,,the                                   
,alumni ,journal                        
,illustration                 ,entered  
at the ,new ,york ,post ,office as      
second                                  
class matter4                           
,,vol4 ,,ii4      ,no4 #b4              
,february1 #ahie4                       
,contents4          8,,the ,,rise ,,and 
,,progress ,,of ,,photography10         
#bi      ,by ,prof4 ,,arthur ,h4        
,,elliott1 ,ph4,d41 ,f4,c4,s4           
,,editorial--,,the ,,ability ,,of       
,,construction1                 #da     
,,new ,,literature1                     
#dc        ,,the ,,most ,,recent ,,work1
                                   #dg  
,,notes ,,here ,,and ,,there1           
#dh        ,,alumni ,,association1      
#dh        ,,college ,,notes1           
#di        ,,senior ,,class ,,notes1    
#ej        ,,junior ,,notes1            
#ea        ,,medicine ,,and ,,pharmacy1 
#eb      ,by ,n4 ,h4 ,,martin1          
,f4,l4,s41 ,f4,r4,m4,s4                 

,,officinal ,,or ,,official1            
#ee                                     
,,published ,,by             ,,the      
,,alumni ,,association ,,of ,,the       
,,college ,,of ,,pharmacy               
,,of ,,the ,,city ,,of ,,new ,,york     
,the ,connecting ,link                  
,illustration        between the crisis 
and the complete recovery from an acute 
disease1 that period known as           
convalescence1 can often be             
considerably shortened by a judicious   
attention to the      patient's         
nutrition4 ,the battle has indeed been  
won1 but the      soldier is left       
prostrate upon the field4               
,liquid ,peptonoids        provides a   
valuable auxiliary for his up building  
because it      is a liquid food-agent  
possessing a powerful reconstructive    
action while at the same time it is     
slightly stimulating in      its primary
 effects4 ,it is entirely pre-digested  
and in an      absolutely aseptic       
condition4 ,in convalescence1 ,doctor1  

give      your patient ,,liquid         
,,peptonoids              8,that so he  
might recover what was lost40           
7,henry ,,vi47                          
,,the ,,arlington ,,chemical ,,co41     
,yonkers1 ,n4 ,y4                       
,,the                                   
,alumni ,journal                        
,,published ,,by ,,the ,,alumni         
,,association            ,,of ,,the     
,,college ,,of ,,pharmacy ,,of ,,the    
,,city ,,of ,,new ,,york4         ,vol4 
,,ii4          ,new ,york1 ,february1   
#ahie4           ,no4 #b4               
8,,the ,,rise ,,and ,,progress ,,of     
,,photography40    ,,by ,,prof4 ,,arthur
 ,h4 ,,elliott1 ,,ph4,d41 ,f4,c4,s4     
,the topic of my lecture this evening is
 one of my old hobbies1 so that  if ,i  
am a little prolix sometimes you must   
pardon me4 ,it is something  in which ,i
 have been more or less interested for  
the last twenty-five  years1 and1 like  
most of our hobbies1 we sometimes drive 
them to death1  to the discomfort of    

other people4    ,the fundamental ideas 
upon which photography is based are very
  old--older than the ,christian era1   
certainly4 ,they depend upon two  facts3
 ,first--that light1 in passing through 
a small opening1 produces  an inverted  
image in a dark chamber4 ,imagine1 for  
instance1 that you  are in a dark       
chamber1 outside of which is an object2 
that there is  in the chamber a small   
hole a sixteenth or an eighth of an inch
 in  diameter1 and that you have in this
 dark chamber a piece of paper4  ,upon  
that paper you will get a picture of the
 object opposite the  hole4 ,that was   
known a long time ago4 ,the other fact  
is that certain  salts of silver1       
notably the chloride1 iodide and bromide
 of silver1  are sensitive to light and 
become blackened by light1 was known to 
the ,egyptians4 ,the action of light    
upon colored bodies must have been      
known to the very earliest observers    
among men4 ,the bronzing of the  human  
skin under the tropical sun must have   

been noted by every one2  and it is on  
record1 in the most ancient annals of   
the human race1  that men--the fair men 
from the ,north--when they went to the  
tropics1  returned with tanned skins4   
,ptolemy1 over two thousand years ago1  
noted  that beeswax was bleached in     
sunlight1 and the old ,greeks noted that
  the gems which we call opal and       
amethyst lost their colors when exposed 
to sunshine4 ,these are some of the     
first and most rudimentary notions  upon
 the actions of light1 and we have no   
definite statements about  making       
pictures without light4 ,the ,chinese   
have a tradition--and they  have a great
 many curious ones that are often       
founded on facts--that  the sun makes   
pictures upon the ice of lakes and      
rivers4    ,a ,frenchman1 named         
,fontamen1 wrote an imaginary voyage to 
a strange  country1 and among other     
things he said that objects were        
reflected  upon the water and when the  
water was frozen the images were        

retained4  ,so this idea of certain     
surfaces being capable of receiving     
impressions by means of light was very  
ancient4 ,there was another  ,frenchman1
 named ,devique ,delaroche1 who made a  
still more curious  statement4 ,in #agfj
 he wrote a book in which his hero is   
wrecked upon  a strange coast1 and the  
spirits of that place showed him how to 
make  pictures1 as he called it1        
8painted by nature40 ,it is not quite   
sure  what he means1 but his words are  
something like these3 8,you know10 says 
his guide1 8that rays of light are      
reflected from different bodies and     
form pictures4 ,the spirits have sought 
to fix these pictures1 and have  a      
subtle matter by which these pictures   
are formed in the twinkling of  an eye4 
,they coat canvas with this peculiar    
matter1 and hold it before  the object40
 ,the manner of holding it is not       
stated4 8,the canvas is  then removed to
 a dark place and in an hour the        
impression is dry and  you have a       

picture1 the more precious in that no   
art can imitate its  truthfulness40     
,these words were written one hundred   
and fifty years  ago4 ,this1 as far as  
we know1 was purely imagination2 yet the
 idea--the  germ of photography--was    
there4 ,we shall presently see that this
 flight  of fancy on the part of        
,delaroche was very near the truth1 and 
foretold  what has since become         
possible1 and only a very short time    
after he  said it4    ,as time went on  
and observations of men became more     
definite1 we  obtain records of facts   
that were noted with regard to the      
action of  light upon certain chemical  
compounds4 ,you know those old          
alchemists  had queer ideas1 one in     
regard to their elixir of life1 and     
another  that they could turn the baser 
metals into gold4 ,they discovered a    
material in the silver mines of the     
,hartz ,mountains which they called     
8luna cornea40 ,the word luna was at    
that time applied to silver4 ,luna      

cornea was horn silver--what we know    
to-day as silver chloride4 ,they  noted 
that when this was first brought from   
the mine it was white and  that after it
 had been exposed to the air and the    
sunlight it turned  black1 and they also
 noticed that it was only the surface   
that turned  black--that if they scraped
 the surface off it was white           
underneath4  ,they also found that if   
they kept it in the mine it did not get 
black4  ,this observation was made about
 #aeej by ,frobrishes1 one of the early 
workers in chemistry2 but you must      
remember that they were not studying    
the action of light upon this substance4
 ,their sole object was the  turning of 
the baser metals into gold1 and         
therefore they did not pay  much        
attention to this idea1 although this   
fact was placed on record4    ,some time
 after this we learn that a ,german     
named ,schultze made copies  of drawings
 with a mixture of chalk and silver     
nitrate spread on a  level surface4 ,the

 time of this is doubtful1 but it was   
probably about  the year #agjj4 ,he     
passed the light1 as he says1 through   
translucent  paper 7made translucent    
with oil or wax71 and objects placed    
upon  the paper left a white impression 
on the mixture of chalk and silver      
nitrate--or1 as he called it1 8lunar    
caustic40 ,this was in about  #agjj1 as 
,i said4 ,about fifty years after this  
time 7and indeed it was  a little more1 
it was seventy years1 in #aggg7         
,scheele1 the ,swedish  apothecary's    
assistant1 took up the examination of   
this horn silver4 ,it  seemed to him    
well worthy of study2 and as the result 
of his work he  obtained the first germs
 that led to the art of photography4    
,but before  ,scheele could have        
prosecuted his researches1 and before   
photography  could make any important   
advances1 there were two other          
discoveries in  science--and in optics  
particularly--that had to be made4 ,the 
first of  these was the decomposition of

 white light1 by ,sir ,isaac ,newton1 by
  which he obtained the prismatic       
colors2 that is to say1 the colors  that
 we know as violet1 indigo1 blue1 green1
 and so on down to the  red4 ,that was  
the first step4 ,the next step was the  
discovery by  ,baptiste ,porter1 an     
,italian1 in ,naples1 which preceded the
 discovery  of ,newton 7it was about    
#aeij71 that a small opening in a dark  
chamber  produced an inverted image on  
the wall of the chamber4 ,so that       
between  #aeij and #afff ,baptiste      
,porter and ,sir ,isaac ,newton paved   
the way for  the researches of ,scheele 
upon the action of light upon this      
simple  substance1 as they called it1   
8luna cornea0 or chloride of silver4    
,now  ,scheele1 therefore1 at his time1 
#aggg1 knew of the discovery of the     
prismatic colors1 or the decomposition  
of white light by ,sir ,isaac  ,newton1 
and he made the experiment of submitting
 this horn silver  or silver chloride to
 the action of light after the light had

 been  passed through a prism and he    
found the light as we know it to consist
  of violet1 indigo1 blue1 green1       
yellow1 orange and red4 ,placing the    
silver chloride in this band of colors1 
he discovered the important  fact that  
in the red rays the silver chloride     
received no change--that  there was no  
change made in it4 ,but1 as he got along
 toward the other  end of the spectrum1 
and got into the green and the blue and 
the  indigo and the violet1 he found    
that the color of the silver chloride   
changed much more rapidly1 and he found 
that the most active in its  effect upon
 the silver chloride were the blue and  
violet rays4 ,in  addition to this fact 
he found that the light discolored the  
silver  chloride4 ,scheele still further
 proved that the silver chloride was    
decomposed by the light1 and that       
chlorine gas1 or1 as he called it1      
dephlogisticated marine acid gas1 was   
produced4 ,he became acquainted  with   
this previously from his experiments on 

the mineral braunstein  with muriatic   
acid4 ,so that when he perceived the    
odor of the chlorine  from the          
decomposition of the silver chloride1 he
 recognized the  gas at once1 and he    
says3 8,when this silver chloride turns 
black it  gives out chlorine10 and that 
was a very important fact4 ,at the red  
end of the spectrum he found there was  
little or no effect upon the  silver    
chloride4 ,this was the principle of the
 camera obscura1 and the  principle of  
the camera obscura is the principle of  
the photographic  camera to-day4        
,practically the photographic camera    
consists of a dark  box1 with a hole at 
one end and at this end there is a place
 to receive  an image4 ,instead of      
having a lens there in the front of the 
camera1  as was formerly the practice1  
it is perfectly possible to get the     
picture with a small opening1 say an    
eighth or sixteenth of an inch  in      
diameter1 and1 furthermore1 that is the 
most perfect picture you  can get in a  

camera--a picture without a lens4 ,now1 
that is a strange  statement1 and       
perhaps in these days it may appear a   
little wild2  but 7exhibiting a photo   
about #e  #g7 there is a picture made   
with an  opening not larger than a      
pinhole1 and it is a good deal better   
than  many of the pictures taken by the 
amateurs to-day4 ,this opening being  so
 small necessitates a good deal of time 
in the action of the light  upon the    
sensitive silver salts behind1 and that 
is the object of  placing the lens      
there4 ,by placing the lens here1       
instead of having  a small opening1 you 
make a larger opening which collects the
 light  in the same manner1 brings it to
 the focus and then the rays diverge    
again and you get the picture4 ,now1 the
 rays as they pass through the  opening 
without a lens1 begin to diverge as soon
 as they are in the  camera1 but with a 
lens there they are brought together    
first and then  cross and then you get  
the picture4 ,that is the first step1   

then1 in  photography1 the production of
 images by the camera obscura--and that 
is all the photographic camera consists 
of--a modification of it4 ,now1  when   
the facts ascertained by ,scheele1 i4e41
 the action of light upon  silver       
chloride--turning it black and producing
 gas 7and by the way  ,scheele never    
found out what this gas was and to-day  
it is a matter of  controversy and a    
problem among chemists7--with the facts 
ascertained  by ,scheele1 in regard to  
the action of light ,thomas ,wedgewood  
and  ,vueder made pictures1 in #ahjb4   
,these pictures were very peculiar4     
,they  spread upon paper and upon glass 
plates that had some gummy material     
upon them silver chloride--as a         
precipitate1 and then they set their    
subjects up1 so as to get a profile     
shadow with a strong light upon the     
surface4 ,now1 where the light passed1  
of course they got a black mark  upon   
the silver chloride1 but the silhouette 
of the face was in white4  ,now1 that   

was very remarkable1 because they got   
some very remarkable  pictures of which 
drawings were made4 ,they were white    
silhouettes on a  black background1 but 
remember that the pictures that were    
thus made1  the white silhouettes 7if ,i
 may use the term7 were made by the     
action  of some light4 ,if you wanted to
 copy them you had to copy them out of  
the light2 otherwise the whole mass     
would get black1 and that was the       
difficulty4 ,in other words1 the white  
impression could only be examined  by   
candle or some other weak light1 and    
they ultimately became shrouded  in     
darkness and were lost--so we have now  
none of those pictures4    ,while they  
were experimenting in ,england1 a man   
named ,niepse1 a  ,frenchman1 was at    
work upon the same subject--the action  
of light upon  various materials1 but in
 a somewhat different direction4 ,in    
#ahac1 or  probably before that time1 he
 discovered that certain kinds of       
bitumen  were soluble in oil of         

lavender1 and that when you exposed     
these  pieces of bitumen to some light  
the oil of lavender would not dissolve  
them any more4 ,he conceived the idea   
7how1 is not on record71 but he  thought
 that if he could coat plates with this 
bitumen and then expose  them to light  
in a camera he could get a picture upon 
this bitumen1  and where the light had  
acted the bitumen would be insoluble in 
oil  of lavender4 ,where the light had  
not acted that he could dissolve it     
out4 ,he proceeded to do this1 and      
succeeded in getting pictures upon      
metal plates4 ,he then1 afterwards1     
etched the plates and thus got a        
perfect drawing or picture4 ,so he used 
it simply as a means to produce  a      
picture by etching4 ,now1 understand1   
using the camera1 he obtained  an       
impression upon metal plates coated with
 bitumen4 ,after exposing  the plates in
 the camera he washed them in oil of    
lavender and then an  etching fluid1 and
 cut the impression into the matter and 

then they  were printed4 ,some of these 
pictures are still in existence1 they   
say4  ,i have never seen any of them4   
,after a time the plates were cleaned1  
and by the help of an etcher's tools or 
an engraver's tools they were  cut still
 deeper and made very good engraving    
plates2 so that his  object was not     
simply to etch them but to produce      
plates for engraving4    ,while this was
 going on ,herschel made an important   
discovery in #ahai1  and that was that  
chloride and bromide and iodide of      
silver were  not soluble when blackened 
by light4 ,he found that after you had  
exposed these materials to the          
light--this silver iodide1 bromide  or  
chloride--and had washed all these with 
hypophosphite of sodium1  they would not
 dissolve4 ,that was important4 ,that   
made it possible to  preserve the       
silhouette pictures devised or          
discovered by ,wedgewood  and ,vueder4  
,therefore1 after exposing the plates in
 the camera1 as did  ,niepse1 the       

,frenchman1 he washed them in a solution
 of hypophosphite  of sodium4 ,that took
 off the chloride of silver that was not
 acted  upon by the light and he        
preserved the pictures4 ,some of the    
first  pictures that he made were rather
 curious4 ,i have not one of his        
original pictures2 ,i wish ,i had1 but  
,i have a picture made in the same      
manner4 ,he took a piece of paper and   
saturated it with salt 7he said  that he
 used ,bristol drying paper1 which was a
 peculiar paper1 made at  that time in  
,england74 ,this was soaked in chloride 
of sodium or common  salt1 and then it  
was dipped and had flowed over it       
nitrate of silver4  ,therefore he had in
 the pores of the paper chloride of     
silver in very  intimate contact with   
the paper4 ,then he took such objects as
 ferns and  pieces of paper1 cut it in  
various shapes1 and laid it on the      
paper4  ,that produced such an effect as
 where the objects had laid they had the
  white impression4 ,if you took this   

out in the sunlight it would all  get   
black4 ,but he made this important      
discovery and thus preserved the        
picture4 ,this was the first photograph 
made4 ,we do that to-day1 and  produce  
other pictures with various other       
compounds1 but ,i will speak  of that   
later4    ,in the year #ahbd we hear of 
another ,frenchman 7now1 remember this  
was  a long while ago1 in #ahai1 and we 
had no photographs yet1 although  you   
might call that a photograph 7exhibiting
 the fern picture7 yet  it is not74 ,in 
the year #ahbd we hear of another       
,frenchman who was  a scene-painter at a
 theatre in ,paris1 and he had been     
using the  camera obscura to obtain     
pictures from nature from which to paint
  his scenery4 ,that is to say he had a 
tent built something like that  7drawing
 figure on blackboard7 with a lens      
something like that that  was part of a 
right angled prism1 and this light      
coming from the  view1 the image was    
formed in here and spread out upon a    

table from  which he could make a       
drawing4 ,he used that and was much     
annoyed at  the time it took to get     
those pictures4 ,he was very impatient1 
like  a great many other ,frenchmen4 ,he
 conceived the idea of 8fixing these    
pictures0 as he called them4 ,he did not
 want to have the trouble of  drawing   
them4 ,he said3 8,if ,i could only find 
some way of getting that  fixed on the  
surface without the trouble of drawing  
it it would be  a great convenience40   
,this ,frenchman was ,louis ,daguerre1  
really the  father of photography4 ,now 
he worked independently for some time1  
when  he met ,niepse1 the ,niepse that  
had been working on bitumen and oil of  
lavender1 and they formed a kind of     
partnership in #ahbi4 ,now1 remember1   
#ahai was the time that ,sir ,john      
,herschel had discovered hypophosphite  
of sodium and its action on these silver
 compounds4 ,they formed a  partnership 
in order to work out 8scene pictures0 as
 they called them4  ,in the year #ahcc  

,niepse died--got tired of the work     
pretty much1 ,i  suppose--and ,daguerre 
continued the work4 ,what his early     
experiments  were we have very doubtful 
records of4 ,daguerre did not seem to   
keep  very good records4 ,in the year   
#ahci1 little more than fifty years ago1
  he communicated to the ,french        
government a method for making pictures 
in the camera upon metallic plates4 ,in 
other words he divulged the  secret of  
the first photographic picture we       
have--the daguerreotype4  ,this was such
 a great success and such a wonderful   
discovery that  the ,french government  
pensioned ,daguerre for his life time1  
and by  an agreement with them the      
process became public property on       
,august  #ajth1 #ahci4 ,now ,i have the 
good fortune to have here to-night the  
daguerreotype apparatus4 ,this is       
practically all the paraphernalia of    
the daguerreotype4 ,first of all was the
 camera 7and you must pardon  the       
condition of it as it is almost forty   

years old74 ,i know of no  other        
complete set in the ,united ,states1 so 
this is rather a relic1  and it requires
 a good deal of care in handling it for 
it almost  falls to pieces 7showing the 
apparatus74 ,here is where the lens was 
put and in here is where the plate      
holder was put4 ,they first had to  fix 
the lenses in the ordinary way with     
ground glass4 ,then they had  a         
plate-holder something like ours1 that  
they put the metallic plate  in4 ,now   
having fixed it1 the next thing to do   
was to present to the  sitter this      
metallic plate1 and ,i have here one of 
just such plates4  ,now1 into this      
plate-holder are fitted 8kits0 as we    
call them to hold  different sized      
plates4 ,unfortunately part of this     
apparatus is lost2  i4e41 to say all    
these little details of kits1 but they  
could all be  made out of little pieces 
of wood4 ,now1 the daguerreotype is     
this3 ,they  take a silver-copper plate 
7a piece of copper plated with silver4  

,when  they first did this1 they used to
 solder upon copper plates a piece  of  
silver1 then put it in a press and roll 
it out4 ,after that time1  in latter    
years when the galvanic battery had been
 discovered and was  in common use1 they
 electroplated it74 ,now1 this          
particular plate was  put into a holder 
that was held like that4 ,now the small 
boy was given  one of the buffers or he 
was put at a wheel that had upon it a   
backing  of felt and on the front of it 
was chamois leather 7it is now long     
gone on this one--been rubbed off74     
,this plate was then rubbed with a      
great deal of dexterity and you had to  
be very careful that you did not        
scratch it4 ,that was the most important
 thing about them4 ,it spoilt the       
picture if you scratched them4 ,they had
 to be perfectly smooth4 ,as ,i  said1  
this was sometimes done by holding the  
plate on a wheel1 but the  ordinary way 
was by using one of these buffers4 ,the 
silver plate was  taken out by undoing  

this screw at the corner4 ,now1 the     
first thing  to do with it1 then1 is to 
make it sensitive4 ,it is merely a      
silver  surface now4 ,it was made       
sensitive by placing it in one of these 
boxes  7showing it7 called coating      
boxes4 ,now that plate was put into that
  box 7showing the same box71 and see   
there is the lime in the box and  it is 
now probably forty years old1 having    
never been disturbed4 ,in  that lime was
 placed bromine1 and it was then covered
 with a glass  cover that fits over this
 glass trough or dish--it is rather     
deep4  ,this was then placed with a     
little pressure--in order to keep the   
box tight and not let the bromine fumes 
get all over the studio--and  they put  
the plate in here and pulled this over1 
so1 leaving it there  a certain number  
of minutes1 and by action of the bromine
 vapor it  becomes coated with bromide  
of silver4 ,then they either put some   
iodine  into this same box or they had  
an iodine box4 ,after the plate was in  

there a few minutes1 they took it out   
and put it in there and gave it  a dose 
of bromine4 ,it was found1 and by whom  
,i am not sure1 that the  addition of a 
little iodine or a small proportion of  
iodide of silver  with iodine of silver 
gave better effects4 ,so it was then    
taken out  and it was sensitive to      
light4 ,now1 ,daguerre discovered all   
that4 ,this  was then put in the plate  
holder and exposed in the camera and he 
got  a picture4 ,and it bothered him a  
great deal1 for it faded4 ,if he put    
that hypophosphite of sodium on it that 
our friend ,herschel discovered1  it    
cleaned the whole picture off4 ,there   
was not enough of it4 ,so he  watched   
and watched and was weary with making   
these pictures and having  them fade1   
until he went one day to a closet where 
he had a lot of  these pictures stored1 
and he was delighted to see that the    
picture  of a certain monument 7,i think
 it was7 that he had made he thought on 
that plate some time before1 and it was 

a good picture and a permanent  picture4
 ,how it came about puzzled him a great 
deal4 ,in looking around  the closet    
where these pictures were exposed--where
 these plates were  stored--he found    
that for some reason or other the bottle
 of mercury  had been broken1 and he    
tried almost every imaginable material  
in the  closet1 and at last it struck   
him it might be mercury4 ,well1 he put  
some mercury on the plate and he ruined 
it4 8,well1 no10 he says1 8it  is not   
mercury but mercury in a very fine      
state4 ,i wonder if it is the  ,vapor of
 ,mercury80 ,he tried it and found that 
it was4 ,that led to  the development of
 the daguerreotype4 ,then all he did    
with a plate was  to put it into a      
vessel with a few drops of mercury1 and 
underneath a  little spirit lamp4 ,then 
he would put the plate in and watch the 
heat  7some now have a thermometer7 and 
he would just pick it up every once  in 
a while to see how it is developing4    
,that process gave to him the  first    

picture1 the daguerreotype1 and those   
are to-day the handsomest  pictures ever
 made by photography4 ,i have two or    
three of them which  are partly spoiled1
 but to-day they far surpass anything we
 have ever  since done in the science of
 photography4 ,after the mercury        
process1  it was very easy to wash the  
plate off4 ,the object of the           
development  was this3 that where the   
light had acted there the mercury seemed
 to  take hold and bring out the        
picture4 ,where the light had not acted 
you could dissolve the silver surface   
off with cyanide of potassium1  which   
was generally used4 ,but1 if you will   
look at this old-fashioned              
daguerreotype1 you will see that you had
 to look at them in a certain  light2   
otherwise1 you could see nothing4       
,sometime afterwards a man named        
,fitsherbert1 a ,frenchman1 conceived   
the idea of changing this peculiar      
picture in silver plate into a gold     
picture4 ,in other words1 he put into   

the plate a little chloride of  gold and
 produced a daguerreotype which can be  
seen pretty clearly by  looking squarely
 at it4    ,the beginning of the        
daguerreotype flourished only a short   
time4 ,while  ,daguerre and others were 
working at the daguerreotype1 ,fox      
,talbot1 a  rich ,englishman1 took up   
the subject from another point of view4 
,he  conceived the idea of making a     
negative4 ,of course1 every picture you 
took by ,daguerre's method you had to   
make a sitting for it4 ,such are  the   
pictures up in the ,school of ,mines of 
,william ,lloyd ,garrison and  ,daniel  
,webster4 ,they had to sit right down in
 front of the box1 and  copies could not
 be had4 ,that was the trouble with the 
daguerreotype4  ,you had one picture for
 every sitting4 ,to make the difference 
between  the positive and negative more 
clear1 ,i have brought here to show you 
to-night 7producing them7 some positives
 and negatives printed on the  same     
piece of paper4 ,when the picture comes 

out of the camera and the  plate is     
developing 7exhibiting it7 that is what 
it looks like--where  the light struck  
all the light parts of the picture are  
black1 and  where the light did not     
strike all the black parts of the       
picture are  white4 ,if ,i take the same
 surface1 containing the bromide of     
silver1  iodide of silver or chloride of
 silver1 and place it underneath that   
and expose it to the sunlight1 where the
 light strikes through it will  produce 
black1 just as in the original object1  
and when ,i get through  ,i get the     
positive4 ,so there is a negative and   
there is a positive  from the same      
picture4 ,now1 that was ,fox ,talbot's  
idea4 ,he says 8,if  ,i can do that1 ,i 
can make pictures ad libitum40 ,with    
this object  in view he coated paper    
with silver chloride4 ,he exposed it    
then in  the camera1 fixed it in a      
solution of salt--common salt or iodide 
of  potassium--and when he got through  
the picture was a permanent one1        

because the iodide of potassium         
dissolved out the white parts that were 
not affected by the light4 ,from this   
negative he obtained other prints4      
,now1 various modifications of ,fox     
,talbot's process1 were brought  out1   
and a man named ,la,gray1 ,i think 7or  
at least it was just about  the time he 
lived7 conceived the idea of making     
these pictures more  transparent by     
waxing them4 ,that was the first good   
negative we had4  ,it was a modification
 of ,fox ,talbot's idea1 only he waxed  
the paper4  ,then about the same time it
 was found that a mixture of chloride of
  iron and cyanide of potassium1 when   
mixed together were acted upon by       
light4 ,herschel discovered this1 and   
that was the way we obtained the  blue  
print1 which is far older than the      
photograph4 ,sir ,john ,herschel  found 
that a mixture of chloride of iron and  
cyanide of potassium1 when  exposed to  
sunlight made ,prussian blue4 ,so that  
if you take paper and  coat it with this

 mixture and then expose it under a     
negative you get a  blue picture4       
,the trouble with these paper pictures  
was that you could not eliminate  the   
grain of the paper1 and if you will     
examine these close enough you  will see
 that they are blurred4 ,this one       
printed from that particular  negative  
is blurred--very much blurred4 ,these   
sensitive silver  compounds are so      
sensitive that the grain of the paper   
produces an  impression4 ,now1 in #ahdh1
 ,niepse1 a nephew of the first ,niepse1
 thought  it would be a good idea to use
 glass plates coated with albumen4  ,he 
took chloride or iodide of silver1 mixed
 it with white of egg1  spread it on    
plates1 heated the plates1 which1 of    
course1 coagulated  the albumen1 and    
that fixed his film upon the glass      
plates4 ,that was  quite a step4 ,now1  
we had gotten rid of the paper4 ,by the 
way1 ,i made  a little mistake there    
about the way he got the picture4 ,he   
got the  picture by putting salt in the 

albumen and then coagulating it1 and    
then he dipped the plate into a solution
 of silver nitrate and in that  way got 
the precipitate in the film itself4     
,this was important but  troublesome and
 not always successful4    ,now1 a few  
years before another discovery was made4
 ,remember that this  was in #ahdh that 
,niepse worked with the albumen process4
 ,in #ahdj1  ,schurben1 a ,swiss        
chemist1 discovered gum cotton4 ,this   
gum cotton is  a nitrated compound of   
cotton1 made by the action of           
concentrated  sulphuric and nitric acids
 upon cotton4 ,sometime afterwards      
,maynard1  a ,yankee1 in ,boston1       
discovered that this gum cotton was     
soluble in  alcohol1 and ether1 and then
 he found that by evaporating the       
substance  he got the thin film of      
collodion4 ,scott ,archer1 an           
,englishman1  conceived the idea of     
using this film as a vehicle for these  
particularly sensitive silver salts for 
photographing4 ,his method was  pretty  

much that which is followed to-day and  
that is still in use to  quite a large  
extent4    ,in this process we have this
 series of operations3 ,first1 the plate
  must be perfectly clean4 ,that is     
essential4 ,any little spot upon it     
will form a nucleus which will spread   
over the surface of the plate4  ,the    
plate is then coated with albumen and   
allowed to dry without  heating4 ,it is 
then flowed with this collodion1 and in 
the collodion is  put the chloride1     
iodide or bromide of silver1 which you  
need4 ,it is  generally the chloride1   
iodide or bromide of silver4 ,this      
collodion is  afterwards dipped into a  
silver bath1 and then we get the        
sensitized  silver surface1 very thin   
and perfectly transparent4 ,it is then  
ready  to go into the camera4 ,it is put
 into the camera soaking wet with       
nitrate of silver4 ,it is exposed and   
then developed with a solution  of      
sulphate of iron with some acetic acid4 
,after it is developed1 the  developer  

is washed off1 fixed with hypophosphite 
of sodium1 dried1  varnished and we get 
the negative4    ,now1 the curious part 
about this wet plate process is that it 
is  slow4 ,the compounds are not very   
sensitive compared with the modern      
compounds4 ,in the second place it is   
essential to use it wet4 ,if you  took  
the plate out of the silver bath where  
you sensitized it and  washed off the   
nitrate of silver adhering to it and put
 the plate in  the camera you would not 
get a picture4 ,the silver nitrate is   
essential  to the production of the     
picture4 ,it acts in this way3 ,where   
the light  has acted upon the sensitive 
silver compounds and you proceed to     
develop the picture1 when you mix the   
sulphate of iron and pour the  developer
 upon the plate1 as the iron comes in   
contact with the nitrate  of silver1    
with which the plate is wet1 it produces
 metallic silver1  which adheres to     
those parts of the picture which have   
been acted upon  by the light4 ,that    

seems to be the philosophy1 because if  
you wash the  nitrate off you cannot    
develop a picture upon such a plate4    
,now1 this process of photography       
revolutionized the daguerreotype1       
revolutionized photography and the      
daguerreotype became obsolete4 ,i  think
 it displaced the daguerreotype in three
 years4 ,this process  was such an      
advantage--collodion was such a nice    
substance to work  with--that it        
revolutionized the photography of those 
days1 and the  daguerreotype fell out of
 existence4    ,now1 when you take into 
consideration the time that people had  
to sit  for their pictures--five or six 
minutes--you can conceive how hard it   
was to keep still4 ,they had such queer 
contrivances to keep the head  straight1
 they screwed you up in various         
positions1 and this was  particularly   
exasperating where they had to take     
pictures requiring a  good deal of time4
 ,dr4 ,draper1 who took some of these   
daguerreotypes1  and who ,i believe was 

the first photographer of these         
pictures1  desired to take a photo of   
his estimable lady4 ,his studio was in  
the  old ,university ,building in       
,washington ,square4 ,i believe ,mrs4   
,draper  had to sit twenty minutes for  
that picture4 ,in order to produce the  
best effect he had a tank made in the   
top of the laboratory so as to  produce 
a blue light4 ,mrs4 ,draper was very    
patient while he was at  work with this1
 and unfortunately1 ,dr4 ,colton tells  
me1 the result was  two pictures on the 
same plate4 ,i should think it would4   
,that was the  first effort ever made to
 take the human face with the           
daguerreotype4  ,of course1 with all    
that paraphernalia1 with that slowness  
of action1  anything that worked within 
a minute was considered wonderful1 and  
that  was practically what happened when
 ,scott ,archer discovered collodion4   
,this wet plate process continued from  
#ahea to #ahga1 about twenty years4  ,i 
have the pleasure of showing you an     

amateur outfit for this process1  used  
in #ahfj to take to the ,rocky          
,mountains 7exhibiting it74 ,that is  an
 amateur outfit carried over the ,rocky 
,mountains in #ahfj to take  pictures4  
,here is the old tank that carried the  
water4 ,here are some of  the bottles of
 chemicals1 and the way it was managed  
was this3 ,this was  hooked up1 on the  
end of these sticks4 ,this was the black
 cloth used  as the developing room by  
the operator4 ,here is a little window  
with  yellow glass to develop the       
pictures4 ,the plates and bromide of    
silver  was carried in these two boxes4 
,that was carried on top of the mule and
  the boxes on the sides of the mule1 so
 that he had a pretty good mule4        
,now1 to-day we do the same work with   
that apparatus 7exhibiting  apparently a
 ,kodak71 and a great deal better work  
it is4    ,in #ahga a more important    
revolution took place even than the wet 
plate  process or the daguerreotype4    
,many efforts had been made to overcome 

the use of the wet plate--the plate wet 
with nitrate of silver1 and  some of the
 efforts were very successful but       
usually troublesome4  ,the plate was    
kept moist in a variety of ways3 by     
honey1 by tea1  by infusion of tea1 by  
beer1 by coffee1 and a multitude of all 
the  funniest concoctions you could     
think of1 but the process was destined  
to fail4    ,in about #ahgj it was      
conceived that you could make an        
emulsion of these  peculiar compounds of
 silver--these sensitive silver         
compounds--that  you could make an      
emulsion that you could pour upon the   
plate and  produce a picture just when  
you pleased1 and it was found that by   
mixing the chloride that produces the   
sensitive material in one portion  of   
your collodion and putting nitrate of   
silver into another portion of  the     
collodion1 in certain proportions1 you  
could produce a collodial  emulsion4    
,they had to be mixed in just exactly   
the right proportions1  so as not to    

have an excess of nitrate of silver or  
an excess of  bromide4    ,but that     
process failed and only lasted a few    
years2 although ,i have  here one of the
 plate holders used by such a process4  
,this was between the time of the wet   
plate process and the modern  dry plate1
 when they used collodial bromide       
emulsion4 ,it was a kind  of a          
compromise between the wet plate and the
 dry plate4 ,in #ahga1  ,dr4 ,r4 ,l4    
,maddox1 of ,bath1 ,england1 had the    
idea that he would use  gelatine1       
instead of albumen or collodion1 as a   
vehicle to hold these  silver salts upon
 the glass surface1 and he found1 among 
other things1  something that surprised 
him--that when he put the silver salts  
in to  contact with this gelatine they  
became wonderfully more sensitive than  
ever before4    ,the idea is this3 ,that
 you make a gelatine mixture of a       
certain  strength--the proportions      
required a certain amount of soft       
gelatine  and a certain amount of hard  

gelatine4 ,into that gelatine you pour1 
with constant stirring2 you pour a      
mixture at the same time--some          
particular bromide1 generally bromide of
 potassium and nitrate of  silver--in a 
very thin stream and keep it thoroughly 
stirred up4 ,if  you go too fast1 you   
will not get the right result2 but the  
result is1  when you get through and do 
it right1 you get a beautiful milky     
fluid1  and that fluid contains bromide 
of silver in a wonderful state of       
suspension--very thin--and it remains   
suspended in this fluid4 ,now let  that 
set--this cream or 8emulsion10 as they  
call it--and you have as a  result      
iodide of silver and iodide of          
potassium4 ,you let the emulsion  set   
and it produces a jelly1 that jelly is  
then cut up into shreds1  rubbed through
 a sieve or something of that kind to   
make it thoroughly  divided1 and washed 
thoroughly with water4 ,having done that
 it can be  melted1 and if you melt it  
and heat it to a certain temperature1   

there  does not seem to be any limit to 
the sensitiveness of the material4 ,if  
you use it cold it requires a second or 
two to produce a picture4 ,if  you cook 
it1 however1 you will find that it will 
become more and more  sensitive to      
light1 until it is actually possible to 
take a picture  of a projectile         
traveling four hundred metres per       
second4 ,i have such  a picture4 ,the   
only trouble is that some of the plates 
made are so  sensitive to light that we 
cannot get a light non-active enough to 
develop them4 ,having these bromide     
plates then in the camera--this         
sensitive material coated on these glass
 plates in the camera--you  have got to 
be very careful that the light does not 
get to them4 ,the  consequence is that  
the plate holders are made with extreme 
care4    ,the result of this            
gelatine-bromide of silver process is   
this3 that we  can have plates in       
packages4 ,we can put these emulsion    
plates and carry  them off where we     

please1 and1 what is still more         
important1 we can put  the emulsion upon
 very thin material1 and ,i have here   
7exhibiting them7  thin sheets of       
celluloid upon which this emulsion has  
been spread and  pictures taken4 ,that  
is not all1 either2 they can make it    
still thinner  7producing small camera7 
they can put it on a roll and in this   
camera  is one of those rolls1 and in   
that box ,i can take a hundred pictures 
without reloading the instrument4 ,the  
way it is done1 ,i1 when ,i want to     
produce a new surface1 simply wind the  
old one off with this winding  machine4 
,there is an opening at the front of the
 camera4 ,press just  below this1 so1   
and you have the picture4 ,now just wind
 the film off  and you are ready for the
 next picture4 ,now pull it again1 and  
this is  so easy that some manufacturers
 say3 8,you simply push the button and  
we  do the rest for you40 ,that is      
nonsense1 they don't do the 8rest0 for  
you4 ,a friend of mine took one of these

 to ,europe1 and with it a dozen  rolls 
of film1 all of which he used4 ,when he 
returned he sent them to  the           
manufacturers and ,i think he got about 
twelve pictures back4 ,not  every time  
you press the button is a good picture  
produced4 ,you have to  know a little   
bit about the science and use a little  
judgment4    ,such is the state of      
photography to-day that this material   
can be  spread upon any kind of         
transparent surface4 ,in the case of    
plate1  they are put in holders like    
this1 generally only two on each side1  
and slipped into this frame in a dark   
room1 in which no light can be  used    
except one emitted through a deep red   
chimney4 7,the professor  here exhibited
 such a chimney47 ,then1 the material   
that is used for  developing these      
pictures is somewhat different from the 
old method4 ,we  use organic compounds1 
alkaline solutions1 and organic matters 
capable  of taking up oxygen4 ,these    
organic materials1 in conjunction with  

some  alkali1 are capable of taking up  
oxygen4 ,they produce a disoxygenizing  
action4 ,after dipping1 that gives you  
the negative4    ,the prints are made in
 a variety of ways4 ,the facility with  
which these  apparati can be used has   
led to an enormous variety4 ,you can    
have an  apparatus something like that1 
or something like this1 which is        
smaller4    ,in the ,united ,states     
there are to-day probably about ten     
thousand  professional photographers and
 thirty or forty thousand amateurs1 who 
usually do nothing but spoil plates4 ,to
 give you an idea of some of the  work  
done1 not altogether by professionals1  
,i have picked out from the  number of  
pictures ,i have a few samples of the   
work4 ,here is a picture  of a cattle   
ranch in ,colorado4 ,i have one a little
 larger of a horse  race1 but this is   
about as large as they can be made4     
,that will give  you an idea of the     
instantaneous effect4 ,the distance     
between the foot  and the top of the    

mountains is about twelve miles1 so that
 you can get  an idea of the capacity of
 the camera1 of the sensitiveness of    
these  compounds4 ,here is a ,mexican   
picture which shows the great beauties  
of the ,mexican flora--the cacti4 ,here 
is a study 8,king ,lear0 made by        
,buffler1 the photographer4 ,that is    
about as large as you can get4 ,it is  a
 pretty large plate to handle4 ,then    
there is another study 8,the ,five      
,o'clock ,tea0 some ladies at tea1 by   
the same man as 8,king ,lear40 ,here  is
 another study1 8,a ,game of ,sixty     
six40 ,those are all silver prints1     
made with chloride of silver1 using     
glass negatives and producing the       
positives by having the chloride of     
silver in albumen4 ,the best vehicle    
to-day for making positive prints is    
albumen with chloride of silver4    ,it 
is found that if you take a mixture of  
gelatine and bichromate of  potassium1  
and put into the mixture some pigment   
and expose it under a  negative where   

the light acts1 the gelatine is made    
insoluble and holds  the pigment1 and   
where the light does not act the        
gelatine is still  soluble and can be   
washed away4 ,here is such a picture and
 it is very  interesting--8,in ,camp40  
,the shadows in that picture are on the 
white  paper underneath4    ,here are a 
couple of pictures of silver1 two       
,bavarian pictures4 ,this  one1 of a    
little girl1 is by ,einlander of        
,cologne1 instantaneously  taken without
 a head-rest1 which is a very difficult 
piece of work4  ,this is the same idea1 
instantaneously taken4 ,here are two    
pictures  very interesting1 which were  
in the exhibition at ,chicago4 ,they are
  pictures in platinum1 showing that we 
are not confined to simply silver       
salts4 ,we have here in this last       
picture one of the chlorides of         
platinum1 the platine chloride4 ,it     
cannot be spoiled in any way4 ,the      
picture is good as long as the paper is 
good4    ,here is an example of a yacht 

picture4 ,it is the ,english yacht      
,iris4 ,it  is a fine picture4 ,the     
yacht is travelling very fast4    ,here 
is a picture on the ,east ,river1 made  
by ,dr4 ,habershaw1 showing the  work of
 amateurs in this line4    ,i could tell
 you a good deal more about this        
subject1 but there is only  one other   
thing ,i would now like to mention4     
,some of you1 ,i suppose1  have heard a 
great deal about taking photographs in  
colors4 ,we are very  near it4 ,they    
have produced in ,france1 ,germany and  
,england pictures of  the spectrum in   
the silver salts3 that is to say1 with  
the colors of  the spectrum4 ,they are  
very weak and have to be looked at in a 
certain  light4 ,they are the result of 
interference of the thin films4 ,we are 
doing something more important4 ,we are 
learning to make the whole  spectrum4   
,for example1 we can to-day get just as 
good an impression  upon silver salts   
with a red light as ,scheele did with a 
violet light  in #aggd4 ,that leads to  

what is called ortho-chromatic          
photography1 that  is photography that  
will give us every color in the         
spectrum4 ,it has  been found possible  
to make pictures in certain colors4 ,a  
long time  ago1 the spectrum was        
separated into three colors1 red1 yellow
 and blue  of certain kinds4    ,now1 if
 you take a picture in a red light of a 
certain character1 and  another of the  
same subject in a yellow light of a     
certain character1  and another in a    
blue light of a certain character1 you  
have three  negatives4 ,you can make    
three negatives1 one of the red light1  
one of  the yellow light and one of the 
blue light4 ,now1 by taking pigments    
and printing in a press like a          
lithographic press1 you can make a red  
positive from the red negative1 and a   
blue positive from the blue  negative   
and a yellow positive from the yellow   
negative1 and in that  way you may get  
three impressions1 which is the result  
in the same  colors4 ,you must not stop 

there1 however4 ,there is a certain     
amount  of shadow1 and the result of it 
is that they have to what they call     
8over-lay10 taking the three colors     
separately and superimposing them  in   
printing4 ,remember1 the red parts of   
the picture are taken with the  red     
light4 ,that is1 suppose you put a red  
piece of glass in front of  your camera1
 then only the red parts of the picture 
pass through to the  sensitive plate4   
,then repeat the operation with the blue
 glass and the  yellow glass1 and the   
result will be as above4    ,now ,i hope
 ,i have not bored you by any profuse   
details4 ,i did not  intend to4 ,i only 
tried to interest you in one of the most
 important  inventions of the           
,nineteenth ,century4 ,the steam engine1
 the telegraph1  the telephone and the  
photograph are four of the grand        
inventions which  the century has       
produced1 and ,i think every intelligent
 person should  learn something about   
them4 ,i am afraid that ,i have had too 

little time  to do the subject justice4 
,you can understand how much more there 
is  behind this superficial view4 ,i    
only have to thank you for your very    
kind attention4                         
,the                                    
,alumni ,journal                        
,published under the auspices of the    
,alumni ,association of the ,college of 
,pharmacy                           ,,of
 ,,the ,,city ,,of ,,new ,,york1        
#aae-aai ,,west #fhth ,,street4         
,vol4 ,,ii4      ,february #a1 #ahie4   
,no4 #b4                 ,,the ,,alumni 
,,journal will be published ,monthly4   
,entered at ,new ,york ,post ,office as 
second-class matter                     
,,subscription3                         
,per ,annum1        ,one ,dollar        
,single ,copies1      #ae ,cents4       
,all copy for publication1 or changes of
 advertisements should      reach us on 
or before the #bjth of the month        
previous to the      issue in which they
 are to appear4        ,all matters     

relating to publication should be       
written on one      side of the paper   
only1 and sent to the editor1           
,,henry ,,kraemer1 #aae-aai ,west #fhth 
,street4        ,all communications     
relating to finances and subscriptions  
should be addressed to                  
,a4 ,,henning1 ,treas41 #aae-aai ,west  
#fhth ,street4        ,all              
communications relating to advertising  
should be addressed      to             
,a4 ,k4 ,,lusk1 #a ,park ,row4          
,,editor1                               
,,henry ,,kraemer1 ,,ph4 ,g4            
,,assistant ,,editors1                  
,,fred4 ,,hohenthal1 ,,ph4 ,g4          
,k4 ,c4 ,,mahegin1 ,,ph4 ,g4            
,,associate ,,editors1                  
,,charles ,,rice1 ,,ph4 ,d4             
,,charles ,f4 ,,chandler1 ,,ph4 ,d41 ,m4
 ,d41 ,l4,l4,d41 etc4                   
,,arthur ,h4 ,,elliott1 ,,ph4 ,d41 ,f4  
,c4 ,s4                                 
,,henry ,h4 ,,rusby1 ,m4 ,d4            
,,virgil ,,coblentz1 ,a4 ,m41 ,,ph4 ,g41

 ,,ph4 ,d4          ,,the ,,ability ,,of
 ,,construction4      ,at this stage of 
the world's history men of ability and  
even of genius  in a certain sense are  
not rare4 ,the result is that in all of 
our  institutions of learning the       
requirements become more stringent and  
by the time graduation arrives we see   
the survival of only the very  best men4
 ,we find the same classes of men       
throughout life that we find  in        
college--we find men of energy and      
slothfulness1 men devoted to  pleasures 
and by nature politicians1 men of       
ability of construction  and men of     
power in criticism4 ,while at ,college  
the training to-day  is chiefly         
analytical and the result is that men   
are prone to examine  everything closely
 and some even learn to take delight in 
tearing  things to pieces4 ,there are   
some men who are utterly ruined so far  
as  their inward happiness and that of  
those about them is concerned by  their 
critical tendencies4 ,they do this to   

the detriment of their own  energies and
 abilities of construction and hence    
never or but seldom  build anything1 but
 employ their days in tearing down what 
others have  built4 ,the critic is      
necessary and essential in every        
department of  labor where human thought
 is allowed entrance4 ,criticisms that  
are  honest always help the builder and 
are a gain to posterity4    ,it is      
questionable if it is desirable for the 
conscientious young man  to encourage in
 his life a too critical tendency4 ,it  
is not necessary  to look at the bright 
side of the affairs of life1 or even to 
look  upon men charitably1 so to speak4 
,it is sufficient for every young man   
especially to look upon events of life  
as they are4 ,it is decidedly  important
 for the man of aspiration to look upon 
life with its duties  when he has had   
sufficient rest and food and exercise4  
,wrongs may be  righted and errors      
corrected in but two ways3 the          
thoughtful way and  the thoughtless way4

 ,the thoughtful way is always attendant
 of health  and with a broad minded and 
large hearted individual4 ,it is not our
  desire1 however1 to dwell too long    
upon the subject in the abstract  as we 
are anxious to reprint the closing words
 of ,senator ,henry ,cabot  ,lodge's    
,phi ,beta ,kappa oration delivered last
 ,june at ,harvard ,college4  ,he said  
in closing3    8,how then is a          
university to reach the results we ought
 to have  from its teachings in this    
country and this period8 ,some persons  
may  reply that it can be obtained by   
making the university training more     
practical4 ,much has been said on the   
point first and last1 but the  theory1  
which is vague at best1 seems to me to  
have no bearing here4  ,it is not a     
practical education which we seek in    
this regard1 but a  liberal education4  
,our search now and here is not for an  
education  which shall enable a man to  
earn his living with the least possible 
delay2 but for a training which shall   

develop character and mind along        
certain lines4    8,to all her students 
alike it is ,harvard's duty to give that
 which  will send them out from her     
gates able to understand and to         
sympathize  with the life of the time4  
,this cannot be done by rules or systems
 or  text-books4 ,it can come from the  
subtile1 impalpable1 and yet powerful   
influences which the spirit and         
atmosphere of the great university  can 
exert upon those within its care4 ,it is
 not easy to define or  classify these  
influences although we all know their   
general effect4  ,nevertheless1 it is1  
,i think1 possible to get at something  
sufficiently  definite to indicate what 
is lacking and where the peril lies4 ,it
 all  turns on the spirit which inspires
 the entire collegiate body1 on the     
mental attitude of the university as a  
whole4 ,this brings us at once to  the  
danger which ,i think confronts all our 
large universities to-day1  and which ,i
 am sure confronts that university which

 ,i know and love  best4 ,we are given  
over too much to the critical spirit and
 we are  educating men to become critics
 of other men instead of doers of deeds 
themselves4    8,this is all wrong4     
,criticism is healthful1 necessary1 and 
desirable1  but it is always abundant   
and infinitely less important than      
performance4 ,there is not the slightest
 risk that the supply of  critics will  
run out1 for there are always enough    
middle-aged failures  to keep the ranks 
full if every other resource should     
fail4 ,faith  and hope1 and belief1     
enthusiasm1 and courage are the         
qualities to  be trained and developed  
in young men by a liberal education4    
,youth  is the time for action1 not     
criticism4 ,a liberal education should  
encourage the spirit of action1 not     
deaden it4 ,we want the men whom  we    
send out from our universities to count 
in the battle of life and  in the       
history of their time1 and to count more
 and not less because  of their liberal 

education4 ,they will not count at all1 
be well  assured1 if they come out      
trained only to look coldly and         
critically  on all that is being done in
 the world and on all who are doing it4 
,we  cannot afford to have that type1   
and it is the true product of that      
critical spirit which says to its       
scholars3 8,see how badly the world is  
governed2 see how covered with dust and 
sweat the men who are trying to  do the 
world's business1 and how many mistakes 
they make2 let us sit  here in the shade
 with ,amaryllis and add up the errors  
of these bruised  grimy fellows and     
point out what they ought to do1 while  
we make no  mistakes ourselves by       
sticking to the safe rule of attempting 
nothing40  ,this is a very comfortable  
attitude1 but it is one of all others   
which  a university should discourage   
instead of inculcating4 ,moreover1 with 
such an attitude of mind towards the    
world of thought and action is  always  
allied a cultivated indifference than   

which there is nothing  more enervating4
    8,the time in which we live is full 
of questions of the deepest moment4     
,there has been during the century just 
ending the greatest material            
development ever seen4 ,the condition of
 the average man has been  raised higher
 than before1 and wealth has been piled 
up beyond the  wildest fancy of romance4
 ,we have built up a vast social and    
industrial  system1 and have carried    
civilization to the highest point it has
 ever  touched4 ,that system and that   
civilization are on trial4 ,grave doubts
  and perils beset them4 ,everywhere    
to-day there is an ominous spirit  of   
unrest4 ,everywhere is a feeling that   
all is not well1 when health  abounds1  
and none the less dire poverty ranges by
 its side1 when the  land is not fully  
populated and yet the number of         
unemployed reaches  to the millions4 ,i 
believe we can deal with these doubts   
and rents  successfully1 if we will but 
set ourselves to the great task as we   

have to the trials and dangers of the   
past4 ,but the solution will tax  to the
 utmost all the wisdom and courage and  
learning that the country  can provide4 
,what are our universities1 with their  
liberal education  to play in the       
history that is now making and is still 
to be written8  ,they are the crown and 
glory of our civilization1 but they can 
readily  be set aside if they fall out  
of sympathy with the vast movements     
about  them4 ,i do not say whether they 
should seek to resist or to sustain or  
to guide and control these movements4   
,but if they would not dry up and       
wither they must at least understand    
them4    8,a great university must be in
 touch with the world about it1 with its
  hopes1 its passions1 its troubles1 and
 its strivings4 ,if it is not it  must  
be content4        #8,for aye to be in  
the shady cloister mewed1      ,chanting
 faint hymns to the cold1 fruitless     
moon4'    8,the university which        
pretends to give a liberal education    

must  understand the movements about it1
 see whether the great forces are       
tending1 and justify its existence by   
breeding men who by its teachings  are  
more able to render the service which   
humanity is ever seeking40           99 
99       99       99       99           
,professor ,fried4 ,aug4 ,flckiger died 
on ,dec4 #aa1 #ahid1 at ,berne4 ,he was 
the foremost pharmacognosist and        
scientific pharmacist of his time4 ,an  
extended account of his life and works  
will appear in a later issue of  ,,the  
,,alumni ,,journal4          ,,new      
,,literature4      ,readers desiring any
 of the works contained in this list can
 obtain  them through ,b4 ,westerman    
,co41 #hab ,broadway1 ,gustav ,e4       
,stechert1 #haj  ,broadway1 or other    
foreign booksellers4      ,bacteriology4
    ,mikrophotographischer ,atlas der   
,bakterienkunde4--,c4 ,fraenkel u4 ,r4  
,pfeiffer4 #b ,aufl4 #aa1 u4 #ab4 ,lfg4 
,berlin3 ,august ,hirschwald4           
,mikrophotographischer ,atlas der       

,bakterienkunde4--,itzgerott u4         
,niemann1 ,leipzig3 ,j4 ,a4 ,barth4     
,botany4    ,beitrag zur ,kenntniss der 
,bestandtheile von ,cnicus benedictus   
mit hauptschliche ,bercksichtigung des  
darin enthaltenen bitter  schmeckenden  
,korpers4--,karl ,schwander4            
,inaug4--,diss4 ,univ4 ,erlangen4    ,an
 examination of the constituents and    
particularly the better  principle of   
,cnicus benedictus4    ,beitrag zur     
,kenntniss des ,bitterstoffes von       
,citrullus  colocynthis4--,rud4         
,speidel4 ,inaug4--,dissert4 ,univ4     
,erlangen4    ,weitere ,beitrge zur     
,cheimischen ,kenntniss einiger         
,bestandtheile aus  ,secale             
cornutum4--,hans ,zeeh4 ,inaug4--,diss4 
,univ4 ,erlangen4    ,uebersicht der    
,leistungen auf dem ,gebiete der        
,botanik in ,russland  whrend des       
,jahres1 #ahib4--,zusammengestellt von  
,a4 ,famintzin u4 ,s4  ,korshinsky unter
 ,mitwirkung von ,anderer4 ,aus dem     
,russ4 ubers4 von  ,f4 ,th4 ,kppen4     

,leipzig3 ,voss4 ,a review of the       
history and events in  botanical works  
in ,russia during #ahib4    ,atlas der  
officinellen ,pflanzen4--,a4 ,meyer u4  
,k4 ,schumann4 #ahib-ahid4  ,leipzig3   
,a4 ,felix4 ,darstellung und            
,beschreibung der in ,arzneibuche fr    
das ,deutsche ,reich erwhnten ,gewchse4 
,zweite verbesserte ,auflage von        
8,darstellung und ,beschreibung         
smmtlicher in der ,pharmacopia          
,borussica  aufgefuhrten officinellen   
,gewchse von ,o4 ,c4 ,berg u4 ,c4 ,f4   
,schmidt40      ,chemistry4    ,a       
,text-,book of ,organic ,chemistry4--,a4
 ,bernthsen4 ,translated by ,g4         
,m',gowan4 #b;d ,eng4 ,ed4 ,revised and 
,extended by the ,author and            
,translator1  ,london3 ,blackie4        
,chemie mdicale4--,corps minreaux4      
,corps organiques4 ,l4 ,garnier4        
,paris3 ,rueff et ci4    ,nozioni di    
,fisicia4 ,chimica e ,minerlogia ad ,uso
 delle ,scuole  techniche e delle       
,preparatorie alle ,normal4--,m4        

,borzone4 ,torino4    ,grundzge der     
mathematischen ,chemie4--,georg ,helm4  
,leipzig3 ,wm4  ,engelmann4 ,the author 
discusses the transformation of energy  
by reason  of chemical action4          
,kurzes ,repetitorium der ,chemie4--#a4 
,theil ,anorganische ,chemie4 #b4       
,aufl4 ,ernst ,bryk4 ,wien3 ,m4         
,breitenstein4    ,grundzge der ,chemie 
und ,mineralogie fr den ,unterricht an  
,mittelschulen4--,m4 ,zaengerle4 #c4    
,aufl4 ,munchen3 ,j4 ,lindauer4         
,hygiene4    ,text ,book of             
,hygiene4--,g4 ,h4 ,rohe4 ,philadelphia3
 ,f4 ,a4 ,davis ,co4    ,a comprehensive
 treatise on the principles and practice
 of preventive  medicine from an        
,american standpoint4      ,materia     
,medica4    ,organic ,materia ,medica   
and ,pharmacognosy4 ,illustrated4 ,by   
,prof4 ,l4 ,e4  ,sayre3 ,p4 ,blakiston  
,co41 ,philadelphia4    ,in these days  
of degenerate rivalry among educational 
institutions1  and particularly among   
the different classes of technical      

schools1  when their officers are wont  
to prefer the very poorest of           
text-books1  written by one of their own
 number1 for the best of them should it 
emanate from a rival institution1 we    
have become accustomed to looking  upon 
publications of this sort as serving    
merely1 like an electoral  vote1 to     
count one among the general collection4 
,it can scarcely be  expected that      
text-books written from such standpoints
 and with such  motives can have much   
permanent value1 and the future         
educational  historian will doubtless   
look with amazement upon the trash of   
this  character which has been brought  
to light during the present era4 ,in    
the midst of this wearisome train of    
events it is refreshing to have         
presented to us a new text-book1 whose  
publication constitutes1 as to  its main
 part1 a real event in the history of   
pharmaceutical education4    ,prof4     
,sayre's work on ,pharmacognosy has a   
real reason for existence  in its scope1

 arrangement and execution4 ,it is new  
and original1  and will stand by itself 
as a prominent ,american text-book4 ,if 
it  possesses glaring and in some       
respects fatal defects1 it at the same  
time presents the merit of ingenuity in 
construction as well as in the          
selection of subject matter1 and it     
cannot fail to become a much-used       
reference book1 not only by the         
pharmaceutical profession for whom it   
is intended but by physicians as well4  
,it is perhaps unfortunate that  so many
 individuals1 and nearly all of them    
students1 should have been  given a free
 hand in the working out of the various 
departments1 and  that their products   
have not been in all cases perfectly    
harmonized by  the master4 ,it is also  
unfortunate that so many statements     
should have  been taken1 without        
investigation1 from other authors4 ,a   
brief scrutiny  of the pages will       
suffice to reveal this composite origin1
 even if  one does not read the         

acknowledgments of the author in his    
preface4  ,doubtless ,prof4 ,sayre1     
while he has not greatly interfered with
 the  individuality of presentation of  
these different subjects1 has taken     
pains to verify the accuracy of the     
facts and conclusions recorded4  ,should
 such prove upon closer investigation to
 be the case1 the defect  referred to   
must doubtless be considered as one of  
style merely4    ,the appearance of an  
,american work on ,pharmacognosy is of  
so much  importance that it is not      
inappropriate that it be analyzed with  
some degree of fulness4 ,the book       
consists of two parts with three        
appendices4 ,part #a is on 8,pharmacal  
,botany10 while part #b is upon         
8,organic ,materia ,medica and          
,pharmacognosy40 ,it is impossible to   
review  this work fairly in the interest
 of the public as well as of the author 
without recording the opinion that the  
eighty-two pages comprising ,part  #a   
should never have been published1 if we 

regard either the reputation  of the    
author or the welfare of students of    
pharmacy4    ,our ,american text-books  
on ,pharmaceutical ,botany1 7not        
8,pharmacal  ,botany10 as the author    
unhappily calls it1 which would mean the
 ,botany  of the ,pharmacy1 or of the   
place in which pharmaceutics are        
practiced17  bears no evidence that any 
author has yet comprehended the needs   
of pharmaceutical students in this      
direction1 or has adjusted his          
instruction so as to accomplish the     
object for which it was devised4  ,the  
idea invariably indicated by the        
writings1 even if not intended  by the  
writers1 is that as the application of  
botanical knowledge to  the practice of 
the pharmacy is limited1 its teachings  
may therefore  be superficial1          
indefinite and vague4 ,the true idea it 
seems to us is1  that it should be      
curtailed and limited only as to the    
portions of the  field covered2 but     
these requisite portions should be      

taught with a  fulness of illustration1 
a clearness of presentation and a       
simplicity  of style1 all the more      
marked because the student is deprived  
of the  enlightening effect contributed 
in other cases by those portions which  
are here necessarily omitted4    ,as a  
synopsis1 or summary of knowledge1      
intended to guide the teacher           
instructed in the subject1 these        
eighty-two pages will answer fairly     
well2 but to enable a student who is    
proceeding de novo to gain a  knowledge 
of structural botany for the purposes of
 pharmacognosy1  we can see nothing but 
failure4 ,herein we criticise the book1 
not  specifically the author4           
,publishers' books are not always       
authors'  books4 ,it is doubtful if any 
publisher can be found willing to       
publish as a business enterprise1 a     
perfect text-book of ,botany for        
pharmaceutical students4    ,when such  
appears1 it will be as a labor of love1 
by one whose regard  for the subject is 

such as to lead him to donate his time  
and labor1  and whose means enable him  
to bear the burden of a financially     
unsuccessful enterprise4    ,the part of
 the work under criticism is a mere     
series of definitions1  illustrated in a
 highly unsuccessful manner1 and        
frequently losing  sight of the         
requirement that a definition must      
include the whole of  the thing defined 
and nothing else4 ,it is very naive to  
say3 8,all  organic matter containing a 
green coloring matter called chlorophyl1
  belongs to the vegetable kingdom10    
without directly stating that no  other 
class does1 which statement would leave 
out the fungi1 a part of  the definition
 of which is that they contain no such  
matter4 ,to define  ,morphology as      
treating--8,of the organs of plants and 
their relations  to each other10 is not 
to define it at all1 as that would      
include the  whole of ,organography1 and
 does not even exclude ,physiology1     
except by  virtue of the author's       

preceding clause4 ,systematic botany1   
defined as  8,that division which treats
 of the arrangement and classification  
of  plants10 does not suggest the vital 
characteristics of that subject4 ,it    
would be more philosophical to refer to 
the distinctive characteristics  of     
,phanerogams as the manner in which the 
embryo is produced within  a true seed1 
than to intimate that the embryo is     
entirely foreign to  cryptogamic        
reproduction4 ,these definitions1 taken 
from less than two  pages of matter1    
indicate to our mind a lack of the      
expenditure of  time requisite to bring 
forth a set of new definitions more     
perfectly  in accord with the fullest   
knowledge of to-day than any list which 
has  yet appeared2 and yet when the     
instruction given in a new text-book is 
chiefly limited to definitions1 that is 
the very least that should have  been   
attempted4    ,some of the morphological
 definitions are actually at variance   
with  accurate descriptive usage1 as    

that of primary and secondary roots1    
duration1 etc4 ,to call a stem an 8axis0
 and a root an 8axis0 of a  different   
kind1 is to perpetuate a term at the    
expense of all regard  for that accuracy
 which is the most important element of 
scientific  language4 ,such subjects as 
venation are of prime importance to the 
pharmacist1 and so far from restricting 
the teachings to several of the  more   
important terms presented in ordinary   
text-books on botany1 the               
classification should be elaborated in  
its fullest details4 ,compare  the      
definition of classes1 as 8,plants      
resembling one another in some  grand   
leading feature10 and of orders or      
families1 as 8,plants that very  closely
 resemble each other in some leading    
particular10 with the clear             
presentation of ranks in class          
characteristics1 given by ,agassiz a    
generation ago1 and which should1 if    
anything1 have been improved upon  in   
the light of modern knowledge and       

perfected usage4    ,the subject of     
nomenclature1 the recent agitation of   
which has done  more to expose and      
shatter erroneous practices in          
scientific thought  and custom than any 
other influence1 and whose correct      
apprehension  is the very corner-stone  
of pharmacopial definition1 we do not   
see  anywhere treated4    ,it is a      
pleasure to turn from a contemplation so
 depressing to the  spirits of one who  
has labored hopefully for years to      
secure a just and  rational treatment of
 his favorite study at the hands of     
,pharmaceutical  educators1 to ,part    
,,ii4 of ,prof4 ,sayre's book1 a work so
 bright and  practical1 so replete with 
new and helpful ideas in the teaching of
  practical ,pharmacognosy1 and so full 
of information1 both standard and       
exceptional1 though unhappily marred by 
many errors1 as to secure for  it at    
once a prominent place upon the shelves 
of the 8,handy ,book ,case40    ,the    
principle is here adhered to of making a

 single volume do duty as  a text-book  
of ,pharmacognosy and of 8,materia      
,medica10 as the latter  term is        
commonly used4 ,we have never looked    
upon this method as being  practicable1 
but ,prof4 ,sayre resorts to a most     
ingenious device never  before resorted 
to1 by which it must be admitted that   
better results  have been obtained than 
have previously been reached4 ,what     
might be  called a 8,pharmacognostical  
,key10 or a synopsis of ,pharmacognosy1 
is  presented separately in advance of  
the main body of ,part ,,ii4 ,here  the 
drugs are numbered to correspond with   
the consecutive numbering  prominently  
displayed under the second arrangement1 
that by natural  orders1 the proper     
method for retaining and displaying the 
natural  relationships of active        
constituents and medicinal properties4  
,the  8,pharmacognostical ,key0 appears 
to us a failure in its practical        
workings1 owing to indefinite           
characterization1 by reference to taste 

only of the headings4 ,if a drug is both
 bitter and aromatic1 we have to  look  
for it both in ,class ,i4 and ,class    
,,iii4 ,a bifurcating key is here       
required1 or better1 we might take a    
combination of characters for each      
heading4 ,on the whole1 this key1 while 
elaborate and very full1 and  subject to
 great improvement by a few trifling    
changes1 we must regard  as inferior to 
that of ,maisch's text-book4 ,prof4     
,sayre very sensibly  omits all attempt 
to classify volatile oils1 except by    
indicating their  sources4    ,the      
arrangement of the matter of the second 
part is1 first1 a  brief description of 
the ordinal characters1 followed by a   
list of  the drugs belonging to that    
order1 those official in heavy-faced    
capitals2 then the drugs are taken up   
separately1 the official names  and     
synonyms in the important languages     
presented1 the definition1  botanical   
characteristics1 sources1 related1 and  
similar articles1  description of drugs1

 with the more important characters     
printed in  heavier type1 accompanied   
generally by a picture of the plant and 
of  the drug1 gross and structural1     
important constituents1 actions and     
uses1 and a synopsis of the official    
preparations4 ,the doses of the  drugs  
are given1 but not of the preparations1 
though the strengths of  the latter are 
stated4 ,an unfortunate feature1 as in  
,part ,i41 is the  illustrations4 ,they 
are not at all uniform in effect4 ,while
 the method  followed has given         
exceptionally good results in some      
cases1 yet in  many others they are very
 unsatisfactory1 and this is more       
particularly  true from a scientific    
than from an artistic point of view4    
,valuable a contribution as is ,part    
,,ii41 there is an evident              
unfamiliarity with1 or disregard of1 the
 commercial aspects of drugs4  ,for     
instance1 the important distinctions    
between ,cassia vera and ,c4  lignea1   
and the subject of ,batavian ,cassia1 a 

correct understanding of  which is a    
great aid in the economy of the drug    
store1 are entirely  omitted4 ,the      
distinctions between ,coto and ,paracoto
 are not clear1  and in the facts       
concerning commercial occurrence are    
reversed4 ,mace  is not1 as described1 a
 8membrane10 neither does it 8invest the
  kernel40 ,moreover1 nothing is said   
about ,wild ,mace1 now so extensively   
used as an adulterant that it is        
possible that it constitutes the  larger
 part of commercial ,mace4 8,reddish    
brown0 boldo leaves are old  and        
worthless4 ,the description of ,piper   
longum is only partly true1  according  
to the variety under consideration1 and 
the individual  parts are not 8berries40
 ,the part rubbed off from ,piper album 
is not  correctly described as an       
8epidermis40 ,the important             
characteristics  distinguishing true    
from false cubebs is not given4         
,appendix 8,a0 is a valuable            
contribution on the subject of insects  

injurious to drugs4    ,appendix 8,b0 is
 no less important1 it being an account 
of the  contributions of organic        
chemistry to materia medica4            
,appendix 8,c0 treats of 8,pharmacal    
,microscopy0 in such a fragmentary and  
superficial way that it will scarcely be
 found of service to any one in  these  
days4    ,h4 ,h4 ,,rusby4               
,pharmacy4    ,einfhrung in die         
,maassanalyse4--,m4 ,vogtherr4 ,fr junge
 ,pharmaceuten  zum ,unterricht und zum 
,selbststudium4 ,unter ,bercksichtigung 
des  ,arzneibuches fr das deutsche      
,reich und der ,ergnzung desselben durch
  die stndige ,commission fr die        
,bearbeitung dieses ,arzneibuches4 #b4  
,aufl4 ,newied3 ,heuser's ,verlag4      
,pharmaceutisk ,haandboog for           
#ahie4--;,e4 ,p4 ,f4 ,peterson4         
,kjobenhaven3 ,f4  ,host  ,sons4        
,photo-,micrography4    ,see also       
,bacteriology4                          
,photo-,micrography4--,h4 van ,heurick4 
,eng4 ,ed4 ,re-edited and augmented  by 

the author from the #dth ,french edition
 and translated by ,wynne ,e4  ,baxter4 
,with ,illus4 ,london3 ,crosby1         
,lockwood  ,son4      ,photography4     
,deutsches ,photographen ,kalender4--,k4
 ,schwier4 ,taschenbuch und  ,almanach  
fr #ahie4 #ad4 ,jahr ,weimar4           
,physics4    ,manual of                 
,physico-,chemical ,measurements4--,w4  
,ostwald4 ,translated by  ,james        
,walker4 ,london and ,new ,york3        
,macmillan4    ,a ,laboratory ,manual of
 ,physics and ,applied                  
,electricity4--,e4 ,l4  ,nichols4 #b    
vols4 ,london and ,new ,york3           
,macmillan4    ,anfangsgrnde der ,physik
 mit ,einschluss der ,chemie und        
,mathematischen  ,geographie4--,k4      
,koppe4 #bj4 ,aufl4 ,ausgabe ,b in #b   
,lehrgngen4 ,fr hhere  ,lehranstalten   
nach den preuss4 ,lehrplnen von #ahib4  
,bearbeitet von ,a4  ,husmann4 ,,ii4    
,th43 ,hauptlehrgang4 ,essen3 ,g4 ,d4   
,baedeker4    ,elementi di ,fisica ad   
,uso delle ,scuole secondarie4--,f4     

,cintolesi4  ,livorno4    ,thermo       
,dynamics treated with ,elementary      
,mathematics4--,j4 ,parlseo4  ,london3  
,s4 ,low  ,co4          ,,the ,,most    
,,recent ,,work4      ,a ,seidlitz      
,powder4--,a4 ,gunn made an examination 
of some powders and  found the blue     
powder to consist of magnesium sulphate 
and sodium  bicarbonate4 ,the white     
powder consisted of tartaric acid4      
,evidently  there had been a mistake or 
else it was a bold attempt to cope with 
the  cutting system and its cheap       
prices4 ,one wonders that the makers    
should  expect the unusual effect of    
trying to dissolve the contents of the  
blue paper to pass unnoticed4--,pharm4  
,jour4 ,trans41 #ahid1 #ecd4            
,ointment of ,mercuric ,nitrate4--,c4   
,h4 ,la ,wall 7,amer4 ,jour4 ,pharm41   
#ahid1 #ebe74 ,the following fats have  
been suggested as a substitute  for the 
lard oil3 ,neatsfoot oil1 lard1 butter1 
peanut oil1 almond oil1  caster oil1    
palm oil1 bear's oil1 ox marrow1 beef   

suet1 stearic acid1  petrolatum1 and    
almost all of the other fats from the   
animal and the  vegetable kingdoms1 and 
even one from the mineral kingdom1      
appear to  have been experimented with  
in the vain hope of finding some fat or 
oil  which would make a good and durable
 ointment4    ,several writers have     
taken another course and have tried to  
preserve  the products obtained from    
former processes4 ,one advises keeping  
the  ointment in a jar and covering it  
with a layer of glycerin to prevent     
oxidation2 others have tried the        
addition of camphor2 still others have  
given their attention to the mercurial  
portion of the ointment1 and  suggest   
making the nitrate from the oxide of    
mercury instead of making  it from the  
metal4 ,some have even been skeptical as
 to the reliability  of any process1 but
 those who have approximated the truth  
more nearly  are they who advise careful
 manipulation1 especially as regards    
temperature4    ,the author employs the 

official ingredients and quantities and 
heats  the lard oil to #ajj ,c41 removes
 heat1 and adds the nitric acid without 
stirring and reapplies heat when        
effervescence ceases until all gas is   
expelled4 ,it is best to use a vessel of
 six times the capacity of the  quantity
 to be made to allow for the copious    
effervescence which takes  place4 ,when 
the foregoing mixture has cooled to #dj 
,c41 the solution of  mercuric nitrate  
is added and the temperature is raised  
gradually to  #fj ,c41 and maintained   
until no further evolution of gas is    
noticed4 ,if  it is then agitated until 
cold1 as usual1 the resulting product   
will  comply with the requirements of   
the ,pharmacopia4    ,ointment made by  
the ,u4 ,s4 ,p4 method1 which has become
 spongy1 may  be remedied by elevating  
the temperature to #fj ,c4 and cooling  
with  agitation4    ,typical            
,bacilli4--,e4 ,klein ,quart4 ,jour4    
,micros4 ,sci41 #ahid1  #a-i 7#a pl7    
concludes from observations on the      

bacilli of anthrax  diphtheria1 and     
tubercle1 that these species are not    
such typical  bacilli as they are       
usually represented to be4 ,for though  
under  many conditions their            
morphological characters are those of   
typical  bacilli1 yet under others they 
revert to or assume forms indicating    
their relationship to ,saccharomyces or 
a still higher mycelia fungus4  ,in the 
case of anthrax1 the typical bacilli may
 be represented by  oval and spherical  
bodies1 some of which may contain       
vacuoles1 and  under conditions 7early  
stages of growth on plates composed of  
beef  bouillon1 gelatin #aj per cent41  
pepton #a per cent41 salt #a per cent471
  the colonies are composed of large    
spindle-shaped1 spherical or  oval      
elements in which vacuolation is        
frequent4 ,similar appearances  are to  
be observed in colonies of the thrush   
fungus4 ,from this it  is inferred that 
while ,b4 anthracis is a typical        
bacillus as a  pathogenic microbe1 yet  

in its early stages of growth on gelatin
  it may assume characters having much  
resemblance to ,saccharomyces  mycoderma
 or ,oidium and thus return temporarily 
to an atavistic  stage in its           
evolutionary history4 ,with regard to   
,b4 diphtheri  the author points out    
that the club-shaped expansions of one  
or both  ends are not to be regarded as 
due to involution1 for both under       
natural and artificial conditions where 
there is active growth these  expansions
 will be found1 and have moreover a     
striking resemblance to  the ends of    
growing hyph4 ,their existence1         
therefore1 is only to be  explained by  
their representing a relationship to a  
mycelial fungus4  ,in the case of the   
tubercle bacilli1 preparations not      
unfrequently  show threads or filaments 
composed of unequal elements1 some of   
them  being conspicuous for knob-shaped 
expansions1 similar to those of         
diphtheria4 ,such appearances occur not 
only in sputum but in artificial        

cultivations e4g4 glycerin agar after   
some weeks incubation at #cg4  ,all     
these preparations behave in the same   
way as ,b4 tuberculosis  when treated   
with appropriate staining reagents2 and 
that they are not  involution forms is  
evident1 as the unbranched nature of the
 filaments  and the existence of lateral
 bulgings prove that they are in an     
active  condition of growth4            
,lysidin4--,ladenburg describes a       
compound obtained in the state of       
hydrochloride by heating ethylene       
diamene hypochloride with sodium        
acetate4 ,the composition of the        
freebase is ,c,h,n and is termed        
lysidin4 ,the aquems solutions dissolve 
uric acid and the application  of       
lysidin in the treatment of diseases    
arising from the secretion of  uric acid
 is being investigated4 ,grawitz        
describes it as a crystalline  body of a
 light red color1 readily soluble in    
water and possesses a  peculiar taste4  
,it is administered in doses from #ae to

 #hj grains daily1  dissolved in        
carbonic acid-water4--,deutsche med4    
,wochenschr41 #ahid1  #ghf4    ,gaseous 
,formaldehyde4--,r4 ,cambier and ,a4    
,brochet prepare this  aldehyde for     
disinfection in two ways3 #a4 ,by the   
depolymerization of  trioxymethylene by 
heat1 and1 #b4 ,direct production by the
 incomplete  combustion of methylic     
alcohol4 ,formaldehyde possesses        
antiseptic  properties only when it is  
in the condition of a gas4 ,on cooling1 
ordinarily1 it is spontaneously         
polymerized to an inert solid4 ,if it is
  allowed to cool1 in the presence of   
much air this process does not take     
place and hence the formaldehyde retains
 its bactericidal properties4           
,experiments made at the bacteriological
 laboratory of ,montsouris have  enabled
 the authors to sterilize the ordinary  
dust of rooms as well as  cultivations  
of various pathogenic                   
micro-organisms4--,compt4 ,rend41       
#ahid1 ,no4 #ae4          ,,notes ,,here

 ,,and ,,there4      ,soda ,water4--,in 
,byron's 8,don ,juan0 we find the       
following in ,canto  ,,ii41 #ha1 #ahf3  
,ring for your valet--bid him quickly   
bring      ,some hock and soda water1   
then you'll know      ,a pleasure worthy
 ,xerxes1 the great king2      ,for not 
the best sherbet sublimed with snow1    
,nor the first sparkle of the desert    
spring1      ,nor ,burgundy1 in all its 
sunset glow1      ,after long travel1   
ennui1 love or slaughter1      ,vie with
 that draught of hock and soda water4   
,the ,essence of ,rose ,industry in     
,turkey4--,the ,bulletin du ,muse       
,commercial1 in its issue for ,september
 #ast1 states that the essence  of rose 
industry in ,turkey1 which was until    
quite recently one of  the principal    
resources of ,eastern ,roumelia and the 
principality of  ,bulgaria1 has within  
the last few years shown a decided      
decline1 the  falling being the         
quantities and values of the exports    
during that  period3--#ahhi1 #b1gfg     

kilos41 valued at #a1edb1edd francs2    
#ahij1 #c1afc  kilos41 valued at        
#a1gga1dbg francs2 #ahia1 #ecd kilos41  
valued at #cag1icg  francs2 #ahib1 #dci 
kilos41 valued at #bfg1cgi francs4 ,in  
#ahic the value  of the exports was only
 #adc1ahe francs4 ,this decline is due  
largely to  the fact that in ,france1   
,germany1 and in several other places in
 ,turkey  besides ,roumelia a           
development has taken place in the      
growing of roses1  so as to provide to  
some extent for the requirements of     
consumption in  these places4--,brit4   
and ,col4 ,drug41 #ahid1 #dba4          
,alumni ,association4      ,minutes of  
the ,executive ,board meeting held      
,january #i1 #ahie4    ,the meeting was 
called to order at about #h4cj ,p4 ,m4  
by the ,president4  ,there were present 
,miss ,k4 ,c4 ,mahegin and the ,messrs4 
,graeser1 ,henning1  ,ehrgott and       
,hoburg4    ,on motion1 the reading of  
the ,minutes of the last ,executive     
,board  meeting was dispensed with4     

,reports of ,committees3    ,the        
,letter-,box ,committee reported        
progress1 and that the 8box0 will be  up
 in a few days4    ,motion made and     
seconded that the ,alumni ,room         
,furnishing ,committee be  discharged   
with the heartfelt thanks of the        
association1 and that the  ,secretary   
notify the chairman of said committee1  
,mr4 ,hohenthal1 of this  action4       
,motion carried4    ,the report of the  
,treasurer was very satisfactory1 and   
was forthwith  adopted4    ,the business
 manager of the ,,journal reported it as
 being in a very  flourishing condition1
 which reassuring report was gladly     
adopted4    ,after having duly notified 
the following gentlemen1 they were      
to-night  dropped from membership in the
 ,alumni ,association1 a motion1 which  
was seconded and carried having been    
made to that effect1 and that  the      
,secretary request the return of their  
certificates of membership1  according  
to a clause in our ,constitution to that

 effect4 ,these  gentlemen are ,messrs4 
,george ,w4 ,snedeker1 ,a4 ,zimmerman   
and ,a4 ,t4  ,halsted4    ,the          
resignation of ,w4 ,m4 ,rheineck was    
recently received1 and since he  gave   
sufficient reason for so doing1 his     
resignation was accepted with  regrets4 
,the resignation of ,mr4 ,a4 ,henning as
 ,business ,manager of the ,,journal    
was also handed in this evening1 and    
under the existing circumstances  it had
 to be accepted1 with the sincerest     
regrets of the association4    ,it was  
then regularly moved and seconded that  
the salary of the editor  of ,,the      
,,alumni ,,journal be increased on      
account of three extra issues of  the   
,,journal per annum4    ,after a very   
interesting discussion of important     
business for an hour  or so1 the meeting
 came to a pleasant termination4    ,w4 
,a4 ,,hoburg1 ,jr41 ,sec'y4           99
       99       99       99       99    
,the following list of names are of     
persons who have changed their          

addresses and consequently the          
,treasurer of ,,the ,,alumni ,,journal  
is  unable to supply them with the      
information that they are entitled to4  
,if these persons or any one knowing of 
their addresses will communicate  with  
,mr4 ,a4 ,henning1 this end will be     
attained3    ,adam ,vogt1 #ghg #hth     
avenue1 city2 ,a4 ,levy1 #abe ,grand    
street1 city2 ,g4  ,j4 ,wolston1        
,cortland1 ,cortland ,co41 ,n4 ,y42 ,h4 
,w4 ,walp1 #ecf #eth avenue1  city2     
,gustav ,katz1 ,lenox avenue and #abeth 
street1 city2 ,alfred ,miller1  #ecg    
#ith avenue1 city2 ,fred4 ,t4 ,hartman1 
#gjc #c;d avenue1 ,brooklyn1 ,n4 ,y42   
,thos4 ,h4 ,mc,donald1 ,cairo1 ,ill42   
,a4 ,j4 ,van der ,bergh1 #bac #fth      
avenue1  city2 ,c4 ,e4 ,w4 ,lewin1 #ajf 
#b;d avenue1 city2 ,emil ,th4 ,f4       
,holthusen1 #bj  ,rutger street1 city2  
,emil ,buchler1 #ajj ,st4 ,marks ,place1
 city2 ,frank ,k4  ,burr1 #hba #gth     
avenue1 city2 ,a4 ,w4 ,moschowitz1 #ajii
 ,broadway1 city2 ,l4  ,d4 ,huntoon1    

,port ,oram1 ,n4 ,j42 ,chas4 ,e4        
,stammler1 #agb ,varick street1  city2  
,chas4 ,h4 ,everest1 #bg ,west #cdth    
street1 city2 ,edward ,stone1 #aeja     
,broadway1 city2 ,fred4 ,peiter1 #cja   
#c;d avenue1 city2 ,major ,c4 ,brown1   
#hgd ,broadway1 city2 ,louis ,hess1     
,scranton1 ,pa42 ,a4 ,zimmerman1 #efa   
#eth  avenue1 city2 ,otto ,c4 ,b4       
,groin1 ,denver1 ,col42 ,jacobo         
,alvarado1 ,paso  del ,norte1 ,mexico2  
,g4 ,s4 ,badger1 #eb ,east #db;d street1
 city2 ,frank ,a4 ,m4  ,schleiff1 #bdb  
,east #bgth street1 city4           99  
99       99       99       99           
8,we'll learn the perfect skill1        
,the nature of each herb to know1       
,which cures and which can kill40       
,college ,notes4      ,,married4--,smith
 ,ely ,jelliffe1 ,m4 ,d41 to ,helena    
,dewey ,leeming1 both of  ,brooklyn1 by 
,rev4 ,dr4 ,kelsay1 of ,brooklyn1       
assisted by ,rev4 ,t4 ,la,fleur1  of    
,montreal1 ,thursday1 ,dec4 #bjth1      
#ahid4 ,in the #fth ,ave4 ,baptist      

,church1  ,brooklyn1 at #h ,p4 ,m4      
'#id ,,notes4    ,apropos of the ,new   
,year1 it is seemingly proper that we   
should endeavor  to surpass our former  
records by carrying out such resolutions
 that we  may deem proper both for the  
welfare of ourselves and the            
gratification  of our associates4    ,at
 the present time1 ,i think one of the  
most important resolutions  should      
regard the memory of our ,alma ,mater4  
,therefore let me suggest  that the     
bonds of friendship that have hitherto  
existed1 be not cast  asunder1 but on   
the contrary1 be more tightly           
strengthened4 ,let us in  the strife and
 turmoil of commercial life1 pause1 if  
but for a moment  and think of the      
pleasant days spent at college1 the     
recollections of  which not even time   
can efface from our memories4    ,to    
enable us carry out this resolution1 our
 ,alumni ,association has  extended     
their characteristic hospitality by     
inviting us to their  monthly lectures1 

therefore why should we not show our    
appreciation  of their kindly feeling1  
by taking advantage of the opportunity1 
and  thus not only serving to further   
make these meetings enthusiastic and    
successful ones1 but also demonstrating 
to our fraternal friends that           
sociability is not a lost art among us4 
99       99       99       99       99  
,,ex-,,secy4 ,,inhoff is at present in  
,colorado seeking the high altitude  of 
the ,rocky ,mts4 as a substitute for the
 many panaceas1 usually  recommended for
 obesity4 ,last reports were to the     
effect that the trip  was not taken in  
vain4           99       99       99    
99       99    ,despite the prevailing  
rain and cold winds1 many of our        
8,gilded  ,pharmacists0 braved the      
elements in order to have ,prof4        
,haubold give  them a few 8pointers0 on 
digestion4 ,it is needless to say that  
they  were liberally rewarded1 for1 who 
would not enjoy the pleasure of an      
8,iodine ,sandwich with a test tube of  

genuine pancreatic juice on the  side10 
handed him1 particularly when the latter
 was the self-sacrifice  of a wandering 
specie of canine4    ,our class was     
represented by ,messrs4 ,race1 ,burger1 
,ely1 ,hutchinson1  ,struck1 ,pond1     
,krueder1 ,katz1 ,wurthiman and         
,stoezer1 who did justice to  our       
familiar4 ,pento6 ,meta6 ,boraci6       
99       99       99       99       99  
,,ex-,,sec',y ,,linnig has been advised 
by his physician to drink no more  water
 as its reaction on his cast iron       
constitution might result in an         
incrustation commonly known as ,rust4   
,,mose ,,katz as bright and jovial as   
ever is still with ,messrs4 ,j4 ,n4     
,hegeman  ,co41 #c;d ,ave4 and #cast    
,st4 ,he anticipates being present at   
most if not all of the ,alumni lectures 
this winter4    ,,fred ,,hiltz left for 
,cleveland1 ,ohio1 a few weeks ago4 ,he 
anticipates  entering the ,medical      
,university of that city next year2     
subsequently he  will finish in the ,p4 

and ,s4 ,college1 this city under the   
guidance of  ,harry ,w4 ,carter1 ,ph4   
,d41 ,a4 ,m41 of ,brooklyn4    ,,john   
,p4 ,,wilcox is located in ,plainfield1 
,n4 ,j4    ,one of our most successful  
graduates is ,,aug4 ,w4 ,,brater1 who   
together  with his brother is conducting
 a cosy pharmacy on ,park ,ave41 cor4   
#gfth ,st4 ,brater is as energetic as   
ever and devotes no little time in      
making an exquisite window display1     
which is the admiration of the          
neighborhood's fair ones4    ,,arthur   
,,bastedo is indeed quite a genius1 for 
besides attending to his  duties with   
,caswell  ,massy1 he has found          
sufficient time to dissect  several     
times a week at the ,p4 and ,s4         
,college1 which will be an  advantage to
 him when he commences the study of     
medicine4 ,arthur has  also joined the  
,alumni ,association and is such an     
active member that he  may be found at  
all their meetings4    ,through the     
endeavors of ,j4 ,,remington ,,wood     

7with a little bunch  of whiskers on his
 chin71 we hope to have a reunion dinner
 before  commencement4 ,his success on  
former committees of this kind gives us 
every confidence of his ability to make 
such an occasion a success at  this     
time4    ,,thos4 ,e4 ,,davies is        
hospital steward of the ,eighth         
,battalion1 ,n4 ,g4 ,s4  ,n4 ,y41 and a 
quite popular one too4 ,at their        
receptions and drills the  ,red ,cross  
of his uniform is always conspicuous4   
,he spent two weeks in  ,state camp     
during the summer1 of which his         
reminiscences are many as  well as      
interesting4 ,mr4 ,davies has just met  
with a severe loss in the  death of his 
,father4    ,,nelson ,s4 ,,kirk1 ,,ph4  
,g41 #i ,e4 #eith ,st4          ,senior 
,class ,notes4      ,d4 ,m4 ,,wells on  
returning home one evening found his    
room in a somewhat  disjointed          
condition4 ,the bed was taken apart1    
pillows tacked to the  wall1 and books1 
clothes1 ladies' photos and old         

suspenders heaped up  in artistic       
fashion on the floor4 ,he thought the   
place was struck by  lightning1 but was 
informed that it was the work of a      
couple of friends  who had called to see
 him4    ,the servant girl has a gun    
loaded4 ,so beware1 ,cooley4    ,wells  
says home coming is not pleasant when   
you have to climb through  the transom  
to get into your room4           99     
99       99       99       99    ,for   
the ,johnson  ,johnson excursion ,brown 
is going to have his whiskers  trimmed1 
,manville is having his voice scoured2  
,joe is going to wear his  new white    
hat2 ,gifford is going to have his hair 
cut so as to disguise  himself2 ,morse  
and his extra eyes will be there too2   
,clarey says ,i am  going if my fair one
 does too4    ,thum is going to have his
 trousers pressed and his hair banged4  
,sherman is going to put glucose on his 
mustache to swap for cold sores4        
,cooley says1 no1 thanks1 ,i have had   
the grip twice this year3 no cold  sores

 in mine4    ,dalton is going to try and
 keep awake during the entire trip4     
,the things which are troubling the     
students3    ,first--,is ,new ,brunswick
 a prohibition town8    ,second--,is    
there to be any acts between the drinks8
    ,third--,how many slices of ham     
between ,new ,brunswick sandwiches8     
,messrs4 ,steihener1 ,scharnibon and    
,koerber have been appointed by  section
 one a committee to furnish sauer kraut 
for that section while  on the          
excursion4        ,all the boys they    
will be there1      ,vanderbeck will    
comb his hair1      ,kneuper will flirt 
with the ladies sweet1      ,while      
,ferguson cries1 when do we eat8        
,roberts will bring in his tambourine1  
,watling will sing when he is not seen2 
,bricks will be placed in easy reach    
,in case he is discovered making such a 
breach4        ,flick will make a mash  
,i am sure1      ,while on that plaster 
hunting tour3      ,for who could resist
 such charming eyes1      ,when on them 

,flicky only tries4        ,boenke will 
give a song and dance1      ,mc,clellan 
will go quietly off in a trance1        
,the ,heffley boys will spin some jokes1
      ,which are rivals in age of the   
mighty ,oaks4           99       99     
99       99       99    ,,mr4 ,h4 ,e4   
,,cooley1 who had a slight attack of the
 grip1 is around again  to the rejoicing
 of his many friends4           99      
99       99       99       99    ,the   
action of the class in requiring its    
candidates for ,valedictorian  to enter 
a speaking contest to determine their   
fitness1 meets with the  general        
approval of all its members4            
99       99       99       99       99  
,,manville admitted that he was ,hazy4  
,how about replacing that ,h with ,l4   
99       99       99       99       99  
,,an ,,instructive ,,trip4    ,a very   
entertaining and instructive visit was  
made by a number of  students of the    
senior class1 on ,saturday1 ,jan4 #abth1
 to the ,mineral  ,water ,works of ,dr4 

,carl ,h4 ,schultz4    ,the trip was    
arranged by the ,pharmaceutical ,club1  
of #cgth ,east #aith  ,st41 represented 
by ,mr4 ,t4 ,b4 ,dean1 its corresponding
 secretary1 which  seems to be          
especially active as regards our        
interest and welfare and  extends to us 
the fostering care of a parental        
guardian4 ,it is due to  this club's    
hospitality and magnanimity that our    
,glee ,club has thrived  so wonderfully4
    ,mr4 ,dean kindly introduced us to  
,mr4 ,louis ,waefelaer1 ,m4 ,e41 the    
assistant chemist of the works 7,dr4 ,a4
 ,p4 ,hallock1 ,ph4 ,d41 the chief      
chemist and ,dr4 ,schultz being away at 
the time71 and ,mr4 ,paul ,dimmer1  the 
foreman4 ,these gentlemen1 starting at  
the beginning of the works  where the   
croton water enters by five different   
mains1 and followed the  course of the  
water through each step of the process1 
whereby the water  was filtered1 then   
heated to destroy organic as well as to 
drive off  decomposing and volatile     

organic matter as well as other         
impurities and  the filtered water there
 distilled by the most practical and    
complete  apparatus conceivable2 then   
the water was repeatedly subjected to   
tests1 for various impurities1 in their 
admirably equipped chemical  laboratory1
 which is also supplied with a room     
specially devoted  to bacteriological   
work1 and a dark room for spectrum      
analysis and  photographic              
investigation4 ,here also are prepared  
the solutions used  in making the       
various mineral waters and where the    
finished product  of the factory is     
brought before being sent out in order  
to be tested  and to make doubly certain
 that it agrees with the label bearing  
the  analysis of contents1 which is     
placed on each siphon of water sent out4
  ,here also we quenched our thirst with
 the products of the stills of  this as 
well as with the products of the stills 
of other factories4    ,the carbonic    
acid gas used in charging the waters    

also passes after  generation through a 
set of coolers1 mashers and purifiers1  
to  completely remove all impurities1   
and is stored till required for         
charging4    ,the whole establishment1  
embracing nineteen different            
departments1  employs over #bej men and 
#ajj horses2 the fountain1 bottle and   
siphon  filling department has a        
capacity of #ej1jjj siphons or #aj1jjj  
gallons  per day4 ,the elaborate        
machinery of the works is mainly the    
invention  of the proprietor1 his       
deceased son and staff2 not the least   
important  among which is the invention 
of ,mr4 ,paul ,dimmer4    ,mr4 ,louis   
,waefelaer1 the assistant chemist1 is a 
young mechanical  engineer of high      
standing and has sole charge of the     
mechanical  department4 ,every          
department is scrupulously clean and    
neat1 and the  employees think ,mr4     
,schultz is one of the best and most    
liberal men to  work for1 for he spares 
no expense in investigations and        

experiments  calculated to improve the  
accuracy and purity of the products of  
his  works1 and the safeguards against  
accident to employees are both  numerous
 and well devised4 ,several other       
parties will be formed1 from  the senior
 class1 during the course of the term   
and will visit and be  shown the        
workings of this 8model establishment40 
,,class ,,reporters4          ,junior   
,notes4      ,,in ,,memoriam4    ,b4 ,c4
 ,,meaney1 entered into rest1 ,sunday1  
,january #f1 #ahie1 in the #bb;d  year  
of his age4 ,this brief announcement    
reminds us of the loss and  sorrow to so
 many near relatives and friends1 that  
after the few weeks  that have elapsed  
since their hearts were wrung with      
grief4 ,we venture  to say something of 
him whose earthly sojourn is ended4     
,possessed of a genial happy            
temperament1 a character so manly1      
conservative and refined1 that          
professors as well as students rendered 
to him an involuntary tribute of        

respect4 ,in the three months that the  
junior class has been organized1 few    
students have become better known  or   
more popular than ,mr4 ,meaney4    ,just
 before the college closed for the      
,christmas vacation1 he said to a       
friend1 8,i think this will be the      
happiest ,christmas ,i have ever had10  
and now who that knew him can doubt that
 this strange prophecy has been         
fulfilled4    ,j4 ,y4 ,c4           99  
99       99       99       99    ,,class
 ,,meeting4    ,the meeting was called  
on ,tuesday1 ,january #h1 #ahie1 by the 
death of our  classmate1 ,mr4 ,b4 ,c4   
,meaney4 ,a motion was made that we send
 flowers to  his late home1 which was   
amended so as to include the drawing up 
of  resolutions of condolence1 and      
sending a copy of them to his parents4  
,carried4    ,the meeting then          
adjourned4    ,f4 ,h4 ,,finley1 ,sec4   
99       99       99       99       99  
,before vacation it was rumored that our
 friend and professor1 ,dr4  ,jelliffe1 

was about to become a benedict1 and as  
the rumor has become  verified1 we1 the 
,class of '#if1 send to him our hearty  
congratulations  and best wishes for a  
long and happy life4           99       
99       99       99       99    ,there 
is one thing the ,juniors should pay    
more attention to1 that is  class       
meetings4 ,if each one who could would  
come1 the difference would  quickly be  
seen4 ,try it4           99       99    
99       99       99    ,the ,juniors in
 pharmacognosy commenced work with the  
compound  microscope at the beginning of
 the term4           99       99        
99       99       99    ,on exhibition  
every ,tuesday afternoon1 from #d4cj to 
#e1 in ,quiz1 ,t4's  hand4           99 
99       99       99       99    ,we are
 sorry to hear our friend and classmate1
 ,mr4 ,quickburger1 has  been hurt1 and 
hope it is nothing serious4 ,he was     
thrown from a cable  car against a post 
on ,tuesday1 and was picked up          
insensible4 ,the car  was just making   

the turn1 which it does in a rapid      
manner1 and it is  supposed he had no   
hold4           99       99       99    
99       99    ,a great many cases of   
mustaches have broken out among the     
,juniors4 ,in  most cases1 however1 it  
is only a light attack1 and not at all  
serious4           99       99       99 
99       99    ,they say the back part  
of the ,botany ,quiz room was very warm 
the other  day2 in fact1 some of the    
boys were nearly roasted4           99  
99       99       99       99    ,did ,i
 hand in that joke ,i heard in ,quiz the
 other day8 ,if not1 why not8  ,it would
 have helped to make the page           
interesting this month4 ,two weeks  no  
college4 ,reporter with one week4 ,he   
will do the best he can1 but  every     
little helps4    ,remember1 this page is
 for the ,class1 not individuals1 and   
every time  you help make the ,junior   
page interesting you are doing the      
,class a  favor as well as the reporter4
    ,all communications for ,junior     

notes should be addressed to    ,j4 ,y4 
,,cantwell1 #bfa ,west #db;d street4    
,,medicine ,,and ,,pharmacy4    ,,by ,n4
 ,h4 ,,martin1 ,f4 ,l4 ,s41 ,k4 ,r4 ,m4 
,s41 ,president of the ,british         
,pharmaceutical ,conference4            
7,continued1 from ,december issue7      
,doctor's dispensing is stated by many  
to be one of the chief if not  the chief
 cause of the ills from which pharmacy  
is a sufferer1 and  demands in more or  
less dignified terms are made that this 
iniquity  shall cease4 ,i make no       
apology for the existence of this       
condition of  things4 ,theoretically it 
is undoubtedly better that dispensing   
shall  be done by the pharmacist1 and   
prescribing by the medical man1 but     
when we pharmacists claim this as a     
right1 and accuse medicine of  unjustly 
usurping our functions1 it is well for  
us to remind ourselves  that medical    
men1 although they may not now as       
frequently as of old  take the degree of
 ,l4 ,s4 ,a41 are the direct and        

legitimate successors  of the old       
apothecary and that the dispensing of   
medicine was their  legitimate function4
 ,so much was this the case that there  
being a doubt  as to whether it was     
traversed by our own ,act of #ahfh1 the 
short ,act  of #ahfi was passed to      
preserve the right4 ,then again it is   
deep rooted  in the habits of the       
,english people to expect the doctor to 
supply the  medicine he has prescribed1 
and any change can only come about by   
the  slow process of educating the      
patients and by the exhibition of good  
will and feeling between medicine and   
pharmacy4 ,before it can happen         
universally there is no doubt that      
pharmacy must have acquired such a      
professional standing and education as  
will enable it to perform its  delicate 
and confidential function with the tact 
and reserve which is  the outcome of    
prolonged training4 ,the mistake 7a very
 common one7  which pharmacy is making1 
is that it wants the reward before it   

has  made the effort and suitably       
equipped itself for the service4 ,i     
exhort  the pharmacist of the future to 
be unremitting in his efforts to raise  
himself and his calling to a            
professional status1 and then ,i predict
  for him that in the natural course the
 dispensing of medicines will  come to  
him4    ,chemist's prescribing is quite 
as loudly complained of by the doctors1 
and when ,i read some of the letters and
 comments which appear in the  medical  
journals ,i am almost tempted to fear   
that for once medicine  is thinking more
 of its share of the pecuniary reward1  
than caring  for suffering humanity4    
,there is1 however1 ,i am sorry to say1 
a  great deal too much prescribing by   
chemists1 and some of it is of a  most  
reprehensible kind4 ,i know a case where
 a chemist treated a man  suffering from
 rodent ulcer of the face for two years1
 all the time  buoying the man up with  
the hope that it was getting better1 and
 that  he would cure it1 until the face 

was so bad1 and the ulcer had spread  to
 such an extent that when it came under 
the notice of the surgeon  nothing could
 be done for the patient4 ,if that      
chemist had met the  man upon the       
highway1 and robbed him1 he would have  
been liable to  imprisonment1 but having
 got the man into his shop he not only  
robbed  him of his money1 but he        
rendered it impossible for the man ever 
again to be restored to health4 ,for the
 dishonor which such men bring  upon    
pharmacy1 and for the irreparable injury
 which they inflict upon  suffering     
humanity ,i should like to give them    
several years of penal  servitude4 ,but 
there are innumerable small accidents1  
and little  ailments to which humanity  
is liable1 which quite legitimately come
  within the province of pharmacy to    
treat1 and the pharmacist1 if he  is    
wise1 is a much safer man to treat these
 than the clergy and the  laity1 who are
 ever ready to prescribe for each other 
upon any and all  occasions4 ,the best  

and wisest exponents of medicine admit  
this right  on the part of pharmacy1 and
 welcome the service which is rendered  
by it to sufferers4 ,pharmacy may make  
some mistakes1 but ,i know it           
frequently sends patients to medicine   
long before they or their friends  would
 think seriously enough of the case to  
do so4    ,there should be no rivalries 
or jealousies between medicine and      
pharmacy1 and the better qualified each 
of these may be to exercise its  own    
share of the duties devolving upon both1
 the more will each of them  respect the
 rights and the work of the other4      
,before ,i conclude1 one word on the    
principle upon which remuneration       
should be based4 ,this is a question of 
the utmost importance to the  ,english  
public1 as well as to the pharmacists4  
,john ,ruskin says1 8,you  do not pay   
judges large salaries because the same  
amount of work could  not be purchased  
for a smaller sum1 but that you may give
 them enough  to render them superior to

 the temptation of selling justice40 ,we
  cannot err in applying this principle 
to pharmacy1 and deciding that  the     
dispensing chemist must be paid at a    
rate of remuneration which  will enable 
him to get his living honestly and      
openly1 and render him  superior to the 
temptation to increase his profit and   
his income by  tampering1 in ever so    
small a degree1 with the quality of the 
drugs he  uses1 and with the health1 and
 may be the lives1 of dear ones1 and of 
men important to the community4 ,his    
remuneration should also enable him  to 
devote sufficient time and care to every
 detail of his responsible  work1 and   
eliminate a very real source of danger  
which is unavoidable  if the haste and  
the bustle of trade methods are adopted 
by pharmacy4    ,the ,conference has    
entered upon the fourth decade of its   
existence1  and1 possibly1 ,i should    
have made a better and wiser choice if  
,i had  addressed you upon its past     
achievements1 and its future prospects1 

but the other matters upon which ,i have
 touched seemed to me of greater        
importance4 ,let me say1 however1       
briefly1 that ,i think the record of    
this ,conference has been eminently an  
honorable one1 and that it has          
fulfilled1 in a high degree1 the        
functions for which it was called  into 
existence4 ,the story is written in the 
,year ,books1 and another  phase of it  
is engraved in the hearts and memories  
of many of us who  have been members    
almost from the beginning1 and who have 
attended a  large number of its         
meetings4 ,it has added to our          
knowledge1 enlarged  our experience1 and
 broadened our intellectual grasp of    
pharmacy2  and last1 but not least1 it  
has been the means of bringing together1
  introducing to each other1 and        
cementing friendships between men who   
practice a common avocation in districts
 as wide apart as ,inverness and        
,cornwall4 ,in this latter function the 
excursion on the last day has  played no

 inconsiderable part4 ,amongst the      
critics of the ,conference  there are   
some persons who affect to sneer at the 
excursion as if it  were sheer          
frivolity1 and was at variance with the 
avowed scientific  objects of the       
,conference4 ,i beg to differ1 and to   
claim for the  excursion day a very high
 place in the work of the ,conference4  
,it  affords the opportunity1 as no     
other arrangement could do so well1 for 
men to meet2 and ,i am quite sure that  
my own experience is by no means        
singular when ,i tell you that many1    
very many1 of the best friends ,i  have 
in pharmacy were first known to me      
through the opportunity of one  of the  
,conference excursions2 and further ,i  
could not exaggerate to  you the benefit
 which ,i have received from the        
numerous conversations  and informal    
discussions which always takes place on 
these days4 ,but  it is with societies1 
as with individuals1 they tend to decay1
 and  already1 more than once we have   

the alarm3 the ,conference is on its    
last legs6 ,i do not believe it1 as ,i  
feel sure it fulfils a purpose  in the  
realm of pharmacy which is too important
 for the ,conference to  be left to     
decay1 and if we neglect the trust which
 has been handed  down to us1 our       
successors will revive it4 ,i would ask 
every member of  the ,conference to get1
 at least1 one other member to join1 and
 ,i do  not think he can use a stronger 
argument1 than that1 apart from the     
opportunity of attending and taking part
 in this annual scientific  gathering of
 pharmacy1 the ,year ,book1 which he    
will receive1 is worth  many times the  
subscription4 ,the ,year ,book of       
,pharmacy should find a  place on the   
desk of every chemist and druggist in   
this land4 ,in it he  will find         
abstracts of papers from a larger number
 of sources than he  can possibly       
consult for himself1 and many of these  
papers may be of  great value to him4   
,there is no occasion to disguise the   

fact that we do not get as many or      
possibly as good papers sent to the     
,conference as we should like1 but  when
 we consider the needs of a weekly press
 and the number of small  societies     
which absorb in the aggregate a large   
number of papers1 our  experience need  
cause us neither surprise nor alarm4 ,i 
should like1  however1 to ask many of   
those who are doing original work and   
writing  papers in connection with      
pharmacy to consider whether there is   
any  place so suitable for them to be   
read as at these meetings4    ,the      
authors may feel certain of a larger    
audience to listen to their  papers and 
a far more capable set of men to discuss
 them than can  be found at any other   
time or place4 ,in provincial towns the 
papers  are read to a few local men1 and
 the discussion is taken part in by     
fewer still1 and even at the monthly    
meetings at ,bloomsbury ,square the     
discussions have a great tendency to    
fall into the hands of very few  men4   

,however capable these men may be1 they 
cannot possibly have the  wide and      
varied experience of the aggregate of   
the men who attend this  ,conference4 ,i
 would1 therefore1 venture to urge      
thoughtful pharmacists  to contribute   
papers to this ,conference1 and ,i      
should like them to come  in such       
numbers that we may be compelled to add 
another day or two to  our meeting4     
,i mentioned just now the friends whom  
we have met at these ,conference        
meetings1 and before ,i close ,i must   
briefly allude to those we have  lost4  
,the first name that will occur to you1 
,i am sure1 is that of  our genial      
botanist1 the late ,professor ,bentley1 
who was president  at ,nottingham in    
#ahff and ,dundee in #ahfg4 ,many of us 
knew him first  and best at ,bloomsbury 
,square as our dear and honored teacher1
 but to  many others the ,conference    
must have been the means of their       
meeting  him1 and by all was he         
respected and beloved4 ,he reached a    

good ripe  age1 and of him it might be  
said--as of many other men who have     
lived  and been true to themselves and  
their calling--8,he has done his work   
well and earned his rest40 ,the next1 an
 even greater loss to us as a           
,conference1 because of his younger age 
and the promise there was in  him of    
greater achievements for pharmacy1 is   
our late treasurer1 ,mr4  ,r4 ,h4       
,davies1 ,i1 with many others1 made his 
acquaintance through this  ,conference1 
and ,i feel1 as ,i am sure many of you  
do1 that ,i have lost a  personal friend
 with whom intimacy would have ripened  
year by year into  stronger bonds4      
,,officinal ,,or ,,official4      ,in   
the ,pharmacentische ,rundschau for     
,january1 #ahie1 is found an            
interesting discussion on the use of the
 words officinal and official  by       
,theodore ,husemann1 of ,gttingen1 and  
,charles ,rice1 of ,new ,york4 ,it      
would be interesting to our readers to  
give the views of both of these         

well-known writers in full4 ,at present1
 however1 we reprint in full the  views 
of ,dr4 ,rice3    8,in compliance with a
 request by the editor of this journal1 
the writer  presents a few facts1 as    
well as his personal views1 regarding   
the use  of the words 8official0 and    
8officinal0 when applied to drugs and   
medicinal preparations40    ,it should  
be stated at the outset that the writer 
accepts the ordinary  derivation of the 
two words1 and the meanings assigned to 
them in  accordance with their origin4  
,nor does he deny that it has been      
customary1 up to within a few decades1  
to apply the ,english word  8officinal0 
quite generally in the sense of         
8pharmacopial40 ,yet1  within the memory
 of most readers of the ,rundschau1     
voices arose  in favor of a change1 the 
word 8official0 being proposed to       
replace  8officinal0 in the special     
sense of 8pharmacopial40 ,it is evident 
that  some cause arose which produced   
the feeling that such a change was      

necessary and the cause is not far to   
seek4 ,in those countries in which  the 
exercise of pharmacy is under the       
control of the government1 and  where   
the stock of a pharmacist1 so far as it 
is used in physicians'  prescriptions1  
contains comparatively few remedies     
besides those  directed by the          
,pharmacopia1 the two meanings of the   
word 8officinal10  viz3 #a1 the original
 one 8pertaining to an #8officina2'     
pertaining to  or kept in a drug store10
 and1 #b1 the more modern one1          
8pharmacopial2  authoritative10         
practically cover each other4 ,this is  
particularly the  case in ,germany1     
where the word 8officinell10 and in     
,france1 where  8officinal0 is in       
general use in the second sense         
mentioned above4 ,it  is different in   
this country1 where the pharmacist is   
compelled to  carry a large stock of    
non-pharmacopial preparations1 many of  
which  are prescribed by physicians4    
,the two meanings of the word           

8officinal0 have two widely differing   
boundaries4 ,they may be likened to two 
concentric circles4 ,in the  first      
mentioned sense 78kept in a drug store07
 the word occupies the  area of the     
larger circle2 in the second sense      
78pharmacopial07  usually that of the   
inner1 smaller circle4 ,in some parts of
 this  country the inner circle--to     
continue the simile--is much smaller in 
proportion to the outer than in others4 
,in some it may attain an area  of      
perhaps three-fourths or four-fifths of 
the larger2 in others it  may even      
outgrow the former outer circle4 ,only  
in rare cases will the  peripheries of  
the two circles coincide4 ,since the two
 meanings long  ago ceased to cover each
 other1 the necessity arose to use      
different  words to express the two     
different meanings1 and it was          
therefore1  proposed to employ the      
closely related word 8official0 in the  
sense  of 8pharmacopial10 and to use the
 word 8officinal0 only in the  general  

sense 8kept in a drug store10 which is1 
indeed1 in accordance  with its original
 meaning and origin4 ,those who object  
to the use of  8official0 in the sense  
of 8pharmacopial0 say that officialis   
means  8governmental2 pertaining to an  
office or official1 etc40 ,that it is1  
therefore1 correct to say1 for instance3
 8,the official preparations for  the   
reception of the ,president are         
completed10 but incorrect to say3  8,he 
made all the official preparations in   
his own laboratory40 ,there  is1        
however1 no danger of any               
misunderstanding in these two sentences1
  indeed1 much less danger than would be
 8officinal40    ,professor ,husemann1  
in his letter1 brings within the space  
of  his discussion the terms            
8medicamenta magistralia10 and 8formul  
magistrates40 ,he shows1 himself1 that  
while the word officinalis#a  was1 in   
more recent times1 applied to drugs and 
preparations of an  authoritative       
character or origin1 it was formerly    

used in its broader  sense 8what is at  
any time to be had in a drug store10 in 
which sense  it was the opposite of     
magistralis 7magistral1 or magisterial71
 or  that which is not kept ready made1 
but has to be prepared or compounded    
extemporaneously4 ,it will be noticed   
that there is a much better  logical    
correspondence between the terms        
,medicamenta magistralia  medicines     
whose composition is      fixed or      
prescribed by the magister 7a person71  
that is the      attending physician1   
and        ,medicamenta officialia      
medicines whose composition is          
fixed or prescribed by an official 7a   
person71 that is the      ,committee of 
,revision as a body--    than there     
would be between the former and         
medicamenta officinalia1  which term    
refers to the shop and not to the person
 of authority4    ,as to the word       
8unofficinal10 this means properly 8not 
pertaining to1  not kept by or dealt in 
by a pharmacist40 ,if used in this      

strictly  literal sense1 however1 its   
scope or applicability will become more 
and more contracted in the course of    
time1 as it may eventually become       
difficult to mention articles to which  
the word may justly apply4 ,it  should  
be abandoned altogether4 8,unofficial0  
much better expresses the  idea sought  
to be conveyed by it4 ,a few examples   
will show the use and  meaning of the   
several words3 ,fleming's tincture of   
,aconite is not  official 7or           
8,unofficial20 not 8unofficinal107 but  
it is officinal4  ,tinctura ,opii       
,deodorati is official1 and ought to be 
everywhere  officinal4    ,concerning   
the right of any person1 or body of men1
 to coin a new word1  or to use one     
already in existence1 for the purpose of
 expressing a new  idea1 or removing an 
ambiguity1 there can be no question1    
provided only  that the selected word be
 appropriate and in harmony with the    
genius  of the language4 ,of course1 its
 acceptance by the public at large1  or 

by the profession1 for the use or       
benefit of which it was coined  or      
selected1 cannot be enforced4 ,yet1 if  
it is found to answer its  purpose1 and 
if its superiority over the term        
formerly used in place of  it is        
recognized1 it will gradually and surely
 come into general use4    ,the judgment
 of the writer is that the employment of
 the word  8official0 in the sense of   
8pharmacopial0 is justifiable on        
linguistic  grounds1 and that it is1    
moreover1 fully justified by the        
condition  of pharmacy in this country1 
where a clear distinction between  8all 
sorts of medicines10 and 8pharmacopial  
medicines0 has become  necessary4 ,of   
course1 the ,committee of ,revision10   
which hoped to  settle the controversy  
by an 8official0 vote1 according to     
which the  word 8official0 was hereafter
 to be used in place of 8officinal10    
when  applied to pharmacopial           
preparations or directions 7see ,u4 ,s4 
,pharm41  #ahij1 p4 xxxvi471 did not    

mean thereby to encroach upon the       
ordinary  meaning of the word1 which    
appears1 for instance1 on the title page
 of  the ,pharmacopia in the sentence3  
8,official from ,january #a1 #ahij40    
#a ,professor ,husemann did not find    
this word in ,du ,cange's               
,glossarium ,medi et ,infin             
,latinitatis4 ,it is1 however1 contained
      in the latest edition 7by ,favre2 
,niort #ahhc-hg71 ,vol4 ,,vi4 p4 #cg4