,,! ,,philosophy ,,( ,,art ,,by ,h4 ,,ta9e ,,pr(essor ,,( ,,/hetics ,,& ,,( ,,! ,,hi/ory ,,( ,,art ,,9 ,,! ,,cole ,,des ,,beaux-,,arts1 ,,p>is4 ,,translat$ ,,by ,,john ,,dur& ,second ,edition1 ,?or\ghly ,revis$ by ! ,translator ,,new ,,york ,,holt ,,williams #ahgc ,,publi%]s' ,,note4 ,! n[ fam\s "n ( ,ta9e 0 fir/ introduc$ to ! ,am]ican public by ! issue1 9 #ahfe1 ( a small import$ edition ( ?is "w4 ,t edition has long be5 out ( pr9t "h & 9 ,europe4 ,t ! book is n[ re-issu$ may be subject ( special satisfaction to ^? :o already possess ! ,au?or's ,ideal 9 ,art ,art 9 ! ,ne!rl&s & ,art 9 ,greece z ?is "w 7n[ publi%$ 9 a /yle uni=m ) o!rs nam$7 is prop]ly ! =]unn] ( !m all2 conta9+1 z x does1 ! pr9ciples laid d[n 9 ! ,au?or's fir/ c\rse ( lectures1 & con/antly ref]r$ to 9 ! lat] c\rses :i* n[ =m ! books be=e allud$ to4 ,9 prep>+ ?is edition = ! press1 ! translator1 by br++ to be> ! exp]i5ce ga9$ 9 ! lat] works1 has made x a great improvem5t on ! previ\s edition4 ,,preface ,,to ,,! ,,fir/ ,,edition4 ,! translation h]e) pres5t$ to ! read] consi/s ( a c\rse ( ,lectures deliv]$ dur+ ! w9t] ( #ahfd1 be=e ! ,/ud5ts ( ,art ( ! cole des ,beaux ,arts at ,p>is1 by ,h4 ,ta9e1 ,pr(esseur d',e/htique et d' ,hi/oire de l',art 9 t in/itution4 ,^! lectures1 z a sy/em ( /hetics1 consi/ ( an application ( ! exp]im5tal me?od to art1 9 ! same mann] z x is appli$ to ! sci5ces4 ,:atev] utility ! sy/em possesses is due to ?is pr9ciple4 ,! au?or und]takes to expla9 art by social influ5ces & o!r causes2 humanity at diff]5t times & places1 climate1 & o!r conditions1 furni% ! facts on :i* ! !ory re/s4 ,! arti/ic developm5t ( any age or p is made intelligible ?r\gh a s]ies ( hi/orical inductions t]m9at+ 9 a few inf]5tial laws1 con/itut+ :at ! title ( ! book decl>es x to be--! philosophy ( art4 ,su* a sy/em seems to possess _m advantages4 ,among o!rs1 x t5ds to emancipate ! /ud5t ( art1 z well z ! amateur1 f metaphysical & vision>y !ories gr[+ out ( false !ories & traditional misconceptions2 he is n misl$ by an exclusive adh]5ce to p>ticul> s*ools1 ma/]s1 or epo*s4 ,x also t5ds to r5d] criticism less caprici\s1 & !re=e less injuri\s2 dictat+ no conv5tional /&>d ( judgm5t1 x promotes a _s ( *>ity t[>ds all works4 ,z !re is no attempt to d m ?an expla9 art accord+ to natural laws1 ! read] mu/ judge :e!r1 l all sy/ems assum+ to br+ ord] out ( confusion1 ?is "o fulfils its mission4 ,read]s famili> ) ,m4 ,ta9e's able & orig9al "w on ,engli% lit]ature 7,hi/oire de la ,littrature ,anglaise7 w recognize 9 ! foll[+ pages ! same !ory appli$ to art z is !re9 appli$ to lit]ature4 ,j4 ,d4 ,,london1 ,novemb] #i1 #ahfe4 ,,preface ,,to ,,! ,,second ,,edition4 ,s9ce ! publication ( ! fir/ edition ( ! ,philosophy ( ,art sev5 ye>s ago1 9 ,london1 its au?or has become des]v$ly popul>1 & especially 9 ?is c\ntry4 ,8 writ+s are s\ght =1 read & translat$ bo? 9 ,engl& & on ! cont95t ( ,europe1 & x w\ld be b ref9+ gold to say aught 9 8 praise4 ,l e man ( g5ius he has1 z "t moves on1 improv$ 9 8 ord] ( ?\ght & 9 8 wond]fully arti/ic /yle4 ,8 late/ "w1 ,on ,intellig5ce ranks him z high among ?9k]s1 z 8 =m] works among m5 ( lett]s4 ,! pres5t edition is a c>eful revision ( ! =m] "o1 & am\nts1 inde$1 to a new translation4 ,7 ei!r to be comp>$ ) ! orig9al1 no *ange ( s5se c\ld probably be detect$4 ,! pres5t edition1 h[ev]1 be+ mu* m lit]al1 ! translator consid]s x an improvem5t1 & hopes t x w be f\nd m wor?y ( its gift$ au?or1 ! publi%]s1 8 indulg5t critics1 & ! public g5]ally4 ,j4 ,d4 ,,s\? ,,orange1 ,n4 ,j4 ,janu>y1 #ahgc4 ,,cont5ts4 ,,"p ,i4 ,,on ,,! ,,nature ,,( ,,! ,,"w ,,( ,,art4 ,i4 ,object ( ?is ,/udy--,! ,me?od employ$--,! se>* = ,aggregates on :i* ! ,"w ( ,art dep5ds4 ,fir/ ,aggregate1 ! ,entire ,production ( ! ,arti/--,second ,aggregate1 ! ,s*ool to :i* he belongs2 examples1 ,%akespe>e1 ,rub5s4 ,?ird ,aggregate1 ,contempor>y ,society2 examples1 ,greece1 ,spa91 9 ! ,sixte5? ,c5tury4 ,conditions det]m9+ appe>ance & "* ( ,works ( ,art2 examples1 ,greek ,trag$y1 ,go?ic ,ar*itecture1 ,dut* ,pa9t+1 ,fr5* ,trag$y--,comp>ison ( ,climate & ,natural ,productions ) a ,moral ,temp]ature1 & its effect--,application ( ?is me?od to ,italian ,art4 ,objects & me?od ( /hetics--,opposition ( ! ,hi/oric & ,dogmatic ,me?ods--,laws--,sympa?y = all ,s*ools--,! ,analogy betwe5 /hetics & ,botany1 & betwe5 ! ,natural & ! ,moral ,sci5ces #ai ,,ii4 ,:at is ! ,object ( ,art--,! ,rese>* ,exp]im5tal & n ,ideal--,comp>isons & ,elim9ations ( ,works ( ,art suffici5t4 ,division ( ! ,arts into two gr\ps--,on ! "o h&1 ,pa9t+1 ,sculpture & ,poesy2 &1 on ! o!r1 ,ar*itecture & ,music4 ,fir/ gr\p--,imitation app>5tly ! end ( ,art--,reasons = ?is d]iv$ f ord9>y exp]i5ce1 & f ! lives ( great m52 ,mi*ael ,angelo1 ,corneille--,reasons d]iv$ f ! ,hi/ory ( ,art & ,lit]ature2 ,pompeii & ,rav5na--,classic ,/yle "u ,l\is ,,xiv41 & ,academic ,/yle "u ,l\is ,,xv #ci ,,iii4 ,exact ,imitation n ! end ( ,art--,illu/rations d]iv$ f ,ca/+1 ,photography1 & ,/5ography--,comp>ison betwe5 ,d5n] & ,van ,dyck--,c]ta9 ,arts purposely ,inexact--,comp>ison betwe5 ,antique ,/atues & ,drap$ ,figures 9 ! ,*ur*es ( ,naples & ,spa9--,comp>ison betwe5 ,prose & ,v]se--,! ,two ,iphig5ias ( ,goe! ,,iv4 ,relation%ips ( ,p>ts ! true object ( ,imitation--,illu/rations d]iv$ f ,draw+ & ,lit]ature 4 4 #eh ,v4 ,a ,"w ( ,art n conf9$ to ,imitat+ ,relation%ips ( ,p>ts--,modification ( ! ,pr9ciple 9 ! greate/ ,s*ools2 ,mi*ael ,angelo1 ,rub5s--,! ,m$ici ,tomb--,! ',k]messe4' ,def9ition ( ,ess5tial ,"*3 ,examples ( ! ,lion & ! ,ne!rl&s4 ,importance ( ,ess5tial ,"*2 ,nature imp]fectly express+ x1 ,art supplies h] place--,fl&]s 9 ! "t ( ,rub5s1 & ,italy 9 ! "t ( ,raphael4 ,arti/ic ,imag9ation--,spontane\s ,impressions1 & _! p[] ( ,trans=mation4 ,retrospect2 successive /eps ( ! ,me?od1 & ,def9ition ( a ,"w ( ,art #fb ,,vi4 ,two ,p>ts 9 ?is ,def9ition--,h[ ,music & ,ar*itecture ent] into x--,opposition ( ! fir/ & second gr\p ( ,arts--,! fir/ copies ,organic & ,moral ,dep5d5cies2 ! second comb9es ,ma!matical ,dep5d5cies4 ,ma!matical ,relation%ips p]ceiv$ by ! s5se ( sight--,diff]5t classes ( ^! ,relation%ips--,pr9ciple ( ,ar*itecture4 ,ma!matical ,relation%ips p]ceiv$ by ! s5se ( ,he>+--,diff]5t classes ( ^! ,relation%ips--,pr9ciple ( ,music--,! second ,pr9ciple ( ,music1 ,analogy ( ! ,s\nd & ! ,cry--,music1 on ?is side1 ent]s into ! fir/ gr\p ( ,arts4 ,! def9ition giv5 is applicable to all ! ,arts #hc ,,vii4 ,! ,value ( ,art 9 ,human ,life--,selfi% ,acts = ! pres]vation ( ! ,individual--,social ,acts t5d+ to pres]ve ! ,species--,dis9t]e/$ ,acts hav+ = object ! contemplation ( ,causes & ,ess5tials--,two ways = atta9+ ?is end2 ,sci5ce & ,art--,advantages ( ,art #hi ,,"p ,,ii4 ,,production ,,( ,,! ,,"w ,,( ,,art4 ,i4 ,g5]al ,law = ! ,production ( ! ,"w ( ,art--,fir/ ,=mula--,two sorts ( ,pro(1 "o ( ,exp]i5ce1 & ! o!r ( ,reason+ #ie ,,ii4 ,g5]al ,exposition ( ! ,action ( ,social ,m$iums--,! ,developm5t ( ! ,plant comp>$ ) ! ,developm5t ( ,human ,activity--,natural ,selection #ig ,,iii4 ,! ,action ( a ,moral ,temp]ature--,! ,influ5ce ( ,melan*oly & ,*e]ful ,/ates ( ,m9d--,! ,arti/ is sadd5$ by 8 p]sonal %>e ( mis=tune--,by ! melan*oly ideas ( 8 contempor>ies--,by 8 aptitude = def9+ ! sali5t "* ( objects1 :i* "h is sadness--,he f9ds sugge/ions & enlight5m5t only 9 melan*oly subjects--,! ,public compreh5ds only melan*oly subjects4 ,an inv]se case1 /ate ( prosp]ity & g5]al joy--,int]m$iate cases #aje ,,iv4 ,real & ,hi/orical cases--,f\r ,epo*s1 & f\r lead+ ,arts #aag ,v4 ,greek ,civilization & ,antique ,sculpture--,comp>ison ( ,greek mann]s ) ^? ( contempor>ies--,! ,city--,! ,citiz5--,ta/e = ,w>--,! ,a?lete-,sp>tan ,education--,! ,gymnasium 9 o!r p>ts ( ,greece4 ,con=mity ( ,cu/oms ) ,ideas--,nudity--,olympic ,games--,! ,gods p]fect ,human ,figures4 ,bir? ( ,sculpture2 ,/atues ( ,a?letes & ( ,gods--,:y ,/atu>y suffic$ = ! ,arti/'s ,conceptions--,imm5se ,numb] ( ,/atues #aai ,,vi4 ,! ,civilization ( ! ,middle ,ages1 & ,go?ic ,ar*itecture4 ,decl9e ( ,antique ,society--,invasions ( ,b>b>ians--,feudal ,excesses--,univ]sal ,mis]y4 ,di/a/e = ,life--,exalt$ ,s5sibility--,! ,passion ( ,love--,p[] ( ! ,*ri/ian ,religion44 ,bir? ( ,go?ic ,ar*itecture--,! ,ca!dral--,univ]sality ( ,go?ic ,ar*itecture #ach ,,vii4 ,fr5* ,civilization 9 ! ,sev5te5? ,c5tury1 & ,classic ,trag$y4 ,! ,c\rti]--,rul+ ,ta/e--,trag$y--,! ,ari/ocratic ,s5tim5ts ( ,society--,importation ( ,fr5* ,trag$y into o!r ,european ,c\ntries #aed ,,viii4 ,contempor>y ,civilization & ,music--,! ,fr5* ,revolution--,effect ( ,civil ,equality1 ,ma*9]y1 & ! ,com=ts ( ,exi/5ce--,decay ( ,traditional ,au?ority4 ,! ,repres5tative ,man--,developm5t ( ,music--,its ,orig9 9 ,g]many & ,italy2 & its ,dep5d5ce on ,mod]n ,s5tim5ts4 ,univ]sality ( ,music #afh ,,ix4 ,! ,law ( ! ,production ( ,works ( ,art--,! ,f\r ,t]ms ( ! ,s]ies--,practical ,application ( ! ,law to a ,/udy ( all ! ,arts & ( e ,lit]ature4 #ahj ,x4 ,application ( ! ,law to ! ,pres5t--,! ,social ,m$ium r5ew+ itself con/antly1 ,art r5ews itself--,hopes = ! ,future #ahf ,,on ,,! ,,nature ,,( ,,! ,,"w ,,( ,,art4 ,,g5tlem53 ,9 comm5c+ ?is c\rse ( lectures ,i wi% to ask y two ?+s ( :i* ,i /& 9 great ne$3 9 ! fir/ place1 y\r att5tion2 aft]w>ds1 & especially1 y\r k9d indulg5ce4 ,! w>m? ( y\r reception p]suades me t y w favor me ) bo?4 ,let me s9c]ely & e>ne/ly ?ank y be=eh&4 ,! subject ) :i* ,i int5d to ent]ta9 y ?is ye> is ! hi/ory ( art1 &1 pr9cipally1 ! hi/ory ( pa9t+ 9 ,italy4 ,be=e ent]+ on ! subject itself1 ,i desire to indicate to y its _s & me?od4 ,i4 ,! pr9cipal po9t ( ?is me?od consi/s 9 recogniz+ t a "w ( art is n isolat$1 &1 consequ5tly1 t x is necess>y to /udy ! conditions out ( :i* x proce$s & by :i* x is expla9$4 ,! fir/ /ep is n difficult4 ,at fir/1 & evid5tly1 a "w ( art--a picture1 a trag$y1 a /atue--belongs to a c]ta9 :ole1 t is to say1 to ! entire "w ( ! arti/ produc+ x4 ,?is is elem5t>y4 ,x is well kn[n t ! diff]5t works ( an arti/ be> a family lik5ess1 l ! *ildr5 ( "o p>5t2 t is to say1 !y be> a c]ta9 resemblance to ea* o!r4 ,we "k t e arti/ has 8 own /yle1 a /yle recogniz$ 9 all 8 productions4 ,if he is a pa9t]1 he has 8 own color+1 ri* or impov]i%$2 8 favorite types1 noble or ignoble2 8 attitudes1 8 mode ( composition1 ev5 8 processes ( execution2 8 favorite pigm5ts1 t9ts1 models1 & mann] ( work+4 ,if he is a writ]1 he has 8 own *>act]s1 calm or passionate2 8 own plots1 simple or complex2 8 own dn\em5ts1 comic or tragic1 8 peculi>ities ( /yle1 8 pet p]iods1 & ev5 8 special vocabul>y4 ,?is is s true1 t a connoisseur1 if y place be=e him a "w n sign$ by any prom95t ma/]1 is able to recognize1 to almo/ a c]ta9ty1 to :at arti/ ?is "w belongs1 &1 if suffici5tly exp]i5c$ & delicate 9 8 p]ceptions1 ! p]iod ( ! arti/'s life1 & ! p>ticul> /age ( 8 developm5t4 ,?is is ! fir/ :ole to :i* we mu/ ref] a "w ( art4 ,& "h is ! second4 ,! arti/ himself1 consid]$ 9 connection ) 8 productions1 is n isolat$2 he also belongs to a :ole1 "o great] ?an himself1 compris+ ! s*ool or family ( arti/s ( ! "t & c\ntry to :i* he belongs4 ,= example1 ar\nd ,%akespe>e1 :o1 at ! fir/ glance1 seems to be a m>vell\s cele/ial gift com+ l an a]olite f heav51 we f9d sev]al dramati/s ( a high ord]--,web/]1 ,=d1 ,mass+]1 ,m>l[e1 ,b5 ,jonson1 ,beaumont & ,flet*]--all ( :om wrote 9 ! same /yle & 9 ! same _s z he did4 ,!re are ! same *>act]s 9 _! dramas z 9 ,%akespe>e's1 ! same viol5t & t]rible *>act]s1 ! same murd]\s & un=ese5 occurr5ces1 ! same sudd5 & fr5zi$ passions1 ! same irregul>1 caprici\s1 turgid1 magnific5t /yle1 ! same exquisite poetic feel+ = rural life & l&scape1 & ! same delicate1 t5d]1 affectionate ideals ( woman4 ,9 a simil> way ,rub5s is to be judg$4 ,rub5s app>5tly /&s alone1 )\t ei!r pr$ecessor or successor4 ,on go+ to ,belgium1 h[ev]1 & visit+ ! *ur*es ( ,gh5t1 ,brussels1 ,bruges1 or ,antw]p1 y f9d a gr\p ( pa9t]s ) g5ius resembl+ 84 ,fir/1 !re is ,cray]1 9 8 day consid]$ a rival2 ,segh]s1 ,van ,oo/1 ,ev]d+51 ,van ,?uld51 ,quell91 ,hond?or/1 & o!rs1 ) :om y are famili>1 ,jorda5s1 ,van ,dyck--all conceiv+ pa9t+ 9 ! same _s1 & ) _m di/9ctive features1 all pres]v+ a family lik5ess4 ,l ,rub5s1 ^! arti/s delight$ 9 pa9t+ ruddy & heal?y fle%1 ! ri* & quiv]+ palpitation ( life1 ! fre% & s5su\s pulp :i* is diffus$ s ri*ly ov] ! surface ( ! liv+ be+1 ! real1 & (t5 brutal types1 ! transport & ab&onm5t ( unfett]$ action1 ! spl5did lu/r\s & embroid]$ drap]ies1 ! v>y+ hues ( silk & purple1 & ! display ( %ift+ & wav+ folds4 ,at ! pres5t day !y seem to be obscur$ by ! glory ( _! great contempor>y2 b x is n ! less true t to compreh5d him x is necess>y to /udy him amid/ ?is clu/] ( brilliants ( :i* he is ! brighte/ gem--?is family ( arti/s1 ( :i* he is ! mo/ illu/ri\s repres5tative4 ,?is be+ ! second /ep1 !re n[ rema9s ! ?ird4 ,?is family ( arti/s is itself compreh5d$ 9 ano!r :ole m va/1 :i* is ! _w surr\nd+ x1 & ^: ta/e is simil>4 ,! social & intellectual condition is ! same = ! public z = arti/s2 !y are n isolat$ m52 x is _! voice alone t we he> at ?is mom5t1 ?r\gh ! space ( c5turies1 b1 b5ea? ?is liv+ voice :i* comes vibrat+ to u1 we di/+ui% a murmur1 &1 z x 71 a va/1 l[ s\nd1 ! great inf9ite & v>i$ voice ( ! p1 *ant+ 9 unison ) !m4 ,!y h be5 great ?r\gh ?is h>mony1 & x is v necess>y t x %\ld ev] be s4 ,phidias & ,ict9us1 ! con/ructors ( ! ,p>!non & ( ! ,olympian ,jupit]1 71 l o!r ,a!nians1 pagans & free citiz5s1 br\ght up 9 ! pal/ra1 ex]cis+ & wre/l+ nak$1 & accu/om$ to delib]ate & vote 9 ! public assemblies2 possess+ ! same habits1 ! same int]e/s1 ! same ideas1 ! same fai?2 m5 ( ! same race1 ! same education1 ! same language2 s t 9 all ! important acts ( _! life !y are f\nd 9 h>mony ) _! spectators4 ,?is h>mony becomes /ill m app>5t if we consid] an age ne>] our own4 ,= example1 take ! great ,spani% epo* ( ! sixte5? & a "p ( ! sev5te5? c5turies1 9 :i* liv$ ! great pa9t]s1 ,velasquez1 ,murillo1 ,zurb>an1 ,francisco de ,h]r]a1 ,alonzo ,cano1 & ,morales2 & ! great poets1 ,lope de ,vega1 ,cald]on1 ,c]vantes1 ,tirso de ,mol9a1 ,don ,luis de ,leon1 ,guilhem de ,ca/ro1 & s _m o!rs4 ,y "k t at ?is "t ,spa9 0 entirely mon>*ical & ,ca?olic2 t %e _h ov]-come ! ,turks at ,lepanto2 t %e plant$ h] foot 9 ,africa & ma9ta9$ h]self !re2 t %e combat$ ! ,prote/ants 9 ,g]many1 pursu$ !m 9 ,france & attack$ !m 9 ,engl&2 t %e subdu$ & conv]t$ ! idolat]s ( ! new _w1 & *as$ away ,jews & ,moors f h] own soil2 t %e purg$ h] own fai? ) autodafs & p]secutions3 t %e lavi%$ fleets & armies1 & ! gold & silv] ( h] ,am]ican possessions1 along ) h] mo/ preci\s *ildr51 ! vital blood ( h] own he>t1 ^u multipli$ & b\ndless crusades1 s ob/9ately & s fanatically1 t at ! end ( a c5tury & a half %e fell pro/rate at ! feet ( ,europe1 b ) su* en?usiasm1 su* a bur/ ( glory1 su* national f]vor1 t h] subjects1 enamor$ ( ! mon>*y 9 :i* _! p[] 0 conc5trat$1 & ) ! cause to :i* !y devot$ _! lives1 felt no o!r desire ?an t ( elevat+ religion & royalty by _! ob$i5ce1 & ( =m+ ar\nd ! ,*ur* & ! ,?rone a *oir ( fai?ful1 militant1 & ador+ support]s4 ,9 ?is mon>*y ( crusad]s & inquisitors1 pres]v+ ! *ivalric s5tim5ts & sombre passions1 ! f]ocity1 intol]ance1 & my/icism ( ! middle ages1 ! greate/ arti/s are ! v m5 :o possess$ 9 ! highe/ degree ! faculties1 s5tim5ts1 & passions ( ! public t surr\nd$ !m4 ,! mo/ celebrat$ poets--,lope de ,vega & ,cald]on--7 milit>y adv5tur]s1 volunte]s 9 ! ,armada1 duelli/s & lov]s1 z exalt$ & z my/ic 9 love z ! poets & ,don ,quixotes ( feudal times2 !y 7 passionate ,ca?olics & s ard5t t1 at ! end ( _! lives1 "o became a famili> ( ! ,inquisition1 o!rs became prie/s1 & ! mo/ illu/ri\s among !m--! great ,lope de ,vega--fa9t$ on say+ ,mass1 at ! ?\ght ( ! sacrifice & m>tyrdom ( ,jesus4 ,ev]y:]e may be f\nd simil> examples ( ! alliance1 ! intimate h>mony exi/+ betwe5 an arti/ & 8 contempor>ies2 & we may re/ assur$ t if we desire to compreh5d ! ta/e or ! g5ius ( an arti/1 ! reasons lead+ him to *oose a p>ticul> /yle ( pa9t+ or drama1 to pref] ?is or t "* or color+1 & to repres5t p>ticul> s5tim5ts1 we mu/ seek = !m 9 ! social & intellectual conditions ( ! community 9 ! mid/ ( :i* he liv$4 ,we h !re=e to lay d[n ?is rule3 t1 9 ord] to compreh5d a "w ( art1 an arti/ or a gr\p ( arti/s1 we mu/ cle>ly compreh5d ! g5]al social & intellectual condition ( ! times to :i* !y belong4 ,h]e9 is to be f\nd ! f9al explanation2 h]e9 resides ! primitive cause det]m9+ all t foll[s x4 ,?is tru?1 g5tlem51 is confirm$ by exp]i5ce4 ,9 %ort1 if we pass 9 review ! pr9cipal epo*s ( ! hi/ory ( art1 we f9d t ! arts appe> & disappe> along ) c]ta9 accompany+ social & intellectual conditions4 ,= example1 ! ,greek trag$y--t ( s*ylus1 ,sophocles1 & ,euripides--appe>s at ! "t :5 ! ,greeks 7 victori\s ov] ! ,p]sians2 at ! h]oic era ( small republican cities1 at ! mom5t ( ! great /ruggle by :i* !y acquir$ _! indep5d5ce & e/abli%$ _! asc5d5cy 9 ! civiliz$ _w2 & we see x disappe>+ along ) ?is indep5d5ce & ?is vigor :5 a deg5]acy ( "* & ! ,mac$onian conque/ deliv]$ ,greece ov] to /rang]s4 ,x is ! same ) ,go?ic ar*itecture1 develop+ along ) ! def9itive e/abli%m5t ( feudalism 9 ! semi-r5aissance ( ! elev5? c5tury at ! p]iod :5 society1 deliv]$ f brig&s & ,normans1 began to consolidate1 & disappe>+ at ! p]iod :5 ! milit>y sy/em ( petty indep5d5t b>ons1 ) ! mann]s & cu/oms gr[+ out ( x vani%$ ne> ! end ( ! fifte5? c5tury1 on ! adv5t ( mod]n mon>*ies4 ,x is ! same ) ,dut* pa9t+1 :i* fl\ri%$ at ! glori\s p]iod :51 ?r\gh firmness & c\rage1 ,holl& succe$$ 9 free+ h]self f ,spani% rule1 combat$ ,engl& ) equal p[]1 & became ! ri*e/1 free/1 mo/ indu/ri\s1 & mo/ prosp]\s /ate 9 ,europe3 & we see x decl9+ at ! comm5cem5t ( ! eighte5? c5tury1 :5 ,holl&1 fall5 into a second>y rank1 leaves ! fir/ to ,engl&1 r$uc+ itself to a well-ord]$1 safely adm9i/]$1 quiet1 comm]cial bank+-h\se1 9 :i* man1 an hone/ b\rgeois1 c\ld live at ease1 exempt f e great ambition & e gr& emotion4 ,x is ! same1 f9ally1 ) ,fr5* trag$y appe>+ at ! p]iod :5 a noble & well-regulat$ mon>*y1 "u ,l\is ,,xiv41 e/abli%$ ! empire ( decorum1 ! life ( ! c\rt1 ! pomp & circum/ance ( society1 & ! elegant dome/ic phases ( ari/ocracy2 disappe>+ :5 ! social rule ( nobles & ! mann]s ( ! ante*amb] 7 aboli%$ by ! ,revolution4 ,i w\ld l to make y m s5sible by a comp>ison ( ?is effect ( ! social & intellectual /ate on ! ,f9e ,arts4 ,suppose y are leav+ ! l& ( ! s\? = t ( ! nor?2 y p]ceive on ent]+ a c]ta9 zone a p>ticul> mode ( cultivation & a p>ticul> species ( plant3 fir/ come ! aloe & ! orange2 a little lat]1 ! v9e & ! olive2 aft] ^!1 ! oak & ! *e/nut2 a little fur!r on1 oats & ! p9e1 & f9ally1 mosses & li*5s4 ,ea* zone has its own mode ( cultivation & peculi> vegetation2 bo? beg9 at ! comm5cem5t1 & bo? f9i% at ! end ( ! zone2 bo? are atta*$ to x4 ,! zone is ! condition ( _! exi/5ce2 by its pres5ce or its abs5ce is det]m9$ :at %all appe> & :at %all disappe>4 ,n[1 :at is ?is zone b a c]ta9 temp]ature2 9 o!r words1 a c]ta9 degree ( heat & moi/ure2 9 %ort1 a c]ta9 numb] ( gov]n+ circum/ances analog\s 9 its g]m to t :i* we call$ a mom5t ago ! social & intellectual /ate8 ,j z !re is a physical temp]ature1 :i* by its v>iations det]m9es ! appe>ance ( ?is or t species ( plant1 s is !re a moral temp]ature1 :i* by its v>iations det]m9es ! appe>ance ( ?is or t species ( art4 ,& z we /udy ! physical temp]ature 9 ord] to compreh5d ! adv5t ( ?is or t species ( plants1 :e!r maize or oats1 ! orange or ! p9e1 s is x necess>y to /udy ! moral temp]ature 9 ord] to compreh5d ! adv5t ( v>i\s phases ( art1 :e!r pagan sculpture or reali/ic pa9t+1 my/ic ar*itecture or classic lit]ature1 voluptu\s music or ideal poetry4 ,! productions ( ! human m9d1 l ^? ( animat$ nature1 c only be expla9$ by _! milieu4 ,h5ce ! /udy ,i int5d to (f] y ?is season1 ( ! hi/ory ( pa9t+ 9 ,italy4 ,i %all attempt to lay be=e y\r eyes ! my/ic milieu1 9 :i* appe>$ ,giotto & ,beato ,angelico1 & to ?is end ,i %all read passages f ! poets & leg5d>y writ]s1 conta9+ ! ideas ent]ta9$ by ! m5 ( ^? days conc]n+ happ9ess1 mis]y1 love1 fai?1 p>adise1 hell1 & all ! great int]e/s ( humanity4 ,we %all f9d docum5t>y evid5ce 9 ! poetry ( ,dante1 ( ,guido ,cavalcanti1 ( ! ,franciscans1 9 ! ,gold5 ,leg5d1 9 ! ,imitation ( ,jesus ,*ri/1 9 ! ,fioretti ( ,/4 ,francis1 9 ! works ( hi/orians l ,d9o ,campagni1 & 9 t va/ collection ( *ronicl]s by ,muratori1 :i* s naively portray ! jeal\sies & di/urbances ( ! small ,italian republics4 ,aft] ?is ,i %all attempt to place be=e y 9 ! same mann] ! pagan milieu :i* a c5tury & a half lat] produc$ ,leon>do da ,v9ci1 ,mi*ael ,angelo1 ,raphael & ,titian1 & to ?is end ,i %all read1 ei!r f ! memoirs ( contempor>ies--,b5v5uto ,cell9i = in/ance--or f ! div]se *ronicles kept daily 9 ,rome & 9 ! pr9cipal ,italian cities1 or f ! despat*es ( ambassadors1 or1 f9ally1 f ! descriptions ( ftes1 masqu]ades1 & civic receptions1 :i* are rem>kable fragm5ts1 display+ ! brutality1 s5suality1 & vigor ( society1 z well z ! lively poetic s5tim5t1 ! love ( ! picturesque1 ! great lit]>y s5tim5t1 ! decorative in/9cts1 & ! passion = ext]nal spl5dor :i* at t "t are se5 z well among ! p & ! ignorant cr[d z among ! great & ! lett]$4 ,suppose n[1 g5tlem51 we %\ld succe$ 9 ?is und]tak+1 & t we %\ld be able to m>k cle>ly & precisely ! v>i\s intellectual conditions :i* h l$ to ! bir? ( ,italian pa9t+--its developm5t1 its bloom1 its v>ieties & decl9e4 ,suppose ! same und]tak+ successful ) o!r c\ntries1 & o!r ages1 & ) ! diff]5t bran*es ( art1 ar*itecture1 sculpture1 pa9t+1 poetry1 & music4 ,suppose1 t ?r\gh ! effect ( all ^! discov]ies1 we succe$ 9 def9+ ! nature1 & 9 m>k+ ! conditions ( exi/5ce ( ea* art1 we %all !n h a complete explanation ( ! ,f9e ,arts1 & ( all 9 g5]al2 t is to say1 a philosophy ( ! ,f9e ,arts--:at is call$ an /hetic sy/em4 ,?is is :at we aim at1 g5tlem51 & no?+ else4 ,ours is mod]n1 & diff]s f ! anci5t1 inasmu* z x is hi/oric1 & n dogmatic2 t is to say1 x imposes no precepts1 b asc]ta9s & v]ifies laws4 ,anci5t /hetics gave1 at fir/1 a def9ition ( beauty1 & decl>$1 = in/ance1 t ! beautiful is ! expression ( ! moral ideal1 or r is ! expression ( ! invisible1 or1 r /ill1 is ! expression ( ! human passions2 !n />t+ h5ce1 z f an article ( a code1 !y absolv$1 condemn$1 admoni%$1 & direct$4 ,x is my good =tune n to h su* a =midable task to meet4 ,i d n wi% to guide y--x w\ld emb>rass me too mu*4 ,besides1 ,i say ) all humility1 t1 z to precepts1 we h z yet f\nd b two3 ! fir/ is to be born a g5ius1 an affair ( y\r p>5ts1 & n m9e2 & ! second1 :i* implies mu* labor 9 ord] to ma/] art1 :i* likewise does n dep5d on me1 b on y\rselves4 ,my sole duty is to (f] y facts1 & %[ y h[ ^! facts are produc$4 ,! mod]n me?od1 :i* ,i /rive to pursue1 & :i* is beg9n+ to be introduc$ 9 all ! moral sci5ces1 consi/s 9 consid]+ human productions1 & p>ticul>ly works ( art1 z facts & productions ( :i* x is ess5tial to m>k ! *>act]i/ics & seek ! causes1 & no?+ m4 ,?us und]/ood1 sci5ce nei!r p>dons nor proscribes2 x v]ifies & expla9s4 ,x does n say to y1 despise ,dut* art because x is vulg>1 & prize only ,italian art2 nor does x say to y despise ,go?ic art because x is morbid1 & prize only ,greek art4 ,x leaves e "o free to foll[ _! own pr$ilections1 to pref] t :i* is g]mane to "o's temp]am5t1 & to /udy ) ! greate/ c>e t :i* be/ corresponds to ! developm5t ( "o's own m9d4 ,sci5ce has sympa?ies = all ! =ms ( art1 & = all s*ools1 ev5 = ^? ! mo/ oppos$ to ea* o!r4 ,x accepts !m z s _m manife/ations ( ! human m9d1 judg+ t ! m num]\s !y are1 & ! m anti!tical1 ! m !y %[ ! human m9d 9 its innum]able & novel phases4 ,x is analog\s to botany1 :i* /udies ! orange1 ! laurel1 ! p9e1 & ! bir*1 ) equal int]e/2 x is itself a species ( botany1 appli$ n to plants1 b to ! works ( man4 ,by virtue ( ?is x keeps pace ) ! g5]al movem5t ( ! day1 :i* n[ affiliates ! moral sci5ces ) ! natural sci5ces1 & :i*1 giv+ to ! fir/ ! pr9ciples1 precautions1 & directions ( ! second1 gives to !m ! same /ability1 & assures !m ! same progress4 ,,ii4 ,i wi% to apply at once ?is me?od to ! fir/ & pr9cipal "q by :i* a c\rse ( /hetics is op5$ out1 & :i* is a def9ition ( art4 ,:at is art1 & 9 :at does its nature consi/8 ,in/ead ( e/abli%+ a =mula1 ,i wi% to famili>ize y ) facts1 = facts exi/ "h z else:]e--positive facts op5 to obs]vation2 ,i mean works ( art arrang$ by families 9 gall]ies & libr>ies1 l plants 9 an h]b>ium1 & animals 9 a museum4 ,analysis may be appli$ to ! "o z to ! o!rs2 a "w ( art may be inve/igat$ g5]ally1 z we inve/igate a plant or an animal g5]ally4 ,!re is no m ne$ ( disc>d+ exp]i5ce 9 ! fir/ case ?an 9 ! second2 ! entire process consi/s 9 discov]+1 by num]\s comp>isons & progressive elim9ations1 traits common to all works ( art1 &1 at ! same "t1 ! di/9ctive traits by :i* works ( art are sep>at$ f o!r productions ( ! human intellect4 ,to ?is end we w1 among ! five great arts ( poetry1 sculpture1 pa9t+1 ar*itecture1 & music1 set aside ! la/ two1 ( :i* ! explanation is m difficult1 & to :i* we w return aft]w>ds2 we %all at pres5t consid] only ! ?ree fir/4 ,all1 z y are aw>e1 possess a common "*1 t ( be+ m or less imitative arts4 ,at ! fir/ glance1 x seems t ?is is _! pr9cipal "*1 & _! object is imitation z exact z possible4 ,= x is pla9 t a /atue is meant to imitate accurately a really liv+ man2 t a picture is int5d$ to portray real p]sons 9 real attitudes1 ! int]ior ( a h\se & a l&scape1 su* z nature pres5ts4 ,x is no less evid5t t a drama1 a romance1 attempts to repres5t fai?fully *>act]s1 actions1 & actual spee*1 & to give z precise & z accurate a picture ( !m z is possible4 ,:51 accord+ly1 ! image is inadequate or inexact1 we say to ! sculptor1 ,?is brea/ or ?is limb is n well execut$2 & to ! pa9t]1 ,! figures ( y\r backgr\nd are too l>ge--! color+ ( y\r trees is faulty2 & we say to ! au?or1 ,nev] did man feel or ?9k z y h imag9$ him4 ,b !re are o!r pro(s1 /ill /rong]1 & fir/1 e-day exp]i5ce4 ,:5 we behold :at takes place 9 ! life ( an arti/1 we p]ceive t x is g5]ally divid$ into two sections4 ,dur+ ! fir/1 9 ! y\? & maturity ( 8 tal5t1 he sees ?+s z !y are1 & /udies !m m9utely & e>ne/ly2 he fixes 8 eyes on !m2 he labors & worries to express !m1 & he expresses !m ) m ?an scrupul\s fidelity4 ,arriv+ at a c]ta9 mom5t ( life1 he ?9ks he und]/&s !m ?or\ghly & discov]s no m novelty 9 !m2 he ca/s aside ! liv+ model1 & ) c]ta9 prescrib$ rules :i* he has pick$ up 9 ! c\rse ( 8 exp]i5ce he =ms a drama or a romance1 a picture or a /atue4 ,! fir/ epo* is t ( natural feel+2 ! second t ( mann]ism & decl9e4 ,if we p5etrate ! lives ( ! greate/ m51 we r>ely fail to discov] bo?4 ,9 ! life ( ,mi*ael ,angelo1 ! fir/ p]iod la/$ a long "t1 a little less ?an sixty ye>s2 all ! works belong+ to x disclose ! s5tim5t ( =ce & h]oic gr&eur4 ,! arti/ is imbu$ ) x2 he has no o!r ?\ght4 ,8 num]\s dissections1 8 c\ntless draw+s1 ! unremitt$ analysis ( 8 own he>t1 8 /udy ( ! tragic passions & ( _! physical expression1 are = him b ! means ( manife/+ outw>dly ! militant en]gy ) :i* he is c>ri$ away4 ,?is idea desc5ds ^u y f e corn] ( ! great vault ( ! ,si/9e *apel4 ,ent] ! ,paul9e *apel alongside ( x1 & contemplate ! works ( 8 old age--! ,conv]sion ( ,/4 ,paul1 ! ,crucifixion ( ,/4 ,pet]2 consid] ev5 ! ,la/ ,judgm5t1 :i* he pa9t$ 9 8 sev5ty-sev5? ye>4 ,connoisseurs1 & ^? :o are n1 recognize at once t ! two frescoes are execut$ accord+ to prescrib$ rules2 t ! arti/ possess$ a c]ta9 numb] ( =ms1 :i* he us$ conv5tionally2 t he multipli$ extraord9>y attitudes1 & +5i\sly contriv$ =e%ort5+s2 t ! lively inv5tion1 naturalness1 ! great transport ( ! he>t1 ! p]fect tru? peculi> to 8 fir/ works1 h1 at lea/ 9 "p1 disappe>$ f ! abuse ( te*nique & ! =ce ( r\t9e2 & t if he is /ill sup]ior to o!rs1 he is greatly inf]ior to himself4 ,! same comm5t may be made on ano!r life--t ( our ,fr5* ,mi*ael ,angelo1 ,corneille4 ,9 ! fir/ ye>s ( 8 life1 ,corneille 0 likewise /ruck by ! feel+ ( =ce1 & ( moral h]oism4 ,he f\nd x ar\nd him 9 ! vigor\s passions bequea!d by ! religi\s w>s to ! new mon>*y2 9 ! d>+ acts ( duelli/s2 9 ! pr\d feel+ ( honor :i* /ill c>ri$ away ! devotees ( feudalism2 9 ! bloody trag$ies :i* ! plots ( pr9ces & ! executions ( ,ri*elieu furni%$ z spectacles = ! c\rt2 & he creat$ p]sonages l ,*imne & ! ,cid4 l ,polyeucte & ,paul9e1 l ,cornlie1 ,s]torius1 milie1 & les ,horaces4 ,aft]w>ds he produc$ ,p]?>ite1 ,attila1 & o!r feeble works1 9 :i* ! situations m]ge into ! horrible1 & g5]\s emotions lose !mselves 9 extravagance4 ,9 ?is p]iod ! liv+ models he once contemplat$ no long] _h a social sett+2 at lea/ he no long] s\ght !m1 he fail$ to r5ew 8 inspiration4 ,he 0 gov]n$ by prescrib$ rules due to ! memory ( processes :i* he _h =m]ly f\nd 9 ! heat ( en?usiasm1 lit]>y !ories1 diss]tations & di/9ctions on !atrical cata/rophes & dramatic lic5ses4 ,he copi$ & exagg]at$ himself2 le>n+1 calculation & r\t9e %ut out f him ! direct & p]sonal contemplation ( p[]ful emotions & ( noble actions2 he no long] creat$1 b manufactur$4 ,x is n alone ! hi/ory ( ?is or t great man :i* proves to u ! necessity ( imitat+ ! liv+ model1 & ( keep+ ! eye fix$ on nature1 b r ! hi/ory ( e great s*ool ( art4 ,e s*ool 7,i believe )\t exception7 deg5]ates & falls1 simply ?r\gh its neglect ( exact imitation1 & its ab&onm5t ( ! liv+ model4 ,y see x 9 pa9t+1 9 ! fabricators ( muscles & exagg]at$ attitudes :o succe$$ ,mi*ael ,angelo2 9 ! scioli/s ( !atrical decorations & 9 ! brawny rotundities :i* h foll[$ ! great ,v5etians2 & 9 ! b\doir & alcove pa9t]s :i* clos$ ! ,fr5* s*ool ( art ( ! eighte5? c5tury4 ,! same ?+ occurs 9 lit]ature1 ) ! v]sifi]s & rhetoricians ( ! ,lat9 decad5ce2 ) ! s5sual & declamatory playwrights clos+ ! bright p]iod ( ! ,engli% drama1 & ) ! manufactur]s ( sonnets1 puns1 witticisms1 & bomba/ ( ! ,italian decl9e4 ,among ^! ,i w cite two /rik+ examples4 ,! fir/ is ! decl9e ( sculpture & pa9t+ 9 antiquity1 ( :i* y obta9 a vivid impression by visit+ ,pompeii1 & aft]w>ds ,rav5na4 ,at ,pompeii ! pa9t+ & sculpture belong to ! fir/ c5tury ( ! pres5t era2 at ,rav5na ! mosaics are ( ! six? c5tury1 ab\t ! times ( ! ,emp]or ,ju/9ian4 ,9 ?is int]val ( five c5turies art becomes irrem$iably corrupt1 & its deg5]acy is :olly due to ! neglect ( ! liv+ model4 ,9 ! fir/ c5tury ! pagan mann]s & ta/es ( ! pale/ra /ill exi/$4 ,m5 wore _! ve/m5ts loose & ca/ !m (f easily1 frequ5t$ ! ba?s1 ex]cis$ 9 a /ate ( nudity1 witness$ ! combats ( ! circus1 ev] contemplat+ sympa!tically & intellig5tly ! active movem5ts ( ! liv+ body4 ,_! sculptors & pa9t]s1 surr\nd$ by nude & half-nude =ms1 7 capable ( reproduc+ !m4 ,accord+ly1 y w see on ! walls ( ,pompeii1 9 ! little oratories & 9 ! inn] c\rts1 beautiful danc+ females1 spirit$1 supple "y h]oes1 ) manly *e/s1 agile feet1 e po/ure & =m ( ! body r5d]$ ) an ease & accuracy to :i* ! mo/ elaborate /udy ( ! pres5t day _c atta94 ,dur+ ! foll[+ five hundr$ ye>s ev]y?+ gradually *anges4 ,pagan mann]s1 ! use ( ! pale/ra1 & ! love ( ! nude1 disappe>4 ,! body is no long] expos$1 b conceal$ "u complicat$ drap]y1 & "u a display ( lace1 purple1 & ori5tal magnific5ce4 ,p no long] e/eem ! wre/l] & ! y\?ful gymna/1#a b ! eunu*1 ! scribe1 ! monk1 & ! woman4 ,asceticism ga9s gr\nd1 & ) x a love = li/less rev]ie1 holl[ disputation1 scribbl+ & wrangl+4 ,! worn-out babbl]s ( ! ,l[] ,empire replace ! valiant ,greek a?letes & ! h>dy combatants ( ,rome4 ,by degrees ! k & /udy ( ! liv+ model are int]dict$4 ,p h disc>d$ x4 ,_! eyes re/ only on ! works ( anci5t ma/]s1 & !y copy ^!4 ,soon copies are only made ( copies1 & aga9 copies ( ^!1 s t ea* g5]ation rec$es a /ep f ! orig9al type4 ,! arti/ ceases to h 8 own idea & 8 own feel+1 & becomes a copy+ ma*9e4 ,! ,fa!rs decl>e t he mu/ inv5t no?+1 b mu/ adh]e to l9eam5ts prescrib$ by tradition & sanction$ by au?ority4 ,?is sep>ation ( ! arti/ f ! liv+ model br+s art to ! condition 9 :i* y see x at ,rav5na4 ,at ! end ( five c5turies1 arti/s c only repres5t man 9 two ways--seat$ & /&+2 o!r attitudes are too difficult1 & are beyond _! capacity4 ,h&s & feet appe> rigid z if fractur$1 ! folds ( drap]y are wood51 figures seem to be mannik9s1 & heads are invad$ by ! eyes4 ,art is l an invalid s9k+ "u a mortal consumption2 x is langui%+1 & ab\t to expire4 ,9 a diff]5t bran* ( art among/ ourselves1 & 9 a neighbor+ c5tury1 we f9d aga9 a simil> decl9e1 & br\ght ab\t by simil> causes4 ,9 ! age ( ,l\is ,,xiv41 lit]ature atta9$ to a p]fect /yle1 to a purity1 to a precision1 to a sobriety ( :i* we h no example2 dramatic art1 especially1 creat$ a language & a /yle ( v]sification deem$ by all ,europe a ma/]piece ( ! human intellect4 ,?is is due to ! fact ( writ]s f9d+ _! models ar\nd !m & con/antly obs]v+ !m4 ,! language ( ,l\is ,,xiv4 0 p]fect1 display+ a dignity1 eloqu5ce1 & gravity truly royal4 ,we "k by ! lett]s1 despat*es1 & memoirs ( ! c\rt p]sonages ( t "t1 t an ari/ocratic tone1 su/a9$ elegance1 propriety ( t]ms1 dignifi$ mann]s1 & ! art ( correct speak+1 7 z common to c\rti]s z to mon>*2 s t ! writ] frequ5t+ _! society1 _h b to draw on 8 memory & exp]i5ce 9 ord] to obta9 ! v be/ mat]ials ( 8 art4 ,footnote #a3 4 ,,iii4 ,is ?is true 9 e p>ticul>1 & mu/ we conclude t absolutely exact imitation is ! end ( art8 ,if ?is 7 s1 g5tlem51 absolutely exact imitation w\ld produce ! f9e/ works4 ,b1 9 fact1 x is n s4 ,9 sculpture1 = in/ance1 ca/+ is ! process by :i* a fai?ful & m9ute impression ( a model is obta9$1 & c]ta9ly a good ca/ is n equal to a good /atue4 ,aga91 & 9 ano!r doma91 photography is ! art :i* completely reproduces ) l9es & t9ts on a flat surface1 )\t possible mi/ake1 ! =ms & modell+ ( ! object imitat$4 ,photography is und\bt$ly a useful auxili>y to pa9t+1 & is sometimes ta/efully employ$ by cultivat$ & intellig5t m52 b aft] all1 no "o ?9ks ( comp>+ x ) pa9t+4 ,& f9ally1 z a la/ illu/ration1 if x 7 true t exact imitation is ! supreme aim ( art1 let me ask :at w\ld be ! be/ trag$y8 ! be/ com$y8 ! be/ drama8 ,a /5ographic report ( a crim9al trial1 e ^w ( :i* is fai?fully record$4 ,x is cle>1 h[ev]1 t if we sometimes enc\nt] 9 x fla%es ( nature & occasional outbur/s ( s5tim5t1 ^! are b ve9s ( pure metal 9 a mass ( wor?less dross2 x may furni% a writ] ) mat]ials = 8 art1 b x does n con/itute a "w ( art4 ,"s may possibly say1 t photography1 ca/+1 & /5ography are me*anical processes1 & t we ought to leave me*anism out ( ! "q1 & accord+ly limit our comp>isons to man's "w4 ,let u1 !re=e1 select works by arti/s conspicu\s = m9ute fidelity4 ,!re is a canvas 9 ! ,l\vre by ,d5n]4 ,?is arti/ work$ microscopically1 tak+ f\r ye>s to f9i% a portrait4 ,no?+ 9 8 heads is ov]look$--! f9e/ l9es & wr9kles1 ! fa9tly mottl$ surface ( ! *eeks1 ! black specks scatt]$ ov] ! nose1 ! blui% flu% ( imp]ceptible ve9s me&]+ "u ! sk91 nor ! reflection ( objects 9 ! vic9ity on ! eye4 ,we are /ruck ) a/oni%m5t4 ,?is head is a p]fect illusion2 x seems to project out ( ! frame4 ,su* success & su* pati5ce are unp>allel$4 ,sub/antially1 h[ev]1 a broad sket* by ,van ,dyck is a hundr$fold m p[]ful4 ,beside1 nei!r 9 pa9t+ nor 9 any o!r art are prizes aw>d$ to deceptions4 ,a second & /rong] pro(1 t exact imitation is n ! end ( art1 is to be f\nd 9 ?is fact1 t c]ta9 arts are purposely inexact4 ,!re is sculpture1 = in/ance4 ,a /atue is g5]ally ( "o color1 ei!r ( bronze or ( m>ble2 & aga91 ! eyes are )\t eyeballs4 ,x is j ?is uni=mity ( t9t1 & ?is modification ( moral expression1 :i* completes its beauty4 ,exam9e correspond+ works1 9 :i* imitation is pu%$ to extremity4 ,! *ur*es ( ,naples & ,spa9 conta9 drap$ /atues1 color$2 sa9ts 9 actual mona/ic g>b1 ) yell[ e>?y sk9s1 suitable to ascetics1 & ble$+ h&s & w\nd$ sides *>act]i/ic ( ! m>tyr$4 ,alongside ( ^! appe> madonnas1 9 royal robes1 9 fe/ive dresses1 & 9 bright silks1 cr[n$ ) diadems1 we>+ preci\s necklaces1 brilliant ribbons1 & magnific5t laces1 & ) rosy complexions1 glitt]+ eyes1 & eyeballs =m$ ( c>buncles4 ,by ?is excess ( lit]al imitation1 ! arti/ gives no pleasure1 b repugnance1 (t5 disgu/1 & sometimes horror4 ,x is ! same 9 lit]ature4 ,! be/ half ( dramatic poetry1 e classic ,greek & ,fr5* drama1 & ! great] "p ( ,spani% & ,engli% dramas1 f> f lit]ally copy+ ord9>y conv]sation1 int5tionally modify human spee*4 ,ea* ( ^! dramatic poets makes 8 *>act]s speak 9 v]se1 ca/+ _! dialogue 9 rhy?m1 & (t5 9 rhyme4 ,is ?is modification prejudicial to ! "w8 ,f> f x4 ,"o ( ! great works ( ! age1 ! ,iphig5ia ( ,goe!1 :i* 0 at fir/ writt5 9 prose & aft]w>ds re-writt5 9 v]se1 af=ds abundant evid5ce ( ?is4 ,x is beautiful 9 prose1 b 9 v]se :at a diff]5ce6 ,! modification ( ord9>y language1 9 ! introduction ( rhy?m & metre1 evid5tly gives to ?is "w its incomp>able acc5t1 t calm sublimity1 t broad1 su/a9$ tragic tone1 :i* elevates ! _s above ! l[ level ( common life1 & br+s be=e ! eye ! h]oes ( anci5t days--t lo/ race ( primitive s\ls--&1 among !m1 ! augu/ virg91 int]pret] ( ! gods1 cu/odian ( ! laws1 & ! b5efactress ( mank9d1 9 :om is conc5trat$ :atev] is noble & good 9 human nature1 9 ord] to glorify our species & r5ew ! inspiration ( our he>ts4 ,,iv4 ,x is ess5tial1 !n1 to closely imitate some?+ 9 an object2 b n ev]y?+4 ,we h n[ to discov] :at imitation %\ld be appli$ to4 ,anticipat+ an answ] to ?is1 ,i reply1 ,to ! relation%ips & mutual dep5d5ce ( p>ts4 ,excuse ?is ab/ract def9ition--,i w make my mean+ cle>] to y4 ,imag9e y\rselves be=e a liv+ model1 man or woman1 ) a p5cil1 & a piece ( pap] twice ! dim5sions ( y\r h&1 on :i* to copy x4 ,c]ta9ly1 y _c be expect$ to reproduce ! magnitude ( ! limbs1 = y\r pap] is too small2 nor c y be expect$ to reproduce _! color1 = y h only black & :ite to "w )4 ,:at y h to d is to reproduce _! relation%ips1 & fir/ ! proportions1 t is to say1 ! relation%ips ( magnitude4 ,if ! head is ( a c]ta9 l5g?1 ! body mu/ be s _m times long] ?an ! head1 ! arm ( a l5g? equally dep5d5t on t1 & ! leg ! same2 & s on ) ! o!r memb]s4 ,aga91 y are requir$ to reproduce =ms1 or ! relation%ips ( position3 ?is or t curve1 oval1 angle1 or s9uosity 9 ! model mu/ be repeat$ 9 ! copy by a l9e ( ! same nature4 ,9 %ort1 y\r object is to reproduce ! aggregate ( relation%ips1 by :i* ! p>ts are l9k$ toge!r1 & no?+ else2 x is n ! simple corporeal appe>ance t y h to give1 b ! logic ( ! :ole body4 ,suppose1 9 l mann]1 y are contemplat+ "s actual "*1 "s sc5e 9 real life1 high or l[1 & y are ask$ to furni% a description ( x4 ,to d ?is y h y\r eyes1 y\r e>s1 y\r memory1 &1 p]haps1 a p5cil1 to dot d[n five or six notes--no great means1 b ample = y\r purpose4 ,:at is expect$ ( y is1 n to record e ^w & motion1 all ! actions ( ! p]sonage1 or ( ! fifte5 or tw5ty p]sons t are figur$ be=e y1 b1 z be=e1 to note proportions1 connections1 & relation%ips2 y are expect$1 9 ! fir/ place1 to keep exactly ! proportion ( ! actions ( ! p]sonage1 9 o!r words1 to give prom95ce to ambiti\s acts1 if he is ambiti\s1 to av>ici\s acts1 if he is av>ici\s1 & to viol5t acts1 if he is viol5t2 aft] ?is1 to obs]ve ! reciprocal connection ( ^! same acts2 t is to say1 to provoke "o reply by ano!r1 to orig9ate a resolution1 a s5tim5t1 an idea by an idea1 a s5tim5t1 a prec$+ resolution1 & moreov] by ! actual condition ( ! p]sonage2 9 addition to t1 /ill by ! g5]al "* be/[$ on him4 ,9 %ort1 9 ! lit]>y ef=t1 z 9 ! pictorial ef=t1 x is important to transcribe1 n ! visible outl9es ( p]sons & ev5ts1 b ! aggregate ( _! relation%ips & int]dep5d5cies1 t is to say1 _! logic4 ,z a g5]al rule1 !re=e1 :atev] int]e/s u 9 a real p]sonage1 & :i* we entreat ! arti/ to extract & r5d]1 is 8 outw>d or inw>d logic2 9 o!r t]ms1 8 /ructure1 composition & action4 ,we h "h1 z y p]ceive1 correct$ ! fir/ def9ition giv52 x is n cancell$1 b purifi$4 ,we h discov]$ a m elevat$ "* = art1 :i* ?us becomes intellectual1 & n me*anical4 ,v4 ,does ?is suffice u8 ,d we f9d works ( art simply conf9$ to a reproduction ( ! relation%ips ( p>ts8 ,by no means1 = ! greate/ s*ools are ju/ly ^? 9 :i* actual relation%ips are mo/ modifi$4 ,consid]1 = example1 ! ,italian s*ool 9 its greate/ arti/1 ,mi*ael ,angelo1 &1 9 ord] to give precision to our ideas1 let u recall 8 pr9cipal "w1 ! f\r m>ble /atues surm\nt+ ! tomb ( ! ,m$icis at ,flor5ce4 ,^? ( y :o h n se5 ! orig9als1 are at lea/ famili> ) copies ( !m4 ,9 ! figures ( ^! m51 & especially 9 ! recl9+ females1 sleep+ or wak+1 ! proportions ( ! p>ts are c]ta9ly n ! same z 9 real p]sonages4 ,simil> figures exi/ n[h]e1 ev5 9 ,italy4 ,y w see !re "y1 h&some1 well-dress$ m51 peasants ) bright eyes & a fi]ce expression1 academy models ) firm muscles & a pr\d be>+2 b nei!r 9 a village nor at fe/ivities1 nor 9 ! /udios ( ,italy or else:]e1 at ! pres5t "t or 9 ! sixte5? c5tury1 does any real man or woman resemble ! indignant h]oes & ! colossal despair+ virg9s :i* ?is great arti/ has plac$ be=e u 9 ?is fun]eal *apel4 ,mi*ael ,angelo f\nd ^! types 9 8 own g5ius & 9 8 own he>t4 ,9 ord] to create !m x 0 necess>y to h ! s\l ( a recluse1 ( a m$itative man1 ( a lov] ( ju/ice2 ! s\l ( an impassion$ & g5]\s nature bewild]$ 9 ! mid/ ( en]vat$ & corrupt be+s1 amid/ trea*]y & oppression1 be=e ! inevitable triumph ( tyranny & inju/ice1 "u ! ru9s ( lib]ty & ( nationality1 himself ?reat5$ ) dea?1 feel+ t if he liv$ x 0 only by favor1 & p]haps only by a %ort respite1 incapable ( sycophancy & ( submission1 tak+ refuge entirely 9 t art by :i*1 9 ! sil5ce ( s]vitude1 8 great he>t & 8 great despair /ill spoke4 ,he wrote on ! p$e/al ( 8 sleep+ /atue--,sleep is sweet1 & yet m sweet is x to be ( /one1 :ile %ame & mis]y la/4 ,=tunate am ,i n to see--n to feel4 ,=be> to ar\se me6 ,ah6 speak l[6 ,?is is ! s5tim5t :i* reveal$ to him su* =ms4 ,to express x1 he has *ang$ ! ord9>y proportions2 he has l5g!n$ ! trunk & ! limbs1 twi/$ ! torso ^u ! hips1 holl[$ out ! sockets ( ! eyes1 furr[$ ! =ehead ) wr9kles simil> to ! lion's fr[n+ br[1 rais$ m\nta9s ( muscles on ! %\ld]1 ridg$ ! sp9e ) t5dons1 & s fa/5$ ! v]tebras t x resembles ! l9ks ( an iron *a9 /ra9$ to _! utmo/ t5sion & ab\t to break4 ,let u consid]1 9 l mann]1 ! ,flemi% s*ool2 & 9 ?is s*ool ! great ,flem+1 ,rub5s1 & "o ( ! mo/ /rik+ ( 8 works1 ! ,k]messe4 ,9 ?is "w1 no m ?an 9 ^? ( ,mi*ael ,angelo1 w y f9d an imitation ( ord9>y proportions4 ,visit ,fl&]s1 & obs]ve ! types ( mank9d ab\t y1 ev5 at fea/+s & revell+s1 su* z ! ftes ( ,gayant1 ,antw]p1 & o!r places4 ,y w see com=table-look+ p eat+ mu* & dr9k+ m2 s]5ely smok+1 cool1 phlegmatic bodies2 dull-look+1 & ) massive1 irregul> features1 /rongly resembl+ ! figures ( ,t5i]s4 ,z to ! spl5did brutes ( ! ,k]messe1 y meet no?+ l !m6 ,rub5s c]ta9ly f\nd !m else:]e4 ,aft] ! horrible religi\s w>s1 ?is ri* c\ntry ( ,fl&]s1 s long deva/at$1 f9ally atta9$ peace & civil security4 ,! soil is s good1 & ! p s prud5t1 com=t & prosp]ity return$ almo/ at once4 ,ev]ybody enjoy$ ?is new prosp]ity & abundance2 ! contra/ betwe5 ! pa/ & ! pres5t l$ to ! indulg5ce ( rude & c>nal in/9cts let loose l horses & cattle aft] long privation 9 fre%1 gre5 fields1 ab\nd+ 9 ! ri*e/ pa/ure4 ,rub5s himself 0 s5sible ( !m2 & ! poetry ( gross1 sumptu\s liv+1 ( satisfi$ & r$undant fle%1 ( brutal1 inord9ate m]ry-mak+1 f\nd a ready outlet 9 ! %ameless s5sualities & voluptu\s rudd9ess1 9 ! :it5ess & fre%ness ( ! nudities ( :i* he 0 s prodigal4 ,9 ord] to express all ?is 9 ! ,k]messe he has exp&$ ! trunk1 enl>g$ ! ?ighs1 twi/$ ! lo9s1 deep5$ ! r$ness ( ! *eeks1 di%evell$ ! hair1 k9dl$ 9 ! eyes a flame ( savage1 unbridl$ desire1 unloos$ ! demons ( disord] 9 ! %ape ( %att]$ glasses1 ov]turn$ tables1 hold+s & kiss+s1 a p]fect orgie1 & ! mo/ extraord9>y culm9ation ( human be/iality ev] portray$ ^u canvas4 ,^! two examples %[ y t ! arti/1 9 modify+ ! relation%ips ( p>ts1 modifies !m und]/&+ly1 purposely1 9 su* a way z to make app>5t ! ess5tial "* ( ! object1 & consequ5tly its lead+ idea accord+ to 8 conception ( x4 ,?is phrase1 g5tlem51 requires att5tion2 ?is ess5tial "* is :at philosoph]s call ! ess5ce ( ?+s2 & because ( ?is !y say t x is ! aim ( art to manife/ ! ess5ce ( ?+s4 ,we w n reta9 ?is t]m ess5ce1 :i* is te*nical1 b simply /ate t x is ! aim ( art to manife/ a pr$om9ant "*1 "s sali5t pr9cipal quality1 "s important po9t ( view1 "s ess5tial condition ( be+ 9 ! object4 ,we "h approa* ! true def9ition ( art1 & accord+ly ne$ to be p]fectly cle>4 ,we mu/ insi/ on & precisely def9e ess5tial "*4 ,i w\ld premise at once t x is a quality f :i* all o!rs1 or at lea/ mo/ o!r qualities1 are d]iv$ accord+ to def9ite aff9ities4 ,grant me aga9 ?is ab/ract def9ition3 a few illu/rations w make x pla9 to y4 ,! ess5tial "* ( a lion1 giv+ him 8 rank 9 ! classifications ( natural hi/ory1 is t ( a great fle%-eat]2 ne>ly all 8 traits1 :e!r physical or moral1 z ,i am ab\t to prove to y1 are d]iv$ f ?is trait z _! f\nta9-head4 ,fir/1 !re are physical traits3 8 tee? move l %e>s2 he has a jaw con/ruct$ to te> & to cru%2 & necess>ily1 =1 be+ c>nivor\s1 he has to n\ri% himself )1 & prey ^u1 liv+ game2 9 ord] to manoeuvre ?is =midable in/rum5t he requires enorm\s muscles1 & = _! ins]tion1 temporal sockets ( proportionate size4 ,add to ! feet o!r in/rum5ts1 ! t]rible contractile claws1 ! quick /ep on ! extremity ( ! toes1 a t]rible ela/icity ( ! ?ighs act+ l a p[]ful spr+1 & eyes t see be/ at night1 because night is ! be/ hunt+-"t4 ,a naturali/1 po9t+ to a lion's skeleton1 once said to me1 ,!re is a jaw m\nt$ on f\r paws4 ,! moral po9ts ( ! lion are likewise 9 h>mony4 ,at fir/1 !re is ! sangu9>y in/9ct--! crav+ = fre% fle%1 & a repugnance = e o!r food2 next1 ! /r5g? & ! n]v\s excitem5t ?r\gh :i* ! lion conc5trates an enorm\s am\nt ( =ce at ! in/ant ( attack & def5ce2 & on ! o!r h&1 8 somnif]\s habits1 ! grave1 sombre in]tia ( mom5ts ( repose1 & ! long yawn+s aft] ! excitem5t ( ! *ase4 ,all ^! traits are d]iv$ f 8 c>nivor\s "*1 & on ?is acc\nt we call x 8 ess5tial "*4 ,let u n[ consid] a m difficult case1 t ( an entire c\ntry1 ) its innum]able details ( /ructure1 aspect1 & cultivation2 its plants1 animals1 inhabitants1 & t[ns2 z1 = example1 ! ,l[ ,c\ntries4 ,! ess5tial "* ( ?is region is its alluvial =mation2 t1 is to say1 a =mation due to va/ quantifies ( e>? br\ght d[n by /reams & deposit$ ab\t _! m\?s4 ,f ?is s+le t]m spr+ an inf9ity ( peculi>ities1 summ+ up ! entire nature ( ! c\ntry1 n only its physical outl9es1 :at x is 9 itself1 b aga9 ! intellectual1 moral1 & physical qualities ( its inhabitants1 & ( _! works4 ,at fir/1 9 ! inanimate _w1 come its moi/ & f]tile pla9s1 ! necess>y consequ5ce ( num]\s broad riv]s & va/ deposits ( productive soil4 ,^! pla9s are always gre51 because broad1 tranquil1 & sluggi% /reams1 & ! innum]able canals s easily con/ruct$ 9 s(t1 flat gr\nd1 ma9ta9 p]5nial v]dure4 ,y c readily imag9e1 & on purely rational pr9ciples1 ! aspect ( su* a c\ntry--a dull1 ra9y sky1 con/antly /reak$ ) %[]s1 & ev5 on f9e days veil$ z if by gauze ) light vapory cl\ds ris+ f ! wet surface1 =m+ a transp>5t dome1 an airy tissue ( delicate1 sn[y fleeces1 ov] ! broad v]dant expanse /ret*+ out ( sight & r\nd$ to ! di/ant horizon4 ,9 ! animat$ k+dom ^! num]\s luxuriant pa/ures attract c\ntless h]ds ( cattle1 :o recl9e tranquilly on ! grass1 or rum9ate ov] _! cud1 & dot ! flat gre5 sw>d ) innum]able spots ( :ite1 yell[1 & black4 ,h5ce ! ri* /ores ( milk & meat1 :i*1 add$ to ! gra9s & vegetables rais$ on ?is prolific soil1 furni% its inhabitants ) *eap & abundant supplies ( food4 ,x might well be said t 9 ?is c\ntry wat] makes grass1 grass makes cattle1 cattle make *eese1 butt]1 & meat2 & all ^!1 ) be]1 make ! inhabitant4 ,inde$1 out ( ?is fat liv+1 & out ( ?is physical organization saturat$ ) moi/ure1 spr+ ! phlegmatic temp]am5t1 ! regul> habits1 ! tranquil m9d & n]ves1 ! capacity to take life easily & prud5tly1 unbrok5 cont5tm5t & love ( well-be+1 &1 consequ5tly1 ! reign ( cleanl9ess & ! p]fection ( com=t4 ,^! consequ5ces ext5d s f> z ev5 to affect ! aspect ( t[ns4 ,9 an alluvial c\ntry !re is no /one2 build+ mat]ial consi/s ( t]ra-cotta bricks1 & tiles4 ,ra9s be+ frequ5t & heavy1 ro(s are v slop+1 & z dampness la/s a long "t1 _! fronts are pa9t$ & v>ni%$4 ,a ,flemi% t[n1 !re=e1 is a net-"w ( br[n or r$ edifices always neat1 occasionally glitt]+ & ) po9t$ gables2 "h & !re rises an old *ur* con/ruct$ ( %+le or ( rubble2 /reets 9 ! be/ ( ord] run betwe5 two scrupul\sly clean l9es ( sidewalk4 ,9 ,holl& ! sidewalks are laid 9 brick1 frequ5tly int]m+l$ ) co>se porcela93 dome/ics may be se5 at an e>ly h\r 9 ! morn+ on _! knees clean+ !m (f ) clo?s4 ,ca/ y\r eyes ?r\gh ! dazzl+ w9d[-panes2 ent] a club-room deck$ ) gre5 bran*es1 ) its floor p[d]$ ) s& con/antly r5ew$2 visit ! tav]ns1 brightly pa9t$1 :]e r[s ( casks display _! br[n rotund sides1 & :]e ! ri* yell[ be] foams up out ( glasses cov]$ ) qua9t devices4 ,9 all ^! details ( common life1 9 all ^! signs ( inw>d cont5tm5t & endur+ prosp]ity1 y detect ! effects ( ! great und]ly+ *>act]i/ic :i* is /amp$ ^u ! climate & ! soil1 ^u ! vegetable k+dom & ! animal k+dom1 ^u man & 8 works1 ^u society & ! individual4 ,?r\gh ^! innum]able effects1 y judge ( ! importance ( ?is ess5tial "*4 ,x is ?is :i* art mu/ br+ =w>d into prop] light1 & if ?is task devolves ^u art1 x is because nature fails to accompli% x4 ,9 nature1 ?is ess5tial "* is simply dom9ant2 x is ! aim ( art to r5d] x pr$om9ant4 ,x m\lds real objects1 b x does n m\ld !m completely3 its action is re/rict$1 imp$$ by ! int]v5tion ( o!r causes2 its impression on objects be>+ its /amp is n suffici5tly /rong to be cle>ly visible4 ,man is s5sible ( ?is defici5cy1 & to remove x he has inv5t$ art4 ,let u aga9 take up ,rub5s' ,k]messe4 ,^! bloom+ m]ry wives1 ^! roy/]+ drunk>ds1 ^! bu/s & visages ( burly unbridl$ brutes1 probably f\nd c\nt]p>ts 9 ! c>\sals ( ! day4 ,ov]-n\ri%$ & exub]ant nature aim$ at produc+ su* gross =ms & su* co>se mann]s1 b %e only half accompli%$ h] task2 o!r causes int]v5$ to /ay ?is excess ( a c>nal jovial en]gy4 ,!re is1 at fir/1 pov]ty4 ,9 ! be/ ( times1 & 9 ! be/ c\ntries1 _m p h n en\gh to eat1 & fa/+1 at lea/ p>tial ab/95ce1 mis]y1 & bad air1 all ! accompanim5ts ( indig5ce1 dim9i% ! developm5t & boi/]\sness ( native brutality4 ,a suff]+ man is n s /rong1 & m sob]4 ,religion1 law1 police regulations1 & habits due to /eady labor1 op]ate 9 ! same direction2 education does its "p4 ,out ( a hundr$ subjects :o1 "u favorable conditions1 might h furni%$ ,rub5s ) models1 only five or six1 p]haps1 c\ld be ( any s]vice to him4 ,suppose n[ t ^! five or six figures 9 ! actual fe/ivities :i* he might h se5 7 lo/ 9 a cr[d ( p m or less indiff]5t & common2 consid] aga91 t at ! mom5t !y came "u 8 eye !y exhibit$ nei!r ! attitude1 ! expression1 ! ge/ures1 ! ab&onm5t1 ! co/ume1 or ! disord] requisite to make ?is teem+ excitem5t app>5t4 ,?r\gh all ^! draw-backs nature call$ art to its aid2 %e c\ld n cle>ly di/+ui% ! "*2 x 0 necess>y t ! arti/ %\ld supplem5t h]4 ,?us is x ) e sup]ior "w ( art4 ,:ile ,raphael 0 pa9t+ 8 ,galatea1 he wrote t1 beautiful wom5 be+ sc>ce1 he 0 foll[+ a conception ( 8 own4 ,?is means t1 look+ at human nature f a c]ta9 po9t ( view1 its repose1 its felicity1 its graci\s & dignifi$ sweetness1 he f\nd no liv+ model to express x satisfactorily4 ,! peasant or labor+ girl :o pos$ = him1 _h h&s de=m$ by "w1 feet spoil$ by _! cov]+1 & eyes disord]$ by %ame1 or demoraliz$ by h] call+4 ,8 ,=n>9a has droop+ %\ld]s1 a meagre arm above ! elb[1 a h>d & contract$ expression4#a ,if he pa9t$ h] 9 ! ,f>nes9i ,palace1 he completely trans=m$ h]1 develop+ a "* 9 8 pa9t$ figure ( :i* ! real figure only contribut$ p>ts & sugge/ions4 ,?us ! prov9ce ( a "w ( art is to r5d] ! ess5tial "*1 or1 at lea/1 "s capital quality1 ! pr$om9ance ( :i* mu/ be made z p]ceptible z possible4 ,9 ord] to accompli% ?is ! arti/ mu/ suppress :atev] conceals x1 select :atev] manife/s x1 correct e detail by :i* x is enfeebl$1 & reca/ ^? 9 :i* x is neutraliz$4 ,let u no long] consid] works b arti/s1 t is to say1 ! way 9 :i* arti/s feel1 inv5t1 & produce3 y w f9d x consi/5t ) ! =ego+ conception ( ! "w ( art4 ,!re is "o gift indisp5sable to all arti/s2 no /udy1 no degree ( pati5ce1 supplies its place2 if x is want+ 9 !m !y are no?+ b copyi/s & me*anics4 ,9 confront+ objects ! arti/ mu/ exp]i5ce orig9al s5sation2 ! "* ( an object /rikes him1 & ! effect ( ?is s5sation is a /rong1 peculi> impression4 ,9 o!r words1 :5 a man is born ) tal5t 8 p]ceptions--or at lea/ a c]ta9 class ( p]ceptions--are delicate & quick2 he naturally seizes & di/+ui%es1 ) a sure & wat*ful tact1 relation%ips & %ades2 at "o "t ! pla9tive or h]oic s5se 9 a sequ5ce ( s\nds1 at ano!r ! li/lessness or /atel9ess ( an attitude1 & aga9 ! ri*ness or sobriety ( two complim5t>y or contigu\s colors4 ,?r\gh ?is faculty he p5etrates to ! v he>t ( ?+s1 & seems to be m cle>-sight$ ?an o!r m54 ,?is s5sation1 moreov]1 s ke5 & s p]sonal1 is n inactive--by a c\nt]-/roke ! :ole n]v\s & ?9k+ ma*9]y is affect$ by x4 ,man involunt>ily expresses 8 emotions2 ! body makes signs1 its attitude becomes mimetic2 he is oblig$ to figure ext]nally 8 conception ( an object2 ! voice seeks imitative inflections1 ! tongue f9ds pictorial t]ms1 un=ese5 =ms1 a figurative1 inv5tive1 exagg]at$ /yle4 ,"u ! =ce ( ! orig9al impulse ! active bra9 reca/s & trans=ms ! object1 n[ to illum9e & ennoble x1 n[ to di/ort & grotesquely p]v]t x2 9 ! free sket*1 z 9 ! viol5t c>icature1 y readily detect1 ) poetic temp]am5ts1 ! asc5d5cy ( involunt>y impressions4 ,famili>ize y\rselves ) ! great arti/s & great au?ors ( y\r c5tury2 /udy ! sket*es1 designs1 di>ies1 & correspond5ce ( ! old ma/]s1 & y w aga9 ev]y:]e f9d ! same inw>d process4 ,we may adorn x ) beautiful names2 we may call x g5ius or inspiration1 :i* is "r & prop]2 b if y wi% to def9e x precisely y mu/ always v]ify !re9 ! vivid spontane\s s5sation :i* gr\ps toge!r ! tra9 ( accessory ideas1 ma/]1 fa%ion1 metamorphose & employ !m 9 ord] to become manife/4 ,we h n[ arriv$ at a def9ition ( a "w ( art4 ,let u1 = a mom5t1 ca/ our eyes backw>d1 & review ! road we h pass$ ov]4 ,we h1 by degrees1 arriv$ at a conception ( art m & m elevat$1 & consequ5tly m & m exact4 ,at fir/ we ?\ght t ! object ( art 0 to imitate s5sible appe>ances4 ,!n sep>at+ mat]ial f intellectual imitation1 we f\nd t :at x desir$ to reproduce 9 s5sible appe>ances is ! relation%ips ( p>ts4 ,f9ally1 rem>k+ t relation%ips are1 & ought to be1 modifi$ 9 ord] to obta9 ! highe/ results ( art1 we prov$ t if we /udy ! relation%ips ( p>ts x is to make pr$om9ant an ess5tial "*4 ,no "o ( ^! def9itions de/roys its antec$5t1 b ea* corrects & def9es x4 ,we are consequ5tly able n[ to comb9e !m1 & by subord9at+ ! inf]ior to ! sup]ior1 ?us to sum up ! result ( our labor3--,! end ( a "w ( art is to manife/ "s ess5tial or sali5t "*1 consequ5tly "s important idea1 cle>] & m completely ?an is atta9able f real objects4 ,art accompli%es ?is end by employ+ a gr\p ( connect$ p>ts1 ! relation%ips ( :i* x sy/ematically modifies4 ,9 ! ?ree imitative arts ( sculpture1 pa9t+1 & poetry1 ^! gr\ps correspond to real objects4 ,footnote #a3 ,see ! two portraits ( ! ,=n>9a1 9 ! ,sci>ra & ! ,borghese palaces4 ,,vi4 ,t e/abli%$1 g5tlem51 we see1 on exam9+ ! diff]5t p>ts ( ?is def9ition1 t ! fir/ is ess5tial & ! second accessory4 ,an aggregate ( connect$ p>ts is necess>y 9 all art :i* ! arti/ may modify s z to portray "*2 b 9 e art x is n necess>y t ?is aggregate %\ld correspond ) real objects2 x is suffici5t t x exi/s4 ,if we !re=e meet ) aggregates ( connect$ p>ts :i* are n imitations ( real objects1 !re w be arts :i* w n h imitation = _! po9t ( view4 ,?is is ! case1 & x is ?us t ar*itecture & music are born4 ,9 %ort1 besides connections1 proportions1 moral & organic dep5d5cies1 :i* ! ?ree imitative arts copy1 !re are ma!matical relation%ips :i* ! two o!rs1 imitat+ no?+1 comb9e4 ,let u1 at fir/1 consid] ! ma!matical relation%ips p]ceiv$ by ! s5se ( sight4 ,magnitudes s5sible to ! eye may =m among/ ea* o!r aggregates ( p>ts connect$ by ma!matical laws4 ,= in/ance1 a piece ( wood or /one may h geometrical =m1 t ( a cube1 a cone1 a cyl9d]1 or a sph]e1 :i* e/abli%es regul> relation%ips ( di/ance betwe5 ! diff]5t po9ts ( its outl9e4 ,fur!rmore1 its dim5sions may be quantities mutually relat$ 9 simple proportions :i* ! eye c seize readily2 height1 may be two1 ?ree1 or f\r times great] ?an ?ickness or bread?3 ?is con/itutes a second s]ies ( ma!matical relation%ips4 ,f9ally1 _m ( ^! pieces ( wood or /one may be plac$ symmetrically on ! top or by ! side ( ea* o!r1 accord+ to di/ances & angles ma!matically comb9$4 ,ar*itecture is e/abli%$ on ?is aggregate ( connect$ p>ts4 ,an ar*itect conceiv+ "s dom9ant "*1 ei!r s]5ity1 simplicity1 /r5g?1 or elegance1 z =m]ly 9 ,greece or ,rome1 or ! /range1 ! v>i$1 ! inf9ite1 ! fanta/ic1 z 9 ,go?ic times1 may select & comb9e connections1 proportions1 dim5sions1 =ms1 & positions--9 %ort1 ! relation%ips ( mat]ials1 t is to say1 c]ta9 visible magnitudes 9 su* a way z to display ! "* aim$ at4 ,by ! side ( magnitudes p]ceiv$ by sight !re are magnitudes p]ceiv$ by ! he>+1--,i mean ! velocities ( sonor\s vibrations2 & ^! vibrations be+ magnitudes may also =m aggregates ( p>ts connect$ by ma!matical laws4 ,9 ! fir/ place1 z y are aw>e1 a musical s\nd is compos$ ( cont9u\s vibrations ( equal velocity1 & ?is equality already places betwe5 !m a ma!matical relation%ip2 9 ! second place1 two s\nds be+ giv51 ! second may be compos$ ( vibrations1 two1 ?ree1 or f\r times ! rapidity ( ! fir/2 accord+ly1 !re is betwe5 ^! two s\nds a ma!matical relation%ip1 :i* is figur$ by plac+ !m at an equal di/ance f ea* o!r on ! musical /ave4 ,if1 consequ5tly1 in/ead ( tak+ two1 we take a numb] ( s\nds1 & place !m at equal di/ances1--we =m a scale1 :i* scale is ! gamut1 all ! s\nds be+ ?us b\nd toge!r accord+ to _! relative position on ! gamut4 ,y c n[ e/abli% ^! connections ei!r betwe5 successive or simultane\s s\nds1 ! fir/ ord] ( s\nds con/itut+ melody1 & ! second h>mony4 ,?is is music3 x has two ess5tial p>ts1 bas$1 l ar*itecture1 on ma!matical relation%ips1 :i* ! arti/ is free to comb9e & modify4 ,music1 h[ev]1 possesses a second prop]ty1 & ?is new elem5t gives x a peculi> quality & no ord9>y scope4 ,besides its ma!matical qualities1 s\nd is analog\s to ! cry1 & by ?is title x directly expresses ) unrivall$ precision1 delicacy & =ce1 suff]+1 joy1 rage1 indignation--all ! agitations & emotions ( an animat$ s5sitive be+1 ev5 to ! mo/ secret & mo/ subtle gradations4 ,f ?is po9t ( view x is simil> to poetic declamation1 furni%+ a specific type ( music1 call$ ! music ( expression1 l t ( ,gluck & ! ,g]mans1 9 opposition to ! music ( melody1 t ( ,ross9i & ! ,italians4 ,let ! compos]'s po9t ( view be :at x may1 ! two /yles ( music are nev]!less relat$ to ea* o!r1 s\nds always =m+ aggregates ( p>ts l9k$ toge!r at once by _! ma!matical relation%ip & by ! correspond5ce :i* !y h ) ! passions & ! v>i\s int]nal /ates ( ! moral be+4 ,! musician1 !re=e1 :o conceives a c]ta9 sali5t1 important feature ( ?+s1 let x be sadness or joy1 t5d] love or passionate rage1 any idea or s5tim5t :atev]1 may freely select & comb9e 9 su* a way 9 ^! ma!matical & moral relation%ips z to manife/ ! "* :i* he has conceiv$4 ,all ! arts are ?us includ$ 9 ! def9ition above pres5t$4 ,9 ar*itecture & music1 z 9 sculpture1 pa9t+1 & poetry1 x is ! object ( a "w ( art to manife/ "s ess5tial "*1 & to employ z means ( expression an aggregate ( connect$ p>ts1 ! relation%ip ( :i* ! arti/ comb9es & modifies4 ,,vii4 ,n[ t we "k ! nature ( art1 we c compreh5d its importance4 ,previ\sly we 7 only s5sible ( its effect2 x 0 a matt] ( in/9ct1 & n ( reason3 we 7 consci\s ( respect+ & e/eem+ art1 b 7 n qualifi$ to acc\nt = our respect & e/eem4 ,our admiration = art c n[ be ju/ifi$1 & we c m>k its place 9 ! ord] ( life4 ,man1 9 _m respects1 is an animal endeavor+ to protect himself aga9/ nature & aga9/ o!r m54 ,he is oblig$ to provide himself ) food1 clo?+1 & %elt]1 & to def5d himself aga9/ climate1 want1 & disease4 ,to d ?is he tills ! gr\nd1 navigates ! sea1 & devotes himself to diff]5t indu/rial & comm]cial pursuits4 ,fur!rmore1 he mu/ p]petuate 8 species1 & secure himself aga9/ ! viol5ce ( 8 fell[-m52 to ?is end1 he =ms families & /ates1 & e/abli%es magi/racies1 function>ies1 con/itutions1 laws1 & armies4 ,aft] s _m inv5tions & su* labor1 he is n yet emancipat$ f 8 orig9al condition2 he is /ill an animal1 bett] f$ & bett] protect$ ?an o!r animals2 he /ill ?9ks only ( himself1 & ( 8 k9dr$4 ,at ?is mom5t a sup]ior life dawns on him--t ( contemplation1 by :i* he is l$ to int]e/ himself 9 ! creative & p]man5t causes on :i* 8 own be+ & t ( 8 fell[s dep5d1 9 ! lead+ & ess5tial *>act]s :i* rule ea* aggregate1 & impress _! m>ks on ! m9ute/ details4 ,two ways are op5 to him = ?is purpose4 ,! fir/ is ,sci5ce1 by :i*1 analyz+ ^! causes & ^! fundam5tal laws1 he expresses !m 9 ab/ract t]ms & precise =mula2 ! second is ,art1 by :i* he manife/s ^! causes & ^! fundam5tal laws no long] ?r\gh arid def9itions1 inaccessible to ! multitude1 & only intelligible to a favor$ few1 b 9 a s5sible way1 appeal+ n alone to reason1 b also to ! he>t & s5ses ( ! humble/ individual4 ,art has ?is peculi>ity1 t x is at once noble & popul>1 manife/+ :atev] is mo/ exalt$1 & manife/+ x to all4 ,,"p ,,ii4 ,,on ,,! ,,production ,,( ,,! ,,"w ,,( ,,art4 ,i4 ,hav+ inve/igat$ ! nature ( ! "w ( art1 !re n[ rema9s a /udy ( ! law ( its production4 ,?is law1 9 g5]al t]ms1 may be ?us express$3--,a "w ( art is det]m9$ by an aggregate :i* is ! g5]al /ate ( ! m9d & surr\nd+ circum/ances4 ,i h /at$ ?is pr9ciple 9 ! =ego+ section1 & h n[ to e/abli% x4 ,?is law re/s on two k9ds ( pro(3 ! "o t ( exp]i5ce1 & ! o!r t ( reason4 ,! =m] consi/s ( an enum]ation ( ! _m in/ances 9 :i* ! law v]ifies itself4 ,"s ( ^! ,i h already pres5t$ to y1 & o!rs w soon foll[4 ,"o may ass]t1 moreov]1 t no case is kn[n to :i* ! law is n applicable2 x is /rictly s to ^? hi!rto exam9$1 & n m]ely 9 a g5]al way1 b 9 detail2 n only to ! gr[? & ext9ction ( great s*ools1 b aga9 to all ! v>iations & oscillations to :i* art is subject4 ,! second ord] ( pro( consi/s 9 %[+ ?is dep5d5ce to be n only rigor\s 9 po9t ( fact1 b1 aga91 t x is s ?r\gh necessity4 ,we w accord+ly analyze :at we h call$ ! g5]al /ate ( ! m9d & surr\nd+ circum/ances2 we %all seek1 accord+ to ! ord9>y /&>d ( human nature ! effects :i* a l /ate mu/ produce on ! public1 on arti/s1 & consequ5tly on works ( art4 ,h5ce we draw a =c$ connection & a def9ite concordance1 & we e/abli% a necess>y h>mony :i* we _h obs]v$ z simply =tuit\s4 ,! second pro( demon/rates :at ! fir/ _h av]r$4 ,,ii4 ,9 ord] to make ?is h>mony app>5t let u resume a comp>ison already ( s]vice to u1 t betwe5 a plant & a "w ( art1 & note ! circum/ances 9 :i* a plant1 or a species ( plant1 say ! orange1 may be develop$ & propagat$ 9 a c]ta9 soil4 ,let u suppose all k9ds ( gra9 & se$ borne by ! w9d & s[n at r&om2 on :at conditions c ^? ( ! ,lorange g]m9ate1 become trees1 blossom1 yield fruit1 spread1 & cov] ! gr\nd ) a num]\s family8 ,_m favorable circum/ances are ess5tial to ?is end4 ,& at fir/ ! soil mu/ be nei!r too light nor too meagre3 o!rwise1 ! roots lack+ dep? & grasp1 ! tree w\ld fall at ! fir/ gale ( w9d4 ,next1 ! soil mu/ n be too dry2 o!rwise ! tree w )] :]e x /&s depriv$ ( ! moi/ure ( spr+s & /reams4 ,moreov]1 ! climate mu/ be w>m2 or ! tree1 :i* is delicate1 w freeze1 or at lea/ droop1 & nev] put =? spr\ts2 ! summ] mu/ be long1 9 ord] t ! fruit1 :i* is sl[ 9 rip5+1 may fully mature2 & ! w9t] mild1 s t ,janu>y fro/s may n bla/ or %rivel ! oranges t rema9 gre5 on its bran*es4 ,f9ally1 ! soil mu/ n be too favorable = o!r plants1 le/ ! tree1 left to itself1 might be /ifl$ by ! competition & infr+em5t ( a m vigor\s vegetation4 ,:5 all ^! conditions concur1 ! little orange w gr[1 become mature1 & produce o!rs aga9 to reproduce !mselves4 ,/orms w und\bt$ly occur1 /ones fall1 & br[s+ goats w de/roy c]ta9 plants2 b on ! :ole1 9 spite ( accid5ts :i* kill individuals1 ! species w be propagat$1 cov] ! gr\nd1 & 9 a few ye>s display a n\ri%+ grove ( orange trees4 ,all ?is is to be se5 9 ! admirably %elt]$ gorges ( ,s\!rn ,italy1 9 ! environs ( ,sorr5to & ,ama91 on ! %ores ( ! gulfs1 & 9 ! small1 wat]$ valleys1 fre%5$ by /reams desc5d+ f ! m\nta9s1 & c>ess$ by ! b5efic5t breezes ( ! sea4 ,?is conc\rse ( circum/ances 0 necess>y 9 ord] to produce ^? beautiful r\nd tops1 ^? lu/r\s domes ( a bright deep gre51 ^? innum]able gold5 apples1 & t exquisite fragrant vegetation :i*1 9 mid-w9t]1 makes ?is coa/ ! ri*e/ & lovelie/ ( g>d5s4 ,let u n[ reflect on ! mann] 9 :i* ?+s mov$ 9 ?is example4 ,we h j obs]v$ ! effect ( circum/ances & ( physical temp]ature4 ,/rictly speak+1 ^! h n produc$ ! orange2 ! se$s 7 giv51 & ^! alone conta9$ ! vital =ce4 ,! circum/ances describ$1 h[ev]1 7 necess>y 9 ord] t ! plant might fl\ri% & be propagat$2 _h ^! fail$1 ! plant likewise w\ld h fail$4 ,accord+ly1 let ! temp]ature be diff]5t1 & ! species ( plant w be diff]5t4 ,suppose conditions entirely opposite to ^? j m5tion$2 take ! summit ( a m\nta9 swept by viol5t w9ds1 ) a ?9 scanty soil1 a cold climate1 a %ort summ]1 & sn[ dur+ ! w9t]2 n only w ! orange n ?rive "h1 b ! great] "p ( o!r trees w p]i%4 ,( all ! se$s scatt]$ haphaz>d by ! w9d only "o w survive1 & y w see b "o species to endure & be propagat$1 ! only "o adapt$ to ^! sev]e conditions2 ! fir & ! p9e w cov] ! lonely crags1 ! abrupt precipices1 & long1 rocky ridges1 ) _! /iff colonnades ( tall trunks & va/ mantles ( sombre gre51 & !re1 z 9 ! ,vosges1 9 ,scotl& & 9 ,norway1 y may travel league aft] league1 "u sil5t ar*es1 on a c>pet ( crisp leaves1 among gn>l$ roots ob/9ately cl++ to ! rocks1 ! doma9 ( ! pati5t en]getic plant :i* alone subsi/s "u ! incessant attacks ( gales1 & ! ho>-fro/s ( long w9t]s4 ,we may accord+ly reg>d temp]ature & physical circum/ances z mak+ a *oice among/ v>i\s species ( trees1 all ow+ a c]ta9 species to subsi/ & propagate1 to ! exclusion1 m or less complete1 ( all o!rs4 ,physical temp]ature acts by elim9ation & suppression1 9 o!r words1 by natural selection4 ,su* is ! great law by :i* we n[ expla9 ! orig9 & /ructure ( div]se exi/+ organisms--a law z applicable to moral z to physical conditions1 to hi/ory z well z to botany & zoology1 to g5ius & to "*1 z well z to plant & to animal4 ,9 %ort1 !re is a moral temp]ature1 consi/+ ( ! g5]al /ate ( m9ds & mann]s1 :i* acts 9 ! same way z ! o!r4 ,prop]ly speak+1 ?is temp]ature does n produce arti/s2 tal5t & g5ius are gifts l se$s2 :at ,i mean to say is1 t ! same c\ntry at diff]5t epo*s probably conta9s ab\t ! same numb] ( m5 ( tal5t1 & ( m5 ( m$iocrity4 ,we "k1 9 fact1 ?r\gh /ati/ics1 t 9 two successive g5]ations ne>ly ! same numb] ( m5 are f\nd ( ! requisite /ature = ! conscription & ! same numb] ( m5 too small = soldi]s4 ,9 all probability1 x is ) m9ds z ) bodies4 ,nature is a s[] ( m51 & putt+ h] h& con/antly 9 ! same sack1 di/ributes ne>ly ! same quantity1 ! same quality1 ! same proportion ( se$4 ,b 9 ^! h&fuls ( se$ :i* %e scatt]s z %e /rides ov] "t & space1 n all g]m9ate4 ,a c]ta9 moral temp]ature is necess>y to develop c]ta9 tal5ts2 if ?is is want+1 ^! prove abortive4 ,consequ5tly1 z ! temp]ature *anges1 s w ! species ( tal5t *ange2 if x becomes rev]s$1 tal5t w become rev]s$1 &1 9 g5]al1 we may conceive moral temp]ature z mak+ a selection among diff]5t species ( tal5t1 all[+ only ?is or t species to develope1 to ! exclusion m or less complete ( o!rs4 ,x is ?r\gh "s su* me*anism t y see develop$ 9 s*ools at c]ta9 times & 9 c]ta9 c\ntries ! s5tim5t ( ! ideal1 t ( ! real1 t ( draw+ & t ( color4 ,!re is a prevail+ t5d5cy :i* con/itutes ! _s ( ! age4 ,tal5t seek+ to =ce an outlet 9 ano!r direction1 f9ds x clos$2 & ! =ce ( ! public m9d & surr\nd+ habits repress & lead x a/ray1 by impos+ on x a fix$ gr[?4 ,,iii4 ,! =ego+ comp>ison may s]ve y z a g5]al indication2 let u n[ ent] into details1 & /udy ! action ( ! moral temp]ature on works ( art4 ,= ! sake ( great] cle>ness we w take a v simple case1 t ( a c]ta9 m5tal condition1 9 :i* melan*oly pr$om9ates4 ,?is supposition is n arbitr>y1 = su* a condition has frequ5tly occurr$ 9 ! life ( humanity3 five or six c5turies ( decad5ce1 depopulation1 =eign invasion1 fam9e1 pe/s1 & aggravat$ mis]y1 are amply suffici5t to produce x4 ,asia exp]i5c$ su* a /ate ( ?+s 9 ! six? c5tury be=e ,*ri/1 & ,europe 9 ! p]iod ( ! fir/ t5 c5turies ( our own era4 ,9 times l ^! m5 lose bo? c\rage & hope1 & reg>d life z a burd54 ,let z contemplate ! effect ( su* a m5tal condition1 toge!r ) ! circum/ances :i* eng5d] x1 on ! arti/s ( an epo* l ?is4 ,we admit t ne>ly ! same numb] ( melan*oly & joy\s temp]am5ts1 z well z a mixture ( bo?1 are met 9 ?is z at o!r times2 h[ & 9 :at s5se does ! prevail+ situation effect _! trans=mation8 ,x mu/ be borne 9 m9d t ! mis=tunes t afflict ! public also afflict ! arti/2 he is "o ( ! flock1 & he suff]s z ! re/ suff]4 ,= example1 if invasions ( b>b>ians occur1 & pe/s1 fam9es1 & calamities ( all sorts prolong$ = c5turies & spread ov] ! entire c\ntry2 n only "o1 b c\ntless miracles1 w\ld be necess>y to save him h>mless 9 ! g5]al inundation4 ,on ! contr>y1 x is probable1 & ev5 c]ta91 t he w h 8 %>e ( public mis=tune2 t he w be ru9$1 beat51 w\nd$1 & l$ into captivity l o!rs2 t 8 wife1 *ildr51 relatives & fri5ds w %>e ! common fate1 & t he w suff] & be subject to fe>s on _! acc\nt1 z well z on 8 own4 ,dur+ ?is long-cont9u$ flood ( p]sonal mis]y he w1 if he is gay1 become less gay1 &1 if melan*oly1 /ill m melan*oly4 ,?is is ! fir/ effect ( 8 social m$ium4 ,on ! o!r h&1 if ! arti/ is rais$ among melan*oly companions1 ! ideas he receives 9 infancy1 ) ^? acquir$ aft]w>ds1 are melan*oly4 ,! dom9ant religion1 accommodat+ itself to ! lugubri\s ord] ( ?+s1 tea*es him t ! e>? is a place ( exile1 ! _w a prison-h\se1 life an evil1 & t all t conc]ns him is to des]ve to get out ( x4 ,philosophy1 =m+ its morality accord+ to ! lam5table spectacle ( man's deg5]acy1 proves to him t x w\ld h be5 bett] = him n to h be5 born ,ord9>y conv]sation teems ) only m\rnful ev5ts1 ! invasion ( a prov9ce1 ! de/ruction ( "s monum5t1 ! oppression ( ! weak1 & civil w>s among ! /rong4 ,daily obs]vation reveals to him only images ( disc\ragem5t & grief1 begg>s1 & cases ( />vation1 a bridge left to decay1 ab&on$1 crumbl+ h\ses1 fields go+ to wa/e1 & ! black walls ( dwell+s ravag$ by fire4 ,all ^! impressions s9k deep 9 8 m9d f ! fir/ ye> ( 8 life to ! la/1 incessantly aggravat+ :atev] melan*oly s5tim5t arises out ( 8 own mis=tunes4 ,!y aggravate him s mu* ! m proportionately to ! int5sity ( 8 arti/ic feel+4 ,:at makes him an arti/ is ! practice ( imitat+ ! ess5tial "* ( ?+s1 ! sali5t po9ts ( objects2 o!r m5 only see portions1 :ile he sees ! :ole & ! _s ( !m4 ,& z 9 ?is case ! sali5t *>act]i/ic is melan*oly1 he accord+ly p]ceives no?+ else4 ,moreov]1 ?r\gh ?is excess ( imag9ation & ?is in/9ct ( exagg]ation peculi> to arti/s1 he amplifies & exp&s x to ! utmo/2 he becomes impregnat$ ) x1 & *>ges 8 "w ) x1 s t he commonly sees & pa9ts ?+s 9 mu* d>k] colors ?an w\ld be employ$ by 8 contempor>ies4 ,x mu/ be add$ also t he f9ds !m ( great assi/ance to him 9 8 "w4 ,y "k t a man :o pa9ts or writes rema9s n alone face to face ) 8 canvas or 8 writ+-desk4 ,on ! contr>y1 he goes out & talks to p & looks ab\t him2 he li/5s to ! h9ts ( 8 fri5ds or rivals1 & seeks sugge/ions 9 books & f surr\nd+ works ( art4 ,an idea resembles a se$3 if ! se$ requires1 9 ord] to g]m9ate1 develope & bloom1 ! n\ri%m5t :i* wat]1 air1 sun & soil af=d x1 ! idea1 9 ord] to complete & %ape itself into =m1 requires to be supplem5t$ & aid$ by o!r m9ds4 ,accord+ly1 9 ^! epo*s ( melan*oly1 :at sort ( sugge/ions are o!r m9ds capable ( furni%+8 ,only melan*oly ones1 = only on ?is side d m5 labor4 ,z _! exp]i5ce provides !m only ) pa9ful s5sations & s5tim5ts1 !y c only note ! %ades ( diff]5ce1 & record discov]ies made on ! pa? ( suff]+3 ! he>t is ! only field ( obs]vation1 & if ?is is fill$ ) sorr[1 sorr[ is all t m5 contemplate4 ,!y are1 !re=e1 consci\s only ( grief1 dejection1 *agr9 & despair4 ,if ! arti/ dem&s in/ruction ( !m ?is is all ! return !y c make4 ,to seek 9 !m any idea or any in=mation on ! diff]5t k9ds or diff]5t expressions ( joy w\ld be labor lo/2 !y c only furni% :at !y possess4 ,= ?is reason let him attempt to portray happ9ess1 *e]fulness1 or gayety1 & he /&s alone1 depriv$ ( all support1 left to 8 own res\rces1 & :i* 9 an isolat$ man am\nts to no?+4 ,8 labor w likewise be /amp$ ) m$iocrity4 ,on ! o!r h&1 :5 he w\ld pa9t melan*oly s5tim5ts 8 c5tury w\ld come to 8 aid4 ,he f9ds mat]ials prep>$ = him by prec$+ s*ools2 he f9ds a ready-made art1 consi/+ ( kn[n processes & a beat5 track4 ,a *ur* c]emony1 a piece ( furniture1 a conv]sation1 sugge/s to him a =m1 a color1 a phrase1 or a "* /ill unkn[n to him2 8 "w1 to :i* millions ( unkn[n co-labor]s h contribut$1 is all ! m beautiful1 because1 9 addition to 8 own labor & 8 own g5ius1 x embodies ! labor & g5ius ( surr\nd+ society1 & ( g5]ations t h gone be=e x4 ,!re is /ill ano!r reason1 & ! /ronge/ ( all1 :i* draws him to melan*oly subjects2 x is t 8 "w1 once expos$ to ! public eye1 f9ds appreciation only z x expresses melan*oly ideas4 ,m51 inde$1 c only compreh5d s5tim5ts analog\s to ^? !y h !mselves exp]i5c$4 ,o!r s5tim5ts1 no matt] h[ p[]fully express$1 d n affect !m2 ! look ) _! eyes1 b ! he>t is dormant & directly _! eyes are av]t$4 ,imag9e a man los+ 8 =tune1 c\ntry1 *ildr51 heal? & lib]ty1 "o manacl$ 9 a dungeon = tw5ty ye>s1 l ,pellico or ,&ryane1 ^: _s by degrees is *ang$ & brok51 & :o becomes melan*oly & a my/ic1 & ^: disc\ragem5t is incurable2 su* a man ent]ta9s a horror ( *e]ful music1 & has no disposition to read ,rabelais2 if y place him be=e ! m]ry brutes ( ,rub5s1 he w turn aside & place himself be=e ! canvases ( ,rembr&t2 he w enjoy only ! music ( ,*op9 & ! poetry ( ,lam>t9e or ,he9e4 ,! same ?+ happ5s to ! public & to individuals2 _! ta/e dep5ds on _! situation2 _! sadness gives !m a ta/e = melan*oly works2 *e]ful productions are accord+ly repudiat$1 & ! arti/ is c5sur$ or neglect$4 ,n[ an arti/ composes mo/ly 9 ord] to obta9 appreciation & applause2 ?is is 8 rul+ passion4 ,h5ce1 !re=e1 betides o!r causes1 8 rul+ passion1 add$ to ! pressure ( public op9ion1 leads him1 pu%es him1 & con/antly br+s him back to ! expression ( melan*oly1 & b>r+ ! ways to him :i* w\ld lead him to ! portrayal ( gayety & happ9ess4 ,?r\gh ?is s]ies ( ob/acles e passage w\ld be clos$ = works ( art manife/+ joy4 ,if an arti/ ov]comes "o ob/acle1 he is arre/$ by o!rs4 ,if he meets ) joy\s natures he w be sadd5$ by _! p]sonal mis=tunes4 ,education & curr5t conv]sation fill _! m9ds ) gloomy ideas4 ,! arti/s' faculties by :i* !y deta* & amplify ! lead+ traits ( objects1 w f9d = _! ex]cise none b melan*oly ones4 ,! exp]i5ce & labor ( o!rs provide !m ) sugge/ions & are co-op]ative only 9 melan*oly subjects4 ,f9ally1 ! e>ne/ & decisive w ( ! public all[s !m to produce only melan*oly subjects4 ,consequ5tly1 ! class ( arti/s & _! works suitable = ! expression ( gayety & joy\sness disappe>1 or end by becom+ r$uc$ to almo/ no?+4 ,consid]1 n[1 ! opposite case1 t ( a g5]al condition ( *e]fulness4 ,t occurs 9 r5aissance epo*s1 :5 ord]1 weal?1 population1 com=t1 prosp]ity1 & useful & beautiful discov]ies are con/antly increas+4 ,by rev]s+ its t]ms ! analysis we h j made is applicable ^w = ^w2 ! same process ( reason+ proves t ! works ( art ( su* a p]iod w all1 m or less1 express a joy\s "*4 ,consid]1 n[1 an int]m$i>y case1 t is to say1 a comm+l+ ( ?is or t phase ( joy or sadness1 :i* is ! ord9>y condition ( ?+s4 ,by a prop] modification ( t]ras1 ! analysis is equally p]t95t2 ! same reason+ demon/rates t works ( art express correspond+ comb9ations1 & a correspond+ species ( joy & melan*oly4 ,let u conclude1 !re=e1 t 9 e simple or complex /ate1 ! social m$ium1 t is to say1 ! g5]al /ate ( m9d & mann]s1 det]m9es ! species ( works ( art 9 suff]+ only ^? :i* are 9 h>mony ) x1 & 9 suppress+ o!r species1 ?r\gh a s]ies ( ob/acles int]pos$1 & a s]ies ( attacks r5ew$1 at e /ep ( _! developm5t4 ,,iv4 ,let u n[ leave suppos$ cases1 simplifi$ to give cle>ness to ! exposition1 & take up real ones4 ,y w see 9 glanc+ at ! mo/ important ( a hi/orical s]ies1 a v]ification ( ! law4 ,i w select f\r :i* are ! f\r great cycles ( ,european civilization--,greek & ,roman antiquity1 ! feudal & ,*ri/ian middle ages1 ! well-regulat$ ari/ocratic mon>*ies ( ! sev5te5? c5tury1 & ! indu/rial democracies ( ! pres5t day1 direct$ by ! sci5ces4 ,ea* ( ^! p]iods has its own art1 or "s dep>tm5t ( art peculi> to x1 ei!r sculpture1 ar*itecture1 ! drama or music1 or "s det]m9$ phase ( ea* ( ^! great arts2 9 e case a di/9ct1 s+ul>ly ri* & complete vegetation1 :i*1 9 its lead+ features1 reflects ! pr9cipal traits ( ! art & ! nation4 ,let u1 accord+ly1 consid] turn ! diff]5t soils1 & we %all t all produce diff]5t fl[]s4 ,v4 ,ab\t ?ree ?\s& ye>s ago !re appe>$ on ! %ores & isl&s ( ! gean ,sea a rem>kably h&some1 intellig5t race1 view+ life 9 q a new way4 ,x did n all[ itself to be absorb$ by a great religi\s conception l ! ,h9doos & ,egyptians1 nor by a great social organization l ! ,assyrians & ,p]sians1 nor by great indu/rial & comm]cial usages aft] ! fa%ion ( ! ,pho5icians & ,c>?ag5ians4 ,in/ead ( a !ocracy & a hi]>*y ( ca/e1 & in/ead ( a mon>*y & a hi]>*y ( function>ies & ( great trad+ & comm]cial e/abli%m5ts1 ! m5 ( t race _h an inv5tion ( _! own call$ ! city1 :i* city1 9 s5d+ =? bran*es1 gave bir? to o!rs ( ! same description4 ,"o ( ^!1 ,miletus1 produc$ ?ree hundr$ t[ns1 & coloniz$ ! entire coa/ ( ! ,black ,sea4 ,o!rs did ! same1 ! ,m$it]ranean ,sea be+ encircl$ ) a g>l& ( fl\ri%+ cities1 ext5d+ f ,cyr5e to ,m>seilles1 along ! gulfs & promontories ( ,spa91 ,italy1 ,greece1 ,asia ,m9or & ,africa4 ,:at 0 ! life ( ?is city8#a ,a citiz5 p]=m$ b little manual labor2 he 0 g5]ally support$ by 8 subjects & tribut>ies1 & always s]v$ by slaves4 ,! poore/ man 9 ! place _h "o to keep h\se = him4 ,a!ns c\nt$ f\r = ea* citiz52 & less] cities1 l g9a & ,cor9?1 possess$ f f\r to five hundr$ ?\s&4 ,s]vants1 ( c\rse1 ab\nd$4 ,! citiz51 h[ev]1 ne$$ b little help4 ,l all ! f9ely-built races ( ! s\?1 he 0 ab/emi\s1 a meal consi/+ ( ?ree or f\r olives1 a bit ( g>lic1 & ! head ( a fi%4#b ,8 w>drobe consi/$ ( s&als1 a small %irt1 & a l>ge mantle1 l t ( a %eph]d4 ,8 h\se 0 a n>r[1 frail1 ill-con/ruct$ t5em5t1 into :i* robb]s c\ld p5etrate by pi]c+ ! walls1#c & :i* he only us$ = sleep+2 a b$ & two or ?ree beautiful vases 7 ! pr9cipal articles ( furniture4 ,! citiz5 _h few wants1 & he pass$ ! day 9 ! op5 air4 ,h[ did he dispose ( 8 leisure8 ,s]v+ nei!r k+ nor prie/1 he 01 z f> z he 0 conc]n$1 free & sov]eign 9 ! city4 ,he elect$ 8 own pontiffs & magi/rates1 & he himself1 9 turn1 c\ld be elect$ to sac]dotal & o!r (fices2 :e!r blacksmi? or curri]1 he judg$ ! mo/ important political cases 9 ! tribunals1 & decid$ ! grave/ ( affairs ( /ate 9 ! assemblies2 8 occupation consi/$1 sub/antially1 ( public bus9ess & w>4 ,to be a politician & a soldi] 0 a "p ( 8 duty2 o!r pursuits 7 ( little importance to him2 ! att5tion ( a free man1 9 8 op9ion1 ought to be appli$ to ^! two employm5ts4 ,& he 0 "r1 =1 at t "t1 human life 0 n protect$ z x is 9 ours2 human societies _h n acquir$ ! /ability :i* !y n[ h4 ,mo/ ( ^! cities1 built & scatt]$ along ! ,m$it]ranean %ores1 7 surr\nd$ by b>b>ians eag] to prey ^u !m2 ! citiz5 0 oblig$ to be "u arms1 l ! ,european ( ! pres5t day 9 ,japan & 9 ,new ,zeal&2 if n1 ,gauls1 ,libyans1 ,samitites & ,bi?ynians w\ld soon h pit*$ _! camps amid ! ru9s ( batt]$ walls & deva/at$ temples4 ,besides all ?is1 ^! cities 7 inimical to ea* o!r4 ,! rights ( w> 7 atroci\s2 a vanqui%$ city 0 (t5 devot$ to de/ruction2 a weal?y not$ man might any day see 8 dwell+ 9 a%es1 8 prop]ty pillag$1 8 wife & daught]s sold to recruit places ( pro/itution2 he himself1 & 8 sons1 enslav$1 w\ld be buri$ 9 m9es1 or compell$ by ! la% to turn a mill4 ,) su* p]ils be=e him x is natural = a man to be int]e/$ 9 affairs ( /ate1 & be qualifi$ = battle3 he has to become a politician "u p5alty ( dea?4 ,ambition1 h[ev]1 & love ( glory are equal /imulants4 ,e city aspir$ to r$uce or humble e o!r city1 to acquire vassals1 to conqu] or to make pr(itable ! p]sons ( o!rs4#d ,! citiz5 pass$ 8 life 9 ! public ?or\ghf>es1 discuss+ ! be/ means = pres]v+ & aggr&iz+ 8 city1 canvass+ its alliances1 treaties1 laws & con/itution2 n[ li/5+ to orators1 & aga9 act+ z "o himself up to ! v mom5t ( go+ abo>d 8 vessel 9 ord] to wage w> 9 ,?race or 9 ,egypt1 aga9/ o!r ,greeks1 aga9/ ! b>b>ians1 or aga9/ ! ,great ,k+4 ,to rea* ?is po9t1 !y _h sy/ematiz$ a peculi> discipl9e4 ,z !re 7 no indu/rial facilities 9 ^? days1 ! ma*9]y ( w> 0 unkn[n4 ,w> 0 a combat betwe5 man & man2 consequ5tly1 ! ess5tial ?+ to insure victory 0 n to trans=m soldi]s into m>%all$ automatons1 z 9 our day1 b to r5d] ea* soldi] ! mo/ resi/ant1 ! /ronge/1 & ! mo/ agile body possible2 9 %ort1 a highly-temp]$ gladiator1 capable ( ! utmo/ physical endurance4 ,to ?is end1 ,sp>ta :i*1 ab\t ! eigh? c5tury1 gave ! example & ! impulse to all ,greece1 _h a v complicat$ & no less efficaci\s milit>y sy/em4 ,%e h]self 0 a camp )\t walls1 situat$1 l our camps 9 ,kabyle1 amid/ enemies & a conqu]$ p1 :olly milit>y1 & devot$ to attack & self-def5ce4 ,9 ord] to h a p]fect milit>y1 x 0 necess>y to h a spl5did race2 x 0 manag$ z 9 /ock-bre$+4 ,all de=m$ *ildr5 7 depriv$ ( life4 ,! law1 moreov]1 prescrib$ ! age = m>riage & select$ ! mo/ suitable "t & circum/ances = prop] bre$+4 ,an old man happ5+ to h a "y wife 0 oblig$ to give h] ov] to a "y man 9 ord] to h a good heal?y (fspr+4 ,a middle-ag$ man hav+ a fri5d ^: beauty & "* he admir$1 might give him ! use ( 8 wife4#e ,aft] hav+ con/itut$ ! race1 !y %ap$ ! individual4 ,"y m5 7 enroll$1 drill$1 & accu/om$ to live 9 common l a troop ( *ildr54 ,!y 7 divid$ into two rival b&s1 :o inspect$ ea* o!r1 & f\ght toge!r ) _! feet & _! fi/s4 ,!y slept 9 ! op5 air1 ba!d 9 ! cool wat]s ( ! ,eurotas1 w5t m>aud+1 ate sp>+ly1 fa/ & badly1 re/$ on b$s ( ru%es1 drank no?+ b wat]1 & endur$ e inclem5cy ( climate4 ,"y girls ex]cis$ 9 ! same mann]1 & ! matur$ 7 re/rict$ to almo/ ! same r\t9e4 ,! rigor ( ?is antique discipl9e 0 und\bt$ly less1 or 0 mitigat$1 9 o!r cities2 nev]!less1 ) ^! mitigations1 ! same road conduct$ to ! same end4 ,"y p pass$ ! great] "p ( ! day 9 ! gymnasia1 wre/l+1 jump+1 box+1 rac+1 pit*+ quoits2 =tify+ & r5d]+ supple _! nak$ muscles4 ,x 0 _! aim to produce /rong1 robu/ bodies1 ! mo/ beautiful & ! nimble/ possible1 & no sy/em ( education ev] succe$$ bett] 9 obta9+ !m4#f ,^! peculi> cu/oms ( ! ,greeks gave bir? to peculi> ideas4 ,9 _! eyes ! ideal man 0 n ! man ( ?\ght1 or a man ( delicate s5sibility1 b ! nak$ man1 ! man ( a f9e /ock & gr[?1 well-proportion$1 active & accompli%$ 9 all physical ex]cises4 ,?is mode ( ?9k+ 0 manife/$ by a v>iety ( traits4 ,9 ! fir/ place1 :il/ ! ,c>ians & ! ,lydians ar\nd !m1 & _! b>b>ian neighbors g5]ally1 7 a%am$ to appe> nak$1 !y /ripp$ )\t emb>rassm5t 9 ord] to wre/le & run races4#g ,! "y girls ( ,sp>ta 7 9 ! habit ( ex]cis+ almo/ nak$4 ,y w p]ceive t gymna/ic ex]cises _h suppress$1 or at lea/ trans=m$1 mode/y4 ,9 ! second place1 ! great national fe/ivals ( ! ,greeks1 ! ,olympian1 ,py?ian1 & ,nemean games1 consi/$ ( a display & triumph ( ! nak$ figure4 ,! y\? ( ! fir/ families resort$ to ^! f all p>ts ( ,greece1 & f ! remote/ ,grecian colonies4 ,!y1 prep>$ !mselves = !m a long "t be=eh& by special tra9+ & ! sev]e/ labor1 & !re1 "u ! eyes & applause ( ! :ole nation1 /ripp$ ( _! clo?+1 !y wre/l$1 box$1 pit*$ quoits1 & rac$ on foot or 9 ! *>iot4 ,victories ( ?is class1 :i* we ( ! pres5t day leave to a ,h]cules 9 a circus1 !y reg>d$ z ( ! fir/ importance4 ,! victori\s a?lete 9 ! foot-race gave 8 "n to ! ,olympiad2 8 praises 7 *ant$ by ! greate/ poets2 ,p9d>1 ! mo/ illu/ri\s lyric poet ( antiquity1 sang only ( *>iot races4 ,on return+ to 8 native city ! victori\s a?lete 0 receiv$ 9 triumph1 & 8 /r5g? & agility became ! pride ( ! place4 ,"o ( ^!1 ,milo ( ,crotona1 :o 0 inv9cible at wre/l+1 0 *os5 g5]al1 & l$ 8 fell[-citiz5s to battle1 clad 9 a lion's sk9 & arm$ ) a club l ,h]cules1 to :om he 0 comp>$4 ,x is relat$ t a c]ta9 ,diagoras saw 8 two sons cr[n$ on ! same day1 & 0 c>ri$ ar\nd by !m 9 triumph be=e ! assembl$ multitude4 ,deem+ a l happ9ess too great = "o mortal1 ! p cri$ out to him4 ,die1 ,diagoras1 = ?\ can/ n n[ become a god6 ,diagoras1 suffocat$ ) emotion1 did inde$ expire 9 ! arms ( 8 *ildr54 ,9 8 eyes1 z 9 ! eyes ( all ,greece1 to see 8 sons possess+ ! mo/ vigor\s fi/s & ! nimble/ legs 0 ! height ( t]re/rial bliss4 ,:e!r ?is be tru? or leg5d1 su* a judgm5t proves ! excessive degree ( admiration ent]ta9$ by ! ,greeks = ! p]fection ( ! human =m4 ,on ?is acc\nt !y 7 n afraid to expose x be=e ! gods on solemn occasions4 ,!y _h a =mal sy/em ( attitudes & actions1 call$ or*e/rique1 :i* regulat$ & taught !m beautiful po/ures ( ! sacr$ dances4 ,aft] ! battle ( ,salamis ! tragic poet ,sophocles1 !n fifte5 ye>s old1 & celebrat$ = 8 beauty1 /ripp$ himself ( 8 clo?+ 9 ord] to dance & *ant ! pan be=e ! trophy4 ,"o hundr$ ye>s lat]1 ,alex&]1 on pass+ ?r\gh ,asia ,m9or to cont5d ) ,d>ius1 ca/ aside 8 g>m5ts1 along ) 8 companions1 = ! purpose ( honor+ ! tomb ( ,a*illes ) races4 ,b ! ,greeks w5t /ill fur!r2 !y consid]$ ! p]fection ( ! human =m z atte/+ div9ity4 ,9 a t[n 9 ,sicily a "y man ( extraord9>y beauty 0 wor%ipp$1 & aft] dea?1 alt>s 7 erect$ 9 8 honor4#h ,9 ,hom]1 :i* is ! ,grecian ,bible1 y w f9d ev]y:]e t ! gods _h a human body :i* ! fle%-lance c\ld pi]ce1 fl[+ r$ blood1 in/9cts1 passions & pleasures simil> 9 e respect to our own1 & to su* an ext5t t h]oes become ! lov]s ( goddesses1 & gods beget *ildr5 ( mortal mo!rs4 ,betwe5 ,olympus & ! e>? !re is no abyss2 !y desc5d f1 & we asc5d to1 x2 if !y surpass u1 x is because !y are exempt f dea?1 because _! w\nds heal quick]1 & !y are /rong]1 h&som] & happi] ?an we4 ,9 o!r respects1 !y eat1 dr9k & qu>rel z we d1 all enjoy+ ! same s5ses1 & employ+ ! same corporeal functions4 ,greece has s well work$ out its model ( ! beautiful human animal t x has made its idol ( x1 & glorifies x on e>?1 by mak+ a div9ity ( x 9 heav54 ,out ( ?is conception /atu>y is born1 & we c m>k e mom5t ( its gr[?4 ,on ! "o h&1 an a?lete1 once cr[n$1 0 entitl$ to a /atue2 cr[n$ a ?ird "t1 he 0 aw>d$ an iconical /atue--t is to say1 an effigy be>+ 8 portrait4 ,on ! o!r h&1 ! gods be+ only human =ms1 m s]5e & m p]fect ?an o!rs1 x 0 natural to repres5t !m by /atues4 ,= t purpose !re is no ne$ ( a =c$ dogma4 ,! m>ble or bronze effigy is n an allegory1 b an exact image2 x does n give to ! god muscles1 bones1 & a heavy cov]+ :i* x has n2 x repres5ts ! reclo?+ ( fle% :i* cov]s x1 & ! liv+ =m :i* is its sub/ance4 ,x suffices1 9 ord] to be a tru?ful portrait1 t x %\ld be ! mo/ beautiful1 & reproduce ! immortal calm by :i* ! god is exalt$ above mortals4 ,! /atue is n[ block$ out--is ! sculptor qualifi$ to produce x8 ,dwell a mom5t on 8 prep>ation4 ,m5 9 ^? days /udi$ ! body nak$ & 9 action1 9 ! ba?s1 9 ! gymnasia1 9 ! sacr$ dances & at ! public games2 !y obs]v$ & pref]r$ su* =ms & su* attitudes z d5ot$ vigor1 heal?1 & activity2 !y labor$ ) all _! might to impress on x ^! =ms & to %ape x to ^! attitudes4 ,= ?ree or f\r hundr$ ye>s !y 7 ?us correct+1 purify+1 develop+ _! idea ( physical beauty4 ,x is n surpris+ t !y f9ally discov]$ ! ideal type ( ! human =m4 ,we ( ! pres5t day t are famili> ) x owe our k ( x to !m4 ,:5 ,ni*olas ( ,pisa & o!r e>ly sculptors at ! end ( ! ,go?ic p]iod ab&on$ ! meagre1 bony1 & ugly =ms ( hi]atic tradition1 x 0 because !y took an example f ,greek bas-reliefs1 pres]v$ or exhum$2 & if to-day1 =gett+ our di/ort$ & defective bodies1 z plebeians or ?9k]s1 we wi% to f9d aga9 "s type ( ! p]fect =m1 x is 9 ^! /atues1 monum5ts ( a noble1 unoccupi$1 gymna/ic life1 t we mu/ seek our in/ruction4 ,n only ! =m ( x is p]fect1 b aga91 :i* is unique1 x suffices = ! ?\ght ( ! arti/4 ,! ,greeks1 hav+ assign$ to ! body a dignity ( its own1 7 n tempt$1 l ! mod]ns1 to subord9ate x to ! head4 ,a *e/ brea?+ heal?ily1 a trunk solidly re/+ on ! ?ighs1 a n]v\s supple leg impell+ ! body =w>d ) ease2 !y did n occupy !mselves solely ) ! bread? ( a ?\ghtful =ehead1 ) ! fr[n ( an irritat$ br[1 or ! turn ( a s>ca/ic lip4 ,!y c\ld limit !mselves to ! conditions ( p]fect /atu>y1 :i* leaves ! eye )\t an iris1 & ! head )\t expression2 :i* pref]s quiet p]sonages1 or ^? occupi$ by insignificant action2 :i* commonly employs only a uni=m t9t1 ei!r ( m>ble or cf bronze2 :i* leaves ! picturesque to pa9t+1 & ab&ons dramatic int]e/ to lit]ature2 :i*1 conf9$ to1 b ennobl$ by1 ! nature ( its mat]ials & its limit$ doma91 avoids ! repres5tation ( details1 ( physiognomy1 ( ! casualties ( human agitation1 9 ord] to deta* ! pure & ab/ract =m1 & ?us illum9ate ! sanctu>ies ) motionless1 peaceful1 augu/ effigies 9 :i* human nature recogniz$ its h]oes & its gods4 ,/atu>y1 accord+ly1 is ! c5tral art ( ,greece2 o!r arts are relat$ to x1 accompany x1 or imitate x4 ,no o!r art has s well express$ ! national life2 no o!r 0 s cultivat$ or s popul>4 ,9 ! hundr$ small temples ar\nd ,delphi1 9 :i* ! treasures ( ! cities 7 kept1 a :ole _w ( m>ble1 gold1 silv]1 brass1 & bronze1 tw5ty diff]5t bronzes1 & ( all t9ts1 ?\s&s ( glorifi$ dead 9 irregul> gr\ps1 seat$ & /&+1 radiat$ ! v]itable subjects ( ! god ( light4#i ,:5 ,rome1 at a lat] day1 despoil$ ! ,greek _w ( its treasures1 ?is va/ city possess$ a population ( /atues almo/ equal to t ( its liv+ inhabitants4 ,at ! pres5t "t1 aft] s _m c5turies & su* deva/ation1 x is e/imat$ t m ?an sixty ?\s& /atues h be5 discov]$ at ,rome & 9 its surr\nd+ ,campagna4 ,a l h>ve/ ( sculpture has nev] be5 se51 su* a prodigi\s abundance ( fl[]s1--a display ( fl[]s s p]fect1 a gr[? s natural1 s cont9u\s & v>i$4 ,y h j se5 ! cause ( x1 9 digg+ up ! e>? lay] by lay]1 & 9 obs]v+ t all ! f\ndations ( ! human soil1 in/itutions1 mann]s1 ideas1 h contribut$ to su/a9 x4 ,footnote #a3 ,grote1 ,hi/ory ( ,greece--,boeckh1 ,political ,economy ( ! ,a!nians--,wullon1 ,slav]y 9 ,antiquity4 ,footnote #b3 ,! ,frogs ( ,ari/ophanes2 ! ,cock ( ,lucian4 ,footnote #c3 ,_! prop] "n 0 wall-pi]c]s4 ,footnote #d3 ,?ucydides1 ,book ,i4 ,see ! div]s exp$itions ( ! ,a!nians betwe5 ! peace ( ,cimon & ! ,peloponnesian w>4 ,footnote #e3 ,x5ophon4 ,! ,lac$emonian ,republic1 passim4 ,footnote #f3 ,! ,dialogues ( ,plato4 ,! ,cl\ds ( ,ari/ophanes4 ,footnote #g3 ,! ,lac$emonians adopt$ ?is cu/om ab\t ! #ad? ,olympiad4--,plato4 ,footnote #h3 ,h]odotus4 ,footnote #i3 ,mi*elet4 ,,vi4 ,?is milit>y organization common to all ! cities ( antiquity at l5g? _h its effect1--a sad effect4 ,w> be+ ! natural condition ( ?+s1 ! weak 7 ov]-p[]$ by ! /rong1 &1 m ?an once1 "o might h se5 =m$ /ates ( consid]able magnitude "u ! control or tyranny ( a victori\s or dom9ant city4 ,f9ally "o arose1 ,rome1 :i*1 possess+ great] en]gy1 pati5ce1 & skill1 m capable ( subord9ation & comm&1 ( consecutive views & practical calculations1 atta9$1 aft] sev5 hundr$ ye>s ( ef=t1 9 incorporat+ "u h] dom9ion ! entire bas9 ( ! ,m$it]ranean & _m great outly+ c\ntries4 ,to ga9 ?is po9t %e submitt$ to milit>y discipl9e1 &1 l a fruit spr++ f its g]m1 a milit>y despotism 0 ! issue4 ,?us 0 ! ,empire =m$4 ,t[>ds ! fir/ c5tury ( our era1 ! _w1 organiz$ "u a regul> mon>*y1 seem$ at la/ to h atta9$ to ord] & tranquillity4 ,x issu$ only 9 a decl9e4 ,9 ! horrible de/ruction ( conque/ cities p]i%$ by hundr$s & m5 by millions4 ,dur+ an entire c5tury ! conqu]ors !mselves massacr$ ea* o!r1 & ! civiliz$ _w hav+ lo/ its free m51 lo/ ! half ( its inhabitants4#a ,citiz5s1 conv]t$ into subjects1 & no long] pursu+ noble ends1 ab&on$ !mselves to indol5ce & luxury1 refus$ to m>ry & to h *ildr54 ,ma*9]y be+ unkn[n1 & ! h& ! only in/rum5t ( labor1 ! slaves1 ^: lot x 0 to provide = ! pleasures1 pomp1 & ref9em5ts ( society1 disappe>$ "u a burd5 too heavy = !m to be>4 ,at ! expiration ( f\r hundr$ ye>s ! en]vat$1 depopulat$ empire _h n suffici5t m5 or en]gy to repel ! b>b>ians4 ,! b>b>\s wave ent]$1 sweep+ away ! dykes2 aft] ! fir/1 a second1 !n a ?ird1 & s on = a p]iod ( five hundr$ ye>s4 ,! evils !y inflict$ _c be describ$3 p ext]m9at$1 monum5ts de/roy$1 fields deva/at$1 & cities burnt2 indu/ry1 ! f9e arts1 & ! sci5ces mutilat$1 degrad$1 =gott52 fe>1 ignorance1 & brutality spread ev]y:]e & e/abli%$4 ,!y 7 complete savages1 simil> to ! ,hurons & ,iroquois sudd5ly encamp$ 9 ! mid/ ( a cultivat$ & ?9k+ _w l ours4 ,imag9e a h]d ( wild bulls let loose amid ! furniture & decorations ( a palace1 & aft] ?is ano!r h]d1 s t ! ru9s left by ! fir/ p]i%$ "u ! ho(s ( ! second1 &1 sc>cely in/all$ 9 disord]1 ea* troop ( brutes _h to ar\se itself 9 ord] to battle ) its horns a bell[+1 insatiable troop ( invad]s4 ,:5 at la/1 9 ! t5? c5tury1 ! la/ horde _h made its lair & glutt$ itself1 m5 seem$ to be 9 no bett] condition4 ,! b>b>ian *iefs becom+ feudal b>ons1 f\ght among/ !mselves1 pillag+ peasants & burn+ _! crops1 robb+ ! m]*ants1 & wantonly robb+ & maltreat+ _! mis]able s]fs4 ,! l& rema9$ wa/e1 & provisions became sc>ce4 ,9 ! elev5? c5tury =ty out ( sev5ty ye>s 7 ye>s ( fam9e4 ,a monk1 ,ra\l ,glab]1 relates t x got to be common to eat human fle%2 a but*] 0 burnt alive = expos+ x = sale 9 8 /all4 ,add to ?is univ]sal pov]ty & fil?1 & a total neglect ( ! simple/ ( hygi5ic pr9ciples1 & y c well und]/& h[ leprosy1 pe/s1 & epidemics1 becom+ acclimat$1 rag$ z if ^u _! native soil4 ,p deg5]at$ to ! condition ( ! an?ropophagi ( ,new ,zeal&1 to ! ignoble brutality ( ! ,papuans & ,cal$onians1 to ! l[e/ dep?s ( ! human cesspool1 see+ t rem9isc5ces ( ! pa/ tr5*$ on ! mis]y ( ! pres5t1 & s9ce "s ?9k+ heads1 /ill read+ ! anci5t language felt 9 a confus$ way ! imm5sity ( ! fall1 ! :ole dep? ( ! abyss into :i* ! human species _h be5 engulph$ = a ?\s& ye>s4 ,y may div9e ! s5tim5ts :i* su* a condition ( ?+s1 s extreme & s la/+1 implant$ 9 p's brea/s4 ,at fir/ !re 0 weakness1 disgu/ ( life1 & ! deepe/ melan*oly2 ! _w1 said a writ] ( t day1 is no?+ b an abyss ( vice & immode/y4 ,life seem$ a =eta/e ( hell4 ,_m )drew f x1 & n alone ! poor1 ! feeble1 & wom51 b sov]eign lords1 & ev5 k+s2 su* z possess$ delicate & noble natures pref]r$ ! tranquillity & monotony ( ! cloi/]4 ,on ! approa* ( ! ye> "o ?\s& a g5]al belief 9 ! ext9ction ( ! _w prevail$1 & _m1 seiz$ ) fright1 made ov] _! prop]ty to *ur*es & conv5ts4 ,on ! o!r h&1 & c\pl$ ) ?is t]ror & despond5cy1 !re arose an extraord9>y degree ( n]v\s exaltation4 ,:5 m5 are v mis]able !y become excitable1 l invalids & prison]s2 _! s5sibility increases1 & acquires a fem99e delicacy2 _! he>t is fill$ ) caprices1 agitations & despond5cy1 excesses & effusions f :i* !y are free 9 a heal?y /ate4 ,!y dep>t f mod]ate s5tim5ts :i* alone c ma9ta9 cont9u\s mascul9e action4 ,!y indulge 9 re v1 bur/ into te>s1 s9k d[n on _! knees1 become incapable ( provid+ = !mselves1 imag9e inf9ite sweet & t5d] transports1 ye>n+ to diffuse ! excessive ref9em5ts & en?usiasm ( _! ov]-wr\ght intemp]ate imag9ations2 9 %ort1 !y are prone to love4 ,h5ce1 we see !m develop$ ) an enorm\s exagg]ation1 a passion unkn[n to ! /]n & virile s\ls ( antiquity1 namely1 ! *ivalric my/ic love ( ! middle ages4 ,! calm rational love ( w$lock 0 subord9at$ to ! ec/atic & unruly love enc\nt]$ outside ( w$lock4 ,its subtleties 7 c>efully def9$ & embodi$ 9 ! maxims ( tribunals presid$ ov] by ladies4 ,x 0 decre$ !re t love c\ld n exi/ betwe5 sp\ses1 & t love c\ld refuse no?+ to love4#b ,woman 0 no long] consid]$ z fle% & blood l man1 b 0 conv]t$ into a div9ity2 man 0 only too well comp5sat$ 9 ! privilege ( ador+3 & s]v+ h]4 ,human love 0 reg>d$ z a cele/ial s5tim5t lead+ to div9e love & conf\nd$ ) x4 ,poets trans=m$ _! mi/resses into sup]natural virtue1 & implor$ !m to guide !m ?r\gh ! empyrean to ! tab]nacle ( ,god4 ,y c easily appreciate ! hold ! ,*ri/ian fai? d]iv$ f su* s5tim5ts4 ,disgu/ = ! _w1 a t5d5cy to ec/acy1 habitual despair & inf9ite crav+ = t5d] sympa?y1 naturally impell$ m5 to a doctr9e repres5t+ ! e>? z a vale ( te>s1 ! pres5t life a p]iod ( trial1 raptur\s union ) ! ,div9ity z supreme happ9ess1 & ! love ( ,god z ! fir/ ( duties4 ,morbid or trembl+ s5sibility f\nd its support 9 ! inf9itude ( t]ror & ( hope1 9 pictures ( flam+ pits & et]nal p]dition1 & 9 conceptions ( a radiant p>adise & ( ineffable bliss4 ,?us support$1 ,*ri/ianity rul$ all s\ls1 inspir$ art1 & gave employm5t to arti/s4 ,society1 says a contempor>y1 dive/$ itself ( its old rags 9 ord] to clo! its *ur*es 9 robes ( :it5ess4 ,go?ic ar*itecture accord+ly made its appe>ance4 ,let u obs]ve ! gr[? ( ! new ,go?ic edifice4 ,9 opposition to ! religions ( antiquity1 :i* 7 all local1 belong+ to ca/es or to families1 ,*ri/ianity is a univ]sal religion :i* appeals to ! multitude1 & summons all m5 to salvation4 ,x 0 necess>y accord+ly = ?is new edifice to be v l>ge & capable ( conta9+ ! entire population ( any "o city or di/rict--! wom51 ! *ildr51 ! s]fs1 ! artisans1 & ! poor z well z ! nobles & sov]eigns4 ,! small cella :i* conta9s ! /atue ( ! ,greek god1 & ! portico :]e ! procession ( free citiz5s 0 display$1 7 n suffici5t = ?is imm5se cr[d4 ,an enorm\s vault 0 requir$1 l(ty naves multipli$ & cross$ by o!rs1 & measureless ar*es & colossal columns2 g5]ations ( workm5 flock$ 9 cr[ds = c5turies to labor "h = ! salvation ( _! s\ls1 displac+ m\nta9s be=e ! monum5t c\ld be complet$4 ,! m5 :o ent] "h h sorr[+ s\ls1 & ! ideas !y come 9 que/ ( are m\rnful4 ,!y m$itate on ?is mis]able life1 s tr\bl$ & conf9$ by su* an abyss1 on hell & its puni%m5ts1 endless1 measureless & un9t]mitt5t1 on ! suff]+s & passion ( ,*ri/ crucifi$1 & ^? ( p]secut$ & tortur$ sa9ts & m>tyrs4 ,li/5+ to su* religi\s tea*+1 & "u ! burd5 ( _! own fe>s1 !y c\ld ill accommodate !mselves to ! simple beauty & joy\s effect ( pure light2 ! cle> & heal?y light ( day is accord+ly exclud$2 ! int]ior ( ! edifice rema9s subject to cold & lugubri\s %ad[2 light only comes 9 trans=m$ by /a9$ glass into purple & crimson t9ts1 into ! spl5dors ( topaz & ame?y/1 into ! my/ic gleams ( preci\s /ones1 into /range illum9ations1 seem+ to af=d glimpses ( p>adise4 ,delicate ov]-excit$ imag9ations l ^! are n cont5t ) simple ar*itectural =ms4 ,& fir/1 =m 9 itself is n suffici5t to int]e/ !m4 ,x mu/ be a symbol ( & designate "s augu/ my/]y4 ,! edifice ) its transv]se naves repres5ts ! cross on :i* ,*ri/ di$2 its circul> w9d[ ) its brilliant petals figures ! rose ( et]nity1 ! leaves ( :i* are r$eem$ s\ls2 all ! dim5sions ( its p>ts correspond to sacr$ numb]s4 ,aga91 ^! =ms 9 _! ri*ness1 /rang5ess1 boldness1 delicacy & imm5sity1 h>monize ) ! intemp]ance & curiosity ( a morbid fancy4 ,vivid s5sations--manifold1 *ang+1 biz>re & extreme--are necess>y to su* s\ls4 ,!y reject ! column1 ! horizontal & transv]se beams1 ! r\nd ar*1 9 %ort1 ! solid con/ruction1 balanc$ proportions1 & beautiful simplicity ( antique ar*itecture2 !y d n sympa?ize ) ^? noble creations t seem to h be5 born )\t pa9 & to la/ )\t ef=t1 :i* atta9 to beauty ! same "t z to life1 & ! f9i%$ excell5ce ( :i* ne$s nei!r addition nor ornam5t4 ,!y adopt = type1 n ! pla9 half-circle ( ! arcade1 or ! simple angle =m$ by ! column & ! ar*itrave1 b ! complicat$ union ( two curves int]sect$ by ea* o!r1 =m+ ! ogive4 ,!y aspire to ! gigantic1 cov]+ squ>e acres ( gr\nd ) piles ( /one1 b9d+ pill>s toge!r 9 mon/r\s columns1 susp5d+ gall]ies 9 ! air1 elevat+ ar*es to ! skies1 & /age ^u /age ( belfry until _! spires are lo/ 9 ! cl\ds4 ,!y exagg]ate ! delicacy ( =ms2 !y surr\nd doors ) s]ies ( /atuettes1 & fe/oon ! sides ) trefoils1 gables & g>goyles2 !y int]lace ! tortu\s trac]y ( mullions ) ! motley hues ( /a9$ glass2 ! *oir seems to be embroid]$ ) lace1 :ile tombs1 alt>s1 /alls & t[]s are cov]$ ) mazes ( sl5d] columns & fr+es ( leaves & /atues4 ,x seems z if !y wi%$ to atta9 at once inf9ite gr&eur & inf9ite littl5ess1 seek+ to ov]:elm ! m9d on ei!r side1 on ! "o h& ) ! va/ness ( a mass1 & on ! o!r ) a prodigi\s quantity ( details4 ,_! object 0 evid5tly to produce an extraord9>y s5sation2 !y aim$ to dazzle & bewild]4 ,proportionately1 !re=e1 to ! developm5t ( ?is /yle ( ar*itecture1 x becomes m & m p>adoxical4 ,9 ! f\rte5? & fifte5? c5turies1 ! age ( ! flamboyant ,go?ic ( ,/rasburg1 ,milan1 ,york1 ,nuremburg1 & ! ,*ur* ( ,br\1 solidity seems to h be5 :olly ab&on$ = ornam5t4 ,at "o "t x bri/les ) a pr(usion ( multipli$ & sup]pos$ p9nacles2 at ano!r its ext]ior is drap$ ) a lacework ( m\ld+s4 ,walls are holl[$ out1 & almo/ :olly absorb$ by w9d[s2 !y lack /r5g?1 & )\t ! buttresses rais$ aga9/ !m ! /ructure w\ld fall2 ev] dis9tegrat+1 x is necess>y to e/abli% colonies ( masons ab\t !m con/antly to repair _! con/ant decay4 ,?is embroid]$ /onework1 m & m frail z x asc5ds ! spire1 _c su/a9 itself2 x has to be fa/5$ to a skeleton ( iron1 & z iron ru/s1 ! blacksmi? is summon$ to contribute 8 %>e t[>ds propp+ up ?is un/able1 delusive magnific5ce4 ,9 ! int]ior ! decoration is s exub]ant & complex1 ! gro9+s s ri*ly display _! ?orny & tangl$ vegetation1 & ! /alls1 pulpit1 & rail+s1 sw>m ) su* intricate1 tortu\s1 fanta/ic arabesques1 t ! *ur* no long] seems to be a sacr$ monum5t1 b a r>e example ( ! jewell]s art4 ,x is a va/ /ructure ( v>iegat$ glass1 a gigantic piece ( filigree "w1 a fe/ive decoration z elaborat$ z t ( a que5 or a bride2 x is ! adornm5t ( a n]v\s1 ov]-excit$ woman1 simil> to ! extravagant co/umes ( ! day1 ^: delicate & morbid poesy d5otes by its excess ! s+ul> s5tim5ts1 ! fev]i%1 viol5t1 & impot5t aspiration peculi> to an age ( knights & monks4 ,= ?is ar*itecture1 :i* has la/$ f\r c5turies1 is n conf9$ to "o c\ntry or to "o description ( edifice2 x is spread ov] all ,europe1 f ,scotl& to ,sicily1 & is employ$ 9 all civil & religi\s & public & private monum5ts4 ,n only d ca!drals & *apels be> its impr9t1 b =tresses1 palaces1 co/umes1 dwell+s1 furniture1 & equipm5ts4 ,its univ]sality1 accord+ly1 expresses & atte/s ! great moral crisis1 at once morbid & sublime1 :i*1 dur+ ! :ole ( ! middle ages1 exalt$1 & at ! same "t disord]$1 ! human intellect4 ,footnote #a3 ,rome1 ?irty ye>s ,b4 ,c1 by ,victor ,durny4 ,footnote #b3 ,&re le ,*apela94 ,,vii ,human in/itutions1 l liv+ bodies1 are made & unmade by _! own =ces2 & _! heal? passes away or _! cure is effect$ by ! sole effect ( _! nature & _! situation4 ,among ^! feudal *iefs :o rul$ & plund]$ m5 9 ! middle-ages "o 0 f\nd 9 ea* c\ntry1 /rong]1 m politic1 & bett] plac$ ?an o!rs1 :o con/itut$ himself cons]vator ( public ord]2 su/a9$ by public s5tim5t1 he by degrees weak5$ & subdu$1 subord9at$ & ralli$ ! o!rs1 &1 organiz+ a sy/ematic ob$i5t adm9i/ration1 became "u ! "n ( k+ ! head ( ! nation4 ,t[>ds ! fifte5? c5tury1 ! b>ons1 =m]ly 8 equals1 7 only 8 (fic]s1 & t[>ds ! sev5te5? c5tury !y 7 simply 8 c\rti]s4 ,note ! significance ( ?is t]m4 ,a c\rti] is a memb] ( ! k+'s c\rt2 t is to say1 a p]son *>g$ ) "s function or dome/ic duty 9 ! palace--ei!r *amb]la91 equ]ry1 or g5tleman ( ! ante*amb]--receiv+ a sal>y1 & address+ 8 ma/] ) all ! def]5ce & c]emonial obsequi\sness prop] to su* an employm5t4 ,b ?is p]son is n a valet1 z 9 ori5tal mon>*ies1 = 8 ance/or1 ! gr&fa!r ( 8 gr&fa!r1 0 ! equal1 ! companion1 ! pe] ( ! k+2 & on ?is acc\nt he himself belongs to a privileg$ class1 t ( noblem54 ,he does n s]ve 8 pr9ce solely ?r\gh p]sonal int]e/2 8 devotion to him is a po9t ( honor4 ,! pr9ce 9 8 turn nev] neglects to treat him ) consid]ation4 ,l\is ,,xiv4 ?rew 8 cane out ( ! w9d[ 9 ord] n to be tempt$ to /rike ,lauzun1 :o _h (f5d$ him4 ,! c\rti] is honor$ by 8 ma/]1 & reg>d$ z "o ( 8 society4 ,he lives 9 famili>ity ) him1 dances at 8 balls1 d9es at 8 table1 rides 9 ! same c>riage1 sits 9 ! same *airs1 & frequ5ts ! same salon4 ,f su* a basis c\rt life arose2 fir/ 9 ,italy & ,spa91 subsequ5tly 9 ,france1 & aft]w>ds 9 ,engl&1 9 ,g]many1 & 9 ! nor? ( ,europe4 ,france 0 its c5tre1 & ,l\is ,,xiv4 gave to x its pr9cipal clat4 ,let u /udy ! effect ( ?is new /ate ( ?+s on m9ds & *>act]s4 ,! k+s salon is ! fir/ 9 ! c\ntry1 & is frequ5t$ by ! mo/ select society2 ! mo/ admir$ p]sonage1 !re=e1 ! accompli%$ man :om ev]ybody accepts = a model1 is ! nobleman enjoy+ famili>ity ) 8 sov]eign4 ,?is nobleman ent]ta9s g5]\s s5tim5ts2 he believes himself ( a sup]ior race1 & he says to himself1 noblesse oblige4 ,he is m s5sitive ?an o!r m5 on ! po9t ( honor1 & freely risks 8 life at ! slighte/ insult4 ,"u ,l\is ,,xiii4 f\r ?\s& noblem5 7 kill$ 9 duels4 ,contempt ( dang]1 9 ! eyes ( ?is nobleman1 is ! fir/ obligation ( a s\l nobly born4 ,! d&y1 ! worldl+1 s *oice ( 8 ribbons1 s c>eful ( 8 p]ruque1 is ready to encamp 9 ,fl&]s mud1 & expose himself to bullets = h\rs toge!r at ,ne]w9d54 ,:5 ,luxemb\rg ann\nces t he is ab\t to give battle1 ,v]sailles is des]t$2 all ^! "y p]fum$ gallants ha/5 (f to ! army z if !y 7 go+ to a ball4 ,f9ally1 & ?r\gh a remnant ( ! _s ( anci5t feudalism1 our nobleman reg>ds ! mon>* z 8 natural legitimate *ief3 he kn[s he is b\nd to him1 z ! vassal =m]ly 0 to 8 suz]a91 & at ne$ w give him 8 blood1 8 prop]ty1 & 8 life4 ,"u ,l\is ,,xyi4 noblem5 volunt>ily plac$ !mselves at ! k+'s disposal1 & on ! #aj? ( ,augu/ _m 7 sla9 9 8 behalf4 ,b !y are nev]!less c\rti]s1 t is to say1 m5 ( ! _w1 & 9 ?is respect p]fectly polite4 ,! ,k+ himself sets !m an example4 ,l\is ,,xiv4 ev5 d(f$ 8 hat to a *amb]maid1 & ! ,memoirs ( ,/4 ,simon m5tion a duke :o salut$ s frequ5tly t he 0 oblig$ to cross ! c\rts ( ,v]sailles b>ehead$4 ,! c\rti]1 = ! same reason1 is accompli%$ 9 all t app]ta9s to good bre$-ins2 language nev] fails him 9 difficult circum/ances2 he is a diplomat1 ma/] ( himself1 an adept 9 ! art ( disguis+1 conceal+1 flatt]+ & manag+ o!rs1 nev] giv+ (f5ce1 & (t5 pleas+4 ,all ^! qualifications & ^! s5tim5ts proce$ f an ari/ocratic _s ref9$ by ! usages ( society2 !y atta9 to p]fection 9 ?is c\rt & 9 ?is c5tury4 ,anybody ( ! pres5t "t dispos$ to admire ! *oice fl[]s ( ?is lo/ & delicate species ne$ n look = !m 9 our equaliz$1 rude & mix$ society1 b mu/ turn to ! elegant1 =mal1 monum5tal p>t]res 9 :i* !y =m]ly fl\ri%$4 ,y c imag9e t p s con/itut$ mu/ h *os5 pleasures appropriate to _! "*4 ,_! ta/e1 inde$1 l _! p]sons1 0 noble2 = !y 7 n only noble by bir?1 b also ?r\gh _! s5tim5ts2 & correct because !y 7 educat$ to practise & respect :at 0 becom+ to !m4 ,x 0 ?is ta/e :i*1 9 ! sev5te5? c5tury1 fa%ion$ all _! works ( art--! s]i\s1 elevat$1 sev]e productions ( ,p\ss9 & ,lesueur1 ! grave1 pomp\s1 elaborate ar*itecture ( ,mans>t & ,p]rault1 & ! /ately symmetrical g>d5s ( ,le,notre4 ,y w f9d its traces 9 ! furniture1 co/umes1 h\se decoration1 & c>riages ( ! engrav+s & pa9t+s ( ,p]elle1 ,seba/ian ,lecl]c1 ,eigaud1 ,nanteuil1 & _m o!rs4 ,v]sailles1 ) its gr\ps ( well-br$ gods1 its symmetrical alleys1 its my !ological wat]-works1 its l>ge artificial bas9s1 its trimm$ & prun$ trees modell$ into ar*itectural designs1 is a ma/]piece 9 ?is direction2 all its edifices & p>t]res1 ev]y?+ belong+ to x1 0 con/ruct$ = m5 solicit\s ab\t _! dignity1 & /rict obs]v]s ( ! recogniz$ /&>d ( social propriety4 ,b ! impr9t is /ill m visible 9 ! lit]ature ( ! epo*4 ,nev] 9 ,france or 9 ,europe has ! art ( f9e writ+ be5 c>ri$ to su* p]fection4 ,! greate/ ( ,fr5* au?ors1 z y are aw>e1 belong to ?is epo*--,bossuet1 ,pascal1 ,la ,fonta9e1 ,molire1 ,corneille1 ,rac9e1 ,la ,ro*ef\cauld1 ,madame de ,svign1 ,boileau1 ,la ,bruyre1 ,b\rdalone1 & o!rs4 ,great m5 n only wrote well1 b almo/ ev]ybody2 ,c\ri] ass]t$ t a *amb]maid ( ^? days knew m ab\t /yle ?an a mod]n academy4 ,9 fact1 a good /yle at t "t p]vad$ ! air1 p unconsci\sly inhal+ x2 x prevail$ 9 correspond5ce & 9 conv]sation2 ! c\rt taught x2 x ent]$ into ! ways ( p ( ! _w4 ,! man :o aim$ to be poli%$ & correct 9 deportm5t1 got to be s likewise 9 ! attributes ( language & ( /yle4 ,among s _m bran*es ( lit]ature !re is "o1 trag$y1 :i* rea*$ a s+ul> degree ( p]fection1 & :i* m ?an all ! re/ furni%es at t "t ! mo/ /rik+ example ( ! concordance :i* l9ks toge!r man & 8 works1 mann]s & ! arts4 ,! g5]al features ( ?is trag$y fir/ claim att5tion2 !y are all calculat$ to please noblem5 & memb]s ( ! c\rt4 ,! poet does n fail 9 ! bl&i%m5t1 ( tru?1 :i* by its nature is (t5 crude2 he all[s no murd]s on ! /age2 he disguises brutality & repudiates viol5ce1 su* z bl[s1 but*]ies1 yells1 & groans1 ev]y?+ t might (f5d ! s5ses ( a spectator accu/om$ to mod]ation & ! elegancies ( ! salon4 ,= ! same reason he excludes disord]1 nev] ab&on+ himself to ! caprices ( fancy & imag9ation l ,%akespe>e2 8 plan is regul>1 he admits no un=ese5 incid5ts1 no romantic poesy4 ,he elaborates 8 sc5es1 expla9s entrances1 graduates ! int]e/ ( 8 piece1 prep>es ! way = sudd5 turns ( =tune1 & skilfully anticipates & directs dn\em5ts4 ,f9ally1 he diffuses ?r\gh\t ! dialogue1 l a uni=m brilliant v>ni%1 a /udi$ v]sification compos$ ( ! *oice/ t]ms & ! mo/ h>moni\s rhymes4 ,if we seek ! co/ume ( ?is drama 9 ! engrav+s ( ! "t we f9d h]oes & pr9cesses appe>+ 9 furbel[s1 embroid]ies1 bootees1 swords & plumes--a dress1 9 %ort1 ,greek 9 "n1 b ,fr5* 9 ta/e & fa%ion2 su* z ! k+1 ! dauph91 & ! pr9cesses p>ad$ 91 to ! music ( viol9s1 at ! c\rt p]=mances ( ballets4 ,note1 moreov]1 t all 8 p]sonages are c\rti]s1 k+s & que5s1 pr9ces & pr9cesses ( royal blood1 ambassadors1 m9i/]s1 (fic]s ( ! gu>d1 m59s1#a dep5dants & confidants4 ,! associates ( pr9ces are n "h1 z 9 anci5t ,greek trag$y1 slaves ( ! palace & nurses born "u _! ma/]'s ro(1 b ladies-9-wait+1 equ]ries1 & g5tlem5 ( ! ante*amb]1 *>g$ ) c]ta9 duties 9 ! royal h\sehold2 we readily detect ?is 9 _! conv]sational ability1 9 _! skill 9 flatt]y1 9 _! p]fect education1 9 _! exquisite deportm5t1 & 9 _! mon>*ical s5tim5ts z subjects & vassals4 ,_! ma/]s1 l !mselves1 are ,fr5* noblem5 ( ! sev5te5? c5tury1 pr\d & c\rte\s1 h]oic 9 ,corneille & noble 9 ,rac9e2 !y are gallants ) ! ladies1 fai?ful to _! "n & race1 capable ( sacrific+ _! de>e/ int]e/s & /ronge/ affections to _! honor1 & incapable ( utt]+ a ^w or an act :i* ! mo/ rigid c\rtesy w\ld n au?orize4 ,iphig5ia1 9 ,rac9e1 deliv]$ up by h] fa!r to h] execution]s1 does n regret life1 weep+ l a girl1 z 9 ,euripides1 b ?9ks x h] duty to obey h] fa!r & h] k+ )\t a murmur1 & to die )\t %$d+ a te>1 because %e is a pr9cess4 ,a*illes1 :o 9 ,hom] /amps1 /ill unappeas$1 on ! body ( ! dy+ ,hector1 feel+ l a lion or wolf1 z if he w\ld eat ! raw fle% ( 8 vanqui%$ antagoni/1 is1 9 ,rac9e1 a ,pr9ce ( ,cond1 at once brilliant & s$uctive1 passionate conc]n+ honor1 devot$ to ! fair1 impetu\s1 x is true1 & irritable1 b ) ! res]v$ vivacity ( a "y (fic] :o1 ev5 :5 mo/ excit$1 ma9ta9s good bre$+ & nev] /oops to brutality4 ,all ^! *>act]s are models ( polite address1 & %[ a k ( ! _w nev] at fault4 ,head1 9 ,rac9e1 ! fir/ dialogue ( ,ore/e & ,pyrrhus1 & ! :ole ( ! "p ( ,acomat & ( ,ulysse2 n[h]e is great] tact or oratorical dext]ity app>5t2 n[h]e m +5i\s complim5ts & flatt]ies1 exordiums s well pois$1 su* a quick revelation1 su* an +5i\s adju/m5t1 su* a delicate ins9uation ( appropriate motives4 ,! wilde/ & mo/ impetu\s lov]s--,hippolyte1 ,britannicus1 ,pyrrhus1 ,ore/e1 & ,xiph>s --are accompli%$ cavali]s :o turn a madrigal & b[ ) ! utmo/ def]5ce4 ,h[ev] viol5t _! passions may be1 ,h]mione1 ,&romaqne1 ,boxane1 & ,brnice1 pres]ve ! tone ( ! be/ society4 ,mi?ridate1 ,phdre1 & ,a?alie1 :5 expir+1 express !mselves 9 correct p]iods1 = a pr9ce has to be a pr9ce to ! la/1 & die 9 due =m4 ,?is drama might be call$ a p]fect picture ( ! fa%ionable _w4 ,l ,go?ic ar*itecture1 x repres5ts a positive complete side ( ! human m9d1 & ?is is :y1 l t1 x has become s univ]sal4 ,x has be5 import$ into1 or imitat$ by1 along ) its accompany+ ta/e1 lit]ature1 & mann]s1 e c\rt ( ,europe--9 ,engl&1 aft] ! re/oration ( ! ,/u>ts2 9 ,spa91 on ! adv5t ( ! ,b\rbons2 & 9 ,italy1 ,g]many1 & ,russia1 9 ! eighte5? c5tury4 ,we are w>rant$ 9 say+ t at ?is epo* ,france 0 ! educator ( ,europe2 %e 0 ! s\rce f :i* 0 d]iv$ all t 0 elegant & agreeable1 :atev] 0 prop] 9 /yle1 delicate 9 ideas1 & p]fect 9 ! art ( social int]c\rse4 ,if a savage ,muscovite1 a dull ,g]man1 a /olid ,engli%man1 or any o!r unciviliz$ or half-civiliz$ man ( ! ,nor? quit 8 br&y1 pipe1 & furs1 8 feudal or hunt+ or rural life1 x 0 to ,fr5* salons & to ,fr5* books he betook himself1 9 ord] to acquire ! arts ( polit5ess1 urbanity1 & conv]sation4 ,footnote #a3 ,fo/]-bro!r1 s*ool-companion1 or o!r intimate ( ?is class4 ,,viii4 ,?is brilliant society did n la/2 x 0 its own developm5t :i* caus$ its dissolution4 ,! gov]nm5t be+ absolute1 end$ 9 becom+ neglig5t & tyrannical2 &1 besides ?is1 ! k+ be/[$ ! be/ (fices & ! greate/ favor only on su* ( ! nobles ( 8 c\rt z enjoy$ 8 intimacy4 ,?is appe>$ unju/ to ! b\rgeoisie & to ! p1 :o1 hav+ greatly increas$ 9 numb]s1 weal? & intellig5ce1 felt _! p[] augm5t 9 proportion to ! gr[? ( _! discont5t4 ,! ,fr5* ,revolution 0 accord+ly _! "w2 & aft] t5 ye>s ( trial !y e/abli%$ a sy/em ( democracy & equality1 9 :i*1 accord+ to a fix$ ord] ( promotion1 all civil employm5ts 7 ord9>ily accessible to ev]ybody4 ,! w>s ( ! empire & ! contagion ( example gradually spread ?is sy/em beyond ! fronti]s ( ,france1 & :atev] may be local diff]5ces & tempor>y delays1 x is n[ evid5t t ! t5d5cy ( ! :ole ( ,europe is to imitate x4 ,! new con/ruction ( society1 c\pl$ ) ! inv5tion ( indu/rial ma*9]y1 & ! great abatem5t ( rud5ess 9 mann]s & cu/oms1 has *ang$ ! condition z well z ! "* ( man4 ,h5ce=?1 man is exempt f arbitr>y measures1 & is protect$ by a good police4 ,h[ev] l[ly born1 all c>e]s are op5 to him2 an enorm\s increase ( useful articles1 places )9 rea* ( ! poore/1 conv5i5ces & pleasures ( :i*1 two c5turies ago1 ! ri* 7 entirely ignorant4 ,aga91 ! rigor ( au?ority is mitigat$1 bo? 9 society & 9 ! family2 a fa!r is n[ ! companion ( 8 *ildr51 & ! citiz5 has become ! equal ( ! noble4 ,human life1 9 %ort1 displays a less] degree ( mis]y1 & a light] degree ( oppression4 ,b1 z a c\nt]p>t ( ?is1 ,ave see ambition & cupidity spread+ _! w+s4 ,accu/om$ to com=t & luxuries1 & obta9+ "h & !re glimpses ( happ9ess1 man beg9s to reg>d happ9ess & com=t z 8 due4 ,! m he obta9s1 ! m exact+ he becomes1 & ! m 8 pret5sions exce$ 8 acquisitions4 ,! practical sci5ces also hav+ made great progress1 & in/ruction be+ diffus$1 lib]at$ ?\ght ab&ons itself to all d>+ ent]prises2 h5ce x happ5s t m51 rel9qui%+ ! traditions :i* =m]ly regulat$ _! beliefs1 deem !mselves capable1 ?r\gh intellect alone1 ( atta9+ to ! highe/ tru?s4 ,que/ions ( e k9d are moot$1 moral1 political & religi\s2 m5 seek k by grop+ _! way 9 e direction4 ,= fifty ye>s pa/ we behold ?is /range conflict ( sy/ems & sects1 ea* t5d]+ u new cre$s & p]fect !ories ( happ9ess4 ,su* a /ate ( ?+s has a wond]ful effect on m9ds & ideas4 ,! repres5tative man1 t is to say1 ! "* :o occupies ! /age1 & to :om ! spectators aw>d ! mo/ int]e/ & sympa?y1 is ! melan*oly1 ambiti\s dream]--,r51 ,fau/1 ,w]!r & ,manfr$--a ye>n+ he>t1 re/less1 w&]+ & incurably mis]able4 ,& he is mis]able = two reasons4 ,9 ! fir/ place he is ov]-s5sitive1 too easily affect$ by ! less] evils ( life2 he has too great a crav+ = delicate & blissful s5sations2 he is too mu* accu/om$ to com=t2 he has n _h ! semi-feudal & semi-ru/ic education ( our ance/ors2 he has n be5 r\ghly h&l$ by 8 fa!r1 :ipp$ at college1 oblig$ to ma9ta9 respectful sil5ce 9 ! pres5ce ( great p]sonages1 & _h 8 m5tal gr[? ret>d$ by dome/ic discipl9e2 he has n be5 compell$1 z 9 anci5t times1 to use 8 own arm & sword to protect himself1 to travel on horseback1 & to sleep 9 disagreeable lodg+s4 ,9 ! s(t atmosph]e ( mod]n com=t & ( s$5t>y habits1 he has become delicate1 n]v\s1 excitable1 & less capable ( accommodat+ himself to ! c\rse ( life :i* always exacts ef=t & imposes tr\ble4 ,on ! o!r h&1 he is skeptical4 ,society & religion bo? be+ di/urb$--9 ! mid/ ( a ple-mle ( doctr9es & an irruption ( new !ories--8 precoci\s judgm5t1 too rapidly in/ruct$1 & too soon unbridl$1 precipitates him e>ly & bl9dly (f ! beat5 track made smoo? = 8 fa!rs by habit1 & :i* !y h trodd51 l$ on by tradition & gov]n$ by au?ority4 ,all ! b>ri]s :i* s]v$ z guides to m9ds hav+ fall51 he ru%es =w>d into ! va/1 confus+ field :i* is op5$ out be=e 8 eyes2 impell$ by almo/ sup]human ambition & curiosity he d>ts (f 9 ! pursuit ( absolute tru? & inf9ite happ9ess4 ,nei!r love1 glory1 k nor p[]1 z we f9d ^! 9 ?is _w1 c satisfy him2 ! intemp]ance ( 8 desires1 irritat$ by ! incomplet5ess ( 8 conque/s & by ! no?+ness ( 8 enjoym5ts1 leaves him pro/rate amid ! ru9s ( 8 own nature1 )\t 8 jad$1 enfeebl$1 impot5t imag9ation be+ able to repres5t to him ! beyond :i* he covets1 & ! unkn[n :at :i* he has n4 ,?is evil has be5 /yl$ ! great malady ( ! age4 ,=ty ye>s ago x 0 9 full =ce1 & "u ! app>5t frigidity or gloomy impassibility ( ! positive m9d ( ! pres5t day x /ill subsi/s4 ,i h n ! "t to %[ y ! innum]able effects ( a l /ate ( m9d on works ( art4 ,y may trace !m 9 ! great developm5t ( ! lyrical1 s5tim5tal & philosophical poetry ( ,france1 ,g]many & ,engl&2 aga91 9 ! corruption & enri*m5t ( language & 9 ! inv5tion ( new classes & ( new *>act]s 9 lit]ature2 9 ! /yle & s5tim5ts ( all ! great mod]n writ]s1 f ,*ateaubri& to ,balzac1 f ,goe! to ,he9e1 f ,c[p] to ,byron1 & f ,alfi]i to ,leop>di4 ,y w f9d analog\s symptoms 9 ! arts ( design if y obs]ve _! fev]i%1 tortur$ & pa9fully ar*eological /yle1 _! aim at dramatic effect1 psy*ological expression1 & local fidelity2 if y obs]ve ! confusion :i* has befogg$ ! s*ools & injur$ _! processes2 if y pay att5tion to ! c\ntless gift$ m9ds :o1 %ak5 by new emotions1 h op5$ out new ways2 if y analyze ! pr(\nd sympa?y = sc5]y :i* has giv5 bir? to a complete & orig9al l&scape art4 ,b !re is ano!r art1 ,music1 :i* has sudd5ly rea*$ an extraord9>y developm5t4 ,?is developm5t is "o ( ! sali5t *>act]i/ics ( our epo*1 & ! dep5d5ce ( ?is on ! mod]n m9d1 ! ties by :i* !y are connect$1 ,i %all endeavor to po9t out to y4 ,?is art 0 born1 & necess>ily1 9 two c\ntries :]e p s+ naturally1 ,italy & ,g]many4 ,x 0 ge/at+ = a c5tury & a half 9 ,italy1 f ,pale/r9a to ,p]golese1 z =m]ly pa9t+ f ,giotto to ,massaccio1 discov]+ processes & feel+ its way 9 ord] to acquire its res\rces4 ,at ! comm5cem5t ( ! eighte5? c5tury x sudd5ly bur/ =?1 ) ,sc>latti1 ,m>cello & ,h&el4 ,?is is a mo/ rem>kable epo*4 ,pa9t+ at ?is "t ceas$ to n\ri% 9 ,italy1 & 9 ! mid/ ( political /agnation1 voluptu\s1 effem9ate cu/oms prevail$1 furni%+ an assembly ( sigisbs1 ,l9dors & amor\s ladies = ! r\lades & t5d] s5tim5tal sc5es ( ! op]a4 ,grave1 pond]\s ,g]many1 at t "t ! late/ 9 acquir+ self-consci\sness1 n[ succe$s 9 display+ ! sev]ity & gr&eur ( its religi\s s5tim5t1 its pr(\nd k1 & its vague melan*oly in/9cts 9 ! sacr$ music ( ,seba/ian ,ba*1 anticipat+ ! evangelical epic ( ,klop/ock4 ,tn ! old & 9 ! new nation ! reign & expression ( s5tim5t is beg9n+4 ,betwe5 ! two1 half-,g]manic & half-,italian1 is ,au/ria1 conciliat+ ! two spirits1 produc+ ,haydn1 ,gluck & ,moz>t4 ,music n[ becomes cosmopolite & univ]sal on ! conf9es ( t great m5tal convulsion ( s\ls /yl$ ! ,fr5* ,revolution1 z =m]ly pa9t+ "u ! impulse ( ! great intellectual revival kn[n "u ! "n ( ! ,r5aissance4 ,we ne$ n be a/oni%$ at ! appe>ance ( ?is new art1 = x corresponds to ! appe>ance ( a new g5ius--t ( ! rul+1 morbid1 re/less1 ard5t "* ,i h attempt$ to portray = y4 ,x is to ?is _s t ,bee?ov51 ,m5delssohn & ,web] =m]ly address$ !mselves1 & to :i* ,mey]be]1 ,b]lioz & ,v]di are n[ /riv+ to accommodate !mselves4 ,music is ! organ ( ?is ov]-ref9$ excessive s5sibility & vague b\ndless aspiration2 x is expressly design$ = ?is s]vice1 & no art s well p]=ms its task4 ,& ?is is s because1 on ! "o h&1 music is f\nd$ on a m or less remote imitation ( a cry :i* is ! natural1 spontane\s1 complete expression ( passion1 & :i*1 affect+ u ?r\gh a corporeal /imulus1 in/antly ar\ses involunt>y sympa?y1 s t ! tremul\s delicacy ( e n]v\s be+ f9ds 9 x its impulse1 its e*o1 & its m9i/rant4 ,on ! o!r h&1 f\nd$ on relation%ips ( s\nds :i* repres5t no liv+ =m1 & :i*1 especially 9 in/rum5tal music1 seem to be ! rev]ies ( an incorporeal s\l1 x is bett] adapt$ ?an any o!r art to express float+ ?\ghts1 =mless dreams1 objectless limitless desires1 ! gr&iose & dolor\s mazes ( a tr\bl$ he>t :i* aspires to all & is atta*$ to no?+4 ,?is is :y1 along ) ! discont5t1 ! agitations1 & ! hopes ( mod]n democracy1 music has left its natal c\ntries & diffus$ itself ov] all ,europe2 & :y y see at ! pres5t "t ! mo/ complicat$ symphonies attract+ cr[ds 9 ,france1 :]e1 ?us f>1 ! national music has be5 r$uc$ to ! song & ! melodies ( ! ,vaudeville4 ,,ix4 ,! =ego+ illu/rations1 g5tlem51 seem to me suffici5t to e/abli% ! law gov]n+ ! "* & creation ( works ( art4 ,& n only d !y e/abli% x1 b !y accurately def9e x4 ,9 ! beg9n+ ( ?is section ,i /at$ t ! "w ( art is det]m9$ by an aggregate :i* is ! g5]al /ate ( ! m9d & surr\nd+ mann]s4 ,we may n[ advance ano!r /ep1 & note precisely 9 _! ord] ea* l9k ( ! *a91 connect+ toge!r cause & effect4 ,9 ! v>i\s illu/rations we h consid]$1 y h rem>k$ fir/1 a g5]al situation1 9 o!r words1 a c]ta9 univ]sal condition ( good or evil1 "o ( s]vitude or ( lib]ty1 a /ate ( weal? or ( pov]ty1 a p>ticul> =m ( society1 a c]ta9 species ( religi\s fai?2 9 ,greece1 ! free m>tial city1 ) its slaves2 9 ! middle ages1 feudal oppression1 invasion & brig&age1 & an exalt$ phase ( ,*ri/ianity2 ! c\rt life ( ! sev5te5? c5tury2 ! indu/rial & /udi$ democracy ( ! n9ete5?1 guid$ by ! sci5ces2 9 %ort1 a gr\p ( circum/ances controll+ man1 & to :i* he is compell$ to resign himself4 ,?is situation developes 9 man correspond+ ne$s1 di/9ct aptitudes & special s5tim5ts--physical activity1 a t5d5cy to rev]y2 "h rud5ess1 & !re ref9em5t2 at "o "t a m>tial in/9ct1 at ano!r conv]sational tal5t1 at ano!r a love ( pleasure1 & a ?\s& o!r complex & v>i$ peculi>ities4 ,9 ,greece we see physical p]fection & a balance ( faculties :i* no manual or c]ebral excess ( life d]anges2 9 ! middle ages1 ! intemp]ance ( ov]-excit$ imag9ations & ! delicacy ( fem99e s5sibility2 9 ! sev5te5? c5tury1 ! poli% & good-bre$+ ( society & ! dignity ( ari/ocratic salons2 & 9 mod]n times1 ! gr&eur ( un*a9$ ambitions & ! morbidity ( unsatisfi$ ye>n+s4 ,n[1 ?is gr\p ( s5tim5ts1 aptitudes & ne$s1 con/itutes1 :5 conc5trat$ 9 "o p]son & p[]fully display$ by him1 ! repres5tative man1 t is to say1 a model "* to :om 8 contempor>ies aw>d all _! admiration & all _! sympa?y2 !re is1 = in/ance1 9 ,greece1 ! nak$ y\?1 ( a f9e race & accompli%$ 9 all bodily ex]cise2 9 ! middle ages1 ! ec/atic monk & ! amor\s knight2 9 ! sev5te5? c5tury1 ! p]fect c\rti]2 & 9 our days1 ! melan*oly insatiable ,fau/ or ,w]!r4 ,moreov]1 z ?is p]sonage is ! mo/ captivat+1 ! mo/ important & ! mo/ conspicu\s ( all1 x is he :om arti/s pres5t to ! public1 n[ conc5trat$ 9 an ideal p]sonage1 :5 _! art1 l pa9t+1 sculpture1 ! drama1 ! romance or ! epic1 is imitative2 n[1 disp]s$ 9 its elem5ts1 z 9 ar*itecture & 9 music1 :]e art excites emotions )\t inc>nat+ !m4 ,all _! labor1 !re=e1 may be summ$ up z foll[s3 !y ei!r repres5t ?is "*1 or address !mselves to x2 ! symphonies ( ,bee?ov5 & ! /ori$ w9d[s ( ca!drals are address$ to x2 & x is repres5t$ 9 ! ,niobe gr\p ( antiquity & 9 ! ,agamemnon & ,a*illes ( ,rac9e4 ,all art1 !re=e1 dep5ds on x1 s9ce ! :ole ( art is appli$ only to con=m to1 or to express x4 ,a g5]al situation1 provok+ t5d5cies & special faculties2 a repres5tative man1 embody+ ^! pr$om9ant t5d5cies & faculties2 s\nds1 =ms1 colors1 or language giv+ ?is "* s5su\s =m1 or :i* comport ) ! t5d5cies & faculties compris+ x1 su* are ! f\r t]ms ( ! s]ies2 ! fir/ c>ries ) x ! second1 ! second ! ?ird1 & ! ?ird ! f\r?1 s t ! slighte/ v>iation ( ei!r involves a correspond+ v>iation 9 ^? t foll[1 & reveals a correspond+ v>iation 9 ^? t prec$e x1 p]mitt+ ab/ract reason+ 9 ei!r direction 9 an asc5d+ or desc5d+ scale ( progression4#a ,z f> z ,i am capable ( judg+1 ?is =mula embraces ev]y?+4 ,if1 n[1 we ins]t betwe5 ^! div]se t]ms ! accessory causes occurr+ to modify _! effects2 if1 9 ord] to expla9 ! s5tim5ts ( an epo*1 we add an exam9ation ( race to t ( ! social m$ium2 if1 9 ord] to expla9 ! works ( art ( any age1 we consid]1 besides ! prevail+ t5d5cies ( t age1 ! p>ticul> p]iod ( ! art1 & ! p>ticul> s5tim5ts ( ea* arti/1 we %all !n d]ive f ! law n only ! great revolutions & g5]al =ms ( man's imag9ation1 b1 aga91 ! diff]5ces betwe5 national s*ools1 ! incessant v>iations ( v>i\s /yles1 & ! orig9al *>act]i/ics ( ! works ( e great ma/]4 ,?us foll[$ out1 su* an explanation w be complete1 s9ce x furni%es at once ! g5]al traits ( ea* s*ool1 & ! di/9ctive traits :i*1 9 ?is s*ool1 *>act]ize individuals4 ,we are ab\t to ent] ^u ?is /udy 9 relation to ,italian art2 x is a long & difficult task1 & ,i h ne$ ( y\r att5tion 9 ord] to pursue x to ! end4 ,footnote #a3 ,?is law may be appli$ to ! /udy ( all lit]atures & to e art4 ,! /ud5t may beg9 ) ! f\r? t]m1 proce$+ f ?is to ! fir/1 /rictly adh]+ to ! ord] ( ! s]ies4 ,x4 ,be=e proce$+ fur!r1 g5tlem51 !re is a practical & p]sonal conclusion due to our rese>*es1 & :i* is applicable to ! pres5t ord] ( ?+s4 ,y h obs]v$ t ea* situation produces a c]ta9 /ate ( m9d foll[$ by a correspond+ class ( works ( art4 ,?is is :y e new situation mu/ produce a new /ate ( m9d1 & consequ5tly a new class ( works2 & !re=e :y ! social m$ium ( ! pres5t day1 n[ 9 ! c\rse1 ( =mation1 ought to produce its own works l ! social m$iums t h gone be=e x4 ,?is is n a simple supposition bas$ on ! curr5t ( desire & ( hope2 x is ! result ( a law re/+ on ! au?ority ( exp]i5ce & on ! te/imony ( hi/ory4 ,f ! mom5t a law is e/abli%$ x is good = all "t2 ! connections ( ?+s 9 ! pres5t1 accompany connections ( ?+s 9 ! pa/ & 9 ! future4 ,accord+ly1 x ne$ n be said 9 ^! days t art is exhau/$4 ,x is true t c]ta9 s*ools no long] exi/ & c no long] be reviv$2 t c]ta9 arts langui%1 & t ! future ^u :i* we are ent]+ does n promise to furni% ! alim5t t ^! require4 ,b art itself1 :i* is ! faculty ( p]ceiv+ & express+ ! lead+ "* ( objects1 is z endur+ z ! civilization ( :i* x is ! be/ & e>lie/ fruit4 ,:at its =ms w be1 & :i* ( ! five great arts w provide ! ,a'ehicle ( expression ( future s5tim5t1 we are n call$ ^u to decide we h ! "r to affirm t new =ms w arise1 & an appropriate m\ld be f\nd 9 :i* to ca/ !m4 ,we h only to op5 our eyes to see a *ange go+ on 9 ! condition ( m51 & consequ5tly 9 _! m9ds1 s pr(\nd1 s univ]sal1 & s rapid t no o!r c5tury has witness$ ! l ( x4 ,! ?ree causes t h =m$ ! mod]n m9d cont9ue to op]ate ) increas+ efficacy4 ,y are all aw>e t discov]ies 9 ! positive sci5ces are multiply+ daily2 t geology1 organic *emi/ry1 hi/ory1 entire bran*es ( physics & zoology1 are contempor>y productions2 t ! gr[? ( exp]i5ce is inf9ite1 & ! applications ( discov]y unlimit$2 t means ( communication & transport1 cultivation1 trade1 me*anical contrivances1 all ! elem5ts ( human p[]1 are ye>ly spread+ & conc5trat+ beyond all expectation4 ,none ( y are ignorant t ! political ma*9e works smoo!r 9 ! same s5se2 t communities1 becom+ m rational & humane1 are wat*ful ( int]nal ord]1 protect+ tal5t1 aid+ ! feeble & ! poor2 9 %ort1 t ev]y:]e1 & 9 e way1 man is cultivat+ 8 intellectual faculties & ameliorat+ 8 social condition4 ,we _c accord+ly d5y t m5's habits1 ideas & condition trans=m !mselves1 nor reject ?is consequ5ce1 t su* r5ewal ( m9ds & ?+s br+s along ) x a r5ewal ( art4 ,! fir/ p]iod ( ?is evolution gave rise to ! glori\s ,fr5* s*ool ( #ahcj2 x rema9s = u to witness ! second--! field :i* is op5 to y\r ambition & y\r labor4 ,on its v ?re%old1 y h a "r to augur well ( y\r c5tury & ( y\rselves2 = ! pati5t /udy we h j t]m9at$ %[s y t to produce beautiful works1 ! sole condition necess>y is t :i* ! great ,goe! indicat$3 ,fill y\r m9d & he>t1 h[ev] l>ge1 ) ideas & s5tim5ts ( y\r age1 & "w w foll[4 ,,! ,,end4