x
 0 f\nd+ ^u ! ru9s ( !  old ord]4       
,promises co/ x little2 x ann\nc$ to all
 m5 t x  br\ght !m joy & happ9ess1 )    
lib]ty1 equality & frat]nity1  :i*1     
al?\gh et]nal pr9ciples1 7 n[ born = !  
fir/ "t4  ,its social _w 0 to be s new t
 ev5 be=e ! ,republic 0  proclaim$1     
,camille ,desm\l9s dem&$ t !y beg9 a new
 era :i*  %\ld date f ! tak+ ( !        
,ba/ile4    ,i ne$ n tea* y :at         
application capitalism has made ( ^!    
et]nal pr9ciples :i* by way ( cynical   
raill]y1 ! ,republic  c>ves on ! l9tels 
( h] prisons1 h] p5it5ti>ies1 h] b>racks
  & h] halls ( /ate4#ca ,i w only rem9d 
y t savage &  b>b>\s tribes1 uncorrupt$ 
by civilization1 liv+ "u !  regime (    
common prop]ty1 )\t inscrib+ any:]e ^!  
et]nal  pr9ciples1 )\t ev5 =mulat+ !m1  
practice !m 9 a mann]  m p]fect ?an ev] 
0 dream$ ( by ! capitali/s :o discov]$  
!m 9 #aghi4    ,x did n take long to    

det]m9e ! value ( ! promises (          
capitalism2 ! v day x op5$ its political
 %op1 x comm5c$  proce$+s 9 bankruptcy4 
,! con/itu5t assembly1 :i* =mulat$  !   
,rights ( man & ( ! citiz5 & proclaim$  
equality be=e !  law1 discuss$ & vot$1 9
 #agij1 an electoral act :i* e/abli%$   
inequality be=e ! law2 no "o 0 to be a  
vot] b ! active  citiz51 pay+ 9 money a 
direct tax equal to ?ree days' labor1 & 
no "o 0 to be eligible to (fice b !     
citiz5 pay+ a direct  tax ( a silv] m>k1
 ab\t #ee francs4 ,b "u ! law ( !  silv]
 m>k1 clamor$ ,l\/allot1 ,desm\l9s & !  
intellectuali/s  )\t real e/ate1 ,jean  
,jacques ,r\sseau1 ^: ',social ,contract
 is  ! bible ( ! revolution1 w\ld be    
capable nei!r ( vot+ nor  ( hold+ (fice4
 ,! electoral law depriv$ s _m citiz5s (
  political rights1 t 9 ! municipal     
elections ( #agij1 at ,p>is1  a city :i*
 c\nt$ ab\t half a million inhabitants1 
!re 7 b  #ab1jjj vot]s1 ,bailly 0 *os5  
mayor by #aj1jjj votes4    ,if ! et]nal 
pr9ciples 7 n new1 x is also true t !   

flatt]+ promises made by ! intellectuals
 _h already begun to be  realiz$ be=e ! 
adv5t ( capitalism to p[]4 ,! *ur*1 :i* 
is a !ocratic democracy1 op5s h] bosom  
to all4 ,t !y may  ent]1 all lay aside  
_! titles & privileges1 & all c aspire  
to ! highe/ positions2 popes h ris5 f ! 
l[] ranks (  society4 ,sixtus ,fif? _h 9
 8 y\? t5d$ sw9e4 ,! *ur* ( !  middle   
ages jeal\sly attract$ to h]self ! ?9k]s
 & m5 (  le>n+1 al?\gh %e respect$ !    
pref]5ce ( ^? :o wi%$ to  rema9 laym51 b
 ext5d$ ov] !m h] protection & h]       
favors2  %e all[$ !m all boldness (     
?\ght1 on ! s+le condition (  keep+ up !
 appe>ance ( fai?1 & nev] leav+ h]      
enclosure  to lavi% !mselves ^u ! vulg>4
 ,?us ,cop]nicus might write &  d$icate 
to ! pope 8 treatise on ! revolutions ( 
! cele/ial  bodies1 9 :i*1 contr>y to ! 
tea*+ ( ! ,bible1 he proves  t ! e>?    
turns ar\nd ! sun4 ,b ,cop]nicus 0 a    
canon at  ,frannb\rg & he wrote 9 ,lat94
 ,:5 a c5tury lat] ,galileo1 :o  0 n    
id5tifi$ ) ! cl]gy & :o on ! contr>y    

s\ght !  protection ( ! secul>          
au?orities1 pr(ess$ publicly1 at ,v5ice 
& ,flor5ce1 ! !ories ( ,cop]nicus1 !    
,vatican /ret*$ out  its t]rible h& ov] 
him & =c$ ! illu/ri\s old man to d5y  8 
sci5tific belief4 ,ev5 aft] ! crisis (  
prote/antism1 !  *ur* pres]v$ its       
lib]ality t[>d ! sci5ti/s :o belong$  to
 x4 ,m]s5ne1 a monk ( ! ord] ( !        
,m9imes1 "o ( !  great geomet]s ( !     
sev5te5? c5tury1 a precursor & fri5d  ( 
,desc>tes1 correspond$ freely ) ,hobbes1
 ! fa!r ( mod]n  mat]ialism2 ! notes ( !
 ,fr5* edition ( ,de ,cive conta9       
fragm5ts ( ?is correspond5ce4    ,!     
*ur*1 9 keep+ up ?is lib]al conduct1 may
 h be5 animat$  by a dis9t]e/$ love (   
pure sci5ce1 b :at *iefly conc]n$  h] 0 
! int]e/ ( h] dom9ancy2 %e wi%$ to      
monopolize !  intellectuals & sci5ce1 j 
z 9 ! old !ocratic ,egypt !  prie/s _h  
done to :om ! ,greek ?9k]s resort$ 9    
se>* ( !  fir/ elem5ts ( sci5ce &       
philosophy4    ,x w\ld be insult+       
capitalism to attribute to x a dis9t]e/$

  love ( sci5ce1 :i* f its po9t ( view  
has b "o reason =  exi/5ce1 t ( utiliz+ 
natural =ces to ! enhancem5t (  its     
weal?4 ,x c>es no?+ = pure speculation &
 x is by way  ( self-def5ce t x all[s   
its sci5ti/s to devote _! m5tal  en]gy  
to !oretic rese>*es in/ead ( exhau/+ x  
on practical  applications4 ,?is        
contempt = pure speculation is %[n "u a 
philosophic =m 9 ! positivism ( ,augu/e 
,comte1 :o embodies s  well ! n>r[ness (
 ! grovel+ _s ( capitalism4    ,b if    
sci5ce ap>t f its indu/rial applications
 does n int]e/  ! b\rgeoisie _!         
solicitude = ! intellectuals takes on   
none  ( ! =ms :i* we saw 9 t ( ! *ur*1 &
 n[h]e is _!  indiff]5ce to !m bett] %[n
 ?an 9 ! relative position (  mat]ial   
prop]ty & ( intellectual prop]ty be=e ! 
law4    ,mat]ial prop]ty1 :atev] its    
orig91 is by capitali/ law a ?+  et]nal2
 x is =ev] assur$ to its possessor2 x is
 h&$ d[n f  fa!r to son to ! end ( !    
c5turies1 & no civil or political  p[]  
may lay ^u x a sacrilegi\s h&4 ,we h    

lately se5 a  *>act]i/ic example ( ?is  
inviolability ( mat]ial prop]ty4    ,!  
keep] ( ! signal /ation at ,durban      
transmitt$ to ! ,bo]s  heliographic     
dispat*es in=m+ !m reg>d+ ! %ips :i*    
ent]$ ! h>bor1 ! m51 ! horses & !       
munitions ( w> :i*  !y transport$4 ,8   
treason br\ght him #abe1jjj francs1 :i*1
 l  an intellig5t capitali/1 he deposit$
 9 ! bank4 ,! ,engli%  milit>y          
au?orities seiz$ ! traitor1 condemn$ him
 & %ot him1  b !y respect$ 8 prop]ty s  
honorably acquir$1 & 8 wid[  & son are  
n[ its legitimate possessors4 ,! law1   
ap>t f c]ta9  v>iations1 be+ ! same 9   
all capitali/ c\ntries1 ?+s g on 9      
,france z 9 ,engl&4 ,no au?ority c\ld   
lay h& on ! prop]ty (  ,baza9e1 nor make
 ,de ,lesseps1 ,cottu & _! families     
disgorge !  millions artfully extract$ f
 ! lambs on ,panama canal /ock4    ,?is 
legal sanctity ( prop]ty is a new ?+1 9 
,france x dates  f ! revolution ( #aghi4
 ,! old regime1 :i* _h small respect  = 
?is sort ( prop]ty1 au?oriz$ !          

confiscation ( ! prop]ty  ( ^? legally  
condemn$1 & ! abolition ( confiscation  
is "o  ( ! fir/ re=ms dem&$ 9 !         
petitions ( ,p>is & sev]al  prov9cial   
cities to ! /ates g5]al4 ,capitalism1 by
 =bidd+ !  confiscation ( prop]ty obta9$
 by fraudul5t & infam\s means1          
proclaims t ! s\rce ( its =tune is q z  
fraudul5t &  infam\s z t ( crim9als &   
traitors4    ,capitali/ law has none (  
^! am5ities = intellectual prop]ty4     
,lit]>y & arti/ic prop]ty su* z ! law   
protects at all has b  a prec>i\s life1 
limit$ to ! life ( ! au?or & a c]ta9 "t 
aft] 8 dea?--fifty ye>s accord+ to !    
late/ legislation2 t  "t pass$1 x lapses
 into common prop]ty2 = example1 beg9n+ 
) ,m>* ( ?is ye>1 any publi%] has ! "r  
to br+ out =  8 own pr(it ! works (     
,balzac1 ! g5ius ( romantic lit]ature4  
,lit]>y prop]ty1 ?\gh a matt] ( int]e/  
to publi%]s1 :o  are c]ta9ly few 9      
numb]1 br+s no b5efit to ! mass ( !     
capitali/ class1 b n s ) prop]ty 9      
inv5tions1 :i* is (  prime importance to

 all ! manufactur+ & m]cantile          
capitali/s4  ,consequ5tly ov] x ! law   
ext5ds no protection4 ,! inv5tor1 if he 
wi%es to def5d 8 intellectual prop]ty   
aga9/ capitali/ pirates1  mu/ beg9 by   
buy+ t "r1 tak+ out a pat5t1 :i* he mu/ 
r5ew e ye>2 on ! day he misses a paym5t1
 8 intellectual  prop]ty becomes !      
lawful prey ( ! robb]s ( capitalism4    
,ev5 if  he pays1 he c secure t "r only 
= a "t2 9 ,france1 f\rte5  ye>s4 ,& dur+
 ^! few ye>s1 n long en\gh g5]ally to   
get  8 inv5tion fully introduc$ into    
practical indu/ry1 x is he1 !  inv5tor1 
:o at 8 own exp5se has to set 9 motion !
 ma*9]y (  ! law aga9/ ! capitali/      
pirates :o rob him4    ,! trade-m>k1 :i*
 is a capitali/ic prop]ty t nev] requir$
  any intellectual ef=t1 is on ! contr>y
 indef9itely protect$ by  law l mat]ial 
prop]ty4    ,x is ) reluctance t !      
capitali/ class has grant$ !  inv5tor ! 
"r ( def5d+ 8 intellectual prop]ty1 = by
  virtue ( its position z ! rul+ class x
 reg>ds itself z  entitl$ to ! fruits ( 

intellectual labor z well z ( manual    
labor2 j z ! feudal "l ass]t$ 8 "r (    
possession ov]  ! prop]ty ( 8 s]fs4 ,!  
hi/ory ( ! inv5tors ( our c5tury  is !  
mon/r\s /ory ( _! spoliation by !       
capitali/s2 x is a  long & melan*oly    
roll ( m>tyrs4 ,! inv5tor1 by ! v fact (
  8 g5ius1 is condemn$ ) 8 family to ru9
 & suff]+4    ,x is n only inv5tions    
requir+ long & labori\s /udy1 heavy     
outlay = _! completion & long "t = _!   
introduction1 t  plunge ! inv5tor into !
 inf]no ( pov]ty2 ?is is equally true  (
 inv5tions t are mo/ simple1 mo/        
imm$iately applicable &  mo/ f]tile 9   
ri* results4 ,i w m5tion b "o example3  
!re  lately di$ at ,p>is 9 extreme      
pov]ty a man ^: inv5tion saves  millions
 ( francs a ye> to ! railroads & m9+    
companies2  he _h discov]$ a way to     
utilize ! m\nta9s ( coal du/ t  encumb]$
 ! neighborhood ( :>fs & m9es by conv]t+
 x into  briquettes1 su* z are today 9  
common use = fuel4    ,! capitali/      
b\rgeoisie1 ! mo/ revolution>y class t  

ev]  oppress$ human societies1 _c       
increase its weal? )\t  cont9u\sly      
revolutioniz+ ! means ( production1     
cont9u\sly  incorporat+ into its        
indu/rial equipm5t new applications (   
me*anics1 *emi/ry & physics4 ,its ?ir/ =
 inv5tions is s  insatiable t x creates 
factories = inv5tions4 ,c]ta9 ,am]ican  
capitali/s unit$ 9 con/ruct+ = ,edison  
at ,m5lo ,p>k ! mo/  wond]ful laboratory
 9 ! _w1 & 9 putt+ at 8 disposal  tra9$ 
sci5ti/s1 *os5 workm51 & ! ord9>y       
mat]ials  necess>y to make & keep on    
mak+ inv5tions :i* ! capitali/s  pat5t1 
exploit or sell4 ,edison1 :o is himself 
a %rewd bus9ess man1  has tak5 c>e to   
secure = himself a "p ( ! b5efits br\ght
 by  ! ,m5lo ,p>k inv5tions4    ,b n all
 inv5tors are able l ,edison to dictate 
t]ms to !  capitali/s :o equip inv5tion 
factories4 ,! ,?ompson-,h\/on ,company  
at ,p>is & ,siem5s at ,london &         
,b]l91#cb 9 connection )  _! plants =   
turn+ out electrical ma*9]y1 h          
laboratories  :]e +5i\s m5 are kept busy

 se>*+ out new applications (           
electricity4 ,at ,frank=t ! manufactory 
( anil9e dyes1 ! l>ge/  9 ! _w1 :]e     
anti-pyr9e1 t m9]al qu99e1 0 discov]$1  
keeps on its pay roll m ?an a hundr$    
*emi/s to discov] new  products (       
coal-t>4 ,ea* discov]y is at once pat5t$
 by ! h\se1  :i*1 by way ( enc\ragem5t1 
gives a rew>d to ! inv5tor4    ,we may  
up to a c]ta9 po9t reg>d all factories &
 work%ops  z laboratories = inv5tions1  
s9ce a consid]able numb] (  improvem5ts 
9 ma*9]y h be5 devis$ by workm5 9 !     
c\rse  ( _! "w4 ,! inv5tor hav+ no money
 to pat5t & apply 8  discov]y1 ! employ]
 takes out ! pat5t 9 8 own "n1 & 9      
accordance ) ! _s ( capitali/ ju/ice1 x 
is he :o reaps  all ! b5efit4 ,:5 !     
gov]nm5t takes x into its head to rew>ds
  tal5t1 x is ! employ] :o receives !   
decoration2 ! inv5tive  workman1 :o is n
 an intellectual1 cont9ues to revolve l 
!  o!r ma*9es "u ! black & greasy numb] 
:i* di/+ui%es  him1 & z 9 ?is capitali/ 
_w he mu/ be cont5t ) little1 he        

consoles himself = 8 pov]ty by !        
reflection t 8 inv5tion  is br++ weal? &
 honor to 8 employ]4    ,! capitali/    
class1 :i* to increase its weal? is 9   
press+ ne$  ( inv5tions1 is 9 ev5 m     
imp]ative ne$ ( intellectuals to        
sup]vise _! application & to direct its 
indu/rial ma*9]y4 ,!  capitali/s1 be=e  
!y equipp$ inv5tion factories1 _h       
organiz$  factories to turn out         
intellectuals4 ,dollfus1 ,s*]]-,ke/n] & 
o!r employes ( ,alsace1 ! mo/           
intellig5t1 mo/ philan?ropic  &         
consequ5tly ! heavie/ exploit]s 9       
,france be=e ! w>1  _h f\nd$ ) _! sp>e  
p5nies at ,mulh\se1 s*ools ( design1  ( 
*emi/ry & ( physics1 :]e ! brighte/     
*ildr5 ( _!  workm5 7 in/ruct$ gratis1 9
 ord] t !y might always h  at h& & at   
reasonable figure ! intellectual        
capacities requir$  = c>ry+ on _!       
indu/ries4 ,tw5ty ye>s ago ! directors (
 !  ,mulh\se s*ool p]suad$ ! municipal  
c\ncil ( ,p>is to e/abli%  ! city s*ool 
( *emi/ry & physics4 ,at ! beg9n+1 :e!r 

x is /ill ! case ,i d n "k1 ! pupils 7  
recruit$ 9 !  common s*ools1 !y receiv$ 
a high] education1 gratis1 a d9n] at    
noon at ! s*ool1 & fifty francs a mon?  
to indemnify ! p>5ts  = ! loss f ! fact 
t _! sons 7 n 9 ! work%op4    ,on !     
plat=m ( ! con/itu5t assembly ( #agij ! 
,m>quis (  ,f\cault c\ld decl>e t to be 
a labor] x 0 n necess>y to  "k h[ to    
read & write4 ,! necessities ( indu/rial
 production  compel ! capitali/ ( today 
to speak 9 language altoge!r  diff]5t2 8
 economic int]e/s & n 8 love ( humanity 
&  ( sci5ce =ce him to enc\rage & to    
develop bo? elem5t>y &  high] education4
    ,b ! slave m]*ants ( anci5t ,rome 71
 by ! same title1  patrons ( education4 
,to ! m intellig5t ( _! human  m]*&ise  
!y gave in/ruction 9 m$ic9e1 philosophy1
 ,greek  lit]ature1 music1 sci5ce1 etc4 
,! education ( ! slave enhanc$  8 m>ket 
value4 ,! slave :o 0 an exp]t cook      
br\ght a bett]  figure ?an ! slave      
doctor1 philosoph] or lit]ator4 ,9 our  
days x  is /ill s2 ! big capitali/s pay 

_! *ief cooks bett] ?an !  /ate pays !  
pr(essors ( lib]al arts1 ev5 ?\gh !y be 
memb]s  ( ! ,in/itute4 ,b contr>y to !  
practice ( ! ,roman slave  m]*ants1 our 
capitali/ class lavi%es in/ruction only 
9 ord] to  depress ! sell+ price (      
intellectual capacity4    ,greek        
my?ology tells h[ ,midas _h ! gift (    
turn+ ev]y?+  into gold2 ! capitali/    
class has a simil> prop]ty1 x trans=ms  
ev]y?+ t x t\*es into m]*&ise2 x has    
done ?is =  intellectual capacities2    
*emi/s1 eng9e]s & ,lat9 s*ol>s are      
b\ght l %e-asses & guano4    ,a voice3  
,& !y buy deputies1 too6    ,p :o h no  
tall[ nor veal nor socks to sell h _!   
consci5ce & _! votes2 :5 !y are         
deputies1 !y are b\ght4    ,:5          
intellectual capacities become m]*&ise  
!y h to be treat$  l o!r m]*&ise1 & !y  
are4 ,:5 !re are _m oy/]s 9  ! m>ket !  
price ( oy/]s goes d[n1 b :5 ! arrivals 
are  sc>ce ! price goes up4 ,:5 *emi/s &
 eng9e]s are pl5ty on !  labor m>ket1 ! 
price ( inv5tors & ( *emi/s goes d[n4   

,n[  t ! ,c5tral ,s*ool & ! ,s*ool (    
,physics & ,*emi/ry turn  out ye>ly ^u !
 pavem5ts ( ,p>is *emi/s by ! doz51 _!  
price has consid]ably gone d[n4 ,tw5ty  
ye>s ago ! capitali/ paid  a *emi/      
reasonably1 he gave him #ajj to #abj a  
mon? & engag$ him  by ! ye>4 ,! employ]s
 ^: reg>d = an employee is measur$ by   
:at !y h to pay him1 7 full ( polit5ess 
& consid]ation  = _! *emi/s :o co/ s    
de>4 ,b s9ce !y h be5 abundant1  _!     
price has fall5 to #dj & #cj a mon?2 9 !
 nor? !y are  n engag$ by ! ye> b = !   
sug> season1 :i* la/s ?ree or  f\r      
mon?s1 at ! end ( :i* !y are dis*>g$ ) !
 workm54  ,g & %ift = y\rself1 says !   
employ]4 ,next fall :5 ! beets  come ,i 
"k ,i %all f9d *emi/s to sup]9t5d mak+  
!m into  sug>4    ,! *emi/s are n       
exceptional2 y "k only too well t 9 all 
bran*es !re is an ov]-production (      
intellectuals1 & t :5  a place is       
vacant1 t5s & hundr$s (f] !mselves to   
fill x2 &  x is ?is pressure :i* p]mits 
! capitali/s to l[] ! price  ( !        

intellectuals & to put x ev5 bel[ ! wage
 ( ! manual  labor]4    ,pov]ty is h>d] 
= ! intellectual ?an = ! work+man2 x    
bruises him morally & physically4 ,!    
work+man1 endur+ h>d%ips  f *ildhood &  
knock+ ab\t ! /reet & ! %ops1 is        
accu/om$ to endur+ ! tr\bles ( life2 !  
intellectual1 br\ght  up 9 a hot-h\se1  
has ! life blea*$ out ( him by ! %ad[ ( 
! college walls1 8 n]v\s sy/em is       
ov]-develop$ & takes on an  unheal?y    
impressionability4 ,:at ! work+man      
endures ?\ghtlessly  is to him a pa9ful 
%ock4 ,! intellectual is w\nd$ to !     
dep?s  ( 8 moral be+ by ! exig5cies ( a 
wage-work]'s life4 ,) !  same or ev5 a  
high] wage ! intellectual is 9 a worse  
economic  condition ?an ! labor]1 = !   
latt] may dress z *eaply z he  likes1 b 
! =m]1 if only n to (f5d ! eye ( 8      
employ]  & 8 *iefs ) :om he is br\ght 9 
contact is oblig$ to dress  exp5sively &
 ev5 elegantly4 ,he mu/ save on 8 food  
:at he has  to sp5d on 8 clo?+4    ,!   
capitali/s h degrad$ ! intellectuals    

bel[ ! economic  level ( ! manual       
labor]s4 ,?is is _! rew>d = hav+ s      
magnific5tly prep>$ ! way = ! b\rgeois  
revolution ( !  eighte5? c5tury4        
,jaures 9 8 preface to ! ,sociali/      
,hi/ory ( ,france says t  ! intellectual
 b\rgeoisie1 (f5d$ by a brutal &        
comm]cial  society & dis5*ant$ ) !      
b\rgeois p[]1 is rally+ to !  support ( 
socialism4 ,un=tunately no?+ c\ld be    
less exact4 ,?is  trans=mation ( !      
intellectual faculties into m]*&ise1 :i*
  ought to h fill$ ! intellectuals )    
wra? & indignation1  leaves !m          
indiff]5t4 ,nev] w\ld ! free citiz5 ( ! 
anci5t  republics ( ,a!ns & ,rome h     
submitt$ to su* degradation4 ,!  free   
man :o sells 8 "w1 says ,cic]o1 l[]s    
himself to ! rank  ( ! slaves4 ,socrates
 & ,plato 7 indignant aga9/ ! ,sophi/s  
:o requir$ pay = _! philosophic tea*+1 =
 to ,socrates &  ,plato ?\ght 0 too     
noble a ?+ to be b\ght & sold l c>rots  
& %oes4 ,ev5 ! ,fr5* cl]gy ( #aghi      
res5t$ z a mortal insult  ! proposition 

to pay a sal>y = wor%ip4 ,b our         
intellectuals are  accu/om+ !mselves to 
su* degradation4    ,spurr$ on by !     
m]cantile passion1 !y are nev] bett]    
satisfi$  ) !mselves or ) society ?an :5
 !y succe$ 9 sell+  _! intellectual     
m]*&ise at a good price2 !y h ev5 come  
to ! po9t ( mak+ its sell+ price !      
measure ( its value4  ,zola1 :o is "o ( 
! mo/ di/+ui%$ repres5tatives ( lit]>y  
intellectualism1 e/imates ! arti/ic     
value ( a novel by ! numb]  ( editions  
sold4 ,to sell _! intellectual m]*&ise  
has become  9 !m su* an all-absorb+     
pr9ciple t if "o speaks to !m (         
socialism1 be=e !y inquire into its     
!ories1 !y ask :e!r 9  ! sociali/ic     
society intellectual labor w be paid = &
 :e!r  x w be rew>d$ equally ) manual   
labor4    ,imbeciles6 !y h eyes b !y see
 n t x is ! capitali/  b\rgeoisie :i*   
e/abli%es t degrad+ equality3 & to      
increase  its weal? degrades            
intellectual labor to ! po9t ( pay+ x at
 a  l[] rate ?an manual labor4    ,we   

%\ld h to put (f ! triumph ( socialism n
 to ! ye>  #b1jjj b to ! end ( ! _w if  
we _h to wait ^u ! delicate1  %r9k+ &   
impressionable hesitancy ( !            
intellectuals4 ,!  hi/ory ( ! c5tury is 
at h& to tea* u j h[ mu* we h a  "r to  
expect f ^! g5tlem54    ,s9ce #aghi     
gov]nm5ts ( ! mo/ div]se & oppos$ "* h  
succe$$ ea* o!r 9 ,france2 & always1 )\t
 hesitation1 !  intellectuals h ha/5$ to
 (f] _! devot$ s]vices4 ,i am n  m]ely  
speak+ ( ^? two-=-a-c5t intellectuals :o
 litt] up  ! newspap]s1 ! p>liam5ts & ! 
economic associations2 b ,i  mean !     
sci5ti/s1 ! univ]sity pr(essors1 !      
memb]s ( !  ,in/itute2 ! high] !y raise 
_! heads1 ! l[] !y b[ !  knee4          
,pr9ces ( sci5ce1 :o ought to h conv]s$ 
on equal t]ms )  k+s & emp]ors1 h m>ket$
 _! glory to buy (fices & favors  f     
ephem]al m9i/]s4 ,cuvi]1 "o ( ! mightie/
 g5iuses ( !  mod]n era1 :om !          
revolution took f ! h\sehold ( a        
nobleman  to make ( him at tw5ty-five   
ye>s "o ( ! ,museum pr(essors1  ,cuvi]  

took ! oa? ( allegiance & s]v$ )        
fidelity !  ,republic1 ,napoleon1 ,l\is 
,,xviii1 ,*>les ,x & ,l\is ,philippe1 ! 
la/  ( :om creat$ him a pe] ( ,france to
 rew>d him = 8 c>e] (  s]vility4    ,to 
devote "o's self to all gov]nm5ts )\t   
di/9ction is n  en\gh4 ,pa/eur plac$ 8  
glori\s "n at ! s]vice ( !  f9anci]s1 :o
 plac$ him 9 ! adm9i/rative c\ncil ( !  
,cr$it  ,fonci]1 side by side ) ,jules  
,simon1 ) dukes & c\nts1 )  s5ators1    
deputies & ex-m9i/]s1 9 ord] to entrap !
 lambs4  ,:5 ,de ,lesseps 0 equipp+ 8   
colossal sw9dle ( ! ,panama canal1  he  
enroll$ ! intellectuals ( ! ,in/itute1 (
 ! ,fr5* ,academy1  ( lit]ature1 ( !    
cl]gy1 ( all ! circles ( high] life4    
,x is n 9 ! circle ( ! intellectuals1   
degrad$ by c5turies  ( capitali/        
oppression1 t we mu/ seek examples (    
civic c\rage  & moral dignity4 ,!y h n  
ev5 ! s5se ( pr(essional                
class-consci\sness4 ,at ! "t ( !        
,dreyfus affair1 a c]ta9  m9i/] dis*>g$1
 z if he _h be5 a m]e prison gu>d1 "o ( 

!  pr(essors ( *emi/ry 9 ! ,polyte*nic  
s*ool :o _h _h ! r>e  c\rage to give    
public expression to 8 op9ion4 ,:5 9 a  
factory !  employ] dismisses a workman 9
 too arbitr>y a fa%ion1 8 comrades      
grumble1 & sometimes quit "w1 ev5 ?\gh  
mis]y & hung] await  !m 9 ! /reet4      
,all 8 colleagues 9 ! ,polyte*nic s*ool 
b[$ _! heads 9  sil5ce2 ea* "o cr\*$ 9  
self-reg>d+ fe>1 & :at is /ill  m       
*>act]i/ic1 n a s+le p>tisan ( ,dreyfus 
9 ! ,society  ( ! ,rights ( ,man or 9 ! 
ranks ( ! press rais$ a voice to  rem9d 
!m ( ! idea ( pr(essional solid>ity4 ,! 
intellectuals1  :o on all occasions     
display _! transc5d5tal e?ics1 h /ill a 
long road to travel be=e !y rea* ! moral
 plane ( ! work+  class & ( ! sociali/  
p>ty4    ,! sci5ti/s h n only sold      
!mselves to ! gov]nm5ts  & ! f9anci]s2  
!y h also sold sci5ce itself to !       
capitali/-b\rgeoisie4 ,:5 9 ! eighte5?  
c5tury !re 0  ne$ to prep>e ! m9ds ( m5 
= ! revolution1 by sapp+ !  ideologic   
f\ndations ( ari/ocratic society1 !n    

sci5ce fulfill$  its sublime mission (  
fre$om2 x 0 revolution>y2 x furi\sly    
attack$ ,*ri/ianity & ! intuitional     
philosophy4 ,b :5 !  victori\s          
b\rgeoisie decid$ to base its new p[] on
 religion1 x  comm&$ its sci5ti/s1 its  
philosoph]s & its m5 ( lett]s to  raise 
up :at !y _h ov]?r[n2 !y respond$ to !  
ne$ )  en?usiasm4 ,!y recon/ruct$ :at !y
 _h demoli%$2 !y prov$  by sci5tific1   
s5tim5tal & romantic argum5t ! exi/5ce (
 ,god  ! fa!r1 ( ,jesus ! son & ( ,m>y !
 virg9 "m4 ,i d n  believe hi/ory (f]s a
 spectacle equal to t pres5t$ 9 ! fir/  
ye>s ( ! n9ete5? c5tury by !            
philosoph]s1 ! sci5ti/s  & ! lit]>y m51 
:o f revolution>ies & mat]iali/s        
sudd5ly trans=m$ !mselves into          
reaction>ies1 intuitionali/s &          
ca?olics4    ,?is backw>d movem5t /ill  
cont9ues2 :5 ,d>w9 publi%$ 8  ,orig9 (  
,species1 :i* took away f ,god 8 role ( 
creator 9 !  organic _w1 z ,frankl9 _h  
despoil$ him ( 8 ?und]bolt1 we  saw !   
sci5ti/s1 big & little1 univ]sity       

pr(essors & memb]s  ( ! ,in/itute1      
enroll+ !mselves "u ! ord]s ( ,fl\r5s1  
:o = 8 own "p _h at lea/ 8 eighty ye>s =
 an excuse1  t !y might demoli% !       
,d>w9ian !ory1 :i* 0 displeas+  to !    
gov]nm5t & hurtful to religi\s beliefs4 
,! intellectuals  exhibit$ t pa9ful     
spectacle 9 ! fa!rl& ( ,lam>k & (       
,ge(froy ,sa9t-,hilaire1 ! creators ( ! 
evolution !ory1 :i*  ,d>w9 complet$ &   
made pro( aga9/ criticism4    ,today1 n[
 t ! cl]ical anxiety is some:at appeas$1
 !  sci5ti/s v5ture to pr(ess !         
evolution !ory1 :i* !y nev]  oppos$ )\t 
a prote/ f _! sci5tific consci5ce1 b !y 
turn x aga9/ socialism s z to keep 9 !  
good graces ( !  capitali/s4 ,h]b]t     
,sp5c]1 ,haeckel & ! greate/ m5 9 !     
s*ool ( ,d>w9ism demon/rate t !         
classification ( individuals  into ri* &
 poor1 idl]s & labor]s1 capitali/s &    
wage-e>n]s1  is ! necess>y result ( !   
inevitable laws ( nature1 in/ead (  be+ 
! fulfillm5t ( ! w & ! ju/ice ( ,god4   
,natural  selection1 !y say1 :i* has    

diff]5tiat$ ! organs ( ! human  body1   
has =ev] fix$ ! ranks & ! functions ( ! 
social body4  ,!y h1 ?r\gh s]vility1 ev5
 lo/ ! logical _s4 ,!y are  indignant   
aga9/ ,ari/otle because he1 be+ unable  
to conceive ( !  abolition ( slav]y1    
decl>$ t ! slave 0 m>k$ (f by nature2  b
 !y fail to see t !y are say+ some?+    
equally mon/r\s  :5 !y affirm t natural 
selection assigns to ea* "o 8 place  9  
society4    ,?us x is no long] ,god or  
religion :i* condemn ! work]s to        
wret*$ness--x is sci5ce4 ,nev] 0 !re an 
intellectual bankruptcy  m fraudul5t4   
,m4 ,brunetires1 "o ( ^? intellectuals  
:o d n feel _!  degradation & :o        
joyfully fulfill _! s]vile task1 0 "r :5
  he proclaim$ ! failure ( sci5ce4 ,he  
does n suspect h[ colossal  ?is         
bankruptcy is4    ,sci5ce1 ! great      
emancipator1 t has tam$ ! p[]s ( nature1
  & might 9 s do+ h fre$ man f toil to  
all[ him to develop  freely 8 faculties 
( m9d & body2 sci5ce1 become ! slave (  
capital1 has done no?+ b supply means = 

capitali/s to increase  _! weal?1 & to  
int5sify _! exploitation ( ! work+      
class4  ,its mo/ wond]ful applications  
to indu/rial te*nique h br\ght to  !    
*ildr51 ! wom5 & ! m5 ( ! work+ class   
no?+ b  ov]-"w & mis]y6    ,!           
middle-class revolution>y p>ty ( #aghi  
cri$ out 9 horror &  indignation aga9/ !
 lords1 :o ?r\gh ! long summ] nights    
compell$ _! s]fs to beat ! ponds ne> _! 
ca/les 9 ord]  to keep ! frogs f croak+4
 ,:at w\ld !y say if !y saw :at  we see8
 ,improvem5ts 9 light+ date f !         
capitali/ p]iod4 ,at  ! end ( ! la/     
c5tury ,argant & ,c>cel inv5t$ ! lamp ) 
a d\ble curr5t ( air1 at ! beg9n+ ( ?is 
,*evreul inv5t$  ! /e>ic c&le1 !n gas 0 
discov]$1 !n petroleum1 !n  ! electric  
light1 turn+ night into day4 ,:at       
b5efits h ^!  sci5tific improvem5ts 9   
light+ br\ght to ! work]s8 ,!y h  enabl$
 employ]s to impose night "w ^u millions
 ( prolet>ians1  n 9 ! midsumm] nights &
 9 ! balmy air ( ! fields1 b  ?r\gh     
nights ( summ] & w9t] 9 ! poison\s air (

 !  work%ops & factories4 ,! indu/rial  
applications ( me*anics  & *emi/ry h    
trans=m$ ! happy & /imulat+ "w ( !      
artisan into a torture :i* exhau/s &    
kills ! prolet>ian4    ,:5 sci5ce subdu$
 ! =ces ( nature to ! s]vice ( man1     
ought  %e n to h giv5 leisure to !      
work]s t !y might develop  !mselves     
physically & intellectually2 ought %e n 
to h *ang$  ! vale ( te>s into a dwell+ 
place ( peace & joy8 ,i ask y1  has n   
sci5ce fail$ 9 h] mission (             
emancipation8    ,! obtuse capitali/    
himself is consci\s ( ?is failure2 s he 
directs 8 economi/s & 8 o!r intellectual
 dome/ics to prove to  ! work+ class t x
 has nev] be5 s happy & t its lot goes  
on improv+4    ,! economi/s1 consid]+ t 
to des]ve ! good graces (  ! capitali/s 
x 0 n en\gh to falsify economic facts1  
are  suppress+ economic sci5ce1 :i* is  
becom+ dang]\s = !  dom9ation ( capital4
 ,ev] s9ce ,adam ,smi? & ,ric>do !y g on
  repeat+ ! same errors reg>d+ value1   
reg>d+ ! productivity  ( ! pr$atory &   

idle capitali/1 compil+ facts & arrang+ 
/ati/ics :i* guide ! capitali/s 9 _!    
speculations2 b !y  d>e n draw          
conclusions & build sy/ems ) ! mat]ials 
t  !y h accumulat$4 ,:5 ,ric>do wrote1 !
 ph5om5a ( mod]n  production 7 beg9n+ _!
 evolution1 _! communi/ t5d5cies  c\ld n
 be p]ceiv$1 "o c\ld !n /udy !m )\t tak+
 sides  & c\ld build up a sci5ce )\t fe>
 ( w\nd+ ! int]e/s  ( capital4 ,b n[ t  
!y h arriv$ at _! full developm5t  & %[ 
cle>ly _! communal t5d5cies1 ! economi/s
 %ut _!  eyes t !y may n see1 & !y wage 
w> aga9/ ! pr9ciples  e/abli%$ by       
,ric>do1 :i* aft] hav+ s]v$ z a basis = 
!  old b\rgeois economy1 h become !     
po9ts ( dep>ture ( !  ,m>xian economy4  
,to take a :ack at ! sociali/ !ories &  
put  !mselves at ! s]vice ( ! f9anci]s1 
l b>k]s & fakirs (  _! bogus goods1 are 
! intellectual functions ( ! economi/s4 
,latt]ly ! own]s ( silv] m9es h enli/$  
!m to s+ !  praises ( bimetallism1 :ile 
,cecil ,rhodes1 ,b>nato1 ,beit1 ,robb]s 
,company call$ !m 9 to boom ! ,transvaal

 gold m9es4    ,! intellectuals ( art & 
lit]ature1 l ! je/]s ( ! old  feudal    
c\rts1 are ! ent]ta9]s ( ! class :i*    
pays !m4 ,to  satisfy ! ta/es ( !       
capitali/s & beguile _! leisure--?is  is
 _! sole arti/ic aim4 ,! m5 ( lett]s are
 s well brok5 to  ?is s]vile duty t !y d
 n und]/& ! _s ( ,molire1  _! great     
ance/or1 all ! :ile t !y adore ! lett] (
 8  works4 ,molire is ! writ] mo/ writt5
 ab\t 9 ,france2 le>n$  m5 h devot$     
!mselves to ga!r+ up ! scatt]$ fragm5ts 
( 8 erratic & c>eless y\?1 to fix+ !    
date & ! h\r  ( ! repres5tations ( 8    
com$ies2 if !y _h une>!d an  au!ntic    
piece ( excrem5t f him !y w\ld h set x 9
 gold  & w\ld kiss x devot$ly1 b ! _s ( 
,molire escapes !m4  ,y h read1 z ,i h1 
_m critical analyses ( 8 dramas4 ,did  y
 ev] f9d "o ( !m :i* br\ght out 9 cle>  
light ! role (  ?is militant playwright1
 :o m ?an a c5tury be=e ,beaum>*ais  &  
be=e revolution1 at ,v]sailles1 9 ! v   
c\rt ( ! great  mon>*1 ?ru/ at !        
nobility ( ! c\rt & ( ! prov9ces1       

attack$ ! *ur* be=e :i* ,desc>tes & !   
re/ trembl$1  hurl$ 8 je/s at ,ari/otle1
 ! unque/ion$ au?ority ( ,la  ,sorbonne1
 t secul> *ur*2 :o ridicul$ !           
,pyrrhonism :i* !  neo-,kantians ( our  
own days oppose to ! mat]iali/          
philosophy (  ,m>xian socialism1 b :i*  
!n 0 ! weapon ( ! ca?olics1 (  ,pascal1 
( ,huet1 ! bi%op ( ,avran*es1 to /rike &
 to ov]?r[  human reason1 ) its impud5t 
desire or rea*+ k by its  own /r5g?4    
,pitiful1 wret*$ reason1 clamor$ ^!     
,kantians be=e  ,kant1 y c "k no?+ )\t !
 aid ( fai?6 ,molire is unique  9       
,european lit]ature1 y mu/ g back to !  
epo* ( glori\s  ,a!ns to f9d 8 c\nt]p>t 
9 ,ari/ophanes4    ,if ! b\rgeois       
critics timidly & un9tellig5tly m5tion  
?is side  ( ,molire1 !re is ano!r ( :i* 
_! ignorance is complete4  ,molire 0 !  
man ( 8 class1 ! *ampion ( ! b\rgeois   
class4  ,l ! sociali/s :o say to !      
work]s1 ,break ) ! lib]al  b\rgeoisie1  
:i* deceives y :5 x does n slaught] y2  
he  cri$ to ! ,georges ,d&9s & to !     

b\rgeois noblem51 ,avoid  ! nobles l    
pe/s2 !y deceive y1 mock y & rob y4     
,! great capitali/ b\rgeoisie does n    
*oose to "w1 ei!r  ) its h&s or its     
bra92 x *ooses m]ely to dr9k1 to eat1 to
  practice lewdness & to look dignifi$ 9
 its bea/ly & cumb]some  luxury2 x does 
n ev5 deign to occupy itself ) politics2
 m5 l  ,ro?s*ild1 ,de ,lesseps1         
,v&]bilt1 ,c>negie1 ,rockefell]1 d n run
  = (fice2 !y f9d x m economical to buy 
! deputies ?an !  vot]s1 & m conv5i5t to
 put _! cl]ks into ! m9i/ries  ?an to   
take "p 9 p>liam5t>y /ruggles4 ,! big   
capitali/s  int]e/ !mselves only 9 !    
op]ations ( ! /ock ex*ange1 :i*  af=d ! 
delights ( gambl+2 !y dignify ^! by !   
pomp\s "n  ( speculations1--a ^w =m]ly  
res]v$ = ! highe/ processes  (          
philosophical or ma!matical ?\ght4 ,!   
capitali/s are gett+  !mselves replac$ 9
 ! sup]vision & managem5t ( ! great     
indu/rial & comm]cial ent]prises by     
intellectuals1 :o c>ry  !m on1 & usually
 are well paid = do+ s4 ,^!             

intellectuals  ( indu/ry & politics1 !  
privileg$ portion ( ! wage class1       
imag9e t !y are an integral "p ( !      
capitali/ class1 :ile  !y are only its  
s]vants2 on e occasion !y take up its   
def5se  aga9/ ! work+ class1 :i* f9ds 9 
!m its wor/ enemies4    ,intellectuals (
 ?is description c nev] be l$ into      
socialism2  _! int]e/s are too closely  
b\nd up ) ^? ( ! capitali/  class = !m  
to deta* !mselves & turn aga9/ x4 ,b    
bel[  ^! favor$ few !re is a sw>m+ &    
fami%+ ?rong (  intellectuals ^: lot    
gr[s worse 9 proportion to ! increase ( 
_! numb]s4 ,^! intellectuals belong to  
socialism4 ,!y ought  to be already 9   
our ranks4 ,_! education ought to h giv5
  !m ! necess>y intellig5ce to deal )   
social problems1 b x  is ?is v education
 :i* ob/ructs _! he>+ & keeps !m  away f
 socialism4 ,!y ?9k _! education conf]s 
on !m a  social privilege1 t x w p]mit  
!m to get ?r\gh ! _w  by !mselves1 ea*  
mak+ 8 own way 9 life by cr[d+ out 8    
neighbor or /&+ on ! %\ld]s ( ev]yone   

else4 ,!y imag9e  t _! pov]ty is        
transitory & t !y only ne$ a /roke (    
good luck to trans=m !m into capitali/s4
 ,education1 !y ?9k1  is ! lucky numb] 9
 ! social lott]y1 & x w br+ !m  ! gr&   
prize4 ,!y d n p]ceive t ?is ticket giv5
 !m  by ! capitali/ class is a fraud1 t 
labor1 :e!r manual or  intellectual1 has
 no o!r *ance ?an to e>n its daily      
pittance1  t x has no?+ to hope = b to  
be exploit$1 & t ! m  capitalism goes on
 develop+1 ! m d ! *ances ( an          
individual  rais+ himself out ( 8 class 
g on dim9i%+4    ,& :ile !y build ca/les
 9 ,spa91 capital cru%es !m1 z x has    
cru%$ ! small m]*ants & ! small         
manufactur]s1 :o ?\ght  !y1 too1 ) free 
cr$it & a little luck1 might become     
fir/-class  capitali/s1 ^: names %\ld be
 writt5 9 ! ,great ,book ( !  ,public   
,debt4    ,! intellectuals1 9 all t has 
to d ) ! und]/&+ (  ! social movem5t1 d 
n rise above ! intellectual level (  ^? 
little b\rgeois :o sc(f$ s fi]cely at ! 
bungl]s (  #ahcj & :o1 aft] be+ ru9$ &  

m]g$ 9 ! prolet>iat1 none  ! less       
cont9ue to dete/ socialism2 to su* a    
degree 7 _!  heads p]v]t$ by ! religion 
( prop]ty4 ,! intellectuals1 ^:  bra9s  
are /uff$ ) all ! prejudices ( !        
b\rgeois class1 are  inf]ior to ^?      
little b\rgeois ( #ahcj & #ahdh :o at   
lea/ 7  n afraid ( gunp[d]2 !y h n _! _s
 ( combativ5ess1  !y are true           
imbeciles1--if we re/ore to ?is ^w its  
orig9al ,lat9  mean+ ( unsuit$ = w>4    
,)\t resi/ance !y endure rebuffs &      
wrongs & !y d n ?9k ( unit+1 ( organiz+ 
!mselves to  def5d _! int]e/s & give    
battle to capital on ! economic field4  
,! intellectual prolet>iat z we "k x is 
a rec5t gr[?1 x has  especially develop$
 9 ! la/ =ty ye>s4 ,:5 aft] ! amne/y (  
! condemn$ ( ! ,commune1 we began aga9 !
 sociali/ propag&a1  believ+ t x w\ld be
 easy to draw ! intellectuals into !    
movem5t we took up our dwell+ 9 _!      
cultur$ ,lat9 qu>t]1  ,guesde tak+ up 8 
resid5ce 9 ! ,rue de la ,pitie1         
,vaillant 9 !  ,rue ,monge & ,i 9 !     

,b\lev>d de ,port ,royal4 ,we became    
acqua9t$  ) hundr$s ( "y m51 /ud5ts (   
law1 ( m$ic9es1 ( !  sci5ces1 b y c c\nt
 on y\r f+]s ^? :om we br\ght into  !   
sociali/ camp4 ,our ideas attract$ !m "o
 day1 b ! next day  ! w9d blew f ano!r  
qu>t] & turn$ _! heads4    ,an honorable
 m]*ant ( ,bordeaux1 a prom95t memb] ( !
 municipal  c\ncil1 said 9 ! "t ( !     
empire to my fa!r1 :o 0 di/urb$  ov] my 
socialism3    ,fri5d ,laf>gue1 y mu/ let
 y\? take its c\rse2 ,i 0 a sociali/  :5
 ,i /udi$ at ,p>is1 ,i 0 connect$ ) !   
secret societies  & ,i took "p 9 !      
movem5t = dem&+ ( ,l\is ,philippe !     
p>don ( ,b>bes4 ,! "y m5 ( our age turn 
quickly1 let !m get  back to _! homes & 
!y develop prom95t abdom5s & become     
reaction>ies4    ,we welcom$ joyfully ! 
entrance ( ,jaures into socialism2 we   
?\ght  t ! new =m :i* he br\ght to our  
propag&a w\ld make x  p5etrate into     
circles t we _h n be5 able to t\*4 ,he  
has  9 fact made a decid$ impression on 
! univ]sity circle1 & we  owe x 9 "p to 

him t ! nursl+s ( ! ,ecole ,normale h   
ideas reg>d+ ! social movem5t :i* are a 
little less absurd  & =mless ?an ^? )   
:i* _! le>n+ & intellig5ce  h hi!rto be5
 cont5t$4 ,lately1 jo9+ =ces ) ! radical
  politicians :o _h lo/ _! work+-class  
foll[+1 !y h  invad$ ! sociali/ p>ty4   
,_! s\ls ov]fl[ ) ! pure/  int5tions2 if
 _! peaceful habits prev5t !m f ?r[+    
!mselves into ! conflict1 & if _! l(ty  
culture =bids !m  to take _! place 9 !  
ranks ( ! comrades1 !y nev]!less        
condesc5d to in/ruct u 9 e?ics1 to poli%
 (f our ignorance1 to  tea* u h[ to ?9k1
 to (f] u su* crumbs ( sci5ce z we may  
be  able to dige/1 & to direct u2 !y    
mode/ly (f] !mselves to u  z lead]s &   
s*oolma/]s4    ,^! intellectuals :o h   
sp5t _! y\? 9 ! univ]sity  t !y might   
become exp]ts on ex]cises1 poli%]s (    
phrases1  philosoph]s or doctors1 imag9e
 "o c improvise himself into a  ma/] ( !
 sociali/ !ory by att5d+ a s+le lecture 
or by !  c>eless read+ ( a s+le         
pamphlet4 ,naturali/s :o _h felt !  ne$ 

( pa9ful rese>* to le>n ! habits (      
mollusks or ( !  polyps :o live 9 a     
community on ! coral banks1 ?9k t !y "k 
en\gh to regulate human societies1 & t  
by keep+ _! /&  on ! fir/ /eps ( !      
asc5d+ ladd] ( animal life !y c  ! bett]
 disc]n ! human ideal4 ,! philosoph]s1 !
 morali/s1  ! hi/orians & ! politicians 
h aims equally l(ty2 !y br+  an abundant
 supply ( ideas & a new me?od ( action  
to replace !  imp]fect !ory & tactics   
:i* 9 all capitali/ c\ntries h  s]v$ to 
build up sociali/ p>ties /rong 9 numb]s1
 unity &  discipl9e4    ,! class /ruggle
 is out ( fa%ion1 decl>e ^! pr(essors ( 
socialism4 ,c a l9e ( dem>cation be     
drawn betwe5 classes8 ,d n  ! work+ p h 
sav+s bank acc\nts ( #bj1 #dj & #ajj1   
br++ !m #ej c5ts1 #a4ej & #c4jj ( int]e/
 ye>ly8 ,is x n  true t ! directors &   
manag]s ( m9es1 railroads & f9ancial    
h\ses are wage-work]s1 hav+ _! functions
 & duties 9 !  ent]prises :i* !y manage 
= ! acc\nt ( capitali/s8 ,!  argum5t is 
unansw]able1 b by ! same tok5 !re is no 

vegetable  k+dom nor animal k+dom       
because we c n sep>ate !m )  an ax1 z x 
71 = ! reason t at _! po9ts ( contact1  
vegetables & animals m]ge into ea* o!r4 
,!re is no long] any  day or any night  
because ! sun does n appe> on ! horizon 
at !  same mom5t all ov] ! e>?1 &       
because x is day at ! antipodes  :ile x 
is night "h4    ,! conc5tration (       
capital8 ,a worn-out tune ( #ahej4 ,!   
corporations  by _! /ocks & bonds p>cel 
out prop]ty & di/ribute x among  all !  
citiz5s4 ,h[ bl9d$ we 7 by our          
sect>ianism :5 we  ?\ght t ?is new =m ( 
prop]ty1 ess5tially capitali/ic1  0     
enabl+ ! f9anci]s to plunge _! ?iev+ h&s
 into !  smalle/ purses1 to extract !   
la/ pieces ( silv]4    ,! pov]ty ( !    
work+ class6 ,b x is dim9i%+ & soon w   
disappe> ?r\gh ! con/ant increase (     
wages1 :ile int]e/  on money is         
con/antly dim9i%+2 "s f9e day x w desc5d
  to z]o & ! b\rgeois w be ov]joy$ to   
(f] _! belov$  capital on ! alt> (      
socialism4 ,t to-morr[ or ! day aft]  ! 

capitali/ w be =c$ to "w1 is ! pr$iction
 ( ,mr4  ,waldeck-,r\sseau4 ,& !re are  
intellectuals ^: condition gr[s  worse 9
 proportion z capitalism develops1 :o   
are /ultifi$ by !  utt]ances ( !        
employ]s to a po9t :]e !y affirm t !    
position ( wage-work]s is improv+1 & !re
 are intellectuals  :o assume to possess
 "s k ( political economy1 :o affirm  t 
int]e/ on money is rapidly dim9i%+4     
,c\ld ^! re=m]s  ( socialism p]*ance be 
ignorant t ,adam ,smi? calculat$ at !   
end ( ! eighte5? c5tury t #c p] c5t 0 ! 
normal int]e/  ( capital runn+ no risk1 
& t ! f9anci]s ( our own epo*  consid] t
 x is /ill ar\nd #c p] c5t t ! int]e/   
rate  mu/ fluctuate4 ,if a few ye>s ago 
?is rate seem$ to fall bel[ #b  p] c5t1 
x has ris5 today above #c p] c5t4       
,capital is m]*&ise1  l intellectual    
capacities & c>rots2 z su* x is subject 
to  ! fluctuations ( supply & dem&4 ,x 0
 !n m (f]$ ?an  dem&$1 :]eas s9ce !     
developm5t ( ! indu/rial plant (        
,russia1 s9ce ! op5+ ( ,*9a to ,european

 exploitation1 etc41 !  ov]-supply (    
capital has be5 absorb$ & its price     
rises ) its  sc>city4 ,b ! intellectuals
 h too _m trifles to ?9k ( &  too _m    
h>moni\s phrases to con/ruct = giv+ any 
?\ght to  economic ph5om5a4 ,!y take =  
/]l+ tru?s all ! lies ( !  capitali/s1 &
 repeat ) pi\s conviction ! old litanies
 ( !  or?odox economic *ur*3 ,!re are no
 classes1 weal? is com+ to be  di/ribut$
 m & m equitably1 ! work]s are gr[+ ri*]
 &  ^? liv+ on incomes are gr[+ poor]1 &
 ! capitali/ society  is ! be/ ( all    
possible societies2 ^! tru?s %9e =? l   
suns & none b p>tisans & my/ics c d5y   
!m4    ,^! intellectuals propose to     
modify ! tactics z well z !  !ories ( ! 
sociali/ p>ty2 !y wi% to impose ^u x a  
new  me?od ( action4 ,x mu/ no long]    
/rive to conqu] ! public p[]s  by a     
great /ruggle1 legal or revolution>y z  
ne$ may be1 b let  itself be conqu]$ by 
e m9i/ry ( a republican coalition2 x is 
no long] to oppose ! sociali/ p>ty to   
all ! b\rgeois p>ties2  :at is ne$$ is  

to put x at ! s]vice ( ! lib]al p>ty2 we
  mu/ no long] organize x = ! class     
/ruggle1 b keep x ready  = all !        
compromises ( politicians4 ,& to fur!r !
 triumph (  ! new me?od ( action1 !y    
propose to disorganize ! sociali/  p>ty1
 to break up its old sy/ems & to demoli%
 ! organizations  :i* = tw5ty ye>s h    
labor$ to give ! work]s a s5se (  _!    
class int]e/s & to gr\p !m 9 a p>ty (   
economic &  political /ruggle4    ,b !  
intellectuals w lose _! labors2 ?us f>  
!y h only  succe$$ 9 draw+ clos] ! ties 
unit+ ! sociali/s ( !  diff]5t          
organizations1 & 9 mak+ !mselves        
ridicul\s4    ,! intellectuals ought to 
h be5 ! fir/ ( all ! v>i\s  gr\ps to    
revolt aga9/ capitali/ society1 9 :i* !y
 occupy  a subord9ate position s little 
9 keep+ ) _! hopes &  _! tal5ts1 b !y d 
n ev5 und]/& x2 !y h su* a  confus$ idea
 ( x t ,augu/e ,comte1 ,r5an1 & o!rs m  
or less  di/+ui%$ h *]i%$ ! dream (     
reviv+ = _! b5efit an  ari/ocracy copi$ 
aft] ! model ( ! ,*9ese m&>9 sy/em4 ,su*

  an idea is a reflection ( pa/ ages 9  
_! heads1 = no?+ is  9 m absolute       
opposition ) ! mod]n social movem5t ?an 
su*  pret5sions4 ,! intellectuals 9     
previ\s /ates ( society =m$  a _w       
outside & above t ( production1 hav+    
*>ge only (  education1 ( ! direction ( 
religi\s wor%ip1 & ( ! political        
adm9i/ration4    ,! me*anic indu/ry ( ^!
 societies comb9e 9 ! same produc]1     
manual labor & intellectual labor2 x 0 =
 example ! same  cab9etmak] :o design$ &
 execut$ ! piece ( furniture1 :o  b\ght 
its fir/ mat]ial & :o ev5 und]took its  
sale4 ,capitali/  production has divorc$
 two functions :i* once 7 indissolubly  
unit$2 on ! "o side x puts ! manual     
work]s1 :o become m  & m s]vants ( !    
ma*9e1 & on ! o!r ! intellectual        
work]s1 eng9e]s1 *emi/s1 manag]s1 etc4  
,b ^! two categories  ( work]s1 h[ev]   
diff]5t & contr>y !y may be 9 _!        
education & habits1 are weld$ toge!r1 to
 ! po9t t a  capitali/ indu/ry c n be   
c>ri$ on )\t manual labor]s any  m ?an  

)\t intellectual wage-work]s4    ,unit$ 
9 production1 unit$ "u ! yoke (         
capitali/ exploitation1  unit$ !y %\ld  
be also 9 revolt aga9/ ! common enemy4  
,!  intellectuals1 if !y und]/ood _! own
 real int]e/s w\ld come  9 cr[ds to     
socialism1 n ?r\gh philan?ropy1 n ?r\gh 
pity =  ! mis]ies ( ! work]s1 n ?r\gh   
affectation & snobb]y1  b to save       
!mselves1 to assure ! future welf>e ( _!
 wives  & *ildr51 to fulfill _! duty to 
_! class4 ,!y ought to be  a%am$ ( be+  
left beh9d 9 ! social battle by _!      
comrades 9  ! manual category4 ,!y h _m 
?+s to tea* !m1 b !y h  /ill mu* to le>n
 f !m2 ! work+m5 h a practical s5se     
sup]ior to !irs1 & h giv5 pro( ( an     
in/9ctive intuition  ( ! communi/       
t5d5cies ( mod]n capitalism :i* is lack+
 to  ! intellectuals1 :o h only be5 able
 by a consci\s m5tal ef=t  to arrive at 
?is conception4 ,if only !y _h und]/ood 
_! own  int]e/s1 !y w\ld long s9ce h    
turn$ aga9/ ! capitali/  class !        
education :i* x has g5]\sly di/ribut$ 9 

ord]  bett] to exploit !m2 !y w\ld h    
utiliz$ _! intellectual  capacities1 :i*
 are enri*+ _! ma/]s1 z s _m improv$    
weapons to fight capitalism & to conqu] 
! fre$om ( _! class1  ! wage-work+      
class4    ,capitali/ production1 :i* has
 ov]?r[n ! old conditions ( life  & (   
"w1 has elaborat$ new =ms1 :i* already c
 be disc]n$  )\t sup]natural vision1 b  
:i* to ! intellectuals rema9  seal$ "u  
sev5 seals4 ,"o ( ! lead+ lights (      
intellectualism1  ,m4 ,durkheim1 9 8    
book1 ,! ,division ( ,labor1 :i* made "s
  noise 9 univ]sity circles1 c n        
conceive ( society except on  ! social  
patt]n ( anci5t ,egypt1 ea* labor]      
rema9+1 8 life  ?r\gh1 p5n$ up 9 "o s+le
 trade4 ,h[ev]1 unless "o is s          
un=tunate z to be affect$ by ! hopeless 
ne>-sight$ness ( !  ,ecole ,normale1 "o 
c n help see+ t ! ma*9e is suppress+    
trades1 "o aft] ! o!r1 9 a way to let   
only "o survive1 t  ( ! ma*9i/1 & t :5 x
 has f9i%$ its revolution>y  "w :i* !   
sociali/s w complete by revolutioniz+   

capitali/  society1 ! produc] ( !       
communi/ society w pl[ & s[ )  ! ma*9e  
today1 w sp91 w turn wood or poli% /eel 
to-morr[1  & w ex]cise 9 turn all !     
trades to ! great] pr(it ( 8  heal? & 8 
intellig5ce4    ,! indu/rial            
applications ( me*anics1 *emi/ry &      
physics1  :i*1 monopoliz$ by capital1   
oppress ! work]1 w1 :5 !y  %all be      
common prop]ty1 emancipate man f toil & 
give him leisure  & lib]ty4             
,me*anical production1 :i* "u capitali/ 
direction c only buffet  ! work] back & 
=? f p]iods ( ov]-"w to p]iods (  en=c$ 
idl5ess1 w :5 develop$ & regulat$ by a  
communi/  adm9i/ration1 require f !     
produc]1 to provide = ! normal  ne$s (  
society1 only a maximum day ( two or    
?ree h\rs 9 !  work%op1 & :5 ?is "t (   
necess>y social labor is fulfill$ he  w 
be able to enjoy freely ! physical &    
intellectual pleasures (  life4    ,!   
arti/ !n w pa9t1 w s+1 w dance1 ! writ] 
w  write1 ! musician w compose op]as1 ! 
philosoph] w build  sy/ems1 ! *emi/ w   

analyze sub/ances n to ga9 money1 to    
receive a sal>y1 b to des]ve applause1  
to w9 laurel wrea?s1 l  ! conqu]ors at !
 ,olympic games1 b to satisfy _! arti/ic
 &  sci5tific passion2 = "o does n dr9k 
a glass ( *ampagne or kiss  ! woman he  
loves = ! b5efit ( ! gall]y4 ,! arti/ & 
!  sci5ti/ may !n repeat ! en?usia/ic   
words ( ,kepl]1 t h]o  ( sci5ce3 ,!     
elector ( ,saxony ) all 8 weal? c n     
equal  ! pleasure ,i h felt 9 compos+ ! 
,my/]ium ,cosmographicum4    ,w n !     
intellectuals end by he>+ ! voice ( !   
sociali/  call+ !m to ! rescue1 to      
emancipate sci5ce & art f !  capitali/  
yoke1 to lib]ate ?\ght f ! slav]y (     
comm]cialism8      ,,footnotes3    #ca  
,ev] s9ce ! ,fr5* ,revolution ! law has 
requir$ ! words  ,lib]t4 ,egalit4       
,frat]nit4 to be plac$ ov] ! door ( e   
public build+ 9 ,france4--,translator4  
#cb ,x is a well-kn[n fact t 9 !        
,am]ican e/abli%m5ts (  ^! & simil>     
companies ea* workman be=e receiv+      
employm5t  mu/ sign pap]s transf]r+ to !

 corporation ! title to all  inv5tions  
made by him :ile 9 its                  
s]vice4--,translator4          ,,!      
,,bankruptcy ,,( ,,capitalism      ,!   
n9ete5? c5tury 0 ! c5tury ( capitalism4 
,capitalism  fill$ t c5tury to ov]fl[+ )
 its comm]ce1 its indu/ry1  its mann]s1 
its fa%ions1 its lit]ature1 its art1 its
 sci5ce1  its philosophy1 its religion1 
its politics & its civil code1 m        
univ]sal ?an ! laws impos$ by ,rome ^u !
 nations ( ! anci5t  _w4 ,! capitali/   
movem5t1 />t+ f ,engl&1 ! ,unit$  ,/ates
 & ,france1 has %ak5 ! f\ndations (     
,europe & ( !  _w4 ,x has =c$ ! old     
feudal mon>*ies ( ,au/ria & ,g]many  & !
 b>b>ic despotism ( ,russia to put      
!mselves 9 l9e2 & 9  ^! la/ days x has  
gone into ! extreme ,ea/1 into ,japan1  
:]e  x has ov]?r[n ! feudal sy/em &     
implant$ ! indu/ry & !  politics (      
capitalism4    ,capitalism has tak5     
possession ( our planet2 its fleets br+ 
toge!r ! cont95ts :i* oceans _h sep>at$2
 its railroads1  spann+ m\nta9s &       

des]ts1 furr[ ! e>?2 ! electric wires1  
! n]v\s sy/em ( ! globe1 b9d all nations
 toge!r1 & _!  palpitations rev]b]ate 9 
! great c5t]s ( population4 ,n[ =  !    
fir/ "t !re is a contempor>y hi/ory ( ! 
_w4 ,ev5ts 9  ,au/ralia1 ! ,transvaal1  
,*9a1 are kn[n 9 ,london1 ,p>is1 ,new   
,york1  at ! mom5t !y are br\ght ab\t1  
precisely z if !y happ5$ 9  ! outskirts 
( ! city :]e ! news is publi%$4         
,civiliz$ nations live (f ! products ( !
 :ole e>?4 ,egypt1  ,india1 ,l\isiana1  
furni% ! cotton1 ,au/ralia ! wool1      
,japan !  silk1 ,*9a ! tea1 ,brazil !   
c(fee1 ,new ,zeal& & ! ,unit$  ,/ates ! 
meat & gra94 ,! capitali/ c>ries 9 8    
/oma* & on  8 back ! spoils ( ! univ]se4
    ,! /udy ( natural ph5om5a has       
und]gone an unprec$5t$1 an  unhe>d-(1   
developm5t4 ,new sci5ces1 geology1      
*emi/ry1 physics1  etc41 h aris54 ,!    
indu/rial application ( ! =ces ( nature 
& ( ! discov]ies ( sci5ce has tak5 on a 
/ill m />tl+  developm5t2 "s ( !        
geometrical discov]ies ( ! sci5ti/s  (  

,alex&ria1 two ?\s& ye>s old1 h = ! fir/
 "t be5  utiliz$4    ,! production (    
ma*9e indu/ry c provide = all dem& & m4 
,! me*anical application ( ! =ces (     
nature has increas$ man's  productive   
=ces t5fold1 a hundr$fold4 ,a few h\rs' 
daily labor1  furni%$ by ! able-bodi$   
memb]s ( ! nation1 w\ld produce  en\gh  
to satisfy ! mat]ial & intellectual ne$s
 ( all4    ,b :at has come ( ! colossal 
& wond]ful developm5t ( sci5ce1  indu/ry
 & comm]ce 9 ! n9ete5? c5tury8 ,has x   
made humanity  /rong]1 heal?i]1 happi]8 
,has x giv5 leisure to ! produc]s8  ,has
 x br\ght com=t & cont5tm5t to ! p8     
,nev] has "w be5 s prolong$1 s exhau/+1 
s injuri\s to man's  body & s fatal to 8
 intellig5ce4 ,nev] has ! indu/rial     
labor  :i* und]m9es heal?1 %ort5s life &
 />ves ! intellect be5  s g5]al1 be5    
impos$ on su* ev]-gr[+ masses ( labor]s4
 ,!  m51 wom5 & *ildr5 ( ! prolet>iat   
are b5t "u ! iron yoke  ( ma*9e indu/ry4
 ,pov]ty is _! rew>d :5 !y "w1 />vation 
:5 !y lose _! jobs4    ,9 =m] /ages (   

society1 fam9e appe>$ only :5 ! e>?     
refus$ h] h>ve/s4 ,9 capitali/ society1 
fam9e sits at ! he>?  ( ! work+ class :5
 gran>ies & cell>s bur/ ) ! fruits  ( ! 
e>?1 & :5 ! m>ket is gorg$ ) ! products 
(  indu/ry4    ,all ! toil1 all !       
production1 all ! suff]+ ( ! work+      
class has b s]v$ to height5 its physical
 & m5tal de/itution1  to drag x d[n f   
pov]ty into wret*$ness4    ,capitalism1 
controll+ ! means ( production & direct+
 !  social & political life ( a c5tury (
 sci5ce & indu/ry1 has  become bankrupt4
 ,! capitali/s h n ev5 prov$ compet5t1 l
  ! own]s ( *attel slaves1 to gu>antee  
to _! toil]s ! "w to  provide _!        
mis]able livelihood2 capitalism massacr$
 !m :5 !y  d>$ dem& ! "r to "w--a       
slave's "r4#cc    ,! capitali/ class has
 also made a failure ( itself4 ,x has   
seiz$  ^u ! social weal? to enjoy x1 &  
nev] 0 ! rul+ class m  incapable (      
enjoym5t4 ,! newly ri*1 ^? :o h built up
 _!  =tunes by accumulat+ ! fil*+s f    
labor1 live l /rang]s  9 ! mid/ ( luxury

 & arti/ic treasures1 ) :i* !y surr\nd  
!mselves ?r\gh a fooli% vanity1 to pay  
homage to _! millions4    ,! lead+      
capitali/s1 ! millionaires &            
billionaires1 are  sad specim5s ( !     
human race1 useless & hurtful4 ,! m>k ( 
deg5]acy is ^u !m4 ,_! sickly (fspr+ are
 old at bir?4 ,_!  organs are sapp$ )   
diseases4 ,exquisite meats & w9es load  
d[n  _! tables1 b ! /oma* refuses to    
dige/ !m2 wom5 exp]t 9  love p]fume _!  
c\*es ) y\? & beauty1 b _! s5ses are    
be-numb$4 ,!y own palatial dwell+s 9    
en*ant+ sites1 & !y  h no eyes1 no feel+
 = joyful nature1 ) its et]nal y\?  &   
*ange4 ,sat$ & disgu/$ ) ev]y?+1 !y are 
foll[$  ev]y:]e by ennui z by _! %ad[s4 
,!y yawn at ris+ & :5  !y g to b$2 !y   
yawn at _! fe/s & at _! orgies4 ,!y     
began yawn+ 9 _! "m's womb4    ,!       
pessimism :i*1 9 ! wake ( capitali/     
prop]ty1 made its  appe>ance 9 anci5t   
,greece six c5turies be=e ,jesus ,*ri/1 
&  :i* has s9ce =m$ ! f\ndation ( !     
moral & religi\s  philosophy ( !        

capitali/ class1 became ! lead+         
*>act]i/ic  ( ! philosophy ( ! second   
half ( ! n9ete5? c5tury4 ,!  pessimism (
 ,!ognis sprang f ! unc]ta9ties &       
vicissitudes (  life 9 ! ,greek cities1 
torn by ! p]petual w>s betwe5 ri* &     
poor2 ! pessimism ( ! capitali/ is !    
bitt] fruit ( satiety1  ennui & !       
impov]i%m5t ( ! blood4    ,! capitali/  
class is fall+ into its second *ildhood2
 its  decreptitude appe>s 9 its         
lit]ature1 n[ return+ to its  />t+ po9t4
 ,romantic lit]ature1 ! lit]>y =m prop] 
to !  capitali/ class1 :i* />t$ out ) ! 
romantic ,*ri/ianity  ( ,*ateaubri&1 is 
return+ to ! same po9t1 aft] pass+      
?r\gh ! hi/orical novel & ! "* novel4   
7,witness 9 ?is  c\ntry ! imm5se sale ( 
,b5 ,hur & its imitators4--,translator47
  ,capitalism1 :i* 9 its virile &       
combative y\? 9 ! eighte5?  c5tury _h   
wi%$ to emancipate itself f ,*ri/ianity1
 resigns  itself 9 its old age to       
practices ( ! grosse/ sup]/ition4    ,! 
capitali/ class1 bankrupt1 old1 useless 

& hurtful1 has f9i%$  its hi/oric       
mission2 x p]si/s z rul+ class only     
?r\gh its  acquir$ mom5tum4 ,!          
prolet>iat ( ! tw5tie? c5tury w  execute
 ! decree ( hi/ory2 w drive x f its     
position (  social control4 ,!n !       
/up5d\s "w 9 sci5ce & indu/ry           
accompli%$ by civiliz$ humanity1 at !   
price ( su* toil &  suff]+1 w eng5d]    
peace & happ9ess2 !n w ?is vale (  te>s 
be trans=m$ into an e>?ly p>adise4      
,,footnote3    #cc ,i allude to ! ,days 
( ,june1 #ahdh4 ,! ,insurg5ts dem&$ !   
,"r to ,"w4          ,,! ,,woman ,,"q   
,! b\rgeois has ?\ght & /ill ?9ks t     
woman ought to  rema9 at home & devote  
h] activity to sup]vis+ & direct+  !    
h\sekeep+1 c>+ = h] husb&1 & manufactur+
 &  n\ri%+ *ildr54 ,ev5 ,x5ophon1 at !  
"t :5 ! b\rgeoisie  0 newly born & 0    
tak+ its %ape 9 anci5t society1 trac$  !
 ma9 outl9es ( ?is ideal ( woman4 ,b if 
?r\gh ! c\rse  ( c5turies1 ?is ideal may
 h appe>$ reasonable1 because x         
correspond$ to economic conditions :i*  

prevail$1 x is no long]  any?+ m ?an an 
ideological survival1 s9ce ^! conditions
 h  ceas$ to exi/4    ,! dome/ication ( 
woman presupposes t %e fulfills 9 !     
h\sehold c]ta9 num]\s functions :i*     
absorb all h] en]gy2 n[1  ! mo/         
important & ! mo/ exact+ ( ^! dome/ic   
labors--!  sp9n+ ( wool & l951 ! cutt+ &
 mak+ up ( clo?+1  laundry "w1 bak+1    
etc41--are c>ri$ on by capitali/ic      
indu/ry4  ,x fur!rmore presupposes t man
 by 8 contribution to ! family  capital 
& 8 e>n+s provides = ! mat]ial ne$s ( ! 
family2 n[1 among ! com=table           
b\rgeoisie1 m>riage is z mu* an         
association ( capitals#cd z a union (   
p]sons & (t5 ! capital  contribut$ by ! 
wife exce$s t ( ! husb&1 & 9 ! small    
b\rgeoisie ! ga9s ( ! fa!r ( ! family h 
fall5 s l[  t ! *ildr51--girls z well z 
boys1--are compell$ to e>n _!  liv+ 9   
bus9ess1 railroad (fices1 banks1 tea*+1 
civil s]vice  positions1 etc41 :ile x   
(t5 happ5s t ! "y wife cont9ues  to "w  
outside 9 ord] to help out ! res\rces ( 

! h\sekeep+1  :5 ! e>n+s ( ! husb& d n  
suffice to cov] ! exp5ses4    ,!        
daught]s & wives ( ! small b\rgeoisie1 z
 well z ^?  ( ! work+ class1 ?us ent]   
into competition ) _! fa!r1  bro!rs &   
husb&4 ,?is economic antagonism1 :i* !  
b\rgeoisie  _h prev5t$ f develop+ by    
conf9+ ! wife to ! family  dwell+1 is   
becom+ g5]al & is int5sifi$ 9 proportion
 z  capitali/ic production develops2 x  
invades ! fields ( ! lib]al             
pr(essions--m$ic9e1 law1 lit]ature1     
j\rnalism1 ! sci5ces1  etc41--:]e man _h
 res]v$ = himself a monopoly1 :i* he    
imag9$  0 to be et]nal4 ,! labor]s1 z is
 always ! case1 h be5 !  fir/ to draw ! 
logical consequ5ces ( ! p>ticipation (  
woman  9 social production2 !y h replac$
 ! ideal ( ! artisan1--!  wife :o is    
no?+ b a h\sekeep]1--by a new           
ideal1--woman z a  companion 9 _!       
economic & political /ruggles = ! rais+ 
(  wages & ! emancipation ( labor4    ,!
 b\rgeois has n yet succe$$ 9 und]/&+ t 
8 ideal  is already long s9ce out ( date

 & t x mu/ be remodel$  to correspond to
 ! new conditions ( ! social environm5t2
  nev]!less s9ce ! fir/ half ( ! n9ete5?
 c5tury ! ladies  ( ! b\rgeoisie h begun
 to prote/ aga9/ _! inf]ior  position 9 
! family1 s mu* ! m intol]able 9 t _!   
d[ry plac$ !m on a foot+ ( equality ) ! 
husb&2 !y  rebell$ aga9/ ! dome/ic      
slav]y & ! p>simoni\s life to  :i* !y 7 
condemn$1 z well z ! deprivation (      
intellectual  & mat]ial enjoym5ts :i* 0 
impos$ ^u !m2 ! bold] ones  w5t s f> z  
to dem& free love & to ally !mselves ) !
  utopian sects :i* prea*$ !            
emancipation ( woman4#ce ,!  philosoph]s
 & ! morali/s _h ! simplicity to believe
 t !y  w\ld /op ! woman movem5t by      
oppos+ to x ! sacr$ int]e/  ( ! family1 
:i* !y decl>$ c\ld n survive )\t !      
subjection ( woman to ! labors ( !      
h\sehold1 ! sew+ on  ( %irt buttons1 !  
m5d+ ( hose1 etc41 h] duty 0 to devote  
h]self to ^! obscure & ?ankless labors1 
9 ord] t man  might freely unfold &     
display 8 brilliant & sup]ior faculties4

  ,^! same philosoph]s1 :o lectur$ !    
rebelli\s ladies on !  cult ( ! family1 
sang ! praises ( capitali/ indu/ry1 :i*1
  by =c+ ! wife away f ! dome/ic he>? & 
h] *ild's  cradle to condemn h] to ! =c$
 labor ( ! factory1 de/roys !           
work+-class family4    ,! b\rgeois      
ladies laugh$ at ! s]mons1 equally      
imbecile &  e?ical1 ( ^! solemn         
philosoph]s2 !y kept on _! way &  atta9$
 ! end !y set = !mselves2 l ! patrician 
lady (  anci5t ,rome & ! c\ntess ( !    
eighte5? c5tury1 !y ?rew  (f ! c>es (   
h\sekeep+ & ( ! nurs+ ( ! *ild ^u       
m]c5>ies1 t !y might devote !mselves    
:olly to ! toilet1  t !y might be ! mo/ 
luxuri\sly array$ dolls 9 ! capitali/   
_w & 9 ord] to make bus9ess move4 ,!    
daught]s & wives (  ,am]ican plutocracy 
h atta9$ ! extreme limits ( ?is sort (  
emancipation2 !y are trans=m+ _! fa!rs &
 husb&s into  accumulators ( millions1  
:i* !y squ&] madly4 ,s9ce ! toilet  does
 n exhau/ ! entire activity ( ! ladies (
 capitalism1 !y  f9d amusem5t 9 break+ !

 m>riage contract 9 ord] to ass]t  _!   
indep5d5ce & improve ! race4 ,!         
,communi/ ,manife/o  rem>ks t !         
innum]able divorce suits 9 :i* adult]y  
is alleg$  are indisputable pro(s ( !   
respect inspir$ 9 ! b\rgeois (  bo?     
sexes by ! sacr$ bonds ( m>riage :i* !  
lic5ti\s  sociali/s talk ( loos5+4      
,:5 ! daught]s & wives ( ! small        
b\rgeoisie1 oblig$ to  e>n _! liv+ & to 
increase ! res\rces ( ! family1 began   
to invade ! /ores1 ! (fices1 ! civil    
s]vice & ! lib]al  pr(essions1 !        
b\rgeois 7 seiz$ ) anxiety = _! means  (
 exi/5ce already s r$uc$2 fem99e        
competition w\ld r$uce  !m /ill fur!r4  
,! intellectuals :o took up ! def5se ( !
  males1 ?\ght x prud5t n to />t afre% )
 ! e?ical s]mons  :i* _h misc>ri$ s     
pite\sly 9 ! case ( ! weal?y b\rgeois   
ladies2--!y appeal$ to sci5ce2 !y       
demon/rat$ by reasons :i*  7 irrefutable
 & l(tily sci5tific t woman _c em]ge f  
! occupations ( h\sekeep+ )\t violat+ ! 
laws ( nature  & hi/ory4 ,!y prov$ to _!

 complete satisfaction t woman  is an   
inf]ior be+1 incapable ( receiv+ a high]
 intellectual  education & ( furni%+ !  
comb9ation ( att5tion1 en]gy &  agility 
dem&$ by ! pr(essions 9 :i* %e 0 ent]+  
into  competition ) man4 ,h] bra91 less 
volum9\s1 less heavy & less  complex ?an
 t ( man1 is a *ild's bra94 ,h] less    
develop$  muscles h n ! /r5g? = attack &
 = resi/ance2 !  bones ( h] =e>m1 h]    
pelvis1 h] femur1 & 9 fact all h]       
osse\s1 muscul> & n]v\s sy/em d n p]mit 
h] to und]take  m ?an ! r\t9e ( !       
h\sehold4 ,nature design$ h] 9 all h]   
organization to be ! s]vant ( man1 j z !
 odi\s god ( !  ,jews & ,*ri/ians m>k$  
out ! race ( ,ham = slav]y4    ,hi/ory  
contribut$ its />tl+ confirmation ( ^!  
ultra  sci5tific tru?s2 ! philosoph]s & 
! hi/orians affirm$ t  always & ev]y:]e 
! wife1 subord9ate to ! man1 _h be5  %ut
 up 9 ! h\se1 9 ! woman's ap>tm5ts2 if  
su* _h be5 h]  lot 9 ! pa/1 su* 0 to be 
h] de/9y 9 ! future1 0 !  positive      
decl>ation ( ,augu/e ,comte1 ! pr(\nde/ 

( b\rgeois  philosoph]s4 ,lombroso1 !   
illu/ri\s com$ian1 w5t him "o bett]3  he
 s]i\sly decl>$ t social /ati/ics       
proclaim$ ! inf]iority  ( woman1 s9ce ! 
numb] ( female crim9als is bel[ t ( male
  crim9als2 :ile buri$ 9 ^! figures1 he 
might h add$ t !  /ati/ics ( insanity   
demon/rate ! same inf]iority4 ,?us we   
see  t e?ics1 anatomy1 physiology1      
social /ati/ics & hi/ory rivet$  =ev] ^u
 woman ! *a9s ( dome/ic s]vitude4       
,,ii4    ,ba*(51 ,morgan & a cr[d (     
an?ropologi/s h revis$ !  op9ion ( !    
hi/orians & philosoph]s ^u ! role play$ 
by  woman 9 ! pa/4 ,!y h %[n t ev]y:]e !
 pat]nal  family1 :i* subord9at$ woman  
to man1 _h be5 prec$$ by !  mat]nal     
family1 :i* gave ! fir/ place to woman4 
,! ,greek  language conta9s ! record (  
h] two conditions3 :ile ! ,sp>tans1     
among :om matri>*al cu/oms p]si/$1 /ill 
cont9u$ to call  h] despo9a1 ! mi/ress (
 ! h\se1 ! sov]eign1 ! o!r  ,greeks gave
 to ! wife ! "n dam>1 ! subdu$1 !       
vanqui%$4  ,! ,odyssey1 9 *>act]iz+     

,nausicaa1 says t %e is p>!nos  admes1 !
 girl n subdu$1 t is to say1 )\t a      
husb&1  )\t a ma/]4 ,! mod]n expression 
yoke ( m>riage pres]ves  ! anci5t idea4 
,hesiod1 9 opposition to ,hom]1 :o tells
 only ( patri>*al cu/oms1  pres]ves     
preci\s recollections ( ! matri>*al     
family2 he tells  u t :5 x exi/$ man1   
ev5 if he 7 a hundr$ ye>s old1  liv$ ) 8
 prud5t "m1--he 0 f$ 9 h] h\se l a great
  *ild4 7,works & ,days1 ,v4 #abi-acj47 
,x 0 n ! woman :o !n _h  ! *ild's bra91 
b ! man2 ev]y?+ seems 9 fact to prove  t
 h] intellig5ce 0 ! fir/ to develop4    
,?is intellectual  sup]iority caus$ h]  
to be deifi$ be=e man 9 ! primitive     
religions ( ,egypt1 ! ,indies1 ,asia &  
,greece1 & caus$ ! fir/  inv5tions ( !  
arts & trades1 ) ! exception ( metal    
work+1  to be attribut$ to goddesses & n
 to gods4 ,! ,muses1 orig9ally  ?ree 9  
numb]1 7 9 ,greece1 ev5 9 pref]5ce to   
,apollo1 !  goddesses ( poetry1 music & 
! dance4 ,isis1 "m ( corn e>s  & lady ( 
bread1 & ,demet]1 lawgiv]1 _h taught !  

,egyptians &  ,greeks ! tillage ( b>ley 
& :eat & made !m r5\nce _!              
an?ropophagic repa/s4 ,! woman appe>$ to
 ! pre-patri>*al man1  l ! ,g]mans :om  
,tacitus knew1 z hav+ )9 h]self some?+  
holy & provid5tial1 aliquid sanctum et  
providum 7,g]mania ,,viii74  ,h] prud5ce
 & =esight gave h] ?is div9e "*4 ,mu/ we
  conclude t ?is intellectual           
sup]iority1 :i* manife/$ itself  :5 !   
economic environm5t is rudim5t>y1 is a  
natural ph5om5on8    ,b1 9 any case1 x  
may be ass]t$ t ! vitality ( woman is   
sup]ior to t ( man4 ,! life insurance   
companies ( ! ,unit$  ,/ates1 ,engl& &  
,holl&1 :i* d n base _! calculation ^u  
sci5tific fairy tales ( ! intellectuals 
b ^u mortality tables1  pay woman an    
annuity bel[ t :i* !y give man1 because 
h]  probabilities ( dea? are less4 ,"h =
 example is ! annuity paid  = a capital 
( #a1jjj by ,am]ican & ,dut*            
companies3#cf                           
,new ,york4        ,holl&4      ,age4   
,m54    ,wom54    ,m54    ,wom54    #ej 

ye>s       #gf4dg   #fi4eg   #gf4hj     
#gc4fj    #fj ye>s        #ig4bd        
#hh4jc    #ih4ej    #ic4ej    #gj ye>s  
#acd4ca   #abb4dh   #adb4jj   #acf4gj   
#hj ye>s       #ahc4ie   #afh4jj        
#bbb4gj   #baa4gj    ,x may be object$ t
 man1 lead+ a m active life1 is m       
subject to accid5ts1 diseases1 & o!r    
causes ( dea?1 & t  consequ5tly !       
prolong$ life ( woman does n prove !    
high]  vitality ( h] organism1 b !      
advantages ( a life less subject to     
accid5t4    ,! answ] to ?is objection is
 f\nd 9 ! /ati/ics ( ! v>i\s  nations4  
,!re is 9 no c\ntry a p]fect equilibrium
 betwe5 !  numb] ( wom5 & t ( m52 =     
#a1jjj m5 !re are 9 ,belgium  #a1jje    
wom51 9 ,france #a1jad1 9 ,engl& #a1jfb1
 9 ,scotl& #a1jga &  9 ,norway #a1jia4  
,nev]!less 9 ^! c\ntries ) ! fem99e     
prepond]ance !re is an excess ( mascul9e
 bir?s3 ( ! :ole  ( ,we/]n ,europe = e  
#ajjj girls !re are born f #a1jdj to    
#a1jfj boys4 ,if1 9 spite ( ?is excess (
 mascul9e bir?s1 m  girls survive1 x is 

because ! great] mortality ( ! boys %[s 
! balance 9 favor ( ! girls2 & ?is high]
 mortality _c  be expla9$ by ! life (   
man be+ m subject to accid5t1 s9ce  x is
 obs]v$ at an e>ly age1 notably dur+ !  
fir/ two ye>s4  ,all ! diseases (       
*ildhood1 ) ! exception ( diph!ria &    
:oop+ c\gh1 are to a p]ceptible ext5t m 
fatal among boys ?an  among girls2 f z]o
 to five ye>s ! male sex is p>ticul>ly  
frail2 at all ages1 except betwe5 t5 &  
fifte5 ye>s1 ! male  mortality is 9     
excess ( ! female4    ,! sup]ior        
vitality ( ! female sex is also         
noticeable 9  ! great] ease ) :i* x     
builds up its organism4 ,m4 ,iribe1     
sup]9t5d5t ( ! sanit>ium ( ,h5daye1 to  
:i* are s5t ,p>isian  *ildr5 f ?ree to  
f\rte5 ye>s ( age1 :o are afflict$ )    
anaemia1 incipi5t tub]culosis1 scr(ula &
 rickets1 reports t at  ! "t ( _!       
dismissal1 at ! end ( six mon?s1 !      
progress 9  weight1 gir? & *e/          
developm5t is incomp>ably high] 9 !     
girls  ?an 9 ! boys1 ! increase 9 weight

 is d\ble & (t5 m4    ,! same /atem5t   
has be5 made by o!r sup]9t5d5ts (       
sanit>iums4 7,bullet9 ,m$ical1 ,no4 #ha1
 #aijc47    ,woman und5iably possesses a
 great] vitality ?an man4 ,m4 ,gu/av    
,loisel has made inquiry z to :e!r ?is  
diff]5ce exi/$ 9  embryonic life1 & :at 
may be its cause8 ,he has communicat$ ! 
results ( 8 inquiries to ! ,biological  
,society ( ,p>is1 :i*  publi%$ !m 9 its 
,bullet9 ( ,novemb] #f1 #aijc4    ,m4   
,loisel avail$ himself ( #gib weights & 
measurem5ts made ^u #gb  foetuses at !  
,mat]nity ,hospital ( ,p>is by ,c4 ,e4  
,leg\2#cg f  ! foll[+ weights ( !       
foetuses at ?ree1 f\r1 five & six  mon?s
 he obta9s ! foll[+ figures3            
,males4   ,females4   ,diff]5ces4       
,grammes4       ,grammes4    ,total     
weight       #aijh4ah   #agjh4aa        
#bjj4jg 9 favor ( males    ,kidneys     
#af4hg     #ag4ai     #b4fg 9 favor (   
males    ,sup]r5al gl&s     #e4ae       
#f4dc     #j4cb 9 favor ( females       
,liv]                #hh4ce     #if4ca  

#a4bh 9 favor ( females    ,sple5       
#b4ei      #b4ch     #g4ij 9 favor (    
females    ,?ymus                #c4hi  
#c4ig     #j4ba 9 favor ( males    ,he>t
                #aj4ig     #ab4fj       
#j4jh 9 favor ( females    ,lungs       
#dg4bi     #dd4fb     #a4fc 9 favor (   
females    ,bra9               #bcf4id  
#bce4ag     #a4ag 9 favor ( males    ,^!
 figures ?us %[ u1 says ,m4 ,loisel1 a  
prepond]ance already  exi/+ 9 favor ( ! 
females z reg>ds ! kidneys1 ! sup]r5al  
gl&s1 ! liv]1 ! ?ymus & ! he>t2 ?is     
pr$om9ance is !  m noticeable s9ce !    
total weight ( ! body is l>g] 9 !  male 
?an 9 ! female4    ,if n[ we take !     
relation betwe5 ! total weight & !      
weight (  ! organs :i* are heavie/ 9 !  
male1 we f9d t ! proportion  is /ill 9  
favor ( ! female3      ,,proportion ,,( 
,,total ,,weight4                       
,males4       ,females4    ,sple5   #a  
to #gcf       #a to #gah    ,lungs    #a
 to  #dj       #a to  #ch    ,bra9    #a
 to   #h       #a to   #g    ,! organs  

"h exam9$1 bra9 includ$1 are ?us        
absolutely or  relatively heavi] 9 !    
female foetus ?an 9 ! male foetus4      
,m4 ,loisel has also exam9$ into !      
proportion ( ! weights (  ! diff]5t     
organs to ! total weight accord+ to !   
age ( !  foetus4 ,he has prep>$ a table1
 f :i* ,i take only ! figures  conc]n+ !
 bra93                                  
,proportion (    ,,age         ,,total  
,,weight     weight ( bra9              
to total weight4               ,males   
,females    ,males   ,females           
,grammes  ,grammes    #c ,mon?s         
#eh4cc   #fe4if     #a_/f4e   #a_/g     
#d ,mon?s   #afg4be  #ahb4eh     #a_/g4c
   #a_/f4f    #e ,mon?s   #ccf4cc       
#bie4jj     #a_/g4f   #a_/g4e    #f     
,mon?s   #gcb4eh  #fcf4jj     #a_/h4c   
#a_/g4c    ,! weight ( ! male foetus1   
:i* is bel[ t ( ! female  foetus1 at    
?ree mon?s1 :5 ! sex has j be5 det]m9$1 
gr[s  m rapidly & ! proportion betwe5 ! 
weight is always to !  advantage ( !    
females f ! f\r? mon? on4    ,to sum up1

 says ,m4 ,loisel1 all ! organs are     
heavi] 9 ! female  foetus ?an 9 ! male  
foetus up to ab\t ! f\r? mon?4 ,!       
pr$om9ance !n passes ov] to ! male1 b   
only = ! lungs  & ! organs = sex-union1 
?us ! c>diac muscle always rema9s       
heavi] 9 ! female4 ,! organs :i* are (  
real s]vice to !  individual dur+ !     
embryonic life always rema9 m develop$ 9
  ! female sex4    ,if n[ we consid] t !
 diff]5ces 9 favor ( ! females are      
especially 9 ! liv]1 ! he>t1 ! sup]r5al 
gl&s & !  kidneys1 we %all come to !    
conclusion t ! great] vitality (  !     
female organisms corresponds to _! be+  
bett] n\ri%$ &  bett] purifi$4#ch       
,,iii4    ,! sup]ior organization       
possess$ by woman at bir?1 assur+ h]    
?r\gh\t h] life a mu* great] vitality1  
is probably dem&$  by ! "p %e plays 9 ! 
production ( ! species1 a "p  altoge!r m
 prolong$ & exhau/+ ?an t ( ! man :o1   
:5 f]tilization is accompli%$1 has no m 
to d1 :ile !n  ! travail ( woman beg9s1 
to cont9ue dur+ long mon?s1 ?r\gh       

pregnancy & aft] bir?4 ,! wom5 ( savage 
tribes suckle _!  *ildr5 = two ye>s & m4
 ,x sometimes happ5s t ! male  pays de> 
= 8 inutility2 aft] union1 ! bees kill !
 males1  & ! male spid] mu/ ha/ily take 
himself (f t he may n be  dev\r$ by !   
l>g] & /rong] female4 ,among ! ,sakawas1
 at  ! annual fea/ ( ,mylitta ,anaitis1 
!y sacrific$ at ,babylon !  h&some slave
 :o _h j unit$ ) ! prie/ess :o inc>nat$ 
! ,assyrian goddess4 ,?is bloody        
religi\s c]emonial mu/ h be5 a          
reproduction ( an ,amazonian cu/om4     
,! life ( savag]y & b>b>ism p]mits woman
 to develop h]  sup]iority f bir?2 ea*  
sex !re has its special function2 x  is 
! division ( labor 9 embryo4 ,! man1 ^: 
muscul> sy/em is  m develop$1 fights1   
hunts1 fi%es & sits d[n1 accord+ to !   
,au/ralian native1 he reg>ds all ! re/ z
 "u ! jurisdiction  ( woman1 ^: function
 puts bra9 activity into play at an     
e>li]  epo*4 ,%e has *>ge ( ! communal  
h\se1 :i* (t5 %elt]s a  clan ( m ?an "o 
hundr$ individuals2 %e prep>es clo?+ f  

sk9s & o!r raw mat]ials2 %e *>ges h]self
 ) ! cultivation  ( ! g>d51 ! re>+ (    
dome/ic animals & ! manufacture  (      
h\sehold ut5sils2 %e pres]ves1          
economizes1 cooks1 di/ributes  !        
provisions1 vegetable & animal1 :i* h   
be5 ga!r$ dur+  ! c\rse ( ! ye>2 & l !  
,valkyries ( ! ,sc&9avians  & ! ,k]es ( 
! pre-,hom]ic ,greeks1 %e accompanies ! 
w>rior  on ! field battle1 aids 9 !     
fray1 raises him up if he is w\nd$  &   
c>es = him2 h] assi/ance is s appreciat$
 t1 accord+ to  ,tacitus1 ! b>b>ians :o 
"u ! lead]%ip ( ,civilis revolt$  aga9/ 
,vespasian1 7 seiz$ ) pity = ! ,roman   
soldi]s because  _! wives did n         
accompany !m :5 !y m>*$ to combat4      
,plato likewise :o1 l ! *os5 ones       
initiat$ 9 ! ,eleus9ian  ,my/]ies1 0 m  
in=m$ reg>d+ anci5t cu/oms ?an is       
suppos$1 makes ! wom5 to be pres5t 9 !  
battles ( ! w>riors  ( 8 ,republic4     
,^! multiple & div]se functions1 :i*    
oblig$ woman to reflect1  to calculate1 
to ?9k ( ! morr[ & to look ahead at long

 range1  mu/ necess>ily h develop$ h]   
intellectual faculties2 ?us !           
craniologi/s say t only a slight        
diff]5ce exi/s betwe5 !  cranial        
capacity ( ! two sexes 9 ! negroes1 !   
,au/ralians1  & ! r$ sk9s1 :ile !y f9d t
 x goes on increas+ among  civiliz$ p4  
,woman is = ! c>eless & improvid5t      
savage1 a  provid5ce2 %e is ! prud5t &  
presci5t be+ :o presides ov]  8 de/9ies 
f bir? to dea?4 ,man1 mak+ 8 religions )
  ! ev5ts & ! intellectual acquisitions 
( 8 daily life1 0  ?us oblig$ to beg9 by
 deify+ woman4 ,! pre-,hom]ic ,greeks & 
,romans _h plac$ _! de/9ies "u ! control
 ( goddesses1  ! ,fates--,moirai1       
,p>cae--^: "n signifies 9 ! ,lat9       
language  sp>+1 economic1 & 9 ! ,greek !
 "p :i* falls to ea*  "o 9 ! di/ribution
 ( food or ( booty4    ,if we relieve ! 
ri* & poetical ,greek my?ology ( !      
symbolical1  allegorical & my/ical      
lucubrations ) :i* ! philosoph]s  & !   
poets ( ! classical epo* & ! ,alex&r9e  
p]iod h  ov]load$ & complicat$ x1 & :i* 

! ,g]man my?ologi/s1  s]vilely copi$ by 
^? ( ,france & ,engl&1 h c>ri$ on to  _!
 own m p]fect confusion1 x becomes an   
ine/imable /oreh\se  ( prehi/oric cu/oms
 :i* pres]ves ! memory ( ! mann]s  :i*  
travel]s & an?ropologi/s n[ obs]ve liv+ 
aga9 among  ! savages & b>b>\s nations (
 ,africa & ! ,new ,_w4 ,!  my?ological  
leg5d furni%es u ) in=mation ( !        
relative value  ( fem99e & mascul9e     
intellig5ce among ! ,greeks1 be=e !y  _h
 ent]$ ^u ! patri>*al p]iod4    ,jupit]1
 ! fa!r ( ! gods1 z ,hom]1 ,hesiod &    
,aes*ylos  call him1 aft] hav+ driv5 !  
fem99e div9ities f ,olympus1  en?ron$   
!re ! patri>*ate1 :i* = "s g5]ations _h 
be5 e/abli%$ ^u e>?2 ! religi\s heav5   
always reflects  t]re/rial mann]s z !   
moon reflects ! light ( ! sun4 ,b       
,jupit]1 :o l e b>b>ian1 knew h[ to use 
8 fi/s 7,iliad  ,,xv4 #bbh71 :o boa/$ t 
he 0 ! /ronge/ ( ! gods1 & :o  to       
dom9ate ! o!rs kept next 8 ?rone two    
s]vants1 ,=ce &  ,viol5ce1 always ready 
to obey 8 ord]s1 0 inadequately prep>$  

by  8 intellectual qualities to replace 
woman 9 ! gov]nm5t ( !  ,olympian       
family2 9 ord] to supply ! capacities   
:i* 7 lack+  to him1 ,hesiod tells u t  
he m>ri$ ,metis1 ! wise/ among  mortals 
& gods4 ,! savage & ! b>b>ian1 t he may 
take into  himself ! c\rage ( a fall5   
enemy1 dev\rs 8 ?robb+ he>t2  ,jupit]   
c>ri$ (f ,metis to assimilate h] cunn+1 
h] prud5ce  & h] wisdom1 = h] "n 9 !    
,greek language has ^! div]se  mean+s2  
^! qualities 7 consid]$ z belong+ to    
woman4    ,b ! process ( assimilation   
took "s "t1 if we may judge f  !        
rascally f>ce play$ ^u him by ,prome!us4
 ,! latt] kill$  & but*]$ an enorm\s ox1
 9 "o pile he plac$ ! fle% :i*  he cov]$
 ) ! sk9 ^u :i* he deposit$ ! entrails2 
9  ano!r pile he put ! b>e bones :i* he 
adroitly conceal$ "u  heaps ( fat4 ,y h 
divid$ ! p>ts v badly1 said ! fa!r  (   
gods & m54 ,mo/ wor?y ,jupit]1 greate/ (
 liv+ gods1  take ! "p t y\r wisdom     
c\nsels y to *oose1 repli$ !  a/ute     
,prome!us4 ,! rul] ( ! heav5s1 li/5+    

only to 8  gluttony1 laid bo? h&s ^u !  
heap ( fat amid ! laught] (  !          
,olympians2 8 wra? 0 t]rible :5 he saw !
 b>e bones4  7,!ogony #dce et seq47 ,su*
 a f>ce w\ld h>dly h be5 play$ 9  !     
,olympian heav5 _h x n be5 t on ! e>?   
simil> te/s _h  be5 requir$ to prove to 
! ,fa!r t 8 intellectual faculties  did 
n ju/ify him 9 tak+ ! place ( ! ,"m 9 ! 
lead]%ip  ( ! family & ! managem5t ( its
 prop]ty4    ,! high] position 9 !      
family & society1 :i* man conqu]$  by   
brute =ce1 :ile x compell$ him to a     
m5tal activity to :i*  he 0 little      
accu/om$1 at ! same "t put at 8 disposal
  opportunities = reflection &          
developm5t :i* con/antly  increas$4     
,woman1 subdu$1 z ! ,greek expression   
has x1 %ut up 9  ! n>r[ circle ( !      
family1 ! lead]%ip ( :i* _h be5 tak5  f 
h]1 & hav+ little or no contact ) !     
outside _w1 saw  on ! contr>y a great   
r$uction ( ! means ( developm5t :i*  %e 
_h enjoy$1 & to complete h] subjection  
%e 0 =bidd5 !  intellectual culture :i* 

0 giv5 to man4 ,if 9 spite ( ^!  fett]s 
& ^! disadvantages1 ! disa/r\s effects (
 :i* _c  be exagg]at$1 ! bra9 ( woman   
cont9u$ to evolve1 x 0 because  woman's 
intellig5ce pr(it$ ?r\gh ! progress     
realiz$ by !  mascul9e bra92 = "o sex   
transmits to ! o!r ! qualities :i*  x   
has acquir$2 ?us pullets ( c]ta9        
v>ieties inh]it ! spurs  :i* are highly 
develop$ among ! cocks1 :ile 9 o!r      
v>ieties  !y transmit to ! males _!     
exagg]at$ cre/s4 ,x is =tunate1  says   
,d>w9 ^u ?is po9t1 t ! equal            
transmission ( !  *>act]i/ics ( bo?     
sexes has be5 a g5]al rule 9 ! :ole     
s]ies ( mammals1 o!rwise1 x is probable 
t man w\ld h become  z sup]ior to woman 
9 intellectual p[] z ! peacock is to !  
female 9 ornam5tal plumage4 7,desc5t (  
,man--,sexual ,selection1 ,,viii  &     
,,xix47    ,b defects z well z valuable 
qualities are transmitt$ f "o sex  to ! 
o!r3 if woman has pr(it$ by ! bra9-gr[? 
( man1 he  has 9 8 turn be5 ret>d$ 9 8  
developm5t by ! sluggi%ness  9 !        

developm5t ( woman's bra91 produc$ by ! 
r$uction to !  smalle/ m9imum (         
intellectual activity to :i* he has     
condemn$  h]4 ,! bre$]s :o seek ! *oice/
 results are z c>eful to  h             
irreproa*able females z males2 amateur  
cockfight]s atta* z  mu* importance to !
 selection ( ! pullets z to ! cocks1 !y 
produce only f ^? :i* are arm$ ) spurs &
 :i* h !  fight+ _s4 ,x may be said t   
humanity1 s9ce x em]g$ f  communism ( ! 
clan to live "u ! sy/em ( private       
prop]ty1 has  be5 develop$ by ! ef=ts ( 
"o sex alone & t its evolution  has be5 
ret>d$ ?r\gh ! ob/acles int]pos$ by !   
o!r sex4  ,man by sy/ematically depriv+ 
woman ( ! means ( developm5t1  mat]ial &
 intellectual1 has made ( h] a =ce      
ret>d+ human  progress4    ,9 fact if we
 /udy & comp>e ! diff]5t p]iods (       
savag]y  & b>b>ism1 we _c b obs]ve !    
cont9u\s & rem>kable  progress 9 human  
m9d1 because wom5 & m51 ex]cis+ freely  
_!  physical & m5tal faculties1         
contribute equally to ! evolution (  !  

species2 ?is has be5 ret>d$ ev] s9ce    
humanity ent]$ into  ! p]iod (          
civilization & private prop]ty1 because 
!n woman1  con/ra9$ & conf9$ 9 h]       
developm5t1 _c contribute to  x 9 s     
effective a way4 ,! s5ile /agnation 9   
:i* ,*9a has  vegetat$ = m ?an a ?\s&   
ye>s c only be attribut$ to  !          
degradation ( woman1 :i* has gone to !  
po9t ( ! cruel  mutilation ( h] feet t  
%e may be imprison$ ! m closely  9 !    
woman's qu>t]s4 ,europe also suff]s f ! 
degradation (  woman1 s9ce 9 spite ( !  
extraord9>y mat]ial progress ( ^!  la/  
two ?\s& ye>s & ! increas+ & no less    
extraord9>y  accumulation ( human k1 x  
_c be ma9ta9$ t !  bra9 ( ! civiliz$    
mod]n exce$s 9 p[] & capacity t (  !    
,greeks ( ! classic epo*1 :i* ext5ds f !
 sev5? to  ! f\r? c5tury be=e ! ,*ri/ian
 era4 ,x is c]ta9 t a  ,victor ,hugo1 a 
,zola1 or any univ]sity graduate or     
doctor has /or$  9 8 bra9 an abundance (
 positive & div]sifi$ conceptions n     
possess$ by ,aes*ylus1 ,anaxagoras1     

,protagoras & ,ari/otle1 b t  does n    
prove t 8 imag9ation & 8 intellig5ce1 or
 t (  8 contempor>ies is m ri*1 m v>i$ &
 m va/ ?an t (  ! g5]ations ( ,ionia &  
,attica1 :o 7 ! artific]s ( t           
incomp>able budd+ & blossom+ ( sci5ce1  
philosophy1 lit]ature  & art at :i*     
hi/ory m>vels & :o revel$ 9 t subtle &  
p>adoxical play ( sophi/ical philosophy1
 ! l ( :i* has n  aga9 be5 se54 ,!      
sophi/s--,photagoras1 ,gorgias1         
,socrates1 ,plato1  etc41 /at$1 discuss$
 & solv$ ! problems ( ! spirituali/ic   
philosophy & _m o!rs besides3 yet !     
,hell5es ( ,asia ,m9or &  ( ,greece _h  
em]g$ f b>b>ism only a few c5turies     
be=e4 ,_m  reasons may be cit$ to expla9
 ?is arre/ 9 human developm5t1 b  !     
pr9cipal "o is ! subjection ( woman4    
,,iv4    ,capitali/ production1 :i*     
takes *>ge ( mo/ ( ! labors to  :i*     
woman devot$ h]self 9 ! g5tile h\se1 has
 levi$ into its  army ( wage-work]s 9   
factory1 %op1 (fice & s*oolroom1 !      
wives & daught]s ( ! work+ class & ( !  

small b\rgeoisie1  9 ord] to procure    
*eap labor4 ,its press+ ne$ (           
intellectual  capacities has set aside !
 v5]able & v5]at$ axiom ( mascul9e      
e?ics3 to read1 write & c\nt ought to be
 all ( a woman's  k2 x has requir$ t    
girls l boys be in/ruct$ 9 !  rudim5ts (
 ! sci5ces4 ,! fir/ /ep once tak51 !y   
c\ld n  be =bidd5 to ent] ! univ]sities4
 ,!y prov$ t ! fem99e  bra91 :i* !      
intellectuals _h decl>$ a *ild's bra91 0
 z  capable z ! mascul9e bra9 ( receiv+ 
all sci5tific in/ruction4  ,! ab/ract   
sci5ces 7ma!matics1 geometry1 me*anics1 
etc471 !  fir/ ^: /udy _h be5 accessible
 to woman1 7 also ! fir/ 9  :i* !y c\ld 
give ! measure ( _! intellectual        
capacities2  !y are n[ attack+ !        
exp]im5tal sci5ces 7physiology1 physics1
  *emi/ry1 appli$ me*anics1 etc471 9    
,am]ica & ,europe !re arises  a ?rong ( 
wom5 :o are m>*+ on a level ) m5 9 spite
 ( !  inf]iority ( ! conditions (       
developm5t 9 :i* !y h liv$  s9ce _! fir/
 infancy4    ,z ,capitalism has n snat*$

 woman f ! dome/ic he>? &  laun*$ h]    
into social production to emancipate h]1
 b to exploit  h] m f]oci\sly ?an man1 s
 x has be5 c>eful n to ov]?r[  !        
economic1 legal1 political & moral      
b>ri]s :i* _h be5 rais$  to seclude h] 9
 ! m>ital dwell+4 ,woman1 exploit$ by   
capital1  endures ! mis]ies ( ! free    
labor] & be>s 9 addition h]  *a9s ( !   
pa/4 ,h] economic mis]y is aggravat$2   
in/ead ( be+  support$ by h] fa!r or    
husb&1 to ^: rule %e /ill submits1  %e  
is oblig$ to e>n h] liv+2 & "u ! pretext
 t %e has  few] necessities ?an man1 h] 
labor is paid less2 & :5 h]  daily toil 
9 ! %op1 ! (fice or s*ool is end$1 h]   
labor 9  ! h\sehold beg9s4 ,mo!rhood1 ! 
sacr$1 ! highe/ ( social  functions1    
becomes 9 capitali/ic society a cause ( 
horrible mis]y1  economic & physiologic4
 ,! social & economic condition ( woman 
is  a dang] = ! reproduction ( !        
species4    ,b ?is cru%+ & pitiful      
condition ann\nces ! end ( h]  s]vitude1
 :i* beg9s ) ! e/abli%m5t ( private     

prop]ty &  :i* c end only ) its         
abolition4 ,civiliz$ humanity1 oppress$ 
by ! me*anical mode ( production1 turns 
its face t[>d a society1  bas$ on common
 prop]ty1 9 :i* woman1 deliv]$ f !      
economic1  legal & moral *a9s :i* b9d   
h]1 may develop freely h] physical  &   
intellectual faculties1 z 9 ! "t ( !    
communism ( !  savages4    ,! savages1  
to =bid primitive promiscuity &         
successfully re/ra9  ! circle ( sexual  
relations1 f\nd no o!r means ?an to     
sep>ate  ! sexes2 !re are reasons =     
believ+ t ! wom5 took !  initiative 9   
?is sep>ation1 :i* ! specialization ( _!
  functions consolidat$ & emphasiz$4    
,?is 0 manife/$ socially by  religi\s   
c]emonials & secret languages peculi> to
 ea* set &  ev5 by /ruggles2#ci & aft]  
hav+ tak5 ! "* ( viol5t  antagonism1 x  
end$ 9 ! brutal subjection ( woman1 :i* 
/ill  survives al?\gh x is progressively
 att5uat$ 9 proportion z !  competition 
( ! two sexes becomes m g5]al & int5se  
^u  ! economic field4 ,b ! mod]n        

antagonism w n end ) !  victory ( "o sex
 ov] ! o!r1 = x is "o ( ! ph5om5a (  !  
/ruggle ( labor aga9/ capital1 :i* w f9d
 its solution 9  ! emancipation ( !     
work+ class 9 :i* wom5 z well z m5 are  
incorporat$4    ,! te*nique ( production
 :i* t5ds to suppress ! specialization  
( trades & functions & to replace       
muscul> ef=t by att5tion  & intellectual
 skill & :i*1 ! m x is p]fect$1 m+les  &
 conf\nds man & woman ! m 9 social      
labor1 w prev5t !  return ( ! conditions
 :i* 9 savage & b>b>\s nations _h       
ma9ta9$ ! sep>ation ( ! sexes4 ,common  
prop]ty w put an end  to ! economic     
antagonism ( specialization4    ,b if x 
is possible to cat* a glimpse ( ! end ( 
female s]vitude  & ( ! antagonism ( !   
sexes & to conceive = ! human  species  
an era ( incomp>able bodily & m5tal     
progress1 br\ght  ab\t by wom5 & m5 ( a 
high developm5t 9 muscle & bra91 x is   
impossible to =esee ! sexual relations (
 free & equal wom5 &  m5 :o w n be unit$
 nor sep>at$ by sordid mat]ial int]e/s  

& by ! gross e?ics eng5d]$ by su*       
int]e/s4 ,b if we may  judge by ! pres5t
 & ! pa/1 m51 9 :om ! g5etic passion  is
 m viol5t & m cont9u\s ?an 9 wom5--!    
same ph5om5on  is obs]v$ 9 ! males &    
females ( ! :ole animal s]ies--w  be    
oblig$ to exhibit _! physical &         
intellectual qualities to  w9 _!        
swee!>ts4 ,sexual selection1 :i*1 z     
,d>w9 has %[n1  fulfill$ an important   
role 9 ! developm5t ( ! animal species  
& :i*1 ) r>e exceptions1 has ceas$ to   
play ?is "p 9 !  ,indo-,european races =
 ab\t ?ree ?\s& ye>s1 w aga9 become  "o 
( ! mo/ active factors 9 ! p]fect+ ( !  
human race4    ,mo!rhood & love w p]mit 
wom5 to rega9 ! high] position  :i* %e  
occupi$ 9 primitive societies1 ! memory 
( :i* has be5  pres]v$ by ! leg5ds &    
my?s ( ! anci5t religions4              
,,footnotes3    #cd ,! d[ry has play$ an
 important role 9 ! hi/ory ( woman3  at 
! beg9n+ ( ! patri>*al p]iod ! husb&    
buys h] f  h] fa!r1 :o has to refund h] 
pur*ase price if = any cause  :atev] he 

repudiates h] & s5ds h] back to h]      
family2 lat] ?is  pur*ase price is      
return$ to him & con/itutes h] d[ry1 :i*
  h] relatives are accu/om$ to d\ble4 ,f
 ! mom5t :5 ! wife  ent]s into h]       
husb&'s h\se ) a d[ry1 %e ceases to be a
 slave  :om he may dismiss1 sell & kill4
 ,! d[ry1 :i* 9 ,rome & ,a!ns  became a 
legal *>ge ^u ! prop]ty ( ! husb&1 01 9 
case  ( h] repudiation or divorce1 to be
 re/or$ to h] 9 pref]5ce to  any        
cr$itor4 ,no pleasure is d]iv$ f ! ri*es
 :i* a woman  br+s into ! h\sehold1 says
 a fragm5t ( ,euripides1 !y only  s]ve  
to r5d] divorce difficult4 ,! comic     
au?ors ridicul$ !  husb&s1 :o 9 fe> ( a 
suit ov] ! d[ry1 fell into dep5d5ce  ^u 
! wife4 ,a "* 9 ,plautus says to a husb&
 :o is talk+  aga9/ 8 wife1 ,y accept$ !
 money ( h] d[ry1 y sold y\r            
au?ority--imp]ium4 ,! weal?y ,roman     
matrons c>ri$ _! insol5ce  to su* a po9t
 t !y did n tru/ ! managem5t ( _! d[ry  
to _! husb&s1 !y gave x ov] to ! /ew>ds1
 :o sometimes  fulfill$ ) !m ano!r      

s]vice1 z ! evil-speak+ ,m>tial  /ates4 
,adult]y on ! "p ( ! wife involv$ a     
legal divorce & !  re/itution ( ! d[ry1 
b r ?an come to ?is pa9ful  extremity1 !
 husb&s pref]r$ to close _! eyes to !   
foibles  ( _! wives2 at ,rome & at ,a!ns
 ! law _h to /rike at !m  9 ord] to     
recall !m to _! m>ital dignity2 9 ,*9a a
 c]ta9  numb] ( bamboo /rokes 7 appli$  
to ! soles ( _! feet4 ,!  p5alties n be+
 suffici5t to enc\rage ! husb&s to      
repudiate  _! adult]\s wives1 ! law1 9  
ord] to prop up mascul9e virtue1        
p]mitt$ ^? :o d5\nc$ ! infidelity ( !   
wife to reta9 a  "p ( ! d[ry2 !re 7 !n  
m5 :o m>ri$ only 9 prospect  ( ! adult]y
 ( ! wife4 ,! ,roman wom5 evad$ ! law by
 hav+  !mselves enroll$ 9 ! c5sor's book
 on ! li/ ( pro/itutes1  to :om x did n 
apply4 ,! numb] ( matrons inscrib$      
became s  consid]able t ! ,s5ate1 "u    
,tib]ius pass$ a decree =bidd+  wom5 :o 
_h a patrician = a gr&fa!r1 husb& or    
fa!r to  traffic 9 _! bodies4 7,tacitus1
 ,annals ,,ii41 #he47 ,adult]y on !  "p 

( ! wife 9 ! patrician society (        
antiquity1 z well z  9 ! ari/ocratic    
society ( ! eighte5? c5tury1 _h become s
  g5]al t x _h s to speak ent]$ into !  
social cu/oms4 ,x 0  look$ ^u lightly z 
a corrective & accompanim5t ( m>riage4  
#ce ,! ,sa9t ,simon manife/o ( #ahcj    
ann\nc$ t ! religion (  ,sa9t ,simon _h 
come to put an end to t %ameful traffic1
 t  legal pro/itution1 :i* "u ! "n (    
m>riage (t5 blesses  ! mon/r\s union (  
self-surr5d] & egoism1 ( light & (      
ignorance1 ( y\? & decrepitude4    #cf  
,! ,fr5* companies make no diff]5ces    
betwe5 ! sexes because  !y pay v small  
annuities4 ,la ,gn]ale1 ! mo/ important 
"o 9  ,france1 gives = #a1jjj at ! age (
 #ej ye>s an annuity ( #fd4bj2  at #fj  
ye>s #hj4hj2 at #gj ye>s #aah4ej2 at #hj
 ye>s #acd4gj4 ,?us  x realizes imm5se  
pr(its3 its %>es :i* 9 #ahai 7 wor? #gej
  francs ea* 7 quot$ la/ ,janu>y at     
#ca1cjj francs4    #cg ,e4 ,leg\4 ,"s   
,consid]ations on ! ,developm5t ( !     
,foetus4  ,p>is4 #aijc4 ,! weights &    

measurem5ts ( ,m4 ,leg\ 7 made =        
(ficial use4    #ch ,! late/ obs]vations
 ^u ants & bees t5d to prove t !        
f]tiliz$ eggs w\ld give bir? to females 
& to work]s2 & !  nonf]tiliz$ to males1 
:i* consequ5tly w\ld be born f eggs t   
are less complex4    #ci ,a4 ,w4 ,h[it1 
:o obs]v$ among ! ,au/ralians a species 
(  sexual totemism1 says t x (t5 happ5s 
t ! wom5 & m5 (  "o & ! same clan fight1
 :5 ! animal t s]ves z ! totem  = "o sex
 is kill$ by ! o!r sex4          ,,!    
,,sociali/ ,,ideal      ,our comrades 9 
,g]many 7 discuss+ "s "t s9ce ! "q  :e!r
 ,socialism is a sci5ce4 ,socialism is n
 & _c be a  sci5ce = ! simple reason t x
 is a political p>ty & mu/  disappe> :5 
its "w is accompli%$ aft] ! abolition ( 
!  classes :i* gave bir? to x2 b ! end  
:i* x pursues is  sci5tific4    ,guizot1
 :o _h a vague idea ( ! !ory ( ! class  
/ruggle--himself a product ( !          
,revolution1 :i* 0 a dramatic  /ruggle  
betwe5 classes--said ) good reason t a  
class _c  emancipate itself until x     

possesses ! qualities requisite = tak+  
! lead]%ip ( society2 n[ "o ( ^!        
qualities is to h a  m or less def9ite  
conception ( ! social ord] :i* x        
proposes  to sub/itute = t :i* is       
oppress+ x4 ,?is conception _c  b be a  
social ideal1 or1 to employ a sci5tific 
^w1 a social  hypo!sis2 b an hypo!sis1 z
 well 9 ! natural sci5ces z 9  social   
sci5ce1 may be utopian or sci5tific4    
,socialism1 because x is a political    
p>ty ( ! oppress$ class1  has !re=e an  
ideal4 ,x gr\ps & organizes ! ef=ts ( ! 
individuals :o wi% to build on ! ru9s ( 
capitali/ society1 bas$  ^u individual  
prop]ty1 an ideal or hypo!tical society 
bas$ ^u  common prop]ty 9 ! means (     
production4    ,only ?r\gh ! class      
/ruggle c mod]n socialism realize its   
social ideal1 :i* possesses ! qualities 
dem&$ ( any hypo!sis  t claims a        
sci5tific "*4 ,! fact ( *oos+ a         
sci5tific  goal1 & ( try+ to rea* x only
 ?r\gh ! class /ruggle1  di/+ui%es x f !
 ,socialism ( #ahdh1 :i* 0 pursu+ ?r\gh 

! reconciliation ( classes a social     
ideal :i* c\ld n b be  utopian consid]+ 
! hi/oric mom5t 9 :i* x 0 conceiv$4     
,socialism has ?us evolv$ f ,utopia into
 sci5ce4 ,engels has trac$  ! ma9 l9es (
 ?is evolution 9 8 memorable pamphlet1  
,socialism1  ,utopian & ,sci5tific4 ,x  
is ! same ) all sci5ces1 :i* beg9  )    
,utopia to arrive at positive k2 ?is    
c\rse is impos$ by  ! v nature ( ! human
 m9d4    ,man progresses 9 social life z
 9 intellectual life1 only by />t+  f ! 
kn[n & travel+ t[>d ! unkn[n1 & t unkn[n
 mu/  be repres5t$ by ! imag9ation2 t   
imag9>y conception ( !  unkn[n1 :i* _c b
 be hypo!tical1 is "o ( ! mo/ p[]ful    
inc5tives to action1 x is ! v condition 
( e =w>d  /ep4 ,x is natural t m5 l     
,b]n/e9 9 ,g]many & ,jaurs 9  ,france   
%\ld seek to dome/icate ,socialism & to 
put x 9 t[ (  lib]alism1 accus+ x (     
hypnotis+ its soldi]s ) an ideal (  !   
ye> #cjjj1 :i* makes !m live 9 !        
expectation ( a ,messianic  cata/rophe &
 reject ! imm$iate advantages ( an      

und]/&+  & co-op]ation ) b\rgeois       
p>ties1 & :i* bl9ds !m to  _! %ock+     
errors reg>d+ ! conc5tration ( weal?1 ! 
disappe>ance ( small indu/ry & ! middle 
class1 ! increase (  class antagonisms1 
! spread+ & int5sification ( ! mis]y (  
! work+ class1 etc4 ,^! errors may h be5
 plausible hypo!ses  be=e #ahdh1 b s9ce 
!n ev5ts h %[n _! falsity4 ,?is         
un=tunate ideal prev5ts !m f desc5d+ f !
 revolution>y  heights to accept !      
responsibilities ( p[] & ( sett+ aside  
! cause ( labor to devote !mselves      
entirely tongue & p51 to  !             
rehabilitation ( a millionaire lead]2 x 
obliges !m to oppose  all ext]ior       
policies & acts1 to vote n a c5t nor a  
soldi] =  colonial exp$itions1 :i* c>ry 
labor1 ,*ri/ianity1 syphilis & !        
alcoholism ( civilization to ! b>b>ic   
tribes4 ,! neo-me?odi/s  ( ! anci5t &   
outworn gospel ( ! bro!rhood ( classes  
advise  ! sociali/s to suppress _!      
ideal1 or1 s9ce x un=tunately           
captivates ! masses ( ! p1 to speak ( x 

)\t c>+  = x1 z ,jaurs does1 t !y may   
consecrate !mselves to  practical       
necessities1 to ! va/ plans (           
agricultural & indu/rial  co-op]ation1  
to popul> univ]sities1 etc4    ,!       
dilettantes ( politics1 ^! practical    
gr\ndl+s (  opportunism1 nev]!less hold 
!mselves up = transc5d5t ideali/s  & m>*
 ) _! eyes fix$ ^u ! />s1 because !y    
sub/itute  = ideas a brilliant or*e/ra (
 sonor\s words & et]nal  pr9ciples4     
,^! b\rgeois ideali/s edge _! way 9     
ev]y:]e2 aft] !  ,revolution ( #aghi !y 
rebuk$ ! sci5ti/s = _! hypo!ses  & _!   
!ories2 accord+ to !m sci5ce %\ld h     
/opp$ )  ! /udy ( facts 9 !mselves )\t  
dream+ ( unit+ !m into  a g5]al sy/em4  
,:at is ! use ( cutt+ /ones )\t putt+   
up a build+1 repli$                     
,ge(froy-,sa9t-,hilaire1 ! g5ial        
disciple  ( ,lam>ck1 :o liv$ to see !   
ext9ction ( 8 !ory on !  cont9uity (    
species1 :i*1 only ?irty ye>s aft] 8    
dea?1 0  to take on a new bir? ) ,d>w94 
,!y are /ill reproa*+ !  physiologi/s = 

wa/+ _! "t 9 elaborat+ hypo!ses :i*  la/
 on an av]age only ?ree ye>s & :i* _c   
expla9 :at  takes place 9 a muscle :i*  
contracts & 9 a bra9 :i* ?9ks4  ,!y     
grumble aga9/ ! hypo!ses ( ! physici/s1 
:o d n "k  ! real nature ( ela/icity1 ( 
electrical conductivity1 or ev5  :at    
happ5s :5 a p>ticle ( sug> is dissolv$4 
,!y w\ld l  to prohibit sci5ti/s f any  
speculation because x is disa/r\s  & may
 lead into error4 ,b ! latt] prote/ &   
decl>e t  imag9ation is "o ( ! fir/ &   
mo/ indisp5sable faculties (  ! sci5ti/1
 & t ! hypo!ses to :i* !y give bir?1 ev5
  ?\gh !y be errone\s & able to survive 
only ?ree ye>s1 are  nev]!less !        
necess>y condition ( all sci5tific      
progress4    ,if ! communi/ ideal 7 an  
hypo!sis undemon/rable & false x  w\ld  
/ill be a propell+ =ce ( social         
progress1 b su* is n  ! case4    ,!     
hypo!sis 9 sci5ce1 z 9 ! social field1  
is ! m  undemon/rable & susceptible (   
error 9 proportion z ! data  contribut+ 
to its elaboration are less num]\s & m  

unc]ta94  ,greek sci5ce1 :i* _h to      
furni% a conception ( ! _w :5 !  data   
reg>d+ ! ph5om5a ( nature 7 ( ! mo/     
rudim5t>y1  0 oblig$ to resort to       
hypo!ses :i* = boldness & intuitive     
accuracy are m>vels ( hi/ory & ( ?\ght2 
aft] hav+ admitt$1  accord+ to ! vulg>  
op9ion1 t ! e>? 0 flat1 & t  ! temple ( 
,delphi 0 situat$ at its c5t]1 !y put =?
 !  hypo!sis ( its sph]ical =m1 !n      
undemon/rable4    ,socialism1 :i* dates 
f ! fir/ ye>s ( ! n9ete5? c5tury1  />t$1
 l ,greek sci5ce1 f hypo!ses ! m        
errone\s1 &  f ideal ! m utopian1 9 t ! 
social _w :i* x propos$  to trans=m 0   
less kn[n2 & at t epo* c\ld n be kn[n = 
! excell5t reason t x 0 9 c\rse (       
=mation4    ,! ma*9e op]at$ by /eam 0   
beg9n+ to edge into indu/ry  :]e ! tool1
 manag$ by ! artisan1 0 mov$ by human   
p[]1  & 9 "s r>e circum/ances by        
animals1 w9d or wat]falls4 ,!  ,sociali/
 ?9k]s1 z ,engels obs]ves1 7 !n oblig$  
to draw f  _! own bra9 ! social ideal   
:i* !y c\ld n extract f !  tumultu\s    

economic environm5t 9 full c\rse (      
trans=mation4  ,!y grasp$ aga91 infus+  
new life into x1 ! communi/ ideal  :i*  
has slumb]$ 9 ! m9d ( man s9ce he em]g$ 
f !  communism ( primitive society :i* !
 poetic ,greek my?ology calls  ! gold5  
age & :i* has awak5$ to %9e "h & !re ) a
  glori\s spl5dor at great epo*s (      
social upheaval4 ,!y s\ght1  !n1 to     
e/abli% communism1 n because ! economic 
environm5t  0 ready = its introduction1 
b because m5 7 mis]able1  because ! laws
 ( ju/ice & equality 7 violat$1 because 
!  precepts ( ! ,*ri/ c\ld n be foll[$ 9
 _! purity4 ,!  communi/ic ideal1 n     
spr++ f economic reality1 0 !n b  an    
unconsci\s rem9isc5ce ( a prehi/oric    
pa/1 & came only  f ideali/ic notions ^u
 a ju/ice1 an equality & a gospel law   
no less ideali/ic2 x is !n ideali/ic 9 !
 second degree1 &  consequ5tly utopian4 
,! ,sociali/s ( ! fir/ half ( ! n9ete5? 
c5tury1 :o  rek9dl$ ! communi/ ideal1 _h
 ! r>e m]it ( giv+ x a  consi/5cy less  
ideali/ic4 ,!y spoke little ( ! ,*ri/ian

  religion1 ( ju/ice & ( equality2      
,rob]t ,ow5 laid !  responsibilities (  
social evils ^u ! family1 prop]ty &     
religion2 ,*>les ,f\ri] criticises !    
ideas ( ju/ice & morality  introduc$ by 
! b\rgeois ,revolution ( '#hi )         
incomp>able  animation & irony4 ,!y did 
n weep ov] ! mis]y ( ! poor1  b left t  
to ,victor ,hugo & ! *>latans (         
romanticism4 ,!y  prea*$ ! social       
problem f its reali/ic side1 ! only side
  f :i* x c be solv$4 ,!y us$ _! tal5ts 
to prove t  a social organization (     
production w\ld succe$ 9 satisfy+ !     
desires ( all )\t r$uc+ ! %>e ( any1 n  
ev5 t ( !  privileg$ capitali/ class4   
,mean:ile ! rec5t application ( /eam  & 
ma*9]y dem&$ also a new organization (  
labor1 & ?is 0  ! con/ant conc]n ( !    
indu/rial b\rgeoisie4 ,! sociali/s 7    
?us pursu+ ! same end z ! indu/rials2   
b\rgeois & sociali/s  might consequ5tly 
come to an und]/&+4 ,we !re=e f9d 9 !   
sociali/ sects ( t epo* indu/rials1     
eng9e]s & f9anci]s  :o 9 ! second half (

 ! c5tury ca/ away _! sympa?y = !       
work]s & occupi$ an important place 9   
capitali/ society4    ,! socialism ( t  
epo* c\ld n "u ^! conditions be  any?+  
else ?an pacific2 in/ead ( ent]+ on !   
/ruggle )  ! capitali/s1 ! sociali/s    
?\ght only ( conv]t+ !m to  _! sy/em (  
social re=m f :i* !y 7 to be ! fir/ to  
b5efit4 ,!y proclaim$ ! association (   
capital1 intellig5ce &  labor1 ! int]e/s
 ( :i*1 accord+ to !m1 7 id5tical6 !y   
prea*$ a mutual und]/&+ betwe5 ! employ]
 & ! employ$1  betwe5 ! exploit] & !    
exploit$2 !y "k no class /ruggle2  !y   
condemn$ /rikes & all political         
agitation1 especially if x  7           
revolution>y2 !y desir$ ord] 9 ! /reet &
 h>mony 9 !  work%op4 ,!y dem&$1 f9ally1
 no?+ m ?an 0 desir$ by !  new indu/rial
 b\rgeoisie4    ,!y =esaw t indu/ry1    
/r5g!n$ by ! motive p[] ( /eam1  ma*9]y 
& ! conc5tration ( ! in/rum5ts ( labor1 
w\ld h  a colossal produc+ p[]1 & !y _h 
! simplicity to believe t  ! capitali/s 
w\ld cont5t !mselves ) tak+ only a      

reasonable  "p ( ! weal? ?us creat$1 &  
w\ld leave to _! co-op]ators1  ! manual 
& intellectual labor]s1 a portion       
suffici5t to enable  !m to live 9 com=t4
 ,?is socialism 0 m>vell\sly agreeable  
to capital1 s9ce x promis$ an increase (
 weal? & advis$ an  und]/&+ betwe5 !    
labor] & ! employ]4 ,x recruit$  ! great
 majority ( its adepts 9 ! educational  
hotb$s ( !  b\rgeoisie4 ,x 0 utopian1   
!re=e x 0 ! socialism ( !               
intellectuals4    ,b precisely because x
 0 utopian1 ! labor]s1 9 con/ant        
antagonism ) _! employ]s on que/ions (  
labor & h\rs1  look$ on x ) suspicion4  
,!y c\ld und]/& no?+ ( ?is  socialism   
:i* condemn$ /rikes & political action &
 :i*  assum$ to h>monize ! int]e/s (    
capital & labor1 ( !  exploit] &        
exploit$4 ,!y kept alo( f ! sociali/s & 
gave  all _! sympa?ies to ! b\rgeois    
republicans1 because !y 7  revolution>y4
 ,!y jo9$ _! secret societies & climb$ )
 !m  ^u ! b>ricades to make riots &     
political revolutions4    ,m>x & ,engels

 took socialism at ! po9t to :i* ! great
 utopians  _h br\ght x1 b in/ead (      
tortur+ _! bra9s to improvise !         
organization ( labor & ( production1 !y 
/udi$ t :i* 0  already creat$ by ! v    
necessities ( ! new me*anical indu/ry   
:i* _h arriv$ at a degree ( developm5t  
suffici5t to p]mit  its p[] & its t5d5cy
 to be app>5t4 ,its productivity 0 s    
enorm\s1 z ,f\ri] & ,sa9t ,simon _h     
=ese51 t x 0 capable  ( provid+         
abundantly = ! normal ne$s ( all !      
memb]s (  society4 ,?is 0 ! fir/ "t 9   
hi/ory t su* a productive  p[] _h be5   
obs]v$1 & x 0 because capitali/         
production c\ld  satisfy all ne$s1 & = t
 reason alone1 t x is possible to       
re9troduce communism1 t is to say !     
equal p>ticipation ( all 9  social      
weal?1 & ! free & complete developm5t ( 
! physical1  intellectual & moral       
faculties4 ,communism is no long] a     
utopia b a  possibility4    ,ma*9]y     
replaces ! individuali/ic production ( !
 small  indu/ry1 by ! communi/ic        

production ( ! capitali/ic factory1  b  
prop]ty 9 ! means ( labor has rema9$    
individual1 z 9 !  "t ( ! small indu/ry4
 ,!re is !n a contradiction betwe5 !    
individuali/ic mode ( possession & !    
communi/ mode ( production  & ?is       
contradiction translates itself into !  
antagonism betwe5  ! labor] & !         
capitali/ employ]4 ,! produc]s1 :o =m ! 
imm5se majority ( ! nation1 no long]    
possess ! in/rum5ts  ( labor1 !         
possession ( :i* is c5traliz$ 9 ! idle  
h&s  ( a decreas+ m9ority4 ,! social    
problem impos$ by me*anical  production 
w be solv$1 z ! social problems impos$  
by prec$+  modes ( production h be5     
solv$1 by precipitat+ ! evolution  begun
 by economic =ce1 by f9i%+ !            
expropriation ( !  individual 9 ! means 
( production1 by giv+ to ! communi/ic   
mode ( production ! communi/ic mode (   
possession :i* x dem&s4    ,! communism 
( contempor>y sociali/s no long]        
proce$s1 l t  ( =m] times1 f ! c]ebral  
lucubrations ( gift$ ?9k]s2 x  proce$s f

 economic reality1 x is ! f9al goal ( ! 
economic  =ces :i*1 )\t attract+ !      
att5tion ( ! capitali/s &  _!           
intellectuals1 h fa%ion$ ! communi/ic   
mold ( a new  society1 ! com+ ( :i* we  
only h to ha/54 ,communism1 !n1  is no  
long] a utopian hypo!sis2 x is a        
sci5tific ideal4 ,x may be  add$ t nev] 
has ! economic /ructure ( any society   
be5 bett]  & m completely analyz$ ?an   
capitali/ society1 & t nev]  0 a social 
ideal conceiv$ ) su* num]\s & positive  
data z  ! communi/ idea ( mod]n         
socialism4    ,al?\gh x is ! economic   
=ces :i* fa%ion m5 at ! pleasure  & spur
 !m to action1 & al?\gh ^! con/itute !  
my/]i\s  =ce det]m9+ ! great curr5ts (  
hi/ory :i* ! ,*ri/ians  attribute to    
,god1 & ! free-?9k+ b\rgeois assign to  
,progress1  to ,civilization1 to !      
,immortal ,pr9ciples & o!r simil>       
manit\s1  wor?y ( savage tribes1 !y are 
nev]!less ! product ( human  activity4  
,man1 :o creat$ !m & br\ght !m into !   
_w1 has  ?us f> let himself be guid$ by 

!m2 yet n[ t he has und]/ood  _! nature 
& grasp$ _! t5d5cy1 he c act ^u _!      
evolution4 ,! sociali/s :o are accus$ ( 
be+ /rick5 by ,ori5tal  fatalism & (    
rely+ ^u ! good pleasure ( economic =ces
 to  br+ to light ! communi/ society    
in/ead ( cross+ _! arms  l ! fakirs (   
(ficial ,economics1 & ( b5d+ ! knee be=e
  its fundam5tal dogma1 laissez faire1  
laissez pass]1 propose on  ! contr>y to 
subdue !m1 z ! bl9d =ces ( nature h be5 
subdu$1 & =ce !m to d good to m5 in/ead 
( leav+ !m to  "w mis]y to ! toil]s (   
civilization4 ,!y d n wait = _!  ideal  
to fall f heav5 z ! ,*ri/ians hope = !  
grace (  ,god1 & ! capitali/s = weal?2  
!y prep>e1 on ! contr>y1  to realize x1 
n by appeal+ to ! intellig5ce ( !       
capitali/  class & to its s5tim5ts (    
ju/ice & humanity1 b by fight+  x1 by   
expropriat+ x f its political p[]1 :i*  
protects its  economic despotism4       
,socialism1 because x possesses a social
 ideal1 has 9 consequ5ce  a criticism ( 
its own4 ,e class :i* /ruggles = its    

enfran*isem5t seeks to realize a social 
ideal1 9 complete opposition  ) t ( !   
rul+ class4 ,! /ruggle is wag$ at fir/ 9
  ! ideological _w be=e ! physical %ock 
( ! revolution>y  battle4 ,x ?us beg9s !
 criticism ( ! ideas ( ! society :i*    
mu/ be revolt$ aga9/1 = ! ideas ( ! rul+
 class are !  ideas ( society1 or ^!    
ideas are ! intellectual reflection (   
its mat]ial int]e/s4    ,?us1 ! weal? ( 
! rul+ class is produc$ by slave labor2 
religion1 e?ics1 philosophy & lit]ature 
agree 9 au?oriz+  slav]y4 ,! ugly ,god (
 ! ,jews & ,*ri/ianity /rikes ) 8  curse
 ! prog5y ( ,ham1 t x may furni% slaves4
 ,ari/otle1 !  encyclop$ic ?9k] ( ,greek
 philosophy1 decl>es t slaves are       
pr$e/9$ by nature & t no rights exi/ =  
!m1 = !re  c be no rights except betwe5 
equals4 ,euripides 9 8 trag$ies  prea*es
 ! doctr9e ( s]vile morality2 ,/4 ,paul1
 ,/4 ,augu/9e &  ! ,*ur* tea* slaves    
submission to _! e>?ly ma/]s t !y  may  
des]ve ! favor ( _! heav5ly ma/]2       
,*ri/ian civilization  introduc$ slav]y 

into ,am]ica & ma9ta9s x !re until      
economic  ph5om5a prove t slave labor is
 a me?od ( exploitation m  co/ly & less 
pr(itable ?an free labor4    ,at ! epo* 
:5 ! ,greco-,roman civilization 0       
dissolv+1 :5 !  labor ( artisans & free 
work]s began to be sub/itut$ = slave    
labor1 pagan religion1 philosophy &     
lit]ature decid$ to accord !m  c]ta9    
rights4 ,! same ,euripides :o advis$ !  
slave to lose 8  p]sonality 9 t ( ! ma/]
 does n wi% him to be despis$4  ,!re is 
no?+ %ameful 9 slav]y b ! "n1 says !    
p$agogue  9 ,ion1 ! slave1 moreov]1 is n
 inf]ior to ! free man :5  he has a     
noble he>t4 ,! my/]ies ( ,eleusis & (   
,orphism1 l  ,*ri/ianity1 :i* cont9ues  
_! "w1 admit slaves among _!  initiat$ &
 promise !m lib]ty1 equality & happ9ess 
aft] dea?4    ,! dom9at+ class ( !      
,middle ,ages be+ milit>y1 ! ,*ri/ian   
religion & social e?ics condemn$ l5d+   
money at int]e/1 &  cov]$ ! l5d] )      
infamy2 to take int]e/ = money loan$  0 
!n some?+ s ignom9i\s t ! ,jewi% race1  

oblig$ to  specialize itself 9 ! trade (
 money1 /ill be>s ! %ame ( x4  ,b today1
 n[ t ! ,*ri/ians h become ,jews1 & !   
rul+  class lives on ! int]e/ ( its     
capital1 ! trade ( ! l5d] at  int]e/ is 
! mo/ honorable1 ! mo/ desirable1 ! mo/ 
exclusive4    ,! oppress$ class1 al?\gh 
! ideology ( ! oppress+ class  is impos$
 ^u x1 nev]!less elaborates religi\s1   
e?ical &  political ideas correspond+ to
 its condition ( life2 vague &  secret  
at fir/1 !y ga9 9 precision & =ce 9     
proportion z !  oppress$ class takes    
def9ite =m & acquires ! consci\sness  ( 
its social utility & ( its /r5g?2 & !   
h\r ( its  emancipation is ne> :5 its   
conception ( nature & ( society  opposes
 itself op5ly & boldly to t ( ! rul+    
class4    ,! economic conditions 9 :i* !
 b\rgeois moves & evolves make  ( x a   
class ess5tially religi\s4 ,*ri/ianity  
is its "w & w  la/ z long z ?is class   
%all rule society4 ,sev5 or eight       
c5turies  be=e ,*ri/1 :5 ! b\rgeoisie _h
 its bir? 9 ! comm]cial  & indu/rial    

cities ( ! ,m$it]ranean sea1 we may     
obs]ve !  elaboration ( a new religion2 
! gods ( paganism creat$ by w>rior      
tribes c\ld n be suit$ to a class       
consecrat$ to ! production  & sale (    
m]*&ise4 ,my/]i\s cults 7! my/]ies ( !  
,cabiri1 ( ,demet]1 ( ,dionysus1 etc47  
revive ! religi\s traditions  ( !       
prehi/oric matri>*ical p]iod2 ! idea ( a
 s\l & its  exi/5ce aft] dea? revive2 ! 
idea ( po/hum\s puni%m5ts &  rew>ds to  
comp5sate = acts ( social inju/ice are  
introduc$1  etc4 ,^! religi\s elem5ts1  
comb9$ ) ! intellectual data (  ,greek  
philosophy1 contribute to =m            
,*ri/ianity1 ! religion1 p>  excell5ce1 
( societies :i* h = _! f\ndation prop]ty
  belong+ to ! individual & ! class :i* 
enri* !mselves by  ! exploitation ( wage
 labor4 ,= fifte5 c5turies all !        
movem5ts  ( ! b\rgeoisie1 ei!r =        
organization1 or = self-emancipation1   
or = ! acquisition ( p[] h be5          
accompani$ & complicat$  by religi\s    
crises2 b always ,*ri/ianity m or less  

modifi$  rema9s ! religion ( society4 ,!
 revolutioni/s ( #aghi1 :o 9 !  ardor ( 
! /ruggle promis$ !mselves to           
de-,*ri/ianize ,france1  7 eag] :5 !    
b\rgeoisie 7 victori\s to raise aga9 !  
alt>s !y _h ov]?r[n & to re9troduce !   
cult t !y _h  proscrib$4    ,! economic 
environm5t :i* produces ! prolet>iat    
relieves  x on ! contr>y f e idea (     
s5tim5t4 ,!re is n se5  ei!r 9 ,europe  
nor 9 ,am]ica among ! labor+ masses ( ! 
great  indu/ries any anxiety to         
elaborate a religion to replace         
,*ri/ianity1  nor any desire to re=m x4 
,! economic & political organizations  (
 ! work+ class are completely un9t]e/$ z
 to any doctr9al  discussion ( religi\s 
& spiritual dogmas1 al?\gh !y combat !  
prie/s ( all cults because !y are !     
lackeys ( ! capitali/  class4    ,!     
victory ( ! prolet>iat w deliv] humanity
 f ! nightm>e  ( religion4 ,! belief 9  
sup]ior be+s to expla9 ! natural  _w & !
 social inequality1 & to prolong !      
dom9ion ( !  rul+ class1 & ! belief 9 ! 

po/hum\s exi/5ce ( ! s\l  to recomp5se !
 inequality ( fate w h no m ju/ification
  once man1 :o has already grasp$ !     
g5]al causes ( ! ph5om5a  ( nature1 %all
 live 9 a communi/ society f :5ce %all h
  disappe>$ ! inequality & ! inju/ice ( 
capitali/ic society4    ,! militant     
sociali/s1 foll[+ ! example ( !         
encyclop$i/s  ( ! eighte5? c5tury1 h to 
make a m]ciless criticism ( !  economic1
 political1 hi/orical1 philosophical1   
moral & religi\s  ideas ( ! capitali/   
class 9 ord] to prep>e 9 all sph]es  (  
?\ght ! triumph ( ! new ideology :i* !  
prolet>iat  introduces into ! _w4       
,,! ,,rights ,,( ,,! ,,horse ,,& ,,!    
,,rights ,,( ,,man      ,capitali/      
,civilization has end[$ ! wage-work] ) !
  metaphysical ,rights ( ,man1 b ?is is 
only to rivet him m closely  & m firmly 
to 8 economic duty4    ,i make y free1 s
 speak ! ,rights ( ,man to ! labor]1    
free to  e>n a wret*$ liv+ & turn y\r   
employ] into a millionaire2 free  to    
sell him y\r lib]ty = a m\?ful ( bread4 

,he w imprison y  t5 h\rs or twelve h\rs
 9 8 work%ops2 he w n let y g till  y   
are we>i$ to ! m>r[ ( y\r bones1 till y 
h j en\gh  /r5g? left to gulp d[n y\r   
s\p & s9k into a heavy sleep4 ,y  h b "o
 ( y\r rights t y may n sell1 & t is !  
"r to pay taxes4    ,progress &         
,civilization may be h>d on wage-work+  
humanity1 b  !y h all a "m's t5d]ness = 
! animals :i* /upid bip$s  call l[]4    
,civilization has especially favor$ !   
equ9e race3 x w\ld be too  great a task 
to g ?r\gh ! long li/ ( its b5efactions2
 ,i w  "n b a few1 ( g5]al notoriety1 t 
,i may awak5 & inflame !  passionate    
desires ( ! work]s1 n[ torpid 9 _!      
mis]y4    ,horses are divid$ into di/9ct
 classes4 ,! equ9e ari/ocracy enjoys  s 
_m & s oppressive privileges1 t if !    
human-fac$ brutes  :i* s]ve !m z        
jockeys1 tra9]s1 /able valets & grooms 7
  n morally degrad$ to ! po9t ( n feel+ 
_! %ame1 !y  w\ld h rebell$ aga9/ _!    
lords & ma/]s1 :om !y rub  d[n1 groom1  
bru% & comb1 also mak+ _! b$s1 clean+ up

 _!  excrem5ts & receiv+ bites & kicks  
by way ( ?anks4    ,ari/ocratic horses1 
l capitali/s1 d n "w2 & :5 !y  ex]cise  
!mselves 9 ! fields !y look disda9fully1
 ) a  c\pon-clipp]'s contempt1 ^u !     
human animals :i* pl[ & se$  ! l&s1 m[ &
 rake ! mead[s1 to provide !m ) oats1   
clov]1  timo?y & o!r succul5t plants4   
,^! f\r-foot$ favorites ( ,civilization 
comm& su* social  influ5ce t !y impose  
_! wills ^u ! capitali/s1 _!  bro!rs 9  
privilege2 !y =ce ! l(tie/ ( !m to come 
)  _! beautiful ladies & take tea 9 !   
/ables1 inhal+ ! acrid  p]fumes ( _!    
solid & liquid evacuations4 ,& :5 ^!    
lords  cons5t to p>ade 9 public1 !y     
require f t5 to tw5ty ?\s&  m5 & wom5 to
 /ack !mselves up on uncom=table seats1 
"u !  broil+ sun1 to admire _!          
exquisitely *isel$ =ms & _!  feats (    
runn+ & leap+4 ,!y respect none ( !     
social dignities  be=e :i* ! vot>ies ( !
 ,rights ( ,man b[ 9 rev]5ce4  ,at      
,*antilly n long ago "o ( ! favorites = 
! gr& prize  laun*$ a kick at ! k+ (    

,belgium1 because x did n l !  looks ( 8
 head4 ,8 royal maje/y1 :o adores       
horses1 murmur$ an  apology & )drew4    
,x is =tunate t ^! horses1 :o c c\nt m  
au!ntic  ance/ors ?an ! h\ses ( ,orleans
 & ,hoh5zoll]n1 h n be5  corrupt$ by _! 
high social /ation3 _h !y tak5 x into _!
  heads to rival ! capitali/s 9 ae/hetic
 pret5tions1 pr(ligate  luxury & deprav$
 ta/es1 su* z we>+ lace & diamonds1 &   
dr9k+ *ampagne & ,*ateau-,m>gaux1 a     
black] mis]y & m  ov]:elm+ drudg]y w\ld 
be imp5d+ ov] ! class ( wage-work]s4    
,?rice happy is x = prolet>ian humanity 
t ^! equ9e  ari/ocrats h n tak5 ! fancy 
( fe$+ ^u human fle%1  l ! old ,b5gal   
tig]s :i* rove ar\nd ! villages ( ,india
  to c>ry (f wom5 & *ildr52 if unhappily
 ! horses _h be5  man-eat]s1 !          
capitali/s1 :o c refuse !m no?+1 w\ld h 
built slaught]-h\ses = wage-work]s1 :]e 
!y c\ld c>ve out  & dress boy sirlo9s1  
woman hams & girl roa/s to satisfy _!   
an?ropophagic ta/es4    ,! prolet>ian   
horses1 n s well end[$1 h to "w = _!    

peck ( oats1 b ! capitali/ class1 ?r\gh 
def]5ce = !  ari/ocrats ( ! equ9e race1 
conc$es to ! work+ horses rights  t are 
f> m solid & real ?an ^? inscrib$ 9 !   
,rights (  ,man4    ,! fir/ ( rights1 ! 
"r to exi/5ce1 :i* no civiliz$ society  
w recognize = labor]s1 is possess$ by   
horses4    ,! colt1 ev5 be=e 8 bir?1    
:ile /ill 9 ! fetus /ate1 beg9s  to     
enjoy ! "r to exi/5ce2 8 "m1 :5 h]      
pregnancy has  sc>cely begun1 is dis*>g$
 f all "w & s5t into ! c\ntry  to fa%ion
 ! new be+ 9 peace & com=t2 %e rema9s   
ne> him to  suckle him & tea* him to    
*oose ! delici\s grasses ( ! mead[1  9  
:i* he gambols until he is gr[n4    ,!  
morali/s & politicians ( ! ,rights (    
,man ?9k x w\ld  be mon/r\s to grant su*
 rights to ! labor]s2 ,i rais$ a tempe/ 
9 ! ,*amb] ( ,deputies :5 ,i ask$ t     
wom51 two mon?s be=e  & two mon?s aft]  
conf9em5t1 %\ld h ! "r & ! means  to    
abs5t !mselves f ! factory4 ,my         
proposition upset ! e?ics  (            
civilization & %ook ! capitali/ ord]4   

,:at an abom9able  abom9ation--to dem& =
 babies ! rights ( colts4    ,z = ! "y  
prolet>ians1 !y c sc>cely trot on _!    
little  toes be=e !y are condemn$ to h>d
 labor 9 ! prisons (  capitalism1 :ile !
 colts develop freely "u k9dly ,nature2 
c>e is  tak5 t !y be completely =m$ be=e
 !y are set to "w1 &  _! tasks are      
proportion$ to _! /r5g? ) a t5d] c>e4   
,?is c>e on ! "p ( ! capitali/s foll[s  
!m all ?r\gh _!  lives4 ,we may /ill    
recall ! noble indignation ( ! b\rgeois 
press :5 x le>n$ t ! omnibus company 0  
us+ peat &  tann]y wa/e 9 its /alls z a 
sub/itute = /raw3 to ?9k ( !  unhappy   
horses hav+ su* poor litt]s6 ,! m       
delicate s\ls (  ! b\rgeoisie h 9 e     
capitali/ c\ntry organiz$ societies  = !
 protection ( animals1 9 ord] to prove t
 !y c n be  excit$ by ! fate ( ! small  
victims ( indu/ry4 ,s*op5hau]1 !        
b\rgeois philosoph]1 9 :om 0 inc>nat$ s 
p]fectly ! gross  egoism ( ! phili/9e1  
c\ld n he> ! crack+ ( a :ip )\t  8 he>t 
be+ torn by x4    ,?is same omnibus     

company1 :i* works its labor]s f f\rte5 
to sixte5 h\rs a day1 requires f its de>
 horses only five to  sev5 h\rs4 ,x has 
b\ght gre5 mead[s 9 :i* !y may recup]ate
  f fatigue or indisposition4 ,its      
policy is to exp5d m = !  ent]ta9m5t ( a
 quadrup$ ?an = pay+ ! wages ( a bip$4  
,x  has nev] occurr$ to any legislator  
nor to any fanatical advocate (  !      
,rights ( ,man to r$uce ! horse's daily 
pittance 9 ord] to  assure him a retreat
 t w\ld be ( s]vice to him only aft] 8  
dea?4    ,! ,rights ( ,horses h n be5   
po/$ up2 !y are unwritt5  rights1 z     
,socrates call$ ! laws implant$ by      
,nature 9 !  consci\sness ( all m54     
,! horse has %[n 8 wisdom 9 cont5t+     
himself ) ^! rights1  ) no ?\ght ( dem&+
 ^? ( ! citiz52 he has judg$ t  he w\ld 
h be5 z /upid z man if he _h sacrific$ 8
 mess (  l5tils = ! metaphysical banquet
 ( ,rights to ,revolt1 to ,equality1  to
 ,lib]ty1 & o!r trivialities :i* to !   
prolet>iat are ab\t  z useful z a caut]y
 on a wood5 leg4    ,civilization1 ?\gh 

p>tial to ! equ9e race1 has n %[n h]self
  indiff]5t to ! fate ( ! o!r animals4  
,%eep1 l canons1  pass _! days 9        
pleasant & pl5tiful idl5ess2 !y are f$ 9
  ! /able on b>ley1 luc]ne1 rutabagas & 
o!r roots1 rais$ by  wage-work]s2       
%eph]ds conduct !m to fe$ 9 fat pa/ures1
 & :5  ! sun p>*es ! pla91 !y are c>ri$ 
to :]e !y c br[se on  ! t5d] grass ( !  
m\nta9s4    ,! ,*ur*1 :i* has burn$ h]  
h]etics1 & regrets t %e c n  aga9 br+ up
 h] fai?ful sons 9 ! love ( mutton1     
repres5ts  ,jesus1 "u ! =m ( a k9d      
%eph]d1 be>+ ^u 8 %\ld]s a  we>y lamb4  
,true1 ! love = ! ram & ! ewe is 9 ! la/
 analysis only  ! love = ! leg ( mutton 
& ! cutlet1 j z ! ,lib]ty (  ! ,rights (
 ,man is no?+ b ! slav]y ( ! wage-work]1
 s9ce  our jesuitical ,civilization     
always disguises capitali/ exploitation 
9 et]nal pr9ciples & b\rgeois egoism 9  
noble s5tim5ts2 yet at  lea/ ! b\rgeois 
t5ds & fatt5s ! %eep up to ! day ( !    
sacrifice1 :ile he seizes ! labor] /ill 
w>m f ! work%op  & lean f toil to s5d   

him to ! %ambels ( ,tonqu9 or           
,madagasc>4    ,labor]s ( all crafts1 y 
:o toil s h>d to create y\r pov]ty  9   
produc+ ! weal? ( ! capitali/s1 arise1  
arise6 ,s9ce !  buffoons ( p>liam5t     
unfurl ! ,rights ( ,man1 d y boldly dem&
  = y\rselves1 y\r wives & y\r *ildr5 ! 
,rights ( ! ,horse4          ,,! ,,end4 
,transcrib]'s ,note3                    
,m9or typographical errors h be5        
correct$ )\t note4                      
,punctuation & spell+ 7 made consi/5t :5
 a pr$om9ant       =m 0 f\nd 9 ?is book2
 o!rwise !y 7 n *ang$4                  
,ambigu\s hyph5s at ! ends ( l9es 7     
reta9$4                                 
,footnotes 7 mov$ to ! end ( *apt]s &   
numb]$ 9 "o        cont9u\s sequ5ce4    
,italiciz$ words are surr\nd$ by und]l9e
 *>act]s1 l         ?is4